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SLVENPENCENET

CAS SELLS
DICTIONARY

OF GARDENING

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CASSELL'S

DICTIONARY OF GARDENING

AN ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOP/EDIA

OK

PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE FOR ALL CLASSES

EDITED BY

WALTER P. WRIGHT

11

HORTICULTURAL SUPERINTENDENT UNDER THE KENT COUNTY COUNCIL,
AITHOR OF " PICTORIAL PRACTICAL GARDENING," EDITOR Of "THE GARDENER," ETO.

CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED

LCNDON, PARIS, NEW YORK $ MELBOURNE
1901

AIL EIGHTS 1IFSUHVED

PREFACE.

THE literature of gardening increased by leaps and bounds during the closing years of
the nineteenth century, and the first few months of the twentieth saw an enormous
influx of books on the subject. There is evidence in abundance, in this and in other
directions, that interest in horticulture has grown, and is growing, rapidly.

In adding to horticultural literature an item so considerable as a dictionary of
nearly a thousand pages, graced with upwards of one thousand illustrations, Editor
and Publishers base their hopes of success (1) on the signs and tokens of increased
interest in gardening just referred to ; (2) on the surprising scarcity of books
bearing this simple form ; (3) on giving a value for the money asked never before
attempted ; (4) on the absolutely practical nature of the publication, which caters neither
for the scientist nor the dilettante, but merely for the cultivator

Cassell's DICTIONARY OF GARDENING is not a mere list of names and phrases. Its
leading idea is to choose from the hundreds of thousands of plants in cultivation all
that are worthy of being grown, and to tell everything about them that the cultivator
is likely to want to know. Thus, it commences its remarks on each subject with a
description, follows with information on (1) propagation, (2) soil, and (3) general culture,
and adds lists of species and varieties, telling the height to which they grow, the
month in which they bloom, their hardiness or otherwise, and the colour of their flowers.
The lists are divided into two sections, " Principal Species " and " Other Species," as
an aid to selectors.

Its illustrations comprise practical as well as ornamental figures, showing almost
every operation of the garden.

Its language is absolutely free from technicalities. An attempt lias been made
to show plain gardening with no resources but those of the English language.

Attention is called to some of the omissions. After careful consideration the deriva-
tions of generic names have been left out in order to make room for more cultural
matter. For gardening purposes they are mostly useless, and a very large number are
inconceivably stupid. " Cimicifuga, from cimex, a bug, and fugo, to drive away, in
allusion to its supposed virtue." Admirable, no doubt, but the horticulturist would
rather leave his Cimicifugas in the garden when he contemplated a stay at an Arab
hotel, and trust to Keating's insect powder. At the same time, the meaning of a very
large number of Latin and other specific names and phrases will be given in .the
Glossary.

While giving the native country of many of the most interesting genera, I have
decided not to waste space on the habitat and year of introduction of every species
mentioned. An examination into the merits of these points, during which many works
were consulted, established the fact that the available information is as conflicting as
— from a practical point of view — it is misleading.

Immeasurably the most troublesome knot to cut was that of nomenclature. I could
not bring myself to exclude a good garden name for no other reason than that a botanical
authority described the same plant by another, more particularly when a second authority
disagreed with him. I have adopted the rule of alluding to a plant by the name under
which horticulturists know it, and of likewise mentioning that particular botanical name

,"92799

iv GASSELL'S DICTIONARY OF GARDENING.

which the differences of botanists have left the most prominent. The Genera Plantarum,
the Index Kewensis, and the Kew Hand-Lists have all been carefully consulted, and, if
anyone attacks me, I have at least the satisfaction of contemplating an array of
ponderous tomes ready to hurl at him, the weight of which will cause him severe shocks
and smarts. In most cases of conflict between authorities, the official Kew publications
have been taken as decisive.

Kew has been followed, though not without reluctance, in dropping capitals from
Latinised adjectival names, but this is no great matter.

The task of dictionary-making bristles with pitfalls, and it is idle to suppose that
there is no weak spot for the carping critic to assail. But carping critics, if in the main
less important than they affect to be, have their uses as advertising media, and while
protesting that nothing which care and diligence can do to make the work perfect has
been left undone, I beg to express a hope that the man who finds eriors,. and sets cut
to expose them, will do so in as large type as possible.

I desire to acknowledge much valuable assistance in preparing this work from
Mr. S. Arnott, of Carsethorn, N.B., Mr. John Fraser, of Kew, Mr. Alexander S. Gilt, late
of Kew, and Mr. Horace J. Wright, formerly of the Jardin de.s Plantes, Paris ; as well
as useful contributions from Mr. George H. Hollingworth, formerly of Alton Towers
Gardens, and now of my lecturing staff. Whenever wrestles with names seemed like
driving me to distraction, one or other of these gentlemen came cheerfully along to
smooth the tangled way, and help reason to retain her seat.

WALTER P. WRIGHT.

ABBREVIATIONS.

The following are the principal abbreviations used throughout the work. Height: ', feet;

".inches. Months: Jan., January ; Feb., February; Mch , March ; A p., April ; My., May ;

Je., June; Jy., July ; Aug., August : Sep., September ; Oct., October ; Nov., November ;

Dec, December. Hardiness: hdy., hardy; hlf-hdy, half-hardy; grh., greenhouse;

at, stove. Duration or Character: ann., annual; bien., biennial; per., perennial;

shr., shrub ; cl., climber; ev., evergreen. Colour: bl., blue : crim., crimson ; sc., scarlet ;

wh., white ; vio., violet ; HI., lilac ; pur., purple ; yel., yellow ; ro., rose ; car., carmine :

or., orange ; br., browu ; blk., black. Miscellaneous: ord.,. natural order ; syn., synonym :

Ivs., leaves ; var., variet
The principal cross references are given in the body of the pages ; minor cross references are

relegated to small type at the foot of the pages on which they fall alphabetically, in order

to economise space.
An Illustrated Glossary will be found at the end of the Dictionary.

CASSELL'S

DICTIONARY OF PRACTICAL

GARDENING

AN ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOP/EDIA

OF

PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE FOR ALL CLASSES

EDITED BY

WALTER P. WEIGHT

\\

HORTICULTURAL SUPEUINTENDENT UNDER THE KENT COUNTY COUNCIL

Dol. t.

CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED

LONDON, PARIS, NEW YORK g; MELBOURNE. MCUII

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

MAIN LIBRARV-AGRICUUTURE DCPT.

PREFACE.

THE task of writing a preface is usually performed by author or editor with mingled
feelings. He i.s commonly introducing a work which has to run the gauntlet of public
opinion, and if he writes his preface witli hope, he also does so with fear.

The present instance is somewhat of an exception. CASSELL'S DICTIONARY OF PRACTICAL
OAKDKNING has already had its trial in serial issue, and has been fortunate enough to win
public approval in a degree altogether beyond the early expectations of its promoters.

In the permanent volume form which it now assumes it is hoped that its accepted
position may become strengthened and consolidated.

The experience of the serial issue has gone in the direction of showing that the original
lines laid down for the Dictionary were sound.

These included several points of omission as well as commission. Thus, a bold sweep
was made (1) of the derivation of plant names, (2) of the habitats of the different plants,
and (3) of the period of introduction of the various species.

Of the first, it was thought that although in a measure interesting, many cases
were so absurd that when space was badly wanted for practical matters it was a pity
to include them.

Of the second, it was thought that as every important point connected with the culture
of the subjects was to be given in the Dictionary, such little practical value as attached to a
knowledge of the habitat of the plants could be very well dispensed with.

Of the third, it is perhaps sufficient to say that it is not a practical point at all, and
only with such did the work concern itself.

In a word, the object was to save space wherever it could be reasonably saved, and
reserve it for practical matters alone.

CASSELL'S DICTIONARY OP PRACTICAL GARDENING deals with upwards of 6,000 genera of
plants. Leaving their botanical features severely alone, it concentrates its attention on
giving, in the most condensed form consistent with clearness, information on propagation,
soil, general culture, and the best species or varieties, adding, in respect to the last, their
height, flowering period, degree of hardiness, and the colour of their flowers. With many
unimportant genera the matter is concentrated in a paragraph, with others it attains the
dignity of an essay.

The language of the Dictionary has been made studiously plain. Its work is done in
simple English, almost absolutely. The Glossary at the end of the work will, however, have
its interest.

The tangle of plant nomenclature cannot be smoothed out. Garden names are not, in
many cases, botanists' names, and thus the name of the garden, the show, and the nursery-
man's catalogue is not the name of the botanic garden and the botanical publication.
Thousands of plants enjoy the distinction of having a well-recognised garden name as well
as a botanical name.

And this is not all. The botanists, not less than the horticulturists, are divided with
their names. Thus one plant may have been given different names by different botanists.

I have tried to get out of the formidable difficulty created by this unfortunate
condition of affairs by giving the garden name in addition to the botanical name or names

vi CASSELL'S DICTIONARY OF PRACTIGAL GARDENING.

in as many cases as possible. The authority for botanical names is, in the main, that
monumental catalogue the Index Kewensis. In cases of dispute, the Kew official publica-
tions have been made arbitrators.

In the issue of a considerable work, it is often advanced that the names of those
responsible for its production may be taken as a sufficient guarantee of its excellence. I do
not know how far this may be taken as convincing in a general way, or, if accepted as
a principle, whether the horticultural world, which lias its own ideas, would allow the
claim if advanced on behalf of the editor of, or the principal contributors to, CASSKLL'S
DICTIONARY OF PRACTICAL GARDENING. It is largely the work of young men. But
amongst my helpers are many whose abilities will, I am confident, enable them to make
their mark. Amongst those to whom I desire to express acknowledgments for valuable
help are Mr. S. Arnott, Mr. E. J. Castle, Mr. John Fraser, Mr. Alexander S. Gait,
Mr. George H. Hollingworth, Mr. W. H. Patterson, and Mr. Horace J. Wright.

These gentlemen will, I hope and believe, grow in influence as horticultural workers in
the years during which this Dictionary is strengthening its hold as a standard work
of reference on practical gardening.

WALTER P. WRIGHT.

ABBREVIATIONS.

The following are the principal abbreviations used throughout the work. Height : ', feet ;

",inches. Months: Jan., January; Feb., February ; Mch., March; Ap., April; My.,May;

Je., June; Jy., July; Aug., August; Sep., September; Oct., October; Nov., November;

Dec., December. Hardiness : hdy., hardy ; hlf-hdy., half-hardy ; grh., greenhouse ;

St., stove. Duration or Character : ann., annual ; bien., biennial ; per., perennial ;

shr., shrub; cl., climber; ev., evergreen. Colour; bl., blue ; crim., crimson ; sc., scarlet;

wh., white ; vio., violet; HI., lilac ; pur., purple ; yel., yellow; ro.,rose; car., carmine;

or., orange; br., brown; blk., black. Miscellaneous; ord., natural order; si/n., synonym;

Ivs., leaves ; var., variety.
The principal cross references are given in the body of the pages ; minor cross references

are relegated to small type at the foot of the pages on which they fall alphabetically,

in order to economise space.
A Glossary will be found at the end of the Dictionary.

r

LIST OF COLOURED PLATES.

CARNATIONS Frontispiece

ACACIA VERTICILLATA To face p. 4

TUBEROUS. BEGONIAS „ no

CANNAS ......... 168

CHRYSANTHEMUMS ....... „ 206

COLEUS THYESOIDEUS ;) 230

GLADIOLI ........... ,,370

HlPPEASTRUMS ... .... „ 418

HOLLYHOCKS „ 422

KNIPHOPIA LONGICOLLIS. . . 462

CAS SELL'S

DICTIONARY OF GARDENING.

An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Practical Horticulture
for All Classes.

Giving a description, information on Culture, and a selection of Species
or Varieties, of every Plant worth growing.

A BELLA..

X\_ Ornamental, flowering, half- hardy shrubs
(iird. Caprifoliacea;) suitable for greenhouse
culture. They are hardy in sheltered spots in
the south of England. Propagation is by cuttings
in summer placed under a frame or bell-glass, and
by layers in spring. Equal parts of peat and loam,
with a liberal addition of sharp sand, form a suit-
able compost. May be grown in all peat and sand.
When grown as trellis and pot plants for the
greenhouse very little, if any, pruning is required,
save the removal of stumps.

Principal Species:
floribtinda, 3', Mch., grh., ro. pur.
rupesti-is, 5', Sep , grh., pk., sweet.
SIM rata, 3', Mch., grh., red, sweet, ev.
trilloru, 5', Sep., grh., sulphur wh., Hushed pk.
Other Species: —
Kp.-itlmlu.tii. wh. imiHora (wr serrate).

ABIES (EPRUCE FIR).

Description. — A genus (ord. Coniferae) of ever-
green trees, most of them quite hardy. They are
naturally spread over the Northern Hemisphere,
chiefly in mountainous regions. They arrive very
early at maturity, quite small specimens bearing
cones freely. The cones are cylindrical, tapering,
and erect. The heights given below are those of
the trees in their native countries. Economic
products, timber and turpentine.

Propagation.— By seeds, cuttings, and layers;
chiefly by seeds. (See also I'INUS.)

Soil. — A good, warm, and well-drained loamy
soil will produce the finest specimens.

Other Cultural Points. -Thcsr and other Conifers
are often poor and unsightly as a result of starv-
ation. Shabby, failing trees may frequently be
greatly improved by carefully removing a few
inches of the top soil and placing on a coating
of fresh soil with manure.

Principal Species : —

amabilis, 180', leaves rather rigid, verv dark
grn. above, silver wh. on the under surface.'

balsamea (Balm of Gilead, Balsam Fir), from
the fragrance of the leaves when young. A
favourite with tree planters, 40' to 5Cf.

Alll'llii'x Itfiinl. .iiv lll//H'fii'HUI.

Aaron' x /toil, nei- TkaptU*.
Abelit Tree (White Poplar), sec

Phalli: II. X. 1

A MM: DmiiLAS FIR, PsEri>OTsn:A (-./... Amr>.)Dmi.i v-n

AT 8CONE 1'ALACE, PERTH. ONE OF I UK FIKST FLANTKD.

Abobra ( 2 )

Abrus

brachyphylla, 120', light grn. abdve
longitudinal \vh. lines beneath.

bracteata, 120', bright grn. above, glaucous on
the under surface. The tree is of very slender
habit, and is liable to injury by late spring frosts.

cephalonica, 50' to GO', dark grn. and silvery.

concolor, 80' to 150', the yel. bark on the
young branchlets is a distinguishing feature (syns.
lasiocarpa and Parsonii).

lirina, 100', very erect growing (syns. bitida and
homalepis).

grandis, 100', leaves arranged in double rows,
silvery beneath. A very quick-growing Conifer.

inagniflca, 200', long bright olive grn. leaves.
One of the tallest and most stately members of
the genus.

nobilis, 200' to 300', sickle-shaped, silvery be-
neath. One of the best.

nordrnanniana, 80' to 100', leaves rigid. One of
the most popular of Conifers.

numidica, 40' to (iO , dark grn. above, silvery be-
neath (syn. baborensis).

pectinata, 80' to 100', leaves very stiff, turned up
at the points. Several vars. are in cultivation.

Pinsapo, 60 to 80' (Spanish Silver Fir). There
are several vars., but they are inferior to the
type, which is very neat in habit.

Veitchii, 120' to 140 , leaves crowded, glaucous
above, wh. beneath.

Other Species : —

ajauensis (Picea ajanensis)
albertiana (see Tsuga

mertensiana).
baborensis (see numidica).
bitida (nee firma).
bniuoniana (see Tsuga

brunoniana).
canadensis (see Tsuga

canadensis).
cilicica, 40' to 60'.
Douglasii (.wPseudotsuga

Dougliisii).
dumosa (see Tsuga bruuo-

iiiana).

Eichleri, \W(see Veitchii).
excelsa (see Picea excelsa).
Fortune! (nee Keteleeria

Fortuuei).
Fraseri, 30' to 40'.
hookeriaiia (see Tsuga

hookeriana) .
lasiocarpa (see concolor).
Mariesii.

mertensiana (sec Tsuga
mertensiana) .

miniata (see Picea ex-
celsa).

Morinda (nee Picea Mor-
inda, syn. smithiana).

obovata '(see Picea obo-
vata) .

Parsouii (si/n. concolor).

Piudrow, ISO'.

polita (nee Picea polita).

religiosa. 100' to loO'.

sachalinensis.

schrenkiana (see Picea
obovata).

sibirica, 50'.

sinitliiana (see Picea
Morinda).

subalpina (see Picea lasio-
carpa).

Tsuga (see Tsuga Sie-
boldii).

webbiana, 160'.

ABOBRA.

Stove or greenhouse plants (ord, Cucurbitaceas).
Only one species is of any horticultural value.
Ornamental Gourds. Propagated by seeds sown in
heat in Mar.ch or April. Equal parts of loam and
leaf soil with sand suit the seedlings ; good loam
is best in the later stages. Plant out in sunny,
sheltered spots after all danger of frost is past.
Train the growths to a trellis or a rustic tree
stump.

Principal Species : —

•viridiflora, flowers grn., fragrant; fruits small,
oval, sc. The tuberous roots may be lifted and
stored in winter in a frost-proof place.

ABROMA.

Free-flowering, evergreen stove shrubs (ord.
Sterculiacea?) of easy culture. The bark furnishes

strong fibre. Propagated by seed sown in brisk
heat in March ; or by cuttings of the half-ripened
wood in April.

Principal Species : —
angusta, 10', Aug., pur. fastuosa, 10', Je., pur.

ABRONIA.

The S.'ind Verbena. Dwarf - trailing hardy
perennials (ord. Nyctaginacese), with Verbena-
like flowers, suitable for the rockery. Of the
seven species, four only are generally known.
Increased by seeds sown in sandy soil, in a

Abraxas i/rossitlariata, the Magpie Moth. (See
Currant and Gooseberry Knemies.)

Pluito : D. S. Fish, Edinburgh.

TllE HANDSOME PlR COMMONLY KNOWS AS ABIES ALBEKTIANA,
CORRECTLY TsUliA MERTENSIANA.

frame, in autumn ; the outer skin of the seed
should be removed prior to sowing. Also by cut-
tings of the young growths in spring. Gritty
loam, or loam and leaf soil, with sand, suits.

Principal Species : —

arenaria, !)" to IS", Jy., yel., fragrant (syn.
latifolia).

fragrans, 1' to 2', My., wh. , fragrant, opening in
the evening. Growth tufted. Seeds produced in
this country will not germinate.

Other Species : —

latifolia («r arenaria). rosea, 6".

mellifera, (>". Jy. nmhelliita, 6". Ap., My.,

pulchella, 6". pk. (.«//«. Tricratus ad-

mirabilis).

ABRUS.

An ornamental stove climber (ord, Leguminosie).

Abuta

Acacia

The roots have purgative properties. Propagated by

•cuttings under a hand-glass, in heat ; and by seeds.
Soil, sandy loam.

Principal Species : —

precatorins, 10', flowers pur. ; seeds bright so. and
blk. Used by the Buddhists to make rosaries.

ABUTA.

(On!. Menisperrnace;e.) About six species are
Icnoxvn, none of any value. Stove temperature.
Propagated by cuttings inserted in sand, and
placed in heat. Soil, loam and peat in equal
part*.

Principal Species : —

rufuscens, 10', Mch.. grey, dark pur. inside.

ABUTILON.

Description. — Evergreen shrubs (ortl. Malvaceae)
wit 1 1 Vine-like foliage, suitable for pot culture in

i'l:oi-\:i.vriX(i ABUTILONS: A, CUTTING WITH FLOWED BUDS-
l:\lt; I:, i LTT1NG WITHOUT FLOWER BUDS — GOOD.

the greenhouse, as climbers for walls and pillars
under glass, and for growing outdoors in the
summer. A few species are almost hardy in warm
districts.

Propagation. — By cuttings of young wood in the
•spring iind summer in a temperature of 60Q (sec
figures); also from seeds sown in the spring over
bottom heat.

Soil. — Three parts fibrous loam, two parts peat,
and one part silver sand.

Other Cultural Points. — After the cuttings are
rooted, remove them to 5" and (i" pots, and
when established pinch out the points to induce
the plants to break lower down. Give another
shift if necessary, pinch the points again, stand
the plants where they are fully exposed to light,
ami syringe freely in the afternoon till flowering
commences. As autumn approaches, and the
plants show signs of going to rest, lessen the
water supply, and maintain a winter temperature
of from 40" to 50°. Increase the heat in March,
and when growth commences take cuttings, and
pot on old plants to form large specimens. For
covering wall space, plant strong growing sorts in
a bed, and attend to training and stopping, using
the syringe regularly to keep red spider in check.
I'lants for clothing pillars and rafters may be
grown in 12" and 14" pots; and under this
restriction the vigorous habit is kept in bounds.
Feed Abutilons with liquid manure during the
flowering season. Young plants raised in the
spring form handsome specimens for flower beds
in the summer, but they must be lifted and potted
before frost appears.

Brief Description of Species.— There are many
.-p1 -ie-i, from which the following are selected
for brief description : —

aurantiacum, or.
bedfordianum, Nov. , yel. ,

red.

esculeutum, yel.
Horibundum, red.
graveoleus, or. , red.
insigne, wh. , car.
megapotamicurn, yel., sc.

(atjn. vexillarium).
paiomeflorum, Jau., pk.
pulchellum, My., wh.

A Selection. — In addition to the species named
above, and others, there are numerous hybrids and
varieties, some of which are more beautiful than
the species. The following are good : —

rufinerve, Aug.. yel.

striatura, or., red.

Thompson i, mottled
leaves, much used for
flower garden decora-
tion in summer.

venpsum, Jy., or., red.

vexillarium (sec megapot-
amicum).

vitifolium, Jy., hdy., wh.

Queen of the Yellows,

yel.
sellovianum maxmora-

tum, mottled foliage.

Boule de Neige, wh.
Delicatum, ro.
Fleur d'pr, or.
L' Africa-ill, blood red.
Louis van Houtte, pur.

ACACALLIS.

A small genus (urd. OrchidaceSB). Cyanea wns
found by Spruce growing on trees near the Rio
Negro. The plants are propagated by root division.
They require blocks in a moist, hot structure.

ACACIA.

Description. — Shrubs or trees (ord. Leguminosaa)
of varying height and habit. The genus is one of
the largest in existence, for it numbers nearly
400 species. Some of these are well-known^green-
house plants ; a few require stove heat and a con-

1'1-I.ellKI.I.A.

siderable number are nearly hardy, and will pass
through the winter with comparatively little pro-
tection. By far the greater number, however, are

'riiiinifC (/ir 1'riiintla bon-ana).

Acacia

(4)

Acacia

not in cultivation, and included in this list are
several that were grown fifty years ago when the
rage for hard-wooded plants was at its height.

The flowers are usually some shade of yellow or
white, very rarely red, and produced in globular
heads or cylindrical spikes, each containing many
flowers.

The leaves are very variable, and while the feather-
cleft (pinnate) leaf mny be taken as the type there
is a section, known as the Pbyllodendrous Acacias,
in which the flattened leaf stalks (phyllodes)
perform the functions of true leaves. Examples
of this peculiarity are to be found in such species
as longifolia, platyptera, and saligna.

From a horticultural point of view the most im-
portant species are thoee which hail from Australia,
New South Wales, and the temperate regions
generally. Economic properties, timber, and the
drug catechu from A. Catechu.

Propagation. — By cuttings of the tips of the half-
ripened wood taken in summer, and placed in
very sandy soil under a bell-glass in a cold frame
for the greenhouse species, with more heat for the
stove forms. By seeds, sown when ripe about 3"
deep, also in sandy soil. Temperature from 55°
to (>0U.

Soil. — A rich compost of equal parts of loam and
leaf soil, or peat, with sand, and a little charcoal.

Other Cultural Points. — Temperature for green-
house species 40W to 5LT during winter ; in summer as
cool as possible. For the stove species GO" to 75°.
Firm potting is essential to induce short-jointed,
well-ripened wood, but frequent repotting is not
necessary. What pruning is required should be
done after flowering, when straggling bushes may
be cut b:ick well into tlie old wood. The production
of young growth will be favoured by frequent

syringing, and the plants may be stood out of
doors towards the end of the summer to ripen
their wood. Plenty of water is required at all
times, and occasional doses of clear soot water
are beneficial. The most troublesome insect
enemy is tlirips.

Principal Species : —

afliuis (»«/• dealbata).

armata, (>' to 10', grh.,
yel. One of the most
popular of the Acacias.

cordata, 1' to 1A', yel., a
charming pot plant.

di';dliuta, The Silver
Wattle, 10' to '>r>',
spr., grh., yel. flowers
in long racemes. The
cut flowers of this
species are sold under
the name of ''Mimosa"
iu the London aud
other markets. Hdy. iu
Devon, the Channel
Islands, etc.

Diuiiiuiondii, very hand-
some foliage plant , much
used for subtropical
bedding. 10', Ap., grh.,
lemon yel.

juniperina, G' to 8', Ap..
grh., yel. This is au
elegant but rather rare
species, Dealing some
general resemblance iu
the foliage to verticil-
lata.

leprosa, 6' to 25', Men.,
Ap., grh., light yel.
This does well when

trained to a pillar, with
the young, flowering
growths allowed to
hang down. Cut back
hard after blooming is.
over.

longifolia, 10', Mch., grh.,
yel.

— augustifolia, a very
pretty var., with
louger leaves than the-
type.

— Sophorre.
pubeseens, 6' to l.V, Ap. ,

grh., pale yel. This,
plant is charming at
all seasons, for the
feather-like leaves are
very elegant.

pulchella, 3' to 5', Mch.,
Ap., grh., rich yel. A
charming species for pot
work. It flowers freely
each year if the wood is
well ripened.

riceaua, 20', My., grh.,
yel. Graceful weeping
habit.

urophylla, 10'. Ap., grh...
wh., scented.

verticillata, (!' to 20',.
Mch., grh., yel.

*.

ACACIA VEUT1C1LLATA.

ACACIA juNi

ACACIA AUMATA ANlil'STI FOLIA.

ACACIA VERTICILLATA.

'; * • . ' •.

;O

•! ie - i/««i' ,i»o;, • . • . •

Acacia

(5

Acalypha

Other Species : -
albicans, .V, \vh. (Pitheco-

lobium albicans).
amnmia, -1'. My., grh.,

yd.
arabica (gum arable), 20',

grh., \vh. (*.'/". veni).
argyrophylla (me bm-

chybotrya).
baileyana, grh.. yel.
Beutiiamii (»•/• corhlearis).
brarhybotrya. S', Ap.,

grh., jvl.'
Catechu, 20' to -10', St.,

yel.
<":ivenia, 20' (nee farnesi-

aua).
oochlearis, 4', Mv., srrh. ,

yel.
cultnformis, 4', Ap., grh.,

yel

cuneata, Ap.. grh., yel.
cyanophylla, 18', grh..

yel.
deourrana, 10' to 20', Jv.,

erh., yel.

<liffusa. •>', My., grh., vol.
famesiaim, 10' to L'O', 'st.
glauca, y to 10' (.«v Lfu-

caena glauca).
glaucescens. (i' to 10',

My., grb., yel. (»//«.

homomalhi).
grandis (»i///. puk'hella

graudis).
heterophylla, .">', My.,

grh. . yel.
hispidissinra (»>/». pul-

chella hispidissima).

holoserica. 10' to 20', Ap.,
grh., yel, (»•»//<. leuco-
phylla).

homoinallii (wr glauces-
cens) .

Huegelii, Feb., grh.,

yel.

Lubbek, 20' (tec Albizzia

Lebbek).

leucophylla (si-e holo-
serica).
linearis, 'V to 6', My.,

grh., yel.

lougissima (.«•• linearis).
lunata, :!', Ap., grh.,

yel.
mclaiioxylon, 6' to 10',

grh., yel.

inollissima (xf? decurrens).
oleosfolia (»•/• lunata).
Oxycedrus, (>' to 10', My.,

grh., yel.

paradoxa, ((' (*re annata).
penniuervis, ,V, My., grh.

yel.
platyptera, T, Mch., grh.,

yel.

naligna, C' to 10'.
Senegal, 20', st., wh.
spadicigera, .'!' to ;>', St.,

yel.

sphaerocephala , st., yel.
uncinifolia, (>', Ap., grh.,

yel.

vera (tee arabira).
vestita, 4', Je., gi'h.,

yel.
viscidula. (i'.

ACAI IA I ItM.ln 'I I \.

ACACIA PUBESCEXM.

AC^ENA.

Trailing plants (pril. Rosacese) suitable for rock-
work or carpeting ; leaves finely divided and fre-
quently beautifully tinted. Flowers in summer;
mostly in globular inconspicuous heads. About
thirty species known ; those named are hardy in
most gardens. Propagated by division and cuttings
in autumn or spring; also by seeds in spring.
Almost any soil will do ; moist and peaty
preferred.

Principal Species : —

argentea, 1" to ','>", foliage bronzy, flowers
greenish.

microphylla, 1" to 2", foliage bronzy grn., flowers
witli bright crim. spines. Perhaps the best.

myriophylla, 5" to 10", Fern-like leaves, flowers
greenish.

Other Species : -

adsceudens, 3". ovahfolia, 9".

Buchanani, 2", pea gra. Sanguisorba?, 4".

leaves.

ACALYPHA.

Stove ornamental foliage plants (oriT. Enphor-
biacesn). About 100 species, of easy culture.
Indica has laxative properties. Increased by
cuttings of points of the shoots, inserted in a close
frame in a brisk heat at any time. Equal parts of
loam and leaf soil, with sand, are suitable. The
most useful specimens are those with single stems.
Continual propagation is necessary to keep up a
stock of these. Ijeggy old plants are of little use.
Plenty of water is needed at all times, with liquid
manure in summer. Thrips (ice Til HI PS) is the
chief enemr.

Acampe

(6)

Acanthus

Principal Species : —

hispida, 7' to 10', sum., crim. The long
drooping spikes of flowers are very ornamental.

ACACIA LEPROSA. (See page i.}

musaica, leaves grn., or., and dull red. This is a
most useful plant for table decoration, and it is
also suitable for subtropical bedding.

sanderiana (see hispida).

Other Species : —
goclseffiana, 1' to 3', My., marginata.

leaves grii. torta.

indica. tricolor (S//H. wilkesiana).

macafeeana. — iiiarginata.

macrophylla. wilkesiana (see tricolor).

ACAMPE.

A genus of epiphytic Orchids (ord. Orchidacese)
common to India and China, and allied to Vanda.
Longifolia is the only species of note. They
require a stove temperature.

ACANTHEPHIPPIUM.

Stove terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidacete) of no
great horticultural value. Propagated by division
of the pseudo-bulbs when growth commences. A
mixture of sandy peat, broken crocks, and char-
coal suits them.

Principal Species : —
hicolor, 9", Je., pur., yel.
Curtisii, light ro., spotted

pur.
eburueum, 9", wh.

^", Sep., yel.,

java.nicum,

red.

mantinianum, 9" , yel. ,red.
striatum, 9". Je., wh.
sylhetense, 9", Je., wh.

ACANTHOLIMON (SKA LAVENDER).

Dwarf, hardy evergreens (ord. Plantaginaceoe),
distinguished by their stiff, sharp-pointed leaves.
The flowers are similar to those of Statice and
Armerin. Suitable for the rockery. Propagated by

Acanthodimii (see Blepharis).

seeds sown in warm sheltered spots ; they germina'.e
slowly ; also by cuttings in late summer, and by
division. Light sandy soil, warm, and well drained.

Principal Species : —

acerosum («yn. Stntice Kotschyi, sum., wh., rare.

acerosa). veuustum, 6" to 8", sura.,,

glumaceum, G", sum., ro. ro.

ACANTHOMINTHA.

A half hardy annual (ord. Labiatee) of no great
value. May be treated like Nemesias.
Species : —
ilicifolia, Jy., pur., yel., wh.

ACANTHONEMA.

A stove genus (ord. Gesneraceaj) of little cultural
importance, propagated by seeds, and thriving in
sandy loam if given shade and moisture.

Species : —

strigosum, G", My., pur.

ACANTHOPHCENIX.

Stove Palms (ord. Palnm>) with thorny stems,
thriving in loam three parts, peat and leaf mould
one part each, and a liltle sand. Propagated by
seeds.

Species: —

crinita.

ruLra.

ACANTHORHIZA.

Stove Palms (ord. Palmas), allied to Trithrinnx,
but differing in having the aerial roots hardening
into spines and the blade of the leaf divided.
Propagated by feeds sown in brisk heat, preferably
in spring. Soil, good fibrous loam with a little
sand.

Principal Species: —
aculeata, the trunk is Chamoirops stauracan-

covered with a net- tha).

work of spines («/". Wallisii.

Warscewiczii.

ACANTHOSTACHYS.

A genus of stove evergreen herbaceous plants
(nrd. Bromeliacea1). Of little horticultural value.
Propagation by suckers. Strobilacea is 4' high.

ACANTHUS.

Herbaceous plants (ord. Acanthacese) of striking
effect in borders or on grass. They produce long
spikes of flowers, and have very ornamental foliage.
All hardy except those marked greenhouse or stove,
and recommended for gardens where subtropical
effect is desired. Propagated by division of roots in
early autumn or spring, or seeds sown in slight heat
in spring. They attain perfection in good soil and a
sunny position, "although they also grow in shade.

Principal Species : —

longifolius, 4'. Je., pur., ro. ; leaves 2' long.

lusitanicus, 5', Jy., wh. or pk. ; leaves heart
shaped ; warm situation (syns. latifolius, inollis
latifolius).

mollis, 4', Jy., wh. or pk., resembles preceding
but is not so fine.

spinosus, 4', Jy., pur. : leaves deeply cut, spiny.

— spinosissimus, 4', Aug., flowers ro.

Other Species: —
candelabrus, 3', Jy., pur.
carduifolius, !!', Aug ,

grh., bl. (see Blepharis

uarduifolia).

Caroli-Alexandri, 2'. Jy.,

rosy.

hirsutiis. L>y. Jy., ro.
inontaiius, st. , ro.
niger, Zy, Jy.. pur.

Acer (Maple)

(7)

Aceratium

ACER (MAPLE).

Description. — A genus of trees (unl. Sapindaec:e").
principally deciduous, numbering about fifty species,
nearly all hardy in our climate. They are valued for
plantations, shrubberies, or ornamental planting.
The flowers are generally greenish in colour, and the
trees are prized for their foliage, which is usually
very handsome. For garden purposes the varieties
of japonicum, when small, and of palmatum, are
the most useful, either for the grounds or in pots
for decorative effect. The forms of the latter
are very varied and beautiful. Sugar is obtained
from several of the North American Maples.

Propagation. — By layers, grafting, budding, seeds,
and cuttings of some species. Seeds of the scarcer
species should be sown under glass.

Soil. — A good, well-drained loam is suitable for
the greater number of the Acers, but a few. such as
rubrum, prefer a marshy soil.

Other Cultural Points. — Japonicum and palma-
tum, when grown in the open, should be sheltered
from cold winds ; in some districts where late
frosts occur it may be necessary to protect with a
covering of some kind. Negundo should have a
sheltered position. When in pots they ought to
receive an occasional shift or have fresh soil added.
They should also be hardened off and placed out-
side to ripen their wood before forcing anew.

Principal Species : —

campestro, Common Maple, 20', small leaves,
with five toothed divisions (lobes). Campestre
austriacum (*//». austriacum) is a fine tree
with larger leaves. There are several others, in-
cluding both silver and golden margined forms.

dasycarpum, Silver Maple, 40', leaves five lobed ;
bark llaky (xi/iis. eriocarpum, tomentosum, virgin-
ianum, and saccharinum).

glahrum, liocky .Mountain Maple, 30', leaves three
to live lobed, light grn. (nyns. Douglasii and tri-
partitmn).

japonicum, 20', red. leaves many lobed. There
are several varieties of this valuable Maple, among
them being macrophylhim (of gardens) and viti-
folinm.

macrophylhim. (ill', leaves hand shaped (palmate).
A handsome tree.

Negundo, 40'. This tree is best known by its
form with silver variegated leaves, which is very
beautiful in pots or in the open. That with yellow
variegation is not so pretty, but rather hardier
(gym. Negundo aceroides and N. fraxinifolium).

opulifolium, s', leaves heart shaped, five lobed.
A neat Maple (syn*. Opalus, italicum, italum, and
rotundifolium).

palmntimi, 2u' leaves palmately divided into
from live to seven toothed lobes (syn. polymorphum).
The popular Japanese Maple, now largely used for
the decoration of the garden or for growing in
pots for the conservatory or house. There are a
number of forms which have for convenience been
included in the following groups : Palmatum,
Septemlobmn, and Dissectum. These have a
number of synonyms : all are beautiful.

pictiim, is', leaves with five to seven entire lobes.
There are three useful varieties, named marmora-
tiun. ruhriiiu. and variegatum.

platanoidrs. Norway Maple, 50', leaves five
loln-d. heart shaped, with acute teeth. A well-

.lrin-us. Milnt. The iiimt Inntblcsome is tel-
iarittK, fur tehiclt *<•<• li'-d Spider.

known ornamental tree. Of the varieties, aureo-
variegatum, variegatum, multicolor, Schwedleri, aud
laciniaturn may be named.

Pseudo-platanus, Sycamore, 60'. A very hardy,
well-known tree. Among its vars. are albo-
variegatum, flavo-variegatum, purpureum,and Leo-
poldii.

rubrum, Scarlet Maple, leaves heart shaped, five
lobed, and toothed. Useful for moist places. Two
vars., Drumniondn and sanguineum, are also
grown.

Other Species : —

circinatum, 6'.

cissifolium, 10' (*i/«». Ne- bridum).

gundo cissifolium, X. peunsylvanicmn,20'(s#

nikoense).
crata-gifolium, 10'.
creticum, 4'.
diabolicum (syti. pul-

chrum).
Heldreichi.
heterophyllum, 4' (si/ns.

micropnyllum, obtusi-

folium, aud orientale).
hyrcanum (xyns. caucasi-

obtusatum (syn. hy-

cum, ibericum, and ita-
lum var., hyrcanum).

iusigne (syn. velutiuum).

mouspessulauum, 20' (syii.
heterophyllum, etc.).

iiikoense (syn. Neguudo
nikoense).

canadeuse, hybridum,

aud striatum).
rufinerve, and var. albo-

limbatum.
saecharinum, 40' (xyns.

barbatum, saccharo-

phorum, and Sac-

charum).
spicatum, 18', My. (tyns.

montauum and parvi-

floruni).
tataricum, 20' (syti. cordi-

folium). Var. Ginnala

is more elegant.
VauVolxemii (sy«.Traut-

vetteri).

,, : n. S. l-'i«li, r.'liiilutrgh.

A SMALL SPRAY OF ACER NEGUNDO VARIEGATA.

ACERAS.

Terrestrial Orchids (orrf.Orchidaceie). Propagated
by division of the tubers, and liking chalky loam.
Anthrophora (the Green Man Orchis), 1', June,
flowers greenish, on tall spikes, is found only on dry

rhalky pastures in S.E. Britain.

ACERATIUM.

A stove evergreen tree, allied to E!a?ocarpus and

ACER PLATAXOIDES VARIETY.

ACER RUBRl'31.

ACER DASYCARPUM. ACER PALMATOI SANGUINEI'M.

SOME BEAUTIFUL MAPLES. (^ P. 7.)

Achillea

(9)

Achimenes

Tilia (urd. Tiliaccse). It likes a compost of loam
and peat, and is propagated by cuttings of the
ripe wood placed in a warm propagating frame.

Species :—

ojipositifoliuin, 20', Je.

ACHILLEA. (MILFOIL.)

Border and Alpine flowers (prd. Compositse),
which are prized for effect or for cutting.
Flowers, mostly small, arranged in corymbs.
Leaves finely divided in the greater number.
Propagated by division of roots in spring or
autumn, cuttings, and seeds sown in the open or
under glass. Any ordinary soil. The greater
number thrive in sun or shade, though they prefer
the former. Some are of rampant growth and in-
crease quickly by underground runners, which must
be prevented from encroaching on other plants.

Principal Species : —

agoratifolia, 6", Je.. wh., Daisy-like, lenves finely
toothed and white. A charming little Alpine de-
lighting in dry sandy loam (syn, Anthemis
Aizoon).

atrata, 5", wh., leaves deep grn.

Clavennse, 9" to 12", My., etc., wh., leaves hoary
in appearance.

filipcr.dulina, 5', Je. onwards, yel., leaves rough
and Fern-like. A noble plant for the back of the
border (gyns. filipendula and Eupatorium).

Millefolium, 2', sum. and aut. The var. called
rosemn, or rubrinn, is worth growing for cutting or
effect. The type is the well-known Milfoil.

Ptarmica, 2', sum. and aut., wh. The double
vars. are indispensable ; the best are Pearl
and The Bride. The type is the wild " Sneezewort."

sibirica, H', Jy., wh. A graceful border plant,
best known by ils synonym of mongolica.

tomentosa, ti" to 51", sum., yel., leaves woolly.
A bright little flower for rockery or front of border.

Tournefortii, 2', sum., yel., in flat heads, leaves
silvery. A handsome border plant, a little tender
(syn. segyptiaca, but filipendulina is sometimes
known l>y this xyn. also).

Other Species :—

Ageratum. N", sum., yel. nobilis, 2', sum., wh.
decolonms, 1', Jy., pale rupestris, 9". My., gru.

yel. setacea, 1', Jy . wh.

inicM-antha, H', Jy., yel. umbellata, o", Je., wh.

moscliata, 6", Je., wh.

ACHIMENES.

Description. — A genus (prd. Gesneraceae) com-
posed of stove and greenhouse herbaceous per-
ennials, flowering in fhe summer, and suitable for
growing in pots, pans, and hanging baskets. The
plants form scaly tubercles at the root, which rest
dormant through the winter. Many beautiful
hybrids have been obtained by crossing the dif-
ferent species.

Propagation. — Chiefly from the scaly tubercles
which form at the roots ; also from seeds and
cuttings.

Soil.— Three parts fibrous loam, two parts leaf
mould, one part decayed manure, half a part
silver .sand.

Other Cultural Points.— Commence to start a
portion of the tubercles about the end of January,
but leave the remainder for another month if a
succession of bloom is required. Shake the old
soil away, select the largest tubercles and place
them in shallow pans (see figure), using sifted
soil of the character suggested, but leaving out

the manure. Plant the smallest tubercles in
other pans to increase in size. Place the tuber-
cles 1" apart, and cover with J" of soil. A
humid temperature of from 60° "to 70° is suit-
able, and when growth appears place the pans
near to the light. When the plants are 3"
high they will be ready for their flowering
pots, which may vary in size from 7" up to 12",
according to the purpose required. Deep pans
are also suitable. Fill the pots with soil to
within 2" of the rim, lift the plants care-
fully, and transplant them about 2" apart.
Continue to grow in a warm temperature, water
freely, and give liquid manure When flowering
commences. At this stage they may be removed
to a cooler house. For hanging in conservatories
and other places baskets of Achimenes are very
effective. Line the bottom of a galvanised iron

ACHIMENES IN HANGING BASKETS.

A Tubercle shaken out of the old soil.

B Tubercles placed in a shallow pan of soil to start growth.

C A later stage — plants ready for the baskets.

D The right sort of plant : a sturdy specimen aboui
:i" lung.

E Shows how to furnish the basket. Lining of wri-rn
moss and soil within and the first row of plants inserted.

F The task completed, showing the sides and open top
of the basket furnished with plants.

wire basket with moss, green side outwards, and
insert a ring of plants, 2" apart, .and point-
• ing outward through the basket (see figure).
Line the basket for a further 2", add more
soil, insert another ring of plants, and so on till
the top of the basket is reached. Plant the
surface also, and hang the baskets in a warm
temperature till flowering commences, when they
may be removed to cooler structures. After the
flowering is over, and the foliage turns yellow,
gradually withhold water, and when the stems are
dead cut them down and store the tubercles in the
soil for the winter, with a temperature of about
50°. During the growing period Achimenes are
liable to attacks of red spider, which may be kept
in check by a free use of the syringe on favourable
occasions.

The plants greatly dislike a dry atmosphere, and

I amateurs frequently fail with them because during

j long absences (often unavoidable) on the part of

I the cultivator on dry, hot days, the sun parches

the atmosphere, which becomes harsh and arid.

It is difficult, in many cases, to meet this difficulty,

I nit an effort should be made, as baskets 2' or

more through, completely smothered with brilliant

flowers, are objects of rare beauty.

Acineta

( 10 )

Aciphylla

Brief Description of Species :—

amabilis (see Ksegelia intermedia, 1', Aug., sc.

multiflora).

atrosanguinea (see f oliosa) .
Candida (see Dicyrta Can-
dida).

coccinea, Aug., sc.
— major, a good large

var.
cupreata (see Episcia cup-

reata).

Escherii, Je., pur. crim.
floribunda elegaus, Oct.,

pur. crim.
foliosa, Aug., crim,
formosa, Sep., ro.
gloxiuiaeflora (sec Gloxinia

glabrata).
grandiflora, 1J', Oct.,

crim.

heterophylla, Jy., sc.
hirsuta, 2|', Sep., ro.

A Selection. — The number of species and hybrids
of Achimenes is so great that a select list, era-
bracing a considerable diversity of colours, can
hardly fail to be useful. The following may be
relied on : —
Advance, reddish pur.
Ambrose Verschaffelt, wh.
Carminata splendens, ro.

Jayi, Je. , pur.
Liebmauni, li', Jy., crim.
longiflora, 1'," Aug., vio.

— alba, wh.

— major, vio.
magnifica (see Locheria

magnifica).
margarita, wh.
Mountfordii, Aug., sc.
multiflora, 1', Oct., lil.
ocellata (see Isoloma).
patens, 1', Je., vio.
peduuculata, 2', Je., sc.,

yel.

picta (see Isoloma).
rosea, 1 3', Jy. , ro.
Skinneri (see hirsuta).
splendens, vio.
veuusta, U', pur.
Verschaffeltii, wh.

Dazzle, sc. , yel. eye.
Hendersonii, or.
Mauve Queen, mftftve.

ACINETA.

Cool-house, sub-terrestrial Orchids, closely re-
lated to Peristeria (prd. Orchidacea;). Propa-

Humboldtii, 2',
crim. (KI/H.

My., dk.

Anguloa

gated by division of the pseudo-bulbs and by seeds.
Equal parts of sphagnum moss and fibrous peat.
Give plenty of water, and syringe during the
growing season. Very little water is needed when
they are at rest. The Odontoglossum house suits
them well.

Principal Species : —
Barken, 2'. My., yel.,

crim., fragrant.
chrysantha, 2', My., yel.

Other Species :—

Arcei, yel. sulcata, yel.

densa, 1J', Oct., yel., red

speckled.

ACIOTIS.

A small genus of stove evergreens (iird. ilelas-
tornaceae), with small but pretty flowers. Propa-
gated by cuttings of the young wood taken in
spring and placed in heat. Soil, a mixture of
loam and peat, with sand.

Principal Species : —
aquatica, 9", Je.,wh., red. discolor, 1', Je., wh., red.

The pots should be stood

in pans of water.

ACIPHYLLA.

Hardy perennials (ord. Umbelliferaj). more curious

Acltras (see Sapota).

Ackyranthea Vencliaffeltii (see Iresine Herlistii).

Aeinos (see Calamintlia).

ACHIMESES VEI;SCHAKFKI.TII FORMING A BEAI:TIFUI, HANGING BASKET.

Acis

Aconitum

than valuable, suitable for tbe rockery. The soil
should be light and sandy. Propagation may bu
effected by seeds or division in spring.

Principal Species : —

Colensoi, G', wh. squarrosa, the Bayonet

Lyalli, G', wh. Plant, G', wh.

ACIS (SNOWFLAKE).

Description. — Ch;irming little bulbous plants
(ord. Amaryllidea:), recognised by modern botanists
as only a sub-genus of Leucojum, but referred to
now under the garden name for convenience of
reference. The leaves are narrower, and the flowers
smaller than those of the other Leucojums, such as
lestivum and vernum.

Propagation. — By offsets, taken off when the
leaves become yellow ; or by seeds sown in pans or
pots and placed in a cold frame.

Soil. — Light and sandy, with the addition of peat
or leaf soil.

Other Cultural Points. — The rock garden or a
frame is the best place for the majority, though
autumnalis will thrive in the border. Trichophylla
and rosea ought to be grown in pure sand, in a
frame or in pots in a cold greenhouse. They require
plenty of water.

Principal Species : —

autumnalis, 0", Aug., wh. The most useful of
all ; exquisite satin-like flowers, tinged with ro. at
the base (syn. Leucojum autumnale).

longifolia, (i", My., wh. {syn. Leucojum longi-
folium).

rosea, 4", Sep., ro. red (syn. Leucojum roseum).

tingitana, 1', Ap., wh. (syn. Leucojum tingitanum).

trichophylla, 0" to 1', Ap., wh. (syn. Leucojum
trichophyllum).

ACISANTHERA.

(Ord. Melastomaceae.) Quadrata, the chief species,
is of no garden value. It does well in a mixture
of peat, loam, and sand. 18", July, purple.

ACMADENIA.

A small genus (ord. Kutacese) of rather pretty
but uncommon greenhouse shrubs. Tetragona is
the best known species. It requires peat and
sand, with a little loam. Cuttings strike readily
in a cool frame. 1' to 2', June, white.

ACMENA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Myrtaceae)
with small flowers and pretty berries. A compost
of equal parts of peat, loam, and sand will suit
them. Cuttings of the half-ripened wood will
strike in a cool house.

Principal Species : —

floribunda, 4', My. to Sep. Flowers wh., berries
pur.

ovata, dark pur. leaves and stems.

ACOKANTHERA.

Greenhouse shrubs, poisonous. May be propa-
gated by cuttings, and succeed in loamy soil.

Principal Species : —

spectabilis, 10', spr., wh. (syn. Toxicophlcea
spectabilis).

venenata, G', wh. (st/n. Toxicophtea Thunbergii).

ACONITE, WINTER.

The Winter Aconite (Kranthis hyemalis) is one
of the curliest of our hardy flowers, and ought to be
largely planted where such plants are appreciated.

Its little golden yellow flowers, surrounded by their
ruff of green leaves, the whole making a plant often
less than 6" high, are welcome at the early season
— December to March — at which they appear.

It does well in the border or in grass, but forms a
capital subject for planting in shady, moist woods.
Propagated by seeds, sown at any time, or by
division. Rich soil. Cilicica blooms in April, and
has deeper coloured flowers. (See also EEANTHIS.)

ACONITUM. (MoNKSHOOD, WOLF'S-BANE.)

Description, — Showy hardy flowers (ord. Ranun-
culaceae) for the back of the border, or among
shrubberies or " wild gardens." Flowers in racemes
on tall stems, the upper parts of the flowers being
helmet shaped. All the parts are poisonous, and
roots should not be left where animals can have
access to them.

Propagation. — By division of roots, and by seeds,
the latter being sown in spring, or when ripe.

Soil. — The Aconitum likes a strong soil, but it
will thrive in almost any kind, provided that it is
not too dry.

Other Cultural Points. — It is very suitable for
growing in borders shaded by walls or overhang-
ing trees, if the latter are not allowed to rob it of
food. Under trees plenty of water should be given
in dry weather. The plants must be staked and tied
as they make growth, unless in sheltered places.

Principal Species : —

Anthora, 2', Jy., pale yel. A pretty species where
a tall plant is not desired. There are several
vars. all with yel. flowers.

Fischer!, 4', Jy., bl. pur. A useful species for
the back of the border. A var. named acutum is
equally useful (syn. autumnale).

Lycoctonum, 4', Jy., yel. A good border plant.
There is a conflict of authorities regarding the
colour of this plant ; it. is -pur. according to
some, but one with yel. flowers has this name in
gardens. The pur. species is probably moldavicum.

Napellus, 4', Jy., bl. A handsome but poisonous
species, well known as the common Monkshood.
There are several vars. under a great many names,
but the best of these is the white form, known
as album, useful as a contrast. Long grown
and widely distributed over the northern hemi-
sphere.

paniculatum, 3', Je., Sep., vio. A good species.

variegatum, \y to 5', Jy., bl. The form called
bicolor, which has bl. and wh. flowers, is the best.
There is also a wh. variety called albiflorum.

Other Species : —
acuminatum, 2' to 4', Jy., flacciclum, 6', Jy., Aug.,

pur. vio.

album, 4' to 5', Aug., Fortune!, 6', Je., bl. (tyn.

wh. chineuse).

ampliflorum, 2' to 3', Je., heterophyllum, 2A', Aug.,

pur. yel.

angustifolium, 2' to 3', japonicum, 6', Aug., flesh.

Je., bl. — caruleum, bl.

biflorum, 1', Je., hi. laciuiosum, 3', Je., bl.

Cammarum, 4', Sep., pur. maximum, 6', Jy., 1)1.
rerniiiim, 3' to 4', Jy.,vio. meloctonum, 2' to 4', Jy.,
derphimfolium, 6" to 2', cream.

Je., pur. Meyeri, 2' to 4', Je., pur.

elatum, 3' to 4', Je., bl. moldavicum, •">', Aug..
eminent), 2' to 4', Je., bl. pur.

eriostemon, 4', Je., pur. molle, 2' to 6', Je., vio.
exaltatum, 6', Jy., bl.

t'cr'ix (AVV Acroxticlnnii),
Aeontlas (set< XwtitJiosomc.~).

Acorus

(13)

Acrocomia

orientale, 3', Jy., yel. (.«//".

ochroleucum) .
rostratiim, 1' to 2',Je.,vio.
Schleicheri, 2' to 3', sum.,

vio.
Sprengeli, 3' to 4', Je.,

pur.
tauricuiu, 3' to 4', Je., bl.

tortuosum, G', Jy., vio.
unciiuitum, 6', Jy., lil.

[The nomenclature of
this gemis is very con-
fused, and there are a
number of other species
or varieties of more or
less value— chiefly less.]

ACORUS.

Hardy herbaceous plants (ord. Aroideas) with
sword shaped leaves. Aquatics, or sub-aquatics,
useful for the margins of streams and lakes. Pro-
pagated by divisions of the rhizome in spring.

6,150 yds.; North Wales, 3,240 yds. ; Westmorland,
6,7CO yds. ; and Wiltshire, ;i,6:>0 yds.

ACRIDOCARPUS.

(Ord. Malpighiaoese.) The species nntalitins is
a yellow summer-flowering climber, suitable for a
warm house, thriving in loam and sand, and propa-
gated by cuttings.

ACRIOPSIS.

Epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orcliidacea>) thriving
in a stove temperature.

Principal Species : —
densiflora, grn. . jik. jiivnnica, wh., grn.. pur.

Plwto : E. J. Wallis, Putney, S.W.

ACROSTICHUM I-RIKITUM (see next page)

Principal Species : —

Calamus, the Sweet Flag, 3'. Flowers yel., in-
conspicuous; leaves tall, bright grn.,very strongly
fragrant when bruised. The root also is fragrant.
There is a var. with golden striped leaves.

gramineus, much smaller in all its parts than
Calamus. There is a pretty variegated form of
this species.

ACRADENIA.

A gentis of greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord.
Rutaceic) requiring a compost of loam and leaf
soil, and propagated by seeds and cuttings.
Franklinix has white flowers and fragrant leaves.

ACRE.

The English statute acre contains 4 roods, or 160
?q. rods, poles, or perches, or 4,840 sq. yds. ; but
the size of the acre varies locally. Thus the
Cheshire acre is 10,24(1 yds. ; the Cornish, 5,760 yds. ;
Cunningham, 6,250yds. ; Derby, !), 000 yds. ; Devon-
shire, 4,000 yds. ; Herefordshire, 8,226} yds. ; Irish,
7,840 yds. ; Leicestershire, 2,308f yds. ; Scotch,

ACROCLINIUM.

Pretty half-hardy annuals (ord. Compositaj) with
"everlasting" flowers, pretty in the garden; in
pots under glass ; and prized as cut flowers for
drying for winter use. For this purpose the Daisy-
like flowers should be cut before they open, and
hung, head downwards, in a dry place. Sow in
pots or boxes under glass in March or April, and
plant out afterwards, or sow in the open in June.
For winter bloom under glass sow in August. The
soil should be light and sandy. Choose a place in
full sun, and do not plant out until danger from
frost is over. Correctly referred to Helipterum.

Principal Species and Varieties: —

The only species in cultivation at present is
roseum, 1' to 2', ro. The best vars. are album, wh. ;
grandiflorum, ro. ; and album fl. pi., double wh.
(see Helipterum roseum).

ACROCOMIA.

A genus of about eleven species of South
American Palms (ord. Pr.lmse), having tall (20' to

Acronychia

( 13)

Actinella

50'), prickly trunks. A warm greenhouse is needed,
and a rich sandy loam, with plenty of water at
all times. Propagation is by suckers.

Principal Species : —

sclerocarpa (hard fruited) (syns. aculeata and
Coco.s fusiformis).

Other Species : —

cubensis. fusiformis. globosa. guianensis.

horrula. lasiospatha. minor. teuuifolia.

ACRONYCHIA.

A greenhouse evergreen shrub (iiril. Rutacere),
with a Kue-like appearance. Cunninghamii, 7',
needs ordinary greenhouse treatment. Propaga-
tion is by cuttings, taken in July, and placed in
sand in a close frame.

ACROPHYLLUM.

Dwarf greenhouse shrubs (ord. Saxifragacere),
propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots,
placed in a cool house, and covered with a bell-
glass ; they thrive in fibrous peat two - thirds,
loam one-third, and a little sand. Thorough
drainage is essential.

Only Species : —

venusinii, li'. My., pk., wh. (syn. verticillatu'n).

ACROSTICHUM.

Description. — A genus of almost wholly tropical
Ferns (uril. Filices), showing great variation in the
size of the plants and cutting of the fronds. In-
cluding Aconiopteris, Chrysodium, Egenoltia. Ela-
phoglossum, Gymnopteris, Hymenolepis, Olfersia,
Photinopteris, Polybotrya, Rhipidopteris, Soro-
manes, StenochUcna, and Stenosemia.

Propagation. — By spores, and division of the
rhizomes in some cases.

Soil. — Peat two-thirds, loam one-third, with
sand, sphagnum, and charcoal.

Other Cultural Points. — Plenty of water at all
times. Stove temperature, except in a few cases.
Principal Species : —
fXoTE. — The figures in tins genus refer to the

length of the from Is.

acuminatum, 1' to 2' (syn. Polybotrya acuinin-
ata).

apiifolium, 2" to (>" (syn. Polybotrya apiifolin).
apodum, 1' (syn. Elaphoglossura apodum).
appendiculatum, <5" to 18" (syn. Egenollia appen-
diculata).

aureum, 2' to (!', a sub-aquatic species (*yn.
Chrysodium aureum).

auiitum, \\' to 2' (syn. Stenosemia aurita).
ranaliculatum, 2' to 3' (syn. Polybotrya canali-
culata).

cervinum, 2' to 4' (si/n. Olfersia cervina).
crinitum, 4" to 18" (syn. Chrysodium and Hy-
menodium crinitum) (see page 12).

feeniculaeeum (syn. Rhipidopteris fcenicula-
ceum).

latifolium, 9" to 18" (xyns. Elaphoglossum lati-
folium and A. oallscfolium).

peltatum, 2" to t>" (ii/n. Rhipidopteris peltata).
quercifolium, 3" to 4" (syn. Gymnopteris querci-
folia).

scandens, 1' to 3' (syn. Stenochlsena scandens).
subrepandum, 1' to 2' (syn. Gymnopteris subre-
panda).

tenuii'olium. '•>' to a' (syits. meyerianum and
Stenochlaina tenuifolia).

Other Species : —
alieuum, 1' to 'i'(si/n. Gym-
nopteris aliena).
axillare, 6" to 18" (ti/ii.

Clirysodium axillare).
barbutum (nee scolopeu-

drifolium).
hifurcatum, 3" to 4" (nyii.

Polvbotrya bifurcata).
bhnneanum, 1' to 3' (HI/II.

Chrysodium blume-

anum).

callu'folium (xce lati-
folium).
cauclatum (see petio-

losum).
couforme, 2" to 9" («//«.

Eluphoglossum con-

f pruie) .
cyliudricum (sec osmun-

daceum) .
dombuyauum (a var. of

lepidotum).
Hermiuieri, U' to 3' (KI/II.

Elaphoglossum Her-

minieri).
heteromorphum, H"to2"

(syn. Elaphoglossum

neteromorj)hum) .
Langsdorftii (see musco-

sum).
lepidotum, 3" to 6"

Elaphogl

dotuin).

longifolium (see lati-
folium) .
meyeriauum (tec tenui-

folium).
muscosum, 6" to 12", grli.

(syn. Laugsdorftii) .
Neitneri (see querei-

folium).
iiicotiau;tfolium, 1' to 3'

ACROTREMA.

Stove evergreens (ord. Dilleniacea-) of no cultural
importance. Walkeri, yellow, flowers in June.

ACROTRICHE,

A genus (ord. Epacridea;) comprising eight or nine
dwarf evergreen greenhouse shrubs, requiring
much the same treatment as Epacris. Prop-
agated by cuttings of the young shoots in-
serted in sand, under a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —

cordata (see ovalifolia). ovalifolia, 6", My., wh.

divarieata, G" to 12", My., wh.

ACTvEA.

Perennial herbaceous plants (ord. Ranunculacea1)
with racemes of white flowers and poisonous berries.
Good plants for shady places. Propagated by
division of the roots, and by seeds sown in spring.

Species : —
alba, 1' to 1J', berries spieata, 1 ', berries blk.

wh. — rubra, 1', berries red.

ACTINELLA.

Hardy herbaceous plants (nnl. Composite), of
which the only one worth cultivating is giandi-
flora, C", summer, yellow.

(xy». Gymnopteris niro-

tiauiL-folium).
osmundaceum, 2' to 3'

(.••V///.V. eylindrieum and

Polybotrya osmuuda-

cea).
paleaoeum (•«/«. sqiwm-

mosinii).
petiolosum, 2' to 4' (XI/HX~

ciudatum aud Foly-

liotrva caudata).
piloselloides (we spatliu-

latum).
platyrhynehos, 12" to 16""

(«yii. Hymenolepis

jilatyrhyuehos).
scolopeudrifolium, 1' (syn.

barbatum).
serratifolium, 2' to 2^'

(*.(/». Chrysodium serra-
tifolium).
simplex, 4" to 12" (xi/n.

Elaphoglossum sim-
plex),
sorbifolium, 12" to 18"

(M//*. Steuochljena sorb-

ifblia).
spathulatum, 2" to 4'*

(KI/II. piloselloides).
spicntum, 0" to 18" (KI/II.

Hymenolepis brachys-

tiichys).
subdiaplianum, 4" to 8"

(ay n. Aconiopteris sub-

diaphana).
taccarfolium, 1' to 2' (»//».

Gymnopteris tacc-

*iblia).
trilobiitum (a var. of tacc-

aefolium).

villosum, 0" to 9".
viscosum. G".to 12".

Acrapera (see (itmgora).
Acroplionn (see Darallia).

Actinidia

(14)

AcJenanthos

ACTINIDIA.

Hardy deciduous climbing shrubs (ord. Ternstroe-
miaceu'). They are suitable for trellises and walls,
and like a light, rich soil. Propagation is by seeds,
layers, and cuttings.

Principal Species :
Kolomieta, sum., wh., polygaraa, sum., wh.,

rare. sweet, berries edible,

volubilis, Je., wh.

ACTINOMERIS.

Herbaceous perennials, allied to Helianthus (ord.
Composite), All the species mentioned below have
yellow flowers. They are propagated by seeds and
root division. Common soil.

Principal Species : —
alata, 3', Jy. (see Ver- procera (w squarrosa).

besiua occidentalis). squarrosa, 3', Jy., Aug.

helianthoides, 3', Jy. to (-vy. Verbesina Coreop-

Sep. sis).

ACTINIOPTERIS.

A small genus of stove Kerns (ord. Filices),
thriving in a compost largely made up of crocks
and charcoal, with a little loam and peat. The
temperature should not be allowed to fall below
60° in winter.

Principal Species: —

radiata. This pretty plant is like a miniature Fan
Palm ; australis is a robust variety of it.

ACTINOTUS.

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials (ord. Um-
bellifeno), propagated by seeds and root division.
Helianthi is the only species of value, 2', June,
white.

ADA.

A small genus of Orchids (ord. Orchidacea;).
Aurantiaca, the only species in general cultiva-
tion, is a valuable winter-flowering Orchid. For a
few years after importation it does fairly well in
a cool house, but greater success attends its culti-
vation in a warm greenhouse. Abundant drainage
and a compost of peat and sphagnum will suffice.

Species (two only) : —
aunintiaoa, 1', Jan., or. Lehmaimi, 1', Jan., cin.,red.

ADANSONIA.

Kemarkable tropical trees (ord. Malvaceae), with
trunks from BO' in diameter. The African species,
or Baobab, furnishes a useful fibre ; the fruit is
edible and of medicinal value, but the wood is
very soft. The Australian species, or Cream-of-
Tartar tree, has an acid fruit, from which in-
habitants of tropical countries brew a refreshing
drink. Stove plants ; seldom cultivated under glass.

Species (two only) : —
digitiitu, f>0', wh. Gregorii, 70', wh.

ADELIA.

Summer-flowering evergreen stove shrubs (ord.
Euphorbiacese) ; propagated by cuttings in sandy
loam ; compost, loam and sand.

Principal Species : —

acidoton, 3'. Je.. gru., wh. Ricinella, 6', Jy., grn. wh.
Bernurdia, 6', Jy., gni.

Adelia acuminata of Michaux is quite a different
subject, and is now referred to Forestiera acumin-
ata in on!. Oleaceae.

ADELOBOTRYS.

Gambling stove plants (ord. Melastomaceai),

closely allied to Tibouchina (Lasiandni). Propa-
gated by cuttings of half-ripe shoots, in summer,
in heat. Soil, sandy loam and leaf mould.

Principal Species : —
Lmdcm'i, S', wh. to pur. scandens, wh.

ADENANDRA.

Summer-flowering evergreen shrubs (ord. Ru-
tacere), requiring the temperature of a greenhouse.
Propagated by cuttings of the young growths in very
sandy soil ; also by seeds when procurable. Soil,
sound loam, with the addition of coarse sand if
heavy, and one-third of decayed manure if poor.

D. ,x. /•'/«/;. 1-jlinburfih.

ADKNANDKA uMur:r.i.ATA.

uuili.'llata. '2'. Je., pk. (see
figure).

Principal Species : —
umu'im, '2', Je., red.
fragraus, :>', Je., pk.

Other Species : —

coriacea, 1^', Je., pk. uuiflora, U', Je., wh., pk.

marginata," 1|', Je., flesh.

ADENANTHERA.

East Indian trees and shrubs (ord. LeguroinOMB).
The bright scarlet seeds of pavonina are used
as ornaments in the East, under the name of
" Barricari seeds." Stove plants, needing a sub-
stantial compost. Propagation by seeds or
cuttings.

Principal Species : —

bicolor, Jy., yel. falcate, 16', Je.. yel.

chrysostachys, 15', yel. pavoniua, 5', Jy., yel.,

(xif]>. Piptadenia chry- wh.

sostachys).

ADENANTHOS.

Summer-flowering evergreen shrubs (ord. Pro-
teacese) ; principally red flowered, and requiring the
temperature of a greenhouse. Propagated by cut-
tings in sandy soil in spring. Soil, loam witli
some peat and coarse sand.

Actitwcarpus (see Uamasonium).
Aculeate ~\

Acuminate > (see "Leaves " in Glossary).
Acute J

'Acynos (see Calaminthd).
Adamia (nee Dlchroa).

Adamsia (sec Puichkinia, ffeum, and Sierersia).
Adam's Needle (see Yiteca),
Adder's Tongue Fern (see Opkinglossiim).

Adenium

Adiantum (Maidenhair)

Principal Species : —

barbigi'ra, 7', Je., red.
cuueata, o', Jy., red.

obovata, ">', Jy., red.
sericea, 5', Jy., red.

ADENIUM.

Summer-flowering evergreen shrubs (ord. Apocy-
nacere), requiring the temperature of a greenhouse.
Propagated by cuttings in sand in spring. Soil,
equal parts of sandy loam and peat or leaf mould.

Principal Species : —

Honghel,3',Je.,palecrim. obesum, 3' to 4', Jy., pur.
immaqu»rium,6', Jy.,pur. speeiosum, 3', Jy., pur.

(tee Pachypodium na-

maquarium).

ADENOCALYMNA.

Autumn-flowering evergreen climbers (ord.
Bignoniaceaa), principally yellow flowered, and re-
quiring the temperature of a stove. Propagated
by cuttings in sand, with bottom heat. Soil,
loam, leaf mould, and sand.

Principal Species : —

comosum, 10', Sep., yel. nitidum, 12', Feb., yel.
longeracemosum,Oct. ,yel.

ADENOCARPUS.

Yellow flowered, hardy, deciduous, and green-
house plants (in-d. Leguminosse). Propagated by
cuttings inserted during spring or summer ; also
by seeds sown early in spring. Soil, loam, with
coarse sand if adhesive.

Principal Species : —
folinlosus, 6', My., yel.
liisjtaiiicus, 6', Je., yel.

Other Species :—
decorticaus, 0', Je., yel.
i'rankenioides, 2', Ap., yel.

ADENOPHORA.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Campanu-
la' •(•;!•). Propagated by seeds sown in frames in
spring, and transplanted to flower in the following
year. Any fertile garden soil will do.

Principal Species : —

latifolia, 4', Aug., bl.

Other Species : —
communis, 4', Jy., bl.
coronata, 3', My., bl.
coronopif
Gmeliuii,
Lamurckii, •!' , Je., bl.

ADENOSTOMA.

Hardy evergreen shrubs (ord. Ilosacea>) with
white flowers. Propagated by cuttings of the
young growths. Soil, fertile loam with peat.

Principal Species : —
fasciculatum, 3', Je., wh.

ADESMIA.

Greenhouse and half-hardy plants (ord. Legumin-
c '-a-), annual or perennial ; trailing habit ; yellow
flowers in terminal racemes. Sow seed of annuals
in warmth in spring ; insert cuttings of shrubs
in summer, under bell-glass. Soil, sandy loam.
Seldom grown, though there are 108 species.

Principal Species : —

intermedius, 4', Je., yeL

parvifolius, 4', My., yel.
teloueusis, 3', Je., yel.

periploca>folia, 6", Je.,bl.

ouata, 3', My., bl. stylosa, 2', My., bl.

onopifolia, 1J', Jy., bl. tncuspidata, 11', Jy., bl.
leliuii. '2', Aug., bl. verticillata, 2', Je., bl.

A nnual-
muricata, 1', Je.

Perennial —
boronioides, 11', My., Je.,

or. yel., shr.
glutinosa, 1^', My.
Loudouii, '!', My.

pendula, 1', Je.

microphylla, 1', Jy.
usjiallatensis, 1', Jy.
viscosa, 12', Aug.

ADHATODA.

A genus of herbs and shrubs (ord. Acanthacero)
closely allied to Justicia. Nearly ninety species,
few of which are cultivated. -Propagated by cut-
tings, in sandy soil, in heat ; stove plants needing
a compost of loam, leaf soil or peat, and sand.

Principal Species: —
cydoniscfolia, 5', Aug., pur., vasica, 10', Aug.. pur.

wh.

ADIANTUM. (MAIDENHAIR.)

Description. — Stove, greenhouse, and half-hardy
Ferns (ord. Filices) of considerable beauty and
value. Only one, pedatum, a native of North
America, is really hardy. Upwards of a hundred
species and varieties have been certificated by the
Koyal Horticultural Society since 185'J.

Propagation. — By spores, sown in heat and kept
close until germination has taken place ; and by
division of the old plants.

Soil. — Two parts of loam, one part of good leaf
soil, and sand, for the older plants ; equal parts of
loam and leaf soil, with rather more sand, for the
sporelings.

Other Cultural Points. — Although Adiantums are
really evergreen Ferns, and therefore must not be
allowed to get very dry, they all rest to some ex-
tent during the winter, and thus need considerably

ADIANTCM RHODOPHVLLIIM (see p. 18).

less water then than they do during the growing
period. The popular cuneatum and its varieties
are commonly treated as deciduous Ferns, all the
fronds being cut down in the autumn, and they
answer very well to the treatment.

The Beautiful farleyense. — This rarely, if
ever, produces spores, and is propagated solely by
division. It delights in a strong heat, with plenty

A ilenufridi ia (nee Senecio}.
Adiantnjisis (nee dieiltinthes).

Adiantum

(

Adiantum

of diffused light, but it must be kept out of the way
of draughts. It likes to be kept in rather small pots,
and under such conditions develops that delicate
tinting which is its chief charm. Like all the Adi-
antums, it delights in occasional doses of liquid cow
manure and soot during the growing period.

Tinted Maidenhairs. — Several species and vari-
eties, such as inacrophylhim, colpodes roseuni,
and rubellum, have pretty rose tinted fronds ii'
judiciously exposed to the light.

Maidenhairs for Baskets. — Lunnlatum dola-
briforme, cuneatum grandiceps, caudatum, and
caudatum ciliatnm make excellent basket plants,
but being strong growers they must be closely
watched with regard to the water supply.

ADIANTUM CUNEATUM WEIUAXDII (see, next column).

Maidenhairs for Cutting. — To supply fronds
for cutting, the most useful species and varieties
are cuneatum, cuneatum gracillimum, Pacotti, and
Capillus-Veneris (the British Maidenhair). If cut
some hours before they are wanted for use, ami
thrown into a tub of water, the fronds last much
longer than they do if taken straight from the plants.

For Egyptian Jars. — Capillus - Veneris takes
kindly to the system of growing it upon the soft
earthenware Egyptian jars. The slender rhizomes
are bound firmly to the sides of the pot, and the
latter is kept filled with water. Elegant hanging-
balls of greenery are the result.

Temperatures for Maidenhairs.— For the stove
forms, 60° to 75° ; for the greenhouse species and
varieties, including the numerous varieties of the
sub-hardy Capillus-Veneris, 45° to 55°.

Insect Enemies. — The most troublesome insect
pests are brown scale and snowy fly. Sponging the
affected stems and fronds with soapy water is the
best remedy.

Principal Species : —

tethio]>icum, 1' to 1J', st.
(sijn. emargiuatum).

— assimile.

afflue, 10" to 18", grh.
(•••//». Cunninghamii).

aueitense, !£' to 2', st.

Capillus-Veneris, Veuus's
Hair, and Common
Maidenhair, 6" to 10",
hdy . in Cornwall. There
are many varieties, of
which the following fivt
are the best : —

— daphuites, 9" to 12",
warm grh.

— imbricatum,4"toS".st.

— luddcmaimianum, 4"
to 6", grh.

— magnm'cum, 9" to 15",
grh.

— Mariesii, 10' to 16"
grh.

caudatum, 6" to IS", st.

— ciliatum, 6" to 15", st.
colpodes. 9" to 18". grh.
-- roseuni, 6" to 10", st.,

prettily tinted,
concinnum, 1' to 1^', st.

— latuin. 1' to 1J', st.

— Flemiugii. 1' to H', st.
cuneatum, 9" to 18", st.

or grh.

— dissectum, 9" to 12",st.

— gracillimum, 9" to 15",
st.

— grandiceps, 9" to 18",st.

— muudulum, 6" to 10",
st.

— Pacotti, 4" to 9", st.

— Weigandii, st.
diaphanum, 6" to 8", grh.

(.SV/M. setulosum).
exeisura, 6" to In", st.

Other Species : —

amiulum, 8" to 12", st.
amabile (m Moorei) .

— plumosura, st.
amu'num (sec flabellula-

tuin).
uudicolum (we glauco-

phyllum).
assimile, a variety of

ffithiopicum.
Bausei, 11' to 2', st. (syn.

trapezifurme decorum),
helium, 3"tc>6", warm grh.
bessonianum, st.
Burnii.
cardiochla'na (see poly-

phyllum).
cn-natum, 1' to I;1/, st.

(>//». wilesianum). -
cristatum, 11' to 3', st.

(*yn. kunzeanum).
cubense, 6" to 12", st.
riiiii'atum Lawsoui, 6" to

\y, grh.

— Legrandii, 4" to 9", st.
or grh.

— strictum, st.
Cunninghamii (see affiue).
curvatum. 1' to 11', st.
cyclosorum, st.
decorum (tee Wagneri).
deltoideum, 4" to 6", st.
digitatum, 1' -to 3', st. or

grh. (nyii. speciosum).

excisuin Leyi, 3" to 6",

warm grh.
— multitidum, C>" to 12",

st.

formosum, !)" to 18", st.
huiislovianiim, 1' to 14',

st. (KI/II*. livtiim, Keich-

cnl)acliii, ami scssili-

folium).
liispiduluin, (i"to 12", grh.

macrophvlhim, 9 to 16",

st.

palmatiim, (i" to 12", st.
pediituni. 1' to .'i', hdy.
polvphyllmn, 2' to .'i', st.

(syim. cardiochlaiua and

macroclailum).
pulverulcntum, 9" to 18",

st.
reniforme. 5" to 8", st.

— asai'ifoliiini, 6" to 9",
st.

rulH-lliini, 4" to 6", warm

grh. or st.
teuerum, 1' to 3', st.

— farleycnse, 1' to If,
st.

— Latliomii, 1J' to 2', st.
tetraphyllum, 1' to 11', st.

(wnf. fovcarum and
prionophyllum).

— gracile, 1' to \y , st.

— Hendenonii, 9" to 15",

St.

tinctum, 6" to 12", st. or

grh.
trapezifonne, 1' to 2', st.

— cultratum, 9" to!8",st.

— Sanctic-Catherinse (of
gardens), 9" to 18", st.

veitchianum, 9" to 18",

st.
Williamsii, 9" to 18", st.

dolabriforme, a variety of
lunulatum.

diiliisum (XI/H. Wilsonii).

elegautissinium, st.

emargiuatum (xee a?thio-
picum).

farleyense (see tenerum
farleyensc).

Feei, 1' to 2', st. (*//«.
Bexuosum).

flabellulatum, 9" to 15",
st. (*;/«. amoenum).

rlcxuosum.

fovearum (nee tetra-
phyllum).

fulvum, !)" to 12". grh.

glaucopliyllum, 1' to 2',
warm grh. (KI/HS. aiuli-
colum and iiii-xicaimin).

gracillimum (see cunea-
tum gracillimum).

Hewardia, 9" to 18", st.
(syn. Hewardia ndian-
toidcs').

iuterinedium, 9" to IS",
st. («(/». triangulatum).

kun/.canum (we crista-
tum).

la-turn (see henslovia-
num).

Lathomii (sw teuerum
Latliomii).

Liudcnii, 9" to 18", st.

ADMXTUM EXCISUM MVLTIFIDUM (sec p. 16).

ADIANTUM TEAPEZIFOEME (see p. 16).

ADUNIUM MACROPIIYLLUM (see y. 16). AIHASTCM COXCIXNUM (-see j>. 1«).

SOME BEAUTIFUL MAIDENHAIRS.

Adina

JEchmea

ADIAXTfM REXIFORME (see p. l(i).

lineatum, st.

lucidum, 9" to 16", st.

ludd<!inauinaiium(.weC-V.

luddemannianum).
lunulatum, G" to 12", st.
— dolabriforme, 6" to

14", st.
macrocladum (s?e poly-

phyllum).
macropterum (see Wil-

sonii).
mexicanum (sec glauco-

phy Hum) .
micropliyllum (see venu-

stum).
monochlamys, 6" to 12",

grh.

monosorum, st.
Moorei, 6" to 14", st. or

grh.
morit/ianum, 1' to H',

grh.
neoguineense, 9" to 10",

tit.

obliquum, 6" to 12", st.
Owenii, st.
patens, G" to 14", at.
peruviainnn, 1' to 2', st.
populifolium (see See-

mannii).
princeps, st.
prionophyllum (we tetra-

phyllum).
pubescens (see hispi-

dulum).

Reicheubachu (see hen-
slovianum).

rhodophyllum, st.
rhomboideum, very close

to villosuni.
Schneideri, st.
scutum (see tenerum

scutum).
Seemannii, 9" to 24", st.

(milts, populifolium and

Zahni;.'.
sessilifoiium (see hen-

slovianum).
setulosum (see dia-

phauum).
speciosum (see digita-

tum).

subvolubile, 2' to 4', st.
sulpbureum, st.
teuellum, st.
tenerum scutum, st.
trapeziforme pentadac-

tylou, 9" to 18", st.

— Sanctse-Cathariua-, st.

— Fuuckii, 9" to 16", st.
triangulatum (see inter-
medium).

varium, very close to vil-
losum.

velutinum, 1J' to 2', st.

venustum, st.

versaillense, st.

villosuni, 9" to 18", st.

Wagneri, warm grh.

Waltouii diffusum, st.

Wilsonii, 9" to 12", st.
(tyns. dolosum and ma-
cropterum).

Zahnii (see Seemaunii).

neat leaves, make them attractive in borders,
shrubberies, or rock gardens. The perennials are
propagated by division after flowering, or by
seeds ; the annuals by seeds. All will do well in.
ordinary garden soil, but the early perennial
species like a peaty one. A sunny position should
he chosen. Seeds" of the perennials often germ-
inate very slowly, nnd should not be despaired of
for a year or more after sowing.

Principal Species : —

festivalis, 1', Je., ann., crim.

amurensis, 1', yel. or wh. One of the earliest o£
our hdy. flowers ; useful also for a cold house.

pyrenaica, Ij', Je., ,Jy., yel. A very beautiful
plant, unique at its season. Flowers not so fine as
those of vernalis.

vernalis, 1' or less, Mch., yel. One of our most
beautiful spring flowers. It should never suffer
from drought, although it ought to have sun at its
flowering time. A large-flowered variety some-
times known as sibirica is even better.

Other Species :—
autumnalis, l',My., aim., wolgonsis, 1', My., ye).

red. — sibirica, larger,

walziana, 1', My., per., yel.

ADOXA.

Hardy herbaceous and tuberous-rooted plant
(ord. Caprifoliacepe), will grow under the shade of
trees. Increased by division. Flowers and leaves are
too alike in colour for the former to be con-
spicuous.

Principal Species : —

Moschatellina, 1', Ap., grn. yel.

ADINA.

A small genus of cool stove plants (ord. Kubi-
aceac), needing rich, loamy soil, and propagation
by cuttings.

Principal Species : —

globiflora, 'A' to 4', Jy., cream (syn. Nauclia).

ADINANDRA.

Evergreen stove trees or shrubs (ord. Ternstrce-
miaceiE), of very little horticultural value. The
principal species is dumosa, 10', June, silky.

ADLUMIA.

Hardy herbaceous climber (nrd. Fumariacere),
succeeding in any good garden soil , propagated
by seeds sown in a shady situation, where there is
ample moisture.

Only Species : —

cirrhosa, 15', Aug., wh.

ADONIS.

Showy hardy perennials or annuals (ord. Uaniin-
culaceje). the former being particularly fine. The
flowers are effective, and, combined with their

Pltoto: D, S. Fish, Edinlmrrili.

ADONIS VERXALIS.

^ECHMEA.

Handsome herbaceous perennials (ord. Brome-
liaceae), requiring the temperature of a stove.

.ZEcidium

(19 )

Aerides

Several of the species are regarded as synonymous
•with various Billbergias, Bromelias, and Hohen-
bergias. Fulgens, its variety discolor, and
Mari;r-Regin:u are the best horticulturally. As is
the case with the majority of the members of the
same order, propagation is effected by suckers; a
suitable compost is formed of light loam and leaf
mould in equal proportions, with coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

Barleei, 'A', Aug. , pur. fulgeus discolor, 2', Je.,

bracteata, '!', Jy., yel. sc., pur.

•ccelestis, 1^', Jy. , bl. (*///?.*. Lindeuii, 2', Aug., sc.,

Hoplophytum cirleste pur.

and Hoheubergia Mariic-EegiuEe, 2', Aug.

coelestis). to Nov., vio., crim.

•fasciata, 14',Aug.. jik., lil. rosea, !£', Jy. to Sep.,

(syns. Billbergia fasci- ro.

ata, B. rhodocyanea, Veitchii, 1J', Jy. to Sep. ,

and JE. Leopoldii). red.

fulgens, IJ'.Jy. to Sep., sc.

^ECIDIUM.

A genus of fungi. As occasion requires, the
species will be referred to under the particular
plants they attack.

-<EGICERAS.

An unimportant genus (ord. Myrsinacere). Ma-
jus (syn. fragrans) is the only species ; it is
.an evergreen tree, requiring the protection of
a greenhouse. Propagation by summer growths
in sand ; soil, loam and peat with sand. This
species, which grows 10' high, has white flowers.

yEGIPHILA.

Evergreen shrubs (ord. Verbenacese), requiring
the temperature of a stove. Propagation is by
cuttings in sand with gentle bottom heat ; soil,
sound loam.

Principal Species : —
arborescens, 10', Nov., foetida, 2', Jy., HI.

cream. grandiflora (see Clero-

diffusa, 2', Jy., yel. deudron).

An Indian fruit (ord. Rutaceje), known as
Bengal Quince, Marmelos, or Ball Fruit, which is
credited with medicinal properties. Requires the
temperature of a stove. Propagation by cuttings of
ripe wood in sand, bottom heat; soil, best loam.
The flowers are fragrant.

Principal Species : —

Marmelos, <!', Ap., wh.

^EGOPODIUM.

Tlie Goat Weeds (nrd. Umbelliferse) are generally
regarded as troublesome weeds, though in some
countries the leaves, having the odour of Angelica,
are used in salads. The best known species, Poda-
graria, is widely distributed throughout Europe ;
its white flowers appear in June.

-ffiOLANTHUS.

Annuals (ord. Labiata:) requiring the tempera-
ture of a stove. Propagation by seeds. Soil, any
good sandy compost.

Species (two only) : —

Livingston!!, 1', Jy. to suaveolens, 1', Jy., lil.
Oct., br.

AERANTHES.

Air flowers (ord. Orchidacese). A small genus
«iosely allied to, and needing the same cultural

conditions as, Angnccums. The principal species
is grandiflorus, 1', June, white and yellow.

AERATION.

The exposure of soil to the air. One of the chief
objects of good cultivation is aeration of the soil ;
and draining, trenching, digging, and hoeing are
all means to that end. If land is to be fertile air
must be admitted freely, as it is of great importance
to the well-being of roots. Soil that is heavily
charged with water is practically sealed against
air, and therefore drainage is necessary as a means
of aeration. Stiff, clayey soils of a retentive char-
acter do not admit air freely, and are much im-
proved by being ridged up roughly in the autumn,
exposing the lumps to the action of the atmosphere.
The result of this treatment is seen in the spring,
when the soil is readily broken into small particles,
and a good tilth is obtained. The want of aeration
may be observed in land that has been neglected in
matters of cultivation, as the soil becomes hard and
close, and crops fail to flourish in it until brought
back into a state of fertility. Frequently ground
is condemned as poor, when all that is required is
aeration by a thorough system of cultivation.

AERIAL ROOTS.

Air roots form upon the stem of the Vine,
and to a less degree on that of the Tomato and
Cucumber. They are of the nature of true roots,
and readily work into soil or wet moss when brought
into contact with it. Their presence generally in-
dicates a sour, wet condition of the border, though
they are also formed through the atmosphere of 11
house being kept too moist and close. As they are
in no manner injurious in themselves, but rather
beneficial in that their function is clearly to assist
the roots proper, they should not be removed, but
allowed to remain until the end of the season, when
they will wither away naturally. After the fruit is
gathered the border should receive a thorough over-
hauling, the roots be brought to the surface, pruned
where necessary, and re-laid in fresh, sweet soil.
The following season afford more ventilation during
the early stages of growth.

AERIDES.

Description. — A large genus of Orchids (ord.
Orchidacese) consisting chiefly of species needing
the temperature of a stove and moist atmospheric
conditions. The leaves are evergreen. The
flowers, often fragrant, are produced in graceful
racemes that are sometimes branched.

Cultural Points. — Like most other epiphytic and
moisture-loving Orchids, the Aerides succeed if
planted in pots, pans, or teak baskets, among crocks,
and then surfaced with a good layer of living
sphagnum. Broadly speaking, the growing season
is from March to October, and then the night tem-
perature should be from 65° to 75°, while during the
day it may rise to 8r>°, provided shade is afforded
and the house ventilated. During autumn and
winter the temperature should be (!0° to 65° by
night, with a rise of 5° to 10° by day during bright
weather. Water freely during the growing season,
but moderately during winter. At all seasons of
the year frequently damp down all wall and stage
surfaces, but do not throw water on the heated hot-

JEgocltloa (sec frilia).
JKoi/iinii (we Stini>i-niriim~).
JEranthus (see Angra'cum).

JErua

( 20 )

JEsculus

water pipes. Sponge the leaves frequently to re-
move dirt and insects. If plants become leggy they
may have the lower portion cut away, provided
there are sufficient roots left to anchor the plant in
the crocks and sphagnum. Kepotting and the
reduction of the stem should only take place when
growth is commencing. Be always careful not to
break off the points of the roots.

Vandarum, found at a considerable elevation in
North India, grows best if wired to a block of Birch-
wood, with a little sphagnum about its roots, and
suspended at the warmer end of the cool Orchid
house. It has slender growths and small foliage.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

crassifolium, 2', My., Je., Lawrencea? samleriauum,

amethyst pur.

crispum, 4', Je., Jy., wh.,
ro. There are two
pretty vars. of this
species — i.e. lindley-
anum and Warneri.

Fieldingii, 3', My. to Jy.,
wh., br., ro. (me fig.).

Lawrences, 3', Sep., grn.
to yel., pur.

3', yel,, pur.
multiflorum Lobbii, U',

Jy., wh., rich pur.
odoratum, 2', Jy., wh.,

lil.
quinquevulnerum, 3', Jy.,

pk.
suavissimum, 2', Jy. to

Sep., wh., lil.

AEKIDES FIEJ.DINGLI.

Other Species and Varieties : —
expansum Leona;, 2', Je., mitratum, IV, Jy., wh.,

pur.
multiflorum, U', Jy.,wh.,

pur.
ortgiesiauum, 3', Jy., red,

wh., grn.
Reichenbachii, 3', Je.,

wh., pur. spotted.
Roebelenii, 2.1,', Jy., wh.,

Jy., wh. , pur.
falcatum, 3 , Je., wh., ro.
houtletianum, 2', My.,

Je., buff, magenta,
illustre, 2', Je., wh., lil.,

pur.
japonicum, G', Je., Jy.,

gin., wh., pur.
lepidum, 2', Jy., wh., pur.
maculosum, 2', Je., pur.

spotted.

JERVA.

This genus (ord. Amarantacea?) comprises many
species, two of which are herbaceous perennials re-

grn., yel.
Vandarum, 1', Sep., wh.
virens, 2', Aug., wh.,pur.

quiring the temperature of a stove. Propagation by
division. Soil, any fertile compost.

Principal Species : —
javanica, 2', Je., wh.
lanata, 1', Je., wh. (xyn. Celosia lanata).

jESCHYNANTHUS.

Description. — Brilliantly beautiful plants (ord.
Gesneracea>) that should have a place in every
stove. Plants may be successfully grown upon old
tree stumps with moss, or in teak wood baskets
after the style of those employed for Orchids.

Propagation is carried out by means of half-
ripened growths inserted in sandy soil beneath a
bell-glass ; a little bottom heat is advantageous.

Soil. — A suitable compost consists of fibrous loam,
coarse sand, and a small quantity of leaf mould or
flaky manure. Being epiphytic, perfect drainage is
an absolute essential. Chopped sphagnum is an
excellent addition to the compost when the plants
are grown in suspended baskets.

Principal Species : —

utrosanguiuea, 1', Jy.,

dark red.
hracteata, If.', Aug., sc.,

yel. (xijn. Peelii).
fulgeus, 1', Je., sc., yel.
grandiflora, o', Aug., sc.
Hildebraudii, 9", Jy., sc.
lobbiaua, 1', Je., sc.

Other Species : —
Candida, 1', Jy , wh., red.
ehiiiensis, 1', Jy., sc.
discolor, 1', Jy., grn., sc.
Horserieldii, iy, Aug.,

sc.

javanica, 1', Jy., sc., yel.
Lamponga, 1', Jy., sc.

(si/n. Boschiauus).
Liudenii, 1', Jy., red.
longiflora, 2', Je., sc. (si/n.

Lysiouotus lougiflora).
maculata, 3', Aug., sc.
marmorata, 1', Jy., grn.,

br., red.

Paxtonii, 2', Ap., sc.
purpuruscens, 1', Mch.,

pur., yel.
splenclida, 1', Jy., vio.,

so., or.
tricolor, 1', Jy., red, yel.,

blk.

rniniata, 1J', Je., sc. («</».

Trichosporumradicaus).

ptilchella, 2', Jy., so., yel.

pulohra, 1', Jy., sc. (st/n.

Trichosporum pul-

chrum).

radicans, 1;',', Aug., red.
ramosissima, 3', Je., sc.

(«/;/. parasitica).
repeus, 9", Je., sc.
Koxburghii, 2', Jy., sc.
speciosa, 2', Je., or. red.

(HI/H . Aucklandii).
xcbriua (*<•<• marmorata).

^ESCHYNOMENE.

This genus . (ord. Leguminosa') comprises
annuals and shrubby perennials, almost all of
which require stove culture. Propagation, of
annuals by seeds, and perennials by cuttings under
a bell-glass, in sandy soil, in a high temperature ;
soil, sound loam.

Principal Species :—
americana, 2', Jy., aim.,

yel.

Other Species : —
crepitaus, 3', Jy., shr.,'

yel.
hispidn, 2', Aug.,

aspera,

yel.

Je., per.,

yel.
indica, 2', Je., yel.

hdy.,

pumila, 24', Jy., yel.
subviscosii, 11', Jy., yel.
seusitiva, 3', Jy., shr.,

wh.
viscidula, 2', Jy., grh. ,

yel. (syti. prostrata).

pendula, 2i', Jy., shr.,
yel.

^ESCULUS.

Well known large and handsome deciduous trees
(ord. Sapindaceae), that are valuable as single
specimens, and for the formation of clumps and

in (see Angnecum).

JEtheria

( 21 )

Agapanthus

avenues. Propagation by seeds, layers, buds, and
grafts ; soil, deep loam. The Horse Chestnut
in its several varieties is the best known member
of this genus.

Principal Species : —

californica, 20', Jy., wh. (see Pavia californica).

carnea. 20', Je., pk. (syns. floribunda, rubicunda,
Pavia watsoniana).

chinensis, 15', Je., wh. (syn. sinensis).

flava, 21)'. My., yel. (si/ns. lutea, octandra, Pavia
bicolor, P. flava, P. lutea).

HippocRstammi, 40', My. and Je., wh. ; flore pleno
is a double form of this species, with handsome
wh. and pk. flowers ; foliis aureis variegatis has
golden variegated leaves, and is dwarfer than tlie
type.

parvifloni, 8', My., Je., wh. (see Pavia alba).

Other Species : —

glabra, 12', My., grn., yel. (syns. ohioensis and
Pavia ohioensis).
indica, to', Jy., wh.
Pavia, S' to 2O', Je., red (see Pavia rubra).

jETHERIA.

A very small genus of terrestrial Orchids (ord.
OrcliidaoeKi), closely allied to Goodyera. For
compost use peat or leaf soil, sphagnum and sand,
,'ind afford warm, moist conditions:

Principal Species : —

occulta, (>", My. to Je. , wh. grn. (syn. Goodyera
occulta).

JETHIONEMA.

A genus of dwarf growing annuals, biennials,
svnd perennials (ord. Crucifenc), that may be
accommodated on the rockery. Propagation by
seeds and cuttings ; ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species : —
Buxhaumii. (>", Jt>., aim., heterocarpum, 6", Jy.,

pale red (\'/". Thlaspi per., pur.

arahirum). membranaceum, 6", Jy.,

coridifolium, 3", Je.,per., HI.

ro. monospermum, 6", Jy. ,

gracile, 6", Je., ann., pale bien., pur.

red. saxatile, 6", Je., fl. ann.

graiuliflorura, 1J', My., (syn- Thlaspi saxatile).

per., ro.

^ETHONIA.

Dwarf evergreen shrubs (ord. Compositas), need-
ing greenhouse protection. Propagated by cut-
tings; any good light soil. Generally included in

Tolpis.

Principal Species: —
h'liformis, 1 ;', Jc., yel. fruticosa, 2', Je., yet

^ETHUSA.

An unimportant genus of hardy annuals and
perennials (ord. Umbelliferas), of easy culture.
Propagation by seeds and division.

Annual Species : —
«ynapioides (see Cyna- Cynapium, 2', Jy., wh.

pium). elata (»•«; Cynapium).

Perennial Species : —

fatua, 2', Jy., wh. (gee Carum verticillatum).

AFRICAN LILY (see AGAPANTHUS).
JF.tkcilema (see Phai/lojms).
African Almond (see lirabejum).

AFZELIA.

This genus comprises a few species of evergreen
trees (ord. Leguminosae), requiring stove treat-
ment. Propagation by cuttings under a bell-glass
in heat. Soil, peat and leaf mould.

Principal Species : —

africana, 30', Je., crim.

AGALMYLA.

Stove plants (ord. Gesneracea?) that may be
grown on blocks, in baskets, or in pots. Propaga-
tion by cuttings under a bell-glass. Compost,
fibrous peat, moss, charcoal, and sand.

Species (two only) : —

longistyla, 1', Jy., crim.

starninea, 6", Je., sc. (syns. Justicia parasilica
and Cyrtandra staminea).

AGANISIA.

Very pretty and neat little epiphytic Orchids
(ord. Orchidaceaa), with blue or bluish flowers.
Grown on teak rafts, or in baskets, with peat and
sphagnum ; they succeed under warm Dendrobium
treatment. Syringe freely daily during the growing
season ; water sparingly when at rest. Propagation
by division of rhizomes.

Principal Species : —

cserulea (see Acacallis ionoptera, 1', Jy., wh.f

cyanea). pur.

cyanea (nee Acacallis pulchella, 9", Je., wh.,

cyanea). cream, yel.

gramiuea,6", Jau.,yel.,red. tricolor, 1J', My., lil.,yel.

AGAPANTHUS. (AFRICAN LILY.)

Description. — A beautiful genus (ord. Liliacese)
from the Cape of Good Hope, suitable for growing
in pots for greenhouse or conservatory. They are
hardy in some mild, sheltered districts.

Propagation. — From seeds occasionally, but
chiefly by division of the roots in the spring. Wash
the soil from the roots, divide the bulbs singly or
in masses of several, giving pots to suit the size of
divided pieces.

Soil. — Agapanthuses being often grown in large
pots or tubs, in which they are allowed to remain
undisturbed for several years, it is worth while t<>
prepare a good compost. Three parts of sound
loam, with one part of decayed manure and a liberal
sprinkling of sand, will suit.

Cultural Points. — No greenhouse plant is easier
to manage. The roots will bear confining, and
large specimens will go for several years without
re-potting. A cool house from which frost is ex-
cluded is suitable for wintering the plants. Give
little water during the resting period. Plant out-
doors in sheltered situations in beds and borders,
and on the banks of lakes. It is advisable to afford
some protection to the roots in the winter.

Species (one only) and Varieties :—

umbellatus (type), 3', Ap., bl.

— albidus, 2', Sep., wh.

— flore pleno, double.

— giganteus, 3', bl.

— Leichtlinii, 1', Je., bl.

— niHximus, very large (also a wh. form).

— minor, small, bl.

— mooreanus, 1J', Sep.. hdy., bl.
- variegatns, 2',~Ap., bl.

Afrin/ii Miiriyold (sec Mar/ijold).
African Oak (see Vitex).

Agapetes

Agathis

A Selection: —
umbellatus.
— albiclus.

— maximus.

— variegatus.

AGAPETES.

A small but beautiful genus of Indian shrubs (ord.
Vacciniaceje) requiring a warm intermediate house.
Propagation by cuttings in very sandy soil, under a
bell-glass, with bottom heat. Compost, fibrous peat,
loam, and sand.

AGAPETES BUXIFOLIA.

Principal Species : —

buxifolia, 5', Ap., My., ro.

macrantha, 3', red to yel. (syn. Thibaudia
macrantha).

variegata, 3', Ap., My., sc. (syns. pulcherrima and
Thibaudia pulcherrima).

Other Species : —
setigera, 3', Ap., sc.

AGARICUS. (MUSHROOMS.)

A very large genus of fungi (ord. Fungi), and
one that is as widely distributed as it is extensive.
As a rule the various species delight in warm, damp
situations where decaying animal or vegetable
matter is found. Propagation is effected by means
of spores that are microscopically small, and situ-
ated between the gills or lamina! that are so well
known as forming the under surface of the um-
brella-shaped head of a Mushroom or Toadstool.
Another method of propagation is by means of
hypha;, the white underground portion of the plant
known technically as spawn ; when the conditions
are nor, favourable for the production of " Mush-
rooms," i.e. the fruiting or spore-bearing portion,

Aganonna (see Ichnocarpus).

the spawn increases almost indefinitely, and this,
has been taken advantage of in the case of the
cultivated Mushroom to manufacture the bricks of
spawn sold by nurserymen.

For culture, see MUSHROOM.

The Principal Species are campestris and \iigin-
atus, both edible. The large majority of the
others are more or less poisonous.

AGARISTA.

Evergreen shrubs (ord. Ericacete) requiring a,
warm greenhouse. Equal parts of sandy peat and
loam form a good compost. Cuttings of half-ripe
growth should be inserted in very sandy peat
under a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —
neriifolia, 2', ,Ie., crim.
pulchra, 2', My., grn. wh.

AGASTACHYS.

A handsome evergreen greenhouse shrub (ord.
Proteacea;) that thrives in a compost of peat, loam,
and sand. Increased by cuttings of ripe woodi
placed in sand under a bell-glass.

Species : —

odorata, 3', Je., pale yel.

AGATH^A.

Greenhouse plants (ord. Composite) of dwarf
habit and easy cultivation. I'se a compost of loam,
leaf soil, and sand, and do not overpot. Propaga-
tion is effected by cuttings in spring or autumn.

Principal Species : —

coelestis, 1J', Je., bl. ; popularly known as the
" Blue Marguerite."

linifolia, 2', Je., bl.

AGATH.KA C<ELESTIS, THE "BLUE MARGUEIUTK."

AGATHELPIS.

Shrubby South African plants (ord. Selagineic) of
no horticultural value. Grow in greenhouse in sandy
loam and peat.

Species : —
augustifolia, 'A' , My., wh. parvifolia, 3', My., wh.

AGATHIS.

Lofty trees (ord. Coniferae) chiefly Antipodean,
though a few are found in the Malayan Peninsula,

Agathophyllum

( 23 )

Agave

The native name for trees and timber is Dammar.
The Kauri Pine (australis) is perhaps the best
known species. All can be grown in large con-
servatories in loam and peat.

Principal Species : —
australis, 1')' to 2JO'. Moorei, 30'.

Other Species : —

loranthifolia, .">(>'. obtusa, 50'.

macrophylla, 40'. robusta, 100'.

AGATHOPHYLLUM.

The only species of note is an evergreen stove
tree (urtt. Lanrineic), remarkable for the Clove-like
odour of its leaves, and the fragrance of its bark
and dried fruits. Peat, or leaf soil, and loam
form a suitable rooting medium. Cuttings are
easily rooted in sandy soil, in heat.

Principal Species : —

aromaticum, 30', Jy., wh. (Correctly known as
B&vensarn arornatica,.)

AGATHOSMA.

(Or//. Kutaeeu.'.) Evergreen greenhouse shrubs
from South Africa. All have a powerful odour, but
few are now cultivated. Firm potting in peat
and sand is necessary ; it is advisable to afford
shade; during summer. Cuttings are best struck in
sand, under a bell-glass, in a cool frame.

Principal Species : —

hirta pin pnrea, 2', My., Je., pur.

imbricata, 3', My.. Je., pinkish pur.

— acumiimta, :V. My., Je., vio.

rugosa. 2', My., Je., wh.

Other Species: —

brevifolia, 2',My. ,Je. ,pur. hirta, 2', My., Je., wh.
cuspidiita hruniades, 2', hispida, 1', My., Je., vio.

pur. vnst.itji •>' Mv Tn i;i

ciliata, 2', My., Je., wh.
erecta, 2', bl., wh.

AGAVE.

Description. — A genus of plants (ord. Amaryl-
lidea>) not properly appreciated in gardens, where
they produce a fine effect, either under glass or for
sub-tropical gardening outdoors in summer. The
best for the latter purpose is probably americana,
though others might be largely used. "Large speci-
mens in tubs or vases may be employed to produce
a massive effect on terraces or at the top of flights
of steps in the garden. Under glass they are very
striking, and it, is unfortunate that, good collections
are so seldom met with in private gardens. Their
fleshy leaves, often decorated with spines and
prickles, are very handsome. They flower so seldom
that the popular tradition is applied to them, as to
the Aloe, that they only flower when 100 years old.
This is a fallacy, as some bloom frequently even
when young. Sartori may be cited as one of this
free-flowering class. The flowers are funnel shaped,
an:l are mostly greenish yellow. They often remain
in a small state for many years, so that they are
very suitable for amateurs.

Propagation. — By suckers, when obtainable, taken
c iff ami put into pots filled with loam, leaf mould,
and sand, with a little peat ; or by seeds sown in
heat in spring.

Soil. — That given in the directions for propa-
gating is suitable, with the addition of a little
thoroughly decayed cow manure, previously heated
so as to destroy any pests which may be in it.

Agathyrms (see Lactuca).
Aijati (sec tSesbania).

vestita, 2', My., Jc./lil.
villosa, 2', My., Je., vio.

Some add a little brick rubbish to the compost.
Ample drainage is necessary.

Other Cultural Points.— The greater number will
thrive in a greenhouse temperature, only a few re-
quiring more heat. The hardiness of many has not
yet been tested, so that a number might do with a
lower temperature than is at present thought neces-
sary. In summer they ought to have free supplies
of water, but these should be gradually reduced
on the approach of winter, when they need very
little. Plants outdoors must be housed before frost.

Principal Species : —

[The nomenclature is that of Mr. J. G. Baker's
" Handbook of the Amaryllidese," to which work
specialists might refer for full descriptions.]

americana, 20' to 30', leaves 2J' to 6' long, with
sharp, dark br. point and prickles. The best
varieties are picta (syn. ornata), which has golden
yel. leaves, bordered with deep grn. ; and
variegata, with a grn. centre and a yel. border
to the leaves. According to Mr. Baker, americana
was introduced into Europe about the middle of
the sixteenth century, anil flowered at Hampton
Court in 1714. One of the hardiest and most useful.

dasylirioides, 10', yel., leaves 1J' to 3', glaucous.
A desirable Agave.

filifera, 4', grn., leaves 0" long, with grey, wiry
threads along the margin. The form called fila-
mentosa is even preferable to this.

Kerchovei, a variable and widely grown plant,
•almost stemless, with leaves 1' long, dull grn.
with grey margin. Diplacantha is one of the
best forms (syn. Beaucaruei).

*•

J'li. .!>•: li. X t',.^,, K,liiil>iinih.

AGAVE ATTENUATA, SHOWING PORTION OF FLOWER SPIKE.

Ageratum

Agrostis

Sartori, 8', leaves 2', light grn., pale central
band. A free-blooming', valuable plant (sijns.
csespitosa, pendula, etc.).

utahensis, 5', leaves 3'. The hardiest of the
genus yet discovered, and hdy. in mild districts
in Great Britain.

vivipara, 20', leaves 3'. The flowers often produce
bulbils, which become young plants (si/ns. Cantula
Kumphii, and Fourcroya Cantula).

yuccaefolia, 20', leaves 2^'. A very fine Agave
(syn. cohniana).

Other Species : —

albicans, 5', leaves 1^'. micracantha, 7', leaves 1J'.

atrovireus, 30', leaves 4' miradorensis,20',leaves2'.

(»//»». salmiana ami polyacantha, 12', leaves 2'.

tehuacanensis). pruinpsa, leaves 2' (syne.
attenuata, 12', leaves 2V Ghiesbreghtii and den-

(si/ns. glauceseeus, spec- tata).

tabilis) (see p. 23). rigida, 15', leaves 2'.

Botteri, "', leaves 2'. schidigera, 8', leaves 9".

eelsiana, o', leaves 2'. Scolymus, 14', leaves U'.

densiflora, 7', leaves 2'. seemanniana,6', leaves!)",

ferox, leaves 2'. Shawii, 12', leaves 1'.

heteracaiitha,10',leavesl'. striata, 8', leaves2-V (vars.
Hookeri, 30', leaves 4'. recurva, stricta, etc.).

horrida, 8', leaves 1' (vars. univittata, 12', leaves 2j'.

Gilbeyi, lievior, etc.). variegata, ,'i', leaves 1J'.

lophautha, 15', leaves 3'. Victoria Reginje, 10',
lurida, 16', leaves 3'. leaves 6".

macracantha, 3', leaves 1'. virginica, 4^', leaves 1'.

maximiliana, leaves 2' xylonacantha, 14', leaves

(syn. gustaviaua). 1'.

mexicana, 18', leaves 3'. There are many others.

AGERATUM.

Description. — Hardy and half-hardy annuals (urd.
Compositaj), but may be kept perennials by not
allowing the plants to ripen seeds, and propa-
gating by cuttings. Mexicanum and the numerous
varieties obtained from it are very useful for
bedding purposes.

Propagation. — From cuttings inserted over a
slight hotbed in spring or autumn. Garden
varieties are readily raised from seeds sown in
heat in the spring. Plant out in May.

Soil and Culture. — Ageratums like a light, rich
soil. Tall sorts are useful for back lines in long
borders and for grouping, the dwarf varieties for
edgins' and mixing with other bedding plants.
They bloom freely from June till October.

To keep plants and freshly rooted cuttings
through the winter, any light position will suit
where the temperature does not fall below 40°.

Principal Species: —

mexicanum. 2', Je., half-hdy., bl.

Other Species : —
angustifolium, 1', Jy., Lasseauxii, 1^', sum., ro.

grh., wh. latifolium, 2', Jy., hdy.,

caernleum, 1', Jy., grh., wh.

bl. Weudlandii, 1', bl.

A Selection : —

There are several garden varieties of Ageratum,
and those who want plants for the summer border
may choose from : —

Blue Perfection. Swanley Blue.

Imperial Dwarf Blue. The Zoo.

AGLAIA.

Warm greenhouse shrubs (ord. Meliacete), of no
great horticultural value. A light, rich compost

Aycnora (sec Hypochceris).

will suit them. Cuttings of half-ripe growth root
freely in sandy soil.

Principal Species : —

odorata, 8', Feb., JIcli., yel., sweet, flowers
used by Chinese to scent tea.

Other Species : —

aemninatissimit.

oxyapetala.

rufa.

oblougifoliuin Curtisi, 1',

Jy., grn., wh.
pictuin, U', Aug., wh.

AGLAONEMA.

A large genus of dwarf, perennial stove plants
(or/I. Aroidea;), needing a compost of loam, peat,
and sand, and a hot, moist atmosphere. Grown
chiefly for the sake of their prettily variegated
leafage. Propagation by seeds or division, in
bottom heat.

Principal Species: —

angustifolium, 1^', Jy.,

greenish wh.
costatum, 6", Jy. , wh.

Other Species : —

coinmutatum, 1', Jy., wh. pumilum, 6", Aug., gru.,
Maimii. 1A', Jy., gru. wh. wh. (KI/II. rotundum).

oblougifoliuin, 4', Jy., simplex, li', Jy., wh.
crim. (A//M. uitidum).

AGONIS.

A small group of Australian plants (ord. Myrt-
aceaj), that are best accommodated in a warm
greenhouse, and grown in any good, light compost.
Propagation by seeds or cuttings.

Principal Species : —
flexuosa, la', sum., wh. margiiiata, sum., wh.

AGRIMONIA.

Hard}- herbaceous perennials (ord. Rosace;e),
allied to Potent iilas. Increased by division, and
thriving in good garden soil.

Principal Species : - -

Eupatoria, 4', Je., yel. odorata, 4', Jy., yel.

leucantha, 3', Jy., yel. suaveoleus, 3', Jy., yel.

AGROSTEMMA.

These plants (ord. Caryophyllaceoe) are known as
the Rose Campions. They bear abundance of
bright blossoms, and are readily grown in any
good garden soil. Propagated either by division
or from seed. The various species are now re-
ferred to Lychnis, which see. Reference may,
however, be made to what is known in gardens as
coronaria, a plant easily raised from seed, and
represented now by fine silvery leaved strains
bearing either crimson or white flowers.

AGROSTIS.

Particularly elegant Grasses (ord. Graminere).
The flower spikes, either fresh or dried, are charm-
ing for association with cut flowers. Though all
are hardy, it is best to treat them as half-hardy
annuals. Good garden soil.

Principal Species: —

alba, 2'. Jy. pulchella, 1J', Jy.

uebulosii (Cloud Grass),

14', Je. to Aug.

Atjlaomorpha (sec Poll/podium).
Agnostus (xre Stemoaarpvjf).

Af/onioj>tcrls (.tec Acrnstichmn).
Ayrioti'x (nee \Virfirorm).
Ayrotis (see Turnip Moth).

Ailantus

( 25

Ajuga

Other Species : —

Less elegant tliau the former are canina, nigra,
nibra and vulgaris.

AILANTUS.

(Ord. Simarubea'.) A splendid hardy deciduous
tree, but one that needs some shelter from cold
winds if its beauty is to be preserved. Its popular
name is Tree of Heaven. If young plants are
annually cut back close to the ground, and in the
following spring have the growths reduced to one
only, magnificent leaves are produced, which have
quite a tropical effect. Rich soil is necessary
under the latter conditions.

Principal Species : —

glundulosa, 25'. Sep.

AINSLI/EA.

The only species in cultivation is a small-grow-
ing, rather woody plant (ord. Composita)), bearing
its Hower heads in racemes. Cool greenhouse treat-
ment, and a compost of loam, leaf mould, and sand,
will meet its requirements. After several trials the
plant cannot be recommended horticulturally.

Species : —

Walkerrc, 2', Jan., bluish \vh.

AIR.

Our atmosphere is composed, broadly speaking,
of about four parts of nitrogen to one of oxygen ;
this also holds moisture in suspension, and it is
estimated that water is never represented by less
than one part in every hundred parts of air. In
addition to these, air contains about a tenth part of
1 per cent, of carbonic acid. Considering how
largely all these elements enter into the composi-
tion of plants, and to what extent they are ab-
sorbed through either leaf, stem, or root, it becomes
evident that plants cultivated under glass must
have regular supplies of fresh air. "Giving air"
and "airing" are technical terms generally under-
stood by horticulturists, but too often are only
considered as means of reducing the temperature.
With modern methods of building and heating it
should be easy enough nowadays to so ventilate
houses that while the occupants receive all the
advantages of fresh air, they are not subjected to
cold draughts and resulting attacks of mildew.

Air in the form of gentle, flowing '• showers " —
not strong, keen, concentrated "draughts'' — is a
sovereign panacea for many ills to which plants
are heir. The amateur who sees his seedling
Stocks collapse is often awed when he learns that
there is a fungus with a formidable name at work,
but the trouble is just the familiar " damping-off,"
which fresh air and judicious watering will prevent.

The Grape grower who sees patches on his berries,
and knows that the dreaded " scald " has come, may
be inclined to bemoan the perversities of nature,
yet if he had got up early and given air before the
rapidly rising temperature had dried up the moisture
condensed on the surface of the berries, no scalding
would have appeared.

At the time that this dictionary passes into the
press, horticulturists have before them the startling
pronouncement of Sir William Crookes relative to
the discovery of a means by which nitrogen can be
extracted from the atmosphere and applied to the
nourishment of crops. The Editor trusts to be
able to record successful experiments and the
establishment of the process on a sound commer-
cial basis in his Second Edition.

AIRA.

Graceful Grasses (ord. Graminea1) easily grown in
fairly moist garden soil.

Principal Species :—

caryophyllea, Jy., silvery. praecox, 2' to 3', My. , grn.
tlexuosa, !•!'. (see alsoDeschampsia).

pulchella, G" to 8".

AITONIA.

There is only one species of this genus (ord.
Sapindaeese),a shrubby evergreen requiring the tem-
perature of an ordinary greenhouse. Propagation

STRIKING CUTTINGS UNDER A BELL-GLASS.

is by cuttings of the young growths in very sandy
soil, under a bell-glass. Compost, peat and loam in
equal parts, with coarse sand.

Species : —

capensis, 2', Jy., pk.

AIZOON.

South African succulent plants (ord. Ficoideae)
of no horticultural value. They require the tem-
perature of a greenhouse, with full sun and very
sandy soil. Propagation by cuttings and seeds.

Principal Species : —

sarmentosum, 9", Jy., greenish wh.

Other Species : —
canarienae (wv Sesuvium lauceolatum, 1', Jy., red.

Portulacastrum). perfoliatum (see Tetra-

glinoides, 1', Jy., yel. gonia Zeyheri) .

hisponicum, 9' , Jy., wh.

AJUGA.

A genus of about thirty perennials and annuals
(ord. Labiat(c). Propagated by division in spring
or autumn, or by seeds sown in the open in spring.
Common garden soil. The cultivated species are
hardy, and need no special attention, except to
prevent them from overrunning other plants.
Several of the species send out runners.

Principal Species : —

genevensis, 1', My., etc., type bl., but varying to
pk. and wh. A pretty rock garden or border plant.
The best form is Brockbankii (syns. alpina and
rugosa).

reptans, G", My., etc., bl. A useful carpeting
plant, thriving well in shade. The pur. leaved
and variegated forms are the best for the garden.
Grandiflora is good.

Air pipes (see Heating).
Air Plant (see Aerides).

Akebia

C 26

Aletrls

Other Species: —
orientalis, 1-V, My., bl. pyramidalis, 9", Je., bl.

AKEBIA. (^.rupestris).

A pretty, but not showy, creeping or twining
shrub (ord. Barberideoe). Four species are recog-
nised, but only two at present available. Propa-
gated by cuttings and division of roots. Loam,
sand, leaf mould, and peat suit them. Akebias do
best against a wall or a trellis, unless in warm
localities, where they can be trained to ramble
over shrubs. Protection from frost is desirable.
They thrive in a cold greenhouse.

Principal Species : —

lobata, 10', Feb., pur. Not so desirable for
outside as quinata. Flowers in a drooping raceme.

quinata, 10', Mch., pur. br., in racemes from
the axils of the leaves. A pretty, fragrant species.

ALANGIUM.

These are fruit-bearing trees from Malabar (ord.
Cornacero), but the fruit is of no value to Euro-
peans. They are handsome trees that require the
temperature of a stove and a good light sandy loam.
Propagation by cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass
with bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

decapetalum, 15', Je., pur.

hexapetalum, 20' to 30', Je., pur.

Lamarckii, 15', Je., pur,

ALBERTA.

A genus composed of two or three South African
shrubs (ord. Kubiacese), bearing glossy evergreen
leaves and erect terminal panicles of flowers. One
lias not long been in cultivation, but has been
found to succeed in a warm greenhouse, in light,
well-drained soil. Raised from seeds.

Principal Species : —

magna, (>', Feb., Mch., bright red.

ALBINO.

Many plants with brilliant flowers show a con-
siderable amount of variation, and occasionally
give either a pure white or a green and white
form. Such forms are known as albinos, because
all the colour has disappeared from them. Orchids
are often extremely variable, but pure white forms
of coloured species are not common even among
them, and when found command an extremely
high price by reason of their rarity.

ALEIZZIA.

Cool greenhouse trees and shrubs (ord. Legumin-
os:c), much resembling some of the Acacias, but
requiring warmer conditions.

Principal Species : —

Lebbek, 10', My., pk. lophantha, 12', Ap., pale
(•«/«. Acacia Lebbek). yel.

Other Species : —

Julibrissin, 6', Aug., wh. odoratissima, 6', My., yel.
(si/n. Nemu). procera, 8', My., yel.

ALBUCA.

Greenhouse bulbs (ord. Liliacea3). Propagation
by offsets or seeds ; soil, loam, leaf mould, and sand.
Bulbs may be planted in a border beneath the
shadow of a greenhouse or stove after the manner

Alaternus (see Rhainmis).

of the Belladonna Lily ; ample protection must be

afforded in the winter, or the bulbs will be de-
stroyed by frost.

Principal Species : —

aurea, 1J', Je., yel., grn. Nelsouii, Si,', Je., wh. , red.

Other Species : —

abyssiuica, 2', Aug., wh. fastigiata, 2', Je. , wh,

Allense, 24', Jy., wh., grn. fibrosa, 1', Je., grn., yel.

altissima, 4', My., wh. fragrans, 1', Jy., grn., yel.

augolensis, 3', Je., grn., minor, 1', My., yel.

yel. setosa, 1', Je., grn.

caudata, 2', Je., yel. spiralis, 9", Je., wh.

coarctata, 2', Je., wh. viridiflora, 1', Je., gru.

Cooperi, 1', gru., yel. viscosa, 1'. Je., grii., wh.
Wakeh'eldii, 1', Jy., grn.

ALCHEMILLA. (LADY'S MANTLE.)

Dwarf herbaceous plants (ord. Rosacefe), usually
hardy, with yellow or green inconspicuous flowers.
The leaves of some have the under surfaces silky.
Propagated by seeds or division of the roots. Any
good, well-drained soil. The front of the border or
the rock garden is the best position.

Principal Species : —

alpina, (i", Je. A favourite native plant with
pretty leaves, silvery beneath. Conjuncta is
probably only a var. of this, 9", Jy. (syn.
argentea).
fissa, 6", Je. (nyii. pyrenaica). vulgaris, 9", Je.

Other Species : —

pentaphylla, 4", Je. sibbaldiaefolia, G". grh.,

sericea, 6", My. wh.

ALCOVE.

A recess in a hedge, or any similar position,
with overhanging climbers, such as Jasmine,
Honeysuckle, and others, and having seats within.
Alcoves are pleasant adjuncts to any garden.

ALDER.

A hardy deciduous tree which much affects
swampy positions, or situations by the side of
streams and ponds, where its roots are in the
water. The sap wood is white, and the heart
wood light brown. Alder wood is much used in
the manufacture of brush backs, and generally
fetches a good price. The Alder is frequently
grown as covert in swampy districts, and it affords
excellent shelter if cut back to the stools every
six or seven years.

For species and varieties s?e ALNUS.

ALECTRYON.

New Zealand trees (ord. Sapindacerc), remark-
able for their long and singular fruits; which, in
the case of the principal species, ruptures trans-
versely, showing the single black seed set in a
brilliant scarlet coat. This is the New Zealand
"Titoki." Greenhouse plants, of no horticultural
value in this country. Propagation by seeds or
cuttings ; loam and sand.

Principal Species : —

excelsum, 20', My.

ALETRIS.

North American hardy herbaceous perennials
(ord. Haamodoracese), that thrive in any fertile
soil in a shady situation ; propagation by seeds
when procurable, and offsets. Allied to the
Amaryllids.

Alburnum, sec Glossary.

Aleurites

( 27 )

Allamanda

Principal Species : —

inrea, 9", Jy., yrl.
oappiisis (we velthi'imia
viridi folia).

fariiio>a, 9", Je., wh.
uepalensis.

ALEURITES.

These aivhand.-i n m't ires (wrf. Euphorbiacea?) with
inconspicuous (lowers, requiring the temperature of
a stove ami sound loam as a rooting medium. Pro-
pagation by cuttings of the ripened growths in sand
under a bell-glass, vvitli bottom heat. Triloba is
the celebrated Candloberry Tree of the Tropics.

Principal Species : —

cordata, 1(1', Ap., wh. triloba, 10', sum., wh.

moluccima (wr trilolia).

ALEXANDER.

This is a popular name under which Smyrnium
Ohisatriim is frequently known; another popular
title is Alisander. Sown out of doors in May, it is
subsequently treated like Celery. The plant was
formerly much cultivated, the blanched stems
being regarded as of medicinal value. Celery has
now completely ousted Alexander or Alisander
from the kitchen garden.

ALHAGI.

The Egyptian A. Maurorum (ord. Leguminosse)
exudes a gum which is supposed by some persons
to be the nmnna of the Scriptures. The species
must be grown in the greenhouse, and may be
propagated from cuttings in sand under a bell-
glass, or raised from seeds when procurable. Soil,
loam and peat.

Species : —
Cainelorum, 2', Jy., red. Maurorura, 2', Jy., red.

ALIBERTIA.

This evergreen tree (ord, Rubiaceas) requires the
temperature of a stove for successful culture, and a
well-drained fertile mixture of loam and peat for
the roots ; it is propagated by cuttings in heat.

Only Species : —

edulis, 12', Je., cream.

ALISMA.

The Water Plantains (ord. Alismaceae) are hardy
aquatics, that thrive in baskets of loam sunk into
water ; propagation is by division and seeds. Plan-
tago was in earlier times recommended by some
authorities in cases of hydrophobia.

Principal Species : —

Plantago, '!', Jy., wh. — lanceolata, 2', Jy., wh.

Other Species : —

iiatans (or Elisma natans), 1', Jy., wh.
rauunculoides, 1', Aug., wh.

ALLAMANDA.

Description. — A genus of free-flowering stove
plants (ord, Apocynacea>). Their large, trumpet-
shaped flowers are produced in great profusion
through the summer. When grown as specimens
in pots Allamandas are very effective, and they
are also useful as stove climbers.

Aleiiri/<i/iti'r;x txec Cheilantlies).
Aleyruifn proletelta (nee Cabbage enemies).
Alexandrian l.n.urel (sue Dana'e Laiirux).
Alibrexia (see Ualia).
Alisander (see Alexander).

Propagation. — From cuttings of young, half-
ripened shoots, inserted in sand in a brisk heat in
a propagating frame or under a bell-glass. March
is the best month for propagation.

Soil. — Fibrous loam, with sufficient sand to keep
it open and about one-fifth of well-decayed manure
for established specimens. Use leaf mould instead
for small plants.

Other Cultural Points. — Place rooted cuttings in
6" pots, and grow in a temperature ranging from
1)5° to 75°. Pinch out the points of the leading
shoots to induce the lower buds to break, and ex-
pose fully to sunshine. Shift the plants into larger
pots as they require it, using rather rougher com-
post than before, and train the shoots to stakes or
a stout wke trellis. The increased night and day
temperature through the summer will benefit the
plants, and in the autumn, when the leaves com-
mence to turn yellow, withhold water gradually.
Winter the plants in a temperature from 55° to 65°.
In February remove the green shoots, cut back into
the ripened wood, shake out the plants, and repot.
Thoroughly moisten the old ball before potting,

B

PROPAGATING ALLAMANDAS.

A A cutting formed, of a half-ripened shoot.

B A single cutting inserted in a small pot full of sand,

surrounded by Cocoanut fibre, placed over bottom

heat, and covered witli a bell-glass.

Tlicjiyitres are shown in section.

and press the new compost firmly round it. Grow
the plants close to the light in the stove, avoid rushes
of cold air, train the growths over a trellis, and
syringe freely till the plants are in bloom. Alla-
mandas may be grown as climbers, either in large
pots or planted out. Apply water sparingly in the
winter, and cut the shoots back freely before growth
starts in the spring.

Principal Species : —

cathartica, Jy., yel. An
infusion of the leaves of
this species is a valu-
able purgative.

Chelsoni, sum., yel.

Other Species : —

Aublctii (see cathartica).
grandiflora, Je., yel.
inTiifolia, )i' Je., yel.
pardeusis, yel.

Henderson!, yel. (*//»
Schottii, var. Hender-
soni).

nobilis, Jy., yel.

Schottii, Sep., yel

— maguinca, yel.

verticillata, Je., yel.
violacea, pur.
Williarasii.

Allantodia (see Axplenium).
Allardtia (see Tillandsia).
A Hi, i riii (we Xixymbrium).
I Iliijfitor Apple (nee Anona).
All'iijator 1'ear (fee Persca gratissinw,^.

Allionia

( 28)

Allotments

ALLIONIA.

A genus of hardy annuals (ord. Nyctagine:c)
that thrive in light, sandy soil, and may be raised
from seeds.

Only Species : —

involucrata, ann., pur., close to Marvel of
Peru.
Allionia of Loefler (see Oxybaphus).

ALLIUM.

Description.— A large genus of bulbous plants
(ord. Liliaceas), comprising the Garlic, Onion, etc.
The flowers are in heads or umbels, and many are
of much value in the garden, though the odour of
the majority makes them undesirable as cut flowers.
The Onion is treated on under its own name.

Propagation.— By offsets removed when the
plants are at rest; by seeds; and by the bulbils
which many produce in the flower heads. The
fault of a number is that they increase too rapidly.
Sow seeds in spring.

Soil. — Any garden soil, not too heavy, is suitable
for the Alliums. Neapolitanum, which is largely
grown for forcing in pots, ought to have a compost
of loam, sand, and leaf mould.

Other Cultural Points.— The greater number of
the Alliums are perfectly hardy, but some of the
species from California, the Mediterranean region,
and Central Asia, should have a covering of 2" of
dry litter in winter. Some make good pot plants
for cool houses. Neapolitanum should be potted
as soon as it can be procured, its treatment being
the same as that for forced Tulips or Narcissi.
Plant the other Alliums in early autumn.

Principal Species: —

acuminatum, 9", Jy., ro., in umbels. A desirable
hdy. species.

coerulenm, 2', Je., sky bl., in globular umbels. A very
beautiful species, but a little tender in cold districts
where there is much rain in winter (syn. azureum).

Cepa (see Onion).

— aggregatum (see Onion).

Moly, 1', My., yel., in showy heads. An old
garden plant, indispensable in its season.

neapolitanum, 1J', My., wh. This beautiful
Allium can be had early by forcing in the same
way as Narcissi.

ostrowskianum, 1', Jy., ro. A very neat species
for the border or rockery.

rosenm, 1', Je., pale ro. A good border flower.

triquetrum, 1J', Je., wh. A very graceful plant
with heads of drooping flowers on triangular stems

Other Species: —

Bidwellio-, 9", Jy., ro. uigrum, 3', Je., bl. orwh.

falcifolium, 9", Aug., ro. (sy». magicum).

flavum, 10", Je., yel. oreophilum, 1', Jy., ro.

gigiinteum 4', Jo., lil. , pur. pur.

- —3- "I tf

kansuense, 6 , Jy., bl.
karataviense, 1', My., wh.
macnabiauum, 1 J , Jy.,

magenta,
narcissiflorum, 1', Je., ro.

(sf/n. pedemontanum).

.

pedemontanum (see nar-
cissiflorum) .

Schubertii, 1', sum., ro.

sphrerocephalum, 2', Jy.
pur.

Many species of no garden value are omitted.

ALLOMORPHIA.

Dwarf stove plants (ord. MelastomaceaV). Fen
are in cultivation, and not many were known tc
science until M. Cogniaux described seventeen new

pecies in 1892. The only species here mentioned
s a slow-growing but handsome plant, the green
eaves being purple beneath. Peaty, sandy soil.
>eeds or cuttings.

Principal Species : —

Griffith!!, 2', Je., grn., wh.

ALLOPLECTUS.

These are mainly South American and Columbian
evergreen shrubs (ord. Gesneraceic) requiring the
.ernperatnre of a stove ; they are very attractive,
'ropagation by cuttings in very sandy soil. Com-
iost. any light but fertile mixture, "in this genus
lie calyx of each flower is strongly developed and
>f a brilliant hue.

Principal Species : —
capitatus, 2V, Mch., red,

yel.
concolor, 2', Mch., sc.

Other Species : —

ricolor, 1', Je.
chrysanthus, 1', Je., red,

yel.
dichrous, 2', Mch., yel,

pur.

glaber, 1', Je., sc.
peltatus, 1', Aug., yel.

Lynchii, 2', Je., yel.
vittatus, U', Je., red. yel.

repens, Feb., yel., br.

(climber).

Schlimii, U', Je., red, vio.
splendens, 1', Je., pur.,

yel.
zamoreusis, 1 , Ap., yel.,

or., red.

ALLOTMENTS.

A term applied to patches of garden ground
hired and cultivated by artisans and labourers,
but distinct from gardens attached to cottages.
With the growing populations of large villages and
small towns, particularly where labour is concen-
trated in manufacture, there is a steady demand
for allotments, which are beneficial to working-
men in many ways. They afford a means of
pleasant and profitable recreation for spare time,
they supply the household with wholesome veget-
ables, and give opportunities of displaying
horticultural skill that might otherwise remain
dormant. In many instances ground is let for
allotments by private landlords at rentals varying
according to the situation and nature of the land ;
but since parish councils were given the power of
acquiring land for the purpose, the area under
allotment culture has increased considerably. JI uch
encouragement is given to allotment holders by
the technical education committees of county
councils in providing instruction and prizes, and
by local gardening societies.

"When cutting up a field for allotments it is usual
to lay out the plots parallel to each other, rectan-
gular in shape, with pathways between, and one or
more roadways through the field. The size of the
individual plots varies from 10 to 2(1 square
rods, each one being stumped off and numbered.
Twenty rods is generally a suitable size. In
some instances the plots are confined solely to the
cultivation of vegetables, on others fruit and flowers
are grown as well, and on others again the tenants
erect pigsty es in one corner, and in some cases
summerhouses and small glass structures.

The shape of the average rectangular plot of
allotment ground is favourable to rotation of crop-
ping, and the aim of the cultivator should be to
obtain a large quantity of useful produce in
succession. A glance at the plot shown in the
illustration on page 29 will indicate how such a
piece of ground may be profitably ; cropped, and it is
so arranged that vegetables differing in character of
growth can have a fresh position each year. An

Allotments

Almis

allotment of tin; size and character illustrated
should have eight rows of first early Potatoes
planted 2^ apart, to he followed by Winter Greens ;
twelve rows of a medium-growing second early
variety at 2V apart, with Greens planted between
the rows ; and fourteen rows of main crop Potatoes
at 3' apart. There should be nine rows of Onions,
three of Shallots, six of Carrots, three of Beet, and
four of Parsnips. To insure Green Cabbages for

1*3
zo
ire

B»

CI
"5

EARLY TURN IPS, CELERY TQ/OU-OW p

— ISUCCESSIOI

qPlNATH ' P**S

- RHUBARB •

ARTICHOKES •

EARLY TURNIPS

LEEHS TO FOLLOW

6. ROWS ,
CARROTS I

"14 PARSf
^J3.BEE
-J3 SHALLOT^ ;

BE
CUCU

UMN j :

JWERl _

* * *

MAIM CROP

POTATOES

14- ROWS

3 6 '.I*

APART

l BOW LEEKSf -

PLA

N OF ALI.OTMFNT OF 20 SQ. RODS; 55 YARDS LONG AND

11 YAKDS WIDE.

the spring plant four rows the previous autumn,
and for succession sow in the spring and plant in
vacant ground as early summer crops are removed.
Three rows of Peas in succession will provide a
supply of this delicious vegetable ; and in the war
of Beans, two rows of: Broad, one row of dwarf
French, and one rowof Scarlet Kunners will suffice.
Winter Greens may be represented by Bni»i-ls
Sprouts, Savins, and Kale, with Broccoli for suc-
cession. These can be raised in a small nurscrv
bed, and be planted between Potatoes, and in
vacant ground as early crops are removed. Pro-
vision should lie nindi: for a few rows of Celery and
Leeks for the winter. Space must be provided for

a bed of Marrows, and another of Cucumbers, and
it is well to have a few clumps of Khubarb, a patch
of mixed herbs, and a row or two of Artichokes.
Tomatoes, pickling Cabbages, and Spinach are
useful extra crops, and vacant spaces may be
occupied by successional sowings and plantings of
salads. AVhere fruit is grown in allotments it may
be represented by rows of Gooseberries, Currants,
and Raspberries, a small bed of Strawberries, and a
few bush Apples on a dwarfing stock. Most
allottees like to brighten their plots with a few
Mowers, and standard Roses and Dahlias are grown
by the sides of the paths, with patches of hardy
annuals where space can be spared.

Heavily cropped allotments need deeply culti-
vating and well manuring. The benefits of liberal
dressings of stable manure are well known, and
allottees are learning to recognise the value of
phosphatic, potassic, and nitrogenous fertilisers in
concentrated forms.

ALLUVIAL SOIL.

The most fertile of all soils is the deposit of
decomposed vegetable matter, animal excrement,
and finely broken-up earths washed down from
hills and mountains, which is allowed by the
slower action of the water to settle in the valleys,
at lake bottoms, river deltas, etc. From time
immemorial Egypt has cultivated enormous food,
supplies along the Nile valley in the annual
deposits of alluvial soil (mud) made when the
great river overflows.

ALMEIDEA.

Brazilian evergreen shrubs (ortl. Rutaceas) 1hat
require the temperature of a stove. Propagation by
cuttings of half-ripened wood in very sandy soil
under a bell-glass. Soil, loam, peat, and sand.

Principal Species: —

rubra, 12', Sep., red.

ALMOND.

Familiar ornamental trees, valuable from their
early blooming. Owing to their cheerful appear-
ance in early spring they are well worth planting
in shrubberies, and they are not very fastidious as
to soil or situation, thriving in town suburbs. (See
also PRUNUS.)

ALNUS. (ALDER.)

Useful trees and shrubs (ord. Cupulifera?), with
monoecious (we Glossary) flowers in catkins, and
roundish leaves. Generally propagated by seeds,
but also by cuttings, suckers, and grafting. The
native glutinosa likes a moist soil, but the other
species thrive well in one of good quality which is
well drained.

Principal Species : —

glutinosa, 00', the well-known Alder, a valuable
tree as a shelter by the seaside, and also for
planting in damp situations where few other things
will thrive. There are a number of excellent
varieties,' among the best being aurea, folia iro
yel. ; imperialis, with lobed leaves ; laciniata,
with drooping habit and cut foliage ; quercifolia ;
anil incisa. These are very pleasing forms.

incann, !)' to 20*, a pretty little tree with oval
leaves which have the under surface whitish in

Allspice (fee Calycantlins).
A llspice tree (see Pimento,).
Alnaxter (see Almis).

Alocasia

Aloe

colour. There are a number of forms of this,
pendula nova, of weeping habit, being effective.

pinnatiMa is another var.

Other Species : —

acumiuata. nitida, 100'.

cordifolia, 20'. rhombifoha, 20 .

firma, very distinct. rubra, 20'.

japonioa, a large tree. — pregaua.

nepalensis (syn. Cleth- viridis, 20'.

ropsis nepalensis).

ALOCASIA.

Description.— This is a genus (prd. Aroidea?) of
considerable importance, on account of the hand-
someness of the foliage of the principal species

ALOCASIA THIBAUTIANA.

and the garden hybrids. They are stove plants, and
require the moist atmosphere of that structure to
fully develop the beauties of their leaves. The
spikes of inconspicuous flowers should not be
allowed to develop.

Propagation. — Stock is easily increased by
dividing the rhizomes in March, and placing them
in sandy soil in a hot and moist propagating case.

Soil. — A well drained compost consisting of
fibrous loam, small lumps of charcoal, coarse sand,
and peat, suits them admirably.

Other Cultural Points.— Some of the species
•enter largely into the decoration of rooms, for
•which they are admirably suited, but errors in
watering often lead to the loss of the lower leaves.
The drainage must be perfect. If the plants a-e
placed in dark corners they soon assume a sickly
hue, and require to be removed at once.

Principal Species : —

cuprea, H', pur., wh. {ffijn. metallica).

illustris, 2', srn., blk.

lono-ilobn, 1', grn., wh. (syn. amabilis]).

Lowii, 2', grn., wh., pur. (syn. Veitchii).

sanderiana, metallic bl., wh.

zebrina, 1J', grn., wh., pur.

Other Species : —

alba, H', wh.
augustiaiia, 2', br. grn.
cucullata, 2', grn., wh.
eminens, 3', dark grn.

pur.

guttata, 2J', wh., pur.
indica, 2', wh., grn.
Liervalii, 1.V, br., gm.

Lindenii, 2', grn., pur.
macrorhiza, V , grn., wh/
Margarita;, 2', dark gm.
marginata, 3', dark grn.
Sedenii, 2', grn.. pur., wh.

(hyb. cuprra. x Lowii).
thibautiana, 3',gru. ,grey,

pur.

ALOE.

Description. — A genus of ornamental plants (unl.
Liliacea-), of great value for the decoration of the-
conservatory, or for sub-tropical effects in the
garden in summer. Their succulent leaves, which
are often arranged in a rosette, are very handsome,
and diversity is secured by some having long stems,
while others are stemlcss. They should be more

Photo: II. B. Cooper, Leicester.

A TALL AI.OE.

Alomia

31 )

Alpine garden

grown by amateur* possessing glass structures with
a little1 heat. Several of the best known species do
well in windows if kept clean. The greater
number are natives of South Africa.

Propagation.— l!y suckers or seeds, the latter
being sown in heat.

Soil — Loam, peat, and sand in about equal pro-
portions, with the addition of a little brick rubbish
and decayed manure.

Other Cultural Points, — A temperature of 40°
to ">!)" will suit nearly all the species in winter.
At that season water must be supplied sparingly
and with judgment, but in summer liberal supplies
arc needed, so that it is necessary for the pots or
tubs to be well drained. Plants to be placed out-
side in summer ought not to be put out until all
danger from frost is over, and must be housed
before its return.

Principal Species :—

abyssinica, yel., leaves 2J' long. An old Aloe
which has several varieties, including glauca,
maculata, rccurvata, etc.

albispina, red, leaves broad, grn., with wh.
prickles.

humilis. bright red, close rosette of glossy grn.
leaves with pale grn. prickles. There are several
varieties of t his species.

mitncformis, bright reel, leaves glaucous and
without spots, prickles pale grn. There are several
varieties, including flavispina, which has yel.
spines.

striatn, red, with glaucous leaves, which are
finely lined and spotted, the margin being banded
•>vith wh. and red (ai/n. albocincta).

succotrina, red, leaves glaucous, in a dense
rosette.

variegata, red, leaves grn., with wh., toothed
margin. The variegated Aloe often seen.

vera, vol., in a dense raceme. A fine plant, very
effective in or out of doors.

Other Species : —

.it'rieaiia, yel.
arliiirescrns, red, leaves

glaucous,
aristata, red.
aurantiaca, yel., red.
Baiiiesii, red, tree-like

(*////*. Barberu- and

Zeyheri).
brevifolia, red.
oa'siri, red.
ciliaris, red.
Cooperi, red.
dichotoma, red.
distans, pale red.

There are many others.

ALOMIA.

An evergreen (iinf. Compositoe) that is suitable
for outdoors in the summer, but must have green-
house protection in winter. Propagation by cut-
tings: soil — light loam.

Only Species :—
ageratoides, 1.','. .Iy., wh.

ALONA.

A small group of semi-shrubby Chilian plants
(ord. Convolvulacea:), needing greenhouse protec-
tion, and flowering in July. A compost of peat
and loam is necessary ; cuttings root freely in
.sandv soil.

glauca, red.
Greeuii, red.
insignis, wh.
latifolia, sc.
longitiora, pale yel.
nobilis, red.
peiidulirlora, yel.
Perryi, wh.
saponaria, red.
Schimperi, red.
Scliweiufurthii, or. yel.
serrulata, red.
striatula, yel.
tricolor, red.

Principal Species : —
co:lestis, '!' , Jy., bl.

ALONSOA.

Evergreen greenhouse plants or half-hardy
annuals (ord. Scrophularineae). Fertile soil is neces-
sary. Increase in the one case by cuttings inserted
in spring, in the other by seeds sown in warmth in
February or March. Several garden forms with
specific titles are now popular as half-hardy
annuals.

Seed may also be sown thinly in the positions
where the plants are to flower, a little thinning and
staking being all the subsequent attention necessary.
If raised under glass they may be potted on and
planted out about the end of May.

Principal Species : —
incisifolia, 2', Je., sc.
Warscewiczii, H', Jy., sc.

Species Grown as Annuals : —

gracilis, 1', Jv., red. Mutisii, H', Jy., pk.,

linearis, IV, Jy., sc. crim.

liuifolia, I.1.', sc. Warscewiczii compacta,

1', Jy., sc.

ALOPECURUS.

The Fox-tail Grasses (ord. GramineEe) are exceed-
ingly useful for pastures, and by no means devoid
of beauty. Quite hardy ; any garden soil.

Principal Species : —
arundinaceus, 3', Jy.
pratensis, 2', Jy.
pratensis variegatus, 2', Jy.

(LEMON-SCENTED VEUBENA,

ALOYSIA.

set LIPPIA.)

ALPINE GARDEN.

The Alpine garden is the place devoted to the
cultivation of those dwarf-growing plants which
are, for convenience' sake, called Alpine flowers,

I'liotu: U.S. f'itli, Kiliabimjlt.

A OOKNER IN AN ALPINE GARDEN' : THE PLANT SHOWN 13
Al.YS.SUM SPINOSUM.

although many of them are not natives of Alpine
regions, and may even come from close to the sea
level. Nor are they limited to plants of anv

Alpine garden

(32)

Alpine garden

particular habit of growth, as the modern Alpine
garden now includes herbaceous plants, in the
popular sense of the term, bulbous plants, shrubs,
and annuals. It is obvious, therefore, that the
place in which these are to be grown should be
adapted to the cultivation of plants of very varied
requirements in the way of soil, position, and ex-
posure. How to attain the ideal position for the
plants requires much consideration from those
about to embark upon the cultivation of Alpine
flowers.

Alpine gardens are of many kinds. The wealthy
man may have a large and picturesque rock garden,
imitating Nature in the arrangement of the stones
of which it is constructed, or built of some of the
substitutes for stone which the skill of practised
rockwork builders can fashion into a perfect
imitation of rocks, but often better adapted for
growing the plants than one made of natural
stone, and capable of making a finer effect by
reason of having an increased number of crevices
in which to plant the flowers. The poorer man
may content himself with rockeries on a less
ambitious scale, constructed of smaller stones in
terraces on which the plants are grown — often
hotter, indeed, than on more elaborate erections.
Those, again, who have but a short tenure of their
gardens, or who live in districts where stone is
scarce, may grow many beautiful things in a
little rock befl, made of a raised bed of good soil,
edged with stones, and having a number of a larger
size partially inserted in the soil here and there
on the bed. In such a bed many choice flowers
can be grown as well as on the extensive rockery.

The engravings which accompany this will show
that formality must be avoided in constructing the
various kinds'of Alpine gardens. In an extensive one,
where expense is no object, or at most a secondary
consideration, it is advisable to entrust the work
to men of experience. Where these sometimes
err is in allowing too few " pockets " for the plants
to he placed in.

As far as possible, the stones ought to be ar-
ranged in their natural position. This is not
always easy, but careful planting will take
away the artificial appearance of the com-
monest and cheapest rockery, even if only built
of slag dipped in cement. In the construc-
tion of a rockery a free root-run for the plants
must always be given, and those which do not
travel far for food can easily be provided for after-
wards by restricting this. Ample drainage is also
necessary, and the crevices should be so arranged
that surplus water can pass freely away. Even if
a plant requires an overhanging rock or stone to
keep its foliage dry, it ought to have a way by
which the rain can pass freely to its roots. Thus
the crevices for the plants should always run
down, and not up, as is sometimes the case. For
small, or even large, rockeries, a series of terraces
is the best general arrangement.

While the body of soil may consist of almost any
kind of a free and porous nature, the places in
which the flowers are planted must be filled with
compost suited to their respective wants. A light
loam, with the addition of grit and leaf mould,
will do for most Alpines; those which require a
special compost can be accommodated with what
they want by filling their " pockets " with suitable
soil.

In planning an Alpine garden it ought to be
borne in mind that a variety of aspect is essential
if a varied collection is to be grown. Some flowers

like full sun, but others need whole or partial
shade. Even in a rockery with one exposure, these
may be secured by the construction of little bavs,
or even by the skilful interposition of large stones
between shade lovers and the sun. At the base.
plants needing moisture can be accommodated
with a little bed of moist peat, and a small cement
basin filled with aquatic plants would be a gain to
many Alpine gardens. (*'«,' Aquatics.) Those who
cannot give Alpine flowers such places as are indi-
cated may be. able to grow a great many satis-
factorily in a frame, the plants being cultivated in
well-drained pots and given plenty of air as
constantly as possible. The pots should be plunged
in sand or ashes. Many choice Alpines thus well
repay the care of the cultivator which can only be
grown satisfactorily in our climate in pots in a
frame.

To those who can afford it. a low house for
Alpine flowers will give much pleasure, especially
early in the year, when inclement weather is
destructive to the earliest flowers in the open, or
makes it disagreeable for the owner to stay out-
side. A low span - roof house, with or without
heating apparatus, will be the most suitable, and
will prove a delightful adjunct to the outdoor
Alpine garden.

Many Alpines, especially those with silky, hairy,
or woolly foliage, suffer much from rain and sleet
in winter. These must have protection from wet
at that season, and there is no more convenient
way ;of giving it than by fixing, an inch or two
above the plant, a sheet of glass, a slate, flat stone,
or even a thin board. Useful wire supports for
glass are made for sale, and are both convenient
and durable.

Perhaps 'the greatest of all the enemies to the
success of the Alpine garden is the slug, which
finds in its crevices many hiding places, whence
he can sally forth at night. There is nothing so
effectual ns hand-picking, but, to preserve special
plants, a zinc ring with a notched upper surface is
a good defence. Still better is one made of fine
brass wire gauze, such as is used for sieves. A
regular search under plants which slugs frequent
for hiding places will diminish their numbers.

Autumn or early winter is the best time to
construct an Alpine garden, as the winter rains
will settle the soil before planting, which is best
done in spring. In planting, see, that the roots
are firmly planted and well jammed into the
crevice, without, however, being injured.

An important point in the Alpine garden is that
of top-dressing. Many plants are destroyed from
want of this, and it is always safer to have a
periodical inspection and supply the requirements
of the flowers in this respect. Loam, grit, and leaf
mould will make a good compost for this purpose.

There are so ma.ny plants available for the
Alpine garden that only suggestivelists of the leading
plants for different positions can be given. For
details reference can be made to the paragraphs
relating to these genera.

For South Exposures : —

Acsena, Acantholimon, Adonis, JEthionema,
Alsine, Alyssum, Androsace. Anemone (sonic),
Antennaria, Anthemis, Arabis. Arenaria, Armcria,
Astragalus, Aubrietia, Campanula, Chciranthus,
Cistus,Coronilla,Cytisus, Dinntlras, Draba.Edraian-
thus, Erysimum, Genista, Geranium, Globularia,
Gypsophila, Helianthermmi, Hypericiim, Iberis,
Iris, Linum, (Enothera, Onosma, Orobus, Phlox,

Alpinia

( 33 )

Alsophila

Potentilla, Saponaria, many Saxifrages, Scabiosa,
Sedum, Sileiie, Tliymus, Veronica, Waldsteinia,
Yucca, etc.

For South-east or North west : —

Ajuga, Andromed.1, Anemone (several species),
Aquilegia, Armeria, Aniebia, Caru]ianula, Daphne,
Doclccatlteon, Epime;lium, Gentiana, Hepatica,
Linaria, Mvosotis, Primula, Kanunculus, Saxifraga,
Seduiii, .Silene, Soldanella, Symphyandra, Wulfenia.

In deep Shade or under Trees :—

Astranti.i, Anemone (several), Andromeda, Che-
liduniiiiu, C'hrysosplenium, C'orydalis, Cardamine,
Doodia, Epimedium, Eriogomim, Eomecon, Epilo-
biuin, Euphorbia, Funkia, Gaultheria, Helleborus,
Hepatica, Honninuiu, Orobus, I'odophvllum, Poly-
gonatum, Saxifraga of Geum types, Sisyrinchium,
Si '<lu in, Thalictrum, Trad escantia/l'iarella, Trillium,
and Waldsteinia.

ALPINIA.

Strong-growing East Indian plants (ord. Scita-
mine:e) requiring rich soil, and plenty of heat and
moisture while growing freely. They are closely
allied to the Gingers, and like them can be in-
creased by division of the fleshy rhizomes. The
flowers of some species are exquisitely beautiful,
resembling 1'haius tuberculosus, and were they
produced with greater regularity and freedom the
uenus would be more largely represented in our
hothouses.

Principal Species : —

Allughas, 2', Feb., red. uutaus, C', My., pk., yel.

mutiuiL, .") ' , Aug. , wh. , red, yel.

Other Species : —

hracteata, 3', My., wh.
fierulea, 3', Ap., wh., bl.
I'ulcuratu, 3', Ap., pk.,wh.
ccrnua (see calcarata).
I lalauga, 6', Oct., wh., yel.
malaccensis, 5', Ap., wh.

officinarum, 3', My., wh.,

yel.

pumila, 2', My., wh., yel.
rafflesiana, 3', My. ,

striped (syn. vittata).

Alsike (see Trifuliinn Itybritluui)
A/tine (fee Arcnnria).

ALSODEIA.

Dwarf evergreen shrubs (ord. Violacese) needing
a warm house, and a compost of peat and loam.
Increased by cuttings in sandy soil, in a close,
warm frame. No horticultural value.

Principal Species :—
latifolia, 3', Jy., wh. pauciflora, 3', Jy., wh.

ALSOMITRA.

An evergreen climber (ord. Cucurbitacea;) re-
quiring a rich compost and a hot, moist atmosphere.
When flowering and fruiting it requires abundant
supplies of water.

Only Species : —
sarcophylla, 15', Oct., wh.

ALSOPHILA.

Description. — Tree Ferns (ord. Filices) of varying
heights, from tropical and temperate latitudes.
Comparatively few species are in general cultiva-
tion, as the plants can only be accommodated in
large and lofty houses.

Propagation. — By spores sown when ripe in pans
of sterilised soil in heat.

Soil.— For the young plants equal parts of peat
and loam, with sand ; for the older ones, three-
iuurths loam, and one-fourth peat or leaf soil, with
s md, and a little charcoal.

Other Cultural Points. — All the members of the
genus require plenty of water at all times, although
the use of the waterpot should be restricted in
winter time in the case of the cool-house species.
Liquid cow manure and soot form a very grateful
stimulant through the spring and summer. Mealy
bug, thrips, and snowy fly all prey upon Alsophilas.
An occasional light fumigation should be resorted to
in order to keep these pests down, and the frequent
use of the sponge is necessary. Where the young
fronds are pushing against the glass, as they often
do in all but the loftiest houses, it is necessary

Alstonia

(34)

Alstrbmeria

to attach weights to the midribs to bring them
down. Many a line specimen has been spoiled for
the time being by inattention to this matter.

Principal Species : —
armata, 3' to 5', st.
aspera, 6' to 8', fronds

3' to 6', St..
comosa, 3' to 6', grh. («/».

scottiana).
excelsa, 6' to 8', fronds

3' to 9', grh.

Other Species : —
aculeata (see ferox).
atrovireus, fronds large,

st.

australis, 3' to 4', grh.
— Williamsii, 3' to 4',

warm grh.
contaminens, 3' to 6', st.

(*#». glauca).
Cooperi, 3' to 5', st. or

grh.

tleuticulata.
clegautissima.
ferox, 3' to 4', st. (syn.

aculeata).

gigantea (nee glabra).
glabra, 20' to 40', st.

paleolata, 10' to 20',
fronds 3' to 6', st. (*.</«.
Garduerii).

Rebeccaj, 8', fronds 4' to
6', grh.

scottiaua (nee comosa).

infestn. 3' to 4', st.
leichardtiana, 10' to 20',

grh. (xifHx. Macarthuri

and Moorei).
hmulata, 20', grh.
])hilippineusis..
plumosji.

procera, 3' to 5", st.
pruinata, 3' to 6', st. or

grh.

pycnocarpa, grh.
radeus, 3 , st. or grh.
sagittifolia, 4' to G', st.
Shepherdii, st.
Taenitis, 3' to 6', st.
villosa, C' to 12', st.

ALSTONIA.

East Indian evergreen shrubs (ord. Apocynacea*),
seldom cultivated. Easily grown in a stove, in a
compost of loam and leaf soil. Propagation by
cuttings in sandy soil, with bottom heat.

Species : —
scholaris, 8', My., wh. veneuata, C', Je., wh.

ALSTROMERIA.

Description. - Kemarkably ornamental plants(rt7vZ.
Amaryllidea-) with tuberous roots, in bundles, and
giving flowers of great beauty and value, either
in the garden or for cutting, Mr. J. G. IJakcr
describes forty-four species, but the number avail-
able for cultivation is much smaller. Several are
hardy almost throughout the kingdom, but some
require to be grown in pots, while a few others will
survive outside if protected in winter. The flowers
are singular in form, and in some plants in colour
also.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown in spring or when
ripe, in pots or boxes under glass. When the
seedlings are large enough to handle they must be
pricked out 2" apart, and when of fair size planted
in their permanent positions. They are also prop-
agated by division of the mass of tubers in spring.

Soil. — A warm, sheltered border, well lightened
with leaf mould or peat and sand, is the most
favourable, but. several are benefited by the addition
of lime rubbish. The same soil is suitable when
grown in pols.

Other Cultural Points.— During summer, Aistrii-
merias should have ample supplies of water, and
those grown in borders arc all the better tor a
mulch in dry weather. In winter they should have
a covering of 2" or 3" of dry litter. Spring is
the best time fop planting in the open, and tubers
received late ought either to be potted or kept in

ALSTROMERIA PEI.ET.RINA ALBA.

sand in a place free from frost. Plant at least
0" deep.

Principal Species : —

aurantiaca, 4', Jy., or. One of 1hr> hardiest, soon
spreading through a border if not kept in bounds.
Variable in colour; a good light coloured form is
named lutea.

chilensis, 3', Jy., ro. to red and or. Hdy., variable
and beautiful. Not so running in habit as the
preceding.

Alternanthera

( 35 )

Alyssum

Ligtu, 2', Aug., HI., pale reel, or creamy. A
beautiful but rather tender species

pelegrina, 1J', .Iy., yel., striped ro. A Very beauti-
ful but tender plant. Should have protection, or
be grown in pots under glass. The var. alba, in-
troduced in 1877, is exquisite (syn. peregrina).

pulchella, (>'. Aug., criin., pur., grn. A distinct
plant, not so bright as some of the genus. Hdy.

Other Species : -
brasilionais, ;!!', Jy., red- ha-mantha, 3', Je., hdy.

dish yel., bfowii. with covering, yel.

Dia/ii, 2.1,', Jy., or. red. (»//«. Simsii).

Errembaultii, 2', Jy., wh., spathulata, 2' Aug., red.

crim., yel. (a hybrid).

ALTERNANTHERA.

Description. — Effectively coloured foliage plants
(tin/. Amarantaceaj) of great beauty for carpet and
other bedding. They are called half-hardy, but
are too tender even for summer use in cold districts.

Propagation. — By cuttings in heat, a hotbed
being the most convenient, with a bottom beat of
75" to 85°. Place -4" of sandy soil on the surface,
in which insert the cuttings 1" apart. Water well,
ami keep close and shaded for a week, afterwards
giving full sun, with air to harden them off. Plant
out when the weather is warm enough. A few
plants can be kept in pots during winter for stock
in spring. A warm house is needed.

Soil. — A rich, light soil which will not induce
gross growth is the best.

Other Cultural Points. — Plant in a warm sunny
place, and keep pinched as may be needed to suit
the purpose required.

Principal Species : —

amabilis (now referred by botanists to Telan-
thera ficoidea), leaves or., sc. Var. amcena is or.
red, pur., bronze, grn. Tricolor is dark grn., ro.,
pur., yel.

paronychioides (now referred by botanists to
Tetontbera bettzichiana), 4", dark br., tipped
sc. Var. major is even brighter, and m. aurea has
tine yel. and red foliage.

the native Marsh Mal-
low.
striata, V, Jy., bien.. wh.

ALTHAEA. (MAI.

Inscription. — Biennial <H^rje<nennial plants (art/.
Malvaoea1), mostly of coarse-growing habit, the
most valuable for the garden being roscn. the Holly-
hock. which is dealt with under that name.

During the last few years a new race has been
r.iiscd from h'cifolia, the Fig Leaved or Antwerp
Hollyhock. These plants have the handsome!
foliage of the parent, and prettily fringed flowers.
So far only shades of yellow and a white have
been obtained, but other colours will almost cer-
tainly be forthcoming soon. As is usual with
plant's raised from seed, the vigour of growth is
very marked, and there is little danger of disease.

Piopagation is bv seeds, sown in spring or sum-
mer, varieties by cuttings or eyes and division of
the roots. A good, well-manured loam suits. The
greater number of the Althieas are most suitable
for the back of the border, the shrubbery, or tin-
wild garden. Water well in dry weather, and
stake as soon as necessary.

Principal Species : —

cannabina, ti', Je., deep ro. A good plant for
the shrubbery or wild garden ; per.

lieifolia, 6', Je., yel. One of the most u-el'ul.
There is also a wh. var. Bien. (sijn. sulphurea of
gardens).

narbonensis, 0', Jy., red. A per. species of some
value.

Other Species :—

acaulis, 2', Jy., ami., pur. officinalis, 3', Jy., flesh,
caribaea, 3', spr., St., pk.
flezuosa, 3', Jy., per., pk.
frutex (see Hibiscus Syria -

cus).

ALTINGIA.

Tall growing trees (ord. Hamamelidea-) from the
Far East ; closely allied to the Liquidambar. Green-
house protection is necessary in this country. The
only species in cultivation is chinensis, and it is of
no horticultural value.

ALTITUDE.

The elevation above sea level at which plants
grow has a great deal to do with their habit, con-
sequently if it is known at what altitude a certain
plant is found growing in a particular part of the
globe, an idea, though, be it said, not a strictly
reliable one, can be formed of its require-
ments iri this country. The greater the altitude
the cooler and drier the atmosphere becomes. As
a general principle it may be laid down that species
growing at an altitude of over 7,000' at the equator
should not need protection in the south of England
and Ireland. Some Oncidiums in America, and
some Pleiones (Ccalogynes) in Northern India, grow
at such an elevation that they are not infrequently
under the influence of frost during the cool season.
These naturally require little artificial heat in this
countrv, save when growing freely. Altitude pro-
duces pretty much the same climatic conditions as
latitude — i.e. roughly speaking, 000' rise at the
equator ensures a climate somewhat similar to
that found 1° of latitude from the equator. A
further rise of GOO' would be equal to 2° of
latitude from the equator, and so on.

In this country the question of altitude is of
considerable importance to the fruit grower,
especially where Plums and Other stone fruits are
concerned. In low-lying valleys frosts are usually
more severe, and, with the greater moisture prevail-
ing in the atmosphere, more destructive than they
are upon the uplands. Generally speaking, a height
of about 500' above sea-level is the best for hardy
fruit, as it is high i-ncmgh to escape the effect of
the frosts, and not high enough to be too much
exposed. Timber grown at a moderate elevation,
such as that mentioned, is more durable than that
grown in the valleys.
ALYSSUM. (MADWORT.)
Pretty perennial or annual plants (t>rd. Crucif-
era), principally of a shrubby nature, and
suited for beds] borders, and rockeries. Propa-
gated by cuttings, seeds, and division Of roots.
Cut tings' 'ef-ypung shoots, with or without a heel
of old wood. 'strike undfr glass in a shady border.
| Sow seeds in spring or early summr r. A light dry
I soil is best. Most of the species require full ex-
posure to the sun. The Alpine species do best in a
sunny chink of the rockery.

Although the plants are usually only to be found
in rock gardens, they do very well in an ordinary
herbaceous border, provided they are not overhung
by other and coarser growing plants, and that \\w
border is well drained. They should IK; given a
place in the front rank, and look best when planted
in bold clumps. As an edgine to beds filled with
other spring-flowering subjects AKssums have also
a claim.

Alyxia

( 36 )

Amaranth, Globe

Principal Species : —

alpestre, Je., yel. Pretty rockery per., foliage
greyish.

geraonense, 1', My., yel. Not so dense as saxa-
tile, but longer in bloom. Rather tender, but sows
itself. The variety sulphureum is desirable (xyn.
Vesicaria edentula.)

maritimum, 9", Ap., wh. A favourite sweet-
scented ann. which sows itself freely. The var.
variegatum (propagated by cuttings) is very pretty
in lines (syn. Koniga maritima.)

montanum, 2", Je., yel. A pleasing, rather dif-
fuse Alpine with glaucous leaves.

saxatile, 1J', Ap., yel. The most effective of the
genus ; valued for spring bedding. There are
several varieties, such as nanum compactum, of
neater habit ; flore pleno, double golden yel. ; varie-
gatum, with variegated foliage ; sulphureum, with
sulphur flowers ; and Tom Tuiuub, of very dwarf
habit.

spinosum, 4", My., wh. A charming little wh.
leaved plant for the rockery (sijn. Koniga spinosa).

Wierzbeckii, If, Je., yel. Erect habit, and deep
coloured flowers.

Other Species : —
argenteum, 9", Ap., yel.
micrauthum, 1', Jy., yel.
orieutale, 1', My., yel.
podolicum, 4", Mch., wh.

ALYXIA.

Shrubby warm house plants (ord. Apocynacese),
evergreen. Seldom cultivated, but may be grown
in light loam, leaf soil, and sand. Cuttings of
ripened wood root readily in sandy soil if plunged
iu bottom heat.

(syH.Schivereckia podo-
lica).

serpyllifolium, 4", My.,
yel.

Species : —

Tmxifolia, 4' Aug., wh.
daplnioides, 3', Ap., yel.
wh.

Forsteri, 4', Je., wh.
ruscit'olia, 4', Jy., wh.

ALZATEA.

A greenhouse tree (ord. Celastrinese) apparently
not now in cultivation. Peaty soil.
Species: —
verticillata, 20', ev.

AMANITA.

A fungus closely allied to Agaricus, but including
some of the most poisonous of fungi. The Fly
Agaric is a native species with a scarlet pileus
covered with white warts. It is common in lieech
woods in autumn, and derives its name from the
fact that formerly it was used in the preparation
of flypapers.

AMARABOYA

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Melastomacese), pro-
pagated by cuttings kept close in bottom heat, and
thriving in a compost of three parts loam, one
peat, and a dash of sand.

Species : —
amabilis, pk., wh. princeps, car. splemliclu, red, pk.

AMARANTH, GLOBE.

The plant known as the Globe Amaranth (see
also GOMPHRENA) is Gomphrena globosa, a pretty
and valuable half-hardy annual with roundish
" everlasting " flowers, which are valued for bou-
quets and decorative purposes in winter. The
colours vary from white to several shades of yellow,
j pink, crimson, and purple. It grows about !£' high

Photo: D. ti. Fiatl, Ediitbui

ALYSSUM SAXATILE AT HOME.

Amaranthus

Amaryllis

but there is a dwarf form which is only from 4"
to (>" in height. It requires the same treatment as
other half-hardy annuals, and may be grown in
beds or borders, as well as in pots in the con-
servatory.

AMARANTHUS.

Handsome hardy or half-hardy annuals (ard.
AmarantaceaO with small (lowers in large clustered
spikes, and largely used for bedding, conservatories,
and vases. Propagated by seeds sown about the
month of April, in hotbeds in the case of the half-
hardv species, and later in the open for the hardier
Amaranthuses. A good loam, well enriched with
decomposed manure, is best. When the young
plants are large enough to handle, thin out, and
afterwards harden off and transplant early in June,
or at the end of May, to where they are to bloom,
in sunny beds or borders. Plants in pots must
have plenty of room, and should be kept steadily
growing in a moist atmosphere and near the
glass.

Principal Species : -

camlatus, ','>', Aug., Inly, ann., pur. The popular
" Love-lies-bleeding " of gardens. Also a yel. var.

hypochondriaons, :'/, Jy., crim. The " Prince's
Feather." A fine plant (*yn, cruentiis).

melancholicns ruber, 1', Jy., leaves crim. A use-
ful bedding plant (*yn. gangeticus ruber).

salicifolius. ;','. A handsome and brilliantly
coloured foliage plant. The var. Princess of Wales
is very fine.

speciosus, I.1/, Jy., crim. pur.

tricolor, U'. beautiful car. and yel. leaves. Several
vars.

Other Species : —

hii'ulor. '.!'. leaves gm., yel. sanguineus, 3', Jy., pur. ;
Hrn<U>ri, :!', loaves finely leaves red.

coloured or., yel., grn. splendens, 3', Jy., red
leaves, brilliant.

XOTE. — The popular nomenclature is adopted here ;
not tliat of some botanists.

AMARYLLIS.

(Ord. Amaryllide:c.) If all the plants some-
what vaguely referred to by this name were treated
under the heading there would be a very long list
indeed. There are, for instance, Brunsvigias,
Orinums. Hippeastrtiins, Nerines, Phycellas, Spreke-
lias, Sternbergias, Vallotas, and Zephyranthes, all
of which are sometimes spoken of as Amaryllises,
but are treated separately in this work under their
own names. For the purposes of a popular gardening
dictionary it is tin night desirable to refer to as Amar-
yllises the beautiful spring-flowering indoor bulbous
plants (technically Hippeastrums) grown under
that name, and deal with the rest under their re-
spective headings. A few species are deserving of
cultivation, and from these a large number of
beautiful hybrids have been obtained, which eclipse
the species in point of beauty.

Propagation. — By offsets and seeds. The former
are taken off when potting, and grown on the samii
lines as established plants till they arrive at a
flowering size (see figure). When the latter method
i- adopted the seed should be sown as soon as it is
ripe in shallow pans filled with loam and leaf mould
in equal parts, with sufficient sand to keep it open
(see figure). Place the receptacles in a tempera-
ture ranging from (iO° to 70°, shading from hot
sunshine. When the seedlings appear provide
plenty of light and moisture. It is well for them

to remain in the seed pans until they have made a
few leaves, when they should be removed singly to
small well-drained pots, using soil of the same
character as for the seeds, but a little rougher.
Seedlings do not require to be rested in the early
stages of growth, and if kept green through the
autumn with limited supplies of water they start
vigorously in the spring, and may be had in flower
two to three years from the time of sowing the
seed.

Soil.-— For small seedlings equal parts of fibrous
loam and leaf mould, with enough sand to keep
the compost open. For established plants, two
parts loam, one part decayed manure, and half a
part sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Established bulbs that
have been rested through the winter should be
shaken out early in the year and repotted. Pot
firmly, and leave about half the bulb above the
soil. A low pit, with an intermediate temperature,
is a suitable structure for newly potted plants.
They should be plunged in Cocoa'nut fibre refuse.

PROPAGATING AMARYLLISES (HIPPEASTRUMS)
FROM SEEDS AND OFFSETS.

A Section of pan with seeds sown and covered with square of

glass.

B Early growth of young seedlings.

C Seedling with tinlli partly formed and ready for potting.
D Seedling in small pot.

E Large luilb showing growth and production of offsets.
F Small oftset hulli removed.
G Section of pot showing offset potted and started into

growth.

Use the syringe freely, but water sparingly until
growth has started and root action is vigorous.
When the plants are in full growth, and becoming
rootbound, liquid manure and .top-dressings of
fertilisers may be given with advantage. After the
flowering is over, and as growth is completed, give
less water both at the roots and overhead, finally
withdrawing supplies entirely as the leaves change
colour and fall from the bulbs. Keep the latter
dry through the winter in a temperature of from
45° to 50°, resting them in the soil till the time
arrives for repotting early the following year.

Hybrids and Varieties :—

Since the attention of hybridisers was turned to
this family of plants a large number of varieties
have been raised, and the work still goes on. The

Amasonia

( 38 )

American Blight

following selection is compiled from recent intro-
ductions : —

Acidalie, light sc.

Averunicus, red, wh.
stripes.

Beethoven, or., wh. veins.

Conqueror, crim., sc.

Duke of Albany, bright
sc.

Eclipse, wh., striped sc.

Elpingham, sc. with wh.
eye.

Fabia, wh., sc. veins.

Her Majesty, wh., flushed
sc.
Species : —

Belladonna (see Bella-
donna Lily).

Juno, or sear., wh. star.
Kiueton, light red, wh.

star.

Meteor, wh.. striped crim.
Olympia, crim. sc., tiuged

or.
Pauline, sc., feathered

wh.
Star of India, car., wh.

hands.
Syndic, light or., tipped

wh.

formosissima (see Spre-
kelia).

AMARYLLIS AVERUNICUS.

AMASONIA.

Dwarf tropical plants (nrd. Verbenacepe) of easy
growth if accommodated in a warm intermediate
house, and grown in rich sandy loam and leaf soil.
Large pots are a mistake. Increased by division
and from suckers. Calycina is now fairly popular.

Species : —

calycina, ]i'. Sep., red, yel. (syn. punicea).

erecta, 1J', Jy., wh., pk.

AMATEUR.

The term "amateur" is very loosely used.
Strictly speaking, it applies to anyone who follows
a pursuit for the love of it, but for practical pur-
poses at horticultural exhibitions it ought certainly
to be restricted to that large and increasing class
which cultivates crops as a pastime and not as a
profession, and without paid professional help.

AMBLOSTOMA.

A small genus of Orchids (nrd. Orchidacea:) re-
quiring similar treatment to the warmth-loving
Epidendrums. One species in cultivation.

Amatitngiila (see C'arissa).

Amber, Sn-eet (see Hypcricum Androsremiim').

Amber Tree (see Anihuspermmn)

Species : —

cernuum, 1', Je.. grn., wh. (sy>i. tridactylum).

AMBLYOLEPIS.

Texan plants (or//. Composite), included under
Helenium by botanists. Setigera is a hardy annual,
of erect, branched habit, with flower heads 1J"
across. Remarkable for t lie persistent fragrance of
the dried flowers and seeds.

Species : —

setigera, lj', Jy., yel. (xyn. Helenium setigerum).

AMBROSINIA.

Half-hardy perennials (nrd. Aroicleae) with tuber-
ous rootstock. The spathe is contracted longitud-
inally, compelling insects to effect fertilisation if
they enter. In light soil only protection from frost
is needed.

Species : —

Bassii, 4". My., grn., pur.

AMBURY OP ANBURY (see CAB-
IS AC. E, CLUBBING).

AMELANCHIER.

Ornamental shrubs or trees (nrd. Rosacea?) with
toothed leaves and pretty racemes of white flowers
and variously coloured fruits. Useful for shrub-
beries and pleasure grounds. Propagated by layers,
seed, cuttings, and grafting on Hawthorn or
Quince. Rich loam gives the best results. As
most of the species flower early, they ought to have
a sheltered situation to prevent the flowers from
being destroyed by late frosts.

Principal Species : —

alnifolia, 8', Ap. A pretty species for dry soil
(gyms, canadensis var. alnifolia, canadensis var.
florida, etc.).

canadensis, 6' to 20', Ap., fruit pur. Very orna-
mental when in bloom in spr., and prettily
coloured in aut. (syns. asiatica, Botryapium, ovalis,
etc.).

vulgaris, 9', Ap. A valuable shr. for spr. bloom
(ityns. Mespilus Amelanchier, Amelanchier rotundi-
folia, etc.).

Other Species : —
Botryapium (see caiia-
densis).

AMELLUS.

A small group of almost hardy perennials (ord.
CompositEe) closely allied to the Michaelmas
Daisies. Cool greenhouse; loam and leaf soil;
cuttings, division, or seeds.

Speoies : —

Lyclmitis, li', Aug., vio., villosus, U', Aug., yel.
hi.

AMERICAN ALOE (*ee AGAVE AMER-
ICANA).
AMERICAN BLIGHTor WOOLLY

APHIS. (SCHIZONEUHA LAXIGEHA.)

This insect is one of the worst pests of Apple
trees, and has been known in this country for over
a century. Its presence on the trees is easily de-
tected by the cottony matter which gives shelter
to numbers of the pests. Winged, viviparous
females fly from tree to tree during summer and
establish new colonies. Eggs are laid upon the

American Almond (sec Jirabcjum).

oligocurpa, 9', My., wet
soil.

American Cowslip

•(89.)

Amomnm

trees in autumn by egg-laying females. When
crushed the insects emit a reddish fluid. It'
left undisturbed under their natural protection
they pierce the soft part of the bark and suck
the juice. I'lcerations are formed, the adjacent
bark splits open, canker sets in, and if the tree
does not succumb it becomes so weakened as
to be of little value. No part of the tree is safe
from infestation, for even the roots are liable
to attack, and occasionally the pest is 'introduced
on the roots of younjr trees. The eggs, which
are very small, are concealed in the crevices
of the bark, so that American blight is easily in-
troduced into a garden by planting infested trees.
No efforts should be spared in eradicating the
pest when it appears. Winter is the best time for
the operation, usinir a mixture formed of J Ib.
caustic soda (Greenbank's 98 per cent.), and } Ib.
pi;arl:ish (cnniiiicrcial potash) dissolved in 5 gals,
of water. Spray the trees with the wash, applying
sufficient to wet the branches. Gloves should be
worn during tlie operation. The following in-
secticide is suitable for destroying the pest in the
summer if sprayed on the branches or applied to
the affected parts with a brush, (a) Boil 1 Ib. of
soft soap in 1 qt. of soft water for an hour. (*)
Take it off the tire while boiling and pour in .', pt.
of paraffin, (c) Pour the solution into a tub'con-
taining 8 gals, of water, and thoroughly churn with
a syringe. It is best applied in the evening, when
the sun is declining, otherwise the foliage may be
badly injured.

AMERICAN COWSLIP (see DODE-

CATIIKOX).

AMERICAN CRESS.

This plant (liarbarea pnecox) resembles Water-
cress, but may be grown in any ordinary garden
soil. Kich ground is rather detrimental than ad-
vantageous. Seed may be sown successionally in
spring, and in August for the plants to stand the
winter with a little protection. The plants will
need thinning, and should have water occasionally
in summer unless a cool spot can be found for them.
Use the outside leaves.

AMERICAN PLANTS.

Under this comprehensive term horticulturists
bring together a number of hardy plants from
diverse genera for cultivation in well-drained peatv
soil. Almost all these make an abundance of
fibrous surface roots, consequently, although sour-
ness of the soil must be guarded against, it is
necessary that such plants never lack moisture in
the rooting medium. Leaf mould and well-decayed
vegetable refuse make splendid material for top-
dressing American plants. The principal genera
included are Andromeda, Azalea, Clethra, Erica,
Gaultheria, Kalmia, Ledum, Pernettya, Pieris,
Rhododendron, and Zenobia. Quite a number
of American plants enjoy shade from the hot
midsummer sunshine.

AMETHYSTEA.

A hardy annual (ord. Labiatoe) of erect habit, with
small blue flowers, leaves three to five parted. Pro-
pagated by seeds sown in the open in March or
April, or in heat at the beginning of March. Any
good garden loam suits.

Species :—

cserulea, 1', Jy., bl. This is the only species of
the genus (it/nt. corymbosa and trifida).

A merlcan Cranberry (nee Oxycoceus*).

AMHERSTIA.

One of the most gorgeous flowered of tropical
trees (or A. Leguminosie), surpassing, in India and
Bunnah, the graceful beauty which in tem-
perate climes is associated with the Laburnum.
There is but one species, a tree, bearing large
leaves and long racemes of brilliant flowers. In
this country it can only be grown in a large stove.
The blooms only last two or three days.

Only Species :-

nobilis, 40', sum., rich ver.

AMICIA.

A small group of Mexican plants (ord. Legumin-
osaj) that can only be regarded as half-hardy in
this country. Only one species is worth recording ;
it is a shrubby climber, and should be planted
against a wall having a south aspect.

Principal Species : —
Zygomeris, 8', Jy., Aug.* yel.

AMMOBIUM.

Pretty and well-known "everlasting "flowers
(ord. Composite) differing from the Gnaphaliums
by their habit alone. Flower heads about 1" across.
Half-hardy annuals. Propagated by seeds sown
under glass in March or April, and outdoors in
May. Seeds may also be sown in August or
September, and the plants kept under glass until
spring. Light, rich, and sandy soil is best. The
young plants ought to be thinned out or trans-
planted when fit to handle. If the flowers are
wanted for preservation, cut before fully open in
dry weather, and hang in bunches with the
heads down to dry.

Principal Species : —

alatiini, 2', sum., wh. The variety grandiflorum
is superior to the type; it has larger and whiter
blooms.

plantagineum, 1', Aug., wh.

AMMODENDRON.

Hardy evergreen shrubs (ord. Leguminosa;) allied
to Cladrastis, Virgilia, and Sophora. Flowers violet
or purple. Propagated by seeds in a frame, also by
grafting on pieces of roots of established plants.
They tnrive in sandy or well-drained soil of a poor
character in the garden or shrubbery.

Principal Species :—

Sieversii, 4', Je., hdy., pur. (syn. bifolia).

AMOMUM.

Herbaceous perennial plants {ord. Scitamineas),
dying down to the rhizomes in winter. The flowers
vary in different species from white to pink, rose,
red, yellow, and orange. They require a moist stove
heat for their well-being. Most of them are valued
for their ornamental foliage, which is deliciouslv
fragrant when rubbed, as in the case of Cardamd-
mum, aromaticum, etc. They are allied to Hedy-
chium and the Ginger Plant. Propagated by divi-
sion of the rhizomes or rootstock in spring, also
by seeds. Two parts of fibrous loam, one part leaf
mould, and half a part of well-decayed cow manure
broken fine, with sufficient sand to make it porous,
suit them.

Amiant/iemmii (see Xyi/adcmis).
Ammar/fton (see Troximori).
Ammynlne (see Leiupli yllum).

Amoora

(40)

Ampelovitis

Principal Species : —
aromaticum, 3', Je., pur.,

yel.
Cardamomum, 4', Je.,

br., red.
Granum Paradisi, 3',

Moh., red. (Malaguettu

Other Species : —
aculeatum, 10', My., or.
Afzelii, 3', My., pk.
angustifolium, 8', Je.,red.
Clusii, yel.

— purpureum, 21', red.
dealbatum, 3', Ap., wh.

Pepper, or Grains of
Paradii-e, chiefly ob-
tained from this species. )
Melegueta minor, My . , st. ,
pk.

magnificum. 10', Jy.,red.
maximum, 5', Je., wh.
sceptrum, 5', Jan., ro.,

pur.

sericeum, 6', Jy., wh.
subulatum, 3', Ap., yel.

grandiflorum, 3', Jy., wh. sylvestre, 1', Ap., wh.
latifolium, 4', Je., pur., vitelliiium, 2', My., yel.
yel.

AMOORA.

Evergreen trees and shrubs (ord. Meliacese), some
of them very tall, but others of moderate dimen-
sions, with small flowers in the axils of the leaves,
which are ornamental. Propagated by cuttings in
sand under a handlight or propagating case.
Fibrous loam two parts, leaf mould one part,
sand one-fifth part.

Principal Species : —
cucullata, My., st., yel. Rohituka, st., yel.

AMORPHA.

Small deciduous shrubs and sub-slirubs (ord.
LegurninosEE), with long racemes of violet or bine
violet flowers, which are Pea shaped. They are
hardy in the south and other favoured parts of the
-country. Propagated by seeds, layers, or cuttings,
the latter being taken in autumn, put in pots, and
placed in a pit or frame where frost is excluded.
Any good garden soil, well drained, will suit them.

Principal Species and Varieties :
canescens, 3', Jy. to Sep., — caerulea, 9', Je., pur.

bl. — emarginata, (>', Jy.,

— Lewisii, 3', Jy., pur. pur.

fruticosa, 6', Jy. to Sep., — microphylla, 2', Je.,
pur. Makes fine clumps. pur.

— aiigustifolia, 9', Je.,
pur.

Other Varieties of fmticcsa : —
croceo-lanata, o', Jy., pur. herbacea, 3', Jy., bl.
glabra, 3', Jy., pur. naiia (see microphylla).

AMORPHOPHALLUS.

Description. — Herbaceous stove perennials {ord.
Aroidese) with a tuberous rootstock, flattened on
the top, and sometimes of considerable size and
weight. The flowers are the first signs of return-
ing activity when growth recommences in spring.
The usually solitary leaf follows the flowers, most
of which are extremely foetid. It is usually much
divided, and occasionally of gigantic proportions.
The spathe varies from green to white, brown,
and purple. Most of them require a moist stove
temperature.

Propagation. — By offsets, by division of the tuber
when growth recommences in spring ; also by seeds.
The tubers are also frequently imported.

Soil. — Good fibrous loam two parts, leaf mould
one part, and a dash of sand. Some growers
use peat instead of leaf mould, but the latter is
richer in plant food.

Principal Species : —

campanulatus, a lurid pur. spathe and very
fretid flowers. Allow its roots to dip into a tank
« hen growing.

Amiipliyllum (see

Rivieri, 3' to 4' high, nearly hdy., and may be
grown in the open border in summer. The spathe
in spring is lurid pur. (*//•». Proteinophallus Rivieri).

Titanum lias a blk. pur. spathe and spadix, the
former 3' across, and the latter !>' high. The leaf-
stalk attains 10', and its blade will then over-
shadow an area of 45 sq. ft. Flowers in spring,
very foetid. Its roots should be allowed to dip
into a tank when growing (syn. Conophallus
Titanum).

Other Species : —

dubius, 2', Je., pur. nivosus (see Dracontium

Eichleri, IV, spring, pur., asperum).

wh. iiobilis, lurid pur.

Elliottii, 1', spring, pk., oucophyllus, 3', br., pur.

pur. papillosus, gru., br.

glabra(Piueapplescente'l). pictus.
grandis, 3', spring, grn., speciosus.

wh. virosus, grn., pur.

Lacourii, st., spotted wh., Wallisii (we Dracontium

grn. (now Pseudo-dra- asperum).

contiuni Lacourii). zebrinus.

leonensis, pur. br.

AMPELOPSIS. (VIRGINIAN
CREEPER.)

Description. — Rapid growing and beautiful hard-y
climbers (orrf. Amjxjlidcae), now included by botan-
ists under Vitis, but generally known in gardens
as Ampelopsis, which name is now used for con-
venience. Valuable for covering walls, trellises,
arches, etc.

Propagation. — Seeds, layers, cuttings, and eyes.
Cuttings of young wood strike under heat in
spring, and older wood taken off with an eye in
September will strike either in a greenhouse or
under glass outside.

Soil. — Common garden soil suits.

Other Cultural Points : —

The self-clinging species sometimes need to be
fixed to the wall at first so as to give them a hold,
when they will afterwards require no support.

Principal Species : —

aconitifolia (see serianpefolia).

quinquefolia, now Vitis quinquefolia. The
common Virginian Creeper of gardens. Very
ornamental, particularly in autumn (syn. heder-
acea.)

serianscfolin, now Vitis seriarifcfolia. A distinct
species with tuberous roots and fine foliage (xy>is.
lucida, triloba, tripartite, tuberosa, etc.).

Veitchii, now Vitis inconstans. The greatest
favourite, because of its self-supporting properties
on a wall. So well known as to need no descrip-
tion (s>/ns. trieuspidata, Vitis Roylei, etc.)

Other Species : —
hipinnata, 10', now Vitis muraiis. a self-clinging

arborea. creeper, not yet ret'i Tred

hederacea (see quiuque- to its proper name.

folia). sempervireus (SIT Vitis

Hoggii. This is a form of striata).

Rhus Toxicodendron. tricuspidata (fee Veitchii).

AMPELOVITIS.

Deciduous climbers (ord. Ampelidesc), allied to
and having the habit of a Vine, not yet properly
tried in this country, and should have the benefit
of a wall in sheltered places till specimens have
been fully tested. Fruit black. Propagation is by
cuttings under a handlight in summer, and in
sandy soil in a heated pit or frame in autumn.

Anipclyyonum (see I'ulyyoniiin).

Amphicarpsea

(41 )

Ainsonia

Friable, and rather light, well drained loam is
suitable.

Species : —

Daviili. fruit blk. Bomanetii (now Vitis

intermrilin. Romanetii).

AMPHICARPSEA.

Hardy, ornamental, twining perennials (iirtl. Legu-
nnn(isn-), with the habit of the Scarlet Runnel-.
Propagated by seeds ; also by root tubers like the
Scarlet Runner. Light, friable soil in the open
border will suit them.

Species :—
mouoica, 4', Sep., bl. sarmeutosa, 2', Sep., bl.

suitable for training on the roof. Flowers violet
red or yellowish at first, produced in panicles
terminating the shoots, and showy. Propagated
by cuttings taken off with a heel of the old wood
in spring and placed in a propagating case. Soil,
fibrous loam and peat in about equal proportions,
with a good dash of sand.

Species: —

paiiiculatnm. 20' (.11/11. Bignonia paniculata).

AMPHITHALEA.

Small, silky woolly shrubs (ord. Legumino'se)
with small, entire leaves, and of Heath-like liabit.
Flowers small, purple or rose, in leafy spikes in
the axils of the leaves. Requiring greenhouse

A DOORWAY WITH AMPKLOPS1S VEITCHll (VKITCTH's VIRGINIAN CREEPKH) AND
(t'rom a )iltrtogn< i>li supplied liti Mrs. F. A. r.ai-dgirtll)

AMPHICOME.

Perennial herbs (ord. Bignoniacea?), closely
allied to and having a similar liabit to Incarvillea ;
half-hardy, and succeeding best with a cool green-
house temperature, like that given to Cape Heaths.
Flowers lilac, rose, or purple with a yellow or
orange throat, and trumpet shaped. Propagated by
seeds in spring, and cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sandy soil in a warm pit or propagating case.

Principal Species :—

arguta, 1 , Aug., red. Emodi, 1J', Aug. to Oct.,

ro., or.

AMPHILOPHIUM.

Tall evergreen stove climbers (ord. Bignoniacea;),

Am/ilicri'/iliix (sir Centrat/ierum).
Ami>hincoj>ia (sec J)ln>itliera and Juxtitid).

treatment. Propagated by seeds ; also by cuttings
in spring under a hand-glass. Loam, peat, and sand
make a suitable soil.
Only Species introduced : —

ericirfolia. 2'. Jan . pk.

AMSONIA.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Apocynacesc),
some of them slightly woody. Flowers nearly
always blue and showy. Propagated by seeds in a
frame in spring ; also by cuttings under a hand-light
in summer, using very sandy soil ; and by division in
spring. Any good, well drained soil, and light rather
than heavy. The rockery would suit them.

Principal Species : -

augustifolia, '2', sum., bl. sum., bl. (KI/II. lati-

salicifolia, 2', sum., bl. folia and Talicnm'iiiciii-

Tal»nia>iuontaua, 2', tana Amsoniii).

Amygdalus

(42 )

Anagallis

AMYGDALUS.

The Amygdaluses. or Almonds, are amongst the
earliest of shrubs to bloom, and are valuable on
that account. A. communis is the Common, A. c.
amara, the Bitter, and A. c. dulcis the Sweet,
Almond {see Primus).

AMYRIS.

Moderately tall, evergreen stove trees and shrub <
(ord. Burseracefe), charged with a resinous and
very fragrant gum. Flowers, small and white, in
clusters of three, followed by small, aromatic,
oily drupes or berries. Propagated by cuttings in
sandy peat or sand, in a propagating case in
spring, and not overcharged with atmospheric
moisture. Fibrous loam and peat in equal pro-
portions, with plenty of sharp sand to keep the
mixture porous, suit.

Principal Species :—

I'lumieri, 2U', wli. This species is one of those
which produce the resin called Gum El^nii (*yn,
elemifera).

toxifera, 10', wh. This is poisonous, and
furnishes the wood called Lignum Rhodium
(syn. balsamifera).

Other Species :

balsamifera (we toxifera). heptaphylla, 16', wh.
bnisiliensis, 20' , Aug.. wh.

ANABASIS.

About fifteen species of perennial herbs (ord.
Chenopodiaceie), or some of them slightly woody,
making sub-shrubs, useful for planting on dry
banks or the drier portions of the shrubbery
borders. Increased by cuttings in pots of sandy
soil under a handlight in summer. Any ordinary
garden soil, if well drained, will suit, but that of
a dry and sandy nature is preferable.

Principal Species : —

Ammodendron, a hdy., erect, yel. shr. now
referred to Haloxylon.

ANACAMPSEROS.

Low, succulent or shrubby plants (ord. Portu-
laceas), with the habit of Portulacaria, and like it
requiring dry, greenhouse treatment, especially in
winter, when no atmospheric moisture should be
given. They are S. African plants, with pink, rose,
or yellow flowers, of a showy character. Leaves
fleshy, crowded. Propagated by seeds ; also by cut-
tings and leaves in a slightly warm pit. They will
be less liable to damp off if cut and allowed to dry
for two or three days before putting them in pots
of sandy soil or sand. Light sandy loam, mixed
with some old mortar and pieces of soft red bricks
broken to the size of marbles, suits. Add sand.

Principal Species : —

arachnoides, 1' to ]£', sum., pk.

filamentosa, 1', Sep., pk., starry flowers borne
well above the crowded leaves.

Telephiastrum, !>", pk., flowers close tct the
roundish leaves (syns. rotundifolia and varians).

Other Species :

angustifolia, 1', Jy., pk. rubens a var. of arach-
intermedia, 1', Jy., pk. noides.

lanceolata, 1', Aug., pk. varians (xce Telephia-
poliphylla, 1', Aug., pk. strum).

ANACARDIUM.

Tropical American trees (ord. Anacardiacea;),
with oval, entire leaves, and red and yellow or rose
coloured flowers produced in panicles, followed by
a large Pear-shaped, false fruit surmounted by a
nut, the kernel of which may be eaten after being

roasted. It is also dried and ground for flavouring
wine. Moist stove treatment is necessary. Propa-
gated by seeds. Cuttings of ripened shoots with
leaves in pots of sand will also root under a bell-
glass or in a propagating case. Loam and peat in
about equal proportions, with plenty of sharp sand
to render it porous, will grow them.

Principal Species : —
occidentale, 20', gru., red. — iudicum, 20', grn., red.

Cashew Nut.

ANACYCLUS.

Annuals or perennials (ord. Composite), with
white, yellow, or purple rays and yellow discs.
Suitable for rockeries. Propagated by seeds or
division of the roots in spring. Light arid sandy
soil, with full exposure to the sun, suits them.

Principal Species : —

clavatus, it", Aug., wh., half-hdy. aim. (.«y».
Antlicinis incrassata).

formosus, !)", Je., wh. A charming Alpine, rather
tender, full sun (syn. Leucocyclus formosus).

radiatus purpurascens, 1', sum., wh. above, pur.
beneath, hdy. ann. (*//«. Anthemis purpurascens).

ANAGALLIS.

Description. — Annual, biennial, or perennial
herbs (ord. 1'rimnlaceaj), of trailing habit, or in a
few cases creeping and rooting. Flowers, small
but Very numerous. All the biennials and per-
ennials require greenhouse treatment in winter,
with the exception of the British Bog Pimpernel
(tenella), which is perfectly hardy. They are
known as Pimpernels, particularly the hardy ones,
and all are of the easiest culture ; even the biennials
and perennials may be grown in the open borclev
or upon the rockery in summer.

Propagation. — The annuals by seeds in the o]j>en
ground in April. Biennials by seeds in a greenhouse
or frame. Perennials by cuttings in heat in spring,
except tenella. which may be cut into any number of
pieces with roots att ached. sufficiently early in spring
to get established before drought commences.

Soil. —Loam two parts, peat one part, with a
good dash of sharp sand, will suit the biennials
and perennials in pots. Tenella may he planted
in the bog bed or garden in peaty soil, or grown in
pans if so desired, giving it plenty of moisture.

Principal Species : —

arvensis, a popular hdy., trailing, red ann., the
Pimpernel or Poor Man's Weather-glass. There
are pk. and wh. varieties, the latter having a pk.
eye. Je. to Sep.

cserulea is really a bright bl. variety of arvensis,
also British.

latifolia, also a hdy. ann., with bright bl.
flowers, like cairulea, hut larger in every way, and
more trailing ; flowering in sum, (syn. indica).

linifolia, 1', Jy., grh., hi. Of this there are
several varieties, such as Breweri, 9", Je., grh. ;
lilacina, 1', My., grh. ; phoenicea. 1', My., grh. ; and
Philipsii, 9", Je., bl. (syn. Monelli).

Other Species : -
alternifolia, Ap., grh. indica («v latifolia).

Ser., yel., pk. Marryattie, 1', Jy., half-

ina," 3', Aug., grh. hdy., copper,

bien., verm. Monelli (sir linifolia).

— alba compacta, grh. webbiana. 1', Jy., half-
bieu., wh. hdy., bl,

— wilmoreaua, 6", Aug., wellsiaua, 1', Aug., grh.,
grh. bieu., pur. copper.

f ruticosa (set collina) .

Anadenia (see Grevillta).

Anagyris

Anchusa

ANAGYRIS.

Shrubs (nnl. Li-guiiiinosic) with the habit of some
of lire species of Cytisus, distantly related to them,
and requirim.' similar treatment in a greenhouse. The
fairly large and showy yellow (lowers are followed
by twisting pods. Propagated by cuttings of half-
lipened shoots in sandy loam or peat, under a bell-
glass or hand-light. Soil, fibrous loam two parts,
peat one part, and a good dash of sharp silver sand.

Principal Species : —
tVtiila, 1)', Ap., My. — glauca, 6', Ap. latifolia, 18', Ap.

ANANAS (syn. ANAXASSA).

Herbaceous perennials (uril. Bromeliacese), with
hard, stiff leaves arranged in tufts, and with spines
on the margin. Sativus and hracamoreusis are
Pineapples, with edible fruits. They may be grown
in pots in a moist stove atmosphere, or planted
out in borders in specially constructed pits. (.See
Pineapple.) Propagated by seeds in a propagating
pit. More often by suckers, which may or may
not be rooted when taken off. The tuft of
leaves on the top of the fruit may also be rooted.
Soil, two parts of good fibrous loam and one part
of l.-af mould, with plenty of sharp sand. Some
well-rooted cow manure should be added for the
Pineapples.

Principal Species : —

sativus, :{', Ap., st.. pur : the Pineapple ; grown
solely for its fruit, but the variety variegatus is a
handsome st. foliage plant, the leaves being edged
yel. and often with red as well.

— liracamorensis : the red and yel. fruits of this
species are very handsome, and attain a weight of
C Ib. to 8 Ib.

Other Species and Varieties :—

lirartratus. :{', Ap.. mm. Mordiloua (tee sativus
ia:i<Todoiites, reddish (xyn. lucid us).

Bromelia umlulata). sativuslucidus, 3',Ap.,pk.

mensdorh'anus (.vrr JEch- • — porteanus, gru., yel.

inea Fernanda')- leaves.

ANAPHALIS.

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. Compositae), similar
in habit to Gnaphalium and Antcnnaria, and suit-
able for the herbaceous border. Margaritacea is
extensively cut, dried, and dyed as everlastings or
immortelles. Propagation is sometimes by seeds,
but chiefly by division in spring. Any friable and
ordinary garden soil will suit.

Principal Species :—

triplinervis, 1', Aug., wh.
(«.!/". Autennaria tripli-
nervis).

margaritacea, 1' to 2',

Aug., wh. (*iin. Anten-

niiria margaritacea).
royleana, 4' to 6', Sep.,

wh., yel.

ANARRHINUM.

Half-hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials
(ord. Scrophularinepe), with long racemes of blue or
white flowers. The annuals and biennials propa-
gated by seeds in a heated frame or on a dung bed
in spring. Perennials by cuttings in sandy soil
under a hand-light in summer. Light sandy loam
while the plants are in pots. Friable, well-drained
soil in the open garden.

Principal Species :—
hellidit'olium, 2', Jy., hdy. fruticosum, 2', Aug., luilf-

bien., bl. hdy., wh.

Duriminium (we hirsu- hirsutum, I.1/, half-hdy.,

turn). wh.

An'iutlierif (xce (

ANASTATICA.

A dwarf anmml (ord. Cruciferae), with small white
flowers of no particular beauty. It is the Rose of
Jericho or Resurrection plant, so called because it
grows up during the rainy season in the sandy
deserts of its native regions, flowers, ripens its
seeds, and with the advent of the dry season
dries up, its roots dying and its branches con-
tracting into a rounded mass. In this state it gets
blown about over the sands by the wind till it
reaches water or sufficient moisture, when the
branches spread out again as if alive. Propagation
is by seeds in a frame in spring. It is of the easiest
culture, in any friable or light garden soil.

Hierochuntica, 1', Jy., half-hdy., wh., is the
only species.

ANBURY (see CABBAGE, CLUBBING).

ANCHIETEA.

Evergreen, woody climbers (ord. Violariesc), with
white or pale coloured flowers, and requiring a
stove temperature with plenty of atmospheric
moisture when growing. Propagated by seeds in
heat; also Hiy^'cuttings under a bell-glass or in a
propagating case. Soil, equal proportions of
loam and peat, with a good dash of sharp sand.

Principal Species : —

pyrifolia, 3', Jy., wh. and red veins.

ANCHOMANES.

Deciduous stove perennials (ord. Aroidese), having
a tuberous rootstock, very similar in habit to
Aristema, Sauromatum, and Amorphophallus. The
spathe is purple outside, and paler or white inside.
Propagation is by seeds in heat ; but more often
by offsets or by division of the tuber with a bud to
each piece. Soil, good fibrous loam broken up by
hand, with nearly an equal amount of rich leaf
mould, and plenty of sharp sand. Drain well.
After the leaf dies down, withhold water and let
the tubers rest for a time, then repot them, but
give little or no water till they are growing freely,
when they require an abundance at the root and in
the atmosphere.

Principal Species :—

dubius, spring, pur., cream.

Hookeri, 3', Je., pur. (syn. Caladium petiolatum).

— pallida, 3', Je., pur.

ANCHUSA.

Bugloss or Alkanet. Showy, but often coarse,
generally hardy, annuals, biennials, or perennials
(ord. Boraginese) with blue or purple flowers. Propa-
gated by seeds sown in the open or under glass in
spring ; also by cuttings. Ordinary garden soil.
The greater number prefer a sunny position.

Principal Species : —

Barrelieri. 2', Je.. per., bl., tube wh. A pretty,
rather tender plant («/». Buglossum Barrelieri).

capensis, 1J', Jy., bl., bien., needs grh. in winter.

italica, 4', Jy., bl. Perhaps the best per. in
warm gardens. There are some superior forms,
that called amcena being good (syng. azurea and
paniculata).

sempervirens, 2', Je., per., bl. Showy, but rather
coarse.

/'ear (fee Griat).

Ancylogyne

Androsace

Aug., per.,
Je., aim.,

myosotidiflora, 1', Aug.,

per., pk.
ochroleuca, 2', Jy., per.,

yel.
ofticinalis, 2', Jy., bl.,

pur., Mesh.

Other Species : --
affinis, 1', Jv., tender per.,

bl.
Agardhii, 1 ',

hybrida, li',
pur., wh.

ANCYLOGYNE.

Small, evergreen stove shrubs or sub-shrubs (ord.
Acanthacefe). Of easy culture. Increased by
cuttings under a bell-glass, or in a propagating case
in sand or sandy soil. Soil, two parts of fibrous
loam, one part good leaf soil, and plenty of sand
to keep it open. Peat may be used instead of
leaf soil. The genus is referred by some botanists
to Sanchezia.

Principal Species : —

longinora, Ap., pur. — glaucophylla, 2', yel.,

uobilis, 2', Je., yel., red. red.

ANDERSONIA.

Small greenhouse shrubs (ord. Epacridea;) allied
to Epacris. Propagated by seeds, also by growing
tops in sandy peat under a hand-light in mild heat.
Soil, fibrous peat broken up fine, With .plenty of
silver sand. Pot firmly.

Principal Species : —

sprengelioides, 2', Mch.,
pk. (*//>*. Spreugelij,
Audersouii).

a, ^', pk., bl.
depressa, 6", gru., bl.
homiilostoma, P, pk., bl.

ANDIRA.

Evergreen stove trees (ord. Leguminosae) re-
quiring a warm conservatory or stove for their
accommodation. Propagated by cuttings in sandy
soil in a warm propagating case. Soil, fibrous loam
and peat in equal portions, and some sharp sand.

Principal Species : —

inermis, 2(1' to 30', pnr. The Cabbage Tree,
racemosa, 30' to l>0', pur.

ANDROCYMBIUM

Greenhouse perennials (ord. Liliacefe) with tnf ted
leaves. The flowers nestle in the centre of the
tufts of leaves. Propagated by offsets and by
seeds. Soil, light, sandy, fibrous loam, well drained.

Principal Species : —

punctatum. 1'. wh., probably the only one in
general cultivation.

ANDROLEPIS.

Evergreen stove herbs (ord. Bromeliaceje) of
tufted habit, now placed by Mr. J. G. Baker under
jEchmea. Propagated by seeds, and offsets or
suckers. Soil, fibrous loam peat, and broken pots-
herds.

Principal Species :—

Skinneri. !£', wh. (nom JKchmen, Skinneri).

ANDROMACHIA.

Herbaceous perennials (nrd. Composite), succeed-
ing best with greenhouse culture. Propagated by
seeds, also by cuttings in sandy soil in gentle heat.
Soil, light fibrous loam and leaf mould, with
sufficient sand to keep it open (correctly referred
to Liabnm).

Principal Species :—

Maronii, 2', grh., yel.

ANDROMEDA.

Very ornamental shrubs (nrd. Ericacens) witli
beautiful wax-like flowers. Propagated by layers
pegged down in autumn, and by seeds sown in pots

when ripe, covered thinly and placed in a frame.
A peat soil, not too dry, will grow the Androniedas
well. They delight in partial shade and shelter
from cold winds.

Principal Species :—

The greater number of the plants formerly under
Andromeda have been included in other genera,
such as Cassandra, Cassiope. Leucothoe, Oxyden-
dron, Lyonia, Zenobia, Pieris, Enkianthus, and
Daboucia.

flcribunda, perhaps the best known species, now
referred to Pieris Horibunda.

polifolia, 1', Je., pk. A very beautiful shrub
whose foliage becomes finely coloured in autumn.
The varieties differ in colour from the type.

ANDROPOGON..

A large genus of Grasses (nrd. Graminpir) of the
easiest culture in a warm house. Propagated
by seeds, and also to an}' extent by division of the
tufts or clumps. Fibrous loam, and a good dash of
sand to keep it porous, will lie sufficient for their
requirements. If the soil is heavy use a third of peat.

1'ltola: U'. Jl. H'titte, Kditibnr>/li.

AXDHOSACE LANUCINOSA OL'l'I.ATA.

Principal Species :—

Schcenanthvts, 2', st. (syn. citratus). Lemon
Grass, very sweetly scented when bruised.

Other Species : —

formosus. I.1,', Mch. pubesrrns.

furcatus, I.1.', hy. squarrosus.

muricatus." striatus, 11 , Aug.

ANDROSACE. (RocK JASMINE.)

Description.— Charming perennial or annual
Alpine (lowers (nrd. Primnlaceits) of dwarf habit,
and universally recognised as among the choicest
rock plants.

Propagation. —By division in spring, by cuttings
under class in summer, and by seeds sown when
ripe or in the following spring.

Soil.— A rich, sandy peat, with a liberal mixture
of grit, suits the majority of the species, but some
need lime in the form of limestone or old mortar
rubbish.

Androstephium

Anemia

Other Cultural Points.— Jiim the plants between
stones, ensuring ,-it tin: same time that the roots
receive the rainfall, which must be kept oft' the
leaves as ranch :is possible. Ample drainage is
necessary, ami the greater number must be pro-
tected from rain in winter by a slate or a piece of
<;-la» fixed a few inches above the plants, or by a
projecting stone of the rockery. Top-dress with
peat and sand in spring and autumn. The Andro-
saees also make pretty plants for growing in pots
in a frame or cold house. The pots must have
good drainage, and similar soil to that indicated
for plants grown in the open.

Principal Species : —

carnea. .'!", ,Jy.. pk. A lovely little plant with
narrow leaves and charming flowers. The variety
eximia is very beautiful. S.W. aspect with partial
shade.

foliosa, ">", Je., flesh. A pretty plant with nice
heads of flowers, and rather large, hairy leaves.
iSouth exposure : limestone.

lamiginosa, !l", sum., ro. A lovely trailing
plant with silvery leaves and heads of beautiful
flowers. Sunny position and hanging over stones.
The variety Leichtlini has wh. flowers with a pk. eye.

sarmentosa, 3", My., ro. A pretty plant which
sends out runners after the style of a Strawberry.
It ought to be covered in winter to protect it from
rain. The variety named Chumbyi is more com-
pact in its habit.

sempervivoides, 3", My., pur. A very distinct
Androsace with rosettes like Sempervivums, and
propagating itself by runners.

villnsa. 4", My., ro. A nice little plant with
<lowny leaves. The variety Chanuejasme is very
beautiful.

Other Species :
alpina. "A", Ju., ro.
bryoides. 1", My., wh.
corouopifolia (tec lacti-

nora).

elougatu, 9", Ap., wh.
hliformis, 9", My.,wh.
imbricata, 2", Je., wh.
luctiflnra . 0". My., aim.,

wh. («I/H. coronopifolia).
Laggeri, '!", Mrh., pk.

obtusifolia, 4", Ap., ro.

(*///'. aretioicles).
pyrenoicii, 1", sum., wh.
septeutrioualis, 9", Jy. ,

wh.
vitaliana, 2", Je., yel.

(correctly, Do>iglasi:i

vitalianu).

wulfeniana, 3", Je., ro.
— Pocheri.

ANDROSTEPHIUM.

Bulbous plants (ord. Liliacea;) with blue flowers,
and requiring the protection of a frame in winter.
Flowers in umbels, and pretty. Propagated by
seeds in boxes of sandy soil and leaf mould in
spring. Offsets may lie taken off and potted separ-
ately. Soil, good, fibrous, mellow loam, with a
third of leaf soil, and plenty of sand to make it
light and porous.

Principal Species :—
violaceiuii. li". spr.. half-Udy., bl.

ANDRYALA.

Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs (urd. Com-
posite), either hardy or requiring greenhouse treat-
ment. They are rather pretty plants allied to the
Hawkweeds, with yellow flower heads, and of easv
culture. The annuals and biennials are propagated
by seeds in a frame, and the former afterwards
planted out. Perennials by division. In the open
air any friable garden soil will be suitable. For
pot culture use loam and leaf soil with a good dash
of sand.

A>ii/nix-/'niiim (it'll //yjiiificum).

Principal Species :

lanata, 9", My. and Je., hdy. per., yel. Re-
quires no protection.

Other Species :—

integrifolia, 1', Aug., hdy. mogadorensis, 2', Ap.,
bieu., yel. grh. per., yel.

ANEILEMA.

Perennial herbs (urd. Commelinaceic), mostly of
trailing habit like the Tradescantias, some requiring
stove and others greenhouse temperature, the former
with atmospheric moisture. Propagated by seeds
in heat, also by cuttings, and division of those
plants which lend themselves to this method. Soil,
sandy loam two parts, leaf mould one part, and
sufficient sand to make it porous.

Principal Species : —

gigauteum, 1', Jy., st., bl.

Other Species :—
acuminatum, 1', Aug.,

St.. bl.
ambiguum, 3", Jy., St.,

bl.
biHorum, 1', Aug., grh.,

bl.

ANEMIA (sun. AXEIMIA).
Handsome stove or greenhouse Ferns (ard. Filices).
The spore-bearing branch of the frond is often

sinicum, 1', My., grh.,
pur. bl.

nudicaule, 1', Jy., St., bl.
iiuditiorum, 1', Jy., grh.,

bl.
spiratum, 1', Jy., grh.,

bl.

rni:\ "— ANKMI.V PHYLLITIDIS.

panicledor much divided with narrow segments, very
different from the leafy portion of the frond, hence
gardeners speak of them as flowering Ferns, as in
the case of the Osmundas. Adiantifolia is one of
the most graceful and ornamental species, having
the leafy branch of the frond triangular and thrice
divided. Give plenty of water at the roots when
growing. Propagation is by spores, also by division
when the plants have formed two or more crowns.

Anemone

(46 )

Anemone

Soil, fibrous loam two parts broken up by hand,
fibrous peat one part, and a third of sand.

Principal Species : —

adiantifolia, 3', Aug., st.
Phyllitidis, 1', Je., grh.

(si/n. Anemidictyoii

Phyllitidis).

— fcetida.

— fraxiuifolia, 1', Je.,
grh.

— laciniata, 1', Aug., grh.

— lanceolata, 2', Aug.,
grh.

— lineata, lined with yel.

— longifolia, 1', Aug.,
grh.

— tessellata, 1', Aug.,
grh. (syn. A. P. plum-
bea).

seeds, sown as soon as ripe, or in spring. The
awned Anemones, with the exception of coronaria,
are often long in germinating. The tubers of the
tuberous-rooted species can be divided when large
enough, while the others can usually be propagated
by division when of sufficient size. The species
with roots like those of Anemone japonica may be
propagated by root cuttings put in pots or boxes in
spring, and placed in gentle heat.

Soil. — A good garden soil will answer for the
greater number. The Wood Anemones, nemorosa,

BLUE WOOD ANEMONES.

Phyllitidis and most of its varieties, but particularly
f raxinifolia, are valuable because they can be grown iii
a grh. temperature.

Other Species : —

coccinea, 1', Aug., st.
collina, 1', Aug., st. (ff

hirta).

dregeana, 9", grh.
'

hirsuta, 3', Je., st.

— tenella, 1', My., st.
humilis, 1', Jy., st.
repens (.fee hirsuta).
tomentosa, 1' to 2', st.
villosa (see tomeutosa).

ANEMONE. (WIND FLOWER.)

Description. — Highly ornamental garden plants
(ortl. Ranunculaceas). Almost all the species are
greatly valued for the beauty of their flowers, and
for the usefulness of their blooms for cutting. The
genus includes plants suitable for almost any posi-
tion, and of much variety of form, colour, and
stature. Some of the Anemones are among the
earliest of our garden flowers, while others give
blooms until they are cut off by frost.

Propagation. — Nearly all can be propagated by

(see Anemia).

n. robinsoniana, etc., like a rich sandy soil ; blanda
ought to have a heavier one, approaching to clay :
and japonica flourishes on one of a heavy nature also.

Principal Species :—

alpina, 1', My., wh. A vary handsome plant for
a moist border or the base of the rockery in full
sun. The leaves are beautifully divided.

angulosa, 9", Feb., Mch., bl. Better known as
Hepatica angulosa. It prefers shade, and a soil
which is not too dry. There are scarce wh. and
pk. varieties. A form which is rather inclined to
make suckers does not flower as freely as the one
which increases slowly at the root.

apennina, (>", Mch. and later, bl., ro., or wh. A
very pretty Windrlower, which does well in peat
and under trees. A capital thing to naturalise in
a wood or dell.

blanda. 6"', winter and early spring, bl. or wh.
A charming early plant. It comes very early, and
should have a sunny sheltered place. There are
several varieties, that named scythinica being
among the best. Heavy soil.

Anemone

Angelonia

coronaria, 1', Ap., etc., various. The favourite
Poppy Anemone, one of our best garden flowers.
A popular florist's Mower a number of years ago.
Easily raised from seeds, which should be mixed
with dry sand to separate them. There are both
single and double forms. The finest strain is the
St. lirigid. A good wh. is The Bride.

fulgi'tis, 1', My., ;c. An invaluable plant, classed
by botanists with hortensis, but known to gardeners
as distinct. One of the most brilliant spring
flowers. It is difficult to bloom in some gardens,
without apparent cause. Give a full exposure to
the sun, so as to ripen the tubers in the soil, though
it should be moist early in spr. There are several
forms, the double and the single variety gneca both
being good. Seeds or division.

Hepatica, fi", Feb., Men., bl. The common Hepat-
ica, for so many years a garden favourite. There are
a number of vars., among them being alba, wh. ;
nibra, red; splendens, fine red; Barlowii, pur. bl. ;
rosra, pale pk. ; variabilis, marbled foliage; double
red ; double bl. ; and a very rare double wii., besides
others. Acutiloba only differs in the form of the
IraM's. Hepatica* like a rich soil with plenty of
shade in sum. Disturb them as little as possible.
(xi/i>x. Hepatica triloba and H. americana.)

horti-iiMs, 1', Ap., red, bl., etc, Kecognised as a.
species, including fulgens, stellata, and their forms,
with pavonina. Probably related to coronaria, but
of less value in cold districts. There are many
single and double forms. A pretty form of the tvpe,
named stellata fl. pi., has (harp-pointed double
llowrrs. and is distinct from fulgens fl. pi. Divi-
sion of tubers, or seeds sown in spr.

japonica. 2', aut., red. One of the best of our
aut. hdy. flowers, and grown in almost every
gaiden. The wh. form, j. alba, or Honorific
Jouhrrt, is a charming flower, and the ro. coloured
j. hybrida is also finer than the type. A number
of new forms- have been raised from seed ; of these
may be named Lord Ardilaun, Lady Ardilaun.
Whirlwind, Mont Rose, Coupe d'Argent, Beaute Par-
faite, Collerette, and Vase d'Argent. A good strung
soil, with sufficient moisture, suits this Anemone.
Propagated by division, root cuttings, and seeds,

narcissillora, 1', My., wh. A pretty Anemone
with umbels of milk wh. flowers. Grows well in
borders of light soil, or in the rock garden. Partial
shade. Seeds or division.

nemorosa, G", Mch., wh. Our native Wood
Anemone, very variable in colour, and the parent
of a number of forms. The best with bl. flowers
are robinsoniana and the newer Allenii. Other
good coloured vars. are rosea, purpurea, and
cserulea. The best single wh. is grandiflora.
Bracteata, with a frill of grn. round the blooms, is
very attractive ; and the double form of nemorosa
should be grown everywhere. All like a peaty soil
and shade.

Pulsatilla, ]', Ap., bl. The Pasque Flower, a
beautiful British plant which thrives best on a dry
chalk soil. Propagated by seeds. The new form
alba has pretty wh. blooms.

svlvestris, I', Ap., wh. A very beautiful species
which prefers a shady position in light soil. The
double var. is a charming plant.

Other Species :—
albana, 1', My., wh.
baiealunsis, 1', Jo., wh.
baMeusis, (j", Mv., wh.
cnffra, 1J', prh./wh.
ceruua, 8", My., pur.

decapetala, 1J', Je., wh.
deltoidea, My., wh.
Fanninii, !>', Je., grh., wl\
Halleri.'J", Ap., juir. [red.
multifida, !)", Je., yel. or

obtusiloba, 6", Je., wh.
palmata, !)", My., yel. or

wh.
patens, 1", Je., pur.

Kichardsonii, 6", Je., yel.
rivularis, 1' to 4', My.,

wh.
sibirica, 3", Je., wh.

peiiusylvanica, 1J', My, gulphurea, 1', My., sulp.

wh. triiolia, G", Ap., wh.

jinlyaiithes, 1', My., wh. verualis, 1', My., wh., b]

pratensis, 10", My., pur. virgiuiaua, :>', My., pur.

rammculoides, 4", Mch.,
ML

.bl.

, My., pur.

vitifoliu, 2', Aug., tender,
wh.

ANEMONOPSIS.

The only member of the genus (ord. Ranuncula-
cese) is a tine herbaceous plant named macrophylla,
which bears a resemblance to Anemone japonica.
It grows 3' high, blooms in July, and has white
flowers with twelve petals, tinged outside wit.i
purple. It likes a sandy soil, not too dry, with
some shade from strong sun. Propagated by
seeds and division in spring,

ANEMOP^EGMA.

Stove climbers (tnrd. Bignoniacea;) with the habit
of Bignonia, and therefore suitable for training up
the pillars and rafters in tall houses. Flowers in
clusters, or racemes, white, yellow, or purplish.
Propagation is by imported -seeds in heat. Also by
cuttings of short shoots getting firm at the base,
taken off with a heel of the old wood and plunged
in pots in a hotbed, or placed in a propagating
case. Fibrous, turfy loam broken up roughly, and
a third of peat with plenty of sharp sand, suit.

Principal Species : —

racemosum, 10' to 30', ctematideum (nee Pithe-
buffpur. ' cocteuiuiu).

ANETHUM.

Graveolens (now Peucedanum graveolehs), 3',
yellow (ord, Umbellifera;), is the common Dill, the
leaves being used for soups, and the umbels and
leaves for pickling. Biennial. Sow seed when ripe,
or in spring. Dry soil.

ANGELICA.

Tall, coarse growing, hardy herbs (ord. Umhellif-
era), of no particular value. .The leaf stalks at
one time were blanched and eaten like Celery, or
candied and used as a confection. Propagation by
seeds; also by division of the stools. Of the
easiest culture in any garden soil.

Principal Species :—
officiualis, 4' to 6', Jy., songorica, 4', Jy. to Sep.,

gru. (*//«. Archangelica). wli.

ANGELONIA.

Herbaceous perennial herbs (ord. Scrophu-
larinefe) allied to Alonsoa and Nemesia, and
some of them really very pretty. Some require a
dry stove, others do well in a greenhouse, or in a
frame in summer. Propagated by seeds in a warm
pit in February and March to flower the same
year. Also by cuttings of shoots when 3" long,
in sandy soil under a bell-glass or hand-light,
and not kept too damp. Fibrous mellow loam two
pm'ts, leaf mould one part, and plenty of sharp
saiid, will suit. Some species may be divided.

• Principal Species : —
angustifolia, 1', Je., Jy., grandiflom, 1', Jy. to

'grh., dark vio. Sep., grh., pur.

cpiuigera, 1', Aug., st., miniata, 1', My., grh.,

.1*" . pur., wh.

floribumla, 1', Aug., st., gulicariirfnlm, •>' ', Aug.,

pur. St., bl.

liardiicri, 1', My., grh.,

pur., wh.

Angelica Tree (sec Aralia

Angianthus

Angrsecum

ANGIANTHUS.

Annual or perennial herbs (ord. Composite),
smootli or woolly. One species is shrubby. They
require greenhouse treatment. Propagntion by
seeds ; and the perennials by cuttings in spring
under a hand-light in gentle heat, and kept rather
dry overhead. Sandy loam and leaf mould suit.

Principal Species : —

aureus (swCassiiiia aurea). Chrysocoryne angian-
pusillus, 6" to 1', Jy., thoides).

grh., straw colour (si/n.

ANGIOPTERIS.

Strong growing, bulky Ferns (ord. Filices), that
require plenty of room for their perfect develop-
ment. They throw up large fronds as thick as
giant Rhubarb stalks in the case of evecta,
which is variable, and by some authors split up
into ten to sixty species. Moist stove temperature,
with abundance of water at the root all the year.
Propagation is by spores. An easier process is to
import plants. Fibrous loam two parts, peat one
part, and plenty of sand, suit. The pots or tubs
must be well drained by reuson of the copious
watering necessary.

Principal Species : —

evecta, 6' to 15', Je., st. — miqueliana.

— brongniartiana. — pruinosa.

— macrophylla. • — teysnrauniana.

ANGOPHORA.

Strong growing, evergreen shrubs {ord. Myr-
taceze), thriving satisfactorily with greenhouse
treatment. They are most suitable for tall con-
servatories. Propagation is by seeds in heat ; also
by cuttings of mature shoots, in very sandy soil
and peat, under a hand-light in gentle heat. Equal
proportions of fibrous, mellow loum and peat, with
clean silver sand to allow the free passage of water,
will suit.

Principal Species : —

cordifolia, 6' to 10', My.
to Aug. , yel. (si/as. Eu-
calyptus hirsute, Me-
trosideros anomala, M.
hirsuta, M. hispida).

costata, 6', Jy., Aug.,

yel.
lanceolata, 10', Je. to

Nov., crim.

ANGR^ECUM.

Description. — A large genus of epiphytal Orchids
(.ord. Orchidacea?) chiefly from the tropics of
the Old World, and therefore requiring hot and
moist treatment in the East Indian house.
Flowers mostly white, but some are tinted with
green, buff, pink, lemon, cinnamon, or cream.
All are characterised by having a spur to the lip,
frequently of great length. Many are sweetly
scented.

Propagation. — By offsets, which may be severed
from the parent plant, with or without roots, in
spring, or any other time when growth is just
becoming active.

Soil. — Being epiphytes or air plants no soil is
necessary ; but a large quantity of drainage, in
the form of clean crocks, should be used for
plants grown in pots or baskets. Clean, live
sphagnum moss should be placed over the drain-
age and about the roots of the plants, which
should be staked to keep them steady till the
roots take fresh hold.

Other Cultural Points. — Eburneum and sesquipe-
dale are usually grown in pots. The smaller species
may be grown in teak wood baskets of a size to
suit the various species. Many of the small ones
succeed best on teak rafts covered with sphagnum
and wired on. Some of them, such as citratum,
hyaloides, and i'alcatum, may be grown in small
pots or Orchid pans. Some Angrrecums may be
kept in cooler quarters when flowering, " but
when making their growth all should be" grown
in the highest temperature maintained in the
East Indian house, the atmosphere of which
should be kept very humid. The cultivator
should also attend very closely to watering at
this period. When growth has been completed
water should be gradually withheld, though the
leaves should never be allowed to shrivel through
dryness at the root. Give shade in summer
when the sun is hot. As the plants come into
bloom keep them very warm and the atmosphere
dry.

Principal Species s—

caudatum, li', Aug., wh.

Has a long dusky spur,
citratum, 6" to 8", lem.,

sweet,
eburneum, 1Y to 2', wh.,

strong growing (var.

vireus has a green lip).
Ellisii, 1', My., Je., wh.
i'alciitum, 4", wh., sweet.

Keep at the cool end of

the .East Indian house.

Other Species : —

apiculatum (see bilohum).

— dormanianum, wh. and
sepals tipped verm.

arcuatuin, 6", wh. («;/«.

Listrostachys arcuata).
anneniacum, 1', yel., pk.
articulatum,10", My.,Je.,

wh.

ashantense, 4", Je., cin.
avicularium, 4", wh.
bilobum, 6", Sep., wh.

— Kirkii, 4", wh.

— calligerum, 4", wh.
bistortum, 6", wh.
caulesccns, 1J', Sep., grn.,

wh.

cephalotes, wh. (fi/ii. Lis-
trostachys) .
ehuilluanum, wh.
christyanum, G",grii.,wh.
claudestinum, fa"', Sep.,

grn., wh.

cryptodon, 8", wh.
descendens, 10", wh.
distichum (sec Mystaci-

dium) .
eichleriunum, H', gru.,

wh.

fastuosum, wh.
florulentuin, 1', wh.
Fournierse (see stylosum).
fourmerianum, 1', wh.
fragraiis, Jan., wh.
funale (see Deudrophy-

lax fimalis).
fuscatum, 6", ochre,
germinyaiium, 1!', wh.
gladiifolium, Feb., wh.
glomeratum , 6", wh.
grandidieriaiium, 4",

ivory («//». Aerantlius

graiididieriauus) .

Humblotii, 8" to 10", wh.
Leonis (see Humblotii).
polystachy s, 1 ' to It', My.,

Je., wh., sweet."
sauderianum, 1', spring,

wh.

scottianum, 1', wh.
sesquipedale, 2', Jan. to

Je., wh.

henriquesianum, 4", wh.
Hildebraiidtii,4",or., yel.
hyaloides, 4", wh.
ichneiimoueum, 1', ochre,

wh. (.w/^. Listrostachys

iclmeumonea).
imbricatum, 1 .' ', cream, or.
kim)mllianum(now^Eonia

poly stachya) .
Kotschyi, ivory,
inicraiithuni (see Campy-

locentron) .
modestum, Ap., wh.
o'brieniaimm, wh.
odoratissimum, wh.
ophiolectrou, grn., yel.

(si/n. Aeraiithus).
oruithorhyuchum (see

Aeranthus).
pallidum, 2', wh.
pellucidum, (}", Nov., wh.
pertusum, 6", Oct., wh.
pescatoreanum, wh.
primulimim, 6", cream,
ringens, yel., wh. (*//;i.

Listrostachys) .
rostellare, 8", ochre.
Sedeuii (a var. of arcua-

tum).

Siuithii, 1", hr.
stylosum, 6", wh.
subulatum, \vh.
superbum, grn., wh.
teime (syn. jmrpurascens.

Some doubt about this

plant).

teretifolium, wh.
tridactylites, 4" to 5",

buff.

Anguillaria

( 49)

Anisochilus

ANGUILLARIA.

Herbaceous perennials (iird. Liliaceas), requiring
the protection of a greenhouse in winter, or a franm
from which the frost, is just excluded. The rootstock
is a small cortn encased by the sheathing base of
the leaves. Flowers purple, in spikes. Propagated
by cuttings in summer, also by offsets and
division of the conns when repotting. Soil, light,
sandy, friable loam, with one-third of peat.

Principal Species : —
dioica, 1', My. (xyn. big- indica (see Iphigenia in-

lainlulosa). dica).

ANGULOA.

Description. Large and showy Orchids (ord.
Orc-liidacea1), generally requiring the temperature
of the intermediate or Cattleya house, that is, 55°
to (iir in winter, and G0° to G5° in summer. The
flowers are large, produced singly on stems sheathed
with bracts, erect or nodding, yellow, white, and
sometimes heavily spotted with purple or crimson.

Propagation. — l!y division of established plants,
retaining a lead to each piece. If the youngest
pseudo-bulb or leading growth is cut away, the next
older pseudo-bulb will develop another bud (the
"back bud " of the Orchid grower).

Soil. — Fibrous peat two-thirds, sphagnum moss
one-third, and a little silver sand, if there is none in
the peat. The live sphagnum should be chopped.

Other Cultural Points. — Give plenty of moisture
at the roots when growing, and maintain a moist
atmosphere ; but on the advent of winter the
plants must be kept cooler and drier, and in a dry
atmosphere when in bloom, to prevent the spotting
of the flowers. Potting or repotting should be ac-
complished when the young roots begin to grow.
Fill the pols half to two-thirds with clean crocks,
and cover this with sphagnum before putting in
any compost. Shade while the growths are still
yo.ung, but not, afterwards.

Principal Species and Varieties : -
Clowesii, IV, My., yd. — sanguinea, IV, My.,

— floribus Havis, U',My., red (syn. purpurea).
yel. uniflora, 1' 4", cream.

Ruckeri, I,1,', My., yel., cr. — eburnea, 1' 4", wh.

— alba, 1.J', My., wh. — Mimtiui, 1' 4", pk.

— media, I'.', My., yel., cr. — Treyeraui, 1' 4 , wh.,

— retusa, U',My. ,1cm., pur. ro.

Other Species :

<Iubia, 1' 4", wh. , pur. madouxiana, 1' 4".

j,'raiulinora (wrStauhopea media, 1' 4".

Bucephalus) . purpurea (nee Ruckeri
intermedia (*<•<• media). saniiuiuea).

ANGURIA.

Stove climbers (ord. Cucurbitacete), some being
herbaceous, others shrubby, evergreen, and climbing
to a considerable height. Flowers green, yellow, or
scarlet, followed by small oblong or oval fruits,
Classed as Gounls. Propagated by seeds, also by
cuttings of shoots or roots. They are of easy
culture in light, sandy soil, in loam and leaf
mould, or in loam and peat, using plenty of sand.

Principal Species : —

mackayana. ver. ; should be trained to the
pillars or rafters of a st.

trilobata, 20', Jy., pk.

AVarscewiczii, win., sc.

Other Species : -

jH'.ht.i. -JO', .ly., yd. uinbrosa, 10', Jy., yel.

trifoliate, 10'," Jy".. yd.

ANHALONIUM.

Dwarf, globose, or tufted succulents (ord. Cac-
teje), allied to JIamillarin, with which they are
4

sometimes united. They 'differ from the species
of that genus chiefly by having triangular, sub-
leafy tubercles. Flowers moderate in size. Warm
greenhouse treatment, and kept very dry in winter,
will meet their requirements. Increase is by seeds ;
also by offsets from those of tufted habit. Fibrous
loam in which there is a large proportion of sand,
and soft, red bricks broken up rather finely, will suit.

Principal Species : —
Engelmaimi (SIJH. tissur- Williams!!.

atum). — Lewinii, 1" to 6".

prismaticuin, G".

ANIGOZANTHOS (*;/«. ANIGOSIA).

Tufted, Sedge-like plants {ord. Haemodoraceic),
succeeding in a greenhouse from which frost is just
excluded, either in pots or planted out where they
will get plenty of light. The green, yellow, purple,
or red hairy, tubular flowers, are raised well above
the grassy or Sedge-like tufts of leaves, and are
both curious and showy. Propagation is by
division of the tufts or clumps when repotting iii
spring. Soil, loam one part, peat two parts, leaf
mould one part, with plenty of sharp sand.

Principal Species : —

bicolor, 3', My., sc., grn. The colours make
a pretty contrast.

rufa, 2', Je., pur. (syn. tyrianthina).

Other Species : —
flavida, 3', My., yel., grn. Manglesii angustifolia, 3',

(X//HX. cocciiiea, grandi- Jy., grn., red.

flora). pulcherrima, 2V, My.,

f uliginosa (see Macropidia). yel., wh.
humilis, H', red or yel. tyriauthina (see rufa).

ANISACANTHA.

Dwarf, shrubby plants (ord. Chenopodiacese),
with jointed stems and leaves. A cool greenhouse
is necessary for their welfare. Propagation is by
cuttings of half-mature shoots, in sandy soil under
a bell-glass. Light sandy soil with a little leaf
mould suits them. Some advocate peat.

Principal Species : —

divaricata, 2', grn.

ANISE.

There are several species of Pimpinella (ord.
Vmbellifersc), two of them British ; but only P.
Anisum, an annual herb, is grown in gardens' for
the sake of its leaves, which are used in garnishing
or for seasoning certain dishes in the same way as
Fennel. . The seed is also used in medicine. Pro-
pagation is by seeds, which should be sown in lines
1' apart, on a south border, about the end of
April, and the seedlings afterwards thinned to G"
in the line. Rather light and sandy soil in a
sunny, sheltered position should be chosen for it.

Principal Species :—

Anisum, 1', Je. to Aug., half-hdy. ann., wh.

ANISOCHILUS.

Rather showy biennial or perennial herbs or sub-
shrubs (ord, Labiatse), requiring stove treatment.
The flowers are small, but the false whorls are
collected in oblong or cylindrical spikes. Propa-
gated bvM-eds; or more generally by cuttings of
half-ripened wood in sandy soil in pots, under a
ham (light or similar protection. Soil, turfy,
libroiii loam, and one-third of peat, with sand.

Principal Species : —

caniosi, 2', Je., Sep., HI.

An in. (sec Tainia).
Animal Manures (see Manures).
Animated Oat (see Arena sterilis).
. I nixiintlius (see Ant/io/i/za).
Anisucaiiipiiti/i (sec Ncplirodiuni).

Anisomeles

(,50 )

Anoectochilus

ANISOMELES.

Hairy or woolly greenhouse or stove herbs (prd.
Labiata;) of evergreen character, allied to Stachys,
but some are annual. They bear dense or some-
times loose racemes of flowers, after the manner
of Stachys or Salvia, Propagated by seeds in heat
in the case of annuals. Cuttings of the perennials
may be taken and accorded the necessary heat
according to their'kind, under a bell-glass or hand-
light. Soil, two-thirds good fibrous loam, and one-
third leaf soil, with sand. Some use peat instead of
leaf mould, but there is little or no nutriment in it.

Principal Species : —

furcata, 1', Aug., grh., bl. moschata, 2', Aug., grh.,

malabarica, '2', Jy., st., pur.

vio. ovata, 2', Aug., st., pk.

ANNUALS.

This name is given to plants that are raised
from seeds, grow, flower, produce seeds, and die
within the year. As the roots of annuals die with
the tops, the plants do not push growth the second
season, though by picking the dead flowers from
certain annuals, and not allowing them to ripen
seeds, they will flower for two or more years.
Sweet and culinary Peas are good types of true
annuals. For horticultural purposes annuals are
divided into three sections — hardy, half-hardy,
and tender.

Hardy Annuals. — The term is applicable to any
plant of the above character requiring no protec-
tion ; but in gardens it is usually confined to
flowering annuals that are raised and grown
entirely in the open. For summer flowering, hardy
annuals should be sown in beds and borders when
the soil is in a crumbly condition in March and April.
To ensure success, the ground should be deeply
dug beforehand, and enriched with decayed stable
manure, as the plants enjoy a free root-run and an
open situation. Hardy annuals are very effective
when sown in small patches in mixed borders or
for massing in beds. They may also be sown in
rows, and afterwards transplanted. With a fine
tilth secured, scatter the seeds thinly, and cover
lightly with fine soil. The young plants should be
thinned so that they eventually stand about 4
inches apart. The following is a short selection of
good hardy annuals : —
Bartonia aurea. (rodetias. Poppies.

Candytuft. Larkspurs. Saponaria

Clarklas. Mignonette. calabrica.

Centaureas. Nasturtiums. Silene penclula.

Convolvulus Nemophilas. Sweet Peas.

tricolor. Phacelia Virginian Stocks.

Cornflower. campanularia.

Eschscholtzias.

Hardy Annuals for Spring Flowering. — Beautiful
as hardy annuals are in the summer they are
equally effective in the spring, and, if care is taken
in raising, the plants will stand an ordinary winter
with safety. Sow at the end of August and early
in September in drills 9 inches apart, in firm and
not over-rich soil. Sow thinly, and avoid over-
crowding by allowing the plants to stand clear of
each other through the winter. Lift carefully in
the spring, and transplant where they are intended
to flower. It should be remembered that some
.annuals which are quite hardy will fail to stand the
winter if raised too early the previous summer or

Anlsogonium (see Aapletiium).
Anisopetalum (see Bulbopliijlhi-m).
Anneslea of Ji,oxl> (see Eurijnlc).
Anncslia of W. Ifook (see Calliandra).

left to crowd each other in the seed rows. The
following are amongst the most useful for spring
blooming : —

Asperula azurea. Limuanthes Saponaria calabrica.
Bartonia aurea. Dou^lasii. Sileiie peudula.

Clarkias. Nemophilas.

Half-hardy Annuals. — To this section belong-
plants that are not perfectly hardy, but will stand
a little frost. They play an important part in the
furnishing of flower gardens during the summer
and autumn, and are raised by sowing seeds in
shallow pans or boxes placed in a greenhouse or
frame provided with gentle bottom heat, in March
and April. The soil should be finely sifted potting
mould, and when the little plants have made a
pair of leaves above the seed leaves they must be
pricked out in a frame or in boxes, about 3 inches
apart. The chief points to observe in the successful
raising of half-hardy annuals are (1) thin sowing ;
(2) pricking off the seedlings before they overcrowd
each other; (3) growing close to the glass, and
giving abundance of air ; (4) hardening off and
planting in deep, rich soil at the end of May and
early in June. The following are included in the
half-hardy section: —
African and French Nemesias. Scahiouses.

Marigolds. Phlox Drum- Summer

China Asters. mondii. Stocks.

Lobelias. Salpiglosses. Zinnias.

Tender or Greenhouse Annuals.— Compared with
the two preceding sections the plants comprising
this are not numerous. Greenhouse annuals are
raised by sowing seeds in February and M.'irch
in pots or shallow pans in finely sifted soil. When
large enough the seedlings are placed in small pots,
and removed to increased sizes as they require it.
Balsams and Khodanthes are typical greenhouse
annuals, and the first named may be grown into
fine specimens.

NOTE. — The various annuals are dealt with
under their names, and special articles are
devoted to the most important of them.

ANODA.

Hardy or half-hardy herbaceous plants (ord, Mal-
vaceae) with the habit of Malva. Leaves more or
less hairy, and flowers purple. Propagation is by
seeds ; also by cuttings in a frame during summer.
Any ordinary friable garden soil will do when
planted out. Loam, leaf mould, and sand for those
grown in pots.

Principal Species :—
crenatiflora, 2', grh., gm. hastata, 2',Jy.Aug.,hdy.,

(Ktfii. parviflora). pur.

dilleniana, 3', Jy., grh., Ochsenii (see Abutilon).

pur. («(/«. Sidacristata). Wrightii, 2', Jy. Aug.,
Inly., pur.

ANCECTOCHILUS.

Description. — Highly ornamental terrestrial
Orchids (ord. Orchidaceas) of creeping habit, suc-
ceeding best in a moist stove, or in the East Indian
house, under the protection of cases or bell-glasses.
They are valued chiefly for the handsome foliage.
The colours given below refer to the leaves only.
Kemove the flowers of the others as soon as dis-
cernible, as this assists the foliage.

Propagation.- -I5y division of the fleshy, creep-
ing rhizomes or stems, retaining a bud to each
piece, with some roots when obtainable. Keep
close till fresh roots are formed.

Soil. — Fibrous peat, chopped sphagnum, some
finely broken soft red bricks or potsherds, and

Anodontea (see Alyntum).

Anoiganthus

(51 )

Anona

sand. A little fibrous loam may be used. Fill the
pans three parts full of clean crocks.

Other Cultural Points. — Some of the most suc-
cessful cultivators grow them in large pans, con-
tinually covered or sheltered with bell-glasses,
slightly tilted by placing a small piece of wood or
slate under one edge so as to encourage a gentle
circulation of air and prevent damping.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

iirgyroneurus. ti", olive with silvery veins.

concinnus, G", olive grn., with gold red ribs, and
netted with the same colour.

Heriotii, (>", mahogany, veined with gold and
lightly netted.

hieroglyphicus, G", dark grn., marbled with silvery
grey blotches.

Lansbergia;, 4", velvety grn., netted emerald and
edged old gold.

Lowii, G", olive grn., netted coppery (correct
name Dossinia marmorata).

— virescens, G", leaves brighter grn.

ornatus. ti", velvety olive, with broad gold band,
and netted red gold.

regalis, ti", velvety grn., netted with golden veins.
One of the most handsome (»//«. setaceus).

— • albo-marginatus, 6", edged wh.

— cordatus, 6", blotched with gold.

— grandifolius,G", netted withgoldonagrn. ground.

— inornatus, tj", velvety grn.

sandcrianus, G", dark olive, netted gold (see
Macodes sanderiana).

Veitchii, G". velvety, with wavy golden lines.
Other Species and Hybrids : —
argenteus (nee Physurus (correctly Argyrorchis

pictus). javanicus).

argyneus, 6", silvery. latimaculatus, 6", grn.,

silver mark.

Meiiiertii,6"(«vDossiuia).
uevillianus, 6", gru., or.

yel. veins,
ordiaiius, 6", grn., silvery

veins.

Ortgiesii,6"(w«Physurus).
pictus, 6" (see Physurus).
querceticolus, 6" (see Phy-
surus) .
Reinwardtii, 6", bronze,

gold lines.
Roxburghii, G".
Ruckeri, 6", pale spots in

six lines.

Schielleri,G",stripedsilver.
setaceus (see regalis).
striatus(.we Zeuxine regia) .
Turneri, 6", bronze, yel.

veins.

zebrinus, 6", striped cop-
per.

0", olive grn.,
veins gold.

Bulli'iiii, 6", striped cop-
per red.

rhrvsoprusus, G", coppery,
netted gru.

<l;nvsonia,uus and d. pictus
(sfe Hiemaria discolor
da \vsouiana).

Dayi, 6' ' (sec Dpssiuia mar-
nionita Dayi).

Dominii, 6", olive gm.,
pale ribs.

Eldorado, G", dark gru.,
pale veins.

Frederici- August!, 6' ' ,dark
gm., or. rib.

inscriptus, 6", olive, net-
ted red gold.

intermedius, 6", olive,
netted gold.

javauicus, 6", olive grn.

ANOIGANTHUS.

I'.ullious plants (ord. Amaryllideic) more closely
allied to Sternbergia than Cyrtanthus, having the
straight-tubed flower of the former. They require
cool greenhouse treatment, such as is given to
Cyrtanthus. When resting, keep cool and dry.
Propagation is by seeds and offsets, the latter when
repotting. Good substantial fibrous loam, a little
leaf soil, and sand to keep it open, suit. Put the
bulbs well down.

Principal Species : —

breviilorus, !)", My., bright yel. (syn. Cyrtanthus
lutescens of gardens).

ANOMATHECA.

Dwarf. bulbous, rather tender plants (ord. Irideae),
now referred to Lapeyrousia, with bright flowers;

suitable for pots or borders in mild climates-
Propagated by seeds or otl'sets, and thriving in
light and rather sandy soil. Frame culture is very
suitable for these plants, except grandillora and
juncea, which require a greenhouse, and may be
either grown in pots or planted out. Seeds sown in
the open when ripe will give flowers the following
year.

AxOMATHECA CItrENTA.

Species : —

cruenta, <>" to 1', Jy., crim. Very beautiful (syn.
Lapeyrousia cruenta).

grandiflora, 1', Sep., Oct., sc. (syn. L. grandiflora).
juncea, 9", Je., pk. (.«//«. L. juncea).

ANOMOCHLOA.

A perennial Grass (wvZ.Gramineae') requiring stove
heat. The leaves are arranged in two ranks. The
flowers arc in terminal spikes. Propagated by
seeds, also by division of the tufts. Fibrous loam,
leaf mould, and sand suit.

Only Species :—

marantoidea, 10", st.

ANONA.

Evergreen trees and shrubs (ord. Anonacca?) with
fragrant foliage, and requiring stove heat. They
furnish various fruits in tropical countries, and
have different names according to the species,
such as Sour Sop, Custard Apple, Alligator Apple,
and Bullock's Heart. Propagated by seeds in pots
plunged in a hotbed in spring. Also by cuttings
of ripened wood in a propagating case in strong

Anopterus

(52)

Anthemis

heat. Soil, substantial fibrous loam, a little leaf
soil, and sand.

Principal Species : —

Cherimolia, IS', Aug., br. The Cherimoyer, a
delicious fruit from Peru.

murieata, 10', grn., yel. The Sour Sop of the
W. Indies.

palustris, 15', yel. The Cork-wood or Alligator
Apple.

reticulata, 20', pale yel., br. Bullock's Heart or
Custard Apple.

squamosa, 20', wh., gru. The Sweet Sop.

Other Species : —

amplexicauiis, I'l', yel., mexicana, 12', yel., grn.

gru. mucosa, 12', yel., gru.

usiatica, 12', yel., grn. obtusifolia, 15', yel., gnu

ciuerea, 15', yel., gi'ii. paludosa, 4', gru.

glabra, 16', Aug., br. punctata, 12', yel., grn.

luurifolia, 15', br. rhizautha, 15', red.

lougifolia, 20', pur. seiiegaleusis, 10', yel.,gru.

ANOPTERUS.

Evergreen shrubs (tird. Saxifrageae) of dwarf
habit, with large and showy white flowers, requiring
the shelter of a greenhouse, though very nearly
hardy. In Cornwall, the Scilly and Channel Islands,
they would probably succeed with the shelter of
a wall. Handsome as pot plants for the conserva-
tory. Increased by cuttings of half-ripened wood
in sandy soil and peat. Fibrous loam two parts,
peat one part, and a good dash of silver sand, suit.

Principal Species : —

glandulosus, 1J' to 3', Ap., wh. Flowers some-
times tinted pk.

ANREDERA.

A perennial twiner (ord. Chenopodiacese) with a
tuberous root and slender, very smooth, angled
stems, and fleshy entire leaves. Flowers small,
white. Propagation is by cuttings of half-ripened
shoots under a bell-glass. Light, sandy, friable
loam suits.

Only Species : —

spicata, wh. (syn. scandens).

ANSELLIA.

Rather tall and erect growing Orchids (ord.
OrclridaceEc), allied to Cymbidium, and requiring
moist stove treatment, with an abundant supply of
moisture at the roots and in the atmosphere when
making their growth. During winter, and when in
bloom, they may be kept' a little cooler, with less
moisture at the roots and drier overhead. Propa-
gation is by division of the plants when the flower-
ing period is over and the young roots commence
to push out. Fibrous or turfy loam two-thirds,
fibrous peat with most of the fine material shaken
out one-third (or chopped sphagnum may be em-
ployer! instead of peat), with some silver sand, suit.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
africana, 3', Feb., yel., — lutea, yel.

br. humilis, 2', Feb., lemon

coufusa, 3', Feb., yel., br., yel., chocolate.

pur. — pallida, ground colour

congoensis, 3', Feb., yel., milk wh.

br. spots. nilotica, 2', Feb., yel.,

gigantea, 3' , Feb. , yel. , br. pur. spots.

— citrina, citron, un- — rossiaua, 2', Feb., pale

spotted. yel.

ANT.

Ant* (emmets) are a source of considerable
worry in gardens. They are particularly fond of

AnoiiyiHflS (we Zorniti).

Aiutjilnntlms (we J'/ic/ifiipa).

Anoplopltytuni (see tirhlumbcrgia anil Tillandsia).

the sweet fluids which they extract from ri|.c
fruits of Cherries, Apricots, Peaches, Plums, Apples,
and Pears. Ants invariably follow in the wake of
aphides, eating the sweet, sticky fluid which the
latter exude and leave on the foliage of infested
plants. They tap the insects with their antenna!.
Young partridges are very fond of the pupa; of
ants, which are found in colonies under mounds
raised by the insects in pasture fields. Where
colonies of ants are accessible they may be de-
stroyed by digging out the nests, immersing them
in boiling water, and mixing gas lime with the
soil. A strong decoction of stewed Elder leaves
poured into the nest at night is a good means of
destruction ; and another remedy consists of plac-
ing a few lumps of camphor in a can of water, and
sprinkling it about their haunts. Large numbers
of the insects may be caught by placing meat bones
near the nests. The ants are attracted by them,
and are easily destroyed with boiling water. The
pests may be poisoned in the spring witli mercurous
chloride. Take calomel one part, and finely pow-
dered sugar eleven parts. Mix well together, and.
place the compound in small heaps near the nest.
The Ants eat the mixture and perish. To prevent.
Ants creeping up the stems of espalier fruit trees
fasten pieces of wool round at a short distance from
the ground.

ANTENNARIA.

Description. — Xeat little hardy herbaceous plants
(ord. Compositae), of small value as flowering
plants, but very suitable as a carpet over bulbs
or under taller flowers which require some dwarf
plant underneath to show their forms to advantage.
The leaves are white or silvery, and the plants are
very ornamental on rockwork.

Propagation. — By seeds sown under glass in
spring, or by division of the roots at the same

.srasi ui.

Soil. — That of alight and sandy character is best.

Other Cultural Points. — The dwarf er Anten-
narias may be used for covering the soil above such
bulbs as Snowdrops, Crocuses, or others which
flower early, in order to prevent the places from
being bare late in the season. They should, how-
ever, be in a sunny place so as to bring out the
whiteness of the leaves. They do well on terraces
of the rock garden.

Principal Species : —

dioica, 3" to 4", Je., pk. or wh. A pretty native
species, of which there are two or three varieties,
that named dioica rosea being attractive. Minima
is of very dense growth.

tomentosa, 1", sum., wh. One of the closest
growing of all our wh. leaved carpeting plants, and
of almost snowy whiteness in a congenial position.
It is as well to keep its flowers clipped off (syn.
Candida).

Other Species : —

alpina, 1" to 4", Je., wh. plantaginea, 9", My., wh.
carpathica, 6", My., wh. triplinervis, 2', Jy., wh.
margaritacea,2',Aug.,wh. («<• Aiuiphalis tripli-

(wv Aimphalis margari- nervis).

tacea).

ANTHEMIS. (CAMOMILE.)

Hardy border or rock garden plants (ord. Com •
positrc) mostly of a herbaceous character, many
being very useful and appreciated for cutting.
Propagated by division or seed in spring or autumn.
Any common soil will suit almost nil the plants,
which are quite hardy. The Alpine species like ;,
gritty soil and sun.

Anthephora

( 53)

Anthocercis

Principal Species : —

Ai/.oon (sec Achillea agerati folia).

carpathica, <>". Je., wh. A neat Alpine.

maci'donica, 8", Je., wh. One of the best for
rockeries.

montana, Aug., Sep., wh. or pur. (sijn. saxatilis).

nobilis, 1', Aug., wh. The common Chamomile.

tinctoria, 2', Jy., etc., yel. The Dyer's Chamo-
mile, a good border flower. There are several
varieties, such as Kelwayi, pallida, Canary Bird,
and Mrs. H. T. Brooks, 'which are all improve-
ments.

Triumfettii, U', Je., yel. A good border plant

Other Species : —

a'tnemis, (>", Jan., wh. biebersteiuiana, Je., yel.

BaiTclirri, 1', Aug., wh. (*y"« marshalliana).

(Achillea Barrelieri). cinerea, wh., grey Ivs.

(**r figure).

flowering, though it may be delayed if necessary
until autumn. The Anthericums make very orna-
mental pot plants when grown in a rich soil and
bloomed under glass in a cool or cold liouse. Large
pots filled with two parts of fibrous loam, one of leaf
mould, and a half each of rough sand and decom-
posed manure, will be necessary. After flowering
place outside. They must not be allowed to suffer
from drought at any time.

Principal Species : —

Liliago, li', Je., wh. St. Bernard's Lily, a very
pretty plant with racemes of small Lily-like flowers.
The variety major is more desirable than the type
(syns. Watsonia Liliago and Phalangium Lilingo).

Liliastrum, 2', Je., wh. St. Bruno's Lily, a
charming border flower, with larger flowers than
the preceding. There is a superior form named
major. This grows as much as ">' high (*//«.«.

ANTHKMIS CINEIIEA.

ANTHEPHORA.

Branched or tufted, sometimes tall, Grasses (ord.
Qtamineee), requiring the protection of a warm
greenhouse in winter. The inflorescence consists
of green spikelets arranged all round the axis,
or in some species all directed to one side. They
.ire of the easiest culture. Propagation is by
seeds in March and April in heat, also by division
of the stools or tufts. Fibrous loam, leaf mould,
and sand will meet their requirements. Some use
|;cat instead of leaf mould, but it is unnecessary.

Principal Species : —
clegans, Aug., grn. villosa, Aug., grn.

ANTHERICUM.

Description. — Very ornamental garden plants
(ord. Liliacrae) with white flowers and long narrow
leaves. All those named are hardy unless otherwise
mentioned. The plant known as A. Lilinstrnm is
spoken of here, although it is now named Paradisea
Liliastrum.

Propagation. — By division of the roots immedi-
ately after flowering, or by seeds sown when ripe
in a frame or in pots in a greenhouse.

Soil. — A good, rich, well-manured soil is needed
to grow these plants well.

Other Cultural Points. — Plants to bo grown out-
side should be planted as early as possible after

lie proper name, and Czaokia

Paradisea Liliastrum, I
Liliastrum).

ramosum, 2', Je., wh. Smaller than the fore-
going, and less attractive (syn. graminifolium).
A var. of this is called Dorset;!.
Other Species : —

revolutum, 2', grh., wh.
undiilatum, lj', Je., grh ,

wh.

variegatum, 2', grh.,
wh., variegated. Now
Chlorophytnm datum
variegatum (*//«*. Plia-
laugium argenten-lin-

r,

eare and Anthericum
Williamsii).

canaliculatum,
grh., wh.

croceum, 1', Je., wh.

cclieandoules, 1', Nov.,
grh.. yel.

fali'iitum, 1', Jy., grh.,
wli.

Gerrardii, 9", Oct., grh.,
wh.

makoyanum, 2|', varie-
gated leaves.

ANTHOCERCIS.

Dwarf or moderately tall New Holland shrubs
(ord. Solanaceie), succeeding with greenhouse treat-
ment, either in pots or planted out. The flowers
are white or yellow, often purple or striped inside,
and very pretty, in terminal racemes or panicles.
Propagation is by cuttings of the ripened wood
taken in spring, inserted in very sandy soil, placed
under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam and peat in equal
proportions, with plenty of sand to ensure drainage,
suit.

Anthocleista

( 54)

Anthurium

Principal Species : —

ilbicans, 3', Je., wh. ilicifolia, 3', Je. , wh.

Horibuuda, 3', My., Je., littorea, 3', Je., wh.

wh. viscosa, 6', My., wh.

ANTHOCLEISTA.

Trees or shrubs (ord, Loganiacea)) and some of
them climbers from Tropical Africa, requiring
the heat and moisture of a stove. Flowers white or
yellowish, and moderately large (1J" across in some
cases). Propagation is by cuttings under a bell-
glass or in a propagating c.ise. Soil, peat and loam,
in the ratio of one part of the former to two of the
latter, with some silver sand.

Principal Species : —
insigiiis, 70', yel. macrophylla, 20', wh.

ANTHODON.

Trees and shrubs (ord. Celastrinete) of tropical
or sub-tropical regions, and sometimes joined to
Salacia. Foliage evergreen. Flowers generally in
clusters, yellow and green, followed by berried fruits.
Propagated by cuttings of moderately-hardened
wood under a bell-glass, in heat. Loam, leaf
mould, and sand suit ; or peat may be used instead
of leaf mould. Stove heat is essential.

Principal Species : —
ellipticum, 12', yel., gru. pauiculatum, 12', yel.,grn.

ANTHOLOMA.

Tall shrubs or low trees (ord. Tiliacete), requiring
the heat of a stove. Propagated by cuttings of
mature wood in sand, inserted in pots, and placed in
a propagating case. Sandy, fibrous loam, with some
good leaf mould, will meet the requirements.

Principal Species : —

raontana, 20', My., St., wh. May be grown in
tubs or planted out.

ANTHOLYZA.

Description. — Striking bulbous plants (ord.
Irideic) with long spikes of flowers and handsome
Iris-like leaves. They • are unlike most other
flowers of their season, and should be more grown,
either under glass or outside.

Propagation. — By offsets, taken off when the
plants are at rest, or by seeds sown under glass in
spring.

Soil. — Sandy loam, leaf mould, and peat, in equal
proportions, form a good compost for pot culture ;
but they will grow in almost any good soil.

Other Cultural Points. — The greater number are
hardy, if planted about 8" deep, and mulched in
winter with Cocoanut fibre or dry litter. They
may, however, be lifted and stored like Gladioli,
planting in pots or in the open being done in
March. Frame culture is also suitable.

Principal Species : —

Eethiopica, 4', Je., red, yel. A handsome plant
(syns. praalta, ringens, and floribunda). The var.
vittigera has more yel.

paniculata, 4', Jy., red, yel. Perhaps the finest
and hardiest. Very striking, even when not in
flower. Leaves broad and ribbed.

Other Species : —

caffra, 3', Jy., red (s;/;7.

Anisanthus splendens).
Cunonia,li', Jy.,red (,«/«.

AnisantSus Cunonia).

ANTHOMYIA.

A genus of flies, many species of which are
destructive to plants {ord. Diptera). The perfect
insect is a brown, black, or ochreous two-winged
fly, with a hairy body. Pupa; oval and red
brown or ochreous in different species. The larva
or maggot is white or dirty white, smooth or

moutana (see Gladiolus),
quadrangularis, 2', Ap.,

yel., red.
spicata, 2', Jy., red.

hairy, legless, and furnished with two hooks at the

mouth by which it pierces its way into the roots of

the plants on whicli it feeds. This stage of the

fly is the only one that damages or destroys

plants.

Principal Species : —

Beta;. The Beet Fly. plutura. Shallot Fly.

BnissicaL-. Cabbage Fly, radicum. Boot - eating
also on Cauliflower and Fly. Roots of Cabbage,

Turnips. Turnip, and Radish.

Ceparum. Onion Fly. tuberosa. Potato Fly.

noralis. Radish Fly. Tubers of Potatoes.

Lactuca;. Lettuce Fly.

See the various crops named.

ANTHONOMUS POMORUM.

(APPLE HLOSSOM WEEVIL, sec APPLE EXEMIES.)

ANTHOSPERMUM.

South African shrubs (ord. Kubiacesc) with small
leaves, sometimes resembling those of a Heath,
as in Eethiopiciirn. The species mentioned be-
low has evergreen leaves and small brown .or
green flowers. Propagated by cuttings in vary
sandy soil, under a bell-glass in a warm or inter-
mediate greenhouse. Equal parts of peat and
fibrous loam with a good dash of sharp silver sand
will meet the requirements.

Principal Species : —

rethiopicum, 2', Je., grh., br. or grn. The Amber
Tree. The leaves are fragrant when bruised.

ANTHOXANTHUM.

A genus of a few species of Grasses (ord. Grami-
nese) belonging to temperate parts of the globe.
Odoratum (Sweet Vernal Grass) is the only British
species, and is supposed to be the principal source
of the sweet odour emitted by new-made hay.
The active principle of this scent is known as
coumarin. The plant is a hardy perennial of thf
easiest culture. Propagation is by seeds, and by
division of the tufts, the former being the chief
method of increase. Any soil will suit it if not too
much shaded by houses or trees.

Principal Species : —

odoratuin, 1', My. to Aug.,
Sweet Venial Grass.

Puelii, 6", Je., hdy,
grn.

ANTHURIUM.

Description. — A large genus of stove plant? (nrd.
Aroideac), containing many garden hybrids, bear-
ing attractive flowers of great substance. The
ornamental leaved species produce handsome foliage
of velvety texture, and are amongst the most attrac-
tive of stove plants. Being natives of tropical
countries, Anthuriums require a warm temperature.

Propagation. — By division of the crowns, and
from seeds. The former is a common method of
increasing plants. The crowns may be taken oft'
in the spring, but not until they have formed a
few roots at the base, and are, in a measure,
independent of the parent plant. If the crowns
are taken off before roots are formed they are a
long time starting into growth. Several of the
flowering species, including scherzerianurn, pro-
duce seeds, which vegetate freely if left on the
plants till they are thoroughly matured. The
seed vessels become orange red in colour as they
ripen in the spring, and when fit to remove the
seeds should be washed out of the pulp and at
once sown. Fill a shallow seed pan with a mixture
of fresh sphagnum moss, with about one-sixth of
clean white sand added, and a few small broken
crocks or pieces of charcoal. Press the material
firmly down, sprinkle well with water, and dust a
little sand on the surface. Scatter the seeds

Anthurium

( 55

Anthurium

evenly, iind press them down gently, but do not
cover tlicra. Place a square of glass over the pan
to conserve moisture, and stand the receptacle in a
temperature ranging from (15° at night to 75" in
the daytime. The atmosphere and surroundings
must be kept moist, and if the material gets dry
water carefully through a fine rose. Under this
treatment the seeds will germinate in a few weeks.
Soil.— Being much inclined to root near the
.surface, Antliuriums do not require a, great depth
of soil, but ample drainage must be provided. The
]MI|- >hould be half filled with crocks, and a suit-
able compost is formed of three parts fibrous peat,
pulled into pieces, and one part leaf mould, with
a free sprinkling of silver sand, and sufficient
pieces of crocks and charcoal broken small to keep
the compost open. For the flowering species ad. I
one part, of clean sphagnum moss.

ANTiiriurM YKITCHII DWAHI KD.

(A. wire nmll« was placed round the stem and packed with
ni'Ks, \\liirh w.'is kept damp. It was left for a year, and
the stem was then sawn through below tlie girdle. The
plant, was repotted and the old rootstock thrown away.)

Other Cultural Points. — Crowns taken from old
plants in the spring should be placed in pots large
enough to accommodate them, pressing a little
soil over the roots, and supporting the plants with
a short stick. They should be kept close in a
moist temperature ranging from G5° to 75° till
growth commences. Supply larger pots as growth
increases, and grow through the summer in a stove
temperature. Shade from hot sunshine, and give
ample moisture by watering and syringing. Reduce
the temperature in the winter to 55" at night and
<i(i-' by day, and give less water, but do not let the
plants get. very dry. Kepot in April, using material
a little rougher than before. Under this treatment
the plants will quickly increase in size. When
it becomes necessary to reduce them, it may be
<lone by division of the crowns. Plants raised
from seeds .-own in the spring are ready for prick-
ing off at the end of the summer. Place them in

small pots, using material similar to that in which
they were raised. Keep the compost moist, and
winter in a temperature of from 55" to liij". Shift
the plants in the spring, using a little peat this
time, and grow through the summer in a waim,
moist atmosphere, ranging from 05" to 75". As
they become established, reduce the temperature
in the winter, and water more sparingly during
that period. Never allow the soil to become sour,
and when potting remove as much of the old
material as possible without injuring the roots. A
good time to repot established plants of scherzeri-
antim is after the blooming is over in the summer.
Principal Species and Hybrids (Flowering) :—
A large number of species are included in the
genus, but many of them, being of minor import-
ance, are omitted in favour of the more popular.
Selections of the best species, hybrids, and varieties
are given in the following lists.

aiidreauum, spathe sc., — lacteum, wh.

— maximum, sc., large-
flower.

— mutabilis, spathe wh.,
changing to sc.

— nebulosum, spathe wh.,
dusted red.

— pygmneura, sc., small
flo-

spadix wh.
- album, wh., effective.

— Allandorfii.

— atropurpureum.

— atrosanguineum, dark
red.

— delicatum, ro.

- ( i rusoiiii.

— Kolbii.

— Ortgiesii.

— \Vittmuckii.
ornatum, spathe wh.,

spadix pur.

scher/erianum, spathe and
spadix sc.

— albo-liueatum.

— andagaveuse, spathe
spotted erim. and wh.

- liisputhaceum, red.

— • duvivierianmn, spathe
wh.. spadix or.

— gigaiiteum, red.

>wer.

rothschildiauum,
spathe spotted red,
spadix cream.
— verva1neanum, spathe
wh., tipped red.

— Wardii, spathe and
spadix sc., large.

— warocqueanum, spathe
wh., spotted red, spadix
yel.

Williamsii, spathe wh.,
spadix cream («'/«.
scherzerianum album).

Principal Species (Ornamental Leaved) :—
Brnwnii, 3' to !)', leaves Veitchii, 2J', leaves deep

3' long, vigorous,
crystallinum, 2', leaves

grn.. pale veins,
magnincum, leaves gru.,

white veins,
regale, leaves grn., pale

grn., a fine foliage

plant.
— acuminatum, tapering

leaves,
warocqueauum, 3', leaves

grn., wh. veins.

Other Species and Hybrids : —

acaule, 3', grn. or vio.
Aubletii, gni.
Bakeri, 1', grn., sc. berries
bellum, 3', grn.
Biuotii, 1', olive gni.
bogotense, grn.
burfordiense, sc.
Chamberlainii, spathe

erim., spadix red pur.
cordifolium, 2i', gru.
coriaceum, 3', gni.
cruentum, blood red.
ruspidattnn, 2i', red pur.
tVrrierense, red.
li — inn, 2', gru.
Froabelii, car.
geitnerianum, 2' ', gr.
Harrisii, spathe gru.,

spadix vio. br.
— piilchrum, spathe wh.,

spadix erim. , leaves

variegated.
Hookeri, 3', spathe grn.,

sjmdix grn. or vio.
iusigne, broiizy leaves.

Kalbreyeri, a climber,

grn.

lawrenceanum, grn., hyb.
leuconeurum, grn.
lindenianum, 3', spathe

wh., spadix wh., pur.,

fragrant.

macrophyllum, 2£', glau-
cous pur.
metallicum, grn.
mortfoutanense, spathe

erim., spadix wh.
nymphieifoliuin, spathe

wh., spadix pur.
purpureum, 2', pur.
signatum, li', gni.
subsignatum, IV, grn.
tetragouum, grn.
triumplmns, spathe grn.,

spadix wh.

violaceum, vio. berries.
Wallisii, 21', grn.
Wildenovii, spatho grn.,

spadix hr. (»;/». lauceo-

latum).

Anthyllis

Antirrhinum

ANTHYLLIS.

A large genus (urd. Leguminosae) of annual and
perennial herbaceous plant*, mostly hardy, but
containing a i'ew half-hardy species of a .sub-
shrubby character. They are closely allied to the
Clovers, having their flowers in dense heads or
clusters, but with more than three leaflets. The
flowers vary from white and yellow to rose and
purple. Propagation is by seeds ; the herbaceous
species also by cuttings under a handlight in
summer, and by division of the tufts in spring.
The shrubby species by cuttings in summer. As
they grow naturally in sandy or chalky soil in dry
places, the rockery is the best place for them";
they also succeed in light, well-drained borders.
The half-hardy species may have a third part of peat.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
Eriiiacea, II', Ap., grh., — ulbiflora, 1', Jy., hdy.,

pur. (now Eriiiacea pun- wh.

geus). — Dillciiii, 1', Jy., hdy.,

montaua, 1', Je., hdy., reel.

pur. — hirsutissima, G", Jy.,

— alba, 1', Jy., hdy., wh. hdy., red.

• — atrorubens, 1', Jy., — polyphylla, 1', Jy.,

hdy. , dark red. hdy., yel.

Vubjeraria, 1', Jy., hdy., — rubrinora, 1', Jy.,hdy.,

yel., British. red.

Other Species :— •

alpina, 1', Aug., hdy., Hermanuia1, 2', Ap., grh.,

yel. yel.

Aspalathii, 1', Jy., grh., heterophylla. 1', Jy.,grh.,

yel. pk.

Barba-Jovis, 4' to 8', Ap., lotoicles, 1', Jy., hdy.

grh., pale yei. ;mn., yel.

ANTIARIS.

Description. — Evergreen trees(0r<iArtocarpace8e)
from the East Indies and Malayan Archipelago,
and requiring a moist stove heat. Toxicaria is
the Upas Tree of Java, concerning which many
fables have been told. The leaves are not unlike
those of an Elm. The milky juice that issues from
the bark when punctured is very poisonous, proving
fatal in from fifteen to thirty minutes when intro-
duced to the blood of a victim.

Propagation. — By cuttings of mature wood in the
moist heat of a propagating case.

Soil. — Fibrous, mellow loam, with one-third of
peat and sufficient sand to ensure porosity, will
make a good compost.

Principal Species : —

Toxicaria, 40' to '90', st. The Upas Tree of Java.

ANTIGONON.

Tall climbers (irrd. Polygonacefe) from Mexico
' and Central America, in a wild state clinging to
their supports by the twisting leaf stalks. The
small flowers increase in size with age, becoming
showy and so highly conspicuous that they have
been compared to Bougainvilleas. Under culti-
vation they have proved difficult to flower, having
been tried in stoves, greenhouses, and in the open
air in summer. They require to attain some age
and height, to have their roots restricted to A
narrow, well-drained border, and to be trained up
under the glass so as to get all the air and sun-
shine possible. Probably a dry stove would be
conducive to the early production of flowers. Pro-
pagation is by imported seeds ; and by cuttings of
half-ripened wood in heat. Fibrous loam of a light
and sandy character, well drained if in borders, suits

Principal Species : —

anmbilc, st., ro. st., crim. The best

infigne, st., ro, pk. known,

leptopus, Aug. to Oct., — albiflorum, st.; wh.

ANTIRRHINUM. (SNAPDRAGON.)
Description. — Mostly hardy herbaceous annual
and perennial plants (ord. Scroplmlarinea;). Of
the latter tliere are now many varieties largel*
grown in gardens. The common Snapdragon, A.
majus, grows freely on the tops of old walls nn<:.
ruins, multiplying rapidly in such positions. Ta).
garden varieties are suitable for planting in mixed
borders, and the dwarf forms are excellent fo:
small beds.

Propagation. — From seeds and cuttings. Sow
in a bed outdoors in August in drills, and trans-
plant the following spring. Though perfectly

ANTIRRHINUM (SNAPDRAGON) FROM CUTTINGS

A A cult mi: removed with a lied. good.
B A cutting with Mower buds, bad.
C A cutting ready for insert inn.
D Cuttings inserted in ;t frame.
E Cheap home-made box-frame.

hardy, the best varieties of Antirrhinums maybe
(lowered within six months of the date of sowing
by treating them as half-hardy annuals. Sow the
seed in heat in February, prick off the plants when
large enough, gradually harden, and put out about
the middle of May. Propagation from cuttings is
a ready way of increasing Antirrhinums. Take off
young growing shoots in September and October,
and insert them in a bed of sandy soil in a cold
frame or under a handlight. Put out the plants,
before they overcrowd each other, in the spring.

Soil. — Antirrhinums will flourish in any ordinary
garden soil that is not too retentive of moisture.

Other Cultural Points. —Beds of Antirrhinums in
distinct colours are very effective, and to prolong-
the season of blooming the old flower spikes
should be kept picked off. When grown in mixed
borders the native species seed freely and rapidly
increase themselves.

Principal Species : —

mnjus, '>', Jy., pk., of — coccmcum, 2', Jy., so.

which the following are — norn])lono,2',Jy.,flesh^

varieties: — — variegatum, 2', Jy.V

— tricolor, 2', Jy. red.

Other Species : —

alpinum (see Liuaria glandulosum, 2', Sep., yel.

alpina). Linaria (see Linaria vul-

angustifolium (see sicu- garis)'.

him). Orontium, 1', Aug., flesh

r'iilyc'inum (.w Orontiuml . («//«. ca lycinum) .

Ant/gramme (see Si'ol<ij>c>nlrmni~).

Antrophyum

(57 )

Aphelandra

ANTROPH YUM. (Including SCOLIOSORUS.)
A small genus of Ferns (ord. Filices) almost
confined to the tropics. Fronds simple, firm, and
fleshy. They require a moist stove temperature
for their well-being, and shading in summer.
Propagation is by division of the rootstock at the
lime- of potting. Fibrous mellow loam two parts,
prat onr part, and plenty of sharp sand, suit.

Principal Species : —

Inncrohituin, 1'. plantaginemn, 6" to 9"

l:ilil'i>limn, (i" to 12". (XI/H. Lessonii).

Li's-onii(«r plantagiueum). reticulatum, 6" to 18".

ANUBIAS.

A dwarf Aroid (ord. Aroidea?), having leaves
1' long and 3" broad, and small, inconspicuous
flowers, so that it is grown solely as a fine
foliage plant, requiring a moist stove heat. Pro-
pagation is by seeds; also by division of the
rhizomes, having a bud to eacli piece. Fibrous
loam, broken off by hand, with an equal proportion
of peat, the whole mixed with sand and some finely
broken potsherds, suit.

Principal Species : —

heterophylla, 1', grn. The bright grn. leaves are
blotched with yel.

AOTUS.

Very graceful and mostly slender, twiggy, ever-
green shrubs (ord. Leguminosse) of dwarf habit,
and thriving well in a cool greenhouse. Flowers
yellow, and in some species blotched with
(•rim-on. Tl.ey do well when treated like Cytisus
and out back after flowering. Propagation is by
seeds in heat ; also by cuttings of short side shoots
or the tops of others when getting fairly firm, in
sandy soil and placed under a bell-glass or hand-
light in moderate heat, in the same way as Cytisns.
Loam and peat in equal proportions, with plenty
of clean, sharp sand, pressing it rather firmly in
potting or repotting, suit.

Principal Species : —

grarilliina, 8', My., yel. crim. The best and most
frequently cultivated species.

Other Species : —

gracilis, 3', Ap., yel. — ericoides, 2', Je., yel.

iuciuia, 2', Je., yel. — ferruginea, 2', Je., yel.

lauigera, 2', Ap. , cr. yel. — virgata, 2', Je., yet
villosa, 2', Ap., yel.

A PEI BA (syn. AUBLELIA of Schreber).

Kather tall evergreen trees and shrubs (ord.
Tiliaoeoe), requiring a stove temperature. Flowers
rich yellow. In order to restrain their rampant
vigour, to keep them within due bounds, and conduce
to flowering, they should occasionally be root
pruned. Propagation is by cuttings of mature
wood in a propagating case. Fibrous loam, with
a third of leaf soil and a liberal quantity of sand,
when grown in pots or tubs, suit.

Principal Species : —

aspera, 30' to 40', My. Petoumo, 40', Aug.

huvis, 10'. Tibourbou, 10', Aug.

APERA (syn. ANEMAOBOSTIS).

A genus of tufted annual or perennial and hardy
or nearly hardy Grasses (ord. Grammar), having
slender and very graceful panicles of flowers.
Arundinacea is hardy, or nearly so, and makes a
handsome subject in pots for the front stages of
a conservatory. The whole stem is extremely
slender and hangs clown, so that it would make a

Aopla (sec Herminium).
Aparyia (see Leontodon).

useful basket plant of the easiest culture. Propa-
gation is by seeds or by division of the tufts.
Loam, sand, and leaf mould, with good drainage,
suit.

Principal Species : —

arundmacea, 2' to 3', Aug., Sep., half-hdy.,
reddish (now Stipa arundinacea).

Spica-venti (the correct name of Agrostis Spica-
venti).

APH^EREMA.

A small stove shrub (ord. Samydacea?) of slender
and graceful habit, producing its golden yellow
flowers in racemes terminating the stem or branches.
It is propagated by cuttings of half-ripened shoots
under a bell-glass. Use a compost of two-thirds
fibrous loam, and one-third of leaf mould and
sand.

Only Species : —

spicata, 1 j' to 2', gold yel.

APHELANDRA.

Description. — Stove evergreen shrubs (onl. Acan-
thacese) of dwarf habit, several of them appearing
almost like herbaceous plants when annually pro-
pagated from cuttings. Flowers always showy, but
often supplemented by large, coloured bracts more
persistent than the flowers. The dark green leaves
of some species are banded with grey along the
principal nerves, so that they may be regarded as
fine foliage plants, in addition to having handsome
flowers. Those of Margaritas are banded in this
way, and rose coloured beneath. Macedoiana is
similar, but violet beneath ; while medio-aurata has
a median yellow band.

Propagation. — By seeds in heat in February or
March. Short lateral shoots taken off in spring
and inserted in pots of sand plunged in bottom
heat, or placed in a propagating case, make sturdy
dwarf plants to flower in autumn or winter.

Soil. — Fibrous or turfy loam broken into small
pieces by hand, and mixed with an equal quantity
of fibrous peat, with a liberal use of sharp sand.

Other Cultural Points. — During summer the
plants should be liberally supplied with water
when making their growth, and an even tempera-
ture maintained to avoid giving them a check,
which causes some of them to drop their leaves.
Good drainage is necessary. Keep them drier and
cooler in winter. Cristata, and possibly others,
flower well when planted out in the borders of a
stove, well exposed to light.

Principal Species : —

aurantiaca, 3', Dec., or. so. The most popular
and most frequently cultivated species.

— Koezlii, 6" to 9" when grown from cuttings
annually, Dec., or. sc.

chamissoniana, 1', Nov., yel. Leaves banded and
spotted wh. (syn. punctata).

Fascinator, 1 J', Sep., Oct., sc. Dwarf and pretty-

fulgens, \y, Sep. to Nov., or. sc. Of easy culture-

Margarita;, li', or. Handsome banded leaves.

tetragona, 2', Sep. to Nov., sc. (syn. cristata).

Other Species : —

atrovirens, 1', yel. ornata, 1', yel. pur.

glabrata, 1J', Oct., Nov., squarrosa citrina, 1', yel.

yel. — Leopold!!, 1'. citron yel-

liboniana, 1', cr. yel. sulphurea, 1', yel. "

iiKiwloiaim, 1'. tetragona grandis, 2',
medio-aurata, 1' (.iifn. Sep., sc.

Graptophyllum medio- — imperialis, 2', Sep., red.

aunitum). variegata, l|', yel.

Aphelexis

(58)

Apicra

APHELEXIS.

Description. — Evergreen shrubs (jird. Compositte)
from the Cape of Good Hope, and requiring treat-
ment similar to that of Heaths. They are closely
allied to Helichrysum, but are referred to here for
garden purposes. The stems are woody and stiff,
while the leaves are also of the same dry, rigid
texture. Their ornamental character is chiefly due
to the dry, coloured bracts surrounding the heads
of flowers. The genus is referred to Helichrysum
by Bent-ham and Hooker.

Propagation.— By cuttings of the young wood,
just getting matured, in sand and peat, inserted
firmly in pots and placed under a bell-glass, to be
frequently wiped dry to prevent the damping of
the cuttings.

Soil. — Fibrous mellow loam one part, peat three
parts, with a liberal use of silver sand. Pot firmly.

Other Cultural Points. — In winter they require
less moisture than in summer, but the soil must be
kept just moist. If allowed to get dust dry it
would cripple if not kill the plants. Temperature
40° to 45° in winter, 55° to 65° in summer.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

humilis, 2', My., Je., pk. (syns. A. macrantha and
Helichrysum humile). For exhibition purposes this
is the most popular, and used to be largely grown
when grh. hard-wooded plants were more en-
couraged.

— grandiflora, ro. pur.

— rosea, 2', My., Je., ro.

— purpurea, 2', My., Je., pur. Heads large,
plant dwarf.

macrantha (see humilis).

Other Species : —

ericoides, 1', Je., grh. , wh. sesamoides rubra, 2', Jy.,
sesamoides, 2', My., pur., red.

wh. — versieolor, 2', Jy., var-

— alba, 2', Jy., wh. iegated.

APHIDES.

Under this comprehensive heading is grouped a
large family of destructive insects, of which there
are nearly 200 species. All Aphides belong to the
class known as "sucking" insects, owing to the
injury they cause to plants by extracting the sap
with the aid of a tubular beak, the amount of
damage done being proportionate to the number of
insects, and the time they are allowed to pursue
their depredations unchecked. Certain species also
discharge a sweet sticky secretion, called " honey-
dew," from the hinder extremity of the body, which
is unsightly on plants, and prevents the leaves from
performing their proper functions by sealing up
the pores. Ants are very partial to this honeydew,
and closely follow the insects in search of it.

Aphides are a source of continual annoyance to
gardeners, as they attack many families of plants,
both under glass and outdoors. Eradication is
difficult, owing to the rapidity with which the
insects reproduce their kind, and the trouble is
greater in the case of certain species, which curl
up the leaves of their food plants, and thus form a
means of safe protection for themselves against
both weather and insecticides. In addition to the
true males and females, there is a race of wingless,
asexual, viviparous individuals, which are pro-
duced from eggs that are deposited in the autumn,
and, after lying dormant through the winter, are
hatched out in the spring. These also reproduce
their kind. The food plants of Aphides are of
widely contrasted character, and many of the

species are named after the family on which they
prey ; but some insects have such omnivorous tastes
that if one food plant fails they adapt themselves
to another in the vicinity. They do not enjoy an
undisturbed existence, however, for, apart from the
efforts of gardeners to destroy them, the larvse of
the Ladybird (Coccinella punctata) are great de-
stroyers of Aphis, and should be encouraged.
Other natural foes are the Syrphus or bee-like fly,
Chrysopa perla or golden-eyed fly, ants, cater-
pillars, and some of the Ichneumonidai.

Promptitude is the great thing in destroying
Aphides, taking steps to eradicate the pests as soon
as their appearance is observed. For spraying and
washing plants and trees outdoors there are
numerous forms of insecticide that are fatal to
Aphides, and to destroy the pests under glass
there is nothing better than fumigation, using the
various preparations for the purpose.

For general use where the parasites are access-
ible, the following simple mixture is effective :
Boil 1 Ib. of Quassia chips and 1 Ib. of soft soap for
three or four hours in 3 gal. of soft water. Strain
the liquid, add another 3 gal. of water, and apply
warm with a syringe or sprayer.

Tabulated below are the chief species, and
remedies are given under the names of the plants
and trees on which they feed.

Aphis Brassicfe (Cabbage Aphis), grn. (see
CABBAGE).

A. Cerasi (Cherry Aphis), blk. (see CHEERY).

A. Coryli (Nut Aphis), pale grn. (see NUT).

A. Dahlias (Dahlia Aphis), amber coloured (see
DAHLIA).

A. Faba3 (Bean Aphis), blk. (sec BROAD BEAN).

A. Humuli (Hop Aphis), grn.

A. Lignstri (Privet Aphis), dark br.

A. Mali (Apple Aphis) (see APPLE).

A. Persicse (Peach and Nectarine Aphis) (see
PEACH).

A. Pruni (Plum Aphis), light grn. (see PLUM).

A. Pisi (Pea Aphis), grn. (see PEA).

A. Lonicerse (Woodbine Aphis), dingy grn.

A. Ribis (Currant Aphis) (see RED CUKRANT).

A. RapEe (Turnip Aphis) (see TUKXIP).

A. ROSEB (Rose Aphis), grn. (see ROSE).

A. Raphani (Radish Aphis).

APHYLLANTHES.

A very pretty hardy herbaceous plant (prd.
Liliacese) of Rush-like habit, with green stems,
rudimentary leaves, and terminal clusters of blue
flowers. Requires a warm, dry situation in winter,
and a reserve should be kept in a cold frame to
preserve it in severe winters. Propagated by seeds
sown in pots or boxes when ripe, and placed in a
cold frame ; also by division of the tufts in April.
Sandy loam and peat, with a little leaf mould, suit.

Only Species : —

monspeliensis, 1', Je., hdy., bl.

APICRA.

Dwarf, slow-growing, and neat succulent plants
(nrd. LiliaceEe) closely allied to the true Aloes and
Haworthia, with green, white, straw coloured, or
yellow flowers. They should be grown in pots in a
dry and moderately warm greenhouse, with very
little water in winter. They are of easy culture.
Propagation is by suckers taken off with or without
roots ; also by cuttings kept just moist, but not
over-watered, under a bell-glass. Fibrous, mellow
loam, mixed with finely broken soft red bricks or
potsherds, and sand, suit.

Apios

(59)

Apple

Principal Species :—

aspera. 1', Je.. grey or straw coloured. Dwarf.
^- major, 1 ', Je., grey or straw coloured. Stronger,
pcntagona. 1' '.)", Je.,grey (syn. Haworthia penta-
gona).

— biillulatn, H', My., yel. (syn. Aloe bullulatn).
Leaves waited.

— spirrlla. I;}', Je., grey.

— Willdenovii, (i", Je., pale grn. (.•»/». sniralis, of
Willdcnow).

spiralis, 1'. Je., grey (syn. imbricata).

Other Species :-
aspcrula (xrr Haworthia foliolosa, 1', Jy., grey.

•gperula). nigra (see Haworthia

bicariiiuta, 1', Je., grey. uigra).

congests, l',Je.,nearlyvvh. rigida (see Haworthia
deltoidca, 1', My., nearly subrigicla.)

wh.

APIOS. (GROUND NUT.)

A genus of four twining perennials (prd. Legum-
inos;r), only one of which is in commerce. They
have tuberous roots and purplish flowers. In-
creased by division of the tuberous roots. A light,
warm soil and a sunny sheltered position, with a
trellis or shrub to climb over, are the principal
requirements of the Apios. Plant the tubers in
spring and mulch in winter.

Principal Species : —

tubenw.-i. climbing, Jy., etc., hdy., br. pur. A
graceful twiner with Pea-shaped flowers. In its
native habitats in Canada and the United States
it grows in moist soil (syiis. Glycine Apios,
Apios Apios).

APIUM.

r.i'-nnial hardy herbs, or perennials (prd. Um-
bellil'eras) of no horticultural value except in the
case of Celery, which see.

Principal Species : —
ehilense, 1', Jy., wh.

graveolens, 3' to 4', Jy., bien., wh. The garden
Celery.

— rapaceum, Celeriac.

— tricolor, 3', Jy., bien., wh. The leaves have
silvery grey ribs, wh. margins.

APLECTRUM.

A terrestrial Orchid (ord. Orchidacea?) having a
tuberous rootstock, and succeeding in the open air
in tliis country if planted in shady spots in suitable
soil, as in the case of Trillium. Propagation is by
offsets from established clumps. A compost con-
sisting chiefly of peat, leaf soil and sand should be
prepared to replace the natural soil in shady situa-
tions.

Principal Species : —

hyemaU', 1'. hdy., greyish br.

APOCYNUM. (DOG'S BANE.)

Hardy herbaceous plants (ord. Apocynacess) of
easy culture, with numerous small flowers. Propa-
gated by seeds. Or division of the clumps in
March or April, when growth is commencing, will
readily give all the stock required. Any well-
drained garden soil will suit.

Principal Species : —
aniltosi'mifolium, 2', Jy., frutesceus (see Ichnocar-

Aug., pale red with pus).

darker lines. hypericifolium,2',Je., wh.

caimaliiuum,:i', Aug.,yel. veuetum, 2', Je., wh.

APODOLIRION.

A genus of six species of bulbs, including
Gethyllis lanceolata, allied to Cooperia, and be-
longing to the order Amaryllidea:. Leaves linear

like those of a Crocus, as is the white, reddish, or
rose flower which nestles among the leaves. They
are propagated by offsets, and require greenhouse
treatment in a compost of light sandy loam and
peat. Keep them dry while resting in winter.

Principal Species : —

Etta;, 4" to U", wh., ro.

lanceolatum, 6" to 8", Jy , j?rh., wh.

APONOGETON.

Interesting and beautiful stove or hardy aquatic
plants (ord. Naiadacese) worthy of increased culti-
vation. Increased by division or seeds. Loam,
leaf soil, and a little gritty sand, suit them. The
tender species thrive in small tanks under glass,
where a winter temperature of 60° to° 65 is main-
tained, rising in summer to about 10° more. The
hardy species can be grown in ponds, small tanks,
and tubs in the open air. The latter increase very
rapidly, and require occasional division to prevent
overcrowding. A depth of water of from 1' to
1J' is most suitable.

Principal Species :—

angustifolium, pk., bracts wh. A grh. plant of
considerable beauty.

distachyon, Je., etc., wb. The Cape Pond
Weed, or Water Hawthorn. A charming hdy.
aquatic with a delicious fragrance. There are
several varieties, few being as hdy. as the type.
The variety monostachyon, formerly considered a
separate species, requires a St. temperature. Sep., pk.

— Legrangei, wh., ro. bracts.

— roseum, ro.

fenestrale, Aug., grn. The Lattice or Lace-leaf
Plant. Its beauty consists in the lace-like leaves,
which are much admired (syn. Ouvirandra
fenestralis.)

spathaceum junceum, half-hdy., blush.

Other Species : —
berneriauum, Aug., st., pk. crispum, Aug., st., wh.

APPENDICULA (nyns. COSCHOCHILUS
and METACHILUM).

Epiphytal Orchids (iird. Orchidacese) with
leafy stems, often compressed, or two-edged, and
bearing short racemes of small or minute flowers
in the axils of the leaves, and often towards
the apex of the stems. They are propagated by
division or by offsets. For compost use fibrous
peat and chopped sphagnum with plenty of
drainage. Grow them in the East Indian house.

Principal Species : —

peyeriana, 1' to 1' 6", st., wh.

APPLE.

Description. — One of the most useful and
profitable hardy fruits (ord. Rosacese). In the
form of the Crab it grows wild in Britain, but it is
generally supposed that the race of varieties grown
in this country was introduced, at different times,
from the continent.

Propagation. — By seeds, cuttings, and layers ;
also by budding and grafting on various stocks.
For commercial purposes the last two are the
methods generally adopted.

Stocks. — There are several different stocks used,
and the best for dwarf trees which are desired to
come quickly into bearing is the broad- leaved
English Paradise, a dwarf variety of Pyrus Mains of
bushy habit, producing masses of fibrous roots near
to the surface of the ground. The stocks are
chiefly obtained by layering and pegging down the

Apiirum (see Detulrobium).

Apple

( 60

Apple

shoots. " Free " stocks are obtained by sowing the
seeds of Apples, and are mostly used for standard
trees. The Crab stock obtained from seeds of the
wild Crab is suitable for standard and permanent
orchard trees. The kind of stock used has a great
effect on the character and longevity of the trees.
Apples worked on a dwarf stock are quicker in
coming into bearing, and more suitable for garden
culture, than those worked on Crab and free stocks ;
but they have not the same vigour or lasting
power.

Budding. — This method is generally practised
for raising trees. Dwarf trees are worked close to
the ground, and standards and half-standards a
few inches above. The operation is quicker than
grafting, and is performed in July and August.
(For mode of procedure, see BUDDING.)

Grafting. — The process called whip grafting is
the best for raising young trees. The scions should
be selected from vigorous trees in February, and
be laid in the ground till the sap has risen in the
stocks in April, when they may be worked. But
grafting is a useful means of renovating old, and
changing the character of unsuitable, trees.
Inferior varieties and undesirable specimens of
established trees should be headed back late in
winter, and be grafted with the sort required in
the spring either by the "crown" or "cleft"
process. If properly done, growth will be vigorous,
and in a few years' time the old tree will be fur-
nished with a new head {see GRAFTING).

Forms of Trees. — Standard trees have clean
stems 5' or 6' from the ground, and are suitable
for permanent orchards. Half-standards have
shorter stems, and are adapted for gardens, and
market plantations. Feathered standards are
furnished with heads, but they are worked close to
the ground, and have fruit spurs on the stems.
Bush trees are worked near the ground, and are-
suitable for gardens and plantations. Pyramids
are worked low, and have an erect stem with
branches radiating all round. Espaliers are
suitable for growing on walls and fences. They
have perpendicular stems with side branches in
tiers at right angles. There are several other ways
of training wall trees. Perpendicular single cordons
are trees with single fruiting steins. They are
excellent for growing about 2' apart on walls and
fences provided for their support in the garden
when a number of varieties are required in a small
space. Horizontal single cordons have one stem,
trained horizontally, and are useful for growing by
the sides of walks in kitchen gardens, about 2'
from the ground.

Soil. — The best soil for Apples is a rich, deep,
and well-drained loam. South or south-west is a
good aspect. Soil and situation have a great
effect on Apples, and where these are unfavourable
hardy and vigorous sorts should be grown. Shallow
mediums, with cold, wet subsoils, are unsuitable,
and are conducive to canker. Low situations
should be avoided, and land holding stagnant
moisture requires draining before planting.

Planting. — November and December are the best
months for planting. Standards for permanent
orchards should be placed 30' apart, and they
succeed best if the ground is under cultivation
for a few years before being laid down to grass.
Failing this a few yards round the stem of the
trees should be kept clear of turf until the
specimens are established. If the soil is fairly
rich no manure is required when planting, other-
wise a little decayed material may be mixed with

the compost placed above the roots. Prepare wide
stations, shorten back long and jagged roots,
spread out the fibres evenly, and cover with a few
inches of soil. Stake the trees to keep them in
position, and place a mulch of manure on the
surface. In wet soils it is better to plant on the
surface and make a mound over the roots of the
trees. Bush trees on dwarfing stocks may be
placed 12' apart to form plantations. The same
distance is suitable for pyramids.

Pruning (Branch). — The objects of pruning are
to form shapely trees and to enable them to
continue bearing. In using the knife the operator

ti

•ur~-

SUMMEH PKVXING APPLES.

E Leading growths of bush and pyramid tree : s, leader ;
t, point of stopping; u, continuation growth stopped
to three leaves ; v, sub-continuation growth ; ur,
laterals pine.hed to one leaf; x, side shoots pinched
at about ti" of growth to form stout side and sub-
sidiary branches ; y, short stubby shoot not to be
stopped; z, terminal bud, plump aiid rounded— ;i
blossom bud.

must be guided by the habit of the variety and
character of the tree. In the case of standards
and trees of unrestricted growth, the head must
be kept open, congestion of growth avoided, and
all shoots that rub and cross each other removed.
Dwarf and pyramid trees that are furnished with a
sufficient number of main branches may have their
leading shoots of the current year's growth
shortened back a little to induce the lower buds to
break, and the side growths cut back to two
buds for the formation of spurs. All side shoots
of espaliers and cordons should be treated in the
above manner, and the leading growths left three
parts their original length for the purpose of
extension. Summer pruning consists of shortening
these side shoots to four or five leaves while
growing, and cutting back to two buds in the
winter. All leading shoots on standards, bushes,
and .pyramids should be cut to an ontsiilc bud to
avoid overcrowding the centre of the tree.

Pruning (Root). — This operation becomes neces-
sary when trees are making exuberant growth but
producing no fruit. In the case of young specimens

Apple

( til )

Apple

it is better to lift them, shorten back the long,
whip-like roots, and replant. Established trees
should be operated on in the autumn. Make a
trench round the tree level with the spread of
branches and fork down the soil in the direction
of the stein ; cut back the strong roots, and drive
the spade under the ball to sever tap roots that
are working into the subsoil. Fill up the trench,
and tup-dress with spent manure to encourage
fibrous roots near the surface. In the case of
large trees the trench should be made only half-
way round one year and completed the second.

Gathering. — When trees are carrying heavy
crops it, is advisable to remove a portion of the
fruit when large enough to use, and leave the
remainder to finish. That left will be larger, and
tlere will be no undue tax on the energies of the
tijee. The fruits of early Apples which ripen on
the true should be picked oft' when they will leave
the branch with a slight upward pressure of the
hiuiil. Late keepers should not be allowed to
hung later than the end of October. Great care
must be exercised in picking to avoid bruising the
fruit. Store on shelves in a dry, frost-proof
c»mi<artment, where an even temperature of about
id" can bf maintained.

Manures. — Applications of manure should be
governed by the condition of the trees. Old speci-
mens are improved and young ones assisted by a
<Mating of stable manure placed on the soil from
the trunk to the spread of the branches. Mulchings
are beneficial when trees are bearing fruit, and
the size is increased by applications of liquid
manure. Amongst concentrated manures bone
meal is excellent for heavy soil, applying it in the
winter or early spring at the rate of about 4 Ib.
per square rod, and lightly pricking it in. A good
mixture for a spring dressing is formed of 4 Ib.
superphosphate and 2 Ib. kainit per square rod,
hoed into the surface soil. In some instances
muriate of potash i.s more beneficial than kainit.
The application may be made as soon as the fruit i.s
set. to assist in its development. Weakly growing
trees are improved by a top-dressing of 1 Ib. of
nitrate of soda per rod, in addition to the above.

Principal Enemies.

A merit-ait in in lit (see AMERICAN BLIGHT).

Blos*i»H \\~i-i-ril (Aiithtniiimiix Pomomtii). — This
destructive beetle is very small, of a dark brown
hue1, and possesses a long beak, which is used for
piercing the unexpanded buds of Apple and Pear
blossoms. Early in the spring the male flits about
aiming the trees in search of a mate, and as soon
as tlie blossom bud swells the female commences
to deposit her eggs. She makes a hole in the bud
with her long beak, and in it deposits a single egg.
The process is continued in other buds, and as one
beetle lays a considerable number of eggs, she is
the means of spoiling many flowers. As the
lilnssom buds expand white grubs with black heads
appear in the centre, and soon commence to eat
tin' stamens, pistil, and petals of the flowers.
When full feil the grubs assume the chrysalis
state, and early in the summer beetles are again on
the wing and feeding on the leaves. In the mean-
time the affected flower buds lose their freshness,
and eventually wither. In the autumn the weevils
leave their feeding ground to seek protection for
the winter, ami this they find in the crevices of
rough bark, ami under stones, leaves, and rubbish
near the trees, where they remain till the early
spring, when they emerge, and commence tin-
work of perpetuation. By adopting a s\stem of

summer pruning many of the weevils may be
destroyed. Gather up dead leaves and litter from
round the trees and burn them. Limewash the
stems and lower branches. In bad cases spread
tarred cloths under the trees in the spring, and
shake the trees over them. This will dislodge the
weevils.

Canker (Nectria ditissima). — This dreaded
fungus is the bane of Apple trees, and though all
are liable, some varieties — notably, Ribston Pippin
and Lord Suftield — are more susceptible than
others. Its presence may be traced to various
causes, amongst which are — wet, unsuitable and
poverty-stricken soil, abrasions of bark through
rubbing of branches, and other causes, and gaping
wounds resulting from attacks of American Blight.
Canker may often be prevented by planting suitable
varieties on well-drained soil, feeding adequately
and keeping down insects ; but in very bad cases
a cure is doubtful. When poverty is the prime
cause of the trouble the tree should be encouraged
to make free growth, and the following mixture
has proved to be beneficial : —

12 Ib. of superphosphate. 1 Ib. of sulphate of iron.

10 Ib. of nitrate of potash. 4 Ib. of sulphate of lime.

3 Ib. of nitrate of soda.

Apply in January or February at the rate of 4 oz. per
square yard as far as the branches spread.
In its early stages the fungus may lie cheeked by
scraping the diseased parts with a knife, and
dressing with Stockholm tar.

CotlUn Muttt (Carjiocapsa pomonella).—'}i\i\s is
one of the worst of Apple pests, and the moth,
which is on the wing in the late spring, deposits
eggs singly in the calyx end of the fruit, and

(iUEASE-HAXDIXG FOR WINTER MOTH.

C Sin •!!- sticky band on half-standard tree stem : /,

collar of tree ; j, junction of branches with stem ;

A, sticky band.
D Sim [ili- sticky land on bush or pyramid tree : /, butt

of stem ; m, base of hea<l : n. sticky hand.
E Square I'niteil states nii-th -uanl of wood or of tin,

made in t\vu parts: o, smear of cart rn'ase.
F Tin pliant with rim turned down outside : p, smear

of cart grease.

Apple

Apple

fastens them by means of a gummy secretion. In
a short time the larvae appear, and pierce the
young fruit, eventually causing the Apples to fall.
In the pupa state they pass the winter under loose
bark on the stems and in adjacent heaps of rubbish.
Pick all fallen fruit from the ground, Remove and
burn loose bark in the winter. Limewash the
stems of the trees. Spray the trees with Paris
Green as soon as the fruit is set. To prepare the
latter mix 1 oz. of Paris Green (Blundell's paste)
thoroughly in 20 gallons of water.

Lackey Moth (Bombyx neustria). — This moth,
which is on the wing in July and August, deposits
eggs in rings round the shoots, and fastens them
with a waxy substance. The caterpillars live in
webs spun round the ends of the shoots, and after
devouring the foliage the colonies break up, and
the caterpillars seek a fitting place wherein to
pass the final stage. They may often be seen
letting themselves down by slender threads. Cut
off the twigs containing eggs in the winter and
early spring. Cut out the colonies of caterpillars,
and drop them in a pail of hot water.

Lichen and Moss. — These parasites cause injury
by choking up the pores of the bark, and also by
harbouring insect pests. Limewash the stems and
lower branches in the winter, or spray with a
caustic solution formed of 1 Ib. of caustic soda
(Greenbank's 98%) and 1 Ib. of pearlash dissolved
in 10 gallons of water. When using this solution
gloves should be worn, as it is injurious to the skin.

Mussel Scale (Mytilaspis Pomoruni). — The
" scales " which may be seen on branches of Apple
trees are not the insects, but a covering for the
eggs. Bad attacks are injurious, and should be
got rid of as early as possible. Remove the scales
with a stiff brush. Brush the affected branches
with a strong mixture of Gishurst Compound or
other approved insecticide.

Small Ermine Moth (Hijponomeuta Padellus). —
This is a common native moth, which deposits eggs
on the branches of Apple trees, and secures them
with a gummy secretion. The larvae appear in
thr spring, feed on the young leaves, and locate
themselves in web colonies among the foliage.
The same remedies as for Lackey Moth may be
applied, syringing also with paraffin emulsion.

Winter Moth (Cheimatobia brumata). — The
Winter Moth is so called because it is on the wing
in November and December. The males can fly,
but the females are only furnished with rudi-
mentary wings, and have to ascend the trunk of
the tree in order to deposit eggs. The latter are
laid during the winter, and the larvre appear in the
spring, when they at once begin to feed on the
young shoots. When full fed the caterpillars
lower themselves by means of fine threads, and
become pupa; just beneath the soil. Fasten bands
of grease-proof paper, smeared with cart grease,
round the stems of standard trees to trap the
females as they ascend the trees. These should
bo put in position early in November, and be kept
sticky through the winter by repeated dressings of
grease. Spray the trees in April, and again, if
necessary, before flowering commences, with Paris
Green. Where poultry have the run of plantations
they will devour caterpillars shaken from dwarf
trees by giving the branches a sharp jar.

Selections of Varieties for Dessert : —

Varieties ripening in July and Aur/imt.
Beauty of Bath. Irish Peach. Ked Juneating.
Devonshire Quar- Mr. Gladstone. Eivers's Peach,
reudeii.

September and October.
American Mother. Ked Astrachan.
Kerry Pippiu. St. Edmund's
Lady Sudeley. Pippin.

Varieties for Xei'/iing.
Allingtcm Pippin. Christmas Pear-
Bauniium's Kein- m;iin.

ette. Cox's Orange

Blenheim Orange. Pippin.
Cockle's Pippin. Hormea.d Pear-

Suminer Golden
Pippin.

Wor'ester Pear-
maiu.

King of the Pip-
pins.

MargiL

Kibston Pippin.

Scarlet Nonpareil.

Stunner Pippiu.

APPLE ST. EDMUND'S Piri'ix.

Selections of Varieties for Cooking : —

A it/just (ind September.

Duchess of Olden- Lord Grosvenor.

burg.
Early Rivers.

October.
Cellini.
Cox's Pomona.

Lord Suftield.

Manks Codlin.
Potts's Seedling.

Eckliiiville Seed- Golden Spire.

For Keeping.
Alfriston.
Annie Elizabeth.
Bismarck.

ling.
Jrenadier.

Stirling Castle.
The Queen.

Lane's Prince Striped Beefing.

Albert. Tower ofGlaiiiinis.

Lord Derby. Waltham Abbey

Bramley's Seed- New Northern Seedling.

ling. Greening. Warner's King.

Gascoyne's Scar- Newton Wonder. Wellington (Nor-

l"t. IVasgood's None- manton Wonder,

Gloria Mundi. such. Dumelow'sSeed-

Goldeu Noble. Saudringham. ling).

Tn-elre (ioml Varieties for Orchard I'litiitiity.
Alfriston. Cellini. Newton Wonder.

Annie Elizabeth. Gascoyne's Scar- Waltham Abbey
Bismarck. let. Seedling.

Blenheim Orange. Lane's Prince Warner's King.
Bramley's Seedling. Albert. Wellington.

APPLE THE QUEEN.

Tirelre Good Varieties for Jlushct, l'i/raini<ls, or
Cordont.
Cox's Orange King of the Potts's Seedling.

Pippin. Pippins. Stunner Pippin.

Apricot

(63)

Apricot

Duchess of Olden- Lord Grosvenor. Stirling Castle.
Imrg. Lane's Prince Scarlet Nonpareil.

Eckliurillc Seed- Albert. Worcester Pear-

ling. Peasgood'sNoue- main.

such.
Six Giiod Varieties for Heavy Soil.

Bnnulcy's Seed- King of the Stunner Pippin,
ling. " Pippins. Wellington.

Duchess of Olden- Newton. Wonder,
burg.

APRICOT.

Description. — A highly prized stone fruit (ortl.
Rosaceai), grown chiefly on walls and in orchard
houses. Apricots are much affected by soil and
climatic conditions, succeeding well in some dis-
tricts, chiefly in the South of England, but diffi-
cult to grow in other parts.

Propagation. — From seeds and by budding, the
latter being the better method. Seeds may be sown
in August and September outdoors in light soil, and
covered 2" deep. Lift and transplant at the end of
the first year. Seedling Apricots make good stocks
on which to bud other varieties. Other stocks are
the Mussel and St. Julien Plum. Budding should
be done in June (nee Budding).

Soil. — Deep, fertile loam is the best, and it is
important that the drainage should be good.
Apricots like lime, and where the soil is not well
supplied with it chalk and old plaster should bo
dug in before planting. This is better than
making borders very rich with manure.

Aspect. — Southern and western aspects are the
best, and low situations should be avoided, as the
blossoms are liable to be affected by frost. The
trees should be protected while in bloom with
fish netting suspended over them. It is a mistake
to plant on aspects exposed to cold winds.

Planting. —When selecting trees avoid any on
which a gummy exudation is observed on the
stem. Trained trees of three years' growth are
the most suitable. Early in November is the best
time for planting. Prepare wide stations, spread
the roots out, and cover with 3" or 4" of soil.
Training. — The foundation of wall trees having
been laid when they were planted, the training
consists of laving in leading shoots for extension,
and side growths where there is room for them
between the main branches.

Pruning. —Summer pruning consists of going
over the trees in May or June, laying in growths
of moderate strength to form permanent shoots
where necessary, and pinching back the remaining
.-i'le growths to three or four leaves to form spurs.
\Vln-n these shoots break they should be pinched
back later to two leaves. If summer pinching is
properly carried out, not much knife work is neces-
sary in the winter. It consists of removing naked
branches where younger and better growths can
bn laid in, and cutting back "foreright" shoots, or
tlio-i- which stand out from the front of the
branches, to within a couple of buds from the
base. Retain short, lateral spurs, as they produce
hlniim buds at the base. Lay in leading shoots
for extension, but if these are vigorous, shorten
them back by one-third their length to encourage
I In- lower buds to break.

Other Cultural Points.— The great trouble with
Apricots, particularly the well-known varietv Moor-
park, is caused hy branches dying off suddenly,
completely spoiling fine specimens that have taken
years 10 grow. Sufficient growth should be laid in
to fill up gaps when branches die away. Gumming
is a serious trouble, and may often be traced to

bad unions with the stock and abrasions in the
bark. There is no remedy beyond the removal of
badly gummed branches. When trees are bearing,
mulchings of manure are beneficial, and applica-
tions of liquid manure assist the fruits to swell.
Overcropping is a great strain on the energies of
the trees, and should be avoided. Thin out the
fruits early in June to 4" or 6" apart ; the trees
are benefited, and the size of the individual fruits
is increased. Allow the fruit to hang on the trees
till quite ripe before gathering.

Enemies :—

.\l>kitlcs. — For remedies, see APHIDES.

Eartviys. — This pest commits its ravages at
night, and may be caught by setting traps of in-
verted flower pots filled with dry hay near the trees.

flies and Wasps. — Ripe fruits suffer through
the attacks of these foes. Close netting sus-
pended in front of the trees keeps them off, and in
the case of the latter, nests should be searched for
and destroyed.

M'ildeic. — Trees frequently suffer from this

SUMMER PRUNING APRICOTS.

E Central growths of pyramid : », leading shoot or
continuation of stem ; /, point of first stopping, at
1' of growth or thereabouts ; >, second growth from
leader pinched at third leaf; *, third stopped
growth ; /.continuation growth ; m, laterals pinched
to one leaf as made ; n, side shoots to form branches
stopped at about 15" of growth ; and laterals and
sub-laterals to one leaf as formed.

fungus when there is an excess of moisture at the
roots. Draining the border, and mixing lime
rubble with the soil, are good preventives, and
dusting the affected leaves with flowers of sulphur
is an excellent cure.

A Selection of Varieties.

The following is a selection in order of ripening: —
Onllin's Early Hemskirk. Grosse P£che.

Peach. Moor Park. Powell's Late.

Large Early. St. Ambroisc.
Breda. Royal.

The first four are early varieties, the next three
mid-season, and the other two late.

Aquatics

Aquatics

AQUATICS.

The cultivation of aquatic plants, which lan-
guished for some time, has lately received an
impetus through the introduction of M. Latour-
Marliac's new hybrid Nymphseas. These have not
only almost revolutionised the prospects of water-
gardening out of doors, but they have also led to
an increased interest in the genera and species of
aquatic plants which require the protection of
glass; anil in consequence there is a prospect of
these plants becoming more sought after. That

sions may be made of clay or concrete, or a
combination of both. The clay must be thoroughly
puddled, and made quite impervious to water. ]t
may be about t>" thick where there is a retentive
subsoil, but 2" more if it is porous. Where
expense is of little consequence, concrete is to be
preferred. The concrete must be thoroughly mixed,
and should be not less than 3" thick, and finished off
with a thin coating of cement and sand in equal
proportions. It is essential that the soil beneath
should be made very linn, so as to prevent subsidence.

T*"* -j \n. M? *>»« - " • A>n: - \ Tr»T, « " v ^"v*1 ^*v t*i" ^_?j

AQVATICS AT HOME.

they are worthy of it may lie seen by a visit to
Kew or any other large botanic garden, or to one
of the growing number of private gardens in which
aquatics receive a due share of attention. The
pen cannot do justice to the beauty of the hardy
and tropical Water Lilies, or the many other
plants which can be seen in these establishments.

Depth of Water. — The cultivation of the hardy
aquatics is very simple. The depth of water re-
quired is not great, as most will flourish better in
a pond or tank with from I J' to 3' of water than
in one of greater depth. Those who have in their
grounds a lake or pond of natural formation will
find little difficulty in making it a delightful
feature by the introduction of the best aquatic
jjlants. It is essential that any natural weeds
which may occupy it should be carefully cleared
out. The common Pond Weed, Potamogeton, is
one of the worst of these, and every root ought to
lie taken out, or it will cause much after trouble.
The pretty little Water Crowfoot is another trouble-
some weed. Should the centre of the lake be too
deep in its entirety for aquatics, the margin alone
may be occupied.

Making a Pond. — Where natural water is not
available a pond or tank of any required diinon-

Apterantltes (see Houcerosia).

Tanks. — Useful tanks are also made of brick or
stone set in cement. These are often too formal
in outline for the garden. Some have the tanks
elevated above the surface, but they look more
natural if the water level is below the ground
surface. It is desirable that a formal-shaped
tank should be avoided ; one of a perfectly circular,
oval, or square form being too stiff to accord with
the plants. The masonry or concrete at the
margin ought also to be concealed from view by
rockwork or soil, and planted with bog plants.

Situation and Planting. — The situation of the
pond is a matter of much importance. It should
be in as sunny a position as possible, and sheltered
from cold winds. Much of the success depends
upon the influence of the sun's heat upon the water.
In planting the aquatics it is desirable to form a
division for each plant, so that each may be kept
by itself. This must not rise to the surface ;
it will be found of much advantage when the
time comes for the cleaning out which is necessary
at intervals.

Soil. — The greater number of aquatics like a
rather rich and heavy soil. A good loam, in-
clining to heaviness, with a proportion of old cow
manure, makes a good compost. Should the
plants require to be placed in position when the
pond is full, they can be put into small, flat

Aquatics

65 )

Aquatics

baskets, tilled with soil, and weighted with stones,
which can be sunk in the water. April is a good
time to plant hardy aquatics, but they may be left
a.s late as July or August if an earlier season is
inconvenient.

The Water Supply. — The question of the water
supply is of the highest importance. Few aquatics
like or require a constant flow of water, and a
running stream is unsuited for such things as
Nympliicas, although a small bay, out of the
current, might be formed at the side for them.
A sufficient flow to keep the water pure is desir-
able, but it has been found that a small tank will
do without an outlet if a supply is at hand to fill
up the loss from evaporation. A week or so after
tilling the water becomes clear and the plants grow
perfectly. When the plants become overcrowded
they must be lifted, thinned, and replaced.

The principal enemies of aquatics in ponds are
voles, water-fowl, and water-snails. The lirst must
be trapped, the second discouraged from coming
near, and the snails kept down by the introduction
of a few gold or other flab.

Culture in Tubs. — By way of a makeshift, and
where a proper tank cannot be made, Nymphaeas
and other hardy aquatics may be grown in tubs
3' or more across. The best Water Lilies for this
purpose are the forms of N. pygmiea and of N.
Laydekeri. A list of hardy water-plants is ap-
pended to this article, together with the names of
suitable plants for the margins of lakes, ponds, or
tanks.

Indoor aquatics are more under the control of

the cultivator, and even hardy species will often
give better results than outside. Apart from those
requiring a high temperature, the Nelumbiums and
the new reputedly hardy Victoria Trickeri are only
really satisfactory when grown under glass in
most parts of the kingdom. For these, and for
such Nymphaeas as stellata, very little artificial
heat is required in summer.

Indoor Tanks. — The construction of a tank in-
doors must be carefully done, and a good founda-
tion secured. The masonry requires to be about
1' in thickness for all but very small tanks, and
laid in cement, the bottom having also 2" or more
of good concrete. For convenience it is well to
have the plants in tubs, filled with a similar com-
post to that used for the hardy plants, and the
tank should be sufficiently deep to ensure from 1J-'
to 2' of water being above the crowns. Sufficient
piping, 4" in diameter, should be in the tank to
ensure a water temperature of nearly 65U minimum
in spring and summer, never falling below 55°, even
in the depth of winter. The temperature of the
house should never fall below tiO", one rather
higher at the minimum being even better. In
suitable weather ventilation must be given, and a
dry atmosphere avoided by the use of water on
the paths and a liberal syringing of the plants.
Even the hardy species outside are much benefited
by syringing the leaves.

" Propagation.,— Aquatics are generally propagated
by division, for which the best time is early spring.
Many, however, are raised from seeds, which should
be sown in pots and sunk in shallow water. The

How AuUATICS AKE GKOWX AT ilu. LEOPOLD DE KoTUSCHILl)'s, CiU.NNEBSUURV HoUSE, AcTON.

5

Aquilaria

(66 )

Arabis

young plants must be transplanted, when large
enough, into separate pots, and grown on until
large enough for deeper water.

A Selection. — Hardy aquatics suitable for out-
door cultivation, or for a tank in a cold house, or
one with a little heat : —

Nymphaeas in great variety, including the several
hardy species and the hybrids from France and
America. These will be found under the title of
the plant in subsequent pages. Nuphar luteum ;
N. advena, N. minimum ; Alisma Plantago ; Apono-
geton distachyon ; Hottonia palustris ; Limnan-
themum nymphoides ; L. peltatum ; Orontium
aquaticum ; Stratiotes aloides ; Utricularia vul-
garis ; Azolla caroliniana. The curious Trapa
natans, like the last named, has floating leaves ; it
is not quite hardy, but can be kept in a tub in the
greenhouse in winter.

Of those of a non-floating character there are
Acorus Calamus, A. graruineus ; Alisma Plantago ;
Butomus umbellatus ; Calla palustris ; Iris Pseuda-
corus, I. laevigata, I. aurea, etc. ; Menyanthes tri-
foliata ; Peltandra virginica ; Pontederia cordata ;
Ranunculus Lingua major ; Sagittaria sagittifolia,
S. s. fl. pi., and others ; and Typhas. Richardia
africana does in mild localities.

For the margin in moist soil there are many
plants : Acoruses, Arundos, Bambusas, Calthas,
Oardamine pratensis fl. pi , Cyperus longus, Gun-
neras, Habenarias, Parnassias, Phormiums, Primula
rosea, Scirpus, Spiraeas, and many others.

Aquatics requiring heat comprise such as
Aponogeton fenestrale and others of the genus,
Cyperuses, Eichorneas, Jussiaaa grandiflora,
Limnanthemum indicum, Nelumbiurns, the
beautiful tropical Nymphaeas, Salvinia natans,
Thalia dealbata, and many more.

AQUILARIA.

Two or three trees (ord. Thymeteaceas) requir-
ing moist stove treatment. The Eagle-wood of
the natives is the heart-wood of malaccensis.
Flowers greenish white. Propagation is by im-
ported seeds, also by cuttings in sandy soil in a
propagating case with plenty of bottom heat.
Fibrous loam, with a third part of peat, and plenty
of sand to ensure porosity, suits.

Principal Species : —

malaccensis, <>' to 12' (*?/?*. o'"ta).

AQUILEGIA. (COLUMBINE.)

Description. — One of the most elegant of border
flowers {ord. Ranunculacese), producing graceful,
long-spurred flowers on stems rising well above the
beautifully-divided leaves. The greater number
are hardy, though some, such as cserulea, are not
easily grown in every garden. They are very
ornamental in beds, borders, and rockeries, and
the newer hybrids make fine pot plants. The long
spurred hybrids of CEerulea and chrysantha are
very handsome, though not so long lived as vul-
garis, our common Columbine.

Propagation. — By division or seeds, the latter
sometimes germinating very irregularly. Sow
under glass as soon as possible after it is ripe.

Soil. — The choicer species like a soil of sandy
loam and leaf mould, but the more robust will
grow in any common soil.

Other Cultural Points.— While the Columbines
like moisture, the position in which they are grown
should be properly drained and sunny. They cross
freely, and isolation or protection with muslin is
necessary if it is intended to keep the offspring pure.

Principal Species :—

alpina, 1', My., bl. A beautiful plant with large
flowers, sometimes both bl. and wh. Rock garden.

CEerulea, 1J', My., etc., bl., wh. A lovely plant
with large flowers having long, slender spurs which
are tipped with grn. (syns. leptoceras and
macrautha).

csrulea hybrida. The hybrids of crerulea, chrys-
antha, etc., are among the most charming of all
Columbines, with their long spurs and varied
colours, red, bl., yel., and wh. being represented.

canadensis, 2', My., etc., sc., yel. A pretty, free-
blooming plant of good colour and habit.

chrysantha, 3J', My., etc., yel. A great garden
favourite, though not long-lived in many gardens.

einseliana, 2J', My., bl. Best known by its
var. thalictrifolia.

formosa, 3', sum., red, yel. A fine border plant
with rather short spurs (syns. arctica and cali-
fornica). There are a few varieties.

glandulosa, 1', Je., lil., bl., wh. This is a short-
lived plant which should be regularly raised from
seed to replace the plants lost. It varies in height
and a little in shade. Bicolor, jucunda, longi-
calcarata, parviflora, and unicoior are good
varieties.

olympica, My., light bl., wh. A nice species, of
which there is a double form.

pyrenaica, G" to 1', lil. bl. A charming little
Alpine species, with flowers large compared with
the size of the plant.

sibirica, 1', sum., pale bl. A neat rock plant
(syns. speciosa and garnieriana).

Skinned, 2', Jy., etc., yel., grn., red. A pleasing
species.

Stuarti, 9", Je., dark bl., wh. A lovely hybrid
between glandulosa and vulgaris wittmanniana.
Should be treated as a bien. in most gardens.
Raised by Dr. Stuart, Chirnsicle.

vulgaris, 3' and upwards, My., etc., various. An
old, well-known garden plant with many varieties,
single and double.

Other Species : —

Bertolonii, 1', glauca, 2', Je., parviflora, 1', Je.,

Jy., bl. blush. bl.

flabellata, 1', lougissiina, 4', viridiflora, l',My.,

Je., wh. Jy. , yel. grn.

fragraiis, 6', moorcroftiaua, 1',

My., yel. My., bl., wh.

ARABIS. (WALL CBESS. ROCK CKESS).

Description. — A large genus of plants {Ord.
Cruciferae) of which a considerable number are of
much value in the garden, although many are of a
weedy and unornamental character. They are
generally of a trailing or creeping habit, and are
thus well suited for rockwork. edgings, or small
flower beds. The flowers are in clusters. Some
of the variegated - leaved varieties are greatly
appreciated.

Propagation. — All the species may be propagated
by division, or by cuttings taken off after flower-
ing and put in light soil under a handlight or frame
and shaded until rooted. All, except the varie-
gated forms and the double flowered variety of
alpina, are readily raised from seeds sown under
glass or in the open in spring.

Soil.— Arabises, as a rule, prefer a light and
rather dry soil. Lucida and its variegated form,
however, like a strong and rather damp soil.

Other Cultural Points. — They look best on a
rockery, or as an edging, and require little atten-
tion in the way of manure. It is desirable, if

Arachis

Aralia

•compact plants of alpina or albiila are required,
to clip them back severely after blooming. They
will soon sprout again.

Principal Species :—

albida, 9", Mch., etc., wh. A useful plant,
closely resembling alpina, but having larger flowers,
grey and less toothed leaves. There is a pretty
variegated form. The new double var. will please
everyone.

HOW TO PROPAGATE ARABIS (ROCK CRESS).

A Division of Variegated White Rock Cress (Arabis albida
varie-ata): a, portion of old root stem with roots; b,
yi'iui^ growths from base; c, crowns; rf, depth of in-
serting in soil.

B Double crown slip (a side growth slipped off close to
stem): e, portion of rootstock ; /, stem without roots ;
0, points of detaching for cuttings ; h, depth of insert-
ing slip in soil.

.

C s. ction of thumb pot (2j"): ;, drainage ; j, sandy soil ;
*, space for holding water; /, cuttings properly pre-
pared and inserted (four in a pot).

.
D Rooted cutting in the autumn from pot, showing dwarf,

compact, branching habit of plant ; m, bull of soil ; n,

depth of planting.
E Slip of White Rock Cress (Arabia albida) : o, base of slip ;

<7, depth of inserting in si til.
F Division of White Uock Cress : r, portion of rootstock ;

n, depth of inserting in soil.

alpina, ft", Mch., etc., wh. Very like the pre-
ceding, but more compact.

arenosa, t>", My., ro. A pretty rockery plant.

blepharophylla, 5", Feb., pale pur. Kather
tender for cold districts.

lucida, <i", Je., wh. The type is not worth
growing when the variegated form can be got. It
has pretty yel. and grn. leaves. It makes a hand-
some edging, but does better in cold than in warm
districts.

procurrens, 8", Mch. to My., wh. A neat plant,
surpassed in beauty by its prettily variegated form.

verna, 5", My., pur. The only good ann. species.
It is effective in a mass.

Other Species and Varieties : —
bnllulifolia, 9", My., wh. japouica, 9", My., wh.
bryoiclcs, •>", Je., wh. rauralis, C", My.", wh.

-cicrulea, 3", Ap., pale bl. Stelleri, 6", Je., wh.
Million, 8", Ap., ro., wh. Sturii, 9", My., wh.

ARACHIS.

Dwarf herbs (ortl. Leguminosas), in some cases
prostrate, and numbering seven species, of which
one (hypogaaa) is grown in the economic stoves
of botanical gardens in this country. It is grown
in many tropical countries of the Old and New
World for the sake of its edible seeds. After the
flowering period the fruiting stalk lengthens to 2"
or 3", and, gradually bending downwards, pushes
the young pod into the ground, where it enlarges
•and ripens into a pale yellow, slightly curved, and

wrinkled pod containing two seeds as large .is
Peas. These pods are sent over to this country in
large quantities under the name of Earth Nuts,
Ground Nuts, or Monkey Nuts. Propagation is by
seeds in a stove. Fibrous, mellow loam with a
large percentage of sand suits.

Principal Species :

hypoga^a, 1', My., Je., yel.

ARACHNANTHE.

This genus contains two of the most remark-
able species of Orchids (ord. Orchidaceas) in
cultivation, namely, Cathcartii and Lowii, the
flowers being large and handsome. They are
propagated by taking off the branches and root-
ing them. Use a compost of sphagnum, finely
broken crocks, and charcoal over a considerable
depth of clean crocks. Temperature in winter
55° to (>0° ; in summer not exceeding 75°.

Principal Species : —

Cathcartii, 3' to 4', Mch., Ap., yel., densely
threaded with red br. and red lines. Requires
a damp atmosphere at all times, and shade.

Clarkei, 1' to lj', Sep., Oct., chest, br., barred
yel. Likes more "sunshine.

Lowii, 3' to 5', Sep., Oct., red or choc. br.
with yel. blotches (syn. Renanthera Lowii).

— Rohdeniana, dwarfer, with smaller leaves
than the type, and flowers brighter.

ARALIA.

Description. — A large genus of perennial

herbs and shrubs (ord. Araliaceie), the latter

being the more numerous. All are valued for

the sake of their ornamental foliage. The hardy

herbaceous species may be grown in horders, of

in beds of plants in the subtropical garden. The

same applies to the few hardy shrubs, such as

chinensis and spinosa. These have large and

handsome leaves, prickly stalks and stems, and

are majestic subjects either for the centre of

subtropical beds or to fill large beds entirely

with a groundwork of something beneath,

f as the leaves are confined to a tuft on the

top forming the season's growth. They are

deciduous. The others are stove or greenhouse

shrubs, mostly the former, and make handsome

table plants. The leaves in some species are

simple, long and finger-like or strap-shaped ; but a

much greater number have palmate leaves, with

three, five, nine, or a greater number of leaflets,

the leaf in the latter case being almost circular in

outline. Those enumerated below are shrubs,

except where otherwise specified.

Propagation. — The hardy herbaceous species by
division of the rootstock, keeping a bud to each
piece. They are perfectly deciduous. The green-
house and stove species by cuttings of the mature
wood in sandy soil in a moderate bottom heat, or in a
propagating case. Veitchiiand its variety gracillima
do not root readily by this process, but succeed
well by grafting the tops on pieces of the roots of
roticulata and some other species. Chabrieri
(Elseodendron orientale) does not readily make good
plants when side shoots are used as cuttings.
Upright shoots from the top of plants that
have been cut back for stock should therefore
bi1 used.

Soil. — Any good garden soil, if well drained, will
meet the requirements of the hardy species. The
stove and greenhouse species may be grown in
good, fibrous loam, with half a part of leaf mould
and sufficient sand to render it porous. A small

Araucaria

Araucaria

quantity of peat may be used for the more slender
growing of the stove species.

Principal Species : —

Chabrieri (see Ehcodendron orientale).

chinensis, 5', hdy., wh. (syn. cancscens).

— foliis aureo-variegatis ; leaves variegated with
yel.

elegantissima, St., wh. ; leaflets six or seven, and
deeply toothed.

gracillima (see Veitchii gracillima).

Guilfoylei. A useful St. species with much divided
leaves (now referred by botanists to Panax t'ruti-
cosum var.).

japonica (see Fatsia japonica). A popular grh.
and window plant, hdy. in the south.

kerchoveana, st. Similar to elegantissima, but
has broader leaflets.

leptophylla (see Dizygotheca leptophylla). Leaf-
lets slender, dark olive grn.

papyrifera, st. (see Fatsia papyrifera). Handsome
leaves for subtropical beds.

racemosa, 3' to 4', Jy., hdy., wh. Makes a fine
bush for shrubberies.

reginse, st. Has long, dark grn. leaflets, hand-
some (see Dizygotheca reginse).

reticulata, st. A species with dark grn. strap-
like leaves, with paler veins (see Oreopanax).

Sieboldii (see Fatsia japonica).

spinosa, &', wh. Very handsome hdy. shrub for
lawns.

Veitchii, st. Leaves palmate, olive grn., with
many leaflets.

— gracillima, st. Leaflets narrower, with white
midribs (syn. A. gracillima).

Other Species : —

aculeata, grh., wh.
arborea, 15', st., gm.
armata (see Panax) .
capitata, 12', st., grn.
cachemirica, 6', hdy.,

shr., wh. (,«/». macro-

phylla).

coccmca (see Leea).
cochleata, Bt. (see Panax

cochleatum) .
coucinna, st. (synx. spec-

tabilis and Delabra

speciosa).
crassifolia, 10', grh., grn.

(s«?Pseudopanaxcrassi-

folium).

— picta, grh., gm.
deleauana.
digitata (see Hepta-

pleurum venulosum).
Duncani, st.
edulis, 5', hdy., grn.
excelsa (see Leea coccinea) .
ferruginea, 40', st., wh.
filicifolia, st.
fragraus, st., wh.
Gemma, st.
Ghiesbreghtii (ire Mouo-

panax).
glomerulata (see Brassai-

opsis speciosa).
granateupis, st.
hispida, 8', Jy., hdy., wh.

(ii/n. muehlenbergiaua).
longipes, st.

maculata, st.
ilaximowic/ii, hdy. (now

Acauthopauax ricini-

folium).
monstrosa,
nobilis, st.
osyana, st.
palmata, 10', st.
peltata, st.
pentaphylla (now Acan-

thopauax spinosum) ,

10', hdy., grn.

— variegata, leaves edged
cream.

pubescens, 6', st., wh.
quercifolia, st.
quinquefolia (Ginseng) .

— gracilis.
rotunda, st.
sambucifolia, 5', Aug.,

grh., wh.
Sciadophyllum (see Seia-

dophyllum Brownii).
Shepherdii, grh., grn.
souchif olia, st. (see Meryta

sonchifolia).

spectabilis (see concinua).
spiuulosa, st.
ternata, st.

Thibautii (see Oreopanax) .
trifolia (see Peeudopanax

rrassifolium var.).
triloba, st.
unibraculifera, 40',st.,wh.

(see Polyscias nodosa).

ARAUCARIA.

Description. — A genus of interesting Coniferous
trees (ord. Conifenc) of handsome and telling

appearance. They are evergreen, and the spirally
arranged leaves reach their maximum development
in imbricata, as they adhere to the branches for
twelve to fifteen years. This is the Monkey Puzzle
or Chili Pine, and the only perfectly hardy species
in the British Isles. Cunninghamii stands the
winter in sheltered places near the sea on the
south and west coasts, but never attains very hand-
some proportions. Brasiliana thrives best in a
stove temperature, not necessarily very high, and
Rulei is also generally accorded similar treatment,
though both succeed in a warm greenhouse. The

I'liota: 3li*t 11. K. XMilli.

ARATJCAHIA IMBRICATA, AFTER A SNOWSTORM.

others may be grown in pots or tubs in the green-
house, conservatory, or winter garden. In tall anci
roomy houses, kept cool and airy all the year round,
there are no more handsome trees of this class than
excelsa and Bidwellii for planting out. the former
being notable for its spiry and graceful habit with
horizontal branches, and the latter for the massive
appearance of its dark green leaves and branches.
While Bidwellii and imbricata have broad leaves,
those of excelsa, llulei, and others are awl-shiiprd.
and not unlike those of Cryptomeria japonica or
Sequoia gigantea. Normally the male and female
flowers are on different trees, but occasionally both
sexes occur on the same tree ; imbricata occasion-
ally bears botli in this country.

Propagation. — Seeds are occasionally imported
in greater or less quantity, particularly in the case
of imbricata, and young trees are reared from them.
More compact trees may be raised from cuttings
inserted in sandy soil in a cool greenhouse, shaded
from the sun till rooted. Excelsa is raised by
thousands in this manner, both in this country and
on the Continent. Side shoots rarely if ever make

Araucaria

(69)

Arbour

good plants. The tops should be taken off those
Intended fur stock plants, and rooted. The stumps
will then throw up one or more leaders according
to the strength or size of the trees so cut. These
may be taken off and rooted, when the old plants
will repeat the process.

Soil.— All the species thrive in good, friable, well-
drained loam. Sand and leaf mould may be added
tW those grown in pots. If planted out in the
IT.- I* of the cool conservatory or winter garden
-•"»! turfy loam should be used to replace the
natural soil, if in anyway unsuitable. Imbricate
will thrive for a time in almost any soil, but if the
subsoil is sand or gravel the trees deteriorate as
they get old. To sustain large trees the soil must
be deep, rich, and we!1 drained.

Principal Species : —

liidwellii, 150', grh., grn. The Bunva-Bunva
Pine.

excelsa, 120', grh.. grn. (si/n. Altingia excelsa).
The Norfolk Island Pine.

— glauca, grh., glaucous.

— goldieana, grh., grn.

— robusta. grh., grn. A strong growing variety
imbricata. 50' to 1(X)', rarely 150', Sep. to Nov

hdy.. grn. The Monkey Puzzle or Chili Pine.

— platifolia. Leaves broader than in the type.

— variegata. Variegated.
Other Species : —

. i:i()' to 160',
fjrli., grn.

bnisiliaua, 70' to 100',
grli., gni.

— grafdlis.

— ridolfiiin.i.

Gookii, '200', grh., gni.
(«////. roliimn.-iris).

Cuiininghamii, 100', half-
hdy., grn. (XI/H. Altin-
gia). Moretoii BayPiiie.

— glauca, glaucous,
longifolia, long leaved.

Muellori, ;30', grh., gru.
Rulei, 50', grh., grn. («/«.
Eutacta Hulei).

— elegans.

I'liolo : K. Collins, llauclitfti-r

AKAICAHIA EXCKLSA ix A VASE.

ARAUJIA.

Description. - Twining evergreen shrubs (ord
Asolepiadete). The genus includes the plants
known in gardens under the name of Physianthus
and Schubertia, the former having salver-shaped
and the latter funnel-shaped flowers. A. sericifera
makes a very handsome climber for training up the
rafters in greenhouses and conservatories where a
temperature of 45° to 50° is maintained during the
winter months. In warm districts it will thrive
out of doors on a wall. The others require stove
heat, and to be trained in the same way. Flowers
white or purple.

Propagation.— By seeds in heat during spring
Short and firm side shoots, taken off in summer
and inserted in sandy soil and plunged in gentle
bottom heat, or put in a propagating case, root
freely.

Soil.— Fibrous, mellow loam and peat in equal
proportion, with plenty of sand to render it porous
Borders must be thoroughly well drained.

Principal Species : —

angustifolia, st., grh., wh., pur.

grandiflora, Oct., st., wh. (syns. A. graveolens,
Physianthus auricomis, and Schubertia grandiflora)
Flowers sweet scented.

sericifera, Aug., grh., wh. or pk. in bud (»yn.
Physianthus albens).

ARBORETUM.

A collection of hardy trees and shrubs planted
for decoration or instruction ; also the ground
occupied by such a collection.

As a rule, the object most directly in view when
making an arboretum is effect. Spring, summer,
and autumn tints of flowers and foliage have all to
be considered, and the planting must be arranged
accordingly. Arrangement according to botanical
classification is not advisable, for although this
has its advantages it is much better left to the
botanic garden. When scientifically constructed,
and the trees properly attended to as they grow
up, the arboretum is one of the chief sources of
attraction in the pleasure grounds, and the fine
collection of trees at the Duke of Northumberland's
seat at Syon House, Brentford, and Captain Hoi-
ford's at his Gloucestershire home, Westonbirt,
Tetbury, show what can be accomplished in this
direction.

ARBOR

Hardy evergreens, suitable for growing as indi-
vidual specimens or for hedges. They are raised
from seeds sown in spring, and from cuttings.
They will succeed in almost any fairly good soil,
and luxuriate in a strong loam. For species gee
THUYA. Perhaps the best known is the American
(Thuya occidentalis).

ARBOUR.

A summerhouse, generally with open sides, or
with lattice-work covered by climbing plants of
various kinds. Nooks of this character are amongst
the most pleasurable resorts in gardens, particularly
when placed so that they command a view of some
part of the flower beds or borders. As they are for
summer use only they should be cool, and shaded
from the sun. Arbours composed of rustic, un-
barked wood are amongst the best, as the climbers
take kindly to them. Iron structures are more
permanent, and also much more expensive.

Amongst the climbers suitable for clothing the

Arbutus

( 70 )

Arches

roof and sides of an arbour are Ampelopsis
quinquefolia, climbing Roses, especially Crimson
Kambler and some of the charming multiilora
varieties, Hops, both green and golden, Tropieolum
canariense (Canary Creeper), T. majus, Wistaria
sinensis, Aristolochia Sipho, and Smilax aspera.
There is really no lack of material to assist those
who wish to make an arbour.

ARBUTUS. (STRAWBERRY TKEE.)

Very effective and ornamental evergreen shrubs
and trees (ord. Ericaceae) of great value for shrub-
beries and pleasure grounds. The greater number
are hardy, and the fruit of some of the species adds
much to "their value as ornamental plants. Propa-
gated by grafting, budding, inarching, or seeds.
the last-named being preferable. Sow in March or
April. A light, warm, and rather dry peaty or
sandy soil is best. In exceptionally hard winters
some are cut to the ground, so that a little pro-
tection is advisable in cold districts.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

Andrachne, 14', Ap., grn.,wh. A pretty tree
with leaves not unlike those of a Laurel (syn.
integrifolia).

— serratifolia, 12', yel. (nee hybrida).

Menziesii, 10', Sep., wh. Valuable for mild
localities. Fruit or. red (syns. procera and An-
drachne of gardens).

Unedo, 8' to 20', Sep., wh. A charming shr.
with clusters of flowers, followed by sc. Strawberry-
like fruit. Good vars. with pk. and red flowers are
coccinea and rubra.

Other Species : —
hybrida, 10', Sep., wh.

ARCHES.

The value of arches in the flower garden is two-
fold. First they help to break up the monotony
of what might otherwise be a flat surface, and thus
do away with the appearance of dwarfness and
stiffness. Then they afford congenial support to
various climbing plants, which by their foliage or
flowers, or both, add variety to the garden.

They may be constructed of wood or of iron.
Rustic wood arches have an excellent effect vvhea
care is taken that they are not too heavy. The
main posts should be stout, and, to minimise the
effects of rot, it will be well to have the butts
treated with creosote.

Iron arches are lighter in build, and although the
plants do not take so kindly to them as they do to
the wood, yet the difficulty is not a serious one.

In all cases arches should have their feet firmly
bedded in the soil, for, with the plants they bear,
they offer a considerable surface to the wind.
The height of the arch from the ground, after it is
fixed, should be at least T.

All the plants that are suitable for arbours will
do upon arches, and, in addition, Tecoma (Bignonia)
radicans, Jasminum ofScinale, J. nudiflorum, hardy
Vines, and, in the south and south-west of England,
Solanum jasminoides, Passiflora cserulea, and P. c.
Constance Elliot may be named. This, however,
does not by any means exhaust the list. Fruit
trees, chiefly Apples and Pears, have been trained
in this way.

Archangel (see Angelica).
Arehamjellca (see Angelica').
Archangel Mats (see Mats).

Photo : F. Weatlusrby. Soutliport.

ABCHES MADE OUXAMF.XTAL WITH

FOIJAQB,

Arctostaphylos

Arenaria

The most suitable position for arches is where
they span broad grass or gravel walks, but it is
uasv to have too many o£ them, more especially
in the case of small gardens. A pergola is really
an extended series of connected arches. (.See also
PTOGOLA).

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.

Hardy or half-hardy shrubs (aril. Ericaceae), re-
moved from Arbutus by the live-celled fruits and the
one-seeded cells. They are propagated by seeds,
sown in sand and peat in a cold frame in March ;
by budding, and by inarching. For soil, take
loam and peat in equal parts with sand ; or peat
and sand. No lime.

Principal Species : —

alpina, the Black Ber.rberry. A trailing, de-
ciduous shr. Ap., vvh. or pk. (.<#«. Arbutus
alpina).

nevadensis, spr., flowers and fruit red.

nitida. 4', My., wh. Hlf-hdy. ev.

pungens, 1', Feb., wh. Hlf-hdy. ev.

tomentosa, 4', Dec., wh.

I'va-ursi, Ap., flesh pk., hdy. ev. trailer (syn.
Arbutus Uva-ursi).

ARCTOTHECA.

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials (ord. Com-
posite) allied to Arctotis. They succeed in peat,
leaf mould, and loam in equal parts ; and may be
propagated by root division and by cuttings in the
spring.

Principal Species : —

rcpcns, Jy., yel.

ARCTOTIS.

Handsome, half-hardy, herbaceous perennials
(ord. Composita;) for dry, sunny places in beds
or borders, or for pots in cool greenhouses. Soil,
loam and leaf mould. The flowers ail: large and
Daisy-like. They are propagated by seeds sown in
heat in spring, or by cuttings placed in pots in a
little heat at any season.

Principal Species : —

acaulis, l.V, Je., red, yel.

aspera, 2J to 3', Jy., yel., a fine plant.

aureola, Ap., or. (syn. aspera undulata and
cuprea).

Other Species : -

argcntc'a, 1', Aug., or. yel. reptans, 9", Jy., wh., yel.
belliilifoliii, 2'. My., wh., rosea, 6", Sep., pk. (»>/n.

red (xtfii. paniculata). breviscapa).

laptop, r, Jy., o,, B*-,^— *

ARDISIA.

Description. — Evergreen stove and greenhouse
shrubs (aril. Myrsinea;), with rather small flowers,
but bright, showy berries.

Propagation. — (1) By cuttings. Half-ripened
side shoots taken during the summer months strike
quickly in a bri.-k heat. (2) By seeds. The finest.
and ripest berries should be sown in spring in well
drained pans filled with a compost of equal parts
of loam and peat, with sand, and plunged in
bottom heat.

Soil. — Two-thirds good loam, one-third peat or
leaf soil, with enough sand to keep the compost
open.

Other Cultural Points.— Ardisia crenata is the
one best known, ami the most, useful. It delights
in a fair amount of heat, 50° to 55° or 00° during

winter, and 00° to 75° in summer ; and in plenty of
moisture, both at the roots and overhead. Young
single-stemmed plants in 0" pots make the best
specimens, as in this size they are very useful as
table plants or for general decorative work. Firm
potting is essential to ensure short-jointed, stubby
growth. Old plants may be cut back in the
spring, and if water is withheld until the cuts have
healed — the plants bleed freely otherwise — they
will soon break into fresh growth, and may then be
potted up. Scale and mealy bug are great pests,
and the foliage and berries soon collect soot and
particles of dust from the atmosphere. The con-
stant use of the syringe, and the occasional em-
ployment of the sponge, are advisable. Weak
soapy water makes a capital wash.

Principal Species : —

crenata (sym. crenulata and crispa), 3' to 4', Je.,
flowers red vio., berries bright coral red, hanging on
for a long time. There is a white-berried var.

Other Species : —

crispa (sec crenata). polycephala, 3' to 4', wh.,

humilis, 4', Je., berries berries blk.

lilk. punctata, 6' to 10', Je.,

japouica, 1', wh., nearly wh.

ndy. serrulata, 3', Jy., red.

macrocania, .">' to C', villosa, Oct., flowers wh.

grh., ilt-sli berries, or., — mollis, berries red.

sc. Wallichii, 2', Jy., flowers

Oliver!, Jy., flowers ro. red.
paniculata, 8' to 10', Jy.,

flowers ro., berries red.

ARECA.

Stove Palms (ord. Palma;). A number of species-
formerly included under Areca are now referred
to Acanthophrenix, Euterpe, Hyophorbe, Kentia,
Oncosperma, Ptychosperma, and Chrysalidocarpus.
They are propagated by seeds. Peat or .leaf soil
and loam in equal parts for the young plants, all
loam, with sand, for the older, suit.

Principal Species : —

Catechu, the Betel Nut Palm, 30', leaves 3' to G'
long.

lutescens, the popular market I'alm, now referred
to the genus Chrysalidocarpus.

Other Species : —

Alicia?. glandiformis, 30'.

conciuna, 8' to 10'. triandra, 20'.

ARENARIA. (SANDWORT.)

A large genus of dwarf, hardy plants (ord.
Caryophyllese), comparatively few of which are
worth growing; but some of the perennials are
valued for rock gardening or for carpeting. They
have generally narrow leaves and small white
flowers. Grandiflora and montana are suitable for
the front of borders, or for growing in pots in a
cold house or frame. Propagated by division, seeds,
or cuttings struck under glass. Loam, sand, and
leaf mould are suitable. Plant in sunny, exposed
positions in dry soil, except in the case of
balearica, which thrives in a damp place.

Principal Species : -

balearica, 2", Men., wh. A charming little creeping
plant, with very small flowers.

grandiflora, 0", Je., wh. A handsome Alpine,
with large flowers.

montana, 3", Ap., wh. Earlier than the pre-
ceding species. Flowers about equal in size.

purpurascens, 0", My., pur. A neat plant,
especially desirable because of its distinct colour.

Arduina (see Carissa).

Arenga

(72)

Arissema

saxatilis, 8", Je., wh.
rotuudifplia, 6", Jy., wh.
verna, 3", My., wh. (*>f>f.

Other Species : —
ciliata, 6", Jy., wh.
Huteri, U", Je., wh.
laricifolia, 6", Je., wh.

ARENGA.

A genus of Palms (ord. Palmse). The juice
of saccharifera yields sugar, and its trunk sago.
It needs plenty of heat, with a frequent use of the
syringe, as thrips are troublesome; 40'. It is
propagated by seeds, and two-thirds loam and
one-third cow manure suit it.

ARETHUSA.

Pretty and uncommon terrestrial Orchids (ord.
Orchidacese). They are nearly hardy, but require
a, mulching of leaves in winter. Well-rotted
manure and sphagnum, with a little peat, suit.

Principal Species : —

bulbosa, 8", My., ro. pur., fragrant.

Other Species : —

«iliaris (see Bartholiua). plicata (sec Pogonia).

ARGANIA.

A greenhouse evergreen tree (ord. Sapotacerc),
doing well in ordinary garden soil, and propagated
(1) by layers, (2) by cuttings taken in autumn or
spring, and covered with a bell-glass in a warm
greenhouse.

Only Species : —

Sideroxylon (the Iron Wood), 15' to 20', Jy., yel.
(syn. Sideroxylon spinosum).

ARGEMONE. (PRICKLY POPPY.)

Showy plants (prd. Papaveracens) covered with
prickles, and having flowers which bear a resem-
blance to those of the horned Poppy (Glaucium).
Few but annual species are in cultivation in this
country ; these are sown where they are to bloom,
in ordinary soil, in early spring. They like sun.

Principal Species :—

mexicaiia, 2', Je., yel.
— albiflora, 1', Jy., wh.
ochroleuca, 2', Aug., yel.

grandiflora, 2', Jy., wh.,

hlf-hdy. per.
hispida, '2£', Aug., wh.

ARGYREIA.

Greenhouse or stove climbers or shrubs (ord.
Convolvulacese), of vigorous habit and free-
blooming tendencies. Bracteata and speciosa are
used in India for the making of poultices, and
malabarica has purgative properties. Propagated
by cuttings under a hand-glass in bottom heat.
Soil, light and rich, such as a mixture of equal
parts of peat, loam, and sand.

Principal Species : —
cuneata, 4' to 5 , Jy., pur.
cyinosa, 10', pk.

speciosa, 10', Jy., ro.
splendens, 1', Xov., red.

Other Species :-
acuta, Jy., wh.
capitata, Jy., pur.

nmlabarica, Je., cream,
poiuacea, pk.

ARGYROXIPHIUM.

A greenhouse herbaceous perennial (ord. Com-
positse). Sandwicense has purple flowers, and is
clothed with silvery hairs ; 3' (syn. Argyrophyton
Douglasii). It is propagated by seeds, sown when
ripe in gentle heat, and equal parts of loam and
leaf soil, with sand, suit it.

Aretia (sec Androsace).
Argolasia, (see Linaria).
Ari/yrochaeta (.tee Partlicnium).
Aryyroplnjton (see Argyroxiypliium).

ARISSEMA.

Tuberous rooted stove, greenhouse, and hardy
plants (ord. Aroidea;), often with curiously tailed
Mowers. Propagated by division of the rootstock.

AKISTOLOCJIIA TKICAVDATA (see p. 74).

Arisarum

( 73)

Aristolochia

1'eat and fibrous loam in equal parts, with a little
sphagnum moss, some charcoal, and sand, form a
good compost. Plenty oC water, except when the
plants are at rest, is a necessity. Liquid manure
in the growing season is helpful.

Principal Species : —

[itrorubens, II" to 1', Je., hdy., grn., pur. br. (si/ns.
triphyllum, zebrirmm, and Arum triphyllum).

speciosum, '!', Mch., grh., wh., grn.

Other Species :

uepenthoides, '2', spr.,st.,
yel., br., gru.

prsecox (see riligens).

riugeus, spr., hdy., \vh.,
grn. (»yiiK. prsecox and
Sieboldii).

Sieboldii (.«r ringens).

conciuuum, 1' to '!' , Je.,
St., wh., gru.

curvatum (.src tortuosum).

gaieatum, 1', Jy., St., grn.,
wh.

Griftithii, 1' to K'. Ap.,
hdy., br., vio., gru.
(.11/11. hookerianuin).

helleborifoliuin (*ce curva-
tum).

hook(.iriauum(.VY' Griftithii).

tortuosum, 4', Ap., st.,

wh., gru.
\Vrayi, yel., gni.
zebriuum(«tr atrorubens) .

ARISARUM.

Half-hardy herbaceous plants (onL Aroidese) of
little garden value, allied to Arisicma. They are
propagated by division of the rootstock in spring
and by seeds. A mixture of equal parts of peat,
loam, and sand suits them.

Principal Species :

vulgare, 1', My., spathy pur.

ARISTEA.

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials (prd. Iridese)
of little horticultural value. Propagated by divi-
sion of the rootstock in spring and by seeds.
Three parts of peat and one part of loam, with
sand, suit them.

Principal Species :-
capitata, 3', Jy., bl.
cyauea, 6", Je., bl.
melaleuca, 1', Je., bl.

platycaulis, 1', bl.
pusilla, 3", Jy., bl.
spiralis, 1', My., bl.

ARISTOLOCHIA. (I!IRTHWOET.)

Description. — A large genus of stove, greenhouse,
or hardy, evergreen or deciduous shrubs (prd. Aris-
tolochiacese), climbers for the most part, by means
of their twining stems. The plants are remark-
able for the curious forms of their flowers, some
of which are large and very handsome, but as a
rule unpleasantly scented. The climbers make
capital pillar or rafter plants, and from the pen-
dulous habit of their flowers they need such a
position to display them to advantage. Sipho, the
Dutchman's Pipe, is a handsome hardy climber,
planted chiefly for its foliage.

Propagation. — By cuttings of the young shoots,
about ti" long, taken off with a heel of the old wood
and inserted in heat under a bell-glass.

Soil. — Two-thirds loam, one-third well-rotted
manure and sand.

Other Cultural Points. — As a rule, Aristolochias
do best when planted out, although they may be.
grown in pots. Good drainage is essential, as they
require plentiful supplies of water— less in winter
— with occasional doses of liquid cow manure in
the growing season. The growths should not be
trained tightly to the roof, bat allowed to hang.
In most cases the flowers are borne upon the old
wood, but in ringens they are produced upon the
young shoots ; the pruning must vary accordingly.
The temperature should not be allowed to fall below
58", even in winter, for the stove forms. Mealy bug
is I lie only insect pest that gives much trouble.

Aria (see 1'yriu).

Principal Species :—

brasiliensis, 20', Jy., st., pur., shaped like a
bird's head. Ev. cl.

caudata, 5', Je., St., red. Cl.

Clematitis, 2', Jy., hdy., yel., erect. Herbaceous
per., naturalised in parts of Britain.

Duchartrei, 5', Jan., st., tube br., limb light yel.
The plant flowers from the old wood.

fimbriata, G', Sep., st., pur. yel.

floribunda, 10', Jy., st., pur. red, netted yel. Cl.

gigas, 8' to 10', Je., St., pur., with a long
tail. Cl.

— Sturtevantii, 7' to 9', Jy., st., pur., wh. grey
edge, very large, and with long tails ; very mal-
odorous. Cl.

goldieana, Jy., st., grn., yel., very large, 25" long
by 10" diameter is a common size. Cl.

odoratissima, 10' Jy., St., pur., fragrant. Ev. cl.

I'lioto : IK. II. Wuite.

AllISTOLOC'HIA OIOAS STUHTEVAXTII

Aristotelia

Artabotrys

Sipho, 15' to 30', My., Je., hdy., yel., br., cl.

tomentosa, 10', Jy., hdy., pur., limb yel., cl.

tricaudata, 2', Aug., St., pur., with three long tails.
The best of the shrubby forms, (fiee jiage 72.)

Other Species : —
angruiuida, 7' to 10', Dec., leuconeura, 12', Sep., st.,

at., wh., br. pur. br.

barbata, 10', Jy., St., br. omithocephala (now bra-
clypeata, sum., st., wh., siliensismacrocephala).

pur. riugeus, 20', Jy., st., pur.,

conliflora, 30', My., st., grn., yel.

yel., pur. saccata, 20', Sep., st., pur.

deltoidea variegata, 6', st. red.

galeata, 10', Aug., st., sempervireus, 4', My.,

cream. grh., pur.

iiidica, 10', Jy., st., pur. Thwaitesii, 3', Mch., st.,
labiosa, 20', Jy., st., pur., wh.

grn., yel. ' trilobata, 7', Je., st., pur.

ungulifolia, Je., st., pur.

ARISTOTELIA.

Hardy or half-hardy evergreen shrubs (ord. Tili-
aceae), with handsome foliage and berries. Propa-
gated by cuttings of the ripened wood inserted in
sand under a hand-glass, and by layers. Ordinary
garden soil.

Principal Species : —

Macqui, 6', My., hdy., flowers grn., berries blk.

There is a variegated form.

ARMENIACA (see PBUNUS).

ARMERIA. (THRIFT, SEA PINK.)

Pretty, hardy perennials (ord. Plumbaginefe), for
borders, edgings, or rockwork. The larger species
make nice coolhouse plants in pots : they are
very superior to the common native Thrift, mari-
tima. Increased by seeds sown in spring under
glass, or by cuttings, or rather pieces taken off
with a part of the base attached, and struck in a
frame or under handlights. Sandy soil, with the'
addition of leaf soil and peat. The larger species
are best grown in the rock garden, for which all
are suitable. It is safer to propagate mauritanica
annually, as it is rather tender, and sometimes
dies in winter.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

caespitosa, 2", Je., ro. A charming little Thrift
for sunny crevices in rockwork (xyn. jimiperifolia).

maritima (vulgaris), 6", Je., ro. The common
Thrift, of which there are several varieties, suitable
for edgings, etc. alba, wh., is good ; and the form
named laucheana has bright crim. flowers.

mauritanica, 1J' to 2J', Jy., ro. or wh., the most
ornamental of the genus, with large heads and
flowers.

plantaginea, 1±', Je., ro., a good, tall species,
hardier than the preceding.

Other Species : —

cephalotes (see mauritanica) . latifolia, 1.!', Je., ro.
diauthoides, 6", Je., pk. setacea (see iuneea).

juncea, 3", Je., ro. undulata, wh.

ARNEBIA. (PROPHET FLOWER.)

Description. — (.'harming perennials or annuals
(ord. BoragineEe) with bright flowers, usually with
live dark spots, which have given rise to the legend
that they are the marks of the fingers of the
prophet Mahomet (syn. Macrotomia).

Propagation. — By seeds, or by cuttings or root
cuttings of the perennial species, the root cuttings
being cut into pieces about 1" in length in early
spring, and put in pots of light soil under glass in
a little heat. The tops of these root cuttings
should be just under the surface.

Soil.— The perennials like a rather strong soil,

but the annuals prefer one of sandy loam enriched
with manure.

Other Cultural Points. — The Arnebias make
good border or rockery plants, echioides being
one of the finest rock plants we have.

Principal Species : —

cornuta, 1^', Jy., yel. A handsome ann., which
should be sown in heat early in spring and grown
on under glass until May.

echioides, 9", My., yel. A favourite with all
growers of hdy. flowers.

Grifflthii, 9", Jy., yel. A pretty ami.

macrothyrsa, 1^', Je., per., yel. A good species
not in general cultivation.

ARNICA.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Composite)
of dwarf stature, and with yellow flowers, closely
related to Senecio. They are propagated by seeds,
and by division of the roots in spring. Peat, loam,
and sand in equal parts suit them.

Principal Species : —

Chainissonis, 1' to 2', Jy. to Sep., yel.

foliosa, 2', Aug., yel.

Other Species : —
Aronicum (see scorpi- montana, 1', Jy., yel.

oides). scorpioides, 9", sum. (syn.

Clusii, 1', sum. (sijn. Aronicum).

Doronicum Clusii.)

ARPOPHYLLUM.

Evergreen epiphytic Orchids (ord. OrohidaceEe).
Propagated by division of the pseudo-bulbs. Equal
parts of fibrous peat, loam, and broken crocks, with
a few nodules of charcoal, suit them.

Principal Species : —

cardinale, 1', sum., ro. spicatum, 1', Ap., pur.

giganteum, 2', Ap., pur.,

ro.

ARRACACIA.

A half-hardy perennial (ord. Umbelliferae) with
a tuberous rootstock, which is used for food in
South America. It may be increased by division
of the roots, and should be given a loamy soil.

Principal Species : —

esculenta, 2', Jy., wh. (syn. Conium Amicacia).

ARRHENATHERUM.

Perennial grasses (ord. Grarninese), propagated
by seeds or division, and thriving in ordinary soil.
Principal Species : —
avenaceum, 5', Je.

ARROWROOT.

A starchy food used for children and invalids.
It is obtained from various plants, but the ordinary
West Indian arrowroot is obtained from the genus
Maranta, which see.

ARTABOTRYS.

Pretty stove shrubs (ord. Anonacese). The
leaves are supposed to be effective in cases of
cholera. Propagated by cuttings of matured
shoots under a bell-glass in gentle heat in spring,
and by seeds.

Principal Species :—

odoratissimus, (>', Jy., red br., very sweet scented.

Arnoldia (sec Diinorphotheca-*).
Amopogon (see Urospermum).
Aronia. (see Crotcegus and Pyrui).
Aronicum (see Arnica and Uoronicum).
Arrowhead (see Sayittaria).

Artanema

75 )

Artichoke, Globe

ARTANEMA.

Evergreen coolliouse shrubs (ord. Scrophul-
arinea:) of some beauty, allied to Torenia. Propa-
gated by seeds and by cuttings. Equal parts of
loam, peat, and leaf soil, with sand, suit it.

Principal Species : —

nnibriatum, L'V, Je. to Nov., bl.

ARTEMISIA.

A large genus of herbaceous or shrubby peren-
nials (Wormwood: Mugwort; Southernwood, ord.
Composite), very few being of horticultural value
from a decorative point of view. Many have a
more or less pleasant aromatic scent. Propagated
by division of the roots of the herbaceous species,
by cuttings of the shrubby ones, and the annuals
by seeds. Almost any dry soil, not too heavy, is
favourable. The dwarfer species are best grown on
rockwurk, and the pretty sericea is benefited by
covering with glass in winter to keep off rain.
Principal Species : —

Abrotanum, 4', Aug., yellowish. This is the
old-fashioned Southernwood or Old Man, whose
fragrant leaves are so well known.

Absinthium, 1 J', Aug., yel. The common Worm-
wood, which is used for medicinal purposes.

argentea, 1', Jy., yel. Rather tender, requiring a

warm border, but valued for its silvery appearance.

cana, 2|', Aug., yel. Like the preceding, valued

for its silvery stems and leaves. It is hardier than

argentea.

pontica, 2', Sep., yel. Roman Wormwood, used
in bedding designs on account of its finely cut
grey foliage.

sericea, 6", greenish, of rather trailing habit, and
one of the prettiest silvery leaved plants we have.
Leaves very narrow.

vulgaris, 3', Aug., yel. Mugwort. For garden
purposes the golden and variegated forms are the
only ones of value.
Other Species : —

alpina, 9", Jy., yel. Mutellina, 6", Aug., yel.

cierulescens, 2', Aug., bl. rupestris, 9", Jy., yel.
frigkla, 9", Jy., yel. stelleriana, H', Jy., yel.

maritima, 2', Aug., yel. tauacetifolia,"U', Jy., yel.

ARTHROPODIUM.

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials (ord. Liliacesa)
of considerable beauty. Related to Anthericum.
The flowers are borne in rather straggling racemes.
The leaves are grass-like. Propagated by divisions
and by seeds. Loam and peat, with sand, suit.

Principal Species : —

neo-caledonicum, 1J', My., wh.

paniculatum, 3', M~y., wh. The var. minus is
a pretty form.

Other Species :—

cirrliiitum, 3', My., wh. pendulum, IV, Je., Aug.,

rimbri;itum, 15', Jy., wh. wh.

ARTHROSTEMMA.

Stove or greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord.
Melastomaceas), rarely met with in cultivation, but
well worthy of attention. Propagated by cuttings
of half-ripened side shoots, taken in April or
August, and placed under a bell-glass in bottom
heat. For compost, use loam, peat, and sand in
equal parts.

Artantlie (sue Piper).
Arthrophyllum (see Phyllarthrori).
Artfirojiteris (see Nephrodiwm and Polypodium).

Principal Species :—
fragile, 3', Je., st., ro.
nitidum, 2', Je., grh., HI.

versicolor, 1', Sep., st.,
wh.. jik.

ARTICHOKE, CHINESE.

Description.— A prolific vegetable (Stachys tuberi
fera, ord. Labiatse), producing small jointed
tubers which are very acceptable in the autumn
and winter. They may be used for salad as well
as for culinary purposes.

Propagation. — From tubers planted in the
autumn or spring.

Soil. — Any garden soil, but a light sandy loam
is the best.

Other Cultural Points. — Select a piece of ground
that has been well manured for a previous crop,
and after being deeply dug, the top soil should be
forked over at the end of March, and made level.
Select tubers of even size, and plant with a dibber
1' apart, in rows 18" asunder. Hoe frequently
during the summer, and give liquid manure in dry
weather to ensure the tubers growing to full size.
In October the crop may be lifted and stored in
sand. Some prefer to leave the tubers in the
ground, and lift them as required ; but, in any case,
care should be exercised in clearing the ground, as
every small piece left will vegetate and become a
nuisance the following season. Reserve a portion
for planting in the spring, and store the tubers in
dry sand or earth, as they are apt to commence
growth if the material is damp.

ARTICHOKE, GLOBE.

Description. — The Globe Artichoke (Cynara
Scolymus, ord. Composite), so called on account of
the outline of the heads, has long held a position
amongst the esculents in gardens. It is said to
have been introduced to this country about the
year 1548 from Italy, and has been grown more or
less in gardens ever since, though it was culti-
vated and highly appreciated by the Greeks and
Romans long before the above date. It is a hardy
herbaceous perennial. The heads that are pro-
duced from July to October are usually boiled,
and served with butter and salt.

Propagation.— From seeds and suckers. When
the former method is adopted seeds may be sown
in March or April in drills 18" apart, finally
putting out the plants 3' apart. Seeds can also be
sown in gentle heat, pricking off the plants into
small pots, gradually hardening and putting out in
prepared beds at the end of May. Growing plants
from suckers is an expeditious and satisfactory
way of propagating. Early in April select strong
suckers, about 10" high, that have made some
fibrous roots, and after removing the rough outer
leaves transplant them singly 3' apart, in rows 4'
asunder, making the soil about them firm. Earth
up each plant with finely sifted coal ashes, mulch
the ground between with long manure, and if the
weather is dry apply water to enable the suckers
to start into growth.

Soil. — Deep, rich loam.

Other Cultural Points.— Globe Artichokes should
be given an open situation, free from drip, shade,
and other influences of trees. The site for the
crop should be selected in the autumn, deeply dug,
and have a good dressing of rich farmyard manure
incorporated with the subsoil. If the land is stiff
and retentive add a fair dressing of road scrapings
and sifted coal ashes. Two or three years is quite
long enough to keep old plants, as young plant-

Artichoke, Jerusalem

( 76 )

Artificial Manures

ations are more profitable. Summer treatment
consists of the frequent use of the hoe, the re-
moval of weak suckers, and an occasional supply
of liquid manure. In the autumn all plants that
are intended to remain for another season should
receive attention. Remove the old flowering stems
and decayed leaves, and place 3" or 4" of finely
sifted coal ashes round each clump. In severe
•weather add to this a further mulch of strawy
litter, leaves, or Bracken. This may be cleared
away in March, and a dressing of manure given.
There is no need to remove the ashes, as Artichokes
have a particular liking for them, and they may be
forked into the soil with the manure.

Guards. — These are the blanched summer
growths of Globe Artichokes, and the blanching
operation takes six or eight weeks. After the
best heads have been cut, early in July, the stems
and leaves must be- cut down, and when the new
growth is about 2' high it should be bound round
with wreaths of straw, and soil or litter be drawn
round the stems of the plants.

Varieties. — There are several varieties in culti-
vation, including the Large Green Globe, Green
Globe, and Purple Globe. The former is one of
the best, being rounded at the points and free
from prickles ; it is more tender than the other
two mentioned, which are very good for general
purposes.

ARTICHOKE, JERUSALEM.

Description. — The tubers (Helianthus tuberosus,
ord. Composite) are cooked in several ways, and
make a palatable dish. During the summer the
plants make effective screens, and afford protec-
tion for more tender crops.

Propagation. — From medium sized tubers planted
in the autumn or spring.

Soil. — Any ordinary garden soil will suffice, but
Jerusalem Artichokes flourish best where the root-
ing medium is light.

Other Cultural Points.— The ground should be
dug deeply and manured, if at all poor, before
planting. Select medium sized tubers, and plant
them 2' apart in rows 3' asunder, burying them to
a depth of 6". The only attention required during
the growing period is an occasional hoeing, and
earthing up the soil to the stems if it is of a light
character. About the middle of November cut the
stems down and lift the crop. Select the largest
and best shaped tubers for use, storing them in
sand under cover, or pitting them in the open.
Reserve the smaller tubers for making fresh plant-
ations. Care should be taken to lift the whole of
the crop, as the smallest piece of tuber left in the
ground will vegetate, and growth appear the
following spring. For this reason annual lifting
and planting are desirable, or the crop becomes
difficult to eradicate, and the tubers degenerate in
size and quality.

Varieties. — There are several varieties of the
species Helianthus tuberosus, the older forms
having purple or reddish skinned tubers. A white
skinned variety of modern introduction is superior
in shape and quality to the old one, and equally as
prolific.

ARTIFICIAL MANURES.

The term " artificial " is commonly applied to all
forms of concentrated fertilisers, some of which
are artificial or chemical, and others animal pro-
ductions. A simple and more correct method is
to classify these fertilisers as "organic" and " in-

organic," the former being applied to substances
which represent material of which some animal
or vegetable life has been composed, and the latter
having no connection with anything that has had
life.

Classification. — In order to be practical it is well
to divide concentrated fertilisers into three classes
— phosphatic, potassic, and nitrogenous; these
being the three chief plant foods. Phosphates
promote fruitfulness, and in garden and orchard
the provision of phosphoric acid is the first
essential for the best results. Potash plays an
important part in the production of quality ; size,
colour, and flavour in fruits and vegetables are
largely due to it. Nitrogen promotes growth, and
is responsible for density of colour in leaves and
vigour of plants. A combination of the above
fertilisers makes up a complete manure. There
are numerous specially prepared mixtures on the
market, but the most economical method is to buy
the ingredients, and mix them in the required
proportions.

Principal Phosphatic Fertilisers : —

Basic slag is an excellent phosphatic manure
for applying to soil which lacks lime and contains
plenty of humus. It is obtained in the process of
converting pig iron into steel, and its value depends
partly on its fineness. It should be applied
in the winter as a top-dressing on lawns and
pastures, and be dug into the subsoil for vegetables
and fruit crops at the rate of about 7 Ib. to the
square rod (30j square yards).

Bone flour is an excellent fertiliser, particularly
for heavy soil, and it is good for mixing with
compost for Vine borders and pot plants. Bone
flour should be finely ground to be of the greatest
value, and though somewhat slow its effects are
lasting.

SuperphmpJiate (mineral) is a cheap and ex-
cellent phosphatic manure for general garden
purposes. A good sample should be dull grey in
colour, dry, and powdery. It may be dug into the
soil prior to cropping, and be applied as a surface
dressing to fruit and vegetables in the spring.

Potassic Manures :—

Kainit is a soluble salt, and the cheapest com-
mercial form of potash. A good sample contains
about 12 per cent, of potash, and in mixture with
superphosphate it makes a valuable fertiliser.

Sulphate of potash is a purified form of kainit,
and, being nearly four times as rich in potash,
much smaller quantities are required. If potash
is wanted during the growing season the sulphate
is the best to apply. It is an excellent manure for
Strawberries.

Muriate of potash is a powerful potassic manure,
which gives excellent results on certain soils, both
with fruit and vegetables. It is more expensive
and powerful than kainit, and should be used with
care. In conjunction with superphosphate it has
been found good for Apples.

Nitrogenous Manures : —

Nitrate of Soda. — A quickly soluble and power-
ful manure, that is shipped in large quantities from
South America, and contains about 15 per cent, of
nitrogen. It is best used as a separate dressing,
applying phosphate and potash early in the
season, and following with light surface dressings
of nitrate, say about 1 Ib. per square rod at inter-
vals, to stimulate growth.

Sulphate of Ammonia, — This is a waste product
from gas and ironworks, and has the same effect

Artificial Manures

f 77 )

Arum

as nitrate, with the difference that it may be
applied in one spring dressing, and is retained
longer in the soil. Nitrate is the better for top-
dressing when an immediate result is desired, but
the effects of sulphate of ammonia are more
lasting. Both these manures are injurious if
brought into contact with the foliage of many
plants, and care should be taken not to dust them
over the leaves when applying to growing crops.

Though the quantities and proportions of fertil-
isers used must be governed by the character of
the crop, and also the soil, the following mixtures
are good for general purposes.

Bulbous Vegetables (principally Onions). — In
addition to farmyard manure, soot, and wood ashes,
apply in February a mixture formed of 4 Ib. of
superphosphate and 3 Ib. of kainit per square rod,
worked into the top spit. Give nitrate of soda or
sulphate of ammonia in the spring in two or three
top-dressings at the rate of 1 Ib. per rod.

Greens (Cabbage tribe). — These plants are gross
feeders, and in addition to animal manure a dressing
of 4 Ib. of kainit and 3 Ib. of superphosphate per
square rod may be dug into the soil, with top-
dressings of nitrate at 1 Ib. per rod.

Pod -bearing Vegetables (Peas and Beans).—
Animal manure worked into the subsoil, with
superphosphate forked into the surface soil at the
rate of 7 Ib. per square rod a few weeks before
sowing, is excellent. Another good dressing is
composed of 4 Ib. of basic slag or bone meal per
rod, incorporated with the subsoil in the winter,
with 3 Ib. of kainit and 2 Ib. of sulphate of
ammonia per rod applied a few weeks before
sowing.

Tap Boots (Carrots, Parsnips, Beet). — Good roots
can be grown on land that has been well manured
for a previous crop without further feeding, but if
plant food is required apply 3 Ib. of superphos-
phate, 2 Ib. of kainit, and 1 Ib. of sulphate of
ammonia per rod when preparing the ground for
sowing.

Tuberous (Potatoes). — A complete manure is
the best for Potatoes, and, if the ground is in a
fair state of fertility, good crops may be grown
with 1 Ib. of superphosphate, 3 Ib. of kainit, and
1 Ib. of sulphate of ammonia or nitrate per rod.
The first three may be applied in mixture before
planting, but nitrate should be used as a top-
dressing when earthing.

Apples, Cherries, Pears, and Plums.— Phosphoric
acid is the chief food required, potash being bene-
ficial on light soils, and applications of nitrogen
should be governed by the conditions of growth.
On heavy land basic slag and bone meal are good
for winter dressings, and superphosphate and kainit
or muriate of potash are excellent for spring appli-
cations on fairly light land.

Currants, Gooseberries, and Raspberries. — Basic
slag and bone meal ure good for winter application
on heavy soil, and an excellent general mixture for
hoeing into the ground in the spring is 4 Ib. of super-
phosphate, 2 Ib. of kainit, anil 1 Ib. of sulphate of
ammonia per rod.

Strawberries. — When preparing plantations on
heavy soil dig in basic shig at the rate of 8 Ib. per
rod. Superphosphate and sulphate of ammonia,
5 Ib. of the former and 1 Ib. of the latter, are good
for spring dressing on light soil, and the safest
way of applying potash is in the form of sulphate
of potash at the rate of 2 Ib. per rod.

Flowers. — For top-dressing hardy Hower borders,
Koses, annuals, Carnations, and other garden
flowers in the spring, 3 Ib. of superphosphate and
1 Ib. of sulphate of ammonia per rod are good.

Lawns. — A good winter dressing for improving
the appearance of scanty lawns is 3 Ib. of basic
slag and 1 Ib. of kainit per rod, followed by a
spring application of 3 Ib. of superphosphate and
1 Ib. of nitrate or sulphate of ammonia at the
same rate.

ARTOCARPUS.

Stove evergreen trees (Bread Fruit, ord. Urti-
cacese) allied to Antiaris, the Upas Tree. They
need plenty of water at all times, with free
drainage. Propagated by cuttings of the side
shoots ; and by suckers. Soil, two-thirds of good
loam and one-third of leaf soil, with sand.

Principal Species : —
Cauuoni (see Ficus Can- The fruit is produced

noni). iu the leaf axils in big

incisa, true Bread Fruit, spherical heads.

50'.

Other Species :—

heterophylla. laciniata.

integrifolia, Jaca or Jack Tree. — metallica.

ARUM.

Description. — Handsome or singular perennia!
plants (ord. Aroidese) suitable for the outdoor
garden, or the conservatory and greenhouse. They
all bear more or less resemblance in form to the
favourite Arum Lily (Richardia africana), but
are often singularly coloured. The markings on
the leaves of some add much to their interest.
The greater number of the plants formerly grown
as Arums have been transferred by botanists to
other genera, and these will be found under their
proper titles. The leading ones thus removed will
be found under one or other of the following
genera: Alocasia, Amorphophallus, Arisiema,
Arisarum, Biarurn, Caladium, Colocasia, Dracun-
culus, Helicophyllum, Helicodiceros, Philodendron,
Pinellia, Sauromatum, Spathiphyllum, Typhonium,
and Xanthosoma.

Propagation. — By division of the roots when
they begin to make new growth in spring, or by
seeds. Seeds of the tender species ought to be
sown in a gentle heat, but those of the hardy
plants will germinate either in a cold frame or in
the open ground.

Soil. — Arums like a good, rich soil ; where a
compost is being prepared for them it may consist
of about two parts of good loam and one part of
decomposed cow or other animal manure, with
the addition of a little rough sand. In the open
ground they will flourish in any good garden soil
if a little damp but well drained.

Other Cultural Points. — Most of the tender

Elants now retained in the genus Arum require
ttle more than greenhouse temperature, and some
do not even need as much heat as is generally main-
tained in one in which flowering plants are grown
in winter. They must be kept dry and free from
frost at that season. They may, however, be
started into growth with a temperature of almut
60° in spring'. When the growing season is over.
water may be gradually withheld, but when in
growth they ought to have a full supply. The
hardy species need no covering in most plan-.
They are best suited for rock gardens, woodlands,
or for planting in wild gardens.

Arundinaria

(78 )

Arundinaria

Principal Species : —

Dracunculns (correctly Dracuncnlns vulgaris).

italicum, 1^', Ap., greenish wh. Tlie Italian Arum
is a neat plant for growing in a corner of the
garden or on the lower parts of the rockery. Its
•variegated leaves are very pretty.

maculatum, 9", pur., grn. Our native Wake
Robin. Cuckoo Pint, or Lords and Ladies, which is
showy in autumn with its bright scarlet, poisonous
berries.

palsestinum. 2', My., blk. A handsome but
curious-looking plant, which is hdy. in the south,
but ought to be grown under glass.

Soil. — Equal parts of good loam and leai soil
with plenty of sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Where possible the
Bamboos should be associated together in a spot
sheltered from the cold biting winds, which do
much damage to the young leaves and shoots.
They need plenty of water at all times, and such
species as japonica are at their best when planted
by the side of a lake or stream. In bleak localities
some protection should be given during the winter,
for the plants are only doubtfully hardy. If they
do not actually succumb to a long spell of
inclement weather it cripples their energies for a

irl; ({• Cu.. Cape Toii'tl.

A FIELD OF AEVM LILIES (RICHARBIA AFUICANA) AT MOTVHRAY, SOI'TH AFKICA.

Other Species :
crinitum (see Helicodi-

ceros).
<Jetruncatum, 2', Ap.,grh.,

grn. yel.
Dioscoridis, V, spr., grn.,

pur.

Dracontiuin (xwArisaema) .
hygrophilum, 1', grh.,

grn., pur.

numidicum (see italicum).
orientale, 1', Je., grh.,

greenish wh.
philistseum, 1', My., grh.,

pur.

ramosum, 3', st.
sanctum, U', My., grh.,

blk. pur. (probably a

var. of patestinum).

ARUNDINARIA.

Description. — A genus of hardy, half-hardy, and
exotic Bamboos (ord. Graminefe), some of which
are of great decorative value. Twenty-four distinct
species are given in the Genera Plantarum, but the
Index Jfetoensis mentions forty-one species, apart
from synonyms. Nitida is the handsomest of all,
but japonica (syn. Metake) is probably the best
known member of the genus.

Propagation. — By division of the rootstock. Very
small pieces of the rhizomes, if they have healthy
roots attached, soon make plants.

long time, and sometimes they never get over the
check.

The following synonymy is that of the Kew
Hand-List. It should be read with Bambusa and
Phyllostachys.

Principal Species : —

falcata, 'A' to (>'. grh. (syns. Bambusa gracilis of
gardens in part, and B. falcata).

Falconeri, 5' to 8', foliage bright grn. One of the
hardiest (syji.Thamnocalamus Falconeri, of Unnkf. ).

Fortune! variegata, 1' to 2J', grn. (syn. Bambusa
Fortunei variegata).

Hindsii, 6' to 12', hdy. (syn. Bambusa erecta of
Sieb).

japonica, 4' to 8', hdy. (syns. Bambusa Jletake
and B. japonica).

nitida, & to 9', foliage olive, br., pur.

Sirnoni, 8' to 18', half-hdy. (gym. NarihiradakS
of Japan, Bambusa viridi-striata, and B. Simoni).
There is a variegated form.

Veitchii, 2' to 3', warm grh. (syns. Bambusa tes-
sellata of gardens and B. Veitchii).

Arundo

Ash, Mountain

Other Species and Varieties : —

anct'ps, G' to 8', hdy. chiku of Japan and

uristata, 8' to 12'. Bainbusa gramiuea).

auiicoma. H' to 4', hdy. humilis, 3' to 4', hdy. (*//«.

(«/«». Bambusa For- Fortuuei of gardens).

tunci aurea of gardens macrosperma tecta, 3' to

and B. Maximo wiczii 4', hdy.

of gardens in part). Maximowiczii (.w auri-

«hrysautha, :i' to 4', hdy. coma aud Simoui varie-

ty". Bambusa chrys- gata).

antlm). metalhca, 2.V to 3', lialf-

Fortunei compacta, fi" to hdv.

12", grh. nohilis, 8' to 10', hdy.

Hindsii graminea, U' to puniila, 12" to 18", hdy.

IV (xyiif. Taimiu- (xyn. Bambusa pumila

of gardens).

ARUNDO. (REED.)

Description.— Noble hardy or nearly hardy plants
(ord. Graminea;), very ornamental on grass, by the
waterside, or for sub-tropical gardening. They are
also decorative in large conservatories. When in
bloom they are especially fine with their tall spikes
of feathery plumes.

Propagation. — By division or by seeds in spring.
They may also be propagated by putting the stems
in water ; rooted plants spring from the joints.

Soil. — Although the Arundo grows in any good
soil, it ought to have a rather damp place to
display its true character.

Other Cultural Points. — Arundo Donax is re-
puted to be hardier than the Pampas Grass, but
that is not the universal experience. Conspicua is
less hardy than Donax, and ought to be protected
in winter except in gardens in the south. Where
any doubt exists it is safer to cover the stools with
ashes or dry litter.

Principal Species : —

conspicua, 8', Aug., silky wh. A splendid plant,
with fine panicles of great beauty.

Donax, 12', Aug., reddish, passing off wh. The
•Great Keed. A handsome plant. The form versi-
color has its leaves prettily striped with wh. It is
much dwarfer, and seldom exceeds 3' or 4' in height.

madagascariensis, 12' to 18', a grh. species of
.much beauty.

mauritanica, 12', grh.

ASAFCETIDA.

The medicinal gum so well known for its dis-
agreeable odour is obtained chiefly from Narthex

asafcetida.

ASARUM.

Hardy and greenhouse herbaceous perennials
(ord. Aristolochiacese). They make curious and
not unattractive rockery plants. Propagated by
division of the roots in spring. Equal parts of
loam and leaf soil, with sand.

Principal Species : —
canaclonse, 1', Je., br. caudatum, Jy.. hr. red.

Other Species :

albivenium, gru. pur. macranthum, br.. yel.,

uifoliam, 1', Je., br. grh., pur.

eurouii'um, 1', My., br. parviflorum, pur., gni.

geophilum, 9", Nov.,grh., Thunliergii, 6", My., pur.

]""'• virginicum, 1', My., br.

ASCLEPIAS. (SWALLOW-WORT.)

Description. — A genus of distinct-looking and
valuable hardy or tender perennial plants (ord.
Asclepiadeic) of considerable beauty and interest
in the garden. There are upwards of eighty species.

Propagation. — In the case of the hardy species,
by division of the roots in spring, or by seeds

Ascaricida (sec Vi'rnonia).

sown under glass at the same season or when ripe.

The stove species are propagated by division in

! spring ; by cuttings struck in a moderate heat at

j that season and covered with a bellglass ; or by

j seeds, also sown in heat.

Soil. — The hardy Asclepiases thrive best in a
soil composed of peat, with a little sand, or a light,
rich loam, with the addition of some leaf soil. The
stove species should have fibrous loam, with a
good proportion of leaf mould added.

Other Cultural Points. — Some of the species are
true marsh plants, or have their habitats in moist
soil. Others like dry ground. Of the former may
be named lanceolata, rubra, pulchra, Sullivantii,
speciosa, and perennis ; the others appreciate a
drier situation. Many should have a little protec-
tion in winter, such as ashes over the crowns.

Principal Species : —

Cornutii, 4', Jy., pur. A pretty border plant with
fragrant pale-coloured blooms (syn. syriaca).

curassavica, 3', Jy., or. sc. A distinct st. plant,
the wli. variety, alba, being pretty to associate
with it.

incarnata, 2', Jy., red. A nice plant for a wet
border or an artificial bog, in the drier parts.

tuberosa, 2', Jy., etc., or. The most brilliant of
the border species. It is rather troublesome to
establish, and ought to have a dry place, with a
little covering in winter in cold districts.

Other Species :—
atrosanguinea aurea, 3', pulchra, 3', Jy., red (now

Jy., at., red. incarnata pulchra).

decumbens,2' , Jy. ,or. (now purpurascens,2J ' , Jy . ,pur.

tuberosa decumbeiis). quadrifolia, 1', Jy., wh.

j lanceolata, 3', Jy., wh. rubra, 1J', Jy., red (tyii.

mexicana, 2{', Jy., grh., acuminata).

wh. speciosa, 2J', Jy., pur.

perennis, 3', Jy., wh. Sullivantii," 3', Jy., pur.

phytolaccoides, 3', Jy., variegata, 3J', Jv., wh.

pur. verticillata, 2', Jy., wh.

ASCYRUM.

Herbs and sub-shrubs (ord. Hypericinea;) with
black-dotted leaves and yellow flowers. Allied to
Hypericum. They are not quite hardy, and pro-
tection during winter is necessary. Propagated
liy division of the roots in spring, and by seeds.
Peat, leaf soil, and sand in equal quantities.

Principal Species : —

Crux-Andrea?, 2', Jy., yel. This is the hardiest
of all the species.

Other Species :—

amplexicaule, 2', Jy.,yel. pumilum, 1', Jy., yel.
hypericoides, 2', Aug., yel. stans, 2', Aug., yel.

ASH.

Well-known deciduous timber trees of consider-
able beauty. The wood is white, straight-grained,
very tough and elastic. It is much used by wheel-
wrights, and in the makirig of horticultural and
agricultural implements. When cut back every
six or seven years Ash forms a useful covert plant.
Beautiful as the Ash is when in leaf, it is an un-
desirable tree to have in the garden, as the mat of
fibrous roots takes possession of every inch of soil
within reach. For species and varieties see Frax-
inus.

ASH, MOUNTAIN.

The Mountain Ash, or Rowan tree (nee aim
1'yrus), is a very beautiful tree with white flowers
followed by scarlet berries in large bunches. Its
botanical name is Pyrus Aucuparia. It can 1«
grown in any soil and is very ornamental. The
form fructu-luteo has yellow fruit, fastigiata is of

Ashes

80 )

Asparagus

erect habit, pendula has weeping branches, and
variegata has variegated leaves. The Mountain
Ash grows from 10' to 30' in height. The American
Mountain Ash is Pyrus americana.

ASHES.

These are the remains of substances which have
gone through the process of burning, and their
value as fertilisers depends on the character of the
material from which they are obtained. Whatever
that material may be, the slower the process of
change the better, for then mor« carbon or char-
coal is preserved in the refuse, and this is one of
the most valuable constituents of the ashes. When
green timber, sticks, and garden refuse are burnt
for the production of ashes, slow combustion should
be effected by getting a good body of fire, and then
banking the burning material over with sods or re-
tentive soil, leaving a small opening, sufficient to
admit enough air to keep up a smouldering fire.
By this method the largest amount of valuable
refuse is obtained.

Coal Ashes. — The application of the contents
of the domestic ashpit to garden soil may be bene-
ficial or otherwise, according to the character and
condition of the land. The fertilising properties
of coal ashes are very small, and their chief value
lies in their mechanical effect on stiff clay soil.
Land that is heavy and retentive can be made
more porous by coal ashes incorporated with the
subsoil. The injurious effects of this material are
observed where ground is treated to heavy appli-
cations year by year. Frequent large dressings
will cause light, fertile loam to lose its holding
power, and the chief virtues of the soil to depart.
They lead to scab in Potatoes. A few garden vege-
tables appreciate finely sifted coal ashes, and the
material is useful for protecting the crowns of
plants and bulbs that need such treatment through
the winter. For plunging pots of bulbs before
they start growth, and making beds on which to
stand pot plants, ashes are very suitable. They
are also valuable for making dry walks in kitchen
gardens and other places.

Wood Ashes. — Waste sticks, prunings, trim-
mings, and weeds, which collect in every garden,
may be put to a useful purpose by reducing them
to ashes. Potash is the chief fertilising property
contained in this material, and previous to appli-
cation the ashes should be kept dry, because if
exposed to bea.vy rains the above constituent is
washed out, and the chief value of the material is
lost. Fruits and vegetables appreciate wood ashes,
and the material is also valuable for mixing with
soil for pot plants. The potash is of great benefit
to Strawberries. . In the kitchen garden they may
be applied to Onions, Carrots, Beet, and Potatoes
with advantage. Light surface dressings of wood
ashes improve the appearance of thin and patchy
lawns.

Peat Ashes. — Silica, gypsum, and carbonate of
lime are contained in these, and they are useful for
vegetable crops and lawns.

Turf Ashes. — These are obtained by the burning
of turf sods, and contain fertilising properties in
small proportions, rendering them useful for surface
dressings on grass, and for digging into the soil for
vegetable crops.

ASIMINA (syn. OKCHIDOCAEPUM).
Hardy, usually deciduous, shrubs (ord. Anona-
ceso) of no great decorative value. Propagated by

layers in autumn, and by seed. Soil — sand and
peat in equal portions.

Principal Species : —

triloba, 10', My., pale pur., yel. Papaw or
Custard Apple (syn. Auona triloba).

ASPALATHUS.

Cool-house herbs or sub-shrubs (ord. Legumin-
osse), indigenous to the Cape, with a single excep-
tion. Propagated by cuttings of matured shoots.
Soil — equal proportions of peat, loam, and sand.

Principal Species : —

Over 100 have been described, but they are
rarely seen, and it would be complete waste of
space to describe them. The following is a small
selection : —

affinis, 3', Jy., yel.
albeiis, 4', Jy., wh.

globosa, 3', Jy., or.
sericea, 2', Jy., yel.

ASPARAGUS (ORNAMENTAL).

Description. — A genus of herbs or shrubs (ord.
LiliaceaV), most of them climbers, with small and
inconspicuous flowers succeeded by red, orange, or
black berries. Most of the decorative forms delight
in the temperature of a warm greenhouse or stove.
Some are excellent basket plants, and of these
retrofractus and Sprengeri are the chief. The
popular Smilax is now placed in this genus. It is
extensively cultivated both in this country and
America for its long trails of rich green, which
last exceptionally well when cut. Consignments
of these trails have been successfully shipped from
New York to Covent Garden. Plumosus and p.
nanus are well-known substitutes for Maidenhair
Fern, which they greatly outlast in the cut state.
The lightness and elegance of the sprays make
them first favourites with the florist.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown in brisk heat as
soon as they are ripe ; by layers ; and by root
division.

Soil. — Equal parts of loam and leaf soil, with a
little sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Plenty of water is re-
quired during the growing season, but less in the
winter, when even the evergreen forms are to
some extent at rest. This curtailing of the water
supply is especially necessary with plumosus when
it is growing in a cool house, otherwise the leaves
turn yellow and many of the " needles " fall.
Plumosus is usually trained to a trellis or pillar.
P. nanus needs very little support.

Asparagus medeoloides, the popular Smilax,
formerly called Myrsiphyllum, is largely grown by
training its growths to long strings running from
the ground to the roof of the house. Such is the
strength of healthy plants that they will frequently
make 12' of growth in one season. The shoots
may be cut back close to the ground, and this
encourages the tuberous root thongs to throw up
others. The plants are kept regularly syringed,
and weak liquid cow manure mixed with soot is
given occasionally in the height of the season.
The temperature for all the warm greenhouse
Asparaguses should not be allowed to fall below
50° in winter. The chief insect pest is mealy hug,
which must be watched for continuously. If once
it gets a footing amongst the " fronds " of pltimosus
there is nothing for it but to cut the plant back,
since insecticides cannot penetrate the dense net-
work of needles.

Asparagus

(81 )

Asparagus

!•:. J. n'ullis, KuutlifcM*, ,\ »'.

ASPARAGUS vr.inn II.LATVS is HEUHY.

Principal Species :—

a'thiopicus, 10'. .st., wli.

broussonetii, 10', My., hdy. climber, berries red.

rnmorensis, 4' to !)', like plumosus but darker.

inedeoloide.s, Smilax, o' to 12', Je., grli. cliinlin-,
ifi-n., wh. (syns. M.vrsiphylhuu asparagoii les smd
Medcola <asparagoides).

)ilinnosiis, 3' to 10', spr., grh. climber, wli..
hurries l.lk. (gya. consanguineus).
6

— nanus, 1' to 3', grh.

— sanderi.

— tenuissimus.
rctrofractus, «', Jy., wh.. grli.
scandcns, prh., wii., berries or.
Hprengeri, 1' to 3', st. or warm grh

vanegatos.
vcrtidll.itus, berries red.

Asparagus

Asparagus

Other Species : —

aethiopicus temifolius, falcatus, 3', grh.

(see falcatus), racemosus, 3', My., grh.

Cooperi, 10' to 12', Ap., ramosissimus, Je., grh.,

My., grh., climber. climber,

crispus, grh. tenuifolius, 3', wh., hulf-

decumbens (see crispus) . hdy.
virgatus.

ASPARAGUS (CULINARY).

Description. — A delicious, edible-stemmed, garden

vegetable (Asparagus officinalis, ord. Liliaceie),

suitable for forc-
ing and outdoor

culture. The

plant is a native

of Britain, and

grows wild in the

light, sandy soil

along some parts

of the coast.
Propagation.—

From seeds and

by division of

roots. The former

is a ready means

of propagation,

but not so quick

in giving returns

as the latter. To

form permanent

plantations from

seeds, mark out

beds 5' wide,

which will ac-
commodate four

rows of seeds,

leaving a 2' alley

between thebeds.

Sow the seed in

March, in drills

1" deep and 1'

apart, and thin

the seedlings to

9" apart before

they overcrowd

each other.

Planting. —
April is a good
time for planting
roots. Mark out the beds as before, and make
narrow trenches 1J' apart and 6" deep for the recep-
tion of the plants. Have everything ready before
lifting the roots, which should be exposed to the
air as little as possible. Allow 1' between the
plants, spread out the roots evenly, and cover the
crowns with the finest soil to the depth of 3". It
is a good practice to raise Asparagus from seeds
one season, and make permanent beds of the seed-
lings the second, in the above manner.

Soil. — Deep, sandy loam, enriched with animal
manure, suits Asparagus well. Where the soil is
of a stiff, clayey nature, there should be a liberal
addition made of road scrapings, old mortar rubble,
and wood ashes.

Other Cultural Points. — If the soil is deep and
well drained, Asparagus beds may be formed on
the flat, but on wet, retentive land they should be
raised a little above the general level. As the
crop is practically a permanent one, the prepara-
tion of the ground at the outset should be liberal
and thorough. Select the site. for the beds in the
autumn, trench deeply, placing a layer of the
longest manure in the bottom, and another of more

11 iT Comptmv, Uil.

ASPAKAGUS SPRENGE1U

decayed material on the top of the second spit.
In the case of ground naturally unsuitable for
Asparagus, wheel out a portion of the soil, and
replace it with a mixture of the material recom-
mended in the preceding paragraph. To preserve
the shape of the bed, drive in a short wooden post
at each corner. The summer culture consists of
keeping down weeds. Early in November the
stems should be cut close to the ground, the beds
cleaned, and mulched with half-decayed manure,
spreading the fine soil from the alleys over the

dung. In April
the beds should
receive atten-
tion, and the
greater part of
the manure be
raked down into
the alleys. On
light soils a good
sprinklingofsalt,
may be applied
with advantage
at this period.
Liquid manure
is highly bene-
ficial to Aspara-
gus during the
growing- season,
and the size and
quantity of the
heads may he
increased by ap-
- plications of
concent r a t e d
fertilisers. A
good dressing in
the early spring
is formed of
8 oz. of kainit
and 2 oz. of
superphosphate
of lime to the
square yard, to
be followed by
a fortnightly ap-
plication of J oz.
of nitrate of
soda per square

yard while heads are being cut. No heads should
be cut till the second year after planting, and the
operation should cease for the season at the end of
June. Under proper treatment a well-established
bed will continue productive for many years. In-
stances of beds more than fifty years old are recorded.
Forcing. — Asparagus may be forced from the
beginning of November till cutting commences out-
doors. There are various methods adopted, and
with houses provided with bottom heat roots may
be taken up and placed in boxes of soil, or be tem-
porarily planted under glass. A simple mode of
forcing is to make up a hot-bed with littery manure
and leaves. Place a frame on the bed, and when
the heat is on the decline put in 3" or 4" of light
soil. Take up the roots, lay them close together
on the bed, and cover with 3" of soil. A tempera-
ture of from 60° to 65° is suitable, and in frosty
weather protection must be afforded. Syringe the
bed in the morning arid afternoon, and when the
heads come weakly remove the roots, and sub-
stitute others. .It is a good plan to raise a
succession of plants from seed for forcing, as they
are useless after this operation.

V.YUIEGATUS. (See p. 81.)

Aspasia

V 83)

Asphodeline

Varieties :-

Connover's Colossal is one of tlic best grown,
liui there are several others, including Argenteuil
mid :i few ni her varieties.

Asparagus Beetle (Criiwri.-! Asjiarmji). — This
blackish green beetle is about j" long, and the
larva>. which are dull green in colour, do consider-
able damage by eating- the tender parts of the
young shoots and foliage, causing a check to the
growth, and weakening the plants. When full fed
the grubs bury themselves in the ground, and
change tn pup:i>. They emerge again in a few
weeks, and commence laying eggs. During the
spring and summer several broods are produced,
and the increase is therefore rapid JJurn old
stems in the autumn to destroy any eggs that may
be on them, and rake refuse and rough manure
from the beds. Dust the plants with slaked lime
when moist with dew or rain. Syringe with an
insecticide formed by dissolving 4 02. of soft soap
in :i gallons of hot water. Stir into the mixture
2 oz. of soot and 2 oz. of flowers of sulphur. Apply
warm, and after syringing dust soot over the
surface of the bed.

Asparagus Knife.— An implement used for sever-
ing the heads of Asparagus beneath the surface of
the ground. The short blade at the end is pro-
vided with small teeth after the manner of a saw,
and so arranged that a sharp downward thrust
severs the fleshy stem. Though varying a little in
make, all Asparagus knives have a Blender steel
stem between the blade and the handle. They are
handy and useful implements, because they enable
the operator to cut the Asparagus head at its full
length, and they save the blunting of ordinary
knives by slicking them into the around.
ASPASIA.

Stove epiphytic Orchids (.ml. Orchidacese),
succeeding in baskets in a mixture of sphagnum,
peat, crocks, and charcoal.

Principal Species :—
papilion&oea, !>", yel..
mottled br.

Other Species :

cpidendroides, 1', Feb.,

w)i. yel.
Iimatii, T, Feb., grh.,

wh., br.

The Aspasia of Salisbui-y is now referred to
Ornithogaluiii. which >IT.

ASPEN.

(1'opulus tremula.) A familiar deciduous forest
tree of rapid growth, considerable height, and great
spread of branches. The wood is soft and white,
and, although not durable, is in request for the
making of various household utensils. The leaves
are very thin and membranous, and flutter with
the slightest breeze. This has probably given rise
to the superstition that it was the Aspen upon
which Judas hanged himself, and that as a conse-
quence the leaves have never been still since. (For
species and varieties .we I'oi'UI.US.)

ASPERULA. (WooDKL-i-T.)

Pretty plants («/-,/. Kubiacere) for the shadv
parts of rockeries, borders, and for wild gardening.
All are hardy, but a few of the Alpine species suffer
Irom wet in winter unless protected. With a few
exceptions, those named arc perennials. The
Holers are small, and the leaves narrow. They
are propagated by division of the roots in spring or
summer, and by seeds sown in spring. Almost any

variegnta, 9", Feb., yel.,
spotted reel, fragrant.

lutca. Mch., yel.
jirincipissa, gru., br.
psittacina, grh., br., pur.

common soil will do, except for the Alpines, which
should have a light, peaty one.

Principal Species :— -

atcadiensis, 3", Ap., pk. A beautiful little
Alpine, fine for rockwork.

azurea, 1', Jy., bl. A charming plant with 1,1
Dowers, which are valued for bouquets. A fragrant
hdy. ann. (tynt. orientalis and azurea setosa) '"

cynanchica, 9", Je, wh. A pretty little native
plant, which does best in sun.

odorata, 9", My., wh. Our native Sweet Wood-
ruff, prized for its odour when the leaves and stems
are dried.

Other Species :-

galioidcs , 1', Jy., wh. taurina, 1', Je., wh

hexaphylla, \\r, Jy., wh. tinctoria, !{', Je., wl,

lavvigata ,1 Je., wh. trichoides, ~1', Je., ami
uitula, 9 , Je., ro. wh.

ASPHALT.

This name is applied to various artificial prepara-
tions, in the composition of which boiled gas-tar is
indispensable. Thus asphalt felt makes a capital
waterproof covering for sheds and out-buildin»s
through being soaked in boiled tar. Yards, garden
walks,! and pavements covered with asphalt are
dry, firm, and enduring if the material is properly
made and put down. Take two parts of dry lime
rubbish, with one part each of coal ashes and sand
the whole to be finely sifted. All the ingredients
should be in a perfectly dry state, and thoroughly
mixed together. Leave a hole in the centre of the
heap, and into this pour boiling coal-tar. Mix it
well by turning the heap, and when sufficient tnr
has been added to make it like stiff mortar, it is
ready for use. In making asphalt walks it is
necessary that there
should be a firm foun-

dation, and nothing is

better for this than a

layer of brick ends

broken small. On this

place another layer of

fine gravel or coal ashes,

rolled down firm and SECTION or ASPHALT WALK.

level, and finish off with i Soil.

the asphalt 2" or 3" 2 Drain pipes.

thick (fee figure). With 3 Fo"n<fot>"" of broken

a view to the walk being

dry, all the material

should be laid so as to

be highest inthe middle, I

with a slight fall to eacli 6 Sand.

side. Sprinkle a good

coating of coarse sand on the surface, and when cold

pass a light roller over it. See that the material is

made smooth and even while soft, and in a few .lavs

the walk will-hp hard enough for traffic.

ASPHODELINE.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ard. Liliaeetv),
distinguished from Asphodelus by the upright,
leafy stems. Propagated by division of the rouis
in spring or late autumn. Any good garden soil
containing plenty of humus suits.

Principal Species :—

imperialis. »'. sum., pk.

lutea, 3' to 4', sum., yel. The double form of
this, flore pleno, is like the type in all except the
double flowers.

taurica, 1' to a', sum., wh. (syn. Asphodelus
tauricus).

4 £™re Tsmall grav,l o,
ashes.

5 Asl'l>slt 3 inehes thick,

° '°

Asphodelus

Aspidium

Other Species : —

brevicaulis, sum., yel. tenuior, 1', yel. (syns.

damascena, 1.V to 2', wh. oretica and Asphodelus

liburnica, 1J' to 2', yel. tenuior).

ASPHODELUS. (ASPHODEL.)

Handsome hardy flowers (ord. Liliacere) of much
value for borders. They have long, narrow leaves
and spikes of effective flowers. Propagated by
division of the roots after flowering, and by seeds
sown in pots or boxes in spring and placed in a
frame. The greater number of the Asphodels should
have a strong soil, but they can be grown in a lighter
one also. Acaulis requires a light, dry compost.

Principal Species : —

acaulis, 1J', Ap., My., pk. A very pleasing plant,
which blooms even earlier than the time stated
in very early districts. Rather tender.

albus, 2', My., wh. A favourite with many, and
a nice little Asphodel. A sub-species of ramosus.

ramosus, 5', My., wh. A noble plant when well
grown, and capital for a shady border in good soil.

Other Species : —

asiaticus, 2', Je., wh. creticus (sec Asphodeliue

comosus, 21', Jy., wh. libumica).

ASPIDISTRA. fistulosus. 2'. Jy-> wh-

Description. — Greenhouse evergreen perennials
(tird. Liliacese). Amongst the most useful orna-
mental foliaged plants for rooms, corridors, and
cool conservatories.

Propagation. — Division of the roots and suckers,
in spring.

Soil. —Three parts loam, two parts leaf mould,
one part sand.

Other Cultural Points. —Aspidistras will thrive
with deficient light, and in a dry atmosphere — con-
ditions that would be fatal to other subjects — and
consequently they make excellent room plants.
They are perfectly at home in a cool stove or green-
house, and if watered liberally they continue to
grow in a root-bound condition. If allowed to
remain in this state too long, however, the leaves
come small, and have a sickly appearance. The
best time for potting is in the spring.

Principal Species : —

elatior, 1!' to '2'.

— variegata.

lurida, 1' to H', gru.,
lanceolate leaves (lurida
of gardens is now re-
ferred to elatior) .

— variegata, variegated

leaves,
punctata, 1', now referred

to elatior.
typica, 1' to l\'.

AsriDitsi CAi'EXSE. (Seep. 85.)

ASPIDIUM AKISTATUM VAKIEGATUM. (See p. 85.)

ASPIDIUM.

Description. — A large genus of stove, greenhouse,
and hardy Ferns (oj'rf.Filices), now including Cyclo- .
dium, Cyclopeltis. Cyrtomium, and Polystichum.

Propagation. — By spores, sown when ripe.

Soil. — Three parts of sandy peat, one part of
loam, and a few pieces of broken sandstone.

Other Cultural Points.— The hardy species and
varieties do splendidly underneath the partial
shade of trees. A top-dressing of leaf soil may be
given with advantage at the commencement of the
winter, and the dead fronds should be left to afford
some protection to the crowns. Plenty of water is
necessary at all times. The stove and greenhouse
forms do not need quite so much shade as the
majority of other Ferns, for their fronds are
generally of a more leathery texture. Tempera-
ture for the greenhouse, 45° minimum ; for the
stove, GO" minimum.

Principal Species and Varieties :

[The figures refer to the length of the fronds.]

acrostichoides, 1' to 2', hdy. (ayn. Polystichum
acrostichoides). Grandiceps and incisum are two
pretty vars., but there are many others.

aculeatum, Hard Shield Fern, 1' to 3', hdy. (si/n.
Polystichum aculeatum). Proliferum and vestitum
are two handsome forms.

angulare, Soft Shield Fern, botanically only a
var. of aculeatnm, hdy. (.«//«. Polystichum angu-
lare). There are innumerable vars., some of
the best being alatum, grandiceps, Kitsonise,
lineave, proliferum, and YVoollastonii.

Asplenium

(85 )

Asplenium

capense, 1' to \\', grh. (xgnx. coriaceum ami

Polystirhum capense, see figure, p. 84).

fceniculaceum, 11' to 2', grh. (syn. Polystichum
foeniculaceum).

Lonchitis, Holly Fern, 1' to '2', hdy. (ii/n. Poly-
stichuin Lonchitis).

manitum,!' to 2', hcly.(«y». Polystichum munitum).

triangulum, 1' to !£', st. or grh. {syn. Poly-
stichum triangulum).

— ilicifolium, 6" to 12", grh.

varimu, 1' to 11', grh. (sytis. Lastrca vuria and
I'oly.-tielmm varium).

Other Species and Varieties : —

amabile, 1' to 2', st. (x/fti. meniscioides, 2' to 3', st.

Polystichum amahile). (xi/i/x. cont'ertum and

auomalum, 2' to 3', st. Cyclodium meiiiscio-

(x>/it. Poiystichum ano- ides).

maium). mohrioides, (»" to 12",

aristatum, 1' to 2', grh. grh. (si/n. Polystichuin

(XI/H. Polystichum aris- mohrioides).

tatum). iimcrouatum, 1' to 11',

— couiifoliuin. grh. (syn. Polysticlium

— variegatum, 1' to 1.1'. mucrouatum).
uuriculatum, 1' to U', nuphrodioides (xce Hook-

st. (XI/HX. occ'llatiini anil eri).
Polystichum auricula- ocellatum (wr auricula-
turn) . turn) .

— lentuin. pungeus, 2' to 3', grh.

— margiuatum. («//'. Polystichum pun-
confertuni (see menis- gens).

cioides). repandum, 2' to 21', st.

«oriaceum (xce capense). rhixophyllum, st." (*//«.

falcatum, I'to2', grh. (*//;/. Polystichum rhizophyl-

Cyrtomium falcatum). lum).

- caryotideum, grh. Richard!, 10" to 18",

(XI/H. Cyrtoiniuin curyo- grh. (*//«. Polystichum

tideum). Bioharai).

— Fortune!, grh. (XI/H. semicordatum, 2' to 3',
Cyrtoiniuin Fortune!), st. (syn. Polystichum

falcinellum, 9" to 12". semicordatum).

grh. (SI/H. Polystichum setosum, IV to 2', grh. or

falcinellum). half-hdy. (xi/n. Poly-

flexum, 2' to 3' ', st. (»//«. stichum setosum).

Polystichum flexum). trapezioides (wr vivi-

frondosuni, IV to 2', grh. parum).

(.11/11. Polystichum frou- triangulare laxum (SI/H.

dosuin). Polystichum xiphi-

Hookeri, 2' to 3', st. oides).

(ii/im. nephrodioidesand trifoliatum, 1' to I.1,', st.

Cyclodium Hookeri). — heracleifolium. '

laserpitiifolium, 1' to 11', tripteron, 1' to IV, grh.

grh. (XI/HX. Lastiva (XI/H. Polystichum trip-

Standishii and Polysti- teron).

chum hiserpitiifoliu'in). viviparum, 1' toM',st. or

lepidocaulon, 1' to 1.1', grh. (XI/HX. trapezioides

grh. (ay ii. Polystichum ami Polysticlium vivi-

lepidocaulon). parum).

ASPLENIUM.

Description. — A very extensive and widely dis-
tributed genus of hardy and exotic Ferns (prd.
Filices), exhibiting a wonderful amount of varia-
tion in height, habit, and cutting of the fronds.
Many of them are amongst the most valuable occu-
pant < of our cool and warm Fern houses, and the
genus is the heaviest contributor to the hardy
fernery, one species alone, Filix-fnemina, numbering
its varieties by the hundred.

Propagation. — By spores, in all cases ; and by
" bulbils " in a few instances, as, for example,
bnlbiferum and its varieties, and viviparum.

Soil. — The hardy species and varieties do well in
any light soil abounding in humus. For those
requiring stove and greenhouse temperatures,
equal parts of loam and peat, or loam and leaf soil,
with sand, answer well. A few pieces of charcoal
are beneficial. In the case of longissimum, which

makes an elegant basket Fern, a little live Sphag-
num may be usefully introduced.

Other Cultural Points. — The hardy forms are
mostly deciduor.s, and thus need little water
during the winter, although a mulching of leaf soil

/

ASPLEXIUM LUNULATl- M. (See p. 87.)

serves the double purpose of keeping the roots
fresh and moist, and of protecting them from
frost. The stove and greenhouse species and
varieties need plenty of water at all times, and
Nidus and its varieties are by no means averse from
the use of the syringe. Liquid cow manure is a
capital stimulant through the summer months, and
it may be varied occasionally with a little clear
soot water. The chief insect pests are thrips, and
Snowy Fly (Aleyrodes), and they are especially
troublesome to the forms with broad, leathery
pinna?, such as obtusatum lucidum. Fumigation
will do no harm if it is not very strong, and this,
with the occasional use of the sponge, should
serve to keep insect pests under. Temperature for
the greenhouse forms, winter minimum. 40" ; stove,
58° to GO".

Principal Species and Varieties :—

[The figures refer to the length of the fronds.]
Adiantum-nigrum, Black Colensoi, 6" to 9", grh.

Spleenwort, 6" to 12", dimorphum, 2' to 3', st.

hdy. There are several or warm grh. (S//H.V.

pretty varieties, of diversifolium, of gar-

which the undermen- dens, and Darea di-

tioned are the best : — morpha).

— acutum, 9" to 12", falcatum, 6" to 12", erh.
very graceful. Filix-focmina, Lady Fern,

— grandiceps, 4" to 6", 1' to 3', hdy. («;/«.
prettily crested. Athyrium Filix - foe-

alatum, 12" to 18", st. mina). This fine spe-

auriculatum,12"tol8",st. cies is exceedingly

Belangeri, 12" to 18", variable, and there are

tufted, st. («i/»*. veitchi- hundreds of varieties

anum and Darea Be- in cultivation. The

langeri). E.H.S. has certificated

bulbiferum, 1' to 2', grh. upwards of a hundred

A very pretty and since 1849. The follow-

variable species. The ing are a few of the

undermentioned varie- best : —

ties are some of the — acrocladon .

best: — — acuminatum.

— fabiauum, 9" to 15", — Barnesii.
grh. (syns. fabianum — coronatum.
and famiculaceum, of - crispum.
gardens). — dissectum.

— laxum , 1' to H', grh. — grandiceps.

— minus, 6" to 9", grh. — minimum.
Ceterach, Scale Fern, 4" — multifiduin.

to 6", hdy. (ft/n. — Victorias.

Ceterach officinarum). fiaccidum, 1' to 3.1', grh.

— aureum,9"tol5",grh. k.w//«. <»lontites and
vV'"- Ceterach aureum). Darea flaccida). An

— ramoso-cristatum, 8" elegant Fern of pendent
to 10", crested. habit, suitable for

deuterium, G" to 15", st. baskets.

Asplenium

Asplenium

ASPLENICM SHEPHEKDI (See p. S7.)

fontanum, 3" to 6", hdy.
(syn. Halleri).

— refractum.
furcatum, 6" to 18",grh.

(xyn, praemorsum).

goringianum pictum, 4"
to 15", grh. (a variety
of macrocarpum).

lanceolatum,G" to 9",hdy.

— crispatum.

— miorodou, 4" to 6", st.
longissimuni, 2' to 8',

st., pendulous.
Nidus, Bird's Nest Fern,
'!' to 4', warm grh.

— itustralasicum, 2' to 4',
st. (syn. Thamnopteris) .

— multilobatum, 2' to 3',
(see p. 87).

— musaefolium, 3'to6',st.
obtusatura lucid um, 1' to

2J', grh. (si/H.lucidum).
spiiiulosum, 9" to 12",

grh. (syn. Athyrium

spinulosum and Cysto-

pteris spinulosa).
Thwaitesii, 1' to 1-V, st.
Trichomanes, Maidenhair

Spleenwort, 6" to 12",

hdy.

— cristatum,4" to 6",grli.

— incisum, 3" to 6", grh.
viviparum, 1' to IV, st.

— nobile, IV, st.

Other Species and Varieties :—

abseissum, 6" to 12", st. aspidioides, 1' to 2', grh.
(syn. firmum). (nyii. multisectum).

umiuatura, 1' to 2', grh. attenuatum, 1' to 1J', grh.

(S'/H. polyphyllum).
affiiie, 12" to 18", st.

(st/n. spathulinum) .
alismoefolium, 6" to 9",

st. (syn. Anisogonium

alismaBfolium).
alteruans, 6' to 8', grh.

(syn. Dalhousise).
alternifolium (see ger-

manicum) .
amboinense, st.
angustifoliuni, IV to 2',

grh.

anisophyllura, 1'to 2', grh.
apicidens, a form of Vieil-

lardii).
arbprescens, 3' to 4', st.

(syn. Diplazium arbor -

escens) .
Amottii, IV to 3', grh.

(syns. diplazioides and

Dipla/ium Arnottii).

aureum, a variety of
Ceterach.

auritum, 6" to 12", st.
(There are several vars. )

australasicum, a form of
Nidus.

axillare of Alton (we um-
brosum).

bantamense, 10" to 2',
grh. (syns. fraxinini-
folium and Diplazium
bantamense).

Baptistii (see Vieillardii) .

barbadense, 3" to a", st.

bipartitum, 6" to 8", st.

bissectum, 12" to 18", st.

brachypteron, 6" to 8", st.

- («//«. Darea brachyp-
teron).

brevisorum, 2' to 3', st.
(xi/n. Athyrium brevi-
sorum) .

Campbelli, 5" to 9", st.
caudatum, grh., close to
i'alcatum.

celtidifolium, 2' to -I', st.

compressum, 2' to 3', st.
or grh. (fecundum of
the Continent).

conchatum, 3' to -1', st.
(syn. Athyrium con-
cha turn).

contiguum, 1' to 1.;', grh.

crcuatum, 1' to IV, hdy.

cultrifoHum, U" "to 12".
st. (still. Diplazium cul-
trifoHum) .

DalhousilE (see alteruans) .

decurrens, 1^' to IV, st.

decussatum, 2' to 4', st.
(xyn. Anisogonium dt1-
cussatum) .

dentatum, 2" to 3", grh.

dimidiatum, 6" to 15", st.

diplazioides (sec Arnottii; .

diversifolium, of gardens
(see dimorphimi).

ebeneum, 1' to IV, grh.,
close to Trichomanes.

erectum (see luuulatum).

erosum, 6" to 12", st.

esculentum, 4' to 6', st.
(syn. Anisogonium escu-
lentum) .

extensum, 1' to 2', grh.,
related to A. Tricho-
manes.

fabianum (see bulbifcrum
fabianum).

f ernaudezianum, a variety
of lunulatum.

ferulaceum, 1' to '1%, st.
(syn. Darea ferulacea) .

njieuse, 1^' to 2', st.

tirmum (see abscissum).

fissum, 2" to 5", grh.

(see abscissum).
flabcllifolium, 6" to 12",

grh.

— majus, a lurger form.
fceciiiuUim (see compress -

um).

fceniculaoeum, a variety of
fra grans.

— of gardens (,v//;?. l>ull)i-
f erum fabianum) .

fonnosum, close to Tri-
chomanes.

fragrans, 4" to 9", grli.

Franconis, 1' to '2, st.
(Diplazium Franconis).

gemmifcrnm, grh., re-
sembles obtusatum.

gerinanicnm, 2" to 3" ,hd y.

<i'i{j,-;uircum (nee radicans).

grandifolium, '2' to 3', st.
(syii. Diplazium grandi-
folium).

Grevillei, 1' to l.V, st.

griffith ianum, 6" to 12",
grh.

Halleri (nee fontanum).

HaiTisii, 3" 'to 6", half-
hdy.

Hemionitis, 4" to 6",
warm grh. (syn. pal-
matuni).

— cnstatum, warm grh.

— multih'dnm, w;irm grh.
heterocarpum, 6" to lo",

st.
heterodoii (K'C vulcnni-

cum).
heterophlebium, IV to 2',

st. (*y« . Auisogonium

heteroplilebium) .
hians, 3' to 4', st. (syti*

Diplamim liians).

AM'LENIL'M OliTl'SATl'M LVAI.LII. (See p. 87.)

Asplenium

( 87 )

Asplenium

hookerianum, 4" to 11",

»rli.
inciMim, (>" to 12", grh.

(*I/H. elegaututom).

japonicum, 9" to 15", grh.

(*//". Dipla/imn japon-

tcum).
javanirum (see AHan-

toilia bnnioniaiia).
lanccuin, li" to 9", grh.

(>//;/.v. suhsinuatum and

Diplaziuin lanceum).
laxiTpitiifoliuin, 1' to 4',

grh.
laxuni (>"• bulbiferum

laznm).

Ijirutlim, 1' to 'J', st.

(xifit. nodulosum).
liiridiim (see obtusutuni

lucidum).

luiiiilatum, (>" to 18", st.
- - eix'ctum.
— t'ernanilc'/iamim, 6" to

IS", St.

iiKuTnrarpum, 1' to 2',

j/rli. \9tftt, Athyriuni

maiTocarpum).
inargiiiatum, 4' to 6', st.

{*yn. Heiiiidictyum

niarginatiim).
inariiiiiiii, Sea Spleeil-

\vurt, t>" to 18", hdy.

— corouans, 4" to o'",
hdy.

— creuatimi, 4" to >S",
hdy.

— mirabile, 3" to 8", hdy.

— plumosum, 6" to 1.5",
hdy.

ramo-plumosum, 6" to
12", hdy.

— Thompsonii, G" to 10",
lidy.

maximum, 2' to 4', st.

(>////. Diplazium decur-

rens).
melanocaulou, 2' to 3',

st. (*ytf. Dipla/itnu

melanocaulon.
Micliauxii, 9" to 2', hdy.,

a form of Filix-foRmiiia.
mnnantliemum, 1' to 1.',',

grh.

moiitanum, 2" to 3", grh.
multisectum (w aspi-

dioidcs).
musicf oliiim (w <• Nidus

musajfolium).
nigripes (^//«. Athyriuni

nigripcs).
nipouicum, 1' to IV, gi'h.

(.\yw. Athyiium niponi-

cum).

nitens, 1-J" to 2", st.
nitidum, 2' to 3', grh.

(*///(. Duix-a Xuvie-Cale-

doniaj).
Novia'-Caledouia', 15" to

•1', st.
oblusatum, 6" to 12",

grh.

— Lyallii, 1', w.inn grh.
(see figure, p. 86).

olitusifolium, 1' to l.V, st.
obtusilobum, 4" to 6",

st. (.«'/». Darea ob-

tusiloha).
oiloutites (see flaccidum).

oxyphyllum, 1' to 2', grh.

(xi/im. Athyrium oxy-
phyllum aud Lastrea

ebumea).

paleaceum, 6" to 9", st.
palmatum (we Hcinio-

nitis).
paradoxum, 1' to 2', st.

(»y«. zamioides).
parvulum (see trilobum).
Perkiusii, IV to 21', st.
persiceefolium, 2' to 3', st,
Petersenii, H' to 2' (.«.'/".

Diplaxium decussatum) .
Petrarchae, 2" to 3", grh.
piunatih'duni,3" to (>" ,grJi .
planicaule, 6" to 12", grh.
plantagineum, 6" to 9",

st. (s;/ 11. Diplazium

plantagiliL'lini).
polyphylluin (see aciim-

inatum).
pr*moi-sum (sec furca-

tum).
prolongatum (sec ruta1-

f olium) .

pteridoides, 9" to 1', st.
pulchellum, 3" to 6", st.
pumilum, 4" to 6", st.
rachirhizon (we rhi/ojilio-

rum rachirhizon) .
radicans, 3' to •>', st.

(fiju. giganteum).
resectum, 6" to 15", grh.
rhizophorum, 1' to 2', ?t.
— rachirhizou, 1' to 2',

st. Much cut.
rhizophyllum, 6" to 12",

grh.

— myriophyllum, 9" to
15", grh.

rutaifolium, 6" to 15 ',
grh. (»;/»«. proloiigatum
and Darea rutit'folia).

Huta-muraria, Wall Rue,
1" to 21", hdy.

salicifolium, 1' to I.1,', st.

Sandersouii,6" to 9' ,grh.

seaudens, 1' to H', st.
(.v/^. Darea scaudens).

Si'himperi, 1 to IV, »t.
(»•//«. Athyrium Schim-
peri).

scliizodon (see Vieillardii).

Schkuhrii, 11' to 2', st.
(xi/n. Diplazium Schkuh-
rii).

Selosii, i" to ^", gi'h.

septentrionale, 3" to 9",
hdy.

Serra, 3' to 4', st.

— iiataleutis, st.
Shepherdi, 1' to IV, st.

(*//». Diplazium Shep-
herdi).

— insDOjUilaterum.
spathulinum (see affme).
splendens, 6" to 12". grh.
subsinuatum (see lan-
ceum).

sundense (-w vittae-

f orme) .

sylvaticum, 1' to 2', st.
thelypteroides, 1' to 2',

hdy. (syn. Athj'rium

thelypteroides) .
trilobum, 1" to U", grh.

(xyn. parvulum).

I'liut,,: K..1. n-Hllil.toHitlifrlilr.

Asri. I:MVM Xinr.s MULTILOHATI M. A IIEUTIFII. FOHM OF THE HIRD'S NEST KF.HX. (See p. 86.)

Assonia

( 88)

Aster, Perennial

-umbrosum, 2' to 5' (syns. viride. Green ^Spleeu-

Allantodia australe, wort. 4" to 6", hdy.

Athyrium umbrosum, vittieforme, 1' to H-', st.

and axillare of Aitou). (syn. sundense).

vagans, 3" to o", st. vulcanicum, 1' to 2', st.
varians, 4" to 6", grh. (si/n. heterodon).

veitcliiauum (see Belan- zamioides(seeparadoxum) .

geri). zeylauicum, 6" to \'i" , st.
Vieillardii, 6" to 9" (mjii. (syn. Diplazium zey-

sohizodon). lanicum).

ASSONIA.

Stove evergreens (ord. SterculiaceEe, now often
referred to Dombeya). They are not of any horti-
cultural value. Cuttings of young shoots strike
quickly in bottom heat. Loam and peat in equal
quantities make a good compost.

Principal Species : —
popumea, 15', Je., wh. viburnoides, 10' to 20'.

ASTARTEA.

An evergreen shrub (ord. Myrtacete). Fascicu-
laris, 6' to 9', May, white, likes a mixture of loam,
peat, leaf soil, and sand. It may be increased by
cuttings under a bell-glass in a temperature of GOU.

ASTELIA.

Greenhouse perennials (ord. Liliacefe) of no special
horticultural value. There are several species,
and all do well in a mixture of two parts of loam,
one part of peat, and a dash of sand. They may
be propagated by division in the spring.

ASTELMA.

A small genus of evergreen greenhouse shrubs
from the Cape (ord. Composite), now referred to
Helipterum. Propagated by seeds, and cuttings of
half-ripened shoots. Peat, leaf mould, and sand,
with plenty of drainage, suit.

Principal Species : —
•canescens, H', Je., pur.
•eximium, 3', Jy., crim.

ASTEPHANUS.

A small genus of evergreen stove climbers (ord.
Asclepiadese) of no great importance. Propaga-
tion may be effected by division, and a compost of
peat, loam, and leaf soil will suit.

Principal Species : —
linearis, 4', Jy., wh. triflorus, 4', Jy., wh.

ASTER, PERENNIAL. (STABWOBT,
MICHAELMAS DAISY.)

Description.— The perennial Asters (ord. Com-
positse) are now appreciated at almost their true"
worth where hardy border flowers are much grown,
although the value of some of the species and
varieties is not yet realised for growing in pots.
As pot plants many are very beautiful, and do well
if associated with the flowers of Chrysanthemums
and other late autumn plants. In borders or beds
they are indispensable at a time when the more
tender flo%vers of autumn are cut down or are dis-
figured by frost or stormy weather. In some large
places an " Aster garden " has been formed, which
is a picture of colour when the ordinary garden is
almost flowerless. There is much variety in height
and habit, as well as in colour, among the Star-
worts, and the work of raisers of seedlings has
given us many beautiful varieties. It is desirable
that those who wish to begin growing these Asters
should see a representative collection in bloom, and
select those they prefer. Besides the late-bloom-
,ing Asters, there is the pretty, dwarf-growing,

speciosissimum, 8', Jy.
wh.

early-flowering alpiuus, in some variety, which
comes into flower about June.

Propagation. — By division of the plants in
spring ; by seeds, sown in autumn or spring ; or
by cuttings.

Soil. — A good, rich soil, well manured, is needed
to bring the greater number to perfection, but
some of the taller species become too gross for any
but the largest borders when the ground is rich,
so that in their cases it is advisable to plant in a
poorer compost to make them more manageable
and ornamental.

Other Cultural Points.— Few plants require less
attention than the hardy perennial Asters, but in
planting at first the soil should be well bastard
trenched and manure liberally applied, so that it
may not be necessary to replant for some time.
They may need watering in dry weather, and when
water is necessary a copious supply ought to be
given. The greater number will require staking in
good time. As many of the taller species and
varieties are too tall tor some borders, it may be
found desirable to cut the plants down when they
are about 12" or 15" high. They will spring afresh,
and the check given by this cutting down will .
' retard their flowering little, if anything, while the
plants will be dwarfer. Established plants should
be divided every few years. If the plants are',
allowed to seed before removing the old stems in
winter, it will be safer to weed out any young
seedlings which may appear close to the old
plants. These are Dot likely to come true if
in a mixed collection. Plants intended to be
grown in pots may be potted in spring, and the
pots plunged outside until required to be taken in
in 'autumn. For growing in this way none are
better than the species and their varieties which
have small flowers in great numbers. Those of
the cordif olius, vimineus, and ericoides class are the
most useful for this purpose. The few greenhouse
species are principally evergreen, and are grown
from cuttings or seeds. They should be treated
like ordinary greenhouse plants.

Principal Species and Varieties :-~ •

[NOTE. — As there are over 200 species, and a
number more (150) have been described as such,
it is impracticable to do more than give an imper-
fect list of the best of the genus.]

acris, 3', Aug., lil. pur. A pretty early-flowering
plant, which is covered with a profusion of starry
flowers. The var. dracunculoides is very pretty.

alpinus, 6", Je., Jy., pur. A valuable little plant for
the front of the border or rock garden. The vars.
superbus, speciosus, albus, and roseus are all
worth growing. Guard against slugs.

Amellus, 2', Aug., pur. One of the best of the
Starworts. The flowers are large, handsome, and
brightly coloured. The form bessarabicus is
superior, and major is very fine. New vars.
named Framfieldii, Onward (see p. 89), Riverslea,
and Stella are all improvements on the type.

cordifolius, 2', Jy., mauve. A charming Aster
with a multitude of small flowers. Beautiful vars.
are named albulus, elegans,' Diana, and major.

diffusus, 2', Oct., wh. A valuable Starwort
which has pretty sprays of flowers of small size.
The best forms are horizontalis and pendulus.

dumosus, 1J', Oct., mauve. A neat border or
rockery plant of compact habit, and with small
blooms.

ericoides, 2J', Oct., wh. A plant which gives
charming sprays for cutting. There is a nice,

Aster, Perennial

Aster, " China '

eariv-biooming form called Clio, which has blush
flowers.

grandiflorus, 2!,', Nov., vio. A very fine Star-
' wort, but too late in bloom for cold localities.

hnvis, 2', Sep., bl. A valuable species which has
given some nice vars. ; among them being Apollo,
Arcturus, Ariadne, Calliope, decorus, formosissirnus,
and Harvard!!. All are good.

Linosyris, 1', Aug., yel. The old Goldilocks, a
pretty plant with heads of small, bright flowers
(*//«.«. Chrysocoma Linosyris, Linosyris vulgaris).

Xoviu-Anglia1, !>', Sep., pur. Although of rather
tall habit in strong soils, this is a very useful
species; the vars. roseus and ruber being valued

ASTEK AMELLUS ONWARD.

(See p.

for their ro. or crim. flowers. Mrs. J. F. Rayner,
pravnx, pulchellus, Win. Bowman, and Woolston
are all good vars.

Novi-Belgii, 4', Sep., bl. A valuable species
and one which has given some fine vars., too
numerous to detail. The form Isevigatns is capital
(.«//'. Icogifoliua formosus), and others to be re-
commended are Daisy Hill, Madonna, Autumn
Glory, Cottage Maid, Daphne, Edith, E. G. Lowe,
Ella, F. W. Burbidge, Irene, John Wood, Maia,
Mrs. C. W. Earle, Robert Parker, Pleiad, Top
Sawyer, and White Spray.

puniceus, G', Sep., bl. A handsome plant with
crim. stems and cupped flowers. The best var. is
pulcherrimus, blush-wh.

TiMilc-r.mtii, 4', Oct., wh. A capital plant for
cutting. Sprays of small flowers and Heath-like
f ol iage.

turbinellus, 3', Aug., mauve. A very fine Star-
wort with pretty blooms.

versicolor, 3', Sep., pk., wh. A pretty species,
good vars. being nanus, Antigone, and Themis.

vimineus, 3J'. Sep , wh. One of the most useful
fur cutting; it gives elegant sprays of small
flowers. Good vars. are Cassiope and nanus.

Other Species :
acuminutuN, 2', Sep., wh

lauceolatus, 5', Sep., wli.

Alberti, 3', Aug., pur. lindleyanus, 2', Sep., bl.

altaicus, 1', Jy., bl. pur. longifolius, 3', Oct., wh.
umethystinus, 3', Oct.. Maackii, 2', Aug., bl.

pur. bl.
Bellicliastrum, 1', Jy. ,

wh. (SI/H. Bellicliastrum

Michellii).
Bigelovii, 2V, Aug.,bien..

h'l.

cassiarabicus, 2', Sep., pk.
caucasicus, IV, Jy., pur.
Chapmanii, 25', Sep., vio.
coiicinnus, 2', Oct., pur.
concolor, 1', Oct., pur.
Coombe-Fishacre,3',Sep.,

flesh.

corymbosus, 2', Jy., wh.
Curtisii, 3', Sep., lil.
diplostephioides, IV, Je.,

pur.

Douglasii, 4', Sep.. pur.
elegans, 2', Sep., bl.
formosissimus, 2.',', Sep.,

lil.

multiflorus, 4', Sep., wh.
paniculatus, 4', Sep., 1:1.

(vars.. Dot; W. J.

Grant).

patulus, 3', Sep., pur.
peregriuus, 1', Aug., pur.
Porteri, 2', Aug., wh.
polyphyllus, 4i , Sep., wh.
ptannicoides, H', Aug.,

wh.

pulchellus, 1', Jy., pur.
pyrenffius, H', Jy., h'l.

pur.
salsuginosus, 1J', Jy., pur.

(syn. Erigerou salsugin-
osus).
sericeus, 3', Jy., grn., bl.

(syn. argeiiteus).
Shortii, 3', blush,
sikkimensis, 3', Oct., pur.
spectabilis, 2V, Sep., bl.

floribundus, 3', Sep., pur. Stracheyi, H'~, Jy.,*Kl. bl.
gymnpcephalus, 1', Jy., Thomsoni, 2', Aug., lil.
trinprvis. '*' Aurr lil

half-hdy. aim., ro.
Heuryi, ¥, Aug., bl.
Herveyi, IV, Sep., lil.
incisus, 2.Jr, Aug., bl. or

wh. (syu. Calimeris in-

cisa).

trinervis, 2', Aug., bl.
trinervius, 3 , Oct., wh.
Tripolium, 2', Aug.. bl.
umbellatus, 2', Aug., wh.
umlulatus, 3', Aug., bl.
Vilmoriuii, 2', Jy., bl.pur.

ASTER ("CHINA").

Description. — Half-hardy annuals (now referred
botanically to the genus Callistephus, ord. Com-
positse), of easy culture. In its wild state the
China Aster is single, but numerous double
varieties have been obtained under cultivation,
and a range of form and colouring has been de-
veloped of a widely diversified character. Most of
the varieties are so far fixed as to come true from
carefully selected seed. For late summer and
autumn flowering, Asters are amongst the most
useful and effective of annuals.

Propagation. — From seeds. To raise plants
early sow the seeds in March in pans or small
boxes filled with light soil and placed on a green-
house shelf ; or sow in shallow drills in a bed of
soil, placed over a gentle hotbed, in a frame. As
soon as the seedlings are large enough to handle
they should be carefully lifted and pricked off in a
frame to increase in size, and become gradually
hardened prior to being planted at the end of May.
Another method is to sow seeds in shallow drills,
6" apart, in a bed of fine soil made up in a
cold frame about the middle of April. Prick off
the seedlings when large enough into another
frame, and plant them out when danger of frost
is over. Dwarf, sturdy plants are thus obtained.
Failing the above facilities, seeds may be sown
thinly in a bed of rich soil outdoors early in May.

Soil. — Asters like a deep, rich soil in a situation
exposed to sunshine. The ground should be dug
deeply before planting, and a moderate dressing of
thoroughly decomposed manure worked into the
subsoil, as this has the effect of attracting the
roots and affording assistance when the plants are
expanding and perfecting their flowers.

Other Cultural Points. — The end of August and
September are the months for Asters, and they are
very effective in masses, or about 1' apart in
single rows along borders. They are moisture
loving plants, and are much benefited by the

Asteracantha

Astiltae

heavy dews of the late summer. Planting should
be done in showery weather, and water given
during dry spells throughout the summer. Early
in August, before the plants come into bloom, a
top-dressing of well-decayed manure spread on the
surface and watered in will be of great assistance.
The dwarf varieties are self-supporting, but stakes
are necessary for those of taller habit.

Enemies and Diseases. — Black fly almost in-
variably attacks young Asters. Green fly also
attacks them in dry seasons. Soak a handful of
quassia chips in a gallon of water, and dip the tops
into it. Watch for the pests through the spring
and summer, and syringe with quassia water when
a trace of fly can be seen. Slugs are very partial
to small .seedlings. A close watch should be kept
for them, and the plants dusted with lime and
soot. Occasionally Asters damp off suddenly just
below the ground. There appears to be no effec-
tive remedy, and a stock of reserve plants should
be kept to take the places of any that may fail.

Pot Culture. — Asters in pots are very effective
when in flower in the greenhouse. For this
purpose sow the seeds outdoors in May, grow the
plants thinly, and lift and pot when the buds are
expanding in September. Keep the potted plants
shaded for a few days, and then remove them to a
cold greenhouse, where they will flower through
the autumn.

A Selection of Varieties. — There is now a host of
varieties in each of the leading sections of Asters.
and they have almost entirely taken the place of
the species in gardens. The tall-growing forms are
suitable for exhibition and cutting, and those of
dwarfer habit for bedding and pot culture. The
principal sections and characters are tabulated
below : —

TAIL HABIT.

Comet, 1-J', graceful,
twisted florets.

Crown, !£'.

Emperor, 2' , largo
flowered.

P!eony-flowered,2', large,
incurved flowers.

Quilled, li', quilled florets.

Victoria, 1J', florets re-
curved.

DWARF HAEIT.

Bouquet, 6", free flower-
ing, suitable for pots.

Chrysanthemum- flowered
(dwarf), 1', compact.

Comet (dwarf), 9", early.

G ermaii (dwarf) , 9 " , early .

Pseony-flowered (dwarf),
1', incurved florets.

Victoria (dwarf), 1', good
for pots.

All the above can be bought in collections of
separate colours, or mixed.

The following are the chief species and
varieties : —

ASTERACANTHA.

A greenhouse herbaceous perennial (<>rd. Acan-
thacese) of easy culture. Longifolia, 2', July, yellow,
likes a sandy loam, and to be kept rather dry. The
genus is referred by botanists to Hygrophila.

ASTILBK (syn. HOTEIA). (GOAT'S BEARD.)
Description. — Exceedingly valuable garden
flowers (prd. Saxifrages), used largely for borders;
for the margins of lakes and ponds ; and for forcing
in pots, for which nearly all are suitable. They
form fine plants for the conservatory, greenhouse,
or window.

Aster iscus of Mtrnch (see Odontosperminn).
Asterocepltalus (see ScaUosa).
Astervstiyma (see titaurvstij/ma).

Propagation. — By division in spring or autumn.

Soil. — A rich, moist soil is the best for all the
Astilbes.

Other Cultural Points. — Plants in ordinary
flower-borders and those in pots must never be
allowed to suffer from want of water while growing.
For forcing purposes gootl clumps should be potted
early in autumn and plunged in, ashes or other
material until they for,m roots, when they may

I'lwtu: Caaatll d- CuiiiiKiny, Ltd.

ASTILBE W. E. GLADSTONE.

be taken in and subjected to gentle forcing,
keeping them in a moist atmosphere and giving a
plentiful supply of water.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

astilboides, 3', My., wh. Generally known as
Spiraja astilboides. With its fine form, floribunda,
it is valued as a pot plant, but it is equally good
outside in moist places (syns. spirasoides and Spiraa
astilboides).

j.-iponica, 2', My., wh. One of our most useful
forcing plants. Though it suffers in some gardens
in spring in the open, in others it flowers freely from
year to year. There is a pretty variegated variety,
named variegata or reticulata, and one with pur.
leaves and stems, called foliis-purpureis (syns,
Spinea barbata and japonica, Hoteia japonica, 'and
Astilbe barbata).

rivularis, 4', Jy., wh. A noble plant for the
margins of lakes, large borders, or wild gardens,
always in deep, moist soil. It flowers well in shade.

Tlmnbergii, 1J', My., wh. A pretty little sub-
shr. which ought to be more used for forcing, but
is a good plant for the border.

W. E. Gladstone, a fine seedling.

Astiria

(91 )

Athamanta

Other Species : —

• I' i aii'lra, ;;', My., wli. rulira, •)', Jy., ro.

cliiueusis, '2', Jy., wh.
(SI/H. odontophylla) .

ASTIRIA.

A Move evergreen (ord. Sterculiacea?) succeeding
in a mixture of two parts loam, one of peat, and a
dar-h of sand, and increased by cuttings kept close
in a warm place. Kuseu, which ilower.s in May and
June, has rose llowers.

ASTRAGALUS.

Description. — An extensive and variable genus of
hardy herbs or sub-shrubs (ord. Leguminosie),
known as Milk Vetches. Upwards of a hundred
species have been introduced to cultivation, but
most of them have been lost. Some are of annual
duration, but the majority are perennials. Some
of the dwarf trailers make pretty plants for the
rockery.

Propagation. — By cuttings and by seeds in a cold
frame for the shrubs, by root divisions and by seeds
for the herbaceous perennials, and by seeds only
for the annuals, such as Cicer and Glaux.

Soil. — Equal parts of loan* and leaf soil, with
sand, for the annuals and herbaceous perennials ;
rather more loam for the shrubs.

Principal Species : —

adsurgens, Je., per., bl. pur., rare.

alopecuroides, 2' to 5', Je., per., yel.

hyp«glottisv 3" to 4", Je., bl. Var. alba, wh.
(*///'. dasyglottis).

muximus, 2' to 3', Je., per., yel.

nninspessulanus, Je., pur. A pretty evergreen
trailer.

onobrychioides, a" to 12", Jy., per., pur.

Tragacantha (Gum Tragacanth), lj' to 3', Je.,
evergreen slir.

viilpinus, 2' to ;>', Jc.. p:?r., yel.

Other Species :—
ailiiiicus, 6" to !>", Je., narbonensis, 2' to 3', Je.,

Jy., per., ro. pur. per. , yel.

alpiuus, sum., bl. pur. odoratus, B", Je., yel.

aimarius, 6", Je., 1.1. Ouobrychis, IV, Je., pur.

:uistriacus, My., per., IP!., — alpiuus, 1', Je., wh.

pur. panuosus, 6" to !*", Jy.,

canadeusis, 2' to 3' , Jy., per., ro.

per., yel. ponticus, 2', Jy., per.,

Cicer, Jy., ami., yel. • yel.

dahuricus, 1' to 2', Jy., purpureus, 3" to 6", Je.,

per., pur. per., bl.

falcatus, 1' to 2', Je.,per., sulcatus, 2' to 3', Jy.,

grn., yel. (*//"• vires- vio., wh.

cens). vagiuatus, 1', sum., ro.

galegii'fonnis, 3' too', Je., pur.

per., gru., yel. vesicarius, 6" to 9", Jy.,

Glaux, Je., ami., pur. per., pur., yel., wh.

Glyciphyllus, 2' to 3', Je., vimiucus, 6" to 1', Je.,

per. , pale yel. pur. , ro.

leucophyllus, 2' to 3', Jy., vircscens (sec falcatus).

per., yel.

ASTRANTIA.

Description. — Hardy, herbaceous perennials (ord.
Umbellitera) of distinct appearance and consider-
able decorative value.

Propagation. — By division of the roots in winter
or spring.

Soil. — Good garden soil.

Other Cultural Points. - A.-trantias are excellent
subjects tor banks and woodlands, as well as the
herbaceous border. They will grow nearly any-
where, although they prefer damp positions. The
only attention they require is an occasional lifting

and splitting up of the clumps when these get too
large, and periodical top-dressings of fresh soil.

Principal Species : —

caruiolica, 1', My., wli. helleborifolia, 2', Jy., pk.

Other Species and Varieties : —

Biebersteimi, 2', My. major, 2', Je., stripe:!,

lieterophylla («<v helle- — earinthiaca.

borifolia). — variegata.

intermedia, 6", Jy., pk., minor, 6", Je., pk.

a form of major. paucirtora, 6", Jy., wh.

ASTROCARYUM.

Stove Palms (ord. Palma;) of oruamer tal
presence and easy culture. The leaves are usually
silvery on the under surface. Some of the species
are very spiny, and need careful handling, as the
spines are of a poisonous nature. Plenty of water
is necessary at all times. Propagated by seeds
sown in brisk heat ; occasionally by suckers. Three
parts good loam, and one part cow manure, suit.

Principal Species : —
Malybo, foliage grn., with Murumuru, 40', foliage

silver under surface. dark grn., aud silvery

below.

Other Species :—

acaule, 10'. Ayri, 20' to 30'. mexicanum.

aculeatum, 40'. campestre, 10'. niveum, glaucous,

argeiiteum (fee filare. rostratum, 30'.

Malybo). granatense. vulgare, 20' to. 40'.

ASTROLOMA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Epacridaceie),
with pretty flowers, propagated by cuttings of
young shoots under a bell-glass in a frame. Soil,
sand, loam, and peat, in equal parts. Plenty of
drainage is necessary.

Principal Species : —

dcnticuliitum, 1', My. to Iniinifusum, 1', My., Je.,
Jy., red. sc.

ASYSTASIA.

A genus of stove evergreen shrubs or climbers
(ord. AcanthaceEc), with funnel shaped flowers
borne in terminal clusters. Propagated by cut-
tings of the young shoots placed under a bell-glass,
in spring, with bottom heat. Equal proportions 01
peat and loam, with sand, suit.

Principal Species : —
chelouioides, 34', sum., scandens, 6', climber, Jy.,

red. pur. cream (syii. Henfreya.

coromaudeliana, 4', Jy., scandens).

j macrophylla, 8' to 20', violaeea, 1' to 2'.

Je., ro. pur.

ATALANTIA.

A genus of about ten species of stove evergreen
foliage shrubs (ord. llutaceEe). Monophylla, 8',
June, white, is the only one met with. It may be
increased by cuttings of the ripened shoots placed
in sand under a bell-glass in brisk bottom heat

ATHAMANTA.

Greenhouse or hardy herbaceous plants (ord.
Urnbellifenc). Matthioli, 1' to 2', summer, hardy,
white, is the only one generally met with in cultiva-
tion. Its foliage is much like that of Fennel. It may
be increased by seeds, and by division in spring,
and will grow in ordinary garden soil.

Aitrantkus (see Homalhim).
Agtrapcea (see Dombeya).
Astrolobhiiii (see Omtthojna).
Axiitijihytiiiii (.we Schi/nocactvt).

Atarr'ui (.srr Tm-ca).
Atamasco Lily (see Zi']il>
Atclandra (fee Ili'iiiiijenia).

Athanasia

Aubrietia

ATHANASIA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Compositse),
with yellow flowers, natives of the Cape. They
may be propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened
shoots in spring, and do well in a compost of three
parts of loam and one part of peat.

Principal Species : —
i-apitata, 1J', Mch. pubescens, 6', Jy.

Other Species : —

creuata, 2', Jy. longifolia, 2', Jy.

crithmifolia, 2' to 3', Jy., parviflora, 2', Ap.

wh. pectinata, IV, Jy.

cuneiformis, 2', Jy. pinuata, 11', Jy.

dentata, H, Jy. tomentosa^ 2', My.

iiliformis, '2' , Aug.

ATHEROSPERMA.

A small genus (ord. Monimiacese). Moschatum,
40', June, greenhouse, white, much resembles a
Conifer in general appearance. It is propagated
by cuttings under a bell-glass, in sandy soil. Soil,
loam and peat in equal quantities.

ATHRIXIA.

A genus of several species (ord. Compositfe).
Capensis, 3', April, greenhouse, crimson, is propa-
gated by cuttings of the young wood under a
bell-glass, whilst the plants succeed under the same
treatment as that given to the Cape Heaths
(Ericas).

ATHROTAXIS.

Evergreen trees or shrubs (ord. Coniferse), natives
of Tasmania. They are of no special decorative
value, and are safe out of doors in this country-
only in very sheltered positions. Propagated by
cuttings under a hand-glass in a cold frame. Soil,
good loam, with a little leaf soil and sand.

Principal Species : —

cupressoides, 30', foliage imbricata (we selagiu-

gru., branches numerous oides).

and slender. laxifolia, 20' to 25' (xyn.

doniana (see laxifolia). doniana).

guimeana. selaginoides, 30' to 40'.

ATHYRIUM (see ASPLENIUM).

ATRAGENE.

Hardy, deciduous, climbing shrubs (ord. Ranun-
cnlacese), differing from Clematis in the flowers
having petals, but now referred to that genus.
Propagated by cuttings in light, sandy soil under a
hand-glass, by layers put down in autumn (both
cuttings and layers root very slowly), and by seeds
sown in gentle heat in spring; this is the best of
the three methods. Good garden soil, well worked,
and inclining to be light and rich, suits.

Principal Species : —

alpina, My., bl. Alba is a pretty wh. form (sijns.
austriaca Clematis alpina).

Other Species : —
americana, My., pur. bl. occidentalis, Jy. (*//». Cle-

(.«/«. Clematis verticil- matis macrophyila).

laris). sibirica (see alpina).

austriaca (see alpina) . zeylanica («/». Naravelia

inacropetala, bl. (•?'/«. Cle- zeylanica).

matis macropetala).

ATRIPLEX. (THE ORACH.)

Hardy annuals (ord. Chenopodiacea?) of little
horticultural value, except in a couple of instances.
Propagated by seeds, and thriving in any good
garden soil.

Alitalia (see 'I'urnip Sarvfly).
Atkeropogon (see JiouteluiM).

Principal Species : —

hortensis, 4', sum. The leaves of this plant make
a fair substitute for Spinach if gathered young.

— rubra, 4' to 5', sum., pur., flowers and foliage
vinous red.

ATROPA.

Herbaceous perennials, distinguished by the
leafy persistent calyx (Belladonna, Dwale, Deadly
Nightshade, ord. Solanaceai), of no decorative value.
A decoction from A. Belladonna is used in affections
of the eye to dilate the pupil. Propagated by seeds.
The plants will grow in any garden soil.

Principal Species : —

Belladonna, 2' to 4', sum., grn., pur., berries blk.,
as large as a Cherry, poisonous. The plant is very
rare in its wild state, and chiefly affects rubbish
heaps and waste ground.

ATTALEA.

Stove Palms (ord. Palmse), distinct from other
Palms by the pinna; being set in nearly vertically
instead of horizontally. Propagated by seeds, and
thriving in good loam three parts, cow manure one
part, and sand.

Principal Species : —
Cohune, .•)()', fronds dark fipeciosa, 70'

grn.

Other Species :—

amygdalina. humilis, 10 .

compta, 22'. nucifera (see amygdalina).

excelsa, 90'. Hossii, 20'.

fuuifera, 40'.

AUBRIETIA.

Description. — Charming hardy rock or border
plants (ord. Cruciferse), of trailing habit, and in-
dispensable to the flower garden in spring. They
are valued for spring beds and borders in associa-
tion with Arabises, Alyssums, Violas, Wallflowers,
etc. They are also prized for edgings and rock
gardens, where they present a fine effect trailing
over the stones.

Propagation. — By division after flowering, by
cuttings removed at the same time and struck in
light soil under glass, or by seeds sown in spring.
Some growers make layers of the best varieties.

Soil. — A light, sandy or peaty soil is the most
suitable for the Aubrietias, but they can be grown,
in ordinary garden soil.

Other Cultural Points. — Seeds sown in spring
will produce plants to bloom the following spring,
but more profusely the second year. Old plants
may be cut back immediately after blooming. This
makes the plants more compact without injuring
them for flowering in the following spring. All
the Aubrietias prefer a sunny situation.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

deltoidea, 4', spr., pur. There are many varieties
of this species, which is the best of those in culti-
vation. Some of these surpass the type in beauty.
Leichtlinii has red flowers, rather deeper than those
of rosea. Campbellii is very beautiful, and has
deep violet flowers. Grandiflora and Hendersoni
resemble it, if they are not identical ; grzeca in
several forms is also good. New varieties, all
worth growing, are Souvenir de Win. Ingram, Fire
King, and Koyal Purple.

Other Species and Varieties : —
Columnse, a var. of delt- libanotica, 4", Ap., HI.

oidea. Pinardii, 3", Ap., lil.

croatica, 4", Ap., pur. tauricola, 2", My., pur.

Aubergine '^olanwn Melonycna; see Kgg Plant).

Aucuba

( 93

Auricula

AUCUBA.

Description. — Favourite ornamental harcly ever-
green sliriibs (ord. Cornaoeoe) of great value in tin-
garden or slirublicry. The variegated leaves show
much variety of markings, and the best forms arc
very beautiful.

Propagation. — By seeds sown when ripe, or by
cuttings in sandy soil in autumn or spring. The
latter may be struck in the open, but it is well to
have some covering at hand in case of severe
weather. Aucubas make good town plants, and
may also be grown as pot plants.

Soil. — Any common soil will grow them in the
open, but for pots one of a more sandy character
should be used.

Other Cultural Points.— If berries are wanted, it
is necessary to grow both male and female plants.
:ind to ensure a good crop the female flowers ought
to be fertilised with pollen from the male plants
when the pistil appears to be viscid or sticky. If
the pollen is ready before the pistil is sufficiently
advanced, it may be kept for some time in a dry
place without losing its potency.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

japonica, ID', or less. There are many vars. in
cultivation, and it is preferable for a purchaser
to select for himself in the nursery. The following
are worth growing : —

alho-variegata. longifolia. pygmamsulphurea.

aurea. uiMculata. vera nana.

fructu-alho. maculata mascu- viridis.

limbata. line.

Other Species :

chinensis. himalaica.

AUDIBERTIA.

Hardy evergreens (ord. Labiatas) of no particular
ganieii value. Propagation is by seeds, and
ordinary garden soil suits.

Principal Species : —
iucauu, ir, Aug. , bl. polystachya, 2', Oct., wh.

AUDOUINIA.

A genus of one species (ord. Bruniaceas). Capi-
tata, 1', May, purple, is a greenhouse shrub. Propa-
gated by cuttings of ripened shoots in sand in a
cold frame. Soil, fibrous loam and leaf mould, with
sand.

AULAX.

Evergreen greenhouse shrubs (ord. Proteacese),
natives of the Cape, propagated by cuttings of
ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass in a
cold frame. Soil, loam and leaf soil in equal parts,
with sand.

Principal Species : —
pinifolia, 2', Jy., yel. umbellata, 2', Je., yel.

AURICULA.

Description. —Exquisite spring-flowering plants
(ord. Primulacesc), of the highest order of excellence
for the garden, or for flowering in frames or Auricula
houses. While all are hardy, what are known as
the Show Auriculas should be grown under glass,
as the meal-like dust on the blooms and leaves is
spoiled by rain, and one of their charms thus
greatly defaced. These Show Auriculas are divided
into Green-edged, Grey-edged, Self, and White-
edged varieties. The ''Roles for Judging" of the
Royal Horticultural Society give the leading points
of all the sections in a succinct way, and a sum-
mary of these gives the needed information re-
garding their qualities. The corolla must be round,
smooth on the edge, ami perfectly flat; the tube

AulacopliyUuni (nee Zaniia).

yellow or lemon, round, filled with the anthers,
hiding tin- *tigma from view. The paste, which
comes next to the tube, should be solid and pure
white. The ground or body colour ought to be
dense, forming a perfect circle round the paste;
while the edge should be green, grey, white, or un-
shaded self-colour. The stem must also be long
enough and strong enough to carry the truss well
above the leaves. The Alpines are to be judged dif-
ferently, but it may be noted that the centre must be
yellow, cream, or white, and without any farina, and
the edge a zone of some dark colour, shading off
to a paler tint towards the margin. Although the
Alpine Auriculas are hardy enough, there is little

: I ^.->, II ,f Company, Ltd.

Ai nii:n,A Mus. H. TrnxKii (Au-ixi-:). (See p. 95).

doubt that they come to greater perfection when
cultivated in frames.

It is gratifying to find that Auriculas are again
growing in favour. For many years they were
largely grown by great numbers" throughout the
kingdom, but afterwards, and until recently, their
cultivation was only maintained by a few enthusiasts.

Propagation. — New varieties are raised from
seeds, which are generally the produce of plants
carefully cross-fertilised with the pollen of other
flowers of the highest quality. Specialists con-
sider that it is undesirable to cross-fertilise plants
belonging to a different class, i.e. a white-edged
variety with a green-edge, and so on. The
precaution of removing the anthers from the

Auricula

Auricula

Plnito: Ctiftzell rf- Company, Lttl.

AVRICULA Loiil) DUDLEY (ALPINE).

seed-bearer before expansion ought to be taken, so
as to prevent self-fertilisation. The resulting
seerls are sown as soon as ripe, or at the beginning
of March. The soil in the pots ought to be of a
rather sandy nature. The seeds must be very
Jightly covered with light, fine soil, and the pots
afterwards placed in a rather close frame, where
they may remain, covered with a sheet of
paper, until the seeds germinate, when light and
air should be given gradually. When strong
enough they must be pricked out separately, and
afterwards placed in small pots singly, and grown
on until their value can be proved. Named or
meritorious varieties are propagated by offsets,
taken off as near the middle of February as
possible, or, at least, when top-dressing. The
offsets are put round the edges of small pots, and
kept rather close under glass until they have
rooted properly. If the top of the old plant is
taken off and struck in a pot, other suckers will
probably be produced.

Soil. — Modern growers adopt a much simpler
compost than those of many years ago, who con-
cocted wonderful compounds in which to grow
their plants. Auriculas are healthier with a simple
compost, composed of old loam of a fibrous
nature, made from good turf which has been cut
and stored in a heap for about a year; well-
decayed cow manure, leaf mould, and some coarse
s-nnd, with a little charcoal. A proportion of about
frmr pirts loam to one part each of the manure,
leaf mould, and sand will answer, with a little of

the other ingredients. They must, as a matter of
course, be properly mixed. A similar soil will
suit the Alpine Auriculas, but their requirements
are not so exacting, and they can be grown in
ordinary garden mould.

Other Cultural Points. — Repotting Auriculas is
done as soon after flowering as possible, though it
may be necessary to delay it if seed-saving is
followed. May and up to the end of June is,
perhaps, the best period in which to perform this
operation. Many plants have been grown in 6"
pots, but the size mo-it generally used now is 5".
The pots must be well drained, and on the crocks
should be placed some of the more fibrous portions
of the soil, with a little charcoal or leaf mould. In
repotting, shake off part of the old soil and trim in
the roots slightly. Firm potting is not needed for
the Auricula, yet it must not be too loosely put
into the soil. After potting, place the plants in
their summer frames, keeping them close and
rather dry for a few days. Frames for the Auri-
cula in summer ought to face to the north, but
the plants should be in frames or houses, with a
south exposure, from the beginning of November
to the end of April. The frames should be of
sufficient height to allow of a small stage on which
to stand the pots. A low span-roof house, with a
little heat in spring, is found useful by those who
compete at the early shows. Watering and giving
air are two important things in cultivating these
fine flowers. They need good supplies when
growing, but in winter little water is needed....

Enemies. — The pests which trouble the Auricula

.- dinnt n (f- CttBtpanff, Ltd,

Al'lUCl'LA REV. J?\ D. HuitNEU (GuEKN-EDGE).

Avena

(95 )

Azalea

grower ;ire usually aphides or green fly, and a
IIMI.T which infests the collar and roots. The
former can lie removed by fumigating carefully or
hy dipping the plants in a preparation of a good
insecticide ; while the latter must be exterminated
liy I, iking the plants out of the pots and washing
them with a i-olution of soft soap.

A Selection of Varieties. — There are so many
good florist-*' Auriculas in cultivation that it is
with difficulty that a selection of moderate numbers
can be given. Those named below will form tin;
nucleus of a good collection, which can be added
to by exchange or otherwise as opportunity offers.
Many of the newest varieties are not in com-
mcive.

Green-Edged. — Abbe Liszt, General Neill (Trail!).
John Garrett (Adams), Prince of Greens (Trail)),
licv. F. D. Horner (Simonite), and Shirley Hibberd
(Siniorjite).

llrfij - l-'dtji'il. — Colonel Champneys (Turner),
Hi-urge Klidd (Woodhead). Highland Mary (Low).
Mabel (Douglas). Hichard Headlcy (Lightbody),
Silvia (Doughs).

\\lute-Edged.-A.ctuc. (Read), Dr. Kidd
(Douglas), Heather Bell (Simonite). Mrs. Dodwell
(Woodhead), and Reliance (Mellor).

Nelf. — Black Bess (Woodhead). Buttercup
(llurner), Rev. Charles Kingsley (Douglas), Ruby
(Simonite), Sapphire (Horner), and Vulcan
(Sims).

. 1 1 /lines. -Dean Hole (Turner). Defiance (Turner).
Diadem (Gorton). Duke of Yuri-; (Douglas). Edith
Lodge (Douglas). Evelyn Phillips (Phillips), Friend-
ship (Douglas), George Lightbody (Turner), John
I'.i -wick (Turner). Lord Dudley (Douglas), Mrs.
Harry Turner (Turner), Mrs. Patrick Campbell
(Douglas). Sam Barlow (Turner).

Itorder Varietiet. — Some very beautiful Auric-
ulas can lie raised from purchased seeds, but a
few named varieties are given for those who wish
to have such : —

Critic King, yel., Dusty Miller, yel., Grace
Darling, vio., John Daltoii. pur., Yellow Queen,
yel., and Old Double Yellow, a scarce old plant.
Queen Victoria and other of Storrie's seedlings are
fine border plants.

AVENA.

A genus of Grasses (aril. Graminea?), of which
the well known cereal the Oat is the chief member.
Sterilis, the animated Oat. is remarkable for the
length of its awns, which possess hygromctric
properties. l.V toi''. hardy. Propagation by seeds,
in ordinary garden soil.

AVENUE.

A path or carriage drive bordered on each side
by a row of trees When the trees are well
planted and properly cared for an avenue is a
most effective feature, either in a public or private
park. The width of the path or carriage way will
depend upon individual taste. Where Sequoias and
other Conifers of pyramidal habit arc planted it
may be as little as W. hut where Limes, Elms,
Oaks, or other forest trees are favoured the width
must lie proportionately greater, to allow of the
spn-ad of the branches in the full-grown trees.
Asa rule a bold curve is an excellent idea to aim
at. but even the much decried straight line is not
to be despised. In any ease, a winding design
with many sharp curve-* should be avoided.

The Horse Chestnut makes a splendid avenue
tree, witness the far-famed Chestnut Avenue at

Bushey Park. The trees are especially handsome,
both when in flower and when clad in their
autumn tints. The Spanish or Sweet Chestnut is
another capital subject, but in most places the
trees do not make such fine heads as the Horse
Chestnut.

Oaks are very imposing, but slow-growing, and
thus, where the planter wishes to see some of
the results of his labours, they are not to be
thought of.

Limes are great favourites by reason of their
compact and graceful habit. The White Poplar is
a quick growing and hardy tree, suitable for wet,
clayey soils. The Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus
Libuni) is very stately, although it is not so
graceful as its relative the Deodar (C. Deodara).
Elms have acquired an unenviable notoriety for
being dangerous on account of their falling limbs,
but this is an instance where the skill of the
forester should be applied. There is no tree that
boasts a more graceful growth than the Elm.
Cryptomeria elegans and Araucaria imbricata are
both suitable, and the False Acacia, Kobinia
Pseudacacia, is a far better .avenue tree than many
j people imagine. Either single or double rows may
be planted. If double rows they should forma
series of triangles. Irregular clumps of dwarf
shrubs should be introduced here and there to
break the monotony of the lines and to obviate
the suggestion of bareness.

AVERRHOA.

Stove shrubs (nnf. Geraniacese) of no great
j value. Propagated by cuttings of firm side shoots
| in sand, in brisk bottom heat. Soil, equal parts
| of loam and peat with sand.

Principal Species : —
| Bilimbi, 8' to 10', My., Carambola— the Cnrain-

red pur. (Cucumber bola Tree— 14' to 2u',

Tree.) roil.

AVERRUNCATORS.

Pruning shears of a peculiar pattern, mounted
j upon a pole of varying length. The cutting blade
works into a hook-shaped sheath by which the
branch which is to be removed is grasped. The
power is applied, by means of a small lever handle
at the bottom of the pole, anil transmitted from
the lever to a stout wire which runs from the
lever to the cutting blade. This wire is secured
in its place by a number of strong iron "eyes."
The tool is handy for the removal of branches that
would otherwise be out of reach, and the larger
makes are equal to the negotiation of fairly thick
wood, but the cut made is naturally attended with
a gi ji H 1 deal of bruising and crushing, and the con-
trivance is not to be recommended for general
pruning purposes.

AYENIA.

Stove plants (ord. Sterculiaceae) of no particular
value. Two species (Isevigata, 2', scarlet, ever-
green, and pusilla, 1', August, purple) are occa-
sionally met with. They are propagated by cuttings,
and thrive in a mixture of three parts of loam, one
part of peat, one part of decayed manure, and
some sand.

AZALEA.

A genus (ord. Ericaceae) comprising some of the
most popular of greenhouse and hardy plants,

,1 mix (AW

Ai'i'i-nilii (.ti
Azalmxtntm

.

I'i'rxea).

Azalea

Azalea

referred to the genus Rhododendron by some
authorities, but generally kept distinct for garden
purposes. The so-called Indian Azaleas, mostly
varieties of the species inrlica, are exceedingly
beautiful greenhouse plants, and are imported
largely from Belgium. Amongst hardy Azaleas
there are the Ghent or American, pontica (note
that this is not Rhododendron ponticum), and other
varieties. Notes on culture and selections of
varieties are given in the case of the principal
sections. There are many species of Azaleas, but
they are in the main of little horticultural value
as compared with the varieties, and therefore only
a summary of them is given.

Description of the Indian Azaleas. — All the green-
house Azaleas are evergreen, and their culture is
chiefly confined to varieties of garden origin. At
the time when, trained specimen plants were much
in vogue Azaleas were largely grown for this
purpose, trained in pyramid and other shapes.
For the decoration of conservatories, and for pro-
viding cut flowers, Azaleas are extremely useful.
A cool greenhouse temperature suits them, and
they may be grown in a cold frame or outdoors
during the summer.

Propagation. — By seeds, cuttings, and grafting.
Seeds should be sown in a gentle heat in February,
in shallow pans. When the seedlings have made
a few leaves, prick them off in other pans filled
with sandy peat. The following spring they may
be transferred to small pots. To propagate from
cuttings, select young, half-ripened shoots from
plants that .have flowered. Slip them off with a
heel, trim the base, and insert half a dozen in a
(>" pot three parts filled with sandy peat, with a
layer of silver sand on the surface. Cover the
receptacle with a bell-glass, stand it in a tempera-
ture of from 60° to 65",' and' shade from hot sun-
shine. When the cuttings are rooted, transfer
them to small pots, using, fine peat .and sand.
Keep them in a warm temperature till roots are
in action; when they may be removed to the green-
house. Pinch out the points to cause side shoots
to break, and pot on as required. Grafting is an
excellent means of propagation. The early spring
is the most suitable time, and indica alba and
pontica are good stocks. The scions should be
about If" long, and be sidegrai'ted on to the
stocks, and fastened with worsted. Until scion
and stock are united the grafted "plants should
be grown in a warm propagating frame. .

Soil. — Three parts of fibrous peat, one part of
loam, and one-fourth part of .silver sand.

Other Cultural Points. — The best time for re-
potting established plants is directly .the flowers
have faded. Prior to the operation pick off all
the seed pods. The balls, when turned out of the
pots, resemble a mass of fibrous roots. In the case
of growing specimens, provide pots one or two
sizes larger. Full-grown plants may be replaced
in the same size pots. To reduce the balls take
a sharp knife and pare them round sufficiently to
afford room for the new compost. Drain the pots
carefully, and press the soil evenly and firmly
round with a blunt stick, leaving only a slight
covering of the new material over the old ball.
Leave sufficient room in the pots for holding water,
as plants are liable to die after potting through
the old ball getting dry in the centre. Shade for
a few weeks after potting, and syringe frequently.
A warm greenhouse temperature suits Azaleas
after flowering. Syringe daily while new growtli

is being completed. Harden the growth by
exposure to sunshine. About the middle of
June the plants may be placed in a cold pit or
stood outdoors, preferably in a western aspect.
Stand the pots on a layer of coal ashes, or plunge
them in Cocoanut fibre refuse. At all times Azaleas
must be carefully watered, endeavouring to keep
the soil in an even .state of moisture. If the com-
post becomes sour through over-watering and bad
drainage, the results are often fatal, and drought
at the roots is equally injurious. If a plant gets
very dry, the best way to ensure a thorough soak-
ing is to sink the pot for twenty minutes in a pail
of water. Towards the end of September the
plants should be removed to a light, airy green-
house for the winter. Azaleas are very useful for
providing cut flowers, and free-growing varieties
may be cut without injuring the plant.

AN AZALEA GROWN MY AN AMATKI it.

A Selection of Varieties. — There are many
varieties in cultivation, including single, semi-
double, and double forms, and varying widely in
size of flower, and colour. The following is a
good selection : —

SINGLES.

Apollo, wh., striped car.
Baroiiue de Vnere, wh.,

crim.

Charmer, amaranth.
Comtesse tie Beaufort,

ro., blotched crim.
Fielder's White, wh.
Madame Jean Nuytens

Verschaffelt, wh., spot-
ted y el.
Mdlle. Leonie Van Houtte,

wh., flaked ro., large.
Mrs. Turner, pk., edged

wh.
Heine des Flours, salmon,

edged wh.
Sigisnmud Backer, ro.,

edged wh.
Stella, or. sc., fine.
Theodoras, fiery red.

DOUBLES.

Alice, deep ro., blotched.
Bernard Andre, vio. pur.
Deutsche Perle, wh.,

early.
Empress of India, salmon,

wh.
Grand Duches.se deBadeu,

rosy sc., semi-double.
Louise Margpttin, wh.

striped, Sami-double.
Madame Van der Cruys-

sen, ro., dark spots,

semi-double.

Phu'bus, ro., semi-double.
I'lvsidrnt ( (swald (!<• Krr-

chove, sahnoupk., fine.
Reiiie du Portugal, wh.
Souvenirde Prince Albert,

rosy peach, wh. mar-
pa',
verviuiienna, salmon,

\vh. margin, rliiu.

Azalea

(97)

Babiana

Enemies. — Green fly is a source of trouble when
plants are making new growth, and may be kept
in check by fumigating. A far worse pest is
thrips, which causes the leaves to assume a sickly
appearance anil fall. Frequent syringings with
clear water form the best preventive, taking care
to wet the under as well as the upper side of the
leaves. Thrips may be checked under glass by
fumigating with a vaporising compound, and out-
door plants should be dipped in or syringed with
some, approved insecticide. A simple remedy is
1 oz. of shag tobacco and 2 oz. of soft soap, boiled
in 1 gallon of water, and strained and stirred before
being used, but Xicotiue Soap is excellent.

Description of the Hardy Azaleas. — These plants
complice a number <>f deciduous species, but the
chief interest lies in the beautiful Ghent Azaleas,
most of which are seedling varieties obtained from
the principal species. There are many beautiful
hybrids between mollis and sinensis.

Propagation. — By layers, seeds, cuttings, and by
grafting. Layers should be notched or twisted,
buried in the soil, and pegged down in March.
They should not be detached from the parent till
the second year's growth. Varieties are raised
from seeds sown in April in boxes filled with fine
peat and sand, and placed under a cold frame.
The following year prick off the seedlings ti" apart
in a lied of peaty soil. Cuttings are formed of
yung, half ripened shoots inserted in a frame in
August, and protected through the winter. To
increase varieties by grafting, pontica makes a good
stuck.

Soil. — Sandy peat is excellent, but hardy Azaleas
will thrive in fairly dry situations where the soil
contains a good proportion of sand and leaf mould.
In order to grow them where the rooting medium
is stiff and retentive, it is advisable to remove a
portion of the soil and make up beds of rough,
samly peat and leaf mould, or good loam free from
lime.' from 12" to 18" deep.

Other Cultural Points. — When established in
suitable- soil, hardy Azaleas will develop into fine
specimens, and no flowers are more effective in the
early summer. When grown in low situations the
young early shoots are sometimes destroyed by late
fro-ts. and to obviate this it is necessary to afford
some means of protection. To facilitate the growth
of young plants it is advisable to pick off the seed
pods as soon as the flowers have fallen. Mollis
and its varieties are much in demand for forcing,
and large numbers of plants are imported from the
Continent annually for this purpose. Forcing may
commence in October and be continued till March.
After flowering under glass the plants should be
Kepi indoors to finish their growth, and then be
gradually hardened and planted out. They may be
forced again in two or three years.

A Selection of Ghent Azaleas :—
Admiral de Ruyter, red. Madame Thiliaut. cream.
Comte de FJandrea, car. Marie Verschaffelt, pale
I)avi< ~ii, wh. ro.

Grand Monarque, salmon Unique, yd.

pk.

A Selection of mollis Azaleas :
Alphonse LiiviilU'c, or. Madame C. L. D'Hauis,

CoiiMil IVeln-r, pk. salmon pk.

M. A. do Warelles, car.

Beautiful Hybrids of mollis and sinensis :
Alma Tailcma. pk. (ilory of Boskoop, or.

Anthony Koster, yel. Sevastopol, light red.

Summary of Azalea Species : —

amiena. 1', crim., pur. By crossing this with
indica a fine series of hybrids has been raised.

calendulacea, 2' to (!', yel., red, or. A handsome
shr. There are several varieties in cultivation.

indica, 3' to 6', sc. A large number of grh. sorts
have been obtained from this.

mollis, 3' to 4'. There are numerous varieties of
this well-known species. It is distinct from mollis
(Rhododendron molle) of Blume, which is synonym-
ous with sinensis.

nudiflora, 3' to 4'. A large number of varieties
have been obtained by crossing this species with
calendulacea, pontica, viscosa, and others.

pontica, 4' to 6', yel. There are many beautiful
varieties of this species.

speciosa, 3' to 4', sc., or. The varieties vary in
colour, and shape of leaf.

viscosa, 2' to 4', wh., sweet scented. The varie-
ties of this species are numerous.

AZARA.

Fine hardy or half-hardy shrubs (ord. Bixinese)
of evergreen habit, and bearing sweetly scented
flowers. They look well on walls, but show their
habit better when grown as bushes. They are in-
creased by cuttings struck in sandy soil under
glass with a little bottom heat, and succeed in
loam, leaf mould, and sand. In cold localities it
may be necessary to give the plants a little pro-
tection. Microphylla, however, appears to be hardy
almost everywhere.

Principal Species : —

Gilliesii, 15', My., yel. A very handsome shr.
with pretty flowers and Holly-like leaves.

microphylla, 12', spr , greenish. Prized for its
neat habit and its pretty or. coloured berries.
These are very ornamental in autumn.

Other Species :
dentata, 12 , Je., yel. integrifolia, 18', Aug. , yel.

AZOLLA.

Small, floating aquatic plants (ord. Rhizocarpese),
of which the only one in cultivation is caroliniana,
an attractive Fern-like little plant which hardly
rises above the surface of the water and covers it
with a carpet of green, which changes in summer to
a bronze colour. It is perfectly hardy, and may
be grown in still water outside, or in a basin or
aquarium indoors. The Azolla makes a beautiful
microscopic object. It increases rapidly, and needs
no care beyond placing it on the surface of shallow
water at first, with the root fibres downward. It
requires no soil.

BABIANA.

Description. — Highly ornamental bulbous plants
(<ird. Iridea;) which are very pleasing in the
garden, or in pots for conservatory or window
decoration. They resemble the Ixias, and grow
from I!" to !)" high, producing spikes of richly
coloured flowers and dark green, hairy leaves.

Propagation. — By offsets, taken off when the
plants are at rest, and afterwards grown on in
good soil until large enough to flower. Also by
seeds sown in pots and pans, and placed under
glass in a slight heat. They may be sown when
ripe, or later, and the seedlings grown on as in
the case of tbe small offsets.

Soil. — A light, sandy soil, enriched with decayed
manure, is best.

Other Cultural Points.— Pot culture is most
satisfactory; but Babianas may also be grown in

Babiana

( 98 )

Bseekea

sunny places in thegarden, in light, well-drained soil.
If planted in autumn, they will need protection
with straw or other litter, or cocoanut fibre. Plant
the corms with the crown 3" below the surface.
Remove the covering in March. For pots plant
from October to January in 4" pots, using five
bulbs to a pot, or more if a larger size is used.
Loam, leaf soil, and silver sand form a good com-
post. Plunge the pots in ashes in a cold frame,
and give no water until some growth is made.
When they have made growth they may be re-
moved to the greenhouse, or where they are to
bloom. Give plenty of air and water when
growing.

Principal Species : —

[Note. — For ordinary purposes mixed Babianas,

k .
BAIUANA STUICTA.

which can be bought from the bulb dealer, are
quite good enough.]

disticha, 6", Je., Jy., bl. A pretty, fragrant
species, close to plicata, and described as a var.
of it by some botanists.

ringens, 8", Je., sc. A very handsome and effec-
tive plant.

stricta, 9", My., wh., bl. A valuable species (see
figure), of which there are several vars, e.g. angusti-
folia, bl. ; rubro-cyanea, bl., crim. ; sulphurea, pale
yel. ; and villosa, crim.

Other Species : —

plicata, 6", Je., bl. socotrana, 4", Sep., bl.

sambucina, 9'', My., pur. teuuiflora, 6", Je., pur.

BABINGTONIA.

A genus of pretty evergreen greenhouse shrubs
(ord. Myrtacese), very close to Bfeckea, indeed in-
cluded in that genus by some botanists. Increased
by cuttings of the tips of the young shoots, placed
under a bell-glass and kept close. Equal parts of
loam and peat, with a little sand, suit. Pinching
must be resorted to in order to induce a bushy
and free-flowering habit. If this little attention is
not given the plants are apt to be very straggling
and to bear but few flowers. Slight shade is
necessary during the summer months, but Babing-
tonias must never be coddled.

Principal Species : —

CamphorosmEe, T, sum., grh., pk., wh.

BACCHARIS (syn. MOLINA).

Hardy, greenhouse, or stove shrubs or herbs (ord.
Composite), of no particular horticultural value.
They are of very easy cultivation. Cuttings of the
young shoots strike in spring if placed in a propa-
gating frame. Two parts of good loam, one
part of leaf soil, and a little sand, are suitable.

Principal Species : —

halimifolia, Groundsel Tree, 6' to 12', Jy., hdy.,
wh.

Other Species :--

alata, ;>', Dec., grh., yel. glutiuosa,3', Aug.,st.,wh.
conferta, Jy., wh. marginalis, 'A', Jy., wh.

BACHELOR S BUTTONS (*ee HAN-

UNCULUS ACUIS FL. PL., and ACOXITIFOLIA EL. PL.)

BACKHOUSIA.

Evergreen greenhouse shrubs (ord. Myrta.cese),
propagated by cuttings of the half ripened shoots
taken in April and struck in snnd under abell-gliiss
in a temperature of 55°. Equal portions of fibrous
loam and peat, with sand, will make a suitable-
compost. Myrtifolia, 10' to !(>', May, white, is a
pretty greenhouse plant.

BACTRIS.

Handsome stove Palms (ord. Palmfe), of prickly
growth and rather slender habit. From the
gardener's point of view the plants are of the
greatest value when young, as then they are most
ornamental. They are increased by suckers, which
are thrown up very freely from the healthy older
plants ; also by seeds, which are not easy to obtain.
Two-thirds of fibrous loam, and one-third of well-
rotted cow manure, suit. The plants revel in heat
and the free use of the syringe.

Principal Species : —
caryotarfolia, 30'.

major, 25'.

Maraja, Maraja Palm,

30' 'to 50'.
pcctinata, 15'.

pallidispina, leaves very

spiny (KI/II. flavispina).
Other Species : —
baculifera, 30'.
cuspidata, 20'.
flavispina (see pallidis-
pina).

B^ECKEA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Myrtacerc) of
no great value. Propagated by cuttings of t-ps of
the young shoots, taken in spring, and rooted
beneath a bell-glass in a cool frame. Loam, leaf
soil, and sandy peat, in equal parts, suit.

Principal Species : —

diosmifolia, 1' to 2', Aug. to Oct., grh., wh.

Bacazia (see liarnadesla).

Badger's Bane (see Aconitum mcloctonum).

Bseria

( 99)

Baltimora

Other Species : —

ilensifolia, 3'. parvula, 1', Aug., grh.,

frutescens, 2V, Nov. , grh., wh.

wh. virgata, 2V, Aug. to Oct.,

gracilis, 2', grh. grh., wh.

BvERIA.

An obscure genus (ord. Composite) of about
nineteen species, one only of which — chrvsostorna,
1', summer, hardy, yellow — is ever seen. Increased
by seeds sown in spring. The plants thrive in any
ordinary garden soil.

BAHIA.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Composite).
The species Janata, 6" to 15", summer, hardy,
yellow, likes a well-drained sandy soil. It may
be increased by seeds, and also by root division
in spring.

3 A L.BISI A Oy/tt. LEDOCARPON).

A genus of very ornamental evergreen shrubs
(ord. Geraniaceie). Verticillata, 3' to 6', autumn,
greenhouse, yellow («;/«. Ledocarpon pedunculare,
Ijind), may be propagated by cuttings of fairly
firm shoots under a bell-glass, and also by seeds.
It is impatient of stagnant moisture at the roots,
and is not easy to grow.

BALCONY.

An appurtenance to the side or front of a house,
generally surrounded with a balustrade or railings,
which serve as support for climbers. Nasturtiums,
Convolvuluses, Passion Flowers, Sweet. Peas, etc.,
are suitable. The sides of the balcony should be
lifted with long, narrow boxes after the style of
those generally used for windows. These may be
filled with evergreens in the winter, and any of
the many annual, or even greenhouse, flowering
plants in the summer, choosing bright and attrac-
tive subjects as much as possible. The boxes, being
situated near the windows of the house, may have
a fair proportion of sweet-smelling plants, such as
.Mignonette, Heliotrope, or sweet-scented Tobacco,
planted in them. Neatness and cleanliness should
!«• scrupulously observed, and great attention paid
to \\.itering, as, owing to the plants possessing such
a restricted root run, any neglect with the watering
can will soon have disastrous effects.

BALM.

A common perennial herb, botanically known as
Melissa ofticinalis, whose leaves are possessed of
a st rong odour. It is sometimes used in the making
of claret cup, and a "tea" made by boiling it in
water is an old-fashioned remedy for colds. It
will grow in any fairly good garden soil, and may
be propagated by cuttings or by root divisions in
spring. The variegated form is a, pretty plant,
whose fragrance is equal to that of the type. (See
also Melissa.)

BALM OF GILEAD (we CEDBONELLA

TIMPHYLLA).

BALSAM (ANNUAL).

Description. — Half-hardy or greenhouse annuals
(iiril. (ieraniacens), botanically known as Impatiens
Balsamina, bearing pretty, often Camellia-shaped,

Sfrnbntrys (see
Hut. f nn of Seeman (see Plerandra).
Jiiilnnimis (nee Nut Enemies).
Huliiniiiim (see Dickttonui).

flowers up the stern. There are a number of species
included in the genus, but the chief interest in these
flowers is centred in the many coloured strains of
garden origin. The best way to grow Balsams is
in pots in a greenhouse or conservatory, but they
may be also planted out in beds in the summer.

Propagation. — From seeds sown in February and
March in pans or boxes, placed in a propagating
frame or warm greenhouse.

Soil. — For seeds, equal parts of loam and leaf
mould, with a liberal sprinkling of sand. For grow-
ing plants, three parts loam, two parts well decayed
manure, and one part leaf mould, with sufficient
sand to keep the compost open.

Other Cultural Points.— Plants raised by sowing
in February will flower in Hay and June, and by
sowing again the following month a succession is
obtained. When the seedlings have developed the
second leaf they should be transferred to small
pots, and from then to the flowering stage growth
should be assisted as much as possible by repotting
before the plants become root-bound, growing in a
rather moist atmosphere, affording abundance of
light, and avoiding overcrowding. Six-inch pots are
suitable for the plants to flower in. but 8" are
necessary if fine specimens are desired. Balsams
appreciate good treatment, therefore, when flower
buds are forming, feed liberally with liquid manure,
and occasional dressings of some prepared fertiliser.
By picking the old blooms from early flowering
plants, and repotting, a succession of flowers may
be had later in the season.

Enemies. — Red Spider affects plants grown in a
dry atmosphere; a free use of the syringe will
prevent it. Aphides are troublesome pests, ar.d
.should be kept in check by fumigating.

Principal Sections : —

To secure fine flowers it is necessary to grow only
the best strains, as the seeds of these are obtained
from selected plants. The following are the chief
sections : —

Camellia flowered, 18", producing large flowers
of Camellia shape.

Miniature, 9", dwarf form of the above, well
adapted for bedding.

Rose flowered, 18", large double flowers resem-
bling Roses.

In all these sections there are distinct varieties
of different colours, including white, scarlet, and
lilac, some being self coloured, and others blotched
and striped. Seed can be purchased in collections
of separate colours, or mixed.

For species see Impatiens. Balsam Apple is
Momordica Balsamina, Balsam of Capevi is Copai-
fera, Balsam tree is Clusia. For Balsamina see
Impatiens.

BALSAMODENDRON.

Greenhouse or stove shrubs (ord. Burseracese) of
no great decorative value. Propagation is by cut-
tings of matured shoots, in spring, in brisk bottom
heat. Soil, sandy loam, with plenty of drainage.
Zeylanicum, 311', summer, stove, white, now cor-
rectly referred to Canarium, is the only one worthy
of mention.

BALTIMORA.

A genus (ord. Composite) of annual herbs with
yellow flowers, of no horticultural value. Fou-
geria, Fougerouxia, Niehiihria, Seolospermum, and
Timanthea are included in its limits.

Bambusa

( 100)

Banisteria

Principal Species : —

recta, 1', Jy., yel. (syna. alata, alba, and triner-
vata).

scabra (now referred to Calea hymcnolcpis).
Scolospermum.

BAMBUSA (THE BAMBOO).

Description. — Half-hardy or hardy Grasses (ord.
Gramine;e) of great size, with stout, hollow, and

i'llutu: (MsseU it OmfO»t, Ua.

BAMHUSA NAGASHIMA.

often woody stems (culms). Not only are they
amongst the most decorative of plants for the
outdoor garden, but economically considered they
are amongst the most important of plants.
The variety of purposes to
which Bamboos are put
in India, China, and Japan
is amazing ; whilst in our
own country, Bamboo furni-
ture has of late years been
very much sought after. The
smaller shoots are shipped
in great quantities to serve
as stakes to all sorts of plants
requiring support.

The Genera Plantarum
gives twenty-four distinct
species, but the Indur,
Keirensis records no fewer
than ninety species. Many
of these have only been
provisionally placed under
Bambusa, and there they
will remain until they flower,
and their affinities and
proper botanical place can
be determined. The present
synonymy is according to the
Kevv iland-Llst.

Propagation. — By division of the rootstock, as in
Arundinariii. The same soil suits.

Other Cultural Points.— For cultural purposes
the hints given under Arundinaria will serve for
Bambusa. It will be noticed that not a few plants
that were originally placed under Bambusa are
now to be found under the closely allied genus
Arundinaria.

Principal Species : —

arundinacea, 50' to CO', St., pale grn. foliage.

aurea, 0' to 10', Imlf-hdy., pale grn. yel. (The
aurea of gardens is Phyllostachys aumi.)

marmorea, 3' to 4', hdy., stems br., foliage pale
grn.

nana, 6' to 8', st. (»//«*. glaura and viridi-
glaucescens). (Nana of gardens [not Roxb] nee
(listicha.)

palmata, '.V to (>', hdy., grn., \vh. midrib (see figure^

pygnura, H' to 2', hdy., dark grn.

tessellata (Munro), ii' to 8V, hdy.. grn., makes a
branching bush (sijns. Ragamowski and Arundo
liii'^amowski). (Tessellata of gardens, see Arun-
dinaria A'eitchii.)

violascens (see Phyllostachys violascens).

Other Species :

angustifolia, 2 'to 4', hdy.,

jialc grn.
disticha, 2V to 3', hdy.,

very bushy (syn. uana,

of gardens) .
glauca (see nana).
Japonica (see Aruudiu-

aria japonica).
Maximowic/ii (srf Arun-
dinaria auricoma and A.

Simoni variegata).
Mctake (see Arundinaria

japonica).
mitis, 40', hdy., deep grn.

(Mitis of gardens [not

Poir] see Pliyllostachys

mitis.)

BANANA (sec MUSA).

BANISTERIA.

Stove trees or slirubs, or shrubby climbers (ord.
Malpighiacese), of some beauty, but rarely seen in
this country. Propagation, by cuttings of the

X;ig;tsliiiua, 1' to'2',lidy.,

grn. (life figure),
nigra (.vr Phyllostachys

nigra).

quailraiigularis, 3' to 8',
hdy., pale grn.

Kagamowski («r tessel-
lata).

Simoni (xre Arundinaria
Simoni).

viridi-glaucesceus (.««•
Phyllostaeliys vii'itli-
glaucesceus).

viridi-striiita (see Arun-
dinaria Simoni).

1'liuto: Cantn-ti tf

BAMIiUSi I'ALMATA.

Banks

Barbieria

ripened shoots, in spring, in bottom heat. A
mixture of equal parts of loam, leaf soil, and peat,
with sand, suits them. All the species mentioned
arc climbers.

Principal Species : —

ihrysophylla, sum., st.,or. ciliata («/r Stigmaiihyl'.on

ciliatum).
Other Species :

fulgens, st., yel. sericea, Je., st., yel.

humboldtiana(»«> Stigma- spleiulens (*«• " Stigma-

I'liyllon). pliyllon fulgens).

BANKS.

lianks running cast and west were formerly ex-
tensively used in gardens, and served a useful
double purpose in assisting the early production of
fruits and vegetables, such as Potatoes, Peas, and
Strawberries, on their southern side; while, by
assisting the retardation of subjects grown on their
northern slope, they considerably prolonged the
M-a-on of production. They should be <>' to 12'
wide at the base, with a gentle slope upwards ; if
this slope be too abrupt the bulk of the rain will be
thrown nit. The paths below should, in any case,
lie well drained, as their position favours the ac-
cumulation of moisture. Grass covered banks or
slopes at the ends of lawns are very effective, and
if of a sufficiently gentle slope to admit of flower-
beds being Conned thereon will make a very attrac-
tive feature. Hanks under trees or in shady places
may be rendered delightful objects by planting
them with Ivy, and interspersing this freely with
Snowdrops and Crocuses; while a warm, sunny
bank thickly planted with Winter Aconites, Scillas,
Chionodoxas, Grape Hyacinths, Snowdrops, and
Crocuses, or with Violets and Primroses, will be a
source of delight at a time of the year when
(lowers are most appreciated. Banks of this kind
should have a goodly percentage of clay employed
in their construction, otherwise the liability" to
constant crumbling au-ay will be provocative of
annoyance and untidiness.

BANKSIA.

Description.— Evergreen greenhouse shrubs (iirtl.
Proteacese), whose chief decorative value lies in
their foliage. In most cases the under surface of
the leaves is silvery white, and this forms a strik-
ing contrast to the deep green of the upper surface.
All are natives of Australia.

Propagation.—]!}' cuttings of the ripened shoots,
cut oil' at a joint in the usual way, but having none
of the leaves removed. They should be placed in
sand in a cool propagating frame. By seeds
occasionally, but this is a very uncertain method

of increase.

Soil. Equal proportions of peat and loam, with
plenty of sharp sand, and a few pieces of char-
coal.

Other Cultural Points. — The plants require large
quantities of water, and, as the roots are very
strong, the drainage must be ample ; fully a third
of the pot should be filled with crocks. Banksias
do not like heat, and although they will not stand
frost they object to being coddled. If treated as
suggested they arc not really difficult to grow.

Principal Species : —
collina, 7', yd. (KI/IIX. (frandis, 40', yel.

Cunninghamii,ledifolia, occidental]*, .)', yel.

and littoralis). speciosa, 6'.

dryamlroides, (>', foliage

gra., red. br.

Other Species : —

a-mula, '20' (tyii. elatior). latifolia, 20'.

australis (nee niarginata). ledifolia (sec collina).

Caleyi, ft' to 6'. littoralis (wr collina).

Cunuinghamii (sec col- macrophylla (we iiitegri-

lina). folia),

elatior (nee semula) . marginata, 5' , foliage

intcgrifolia, 10' to 12', grn., wh.

foliage grn. and silver olearfolia (.ice integri-

(xi/nx. macrophylla and folia).

olea;folia). quercifolia, 5'.

— coiunur, 6', yel. Solaudri, 6'.

BAPHIA.

Stove trees (ord. Leguminosaa) of no garden
value. Propagation, by leaf cuttings under a bell-
glass in heat. Soil, equal parts of peat and loam.
Xitida, 30', June, white, yields the camwood of
commerce.

BAPTISIA.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Leguminosse)
with pretty blue or yellow flowers, but rather shy
in blooming. Propagation is by division in the case
of choice species and varieties ; also by seed sown
in pans of well-drained soil in a cold frame. The
divisions make plants much more quickly when
given the shelter of a frame also. Equal parts of
peat and loam, with a little road scrapings or other
grit, suit the pot plants ; and sandy loam will do
for those planted in the border.

Principal Species :—

alba, 2', Je., wh. — minor, H', Je., bl.

australis, 4', Je., bl. tiuctoria, '2~, sum., yel.

— exaltata,3',Je.,darkbl.

Other Species :—
leucophii'u, 1', Jy., cream perfoliata, 2',', Aug., yel.

yd. villosa, 2', Je., yel.

BARBACENIA.

Showy herbaceous perennials (ord. Amarylli-
dete) closely related to Vellozia, and thriving in
stove heat. The flowers are large and of some shade
of purple. It is said that they are in high favour
in South American gardens on account of their
ability to withstand drought and heat, but they
are seldom seen in British gardens. Propagation
by division of the roots. Fibrous loam and peat,
with a little charcoal, suit them, and if they can
be given baskets instead of pots so much the
better.

Principal Species : —

purpurca, li', Jy., pur. squamata (gee Vellozia

Rogierii, 1J', Jy., vio. squamata)

BARBAREA

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. Crucifera;) of no
decorative value, except vulgaris flore pleno. Several
are natives of Britain. Propagated by root division,
cuttings, suckers, and seeds. They' will thrive in
any garden soil, and it scarcely matters how poor
it is. (Hee AMKIUCAX CHESS.)

Principal Species : —

stricta, sum., yel. —flore pleno, IV, sum.,

vulgaris, U', sum., yel. yel., double.

pra-cnx, U', sum.' — 'variegate, H', sum., yel.

BARBERRY («•<• BKRUERIS).

BARBIERIA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (on/. Lcguminosa'), prop-
agated by cuttings of the partly' matured shoots
in strong heat, and thriving in peat, loam, and

Iliinbab tree (see Adantonia).

Bark

( 102 )

Barometer

sand in equal parts. Polypbylla, summer, scarlet,
is also known as Clitorea polyphylla, and Galactia
pinnata,

BARK.

The exterior covering of dicotyledonous trees.

Bark-bound is a condition generally induced in
a tree by too poor a rooting medium or a badly
drained border. It is highly injurious to the trees
affected, often causing gumming in the Peach,
Cherry, and other stone fruits. The old school of
gardeners were wont to slash and score their bark-
bound trees with a knife, but modern opinion
emphatically condemns this as barbarous and

BAKKEKIA ELEGANS.

ineffectual, and prescribes as a remedy the better
draining and working of the soil.

Bark shedding takes place annually to a con-
siderable extent in the Plane Tree. The lower
parts of trees are often " barked " by rabbits ; to
prevent this the base of the tree trunk should be
protected with wire netting.

Oak bark was formerly in great request as a
heating and plunging material after it had been
used for tanning, but has been superseded by hot-
water pipes and Oak leaves orCocoanut fibre refuse.

BARKERIA.

Description. — Epiphytic, deciduous cool-house
Orchids (iml. Orchidacea?) of great beauty, now
included by botanists amongst the Epidendrums.

Propagation. — By division, just before the new
growths begin to push freely.

Soil.— No soil is needed, but the plants should
be firmly tied to blocks of wood or wooden rafts.
The roots are thick and fleshy, and soon cling to
these supports.

Other Cultural Points. — Abundant supplies of
water are needed, and during hot weather the
rafts or blocks should be dipped in water twice
daily. When the plants are at rest, only enough
water is required to keep the pseudo-bulbs from
shrivelling. They should be suspended close to the
glass in the Odontoglossum house when in growth.

Principal Species : —

elegans, 1' to 1.',', win.,
dark ro. (wr figure).

liiidleyaua, 1' to K', Sep.,
ro., pur., wh.

Skiiiueri, 1', win., ro.

Other Species : —

Imdleyana Centera;, win.,

ro.,lfl.

— superbum, 1', win.,

deep ro. Much larger

than the type,
spcctabilis, 1', sum., ro.

lil. (Epidoiulrum spec-

tabilo.)

Aug.,

melanocaulon, 1',
ro., pur., lil.

BARKLYA.

Stove trees (ord. Legurninosrc). Syringifolia,
SO', yellow, is increased by seeds and cuttings in
heat. It requires a compost of equal portions of
loam, leaf soil, and sand.

BARLERIA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Acanthacete), some
of which have flowers of considerable beauty.
Propagated by cuttings of the young shoots, in
spring, in a warm propagating frame. Loam,
peat, and dried cow-manure, in equal parts, witli
sand, suit. Baiierias may be had in flower early
in the year by striking cuttings the previous spring
in the manner suggested, and such cuttings make
neat little specimens in 5" or G" pots. The plants
may be cut back after flowering, and syringed
copiously to encourage free growth.

Principal Species : —

flava, l.V, Jan., Mch., yel. (syii. gentianoidcs).

Other Species : —
buxifolia, 2' ', Jy., wli.
cristata, Jy., pur. bl. or

wh.

Gibsoiiii, win., pur.
involucratn, bl.
— elata, bl.

BARNADESIA (tyn. XKNOPHONTA).

Deciduous shrubs (ord. Composite), requiring a
greenhouse temperature. They may be increased
by seeds sown in heat in spring, and by cuttings of
half matured shoots in April, placed under a bell-
glass. A mixture of peat, loam, and sand, in
equal parts, is a suitable compost. Rosea, 1-|',
May, rose, is a pretty plant, but it is seldom seen
in this country.

BAROMETER.

Though the excellent weather forecasts pub-
lished in the daily papers have induced some
gardeners to dispense with a barometer, yet it is
an extremely interesting instrument for him to
possess ; and if its records are taken down daily
they afford very useful means of comparison in
the'course of years. The aneroid, a more sensitive

Jiarley (nee llordeum).
Bariiardia (see Scilla).

liclitcusteiuiaua, 1' to 3'.
longiflora, 2', sum., wh.
lupuliua, 2', Aug., yel.
mitis (.s<r rlava) .
Prionitis, 'A', sum., or.
repens, Jy. , ro.

Barosma

( 103 )

Bartonia

instrument, is displacing the old mercurial tube
barometer, lint, the latter is good enough for garden
purposes, and may be made with care by an intelli-
gent man, the chief requirements being the L-la.-s
tube and the mercury ; a piece of board to fix it to,
and a scale copied on to the board from another
barometer would also be necessary. Home-made
instruments have been used for several years, and
found very reliable.

BAROSMA.

Kvergreen shrubs (ord. Rutacese) with showy
Heath-Tike flowers. The plants are all natives of
the Cape, and thus may be grown in a greenhouse
temperature. They are possessed of a powerful
and agreeable smell, which is chiefly centred in
the glands in the leaves. Cuttings of tips of the
ripened shoots soon root if placed under a bell-
glass in a cool house, in spring or autumn. One-
'ihird loam, two-thirds peat, and sand, suit.

Principal Species : —

ht-tiiliiiii, 2', Feb., Sep., scoparia, IV, Ap., pur.

wh. (".'/"• tlioica).

creuuhita, 1', Jy., wh. serratifolia, 2', Mch., Je.,

uvata, •>', My., wh. wh.

liulcliella, 2', Feb., red,

pur.

BARREN FLOWERS AND
PLANTS.

Though most really double flowers are necessarily
barren, through the conversion of their reproductive
organs ininpetals, yet the term is often erroneously
<i|rplicd by gardeners to the male or staminate
flowers of the Melon, Cucumber, and Vegetable
-Marrow. These are readily distinguished from the
female or fruit-bearing flowers by the absence
from their ba>e of the embryo Melon or Cucumber,
which always accompanies their sister blossoms.
The gaudy yellow corollas of the latter flowers are
eminently adapted for the attraction of insects,
by whoso agency they are frequently fertilise! 1 ;
still, tin-gardener who wishes to ensure a satisfactory
crop of fruit will do wisely not to trust entirely to
I he good offices of the insects in the case of Melons,
but on a dry, hot day carefully bring the anthers
of the male blossoms into contact with the viscid
stigma found in the centre of the fruit-bearing
flowers.

Barren fruit trees may be generally rendered
fruitful by making a trench some 3' from the main
stem, and carefully cutting back all the roots met
with ; or if barrenness is caused by unskilful prun-
ing, it may easily be rectified by following the
advice given under "Priming." Strawberry plants
are frequently barren to the extent of whole beds,
and here good cultivation has been known to
entirely fail in bringing about fertility ; while
runners taken from these barren plants have
proved as sterile as their parents, neither flowers
nor fruit being produced. Many Orchids and other
exotics are barren in this country, though flower-
ing freely, owing to tl>e absence of the insects
upon whose assistance they depend for fertilisa-
tion.

BARREN SOIL.

This term is generally applied to soils wherein
one form of earth, such as chalk or clay, undiiU
predominates ; but such predominance may be
neutralised by Incorporation with other soils.

Excessively \vet and boggy soils may be reclaimed
by draining, and dry, aritl soils rendered fertile by

deep cultivation, green manuring, or, in extreme
cases, by irrigation. Waste land, to which the
name is also often applied, may be by no means
barren, as the many thriving garden plots on the
sites of old brickfields eloquently testify.

BARRINGTONIA.

Stove evergreen trees and shrubs (ord. Myr-
tacere), not easy to grow, and of no particular
decorative value. They may be increased by
cuttings of the ripened side shoots, inserted in
sand under a hand-glass, in bottom heat. A
compost of two parts loam, and one of peat, with
coarse sand, is required ; and plenty of water must
be given at all times. Temperature, from t>0° min-
imum to 90° maximum.

Principal Species : —

echinata, 20'. wh. sampensis, My., sc.

racemosa, 30', sum., red. speciosa, 6' to 8', pur., wh.

BARROW.

An indispensable garden vehicle, varying in
character according to uses. Ordinary wheel-
barrows are mostly of one pattern, made of wood,
and put to many purposes. Grass and leaf barrows
are useful in pleasure grounds. They have tall
sides, and are suitable for holding large quantities
of light material. Galvanised iron barrows are
serviceable in removing hot cinders and clinkers
from stokeholes. Water-barrows are arrangements
in which wooden and galvanised tubs are swung
on pivots, and, where water has to be removed for
garden use, they are extremely handy. The frame-
work and pair of wheels are usually made of light
wrought iron. Plant-barrows are furnished with
flat tops and wheels, and are used for the removal
of pot plants. Hand-barrows are without wheels,
and have a pair of handles at each end. They are
generally furnished with four legs, and are mani-
pulated by two men. Their chief use is for trans-
ferring plants from place to place, standing the
pots on the flat, table-like top. Another useful
hand-barrow is made on the same principle, but
without legs. It is fitted with sides, and is
excellent for moving plants, soil, and other loose
material up and down steps.

BARTHOLINA.

Tliis genus (urd. Orchidacese)consists of one small
terrestrial Orchid from the Cape of Good Hope.
Pectinata, 1', November, lilac, is grown in the
cool house, but so far it has not been cultivated
successfully in this country. A sandy compost of
loam, peat, and chopped sphagnum appears to s'lit
it best.

BARTONIA.

Pretty hardy annuals or biennials, propagated
from seeds sown under glass in March, or in the
open border in April. They can be grown in any
good soil, but the biennial species are wintered
under glass. The Bartonias are classed by
botanists under Mentzelia, the plants they recog-
nise by the name Bartonia belonging to the Order
Gentianese; while those now under notice belong
to the Loasaeeae. The best species is the annual
Bartonia aurea, which makes a good spring plant
if sown in September. If sown in spring, it
blooms in autumn. It has yellow flowers witli
finely cut downy foliage. Others are albescens,

Ilin-i-i-iiiriirt ix.r l-:/iiiiii-<l;«in).

Iliirrntia (see l'andanu»).

Bartsia

(104 )

Baskets, Ornamental

yellow ; nuda, and ornata, white. The two last
may be grown as annuals if sown early in heat.

BARTSIA.

Small perennial or annual plants (ord. Scrophu-
larineEe). of little value for the garden. The native
perennial alpina, 5", June, purple blue, is among
the best, although not recommended for the

A PRETTY CANE BASKET FOR ROSES.

garden. Castilleja coceinea and C. pallicla are some-
times called Bartsia. The perennial Bartsias are
propagated by division or seeds, and grow in
common soil. The annuals may be treated as
half-hardy, or, in the case of the native species, as
hardy annuals.

BASELLA.

Malabar Nightshade. An interesting, but not
showy, climbing stove plant (ord. Chenopodiacese)
of biennial habit ; though by sowing early in Feb-
ruary in heat the plants will bloom the same year.
They require ordinary stove treatment, and can be
grown in any rich soil. The only species is
rubra, of which there are several varieties, formerly
known by specific names. The type grows about
8' high, blooms in August, and has pink flowers.
The varieties have white or pale purple flowers.
Some of the plants formerly known as Basella are
now included with the Tandonias.

BASIL.

A sweet scented annual herb (Ocymum, ord.
Labiate), grown in many kitchen gardens. The
leaf tops are used for flavouring and other pur-
poses. It is raised from seeds sown in boxes
under glass in April, hardening off the seedlings,
and planting out at the end of May. Sow in May
outdoors for succession. Ordinary garden soil,
made fine on the surface, will do. Slugs are
partial to young plants. To check them place
a little sifted coal ashes round each specimen
after planting. Allow 1' between the rows, and
the same distance from plant to plant. When
sown outdoors no transplanting is necessary, simply

thinning out the seedlings when large enough.
Pull up the plants early in September, tie in
bunches, and hang them in a dry shed for winter
use.

Principal Species : —

Ocymum basilic-urn, 1". The common Sweet Basil.

— minimum, B' '. Bush Basil, a dwarf, bushy
plant. Treat in the same way as the above.

BASKETS, ORNAMENTAL.

These are largely employed in gardens, and vary
in character according to the purpose for which
they are required.

Hanging Baskets. — Receptacles formed of gal-
vanised wire, wood, and terra-cotta, and when
furnished with flowering, foliage, and trailing
plants, and Ferns, used for suspending in conserva-
tories, corridors, rooms, and windows. If taste-
fully arranged they have a pleasing effect.
Hanging baskets of many sizes and shapes are
manufactured. They are lined with fresh, green
moss, and filled with a suitable compost before
being furnished with plants. A simple, home-made
basket is formed by obtaining a hoop of strong
wire for the rim, and making the bowl with close
meshed wire netting attached to the rim. Fasten
three strands of wire to the top at equal distances,
anda hook for suspending the basket. Rustic looking
wooden baskets are suitable for B'erns and Lycopo-
diums. Baskets made of Fir cones are also useful
for the same purpose. Teak wood and Oak baskets
are largely employed for Orchids.

Plant Baskets. — These are round, with flat
bottoms, and made of strong wire. They are

A NEAT CAXE BASKET FOR THE TABLE.

furnished with flower and foliage plants in pots,
and placed on tables for the adornment of rooms.
When tastefully furnished they are effective. Cane
baskets (see figures) are pretty for the table.

Rustic Baskets. — For ornaments on lawns, and
elsewhere, for the reception of flowering and foliage

Bassia

( 105 )

Bay Tree

plants, rustic baskets ;uv useful. They may be
made of wood, 2' to 3' in diameter, and from 8" to
In" deep. The outer sides and rim should be
cmered with cork, or Oak bark, and be furnished
with lumps of wire for training the growths of
climbing plants over the top. They may be
placed on low stumps and other conspicuous
plaees iii the garden, rilled with soil, and furnished
with suitable plants. Strong wire arrangements in
the fiirni of baskets are employed in some gardens,
and furnished with Ivy, Koses, and other plains.
Fur market baskets gee MARKET.

BASSIA.

These East Indian trees (ord. Sapotacese) may
be grown in peat and loam, in a stove house, but
they are of no horticultural value. In India,
however, and in tropical countries where they
have been introduced, they have an economic
value.

Principal Species :—

butyraeea, 40', Je., wh. lougifolin, 40', My., Jy.,

latifolia, 40', My., Jy., wh.

ivli., yel.

BASS MATS.

The name given to tough, durable mats, chiefly
imported from Ifussia. and made from the inner
bark— bast— of the Lime tree. Two of these mats
fastened together b- their edges to form a bag,
and stuffed with straw, make a very efficient
winter protector for plants grown in cold frames.
while a single mat may be usefully employed in
summer to shield plants from too powerful sun-
shine. Before using the mats, the loose strands at
both ends should be carefully knotted together
in fours, which, by preventing fraying, will con-
duce to the longevity of the mat. When mats have
become too thin or broken to be efficient for pro-
tection, they may be made to serve a useful turn
for covering standpipes in frosty weather, and pro-
teeting stems of Koses or other tender subjects;
or their strands will furnish useful tying material
for Celery. Lettuces, etc.

BAST.

Tin- inner bark of trees, of which that from the
Lime tree was formerly extensively used for tying
purposes, but is now superseded by Haphia (raffia),
whieh see.

BASTARD TRENCHING.

A valuable means of improving soil. It is per-
formed by opening a trench about a yard wide ami
a good spit deep, the soil thus removed being
wheeled to the other end of the plot for filling in
when the work is finished. Into the trench thus
made a good layer of manure should be placed and
dug in with the bottom spit of the trench, filling
•up in the ground level with the top spit from the
adjoining undug portion, and so on until the end
of the ground is reached, when the deported soil
should be used to form the top layer.

BATATAS.

This genus, which includes the Sweet Potato
Cedulis), is now referred to Ipomoea, to which
reference may be made.

BATEMANNIA.

The only species (Colleyi. s'. August, purple,
green, ord. Orchidaceie) has always been compara-
tively rare in cultivation. A temperature of from
60° to G5° during winter, and from 70" to 85° during

summer, suits it ; and in the matter of compost its
requirements are met by a mixture of broken crocks
and sphagnum, with a little peat fibre. A shallow
Teak basket is the best receptacle for this Orchid,
but even when such is used it is advisable to mound
up the rooting medium, so as to raise the plant and
allow water to pass from it rapidly. Suspend
basket and plant as near the roof-glass as the out-
side conditions will permit with safety, always
remembering that cold draughts and drip are
extremely injurious.

BAUERA.

Evergreen greenhouse shrubs (ord. Saxifragese).
They flower freely, and are not difficult to grow if
potted firmly in sandy peat and loam over ample
drainage. When hard - wooded subjects were
fashionable the Baueras were largely grown, and it
must not be thought that they are not worth
cultivating because the interest in them has de-
clined. Firm cuttings will root readily if inserted
in very sandy soil and placed under a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —

rubioides, 2', Sep., pk. (*yn. rubisefolia).

BAUHINIA.

Very widely distributed through various tropical
countries are the numerous species of this remark-
able genus (ord. Leguminosse). Almost all are stove
plants, though a few, notably Galpini, will succeed
in a cooler structure. All are shrubby, and not a
few are of climbing habit and suitable for clothing
the rafters of a fairly large house. Propaga-
tion is effected by placing cuttings of half-ripe
growth in sandy soil, and keeping them in a close
place where bottom heat is at command. Good
loam and sand will suffice as compost, but it is
advisable to add a little leaf soil or peat. When
growing freely an abundance of water is necessary
at the roots and overhead, but during winter the
supply should be considerably reduced. With
the exception of Galpini the species do not flower
freely under cultivation.

Principal Species : —

Ualpiui, (V, Jy., wh. purpurea, 6', Aug., pur.

grandiflora, 6\ Jy., wh. Vahlii, 20', My., Jy., wh.,

natalensis, Sep., wh. pk.

Other Species : —

aculeata, fi', Jy., wh. (»>,n. malabarica, 15', My. to

pubescens). Aug., wh.

acuminata, S', Jy., wh. tomentosa, 6', Je., Jy.,

unatoiuica. 6', A'ug., wh. yel., wh.

coccinea, 8', Ap., Aug., variegata, 6' , Je. , striped.

sc. — Candida, 8', Je., wh.

BAY TREE.

The Sweet Bay has from ancient times been a
popular plant. Formerly it was used chiefly for
crowns wherewith to deck the brow of a winner in
the Roman and Grecian games, or the successful
students of art or medicine. The degree of Bachelor
reminds us of this old custom, for the word itself
signifies a successful student crowned with Laurels
(Hay). "Poet Laureate" is a similar reminder, the
term literally meaning "the poet crowned with
Laurels." Nowadays Bay leaves are freely used in
flavouring, while the trees themselves, when trained
as standards or pyramids, are utilised for hall,
terrace, or verandaii decoration, (f-'rr ulsn Lauras
nobilis.)

Batidiia (sec Litliospermum).

Beans, Broad

( 106 )

Beans, B-unner

BEANS, BROAD.

Description. — A highly nutritious annual vege-
table (Vicia or Faba vnlgaris, ord. Legiiniinosje)
when the seeds are eaten young and fresh. Garden
varieties are divided into two sections, viz. true
Broad or Windsor Beans, producing short, broad
pods ; and Longpods. The latter are best for early
sowing, and the former for later supplies.

Propagation. — From seeds sown in November in
a warm situation for an early crop, selecting a
Longpod variety. Sow again successively in
February and March to maintain the supply.

Soil. — For autumn sowing, select a sheltered
site where the soil is rich and somewhat dry, but a
cool, rather tenacious medium is best for crops
sown in the spring. The ground should be
trenched, and decayed manure incorporated with
the subsoil.

Enemies. — The black dolphin is the worst
enemy of the Broad Bean, and, if not checked,
will soon ruin a crop. The females locate them-
selves amongst the leaves at the top of the stem,
and produce progeny at a very rapid rate. If not
disturbed, the stems soon become a living mass of

BEANS, FRENCH OR DWARF
KIDNEY.

Description. — French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris,
ord. Leguminossa) are the earliest of the Kidney
Beans. Though most of the varieties are dwarf,
there are French Beans of climbing habit, which
produce pods similar to those of the dwarf section.

Propagation. — From seetlssown in beds, pots, and
boxes for forcing, and in the open for outdoor
crops, at the end of April, and later for succession.

Soil. — French Beans will succeed in most
gardens, but the ground should be deeply dug in
the winter, and well rotted manure incorporated
with the subsoil.

Other Cultural Points. — To obtain early crops
outdoors seeds may be sown in boxes under glass,
hardening, and transplanting 1' apart in rows 2'
asunder, when danger of frost is past. Pick by
rule as soon as the pods are ready, and whether
required for use or not. To provide a succession
make sowings at intervals to the middle of July.

Forcing. — Where low heated pits are provided
French Beans may be forced from November and

KUXNEU BEANS XE Purs ULTRA.

Aphides. On the first appearance of the pests, pinch
out the tops of the plants and burn them, after-
wards syringing with an insecticide formed by
boiling half a pound of soft soap in one pint of water
for an hour. While hot add quarter of a pint of
paraffin, and dilute with four gallons of water.
Mix thoroughly by churning with a syringe.

Varieties :—

The following is a good selection.
Beck's Gem, dwarf. Green Giant.

Early Mazagan (good for Green Windsor.

aut. sowing). Seville Longpod.

Giant Windsor.

BEANS, BUTTER OR WAXPOD.

These Beans are more esteemed in America and
on the Continent than in England. The pods,
which are of a creamy colour, stringless, tender,
and of good flavour, are boiled whole. Butter
Beans may be sown in boxes or pots in March and
April under glass, and be planted out when
danger of frost is past. They may also be sown
outdoors in succession from May to July. The
leaves are small, and pale in colour.

Varieties : —

Mont d'Or (climbing), long yel. pods.

— (dwarf), pods similar, habit dwarf.

December onwards, by sowing seeds in beds of
soil over bottom heat. Boxes and 8" and 10" pots
may also be employed, using a good compost of
light loam and decomposed manure. A suitable
temperature is from 60* fo,_70°. Support the growth
with short twigs, and stand the pots on a shelf
close to the glass, syringing frequently to keep
down red spider, which is the bane of forced Beans.

Varieties : —
Canadian Wronder, out- Osborn's Forcing.

doors. Sion House, good forcer.

Ne Plus Ultra, early, out-
doors, or forcing.

Climbing Habit. — Tender and True and Vcitch's
Climbing require sticking, and produce long straight
pods up the stems in great profusion.

BEANS, HARICOT.

These are chiefly grown for the sake of the seeds,
which, on the Continent, are ripened, dried, and
cooked as a vegetable. The Beans do not ripen
well in this countrv.

BEANS, RUNNER.

Description. — An indispensable annual vegetable
(I'liaseolns mnltiHorus), which, under proper treat-
ment, is productive from the end of July till the

Bearbind

( 107 )

Bed

lir.-t sharp frost in tin: uuutiim. Sonic varieties
produce scarlet, and others white, flowers, and the
pods are larger arid rougher than those of French
Beans.

Propagation.— Seeds may be sown under glass in
April, for transplanting late in May. to get an rarly
crop. Sow outdoors in .May, and again in June if
a succession is needed.

Soil. — The ground should be deeply trenched in
the winter or rarly spring, and a liberal dressing of
farmyard manure worked into the subsoil. A
deep rooting medium is of prime importance.

Other Cultural Points. — Runner Beans may be
sown in single or double rows, but overcrowding
must always be avoided. Distribute the seeds so
that tin1 youim plants will lie at least 9" apart, and
cover with ;i" of soil. Dust young plants with
lime and soot to keep slugs at bay, and provide
stout sticks before they commence to run. Supply
water and liquid manure in dry weather, and
mulch heavily with half decayed manure. Pick as
soon as the pods are large enough, not allowing
seeds to ripen while the plants are producing a
crop for ordinary use. Though usually grown as
climbers, these Beans may be kept dwarf, and still
be productive, by pinching out the points of the
shoots on several occasions. Runner Beans are
useful for training over arches and fences; and,
apart from their culinary value, they are effective
summer climbing plants for making screens and
providing shelter.

Varieties : — •

Best of All. Mammoth White.

Mammoth Scarlet. Ne plus Ultra.

BEARBIND, OR BINDWEED.

The Bearbind, Barcbind, or Bindweed is Con-
volvulus arveiiMs. or Calystegia sepium. The former
makes a pretty basket plant, but both are very
dangerous to introduce into a garden because of
their underground running habit, which makes them
difficult to eradicate. The only way to effect this
is by regularly destroying every shoot as it appears
above the soil, and by forking out the roots when-
ever an opportunity occurs. C. arvensis looks
charming on a trellis with its pretty leaves and its
pink or white flowers about 1" across, but its
spreading habit calls for its exclusion, unless con-
fined by stone or concrete.

BEATONIA.

A small family (urd. Iridese) of bulbous Irids,
needing the shelter of a greenhouse, except in the
most favoured parts of the country. Where
grown out of doors they are liable to severe
injury by damp and cold during winter. Propa-
gation by seeds or offsets. Botanists now unite
them with Tigridias.

Principal Species : —

atrata, 1', Aug. , dark pur. purpurea, 8", Ap., My.,
curvatii, 8", Ap., pur. pur.

BEAUCARNEA.

Graceful and singular greenhouse plants (ord.
Liliacesc), which thrive in loam and sand, and are
propagated by imported seeds.

Principal Species : —
glauca, grev. recurvata.

— latifolia, broad leaved. stricta.

BEAUFORTIA.

Australian shrubs (nnl. Myrtaccre) that are ever-
green, and need the protection of a greenhouse.

Half-ripened shoots root easily if placed in sandy
soil under a bell-glass, but without the aid (if
artificial heat. Good drainage, and a compost of
loam, peat, and sand, are essential.

Principal Species :-
decussata, ;i', My., so.
purpurea, 3', Jy., pur.

Other Species : —
carinata, 3', Je., so.
Dampieri, 3', My., pk.

sparsa, 3', Je., red (syn.
spleudeus)

macrostemou, 3', Jy., pur.

BEAUMONTIA.

Handsome plants (ord. Apocynacea:) suitable for
training to the roof of a stove or intermediate
house. An ample root run is necessary, and it
should be well drained and filled up with rich loam
and peat, roughly pulled to pieces, with some sand
or mortar rubble added. Propagation is effected
by cuttings of half ripened shoots.

Principal Species : —

gramliflora, 20', Jy., wh. longifolia(s«>graudiflora).
jerdoniana, '20', Jy., wh.

BECKMANNIA.

This is a small genus of Grasses (ord. Gramineze)
seldom cultivated. Easily raised from seed.

Principal Species : —
erucieformis, 2', Jy., grn.

BED.

A bed may be described as a portion of the
garden, of any size or shape, devoted to the display
of flowers, or raising seeds and cuttings. Beds
employed exclusively for the latter purposes are
termed nursery beds, and are generally some 4' in
width, with a narrow path running along either
side. When made of this width they are easily
tended for the weeding, sowing, and thinning of
the occupants.

Flower Beds. — Of beds employed for the display
of flowers the circular form is perhaps the most
generally useful, though the oval is highly popular.
Among ornamental forms the half-moon or crescent
shape, the star, the shamrock, and the fleur-de-lys,
are easily made, and look very effective when
planted with dwarf growing subjects. Flower beds

O

#

O *

O *

o

*

%,

f X *

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1C

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0

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* o

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< 4>c >*:

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A FLOWER BED THAT WAS ADMIKED IN HYDE PAUK.

portion of border (1) Cineraria tomentosa ; sliaded
portion of Imnler (i) Iiesine Wnllsii ; circles (3) Rwlbcckia
Kiciniata florepleno; crosses (4) Fuchsia Madame CunielU.ii,
white and scarlet.

should always lie well raised above the surround-
ing level, and kept highest in the centre, both of

Bed

( 108 )

Bedding Out

which help to show off their occupants to advan-
tage. They should be well and deeply dug, and in
most instances liberally manured ; with their edges,
if the beds are on grass, kept true and trim by the
use of edging iron and shears. Beds are often
formed in conservatories, and are greatly to be

called a bed — e.g. Onion bed, Carrot bed, Asparagus
bed, etc.

BEDDING OUT.

The term is applied by gardeners to the removal
of tender plants from the houses, pits, and frames
wherein they have been raised and protected from
the cold, to the open ground or beds wherein their

AN OVAL BED.

Outline of central figures (2) and circles (3) laid out with
Daotylis elegantissima. The planting is as follows : 1, blue
Myosotis; 2, crimson Tulips; 3, yellow Daffodils; 4, Golden
Feather alternated with white Crocuses.

recommended, as exotic plants grown in them are
presented under an approach to natural conditions.
Alpine beds are those containing specimens of
mountain flora, and are very interesting adjuncts
to the garden.

Reserve beds are used for the preservation of
evergreen and carpeting or edging plants which are

STAH " BED FOR BUI.ES.

1, yellow Hyacinths; 2, rose ditto ; 3, white ditto ; 4, dark
blue ditto ; 5, yellow Crocuses ; 6, Scilla sibirica.

temporarily removed from the flower beds proper ;
or they may contain plants of Asters, Stocks, and
other annuals for filling gaps or repairing damages
in the bedding designs. The plot of ground in the
kitchen garden devoted to a certain crop is also

A " FAN " BED FOR SPUING.

1 (framework), radiating rows of yellow Tulips ; 2, mixed
Parrot Tulips on groundwork of blue Mvosotis ; 3, scarlet or
white Tulips.

flowering period will be passed. This system is
immensely popular, and in fact enjoys almost a
monopoly of summer flower gardening, in spite of
the vigorous onslaughts made upon it by various
writers. The transference from frames to beds is
generally performed about the end of May or the
beginning of June for the more tender plants, as

A CARPET BED.

1, Colens Verschafleltii ; 2, Pyrethrum aureum cristatum ; 3,
AlternanthtTa ainrena speetabiiis ; 4, Cerastium tonu-ntosuni ;
5, Lobelia Crystal Palace Gem ; 6, Alternantlu'ra parony-
chioides ; r, Soduni glaueum.

danger from frost is then considered to be past.
Whatever date is selected for bedding out, the
plants should previously have been well hardened
by exposure in cold frames: first with the lights

Bedeguar

( 109 )

Beet

on, then with the lights oil' (hiring the day and
returned :it night, and finally kept off altogether.
Thf beds >hould lit; well dug as long previously as
possible, but should not be levelled until the day
selected for planting them, using a wooden rake
in the operation, and keeping the centres well up.
Well rotted manure should be liberally added to
beds devoted to subtropical plants, or those grown
for foliage alone, and a small portion will benefit
such plants as Asters, Stocks, Petunias, and Nicotia-
nas. but for Geraniums, Nasturtiums, and Tropseo-
limis no manure whatever should be given, or the
result will be a mass of leafage at the expense of
flowers. As a rule the centre of the bed is the
best, place to commence the planting, but a wise
plan, and one generally followed, is to lay out the
plants in their allotted positions, rearrange at dis-
cretion, and insert them in the order most com-
patible with the general circumstances. In
selecting the occupants for the various beds care
should be taken that not only do those of a single bed
harmonise or contrast, but that the whole series of
contiguous beds blend into one harmonious whole.
Flatness should be avoided by breaking up the
surface with what are called "dot" plants — i.e.
taller plants dotted over the beds between the
dwarfer occupants. Graceful Palms, Dracaenas,
variegated Maize, Grevillea robusta, Cyperus
aliernii'olius, and C. natalensis, with narrow-
leaved Aralias, are a few of the many popular
•• dot " plants employed.

Staking any plants requiring assistance, constantly
stirring the surface soil with the Dutch hoe, re-
moving dead leaves and flowers, and keeping the
edges of the beds neat and trim, are the chief
points of routine after bedding out is finished,
until with autumn comes the removal of the
summer bedders and the insertion of those of
winter and spring.

BEDEGUAR.

A moss-like gall formed on Hose shoots as a
result of the attack of an insect (Cynips Rosaj).
,S<r UO.SES.

BEDFORDIA.

A greenhouse shrub (ord. Composite) of no
special merit. It needs a very porous compost, and
during the winter requires very little water.

Principal Species : —

salicina. 1', Ap., Je., yel. («#«. Cacalia salicina).

BEECH.

The common Beech, Fagus sylvatica, is a noble,
handsome, and useful tree, and one that reaches a
considerable size and age. In either of its many
varieties the Beech is a graceful park tree.
In autumn the colouring of Beech foliage is ex-
tremely bright, and if it is near a purple leaved
form the contrast late in the year is remarkable.
Unfortunately, in the neighbourhood of large towns
tin- system of surface drainage renders it annually
more difficult for such a foliaceous tree to contend
against periods of drought, consequently some care
is necessary in selecting sites for specimens. The
Nuts (Mast) of the Beech are nutritious, and a
useful oil is expressed from them ; pigs fatten
quickly if turned into a Beech wood when the Nuts
are falling. Beech timber is extensively used in
turnery and joinery.

BEES, FLOWERS FOR.

The value of (lowers for bees depends very much
upon the natural pasture available at the time the

plants are in bloom, so that those of service in
some districts are of little value in others. A large
number of flowers are frequented by the bees, but
the following are considered as among the most
useful in their seasons : Eranthis hyemalis (Winter
Aconite), Galanthus, Crocus, Willow, Violet, Arabis,
Lime, Cherry, Plum, Pear, Apple, Currant, Hasp-
berry, Blackberry (and other Kubuses), Cytisus,
Genista, Maple, Sycamore, Plane, Hazel, Heath,
Ivy, Cheiranthus, Bean, White Clover, Alyssum
maritimum, Anchusa italica, Ambrosia mexicana,
Borago officinalis, Clarkia, Salvia, Melilotus leucan-
tha, Collinsia, Godetia, Lirnnanthes, Gilia, Cerinthe,
Polemonium, Leptosiphon, Lupins, Mignonette,
Malope, Tropteolums majus and minor, Scabiosa,
Stocks, Thymus, Sweet Peas, Whitlavia, Centaurea
Cyanus (Cornflower), Calliopsis, Phlox Drummondii,
and Iberis. There are many others.

BEET.

Description. — (Beta vulgaris, ord. Cbenopodi-
acc;e.) Though grown chiefly in gardens on
account of its usefulness as a salad vegetable,
some forms of Beet are employed in flower gardens
for the sake of the colouring of the foliage, which
is very effective. As a culinary vegetable Beet
may be divided into three sections : viz. tap-
rooted, with long tapering roots ; Turnip-rooted,
with globe roots like Turnips; and Spinach Beet
(Beta Cicla), so called because the leaves and mid-
ribs are boiled and eaten in the same way as
Spinach. This plant is aho called Perpetual
Spinach.

Propagation. — From seeds sown late in April or
early in May outdoors, in drills 15" apart and 2"
deep. When large enough to handle, thin the
seedlings to 1' apart.

Soil. — Beet likes a deep open soil, but not too
rich, or the roots will be large and gross. Ground
that has been well manured for a crop in the
previous year is best. If the soil is wet and
retentive, a dressing of old mortar rubble, road
scrapings, and wood ashes, may be dug in with
advantage.

Other Cultural Points.— The aim of the culti-
vator is not to get extra large specimens. Shape
of root, quality, and colour are the chief points ;
and these are obtained by sowing seeds of a
selected strain, and having the land in a good but
not over rich condition. During the season of
growth run the Dutch hoe frequently between the
rows. The Turnip-rooted Beet is best for early use,
and the tap-rooted for main crop.

Lifting and Storing. — When frosts make their
appearance in the autumn the crop should be
lifted, and stored for winter use. Use a fork for
lifting, and take care that the tap root is not
broken or the skin bruised. Remove the leaves
without damaging the crowns. The roots may
either be pitted in the open the same as Potatoes.
or stored in a cool, dry shed. In the latter case
they are more accessible in the winter, and may be
kept in good condition by adopting the following
method. Spread 1" of moist sand on the floor in
the form of a circle or square. Place on this a
layer of roots with the crowns pointing outwards,
aiid then use sufficient sand to cover them. Con-
tinue with another layer of roots, and so on till
they are all stored. The roots may be removed
from the top as required without disturbing those
underneath.

Enemies.- In the early stages of growth Beet

Beetles

Begonia

often falls a prey to the ravages of slugs, which
will soon destroy a bed if not chocked. Dust the
plants with soot, lime, and sifted wood ashes,
when damp with dew or rain. Sparrows and other
small birds are very partial to the leaves of young
plants, and check the growth by eating them.
Protect the plants with close-meshed fish netting,
or strands of black thread stretched over them.
Dust with soot and lime.

Varieties :

Blood Red. Perpetual or Spinach

Cheltenham Green Top. Beet.

Dell's Crimson. Pragnell's Exhibition.

Egyptian Turnip-rooted. Silver or Seakale, the
Improved Globe. stalks and midribs are

served like Seakale.

Dell's Crimson, Dracfena leaved or Chilian, andBelvoir
Castle are good for bedding.

For the names of species sec BETA.

races that are comparatively easy to grow, and
which produce masses of bright flowers at various
seasons. It is impossible to give general instruc-
tions to apply to so large a family, consequently
five divisions have been made in the present work,
i.e. (1) Species, (2) Fibrous rooted, (3) Foliage,
(4) Tuberous rooted, (5) Winter flowering.

(1) BEGONIA SPECIES.

Propagation. — The plants may be increased bj
cuttings inserted in sandy soil and placed in a
gentle bottom heat in spring or summer, tlmse
that flower naturally in winter and spring being
propagated as early as possible. Very many may
be divided after flowering, and if the tops are cut
back, and each division is put into as small a pot
as possible, it will soon start away, and may be
potted on as necessity demands. Leaf cuttings
can be secured in nearly every case by cutting

BEET DOBJUES' SELECTED.

BEETLES.

Many beetles have an interest for horticulturists,
if only because of the damage they do to crops.
The principal ones are dealt with under the crops
they associate themselves with.

BEFARIA.

A small family of American plants (prd. Eri-
cacere) that need to be grown in a warm green-
house and potted in a mixture of loam, peat, and
sand. Cuttings made of young growth, with a
heel attached, strike readily in sandy soil.

Principal Species : —

glauca, 3', Je., pur. (syn. Bejaria glauca).

racemosa, 4', Je., pur. (syn. Bejaria racemosa).

BEGONIA.

The usefulness of the Begonia familv (ord.
Begoniacea?) is fairly well understood by the
majority of horticulturists, but it is only w'hen a
rich collection of species and well marked varieties
like that in cultivation at Kew is inspected that
the size of, and variation in, the genus can be
understood. Only a very few species have re-
ceived attention at the hands of gardeners, chiefly
because the florist and hybridist have produced

through the ribs and veins of a leaf, and then
pegging it flat on to a moist, sandy surface in a
propagating frame. Seed sowing needs to be
carefully done, for the seeds are very small, and
easily blown or washed away. The resulting seed-
lings, if they come up in thick patches, will damp
off at a marvellous rate. Sow on the even surface
of some previously moistened sandy soil, cover
with a glass, and give shade. Some species of
special value for winter flowering are placed in
another section.

Soil. — Good loam and leaf soil, in equal parts,
with a liberal addition of dried cow manure and
sand, make an admirable rooting medium.

Other Cultural Points. To the intelligent culti-
vator it will soon be apparent that many species
are shallow rooters, and these, like gracilis. will
be placed in broad, shallow pans ; some make large
bushes, like haageana and others, and these will
be afforded an ample root run by the provision of
large pots or a small border; others again arc
naturally pendulous, suggesting basket culture ;
and still others, like fuchsioides, grow so tall that
they may be trained to pillars or rafters. All the
species are best managed in an intermediate house,
where the atmosphere is kept fairly moist the
whole year round.

TYPES OF TUBEROUS BEGONIAS.

1, PRINCE OF WALES ; 2. GOLDIN QUiEN ; 3, QUEEN ALEXANDRA ; 4. MRS. ANDREW TWEEDIE ; 5. MASTERPIECE.

Begonia

( 111 )

Begonia

Principal Species and Hybrids :—

albo-coceinea, IV, Oct.,

Mch., so., wli.
aBCotiensiB, '2', Aug., wh.
'

wh.

fuchsioides, 6',

Feb., sc.
Froebelii incomparabilis,

2', Jy., sc.
grarili.s, 2', My., Jy.,

pk.

ll:l:l Italia, 4', Aug.,

Dec. , ro.

Illinium, 1', Mch., sc.
Jy.," Aug., Pres. Carnot, 3', Jy.,

Oct.,sc.
Dec., sanguinea, 3', Je., wh.

semperttorens, H', Jan.,

wh. or ro.

socotrana, 1', Xov., ro.
weltoniensis, 1", Dec.,pk.

I'hoto : Ctmsell (C Coiitixtnif, Ltd.

NEW SI'AKLET TUIIKUOUS BEGONIA

Mit. W. G. VAI.KXTIXE.

Other Species and Hybrids :-

acorifolia, 3', Jy., wh. incaniata, 2', Aug., pk.

knowsleyana, 2', Sep.
linclleyaiia, 3', Je., wh.
numirata, 3', Ap., pk.
natalensis, 2', J*ov., wb.,

ro.

nitida, \\', Aug., pk.
jiiuta, •}', Aug., pk.

ii]itcra, 3', Jy., wh.
chmabarina, 2', Aug., or.

8C.

ooccinea, 3', Ap., sc.
evansiaiia, 3', Sep., flesh.
t,r'Tanioides, I;'.', Sep., wli.
lnuikcriiuia, 2', Jy., pk.
iucana, 1', Ap., wh.

(2) FIBROUS ROOTED.

Description. — Although thprc are many species
of liegonias with fibrous, as distin;;iiished from
tuberous, roots, yet from a purely horticultural
point of view t lie term "Fibrous Hooted " applies
more particularly to tlic now fairly large group of
varieties and hybrids of Begonia scmpnrflorcns. Tin-
I'lii-rnt of this group is a native of Brazil, whence
it was introduced as far back as 1X2!). It is per-
ennial, but may be successfully treated as an
annual, as may all its forms. Kach member of the
group grows about 1' in height, throwing up
numerous growths from (lie base, and making,
without any help in the way of pinching or train-
ing, pretty, shrubby plants that bloom profusely

and continuously over a very long period. As
summer bedding plants the fibrous rooted Begonias
are useful, and, as they have the merit of being also
winter flowering, they may be potted up from the
open before frosts occur, to bloom all through the
dull months in an intermediate house. The variety
of B. semperflorens sent out by Vilmorin, of Paris,
under the name of rubra, and subsequently dis-
tributed in this country as Crimson Gem and
Vernon variety, is remarkably useful and beautiful,
because, in addition to its scarlet flowers, there is
the attraction of its leafage, this turning to a
brilliant crimson bronze soon after the plants are
bedded out in early June. One other member of
the group calls for special mention, as illustrating
what has been written elsewhere concerning im-
provement; this is semperflorens gigantea, raised by
M. Lemoine, of Nancy, a splendid subject fora warm
conservatory, where it will produce its rose or red
flowers continuously from early autumn to late
spring. Two species are combined in this plant,
namely, semperflorens and lynchiana, and with
first-rate results, the plant having all the best

I'lmto: Costell »t COIHIHIUU, Ltd.

NEW SCAUI.KT TUBEROUS BEGONIA
GENERAL BADEN-POWELL.

qualities of the former with the added vigour and
larger proportions of the latter. In either its rich
carmine or rose coloured forms gigantea should be
cultivated as a pot plant.

Propagation. — It is sin easy matter to raise a
stock of this group from seed, but as those of
hybrid origin do not come quite true such must be.
|iro|iagalei| by cuttings, inserted in sandy soil
during spring or autumn, the former for preference ;
these root freely in a propagating house. Seed

Begonia

( 112 )

Begonia

should be sown in January or February, in heat,
using well drained shallow pans of very finely
sifted loam, peat, and sand, scattering the seed
thinly and carefully on the evenly pressed surface.
Moisten the soil previous to seed sowing, and
subsequently cover with a sheet of glass.

Other Cultural Points.— A gradual hardening off
will of course be necessary ere transference to the
open ground occurs in summer. When grown ex-
pressly for winter flowering it is not necessary to
sow so early. The aim should be to secure sturdy,
bushy growth, and hold the forces of the plants in

the Ferns. Begonia Rex, known to every gardener,
is one of the most accommodating of plants, and
thrives either in a stove, the shadiest corner of
a greenhouse, or a dwelling-room. An inter-
mediate temperature is best for bringing out the
exquisite purple, silver, grey, emerald, olive, and
other shades of colour, and to secure free growth and
large leafage. Frequent potting should be avoided,
while as regards compost this group is suited by a
lighter rooting medium than is generally afforded
Begonias. T Imps being partial to them, it is ad-
visable to syringe freely during summer, but during

J'IMo: Citssell <i t'omjuxy. Ltd.

NEW CREAM-COLOURED TuBKUOL'S BEGONIA MRS. A. TwEEDIE.

reserve until autumn. Moderately rich soil and
medium sized pots should be used.

Selection of Hybrids and Varieties : —

Carrier!, IV, Oct., Mch., Reading Snowflake, 1',

Jy. to Oct., wh.
semperflorens gigantea,

¥, Sep. to Mch., ro.
— — rosea, 2', Sep. to
Mch., red.

— rubra, 1', Jy. to
Oct., sc. (si/its. Crimson
Gem, atropurpurea, and

to

wh.
Coral Gem, 1', Jy.

Mch., ro.
Duchess of Edinburgh,

IV, Jy. to Mch., wh.,

pk.
Duchess of York, 1', Jy.

to Mch., car.

Vernon).

(3) FOLIAGE.

Description. — Associated with Ferns in a rockery
or fernery, under glass, all the foliage Begonias are
valuable for their own sake, and also for the foil
they provide to the delicate frondage and colour of

winter water must be given sparingly, or the thick,
fleshy rhizomes so many possess will rot.

Propagation. — Every garden boy knows how
readily foliage Begonias can be increased by laying
a leaf upon a moist surface in a warm house, having
previously cut through the principal ribs in several
places. Buds form at the cuts, emit roots, and can
then be detached and potted.

Some wondrously beautiful foliage Begonias
have been raised by crossing Rex with Grifnthii,
discolor, and other species; and also by intercrossing
varieties and selecting the best resulting seedlings.
Some foliage Begonias, such as Gloire de Sceaux
and Arthur Mallet, are useful as winter flowering
plants also, the former particularly so, for one of
its parents is socotrana. These and allied forms
are propagated from cuttings; they are of taller
growth than the rest of the group.

Begonia

Begonia

Selection of Species and Varieties :—
Arthur Mallet, :',', dark Rajah, (>", br., olive grn.

?'"'• Ilex, 1', grn., pur. , silver.

decora, 8", coppery Sander's Masterpiece, 1',

bronze. crim., pur., silver.

Xi:\v WHITE TI-IIEKOUS BEGONIA LOUD ROBERTS.

Gloire de Sceaux, 3', sil-
ver pur.

Grifnthii, !)", olive gni.,
wh.

imperial!*, 6", br., grn.

Lady Annesley, 1', silver
grey, crim., gni.

Mrs. F. Sander, 1', gru.,
>ilver, ro.

platanii'olia decora, li',
olive grn., pur.

Souv. de Jean Bart, 1',

grn., pur.
Thwaitesii, 1', gni., pur.,

.
Winter Beauty, fl", grn.,

silver.
Winter Jewel, 1', gni.,

(lotted silver.
Winter Queen, 1', olive

gru., grey.

(4) TUBEROUS ROOTED.

Description. - The history of the brilliant-hued
race of florists' flowers known as " Tuberous Be-
gunias" is one of the most interesting that the
annals of horticulture record, and it proves that
then- .-ire triumphs in the art of gardening as great
as tlmsc Detained by the mechanical engineer and
the chemist. Limits of space prevent any detailed
account of how these popular flowers were pro-
duced and have been brought to their present
state of perfection, but. the subject cammt be en-
tirely dismissed. Thirty-five years ago Tuberous
Begonias did not exist, and even five-and-twenty
years back no one had any notion that such a
magnificent race of plants was being brought into
existence. Six species of Begonia, none of them of
exceptional merit, have been utilised in creating
this family — i.e. boliviensis, Veitchii, 1'earcei, rosic-
flora, Davisii, and Clarkei. Of these, the three [h>t,
have exerted by far the greatest influence, though
8

it must not be forgotten that Clarkei was the seed
parent of Emperor and Vesuvius, the latter a
bedding variety of great merit, and still deservedly
popular. Messrs. J. Veitch and Sons were the first
to raise hybrid Tuberous Begonias, and they sent
out Sedenii in 1870, this being the first of numerous
hybrids raised by Mr. Seden. It is, however, to the
late Mr. John Laing that we are mostly indebted
for the modern Tuberous Begonia. He commenced
hybridising in 1875, using the three species alluded
to, and about half a dozen varieties. Three years
later the horticultural world was astonished at the
results. In a comparatively short time the Tuberous
Begonia leapt into popularity. By carefully se-
lecting the parents, and by rigidly excluding all
poor forms, the habit of the plants was improved
and the size of flowers increased, until flowers
7" across were exhibited.

During recent years florists have directed their
efforts chiefly toward the improvement in form
and colour of double Begonias, and to fixing the
colours of bedding strains, but improvement in
named varieties for pot culture continues, and the
Begonia season has been extended. In its double
forms the Begonia has not only preserved its iden-
tity, but at the same time given remarkable imita-
tions of the Rose. Camellia, Carnation, Petunia, and
Hollyhock.

Starting the Tubers.— Where there are neces-
sary conveniences, tubers may be started in
February or March by laying them in leaf soil

Plioto: <'<i.-<Killtf; Compti tiy. Ltd.

XKW III.VSH TUBEHOUS BEOONIA LADY WHITE.

or Cocoanut fibre refuse, and placing them in a
warm greenhouse or in a frame over a mild hot-

Begonia

( 114)

Begonia

bed. When roots are being freely emitted, pot
up the tubers intended for conservatory decoration
or exhibition, and put those intended for bedding
into pots, boxes, or a bed of soil in a warm pit,
according to circumstances and convenience. The
latter system is a good one, as air can be
'readily admitted and the hardening-off process
conducted with ease; plants so grown can be
lifted and planted out at the end of May or early
in Juno, according to locality. If kept in small

loam, leaf soil, dried cow manure, and sand, form
an excellent compost.

Other Cultural Points. — In (lie case of pot
plants it will early become necessary to place
these near the glass, to prevent attenuated growth
and flimsy foliage, which are the forerunners of
poor flowers. Give more root room as this is
needed, and pot moderately firmly. When rstab-
lished in their flowering pots, frequent applications
of liquid manure will be needed to maintain

I'hoto: CaseeU & Company, Ltd.

NEW WHITE WINTER-FLOWERING BEGONIA MOONLIGHT.

pots till June there is a danger of the plants
suffering from drought and also lack of food.

Propagation. — By far the quickest way to raise
or increase stock is by means of seeds sown on
light soil in a propagating house. Instructions for
raising seedlings are given in the sections devoted
to Species and Fibrous Rooted Begonias, and as
these apply to Tuberous Begonias they are not
repeated here. An early start must be made to
secure flowering plants by July, but this can be
managed if cultivation follows the lines laid down
for tubers, but with more warmth afforded in the
earlier stages. Cutting up tubers to increase stock
is not good practice. By means of spring or
autumn cuttings any valuable seedling can be
perpetuated.

Soil. — Begonias are not very particular as to
soil, but it should be rich and fairly substantial
for the production of fine pot specimens. Good

strong growth and ensure plenty of large, richly
coloured blooms. Tie out and support the growths
so that light and air may reach all parts. As the
flowering stage passes, gradually withhold water.
When growth has died down the tubers may be
either taken from the soil and stored in a cool cup-
board, or left in the pots and stored under the stage.

Selection of Double Tuberous Begonias :—

Crimson. — B. K. Davis, Dr. Xansen, J. B. Black-
more, J. T. Bennett-Foe, Leopold de Kothschild, and
Lord Llangattock.

Orange <Sc<zrf<tf.— Baron Schroder, Felix Crousse,
Henshaw Kussell, J. Marshall, General Baden-
Powell (p. 111). Mr. W. G. Valentine (p. Ill), -and
Scarlet Perfection.

Salmon.— Ambrose M. Hooper, Chas. Turner,
Claribel, Mrs. Lynch, Mrs. Lewis Castle, and Sir
John Fender.

Hose and Pink. — Andromeda, Beauty of Bel-

Begonia

(115)

Belamcanda

grove. Dr. Jameson, Lady Hampden, La France,
Marion Crawford. Pink Perfection, and Rose Laing.

II '/lite and Jilusli. — Alba plena, camelliseflora,
Calliope, Duchess of Fife, Picotee, Octavie, Lady
White (p. 113), Lord Roberts (p. 113), Mrs. Tweedie
•(p. 1 12), and Yirginalis.

Yellme. — Aurora, Duchess of Albany, Lady Emily
Dyke. Miss Falconer, Mine, la Baronne de St.
Didier, and Rev. E. Lascelles.

Selection of Single Tuberous Begonias : —
I'rinison. — Beacon, Firefly. Grant Allen, King of

the Begonias, Sir Trevor Lawrence, and W. E.

•Gladstone.

(Irnni/i- Scarlet. — Frank Beadle, Hero of Oruclur-
man, .lardin des Plantes, Mr. Cockburn, Mrs. H. G.
Murray Stuart, and Prince of Orange.

»/';«»». — Duchess of Westminster, Lady Henry
•Grosvenor, Mrs. L. Lunt, Mrs. L. Morton, Salmonea,
and Starlight.

HIIKI' and Pi nli. — Delight. Exquisite, Miss
•Cannell, Miss Deciina Moore, Rose Perfection, and
Queen of Roses.

II '/i Hi- (in /I Jilnsli. — Miss Masters, Nelly Pritchard,
Purity. Snowdrift, Snowstorm, and The Lady.

Yi'/lnir. — Gloriosum, Jealousy, Lady Lawrence,
Primrose, Queen of Yellows, and Sunshine.

Bedding Varieties. — First-rate bedding varieties,

diftVrii:^ IV the modern florists' types in having

smaller leaves and smaller flowers of a more or
less pendent habit, are Vesuvius, worthiana, Lselia,
Phosphorescens, and Madame Lamarclie, all bright,
free flowering, remarkably attractive, and con-
sidered by many to be more elegant than the
stiffer, larger flowered, erect growing strains.

(5) WINTER FLOWERING.

Description. — Rapid as was the rise of the
tubc-roiis Uegonia, that of the winter flowering
P.eu-onia has been still quicker. Year by year the
need for subjects to flower during our long dull
winter increases, and as a consequence the florist
has turned his attention to Begonias. The dis-
covery of Begonia socotrana by Prof. Balfour
in 1880, led to the creation of a distinct race of
plant- that flower from October onwards; the
species itself flowers at midwinter, and retains its
flowers until they wither. Crossed with tuberous
Uegniiias it has produced plants of stronger
growth, easier culture, and with larger, brighter
flowers. Crossed with lynchiana, and more par-
lieularly with Dregei, by M. Lemoine, it has given
among other fine plants the at present immensely
popular Gloire de Lorraine, a hybrid that has
already given several colour sports.

Propagation is best effected by cuttings of young
•growtli taken from early started plants, these
rooting readily in very sandy soil if placed in a
•close frame in a propagating house. After the
first potting an elevated stage must be provided,
for weakly, drawn growth means failure. In most
•cases it is desirable to pinch the growths twice
during the season, and advantage may be taken of
this to still further increase the stock. Over-
potting is prejudicial, and nothing larger than a
•i" pot is necessary. Rich loam and sand are
sufficient for compost, but should the loam be
heavy or poor, then leaf soil or dried cow manure
must be added. Those hybrids having a tuberous
Begonia as one parent are all the better if they
receive an abundance of air (not draughts) from
•June to September; indeed, they may be treated as
•warm greenhouse plants during that period. The

other section requires warmer treatment the year
through. A comparatively dry atmosphere through
the flowering season helps the flowers to retain
their freshness over a long period.

Other Cultural Points.— Although only pro-
ducing annual stems, these Begonias do not
possess a tuberous root in the ordinary sense of
the term, but have a rootstock much influenced
by socotrana, in which it takes the form of a
cluster of fleshy buds. This being so, none of the
hybrids will accommodate themselves to the
"drying off" system as practised with the true
tuberous section, but on the other hand they must
be -rested by having the water supply reduced, so
that these pseudo-tuberous roots are kept plump.
The group also resents being rested in a cool house
Plenty of light, unchecked growth, and liberal
feeding by means of liquid manure, are the three
chief points in cultivating the winter flowering
Begonias. An intermediate temperature must be
provided, and a moderately moist atmosphere
afforded until late autumn. Both thrips and
green fly, the former especially, will tax the
grower's efforts to keep them at bay, though in
these days of vaporising as opposed to fumigation
there should be no fear of harm, provided the pre-
ventive is applied at frequent intervals.

For table decoration few plants are so charming
during winter as small examples in 3" pots, from
late struck cuttings, of Begonia John Heal or
Adonis, each witli a few rose or carmine flowers
that are seen at their best under artificial light.
In a larger way a fine example of Gloire de
Lorraine dropped into a silver vase is extremely
effective. It must be remembered that the semper-
florens group of Begonias, with fuchsioides,
weltoniensis, ascotiensis, Ingramii, and Carrier!,
are all useful for flowering in winter. Take
cuttings in February and pot on as necessary,
treating them pretty much the same as fibrous-
rooted varieties in pots, keeping them in cool
frames during the summer, but housing them early
in autumn.

Principal Species. Hybrids, and Varieties : —

Adonis, 1J', Nov., Jan., John Heal, 1', Nov.,

car. Jim., ro. car.

Caledonia, 1', Oct., Mch., Julius, IV, Nov.. Dec., ro.

wh. Mrs. Leopold de Roth-

Carrieri, 1J', Oct., Mch., schilil, 1', Oct., Mch.,

wh. ro.

corallina, 3', Oct., Jan., Moonlight, 15", wh. (see

coral red. p. 114).

Eusign, iy, Nov., Dec., semperflorens gigantea,

red. 2 , Sep., Mch., red.

fuchsioides, 6', Sep., Dec., socotrana, 1', Dec., Jan.,

sc. ro.

Gloire de Lorraine, 1', weltouiensis, 1.',', Nov.,

Oct., Mch., ro. pk.

GloiredeSceaux,3', Nov., Winter Cheer, 1', Nov.,

Jan., pk. Dec., sc.

Ingramii, 1}', Oct., Dec., Winter Gem, 1J', Nov.,

ro. Dec., car.

BELAMCANDA.

A cool greenhouse, bulbous plant (ord. Iridese),
requiring similar treatment to that afforded Ixias,
which see.

Principal Species : —

chinensis,'2', My., Je., yel., red (,«/«,?. Pardanthus
and Ixia chinensis).

llejaria (see Ilefaria).
lielantheria (see lirillantaisia).

i C.Mclcalfc.

BELLADOXNA LILILIS.

Belladonna

( 117 )

Bencomia

BELLADONNA <•«•<• ATROPA).

BELLADONNA LILY.

Description. — Deciduous bulbs (Amaryllis Bella-
donna, uril. Amaryllidese). The species is not
perfectly hardy, but it and its varieties may be
grown successfully in the open under certain con-
ditions. An objection to the Belladonna Lily is
that blooms and foliage are not produced together.

Propagation. — By offsets in the autumn.

Soil.---Deep, well drained, light loam, under the
shelter of a south wall.

Other Cultural Points. — If the soil is poor dig in
sonic; well decayed manure, and if of a retentive
character add leaf mould and coarse sand. Plant
the bulbs in the autumn in clumps of three, about
1' apart. Place a handful of sand round each to
prevent it from rotting, and cover with 6" of soil.
Protect the bulbs from severe frost during the
winter, with a mulching of straw litter or leaves.
Hemove the covering when the leaves push forth
early in the spring, because on the full develop-
ment of the foliage the flowering is largely depen-
dent. Apply water and liquid manure during dry,
hot weather, and as soon as the leaves ripen off
•they should be removed, and the border raked over.
The flower spikes develop late in the summer.
Leave the bulbs in the ground, but afford some
means of protection in severe weather.

Species and Varieties : —
Belladonna, 1'.', sum.. — blauda, 3', sum., pale

rosy red (si/n.v. pudica, ro.

rosea, Coburgia Bella- — pallida, 2', sum., flesh.

il'imia, and Belladonna

[nirpurasceus) .

BELLENDENA.

This Tasmanian shrub (ord. Proteaceie) requires
the temperature of a greenhouse. Propagation is
most readily effected by cuttings in very sandy
soil : seeds are sometimes procurable. Soil, peat,
light loam, and coarse sand.

Only Species :—

montana, 1J', Aug., wh.

BELLEVALIA.

Pretty spring flowering plants (ord. Liliacese)
which are now included with Hyacinthus. They
are suitable for borders or rock gardens, but few
•are hardy enough to stand average winters in cold
districts without protection. They grow in ordinary
soil, and are propagated by offsets or seeds. The
best are comosa (see Muscari coraosum), oper-
culata (xi/n. B. romana or Hyacinthus romanus),
and syriaca (iyn. H. trifoliatus). Kor others see
Hyacinthus and Muscari.

BELLFLOWER (.we CAMPANULA).

BELL GLASS.

A bell-shaped vessel formed of one piece of glass,
with a knob or handle on the top. It is made in
various sizes, and often supplied with a grooved
earthenware saucer into which its mouth fits ;
when, the groove being filled with water, the. bell-
glass becomes hermetically sealed, and furnishes
a close moisture-laden atmosphere in which
•cuttings of plants, more particularly Azaleas,
Heaths, and other hard-wooded subjects, readily
emit roots. Choice varieties of seeds are also
•easily raised by its aid, and Filmy Ferns rind a
congenial home under its protecting roof.

BELLIDIASTRUM.

The plant grown under the name of Bellidiastrum
Michelii is now called Aster Bellidiastrum, and will
be found described under that name.

BELLIS. (DAISY.)

Well-known, favourite plants for borders, beds, or
edgings (ord. Composite). Propagated by divi-
sion after flowering, or by seeds sown in spring.
Any ordinary garden soil will do, except in the case
of rotundifolia caerulescens, which is tender, and
needs a light, sandy peat.

Principal Species : —

perennis, 3", My., Je., wh., etc. The common
Daisy, of which there are many pretty garden
forms of various colours, with handsome double
flowers and quilled or flat petals. In lines these
are very effective. Good varieties are the double
pk., red, and wh. ; Alice, blush; Longfellow, pk. ;
Lord Beaconsfield, red ; Rob-Roy, red ; The Bride,
wh. ; Hen and Chickens, curious; Dresden China
and Blushing Bride, miniature forms; and aucubae-
folia, with gold-netted leaves.

Other Species :—
integrifolia, 4" to 12", rotundifolia, var. caeru-

Ap., wh. lescens, 2", Jy., bluish.

sylvestris, 9", Je., wh.

BELLIUM.

Neat little annual or perennial plants (ord. Com-
positse), suited for rockwork or the front of a select
border. The perennials are propagated by division
in spring, or by seeds ; the annuals by seeds sown
in spring. All should have a dry, sandy soil ; and
minutum must have a warm position on the rockery.
The principal species are bellidioides, 3", July,
annual, white ; crassifolium, fi", June, half-
hardy perennial, pale yellow ; intermedium, 2",
August, hardy perennial, white; minutum, 3",
August, hardy perennial, white ; and rotundi-
folium, 9", July, half-hardy perennial, white.

BELLOWS.

Implements used for dusting flowers of sulphur
and other fungicide and insect powders on plants.
A simple arrangement, in common use, is made of
gutta percha, provided with a nozzle perforated with
holes. The receptacle is filled with powder, which
is distributed by squeezing the gutta-percha holder.
A more elaborate but reliable implement is the
" Malbec " bellows. This consists of a receptacle
for the powder, and a pair of small hand-bellows in
combination. By the aid of the latter light dust-
ings of the fungicide are distributed over affected
plants.

BELOPERONE.

A small genus of shrubs (ord. Acantbaceas)
which are evergreen in character, and require the
temperature of a stove. Propagation is effected
by cuttings in sandy soil under a bell-glass in
brisk bottom heat, the most suitable compost is
loam, leaf mould, and sand, with some peat.

Principal Species : —
oblongata, 3', ro. pur. violacea, 3', Aug., vio.

Other Species :
atropurpurea, 3', Sep., plumbagimfolia, 3', Aug.,

pur. hi.

BENCOMIA.

Low growing shrubs (ord. Rosacem) from the
Canary Islands, and named after the last king of
Teneriffe. The flowers are dioecious (sexes on
separate plants), and produced in long spikes. A

Benincasa

Berberis

moderately light compost, and the temperature of
a warm greenhouse, will suffice.

Principal Species : —

caudata, 2', Jy., Aug., grn., pur.

BENINCASA.

This genus consists of two or three species of
climbing or trailing plants (ord. Cucurbitacere),
needing a warm and moist atmosphere. Easily
raised annually from seed, but of no special value,
though the fruits are moderately attractive.

Principal Species : —

cerifera, 10'. Jy., Sep., yel. (?yn. hispida).

BERBERIDOPSIS.

An extremely ornamental evergreen shrub (ord.
Berberideae), of climbing habit, and very suitable-
for covering a warm south wall. With some pro-
tection, it can be grown against a trellis or similar
support. It grows in any good soil ; and is propa-
gated by seeds, sown in spring; by cuttings oC the
young wood at the same season ; or by layering
the branches in autumn. The only species is coral-
Una, which has bright crimson flowers, produced
at the ends of the branches. In cold districts it
may be grown in a greenhouse without heating:
apparatus.

BEKJIERIS STEXOPHYLLA

BENTINCKIA.

These noble and handsome Palms (ttrd. Palmar) re-
' quire abundance of heat and moisture at all seasons
of the year. A compost of good loam and peat or
leaf soil suits them if pressed firm. They can be
raised from seeds, but these are seldom offered for
sale. When young the leaves are entire, but as
age and size increase pinnate leaves are produced.

Principal Species : —
Coddapauna, 10' to 20'. nicobarica, 60' to 70'.

BERARDIA.

This genus is comprised of evergreen shrubs
(ord. Bruniacefe), which require a greenhouse tem-
perature. Stock may be increased by cuttings and
division. The plants will thrive in any fertile soil.

Principal Species : —

globosa, '!', Je., wh. paleacea. H', Jy., wh.

microphylla, H', Jy., wh. phylicoides, '!', Jy., wh.

[NOTE. — Berardia of Villiers (only species sub-
acaulis) belongs to. the Composite, and is a different
genus entirely.]

Benthamia, (see C'ornia).

BERBERIS. (BARBERRY.)

Description. — Highly ornamental evergreen or
deciduous shrubs (ord. Berberidese), of erect or
trailing habit, and adapted for many purposes in
the garden or shrubbery. Almost all have orna-
mental foliage, and the greater number have pretty
flowers, followed, in many cases, by attractive-
berries. The pinnate-leaved species are often known
as Mahonias, but are now included with the Ber-
berises. These are marked ev.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown in autumn or
spring ; by suckers 'or layers, in autumn ; or by
cuttings of ripened wood, placed in a frame in
autumn.

Soil.— The greater number thrive well in any-
ordinary soil, but some of the choicer species ought
to be accommodated with a compost of loam, peat,.
or leaf soil, and sand.

Other Cultural Points.— It is difficult to dis-
criminate between so many beautiful plants,
either in selecting the best of the species, or in
stating to what purpose they are most adapted.
They can be used almost anywhere. One may

Berchemia

(119)

Berteroa

be specially named on account of its foliage as
being one of our best dark-leaved shrubs ; this is
vulgaris foliis-pm-pureis. Many of the dwarf er
spri-ii's are handsome as permanent bedders of on
rock work.

Principal Species :-

A(]iiifolium, (>', Ap., yel, (.«//». Mahonia Aqui-
foliuin). One of the most useful of all the
Berberises, growing in any soil, and producing
Plum-coloured berries. .It is largely used for game
coverts. Several vars.. of which gracilis, Herveyi,
and moseriana are good. The var. fascicularis is
also known as B. fascicularis and Mahonia
I'aM-icularis.

buxifolia, 8', Mch., yel., ev. A very neat grow-
ing shr., of erect habit and with small flowers.
The dwarf form called nana makes a good shr.
for the rockery («/«.«. dnlcis, rotundifolia, and
microphylla [of some]).

Danvinii, 'A' to In', My., or., ev. Perhaps the
prettiest Barberry we have. Very ornamental,
with its glossy, spiny leaves and yel. blooms.

stenophylla, 3', My., yel., ev. This (see p. 118) is
reputed to be a hybrid between Darwinii and
empetrifolin, and is a handsome plant, effective
because of its foliage, flowers, and dark pur.
berries. There are now some pretty seedling forms.

vulgaris, 7' to 18'. Ap., yel. Its great beauty
lies in its or. sc. fruit, which is sometimes used for
preserving. There are a good many forms, in-
cluding some with fruit of a different colour from
the type : blk., wh.. vio., pur., and yel. fruited
plants can be had. The pur. leaved form is very
effective. Many of the reputed species can only
!«• considered forms of vulgaris.

wallichiana, 6', My., yel., ev. This is a hand-
some Barberry, with pretty leaves and flowers, and
large vio. pur. berries (sijn. Hookeri).

Other Species : -
actinacantha, 3', Je., yel., (•<#«>«. elegaus, glauca,

ev. glaucescens, etc.),

arista Ni, G', My., yel. nepalensis, 4', Je., yel.,

(*////». cteruleecena ami ev. (sy». japonica,

macrophylla). etc.).

asiatira, C', My., yel., ev. nervosa, 3', Je., yel., ev.
Mnadensu, .V, My., yel." («/«»•. Mahonia nervosa,

coiii'iuua, (>', Je., or., ev. B. ami M. glumacea).

congestiflora, 7', Ap., yel. rcpeus, 2', My., yel., ev.
erategina, :>', My., yel. (syi/. M. repens).

erotica, :i', Ap., yel. rusc'ifolia, 5', My., grn.,

onarginata, 0', My., ye!., yel., ev.

ev. Sieboldii, close to vulgaris.

empetrifolin, 2', My., yel., sinensis, o', My., yel.

ev. (gym. cuiieata and (.«///«. clii'iimsis and

revoluta). monosperma) .

Fortunei, 2', Jy.,yel.,ev. Thunbergi, 3', Ap., yel.
Fremonti, 4', My., yel. (syii. Maximowiczii).

(SI/H. trifoliata). virescens, 3', Mv., gni.

ilint'c.lia, 3', Jy., yel., ev. (syns. aristata, belstani-

Lycium, 6', Je., yel., ev. ana, etc.).

BERCHEMIA.

With the exception of volubilis, which is a
hardy deciduous climber from Carolina, these are
evergreen greenhouse twiners (ord. Khamnese), that
may be propagated by cuttings or seeds. A com-
post of loam, peat, and .-and will be found suitable.

Principal Species :

Boribunda, 10', Jy., \\-lj.
lineata, S', Je., grn.

vilubilis, 12', Jy., grn.,
wh.

BERGAMOT.

A delicious perfume extracted from the rind of
the fruit of Citrus Aurantium Bergamia, a small

member of the Orange family. In its best form it
is produced by rolling the fruit over a vessel
studded with sharp spikes, the oil liberated from
the broken glands being collected in the hollow
handle. Poorer qualities are obtained by rasping
and pressing the rind. Other plants, by reason of
their aroma, have received the name of Bergamot;
notably the handsome Monarda didyma of gardens,
Mentha odorata, and the Wild Bergamot (Monarda
fistulosa).

BERGERA (see MUERYA).

BERGIA.

A genus of shrubs or sub-shrubs (ord. Elatinene)
principally from India, South Africa, and Australia,
and of little value for the garden. They require
greenhouse or stove *emperature, and light, rich
soil. The genus is propagated by seeds or cuttings
in heat.

BERKHEYA.

A South African genus (ord. Composite) com-
prising greenhouse evergreens and herbaceous
biennials. The former are raised from cuttings^
and the latter by division and seeds. A light
loam with coarse sand forms an excellent rooting
medium.

Principal Species : —

Adlamii, 0', yel., herb. lanceolata, !£', Jy., yel.

grandiflora, 2', Jy., yel. purpurea, 3', Aug., pur.

Other Species : —

cernua, 1', Je., yel. palmata, 2^.', Jy., yel.

cuneata, 2', Jy. , yel. piunata, 1', Aug., yel.

cynaroides, 1J', Je., yel. spinosissima, 2', Jy., yel.

incana, li', Aug., yel. uniflora, 3', Jy., yel.
obovata, 2', Jy., yel.

BERLANDIERA.

A herbaceous, perennial plant (ord. Composite),
needing the shelter of a greenhouse. It is raised
from seeds sown in spring. The flower heads
are remarkable for their persistence. Lor.m, leaf
soil, and sand meet its requirements so far as
compost is concerned.

Principal Species : —

tomentosa, 2', My., Je., dull yel.

BERRY.

For descriptive purposes botanists have divided
the various fruits or seed vessels into groups, and
" berry," or " bacca." is the general title of one
group. A berry is a fruit full of pulp, frequently
edible, either by man or beast, and containing the
seeds in the- pulp. Common examples of the berry
are seen in Grapes, Currants, Tomatoes, Goose-
berries, and Potato apples. The Raspberry and
Strawberry fruits are not true berries, but, in
botanical language, the- former is a combination
of achenes and drupels and the latter a fleshy
receptacle.

BERRYA (also spelled BERRIA).

A small Indian tree (ord. TiliaceaV) that maybe
accommodated in a stove, and potted in loam and
peat. It yields the " Trincomalee Wood " of
commerce.

Only Species : —

Ammonilla, HO'. Aug., wh.

BERTEROA.

Hardy or half-hardy flowers (ord. Crucifenc),
similar to the Alyssums in appearance, and now-
included with them. They are propagated by seeds

Bertholletia

( 120)

Beta

or by cuttings in spring and summer, and can be
grown in any good, sandy soil in full sun. Few are
now in cultivation under any name, those best
known formerly being incana (syn. Alyssum
incanum), 2', July, biennial, white ; and mutabilis
(syns. grreca, obliqua, etc., and Alyssum mutabile).
Other "species are orbiculata, peruviana, Potanini,
and spathulata.

BERTHOLLETIA.

This is the tree (ord. Myrtacese) that produces
the Brazil nut beloved of children. It requires the
temperature of a stove. Cuttings root in very
sandy soil beneath a bell-glass, in brisk bottom
heat. Compost, loam and peat in equal propor-
tions, with sand.

Only Species : —

excelsa, 100', Je., wh.

BERTOLONIA.

A genus of dwarf growing stove plants (ord.
Melastomacea?). They are valuable for the highly
•ornamental character of the leaves, many of which
•are beautifully coloured. They will be found to

V
BEUTOLONIA COMTE HE KEHCHOVE.

thrive best in pans of sandy soil, covered with a
bell-glass, and placed within a propagating casein
the stove. A moist bottom heat is essential. They
may be readily increased by cuttings. The flowers
of Bertolonias are insignificant.

Principal Species :—

houtteana, 9", em., car. mannorata, 6", silver,
maculata, 6", pk., pur. pur.

Garden Hybrids : —
Comte de Kerchove, 9", Madame Van Geert, 8",

pur., gru., vio. pur., grn.

Mdme. Pynaert, 9", gru., Souvenir de Gand, 8",

pur., silver. pur., silver, gru.

BERTYA.

Small Australian or Tasmanian shrubs (ord.
Euphorbiacea;), somewhat resembling the common
Hosemary. They can be grown in a warm green-
house, in peat and loam, but are of no horticultural
value, as the inconspicuous flowers do not possess
•corollas.

Sertolonia of Splnola (see Myoporuin).

Principal Species : —
dimerostigma, 8', Jy., grn.
BERZELIA.

This genus is composed of evergreen shrubs
(ord. Bruniacefe) that flourish in a greenhouse.
They are very attractive. Cuttings root freely in
sandy soil under a bell-glass, and the plants thrive
in a mixture of sandy peat and loam.

Principal Species : —
abrotaiioides, li', Je., wh. lauuginosa, '!,' Jy., wh.

BESCHORNERIA.

These are principally Mexican succulent plants
(ord. Amaryllidese), that require the temperature
of a greenhouse. They are increased by suckers
in very sandy foil, and demand the ,-ame treatment
as is accorded to Agaves.

Principal Species :—
bracteata, 5', Mch., red. superba,4',Mch.,gru.,red.

Other Species :--

dekosteiianu, 6', Feb. tubiflora, 4', My., grn.

toneliaua, 4', Mch. pur. (XI/H. cohuiaua).

BESLERIA. yuccoides,5',My.

A charming genus (ord. Gesneraceoe), comprising
mainly shrubs that require the temperature of a
stove 'to bring them to perfection. There are one
or two evergreen climbers which demand the same
treatment as the shrubby species. Cuttings will
be found to root readily in very sandy soil if
covered with a bell-glass; bottom heat is advan-
tageous in propagation. A light, rich compost of
loam and peat suits them admirably. Piilchella of
I Hot. Ma;/., t. 1146, is Tussacia pubhella.

Principal Species :—

I coccinea, 3', Jy., yel. lutea, 3', Je., yel..

Imrayi, 3', Jy., yel., violacea,6', Jy., Aug., yel.

Other Species : —

cristata, 3', Je., yel. leucostoma, 1', Ai>., or.

grandifolia, 3', Aug., jel. mollis, 3', Je., yel.

hirtella, 3', Jy., yel. serrulata, 5', Je., pur.,
incaniata, 2.',', Je., yel. yel.

inodora (»«• Brunfelsia tigrina, 3V, Nov., crim.,

paucinora). wh.

BESOM.

A switch-like broom made of birch or heather,
and used for sweeping lawns and walks. Birch
besoms are the most generally useful. To
obtain their fullest sweeping capacity, they should
i be held in an almost horizontal position, which
method will also prevent the formation o£ the ugly
scratches so conspicuous in badly swept walks.
The straggling ends of the twigs should be cut off,
and the besom soaked before using. Old besoms-
furnish useful pegs for layering Carnations, 01
supporting Strawberries in pots ; and the besom.
handle will make a strong stake for the dwarfei
inhabitants of the herbaceous border.

BESSERA.

A genus of Mexican bulbous plants (ord. Lili-
acese), that maybe grown outdoors in a very sunny
situation, but are safer in pots. They require a
compost of peat and sand, liberal supplies of water
when growing, and to be kept dry and cool as the
bulbs ripen. They may be increased. by offsets.

Principal Species : —
elegans, U', Jy . to Sep., sc. (s^M.Phariurn fistulosum).

BETA.

The Beetroots are best known by the garden
forms of Beta vulgaris (ord. Chenopodiace;e), the

Betonica

( 121 )

Biebersteinia

popular kitchen garden crops that yield crimson
red mots, so familiar to us when sliced and forming
an ingredient of the salad bowl. (Oee BEET.)
There are other species, however, and all but
trigyna are hardy biennials, needing to be sown
in March or April in deeply cultivated soil. Trigyna
is a herbaceous perennial.
Principal Species : —

Cicln, (>', Aug., grn.

- variegata.
crii]i;i, It', Aug., grn.
htirteni-is nietallicii,

Aug., red (Victoria

Beet).

rubra, 4', Aug., gru.
trigyna, 3', Jy., wh.

BETONICA.

The species included under this name are now
referred to Stachys (ord. Labiatoo). The Wood
lletony (officinalis) is the best known representative
under that generic title, and is now named Stachys
I'ctonica, which see. It was at one time used
medicinally, but is now neglected.

BETULA. (BIRCH.)

Description. — Graceful and ornamental trees
(in-il. Cupulifenc), of which our native Betula alba,
tin Silver or Common Birch, is one of the very
hc-t. All those named are probably hardy, and ail
are ornamental at any season. The flowers, which
are in catkins, appear at the same time as the
leaves, and are succeeded by small winged nuts.
Our native ISirch is a capital tree for exposed
positions, and can be grown on very poor dry soil.
It i< one of the chief ornaments of some parts of
the Highlands of Scotland.

Propagation. —Principally by seeds, sown in
April or when ripe, and slightly covered with fine,
sandy soil ; but in the case of the varieties, or the
less common species, by grafting or by suckers.

Soil. Nearly all the species can be grown in
either a moist or a dry soil, but nana and pumila
prefer one of a boggy nature.

Principal Species :—

alba, (io', Muh., wh. Our beautiful native Silver
P.ireh, which only reaches the height named when
in the most favoured places. There are a number
of forms and varieties which are more or less
distinct. For ornamental planting probably the
best are foliis-variegatis, which has leaves blotched
with a creamy wh. ; laciniata pendula, with nicely
cut leaves and a drooping habit ; pendula, a
drooping habited form of much beauty ; and pur-
purea. which has its leaves of a fine metallic pur.
above. Other forms are dalecarlica, macrocarpa,
pnbesoens, pontica, and urticsefolia, besides several
vars. of some of these.

fruticosa, (!', Feb., etc. This species is recom-
mended for its dwarf habit, which makes it suitable
for positions where alba would be too tall. The
var. Gmelini is sometimes known as divaricata.

lenta, 711'. A fine forest tree in suitable locali-
ties. It is known as the Black, Sweet, or Cherry
Birch in North America, whence it comes. The
tree somewhat resembles the Cherry (sun. car-
piuifolia).

nana, 1' to 3'. A beautiful miniature Birch for
the rock garden or artificial bog. It is a pretty
plant, which is rarely seen above the height

mentioned.

AV/r/.w (.-.;•<• J'lccfritig).
IMi'l .Viit (,re 1'i/tcr).
it* l«mj (set StacJtys).
Jlidiicca (see Ctetalpinia).

papyrifera, 70'. Another forest tree, interesting
from .its chalky wh. outer bark (xyns. amygdalifolia,
papyracea, platyphylla, etc.).

populifolia, 3d'. A Canadian tree, resembling
alba, but less vigorous in growth, and thus suited
for some places where a small tree of its. character
is required (laciniata and pendula are vars.).

Other Species : —

alpestris. nigra, 60' , Jy . (.«!/ us. rubra,

davurica, 30', Jy. canescens, etc.).

humilis, 6', Mch. ('»//«. occidentalis, 10'.

t'ruticosa [of Wats :]'). pumila, 6', My. (XI/HX.

lutea, 20', My. (.«/«.«. ex- dahurica [of gardens],

celsa and persicEefolia). rotuudifolia, etc.).

Maximowiczii, 3u'.

BIARUM.

Hardy, spring flowering, tuberous perennials,
allied to Sauromatum, and having the habit of
Arum (ord. Aroidese). The spathes are blackish
purple or some similar dusky shade. They are pro-
pagated by offsets, and may be grown in any
friable, well-drained garden soil, in full exposure
or slightly shaded.

Principal Species : —
angustatum, 6", blk. pur.

(XI/H. Ischarum augus-

tatum).

mspulum, 4", blk. pur.
eximium, 6" bl. pur.
Kotschyi, 4', blk. pur.

Pyrami, 6", blk. pur.

Spruueri, 6", blk. pur.

tenuifolium, 0", ,le., br.
pur. (syiis. gramineum,
coiistrictum, and Arum
tenuifolium).

BIDENS.

The Bur Marigold. Half-hardy or hardy annual
and perennial plants (nrd. Composite), few of
which are worth growing in the garden. They
are allied to Cosmos, and bear some resemblance
to that genus. A few of the best are named. In-
creased by seed sown under glass in spring for the
annual and biennial species, and by division for the
perennials. They can be grown in ordinary soil,
but thrive well in that of a sandy nature enriched
with manure.

Principal Species : —

atrosangninea, 3', Jy., blk. crim. A neatr half-
hdy. per. with tuberous roots, and now called
Dahlia Zimapani.

grandiflora, 3J', Jy., yel. A pretty hdy. ann.
for the border (sym. serrulata and Cosmos lutea).

humilis, 2', Jy., yel. A per., but best treated as
an ann. It has pretty foliage.

Other Species : —
arguta, 2', Je., yel., half- (*//». Coreopsis ferul'ir-

iidy. per. folia),

hipiiiimtu, 2', Jy., yel. procera, 7', Nov., half-

ferula-folia, 2', Aug., yel. hdy. per.

BIDWILLIA.

A little known greenhouse bulb (ord. Liliaceas)
from Australia. It has white flowers, and blooms
about Mny. The one species grown is named
glaucescens. It may be cultivated in any ordinary
greenhouse in light soil, enriched with manure. It
is increased by offsets removed when at rest, or by
seeds sown in heat when ripe.

BIEBERSTEINIA.

A very small genus of half-hardy or hardy
herbaceous perennials (ord. Geraniacea') with
yellow or white flowers. The only species in-
troduced at present is Emodii (syn. odora of
Royle), which grows about 1' high, flowers in
May, and has yellow blooms. It is propagated
from seeds, sown in a little heat in spring; or by

Biennials

( 122

Bignonia

cuttings, placed under a glass at the beginning of
summer. A dry soil is required for this plant.

BIENNIALS.

Plants which take two years in which to
germinate, produce flowers, mature, and die.
Under favourable conditions Biennials sometimes
become converted into perennials, notably those
cultivated in warm bouses. Again, Biennials
may be treated as annuals by sowing early in
the year, as is the case with Coreopsis grandi-
flora, sown in heat in February. Many of our
most valuable vegetables are Biennials, but by
treating them as annuals we take advantage
for our own sustenance of the food supply which
the careful plant had been husbanding for its own
nutrition during its flowering period.

BIFRENARIA.

Epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orchidacese), requiring
the temperature and moisture of the East Indian
house. Most of them were referred to Maxillaria
at one time, but their flowers are in racemes, not
solitary as in that genus. They are propagated by
offsets and division. Fibrous peat and sphagnum,
mixed with finely broken crocks or charcoal, will
form a suitable compost. Elevate the pseudo-
bulbs above the pots or baskets, and drain well.

Principal Species : —

atropurpurea, 1', dark

pur. (syii. Maxillaria

atropurpurea) . -
aurantiaca, 9", Sep., or.

§ur. (aurantiaca of gar-
ens, sec inodora).
Charlesworthii, 9", with
red br. spots. Allied to

racemosa.
Harrisonise, 1', Sep., wh.,
yel. _ tips (si/ns. Max-
illaria Harrisouise and

Other Species : —
aureo-fulva, 1', Oct., or.
leucorrhoda, wh., ro.

veins.

longicornis, or. br.
melicolor, honey colour,

red.

M. pungens). Has
held its ground for a
century.

— alba, 1', Sep., wh., tip
red.

— buchaniana, 1', Sep.,
vio., pur., grn. , yel.

inodora, 9', My., grn.
spotted (-\'/tf. aurantiaca
of gardens).

— xauthina, 9', My., yel.
vitelliua, 1', Jy., yel., pur.

parvula, tawny yel., lip

pur.
racemosa, str<*w colour, lip

wh.
tyrianthiua, vio. pur.

BIGKLOVIA.

Hardy, shrubby, sub-shrubby, or herbaceous
plants (prd. Composite), formerly referred to Chryi -
othamnus, Linosyris, etc., by different, authorities.
The habit and small yellow flower heads show a
transition towards Solidago. They are propagated
by cuttings of half-ripened, leafy shoots in pots of
sand or sandy soil under hand-lights, or in a
frame during the latter part of summer. Any well
drained friable garden soil will suit them.

Principal Species :—

clracunculoides, 3', Sep., yel., hdy. sub-shr.
— albicaulis, 2', stems wh.
Howardii, low shr. ($yn. Linosyris Howardii).
nudata, 1' to 2', Sep. A hdy. per. herb,
paniculata. A shr. with flower heads less than
¥' long.

BIGNONIA.

Description. — A genus of stove climbers (ord.
Bignoniacese). When allowed to climb to the

JUfflandularia (see Sinningia).

roof of a tall house and become well established
they form some of the most gorgeous of plants.
Leaves divided into three leaflets, or the middle
one may form a tendril or hook for climbing ;
usually they are compound, and rarely reduced
to one leaflet. The (lowers vary greatly in colour,
from white to purple, red, scarlet, yellow, and
orange.

Propagation. — By imported seeds sown in stove
heat. Also by cuttings of short side shoots taken
off when they are getting firm, and inserted in
sand in a propagating case, or in pots under a bell-
glass. Also by layers. Capreolata may be in-
creased by root cuttings.

BIGNONIA TWEEUIANA.

Soil.- -Equal parts of fibrous loam and peat will
meet the requirements of most of them, using
sufficient sand to render the compost porous and
friable.

Other Cultural Points.- -Like many other t nil-
growing climbers, most of the Bignonias succeed
best when planted out in prepared borders and the
stems trained up the -pillars or rafters of high
houses, where they will be exposed to plenty of
sunshine. The cultivator must have patience till
the plants make strong, woody stems. Though
most of them require stove heat with a minimum
of 60° to 05° in winter, several succeed better in a
warm, airy greenhouse, and this number might be
increased by trials of different species. Capreolata
is the only one that can claim to be hardy in
warm situations against a wall, and this only ap-
plies to the South of England.

Bilberry

( 123 )

Billbergia

Principal Species : —
buccinatoria, 1")', Jy.,

Aug , p'lt., red, or.

tlm«t (f I/HI. Cherere,

Ki.'rere, and heterophyl-

la).
capreolata,15', Sum., luly.

or hall'-hdy. , sc.
— atrosanguinea, 15', Je. ,

Inly, or half-hdy., red

pur.

lomunoidea (we Tecoma).
magnittca, st., mauve to

pur. crim.

Other Species :
ffiquiuoxialis, 40', Je., st.,

yel.

alliacea, 10', st., yel.
apurensis, 10', st., yel.
arfiyivo-violasceiis.
articulata, loaves wh.

veined, vio. when young,
aurantiaca, st. , or.
bijuga, (>', st.
Carolina;, 10', My., grh.,

cream.

Chica, 10', st.
chrysantha (Tabebuia).
chrysoleuca, 10', st. , yel.

wh.

Clematis, !•">'. st.
crenata, 10', st.
crucigera, 2(1', cool gi'h.,

yel., sc.

decipiens, 10', st.
diversifolia, 10', st.
elongata, 8', st., pur.
floribunda, 12', st., wh.
graudifiora f.vr Tecoma).
iiicaruata, 4 , st., wh., or.
iasminifolia, 10', st. , wh.
laurifolia, 20', st.
Liinlleyi, 10', st., varie-
gated (iyn. picta).

purpurea, 15', st., pur.

rugosa. Oct., st., yel.

sjKiciosa, 20', Ap., My.,
st., pk. Flowers from
the previous summer's
shoots (»yn. picta).

tweediana, 20', Je., Aug.,
grh. , yel.

venusta, 20', Sep. to Dec.,
grh., or. (nyii. Pyros-
tegia ignea).

lucida, 10', st.

microphylla, 15', St., wh.
(sf/n. Catalpa micro-
phylla).

mollis, 10', st.

mollissima, 10', st.

multitida, 10', st.

pallida (we Tabebuia leu-
caxyla).

perf orata, Aug. , st.

pubescens, lo', Je., st ,
yel.

quadrangularis, 10', st.

radicaus (we Tecoina).

regalis, st. , red, yel.

reticulata, st.

rodigasiana, leaves varie-
gated wh., rosy when
young.

Roezlii, st.

salicifolia, 10', st., yel.

spectabilis (nee Tabebuia
spectabilis) .

spicata, st.

staminea, 10', st., yel.

Uuguis-cati, 10', Ap., st.,
yel.

variabilis, 10', st., yel.,
wh.

littorulis, st., pk., red.

A number of species are now referred to other
genera, such as Tecoina, Catalpa, Stereospermum,
and Tabebuia.

BILBERRY (see VACCINIU.M).

BILL OP BILLHOOK.

A hooked chopping instrument fitted with a
short handle for cutting firewood or sharpening
stakes ; and with a long handle for pruning hedges.

BILLARDIERA (syn. LABILLAKDIKRA).

Evergteen, climbing shrubs (ord. Pittosporacese),
and ornamental subjects for greenhouse culture on
account of their flowers or berries. They are prop-
agated by seeds in a warm greenhouse ; and by
moderately firm shoots in early summer, inserted in
sand and placed under a bell-glass. Fibrous loam
and peat, with a good dash of sand, will suit them.

Principal Species : —
cymosa, 2', vio., cl.

longiflora, 20', sum., grh., yel., changes to pur.
Berries bl. (*ijn. ovalis).

ovalis (see lougiflora).
parviflora, 12 , Jy., bl.
scandens. 12'. Aug., pur.
(syn. angustifolia).

Other Species :—
augustifolia (w; scandeus).
daphnoides, 10', My., yeL,

pur.
fusiformis (nee Sollya

heterophylla).

BILLBERGIA.

Stove herbs (urd. liromeliacese). Leaves crowded
together in tufts, covering the very short stem.
Flowers highly ornamental. Propagation is by

suckers or division, the former being the better
method. Good fibrous loam and peat in equal
proportions, or half decayed leaves instead of peat,
suit. Use sufficient sand to make it porous.
During the growing period water the plants freelys
and syringe to keep them clean ; less water will
be sufficient in winter, but the roots must be kept
moist. Temperature in winter, 55° to 00° ; summer,
60° to 75°.

Principal Species : —
Bakeri, IV, grn.. vio.
iriclifolia, IV, Mch., sc.,

yel., crim.
Lietzei, rosy pk., grn.

There is a double var.

of this, the first in the

(now

order.
Moreli, 1', Feb., pk., bl.,

ro. A handsome basket

plant,
uutans. H', win., yel.,

ro. , -bl

roseo - marginata
Quesnelia rufa).

thyrsoidea, 1', Nov., sc.

— spendida, l',Nov., sc.,
tip vio.

vittata, 2', red, vio., grn.
(syiis. Leopoldii, more*
liana, pulcherrima,
rohaniana, zonata).

zebriua, 1' 6", Je. Leaves
zoned grey and br. sal-
mon (xyii. Helicodea.
zebrina).

» .

BlLLHEUGIA KOSEO-MAKGINATA (XO\V CU'ESNELIA.
RUFA).

Other Species :—

amosna (see speciosa).
andegaveiisis, red, indigo.

angustifolia, red.

baraquiniana, wh., grn.

bifroiiB, red, yel.

Binoti, H', st.

breauteaiia (see vittato-
Bakeri).

Cappei (see vittoto-
Bakeri).

Cliantini, sum., red, yel.

chlorosticta (sec Saun-
dersii).

clavata, IV, Feb., st., bl.

cruenta, 1', Aug., bl., red.

elegans (see speciosa).

Enderi (see Quesnelia
Enderi),

Euphemiie, darkpur., grn.

Glaziovii, red (we Ques-
nelia strobilispica).

glymiana (xee Moreli).

liboniana, 1', Aug., bl.

macrocalyx, H', hi., grn.

marmorata, bl.

moreliana (we vittata).

pallida (see speciosa).

polystachya (see

distacautha).
porteana, 3', sum., grn.
purpurea, Oct., ro., pur.
purpureo-rosea.Nov. , ro.,

pur.
pyramidalis, 2', Feb.,

criui. ;

quintutiana (see Saun-

dersii).

rufa (sff Quesnelia rufa).
sanderiaua, gi'u., tipped

bl.

Saundei'sii, bl.
speciosa, 1-V, car., vio.

— pallescens, 1J', win.,
wli., ^rn.. vio.

variegata, 2', pale gru.,,

tip indigo,
vittata amabilis, 2', bl.

— formosa, 2', or. (*.'/<".
formosii and zonata of
gardens) .

vittato-Bakeri, H,'. bl.
Wetherelli (*re Moreli).
zouata (fit vittata).

Bindweed

(124)

Bivonsea

BINDWEED (see BEAKBIND).

BIOPHYTUM.

A group of plants closely allied to Oxalis (ord.
<3eraniace:c), and separated from that genus on
account of their pinnate and sensitive leaves.
When touched or shaken the leaflets close up like
those of the Sensitive Plant, though a little more
slowly. Propagation is effected by seeds, which
are abundantly produced. Light, sandy loam,
with a little leaf mould, makes a suitable compost,
in well-drained pans.

Principal Species : —
proliferum, 6', St., yel.

sensitivum, 6", Jy., St., yel. (syn. Oxalis sensi-
tiva).

BIOTA (set THUJA).

BIRCH.

A most graceful tree of great beauty. There
are several species, which will be found in detail
under Betula, the botanical name, Betula alba
being that by which our native Silver Birch is
known to botanists.

BIRDS.

Useful. — Many British birds are entirely harmless
to garden crops, and others, while highly service-
able, are only harmful during the fruiting season
of certain crops, and must therefore be classed as
useful. Harmless yet valuable birds in the garden
include the Spotted Fly Catcher (Muscicapagrisola)
and the Pied Fly Catcher (M. luctuosa), Cuckoo
(Cuculus canorus), Hedge Sparrow (Accentor
modularis), Robin (Erythaca rubicula), the Chim-
ney Swallow (Hirundo rustica), theMartin (Chelidon
urbica), the Common Creeper (Certhia familiaris),
the Wren (Troglodytes europseus), the Nuthatch
(Sitta europaea), the Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus
trochilus), the Chiff-chaff Warbler (S. hippolais),
the Sedge Warbler (Salicaria Phragmites), the
Gray Wagtail (Mortacilla boarula), and the Pied
Wagtail (M. Yarrellii). All the above are insect-
ivorous birds and should be encouraged within the
precincts of the garden. The titmice (Parus) are
occasionally blamed for destroying the buds of
fruit trees, but they are after insects in the same,
and the birds may be driven away during the time
the buds are preparing to open. This also applies
to the Yellow Hammer (Emberiza citrinella), the
Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), the Goldfinch (Car-
duelis elegans), and the Siskin (C. spinus), which
are granivorous birds, and may be kept off seed-
beds by netting. The Blackbird (Merula merula)
and the Song Thrush (Turdus musicus) feed largely
upon slugs and snails. They should be kept from
Cherries, Strawberries, Raspberries, etc., by netting.
Owls and the Magpie (Pica melanoleuca) destroy
mice, voles, and young rats, and should be encour-
aged to breed in the vicinity of gardens by leaving
them unmolested in Ivy-covered trees, and out-
houses or ruins, also in holes in rocks, trees, or
in dovecots where they may take up their quarters.
Certain birds that feed on grubs, leather jackets,
wireworms, beetles, cockchafers, and other pests,
may be tamed and kept in gardens. These include

Billiottia of Broirn (see Agonu).

Bird Clicrry (see Primus).

Bird's Foot Fern (see Pellrra Ornitfiojms).

Bird's fiwt Trefoil (see Lotus).

Bird's A'est fern (sec Asplenium J\~idus).

the common Rook (Corvus frugilegiis), Jackdaw
(C. monedula), Chough (Fregilus graculus), the
Common Gull (Larus canus), possibly the Laugh-
ing Gull (L. ridibundus), and Lapwing or Peewit
(Vanellus cristatus). The Partridge (Pt'idrix
cinerea), Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), and
Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) have been proved to
feed largely on the same food as Crows, and need
only be driven away from green vegetables in winter
when snow is on the ground and food scarce.
1'oultry may be permitted in orchards and other
places, as they feed largely on grubs.

Harmful. — The House Sparrow (Passer domes-
ticus) is the worst depredator of all the feathered
tribe in gardens. It destroys Lettuces, young Peas,
Crocuses, Carnations, Primroses, the buds of Cur-
rant and Gooseberry bushes, etc., and should be
destroyed by all or any available means, or driven
away by depriving it of shelter in Ivy, and stopping
up all holes where it may breed. The Bullfinch
(Pyrrhula europica) is very destructive to the buds
of Apple and other fruit trees in spring, and should
be reduced by shooting or be driven away. The
Wood Pigeon (Coluraba palumbus) is destructive
to Peas, Cabbages, and young vegetables generally
during dry seasons, and is a worse pest to vege-
tables in winter. It also destroys Gooseberries.
Shooting is the best remedy.

BISCUTELLA.

Buckler Mustard. Hardy annual or perennial
flowers (ord. Crucifene) of little horticultural value.
All have yellow flowers. The perennials may be
used in rock gardens where a large collection of
plants is wished, but both they and the annuals
are principally of botanical interest. The best are
named below, and are perennials unless indicated
as annuals. Propagation is by seeds, sown in spring
in the open ; the perennials \>y division also at that
season. Common soil, but in a dryish position in
sun.

Principal Species : —

coronopifolia, 0", .It-.
Isevigata, 1', Je.

Other Species :
ambigua 1', Je.
columnar, 1', Je., ami.

sempervirens, 1', Je.
steuophylla, 1', Je.

lyrata, 1-J', Je., aim.
maritiraa, U', Je., aim.

BISERRULA.

Hatchet Vetch. A hardy annual (ord. Legu-
minosse). The only species introduced is pelecinus,
which grows about 1' high, blooms in July, and
has purple flowers. It can be grown from seeds
sown in the open in April, and will thrive in any
ordinary garden soil which is not too heavy, al-
though it prefers one of a sandy nature (syns.
leiocarpa and pelecina).

BISMARCKIA.

An ornamental stove Palm (ord. Palma;) with the
habit of a Pritchardia. It is propagated by im-
ported seeds. Sound fibrous loam, with a fourth of
leaf mould and a good dash of sand, will answer
for compost. Temperature in winter, (!5° to 70°;
in summer, 80° to 90°. Nobilis is the only species.

BIVONSEA.

A hardy annual (ord. Cruciferaj) with slender
stems, branched from the base ; the lower leaves
stalked, and the upper ones grasping the stem.

Birthmort (see Aristtilochia).

Bixa

( 125 )

Blakea

Propagation is effected by seeds sown in the open,
in ordinary garden soil. Lutea, 6", April, yellow,
is tlie unly species introduced.

BIXA.

Economic .stove trees (ord. Bixineiu) with heart-
shaped, simple leaves and pink or purple flowers.
They are propagated by shoots of mature wood in
pots of sandy soil, plunged in a propagating case
or placed under a bell-glass in a warm house or pit.
Two-thirds good loam, one-third peat, and sand,
make a suitable compost. The orange red, pulpy
coviTing of the seeds is used for dyeing or colour-
ing milk and cheese, and in the preparation of
chocolate.

Principal Species : —

orellana. :!<>', sum., pk.

— acuminata, 20', Jy., pur. (syn. purpurea. This
has a wh. sub-var., alba )
urucurana, I'd', Jy., pk.

BIZARRE.

A Kivnch term implying fantastic. It is gener-
ally applied to Carnations with two contrasting
colours radiating from the centre on a white
ground ; and also to Tulips.

BLACKBERRY.

Description. — The common Blackberry or
T.riinilile (Kulius fruticosus, ord. Rosaccse) grows
wild in all parts of England, and the delicious
fruit is highly appreciated in the autumn. Some
attention has lieen paid to the Blackberry as a
.garden fruit, since the introduction of several
laruv fruited varieties from America. Their
flavour, however, is not superior to the wild
British species. For the forming of game coverts,
and furnishing otherwise waste ground, Black-
berries are useful.

Propagation. — Seeds in the case of new varieties.
Al.-o from suckers taken from old stools, cuttings,
and layers. If the points of the shoots are pegged
into the soil, they root readily, and may then be
severed and planted.

Soil. — In a wild state the Blackberry flourishes
in most soils, but to get the best results under
cultivation, a deep, moist, and rather retentive
medium is the best.

Other Cultural Points. — The chief care with
Blackberries under cultivation is to avoid over-
crowding, by thinning out the old growths. They
may be planted against walls and fences in sunny
positions, and will give a return where other fruits
would fail. Cut away old shoots after fruiting,
remove weakly suckers, and lay in strong growths
thinly and evenly.

Varieties : —

Early Harvest, medium size, early and prolific.

Lawton, large fruit, prolific.

Lucretia, a large American var.

Paisley-leaved, free climber for fences and old
trees, large, fine flavoured fruit (see figure).

Wilson Junior. One of the best. Glossy fruit,
early, and prolific.

BLACK FLY Cw« AI-FIIDIS).

Dwarf, evergreen bushy shrubs allied to the*
Heaths (ord. Ericaceae), and thriving under similai
treatment. The leaves are Heath-like, and the
small flowers pink or purple. Propagation is
effected by cuttings of young shoots under a bell-
glass. Sandy fibrous peat will answer for compost,
under greenhouse treatment.

Hitter Almond (xve

III II II is II III II I'll).

Sitter-aeeet («

Ullttir Vetch (sec Orob'is).

nun [Ai»ygdalu»\ coin-
Dulcamara).

BLACKBERRY, PARSLEY-LEAVED.

Principal Species :

urtk-ulata, 1', My., gil.,

pk.
bracteata (si/n. Sympir/.u

cupitellata).
liliiu-is (see Grisebachia

ciliaris).
dumosa, 2', grh.

ericoides, 2', Aug., Oct.,
grh., pur. (syn. Erica
orbicularis).

fasciculata (see Sympieza).
muscosa, 1', Je., Aug.,

grn.
purpurea, 2', My., Je.,

grh., pur.
BLAKEA.

Evergreen stove plants (ord. Melastomacea?) of
an ornamental character. They are propagated by
cuttings of the young shoots after they get suffi-
ciently firm at the base, inserted in sand and
ruveivd with a bell-glass, or plunged in a pro>-
pagating case. Peat and fibrous loam in equal
proportions, with a good dash of sand, form a
suitable compost. They require a plentiful supply

Illni'h liryony (sec Tamils comtinmis).

lllncUitiriiia (see Zantliox-ylum).

Ulack Maidenhair (see Aspleniuin Adiaiduni-

nil/rum).

lllni-l; Pine (see Piniis austriaca).
lilark Thorn (see Primus s/iinosa).
Vladderwort (see Urtieulu,rin).

Blanching

126 )

Blechnum

of water in spring and the first half of summer.
.Summer temperature, 65° to 70°; winter, 00° to 65°.

Principal Species : —

•quinquonervia, 10', Je., trinervia, 8', Je., ro.
rlesh, wli.

BLANCHING.

The process by which the tough green stems
and growths of Celery, Leeks, Endive, Lettuces,
etc., become converted into the white, nutty food-
stuffs which form such an agreeable addition to
the salad bowl and dinner table. It is performed
in various ways, with different materials, according
to the position the subject to be blanched occu-
pies ; but all have the same end in view, viz. the
exclusion of light, and consequent prevention of
the formation of chlorophyll. Lettucas are
blanched by tying the leaves together with a
piece of raffia ; Cabbages, by simply bending :i
broken leaf over their hearts ; Celery and Leeks,
by partially covering with soil ; and Endive, by
tying like Lettuces, covering with an inverted
flower pot, earthenware saucer, or piece of slate.
Khubarb and Seakale are blanched by forcing in
a heated, darkened chamber, or by covering with
large pots in the open ground.

BLANDFORDIA.

Handsome Liliaceous plants (prd. Liliacerc) allied
to Hemerocallis and Funkia, but in outward
•appearance more resembling Cyrtanthus, though
very different in structure. The flowers are funnel-
shaped and drooping, and range from yellow to
•orange and scarlet : they are very showy. The
leaves are narrow, strongly ribbed, and crowded
near the base of the stem. The rootstock is a very
short rhizome furnished with fleshy fibres, but not
truly bulbous. Propagation is effected by offsets
and by seeds. Fibrous loam and peat in equal pro-
portions with a little leaf mould and a good dash
•of sand, make a suitable compost. The species
require cool greenhouse treatment, with a fairly
liberal supply of water when making growth, but
to be kept dry when resting. Repotting may be
accomplished in autumn, before fresh growth com-
mences.

Principal Species : —
•Cumiiughainii (KCC grandi-

flora).
Uainmea, H', Je., dull

yel.
— aurea, 1' to 2', sum.,

gold yel.

Other Species : —
intermedia (see grandi-

flora).

grancliflora, 2', Jy., crim.
(.w/w.s-. Backhousii, Cun-
niughamii. intermedia,
punicea, and speciosa).

nobilis, 2', Jy. , or.

marginata, 2', Jy., Sep.,
crim.

BLECHNUM.

A genus of Ferns (ord. Filices), closely allied to
the well known and popular Lomarias. They are
•either of creeping or tufted habit, and often have
an erect stem, like a miniature tree Fern. The
handsome British Fern, popularly known as Blech-
num Spicant, is correctly Lomaria Spicant. It is
a grand plant, either for the greenhouse or the
outdoor fernery.

Propagation. — By offsets, by division of the
•creeping rhizomes, and by spores.

Soil. — The species are not fastidious, as they
may be grown in peat and loam in various relative
proportions, with sharp silver sand or finely broken
•crocks intermixed to ensure porosity.

Other Cultural Points. — Some require stove
moisture and heat, say, 55° to 60° in winter, and
60° to 90° in summer. Others may be grown in a
greenhouse.

Principal Species : —

australe, 1|-', grh. Stem stout, creeping, scaly.

brasiliense, 2' to 4', grh. Nearly hdy. in
various parts of Britain, but does well iii st.

cartilagineum, 1' to 2', grh. Leathery.

longifolium. 1' to 2', st. Stem slender, creeping
(. latifolium and gracile).

- fraxineum. Habit more robust,
nitidum, 1' to IV, st.

occiclentale, 1' to 2J', Aug., grh. One of the
easiest to grow and accommodate (syn. glandulo-
sum).

- multifidum. Crested and tassellecl.
unilaterale, i>" to 1-J-', st. or grh. Stem elon-
gated, fronds thin in texture (gym. polypodioides
and triangulare).

Photo: CasseH>tCo.,lM.

BLECHNUH TRIANGULAUE. BLECHNUM OCCIDENTALS.

Other Species : —

angustifolium,rto lj',st.

boreale (see Lomaria
Spicant) .

— aitkeuiana (see Lo-
maria Spicant aitkeni-
anum) .

corcovadenee (a var. of
brasiliense).

denticulatiim, Je., grh.

fmlaysonianum, st.

fontnnesianum, st.

gracile, st. (tee longi-
folium).

hast;itum, st.

intermedium, st.

Lanceola, G" to 12", st.

— trifoliatum.

laivigatum, grh.

ork'ntale, st.

pectinatum, st.

polypodioides (nee uni-
laterale) .

rngosum, 1', st. and grh.

serrulatum, hdy. (ti/n.
striatum) .

triangulare (we unilater-
ale).

trifoliatum (see Lauceola
trifoliatum).

volubile, st., cL

Blechum

( 127 )

Blinds

BLECHUM.

Perennial stove herbs (ord. Acanthaceas). They
are easily propagated by cuttings of the short side
.-hoots taken off with a heel in spring or in
summer, and put in sand under a bell-glass in a
stove or pit. Fibrous loam, with a third of peat or
leaf mould, will meet their requirements.

Principal Species : —

Brownei, 2', Je., wh.
laxiflorum, '!' , wh.

HMtrustifolium, 1', Je., bl.

l>ni-ilinnse (xi-e Steuau-

drium maudioccauum) .

BLEEDING.

The name given to an extravasation of sap, which
takes place in various plants from different causes.
The Vine is the chief subject whose bleeding
troubles thu gardener, and fortunately this may be
rectified by early pruning ; at least a month being
allowed to elapse between pruning and starting
the Vines into growth. With Vines which have
shown a previous tendency to bleed, a dressing of
painter's knotting applied to the cut portion at
pruning time may be recommended. Searing with
a, hot iron, the application of sealing wax, or a
Potato fixed on the bleeding portion, have all
been tried and often found wanting. The use of
all is rendered superfluous bv early pruning.
Gumming in the Cherry and other stone fruits is
another form of bleeding.

BLEPHARIS (including ACANTHODIUM).

Herbs or small shrubs (ord. Acanthaceae), re-
quiring stove or greenhouse treatment. The herbs
are mostly annual or biennial. Propagation can
be effected in all cases by seeds. The perennial
trailers and shrubby species may also be increased
by cuttings under a bell-glass or in a propagating
case. For compost use two-thirds of fibrous loam,
one-third of leaf mould, and sufficient sharp sand
to make it porous.

Principal Species :—
boerhaavia'folia, 1', Jy.,

st. ;um , bl.
eapensis, 1', Jy., grh.

Han., bl. («/n. Acan-

thodium capense).
eanluifolia, 1', Aug. , grh.,

bl.
fmrata, 2', Jy., grh., shr.

(syn. Acanthodium fur-
catum).

linearifolia, 2', Jy., st.
aim., bl. (ti(/n. Acanth-
odium hirtum).

procumbens, 1', Jy.,grh. ,
trailer (&yn. Acantho-
dium procumbens).

species, and fibrous peat and sphagnum for the
epiphytes, llepotting may be effected when new
roots are being pushed out. Give plenty of water
in summer when growth is active.

Principal Species : —

florida, 2', Feb., st., ro.

(si/n. pallida).
gracilis, H', Jy., st.,

greenish wh.
hyacinthina, 1', Ap.,

luly. or half-hdy., ro.,

crim. (sy». Gebina).

Hdy. in warm parts of

England.

Other Species : —
campanulata, st., pur.,

wh.

Gebina (see hyacinthina).
godseffiana ; probably a

var. of verecunda.
havanensis, 2-V, st., pur.
maculatus (see Phaius

maculatus).
pallida (nee florida) .
Parkinson!, 1', Jy., st.,

ro.

BLEPHILIA.

Hardy perennials (ord. Labiatse), with flowers
resembling those of the Monardas. They grow in
rather dry soil with a little shade, and are in-
creased by division of the roots in autumn or
spring, and by seeds sown in the open or under
glass at the latter season. The best species of the
genus as yet introduced are ciliata, 2', June, purple,
and hirsuta, 3', July, purple. Other species are
Beckii and brevipes.

BLETIA.

Terrestrial and epiphytal, erect-growing Orchids
(on/. Orchidacesc), mostly requiring a stove tem-
perature, but one is hardy or half-hardy. The
pseudo-bulbs are leafless, or bear one or two leaves
at the time of flowering. The racemes are simple
or branched, and the flowers vary from white to
rose, purple, and crimson. Propagation is effected
by the division of the pieces or separation of the
tuberous rootstock. For compost, fibrous loam
.and peat in equal proportions, with a dash of
-sand, may be used in the case of the terrestrial

secunda, 2', st. , grn.,

crim.
Shepherdii, 2', Jy., st.,

pur., yel.
verecunda, 3', Mch., st.,

pur. (»//«. Limodorum

alatum).

patula, 2', Mch., st., pur.
reflexa, 2', st., pur., grn.
sherrattiana, st., pur.,

wh., yel.
Tankervillue (see Phaius

grandifolius).
watsoniana, gold and

magenta.
Woodt'ordii (see Phaius

maculatus).

BLIGHT.

The popular name given to attacks of insect or
fungus pests, such as the Potato Blight (fungoid)
and the American Blight (insect). The name is
commonly applied to the various aphides. 8ee the
various crops affected for remedies. The haze or
fog often seen in hot weather is sometimes spoken
of as " blight," probably because it is supposed to
bring with it attacks of mildew and other fungoid
diseases.

BLIND PLANTS.

Cabbages which produce no central bud, bulbs
which produce no flowers, and Strawberries which
bear no fruit, are generally called blind. Blindness
may be caused either by a check in the early
stages, while the tissues of the plant are yet tender,
or by too rich feeding. Thus pot Strawberries will
often go blind wholesale if given very rich soil and
allowed to suffer from want of water.

BLINDS.

These are used chiefly for the protection of
Orchids and other tender foliaged plants growing
under glass against the rays of hot sunshine in
the summer. They are also employed for letting
down in front of early flowering fruit trees on
walls as a guard against spring frosts. For
shading purposes, blinds may be fixed temporarily
or permanently, but the former is the better method,
as they can be removed from the houses and
stored away during the winter, when they are
not required. There are several materials used
for making blinds, including tiffany, frigi-domo
canvas, and scrim, or gauze canvas. It should be
remembered that the idea is to break the force of
the sunshine, not to shut out light. All dark
coloured material should be avoided, as the whiter
it is the more light it will admit. The fabric
known as scrim is light, durable, and one of the
best materials for shading purposes. A good
method of fixing blinds is to attach one end of
the material to a stout lath, and the other to a
round wooden roller. The lath is fastened to the

Blighia (sec

Blitum

(128)

Boea

woodwork of the house at the top, and the blind
is let up and down the roof from the bottom by
means of pulleys and stout cords. It is advisable
to provide supports above the glass level for the
rollers to run on, so as to allow space for the circu-
lation of air between the blinds and the glass.
When blinds are used for the protection of wall
fruit trees in the early spring, they may be hung
from the coping and made to run up and down on
poles placed in a slanting position, so that the
material, when down, hangs clear of the trees.
Where it is desirable to fix blinds at the ends and
sides of glass structures, they should be suspended
at the top and run up and down on light wooden
rollers.

BLITUM.

Hardy annuals belonging to the Goosefoot
family (urd. Chenopodiaceje), sometimes grown
for colouring puddings. The clusters of flowers
develop into succulent, red masses, resembling a
Strawberry or Bramble ; hence the names of Straw-
berry Elite and Strawberry Spinach. Plants may
be raised from seeds in any ordinary garden soil.
The genus is referred to Chenopodium by some
botanists.

Principal Species : —

capitatum, 1' to 2', My., virgatum, 2', My., Sep.,

Aug., gru. grn.

maritimum, 1' to 2', My.,

Aug., grn.

BLOOD.

Animal blood is valuable as a fertiliser, and may
be applied beneficially to Vines and fruit trees.
It contains about twenty per cent, of solid matter,
and the remainder water. It is chiefly used in
a dry state as manure, and may be mixed with
soil for forming fruit borders, and for light top-
dressings.

BLOOM.

The name popularly given to the coloured corolla
of flowers, or to the whole inflorescence of a plant.
It is also applied to the waxy excretion on the cheek
of the Plum, the black Grape, or the Cucumber,
whose appearance is greatly enhanced by the
retention of the bloom in perfect condition. The
true flowers of a plant, however, are not the popular
coloured corolla, but the collection of reproductive
organs whicli it encloses, and to effect whose
fertilisation the bright appearance and nectaries
attract various insects.

BLOOMERIA.

Half-hardy bulbous plants (ord. Liliacesc) allied
to Brevoortia and Stropholirion. They answer to
the same treatment as the hardy, ornamental
Alliums. There 'are only two species — aurea, 1',
July, golden yellow (syn. Nothoscordum aureum) ;
and Cleveland!!, which is much like aurea, but
more slender.

BLUMENBACHIA.

Erect or twining herbs (ord. Loaseai) covered
with bristly and mostly, if not always, stinging
hairs. Most of them are half-hardy annuals, but
some are perennials. They are allied to Loasa, and

Jilister (sen Peach).
Jiluodrout (see Sawjuinaria).
Jilti-ebells (see Sellla nntans).
Blueberry (see Vaccinium Myrtillus).

though the flowers may be pretty or interesting
j they are bad to handle. Propagation is by
| seeds in a frame, and the seedlings afterwards
| planted out. Any well drained, friable garde u
| soil will suit.

Principal Species : —

insignis, 1', Jy. to Nov., half-hdy., wh., red.
The stems elongate and trail upon the ground (syn.
Loasa palmata).

lateritia, 20', My. to Sep., halMidy. per., red
, (syns. Loasa lateritia, L. coccinea, and L. auran-
tiaca). Requires support, and is handsome on a
low fence.

multitida, 1', Jy. to Nov., lialt'-hdy. ami., greenish,
red, and yel. ; close to insignis.

Other Species : —

chuquitensis, Jy., Sep., coronata, 1'.', Jy., Sep.,
hali'-hdy. el., red, yel. lialt'-lidy. ~ bieii. (syn.

contorta, li', Jy., Sop., Uaiophora corouata).

half-hdy. aim., or. red,
gru.

[NOTE. — For Blumenbachiaof KoelerseeSoRGHUM.]

BOBARTIA.

Half-hardy or greenhouse herbs (ord. Iridese),

with a fibrous rhizome, or in one case having the

rootstock thickened and resembling a corm. The

| leaves are slender. Flowers in one or several

; terminal spikes. Propagation is effected by seeds,

j and by division of the rhizomes or rootstock in

j spring. Fibrous loam, with sufficient sand to

make it relatively light and porous, suits. Like

many other South African members of the order,

the Bobartias are nearly hardy, but require the

protection of a cool greenhouse or frame in winter.

Principal Species : —

aphylla, 1', half-hdy., pur. (*//». Marica fili-

wh. , pur. (sijn. Marica fonnis).

aphylla). gladiuta, 2', Je., half-

aurantiaca (see Homeria Inly., yel. (*.</«. Murica

aurautiaca). gliuliata) .

filiformis, 1', half-hdy., spiithauea, 9", Je., half-
hdy., yel.

BOCCONIA. (PLUME POPPY.)

Handsome herbaceous plants or shrubs (ord.
Papaveracere), the herbaceous species being very
ornamental in the flower garden, and the shrubs
pleasing in the greenhouse or conservatory. The
herbaceous species are propagated by seeds or
division in spring ; and the greenhouse ones by
cuttings taken off with a heel in late spring and
struck in gentle heat under glass. The herbaceous
liocconias like a rich, heavy soil ; the others need
one of a rich but lighter character.

Principal Species : —

cordata, 9', Jy., buff. A handsome plant, which
is very decorative at the back of the border, or in
clumps on grass (si/ns. japonica and Macleaya
cordiita yedoensis or jedoensis).

microcarpa, 9', Jy., bronzy. Resembles the pre-
ceding, but is of even finer colouring.

Other Species : —

frutesccus, 5', Sep., grh., intogrifolia, H', Sep., i^rli.,
greenish. greenish.

BCEA or B./EA.

Greenhouse perennials (urd. Gesneracese) of con-
siderable decorative value, but very rarely met
with. They are propagated by seeds sown in
spring, in heat. A rich friable loam, with a third
of leaf soil added, suits them.

Boebera

( 129)

Boletus

Principal Species :—
clarkeana, t>", sum., grh.

ferruginea. <>", sum., st.
hvgrnmetrica, (>", sum., grh., pale bl.

BCEBERA.

A small genus of Composites (ord. Compositse),
by must authorities referred to Dysodia, with small
or medium sized beads of yellow flowers, and
deeply divided leaves. Annuals increased by seeds,
pnviiriials by division. Light sandy loam and leaf
mould will suit them.

Principal Species :—

chrysaiithcnmiil.'s, U', inoana, 1-i', Nov., grh.
Oct., Inly. aim. (»•//«. Dysodia pubes-

ceus) .

BCEHMERIA.

.Mostly tall herbs (onl. Urticacea?), notable for
the libre in their stems, used for textile purposes.
The most important is the China Grass or Rhea
fibre plant (nivea). They are propagated by
division, and the hardy ones are of easy cultivation
in any garden soil.

Principal Species : —

(•ylimlrica, 4', Je., Aug.,

Inly., grn.

c-li'ti'jatu, 4', Inly., grn.
latenflora (set- cylindrical).
nivea c'itndioaiis, 6', hdy.,

grn.

ramittora, Feb. to My.,

st. shr., grn.
rubesceus («•« Villebrunea

rubescens) .
tonaciasima (sec nivea

candicaus) .

BOILERS.

IV. -d for the purpose of heating glass structures,
the boiler being the receptacle which holds the
water and is brought into direct contact with the
lire Since the introduction of hot water for

PLAIN SADDLE BOILER.

heating purposes, boilers have received careful
attention at the hands of engineers, with the
result that many powerful and ingenious con-
trivances are now in use. In all the improvements
made, the main idea has been to expose as much of
the surface of the boiler to the fire as possible. To
effect this purpose, tubular boilers, composed of a
series of tubes holding water, have come largely into
use. The capacity of a boiler is dependent on the
amount of surface space exposed to the fire.

Horizontal Boilers. —These apparatuses are fixed
horizontally with the fire space, mostly under-
neath, and fed from the front. The plain
saddle, having horseshoe sha]>ed, open ends with a
lire cavity underneath, is the simplest form of
horizontal boiler ; but it has undergone many im-
provements, in the way of waterway ends, ret.urn
fines through the crown, and water tubes substi-
tuted for the phain sides and crown. Saddle
9

boilers of different sizes are suitable for heating
both small and large structures. A powerful
horizontal boiler is the Cornish Trentham, which
is like a large cylinder, with the fire in the centre
of the boiler. It is excellent for heating long
ranges.

Upright Boilers. — These are mostly made on the
tubular principle, and are fixed perpendicularly.
Powerful appliances of this kind are used for the
heating of long ranges of piping, and are generally
fed from the top by means of a funnel.

Independent Boilers. — Not the least important
among boilers are the appliances made for heating

SADDLE BOILER WITH WATERWAY ENDS.

the small greenhouses and conservatories of
amateur gardeners, and in the making of these
a large amount of ingenuity is displayed. Of
these apparatuses there is a great number on the
market, made on different plans but with-, the
same objects in view. They are fixed in position
without the need of stoke-holes or brickwork, and
may be readily removed. They are so arranged as
to burn and maintain heat for a long time without
much attention, while they effect the purpose of
warming a small house adequately, without the
danger of the water boiling and turning into steam.
To meet the requirements of the amateur still
further, heating apparatuses on the boiler prin-
ciple are made, for the working of which oil and
gas are used as fuel, and they are suitable for
warming very small structures. Though the
simplest of boilers do their work satisfactorily if
properly fixed, the improvements on the types are
quicker in action, and generally more economical
in the way of fuel. (See a/so HEATING.)

BOLETUS.

A genus of some forty-one British species of fungi
(ord. Fungi), with the habit of an Agaricus or
Mushroom, but differing remarkably in the form
of the hymenium or spore-bearing surface. This
ronsi.-ts of numerous slender tubes, open at the
round or angular mouth, and closely packed, but
readily separable from one another. The spores
are produced on the inner face of these tubes.
The species grow upon the ground, and are mostly
edible, but a few poisonous. The latter may
readily be distinguished by the red mouth of the
tubes. Although experts eat the greater number
of the species, only a very few are in any way
popular. Some of the most highly appreciated are
edulis, lutens, fragnuis, impolitus, aistivalis, and
scaber.

(sec Menyanlhi'x tfifuliata).

llitylitii a */v Mtiiyatt
Jioldea (see Peiiiuui).

Boleum

( 130

Bonatea

BOLEUM.

A pleasing shrub (ord. Crnciferse) for the rock
garden. It is of evergreen habit. The only
species is aspernm, which grows nearly 1' high,
and has cream-coloured flowers. It is propagated
from seeds sown under glass in spring, or from
cuttings struck under a frame or handlight in
summer. It can be grown in a light soil, but
should not be planted where cold winds will strike
upon it.

BOLTING.

The term used in connection with the premature
running to seed of certain vegetables, chiefly of
the Brassica tribe. This condition is generally

BOMAREA OLIGAXTHA

brought about by a shallow root run, hot dry soil,
abnormally high temperatures, or unseasonable
sowing of seeds. Bolted Lettuces may be econom-
ically disposed of by cooking and serving as
Spinach, for which they form a very good sub-
stitute.

BOLTONIA.

Handsome border flowers (ord. Compositse), and
valued for cutting. Hardy herbaceous perennials.
Propagation is by division in spring or autumn, or
by seeds sown in the open or in a frame in spring.
Any good soil, such as is suitable for other border
Hewers, will do. Asteroides and its variety decur-
rens like a moist, and the others a dry, soil.

Principal Species : —

asteroides, 4' or more, Jy., wh. or pk. A fine
plant with pleasing coloured foliage.

— decurrens, 4' or more, Jy., pale vio. The
largest flowered and most ornamental of the genus.

Holivaria.(»ee Menodora).
Bollea (see Zyyofetalum).

Other Species : —

diffusa, 4', Aug., wh. latisquama, 3' to 5', Aug.,

bl. vio.

BOMAREA.

A genus of plants allied to Alstromeria (orrl.
Arnaryllidere), differing from the latter chiefly
by their twining habit. The long, twining stems
are furnished with smooth, slightly fleshy leaves.
Propagation is effected by seeds, offsets, and
division of the fleshy, fibrous rootstock. They
delight in a light and dry soil, such as sandy loam,
or sandy loam and peat, well drained ; but are other-
wise not fastidious. Most of them may be grown
very cool, even in a cold frame during winter, but
they thrive better and flower more freely in a dry,
moderately warm greenhouse.

Principal Species : —

grn., crim., tubers
eaten (*I/H. Alstromeria
oculata).

oligantha, 8', grh., red,
yel.

patacoeneis, 8', grh.,
car., ro. Umbels large.
Flowers 2" long.

Salsilla, 5' , My, , Jy . , grh . ,
red pur. (»•//«. Alstro-
meria oculata, of Hut.
May., 3341).

Shuttleworthii (xee Gar-
den).

Williamsiip, 6', St., ro.
spot pur.

acutifolia, 6', Aug., Oct.,
grh., red, yel., grn.
(SI/H. Alstromeria acu-
tifolia).

— aurea, 6', Aug., Oct.,
grh., red, yel., grn.

— ehrehnbergiana, 6',
Aug., Oct., red, yel.

— maculata, 6', Aug.,
Oct., red, gru.

Garden, 8', grh., ro.
spotted. A noble plant
with umbels 1' to 2'
across (syn. Shuttle-
worthii).

edulis, 6', Je., Jy., grh.,

Other Species : —

conferta (see patacoensis).
frondea, 8', grh., light

yel. spot.
Kalbreyeri, 8', grh., or.

BOMBAX.

Mostly tall trees (ord. Malvaceae), requiring
stove heat. Leaves ornamental. The flowers are
solitary or in clusters, small, and white or red.
Propagation is accomplished by cuttings getting
firm at the base, inserted in sand, and placed in a
propagating case. Good, fibrous loam and a dash
of sand will meet their requirements in the matter
of soil. They should have a moist atmosphere in
a tall stove or warm conservatory if required to
show anything of their natural development.

Principal Species : —

rosea, 3', Je., hdy., red
grn., yel.

sororia, 6', grh., ro. spot-
car.

vitelliua, C', grh., of. yel.

Ceiba, 100', pale red (xyu.
quiuatum) .

Other Species : —
globosum, 60', st.
heptaphyllum (see mala-

bancum).

malabaricum, 60', sc. (syn.

heptaphyllum) .
septeuatum, 50', wh.

quiuatum (fee Ceiba).

BONATEA.

A genus of two or three erect, stout stemmed,
terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidacea?). They an1
allied to Habenaria, and have leafy stems, un-
divided root tubers, and large, showy flowers.
Propagation is effected by division of the tubers.
Loam and peat in equal proportions, with sand,
make a suitable compost. They should be grown

liooilijx neustria. (Lackey Moth, see Apple
Enemies).

Bones

( 131 )

Bordeaux Mixture

in :i cool pit, greenhouse, or Heath house, and
treated similarly to Disas.
Principal Species :—

.-peeiosn, 2', Aug., grn., wh.

BONES.

In various forms and various sizes, bones form
one of the most valuable fertilisers the gardener
can command. Their fertilising properties are
chiefly due to phosphate of lime entering largely
into their composition, ranch in the same way as it
does into vegetable tissue generally. Bones re-
dueed to the fine powder called bonemeal are
readily assimilated by the roots of plants, and
influence to a marked extent the resulting growth.
Sown in the trenches with Peas of either the
sweet or culinary type the material is invaluable ;
while for grass lawns a dressing of 4 or 5 ounces
per square yard repays the initial cost many times
ever in the increased wealth of green herbage pro-
duced. Half or quarter inch bones are frequently
mixed with the soil of Vine or other fruit borders,
and, being less soluble than bonemeal, provide the
occupants with a reserve of food to draw on as
occasion demands. What was almost an epidemic
among Chrysanthemums, resulted from puttino-
bones over the crocks a few years ago ; they became
putrid. Superphosphate of lime, which is a well-
known fertiliser for all garden and field crops, may
be prepared by mixing sixteen parts of bonemeal,
twelve parts of Oil of Vitriol, and twelve parts of
water, all by weight, and leaving for at least a day
and night before using; but it is more economical
to buy the fertiliser.

BONGARDIA.

Hauwolfii is the only species of this genus in
gardens. It is a pretty tuberous perennial (ord
Berberideas), .but suffers much from continued
wet in winter, and is thus not quite hardy, unless
covered with glass or a slate at that season. It
grows about (>" high, has yellow flowers, requires a
sandy soil, and is propagated by division or seeds
(*yn. Leontice altaica).

BONNAYA.

Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, closely
allied to Torenia (ord. Scrophularineae), and re-
quiring stove culture. The annuals and biennials
are increased by seeds, the perennials by cuttings.
For soil, use good loam, leaf mould, and sand, in
pots and baskets.

Principal Species :—
brachycarpa, Je., st. veronicrfolia, 6", Aug

:"'»., vio. st. bieii., pk.

reptaue, 6", Jy., st. per.,

bl.

BONNETIA.

Stove trees (ord. Ternstnomiacese), with ever-
green foliage and flowers in clusters towards the
top of the branches, or in terminal panicles. Prop-
agation may be accomplished by cuttings of
matured shoots in sand in a propagating case.
Loam, peat, and sand make a suitable compost.

Principal Species :—
sessilis, I"/, st., pur.

BONPLANDIA.

A genus of one species, a small sub-shrub (ord.

Polemoniacerc)- The species ( ireininiflora ) lias been

Bonapartea of Ruiz and J'anm (tec Ti/'nntfuin).

badly treated. It has been described as Galipea
and Caldasia heterophylla. It has violet flowers
but is very rarely seen in cultivation. Propagation
by seeds and cuttings. Soil, loam and leaf soil in
equal parts, with sand.

BORAGE.

The leaves of this annual plant (Borago officinalis
ord. Boraginea;) are used in salads or in the same
way as Spinach when young. The flowers and
leaves are employed tor giving an aromatic flavour
to liquors. Seeds should be sown at intervals to
keep up the supply. March, July, and September
are all suitable seasons for the respective crops
varied a little for early or late districts. The
seeds ought to be sown on a warm, well-draine 1
border in drills about 1' apart. Thin out the young
plants to 10" or 12" apart.

BORAGO (.syn. BOEKAOO).

Hardy perennial or annual plants (ord. Bora-
ginefc), not much grown, with the exception of
officinalis, which is a good bee plant. The species
are propagated by seeds or division, and thrive in
common soil, but do best on that which is dry and
rather stony. The most useful is officinalis, 3'
August, blue, an annual. Others are laxiflora, 1','
July, blue, hardy perennial ; and longifolia, 1', Jnlv'
blue, an annual.

BORASSUS (syn. LOSTANUS).

A tropical genus (ord. Palmaj) of tall, handsome
Palms with huge leaves. They are not much
grown in this country, as they need large
houses. They require a stove temperature, and
may be propagated by seeds in brisk bottom heat
The soil should consist of three parts of loam, one
part of well rotted cow manure, and sand. The
flowers are of one sex onlv, and the male and
female flowers are borne "upon different plants
(dioecious). The only species is flabellifer,
30', which has enormous, nearly circular, leaves,
with a great number of stout midribs. It is very
rarely seen in cultivation, and is remarkable for it's
curiously bulging stem (tyn». flabelliformis and
sethiopicum).

BORBONIA.

Ornamental greenhouse evergreen Cape shrubs
(ord. Leguminosio), with yellow flowers, usually
appearing in July. Tips of the half-ripened
shoots root easily if taken in spring, and placed
under a bell-glass in a cool shaded house. Peat
and loam in equal parts, with sand, form a suitable
compost. Free drainage is essential, and, like
other free-flowering hard-wooded subjects, the
plants require plenty of water in summer. Firm
potting is advisable.

Principal Species : —
barbata, 3' to 4', Jy.

Other Species :—
cordata, 3' to 6', Jy.
lauceolata, 2' to 3', Jy.

erenata, 3' to C', Jy.

ruscifolia, 2' to 4', Jy.
undulata, 4', Jy., yel.

BORDEAUX MIXTURE.

A valuable fungicide, first used in the Vine-
growing districts of Bordeaux as a destroyer of
mildew. It is largely used for the spraying of
Potatoes, to prevent and check disease. It is
excellent for other fungoid diseases, such as leaf
curl in Teaches, rust on Chrysanthemums, Tomato
diseases, mildew, and orange rust on Roses.

Borders

Borecole or Kale

Preparation.— One Ib. sulphate of copper (blue-
stone) ; dissolved in a little hot water. One Ib.
quicklime ; dissolved in cold water. Pour together
when cool and add 10 gallons of water. If 1 Ib.
of common treacle is dissolved with the lime as it
slacks in the water, the mixture adheres better.
Stir thoroughly and apply with a spraying appa-
ratus, or a syringe with a spraying nozzle attached.
By this means a misty spray is obtained, and a
thin, greenish blue sediment is deposited on the
foliage. Bordeaux Mixture will keep for some
time if covered, to prevent air having free access
to the surface. It should be mixed and kept in a
wooden vessel. Being poisonous to some extent,
it should not be applied to edible fruits within a
few weeks of the time of gathering.

BORDERS.

The term "border" is applied to a portion of
land used for growing fruit, flowers, or vegetables,
and whose total length considerably exceeds its
width. The name is also sometimes given to a
row of plants used as an edging.

Fruit borders are generally formed beneath high
walls, on which the fruit trees are trained, the
ground at their base being often planted with
vegetables. Controversy has raged fiercely as to
the merits and demerits of sub-cropping fruit
borders in this manner, but the general consensus
of opinion seems to be that, provided the secondary
crop is quick growing and shallow rooting, no harm
is done, but on the contrary the fruit trees benefit
by the frequent applications of manure which are
dug into the border for the assistance of the inter-
lopers. The practice may easily do harm, however.
The fruit border should be thoroughly drained, and
have plenty of 4" or J" bones incorporated with
the soil, besides which, occasional top-dressings of
some of the well-known fruit fertilisers should be
given annually. A path 1' wide, which may be
made of ashes, should run parallel with the wall at
about 18" from it, which will give ready access to
the trees for pruning, nailing, or gathering the fruit.

Vine borders are of three descriptions, viz., in-
side, inside and out, and outside. Controversy has
here again been busy as to the relative merits of
these, some enthusiasts holding strongly by the
inside border, while other ardent viticulturists
declare in favour of outside ones. (See VINES.)

Herbaceous borders are invaluable in a large
garden, and may be so planted as to furnish
supplies of flowers almost the whole year round.
Many of their occupants are very strong growers,
and become rank and weedy unless taken up,
divided, and replanted every three years. Weakly
plants may often be restored to health by removing
the flowers before these open for one season.
This will relieve the plant of a great strain and
allow it an opportunity of recuperating. {See
ALPINES, HERBACEOUS, etc.)

Ribbon borders are so called when their occu-
pants run in lines or ribbons ; a practice often
followed with summer bedding plants. (See
BEDDING OUT.)

BORECOLE OP KALE.

Description. — Useful green vegetables (Brassica
oleracea nmbriata, ord. Cruciferaa), yielding edible
leaves and tender shoots liberally during the
winter and spring. They are extremely hardy,
and frequently survive when other Winter Greens
are cut down by severe frost. Some of. the

varieties produce coloured leaves, and are de-
cidedly ornamental.

Propagation. — From seeds sown in beds of light
soil outdoors at the end of March and early in
April. Prick out the seedlings, and transplant in
June and July, 2' apart, in rows 2^' asunder.

Soil. — A very rich soil is not advised, or the
plants are apt to make rank growth, which fre-
quently suffers in the winter. If the soil is firm
and holding it will be better for the plants.

Other Cultural Points. — If put out in showery
weather, or well watered in, growth will be strong

; CassdL tt- Co., Ltd.

BOKECOLE STOKKIES' ALBINO.

and sturdy. Borecole may be planted as late as
any of the Winter Greens, and follow a previous
crop, like early Peas. Plants may also be grown
between rows of second early Potatoes, planted 2J'
apart. The Greens are useful till flowering com-
mences in the spring.

Enemies. — Slugs, small birds, and flea beetle
(Haltica nemorum) play havoc with young seed-
lings as soon as they appear above the ground,
and prompt preventive measures must be taken.
Dustings of lime, soot, and fine road dust, when
the seedlings are damp with dew, are good checks
on slugs and " flea." Birds, which take seeds
before they germinate as well as after, should be
prevented by placing wire hoops in the ground,
and stretching garden netting over the beds.

Club root (see CABBAGE ENEMIES).

Caterpillar (see CABBAGE CATERPILLAR).

Gall Weevil (see CABBAGE ENEMIES).

Varieties : —

Asparagus Kale, useful in the spring.

Dwarf Curled Scotch, compact, hardy.

Improved Hearting, centre leaves incurved.

Storries' Albino (see figure).

Variegated or Garnishing, coloured foliage, vary-
ing wh., grn., pk., and crim.

Boronia

( 133 )

Botrychium

BORONIA.

Description. — Dwarf :iml elegant shrubs (ord. Ru-
taee;r), usually with very thin and wiry branches,
and fine, fibrous roots. Most of them need a
greenhouse temperature. Of the species named
below — heteropliylla, elatior, and megastigma are
very popular plants. All are fragrant to some
extent, but megastigma is especially noticeable for
its powerful perfume. From a decorative point
of view heteropliylla is the most valuable.

Propagation. — By cuttings, about 2" in length'
of tips of the side shoots, inserted in summer in
very sandy soil, in a cold frame, and covered with
a bell-glass. No artificial heat is needed, but the
bell-glasses must be frequently lifted off and the
moisture wiped from them, otherwise the cuttings
will damp.

Soil. — 1'eat and loam in equal proportions, with
one-sixth of silver sand, and a little crushed
charcoal.

Other Cultural Points.— Like all New Holland
plants, Boronias are very impatient of drought.
Lack of water they should never be allowed to feel.
Nor must they be kept very wet, and thus plentv of
drainage, and rather small pots, are advisable.
The young cuttings should not be given large
shifts, a G" pot being quite sufficient for a good
specimen. During the growing season, pinching
must be practised several times to induce a bushy
habit. The plants benefit considerably by a
sojourn in the open air from the end of July until
the beginning of September, or until "frosts
threaten. Afterwards they should be given a
light and cool, but not draughty, position in the
greenhouse. The only stimulants to be recom-
mended are weak soot water and liquid cow
manure.

Principal Species :—

elatior. 4', My., ro. car.,

fragrant.

heterophylla, 3', My., ro.
megastigma, H', spr.,

Other Species : —

alata, '!' to (i', My., ro.
crenulata, 2', Jy., red.
denticulata, 2' to 6', Mch.

to Aug., ro.
— alba, wh.
Fraseri, 2', My., pk. (si/n.

anemonifolia).
ledifolia, 1^', Mch., red.

maroon, yel., very
fragrant.

serrulata, 1' to 6', Je., ro.,
fragrant, bushy.

pinnata, 2', Feb., My.,

pk.
polygalifolia, 1 ' to 3',

Mch., Jy., red.
pulchella, 1' to 3.}', My.,

pur. (syn. tetrandra).
triphylla (xrr ledifolia).
viminea, pk.

BORRERIA.

Stove sub-shrubs or herbs (ord. Rubiacese), some-
times placed under Spermacoce. The perennials
may be increased by cuttings placed in heat, and
the annuals by seeds sown, also in heat, in spring.
Equal parts of loam and leaf soil, with sand, suit
the plants.

Principal Species : —

strirta. very close to verticillata.
verticillata, 2', Jy., wh.

BOSCIA.

An obscure genus of stove plants (ord. Cappari-
de:e), propagated by cuttings of the ripened
shoots in spring in brisk bottom heat, and re-
quiring equal parts of fibrous loam and pent, with
free drainage. Senegalensis, 3', summer, white, is

an evergreen shrub, with flowers in which the
petals are lacking.

BOSSI/EA.

Australian shrubs (ord. Leguminosa?) requiring
a greenhouse temperature in this country. They
are rarely met with under cultivation, although
several of them are elegant subjects. Propagation
is by cuttings of tips of the half-ripened shoots
taken in spring, and placed under a bell-glass in a
cool house, or by seeds sown in spring on a gentle
hotbed. Equal parts of sand and peat suit the
cuttings ; and equal parts of fibrous loam, peat,
leaf mould, and sand the established plants. Like
all hard-wooded plants, the fine roots resent
drought, and the plants should never be allowed
to be dry. Fairly firm potting is advisable.

Principal Species : —

cinerea, 1' to 3', My., yel. linophylla, 1' to 4', Jy. to

(syns. cordifolia and Aug., or., pur.

tenuicaulis). ornata, 1' to 2', Ap. (syn.

disticha, H' to 2', Mch. to Lalage ornata).

My., yel., red. rhombifolia, 1'to 3', Ap.,
yel. (syn. lenticularis).

Other Species : —

ensata (see riparia). prostrata, 6", Aug., yel.

eriocarpa, 1', My., yel. riparia, 1' to 2', Ap.,yel.

heterophylla, 1' to 2', Sep. rufa, 6', Aug., pur. (syn.

(syns. B. lanceolate,, ensata).

Platylobium lanceola- — foliosa, 1' to 3', My.,

turn, and P. ovatura). Je.,yel.,or.(syH.foliosa).

microphylla, 1' to 2', scolopendria, Plank

spiny. Plant, 3' to 10', My.,

liunasoides (see prostrata). yel., br. red.

EOSWELLIA. (OLIBANUM TBEE.)

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Burseracese), chiefly
noteworthy for their economic properties. Thev
may be increased readily by cuttings dibbled in
sand and placed in a warm propagating frame,
and thrive subsequently in loam and peat in equal
proportions, with a little sand.

Principal Species : —
glabra (see serrata). serrata, 20', sum., wh.,

yel.
BOTHY.

A residence provided in private establishments
for the accommodation of under gardeners. A
bothy usually consists of sleeping and living
rooms. The accommodation provided for young
gardeners has improved considerably of late
years.

BOTRYCERAS.

An obscure genus (ord. Anacardiaceaa) of dios-
cious plants with flowers. Synonyms of it are
Daphnitis, Laurophyllus, and Laurophillus. The
plants do well in a greenhouse in a mixture of peat,
loam, and sand, and may be increased by cuttings
under a hand-light.

Only Species : —
laurinum, 4', Je., wh., grn.

BOTRYCHIUM. (MOONWORT.)
A genus (ord. Filices) of so-called " flowering "
Kerns. All are hardy, with the exception of
daucifolium, and easy to grow. They are increased
by spores. A mixture of sandy loam and leaf soil
suits them well, and they like partial shade. A
position in a sheltered nook in the rockery is very
much to their liking.

Bottom Heat.

( 134 )

Bouvardia

Principal Species : —

Lunaria, The Common Moonvvort, fertile fronds,
4" to 5" ; sterile fronds, 2" to 3".

ternatum. fertile fronds, ti" to 12" ; sterile
fronds, 4" to 12". There are several varieties; see
second list.

virginianum, fertile and sterile fronds, 6" to 18".
This species requires a little protection in win. in
very bleak situations. Lanuginosum is a very
woolly var.

Other Species :—
australe, a geographical obliquum, a var. of ter-

var. of ternatum. natuui.

daucifolium, 9" to 18", subcaruosum (ace dauci-

grh. (*?/«. subcaniosum). folium),

limarioides, a var. of

tematum.

BOTTOM HEAT.

Now generally supplied to plants by hot-water
pipes, but the old-fashioned manure pit or hotbed
with its warm, moist, growing atmosphere is still
a power to be reckoned with. (See Hotbeds and
Heating.) Bottom heat is applied to start plants
or seeds into growth, and to cause cuttings to
emit roots ; and should, as a general rule, be about
5" higher than the temperature of the surrounding
atmosphere.

BOUCEROSIA.

Succulent greenhouse perennials (ord. Ascle-
piadeas), closely allied to Stapelia, and needing
similar cultural attention. The plants flower
freely, and the flowers are very fleshy, strongly
reflexed, and of a curious appearance, with strong
markings. The stems and branches are four-
sided, and the acute angles with which they are
furnished are more or less spiny.

Principal Species : —

europasa, 4", sum., pur., br., yel. (sym. Apter-
anthes gussoniana and Stapelia gussoniana).

maroccana, 4", sum., red pur. with yel. concentric
markings.

BOUCHEA.

Stove and greenhouse herbs and sub-shrubs (ord.
Verbenaceie), very rarely met with in cultivation,
iind of no great value. They may be increased by
cuttings under glass in spring in a gentle heat, and
need a compost of loam and peat.

Principal Species :—

cuneifolia, 4', Ap., wh., grh. shr. (syn. Chascanum
cuneifolium).

pseudo-gervao, 2' to 5', Sep., pur. wh. throat, st.

BOUGAINVILLE A.

Description, — Showy shrubby climbers (ord.
Nyctaginese), requiring a warm greenhouse or stove
temperature. The flowers are small and green, but
the bracts are large and showy, and are commonly
regarded as the real flowers. The plants are of
very easy culture, and once they attain maturity
flower regularly and well each year.

Propagation. — By cuttings of tips of the half
ripened wood inserted in very sandy soil in brisk
bottom heat in a close frame.

Soil. — The bulk should be of good loam, with a
sixth part each of leaf soil and rough grit or sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Bougainvilleas may be

Bol.ryodendruni (sue Meryta}.
liottte tiinird (see Lagetuiria).

grown either in pots or planted out in specially
prepared borders. Pot culture is not to be recom-
mended, however, for the tied-in shoots are stiff
and formal, although they may flower well. The
border may have a total depth of 2', of which G"
should be drainage. The main branches should
be trained to the roof, and the smaller shoots
allowed to hang down with their burden of flowers.
There is a close similarity between the treatment
required by Bougainvilleas and that given to Vines,
viz. plenty of water during the growing season,
less in the autumn, and very little, if any, in the
winter. The pruning consists in closely spurring
back each autumn the shoots made during the
previous summer. Like Vinos, also, a little dis-
budding is needed in spring when the young
growths begin to push. Frequent syringing will
help the swelling buds considerably. Liquid
manure may be given in the growing season,
but the roots must not be excited by stimulants
during the resting period.

The most troublesome insect pests are mealy bug
and thrips, but they may be kept under by the
remedies which will be advised under their names.

Principal Species : —
glabra, sum., bright ro.

— Coker Court var.

— sanderiuiia, sum., ro.,
very free, good for sub-
tropical bedding.

larger than those of
glahra.

— superba, sum., rich
ro., very large, the
finest of all.

speciosa (.•>•« spcctabilis). — variegata.

spectabilis, lil, ro., bracts

Other Species : —

refulgens, sum., St., pur., mauve.

BOUSSINGAULTIA.

Half-hardy plants (ord. Chenopodiacese) with
tuberous roots, pretty, but little known. They
may be propagated by the tubercles, which are
borne in numbers upon the stems. They like a
light, rich soil, and a well-drained position, where
they can get plenty of sun. This especially applies
to baselloides.

Principal Species : —

baselloides, 2' to 8', aut., wh. passing to blk.,
fragrant. An elegant little trailing plant, doing
best in a grh.

cordata, very close to baselloides.

Lachaumei, St., ro.

BOUVARDIA.

Description. — Evergreen shrubs (ord. Rubiacese)
requiring the temperature of a warm greenhouse.
The flowers are very freely produced, and of bright
and varied hues. Bouvardias are commonly grown
as winter flowering plants, and they are among the
most useful and easily grown subjects available for
the purpose. They may also be utilised as summer
bedders, flowering profusely towards the end of the
summer. Few of the species, with the exception
of Humboldtii corymbiflora and triphylla, are to
be met with in cultivation, but there are many
beautiful hybrids, for which see special list.

Propagation. — By cuttings of the young shoots
taken off in spring with a heel of the old wood.
After the plants have finished flowering they should
be cut hard back, placed in heat, and frequently
syringed. They will then break freely into growth,
and furnish plenty of cuttings, which are best taken
off when they are about 2" long. A gentle bottom
heat, and an atmospheric temperature of <iOc, will
ensure quick rooting. Also by root cuttings.

Bowenia

( 135 )

Brachysema

Divisions having two or three good eyes quickly
root if placed iu conditions similar to the top-
cuttings.

Soil. — Two parts of loam, two parts of leaf soil,
and one part of decomposed cow manure, with
plenty of sand.

Other Cultural Points. — As soon as the cuttings
are rooted they should be grown steadily on in
gentle heat. Several shifts will be required, hut in
no case should a big shift be given. Pinching must
he resorted to in order to induce a bushy growth.
Syringing is beneficial in the earlier stages, but
unnecessary in the later. Old plants may be shaken
out of the soil, after the pruning, and grown on
for an indefinite number of years if desired. Or
they may be planted out in prepared borders and
lifted and potted in the autumn. After flowering
is complete the plants should be partially dried oil,
to ripen the wood prior to the annual pruning.

The chief insect pests which attack the cuttings
are thrips and red spider, and light fumigations
must be given. Mealy bug and green fly attack
the older plants, in addition to the two first named
l«-.-t s. Dusting with tobacco powder is a deterrent
to the lly.

Principal Species : —
augustii'olia, 2', Sep., pale

red.

tlavu, II', Hch., yel.
Hnmboldtii corymbiflorn,

:!', uut., win., wh.,

largo and sweet.

jasmim'flora, 2', win., wh.,

sweet.

leiantha, 2', Jy., Xov., sc.
longiflora (we Houstonia

longiflora).
triphylla, 2' to y, sc. (gyn.

Jacquiui).

multiflora (see Cavanil-

lesii).
versicolor, 2' to 3', Jy.,

Sep., sc., yel.

Other Species : —
Cavuuillcsii. IV. My., red

(,^////. multiflora).
hirtclla, pk. or red.
Juuquini (xcr triphylla).

Garden Hybrids a Selection : —

* Alfred Xeuner, double lougiflora flammea, blush

wh. or flesh pk.
Brilliant, crim.
*l)a/xler, sc.

"Hogarth, sc.
Hogarth ttore pleno, sc.

* Maiden's Blush, blush ro.
•President Garfield,

double pk.
Purity, wh.
*Vrielandii, wh.
* Select for six varieties.

BOWENIA.

Curious greenhouse plants (ord. Cycadaceas) with
a Kern-like appearance. They are closely allied to
Zamia, and answer to the same treatment as that
accorded to Cycas. Spectabilis has a short, stout,
cylindrical trunk, and the leaflets (pinme) are very
thick and leathery.

BOWIEA (OP HAWORTH).

A rather curious genus of plants (ord. Liliacefe),
with twining stems and a bulbous rootstock. They
are really greenhouse subjects, hut will do out of
doors, except in severe weather. They may be
increased by seeds or offsets, and like a light, well-
drained, rich soil. They do best when planted in
a specially prepared border. Volubilis has thick
and fleshy, but narrow, leaf-like twigs, and is a
graceful-looking plant. Now included under Aloe.

BOX EDGING.

Dwarf plants of Box (liuxus sempervirens snffni-
ticosa) are suitable for forming edging for walks
and flower beds ; but they have some drawbacks, as
they exhaust the soil, and are excellent hiding places

(see Arbour),

for slugs. Small rooted pieces may be planted in the
autumn or early spring against the perpendicular
side of a narrow trench, taken out along the edge
of the walk or bed where the Box is to grow. Box
edges are frequently spoiled by neglect in clipping,
and this operation should be performed in June.
When the edges get sparse they should be lifted,
and the roots divided. Work in a little fresh soil
before replanting.

BRABEIUM. (AFRICAN ALMOND.)
Greenhouse evergreens (ord. Proteacese), thriv-
ing under the same conditions as Ranksias. Stel-
latifolium, 15', August, has white, fragrant flowers.
It is a native of the Cape, where the Natural Order
Proteaceae finds its headquarters.

BRACHYCOME. (SWAX RIVER DAISY.)

Charming little half-hardy annuals or perennials
(ord. Composites) which delight in a sandy soil
and a sunny situation, and are very suitable for
small beds or for edgings or groups in the border.
They can be sown under glass in March and trans-
planted, or in the open in April or May where they
are to bloom. The best-known species is iberidi-
folia, which grows about 1' high, and has
single, Daisy-like, blue or white flowers. There is
also a perennial species for the greenhouse, named
diversifolia. It bears white flowers in May, and is
evergreen ; it is propagated by cuttings or seeds.

BRACHYGLOTTIS.

Half-hardy trees or dwarf shrubs (ord. Com-
posite). Propagation is by seeds and cuttings in
spring. Soil, peat and loam in equal parts, with
sand, and plenty of drainage. Repanda, the only
species, was introduced a few years ago from New
Zealand. It promises to be a good seaside tree
for the south coast.

BRACHYLJENA.

Evergreen greenhouse shrubs (ord. Composite)
closely related to Baccharis. Natives of South
Africa. Propagated by cuttings of the half-
matured shoots in sandy soil, in a close frame. A
mixture of peat and loam, with sand, is a suitable
compost for the older plants.

Principal Species : —
dentata, sum. , yel. , foliage iieriuf olia, 2 ' , Aug. , Nov. ,

rusty when young. yel.

BRACHYOTUM.

Evergreen bushy shrubs (ord. Melastomacea;),
propagated by cuttings in heat under a hell-glass,
and succeeding in peat and loam in a stove. Con-
fertum, November, purple, is the only species
introduced.

BRACHYPTERYS.

A little known genus (ord. Malpighiace:e) of
climbing shrubs. They require a stove tempera-
ture, and do well in loim, leaf mould, peat, and
sand.

Principal Species : —

borealis, 6', Jy., yel.

BRACHYSEMA.

Evergreen shrubs (ord. Leguminosae) of climbing
or sub-climbing habit. Latifolium is the best of
the genus, and when well treated it makes an
elegant roof climber. The plants may lie increased
by cuttings of the half-matured shoots in summer,

Brachychiton (see Sterrulia,).

Brachystelma

( 136 )

Brassavola

and these strike readily if inserted in sandy soil
and placed in a propagating frame with bottom
heat. Seeds germinate fairly well if sown in
bottom heat in March. Peat, leaf soil, and loam
in equal parts, with a sixth of the bulk sand, make
an excellent compost. The most important point
is the drainage, which, both for pot specimens and
for those planted out, must be ample.

Principal Species : —

latifolium, Ap., crini., so., undulatuic, Mch., vio.,
cl. sub-cl. (.«/». melaiio-

petalum).

They are propagated by seeds when obtainable.
They like plenty of heat and abundant moisture,
both at the root and in the atmosphere. Soil, two-
thirds loam and one-third decomposed cow manure,
with one-sixth coarse sand.

Principal Species :—
dulcis, grh., petioles

woolly.

BRAINEA.

Handsome Tree Fern (ord. Filices) requiring a
stove temperature. Propagated by spores. Soil,

filamentosa (sett "\V;tsh-
ingtonia filifera).

BKASSAVOLA (L;ELIA) DIOBYANA.

Other Species :—

laiiceolatum, 3', sc., yel., melanopetalum (see un-
wh. dulatum).

BRACHYSTELMA.

Curious and uncommon greenhouse perennials
(ord. Asclepiadese), with twining stems. They
may be increased by cuttings in brisk bottom
heat, and by root division. They like equal parts
of loam, peat, and leaf soil, with sand.

Principal Species: —

Aniottii, 4", br. grn. ovatuin, 1', yel. gru.

Barberia-, 6", Aug., dull pur. spathulatum, 1', Je., gru.
crispum, 6", br. yel. tuberosum, 1J', Je., pur.

BRAHEA.

Dwarf Palms (ord. Palrnse) with fan-shaped
leaves, and small, green, hermaphrodite flowers.

JiracJiytjMtka (see Amorplxipliallus).
Sract a/nd Jiracteofe (see Glossary).
Bralte Fern (nee Pleris ayuilina,).

equal parts of fibrous peat and loam, with sand,
and a few pieces of charcoal. Insignis, the only
species, has fronds 2' to 3' long and 1' broad. An
easy plant to grow.

BRAMBLE (see BLACKBERRY).

BRASENIA.

A small genus (ord. Nyinphseaceae) rarely grown
in this country. It requires the protection of a
frame or greenhouse, and must be planted in a tank
of water. It may be propagated from offsets,
and should be grown in a loamy soil.

Only Species :- —

Schreberi, 3", Jy., red (syw.Hydropeltis purpurea).

BRASSAVOLA.

Description. — The Brassavolas (ord. Orchidacea;)
are interesting, but not very showy, Orchids, and
since the botanists have transferred what were so
long known as 13. digbyana (see figure) and ]!. glauca
to the genus Lselia they have become even less

Brassia

( 137 )

Bredia

popular with cultivators. The several species come i
Iron) tropical America, and have slightly thickened
stems, each bearing one or two still, tliick leaves.
The (lowers are terminal, of moderate size, and
mostly of a green or whitish colour.

Culture. — Given a stove temperature, plenty of
water during the season of active growth, and only
a very occasional watering when at rest, the
Brassavolas are not particular whether grown in
puts in baskets, or on rafts. If the former are
used ample drainage must be afforded ; use peat
witli a little sphagnum moss for compost.

Principal Species : —
cucullutu, (>", Je., jiur., lineata, 1', Feb. to Ap.,

wh. crim., wh.

gram liflora, 1J', Mch., tuberculata, 9", Jy., wh.

wli. (».'/»• gibbsiaua).

Other Species :—
i-onlata, 1', My., wh., elegans (uow Tetramicra

grn. ngida).

ciisiiiilata, <i", Mch., wh. martiaua, 1', Mch., wh.
Perrinii, 1', Sep., gru.

BRASSIA.

Description. — These Orchids (ord. OrchidaceEe)
form a genus of some twenty species, natives of
tropical America. Some species have bright-hoed
flowers, but others are sombre coloured ; all have
blooms with long, narrow segments, and conse-
quently a somewhat spidery appearance. When
well grown, the long, arching spikes, with their two
rows of flowers, are strikingly graceful, and admir-
able for association with other flowers or plants.
Verrucosa is very free flowering.

Culture. — Brassias are readily managed if grown
as, anil with, many of the Oucidiums, giving them
a light position at the warmer end of the inter-
mediate house. Deep pans suit the various species,
provided the drainage is ample ; fibrous peat and
sphagnum moss suffice for compost, but a few
small crocks should be added as potting proceeds.
When at rest, Brassias resent overwatering, but
when in full growth, or flowering, a fairly large
water supply is necessary.

Principal Species : —
uutherotes, IV, My., Je., lawrenceana, 1', Ap., Je.,

yi •!., pur., br. yel. br.

camlata, 1', Feb., My., verrucosa, 1' Mch., My.,

yel. br. grn., yel., br.

keiliaiia, 1', Je., Sep.,

gnu, br., yel.

Other Species :—

biilens, 1', My., br. yel. lanceana, 1', Jan., Sep.,
brachiata, 1', Jy., Sep., yel. br.

yel., gru., br. maculata, 2', My., Je. ,

gireouduina, I',', Je., yel., red., br. (.«/"•

Aug., yel., red. Wrayae).

BRASSICA.

This genus comprises the several green vegetables
that arc grown in gardens for use throughout the
greater part of the year. They are mostly hardy
plants raised from seeds and grown in good soil in
the open ground. Particulars of cultivation will be
found under Borecole, Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts,
Cabbage, Cauliflower, Savoy, Turnip, etc. It is
interesting to notice here that by many generations
of cultivation and selection the wild Brassica
oleracea of the sea shores has given us the white
and red Cabbages. Savoys, Coleworts, Borecole,
Cauliflower, Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, and Jersey
Cabbage — not a bad record for one humble species,
and a tine instance of what may be accomplished
in plant improvement.

BRASSO-CATT-L^LIA.

By compounding three generic titles, the Orchid-
ologists have arrived at the above inelegant name
for conveying to the uninitiated that the Orchid
referred to (ord. Orchidaceie) is a compound hybrid,
or, to coin a phrase, a trigener (trigeneric hybrid).
Brasso-Cattleya lindleyana crossed with Lselio-
Cattleya elegans gave the following hybrid : —

lindleyano-elegans, 1', Dec., blush wh., pur.

BRASSO-CATTLEYA.

This title has been given to an Orchid (ord.
Orchidacese) introduced as Lselia lindleyana, a
natural hybrid between Brassavola tuberculata and
Cattleya intermedia. It is, of course, a purely
artificial genus, and its only member is a bigener
(bigenericj hybrid).

lindleyana, 1', Oct., Jan., wh., ro.

BRA VGA.

Pretty bulbous plants (ord. Amaryllidesc), which
are hardy only in warm districts in sheltered
situations, but are very suitable for cultivating in
a cold frame or cool greenhouse. They should
have a rich, light soil containing some leaf soil and
sand. They are propagated by seeds sown when
ripe, or by offsets. The best is geminiflora, which
has spikes of orange red flowers in July, and is
about 2' in height. The other species are bulliana,
2i', July, white (now Prochnyanthes bulliana) ;
sessiliflora, 2', June, white ; and singuliflora, '&',
Jtdy, greenish white.

BRAY A.

A small group of Alpine Crucifers (ord. C'ruci-
feree). Hardy rock plants.

Principal Species : —

alpina, 8", Ap., Je.,pur., glabella (see alpina).
wh. (nyin. purpurascens purpurascens (see alpiua).
and piatypetala).

BREAK.

When a plant is cut back, side shoots are thrown
out from the lower buds, which action is called
breaking, the resulting shoots being breaks. A
straight-growing stem, e.g. of a Chrysanthemum,
naturally breaks into three or more shoots near its
apex, which is technically called its first break ;
these branches again sub-divide and form the
second break, and so on. A florist's Tulip is
spoken of as "broken" (rectified) when it quits the
"Breeder" stage and assumes its final colours.

BREASTWOOD.

Twiggy shoots of young growth, which spring
at right angles from the front of the main branches
on fruit trees trained as espaliers in the open, or
grown against walls as cordons or trained speci-
mens, are often spoken of as breastwood, though
"foreright shoots" is the correct phrase. The
term is also applied, and more correctly, to the
thin side shoots formed on the main branches of
pyramid and bush trees.

BREDIA.

This shrub (ord. Melastomacese) thrives best in a
compost of loam and peat, with coarse sand, in an
intermediate temperature, and may be propagated
by cuttings in very sandy soil under a bell-glass in
a warm ease.

Only Species : —

hirsuta, 3', Sep., rosy red.

Brazil Nut (fee Jlert/uilletia).
Bread-fruit (see Artocarpus).

Bremontiera

( 138

Brillantaisia

BREMONTIERA.

An evergreen shrub from Mauritius (ord. Legu-
minosa:), that requires the temperature of a stove
for its successful culture. Cuttings inserted in
sand under a bell-glass in bottom heat root freely.

Only Species : —

Ammoxylon, 3^', Ap., pur.

BREVOORTIA.

Ida-Maia is the only species in this genus (ord.
Liliace;e), and even this plant is better known
under its old name of BrodiEea coccinea. It is

BHEVOOIITIA IDA-MAIA, BETTER KNOWN AS
BKODIJEA COCCINEA.

increased by offsets, which are thrown off freely by
healthy bulbs. It likes a sunny, well-drained
position with light, rich soil, and should not be
disturbed oftener than every three or four years.
The flowers are red, tipped with green, and make
their appearance in June.

BREWERIA.

Stove climbers (ord. Convolvulacepe), of no great
horticultural value.

Principal Species : —

cordata, Jy., Aug., wh. (syn. Roxburghii).

BREXIA.

Stove trees (ord. Saxifragesa), valuable by reason
of their handsome leafage. They thrive in large
pots or tubs, with fibrous loam and peat in equal
proportions. Propagation is effected by cuttings
in sandy soil under a bell-glass in bottom heat.

spinosa (we madagascar-
iensis).

Principal Species:—

chrysophylla (sec mada-

gascariensis).
maihignscariensis, 28', Je.,

grn. (*//"• spinosa).

BRICKELLIA.

A genus (ord. Composite) that does best in
the stove. Increased from cuttings inserted in
very sandy soil under a bell-glass in the propa-
gating case. A mixture of peat, loam, and coarse
sand suits.

Principal Species :—

iivam'llesii, 2',
grunditlom, ml

peudula, H', Aug., yel.
veronica'foiia, 1]', Aug.,
pur. bl

C'avam'llesii, "', Sep., pur.
"undiflora, red (SIJH. Eu-
patorium grandiHorum).

BRIDELIA.

Two species appear to represent this genus
(ord. Euphorbiacese) in cultivation.
Principal Species :—

Mipularis, cl., Jy., Sep., st,, wh. (m/n. scandens).
retusa.

BRIDGES.

As employed in gardens, bridges may be either
ornamental or useful, or a combination of both.
They are formed generally of stone, iron, or wood,
and (lie si/.e and strength of the structures depend
on the uses for which they are required. Where it
is necessary to conduct a roadway that is subject
to heavy traffic over a river or water-course, a sub-
stantial bridge of iron or stonework is necessary ;
but in order that it shall be in keeping with the
surroundings a light, ornamental style of archi-
tecture should be adopted. A bridge built for
utility purposes may be an ornament or an eyesore
to a garden landscape, according to its style.
There should be a union between the banks on
either side and the bridge, with no abrupt ending
of parapet walls. If of wood, this should be
of a rugged character, and not spoiled by gaudy
paint; if of iron, let it be as light and elegant as
possible. The style and character of bridges can
only be determined by the position for which they
are intruded.

BRIER.

The Brier commonly used in gardens as a stock
for the Rose is Rosa canina, the common Dog JJosc
of the hedgerows. The stocks are either raised
from seeds or procured from the hedges and other
places where they grow naturally. The Sweet
Brier is Rosa rubiginosa, which is prized for its
fragrance. It makes a nice hedge for a division in
a garden, its sweet scent being then appreciated,
particularly after a shower. There are several
varieties of the Sweet Brier, the: double! scarlet
being a favourite where it is grown. From the
Sweet Brier hybridised with other Roses the late
Lord Penzance raised what are known as the
Penzance Briers, a beautiful class of much value.
The Austrian Brier (Rosa lutea) and the foregoing
will be found under Rose.

BRILLANTAISIA.

This evergreen shrub (iird. Acanthacea?) comes
from Sierra Leone, and requires the temperature of
the stove. The soil should consist of loam and
peat in equ,d proportions, and propagation is best
effected by cuttings under a bell-glass in bottom
heat.

Principal Species : —

owariensis, 3', My., bl. pur.

Briza

139 }

Brodisea

BRIZA. (QUAKING GRASS.)

Graceful, hanly annunl or perennial Grasses
(iifd. Grainincii-), of much value for drying for
winter use. or for mixing with cut flowers. They
can lie grown in loam, peat, and leaf .-oil, and the
native species, media, does well in sandy soil. It
is a perennial, and grows about 1' high. Other
good -prcies are : —

maxima, 11', Je. rotundata, 1', Je.

minor, li", Je. («/«. rubra (««• maxima).

minima). spicata, 9", Je.

These are all annuals, and are propagated by seeds
.-own in spring. Media can be increased by divi-
sion, and raised from seeds also.

BROADCAST.

Broadcast sowing is the rough and ready way of
putting in seeds without drawing drills. Sand
should always be mixed witli line seeds when they
are sown broadcast. The hand should be held low,
and a day selected when then: is no wind. Drills
are, however, as a general rule, so immensely
superior to broadcasting that the latter should
only be resorted to in rare cases.

BROCCHINIA.

A small genus (ord. Bromeliaceas) closely allied
to Billbergia and Bromelia, and needing similar
treatment.

Principal Species :—

ccirdylinoides, l.V, aut., whitish (syn. Cordyline
micrautha).

paniciilata, I)', whitish.

reducta, 'A', whitish.

BROCCOLI.

Description. — A useful garden vegetable (Bras-
sica oleracea botrytis asparagoides, ord. Crn-
cifera;), the flower heads of which are edible.
Broecolis are hardier than Cauliflowers, and
valuable for providing a supply of vegetables in
the winter and spring, when Cauliflowers are un-
available. By a proper selection of varieties, and
careful management, the supply of Broccoli may
lie maintained from the autumn to the following
summer.

Propagation. — From seeds sown in a frame in
March, and in a prepared bed outdoors in April
ami May for succession, pricking out the seedlings,
and finally transplanting 2' apart each way.

Soil. — The rooting medium should be deep, and
well manured, but firm. If made loose and friable
the plants are apt to make soft, luxuriant growth,
and they are unable to withstand the winter.

Other Cultural Points. — Sturdy plants of Broccoli
may be obtained by putting them out in ground
that has not been recently dug, making the holes
with an iron-pointed dibber, and pricking up the
surface soil between the plants with a fork. Draw
the soil up to the stems as growth increases. To
assist Broccoli in withstanding severe frost, lay
them over with the heads facing north in Novem-
ber. Take out a trench 1' or 1J' deep, turn over
the plants carefully with a fork, and cover the
roots with the next spit of soil, broken fine,
leaving only the heads exposed. If the weather
is very severe, cover each plant with litter.

Enemies. — Protect plants in a seedling stage
from the ravages of slugs and small birds with
dustings of lime and soot, and garden netting
stretched over the beds.

Chih Hunt (nee CABBAGE ENKMIES).

(full II 'irri/ (nee CABBAGE ENEMIES).

Varieties :

for cutting in the autumn and early winter : —
Michaelmas White. Snow's Winter White.

Self-protecting. Walcheren.

Fur cutting in the late winter andearly spring : —
Cooling's Matchless. Leamington.

Knight's Protecting. Winter Mammoth.

For cutting in the spring and early summer : —
Kclijise. Model.

Late Queen. White Protecting.

Sprouting Varieties : —
Purple Sprouting. White Sprouting.

BRODI^EA.

Charming bulbous flowers (ord. Liliacea;) de-
lightful ornaments of rock gardens or borders

BRODI«A UUAN-DIFLOUA.

in light, sandy soil, and In a warm and sunny
position. In cold districts they should have a
little covering in winter. Propagated by oHV> -ts,
taken off when the bulbs are at rest ; or by seeds,
sown when ripe or in spring. They make pleasing
pot plants for the greenhouse or window, and may
be potted and grown on gradually without much
heat.

Bromelia

( 140 )

Browallia

Principal Species : —

californica, 1 \', Je , ro., pur.

coccinea, lj', Je., red, yel. A handsome
plant, now called Brevoortia Ida-Maia, which should
be as little disturbed as possible.

congegta, 1', Je., bl. A free-growing species, of
which there is a wh. var. named alba.

grandiflora, lj', Je., bl. pur. One of the prettiest.

ixioides, 9", Je., yel. A pretty, easily ;»rown
plant. The var. splendens is superior. Var. erecta
is fine (si/ns. Calliprora lutea and Milla ixioides).

laxa, 1J', Je., bl. One of the best (syn. Milla laxa).

Other Species : —

Bridgesii, H', Je., pur. bl. multiflora, 1',', Je., pur.

capitata, 2', My., bl. Orcuttii, 1', Aug., bl.

— alba, wh. peduncularis, Ik', Je., wh.
Douglasii, H', Jy., bl. Purdyi, 1', Je.,~ro. pur.
gracilis, 4", Jy., yel. rosea, 9", Je., pale pur.
Henderson!, 1J', Je., yel. stellaris, 6", Je., bl.
Howelli, 2', Jy., bl. uniflora, 6", Ap., Je., wh.

— lilacina, lil. to sky bl. (sijns. Milla
lactea(coirectly hyacinth- and Triteleia) .

ina lactea), 2', Jy., wh. — violacea, porcelain bl.

— lilacina, wh., lil. (sy». volubilis (climbing), 10',
Hesperoscordum lac- Jy., ro. (correctly Stro-
teum). pholirion calif ornicum).

BROMELIA.

A genus of herbaceous perennials (t>rd. Brom-
elincea?) that must be grown in the stove, where
they present a handsome appearance. It is im-
portant that the soil be kept somewhat dry during
the winter months. The stock may be increased
from suckers in loam. A rich compost in which
loam predominates is most suitable.

Principal Species : —

bracteata (xee JEchmea.). Pinguin, 3', Mch., red
(syn. Binotii).

Other Species : —

Binotii (see Pinguin). Fernandas, 2', Aug., yel.,

fastuosa, 4', Aug., pur. red.

(syns. antiacantha and laciniosa, lil., leaves 4' to

Karatas antiacantha) . 5' long.

sylvestris, 3', Jy.. crim.

BROMHEADIA.

A slender, reed-like Orchid (prd. Orchidaceas),
found in swampy places in islands of the Malay
Archipelago. It is not difficult to cultivate in peat
and sphagnum in a warm stove, where at no season
of the year should the roots become dry. It rarely
flowers, and consequently is seldom grown.

Principal Species : —

palustris, 1J', My., Je., wh., lip wh., veined vio.

BROMUS.

The genus Bromus is a fairly large one, but the
species generally grown in gardens, and the
most ornamental, is brizaeformis, a pretty biennial
Grass (prd. Graminese), which is useful in the
garden or among cut flowers, or for drying for
vases in winter. It grows about 2' high, and has
pretty spikes of drooping flowers like those of
the Brizas. It should be sown in the open at the
end of June or beginning of July.

BRONGNIARTIA.

A small genus of evergreen shrubs (prd. Legu-
minosEe) requiring greenhouse treatment. Cuttings
root freely in sand under a bell-glass. A mixture
of fibrous peat, loam, and coarse sand is suitable.

Principal Species : —

podalyrioides, 1', Sep., sericea, 1', Sep., pur.
flesh.

BROOM.

The Brooms are very ornamental in the garden
or shrubbery, and can hardly be used amiss on
rockeries of any size. The plants popularly known
by this name include Cytisuses, Genistas, and
Spartiums, and these will be found described in
detail under their respective titles. They are
generally very decorative, and comprise plants of
much diversity of habit, some forming tall bushes
of graceful foliage, and others being of trailing
habit and adapted for hanging over rockwork.
Among the best of the Brooms is Cytisus sco-
parius, which has given the brilliant variety
andreanus. C. prfccox, supposed to be a hybrid, is
very beautiful, and the white Portuguese Broom,
Cytisus albus. is a favourite with all. Many of the
Brooms make fine pot plants, and can be gradually
forced so as to bloom early under glass.

BROOM, SPANISH.

This is Spartium junceum and Genista hispanica,
which see for particulars.

BROSIMUM.

This genus (ord. Urticacese) has great economic
value. Its fruit is eaten boiled and roasted,
and its young branches are valuable food for stock.
The gummy exudation is made into rubber. Prop-
agation is effected by cuttings inserted in a
propagating case. Rich loam is the best soil, and
a stove temperature is essential. Galactodendron
is the celebrated Cow Tree of South America,
yielding a sap closely resembling cow's milk, and
as agreeable and valuable for food.

Principal Species : —
Alicastrum, 6', My., gm., Humboldtii (tee Galacto-

Bread Nut. dendron).

Galactodendrou, 100', miorocarpum (see Alicas-

My., grn. trum).

BROUGHTONIA.

A small genus of Orchids (ord. Orchidacese)
which produce attractive flowers when grown in a
warm structure. Propagation may be readily
effected by division ; and the plants thrive best
on blocks of wood, with a little sphagnum moss,
and must be accorded a very light position. Al-
though three or four species are known, only one,
viz. sanguinea, is of material value ; the others
are rarely cultivated, though lilacina is occasionally
imported.

Principal Species : —

lilacina, 1 J', Je., Sep., ro. sanguiuea, 1J, Jy., Aug.,
liL (syn. Lajliopsis do- crim.

miugeusis).

BROUSSONETIA.

A genus of Japanese trees (ord. Urticaceas),
useful for their handsome leafage ; they are not
perfectly hardy in the colder portions of this
country. Propagation is by autumn cuttings, and
seeds when procurable. They will grow in any
fertile soil.

Principal Species : —

papyrifera, 12', Ap., grn., Paper Tree or Paper
Mulberry; cucullata, laciniata, and macrophylla are
all varietal forms of papyrifera

BROWALLIA.

These plants (ord. Solanacese) have been cul-
tivated in this country for many years, but,

Broom (see llesom).

Brotera of Cavanilles (see Melhania).

Brownea

( 141 )

Brunsvigia

with one or two exceptions, have never become
very popular. They are almost hardy, but are
best grown in pots in the greenhouse, in any fertile
soil. They are annuals, raised from seeds sown in
March, and repotted as necessary.

Principal Species : —

<lfiiiissa. -,''. Je. to Aug., Jamesoni (see Strepto-

bl. (SI/H/S. americana and soleu Jamesoni) .

elata). speciosa, 2', Jy., pur.

— major, large.
Other Species :—

gramliflora, 2', Jy., lil. viscosa, H', Je., ami., pur.

BROWNEA.

A genus of evergreen trees (ord. LeguminosaV)
that require the temperature of a stove for their
suri-i->l'ul culture. They are decidedly orna-
mental in appearance, and, with care in watering I
(luring the winter, demand no particular attention.
The Bowers are produced in large heads, 8" or 9"
across, the brilliant stamens being particularly
conspicuous and effective. They thrive in a com-
post iif equal parts of peat and loam, with the
addition of some coarse sand. Cuttings do not
root very freely ; ripe wood should be chosen
ami inserted in very sandy soil beneath a bell-
glass in butt i mi heat.

Principal Species : —

Ariza. 20' to 40'. Je., red. gruiuliceps, 10', Je., red.
Crawfordii, 18', My.,

Ail".'., sc.

Other Species :—

Bhsrhellii, 10', Aug., ro. latifolia, 10', My., sc.
coccineji, 12', Jy., sc. inacrophylla, 12', My.,

erecta (.sre Talisia r rin- Aug., sc. or.

ceps). racemosa, 10', Jy., ro.

BROWNLOWIA.

The best species of this genus is a handsome
East Indian tree (ord. Tiliaceae), and requires
the temperature of the stove, where it grows
freely in sound loam. Propagation is effected
by cuttings in sandy loam.

Principal Species : —

elata, till', Je., yel.

BRUCEA (*yn. NIMA).

This is a small genus of stove evergreen shrubs
(/in/. Simarubece) that flourish in rich loam, ?nd
may be propagated from cuttings of the half-
ripened growths under a bell-glass in heat.

Principal Species :—
anticlysenterica, 8',Ap., grn. sumatrana, 20', My., gm.

BRUCHUS GRANARIUS. (PEA
AND BEAN BEETLE.)

All seedsmen and gardeners know quite well
what •• worm-eaten " Peas and Beans are, though,
owing to the careful cleaning seeds usually undergo,
the gardener sees few "bored" Peas. The little
pest that makes these holes is a very tiny beetle
named Bruchus granarius : he is a dull brown
coloured little fellow, with black, white-dotted
wings. The female pierces through the pod while
it U yet young and tender, and often deposits
a minute egg in each of the tiny Pea seeds ;
eventually the egg is hatched, and the little
caterpillar-like grub produced at once eats away
the albuminous parts of the seed, soon turns into
the chrysalis stage and subsequently produces the
beetle, which eats its way out. It is practically
impossible to deal with this little pest other than
by burning every questionable seed when the crop
has been harvested. Moreover, such seeds are of

hopeana, 1J', Nov., Jan.,
61. (si/itt. uniflora and
Franciscea hopeana) .

montana, 4', Jy., wh.
nitida, 3', Jy., yel.
undulata, 4', Je., wh.

little value, as they will either not germinate, or
give so weakly a plant that it fails to be productive.
Bruchus Pisi and B. rufimanus are also destructive.

BRUGMANSIA (see DATURA and
JUAXULLOA).

BRUNFELSIA.

These plants (ord. Solanacese) came to us from
the West Indies and South America, and comprise
several species of value for the stove. They are
all evergreen shrubs that produce small but
attractive leaves and handsome flowers. The genus
formerly known as Franciscea is now merged in
Brunfelsia. A rich, fibrous loam from which all the
finer particles have been removed suits them
admirably. Brunfelsias are easily increased from
cuttings inserted in sandy soil beneath a bell-glass
in a propagating cas' The following synonymy
is that of the Kew Hand-List : —

Principal Species : —
calycina, 2', My., Je., pale

pur. (stjiiii. coiifertinora,

eximia, macrantha, and

violacea).

Other Species : —
aincricaiia, 4', Je., yel.
latifolia, 4', My., pur.
Loekhartii, 3', "My., bl.

BRUNIA.

A small genus of evergreen shrubs (ord. Bruni-
acese) from the Cape. Most of the plants having
any horticultural value, that were originally in-
cluded in the genus, have been referred to Berardia,
Berzelia, Kaspalia, and Staavia. Brunia nodiflora,
1' to 3', July, is a pretty white greenhouse plant.

BRUNNICHIA.

This is an evergreen climber (ord. Polvgonaceae)
from Carolina, which requires a compost of loam
and sand and a greenhouse temperature. Propa-
gation is effected by cuttings.

Only Species : —

cirrhosa. (>', Jy., pk. (syns. Rajania ovata and
Polygonuni claviculatum).

BRUNONIA.

Australis, 1', May, blue, sweet, is the only
species in this genus (ord. Goodenovieie). It is a
herbaceous perennial, that thrives better in a frame
or cold greenhouse than in the open ground. It
may be raised from seeds, or be increased by divi-
sion ; loam and peat form a suitable mixture.

BRUNSVIGIA.

Description. — Brilliant greenhouse bulbous plants
(nrd. Amaryllideae), which are of great value for
the decoration of the conservatory or warm green-
house. The flowers are in good-sized, many-
flowered heads, and are produced at a different
time from the broad leaves.

Propagation. — By offsets, sparsely produced from
the bull is; or by seeds sown in a stove or warm
greenhouse temperature.

Soil. — Sandy loam and peat suit.

Other Cultural Points. — After making their
growth they should be rested and kept dry in a
temperature of 65° to 70°. When they' show
natural growth give a temperature of about 65",
and see that they are freely supplied with water
to encourage growth. In very warm places they
may be grown in a border against a stove or
greenhouse, if deeply planted and well protected
in winter by a thick coating of dry litter, covered
with sonic waterproof material, or placed in a frame.

Brussels Sprouts

142 )

Budding

Principal Species : —

gigantea, 1', Jy., red. A fine plant, also known
as nmltiflora.

Josephine, 1^', Jy., sc. A very handsome and
desirable plant (syn. Amaryllis Josephinse).

Other Species : —
Cooperi, 1J', yel., edged Eadula, 6", Je., red (syn.

red. Coburgia Radula).

grandiflora, H', Aug., slateriana, 1', ro. red (syn.

pale red. Ainmocharis slateri-

minor, 9", Jy., pk. (sifii. ana).

humilis).

BRUSSELS SPROUTS.

Description. — One of the hardiest, most prolific,
and useful members of the Brassica family (Brassica
oleracea bullata gemmifera, ord. Cruciferas), pro-
ducing small, edible sprouts all the way up the
stems. The plants require a long season of growth.

Propagation. — From seeds sown under glass in
March to obtain early plants. Sow in a bed out-
doors in April for succession, pricking out the
seedlings when large enough, and transplanting
early in June.

Soil. — Good retentive loam is the best for Brussels
Sprouts, but they flourish in most garden soils if
properly prepared beforehand. Select the site in
the winter, manure heavily, dig deeply, and leave
the surface in a rough state till planting time.

Other Cultural Points. — Room is one of the
chief requirements of Brussels Sprouts, and a
distance of 3' should be allowed between the rows,
with 2J' from plant to plant. Lift and plant with
a trowel, removing each specimen with a ball of
soil. Give a soaking of water as each row is put
out, and in dry weather during the summer apply
liquid manure occasionally. Remove all dead and
decayed leaves in the autumn, but do not cut the
heads out of the plants till the spring.

Enemies. — In the early stages of growth, seed-
lings are apt to fall a prey to the ravages of slugs,
flea beetle, and small birds. Dust with soot and
lime, and protect with garden netting.

Cabbage Aphis {A. Brassies;). — In the late summer
and autumn Brussels Sprouts are often infested
with this pest, which checks growth, and spoils their
appearance. Give liquid manure and light surface
dressings of nitrate of soda to stimulate growth.
Syringe infested plants with an insecticide formed
by boiling 1 Ib. of soft soap in 1 quart of water
for an hour. When boiling add f pint of
paraffin, dilute with 8 gallons of water, mix
thoroughly, and apply with a syringe. Dustings
with soot and lime will also check the aphis.

Caterjrillar (see CABBAGE CATERPILLAR).

Club root (sue CABBAGE ENEMIES/

Gall Weevil (see CABBAGE ENEMIES).

Varieties :—

Exhibition, early, large.
Matchless, medium.
Scrymger's Giant, large.

BRYA.

A small genus of evergreen shrubs (ord. Legu-
minosse), that must be grown in the stove. They
are easily propagated by seeds or cuttings, anil
thrive best in sound, fibrous loam.

Principal Species : —
Ebeuus, 12' to 15', Jy., leonensis, 10', Jy., grn.

grn. yel. yel.

BRYANTHUS.

Small hardy shrubs of trailing habit (ord. Eri-

Aigburth, large.
Dwarf Gem, small, fine
flavour.

cacefe). Propagation may be effected by root
division, by cuttings, and by layers, in spring. A
peaty soil and plenty of moisture are the two
things needful.

Principal Species : —
Breweri, 9" to 12", sum., erectus, 1', red, a hybrid.

ev., ro. pur. Gmelinii, 2 ' to 3", "red.

empetriformis, (>", sum.,

red pur. (*.;/». Menziesia

empetrifolia).

BRYONIA. (BRYONY.)

Pretty climbing herbaceous perennial plants (ord.
CucurbitaceEe), with tuberous roots. They grow
well in any rich soil. They are increased by
division of the tuber, or by seeds. The native
Bryony is so scarce in many localities that it may
well be grown in rough places in the garden, as
well as over hedges and in the wild garden. It is
called dioica, and has greenish white flowers, suc-
ceeded bylround, red fruits, which give it a good
deal of brightness. There are a few species which
need stove heat, but the only one much known is
laciniosa, which has yellow flowers in July, fol-
lowed by scarlet berries, striped white. It can
be grown in pots, and trained up the rafters.

BRYOPHYLLUM.

Greenhouse succulent plants (ord. Crassulacese).
Leaves laid upon the soil throw out roots and pro-
duce young plants. A good soil should be pro-
vided, and perfect drainage ; care must be exercised
in watering. They have little or no horticultural
value.

Principal Species : —
calyciuum, 2' to 3 , Ap., proliferum, 10' to 12', Je. ,

Jy., grn., pur. Aug., pur., grn.

BUCKLANDIA.

In the young state the leaves of populnea are
very attractive. Though grown as a greenhouse
shrub (ord. Hamamelideaa), it becomes a tree of
considerable height. Propagate by cuttings of ripe
wood under a bell-glass in heat. A mixture of leaf
mould and rich, fibrous loam is excellent.

Species : —

populnea, 100', Aug., grn.

BUCKLEYA.

A small genus (ord. Santalacece) of hardy shrubs.
Distichophylla, 6' to 12', green, is the only species
so far introduced. Propagation is by cuttings in
spring, in a gently heated frame. Any ordinary
garden soil suits, although a sandy medium is
needed for the cuttings.

BUDDING.

This consists of taking a selected bud from the
branch of one plant, and inserting it under the
bark of another plant of the same or a closely
allied species. It forms an easy mode of propaga-
tion, and by a careful selection of stocks, dwarfness
or vigour, and early or late fertility, are obtained.
Among flowers, Roses are the most generally
budded, the Brier being the favourite stock on

Bryonopsls (see liryonia).
Jiubroma (see Guazuma).
Jiuccn (see A/jatkosma and Barosma).
Buchnera (fee Sphenandra).
23iufida (see Terminalia).
BtuMean (see Menyautltes trifoliata).
Jiuckthorn (see Jlkamnus).
Buckwheat (see t'agopyruni).

Budding

( 143 )

Budding

which to bud, though the De la Griffieraic and
Manetti are also extensively employed. Of fruit
trees, the Apple is worked on the Crab, Free, and
Paradise stocks ; and the Pear on the Quince and
Pear stocks. The Cherry is budded on the Gean
and seedling llorello stocks, for general purposes;

SHIELD BUDDING.

A Shoot of current year's growth, with buds : a, buds ; 6,
leaf stem ; c, how to cut out the bud. B Bud cut out :
d, top cut oil' after insertion to make level with cut in
stock. C Inside (are of bud after removal of pith: e,
growing germ. D Stock : /, horizontal cut ; g, vertical
cut. E Bud iiisfit'-'l :md pressed home: h, bud; /.leaf
stem. F Bud tied in with soft cotton, raphia, or worsted.

but the Mahaleb stock is used for trees intended
for pot or restricted culture. Peaches and
Nectarines are worked on the Almond, Mussel,
St. Julien, and Myrobalan stocks, as is the Apricot ;
the St. Julien being employed for standards, and
the dwarfing Jlyrobalan for trained trees. The
Plum stock is the natural stock for the Plum,
though certain forms, such as the Mussel, White
Pear, and St. Julien, are the favourites, and are
generally employed. Budding is generally per-
formed in July or August, when the bark rises
freely, the latter being a very essential point in
successful budding, as bruised or lacerated bark
spells failure. Dull, cloudy weather is the most
favourable ; in bright weather the early morning,
before the sun's power is very great, should
be chosen, as undue heat and dryness are inimi-
cal. Quickness in operating, and dealing with
one bud at a time, are obviously advantageous.
A supply of broad strands of raphia, a little damp
moss in the bottom of a pail, and a sharp, ivory-
handled budding knife, are practically all that a
budder requires, though a supply of labels on which
to record the date of budding may also be added.
There are several different modes of budding, but
the OIK; generally practised is the T or inverted
J. method, either of which is equally suitable,
though many shrewd budders declare in favour of the
latter. In preparing the stock, carefully rub off the
prickles from the part of the branch selected for
operating on, which should be the upper surface,
and near the junction of the branch with the
stem for standards, close to the soil for dwarfs,
and make a cut about 1" long, being careful
not to penetrate deeper than the bark. Jlake
another transverse cut, so that the two cuts form
the letter T ; then with the sharp knife blade
inserted J" below the selected bud make a clean,
even cut, bringing out the knife about 5"
beyond the bud, the cut at no time extending
deeper than the beginning of the pith. Holding the
detached bud by its leaf-stalk firmly in the left
hand, gently insert the point of the knife between the

wood and the bark, until the former can be nipped
between the point of the knife and the finger and
thumb, then with a gentle pressure remove the
wood with an upward motion. Next, carefully
cut away all the leaf with the exception of J"
of its footstalk, which should be held in the left
hand. The bark of the shoot should be gently
raised with the handle of the knife held in the
right hand, and the bud inserted beneath the
bark and pressed home. Care should be used
not to injure the bark in raising it or in inserting
the edge of the bud beneath it, and in ensuring
that the upper end of the bud fits closely against
the undisturbed bark at the top of the T.
Close the bark carefully over the bud after it is
placed in position, and bind the whole of the
slit portion moderately firm with the broad strips
of raphia, taking care that the bud itself is left
uncovered. The quicker the whole operation is
performed the greater the chance of success.
(Should any hitch occur in any shape or form, the
bud should be laid on the damp moss in the pail,
and a little moss also applied to the cut bark while
matters are set right, as thereby the drying
of the tender tissues will be avoided. In about
three weeks' time the buds should be examined,
and the ties removed if it is seen that the bud has
taken well. If any doubt is felt upon this head, a
fresh tie may be given, which may be allowed to
remain until spring, or removed at discretion. At.
the turn of the year the branch on which the bud
is inserted may be shortened to half its length.

VARIOUS FOKMS OF BUDDING.

G Inverted shield buckling : ;, transverse cut : *, longitudinal
incision, preferably below fa bud ; /, point of cutting
across bud after insertion so as to exactly join the section
j of the stock. This mode of budding is preferred for the
propagation of the Orange in the south of France, and is
good generally. H Square shield budding : m, square
]>atch of bark cut out of a stem or branch ; n, correspond-
ing patch of liark with an eye for inserting in that of stem
or branch m, the parts fitting exactly. Square shield bud-
ding is sometimes adopted for spring budding to secure
growths at desired places, as in the case of bare slems or
branches. I Flute budding : o, cylinder of bark taken off
top of stock: p, prepared cylinder of bark with buds made
to lit the bark of the stock at the lower part, thus fitting
like the top of a flute. Walnuts, and other thick-barked
HITS, are propagated in France by this mode. If
the ring is too large for the stock, a longitudinal strip
should be cut out; and if too narrow, a strip to make
good the deficiency must lie inserted— if with a bud all the
better. J Annular budding : q, ring of bark taken oft'
from the stock : r, ring of bark taken olf from a scion of
the variety to be budded in, and having at least one or
two buds. II must lit exactly on the space a. K Square
building with a dormant bud in spring, showing the

exact fitting nf tli l^-i-s of the larks, and applicable to

square shield budding. L Inlaying a bud in Vine: »,
place from which a bud has Ijeen taken or a pi'Mli-in
similarly prepared for placing one ; t, bud inserted in th-
stock. The buds, in all cases, should be secured \\ilh
ligatures si i that the inner Irark <>( the buds rests closely
on the alburnum ur outer layer of wood of the stock.

Budding Knives

( 144

Bulbophyllum

and when the bud lias fairly started into growth
the remaining portion may be removed with a
sharp knife to within 1" of the bud. Care should
be taken that the bud and its resultant growth is
not wrenched out of place by high winds; to
prevent this, a stake may be bound to the top of
the stock, to which the young growths may be
secured. Other methods of budding which are
often employed for thick-barked trees are : Flute
or tube, and ring-budding, and the American shield
budding, which differs chiefly from the T, or com-
mon shield budding, in allowing the bud to retain a
portion of the wood removed with it from its parent.

BUDDING KNIVES.

Knives are specially designed for budding-
Rose and fruit trees, being provided with a
flattened handle tip for raising the bark. An oil-
or whet-stone should be used for keeping the edge
of the blade keen, as a rubber, though often
employed, gives the knife a rough edge, which tears
and fractures the delicate bark of bud or stock in
a way detrimental to a proper union.

BUDDLEIA.

This genus (ord. Loganiaceaj) is composed
principally of stove and greenhouse evergreen
shrubs that serve well to diversify the collections
in those structures. The chief hardy species is
globosa, but this should have a warm and well-
drained position selected for it in cold localities ;
it is readily propagated from cuttings of ripened
wood inserted under a hand-light and afforded
protection in severe weather. The tender species
are increased in a similar manner, but with the
greater heat common to the structures in which
they thrive. A compost of sound loam, with a
little fibrous peat and sand if close, suits admirably.

Principal Species :—

Colvilei, 6', Je., ro. variabilis, 10', ,Iy., Aug.,

globosa, 15', My., luly., or. rosy lil.
(syn. capitata).

Other Species : —

americana, 10', Aug., yel. lindleyana, 6', at., vio.

asiatica, 3', Aug.,grh.,wh. madagascariensis, 10', Jy. ,

brasiliensis, 9', Ap., or. or. (HI/H. heterophylla).

diversifolia, 6', A.p., red. Neemda' (see asiatica).

intermedia (hybrid), hdy., pauiculata, 13', Je., pur.

pur. (syn. crispa).

japonica, Aug., hdy., pur. thyrsoides, 4', Aug. , yel.
(«/«. curviflora of gar-
dens) .

BUDS.

Buds may be divided into two sections — leaf
buds and flower or fruit buds. A leaf bud resembles
an embryo plant, and if placed under favourable
conditions for rooting would develop into a similar
plant to that from which it was taken. The small
bulbs, or bulbils, frequently produced in the axils
of the leaves of bulbous plants, are true buds, and
when they become detached from the parent stem
fall to the earth and ultimately root and grow.
Underground buds are well illustrated in the case
of the Potato, the tubers of which are subterranean
stems bearing numerous buds or eyes.

BUETTNERIA.

Stove shrubs (ard. Sterculiacea;) of no special
horticultural value. They grow well in fibrous
loam and coarse sand. Propagation is by cuttings
inserted in very sandy soil beneath a bell-glass in
bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

dasyjihylla, 3', Je., wh.

(correctly Eulingia pau-

uosa) .
hermaiinurfolia. 3', Je.,

wh. (correctly Ruliugia

hermanniojiolia).
microphylla, 4i', Je., wh.

pur.
scabru, 6', Jv., imr.

BULBINE.

Description.— Pretty plants of annual or peren-
nial habit (ord. Liliacese), having fibrous or bullions
roots and effective, rather sweet scented, flowers.

Propagation. — The bulbous species by offsets or
seeds ; the shrubby-habited by cuttings struck
under glass ; and the herbaceous plants by division
or suckers.

Other Cultural Points.— A rich but light sandy
loam suits. The Bulbines do best as green-
house plants, but the pots in which they are
grown may be plunged outside in summer. The
annual species, annua, may do well in warm situa-
tions if the seeds are sown in gentle heat in early
spring and the plants transferred to where they
are to bloom when large enough.

Principal Species : —

alooides, 1', Ap., yel. A useful greenhouse plant
with a handsome head of flowers (syn. Anthericum
alooides).

annua, 10", Je., yel. A pretty annual, seldom
seen in gardens.

frutescens, 2', Ap., yel. Of shrubby growtli (syn.
caulescens).

Other Species : —

asphodeloides, 2', Jy., wh. longiscapa, 1', Jo., yd.

(KHH. Anthericum aspho- (SI/HS. Anthericum

deloicles). longiscapum and A. al-

bulbosa, 1', Je., yel. tissimum).

latit'olia, 2', Jy., wh. (xyn. seniibarbata (srr bulbosa).
Authericum latifolium).

BULBINELLA.

These yellow-flowered plants (nrd. Liliacens) are
often united to Anthericum and Chrysobactron, but
Bnlbinella is the correct name. Both species are
natives of New Zealand, and need to be grown in a
greenhouse.

Principal Species : —
Hookeri. •>', sum., yel. Bossii, 2', early sum., yel.

BULBOCODIUM.

Pretty spring flowering hardy bulbs (nrd. Lili-
acese) bearing some resemblance to the Crocus, but
distinct botanically. There are few specie in
cultivation, and the only one available is known in
gardens as vernum, a handsome little plant with
broad leaves and purple flowers in February. It
likes a sandy soil, and should be protected from
slugs before the flowering time. It is propagated
by offsets or seeds. There is a pretty, but scarce,
variety named versicolor. The flowers are distinct
in their colour from Crocuses.

BULBOPHYLLUM.

Description. — A large genus of Orchids (nrd.
Orchidacese), chiefly with small and rather
curiously shaped flowers. Very few of them arc
of any horticultural value, although they arc of
exceptionally easy culture. The flowers are in
most cases produced in long, many-flowered spikes
or racemes ; in Lobbii, however, they are borne in
pairs. Beccari, in addition to being a climber, is
noteworthy on account of its foetid odour, as well
as being one of the largest known members of the
Orchid family.

Bulbophyllum

(145)

Bumelia

1 Propagation. — By division of the pseudo-bulbs;
and by M-eds where they can be obtained.

Soil. — Very little soil is required, except in the
case of Lobbii siamense. The plants should be
bound firmly to blocks of wood, with a little fibrous
peat and sphagnum moss worked here and there in
the spaces between the roots. Lobbii siamcnx-
likes a full compost of peat and sphagnum, with
plenty of drainage.

Other Cultural Points. — Bulbophyllums need
plenty of water while they are making their
growth, but less when they are undergoing their
annual rest. Water must not be entirely withheld,
however, or the roots and the pseudo-bulbs will
shrivel, and the existence of the plants be im-
perilled.

BULBS.

Bulbs are leaf buds with fleshy scales. Many
bulbous plants are greatly to be recommended for
culture in glasshouses, as, when their flowering
season is past and the foliage matured, many of
them may be stored until growth commences again
in the spring ; thus affording room on the stage for
other plants. Well known examples of bulbous
plants which lend themselves to this treatment
are Amaryllises, Crinums, and Freesias.

Dutch bulbs, such as Hyacinths and Tulips, are
largely imported for forcing purposes ; though,
pleasant to relate, home growers have recently
successfully entered into competition with the
Dutch growers. These bulbs, if intended for
indoor decoration, are placed in pots as soon as

pnoto: E.J. Wattis, Wanasworth, S.W.

BULBOPHYLLVM MEDUSAE.

Principal Species :—

barbigerum, 3", sum., st.,

grii., br.
Krirssoni, 1', Mch., yel.,

wli.
gramliflorum, 8", sum.,

gni., bru.
Ltibbii, 6", sum., St., yel.,

spotted pur.

Other Species : —

amplum (see Dendro-
bium araplum).

auricomum, 8", Dec., wh.

Beccari, st, br., vio.,
cl.

comosum, 6", spr., wh.

dayanum.

Dearci (syn. Sarcopodium
Dcarei).

slogans, 3", Je., ro. pur.

godseffianum (syn. Sarco-
podium godseffianum).

mandibulare, 1 ' , Dec. , br. ,
gru., yel.

— bnrfordiense.

— siamense, sum. , warm
grh., yel., striped pur.

reticulatum, 6", sum., st. ,
wh., flowers in pairs.

silleinianuin, 4", Ap.,or.,
mauve, wh.

Medusa;, pale yel. , dotted
pk. (XyN. Cirrhopetalum
Medusse). (See figure.)

psittacoglossum («;/«. Sar-
copodium psittaco-
glossum) .

saltatorium, C", win., st.,
grn., br.

saurocephalum, 6", spr.,
pale yel., wh.

tremulum, 6", My., wh.,
red pur.

Hunloss (see Anchusa}.
10

received, and plunged beneath 4" of ashes or
Cocoanut fibre, until top growth commences ; by
this time the pots are full of roots, when they
may be transferred to a cold frame for a few days,
and thence removed to the forcing house or
greenhouse as circumstances dictate. Other bulbs
which are profitably grown in pots under glass
are Liliums auratum, candidum, longiflorum,
and speciosum. For details of culture and selec-
tions of varieties see the various plants.

BULLACE.

The black Bullace (Prunus insititia) is indi-
genous to Britain, and is occasionally found growing
in hedgerows in various parts of the country. The
abundantly produced fruits are used in puddings
and pies, but their inferiority of flavour as com-
pared with Damsons and cultivated Plums is
bringing them into disfavour. The fruit does not
develop its full flavour until it has been frosted.
An infusion of the flowers with sugar is said to be
a mild cathartic.

BUMELIA.

Hardy or greenhouse trees and shrubs from
North America and the West Indies. Many

Bunchosia

(148)

Burtonia

members of the genus (ord. Sapotacese) were
formerly in cultivation, but now only about three
are grown.

Principal Species : —
laimgiiiosa, Jy., Aug., lycioides, Aug., wh.

wh. retusa, si.

BUNCHOSIA.

Stove shrubs (ord. Malpighiacese) of some orna-
mental value. Canescens attains to tree form.
Cuttings of ripe growths root in very sandy soil in
heat. A mixture of fibrous loam and peat with
sand is the best.

Principal Species : —
argentea, 9', Jy., yel.
canescens, 20', Jy., yel.
glandulosa, 10', Ap., yel.

nitida, 10', Jy., red.
odorata, 10', Jy., yel.

BUNIAS.

A few small growing plants constitute this
genus (ord. Cruciferse), but they are of no special
horticultural merit. Hardy.

Principal Species : —
Erucago, Je., Jy., yel. orientalis, My., Je., yel.

(syn. aspera).

BUPHANE.

Bulbous plants (ord. Amaryllides;), well adapted
for greenhouse culture, with rather handsome
flowers. The cultivation they require is the same
as that of the Brunsvigias, to which they are
allied, and which should be referred to for cultural
directions. The species are ciliaris. 9", purple,
and disticha, 1J', October, pink. The former is
also known as Amaryllis, Hiemanthus, BruBSvigia,
and Coburgia ciliaris ; and the latter as Amaryllis
disticha, Haemanthus toxicarius, and Brunsvigia
toxicaria:

BUPHTHALMUM.

Showy, hardy herbaceous plants (ord. Com-
positse)," of much value in the garden. They are
propagated by division of the roots in spring or
autumn, or by seeds sown in spring in the open or
in a cold frame. They like a rich soil, and a fairly
sunny position in the border. The following are
the best of the genus which are in cultivation :-
graudifldrum, a fine form yel. (*//». Telekia spe-

of salicifolium. ciosissima).

salicifolium, IV, Je., speciosum, 6. Jy., yel.

yej (xi/iix. cordifohuin and

speciosissimum, 2', Jy., Telekia speciosa).

BUPLEURUM. (HAKE'S EAH.)
A rather large genus (ord. Umbellifera) of annual,
herbaceous, or shrubby plants for the border, rock
garden, or greenhouse. Few are of horticultural
value, and they can hardly be recommended except
to those who like to grow plants more noteworthy
for their curiosity than beauty. The annuals are
propagated by seeds sown in spring; the peren-
nials by seeds or division, the latter in autumn or
spring; and the greenhouse shrubby species by
cuttings or seeds. A dry soil of a rather sandy
character is necessary.

Principal Species : —

difforme, 2', Aug., grh. petaoum, 6", Je., yel. A

shr., yel. (syn. fruti- neat per., with grassy

cans). ITS. (syn. gramim-

fruticosum, 3', Jy., yel. folium of Vnhl).

A hdy. ev. shr., pale stellatum, 9 ,Jy.,yel. A

grn. Ivs. (syn. fru- neat Alpine (.11/11. grami-

tescens). nit'olium of Favre).

Other Species :—

aureum, 1', My., per., yel.
fruticescens, 1 ' , Aug. , hdy.

shr., yel. (syn. hispaui-

cum).
gibraltaricum, 3', Je.,

hlf-hdy. shr., yel.
glaucum, 6", Jy., ami.,

yel.
graminifolium (see petra?-

um, ranunculoides, and

stellatum).

juuceum, 9", Jy., aim.,.

yel.
lougifolium, 2', Je., per.,.

yel.
pauiculatum, IV, Jy.,.

per., yel.
rauuuculoides, 1', Jy.,

per., yel. (xt/)*. gramini-

folium of Lapeyr).
rotundifoliuni, 2', Jy.,

auu., yel.

BURBIDGEA.

Of this genus (ord. Scitaminea;) nitida, a
beautiful stove herbaceous perennial, is the only
species. It grows about 3' in height, and pro-
duces orange red flowers in summer. Propagation
is readily effected by division. Soil, loam, leaf
mould, peat, and sand.

BURCHELLIA.

A small genus (ord. Rubiacese) of stove ever-
green shrubs that delight in a mixture of fibrous
loam, peat, and coarse sand. They must have
good drainage, and be watered with care. Cut-
tings of half-ripened shoots root well in sandy soil
in heat.

Principal Species :—

capensis, 1', Mch., sc.

BURLINGTONIA (»ee RODKIGUEZIA).

BURNET.

In olden times Burnet (Poterium Sanguisorba
and P. officinale) was a much more popular herb
than nowadays, and had a place, in one or other of
its species, in the herb border of every well-
appointed garden. The leafage has a very cooling
effect, and a flavour resembling Cucumber ; and
for these reasons it was much employed in the
production of an old English drink known as "cool
tankard." The generic name is a reminder of this
usage, as it is from the Latin potermm, a drinking
cup.

BURSARIA.

Bursaria spinosa is an attractive evergreen shrub
(ord. Pittosporese) for the greenhouse ; it flowers
profusely if grown in sandy loam and peat
in equal parts. Propagation, by cuttings of
the young shoots in sand, in heat. 10', October,
white.

BURSERA.

A small genus (ord. Burseracere) of stove trees
that are said to possess some economic value, and
are used for hedges in South America. Cuttings
root readily under a hand-glass in very sandy soil
over bottom heat. Soil, peat and loam in equal
proportions.

Principal Species:—
australasica, 20', Je., wh. gummifera, 20', Je., wh.

gm. gn>-

BURTONIA.

This small genus of greenhouse evergreen shrubs
(ord. LeguminosiB) abhors stagnant moisture, and
must be grown in loam, fibrous peat, and coarse
sand, over perfect drainage. Propagation, by cut-
tings in sand beneath a bell-glass, or by seeds when,
procurable.

Jiurniny Bu$h (see Diclamnitt Vraxinella.)

Butcher's Broom

Cabbage

Principal Species : —
oonlerta, 2', Jy., vio. (*//
violacea).

scabra, H',Je., yel. (si/n.

pulchella).
viflosa, '!', My.

BUTCHER'S BROOM.

The plant popularly known by this name is
Kuseus aruleatus, which will be found under i
Kuseus. There are only a few members of the !
genus, which belongs to ord. Liliaceie, and all are
interesting plants which can be grown in common |
soil, and will thrive in shade. They are suitable for [
borders, the front of the shrubbery, or rock gardens.

BUTEA.

This genus of gorgeously flowered trees (ord.
Leguminnsu;) is comparatively rare in this country.
The species frondosa and superba have some
economic value, as an excellent dye is obtained
from their flowers ; the former is the Dhak or
Pulas tree of India. They flourish in peat and
loam, and may be increased by cuttings in sand
beneath a bell-glass in bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

frondosa. 40', sc. paryiflora, 35', sc. (Spat-

superbu. IS.V, sc. hilobus Roxburghii.)

BUTOMOPSIS.

A genus (iird. Alismace;e) closely allied to Buto-
mus, and needing similar conditions, with the
exception of warmer treatment.

Only Species : —

laneenlata, 1', Je., wh., st. (*//«. Butomus latifolius).

BUTOMUS. (FLOWERING
RUSH.)

A pretty hardy aquatic plant (ord. Alismacere)
adapted for shallow water near the edges of ponds
and tanks. Umbellatus grows about 2' high, has
pink flowers in June, and is easily grown in rich
loam, about 6" deep, and with from 6" to 12" of
water over the crowns, although it does not object •
to more or less water. It is propagated by division
of the roots in spring. It is perfectly hardy, and
only requires to be kept from spreading too much
when it becomes established.

BUXUS. (BOX.)

A genus of handsome evergreen shrubs or trees
(ord. Eupborbiacese), valuable for the garden or
shrubbery, the dwarf form of sempervirens known
as Miit'ruticosa being that so largely used for
e. l-ings (see Box Edgings). Propagated by cuttings
of the young shoots, division, suckers, or layers ;
occasionally by seeds. The Box prefers a light
soil, well drained, but not too dry.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

balearica, 8'. A handsome but rather tender
species.

sempervirens, 8'. The most useful of all, and
one which gives a number of valuable varieties.
Among these may be named as desirable : argentea,
aurea, marginata, myrtifolia, rosmarinifolia, suf- i
fruticnsa, thymifolia, and wallichiana.

Other Species : —

australis, 6', tender. japonica, 8'.

Fortuuei, 0' (M/;/. longi-

folia of gardens).

Svtter-bw (sec Petasites).
liitttereitji (xrc J,'<IHII/ICH!HX).
Butterfly Flim-cr (nee &<lii:antltiu).
Butterfly Orchid (see Oncidium Papilio).
Huttericurt (see Pinguicula).

BYBLIS.

This greenhouse plant (ord. Droseraces;) should
be grown in loam, fibrous peat, and sphagnum,
kept continuously moist. It may be raised from
seeds. It is small, but attractive and interesting,
owing to the glandular hairs.

Principal Species :—
gigantea, 9", Nov., pur. liniflora, 4", My., bl.

BYRSONIMA.

A genus of stove evergreen shrubs and trees-
(ord. Malpighiacere) that thrive in rich loam, and
may be raised from cuttings of the ripe wood in
sand under a bell-glass with bottom heat. The
bark is used by tanners.

Principal Species : —

altissima, 56', Jy., wh. lucida, 5', Je., pk.

crassifolia, 15', Jy., yel.

Other Species: —

chrysophylla, 10', Aug., pallida, 4', Jy., Aug., yel.

yel. spicata, 6', Aug., yel.

coriacea (see spicata). verbascifolia, 6', Jy., red.

laurifolia, 10', Jy., yel. volubilis, 10', Aug., el.,

Moureila (see crassifolia) . yel- (now Hirtea sims-

nervosa, 8', Jy., yel. iana).

BYSTROPOGON.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Labiata?)
requiring a mixture of peat and loam. Cuttings
in sand or very sandy soil beneath a bell-glass root
freely.

Principal Species :--

canariensis, li', Jy.,pur. plumosus, li', Je., Aug.,
origanifolius,~li', Je., Jy., pur.

pur. puuctatus, li', Je., Sep.,

par.

CABBAGE.

Description. — In a wild state the Cabbage
(Brassica oleracea, ord. Cruciferaj) grew freely
on the cliffs near the seashore in various parts of

TYPES OF CAKHACE.

1 Early Etampes.

2 Early York.
4 Drumhead.

3 Sugarloaf.

Great Britain, and it is from this plant that the
numerous garden varieties have originated. Amongst
green vegetables the Cabbage has no superior for
usefulness, and by careful management, and the

Cabbage

( 148 )

Cabbage

selection of suitable varieties, useful heads may be
obtained over the greater part of the year. The
Red Cabbage is chiefly used for pickling purposes.

Propagation. — From seeds sown outdoors late in
July and in August for spring cutting, in March for
summer and autumn use, and in June for the late
autumn and winter. Red Cabbage is best sown in
August, but plants may be raised by sowing over a
slight hotbed in February or March. In all cases
the soil should be broken down fine, the seed sown
broadcast, and dusted with sifted wood ashes as a
preventive against insects.

Soil. — The Cabbage is not exacting as regards
soil, but prefers a deeply worked medium in a fair
state of cultivation. A sheltered south border is a
good site for plants intended for early spring use.
When Cabbage closely follows a previous crop like
early Potatoes, the ground should receive a coating
of manure and be dug, but must be made firm.

Other Cultural Points. — On no account should
seedlings be left to overcrowd each other in the
seed bed before being transplanted. If thinned
at an early stage, the plants may be removed direct
from the seed quarters to the permanent bed ; but
rather than allow them to become elongated through
overcrowding, the seedlings should be pricked off
into a nursery bed. A common failing with spring
Cabbage is the habit, in some seasons, of running
to seed in the spring instead of forming heads.
Some varieties are more apt to do this than others,
and the trouble may be obviated to a great extent
by sowing at the end of July and again about the
middle of August, selecting the sturdiest specimens
for transplanting, and choosing a variety like
Ellam's Early. Plants put out in the autumn
should have the soil drawn up to the stems
«arly in November, and be left for the winter.
Hoe between the plants in March and make good
any failures with reservations left in the seed bed
for the purpose. When heads are forming, light
surface dressings of nitrate of soda, hoed in at the
rate of \ oz. per square yard, once a fortnight, are
'highly beneficial. After the heads are cut, trim off
the old leaves, and the stalks may be left to furnish
sprouts in the summer and autumn. Plants from
spring and summer sowings should be put out in
showery weather as ground is cleared of other
crops. Compact Cabbages may be planted 15"
apart, in rows 18" asunder, but large varieties
should be given another 6" each way.

Select Varieties :—

For early spring use : —

Cannell's Defiance Im- Early York.

proved. Flower of Spring, compact

Ellam's Early, one of the aud dwarf.

best. Mein's No. 1 .

For late spring and summer : —
Cattell's Reliance, medium. Enfield Market.
Defiance, large and vigorous. Nonpareil, one of the best.

For autumn and minter : —
Hardy Green Colewort. Rosette Colewort.
Drumhead. Winnigstadt.

Varieties of Ph'ltling Cabbage : —
Dwarf Blood Red. Red Dutch.

Enemies. — Birds. — Sparrows and other small
birds are troublesome, through devouring the seeds
and seedlings in the beds. They should be
checked by stretching garden netting over the
beds. In severe weather in the winter larks and
linnets injure the plants by eating the leaves.

The best preventives are scaring or shooting the
birds.

Aphis (Aphis Srassicce). — During periods of
drought, and when plants are growing in poor,
light soils, they are apt to be attacked by hordes
of this Aphis, particularly in the summer and
autumn. The increase is rapid, and if prompt
measures are not taken growth is seriously affected.
Good cultivation is the best preventive. Assist the
plants with a little stimulant. Dust affected plants
with lime and soot when damp with dew, and
syringe with quassia water.

Moth (Pieris Brassicie). — The larvze of this
well-known moth are very destructive to nearly all
members of the Cabbage family, devouring the
leaves, and eating their way into the hearts. The
moths are on the wing from May and June on-
wards through the summer, and deposit eggs on
the leaves of the Cabbage. The caterpillars, which
are green, variously marked with grey or black,
have voracious appetites, and play havoc with the
leaves and hearts of the plants through the months
of July, August, and September. When full-fed
they bury themselves in the ground, and remain in
the pupa state through the winter. When digging
the ground, pick out all the chrysalids and burn
them. Destroy the moths when seen flitting about
in the summer. Hand-pick the Greens when cater-
pillars appear. This is the most effective remedy
when done regularly. Dust the plants with soot
and lime. Syringe with a brine solution.

Fly (Anthomyia Urassicce). — This fly makes its
appearance in the summer, and the females, which
are of an ashy grey colour, deposit eggs beneath
the skin of the root stems. When the caterpillars
are hatched they eat the soft parts, and burrow
through the stem and roots, causing a disease to
set in which is often mistaken for club root. The
drooping of plants in the sun, and a sickly yellow
appearance of the leaves, are signs of the trouble.
Dress the ground with lime after the crop has been
removed. Dip the roots and stems before planting
in a puddle formed of soot, lime, clay, and water.
Prevent attacks by soaking 1 quart of paraliin in
1 bushel of sand, and scattering it amongst the
plants in the seed bed.

Snomy Fly or Powdered, Wing (Aleyrodes prole-
tella~). — This little white-winged fly, which is
only about -jL" long, is produced in some seasons
in innumerable quantities, and damages Greens of
all kinds by extracting the juices from the leaves.
The moths" infest the under sides of the foliage,
and when disturbed they rise in the air in small
clouds. These pests seem to settle in chosen
localities, from which it is a difficult matter to
expel them. A complete rotation of crops should
be adopted in bad cases. Remove dead leaves and
rubbish from round the plants, and burn them.
Apply a dressing of lime to the ground after re-
moving the crop.

Flea Beetle (Ilaltita nemoruni). — In dry seasons
this destructive little beetle plays havoc with
Cabbages in a seedling stage by devouring them,
and when matured by feeding on the leaves. Old
plants are generally affected the worst when grow-
ing in hot, exposed positions, where the rooting
medium is shallow or poor. Dust the seedlings
with soot, lime, and fine road dust when they
are damp with dew. Apply liquid manure and top-
dressings of nitrate of soda to established plants
to encourage vigorous growth.

Cabomba

( 149 )

Cactus

Gall Weeril (Ceutorrliyni'iis sulcicollis). — Various
members of the Brassica tribe suffer through this
pest. The insect is fully developed early in the
summer, and deposits eggs on the lower portion of
the stem, beneath the ground. The grubs feed on
the soft part of the stem and the main roots, and the
irritation causes galls to appear. If these are cut
open they are found to contain white grubs. Gall
Weevil is often confounded with Club Hoot. After
removing the crop, dress the ground in the autumn
with gas lime, at the rate of 1 peck to the square
rod (30} square yards), or quicklime at the rate of
1 bushel to the rod. Allow either to remain on
the surface a few weeks before digging in. Avoid
planting a similar crop on the same ground the
next season. Kemove the galls from the stems of
affected seedlings, and dip the plants in a puddle
of soot, lime, chiy, and water. Scatter sand, in
which p.'inillin has been soaked, among the plants
in the seed bed.

Club Jiaut (Plasmodiophora liraalcre). — Anbury,
Club Hoot, and Finger and Toe are names by which
this destructive fungoid disease is known. A slight
swelling of the root is the first sign of the fungus,
followed by a knotted, club-like appearance, which
prevents the roots from performing their functions,
and the plant collapses. When the disease is in
an advanced state the roots become very much
contorted, and a mass of rottenness. After the
decay of the roots, the spores are liberated, and
remain in a resting state in the soil for one or
two years. This should be borne in mind, and no
crop liable to the fungus grown on the infested
ground for a few seasons. Burn all diseased stems
and roots. Apply gas lime in the autumn, and
quicklime at the rate recommended for Gall
\\Yrvil. Dip the roots and stems, before planting,
into a puddle of lime, soot, clay, and water. Burn
all specimens that betray signs of the disease.
Avoid light, sandy soil if possible. Earth up the
Mrm> when the plants are half grown, to encourage
surface roots.

CABOMBA.

A. genus of small aquatic plants with yellow
(lowers (ord. NyrnphaeaceEe), which are mostly
suited for growing in the greenhouse in summer
and in a cool place in the stove in winter. They
require water about 1' deep, with 2" or 3" of good
soil in the bottom. The principal species is
aquatica.

CACOUCIA.

Tropical climbing shrubs (ord. Combretaceae),
characterised by terminal racemesof bright-coloured
flowers. Propagation is effected by cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, and other cultural require-
ments are met by a warm, moist house, and a
mixture of peat, loam, and sand.

Principal Species : —

coccinea, My., sc.

CACTUS.

Description. — A name often applied collectively
to the various genera of Cactese. The family is
confined to the arid desert and mountainous
regions of the warmer parts of America and
aili;ii-i.nt islands, though some species have become
naturalised in other countries. The chief charac-
teristics of the order are readily noticed, both in

Cacalia (see Emilia and Senerio).

habit and flowers. All come under the heading of
shrubs or small trees, and are distinguished by
succulent, curiously angled, or flattened stems
— which in most cases are leafless — and multitu-
dinous clusters of fine, sharp hairs or bristles, as in
Opuntia and Mammillaria ; or long, stout, horny
spines or flattened hooks, as in Cereus and Echino-
cactus. They vary to a great degree in habit,
some of the dwarf Mammillarias being barely 1"
high and having the stems crowded together in
large, cushion-like masses. Others, as in Echino-
cactus, make large, globular stems, 18" high ;
while some Cereuses make single columnar stems
20' or more in height. Opuntia and Phyllo-
cactus are quite different again, by reason of their
flat branches. The flowers are remarkable on
account of the large number of highly coloured
sepals and petals, which in many instances are
very much alike. The stamens are thread-like,
indefinite in number, and fall to one side of the
flower. The fruits of several species are edible,
the best known being the Indian Fig (Opuntia
Ficus - indica). In tropical and sub-tropical
countries the stronger Opuntias are used as hedge
plants.

Propagation is effected by means of seeds,
cuttings, division, or grafting. Seeds should be
sown in a mixture of loam and leaf mould, to
which has been added an equal bulk of sand and
small crocks, pots being used which have pre-
viously been half filled with crocks. Cuttings may
be made of any portion of a stem, and they must
be dried in the sun for several days before insertion
in a similar compost to that used for seeds. In
cases where plants make dense tufts of stems,
division at the time of potting may be tried. In
a few instances grafting is resorted to, the
method known as " inverted saddle " being adopted.
A house with a minimum temperature of 60° and
a dryish atmosphere, is well adapted for prop-
agation. For small seedlings and unrooted cuttings
very little water is necessary.

Soil. — Good fibrous loam should form the founda-
tion of the potting material. To an equal bulk of
this should be added sand, broken sandstone, or
brick rubbish. Pots should be filled to a depth of
one-third with drainage, and the soil pressed firmly
about the roots. During March and April is the
best time to pot. If a rockery is made and the
plants are planted out, better results are obtained.

Other Cultural Points. — Water is given in
summer, but less than is supplied to other plants.
After August the supply must be gradually with-
held until the end of September, after which time,
with one or two exceptions, little or no water will
be required until spring. Modifications of this
treatment will be mentioned with each genus
when necessary.

Principal Genera : —

Cereus.

Echinocactus

Epiphyllum.

Other Genera :

Echinocereua (see Ce-
reus).

Echinopsis (see Cereus).

Eriosyce.

Melocactus.

Mammillaria.

Opuntia.

Phyllocactus.

Nopalea.

Pelecyphora.

Pereskm.

Pilocereus (see Cereus).

lihipsalis.

For particulars see each genus.

Cactus Uahlia (see Dahlia).

Cadia

(150)

Caladium

japonica (see sepiaria).
pulchemma, 15', Jy.,yel.,

red.
Sappan, 40', Jy., St., yel.

(Sappan Wood) .
sepiaria, 60', Ap., hdy.,

yel.

CADIA.

An African genus (ord. Leguminos;e), interesting
on account of its pendulous, Hibiscus-like flowers.
A few species only are known. Seeds or cuttings.
A mixture of loam, leaf mould, and sand, and an
intermediate temperature, suit them well.

Principal Species : —

ellisiana, 2', Jy., ro.

C^ESALPINIA.

• A genus of deciduous or evergreen, stove, green-
house, or hardy trees and shrubs (ord. Legu-
minosse), characterised by large, handsome leaves,
spiny stems, and long racemes of red or yellow
flowers. The species requiring protection are
rarely seen in cultivation, as they require to be
grown to a large size before they flower. Cuttings
are difficult to root, but seeds germinate freely.
All require a rich, loamy soil. Sepiaria is hardy in
the southern counties.

Principal Species : —

coriaria, 30', Jy., yel., wh.

(Divi-Divi). The reddish

br. curved pods are

much used in tanning

and dyeing.
Gilliesii, 8' to 10', sum.,

hdy., yel. (syn. Poin-

ciinia Gilliesii).

CvESIA.

Australian and New Zealand plants (ord. Lili-
acese), resembling Anthericums in habit. The
roots are often thickened and tuber-like, the
leaves borne in a grass-like tuft, and the flowers,
which are small, blue or white, borne on long,
slender racemes. The species are readily increased
by division, and grow well in a greenhouse in any
.good soil.

Principal Species : —

corymbosa (Chamsescilla corymbosa), 9", sum.

CAJANUS.

A genus (ord. LeguminosEe) composed of a few
species of tropical evergreen shrubs. Indicus is a
native of the East Indies, but cultivated in many
tropical countries for its seeds, which are very
nutritious, and form a staple article of food among
the natives. It is the Dhal or Dhol of India, and
is considered the best of the Pulses. Propagation,
by seeds ; soil, rich loam.

Principal Species : —

indicus, 6' to 10', Jy., yel. — bicolor, 4', Jy., yel.

CAKILE. (SEA ROCKET.)

A hardy annual (ord. Cruciferre), widely dis-
tributed about the seashores of Great Britain and
other countries. It is easily distinguished by its
fleshy, glabrous leaves, lilac flowers, and curiously
divided seed pods. It grows readily in sandy loam.

Only Species : —

maritima, 1', sum., 10.

CALADENIA.

A genus of small-growing terrestrial Orchids
(ord. Orchidacea;) from Australia and New Zealand.
About thirty species are known. A single, Grass-

CoAoplwra (see Slumenbachia).
Cajopliora (see Jilumcnbachia).
Calabash Tree (see Crescentia).

like leaf is usually produced, from within which a
short flower spike bearing pretty, minute flowers
arises. They are rarely seen in other than scientific
establishments. Well drained pots are essential to
their well-being, and a mixture of loam, peat, and
sand, with a few crocks, forms a suitable compost.
When growth is completed very little water must
be given.

Principal Species : —

carnea.
— alba.

Patersonii.

— dilatata, Je., yel.

CALADENIA CARNEA ALBA.

CALADIUM.

Description. — Ornamental-foliaged stove plants
(ord. Aroidesc) distinguished by handsome, often
richly coloured leaves. The inflorescence is insignifi-
cant. By far the most important horticulturally
is bicolor, from which many of the lovely garden
forms have originated.

Propagation. — This is usually performed by divi-
sion of the tubers in early spring. The pieces
should be placed in small pots in a mixture of
loam, leaf mould, and sand, and plunged in a brisk
bottom heat, the house having a minimum tempera-
ture of 60° to 65°.

Soil. — A good compost is formed of two parts
good fibrous loam, one part fibrous pent, one part
leaf mould, and one part well-decayed manure ; to
this should be added a good quantity of coarse
silver sand.

Other Cultural Points.— The tubers should be
turned out of the old soil in January, and be re-
potted in small pots. After potting, a portion
should be plunged in a close, warm, and moist
house, bringing the remainder in at intervals of a
few weeks until the middle of March. After
growtli has commenced, repotting will be necessary
at frequent intervals. Where large specimens are
required, half a dozen strong plants should be

Caladium

( 151 )

Calamus

in a 10" pot; for ordinary work ft" or 8"
] ml > will be found large enough. When a mass of
shoots is made it is advisable to thin them out in
urdcr tn strengthen others and ensure the produc-
tion of fine leaves. Throughout the period of
growth a warm, moisture-laden atmosphere is
necessary, this helping the colour to develop. At
all (inn's they should be shaded from bright sun,
as the leaves readily scorch. After the pots have
become well filled with roots, liquid manure should
be given frequently. About the end of July, when
the foliage begins to decay, water may be gradually
withheld until the plants are dried off, when they
may be stored in a warm place until potting time,
but it is perhaps worth mentioning that Caladiums
generally come up strongly when planted in a
border and krpt moist all the year. When well
grown, few indoor decorative plants are more
useful. Argyrites, esculentum, and some others
are used fur sub-tropical bedding. Although a
number of species are known, very few are

CALAUIUM DUKE or YORK.

cultivated, preference being given to the more
showy garden varieties. A few species are men-
tioned, with the colours of the leaves, followed by
a selection of varieties.

Principal Species:—

argyriti's (.vr Iliiinboldtii).
liiculor, U', gni., red.
Cliiuitinii, H , grn., crim.,
wh. (a form of bicolor).
HtimhnMtii, !)", grn., wh.
nmrmoratum, 1', grn.,wh.

•V/rc/ ijurden rarieties, 1' to 2' : —
albo-luteum, yel., wh., AugusteCharpentier,car.,

red, gold, gru.
Buron Adoluhe de Roth-

Bchild, red, car., grn.
Baroune James do Roth-

pictum (see bicolor) .

purdieaiium (xcc bicolor) .

Schomburgkii, H', grn.,
wli. (»;/»». Schoelleri and
Alocasia'Schomburgkii).

Charlotte Hoffmann. \vli.
Crown Prince of Siam,

red, pk., gni.
Clio, ro., wh., gm.
Comtesse (le Brosse, ro.,

red, car.
Duchess of Tife, ro., car,,

wh., gni.
Duchess of Teck, wh.,

red, br.
Duchesse de Mortemort,

wh.

Duke of York, car. , crim.
Fastuosum, red, car., ver.
Golden Queen, gold, yel.
Gurupa, red, crim.
Henry Dixou, gm., red.
Illustrious, wh., car.
John Peed, red, grn.
La Lorraine, ro.,car.,grn.
Lady Dorrington, grey,

pk., red, wh.

LordPenrhyn, crim., car.,

gm., wh.
Madame Box, ro., crim.,

gni.
Marquis of Camden, red,

grn.
minus erulie«cens, grn.,

crim., a charming minia-
ture.
Mrs. W. E. Gladstone,

crim., gru.
Orinamme, red, gni.
Prince Saiisparcet, red,

grn., yel.
Princess Beatrice of Bat-

tenberg, bl., grn., vio.
Roiicador, ro., gm., blk.
Rose Laing, wh., crim.
Silver Cloud, wh., gni.,

car.
Souv. de Mdlle. Henriot,

red, wh., gni.

grn.

Alexander III., red, grn.
Amarante, red., vio., ro.
Anna de Coudeixia, ro.,

gni., wh., yel.

schild, ro., red, grn.

CALAMAGROSTIS.

A widely distributed genus (ord. Gramineie).
There are a large number of species, the majority
of which are hardy, three being included in the
British flora. All are readily increased by division,
and succeed in good loam.

Principal Species : —
lanceolata, 3', Jy. stricta, 2', Je.

CALAMINTHA.

Pleasing plants, principally of perennial habit
(ord. Labiatse), of service in borders or on rock-
eries. They are increased by division, cuttings, or
seeds in spring, and can be grown in almost any
soil. The best is grandiflora. a good herbaceous
perennial, 1' high, flowering in June, and having
purple flowers. Others are Acinos, the Basil
Thyme, 6", July, annual, purple (syn. Acinos vul-
garis); alpina, 8", July, purple; graveolens, 1',
June, purple ; and patavina, 6", July, red.

CALAMUS.

Description. — A tropical genus (ord. Palnise)
composed of a large number of elegant Palms
of little decorative value except in large houses.
The majority make slender climbing plants, as-
cending to a great height by means of stout
hooked prickles on the leaves and stems. Of the
stronger-growing species, stems have been found
several hundred feet in length. Other species make
graceful little. bushes, while a few assume a tree-like
appearance. In a young state they are very orna-
mental, and are popular for house and table
decoration. The stems of several species are
largely used for walking sticks and other purposes.
The highly prized Malacca canes are the stems of
Scipionum, while the stems of Rotang and vimin-
alis are Imported for chair bottoms.

Propagation.— They may be increased by means
of seeds, which germinate readily, or in some cases
they may be divided. Seeds should be sown in
shallow pans of light soil and stood in a stove
house. When the leaves are 3" long the plants
must be placed in small pots, care being taken
not to damage the roots. When plants are divided
they should be kept close and moist until root
action has recommenced.

Soil and Culture. — The general cultivation is
simple. They require good loam, plenty of heat
and atmospheric moisture, and abundance of

Calampelis (sec Eccremocarpiis).

Calandrinia

( 152 )

Calanthe

moisture at the roots when growth is active. To
keep the leaves of a1' healthy colour, liquid manure
must be given when the pots are full of roots.
Principal Species : —

polygafl

Regis.

tenuis.

aspemmus
australis.

viminalis.

subangulatus.

trinervis.

volonteanus.

caryotoides.
ciliaris.
erect us.

Other Species : —
leptospadix.
Muelleri.
oblongus.
oxleyanus.

CALANDRINIA.

A genus (ord. Portulaceje)
comprising a large number of
species of half-hardy, annual,
biennial, or perennial herba-
ceous plants, distinguished by
succulent stems and leaves, and
in many cases large, showy, red
or purple flowers. The greater
number of species belong to
America, the remainder to Aus-
tralia. The few species in cul-
tivation are treated as annuals
or biennials. Propagation is
effected by means of seeds
sown in well drained pots of
sandy soil in early spring, the
pots being stood in a warm
greenhouse. When the seed-
lings are large enough to handle
they should be thinned to five
in each pot, potting all on
together when necessary. By
this means better plants may
often be grown than when
pricking off is done in the
ordinary way. At all times
plenty of sunlight is essential.
About the end of May they
may be transferred to a sunny
border or rockery out of doors.
Seeds may also be sown in open
borders about the end of April.
Plants grown in the latter
manner flower as the earlier
ones stop.

Principal Species : —
discolor, li', Jy., Aug., grh., ro.
glauca (see grandiflora) .
grandiflora, 1', Je.,Sep., st.,rosy

red (syn. glauca).
Menziesii, 1', sum., hdy., pur.

crim.
umbellata, 6", sum., hdy., bien.,

crim.

Other Species :—
arenaria, 6", Jy., hdy., or.
compressa, 6", Aug.,

hdy., ro.

uitida, 6", sum., hdy., ro.
opppsitifolia, hdy., wh.
paniculata, H, Jy.,st.,pur.

CALANTHE.

Description. — Handsome terrestrial Orchids (ord.
Orchidacese), found in the Malay Peninsula,
Borneo, Japan, and other countries. The species
are evergreen or deciduous, and characterised by
large, broad, many-ribbed or plaited leaves ; thick,

fleshy pseudo-bulbs ; and long- spikes of showy
flowers, distinguished by the lip being attached to
the column, and by eight thick, waxy pollen
masses adhering to a separate gland. The flowers
last for several weeks, either on the plant, or cut
and placed in water. In most places they are
considered to be amongst the easiest of Orchids
to grow.

Propagation may be effected by division of the
pseudo-bulbs, or by cutting them in pieces and
placing them in sand, severing the sucker-like
shoots as they appear, and treating them as cuttings.

Soil. — A compost of turfy loam, leaf mould, and
sphagnum, with an addition of silver sand and dry

Plato : W. J. Huberts

polyandra, Aug., red pur.

(syn. Talinum polyan-

drum) .
procumbeus, 6", Aug.,

hdy., ro.

CALAXTHE VESTITA.

cow manure, suits them admirably. The drainage
must be good, as during the growing season
abundant supplies of fresh water are necessary ;
the evergreen section require plenty of water in
winter as well.

Other Cultural Points. — Repotting should be
done in February and March, the bulbs being
placed singly or several together in 5", 6", or 7"
pots. The bulbs should be placed on the top of
the soil, taking care not to bury the young shoots
which are pushing from the base. No water will

Calathea

( 153 )

Calceolaria

be necessary until young roots begin to push into
the soil. A light place near the glass in a moist
stove is required during' the growing season.
When the pots are filled with roots, manure water
must be given twice a week. When the " bulbs "
have attained to full size they should.be placed in
a cooler, drier house. The deciduous species re-
quire little or no water after the leaves begin to
turn yellow, until the flower spikes are several
inches long, providing the bulbs do not show signs
of shrivelling.

Principal Species and Hybrids : —

Masuca, 3', wiu., vio. — uivalis, 2', spr., wh.

porphyrea, 2', spr., crim. — oculata-gigautea, 3',

Veitchii, 3', win., ro. (*yii. win., wh.

Liraatodes rosea). — Regnieri, 2', spr., ro.

veratrifolia, '!' , spr., wh. — rubro-oculata, 2', win.,

vestita, 2J', wiu., wh. wh., crim.

(p. 152)."

Other Species and Hybrids : —

barberiana, 2', wh., yel. Petri, 2', spr., yel. (a form
curculigoides, 2', Oct., or. of veratrifolia).

Domiuii, 2', Feb., lil., Sieboldii (see striata).

pur. striata, 1', spr., yel. (si/us.

furcata, 3', sum., wh. Sieboldii and bicolor).

Textori, crim., wh.

CALATHEA.

Description. — Ornamental - leaved herbaceous
plants (ord. Scitaminese), natives of tropical
America and the West Indies. The species are
numerous, and form dense masses with very short,
contracted stems, from which the large, often
prettily marked foliage and terminal spikes of
rather insignificant flowers spring. Many of the
species are often confused with the closely allied
genus Maranta, slight botanical differences only
dividing the two genera. The leaves of some
species are used for basket making in South
America.

Propagation is easily performed when growth is
active by dividing the clumps, potting the pieces
in rich light soil, and placing them in a close and
warm propagating case until established.

Soil. — A light, loose compost is essential. This
may be obtained by mixing two parts of peat to
one part of loam and one of leaf mould, adding a
good proportion of silver sand and charcoal.

Other Cultural Points. — Shallow pans one-third
full of crocks are preferable to pots, and potting
must be light. If the plants can be planted out
on a rockery or rootery much better results will be
obtained. When growth is active, abundance of
water must be given, but it must always drain
away quickly, Calatheas being very impatient of
stagnant moisture. The warmest place in the
stove should be given them, and they should be
syringed several times a day, always keeping the
surrounding stage, paths, etc., damp. They should
never be subjected to very bright sunlight, as the
leaves are easily scorched. Replanting or potting
must be done annually.

Principal Species:—

angustifolia, 2' to 1'. gm., leopardina, 2', grn.

pur. oniata, 1', yel., grn.

cyclophora, 2', My., flow- — albo-lineata, 2i', grn.,

ers wh., Ivs. grn. yel., wh.

eximia, 2i', silver, gm. — regalia, 6', grn., pur.

flavescens, 1J', grn. sanderiana, 2J, olive grn.,
illustris, 1', st., wh.,pur. pk. stripes.

Plants growing in borders may have a top-dressing
of light, rich soil annually. Liquid manure once a
week in summer heightens the colour of the leaves.

Other Species :

amabilis (see Maranta medio-picta, U', sum.,

amabilis). ro., Ivs. grn., wh.

bacheiniaua, 9", silver, pacifica, 1', gru.

gru. princeps, 2£', grn., yel.

fasciata, 1', st., wh. rufibarba, 2', grn.

lindeniana, 1', yel. grn., veitchiana, 3', grn., yel.

olive gni. zebrina, 3', grn., pur.
makoyana (iee Maranta

bicolor var. ).

CALCAREOUS SOIL.

Soil containing an abundance of chalk (carbonate
of lime). Chalk or lime is absolutely essential to
fertility, but the proportion may be too great. Soil
that is too heavily supplied with carbonate of lime
is not retentive of moisture, and the crops dry up
quickly in the summer. The sun's rays are reflected
so much that the soil remains unheated, and crops
are consequently late. Such soils are improved
by the addition of loam and animal manure.

CALCEOLARIA. (SLIPPEE WORT.)
Description. — A genus (ord. Scrophularinea:)
comprised of many distinct species, and numerous
hybrids and varieties, including annual and per-
ennial herbs, and dwarf shrubs. In gardens the
chief interest in the Calceolaria is centred in the
herbaceous varieties grown for greenhouse decora-
tion, and the shrubby evergreen sorts employed
for bedding, though some of the species are well
worth growing. Chiefly increased from cuttings.
(For particulars of propagation, soil, and culture,
see Florists' and Bedding Calceolarias.)

Principal Species and Hybrids : —

Herbaceous Perennials :

amplexicaulis, H', hlf- lobata, 9", sum., yel.

hdy., sum., yel. spotted,

arachnoidea, 1', sum., Pavonii, 2' to 3', sum.,

pur. >el., br.

Burbidgei, 2' to 4', aut., plantaginea, 1', late sum.,

win. , spr., per. , yel. yel.

corymbosa, 1', sum., yel., purpurea, 1', late sum.,

pur. pur. There are several

Fothergillii, 6", sum., yel. hybrids between this
and other species.

Shrubby Evergreens : —

alba. 1', sum., wh. late sum., yel. («//». ru-

fuchsiajfolia, 1' to 2', spr., gosa). The parent of

yel. many hybrids,

hyssopifolia, 1' to 2', scabiossefolia, sum., yel.,

sum., yel., wh. ev. trailing plant,

integrifolia (Ruiz), \\' , violacea, 2', sum. , vio.

Other Species :
bicolor, 2' to 3', sum., pinnata, 2' to 3', Jy.,

yel., wh. ami., yel.

chelidonioides, 1', Je., pisacometsis, 3', Aug.,

ami., yel. yel., sub-shr., per.

flexuosa, 3', per., yel. stricta, 3', Sep., shr., yel.

Henrici, 2', shr., yel. tenella, 6", hdy. per., yel.,

kellyana, shr.. c>r. red ; a or. red.

curious hybrid. thyrsiflora, H', Je., shr.,

petiolaris, 1!', aut., bien. yel.

or per., yel. (KI/H. coii-

nata).

Florists' or Herbaceous Calceolarias. — Since culti-
vatorsand cross-breeders took up the improvement of
the herbaceous greenhouse Calceolaria great strides
have been made, till at the present time there are
numerous strains and varieties which are nearly
perfect in the size, form, and colour of the flowers,
the plants also being of dwarf, compact habit.

Propagation. — From seeds sown in July and
August. Calceolaria seed is very fine, and requires

Calceolaria

( 154;

Calceolaria

much care in sowing. Fill a shallow pan three
parts full of soil, and press the latter clown evenly.
Scatter a little silver sand on the surface, and
give a watering through a fine rose. Leave the
pan for an hour before sowing, so that the water
can drain away. Sow the seed thinly, and cover
with the lightest possible sprinkling of silver sand.
Cover the receptacle with a square of glass, and
place it in a cold frame. Shade closely till the
seedlings appear, and then gradually expose them
to -the light. At this stage the soil must be kept
in an" even state of moisture.

sprinkling of water, and place them near the glass
in a cold frame. Shade carefully at first, and keep
the soil moist. When the plants are growing
freely, more air may be given, and less shade. As
soon as the roots begin to feel the sides of the
pots shift the plants into 5" pots. Be careful not
to break the bulls, press the compost moderately
firmly, continue to grow the plants close to the light
in a cold pit or frame, shade from hot sunshine,
•water with care, and allow ventilation night and
day. As soon as roots commence to appear at the
drainage hole the plants are ready for their flower-

A GOOD TYPE OF HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIA.

Soil. — For seeds, one part loam, one part leaf
mould, half a part silver sand. For seedlings at
the first potting, two parts loam, one part leaf
mould, and half a part sand. For the final potting,
two parts turfy loam, half a part leaf mould, half a
part thoroughly decayed manure, and small lumps
of charcoal or old mortar, with enough sand to
keep the compost open.

Other Cultural Points. — The main thing with
Calceolarias is to avoid any checks, not allowing
the plants to become dry, starved, or potbound,
from the seedling to the final stage. As soon as
the seedlings are large enough to handle, prick
them into thumb pots or pans, give a slight

ing pots, which may be 7" or 8"_. After the final
shift, stand each plant on an inverted pot placed
on a bed of coal ashes, and allow room between
for a thorough circulation of air. When frost
appears in the autumn, remove the plants to posi-
tions near the glass in a light house, having a
temperature not above 50°, and keep the atmo-
sphere moist. Never coddle the plants. Give liquid
manure once a week when the pots are full of roots.
Support the flower stems with neat stakes, but do
not cramp the natural habit of the plants.

Enemies. — Aphides.— Green Fly is the bane of
the greenhouse Calceolaria, and the aim of the
grower should be to prevent attacks. '""'

This is done

Calceolaria

(155)

Calimeris

by growing the plants in a cool, moist temperature.
A refreshing dew on the surface of the leaves in
the morning, while in the frame, wards off insect
pests and invigorates the plants. Watch for the
first traces of Aphis, and fumigate slightly.

Varieties. --The finest flowers are continually
being crossed by raisers, with the result that the
best strains of mixed seed may be relied on to
produce flowers of wonderful brilliancy and diver-
sity of colour.

Shrubby or Bedding Calceolaria. —A few species
and a number of varieties and hybrids of the
shrubby Calceolaria are largely employed for
summer bedding. At one time masses of crimson
and rich brown flowers were to be seen, but now
the gulden yellow Calceolaria is the most popular.

Propagation. — Hybrids and varieties of rugosa
nre raised from seeds, which produce plants of a
wide range of colour. The best method of propa-
gating bedding Calceolarias is from cuttings in
the autumn. Early in October prepare a bed of
sandy soil in a cold frame, with a, thin layer of
sand on t he sin-face. Select young, growing shoots,
remove the lower leaves from them, and cut
horizontally just below a joint. Dibble them in
regularly and firmly, sprinkle with water through
a rose to'settle the soil and prevent flagging, and
keep the frame close and shaded for a few days.
The cuttings take a long time to root, but if air is
provided on favourable occasions, and protection
given in the case of severe frost, they will pass the
winter safely, and commence growth in the spring.

Soil. — A deep, loamy soil is necessary for Calceo-
larias if they are to flower well throughout the
season. They often die off in hot, sandy soils.

Other Cultural Points. — At no time do the plants
require artificial heat. When growth commences
in the- spring pinch out the points of the shoots to
encourage a branching habit. It is a great mis-
take to leave Calceolarias in the cutting frame till
more tender plants are bedded out in May or June.
The end of April is the best time for planting, but
if it cannot be done then the plants should be
transferred to temporary beds, made up of sandv
loam and leaf mould, and left there until they are
removed to their flowering quarters. Continual
blooming is encouraged by pinching off the old
llower stems.

Diseases. — Calceolarias are often disappointing
owing to their habit of dying off in the summer.
through a disease which causes the roots to
decay. There appears to be no direct cure, but
the trouble is most prevalent amongst plants.,
growing in hot, shallow soils. Early planting is
the best preventive, because the plants become
firmly established before hot weather sets in.

Select Varieties :—
aurea floribunda, 1', yel.; Golden Gem, 1$', deep

fine. yel. ; one of the best.

Bijou, 1', dark red ; free. Prince of Orange, 1', or.,
(iiiines's Yellow, 1', yel. ; br.; compact.

good bedder. Sultan, 1' ; fine dark var.

Species and Hybrids : —

Few of the pure species are used for bedding,
but amplexicaulis is useful for large beds and
bcmlers. It blooms late, and is about 1J' high ; its
lemon coloured flowers are very effective. The
hybrids of rugosa are of strong constitution, and
produce flowers of varied colours.

Caicearia, (tee Corysanthes).

CALDCLUVIA.

The one species of this genus (ord. Saxifragese)
is a Chilian evergreen tree, requiring the protection
of a greenhouse, and may be propagated from
cuttings of half-ripe shoots inserted in sandy soil
in a warm, close case. Peat and loam form a
suitable compost.

Only Species :—
paniculata, 20', Je., wh.

CALEA.

A genus of herbs and sub-shrubs (ord. Com-
positai) largely distributed throughout tropical
America. The simple leaves have usually three
very distinct nerves and a rough surface.

Principal Species: —

jamaicensis, 3', Je., pur. urticrefolia, 2', Jy., yel.
pinnatifida, Je., yel.

CALEANA.

A small terrestrial plant (nrd. Orchidacese) from
Australia, requiring greenhouse cultivation. The
flower is remarkable by reason of the irritability of
the lip. In fine weather it bends back, exposing
the column ; in wet weather, or when disturbed,
it closes up to protect the column. The plants are
cultivated in well drained pots in a compost of
fibrous peat and loam, with a little sandstone and
charcoal added.

Principal Species : —

major, Je., grn., br.

minor, Je., gru., br.

CALECTASIA.

A pretty Rush-like genus (ord. Juncacese) from
Australia, with a sub-shrubby habit and elegant,-
needle-shaped leaves sheathing the stem at the
base, and solitary, star-shaped, terminal flowers.
The stock can be increased by division, and a
mixture of sandy peat and loam makes a suitable
compost. Greenhouse cultivation is necessary.

Only Species: —

cyanea, 1', Je., bl.

CALENDULA. (MARIGOLD.)

Effective plants (ord. Composites) for the garden
or greenhouse. The majority are annuals, but
there are a few of shrubby habit which must be
grown in the greenhouse. The latter should be
cultivated in loam" and leaf soil or peat ; the others
will grow in any good soil. The hardy annuals
can be sown in spring and treated as ordinary
hardy annuals ; the tender ones should be sown in
slight heat. The shrubby species are propagated
by cuttings in heat in spring. The best known is
ofticinalis, the common pot Marigold, of which the
varieties Meteor, Orange King, and Yellow Queen,
all with yellow flowers, are improvements. Others
are arvensis, 2', June, yellow ; maderensis, 2',
July, hardy annual, orange ; segyptiaca (syn. sicula),
1', June, hardy annual, yellow ; and suffruticosa,
1'. November, greenhouse shrub, yellow. (6'ee also
MARIGOLDS.)

CALIMERIS.

Hardy perennial plants (ord. Composite) now
included with the Asters, and requiring the same
treatment. That known as incisa (syn. Aster
incisus), which is about 3' high, flowers in July,

Caldasia heterophylla (see lionplandia gemini-

flora.)
Calico Hush (see Kalmia latifolia).

Caliphruria

( 156)

Callisia

and has flowers ranging from white to pale purple,
is one of the best.

CALIPHRURIA.

Pretty half-hardy or greenhouse bulbous plants
(ord. Amaryllidese), with white flowers and broad,
rather plaited, leaves. They are propagated by
offsets, or by seeds sown when ripe in heat. They
should be grown in loam, leaf soil, or peat, and a
little sand. The best is hartwegiana, 1', June.
Subedentata is now included with Eucharis.

CALLA.

The best of the plants grown in gardens as Callas
will be found under Richardia (see also ARUM
LILIES). The ornamental aquatic, palustris (ord.
Aroidese), with small, Richardia-like flowers, is
hardy, and is adapted for the margins of lakes and
ponds. It has white flowers, and blooms in summer
and autumn. Increased by division and seeds.

CALLIANDRA.

A large genus of shrubs (ord. Leguminosoe) found
in tropical America, of dense habit. They are propa-
gated by means of cuttings, inserted in sandy soil,
and placed in a warm, close case. A compost of
two parts sandy peat to one part loam meets their
requirements. Potting should be done firmly. A
stove or intermediate house temperature is neces-
sary, and watering, especially in winter, needs
careful attention.

Principal Species : —

caracasana, 3', Ap., red. htematocephala, 3', sum.,
fulgens, 2£', sum., red. red.

Tweediei, 3', My., red.

Other Species : —
brevipes, 4', sum., pk. Harrisii, 15', sum., ro.

CALLIANTHEMUM.

Low-growing Alpine herbs (ord. Ranunculacese),
almost devoid of stem, and having thick, fleshy
rhizomes. They are hardy, and answer to the
same methods of propagation and treatment
generally as Anemones. Five of the members of
the genus were formerly regarded as species, but
they are now looked upon as forms of one. The
variety rutaefolium anemonoides, March, white or
pale rose, is the most notable of all.

CALLICARPA.

A genus of stove or greenhouse shrubs (ord.
Verbenaceae). They usually have hairy leaves,
minute flowers, and small, highly ornamental fruits
produced in clusters from every leaf axil on long
arching shoots. Cuttings of soft shoots root readily
in spring. When rooted they should be potted
into 3" pots, using a mixture of two parts loam,
one part leaf mould, and enough coarse sand toensure
the whole being kept sweet. They should be stood
in a temperature of from 55° to GO", and pinched
several times to form a good foundation. When
the pots are well filled with roots a shift into G"
pots should be given. Stopping must be finished
by the middle of July, and long shoots encouraged.
As soon as flowers are produced, a light, airy house
must be provided. The fruit sets freely, and should
be well coloured by the middle of September. It
lasts in good condition for several months. The
various species are found in South America, Indin,
and Japan.

Principal Species : —
lanata, 3', st., berrieapur. purpurea,G', st., berries pur.

Callnea (sec Doliocarptis).

Other Species : —

americaua, (i'. grh., berries japonica, 3', grh., berries

vio. pur.

cana, 3', St., pur. (si/n. mollia, 3', berries pur.

tomentosu). rubella, 2', hlf.-lidy.,

berries red.

CALLICOMA.

A New Holland genus (ord. Saxifragese), of
which one species, serratifolia, is in cultivation.
It forms a dense shrub 4' in height, bearing
coarsely toothed leaves, whitish on the under side,
and small heads of yellow flowers in late spring.
It roots readily from cuttings, and grows well if
potted firmly in sandy peat in an ordinary green-
house.

Principal Species : —
serratifolia, 4', My. to Aug., yel.

CALLIGONUM.

A group of hardy shrubs found growing in poor,
sandy soil in West Africa and West Asia (ord.
Polygonacea;). About twenty species are known.
They make dense bushes with small, simple
alternate evergreen or deciduous leaves, and bear
small, often whitish flowers in small clusters. The
genus is of little horticultural value. May be
grown in any ordinary soil.

Principal Species : —
Pallasia, 3' to 4', My., grn., wh.

CALLIOPSIS (sec COEEOPSIS).

CALLIPSYCHE.

Beautiful and interesting bulbous plants (ord.
Amaryllidcic), with numerous flowers of some shade
of yellow, and notable for the great length of their
stamens. The leaves make their appearance after
the flowers are past. Propagation is effected by
offsets and seeds, much in the same way as in
Eucharis or Pancratium. The bulbs should be
potted firmly in a compost of good fibrous loam,
two-thirds ; leaf mould, one-third ; and plenty of
sand. An intermediate house with shade in
summer meets their requirements.

Principal Species:—

aurantiaca, 2', Feb., or. mirabilis, 3', Jy., greenish
eucrosioides, 24', Mch., yel.

greenish yel. (syn. mexi-

cana).

CALLIRHOE.

Ornamental annuals or perennials (0r<OIalvacese),
of much beauty in beds, borders, or rockwork.
They grow well 'in light, sandy loam, and are prop-
agated by seeds, the perennials by cuttings also.
The seeds are better sown under glass in a frame.
The best perennial species is involucrata, (i", July,
crimson, a pretty trailer. The best annual species-
is probably pedata, 2', August, purple crimson.
Others are alcjeoides, 1', July, white to purple
(syns. C. macrorrhiza and Sida alcseoides) ; lineari-
loba, 6", July, lilac ; and involucrata, G", July,
cherry red, tinted purple.

CALLISIA.

Stove plants with the habit of the trailing
Tradescantias (ord. Commelinacese), to which they
are closely allied. They are of the easiest propa-

Callicliroa (see Layia).
CalUprora (Ken Brodicea').
Callifteris (see Asplenium).

Callistachys

( 157 )

Callixene

linarisefolia and lineare
(see Oxy lobium liueare) .

gation by cuttings in sandy soil in heat. Loam
with a little peat and sand will answer for compost.

Principal Species : —

marteusiaua, 1', sum., repens, 6", Je., bl.
wh. («/«. Tradescantia
marteusiana).

CALLISTACHYS.

A name given to a small section of Ox.vlobium
(ord. Leguminosa;), and differing from the type
chiefly by having the pods divided by partitions
between the seeds, though the character is in-
constant. They are small shrubs with simple
leaves and yellow or red and purple flowers. Now
referred to Oxylobinm.

Principal Species :—

cuneifolia (.w Isotropis

striata).
lanceolate, longifolia, ov-

ata, and retusa (-vr Oxy-

lobium (Callistachys).

CALLISTEMON. (BOTTLE BRUSH TREE.)
About a dozen species of tall shrubs or small
trees (ord. Myrtacese). The flowers are in dense
spikes. They are notable for the long, yellow or
scarlet stamens, which give them the appearance
of a bottle brush. The leaves are simple, evergreen,
and leathery. Propagated by seeds sown in a warm
pit or stove, and treated like Grevillea robusta in
their earliest stages. Cuttings of shoots just
getting firm root in pots of very sandy peat under
a hand-light in early summer. Equal parts of fibrous
loam and peat, with a good dash of sand, will make
a suitable compost. Some cultivators add lumps
of charcoal. Make the soil firm whether in pots or
tubs, water liberally in summer, but keep them
fairly dry in winter in a warm greenhouse ; those
which flower early might have a temperature of 50°
in spring.

Principal Species : —
lauceolatus, 10', Je., crim.

(.•///^.v. scaber, margin-

atus, semperflorens,

Metrosideros citrina and

M. semperflorens).
rigidus, a', Ap., cream

(*//». viminahs).
rugulosus (««.• rigidus).
saligims, 6', Je., straw

(XIIHK. lophanthus and

Metrosideros lophantha).

Other Species : —
brachyandrus, 3', Oct.,

yel.

liuuaris, 6', Je., sc.
microphyllus, .V.

— albus, wh.

• — viridiflorus, 6', Je.,
Aug., grn., yel. («y«.
Metrosideros viridi-
flora).

speciosus, 10', Ap., crim.
(*.'/»*. glaucus and Me-
trosideros speciosa).

phconiceus, 3', Mch., pur.
piiiii'olius, 6', Je., grn.
pungens, 6', My.

CALLISTEPHUS.

Half-hardy annuals (ord. Composite), the chief
interest of which lies in the numerous garden
varieties, the latter being superior to the species.
For culture and varieties see ASTER (" CHINA ").

Species and Varieties:—
hortensis, 1$', Jy., bl. — multiplex, H', Jy.,

(*//«. chinensis). variegated.

— albus, H', Jy., wh. — ruber, lj', Jy., red.

— nrachyanthus, 1}', Jy.,
bl.

— variegatus, It', Jy.,
variegated.

Callistcmma (see Callisteplmt).

CALLITRIS.

A genus of Coniferous trees (ord. Coniferse)
allied to Thuya and Cupressus. They may be
propagated by seeds, or by cuttings of the half
mature shoots in pots of sandy soil, kept in frames
from which frost is just excluded in winter. Sandy,
fibrous loam will suit them. They may be grown
in a cool greenhouse, intermediate house, or stove
with equal freedom, and are often grown as fine
foliage plants on account of their elegance.

Principal Species : —

cupressiformis (see rhom-
boidea).

quadrivalvis, 20', Sep.,
grh., grn. (sy». Tetra-
cliuis articulata).

rhomboidea, 20', grh. (syn.

Frenela rhomboidea).
triquetra, Ap., grh., grn.

Photo: CaateU it ComiMny. Ltd.

CALOCHOKTUS NITIDUS (see p. 159).

CALLIXENE.

A half-hardy shrub allied to Lapageria (ord.
Liliaceae), of dwarf, erect habit, only 18" high
when grown in sheltered places out of doors. It
has short, spreading side shoots, small evergreen
leaves, and small white flowers. Propagation may
be effected by taking off rooted suckers. Peaty
soil suits, such as is used for Lapageria. Now
referred to Luzuriaga.

Principal Species : —

polyphylla (see Luzuriaga erecta).

CallitJiauma (see Stenomeumt).

Calluna

( 158)

Calochortus

CALLUNA. (LING. HEATHER.)

A beautiful little hardy shrub, so well known as
to need no description. It prefers a peaty soil, but
can be grown in ordinary garden soil. The type,
vulgaris, is surpassed in beauty by the varieties ;
the white forms being favourites. Harnraondi and
Serlei are the best of these. Alportii and carnea
are good coloured varieties ; Foxii and pygmjea are

Pkutu : Casaell tfc Company, Ltd.

CALOCHORTUS LUTEUS (see p. 159).

valued for their dwarf habit; flore-pleno for its
double flowers ; and argentea, aurea, and cuprea
for the colour of their foliage. All are propagated
by cuttings. Calluna is generally catalogued by
nurserymen with Erica.

CALLUS.

This name is applied to a corky swelling or out-
growth from the base of cuttings after they have
been inserted in soil for some time. If a Pelar-
gonium cutting is examined after it has begun to
callus, the cushion of tissue will be found to arise
at the junction of the bark and the wood ; in other
words, it arises from the cambium layer, and is a
sign that the cutting is going to form roots. The
latter arise from the inner side of the cambium
layer, and push or pierce their way through the
callus. The same process may be seen where
branches have been cut off trees, the callus being
the method of covering or healing the wound.

CALOCHILUS.

Terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidacese), whose
chief beauty resides in the lip, which is densely
fringed on the upper surface. The rootstock is

paludosus, 9", My., grh.,
br.

tuberous. Increase is obtained by removing the
offsets, or by dividing the clumps of tubers.
Fibrous loam and turfy peat, witli sand, will suit
them. They require a greenhouse temperature,
with an increase of heat when about to bloom, and
again when making their growth, at which time
plenty of water should be given.

Principal Species : —
campestris, 9", Ap., Je.,
grh., prn., br. ($yn.
herbaceus).

CALOCHORTUS. (MABIPOSA LILY.)

Description. — Exquisitely beautiful bulbous
plants (ord. Liliaceoe) of great value for the garden,
or for frame cultivation. Many of the flowers are
beautifully marked, and it may be safely said that
all are worthy of cultivation.

Propagation. — By seeds sown in pans, and the
plants grown in a cool house, planting out the
seedlings the third year. Also by offsets, removed
when the parent plants are at rest, and by the
small bulbs some produce on the stern.

Soil. — A light, peaty soil, well drained, will suit
the Calochorti, but it is preferable to make up a
compost of sand, leaf soil, and road grit.

Other Cultural Points. — Plant from the middle
of September to the end of November, 3" deep, and
the same distance apart, in raised beds of the soil

Flwto : Cttsxi'll <C Company, Ltd.

CALOCHORTUS CLAVATUS (see p. 159).

recommended above. A sunny place should gener-
ally be chosen, where the plants can be shaded
when in bloom. Cover the surface with Bracken,

Calochortus

( 159 )

Calophyllum

Aster steins, or similar material, which ought to
remain until February or March. They must not
suffer from dry weather while in growth. Frame
culture i- ccTt;iinIy the best in most gardens. The
bulbs may be planted as recommended for open-air
cultivation, and when the plants begin to grow
they must have plenty of air. Calochorti planted
in pots should be kept in a cold frame until they
show flower, always giving them a sufficiency of
air.

Principal Species : —

albtis. 1'. .Ty.. wli. A charming plant with eight
to twelve drooping wh. flowers (syn. Cyclobothra
alba).

ca;ruleus, 6", Jy., HI., bl. Several vars. can be
had ; major and roseus are good.

I'lwtu : Consult tfc C'oii*/j<i«y. Ltd.

CALOCHORTUS LCTEUS CITRINUS
(syn. venustus citrinus).

luteus, 1', Jy., yel. (seep. 158). One of the pret-
tiest. The vars. citrinus (si/n. venustus citrinus,
eee figure) and concolor are very fine.

pulr.hollus, 1', Jy., yel. A handsome species,
hardier than many; flowers drooping (tsyn. Cyclo-
bothra pulcliella).

Purdyi, 1', Jy., wh. A splendid doer in places
where many others will not thrive.

splenden>, 2', Jy., 111. Fine forms are atroviol-
aceus and rulinim.

venustus l.V. .ly., wh. Perhaps the most useful
anil vigorous of the >pe<:ies. There are a number
of vars.. and all are good. The Kldorado .-train is
the beM.

Other Species :—

aracenus, 1', Jy., j>k. (»//«.
Cyclobothra amama) .

apiculatus, 1', Jy., yel.

Benthamii, 8", Jy., yel.
(syn. elegans lutea).

bonplandiaims, 2.1', Jy.,
pur. (fijiiK. purpureus
and Cyclotothra pur-
purea).

clavatus, 2}', Jy.,yel. (see
p. 158). "

elegans, 9", Je., wh.

flavus, 2', Jy., yel. (X//H.V.
palliclus and Cyclobo-
thra barbata and lutea).

Greeneii, 1', Je., HI.

Gunnisouii, 2', Jy., wh.

Howellii, H', Jy., wh.

Kennedy!, ~2£', Jy., or.
red.

lilacinus, 9", Jy., HI. (si/us.
uiriflorus of Hooker ami
umbellatus).

longebarbatus, 1', Jy.,

pur.

Lyonii, 2', Je., wh., etc.
inacrocarpus, H', Aug.,

pur.
madrensis, 9", Aug., or.

yel.

maweanus, 9", Jy., pur.
. (syn. elegans of Jtot-

anical Magazine 5976).
nitidus, 2', Aug., wh. (iee

p. 157).
NuttalHi, 6", Je., wh.

(syn. Leichtlinii).
obispoensis, U', Aug.,yel.,

pur., etc.

Pahneri, H', Jy., wh.
Plummera;, 2', Jy., HI.
Tolmiei, 2',Jy.,HI.
nuifiorus, 0", Jy., HI.
Weedii, 1', Jy., yel. (syn.

citrinus) .

CALODENDRON.

A tall tree with spreading branches in twos or
threes (ord. Rutacese), large, oblong leaves, and
handsome, branched panicles of pink flowers. Prop-
agation is effected by cuttings of half-ripe wood in
a propagating case or in pots of soil plunged in
bottom heat and covered with a bell-glass. The
large seeds are also used, but the trees are longer
in coming into bloom. Sandy loam will suit the
tree, whether grown in pots in the greenhouse or
planted out in the cool conservatory with plenty of
head room.

Only Species : —

capensis, 10' to 50', Je., Jy., grh., pk.

CALOPHACA.

Pretty, hardy shrubs, with yellow, Pea-shaped
flowers (ord. Legurainosse), of deciduous habit.
They grow in any good soil, and are propagated by
seeds or by grafting on the Laburnum or allied
species. The species in general cultivation is
wolgarica, 3', June, yellow.

CALOPHANES.

Perennial herbaceous or shrubby plants (ord.
Acanthaceae), for border or greenhouse cultivation.
They are propagated by seeds, sown in spring, or
by division in spring or autumn. Almost the only
species at present in cultivation is oblongifolius,
which is a hardy border plant, growing from 6" to-
15" high, with rather downy leaves, and blue or
purplish flowers in August. It likes a dry, sandy
soil.

CALOPHYLLUM.

A genus of stove trees allied to the Mammee
Apple (ord. Guttiferse) and characterised by
having finely feather-nerved, leathery, dark green
leaves. Increase is secured by cuttings of fairly
firm shoots in a propagating case. Use fibrous
loam, a third of peat, and plenty of sand.

Principal Species : —

Caltiha, 30', st., wh. inophyllum, 90', St., wh.
Camilla tree. Pimiay tree.

Tacamahaea, 30', St., wh..

Calodracon (see Cordyline).

Calomjrtion (sec l/nnmm ).
C'alopctalon (see Mariant/tug).

Calopogon

(160)

Calycanthus

CALOPOGON.

Dwarf, terrestrial Orchids (ord. OrchidaceEe),
bearing one or two grassy leaves on the stem,
which terminates in a lax raceme of fairly large
flowers of some shade of purple, adorned with a
yellow beard on the lip. Increase is obtained by
division of the clumps of small tubers. They may
be grown in pots in peat and loam, with sand, and,
though nearly hardy, do best with greenhouse
treatment.

Principal Species : —
multiflorus, 1', grh., pulchellus, IT, Jy., pur.

amethyst, pur. («.'/«• Limodorum tuber-

osum) .

CALOSANTHUS.

A tree (ord. Bignoniacefe) classified by some
under Bignonia, and by others under Oroxylum.
Flowers large, foetid, white, striped purple, and
arranged in a long terminal raceme. It is prop-
agated by half-ripened cuttings in a propagating
case, or in pots plunged in heat and covered by a
bell-glass. Loam and a little peat, with sand, will
suit it.

Principal Species : —

indica, 40', st., pur.

CALOSTEMMA.

Greenhouse bulbous plants allied to Eurycles
(ord. AmaryllideEe). The flowers vary from white
to yellow and purple. They are propagated by
offsets ; and succeed in fibrous loam, with plenty
of sand. Cool greenhouse treatment will meet
their requirements.

Principal Species : —

album, 1', My., wh. purpureum, 1', Nov., dark

Cunuinghamii (syn. Eury- pur.

cles Cunninghamii). • — cameum, 1', Nov., pale

luteum, 1', Nov., yel. pur. or wh. (syn. car-

neuin) .

CALOTHAMNUS.

A genus of about twenty -two species of greenhouse
shrubs (ord. Myrtacese), of a strong-growing char-
acter, with leathery, evergreen leaves. The flowers
are showy and disposed in spikes, often one-sided,
while the stamens are of a beautiful red or scarlet
colour. They are propagated by cuttings of young
wood just getting hard at the base, in peat and
sand under a bell-glass. Sound loam and peat in
equal proportions, with a good dash of sand, make
a suitable compost.

Principal Species : —

gracilis, 3', Jy., sc. quadrifidus, 3', Jy., sc.

lateralis, 3', Jy., Sep., sc. villosus, 3', Jy., sc.

(syn. longif olius) .

CALOTIS.

Perennial, rarely annual, herbs, allied to Brachy-
come and Bellium (ord. Compositfe), and tufted or
branched. The flower heads are small, with white,
blue, or violet rays. Propagation is effected by
seeds and by division. Fibrous loam, a little leaf
mould, and plenty of sand, make a good compost.
Greenhouse treatment is necessary.

Principal Species : —

cuneifolia, 1', Je., bl.

CALOTROPIS.

A genus of about three species of shrubs or small
trees (ord. Asclepiadea?), with opposite leaves and

Caloscordum (see Nothoscordum).

milky juice. The flowers are large, greenish white
externally, and purplish internally. Propagation
is effected by seeds in heat ; also by cuttings of
half-ripened wood in sand under a bell-glass or in
a case. For soil use fibrous loam, a little leaf soil,
and plenty of sand. Stove heat is required.

Principal Species: —
gigantea, 6' to 15', Aug., procera, G', Jy., wh.

10., pur.

CALPURNIA.

Greenhouse trees or shrubs (ord. Leguminosss),
with the flowers and habit of a Laburnum. Prop-
agation is effected by taking short side shoots in
summer as they are getting firm at the base. For
soil, use good loam with a third of peat and some
sand. Drain the pots or tubs well.

Principal Species : —

aurea, 15', grh., gold yel. ; Natal Laburnum.

CALTHA.

Generally effective, hard}' perennials (ord. Ranun-
culacefe), of much value in marshy places, and by
the sides of streams and ponds. Propagated by
seeds, sown in spring, or by division of the roots
at that season or in autumn. Any common soil
will do ; though palustris is more vigorous in that
which is of a heavy nature.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

leptosepala, 1', My., yel. The plant sometimes
known by this name, or as biflora, has wh. flowers,
and is the var. bicolor of palustris.

palustris, 1', Ap., yel. There are several hand-
some vars. of this native plant, the best being
bicolor, wh., monstrosa flore pleno, and nana flore
pleno. Alpina, arctica, and asarifolia are botanicnlly
forms of palustris also, but are kept distinct for
garden purposes.

Other Species : —

alpina, H', My., yel. asarifolia, 6", My., yel.

arctica, 1', My., yel. polypetala, 1', My., yel.

CALYCANTHUS. (ALLSPICE.)

Desirable," sweet-scented shrubs (ord. Calycan-
thaceae), generally hardy in our climate, and pro-
ducing rather dull coloured but deliciously fragrant
flowers, and oval or longish oval sweet-scented
leaves. Usually propagated by layers in summer,
but also by seeds sown in a cold frame, either
when ripe or in spring. They prefer soil of a peaty
nature, but can be grown in any good garden soil.
The Allspices are very useful for the garden or for
the shrubbery, and it is desirable that they should
be screened from cold winds.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

floridus, G', Je., br., pur. A favourite because of
its scent. There are several vars., asplenifolius,
ovatus, and variegatus being the best.

glaucus, 6', My., br., pur. (syn. fertilis). There are
several forms, including lasvigatus, oblongifolius,
pennsylvanicus, etc.

occidentalis, 9', Aug., red. A fine species, with
very fragrant flowers (syn. macrophyllus).

prcecox (see Chimonanthus fragrans).

Calpicarpum (see Kopsia).

Caltrops (see Tribitlus).

Caltrops, Water (see Trtvpa).

Calumba, false (see Cosciniunifenestratum').

Calumba root (see Jateorrliha CalumJta).

Calumba reood (see Cosciniwm fenestratum).

Calycophyllum

( 161 )

Cambessedesia

CALYCOPHYLLUM.

Evergreen stuvo trees (urd. Kubiacerc), allied to
Bouvardia and Manet tia, with small, white flowers.
They are pro pa gated by cuttings of half-ripened
wood in a propagating case, or frame, in a warm
pit. Use loam and peat in equal proportions, with
sufficient sand to make the compost pqrous.

Principal Species :—

eandidissiimiin, 20' or more, wh.

CALYPSO.

A pretty terrestrial Orchid (ord. Orchidaceae), of
which the only species, named borealis, is hardy,
with a little protection in the shape of litter or
Cocoanut fibre refuse over it in the winter. The
flowers are produced singly on the stalk, and are
rose, brown, and yellow in colour. It grows about
5" high, and likes a half-shaded place in an
artificial bog, or low nooks of a rock garden. It
is propagated by offsets when the plant is at rest.

CALYPTRANTHES.

A large genus of trees or shrubs allied to
Pimenta (i>nl. llyrtaceie), with small, axillary or
subterminal (lowers, and evergreen foliage. Prop- !
agation is effected by layers, or by cuttings of
half-ripened wood in sand under a bell-glass, or in ]
a propagating case. Use fibrous loam and peat,
with a good dash of sand; and give stove
treatment.

Principal Species : —

caryophyllifolia (nee Eu-
genia jumbolona).
Chytraculiu, l'2',Ap., wh.

jambolana (see Eugeniu

jambolana).
Syzygium, 20', Je., wh.

C A LYPTROCALYX.

Stove I'alms (urd. Palnias). The leaves terminate
abruptly like those of a Geonoma. Propagated by
imported seeds. Use fibrous but substantial loam,
with a little peat and sand for soil. Feed well
rather than over-pot them.

Principal Species : —

spicatus, 12'.

CALYPTROGYNE.

A small genus of Palms (ord. Palmaa) requiring
stove treatment. Increase is secured by seeds.
For compost use substantial yellow loam, with a
little peat and sand. Drain well and avoid over-
potting.

Principal Species : —
ghicshreglitiana, 2' to ">' spicigera, 5'.

(M///.V. Oeunoma ghies- Swartzii, 50' (*//». Calyp-
breghtiana, maguirica tronoma Swartzii).

:iiicl Verschaffelta).

CALYSTEGIA. (BEARBIND OP
BINDWEED.)

Hardy twining or trailing herbaceous plants
(ord. Convolvnlacese) close to Convolvulus, and
ornamental for covering trellis-work or hedges,
although aggressive in their habit of creeping at
the roots. Propagated by division of the plants in
spring, or by seeds sown in the open or under glass
at that time. Any common garden soil. On
account of the running habit of the roots of the

1'iilijciilliri.r (,«r /'iih/lliri.r).
Cnli/meiiiii ( »r Ofi/ba.jiliHs).
('iili/miiiinlim (see I'oli/podiuui).
i'»/i//itmria (nee Cenironia).
Quyptrion (sec Corynottylit),
Calyptronoma (sec Calijptrogijne).

Calystegias, it is necessary to be careful not to
plant them where they can encroach on other
Mowers.

Principal Species : —

hederacea, !>', Je., etc., ro. A pretty form with
double flowers, and among the most useful of the
genus (iijn. pubescens).

Sepiurn dahurica, <>', ,Iy., ro. pur. A beautiful
species with handsome flowers.

Other Species : —

catesbeiana, 5', Jy., ro. silvatica, 6', Jy., wh. (syn.

marginata, 3', Jy., hlf- Convolvulussylvaticus).

hdy., l>k. Soldanella, 3', Je., red

Sepium, (V, Jy., wh. (syii. (syn. Convolvulus Sol-

mflata). Common Bind- dauella).

weed. spitham«a, 1', Jy., wh.

— incarnata, ro. (syn. tomentosa).

CALYTHRIX.

A genus of Heath-like shrubs (ord. Myrtacere)
with small, three or four faced, rigid, evergreen
leaves having the fragrance of a Myrtle. Prop-
agation is accomplished by cuttings of short side
shoots in sand under a hand-light or bell-glass.
Loam, peat, and a dash of sand will answer for
compost. Greenhouse treatment is necessary.

Principal Species:—

angulata, 3', Ap., Je., ycl. sapphirina, 2', Ap. , Je., bl.
aurea, 2', Ap., Je., bright scabra (see tetragona).

yel. tetragona, 4', Ap. to Aug.,

breviseta, 3', My., Jy., wh. (synx. brunioides,

pale lil. ericoides, glabra, pub-

ericoides (see tetragona). escens, scabra, and

glabra (see tetragoiia). virgata) .

glutiuosa, 3', Ap., Je., variabilis, 3', Ap.,My.,lil.

yel., pur. virgata (see tetragoua).

pubesceus (i:ee tetragona).

CAMARIDIUM.

A small genus of Orchids (ord. Orchidacese)
requiring stove heat. They have leafy stems, some-
times branched, frequently form pseudo-bulbs,
and have solitary white flowers of medium size
in the axils of the leaves. Propagation is effected
by division of the plants. Soil, fibrous peat,
sphagnum, and broken crocks. Raise the plants
well above the surface of the baskets or Orchid pans.

Principal Species: —
album, 1, Nov., wh. (syn. lawrenceanum, yel., wh.,

Oruithidium album). spotted pur.

ochroleucum, 1', Jy., wh.

CAMASSIA. (QUAMASH.)

Ornamental, hardy, bulbous plants (ord. Liliaceae)
with spikes of pretty flowers. They are adapted
for the border. They are propagated by offsets
taken off after the leaves die down, or by seeds
sown in pots under glass or in the open. The
principal species is esculenta, 2 , July, blue. Other
forms are Cusickii, 2k', July, pale blue ; Engel-
mannii, ]J', July, blue"; and Fraseri, 2', June, blue
(syn. Scilla esculenta).

CAMBESSEDESIA.

Small stove shrubs (ord. Jlelastomacese) with
rose or purple flowers. Propagation is readily
accomplished by means of cuttings of the side
shoots which are getting firm at the base, inserted
in sand under a bell-glass. Loam and peat in equal
parts, with some silver sand, will suit them.

Principal Species :—

paraguayensis, 1' to 1.1'. Jy., rosy red.

Camarotis (see Sarcodtilvg).

Camelina

( 162 )

Camellia

CAMELINA.

A small genus of annuals (tird. Cruciferas). The
best known species is sativa, which is of no
horticultural value, but more or less grown for the
sake of its seeds for feeding poultry, making

son. Few greenhouse shrubs are more accom-
modating than Camellias. They are useful for
pot and tub culture, training on back walls of
glass structures, and planting in beds in large
conservatories. The flowers, which are pro-

I'lwiu: CtltmeU <£• Col»pa»//, Ltd.

THE OLD DOUHLE WHITE CAMELLIA | ALBA PLENA.

oil-cake, and for the expression of soapmakers'
oil.

Principal Species : —

sativa, 2' to 3', Je., Jy., hdy., yel.

CAMELLIA.

Description. — Evergreen, flowering shrubs (ord.
Ternstrcemiacese) composed of several species and
a large number of varieties. Though chiefly grown
under glass, some are hardy in sheltered spots in
the southern counties of England. There are
single, semi- double, and double forms, with
colours ranging from pure white to deep crim-

duced in the winter, are perfectly formed ; set
in a background of glossy deep green foliage,
they are very attractive. Owing to the density of
its foliage, the Camellia is a handsome plant
when not in bloom.

Propagation. — From seeds, layers, and cuttings,
and by grafting and inarching. The first method
is chiefly employed in the raising of new varieties,
and lor obtaining stocks of single forms on which
to work double varieties. Single Camellias produce
seeds freely, which should be sown, when ripe, over
a gentle bottom heat. As choice double varieties
do not usually grow and flower well on their own

Camellia

( 163)

Camomile

roots, propagation by cuttings is largely adopted
for raising plants of common species to form stocks.
Select shoots of the partly-ripened wood in July,
about 5" long, remove the lower leaves, and cut
the steins off just below a joint. Dibble the cuttings
into pnt> or pans containing a mixture of loam, peat,
and sand. Place in a cold frame, and shade from
strong sunshine. Growth will commence the
following spring, when the plants should be placed
in gentle heat. When established, transfer the
rooted cuttings to pots, grow them in a cool
temperature, and in the second spring they may be
used as stocks. The best time for grafting is early
in the year, before growth commences. Cut back
the stock to within a few inches of the pot, and insert
the scion, formed of young wood of the selected
variety, by the method known as side-grafting (see
GRAFTING). Place the plants under bell-glasses,
hand-lights, or in a propagating frame in a low
pit or shady part of the greenhouse till the union
is effected.

Soil. — Equal parts of turfy loam and peat, with
the addition of sharp sand and broken charcoal to
keep the compost open. For plants grown in open
beds or large tubs the material should be rougher
than when they are confined to puts.

Camellias in Pots. — For greenhouse and conser-
vatory adornment pot plants are very effective and
easily managed. Camellias do not care for frequent
disturbance, and healthy plants only require
shifting when the pots are well filled with roots.
The best time for the operation is immediately the
buds are set, but before they commence swelling.
If done before, the growth suffers a check, and
if later, there is a danger of the buds dropping.
Camellias object to forcing, but will stand heat and
moisture when making new growth.

Camellias in Beds. — Permanent specimens
planted out in large conservatories are effective at
all times, and develop into tine bushes if room is
iiiuvstricted. Pruning, which is done immediately
after flowering, consists of thinning out the shoots
to avoid overcrowding, and shortening back any
strong growths of a gross character that threaten
to spoil the balance of the tree.

Watering. — No matter how Camellias are grown,
careful watering is of vital importance, and neglect
in this respect is the common cause of buds
dropping. A sodden condition of the soil should
be avoided by the provision of free drainage and a
careful use of the watering can, but drought at the
roots is fatal to the buds. The only time when a
little dryness of the soil is permissible is when the
plants are completing their growth, but after the
buds an- set the compost must be kept in an even
state of moisture. Surface dampings are useless,
for if the soil is dry at the toji and wet underneath,
the buds are sure to fall. When watering, there-
fore, apply sufficient to penetrate every particle of
soil. This rule may well be followed the whole
year round. When plants are making fresh growth,
weak liquid manure from the stable, with a little
soot, may Vie given with advantage, but the plants
do not need it at any other period.

Enemies. — Green fly invariably affects plants
when making new growth, and if allowed to
increase it becomes a nuisance. Fumigation is the
he-t means of checking it. Brown scale is some-
tinii's troublesome, but the white scale is the
Camellia's greatest enemy, as it gets into the
crevices of the bark and infests the shoots and
leaves. Brush the stems and sponge the leaves

with an insecticide, and remove the scale from the
crevices with a sharp-pointed stick.

Select Varieties : —

Few of the true species are seen in cultivation,
but there are numerous varieties, from which the
following selection is made : —

alba plena, double wh. imhricata, double red,

Augustina superba, ro. flowers sometimes

Bealii rosea, deep criin. marbled wh.

Boadicea, pk., tipped Jubilee, wh., marbled ro.

silver. Lady Hume's Blush, flesh,

bonomiana, wh., handed leeaua superba, salmon

red. red.

Chandler! elegans, light mathotiaua, bright red,

ro. imbricated.

Contessa Lavinia Maggii, muthotituia alba, wh.,

wh., striped car. imbricated.

Contessa Lavinia Maggii Marchioness of Exeter,

rosea, rosy red. deep ro., large.

Countess of Orkney, wh., Mrs. Hovey, light pk.

striped car. Princess Frederick Wil-

Cup of Beauty, wh., ro., liam, wh., tipped car.

imbricated. Pride of Waltham, flesh

C. H. Hovey, bright crim. , pk., tipped silver.

imbricated. Eeine des Beautes, deli-

C. M. Hovey, deep crim., cate ro., fine.

distinct. Reine des Flours, bright

Donckelaari, crim., wh., red, imbricated.

semi-double. Thomas Moore, car.,

fimbriata, wh., notched large, imbricated.

petals. Valtevareda, bright ro.,

Henri Fa vre, rosy salmon, sometimes spotted wh.,

imbricated. large.

Wilderi, soft ro.

Principal Species :—

japouica, '20', common known before the

Camellia, red. Most of single.

the garden hybrids owe rosrenora, 3' , Ap. , ro.

parentage to this spe- Sasanqua, 6', Feb., wh.

cies. (•".'/"• oleifera). A table

— anemonaiflora. Flower oil is extracted from
like a double Anemone. the seeds of this species.

reticulata, 10', spr., red. theifera, 5', My., wh.

— flore-pleno. l)ouble (pyx. Thea), China Tea.
form of the above, — assamica,"AssamTea."

CAMERARIA.

Smooth, erect-growing shrubs (i>rd. Apocynacese)
requiring the heat and moisture of a stove. Prop-
agation is by cuttings of side shoots with a heel of
the old wood in sand under a bell-glass in heat.
Use fibrous loam with a small quantity of peat and
plenty of sand when potting.

Principal Species : —
dubia (xrr Wrightia dubia) . lutea, yel. (ser Malouetia).

CAMOENSIA.

Magnificent stove climbers (ord. Leguminosce),
only one of which is introduced. The flowers are
produced in pendulous, axillary racemes, the calyx
being 6" to 7" long, and the petals 4". The latter
are white, crisped at the margins, which are tinted
with golden yellow. Increase is secured by im-
ported seeds, and by cuttings of half-ripened wood
in sand in a propagating case. For soil, use good,
fibrous loam with one-third of leaf mould and sand.

Principal Species : —

maxima, wh.. yel. Very difficult to flower in
cultivation.

CAMOMILE OP CHAMOMILE.

The medicinal Camomile is derived from the
flowers of Anthemis nobilis. of which both the
single and double flowered forms are u^ed. This
is a perennial herbaceous plant that lias white

Campanea

( 164

Campanula

flowers with a yellow disc. It is propagated ,
by division in spring, or by seeds sown at the I
same season. The plants should be planted
from 8" to 12" apart in rich, light, sandy soil.
The flowers are gathered as soon as they open and
only when the weather is dry. They are after-
wards placed to dry in a shady, airy place under
cover from rain. The flowers thus prepared are
used on account of their tonic and febrifugal
properties.

CAMPANEA.

A very small genus of shrubby stove plants (ord.
<Jesneracea3), with shaggy stems and leaves, and
•clusters of flowers from the axils o£ the leaves.
Flowers large, rose or white, spotted internally.
Propagation" by seeds, and offsets from the tuberous
rhizomes. Soil, fibrous, mellow loam, and leaf
mould, with a little well decayed cow dung, rubbed
fine, and plenty of sand.

Principal Species :—

grandiflora, 9", wh., crim.

CAMPANULA. (BELLFLOWER.)

Description. — Indispensable garden flowers (ord.
Campanulacese), of much variety of form, a number
being of tall and imposing habit, and suited for
border decoration or for growing in pots for orna-
ment; while others are of the dwarfest stature
and worthy of being grown in the choicest collec-
tion of Alpine flowers. Many are of tall, pyramidal
habit, and others form little carpets covered with
flowers in summer. All are perennial, except those
otherwise marked.

Propagation. — Most of the perennial species are
propagated by division, and also by seeds sown in
spring under glass, or in the open in May. The
seeds ought to be sown in pans or pots, and in a
compost of loam, leaf soil, and sand. Cover, ac-
cording to the size of the seeds, with finely sifted
sandy soil, and place in a cold frame or greenhouse.
Give air when the young plants appear, and shade
from strong sun. The biennials should be sown in
spring or in early summer, and liberally treated to
secure strong plants for the following year. The
annuals may receive the same treatment as half-
hardy annuals. Alpine species are generally prop-
agated by division, or by cuttings in pots placed
under a frame and carefully watered, and kept a
little close until they are rooted. Pyramidalis is
so useful in pots that a few notes on its culture
are advisable. It should be sown early in March,
so as to have strong plants the following July.
Sow in a temperature of about 60°, and prick off
the seedlings into 3" pots, giving them gradual
shifts, and wintering them in 6" pots until March,
when they may be put into 8". It is also increased
from suckers, taken off with a heel, and placed in
pots of sandy soil in a cold frame.

Soil. — The greater number of the Campanulas of
strong growtli or of medium height like a good,
loamy soil, well enriched with manure, but the
Alpine species are improved and are longer-lived if
in a somewhat gritty soil.

Other Cultural Points. — Most of the border Cam-
panulas last much longer in bloom in a half-shady
position than in one in the full sun. The taller
species ought to be properly staked to prevent
injury from high winds. The favourite basket
plants, fragilis, isophylla, and isophylla alba, are
barely hardy enough for many gardens ; these are
best propagated by cuttings in spring.

Principal Species and Varieties (ace also
PLATYCODON and WAHLEXBEUGIA): —

casspitosa, 6", Jy., etc., bl. A charming little
Harebell, of value for edgings or rockwork. There
is a pretty wh. form, and also one with pale bl.
flowers named pallida (syn. purmla).

carpatica, !>", Je., etc., bl. A valuable plant for
the border or the rock garden, and one of the
easiest to grow. It forms a neat plant with open,
erect flowers. Good vars. are Kiverslea, bl., pelvi-
formis, pale bl., alba, wh . pallida, pale bl., and
turbinata ; the last is dwarfer than the type.

fragilis, (i", Jy., pur., wh. A capital basket
plant, of great beauty in the window or conser-
vatory (si/n. Barrelled).

garganica, (i", Je., etc., bl. A lovely little Alpine
or pot plant. The var. hirsuta is even more
attractive.

PROPAGATING WINDOW BELLFLOWERS
(CAMPANULAS).

A Cutting of equal-leaved Helltlowcr, Campanula isophylla,
prepared for insertion (two-thirds of the natural size):
a cut straight across just below a joint ; 6 joints from
. which leaves are removed ; c depth of inserting in soil.

B Slip— a young shoot slipped off the parent rootstock by
downward pressure with the finger end, thus differing
from a euttiug : d heel, pared smooth with a sharp
kuif'e ; e portion of short-jointed, firm wood, with leaves
removed • f younger portion of shoot corresponding to a
cutting, also with leaves removed ; g deptli of inserting
iu soil.

C Section of cutting pot (large 3" or 60' s); h drainage ; / a
little rough material or thin layer of moss-; j soil, light
fibrous loam and one-sixth of sharp sand ; k space for
holding water ; / cuttings, about six being placed around
the side of the pot.

D A well-rooted cutting potted singly into 3" pot : m drain-
age ; n soil, rich sandy loam with a little leaf mould or
well-rotted manure added, and a few pieces of sandstone
or charcoal to keep it open ; o space for holding water.

E Rooted cuttings potted with ball entire into 48 pot,
4J" diameter, 5" in depth: p good drainage; q a. little
of rougher j>arts of compost ; r soil ; s space for holding
water ; t ball of soil from cutting pot.

glomerata, 1J', Je., etc., bl. A nice plant with
clustered heads of rather tubular flowers. There
are several good forms, among the prettiest being
alba, wh., pallida, pale bl., and dahurica or speciosa
bl. ; there is also a double var.

isophylla, 1', Aug., bl. A charming plant for
hanging baskets, or for warm situations on a
sheltered rockery or old wall. The var. alba is
very beautiful.

latifolia, 2', Jy., bl. A handsome native plant
with tall stems which bear large, handsome
flowers. The form alba is pleasing. The Cau-
casian form, eriocarpa, has a hairy tube. The
finest of the forms is macrantha, which has large,
rar. bl. flowers. Its var. alba is a handsome plant.

Campanula

( 165 i

Campanumsea

Medium, 3J', Jy., various The well-known
t'antri 'bury Jiell, of which there are several forms
and colours. It is a bien. The double vars. and
tlioM- with "cup and saucer" flowers, named ralv-
raiiihc'ma, are general favourites. All make hand-
scnnr border flowers, with colours varying from
wh. to hi. and ro.

persira'folia, 2' to 3', Jy., bl. This is probably
lie most valuable of all the border Campanula*,

Photo : CueaeU »C' Comimity, Ltd.

CAMPANULA PEKSIC-HFOLIA.

its handsome spikes of showy flowers being uni-
versally admired. It has given rise to many
lira lit H'ul forms, among which may bo named alba
lloiv plono, wh. ; Moerheimii, wh. ; coronata and c.
alba. bl. or wh., with cup and saucer flowers ; alba
grandillorii, large vvh. ; grnndiflora, bl., large
Bowers,

portenschlagiana, ft", Je., etc., bl. A most
useful little plant for the front of the border,
rockery, or wall. It blooms for several months.
The form known as the "Bavarian var." has
larger flowers and a more robust habit (iyn.
moralis).

pyramidnlis, 5', Jy., bl., etc. The favourite
Chimney Campanula, a very handsome bien.,
valued for pot culture. There are several shades
of bl. and wh. A dwarfer form has lately been
prized for some purposes where the taller vars.
proved unsuitable. It can be grown outside as
well as in pots under glass, but is liable to damp
off in win., if the collar is not kept well up.

Trachelium, 2J', Jy., bl. The Nettle-leaved
Bcllflower is a usetul border plant, especially in its
double forms, which have bl. or wh. flowers. It is
easily grown, and gives several shades of bl. and
wh. (•'//«• nrticfflfolia).

Other Species and Varieties : —

aliietiiia, 1', Jy., bl.
alliaria'folia, IV, Je., pale

yrl. (*//«. lamiif olia) .
Allioiiii, 3", Jy.,bl. (SI/H.

alprstris nana).
alpiua, G", Jy., bl. (nyii.

obliqua).

americana, 4', Jy., bl.
balcliiuiaua, G", Jy., hy-
brid, pale bl., trailer,
barliatu, 1', Je., bl.
bellir'olia, G", Jy., bl.,

(si/ ii. Adami).
betonicasfolia, lV,My.,bI.
boiioniensis, 2.1, Jy., bl.

(KV«. pbliquifolia).
caruica, 6", Jy., bl.
cenisia, 3", Je., bl.
ccrvicaria, 3', Jy., bl.
collina, 1', Jy., bl.
coloriita, 1', Sep., pur.,

tender,
dichotoma, G", Jy., aim.,

pur.
clralia'folia, 3", Jy., ami.,

lil. ; also wh. var.
Elatiues, G", Jy. , pur.
elutiuoides, 9", Jy., bl.
clegans, 2V, Jy., bl.
erinoides, 1', Jy., mm., bl.
Erinus, V, Jy., aim., bl.
excisa, 1', Je., bl.
foliosa, 1', Jy., bl.
Grossckii, 2V, Je.,-bl.
haylodgensis, 6", Je., hy-
brid., bl.

Hendersoni, 1', Jy., hy-
brid, bl.

Jacobiea, 2i, Ap.,grh., bl.
laciniata, 2', Jy., bl.
lactittora, 3', Jy., bl. (.<//«.

celtidil'olia).
lamiifolia (•••/•(' alliaria?-

folia).

lanceolata, 1', Jy., bl.
latiloba, 3', Aug., pur.

(*'/". graudis).
lingulata, 1', Jy., pale bl.

(.11/11. capitata).
linif'olia, 1', Jy., bl.
Lu-rlingii, 1', Jy., aim.,

bl. (.vi/«. broussoneti-

ana).

Loreyi, IV, Je., ami., pur.
— rata, 2', Jy., bl.
macrostyla, IV, Jy., aim.,

pale bl.
mollis, 1', Je., bl. (siju.

microphylla).

nobili-macrantha, 2', Jy.,

bl.

Nuttallii, 1', Jy., bl.
olympica, 1', Jy., bieu.,

bl.

patula, 1', Jy., pale bl.
preuanthoides, 1', Jy., bl.

(si/n. Eoe/lii).
primul£efolia, 2V, Jy.,

pur.
pulla, 6", Jy., bl.

— G. F. Wilson, 6", Jy.,
bl.

pulloides, 6", Jy., hybrid,

bl.
punctata, 3', Jy., pur. or

wh. (fit/>/. nobilisj.
pusilla, G", Jy., bl.
Rainerii, 3", Jy., bl.
ramosissima, 0", Jy , W.
rapuiieuloides, 2V, Je., bl.

(.«/». ueglecta, etc.1. ']
Eapuiiculus, 2', Je., bl.'
rhomboidalis, I),', Jy., bl.

wh.
rotundifolia, 2', Je., bl.

wh. ; double bl. ; and

other vars., such as

soldauellairlora, Hostii,

and H. alba (.«,'/«.

tenuifolia, etc.).
sarmatioa, 2', Je., bl.

(«/». gummifera).
saxatilis, 9", Je., bl.
Scheuchzeri, 1', Jy., bl.
sibirica, 1', Jy., bl.orwli.
silenifolia, 9", Jy., bl.
speciosa, 4', Jy., bl. (fijii.

lougif olia) .
Speculum (xee Specularia

Speculuml.
spicata, 1', Jy., bl.
spruneriaua, 1 ', Jy., ami.,

bl. (XI/H. Heriuiiiii).
tomento«i, 1', Je., wh.

(xt/n. laciniata. Amir),
tracheloides, 2V, Jy., bl.
tridentata, 6", Jy., bl.
Vandesii, 1', Je., wh.
Van Houttei, 2', Jy., hy-
brid, bl. (*y>i. Burg-

haltii.)
versicolor, 2V, Jy., bl.

— Rosani.

Yidalii, 1', Jy., grh., wh.
waldsteiniana, G", Jy.,

bl., tomasiuiauu is a

good var.
y,ny>ii, G", Je., bl.

CAMPANUMSEA.

A small genus (itrtl. Campanulacea1) of crol
greenhouse herbaceous perennial, that require a

Campelia

( 166

Camptosema

compost of good loam and a small quantity of peat.
The plants are readily increased from seeds or by
division.

Principal Species :—

lanceolata, 6', aut.,
lanceolata).

CAMPELIA.

The name of this genus (ord. Commelinacefe)
refers to the habit the plants have of leaning

grn. (correctly Codonopsis

wood. The trees are cut down and the logs split
up longitudinally, and after the concrete camphor
has been removed, a further product of essential
oil and resin, useful for embalming, is secured.

CAMPOMANESIA.

These are all American plants (ord. llyrtaceie).
Lineatifolia is grown in Peru for the sake of the
yellow, fragrant fruits, called Palillo, which some-
what resemble the Guava. They are evergreen

Photo; J. H. Wilemim, Stourpurl.

CAMPANULA PYUAMIDALIS ALBA.

towards the sun. They require stove treatment,
and thrive in any rich soil. Propagation is effected
by seeds in sandy soil.

Only Species : —

Zanonia, 2', Aug., bl. (syn. Tradescantia Zanonia).

CAMPHOR.

The Chinese or common camphor of commerce,
used largely in medicine, and even more to prevent
moths and insects from damaging clothes and the
contents of natural history cabinets, is the product
of Cinnamom um Camphora, a fair sized tree of the
Laurel family, native of China and Japan. Hoots,
stems, and leaves are alike aromatic, and the
camphor is extracted by boiling numbers of small
pieces in a shallow vessel, over which a bowl is
placed to act as a condenser; on this condenser
the camphor is deposited in masses of crystals.
Camphor is also obtained from Dryobalanops aro-
matica, a tall tree found in Sumatra and Borneo ;
in this case, however, the camphor is found in
hard, white, flaky masses in the fissures of the

shrubs, requiring greenhouse culture and any fertile
well-drained soil. Propagation, by cuttings in very
sandy soil beneath a bell-glass,

Principal Species : —
lineatifolia, 3', Ap., wh.

CAMPTOSEMA.

A small genus (prd. Leguminosse) of attractive
climbers, requiring greenhouse culture. Propaga-
tion can be effected by cuttings or by seeds. A
compost of fibrous loam and decomposed leaf soil
suits admirably.

Principal Species : —

graudiflorum, G',aut.,yel. rubicumlum, 12', Je., Jy.,
jiinnatum, 4', Aug., Sep., red or sc.

red, pur.

Campltora (see Cinnantomwm).
Campion, Ko.iu (fee Lychnis).
Campteria (see Ptcris).
Caiu-ftopus (see Cepkaeiis*).

Campylanthus

( 107 )

Canker

CAMPYLANTHUS.

Thrso arc greenhouse- evergreen shrubs (nrd.
Scrophnlarine;v) that flourish in sandy loam and
peat. Cuttings of the half-ripened growths root
readily if inserted in very sandy soil beneath a
bell-glass.

Principal Species : —

salsolm'di/s, 1', Alch., pur.

CANANGA.

Tropical trees, mostly tall (nrd. Anonacese), from
Java and India. They will grow in a stove in peat
and loam.

Principal Species : —

•niouospermn. odorata, drooping yel.

flowers.

CANARINA.

These are attractive winter flowering greenhouse
herbaceous perennials (prd. Campanulaceae) that
appreciate a rather warmer temperature when
growth is commencing. The best compost, con-
sists of fibrous loam and peat with some coarse
sand. Propagation is easily effected by division in
spring, but cuttings may be rooted if great care is
taken.

Principal Species :—
campanulutn, 4'. Jan.. or. kcvigata (we campan-

(«///(. C. Campanula). ulata).

CANARIUM.

The members of this genus (nrd. Burseraceie) are
all tall East Indian trees of economic value. The
fruits of commune are eaten, and they also furnish
a useful oil for lighting purposes. Other species
yield a commercial resin known as Elemi. The
species are seldom found in cultivation, but they
may be accommodated in a stove in a compost of
peat, loam, and sand, and are propagated by
cuttings.

Principal Species : —
commune, 40', ant., wh. strictuni,30', aut., grn.,wh.

CANARY CREEPER.

This is one of our most popular half-hardy
climbers (prd. Geraniacerc). Plants raised from
seeds sown under glass in spring grow rapidly
when put out after all danger of frost is gone, and
attain to a height of 10' or 12', when they will
be smothered with the canary-coloured flowers
from which the plant derives its popular name. It
has the additional merit of thriving in towns if
given a well-drained, sunny site and fertile soil.
Strictly speaking, it is a perennial, but is best
grown as an annual. The botanical name is
Tropseolum canariense.

CANAVALIA.

This genus (prd. Leguminosse) is mainly com-
posed of stove evergreen twiners, but they are not
possessed of much horticultural value. They grow
well in a mixture of sandy loam and leaf mould,
and may be propagated from cuttings in sandy soil
under a bell-glass in bottom heat.

Principal Species :

ensiformis, 6', Je., Jy.,
red pur. (tyn. glaoiata).
Other Species : —

bonarieusis, 10', Jy., pur.

obtusifolia, 6', Jy., Aug.,
pur.

rosea (tee obtusifolia).

Campijlobotrys (see Jfnjfmannia).

Canary Grass (see Plialaris).

Canary Seed (see Phalaris canariensis).

CANBYA.

A perennial plant (prd. Papaveraceae) needing
the shelter of a warm greenhouse. It can be raised
from seed and grown in light loam.

Only Species : —

Candida, li", Jy., wh.

CANDOLLEA.

This genus of evergreen shrubs (orA. Dilleniaceae)
was named in honour of the eminent botanist,
De Candolle. They require greenhouse treatment,
and a mixture of loam and peat in equal parts,
with coarse sand. Propagation is readily effected
by cuttings in sanely soil beneath a glass.

Principal Species : —

cuneiformis, 6', Jy., yel. tetrandra, 6', Je., yel.
Hnegelii, 6', Je., yel. (syn. calycina).

CANDYTUFT. (IBEBIS.)

Both annual and herbaceous plants arc included
in the genus (see Iberis, ord. Cruciferaj), but there
is a special interest in the many pretty annual
garden varieties, obtained mostly from umbellata
and coronaria. They are quite hardy, robust, not
exacting as regards soil, and should be sown in
March and April, in masses where they are in-
tended to flower. In distinct or mixed colours
they are most effective in the summer, and useful
for cut flowers. There are tall and dwarf varieties,
the former growing about 1' high, and the latter 6".

Varieties :—

Candytufts are offered in mixed or distinct
colours. White Spiral is a fine var., producing
large spikes of flowers. White Rocket also bears
fine flowers. Other colours are car., crim., pk., and
lil. A few vars. are sweet.

CANELLA.

These are stove evergreen trees (ord. Canellaceae),
and have some economic value. A white oil is
distilled from the aromatic bark. They thrive
best in loam, peat, and coarse sand, and may be
increased by cuttings of ripe wood under a bell-
glass in bottom heat.

Only Species :—
alba, 40', Je., wh. laurifolia (see alba).

CANKER.

The term canker is very comprehensive, and is
applied to fungoid diseases which affect various
species of plants and in many cases are accom-
panied by different symptoms. The ill effects of
canker are felt the most amongst fruit trees, par-
ticularly the genus Pyrus, and here the term is
somewhat loosely applied, various unhealthy con-
ditions of trees being attributed to canker. The
true disease, however, is caused by a distinct
fungoid growth known as Nectria ditissima, which
affects young and old Apple trees under certain
conditions, and also Pears, though less frequently.
In these cases the wounds caused by canker
are quite dry, but with trees possessing gummy
constituents they almost invariably discharge.
On Apples and Pears the first trace of the
disease is cracking of the bark, followed by
distorted swellings and, eventually, gaping wounds,
which extend round the branch or stem, and

Candletcrry Tree (see A leurites).
Candle Tree (see Parmentiera).
Cane Uralte (see Arundinaria).
Canittnim (see *Kc/imea).

Canker

( 168 )

Canna

prevent the circulation of sap, in consequence of
which the parts above the disease wither and die.
An examination of cracks caused by the fungus,
with a magnifying glass, frequently reveals a
number of small crimson dots arranged in groups.
These are the spore-bearing cases of the fungus.
The latter gradually spreads over other parts of the
tree, crippling its energies, and in some cases
causing its death.

Canker in Fruit Trees. — Taking the Apple as the
fruit which suffers most from canker, careful
observation has led to the conclusion that the
presence of the disease may be traced to various
causes, primary and contributive. Though the
easiest explanation to offer is that of weak con-
stitution, it is nevertheless true that certain varie-
ties of Apples are more liable to canker than other.-,
and, except in the most favourable circumstances,
these susceptible sorts invariably suffer more or
less. Ribston Pippin and Lord Snffield are two
varieties very liable to canker, though these and
other susceptible Apples are quite free from the
disease under certain conditions. Where Apples
generally suffer from canker, varieties that are very
liable to it should be avoided. Doubtless the chief
cause of the disease is a lack of some element in
the soil ; certainly some soils are more suitable for
Apple culture than others. Trees that are planted
in cold, wet, undrained land, holding stagnant
moisture, frequently suffer, and the same thing is
observed when the medium is shallow and the
roots penetrate into an unsuitable subsoil formed of
retentive clay or marl. Poverty is also a prime
cause of canker. From the want of proper nourish-
ment trees get into a weak state of health, and are
rendered liable to attack. Instances of this may be
seen in old orchards, where the trees are debilitated
by years of cropping and the absence of manure.
Other conditions being favourable for the spread
of the fungus, it is facilitated by abrasions of the
bark and by the crossing and rubbing of branches.
The splitting of the bark on young shoots through
the agency of Woolly Aphis and other insects
makes a loophole for the introduction and spread
of canker. When poverty and unsuitability of soil
are prime causes, steps should be taken to check
the evil by feeding the trees and improving the
rooting medium. If the mischief lies in the sub-
soil, means should be adopted for preventing
the roots striking into it. These are preventive
measures ; for further particulars of remedies see
APPLE ENEMIES.

Parsnip Canker. — Parsnips frequently suffer from
a disease which causes soft, decayed patches round
the crowns and down the sides of the roots.
Except in bad cases, the disease does not penetrate
far into the roots, though it spoils their appear-
ance. The germs of the fungus remain in the soil
after the removal of the crop, and the disease
invariably appears the next season if Parsnips
again occupy the same ground. The soil should
be limed.

Parsley Canker. — Occasionally Parsley growing
in poor soil dies off through a canker which affects
the roots. It is generally in the winter when the
plants fail, and the best remedy for the evil lies in
a fertile soil and dusting affected plants with soot
and lime.

Rose Canker. — Some Roses, chiefly climbers, and
notably the popular favourite Marechal Niel, are
liable to canker, which frequently causes the death
of the variety mentioned. The symptoms are ugly

swellings of the bark, at the junction of the Kose
with the stock, as in the case of standards, at the
ground line with trees worked on dwarf stocks,
and in various places on old, strong shoots. A
successful Rose grower has found that the best
remedy is to make an incision through the bark
with a sharp knife, beginning well above the
wound, cutting through it, and carrying the in-
cision below. This causes the bark to open widely,
fresh bark quickly appears, and a channel is thus
formed for a healthy How of sap to the upper parts
of the tree.

In addition to the instances quoted the roots
and stems of other plants are more or less liable to
canker in one of its various forms.

CANNA. (IXDIAN SHOT.)

Description. — A large genus of tropical herb-
aceous perennials (tfnf.ScitamineEe) composed of a
number of species and numerous garden hybrids
and varieties. For many years the Canna was

FIG. 1. Fio. 2.

PROPAGATING CANFAS BY DIVISION.

bud at
crocks ;

Fi^. 1. — A fine Canna for planting out of doors.
Fig. 2.— A Portion of rootstock potted in (>" pot :

base of flowered stein : b succession Imd ;

d soil ; e space for water.
B Small division of rootstock : / extension bud ; g bud at

base of stein ; h latent buds ; / 4" pot.
C Small division of rootstock, usually discarded : j bud at

base of flowered ste.in.

grown almost entirely as a foliage plant for sub-
tropical bedding in the summer, but since the
introduction of so many beautiful varieties these
plants have become highly popular for the sake of
their flowers. Since the advent of so many varie-
ties the true species have dropped out of favour,
and are not often seen in gardens. This is not to
be wondered at, considering that garden varieties
possess all the grace and beauty of the species as
regards foliage, with the addition of gorgeous and
many-coloured flowers. Monsieur Annee, a French
amateur, was one of the first to attempt the im-
provement of Cannas, but public interest in them
was only fully aroused when Monsieur Crozy intro-
duced his Gladiolus-flowered varieties. Since then
the development has been remarkable, and in the
Orchid-flowered section, first obtained by crossing
the above varieties with the South American
species flaccida, we have the largest flowered and
the most brilliantly coloured Cannas. Possessing

SOME HIGH-CLASS CANNAS.

THEIR WONDERFUL MARKINGS ARE BRIGHTER THAN THOS3 OF MANY ORCHIDS.

Canna

( 169 )

Canna

much charm in flower and foliage, these plants arc
unsurpassed for the decoration of greenhouses and
conservatories, and they are highly effective for
sub-tropical bedding in the summer.

Propagation. --liy seeds and division of the roots
in the spring. The former method is generally
adopted for raising mixed varieties, but choice
named sorts are increased by root division. Sowings
may be made from January to March. The seeds are
so extremely hard that they germinate very slowly
unless assisted in this respect. The safest mode is
to soak the seed in boiling water for a few minutes
before sowing. Sow in well-drained pots filled
with light, sandy soil. Cover the seeds with J" of
soil, and stand in a temperature of from 70° to 75°.
A'hen the seedlings appear, transfer them singly to
mall pots. The rootstocks of Cannas are vigorous,
find may be divided in the spring before growth
commences. Even small portions, furnished with
crowns and a few roots, will make plants. The
divisions should be placed in pots large enough for
their accommodation, and be plunged in a bed of
Cocoanut fibre refuse in a bottom heat of from 70°
to 75°. The divisions will also start freely in a
stove or warm greenhouse temperature. If wanted
for bedding, the plants should be grown steadily
till May, and then be hardened off, and planted
out early in June.

Soil.- Cannas are gross feeding plants, ami a
suitable compost for pots is formed of equal parts
of turfy loam and thoroughly decayed cow manure,
with a little fibrous peat or leaf mould, and a free
scattering of sand. The position of plants out-
doors should be warm and sheltered, with a good
depth of rich soil and plenty of moisture.

Plants in Pots. — The Gladiolus-flowered forms,
being dwarf, are the most suitable for growing in
t>" and 7" pots, and the Orchid-flowered varieties
for 8" or larger. After the plants have made a
good start in a warm temperature, they should be
repotted as required, and be placed in a cool house
for flowering. Water liberally during the growing
period, and when the flower spikes appear feed tin-
plants with liquid manure. In the autumn, when
they show signs of resting,gradually withhold water.
and keep the plants in a semi-dry state through
the winter in a temperature of from 45° to 50°.

Plants Outdoors. — Given a suitable soil and
situation, Cannas are more effective than the
general run of bedding plants, and the dwarf
hybrids are particularly attractive, lasting in good
condition till late in the autumn. Some of the
species make rich masses of graceful foliage, and
are useful for associating with flowering plants to
give variety. The dwarf, flowering hybrids are
effective in beds, either in conjunction with other
plants or grown alone. They may also be dotted
about herbaceous borders with advantage. They
require plenty of moisture, and watering and
mulching are beneficial in dry weather. To winter
them safely, take up the roots in the autumn, with
soil attached, and store them in a semi-dry con-
dition in a cool greenhouse, dry cellar, or outhouse,
where they can be kept free from lYn>:.

Select Varieties : —

Beautiful flowers may be obtained from the
seeds which are offered of dwarf and tall growing
hybrids, and novelties in the way of choice named
varieties are continually being brought out. The
following selection includes some of the best in
cultivation : —

li'luditilits-JImrcrcd : —

Ami J. Chretien, chestnut

roil, grn. foliage.
Aurore, blight red, grn.

foliage.
Bcuute Poitevine, red,

grn. foliage,

<';qiri, salmon sc., glau-
cous foliage.
Cointe do Bouchaud, yel.,

spotted red, grn. foliage.
Duchess of York, yel.,

spotted red, dark grn.

foliage.
Duke of Marlborougli,

maroon, grn. foliage.
Flamingo, red, very fine.
Germauia, reddish crim.,

edged yel., large, gru.

foliage.

Ischia, sulphur, bright

grn. foliage.
Kaiser Wilhelm II., sc.,

grn. foliage.
Kbm'gin Charlotte, bright

Tef, edged gold.
Lutetia, yel.( spotted red,

glaucous foliage.
Madame Crozy, ver.,

edged gold, gru. foliage.
Meuelik, reddish crim.,

grn. foliage.
Minerva, cinnabar red,

large, dark gm. foliage.
Paul Bruant, or. red, gm.

foliage.
Sultana, yel., ver. spots,

glaucous foliage.

r

: ciiaitM 0; Cmymy, LM.
CAXNA GKAF HEKZOO ERNST LUDWIG VON HESSEX.
(Colour, orange crimson.)

Italian, or Orp/iid- Ffon-eretl : —
Africa, sc., golden inside,

pur. and grn. foliage.
Alemanuia, sc., bordered

yel., gru. foliage.
America, sc., or., dark

foliage.
Australia, salmon red,

striped yel., grn. and br.

foliage.
Austria, canary, dotted

br., light grn. foliage.
Burbankii, yel., grn. fol.
Ch. Naudin, red sahnc.n,

grn. foliage.
Kdoimrd Andre, fiery red,

or. yel. spots.
11. Wcndliind, sr., yd.

border, very large, grn.

foliage.

Heinrich Seidel, red, yel.

border, spotted pur.
Italia, or. sc., yel. margin,

grn. foliage.
Pandora, red, gold., pur.

and grn. foliage.
Portenope, or., shaded

yel., broad grn. foliage.
Pho-be, sulphur, spotted

car.
Pluto, red, flamed or.,

bron/y red foliage.
Professor Trent, or. red,

splashed yel., pur. red

foliage.
Suebia, canary, shaded

bronze.
\Vilhi-hn Beck, sulphur

yel., sc. pencillings.

Cannabis

( 170 )

Capsicum

gigantea, 6', or. red, pur.,

foliage large aud gru.
iudica, 3' to (!', yel., red,

foliage grn. (many

hybrids owe parentage

to this species),
iridiflora, 6' to 8', red,

yel., foliage gru.
limbata, 3', red, foliage

gru.
Warscewiczii, 3', sc.,

foliage grn. , tinged pur.

Principal Species : —
Achiras, 5', red, foliage

gru.
— variegata, red, foliage

variegated,
auraiitiaca, 6', or., foliage

grn.
discolor, 6', red, foliage

pur. red.
edulis, 6', pur., yel.,

foliage grn.
flaccida, is, yel., foliage

grn.

CANNABIS. (HEMP.)

The only member of the genus (prd. Urticacesc)
worth cultivating as a garden plant is sativa,
known as the Indian Hemp, which is ornamental
in the garden in summer. It is a hardy annual
which will grow in any good soil. It grows from
4' to 9' high in gardens, and is cultivated in the
same way as other hardy annuals. It is largely
grown for its fibre also.

CANSCORA.

A small genus of annuals (or A. Gentianese) of
no particular horticultural merit. They require
the temperature of a stove. Plants may be raised
from seeds sown thinly in sandy soil, covered with
a square of glass and brown paper until vegetation
has taken place. Thin and pot the young plants as
may be necessary.

Principal Species : —
decussata, '2', Je., Aug., wh. Parishii, 2', Jy., wh

CANTERBURY BELLS.

Description. — Popular hardy biennial plants
(Campanula Medium, ord. CampanulaceiE), useful
for garden adornment in the summer and for pot
culture. There are numerous varieties in cultiva-
tion, which may be divided into three classes :
single, as seen in the oldest forms; doubles, in
which several bells appear to be compressed into
the outer one ; and duplex flowers, which are pro-
duced by the varieties of Medium calycanthema.
Owing to the peculiar manner in which one bell
grows within the other, these are commonly called
Cup and Saucer Flowers. Amongst the varieties of
Canterbury Bells many colours are represented,
the semi-double and double forms being the most
effective.

Propagation. — From seeds sown in a sheltered
position in the open. Prick off the seedlings, and
transplant in the autumn. Seeds may also be sown
in shallow boxes in a cold frame, pricking off the
seedlings ih-the open when large enough.

Soil. — Ordinary garden soil will suffice, but it
should be deeply dug and enriched with decayed
manure.

Other Cultural Points.— September is the best
month for transplanting seedlings to their per-
manent quarters. Lift them with good balls, and
give every encouragement to establish them before
the winter. When planted en masse in beds, in
clumps in mixed borders, or in single lines, Canter-
bury Bells are most effective.

Pot Culture. — Whim lifting plants in the autumn
pick out strong specimens and place them in G"
and 7" pots, using loamy soil with a little decayed
manure. Grow the plants in a cold frame through
the winter, and transfer to a light greenhouse stage
in the spring. Apply liquid manure occasionally
when flowers are showing. Plants may also be

lifted and potted early in May for house and
conservatory adornment.

Varieties. — Amongst the double, semi-double, and
single varieties there are numerous shades of
colour, including white, blue, rose, pink, and
lavender. Carefully saved seeds of separate
varieties do not always produce plants true to
colour, and seeds saved from double varieties
invariably yield some single flowers. Of the true
Cup and Saucer Flower there are blue and white
varieties, as well as several other shades. The
heights run from 2' to 3'.

CANTUA.

The Cantuas (ord. Polemoniacefe) are very useful
and beautiful evergreen greenhouse shrubs. They
may be successfully grown in a mixture of loam,
peat, and coarse sand. Cuttings root readily in
sand, or very sandy soil, under a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —

buxil'olia. 5', Ap., My., rosy red (syn. dependens).

Other Species :—

bicolor, 4', My., yel., red.

CAPILLARY ATTRACTION.

Water has many peculiarities, and among these
is its great affinity for water, as seen in the case of
dewdrops on a leaf or raindrops on a window pane.
It also rises or is attracted upward through vessels
of very small bore, being able under such con-
ditions to overcome the slight atmospheric resist-
ance. This fact is well known to gardeners, and is
made use of when pans of minute seeds need
watering, the base of the pan or pot being placed
in water for a while, when the whole mass becomes
moist by the force of capillarity. It is but a step
from the seed pan to the garden, and here it has
been proved beyond all question that deeply
worked soil is, other things being equal, far the
most fertile because of the larger amount of water
which can rise through the soil interstices to
supply the crops' demands, and deficiencies caused
by evaporation. It is evident that capillarity can
continue longer in 3' than in 1J' of soil, hence one
advantage at least of deep trenching.

CAPPARIS.

This genus (ord. Capparidete) has great economic
value, as from spinosa we get the well known
caper of commerce. The majority of the species
are stove and greenhouse evergreens. Propagation
may he effected by cuttings of ripe wood in sandy
soil beneath a bell-glass. The plants thrive in a
mixture of peat and loam.

Principal Species : —

acutifolia, 5', Je., Jy.,wh. spiuosa, 3', Je., hlf-hdy.,
wh.

Other Species : —
liuearis, 14', My., wh. nobilis, 8', Jy., wh.

zeylauica, 5', Aug., wh.

CAPSICUM.

A genus (ord. Solanaceae) of great economic
value, as the plants yield the chilli pepper of
commerce, while the fruits are used in immense
quantities for pickling. Well grown plants carry -

Caimtchouc (see Ficus, Iferea, and Landnlpkia).

Cape tiooseberry (see Pliysalis permiana).

Cape Jasmine (see Gardenia Jlorida).

Caper (see Capparit).

Caper Spurge (see Euphorbia Lathyrus).

Ctiprifiiliuin (see Honeysuckle and Lonicera).

Caragana

( 171 )

Caraguata

ing fruit are highly ornamental for the stove and
dwelling house. The genus comprises a number of
liiinly annual species, which are easily raised from
seeds sown in frames in spring ; and stove ever-
green shrubs, which are also propagated from
seeds. There are several garden varieties. They
thrive best in a light, rich loam, and the pots must
lie efficiently drained. The Red Pepper, Chillies,
and Capsicums are cultivated forms of annuum;
while the Bird Pepper. Guinea Pepper, and Cayenne
Pepper are varietal forms of minimum.
Annual Species : —

anuuuni, 1', Je., wh.
cerasirlorum, 1', Je., wh.

couicum, 2', Je., wh.

low-growing sorts by seeds or layers; and taller
ones chiefly by seeds, sown in spring. Well-drained
soil suits the various species better than a damp
and heavy one.

Principal Species : —

arborescens, 15', My., yel. (syns. mongolica and
llubiiiia Caragana).

— Redowskii (see figure).

— pendula,

frutescens, 2J', Ap., yel. (syng. digitata, frntex,
rosea, and Robinia frutescens).

Other Species: —

brevispina, 'A', My., Je., prn., yel. (syn. triflora).

CAUAGAXA AKJIORESCKSS REDOWSKII.

Stove Evergreen Shrubby Species : —

minimum, 1', My., wh.

(*//». fastigiatum).
ovatum, 3', Jy., wh.
pendulum, 2', My., wh.
pyramidale,_2', My., wh.

l>accatuin, 2-!', Je., wh.
globiferum, IV, Je., wh.
grossum, J', Jy., si. bieu.,

wh.

luteum, 1.!', Jy., wh.
niicranthum, IJ', My., wh.

A Selection. — Annuals.
Hull's Xose. Golden Dawn. Mammoth Bed.

Prince of Wales. Tomato Shaped.

[These are good garden forms of auuuum.]
A Selection. — Store Krergreeni.
Coral Red. Pigmy. Tom Thumb.

[These are good vars. of baccatum.]

East India Cayenne. Long Red.

[These are forms of minimum.]

CARAGANA.

A family of handsome shrubs or small trees (ord.
Legimiinosic) from the cooler regions of Asia.
M;my species have long been cultivated in this
country, where they are perfectly hardy. The
choicer forms are best managed when grafted, in
spring, upon the strong-growing arborescens ; the

Chamlagu, 4', My., yel. (syns. chinensis and
Robinia Chamlagu).

microphylla, 2', My., yel. (*yn. Altngana).

pygmsea (of De Candolle), 1', My., yel. (syn.
arborescens gracilis).

spiiibsa, 6', My., yel. (fyns. Robinia ferdx and R.
spinosa).

tragacanthoides, 4', My., yel.

CARAGUATA.

Most of these interesting Bromeliads (ord. Brom-
eliacea?) are more remarkable for the brilliant
colouring of their bracts than for the beauty of
their flowers. They are all stove plants, requiring
good drainage, firm potting, and similar general
treatment to that accorded to Tillandsias and
Billbergias.

Principal Species : —
andreana, 2', Je., car.,

.

mtuaioa. li', My., Jy.,
or., wh., ver. («//«. Til-
lundsia musaica).

Peaeockii, IS', Je., red,

yel.

Zahnii, 1', My., Jy., yel.,
sc.

Carallia

( 172)

Carduus

Other Species : —

augustifolia, U', Jy., sc., sanguiuea, 1', Nov., yel.

yel. Van Volxemii, 25', Aug.,

osyana, 1J', Sep., red, yel. sc., yel.

CARALLIA.

One of the genera of Mangroves (prd. Rhizo-
phorese), and, like other plants that luxuriate in
tropical brackish waters, not easily cultivated in
this country. They require a high temperature,
abundant moisture, and propagation by seeds or
cuttings.

Principal Species : —

integerrima, 20', Jy., yel. (syn. lucida).

CARALLUMA.

These East Indian shrubs (ord. Asclepiadeaa)
need to be cultivated in this country in a stove, in
a light, calcareous compost, such as will suit many
Cacti. Half the compost may consist of mortar
rubbish. Water must be sparingly given, except
when growth is free. Cuttings should be dried
somewhat before insertion, or they will damp.

Principal Species : —

adscendeiis, 2', Jy., pk. rhnbriata, 6 , Aug., yel.

crenulata, 6", Sep., grn., unibellata, !£', Aug., pur.

vel., pur. (correctly (correctly Boucerosia

Boucerosia crenulata) . umbellata).

CARAPA.

Stove trees (ord. Meliaceas") that are seldom culti-
vated, except in botanical collections. The various
species have some medicinal value. All require
Hove treatment, and a compost of loam and leaf
soil. Propagation by cuttings of ripened growths,
in bottom heat.

Principal Species : —
guianensis, 20', aut., yel. moluccensis, 20', aut., yel.

CARAWAY.

Under the name of Caraway, the seeds of Carum
Carvi, a hardy European Umbellifer, have long been
popular among confectioners, cooks, and distillers.
In some parts of Essex and Kent the Caraway was
formerly grown extensively, but other crops have
superseded it during late years.

CARDAMINE (DENTARIA).

(LADY'S SMOCK.)

Attractive, though not showy, plants (ord. Crucif-
enc) for the border or rock garden. Those here
mentioned are hardy perennials. The Dentarias
are now included with the plants generally grown
as Cardamine. Propagation is by division after
flowering, or by seeds sown in spring or early
summer. Soil of a damp and rather heavy char-
acter is best ; they prefer some shade also.

Principal Species : —

diphylla, 1|', My., wh. A pretty plant for a
damp and shady spot in heavy or peaty soil (si/n.
Dentaria diphylla).

pratensis, 1J', My., wh. or pale pur. The double
form in both colours, known as flore pleno, is very
pretty. The type is the common Lady's Smock.

Other Species : —

asarifolia, 1', My., wh. laciniata, 1', Ap., ro.

bellidifolia, IV, Mch., wh. latifolin, H', Je., pur.
bulhifera, Ij , Ap., pur. maxima, H', My., pur.

chelidonia, I', A])., pur. pentaphylla, 1', My., pk.

enneaphylla, 1', My., pale pinnata, l',My., wh.

vel. trifolia, 9", My., wh.

KJlliasii, hybrid, 1', My.,

pur.

CARDOON.

The Cardoon (Cynara Cardunculus, ord. Com-
posite), which resembles a Globe Artichoke in
appearance, does not meet with the favour in this
country with which it is regarded on t he Continent,
where the stalks and midribs of the inner leaves
are greatly esteemed in soups, salads, or when
stewed like Celery. In a deep, sandy soil it is a
profitable plant, and forms a noble-looking object
when in flower. In such a soil, if inclined to dry-
ness, trench culture produces the best results, but
on heavy, wet land Cardoons should always be
grown on the level. Towards the end of April sow
the seeds on a warm border in drills, and thin to
4" apart as soon as the seedlings are large enough
to handle. Keep well supplied with water if the
weather should prove very dry, and finally trans-
plant each carefully with a trowel, allowing a
space of iy between the plants and 4' between
the rows. Well water them in after planting, and
afford plenty of moisture at all times during
drought, as Cardoons are thirsty subjects. If
growth has been free, the middle of August should
find the plants ready for blanching, which is
generally effected by drawing all the leaves of the
plants together tightly and binding them round
with haybands, soil which is first well pulverised
being heaped up around them until the plant is
covered, and all possibility of air effecting an
entrance at the top prevented. This earthing up
process is repeated until growth ceases, and in
about eight or nine weeks from the commencement
of blanching operations the produce should be fit
for consumption. Well manured and well worked
land, with copious waterings in dry weather, are
the chief essentials to successful Cardoon culture.

CARDOPATIUM.

A half-hardy perennial (ord. Composite), closely
allied to the Thistles and Echinops. On a warm,
well-drained, and sheltered spot it will survive the
winter if protected from frost. Seedlings may be
raised in a frame or greenhouse.

Principal Species:—

corymbosum, IV, Aug., bl.

CARDUNCELLUS.

Pleasing little hardy herbaceous plants (ord.
Composita;), of some value for rockeries, though
hardly showy enough for the border. They pro-
duce small blue flowers resembling tkose of a
Cornflower, and only grow a few inches high.
The principal species are mitissimus, 9", June, blue ;
monspeliensium, 9", July, blue ; and pinnatus, 5",
July, blue. They are propagated by seeds or
division in spring, and like a light, rather dry, soil:

CARDUUS. (THISTLE.)

The Carduuses (ord. Composite) are well-known
hardy annual, biennial, or perennial plants. They
are hardly suitable for the garden, on account of
their generally rather coarse habit, and the way in
which they scatter their seeds. They are very
effective as specimens, however, and may be intro-
duced into wild gardens if they can be kept from
increasing too rapidly. Among the best are
acanthoides and pycnocephalus. Other plants
often grown in gardens as Carduus will be found
under Cnicus and other names.

Carambola tree (see Arerrltoa).
Cardiot'ltltena (xcc SogffRfai)*

Cardinal fiim-er (see Lolelia cardinalix).

Carex

175 )

Carnation

CAREX. (SEDGE.)

An extensive genus of perennial, herbaceous,
Grass-like plants (ord. Cyperacese), of which only a
few are of value for horticultural purposes. Of
tlioi'. very few are adapted for the garden, the
greater number being only suitable for the margins
of ponds. A few are very pretty {frown in pots.
Propagated by seeds or by division in spring. Any
common soil, kept moist.

Principal Species : —

baccans, 4'. A very effective plant, with red or
pur. berries.

brunnea, 2' to 3'. Pretty ; also known as gracilis.
The form variegata, with Ivs. striped wh., is
worth growing. Hlf-hdy.

Pseudo-('y perils, ;!'. A very fine Carex, with
triangular stems.

tristachya, 1'. Generally known as japonica, and
a useful plant for growing in pots in rooms. The
Ivs. are striped with wh.

Other Species: —

arenarin, 14'. pendula, 4', My.

Urayi, 3', Jy. riparia, 1', My. The

intumesiviis, '2', Je. variegated form is

paludosii, '!', My. pretty,
paniculatu, 3', Je.

CAREYA.

Trees and shrubs (ord. Myrtaceje), with one or
•iwo exceptions. In India the several species are
of minor economic value, but they are seldom
cultivated in this country. They require to be
treated as stove shrubs, except herbacea, which is
a tender herbaceous perennial. Propagation by
cuttings or root division.

Principal Species : —

arborea, 8', Aug., red, yel.
herbacea, 1', Jy., red, wh.

sphserica, 3', Aug., red.

CARICA.

Tropical trees (ord. Passiflorea;) which produce
the Papaw fruits. The latter are cooked and eaten
by the natives of the land to which the trees are
indigenous. The leaves have the peculiar property
of making tender any meat wrapped in them.
They require a stove temperature and a well-drained
rooting medium of sound loam. Cuttings of ripe
wood, carrying leaves, root readily in sand over
bottom heat.

Principal Species : —
Papaya, 20', Jy., grn.

Other Species :—

c-aiidumareeiisis, 6', Jv.,

grn.

cimlirlora, 20', Je., grn.
citriformis, 20', Jy., yel.,

grn.

CARISSA.

This genus (ord. Apocynacere) has economic
value from the fact that its juice is sometime-, used
for the manufacture of rubber, while the fruit of
Carandas is made into a jelly. The plants thrive
in sandy loam and peat in a stove, and may be
propagated from cuttings in sand in heat under a
bell-glass. Perfect drainage is essential at all

Stagc-S.

Principal Species : -
Caraudas, lj', Jy., wh. grandiflora, 10', My., wh.

spinosa, 20', Jy., wh., grn.

erythrocarpa, 4', Jy., wh.
microcarpa, 20', Jy., wh.,
gru.

spinarum, 21', Jy., wh.
Xylopicron, 1U', Jy., wh.

Other Species :—
lanceolate, ;">', Jy., wh.
ovata, !•")', Aug., wh.

CARLINA.

Interesting Thistle-like plants (ord. Compositre)
which may be giown on the rockery or in a border
in common soil. Only a few of the perennial
species are worth growing. They are propagated
by seeds sown in spring. The best are acaulis, 9",
June, white ; and acanthifolia, 1 J', June, white.

CARLUDOVICA.

Stove perennials (ord. Cyclanthacea:), some of
which are evergreen and others herbaceous ; they
are Palm-like in habit. Propagation may be
effected by suckers, and the plants thrive in loam,
peat, and sand.

Principal Species :—
Drudei, 4', Jy., wh.
palmata, 3', Jy., wh.

Other Species : —

ansustifolia («r Cyclan-

thus Plumeri).
ensiformis, 2', Jy., wh.

rotundifolia, 3', Jy., grn.,
wh.

fuuifera, 4', Jy., wh. (st.

ev. cl.).

latifolia, 3', Jy., grn.
Wallisii, 2', Jy., wh., grn.
CARMICHAELIA.

A small genus'(or/ Leguminosa;) of greenhouse
evergreen shrubs, well worthy of attention. Thev
are easily increased from cuttings in sand, and may
be grown in peat and sand.

Principal Species : —
nustr.-ilis, '!' , Jc., bl. Euytii, 1'.

CARNATION.

Description.— The Carnation (Dianthus Caryo-
phyllus, ord. Caryophyllea;) has for many gener-
ations been a favourite garden flower, and
some varieties were known to the early British
gardeners. Few flowers are at present more
popular or more likely to maintain the high

Photo: Outsell <(• Company, Ltd.

A FLAKE CARNATION.

position to which beauty, grace, and fragrance
entitle the plant. If at present the self-coloured
forms are in the ascendancy, there is yet room in
the garden for the Bizarre, the Flake, and the

Carnation

( 174)

Carnation

Picotee, with their beautiful markings. The self-
coloured forms are of great value for the garden,
and a considerable impetus has been given to their
cultivation by the vigour and beauty of those

Pkoto : Caasell it Company, Ltd.

SELF CAKXATION EXDYMION.
(Colour, scarlet rose.

raised during recent years. For practical purposes
and cultural details it is convenient to divide the
Carnations into four broad groups : (1) the Border
and florists' Carnations, which include those grown
for exhibition at the summer shows ; (2) the Tree
Carnations ; (3) the Souvenir de la Malmaison
class ; and (4) what are known as the Margaret or
Marguerite Carnations, a group raised within
recent years, often blooming the year in which
they are sown, and showing tokens of being-
hybrids between the Carnation and the Pink.

Propagation. — By seeds. — This is the method by
which new varieties are produced, and also that
adopted for raising the Margaret Carnations. The
Border and florists' varieties may be sown in pans
or pots of sandy loam and leaf soil, filled to within
1" of the top, and placed in a slight hotbed
or a greenhouse in April or May. The seeds must
be sown thinly, and when the plants can be
handled they should be pricked out into beds of
rather richer soil, where they may remain until
September, at which time they may be removed to
the bordersor pots in which they are to bloom. Care
ought to be taken of the weakly seedlings, which
often produce good flowers. The Margaret Carna-
tions ought to be sown in heat in February. With
good treatment they will bloom at the end of July,
and will continue in flower for a long time. Sown
later, they are good for winter and spring work under
glass. The Tree Carnations may be sown about
the same time as the last ; they ought not to be
planted out, but grown in pots, though placed in
the open from the end of May until the beginning
of September.

By Layers. — This is the way in which named
and selected varieties are generally propagated.
The best season is admittedly the end of July or
beginning of August, although in some cold dis-
tricts it is done earlier in the case of Border
Carnations, so that the layers may become properly

rooted and can be planted before winter sets in.
Plants in pots are denuded of the lower leaves
of the branches which form the layers, and an
incision is afterwards made below a joint, on the
under side, and carried upwards through ihe joint.
The layer should be pegged down with wire or other
pegs, those made from the joints of the common
Bracken Fern being as good as any, and the
layered portion covered with about 1" of
loam, leaf soil, and sand. The incision must be
kept open. To secure this some place a small
stone in it, though this must be carefully done, to
avoid breaking off the layer. The old practice of
shortening the leaves which remain on the layer is
quite superfluous. Plants in borders should be
surrounded with a mound of fine soil, into which
the layers are pegged down. The shoots should
not be overgrown by other plants.

Jiy Pipings or Cuttings. — It is often difficult
to secure enough layers of some varieties, and
recourse must be had to cuttings or pipings, young
shoots either taken off with a heel of old wood, or
cut off close below a joint. The Tree Carnations
are increased by slips from the main stems, taken in
March and struck in hotbeds or in a forcing house.
The other Carnations ought to be rooted in a
frame with a slight bottom heat, and kept close
and shaded until roots are formed. The pipings
ought to be well watered when placed in position,
so as to settle the soil about them.

Soil. — Three parts of good loam, made from the
top spit of a meadow, about 4" thick, laid in a
heap for a year and frequently turned ; one part of
good leaf mould, one of thoroughly decayed cow
manure, and a sprinkling of sharp sand, with a
little old mortar rubbish screened through a
y sieve, luake a capital compost for all
Carnations, although they may be grown in any
good, well-manured soil. Beds or borders in which

Photo: Cassell <fc Coj»;mnT/, Ltd.

PICOTEE CHILDE HAROLD.
(Light edge, yellow ground.)

they are to be grown should have a good dressing
of soot.

Other Cultural Points.- While in many places.
Border and florists' Carnations are perfectly hardy,
yet heavy losses are sometimes sustained in severe
winters. Thus it is always desirable to winter at

Carnation

( 175 )

Carnation

least a portion of the stock in frames. When the
layers or pipings are rooted, usually early in
September, the plants are potted (in pairs in the
case of the exhibition flowers) in the soil de-
scribed above, watered, and placed in the frames,
which ought to be kept rather close for a week or
a little longer. Afterwards they should have
plenty of air, but not exposure to cold draughts.
During winter they must be kept as dry as possible
without suffering from drought, until February
comes, when they ought to have a good supply of
water. Plants for the border may be put out in
March or a little later, according to the weather.
Those intended to be bloomed in pots are repotted
into 11" pots about the end of March, in pairs as
before. After repotting, return to the frame and
keep them close for a little while, removing them
to a greenhouse to bloom. The Tree Carnations
require a winter temperature of not more than
60° during the day, with not less than 55° at night.
Growing for Exhibition. — As many of the best
flowers for exhibition come with burst calyces, it is
necessary to use indiarubber rings or other soft
ligatures, and also to cut the calyx a little open at
two indentations at the top, so that the petals may
expand properly. The flowers sometimes need paper
collars, somewhat similar to those used on show
boards, to prevent them from opening too flat. If
grown in the open, they must also be protected
from rain and strong sun by shadings or awnings.
Staking is, of course, essential.

Diseases. — Unfortunately, the Carnation is
subject to the attacks of some diseases and
enemies. The principal of these are mildew, eel-
worm, wireworm, earwigs, green fly, fairy-ring spot,
rust, and maggot. Mildew is checked by dusting
with sulphur, and keeping the air in the frames or
greenhouse rather dry, with free ventilation. It is
apt to spread, and it may be necessary to cut off
leaves or even destroy badly affected plants suffer-
ing from this or other diseases of a fungoid nature.
Wireworm is prevented by carefully searching
the soil, and by burying pieces of raw Potato under
the surface, examining them every day for the
wireworm. Green fly is destroyed by fumigation ;
red spider by syringing ; plants badly affected by
eelworm ought to bo destroyed.

Varieties :—

The constant raising of new varieties in all tin-
sections makes it impossible to give the names of
varieties which are not likely to be superseded by
others in a short time. Those named below are,
however, among the best in their respective classes
at the time of publication. There are others of value,
but it is unnecessary to detail more than a few. It
is advisable, however, to explain the distinctions
between the classes. As the Picotees require the
same cultivation, they are included also. There
are four classes, viz. Bizarres, Flakes, Selfs, and
Picotees ; though prizes are sometimes offered for
what are known as Fancies. The petals of the
Bizarres have a clear ground, flaked and marked
with two or three colours ; the Flakes have also a
clear ground, but are marked with only one colour ;
Bizarres and Flakes must all be marked radially.
The Picotees have a ground colour, edged with a
second colour forming a broad or narrow margin,
according to which they are classed as light or
heavy edged. Sell's are of one colour only, while
the Fancies include flowers which do nut well come
under any of these classes.

liizarres (scarlet, crimson, and pink andpurple):—

George Budtl. Melody.

Harmony. Patriot.

J. D. Hextall. Robert Houlgrave.

Master Fred. Thaddeus.

Autocrat.
Biretta.
Bruce Findla
Duke of Y.

Hay.
'ork.

Flalse.s {purple, rose, or scarlet) : —

Agricola.
Charles Hen-
wood.

Fred Phillips.
Guardsman.

Henry Caimell.
John Wonnald.
Lady Mary

Currie.
Mrs. Douglas.

Mrs. Rowan.
Robert Caimell.
Squire Whit-
bo urn.
Sybil.

o : dwell & Compmir/, Ltd.

CAUNATIOX LADY CARLISLE. (Pink Tree.)

Faneics : —

Broilick.
Czarina,.
Don Juan.
G. Cruikshank.

Selfs :—
Amy Rollout.
Bemligo.
Boadieea.
Britunuia.
Cecilia.

Gitana.
Hidalgo.
Lady Ardilaun.
Mogul.

Eudymion.

Ensign.

Etna.

Germania.

Isinglass.

I'ii-nlce.i (yt'f/iin- //round) : —
Aurora. Gronow.
Badminton. Ladas.
Florrie Kenwood. Mrs. Hemv I.

XelHe Farreu.

Perseus.

Persimmon.

Zanzibar.

Mrs. Colby -

Sharpin.

Mrs. Eric Hamhro.
Mrs. Wegueliu.
Water-Witch.

Mrs. Kol.t.
S\ ik'iiha
Turenne.

Carpenteria

( 176 )

Carrot

Picatees (teJiite ground) : —
Amy Robsart. Isabel Lakin. Miriom.

Beau Nash. Little Phil. Mrs. Gorton.

Duchess of York.

Malmaiion anil Tree Carnations : — '•
Lady Carlisle (p. Miss Joliti'e. Uriah Pike.

175) Nell G wynne. Winter Cheer.

Lady Grimston. Primrose Day. Win. Robinson.
Lady Isabel. Trumpeter. Yule Tide.

Lord Rosebery.

For borders, the. Self s and Fancies are the most
suitable.

CARPENTERIA.

A genus of one species (ord Saxifrages), valuable
for the greenhouse, but also succeeds out of doors
when given the protection of a wall. It grows well
in any fertile soil, and may be increased from seeds
and cuttings.

Only Species : —

californica, 4', Je., wh., fragrant. An extremely
beautiful shr. (syw.Cassine caroliniana). (See figure.)

CARPINUS. (HORNBEAM.)

These trees {ord. Cupulifene) are valuable for the
formation of hedges, as they grow very rapidly.
They flourish in any good soil, and may be in-
creased by layers, or seeds sown immediately they
are ripe. All the species and varieties are hardy
deciduous trees.

Principal Species : —

Betulus, 30', Mch. There are several vars., which
range from 15' to 30'. Two have variegated foliage.
Increased by suckers or layers.

Other Species : —
americana, '20', Mch. orientalis, 10', My. (syn.

(xtfii. caroliuiana) . duinensis).

japouica, 15', Ap.

CARPODINUS.

Fruit-bearing evergreen shrubs (ord. Apocy-
naceic) that, will be found to grow satisfactorily in
well-drained loam and peat in the stove. Cuttings
root freely in sandy soil under a bell-glass in heat.

Principal Species : —

dulcis, 8', Je., grn.

CARPOLYZA.

A pretty little bulbous plant (ord. Amaryllideas),
of which there is only one species, named spiralis.
It has white flowers, reddish on the exterior of the
segments, on stems about 6" high ; and narrow
leaves. It is barely hardy enough for growing in
the open, but may be grown in light soil in a
frame or a cool greenhouse. It flowers about the
end of April or in May. Propagated by division or
seeds. (Syws. Crinumspiraleand Strnmaria spiralis.)

CARROT. (DAUCUS CAROTA, ord* Umbel-
liferae.)

The sandiest, sunniest part of the garden should
be selected for the Carrot bed, as the roots will not
thrive in wet, heavy land. In such soils it is
necessary to make holes with a crowbar and fill up
with light, sandy soil, one Carrot being allotted to
every such station, to secure fine roots. Freshly
manured ground should be avoided, as it has a tend-
ency to induce forking and bad shape. If manure
is employed it should be well decayed and deeply
buried, but it is better to choose a piece of open
ground which was manured for a previous crop.

Carpocapsa pomonella (see Apple enemies).
Carrion Flower (see Stapelia).

The earliest sowing outdoors may be made on a
warm border in February, during a spell of mild
weather, which allows of the land being readily
manipulated. Choose for this crop a variety o"f
the Short Horn type, allowing fi" or 8" between the
rows, and sowing fairly thinly in shallow drills.
The end of March or beginning of April will be
soon enough for the main crop, which should be
sown in shallow drills as advised for the earliest
sowing, but allowing a greater distance between
the rows — viz. 10" to 12" for medium growing
varieties, and 12" to 15" for stronger ones. Thin
sowing should be the invariable rule, and most
growers find it advantageous to mix the seed
previously with a little sand or dry soil, the whole
being then scattered evenly throughout the drills
and lightly covered in with a rake, drawing- off all
stones and lumps so as to leave the bed neat and
tidy in appearance.

Thinning should be done with discretion, as it is
quite possible, while avoiding any injury whatever

Photo : Cassclt (£• Company, Ltd.

CAKPENTEUIA CALIFORNICA.

to the permanent plants, to so withdraw the surplus
ones that nice Carrots may be secured for cooking,
such being generally much appreciated for their
tender, delicate flavour. All main crop Carrots
should stand 6" to 8" apart in the rows, as this
ensures a supply of handsome roots, which will
repay the grower infinitely better than a double
number of undersized, misshapen specimens.

Successional sowings of Short Horns may be
made during the first week in August and the first
week in October, for drawing and using as soon as
large enough. In mild winters and in favourable
soils and situations this last sowing will often
remain good in the ground until spring, and will
then yield a much appreciated supply of fresh
Carrots.

Lifting and Storing. — On the approach of severe
frost in October the main crop of Carrots should be
very carefully lifted, some of the superabundant
earth removed, the tops neatly cut off, and the
roots stored in stacks with the heads outwards,
filling in the crevices and covering with sand ; or
they may be clamped out of doors in the manner
often practised with Potatoes.

Carthamus

( 177 )

Caryopteris

Forcing. — Carrots are forced in frames on gentle
hotbeds, the chief point to be remembered in this
inodr of culture being the production of a gentle,
lasting he in, such a.- is afforded by mixing two parts
of dead leaves with one part of long stable manure,
and turning twice. About 1' in depth of fine soil
should be put in.-ide the frame on the hotbed, the
.-ei-il sown broadcast, just covered with line soil,
and the frame then shut up. The heat in the frame
should never exceed 7U", air being given at that
temperature to keep it down to about (15°. Thin
early to about 2" apart, give air on all favourable
orra-ions, and protect with a mat or strawy manure
during inclement weather. Kadishes and Mustard
and Cross are often grown with forced Carrots, and
do no harm if cleared before interference with
the rightful crop takes place. Frames and hot-
beds are generally employed from November to
February.

The Maggot. — The Carrot Fly (Psila Rosa?) is of
a greenish black colour, with a rusty-looking head.
Its larva; live upon the roots of the Carrol, and

CARTONEMA.

This herbaceous perennial (ord. Commelinaceae)
can be raised from seeds sown in heat, and the
seedlings thinned as may become necessary. It
thrives best in the greenhouse, but will grow out of
doors in warm situations in favoured localities.

Principal Species :- -

spiealuiii, 1'. Jy., bl.

CARYA. (HICKORY.)

A genus of North American deciduous trees (ord.
Juglandea;), usually growing to a height of about
30', and valuable for their timber. The Americans
make excellent chairs of Hickory. Propagation is
readily effected by layers, grafting, and seeds, but
it has been found that seedlings are impatient of
transplantation. Any fertile soil.

Principal Species : -

alba, 30', Ap. (KI/II. ovata).
amara, 30', My. (syn.

Juglans amara).
porcina, 30', My. (syi/x.

glabra and obcordata).

sulcatu, 30', Ap. (XI/HS.
cordiformis laciuiosa
and pubescens).

A fioon SELECTION OP Loxr; CARROTS, WELL GROWN.

often e;it thera to such an extent as to cause thorn
to rot. Early trenching and exposure of the
ground to the visits of insectivorous birds is the
best way of checking its ravages, while the fact
that late-sown crops suffer less than early ones
may lie advantageously noted. Always close the
toil round the crowns of the plants after thin-
ning, as the fly lays her eggs in the loose soil near
the top of the young roots. A gallon of gas water
mixed with 0 gallons of clear water and applied
between the rows is excellent.

Select Varieties : —
<S7/ «/•£.- -— I u1 <•!•::, ciliate : — • Long : —

French Forcing. James's New. Matchless.

F.::rly Gem. Surrey.

CARTHAMUS. (SAI-FI.OWKR.)
I'retty, though rather coarse-growing, hardy
annuals (iird. Cnmpositir), from the flowers of
which a fine-coloured paint can be extracted.
They are raised from seeds, which are sown on a
lio'bed, or in boxes under glass with a moderate
heat, in spring, and the plants put out where they
aie to bloom. They grow in any good parden soil.
Tin' species cultivated are lanatus, 2', July, yellow ;
i >xyacantha, 2', July, yellow ; and tincf orius, 3',
June, orange, known as the Saffron Thistle. The
first is sometimes called Kentrophvllum lanatum.
I'l

Other Species :
olivieformis, 30', Ap.
(•«//«. angustifolia).

to-

tomentosa, 30', AJI. (
Jugliius alba and
mentosa).

CARYOCAR.

A small but valuable genus (ord. Ternstroeraia-
cese) of tall-growing trees. Thev produce Nuts
which, in addition to possessing edible value, have
an excellent oil extracted from their kernels. Tliey
thrive in a stove temperature in open, sandy loam,
and may be increased from cuttings inserted in
sand under a bell-glass over bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

glabrum, 10(1'. Ap.. gm. tomentosum, 100', Ap.,
mii'ifiTuiu, 100', Ap., yel., wh.

red.

CARYOPTERIS.

Pretty shrubby or herbaceous perennials (ord.
Verbenacese), of considerable value for the border,
shrubbery, or rockery. The best is the shrubby
species Mastacanthus, 2' to 3' high (lain. Masta-
canthus sinensis), which has blue flowers in
autumn; there is also a white variety. Mon.
gholica, with violet flowers, and growing from

('iiriini (see Caraway}.
Caryii/tlii/llux («r l-'.u^

Caryota

( 178 )

Cassiope

2' to 3' high, is also pretty. They grow in com-
mon soil, but should have a warm situation.
Propagated by seeds, division, and cuttings.

CARYOTA.

In their native habitats the Caryotas (ord.
Palmse) have economic virtues, providing a nutri-
tious Sago (C. urens) for the natives, as well as a
plentiful supply of Palm wine. Under natural
conditions, they frequently grow to a height of 80'.
All the species have greenish white flowers. In
this country they should be grown in rich loam in
the stove, where they will prove very attractive
and ornamental. Propagation is readily effected
by seeds.

Principal Species : —

elegaiis, 10'. mitis, 25' (.«/«. furfuracea).

majestica, 12'. urens, 60'.

Other Species : —

Cumingii, 30'. obtusa, 20'. speciosa, 20'.

maxima, 30'. rumphiana, 20'.

CASCADE.

Where running water passes through a garden
an attractive feature may be made by arranging a
cascade or waterfall. It may consist of flights of
steps, as in the case of the great cascade at Chats-
worth, or of rough stones placed in as natural a
manner as possible in the bed of the stream. Any-
thing stiff and artificial should be avoided.

CASEARIA.

This genus (ord. Samydacese) is composed of
evergreen shrubs that succeed in the stove.
Cuttings will root in very sandy soil under a bell-
glass over bottom heat, and the plants flourish in
fibrous loam and sand.

Principal Species : —

hirsuta, 8', Ap., yel., grn. serrulata, 5', Ap., wh.,

parviflora (tee sylvestris). grn.

parvifolia(wcsylvestris). sylvestns, 8, Ap., gm.,

ramiflora, 4', Ap., yel., wh.(s</«s. parviflora and

grn. parvifolia).

CASIMIROA.

A Mexican evergreen tree (ord. Rutacete) which
produces Apple-shaped edible fruit. It should be
grown in fibrous peat and loam in the stove, and
may be propagated by cuttings inserted in very
sandy soil under a bell-glass in bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

edulis, 10', Jy., grn. ; Mexican Apple.

CASSANDRA.

A pretty shrub (ord. Ericaceae), formerly in-
cluded with Andromeda, The principal form is
calyculata, which has rather oblong leaves and
wax-like, pure white flowers, and grows about 3'
high at the most. Angustifolia is now considered to
be merely a form of this. It is rather dwarfer, and
has narrower leaves. Both flower about April.
(Syns. Andromeda angustifolia and calyculata,
angustifolia being also called C. crispa.) Peaty
soil, moist, and partially shaded.

CASSEBEERA.

This genus (ord. Filices) is composed of rather
Tare stove, greenhouse, and hardy Ferns, which
may be increased by division, and should be grown
in peat and loam.

Cassava (see Janissa Manlliot).

Principal Species : —
triphylla, l>".
CASSIA.

Description.— A large genus (ord. Leguminosa?).
Some species are attractive when in flower, their
golden blossoms, arid ample, cut foliage, rendering
them useful for warm conservatory decoration,
corymbosa being especially good. The value of
the genus lies more in its medicinal and economic
properties than its usefulness to horticulturists.
The Senna is produced from several species. Most
members are trees or shrubs, but others are herba-
ceous and annual.

Propagation is readily effected either by cuttings
in April or from seeds sown in March.

Soil. — A well drained compost of loam, leaf soil,
and sand suits almost all Cassias.

Other Cultural Points. — A stove or intermediate
house will meet their requirements so far as heat
is concerned, while moisture must be given
abundantly when growth is active, but sparingly
at other times.

Principal Species : —
alata, 12', Jy., st. ev., corymbosa, 3', Jy., iuter-

yel. mediate or grh. ev.,

biflora, 6', Aug., inter- yel.

mediate ev., yel. (sy». siamea, 6', Jy., st. aim.,

fulgeus). yel. (syn. florida).

Other Species : —

angustifolia, 1', Jy., yel. montana, 2', My., yel.

artemisioides, 2', Je., yel. nictitans, 2', Jy., yel.

auriculata, 4', Aug., yel. occidentalis, 3', Je., yd.

glandulosa, 5', Sep., yel. pubescens, 2', Je., yel.

marylandica, 3', Sep., yel. Sophora, 4', Jy., yel.

mexicana, 5', Je., yel. spectabilis, 4', Je., yel.

mimosoides, 2', Jy., yel. tomeutosa, 15', Jy., yel.

Though over a hundred species are known, only
about forty are in cultivation.

CASSINE.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. CelastrineEe)
that thrive in a mixture of loam and peat ; they
may be propagated by cuttings in sandy soil
under a bell-glass.

Principal Species :—

Maurocenia, 5', Aug., wh. ; Hottentot Cherry.

Other Species : —
aethiopica, 5', Jy., wh. capeusis, 6', Jy., wh.

CASSINIA.

This genus (ord. Composite) comprises one hardy
annual, which may be raised from seeds 'sown in
March or April ; greenhouse herbaceous perennials,
increased by division ; and greenhouse evergreen
shrubs, propagated by cuttings in the early spring
A compost of loam and peat is suitable.

Principal Species :—
aculeata, 2', My., grh. lopappus chrysophyllus

ev. shr., yel. of gardens),

aurea, 1', Jy-, grh. herba- leptophylla, 2 , Aug., grh.

ceous per., yel. ev. shr., wh.

denticulate, U', Je., grh. longifoha, 2, My., grn.

ev. shr., pale yel. ev. shr., yel.

fulvida, 4', Aug., lidy. speetabihs, 6 , Jy., hdy.

ev. shr., wh. (syn. Dip- ami., yel.

CASSIOPE.

Beautiful little Heath-like shrubs (ord. Erieacese),
often included with Andromeda. Although hardy,
they are not easily grown, and need a sandy, peat;
soil not too dry, partial shade, and shelter from

Castanea

Catananche

cold winds. Some grow them under shaded hand-
lights, with plenty of air. They are propagated by
layers. The following are charming plants: fasti-
giata, !)", May, white (syns. Andromeda fastigiata
and cupressiformis) ; hypnoides, 9", June, white,
red ; creeping plant (syn. Andromeda hypnoides) ;
ami tetragona, !)" to 12", March, white (syn. An-
dromeda tetragona).

CASTANEA. (CHESTNUT.)

The Horse Chestnuts (ord. Cupuliferre) are hardy
deciduous trees, valuable for their timber, for the
formation of avenues, and for solitary specimens in
suitable positions. The Spanish or Sweet Chest-
nuts are very ornamental trees, and give in some
districts an abundant supply of Nuts as well as an
excellent timber. The Sweet Chestnut, Castanea
sativa, makes a tree 50' to 60' in height, and there
are several varieties, which are usually increased
by grafting. The flowers of all are green or
greenish white, and the leaves are very handsome.
(flee also CHESTNUT.)

A Selection : —

chrysophylla (SIJH. Costa- sativa (and its several

nopsis chrysophylla). cut-leaved aud varie-

pumila. gated forms).

CASTANOPSIS.

About twenty-five species of trees and shrubs are
included in this genus (ord. Cupulifera), which is
closely allied to Castanea. Only two species have,
so far, been introduced to this country. Propaga-
tion is by cuttings in a close pit for the stove
species, in a cold frame for chrysophylla. Any
ordinary garden soil will do.

Principal Species :—

ohrysophylla, a dwarf ev. shr , with grn. and
golden foliage, and long, dense catkins. It needs
a sheltered position (syn. sempervirens).

CASTANOSPERMUM. (MOBETON
HAY CHESTNUT.)

A genus (nnl. Leguminosne) of greenhouse ever-
green trees, increased by cuttings of the matured
shoots in sandy soil under a handlight. A compost
of loam two-thirds, and peat one-third, with sand,
is suitable.

Only Species :—

australe, 40* to 50', saffron.

CASTELA.

There are only six species in this genus (ord.
ffimarubese), which is thus small as well as un-
hnpoitant horticulturally. Only two of the six
have been introduced. One of them, Nicholsoni,
the Goatbust, has pronounced bitter properties.
The Castelas are spiny shrubs, needing the tem-
perature of a stove or intermediate house. They
may be propagated by cuttings of the semi-mature

•"1 ts. Soil, two-thirds loam and one-third leaf

soil, with sand.

CASTILLEJA.

Herbaceous, sometimes sub-shrubby, plants (ord.
Serophnlarinese), with large and showy bracts.
Handsome, but rare in cultivation. Partially para-
sitic in habit. They are increased by seeds sown
in a cold frame, and like equal parts of peat and
loam, with sand.

Castalia (see Nympluea).

ininiata, 1' to 2', sum.,

hdy., yel. ; bracts ver.,

sc.
pallida, 6" to 12", Je.,

hcly. herbaceous per. ;

bracts wh. or yel.

Principal Species : —
coccinea, 1', Jy., hdy.

herbaceous per., yel. ;

bracts sc.
indivisa, 6" to 12", sura.,

hlf-hdy. per. (but best

treated as an aun.),gru.,

yel. ; bracts car.

Other Species : —

lithospermoides, 1', Aug., hlf-hdy., sc.

CASTILLOA.

A small and horticulturally unimportant genus
(ord. Urticacese), of two or three species. Elastica
has a milky juice from which a sort of rubber is
obtained.

CASTOR OIL PLANT (see BICINUS).

CASUARINA.

Curious greenhouse trees (ord. Casuarinese), with
long, drooping, leafless branches. When small,
they make elegant table plants, but they are very
rarely met with. Increased by cuttings of the
half-ripened shoots under a bell-glass, in sandy soil
in spring; also by seeds, when these can be
obtained. They like a compost of loam and peat,
with a small quantity of finely-broken crocks or
rough sand.

Principal Species : —

distyla, 15'. quadrivalvis (swstricta).

equisetifolia, 15'. stricta, 18' (*yn. quadri-

valvis).

CATALPA.

Description. — Trees (ord. Bignoniacese) with
showy flowers and handsome leaves. Bignonioides
is the best known and most handsome member of the
genus. It is a favourite tree for planting upon the
lawn, where its umbrageous and symmetrical head
and bright flowers render it a conspicuous object.

Propagation. — By seeds sown in spring, in a cold
frame for the hardy forms, in heat for the stove
species ; also by layers put down in spring, and by
cuttings of tips of the ripened shoots in autumn.
Cuttings of longissima and microphylla require
brisk bottom heat to root freely.

Soil. — Any good garden soil will suit the hardy
species; equal parts of peat and loam, with sand,
the stove species.

Principal Species : —
bignonioides, 20' to 40', cordifolia, 20' to 40', Je.,

Jy., hdy., wh., spotted hdy., wh.

pur., yel. (.«.y«.syrmgi<i>- Ksempferi, Jy., hdy.,

folia) (tee p. 180). yel., spotted red, br. ;

There is a var. with flowers small, fragrant.

yel. foliage. speciosa (see cordifolia.)

Other Species : —
Bungei, 8' to 10', sum., microphylla, 10' to 20',

grn., yel. st., wh. ; flowers usually

longissima, 30' to 40', st., in threes.

wh.

CATANANCHE. (CUPIDONE.)
Pretty perennials or annuals (ord. Compositae),
formerly used by Grecian women in making love
potions. They grow in any soil, and can be dried
mi winter decoration. The species are propagated
by seeds sown in .spring'. Cserulea, blue, and its
blue .and white variety, bicolor, are the best. They
grow 2J' high, producing their pretty flowers on
long stems. They flower in July and August.
The annual, lutea, is little grown. It is about 1'
high, flowers in June, and has yellow blooms.

Catasetum

( ISO )

Catasetum

CATASETUM.

Description. — A genus (ard. Orchidaceie) con-
taining upwards of eighty species of terrestrial and
epiphytic Orchids, requiring a &tove temperature:
it includes Monacantlius and is allied to Cycnoches
and Mormodes. The plants have a curious habit of
bearing two or three forms of flowers, some large and
fleshv, with pronounced horns, and others smaller,
less fleshy, and hornless. The seed- bearers are to
be found in the horned section. All the flowers are
curious, and many are showy, whilst some are
distinctly fragrant.

macrocarpum helium, pur.
br.

— camosissimum ; curi-
ous, very fleshy.

— chrvsanthum, bright ycl.
maculiitum, 3', Sep., gru.,

spotted pur.
saccatum, flower very

large, sepals and petal's

spotted pur., lip bright

yel.
splendens, flowers rmich

like those of Buiigor-

othii, but with a conical
yel. spur. Probably a
natural hybrid between
that species and macro-
carpum. It is very
variable, and many
vars. are in existence.
Alicia;, aurantiacum
imperiale, leucantliuin,
Lindenii, o'bricniaiuim,
regale, rubrum, and
washingtonianum, are
some of the best.

Pliolo: Ilussittr,TI,ith.

CATALVA HIGNO.NIOIDES

syn

SYKIXG.EFOLIA), GROWING ix THE BOTANIC GARDEN*, BATH. (See p. 179.)

Propagation.— By division of old plants, back
breaks starting from the older pseudo-bulbs.

Soil. — Being epiphytes, Catasetums are at home
when fastened to blocks of wood or in baskets,
with or without a little sphagnum worked in here
and there to hold the moisture. They may also be
grown in pots in a mixture of three-fourths of crocks,
one-fourth fibrous peat, and a surfacing of
sphagnum, but the basket method is the better.

Other Cultural Points. — Plenty of water must
be given through the growing period ; afterwards
little or none, as they enjoy a rest in the same way
as a Dendrobo — that is, from the time growth is
completed until the new growths begin to push.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

christyanum, 6" to 9",
dark red or chocolate
br., grn. lip.

Bungerothii, pseudo-
bulbs, 5" to 9", wh.,
large and showy.

— album, wh. , lip spotted
TO.

— aureum, light yel.

— pottsianum, wh.,

blotched pur. triden

callosum, 1 , Je., br., yel. iugii).

— obscurum, blk. pur.,

pur. side lobes,
macrocarpum, flowers 4"

in diameter (*//*/*.

tridentatum and Claver-

Other Species and Varieties :—

atratum,Jy.,yel.,wh.,pur. — viridulum, grn., spotted
barbatum, My., grn., pk., red, pur.

garnettianum, light grn.,

spotted br. ; close to

barbntum, but smaller,
glaucoglossum, br.
globirlorum, Je., olive br.
Gnomus, spikes IS" loug,

br., wh. ; rare.
Lemosii, 6", grn., yel.
longifolium, Aug., gni.,

vel., tipped crim. («//».

Monacauthus longi-

pur.

— proboscideum, beard of
lip grn.

— spinosum. grn., blotched
br., lip wh.

ciliatum, wh., grn. yel.

Claveringii (tre macro-
carpum).

cristatum, 2', Aug., grn.,
lip crested.

— stenosepalum, pur. br.,
barred dark pur.

discolor, slender, grn.,
yel.

— vinosum, wine red.

— ferox, grn., curious,
not pretty.

folius).
luridum, grn.
macroglossum, grn., vol.,

br., pur.; very variable.
Naso, 2', Aug., wh., pur.
ochraceum, vel.

fimhriatum, 6", Aug., pallidum. Close to fine-

ycl., gru.

— Coigniimxii, wh., pur.,
lip fringrd.

— platyptcrum, grn. , wh. ,
br.

tianum, but shorter
sepals and petals.
I'lia-'iiri. grn., brn., close
to Gnomus.

Caterpillars

( 181

Cathcartia

pileatum, wh. ; sometimes tigrinum, wh., barred

regarded as a *i(ti. of cinnamon ; close to

Bungerothii. barbatum.

Kauilii, yel. trideutatum (fee macro-

russellianum, 3',Jy.,grn. carpum).

sai^uiiieum, 6" to 7", trifidum, Je., gru., dotted

Oct., Nov., grn., spotted pur.

dull red. Trulla, Sep., grn., br.

— integrale. — maculatissimum, heav-
S< ui'ra,pale yel. or creamy ily spotted br.

wli. ; fragrant. — subimberbe, lip almost

tahiilare, pale gm. beardless.

— serrulata, grn., yel. viridi-flavum, sum., grn.,
\vh., bluish wh. yel., segments concave.

CATERPILLARS.

The larva: of moths and butterflies, the cater-
pillar state being the first after emerging from the
egg. There are many kinds, having different food
plants, and amongst them are some of the most
destructive pests in the vegetable and fruit garden.
A thorough knowledge of their life histories and
habits is of great service to the gardener. The
destruction of butterflies, moths, chrysalids, and
eggs is one means of prevention, but it is also
necessary to adopt measures when the caterpillars
an- feeding. A brief description of some of the
most injurious caterpillars is given below.

Brindled Beauty Moth Caterpillar.— Plum and
1'eai- trees suffer from the ravages of this pest,
which is the larva of a greyish brown moth (Biston
hirtaria) that is on the wing in the spring. The
rgg^ are laid in ring's round the shoots, like those
of the Lackey Moth, and the caterpillars, which are
brown, with yellow dots, feed on the leaves in
June and July. (For remedies, see PLUM ENEMIES.)

Cabbage Caterpillar. — Tlii> is the larva of the
Cabbage Moth (1'icrix llmssicfc), and plays
havoc with various members of the Cabbage family.
The whitish brown moth makes its appearance
during May and June, and deposits eggs on the
leaves of the food plant. During the summer and
autumn the green caterpillars give evidence of their
voracious appetite by feeding on the hearts and
leaves of Cabbages and kindred plants. (For
remedies, see CABBAGE ENEMIES.)

Codlin Moth Caterpillar. — The Apple is the
chosen food of this caterpillar, and large quanti-
ties of fruit are spoiled by it. The moth (Car-
pocapsa pomonella). an insignificant looking
creature, deposits eggs as soon as the Apples are
set, in the calyx end of the fruits, fastening them
with a gummy secretion. The caterpillars pierce
the fruits, eat the cores, and cause the Apples to
fall prematurely. (For remedies, see APPLE
ENEMIKS.)

Goat Moth Caterpillar. — The Goat Moth (Cossus
ligniperda) is one of our largest native moths, and
its larva bores into the stems and feeds on the
heart-wood of various trees. Willows and Poplars
are the favourite food plants, but the pests are
omnivorous, and feed on forest trees, Apple and
other large fruit trees. The moth deposits eggs in
the crevices of the bark in the summer, and the
caterpillars make tunnels into the heart-wood,
where they often remain in a larval state for two
or three years. Their presence is detected by the
excreta and sap exuded at the mouth of the tunnel,
on the appearance of which, a piece of wire should
be pawed in to crush them. Perfect insects should

1'nti'li fly (see Silene).
(sir Ariicia).

also be destroyed, and the dressing of trees for
other pests acts as a preventive of egg-laying.

Gooseberry Caterpillar.— This is the larva of the
Magpie Moth (Abraxas grossulariata), and its
special office is to devour the leaves of Gooseberry
bushes. The prettily spotted moths appear in
June, and the eggs are deposited on the leaves of
the food plant. The caterpillars soon appear, and
feed with results that are disastrous if destructive
measures are not adopted. (For remedies, see
GOOSEBERRY ENEMIES.)

Lackey Moth Caterpillar. — Apple trees fre-
quently suffer through the attacks of the cater-
pillars of the Lackey Moth (Bombyx neustria).
The moths are on the wing in July and August,
and deposit eggs in rings of pitchy matter round
the young shoots. In the spring the caterpillars
emerge and feed on the young leaves, being pro-
tected by a web spun round the foliage of the food
plant. When nearly full-fed the colonies break
up, and the individuals seek hiding-places wherein
to pass the final stage. (For remedies, see APPLK
EM:. MIES.)

Raspberry Bud Caterpillar. — The buds and
leaves of Kaspberries form the chief food of this
caterpillar, which is the larva of the minute moth
Lampronia rubiella. The moth is on the wing in
June, and eggs are deposited on the tips of the
young shoots, on which the red caterpillars feed
when hatched out. (For remedies, tee RASPBERRY
ENEMIES.)

Small Ermine Moth Caterpillar.— The larva of
this moth (Hyponomeuta padella) feeds on the
young shoots of Apple trees, and plays havoc
among the tender Thorn leaves in hedgerows. The
processes of egg-laying and feeding are similar to
those of the Lackey Moth, and the methods of
eradication are the same.

Winter Moth Caterpillar. — Apples, Pears. Plums.
Walnuts, and Hawthorns, as well as Oaks and
other forest trees, provide food for this destructive
caterpillar. The male moth (Cheimatobia bru-
mata) is on the wing in November; and the
female, which is incapable of flight, ascends the
stems of trees and deposits eggs on the branches.
The greenish yellow larvas emerge in great numbers
in the spring and feed till the end of May. when
they lower themselves by a thread and become
pup;e beneath the soil. (For remedies, see APPLE
ENEMIES.)

Other caterpillars are referred to under the crops
which they attack.

CATESB^EA. (LILY THORN.)
Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Rubiaceae), with
showy, funnel-shaped flowers having long tubes.
Cuttings taken in spring root freely if placed in
sandy soil in brisk heat. Soil, light turfy loam and
fibrous peat, with sand. Catesbfeas are very dirty
plants, bug, thrips, and red spider all being fond
of them.

Principal Species : —
latifolia, 1' to •">', Je.
parviflora, 4' to o', Je.

spiuosa, 10' to 14', My.,
yel.

CATHCARTIA.

Pleasing hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Papa-
veracese), the principal species being villosa, which
grows about 1' high, and has yellow flowers in
June, and Vine-like leaves. It likes a moist, peaty
soil, and half-shade. It is propagated by seeds or

Catoblastus

( 182 )

Cattleya

division, and is best adapted for the lower parts of
the rockery.

CATOBLASTUS.

Stove Palms (ord. Palms;), closely allied to
Iriartea. Rare in cultivation. Propagation is by
seeds. Soil, two-thirds loam, one-third decomposed
cow manure, with sand. Prsernorsus, 50' (syn.
Iriartea pr.emorsa), has a remarkable development
of aerial roots, which give considerable support to
the plant.

CATOPSIS.

Stove herbaceous plants (ord. Bromeliacese),
closely allied to Tillandsia, under which genus
it was at one time placed. (For culture, tee
TILLANDSIA.)

Principal Species :—

nitida, wh., long slender spikes, Ivs. dark,
shining grn. (syns. Tillandsia nitida and Tussacia
nitida).

CATTLEYA.

Description. — In the whole vegetable kingdom it
would be difficult to find a group of plants pro-
ducing such exquisitely beautiful or gorgeously
coloured flowers as the large genus Cattleya {ord.
Orchidacese). The Cattleyas of the labiata group
have club-shaped pseudo-bulbs, while those of the
guttata section are like elongated stems; the
fragrant Cattleya citrina, which grows head down-
ward, has ovoid pseudo-bulbs. Other species fill
up the gaps between these extremes. Then there
is a considerable difference in height, from Ac-
landUe, 3" or 4" in stature, to guttata Prinzii or
Leopoldii, about 3' high. The leaves are borne
singly or in pairs at the top of the pseudo-bulbs,
and in the case of strong growing labiata forms
these are sometimes 1' long and nearly 3" broad,
stiff and leathery, while those having elongated
pseudo-bulbs are generally furnished with shorter,
elliptic, oblong, or even rounded foliage, which is
also thick and leathery.

Distribution. — Cattleyas all come from tropical
America, and it is found that most members of the
genus are grouped into three areas, one inhabiting
the maritime provinces of Brazil ; a second (the
Colombian group) distributed through Colombia,
Ecuador, and British Guiana ; and a third (the
Mexican group) distributed in Southern Mexico,
Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica. The most
northerly Cattleya is citrina, and the most southern
one Loddigesii. It is interesting to note that few
species grow within 5° of the Equator, superba
growing nearest it. Thus superba and citrina are
at the extremities of the genus horticulturally, the
former needing stove treatment and the latter a
place in a cool intermediate house. So much,
however, do elevation and proximity to the sea
affect climate, that by far the larger proportion of
the Cattleyas may be grown in this country in one
house the whole year round.

Hybrid Cattleyas. — The garden-raised hybrids
have become very numerous during late years, and
in many cases they are more amenable to cultiva-
tion than the imported species. They generally —
but not always — show the greatest relationship to
the seed parent. Pollination is easily effected,

Catmint {see Ncneta).

Cat's Tail (see Typha).

Cat's Tall Grass (see Phleum).

Vat's Thyme (see Teucrium Marum).

and seed can be ripened if care is taken to expose
the plant to sunshine, but it must be remembered
that seed-bearing weakens a plant considerably,
and flowers should not be allowed to form on it
until a year after the seed has ripened. Seed is
best sown on the top of the potting material of a
newly-potted Cattleya, where germination may
take 'place in a few weeks. The tiny seedlings are
delicate subjects, and must not be hurriedly re-
moved to tiny pots. Having secured a cross,
ripened seed, and raised seedlings, the grower has
still to exercise a vast amount of patience, because
Ciittleyii hybrids may first flower when four or five

ritotit ; Ctiaai-tl tt Company, Ltd.

CATTLEYA WM. MUUUAY.

(See )>. 185.)

years old, but they often wait longer than this, and
have been known not to flower until nineteen years
old. The parents chosen should always be the
finest forms of the particular species.

Cultural Requirements.— Where possible a house
or division should be devoted to Cattleyas (and
Laelias), but in any case the structure should be a
roomy, light one, fully supplied with means of
ventilation at the top, bottom, and sides. A double
stage should be provided ; the lower one to carry
sufficient ashes, gravel or shingle to hold a quantity
of moisture, and support above it an open trellis
stage on which to stand the plants. All the
stronger growers may be cultivated successfully in
pots, but those which produce excessively long
roots, or are of lowly growth, are best managed if
placed in teak baskets and suspended near the
roof. Free drainage is of the utmost importance,
and when pots are used these ought to be two-
thirds filled with crocks. Over this place a layer

Cattleya

( 183 )

Cattleya

of sphagnum, and thru, having made the plant
firm — if necessary — by means of a stick embedded
in the crocks, commence at one side and place a
compost of two-thirds of fibrous peat to one of
sphagnum among the roots, carefully working
round the plant. Cattleyas should be raised
slightly above the rim of the pot they occupy,
and the comport should be made firm. The time
to pot Cattleyas is when new roots are being
emitted from the young growths, and this rule
should be rigidly adhered to. As some species

at urc. If the piping is ample some bottom air
may be admitted all the year round, except during
fogs or bitterly cold winds, though in the latter
case the lee side of the house can be used. Air
should be more largely admitted as the sun gains
power. Towards the end of the summer it hns
been found a good plan to avoid free ventilation
during the day, depending upon the damping oi
floors and staging, and upon shading, for a moderate
reduction of temperature ; this should be followed
by ample bottom and side ventilation, provided

CATTLEYA LAKIATA VEIIA (Sec p. 184.)

make a greater length of rhizome each season than
others, this must be taken into account when
potting, and the diameter of the receptacle regu-
lated accordingly. Always allow room for two or
three years' expansion of growth, as Cattleyas do
not like being disturbed.

Temperature and Ventilation. — Broadly speaking,
the temperature of the Cattleya house should be
60° by day and 52° to 55° by night during Decem-
ber, January, and February ; 05° to 70° by day and
60° by night in March and April ; a minimum of
70° by day and of (iO° by night during May, June.
July, August, and September; and 05° to 70° by
day and 00° by night during October and Novem-
ber. The temperatures given for the colder months
are necessarily those produced by fire heat, but
advantage should always be taken of sun heat to
secure more warmth and give a little extra ventila-
tion. Closely connected with the question of heat
is that of ventilation, and here it may be remarked
that air should be admitted primarily for the
purpose of strengthening the plants, and not, as is
too often the case, for the reduction of the temper-

the weather is calm, at night, reducing the air
supply again early in the morning. This plan has
been followed successfully in several cases, notably
in gardens not far inland.

Moisture and Shading. — Give Cattleyas a large
supply of water at the roots and in the atmosphere
when they are rooting and growing freely, but
when growth has finished for the season the less
the water-pot is used the better they will be, so-
long as the pseudo-bulbs do not shrivel. Damping
down stages and paths must be regulated according
to the weather and the condition of the plants.
Some few species, notably the heat-loving superba,
are never really at rest, and consequently must
never be dry at the roots. Cattleyas like clear light,
and it follows that heavy shading must be avoided :
roller blinds of coarse-meshed material, run on
supports that keep them 6" or so from the roof
glass, are the best, and these should only be let
down when there is a danger of sunshine scalding
or otherwise harming the young leaves, or causing
the flowers to fade rapidly. Shade is not required
after the end of September as a rule.

Cattleya

( 184)

Cattleya

Insect Enemies.— With attention to cleanliness
and an occasional fumigation with some vaporising
compound, Cattleyas are not difficult to keep free
from insect pests. Both scale and mealy bug will
attack them, if permitted, and if these gain a
footing the cultivator will find them difficult to
eradicate, as they find their way down to the bases
of the pseudo-bulbs and along the rhizomes, in-
festing the surrounding material as well as the
plant itself. The one great enemy of the Cattleya
is the Cattleya fly, which occasionally finds its way
into collections, "in a larval state, in the pseudo-
bulbs of imported Cattleyas. It is a minute insect,
but its presence can be detected by the swollen
growths in which it dwells and the tiny punctures
through which it escapes. The removal and
burning of all affected pseudo-bulbs is the only
real remedy, and growers should always be careful
to thoroughly examine imported plants before these
are admitted to the rest of the collection, or whole-
sale disaster may follow.

Labiata Group.— To prevent confusion, a list of
the labiata group and the names under which they
are described is given. Labiata vera, dowiana,
Eldorado, gaskelliana, luddemanniana, Mendelii,
Mossise, percivaliana, Schrodera, Trianse, Warned,
and Warscewiczii.

Principal Species and

Aclandia;, a", My., Je.,
yel. gvn., marked pur.

bowringiana, 14", Oct.,
Nov., ro. pur.

citriua, 4", Ap. , goldeu
yel.

dowiana, 14", Oct., Nov.,
yel., crim., gold; the
var. aurea is richer yel.,
and Eosita has pur.
shading on the sepab
and petals.

Eldorado, 1', Jy., Aug.,
lil., wh., or., yel. ; cro-
cata, Owenii, splendeus,
virgiualis, and Wallisii
are fine forms.

gaskelliana, 14", Je.,
Aug., amethyst pur.,
or. yel. ; alba, albens
odorata, fonnosa, aud
speciosa are handsome
vars.

guttata, 2' to 3',aut.,yel.
grn., spotted pur. ; fine
vars. of this species are
Leopoldii and Priuzti.

hardyaua, 1J', Aug., Sep.,
Oct., rich pur., lip pur.,
yel. A magnificent na-
tural cross-bred between
Warscewiczii and dowi-
ana aurea ; there are
several beautiful forms
in cultivation.

intermedia, 1^', Ap., Je ,
pur. or wh., dark pur.
lip; alba is pure wh. ;
ainethystma aud Par-
thenia are beautiful
vars.

labiata vera(p. 183), 1 ',Oct.
Nov., rosy mauve, pur.,
yet A few prominent
vars, are alba, Princess
of Wales, amethystina,
Cooksonia;, flammea,
foleyana, Mrs. Ash-

Varieties : —

worth, K. I. Measures,
and White Queen.

lawrenceana, 9", Mch.,
Ap., rosy pur. ; rosea
superba is a light, aud
atrorubens,a dark form.

Loddigesii, 11', Aug.,
Sep., rosy lil., pur. ;
Harrisoniae is a var.
with stouter flowers
borne in Mcli. and Ap.

maxima, 1J', aut., pale
ro., lip lined pur. ;
alba and peruviana are
good forms.

Mendelii, U', My., Je.,
wh., tinted ro. , lip wh.
or ro., yel. throat. A
lew of the best named
forms are albescens,
bella, Bluntii, Duchess
of Marlborough, james-
iana, Morgania;, Oakes
Ames, Prince of Wales,
and rothschildiana.

Mossise, !£', My., Je., wh.
to rosy pur., lip yel.,
pur. This beautiful form
has many charming
vars. , chief among them
being alba, Arnoldii,
Beauty of Bush Hill,
impenalis,Lady Wigau,
Mariana;, reineckiana,
superba, andWageueri.

percivaliaua, 1', Jan.,
Feb., HI., ro. pur., lip
pur., dark yel. ; alba
aud maguifica are good
forms.
Rex, H', Jy., Aug., wh.,

lin wh., pur., gold,
schilleriana, 6", Ap., My.,
pur. br., lip marked
yel., ro. pur. Hardy's
var. and lowiana art-
particularly large and
showy forms.

Skinneri, 10", Ap., My.,
ro. pur., wh., pur.
Two distinct vars. are
alba and Temple's.

superba, 10", Jy., Aug.,
ro. pur., lip crim., pur.,
yel. There is a wh.
var. named alba.

Trianoe, H', Jan. to Mch.,
wh. to deep ro. pur.,
lip wh. to pur., usually
deep pur., or. yel.
This is a most valuable
Cattleya, and the fol-
lowing are a few of the

. finest named forms :
alba, Amy Wigau, Ata-
lautu, Ernestii, hardy-
ana, Juno, Memoria
Lindenii, sehroderian;i,
Bplendidissima, tricolor,
Venus, and virgiualis.

Warscewiczii, l|', Je.,
Jy., ro. to pur., lip deep
crim., pur. or yel.
throat. Fine forms of
this, the largest flowered
Cattleya, are Counti-ss
of Derby, Hillii, Mrs. E.
Ashworth,andSaiiiler;i'.

Pliolu: CuaaeU <t Comixma, '•'<'•

CATTLEYA SCHKODEU.*: HIGHHUKYENSIS.

(Seep. 185.)

Other Species and Varieties :—
Amesiae, 14/, Je.,wh., lip russelliana, schofieldi-

bluish, yel.
amethystina (form

of
iutennedia).

bicolor, 2', Mch., Sep.,
grn., br., spotted pur.,
lip crim. pur.

Bluntii(form of Mendelii).

exoniensis (see Lrelio-
Cattleya exoniensis) .

Forbesii, 1', Aug., Sep.,
yellowish gnu, lip yel.,
red.

gigas (referred to Wars-
cewiczii).

granulosa, H', Je., Sep.,
yellowish gru., spotted
red, lip wh. , yel. Of this
there are several fine
forms, under such varie-
t:il names as princeps,

a.na, and superba,

guatemaleusis (see Epi-
cattleya guatemal-
ensis).

Harrisonce (formofLocl-
digesii).

Holfordii (sir luteola).

imi>erialis (forai of Wars-
cewiczii).

tricolor, (»", My., wh..
lip milk wh.," marked
pur., or.

Leopoldi (se-e guttata).

luddemanniana (a form
of labiata), 1', My.,
Sep., pur. ro., lip deep
pur., yel. Good vars.
are alba, Bassetii, Er-
nestii, sanderiana, and
schrodi'riaiia.

Cauliflower

( 185 )

Cavendishia

luteola, 6", Nov., Dec.,
lemon yel., wh. (.«'/«.
Holfordi).

MacMorlandii (fonn of
Mossiae).

nobilior («v walkeriana).

Schroilene (a form of
labiata). 1', Mcli., Ap.,
lil., lip HI., or. Pretty
vars. of this are alba,
aninhilis, eximia, high-
buryensis (see p. 184),
and "Temple's.

echofieldiana (we granu-
losa).

8])eciosa (referred to liiil-
demauniaua) .

speeiosissima (referred to
Imldemanniana).

Principal Hybrids : —
Apollo, Oct. (Mossin; X

AclnudiiL1).
Atalanta, Jy. (guttata

Leopoldi X \Vars-

ccwiczii).
Brabantije. Jy. (Aclamlhe

X Loddigesii).
bryineriana, My., natural

hybrid.

calummata, Jy. (inter-
media X Aclandiae).
chamberlainiana, Aug.

(guttata Leopoldi X

dowiaua auroiO.
dominiaua, Oct., Nov.

(maxima X inter-
media).
Empress Frederick, Jy.

(Mossite X dowiaua

aurea).
Eros, Aug. (Mossia? X

walkeriana).
Euphrasia, Sep. (Wars-

cewiraii X superba).
Fernaud Denis, My.

(Aclandi:r X Wars-

cewiezii).
Fowleri, Aug. (guttata

Leopoldi X hardy -

ana) .
Harrisii, Oct. (guttata

Leopoldi X Mendelii).

Wageneri (form of Mos-

si;p).

Wallisii (form of El-
dorado).

walkeriana, 6", Dec., lil.
or rosy pur., lip wh.,
dark pur. apex. Choice
vars. are dolosa, grandi-
flora, uobilior, and
schruderiana.

Warneri (a form of labi-
ata), 1', Je., ro. pur.,
lip pur., yel. The finest
forms are formosa,
Hardy's, Pilcheri, and
Kuckeri).

wai'Dcqueana (referred to
labiata vera).

kienastiana, Aug. , Sep.

(luddemaimiana X

dowiana aurea) .
Lam berhurst Hybrid, Oct.

(intermedia X citrina).
Le Czar, Oct., uaturnl

hybrid.
Lord Rothschild, Oct.

(gaskelliana X dowi-
aua aurea).
Maggie Raphael, Dec.

(dowiana aurea X

Triause).
Mautinii, Oct. (bowringi-

ana X dowiana

aurea).
Marouii, Oct. (velutina

[natural hybrid] X

dowiana aurea) .
Parthenia, Sep. (calum-
mata [hybrid] X

"\Vageneri).
Triumph, Oct. (liidde-

manniana X law-

renceana).
Victoria Hegina, My.,

natural hybrid.
Whitei, Jy., Aug., natural

hybrid.
William Murray, Ap.,

My. (Mendelii X

lawrenceaua, p. 183).

CAULIFLOWER.

Though not so hardy as the Broccoli, the Cauli-
flower (Brassica oleracea botrytis cauliflora, ord.
Crnciferse) is more highly esteemed for its greater
delicacy of flavour.

Soil. — A sandy loam, deeply dug and liberally
enriched with farmyard manure, forms the ideal
staple for the production of fine Cauliflowers.
Heavy land should be well worked and exposed;
and hot, dry, sandy soil rendered more tenacious
by placing a good supply of cow manure at the
bottom of the trench when the land is dug.

The first sowing should be made towards the
end of January on a gentle hotbed, and the plants
pricked out in a cold frame tilled with good soil ;
or on a very warm, sheltered border, seeing that
the plants are so protected that no check is ex-
perienced, otherwise •• buttoning," as the premature
production of small, useless heads is called, may
ensue. When large enough the plants should be
planted out on the best piece of ground available,
booing and watering .is necessary, and snapping
one of the large leaves to protect the head should

very hot weather prevail when the plants are
•• turning in."

Successional crops are obtained by sowing in
April and May, pricking out the se'edlings into
nursery beds, and ultimately planting in permanent
beds which may be somewhat damper and heavier
than those allotted to the earliest plants. Plants
from this sowing are very productive, and if
afforded water during periods of drought will
furnish nice heads for cutting towards the end of
summer. The variety Autumn Giant, sown in
April, yields, under treatment similar to that
advised above, remarkably fine heads, which carry
on the supply until the frosts of winter intervene.
If cold pits are available they may be filled with
plants of this variety packed rather thickly in any
light soil, which will carry on the supply of useful,
albeit small, heads of Cauliflowers for many weeks.
Where no frames or pits are available, plants may
be suspended by the roots in a cool, dark shed,
when they will retain their freshness for a week or
ten days, or the plants may be completely buried
in sand, when they will keep for perhaps a month.
Where the convenience does not exist for January
sowing, a batch of plants may be raised on a
border in August or September, pricked out into
nursery beds, .and ultimately potted singly in 3"
pots and wintered in a cold frame from the middle
of October. Plants thus wintered are planted out
from their pots into good, rich soil in April, and
generally head-in towards the end of May. Plants
are also wintered in the borders, covered with
hand-lights, which form a fairly efficient substitute
for cold frames, and dispense with the need of
potting. Early London, though an old variety, is
still most extensively employed for this crop. (For
enemies, see CABBAGE.)

A Selection of Varieties : —

Pearl.

Snowball.

Veitchs' Autumn Giant.

Early London.
Extra Early Forcing.
Maguum Bonum.

CAULOPHYLLUM.

Uncommon tuberous hardy perennials (ord.
Berberideae), which come from North America and
Manchuria. The principal species is thalictroides,
1 ', April, yellow. It bears blue berries, and is an
interesting plant grown in sandy peat in the rock
garden. Propagated by seeds sown when ripe or
in spring, or by division of the roots after flowering.

CAUTLEYA.

This genus (ord. Scitaminere), sometimes placed
under Kosccea, contains one notable species, a
stove perennial herb, requiring similar treatment
to and propagated in the same way as the Alpinias.
The flowers are showy, but the plant is of no great
value. It has been variously described as Roscoea
gracilis and R. lutea.

Only Species : —

lutea, 9" to 18", Aug., red, yel.

CAVENDISHIA.

A genus (ord. Vacciniacere) embracing about
thirty species of stove evergreen trees and shrubs,
natives of tropical America. Very few of them
are known in gardens, and those usually under the
old name of Proclesia. Increased by cuttings in a
close frame in bottom heat. Soil, equal parts of
turfy loam and fibrous peat, with sand.

Ceanothus

( 186 )

Cedrus

Principal Species : —

acuminata, st., Nov., bl., red, with burls covered
by sc. bracts (syns. Thibaudia and Proclesia
acuminata).

cordifolia, st., red, wh. (syns. Thibaudia and
Proclesia cordifolia).

spectabilis, st. or intermediate house, wh., flushed
pk., rosy car. bracts. A handsome sub-cl.

CEANOTHUS. (MOUNTAIN SWEET OR
KED ROOT.)

Description. — Very beautiful hardy, half-hardy,
or greenhouse shrubs (ord. Khamnese), the
hardier species and their varieties being very orna-
mental on warm, sunny walls. They are generally
deciduous, but in the greenhouse some retain their
leaves. The individual flowers are small, but are
pro.luced in considerable numbers together, and
thus are very effective. Many named forms have
been raised within recent years.

Propagation. — Some of the species may be
raised from seeds sown as soon as ripe, or in
spring, in a warm house ; the whole by cuttings
of young wood struck under glass in a little heat
in autumn ; or, preferably, by layers.

Soil. — -A good, dry, rather porous soil is the best
for the hardy and half-hardy species grown out-
doors, but those grown under glass may have one
of a richer nature.

Other Cultural Points. — Although the outdoor
Ceanothuses require a dry soil, they must not be
allowed to suffer in dry weather while making
growth, or when in bloom ; good soakings of water
may be given at intervals. On walls they ought to
be pruned in April, or a little sooner in early
districts. When the allotted space has been
covered, cut the shoots back to two or three eyes
for the production of young wood, on which the
flowers appear, except in the case of those species
which flower on the previous year's wood. Most of
the Ceanothuses should have some protection, sucli
as a mat, in severe weather.

Principal Species :—

americanus, 5', Je., Jy., wh. Among the
hardiest.. The var. variegatus has Ivs. variegated
with yel. (syn. intermedius.)

azureus, 1(X, Je., Jy., pale bl. One of the best
and fairly hdy. Good vars. of azureus are Albert
Pittet, albidus, Gloire de Versailles (very reliable),
Marie Simon, and Othello.

dentatus, 10', My., bl. Desirable, though gener-
ally needing protection (syn. lobbianus).

veitchianus, 9', Je., bl. A pretty and useful
species.

Other Species : —

cuneatus, 4', Je., hlf-

hdy., bl. (syns. verru-

cosus and macrocarpus) .
divaricatus, 4', Jy., pale

bl.
Feudleri, 5', Jy., wh.

(*.»/«. Fenollei).
floribundus, 4', Jy., bl.
mtegerriinus, 6', Jy., hlf-

hdy., wh. (si/tu. cali-

fornicus and neva-

densis).

Cayenne (see Capsicum).

Cecidomyla (sec Pear Midge and Uerdrlan Fly).

microphyllus, 2', Je., wh.
ovatus, 3', Je., Jy., wh.

(syn. fontanesianus).
papillosus, 3'. Je., hlf-

hdy., bl.
prostratus, 3', bl.
rigidus, 6', Jy., hlf. hdy.,

bl.
thyrsiflorus, 9', Jy., hlf-

hdy., bl.

CECROPIA.

A small genus (ord. Urticacese) of handsome
stove evergreen trees, whose economic value lies
in the indiarubber which is obtained from some of
the species. The flowers are borne in catkins.
They grow admirably in a mixture of loam and
peat, with coarse sand. Cuttings of ripe wood
root readily in very sandy soil under a bell-glass
over bottom heat.

Principal Species :—

concolor, 20', Mch. palmata, 25', Mch.

frigida, 12', Mch. peltata, 30', Mch.

CEDAR.

The Cedar of Lebanon is Cedrus Libani (which
will be found under Cedrus), the Prickly Cedar is
Cyathodes acerosa, and the name Sharp Cedar is
applied both to Juniperus Oxycedrus and Acacia
Oxycedrus. The Barbadoes or Bermudas Cedar is
Juniperus bcrmudianus.

CEDRELA.

A genus (ord. Meliaceoc) of stove trees. The
fragrance of the wood resembles that of the Cedar.
Odorata is known as the West Indian Cedar.
They thrive well in sound loam and leaf mould,
and may be increased from cuttings in heat under
a glass.

Toona, 55', Je., wh., pk.
velutina (now Chkkrassia
tabularis) .

Principal Species :—

australis, a form or *yn.

of Toona.

odorata, 50', Jy., pk., wh.
sinensis (HI/H. Ailautus

flavescens) .

CEDRONELLA.

With one exception (triphylla) the species of
this genus (ord. Labiata;) are herbaceous per-
ennials, and thrive best in the greenhouse. A
compost of loam and peat suits them admirably,
and propagation may be effected by division of
the roots.

Principal Species : —

cana, 3', Je., red, crim.
cordata, 1', Jy., lil.
mexicana, 25', Jy., pale

pur.

pallida, 2', Sep., ro.
triphylla, 3', Jy., pale

pur. This is a grh. ev.
shr., and must be in-
creased from cuttings in
sandy soil ; by some
authorities it is now re-
ferred to canarieusis.

CEDRUS. (CEDAR.)

Description. — Majestic Coniferous trees, which
form conspicuous features in favourable situations
in this country. Cedrus Libani is the scriptural
Cedar of Lebanon, so familiar to all readers. It
is very imposing when it attains a large size, with
its spreading habit at the top, and its massive
branches. There are many specimens in this
country over 50' high, and one at Strath fieldsaye,
Hants, is said to be 120' high. It is perfectly
hardy. Atlantica, the Mount Atlas Cedar, is of
even more value for ornamental planting, its
glaucous foliage rendering it very conspicuous and
pleasing; while its pyramidal habit, not so pro-
nounced as to be stiff, greatly adds to its beauty.
It is the best of the three species for general
planting. Deodara, the Deodar or Indian Cedar,
from north-west India, is also a noble tree, al-
though less hardy than the foregoing. Its form
is very handsome, and the lower branches in good
specimens are of great length, and cover a large
space.

Celandine

(188)

Celery

Propagation. — By seeds sown in April in pans
tinder glass, the young plants being transferred to
their nursery quarters the next spring. Also by
grafting the more ornamental forms on those of
t lie common species in February in a propagating
house. Grafting on the Larch is not recommended
by those who have had experience.
"Soil.— A deep, sandy soil, or one rather heavier
if well-drained.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

atlantica, 80' to 100', habit pyramidal, Ivs.
•about 0'5" long, glaucous or silvery. Branches
horizontal, and cones resembling those of C. Libani.
The var. argentea is exceedingly glaucous, and
is of an almost silvery whiteness. The var. aurea
has the young foliage of a fine golden colour,
changing to grn. the following year.

Deodara, 200' to 250', in its native country, with
a eirth of sometimes 15' to 20'. Habit rather
pyramidal, and branches mostly horizontal, al-
though the lower ones are often depressed to
the ground. Lvs. from 0'75" to 1" long. The
vars. of Deodara are argentea, with silvery
foliage; aurea, with the young foliage yel.,
changing to grn. ; crassifolia, with shorter and
thicker Ivs. ; robusta, with larger and stouter
branches ; verticillata glauca, with whorled
glaucous Ivs. on the young shoots; and viridis,
with deeper grn. foliage.

Libani, 50' to 80' high, spreading, rather table-
shaped form. The Ivs. remain from three to five
years on the tree, and are dark grn., and from
0-75" to 1-25" long. The leading vars. are brevi-
folia, which has shorter Ivs. and smaller cones ;
and glauca (nyn. argentea), which has glaucous
foliage, particularly when old. A truly noble tree.

CELANDINE.

The popular name of two British wild flowers,
one of which, Chelidonium majus, the Greater
Celandine, is found on old walls and waste spots,
and yields when pressed a yellow juice, much
esteemed by country folk as a cure for corns, warts,
and toothache. The Lesser Celandine, Ranunculus
Kicaria, is a totally different plant, and grows in
immense numbers in moist meadows, being one of
the earliest flowers to greet the spring sun (see
BANUNCCLTJS).

CELASTRUS.

This genus (nrd. Celastrinese) comprises hardy
deciduous climbers as well as greenhouse and
stove evergreen shrubs. The hardy species should
be layered for propagation ; or seeds may be sown
when procurable. The shrubby species must be
increased from cuttings. A mixture of fibrous
peat, loam, and sand is suitable.

Principal Species : —

articulatus, 15", Je., gm. lucidus, 2', My., wh.

(gyn». Orixa of gardens Orixa (of Sieb and Zucc),

and punctatus). 6' to 9', sum., grn. (.«'/«.

buxifolius, 4', My., wh. japonica).

<jassinoides, 5', Aug., wh. scandens, 20', My., yel.

(correctly Gymnospora («.'/«. bullatus of Lin-

cassinoiiies). nseus).

CELERI AC. (TURNIP-BOOTED CELERY.)

Much hardier than ordinary Celery, and develops
a, base somewhat like that of a Kohl Rabi. It is
excellent for soups and stewing. Seed should be
sown in gentle heat in March. During its early
stages it should be treated as Celery. At planting

out time, however, the treatment differs, as Celeriac
needs no trenches to bring it to perfection, but
will thrive on the level in rich, light soil. Plant-
ing should be as shallow as possible, the plants
allowed 18" of space all ways, and all side shoots
removed to throw the whole vigour of the plant
into one central stem. Water the plants well in,
never allow them to feel the need of water, and
when hoeing to destroy weeds remove as much soil
from around the plants as possible, as the more
the base is exposed, in reason, the finer the produce.
Towards the end of the season, when growth is
finished, cover the bulbs with a coating of dry soil,
and lift them early in October, when they may be
stored in sand until required for use.

CELERY.

This British wild plant (Apium graveolens, ord.
Umbellifene), which in its native ditches and un-
blanched state is credited with the possession of
poisonous properties, lias been so vastly improved
bv years of patient cultivation and selection that
to-day it is hardly too much to say that it ranks in
the first flight of garden esculents. Good culture
should be accorded at every stage of its growth.
Abundance of moisture and liberal supplies of food
are necessary, for the Celery is a veritable glutton
among vegetables, and will thrive on well-rotted
manure alone, though in practice this is not
generally allowed.

Sowing. — The first week in March may see the
seeds sown for the earliest supply, the services
of a hotbed or warm house being requisitioned
to assist germination. The plants should be
pricked off when large enough to handle, in a bed
of soil placed close to the glass on a mild heap of
fermenting materials. Afford plenty of water, and
gradually inure the plants to the outside tempera-
ture by tilting the lights, until it is deemed safe to
place them outside in a warm border previously
trenched and prepared for their reception. If
afforded slight protection during possible severe
weather a very useful lot of good quality sticks
should be available for use at an early date. For
the main crop, seeds may be sown a fortnight later
in a similar manner to the first batch, the seedlings
being pricked off, after hardening, into a warm
border out of doors, where some slight protection
may be given if required. A final sowing may
be made in April on a warm, rich border outside,
and protected if necessary.

The trenches for the reception of the plants
should be prepared some time previously, and
should be 18" wide, 10" to 12" deep, and have 4"
of good farmyard manure incorporated with the
soil at the bottom. Take the plants up carefully,
remove all decayed portions, and plant a few at a
time with a trowel, watering in as the work 'pro-
ceeds and allowing each plant a space of 5" or fi".
If very hot weather ensues, a slight shading during
the hottest part of the day will be beneficial. Suc-
cessional trenches may be planted at intervals of
three weeks or a month.

Earthing. — The earliest plants should be ready
for a slight earthing-up in August, which should
be carefully performed with a trowel, removing all
suckers, and taking care that no soil falls into the
heart of the plant. When ten days or a fortnight
have elapsed another earthing may be given, using
the spade to chop up the soil and the hands to
gently mould it around the plants, leaving the
centres still free to grow. Finally, in about

Celmisia

( 189 )

Celsia

another fortnight, complete the earthing process,
lirinii-ing the soil to a sharp slope, with only the
ti|» of the tallest leaves visible. Some growers
prefer to accomplish the earthing-up at one opera-
tion, and successful results are obtained in this
way. Celery is generally fit for use a month or
five weeks after the final earthing-tip.

Celery Fly (TrphriHi Onopordinis). — The larvae of
this lly mine beneath the surface of Celery leaves,
and cause the well known blistered appearance
by eating away the green colouring matter of
the leaf. Crushing between the finger and thumb.
,andthe removal of badly affected leaves, are recom-
•mended for its extirpation ; while an occasional
dusting over the leaves with soot and lime on
dewy mornings is the means generally adopted to
prevent the mature fly depositing its eggs on the
foliage.

CELMISIA COBIACEA.

Leicester Red : very large.
Major Clarke's Heil ;

medium.
Saiulriugham White ;

early, dwarf.

A Selection of Varieties : —

Standard Bearer, red ;

large.

Sulham Prize, pk.
Wright's Giant White:

large.

CELMISIA.

A genus (ord. Composite) of greenhouse or
hardy perennials, propagated by seeds and thriving
in any fertile, well-drained soil.

Principal Species :—

C'oriarcii, wh , yel.
Liu.lsiiyi, hdy., wh., yel.

Monroi, grh.. yel.
spectabilis, My.,
HI., yel,

CELOSIA.

Description. Although some thirty species are
included in this genus (ord. Amarantacese), very
few of them are cultivated. Cristata, the Cocks-
comb, and its varieties pyramidalis, p. plumosa, and
variegata. are the most valuable members of the
genus. All are showy plants, and much prized for
decoration. For some time pyramidalis was re-
garded as a distinct species, but it is now looked
upon as only a variety of the versatile cristata.

Propagation. — Seeds of all the species may be
SOWTI in brisk heat in February or March, the plants
pricked-out singly into small pots, and grown on

briskly in rich foil, repotting always before the
roots are through the bottoms of the pots, and
seeing that the plants never experience a check in
any way. A starving process is sometimes adopt. -d
with Cockscombs, the object being to cause combs
to form prematurely, when the best-shaped ones
are selected and placed in flowering pots. When
cristata produces good combs on somewhat long
stems, as is sometimes the case, procure pots a size
smaller than the plants are in, crock well, and fill
with sandy soil. Cut off the heads of the leggy
plants with some 6" of stem attached, remove the
lower leaves, and insert them singly in the centre
of the prepared pots. Press the soil firmly around
the stems, and place in a propagating case, or on a
brisk, moist hotbed, when they will quickly emit
roots and form beautiful dwarf plants with large
combs in small pots. Pyramidalis and p. plumosa
are very graceful plants for conservatory decora-
tion. They should be grown in a moist atmosphere
to discount the attacks of red spider, and be
liberally fed until the colour of the flowers is seen,
when pure water only should be given. They
make extremely graceful and effective bedding
plants if seeds are sown early in February and
the plants are grown on well, carefully hardened
off, and planted out in good soil in the beginning
of June. If well grown and liberally fed they
make magnificent objects in 8" or 10" pots, and
will retain their beauty for many weeks. The
plumy Celosias are obtainable in various colours,
e.g. yellow, golden, crimson, scarlet, purple, and
creamy white ; or seeds may be purchased in
packets containing a mixture of the whole. Cris-
tata variegata has prettily variegated foliage.
Seed is very sparingly produced on good Cocks-
combs, and where the different varieties are grown
together they invariably produce hybrid mon-
strosities.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
argentea, 2' to 2|', st., sum., flowers wh. in dense
spikes.

— linearis. narrower Ivs. than the type,
cernua (wr cristata).

cristata, !£' to 3', st., sum., dark red, very vari-
able (fyn. cernua).

— coccinea, 1' to 2', St., sum., shorter Ivs.

— •comosa, 1' to 2', st., sum., red or pur.

— pyramidalis, \y to 2^', st., sura., red, yel.
There are many sub-'vars., of which plumosa is the
most showy.

— variegata, H' to 2', St., sum., red, variegated
foliage.

Huttoni, 1' to 2', st., sum., red, in small spikes.
The crirn. Ivs. make this a handsome foliage
subject.

CELSIA.

Hardy or half-hardy plants (ord. Scrophularinea1),
which bear a close resemblance to the Verbascums
or Mulleins, from which they differ little in struc-
ture. They have their flowers in spikes. l'rn|,a-
gated by seeds sown under glass in spring; the

shrubby species also by cuttings of the young w 1

in pots placed in a frame or greenhouse. Tho
biennials iiiuM be wintered in a frame or green-
house. Any common soil.

Principal Species : —

Arctiirus. }', .Ty.. hlf-hdy. shr.. grh., yel. There-
is a var. named linmeana, which has a pur. throat.
(fijn. sublunata ).

Celtis

( 190 )

Centranthus

cretica, 4', Jy., hlf-hdy. bien., yel.' Effective
for flower borders in sum. and for pots in the grh.
(syn. Verbascum lyratum).

Other Species : —
betoniccefolia, 2', Aug., hetcrophylla, 4', Jy.,hdy.

bien., yel. Man., yel.

bugulifolia, 1', Jy., hdy. lanceolata, A , Jy., Iilf-

per., yel.,br. hdy. bien., yel.

coromandelina, 4', Jy., orieutalis, 3', Jy., bay.

st. ami., yel. aiin., br., yel.

CELTIS.

This genus (ord. Urticacese) includes hardy
deciduous and stove evergreen shrubs and trees.
They will thrive in any fertile soil, and may be
propagated by seeds, layers, and autumn cuttings.
Some of the hardy species are ornamental, but the
tropical ones are of little value.

Principal Species :—
crassifolia (see Occident- occidentalis, 20', Ap.,

alis). g™. ,

davidiana, 20', Ap., grn. — purmla, 8 , Je., grn.

Other Species :—

Stove Evergreen : —
aculeata, 10', Je., grn. australis, 30', My., gru.

Hardy Deciduous : —
mississippiensis, 20', Ap., sinensis, 12', My., grn.

grn.

CENIA.

A genus of about nine species of little-known
plants (ord. Composite) of small garden value,
related to Anthemis. The greater number are
hardy annuals. The only one which has been in
cultivation is turbinata (iyn. pruinosa), which
grows from 6" to 12" high, and has yellow or white
flowers. Sandy soil.

CENTAUREA. (CENTAUEY, CORNFLOWER,
STAR THISTLE, and SWEET SULTAN.)

A large genus of hardy or half-hardy perennial,
biennial, or annual flowers (ord. Composite), some
of which are of no value, but many others of great
beauty and effect in the garden, or useful for cut
flowers. The favourite, Cyanus, the annual Corn-
flower, is of much value for bouquets, and other
purposes for which cut blooms are in demand.
Many of the tall perennials are prized for striking
effect, and the varieties of montana are of great
usefulness. Unless otherwise stated, those named
are perennials and hardy ; they include all the
best in cultivation. The perennials are propagated
by seeds or division ; the annuals and biennials by
seeds sown either in the open or in pans or boxes
in slight heat, afterwards pricked out, and hardened
off before planting outside. Any good garden soil.
Some of the taller species for the bonier will need
staking to prevent them from being blown down by
the wind.

Principal Species : —

Annuals : —

Cyanus (Cornflower), 3', Jy., etc. An indispens-
able hdy. ann., of which there are a number of
colours and shades, the bl. being as useful as
any. There are dwarf strains, and others with
semi-double flowers.

depressa, !£', Jy., bl. Desirable on account of
its habit being dwarfer than the preceding.

Moschata, 2', Jy., pur. The Sweet Sultan. There
is a darker coloured var. known as atropur|mrra,
and a wh. called alba. Some consider the next

species a var. of Moschata (syn. Amberboa Mos-
chata).

odorata, li', Jy-, yel. The popular, sweetly
scented Sweet Sultan. There is also a wh. var.
sometimes known as Margarita.

Perennials : —

aurea, 2', Jy., yel. A pretty border plant.

babylonica, 6', Jy., yel. A conspicuous border or
wild-garden plant.

Cineraria, 3', Jy., hlf-hdy., pur. Better known
as Cineraria candidissima, and grown for its silvery
foliage.

Clementei, 3', Jy., yel. An effective border plant.

dealbata, 2', Jy., pur. Neat and pleasing.

glastifolia, 4', Jy., yel. A tall per. of much char-
acter.

macrocephala, 4', Jy., yel. An effective plant for
the border or the centre of a bed. Large Thistle-
like heads of bright yel. flowers.

montana, 2', Jy., bl. A most valuable plant, of
which there are vars. with wh., creamy wh., and
red flowers.

Other Species : —

alba, 2', Jy., wh. orientalis, 21', Jy., pale

titropurpurea, 3', Jy., yel.

pur. pulchra, 1', Aug., lilf-

caldtrapoides, 1', Je., hdy., pur.

pur. ragusiua, 2', Je., yel. ;

enophora, 1', Aug., yel. Ivs. silvery,

gymuocarpa, 1J', Aug., rutheuica, 3 , Jy., pale

hlf-hdy., pur." yel.

Jacea, IV, Jy., pur. rutifolia, 3', Jy., red.

CENTOTHECA.

Indian Grasses (ord. Gramineoe), needing a stove
temperature. Lappacea may be grown in loam and
leaf mould, but it is of little horticultural value.

Principal Species : —

lappacea, 1J', Jy., ann., grn.

CENTRADENIA.

A small genus '(ord. Melastomacese) of Central
American evergreens that must be grown in the
cool stove or intermediate house. They succeed
well in fibrous peat and loam with coarse sand,
and may be increased by cuttings inserted in sandy
soil beneath a bell-glass over bottom heat during
early spring.

Principal Species : —

divaricata, H', My., wh. inoequilateralis, 1', Ap.,
floribuuda, ft', Jy., pale ro. wh. (.«//«. rosea).

red. oviita, 1', My., pk.

grandifolia, H', Sep., pk.

CENTRANTHUS. (VALERIAN.)
Effective hardy herbaceous or annual plants
(ord. Valeriancic), which are useful for borders,
rockwork, or old walls. The flowers are in rather
large heads, and the perennial, ruber, is very
showy. The annuals and perennials are propa-
gated by seeds, sown either in the open ground or
in a frame in March ; the perennials by division
in spring or autumn. If required on walls, the
seeds should be sown in crevices and covered with
a little stiff soil. Any common garden soil.

Principal Species :—

macrosiphon, 2', Jy., Jy. , etc, red. A very
bright red. A showy effective hdy. per., of

hdy. ami. The var. which there are several

albus has nice wh. forms, including one —

flowers. albus — with wh. flowers

ruber (Red Valerian), 2J', (».v». Valeriana ruhra).

Centawidum (see Xanthiima).

Centronia

(191 )

Cephalotus

longiflorus, 2', Jy., per.,
red.

Other Species : —
angtutifolinB, 1.'. ',Je. ,red.
Oalcitrapa, 1', Je., etc.,

hdy. tinii., wh.

CENTRONIA.

A .small genus (nnl. Melastomacese) of orna-
mental shrubs, propagated by cuttings under a
bell-glass, and thriving in a mixture of two parts
of peat, line part of leaf mould and sand.

Principal Species : —

tuemantba, 8', grh., pur. red (syn. Calyptraria
hsemantha).

CENTROPETALUM.

A most interesting little genus (ord. Orchidaceaj)
of epiphytic Orchids from the mountains of tropi-
cal America. Not being so plentiful or showy as
some Orchids, they are seldom met with in cultiva-
tion. An intermediate temperature and the usual
compost of peat and sphagnum suit them.

Principal Species : —
distichum, d", sum., br. Warscewiczii, 6", sum.,

CENTROPOGON. blownish

Effective stove and greenhouse plants (ord. Cara-
panulacete) of much beauty and interest. Flowers
like those of the Lobelia. The hybrid lucyanus is
the most desirable. Propagated by cuttings of
the young shoots (preferably with a heel) rooted in
sandy soil under a bell-glass, with a bottom heat
of not less than 60°; also by division. Sandy
fibrous peat and loam. Grow in a cool stove or
warm greenhouse until they come into bloom,
when the plants may be placed in a house with a
temperature of not less than 50°. After flowering,
replace in their former quarters.

Principal Species : —

cordifolius, •>' , Nov., ro. osusand Siphocampylus

fastuosus, •>', Nov., ro. betutefolius.

lucyanus, 2', Nov., ro. ; surinameusis, 2', Nov.,ro.

a hybrid between fastu- tovarensis, •_",'. Oct., ro.

CENTROSEMA.

The few members of this genus (<ird. Legumin-
osa>) are stove climbers with evergreen foliage, and
may be propagated from seeds or cuttings and
grown in any good, well-drained compost.

Principal Species : —

tirasilianuin, •!', Je., ro. Plumieri, 6', Sep., red.wh.

dubium hastntum. («/«. ClitoriaPlumieri).

CEPHAELIS («yn. CEPHAI.EIS).

A genus (nrrl. liubiacete) of stove plants, from
one species of which, Ipecacuanha, we get the well-
known ipecacuanha of commerce. The plants grow
well in a mixture of turfy loam, fibrous peat, and
sand, and may be increased from cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass in bottom heat.

Principal Species :—
l]ur:ir uinilia. .T, Jan., tomentosa, 4', aut., yel.,

Mch.,wli.(correctlyPsy- red (correctly Psjcho-

chotria Ipecacuanha). tria tomentosa).

Other Species : —

alba, li', An., pk. pcduncularis, 2', Feb.,wh.

azillaris, 4 . Ap., wh. purpurca, 1', My., pur.

elat;i, l.V. Jr., pur. wh.

glalira, 3', Ap., bl. Swartzii, 4', Ap., bl.

mvolucrata, ">', Jy., wh. violacea, 1', Je., wh.
musciisa. 1', My., wli.

t'l-nl riiciirjiha (:'ee Itiullicfli'ni ).
Ci-nl rni- li nium (see (hutni-ris).
Cent riixn/cii in («r /,'//(. voVz).
Ckntrostemma (see Iloya).

CEPHALANTHERA.

Terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidacea:), all native*
of Great Britain, and consequently quite hardy ; but
the genus is also represented in other countries.
They are, however, difficult to establish in gardens,
unless removed while at rest and planted in a
mixture of peat and loam.

Principal Species : —

eusifolia, 2', Je., wh. rubra, 13', My., Je.,pur.,

pallens, U', My., Je., wh., wh

yel. (syn. graudiilora) .

CEPHALANTHUS. (BUTTON WOOD.)

North American and South African hardy or
tender, deciduous or evergreen shrubs (ord. Kubi-
aceas). The only hardy species readily available
is occidentalis, which is about 7' high, and has
whitish flowers at the ends of the branches in July
and August. It is propagated by layers, and also
by cuttings under glass in autumn. It grows in
common soil, but likes that which is moist and
peaty.

Principal Species:—

natalensis, 2', spr., grh., red, grn.

CEPHALARIA.

Hardy annual or perennial herbs (ord. Pipsacese),
of rather coarse and ungainly habit ; hence suit-
able rather for the wild garden than the herba-
ceous border. They may be easily raised from
seed, sown either when it is ripe or in spring
outdoors. Any ordinary soil will do

Principal Species :—

alpiim, o',Je.,Jy.,paleyel. tartarica, 5' to 6', sum.,
(*//«. Scabiosa alpina). per., yel.

Other Species : —
leucautha. syriaca. transylvanica.

CEPHALOTAXUS.

Pretty, Yew-like evergreen Coniferous shrubs
or trees (ord. Conifera;), which may advantageously
be used in gardens and pleasure grounds. Several
species have been described, but, according to the
" Manual of the Conifero," they are not differen-
tiated by very definite characters. In this country
they seldom exceed 20' in height, and the stature
named below is that usually attained. Propagated
by seeds, sown in spring, or by cuttings in sandy
soil in a cold frame in August or the following
month. Almost any well-drained soil.

Principal Species :—

drupacea, 5', Ivs. grass grn., fruit over 1" long,
chestnut br.

Fortuni, 8', Ivs. dark grn., fruit more than 1" long,
dull br. The Index JCen-enxis refers it to drupacea,

pedunculata, 8', Ivs. larger and darker than
those of drupacea, fruit on a short stalk (syn.
Taxus harringtoniana). The vars. fasligiata and
spha;ralis are grown, the former being very peculiar
and interesting (.<//»». of fastigiata, Taxus japonica
and Podocarpus koraianus).

CEPHALOTUS.

A dwarf-growing, pitcher-bearing plant (ord.
Saxifrages;) from King George's Sound. It is n
most interesting plant, and might well find a place
in every greenhouse. It is a herbaceous perennial,
aud may be multiplied from offsets. The compost
may consist of chopped sphagnum and fibrcms peat,
intermixed with potsherds. The pots or pans must
be perfectly drained, and careful watering is

Cerastmm

(192)

Cerasus

essential. It is frequently found advantageous to
cover the plants with bell-glasses.

Only Species : —

follicularis, 2", Ap., wh.

CERASTIUM. (MOUSE-EAK CHICKWEED.)

A large genus of dwarf plants (ord. Caryophylleie),
many of which are mere weeds, but a few of which
are o'f considerable value for edg-
ings, rockwork, or walls because
of their pretty white flowers
and silvery or grey leaves. Only
the best are named below. Pro-
pagation is by seeds sown in
spring in a frame or in the open
ground, by cuttings under a hand-
light in spring, or by division
of large plants. A light, sandy
soil is the most suitable.although
they can be grown in common
soil. Young plants ought to be
carefully protected from slugs,
which are very fond of them.

Principal Species:—

alpinum, 4", Je., wh. A pretty
native species.

Biebersteinii, 6", My., Je., wh.
This and tomentosum are among
the very best for the garden.
Flowers large, Ivs. quite wh.

Boissieri, 9", Je., wh., silvery
Ivs. and good sized flowers.

grandiflorum, 6", Jy., wh.
Mather coarser,and only adapted
for trailing over rockwork.

tomentosum, 6", My., etc., wh.
The best known, largely grown
for its wh. foliage and flowers.

CERASUS. (CHERRY.)

The Cherries (ord. Rosacea;)
are now included by modern
botanists with Primus, but are so
generally known in gardens as
Cerasusthat it is moreconvenient
to deal with them under this
name. The varieties of the fruit-
ing Cherry will be found under
CHERRY. The greater number of
those now referred to are hand-
some trees or shrubs suitable for
the garden or for decorative
planting. The double-flowered
Cherries are very beautiful. Pro- Photo: C. R. sick.
pagated by seeds sown in beds in CEKASUS

autumn or spring, by cuttings in
autumn or early winter,and by grafting and budding.
Any good, rather sandy soil. Some of the smaller
Cherries are very suitable for forcing in gentle heat.
The double Pseudo-cerasus, also known as Watereri
and Sieboldii rubra,is one of the best for this purpose.

Principal Species and Varieties : -

Avium, the Wild Cherry or Gean, 40', Ap., My.
There are several valuable forms of this, that called
flnre pleno or multiplex having double flowers ;
Juliana, blush ones; pendula, a drooping habit;
and laciniatn, cut Ivs. (syns. domestica, dulcis,
nigra, and sylvestris, correctly Primus Avium).

Cerasus, the Common Cherry, 20', Ap , wh. There
are several vars. of much beauty, that called Rhexii

Ceradia (see Othoiina).

11. pi. (ayin. caproniana multiplex, ranunculiflora,
etc.) being very fine (correctly Primus Cerasus).

Laurocerasus, the common Laurel, 10', Ap., wh.
A favourite ev. shr., the following being among
the best of its forms: rotundifolia, caucasica,
colchica (free-blooming), and latit'olia. The var.
schipkaensis is very hdy. (correctly Prunus Lauro
cerasus).

(CORRECTLY PRUNUS) AVIUM PEXDULA.

lusitanica, the Portugal Laurel, 20', Je., wh.
Another well known ev. shr , and one much
admired when in bloom. Myrti folia is a pretty
form, with smaller Ivs. (correctly Prunus lusitaniofc).

Mahaleb, 10', Apl., wh. This and its silver-
variegated form, variegata, are worth growing
(correctly Prunus Mahaleb).

Padus, the Bird Cherry, 12' to 30', Ap., wh. The
forms of this are rather numerous, but argentea
and rubra are both good (correctly Prunus Padus).

Pseudo-cerasus, Iff, Ap., wh. or blush. This is
useful for forcing, and beautiful in the garden
as well (si/us. Sieboldii rubra and Watereri, cor-
rectly Primus Pseudo-cerasus).

serrulata, 12', Ap., ro. or wh. Handsome double
flowers (correctly Prunus serrulata)

Ceratiola

( 193)

Cercis

Other Species : —

acida, 20', My., wh. (correctly Primus acida).

caroliniana, 25', My., wh. (syns. Laurocerasus
caroliniana and Pad us caroliniana, correctly Prunus
caroliniana).

Chamsccerasus, 4', My., wh. (syn. fruticans,
correctly Primus ChamsBcerasUB),

Ohicasa, 7', My., wh. (correctly Prunus angusti-
folia).

depressa, 5', My., wh. (correctly Primus pumila).

ilicifolia, Mch., ev., wh., tender (correctly Prunus
ilicifolia).

japonica (correctly Primus japonica).

ponnsylvanica, 30', My., wh. (syn. borealis, cor-
rectly Prunus pennsylvanica).

salioina. ;">', Ap., wh. (correctly Primus salicina).

virginiana, 30', My., wh, (correctly Primus
virginiana).

CERATIOLA.

A little-grown, half-hardy, Heath-like shrub (ord.
l'jn]>ctracea!), of evergreen habit and producing
brownish flowers in June, followed by yellow
berries. The needle-shaped leaves are about i"
long and generally close together. It likes sandy
peat soil, and is propagated by cuttings placed in
slight heat, with a bell-glass over them.

Only Species :—
ericoides, 2', Je., br.

CERATOLOBUS.

A small genus (ord Palmre) of slender, graceful
Palms, seldom grown but very beautiful, glaucescens
being especially useful as a table plant. They
require a stove temperature and a good compost of
loam and peat.

Principal Species : —

concolor, 6'. glaucescens, 10', Ivs. up

to 2' loug.

CERATONIA.

This evergreen tree (ord. Leguminosae) has great
economic value in the lands to which it is indig-
enous. It produces brown pods of sweet mealy
matter, which has medicinal properties. They are
eaten largely with a view to improving the voice,
and also used in the preservation of other fruits.
The horses of the British army were fed upon them
in the Peninsular War. They have been called the
St. John's Bread, from the supposition that they
were the locusts upon which St. John the Baptist
fed in the wilderness. They are also supposed to
be the "husks" of which the prodigal son was
obliged to eat. The seeds are said to have been
the original carat weights used by jewellers. The
tree succeeds best in the greenhouse, but is hardy
in favoured localities. It thrives best in fibrous
loam and sand, and may be propagated from
cuttings of ripe wood in sandy soil under a bell-
glass.

Only Species :—

Wliima, !.">', Sep., yel., red. (The Carob.)

CERATOPETALUM.

Tin-so are the red gum trees (ord. Saxifrages) of
Xew South Wales, and should be grown in rich
loam and sand in the greenhouse. Cuttings root
readily in sandy soil under a bell-glass.

Ceratocli Hot of Blunir (sc'e SaccoJuhimn).

Ceratoch i lus of L'nidley (see Stan/tojica).

t'i TII Induct ylii (tec

13

Principal Species : —

gummiferum, (>()', Jy., yel.

CERATOPTERIS.

A most remarkable aquatic Fern (ord. Filices),
an annual, or at most biennial. It is best grown
in good loam, the pot being wholly submerged in a
tank of warm water in a stove temperature. There
is no difficulty in propagating the species, either
from spores or by means of the young plants that
form on both fertile and unfertile fronds. It is an
elegant and distinct Fern, popularly known as the
Water Elk's Horn.

Only Species : —

thalictroides, 2J', fronds bright grn.

CERATOSTEMA.

These greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Vac-
ciniacex) thrive best in peat and sand, and may
be propagated by cuttings inserted in sandy soil
beneath a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —

hirsutum, 4', My., sc.
longiflorum, 3', My.,crim.

spcciosum, 3', Je., red,

yel.

CERATOSTIGMA.

An obscure genus of greenhouse or hardy per-
ennial herbs or shrubs (ord. Plnmbagincic). The
species mentioned below is the only one of note ;
it will grow in any fairly good garden soil, and
may be increased by root division.

Principal Species : —

plumbaginoides, 1', Oct., hdy., vio. (syn. Plumbago
Larpentie).

CERATOTHECA.

The species in cultivation is a half-hardy annual
(ord. Pedalinese), but it is best grown in the green-
house, unless a favoured position can be afforded
out of doors. It is raised from seeds, and prefers
a sandy loam.

Only Cultivated Species : —
triloba, 3', Sep., vio., bl.

CERBERA.

Stove shrubs and trees (ord. Apocynaceze),
thriving in fibrous loam and leaf mould. Cuttings
in sand under a bell-glass over bottom heat root
with proper care. Some are poisonous.

Principal Species : —
Odollum, 20', Jy., wh. Tanghin, 20', Je., pk.

CERCIDIPHYLLUM.

In the south of England and Ireland this shrub
(nrrf. Magnoliacea1,) is hardy, but in cold districts
it should have greenhouse protection. Propagation
by cuttings.

Only Species : —

japonicum, 5'. sum., grn.

CERCIS. (JUDAS TREE.)

Singularly pretty hardy deciduous trees (ord.
Loguminosse), which are less frequently grown
than they deserve. They are suitable for either
the garden or the shrubbery, and are of much effect
with their branches crowded with flowers before
the leaves appear. They are raised from seeds
sown in sandy soil in March or April, or by layers.

Principal Species : —

c:iii:nli<nsis. l.V, My., red. pur., blush, or wh. The

cliincnsi.s, 10', My., pk. most common, but need-

(»//». japonica). ing :i w.-ill iu very cold

Siliquastrum, 2r>', My., localities.

Cercocarpus

( 194 )

Ceropegia

CERCOCARPUS.

A small genus of cool greenhouse evergreen
shrubs (ord. Itosacese). They grow best in a com-
post of peat and loam, witli coarse sand, and may
be increased by cuttings in sand under a bell-glass
in a moderate heat.

Principal Species : —

fothergilloides, 10', My., parvifolius, hlf-hdy., Je.,
pur. shr.

CEREUS. (TORCH THISTLES.)
Description. — A very large genus (ord. Cac-
taceje). The plants are found exclusively in the New
World, and vary in height from the giant Snguarro
(giganteus), which often attains to 8(X or more, to
the diminutive Cereus flagelliformis, the Rat-tail
Cactus. Many species produce edible buds or
fruits, notably splendens, repandus, and triangu-
laris. The latter is named the Strawberry Pear,
and its fruits are much appreciated in
the West Indies, where it is cultivated.
One section of Cereus, represented by
grandiflorus,Macdonaklia3, and nycticalus,
produce their flowers only during the
evening hours, generally expanding from
seven o'clock until twelve, and closing
them to open no more before the morning.
The flowers of grandiflorus are among
the largest produced by any known plant,
being often 1' in diameter, pure white,
and possessed of a most powerful and
delicious fragrance. ThisandMacdonaldife
are well worth the attention of anyone
possessing a warm house, and as they
may be trained to a wall, or round a pil-
lar, little space will be sacrificed to their
accommodation. Among dwarfer grow-
ing species speciosissimus and fulgidus
should on no account be overlooked, for
the bright scarlet flowers, with their
myriads of white anthers, are very beau-
tiful. The section of which flagelliformis
is the type make excellent basket plants,
or may be suspended in pots, and will thrive in any
cool plant house ; in fact, it is no uncommon thing
to see really good specimens flowering bravely
in cottage windows, where they are objects of
considerable interest.

Propagation is easily effected in early summer
by inserting portions of the ripened leaves or
stems in sandy soil, and giving them a warm, moist
atmosphere to root in.

Other Cultural Points. — The cultivation of Cer-
euses is simple in the extreme, and consists in supply-
ing abundance of water during the growing season ;
the plants being well exposed to light, air, and
sunshine ; and the gradual reduction of the supply
during autumn when growth is finished ; until, with
the cold, dull days of winter, watering is discon-
tinued entirely, and the soil allowed to become
almost dust dry. Thoroughly drain the pots
employed with broken crocks and pieces of char-
coal, pot the plants firmly in a mixture of sandy
loam, old mortar rubbish, and broken bricks,
adding more sand and small lumps of charcoal if
any doubts are entertained as to the soil's com-
plete porosity. The plants may remain in the
same pots for several years, with benefit to
themselves and their grower. Frequent dis-
turbance, and potting in loose, rich, highly-
manured soil, are fatal to free flowering, and
must be avoided.

Principal Species : —

aggregatus, Sep., sc.
coccineus (see aggregatus) .
flagelliformis, McL. to

My., pk.
fulgidus, Je., sc.
gramliuorus, Jy., wh.,

night flowering,
grandispimis, sum., ro.
lividus, 30', wh.
Macdoualdia?, Jy., wh.,

red sepals (see figure).

nycticalus, wh., night

bloomer.

peutagonus, 3', Jy., wh.
pleiogouus, 6', reddish

pur. (correctly Echino-

cereus leeanus).
serpentiuus, 3', pur., wh. ;

creeping,
speciosissimus, 3' to 6',

Jy., sc.
triaugularis, 1' to '2', Jy.,

grh., wh.

CERINTHE. (HoNEYWOM.)

A genus of hardy plants, principally annuals
(ord. Boragineac), of little value for the garden,
though major is sometimes grown as a bee plant.
They grow in common soil and in sunny positions.
Seeds are sown in spring.

,S. Fish, Edinburgh

CEREUS MACDONALDITE.

Principal Species : —
major, 1', Jy., yel.

minor, 1', Jy., yel.

CEROPEGIA.

This genus (ord. Asclepiartea;) comprises stove
and greenhouse climbers, twiners, and shrubs, and
is not of any great horticultural merit. Prop-
agation may be effected in spring by cuttings
inserted in sand beneath a bell-glass in bottom
heat. A good compost will consist of loam, leaf
mould, fibrous peat, and sand.

Principal Species :—
elegaus, 4', Aug., wh.,

br., pur.
Mouteiroa1, 3', Jy., grii.,

pur. br.

Other Species : —

Stove : —

acuminata, 2', Je., pur.
africana, 6', Jy., yel. (ev.

twiner) .

bulbosa, 2', My., grn., red.
cumingiana, 4', Aug.,

yel., br.
Gardneri, 4', My., wh.,

br. (ev.).

Greenhouse : —
australis, 3', Je., wh.
Barklyi, 3', Je., wh., pk.

Sandersoni, 3', Oct., grh.,

grn.
Woodii, 3', Jy., st., wh.,

pur., ev.

iuncea, 1', Aug., yel.
Lushii («•<• bulbosa).
nculata, (')', Aug., spotted.
Thwaitesii, 3', Sep., gru.,

red.

tubcrosa,8', My.,grn.,red.
Wightii, a', Aug., gru.,

pur.

Bowkeri, 2', My., gru.,.
yel.

Ceroxylon

Chalk

CEROXYLON.

Tliis is a small genus of stove Palms (ord.
Palnne), the wax of which is used by the people of
New Grenada in candle making. Plants are raised
from seeds, and grown in good loam.

Principal Species : —

andicoluin, 50'. About 8' in this country.

CESPEDESIA.

Small trees (ord, Ochnaceie), natives of America,
which should be grown in the stove. They
succeed best in a compost of fibrous loam and
peat, with sand and charcoal to ensure porosity,
and may be propagated from cuttings in sandy
soil beneath a bell-glass over bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

Bonplandii, (>', sum., or. yel.

CESTRUM.

This genus (ord. Solanaceas) is well Known to
most horticulturists by the name of Habrothamnus.
It comprises half-hardy, greenhouse, and stove
plants, some of which are very handsome. The
berries of all the species are poisonous, and what
economic value the genus possesses lies in the dye
that is manufactured from tinctorium. As pillar or
wall plants in a greenhouse or conservatory many
arc extremely beautiful. The culture is easy,
ami they will gmw in any soil, though a mix-
ture of loam and peat is most suitable. Prop-
agation is easily effected by cuttings. A severe
annual pruning is necessary after flowering.

Principal Species : —
aurantiacum, .">', Je., Newellii, 10', Je., grh.,

warm grh., or. yel. crim.

elegans, 10', Jan., Mch.,

grh.. car.

Other Species :—

ulutcriioides, 4', Mch., St., odontospemuim, 6', Sep.,

pale yd. st., wh.

angustifolium, 6', Je., st. Parqui, 6', Je., grh., pale

bracteatura, 7', Ap., st., yel.

g™- penduliuura, 5', Ap., st.,

diiirimm, R', Nov., st., wh.

wh. roseum, ,5', Jy., grh., ro.

Endlicheri, 5',Mch.,grh., salicifolium, 4', My., st.,

ro. striped.

fasciculatum, 6', Mch., suberosum, />', Je., st.,

grh., crim. sulphur.

ftistigiatum, 4', Nov., st., tinctorium, 4', My., st.,

wh. wh.

latifplium, 6', Je.,st., wh. vespertinum, 6', Je., St.,

laurifoliuin, 6', Jy., st., gru., wh.

yel. Warscewiczii, 5% Nov.,

nooturnum, "', Nov., st., grh., or. yeh

wh.

CETERACH («< ASPLENIUM).

CH.<ENACTIS.

Hather showy plants (ord. Composite), of which
there is only one species in cultivation in this
country. This is tenuifolia, which grows 9" or 12"
high, and has yellow flowers in summer. Its
hardiness is doubtful, and it ought to be kept in a
frame in winter. Seeds should be sown in a frame
Or greenhouse in early spring. Sandy soil.

CH^ENOSTOMA.

This Cape genus (ord. Scrophularinejc) com-

( 'I't/mia aurata (sec
C/iahnea (sec Lcticcria).
('Ineiiantlie (are Diaileaiunf).
< 'lin iiesthcs (sse lochroma).

prises one annual species, which is raised from
seeds sown in boxes or pots in the ordinary
manner, and planted out of doors when the
weather is favourable ; and a number of herbaceous
perennial species, which are increased by cuttings
in late summer, and can also be employed for
summer bedding. Most of the species have been
gro%vn under the generic title of Manulea.

Principal Species : —

Annual: —

fcetidum, 1', Je., wh.

Perennial* : —

cordatum, 1', Je., wh. liuifolium, 1', Je., wh.

hispidum, 1', Jy., wh. polyaiithum, 1', Je., yel.r

lil.

CH^ROPHYLLUM.

Interesting hardy plants (ord. Umbellifenc),
mostly annual or biennial. They may be raised
from seed sown either in a cold frame or in the
open ground. Ordinary garden soil will suit them.

Principal Species :—
aromaticum, 3', Jy., wh. villosum, 2', Jy., wli.

CH^ETANTHERA.

There are only a few species in this genus (ord.
Compositae) of Chilian "plants. They are herb-
aceous perennials, thriving best in the cold green-
house in a mixture of loam and peat. Propagate
by division early in the year.

Principal Species : —

^chilensis, H', Jy.,yel. linearis, 1J', Jy., aim.,

ciliuta, 2', Jy., yel. yel. ; raised from seeds,

tenuifolia, It,' Jy., yel.

CH^TOCALYX.

These stove evergreen twiners (ord. Leguminosfe),
which came from St. Vincent, thrive in a compost of
loam and peat or leaf mould, and may be prop-
agated from cuttings inserted in sandy soil under
a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —

vincentina, G', Je., yel. (syn. Glycine vincentina).

CHAILLETIA.

These shrubs (nrtl. Chnilletiacese) are found
chiefly in tropical South America. One species,
toxicaria, comes from Sierra Leone, and its
poisonous seeds are used as rat poison. Under
cultivation stove treatment is necessary to ensure
strong growth, but a warm greenhouse will suit
during most of the year. Propagation by cuttings ;
use peat and loam for potting.

Principal Species : —
pedunculata, 30', sum., toxicaria, •>', Je., wh.

wh. ; cl.

CHALK.

From a gardener's point of view, chalk (car-
bonate of lime) is valuable because of the power
it has of neutralising the acidity of wet, sour
soils, thus rendering them fertile, but it must be
remembered that even in this respect lime is
more valuable than chalk, for the latter, when
pure, contains a little more than half its bulk of
lime. Kor the bottoms of walks and for the
formation of drains, in place of tiles or faggots,
chalk is useful. Not a few plants are benefited
by having lime in the soil, but where this is not
readily obtainable chalk may be substituted.

Clii/'togastra (neti Tiboucliina).
(,'ltaff Flon-fr (xcc Alter nantlieru).

Chamsebatia

( 196)

Chamselirium

CHAM^EBATIA.

This Californian evergreen shrub (ord. Rosaceic)
is half-hardy in this country. It prefers a mixture
of loam, leaf mould, and coarse sand. Propaga-
tion may be effected by cuttings.

Only Species : —

foliolosa, 3', sum., wh. (correctly Spiraa Mille-
folium).

CHAM^ECYPARIS. (WHITE CEDAR.)

The dwarf Coniferous shrubs called Chamsoey-

Principal Species : —
elatior, 9', gm.
olegans, 10', grn.

Other Species :—
arenbcrgiana, 6', cream.
Emesti - Augusti, 1U',

grii., yel.
formosa, 10', gm.
fragraus, 7', wh.
geonomEcformis, 8', gm.,

wh.

gracilis, 10', grn., wh.

glaucifolia, cS', grn.
liudeuiana, 10', grn., wh.
pulchella, 4', yel., grn.
schiediana, 8', grn., wh.
Tepejiloti, 10', grn., yel.

Photo : Cassell & Cant}

CHAMvEKOl'S Hl'MILIS (see p. 197).

paris are now classed with Cupressus, which see
for the plants grown by a few persons under this

name.

CHAM^EDOREA.

An extensive genus (ord. Palmse) of handsome
Palms. They require the temperature of a stove,
and succeed in a soil of which sound loam forms
the basis, with coarse sand. Propagation, by seeds
sown when procurable in thumb pots, and shifted
as necessary.

t'lnimtfcerasus {see Lonicera).

Chamaii'ist'uit of 8. f\ Gray (see Loisclcuria).

Chanttecladon (gee HomaUmcna).

CHAM^ELAUCIUM.

Coming from Western Australia, these evergreen
shrubs (ord. Myrtacea;) require greenhouse treat-
ment, and when well grown form handsome
ornaments to that structure. Provide a compost of
two parts of loam to one part of peat or leaf soil,
with sand, and increase the stock by cuttings of half-
ripened growths in sandy soil under a bell-glass.

Principal Species :—

ciliatum, 3', My., wh.

CHAM^ELIRIUM.

Dwarf, hardy plants (iml. Liliaceai) that like

Cliavurjistula (see Cassia).

Chamsepeuce

< 197 )

Charieis

moist but well-drained .situations. All are herba-
ceous perennials from North America, and are
multiplied best by division. An interesting genus.

Principal Species : —

uaroliniiimnn, (>", My., Je., pale yel. (ftyn. luteum).

luteum (see carolinianum).

CHAMSEPEUCE.

Thistle-like plants (ord. Composite) generally
included with Cnicus, but here spoken of by their
garden name. They are Handsome, and much
valued for bedding and sub-tropical gardens.
Those named are half-hardy biennials, with the
exception of Sprengeri, which is a hardy perennial.
Propagated by seeds sown in moderate heat in
February or March, also in autumn, the young
plants being kept under glass in winter and planted
out in May. Common garden soil.

Principal Species : —
''jNiilioiuu (Fish-bone handsome wh. lines and

Thistle), 2V, Jy., pur. spines on the gni. Ivs.

Effective. Sprengeri, 2', Jy., wh.

<li:ir:iutha, 3', Jy., pur., stricta, 2', Jy., pur.

CHAM^ERANTHEMUM.

This genus of Brazilian plants (ord. Acantha-
cea1) requires the temperature of the stove. A
compost of peat and loam is excellent, and drainage
must be perfect. Cuttings root readily in sand or
sandy soil under a bell-glass over bottom heat.
The plants have pretty leaves.

Principal Species : —
nrgenteum, 1', sum., sil- igueum, 1', aut., yel.

very leafage. pictum, 1', aut., or. and

Beynchii, 1', sum. , wh. silver veined foliage.

CHAMJERHODOS.

lirautiful perennial Alpines (ord. liosacere), with
flowers resembling those of the Strawberry. They
are hardy, but must be kept very dry above at all
times, and wintered in a dry frame. Sandy soil ;
and propagated by seeds sown in frame.

Principal Species : —
crecta, 6", Jy., wh. graudiflora, 6", Jy., wh.

CHAM^EROPS.

These dwarf Palms (ord. Palms;) are so hardy,
compared with many members of this wonderful
order, that they have become very popular for
home, greenhouse, and conservatory decoration,
while in the south of England and Ireland, and
even farther north, humilis, the only native Euro-
pean Palrn, will grow out of doors with little or no
protection, even in winter. The species do not flower
until they have attained some considerable age ;
and this may account for the fact that the Palm
so long known in gardens as Chamserops Fortune!
or excelsa has been referred to Trachycarpus.
The Chamserops are fan-leaved Palms, with the
margin cut into pointed divisions ; many of the
species produce suckers freely, and may be propa-
gated by division, while all are remarkable for the
tough fibre surrounding the trunk at the bases of
the leaf stalks. A warm greenhouse or inter-
mediate temperature will suit ; loam, leaf soil, and
sand make a good rooting medium ; seedlings are
readily raised in heat.

Principal Species : —

Ki-acilis, 1(1'. tion, colour, or construe.

humilis, 10'. This popular tiou of fruit, such varip-

Palin (.vf />. 196) shows till names as bilamimit;i.

a considerable amount dactylocarpa, elegans,

of variation, audio those macrocarpa, and to-

that show a marked mentosa have been

difference in leaf forma- given.

CHAMELUM.

Rare half-hardy perennials (ord. Iridea;), with
yellow flowers and narrow leaves. Practically the
only one cultivated is luteum, which grows about
3" high. Dry, sandy soil, in a frame. Other species,
andinum.

CHAMISSOA.

A small genus (ord. Amarantaceae), mainly com-
posed of stove .innuals. They are raised from
seeds sown in sandy soil in spring ; the resultant
plants thrive in any rich material.

Principal Species : —

idtissima, 5', Jy., yel. A propagated from eut-

st. ev. shr. that grows tings in very sandy soil

best in fibrous loam beneath a bell - glass

and coarse sand, and is over bottom heat.

CHAPTALIA.

Interesting American herbaceous plants (ord.
Composite), principally requiring greenhouse or
other winter protection. Tomentosa, <i", May, white,
half-hardy perennial, is the only one in cultivation.
Division after flowering. Sandy soil. Other
species: albicans, dentata, exscapa, lyrata, and
rotundifolia.

CHARCOAL.

Almost all plants are benefited by charcoal,
while for the prevention and checking of fungoid
growths it is invaluable. It makes excellent drain-
age for pot plants, and may be washed and used
repeatedly. Broken into nodules the size of Beans,
it ensures sweetness in soils which have to remain
a long time in the same pot owing to the slow
growth of the plant. For Orchids it is essential,
as, owing to the amount of water these receive, the
compost they are grown in would quickly become
sour and injurious were it not for the antiseptic
qualities of the charcoal. Dusted around the
collar of Melons in frames, it frequently checks or
prevents the dreaded canker. It forms, when
powdered, a beneficial dressing to all wounded or
cut plant tissues, and may usefully be dug into
soil which is infested with club, or other fungi, at
the rate of a peck to the square rod, before the crop
is planted.

CHARDINIA.

A neat hardy annual (ord. Composita;) for the
border, or useful for cut flowers to dry for winter.
The species grown is xeranthemoides, 1', July,
white, which is grown from seeds sown in the open
in May, or in a frame in April. Common soil
(«//». Xeranthemum orientale, also C. macrocarpa).
Other species, cylindrica (now Xeranthemum
cylindraceum).

CHARIEIS.

A pretty hardy annual (ord. Composita;), the only
species in cultivation being heterophylla, 1', June,
blue (syn. Kaulfussia amelloides), which may be
sown in a greenhouse or on a hotbed in March, or
in April in the open. The variety atroca'rulea has
darker flowers. Common soil.

I luiiiife-nerion (see Kjriloliium).
Chamorchis (see Her minium).
Chiim/iii/Hon (»ee Mushroom).
Chard (sir Arlii-holte).

t'lni rli'a'n Nr/'iVr («r I'l'ilii'iiluris
Carolinum).

Charlock

( 198)

Cheiranthus

CHARLOCK.

A well-known native plant (Brassica Sinapistrura,
erd. Crucifera3). It is very nearly related to the
Mustard and Turnip, which relationship makes it a
source of danger in gardens where seeds of these,
or other Cruciferous plants, are saved from selected
stocks, as, should their period of flowering coincide
with that of the Charlock, some very undesirable
hybrids might be the result. In some rural districts
the young tops of the Charlock are cooked and
eaten as " greens." A solution of sulphate of copper
at the rate of 1 oz. per gallon of water has been
found useful for killing it.

CHEILANTHES.

Description. — Now including Adiantopsis, Aleu-
liopteris, Allosorus (in part), Myriopteris, Pleco-
sorus, Physapteris, and Schizopteris. A genus

Photo : Castell A Co., Ltd.

CHEILANTHES

I'ARINOSA
YAK. ANCEPS.

Photo : Cassell it- Co., Ltd.

CHEILANTHES
TENUIFOLIA.

(ord. Filices) of over sixty species of very elegant
Ferns, distributed over temperate and tropical
regions.

Propagation. — By spores, which germinate
•quickly and with considerable certainty if placed
amid consistently humid surroundings.

Soil. — Equal parts of fibrous loam and peat, with
sand, and a few pieces of charcoal and sandstone.

Other Cultural Points. — Cheilanthes are com-
monly regarded as being difficult to grow, and this
is so when placed amongst a general collection of
plants. Most of the species and varieties are
either woolly or covered with a fine powder, and
they detest having their fronds sprinkled with water.
They should be given a place on a shelf near the
glass in either the stove or greenhouse. Watering
must at all times be carefully performed, for if the
plants are allowed to become dry the pinnules curl
up and the fronds die, the death of the whole plant

Chascanum (see

usually following. Stagnant moisture is equally
fatal, and many a good plant is lost in winter in
this way. The pots should be half filled with
crocks. The most troublesome insect pests are
snowy fly and thrips. The remedy is slight
preventive fumigations with tobacco paper, or
vaporising. Slugs will also give trouble unless the
pots are stood upon crushed coke or sifted ashes,
over which the little pests do not care to crawl.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[XoTE. — The figures next to the specific or varietal
name denote the length of the fronds.]
argentea, 5" to 8", grh., st. There are many

covered with wh. powder. vars., of which micro-
Clevelandii, 4" to 12", mera is one of the best.

sub-hdy. myriophylla. 4" to 9", st.

fariiiosa, 3" to 12", st.,

much cut, powdery.
— anceps (see figure),
fragrans, 2" to 4", hlf-

hdy. (.v?/»tv. odora and

suaveolens).

gracilHma, 4" to 12", grh.

lauuginosa, 4" to 8",

hdy., densely woolly

(syn. gracilis).
microphylla, 4" to 12",

— elegans, 4" to 9", much

cut, very handsome.
radiata, y" to 18", st.,

pinniu rayed (*.'/«.

Adiantum ladiatumj.
rufa, 0" to 9", st., under

surface powdery.
tomoutosa, 6" to 12",

covered with thick wool

(s
vesti

(syn. Bradhurii).
stita,4"to 12", sub-hdy.

Other Species and Varieties :—
aurea, 4" to 7", st. (syns. fragilis.

C. borsigiana and Aleu- frigida (nee lendigera).

riopteris aurea).

borsigiana (see aurea) .

Bradburii (sec tomentosa).

California! (see Hypolepis
calif ornica) .

Candida (see Nothochlasiia
sulphurea) .

capensis, 4" to 7", grh.

chlorophylla, 1' to H',
grh. (syn. Hypolepis
spectabilis) .

cuneata, 1' to H', grh.,
stripes red when young
(syn. rufescens, of gar-
dens).

dicksonioides (see Hypo-
lepis tenuif olia) .

Eatoiiii, 3" to 8", grh.

elegans (see myriophylla
elegans).

ellisiana (see hirta ellisi-
ana).

ferrugiiiea (see Nothoch-
lama ferrugiiiea).

Fendleri, 3" to 6", grh.

flexuosa, 4" to 8", st.

gracilis (see lanuginosa).

hirta, 4" to 12", grh.

— ellisiaua, broader

fronds than the type,
lendigera, 4" to 12", st.

(si/ n. frigida).
Liiidheimeri, 3 " to 9 " , grh .
multifida, 5" to I-)", grh.
mysurensis, 3" to 12", st.,

close to fragilis.
odora (see fragrans).
preissiaua (set- Sieberi).
profusa (nee Peltea invo-

luta).

pteroides, 12" to 18", grh.
pulveracea (see Nothoch-

Irena sulphurea).
rufescens (of gardens, we

cuneata) .
Sieberi, o" to 10", grh.

(syn. preissiaua).
suaveolens (see fragrans).
tenuifolia, 4" to 12", st.

(see figure),
viscosa, 6" to 9", st.
Wrightii, 3" to ;>", grh.

CHEIRANTHERA.

These small shrubs (prd. Pittosporese) come from
New South Wales, and flourish best in well-
drained, light, rich loam and leaf mould, in the
greenhouse. They are easily increased from cut-
tings in sand or very sand}- soil, under a bell-glass.

Principal Species :—

linearis, 4', Oct., bl.

CHEIRANTHUS (.me also WALL-
FLOWER).

Valuable perennial or biennial hardy or half-
hardy flowers (ord. Crucifene), best known from
Clieiri, the common Wallflower, in its varieties.
The species named are well adapted for the border,
rockery, or walls. Propagated by seeds sown in
the open or in cold frames ; or by cuttings in

Cheimatobia Tirwmata (see A/y>le Enemies).

Cheirostemon

(190)

Cherry

summer or autumn under a glass or hand-light and
kept slightly shaded until rooted. Common soil,
but longer-lived on a dry one.

Principal Species : —
alpinus, <J", My., yel. A Marshallii, 1', My., or.

pretty rockwork plant, A garden hybrid ; very

generally short-lived effective.

except on a dry soil. mutabilis, 1', Ap., pur.;

Cheiri, common Wall- rather tender («/».

flower, which «•<>. Allionii).

Other Species : —

arboreus, 3', My., hlf- semperflorens, '2', Mv.,
licly., yel. hlf-hdy., wh.

asper, 1^', Je., hlf-hdy., tenuifolius, 'I', Je., hlf-
yel. (xi/n. capitatus). hdy., yel.

scoparius, 3', Je., hlf-
hdy., wh., pur.

A number formerly known as C'heirnnthus are
How in Erysiraura.

CHEIROSTEMON.

A tall-growing tree (onl. Stcrcnliaceso), popularly
known as the Hand Plant. It requires stove treat-
ment. Soil, loam and peat, or leaf mould with
coarse sand. Propagate by cuttings in sandy soil
under a bell-glass over bottom heat.

Only Cultivated Species : —
platanoides, 30', Je., pur. red..

CHEIROSTYLIS.

A genus of very low-growing plants (orcl. Orchid-
acea;), closely allied to Goody era and Ancectochilus.
They require a stove temperature and a compost of
peat and sphagnum. All have pretty foliage.

Principal Species : —

marmorata, 3", Sep., wh. (now referred to Dossinia
marmorata).

parvifolia, 3", Sep., wh. Lvs. veined with gold
on a grn. ground.

CHELIDONTUM. (CELANDINE.)

A genus of hardy herbaceous perennials (ord.
Papaveracesc) that thrive in any fertile soil, and
may be propagated by division. Majus, the Great
Celandine, emits a yellowish juice, which is classed
as an irritant poison ; it is a popular remedy for
corns and warts, but should not be applied to the
skin for other purposes than these, except under
medical advice.

Principal Species : —

frrandiflorum (.s/v rnajus). flowers in the late sum.:

inajus, 2', My., yel. There also a var. (laciniatum)

is a double form of this with much cut leaves.

(flore pleno) which

CHELONE.

The Chelones (irrd. Soroplmlarinea:) are mostly
hardy herbaceous 'perennials, and grow in any good
garden soil. They may be propagated by division,
or by seeds. The large majority of the species
that were at first placed with Chelone have been
transferred to Pcntstemon, which see.

Principal Species:
harbatum (*«? Pentste- ("•"/». Glauciuiu gl;i-

iiinii barbatum). bruin),

cheilanthifolia (see Pent- Lyoni, 4', Aug.. pur.

stemon centranthifolia). nemorosa, 1', Aug., pur.
glubra, 4', Aug., wh. obliqua, 4', Aug., pur.

CHENOLEA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (onl. Chenopodi-
aceie) from the Cape. They grow best in fibrous

loam and sand, and may be increased from cut-
tings in sandy soil beneath a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —

diffusa, 1', Aug., grn.

CHENOPODIUM.

The Goosefoots (ord. Chenopodiacea?) constitute
a fairly large genus of hardy annual or perennial
herbs. The various species are not remarkable for
their beauty, but a number are of some economic
value. Ambrosioides is the Mexican Tea Plant,
and its variety, anthelminticum, yields an oil
regarded in America as a valuable vermifuge. In
Peru and Chili, Quinoa has long been cultivated
for its seeds, which constitute a nutritious article
of food, but, however cooked, do not please
European palates. Then in our own country,
especially in Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire,
Bonus-Henricus is quite commonly grown in vege-
table gardens as a substitute for Spinach under
the popular title of Good King Henry. All the
species are readily raised from seed, and grow
freely in good garden soil. Extra cultivation and
attention to liquid feeding are essential to produce
the best crops of Good King Henry.

Principal Species : —

nmbrosioides, 3', Jy., grn. purpurascens, 5'', Aug.,
Atriplicis (we purpuras- aim., pur. (lyn. Atri-

cens) . plicis).

Bonus-Henricus, 3', Je.,

grn.

Other Species :—

Botrvs, 3', Je., Jy., gni. graveolens, 3', Oct., grn.
fu'tidum, 3', Je., Aug., opulifolium, 4', Aug., grn.

gni. Quinoa, 6', Je., Jy., grn.

CHERMES.

A destructive genus of aphides, of which one
species, Abietis, causes the galls on the Spruce
Fir. The name is also given sometimes to Psylla
Mali, the Apple Sucker. C. Laricis preys upon the
Larch, and often causes a great deal of damage.
Remedial measures, as far as old trees are con-
cerned, are difficult, and spraying with the various
washes recommended for aphides is out of the
question, owing to the expense and the trouble it
would entail. In the case of young trees, burning
badly infested trees or branches, and hand-picking
the galls where they are not numerous, may be
practised. Syringing with Quassia extract and
diluted gas liquor is also helpful.

CHERRY.

The cultivated Cherry comprises an important
section of the genus Primus, from two species of
which most of the varieties havfc been obtained,
by means of numerous crosses. The sweet varie-
ties are highly prized for dessert, and the juicy,
acid fruits of the Morello section are put to various
culinary and confectionery purposes.

Propagation.— !•' ro m seeds and layers to obtain
stocks, but the varii lies are propagated by budding
and grafting. Budding is preferred, as a better
union is obtained, and the trees are not so liable to
exude gum at the point of junction. (For modes of
procedure, see BUDDIXC; and GRAFTING.)

Stocks. — The stock commonly used for per-
manent orchard trees is the Gean. or Wild Cherry,
which is obtained from seeds. The Mahaleb stock
is a dwarfing stock, and is suitable for forming
garden trees, chiefly of the Morello and Puke
da." of Cherries. The Bigarrraus are better on
the. Gran stock.

Cherry

( 200 )

Cherry

Forms of Trees.— Trees are trained in the shape
of standards for orchard culture, bushes and
pyramids for gardens, standard and dwarf fan
trained trees for walls, single cordons for the same
purpose, and orchard house trees for pot culture.

SoU.— The Cherry prefers a deep, mellow loam,
containing some lime. Proof of this is given by
the way the trees flourish in some of the chalky
mediums in Kent. Free drainage is of great im-

CHEKKY EARLY KIVEKS (see p. 201).

portance, the presence of stagnant moisture being
fatal to healthy growth.

Orchard Trees. — Autumn is the best time for
planting, and the trees should be placed about
30' apart. The grass under Cherries should never
be mown for hay, but be grazed off by sheep. Un-
restricted standards require little pruning. All
that is necessary is to keep the head of the tree
open, and thin out the shoots that rub and cross
each other. Full bearing specimens appreciate
manure in either a liquid or a solid state ; and if
the soil lacks lime, top-dressings of chalk or lime
rubble are beneficial.

Garden Trees. — The habit of bush and pyramid
trees worked on the Mahaleb stock renders them
suitable for garden culture, and they should be
planted in good porous soil, not less than 12' apart.
Judgment must be used in the pruning of trees
grown on a restricted principle, remembering that
sweet Cherries produce clusters of fruit buds on
spurs. Having regard to the tendency of the trees
to exude gum when the sap is not flowing freely,
the principal pruning should consist of pinching
back superfluous lateral shoots in the summer,
shortening spurs where necessary, and thinning out
any crowded growths in the early autumn. Do
not prune in severe weather. When young trees
make exuberant growth, but produce no fruit buds,
they should be lifted, have, the gross roots short-
ened a little, and then be replanted.

Wall Trees. — On warm aspects the earliest and
finest sweet Cherries are obtained from trees on
walls. Deep, porous soil is requisite, and if at all
retentive a dressing of old mortar rubble should be
applied, and dug in before planting. The fan
system of training is the best, and pruning consists

in laying in the leading shoots, and others where
room admits, pinching back superfluous growths to
within one or two buds, to form spurs. For the
reasons stated above, summer pruning is advised.
Morello Cherries are suitable for north walls, and
not being of the same habit as the sweet varieties,
the treatment is somewhat different. Fruit is
produced chiefly on wood of the previous season's
growth, and the pruning consists of cutting out old,
useless branches, and laying in young shoots for
fruiting. Mulching and liquid manure are beneficial
to fruiting trees, and specimens showing signs of
weakness are improved by removing the surface
soil, and top-dressing with a loamy compost con-
taining mortar rubble and wood ashes.

Cherries under Glass.— Cherries may be success-
fully grown under glass, either in pots or planted
out, but they resent hard forcing. Air should be
admitted on all favourable occasions, particularly
during the flowering period, and watering must be
carefully attended to. Give air freely after the
fruit is gathered, in order to ripen the wood.

Enemies. — Birds. — Ripe Cherries never fail to
attract birds, and the netting of wall and garden
trees is the best means of preserving the crop. In
orchards constant attendance is necessary when
the fruit is ripe, and a gun, or other means of
scaring away the birds, must be employed.

Ulaek Aphis (A. Ccrasi).— The young shoots are
often attacked by this pest, which causes the
leaves to curl and frequently fall. (1) Boil 1 Ib. of
Quassia chips and 1 Ib. of soft soap in 4 gallons of
water. Strain, and apply warm. (2) Boil 1 Ib. of
soft soap in 1 quart of water for an hour. Remove
from the fire and add J pint of paraffin. Add
8 gallons of clear water, mix thoroughly, and apply
with a syringe.

Red Spider. — Trees on walls are liable to attack
in hot, dry seasons. (See KED SPIDER.)

Slngmorms (Tcntliredo Ccrasi}.— The larvae of this
pest frequently injure Cherries by. eating and

CllEKUY ElU'EKOK FttAXCIS («« P. 201).

Nothing is better than
the affected parts %vith

skeletonising the leaves,
hand-picking and dusting
lime.

Gumming. — The exudation of gummy matter is
a common failing with Cherries. It is more pre-
valent in the case of trees worked on stocks than
those grown on their own roots. The exudations

Chervil

( 201 )

Chicory

frequently follow a wound or bruise in the bark, and
break out spontaneously when the soil is deficient
or badly drained. Work the Cherries on vigorous
rootstocks. Avoid young trees that are exuding
sap at the point of junction between stock and
scion. Remove the worst affected branches and
burn them. Do not plant Cherries in badly drained
soil. (See also GUMMING.)

Leaf Disease. — The latest development amongst
Cherry diseases in this country is caused by a
fungus which injures the leaves and fruit simul-
taneously. The presence of the fungus is detected
by the leaves withering, but refusing to leave the
trees in the autumn. The leaves are attacked at
an early stage of their growth, and, being unable
to perform their proper functions, the growth and
general health of the trees are affected. The only
known remedy at present is that of picking off and
burning affected leaves.

A Selection of Varieties : —

The varieties of Cherries are numerous, and are
composed of what are known as the Duke class,
the Heart or Bigarreau section, and the Morellos.
The following is a good selection in order of
ripening. (The letter D after the name indicates
Duke class, B Bigarreau, and M ilorello.)

Early : —

Early Rivers, B., large

blk. (tee p. 200).
Elton, B., pale yel., red,

large.

Medium : —
Archduke, D., dark red.
Bigarreau, Kent (Amber

Heart), B., yel., red.

Late :—
Bigarreau Xapoleou, B.,

yel., red, large.
Black Tartarian, B., large

blk.

For Coo/tiny : —
Kentish, M., dark red,
acid.

far Orchards : —
Bigarreau, Kent (Amber

Heartl.
— Napoleon.

Governor Wood, B., large

pale red.
May Duke, D. , large dark

red.

Black Eagle, B., blk.
Waterloo, B., large blk.

Emperor Francis, dark red
Bigarreau (xir p. 200).

Geant d'HedtlKngen, B. ,
blk. (we figure).

Morello, M., blackish red,
the best for cooking and
preserving.

Early Rivers.
Elton.
Kentish,
ilay Duke.

CHERVIL.

A garden herb, used chiefly for flavouring soups
and salads. There are several kinds, including the
curled leaved Chervil (Anthriscus cerefoliata),
Sweet Cicely (Chaerophyllum aromaticum). and the
Parsnip-rooted Chervil (Chserophyllum bulbosum).
The latter has yellowish white roots after the
character of Carrots, with foliage of Chervil flavour.

Propagation. — From seeds sown at intervals in
the spring, summer, and autumn to keep up it
constant supply. A north border is the best for
growing Chervil in the summer, and a south aspect
for the winter succession. Sow in drills 10" apart
and J" deep, and thin out the seedlings to 4" apart
when large enough to handle; or broadcast.
Chervil may also be sown in boxes under glass
in the winter, if an unbroken supply of the herb
be required.

Cherry Laurel (see Ceratrm).
Cherry Pie (see Heliotrope).
Cherry Plum (sec Primus cerasifcrd).

Soil. — Chervil succeeds in any ordinary garden
soil, but the green tops are more tender and highly
flavoured when growth is quick. On this account
select light, well-drained, and fairly rich soil in a
light, cool position.

CHESTNUT.

The Chestnuts are very handsome and valuable
trees, and add much interest and beauty to the
park-land scenery of Great Britain. There are
numerous species of JEsculus (Horse Chestnut) and
Castanca (Sweet or Spanish Chestnut). (See the
genera named.)

CHICKWEED.

A common garden weed (Stellaria media, ord.
Caryophyllacesc) that seeds freely and increases
rapidly on cultivated land if left unchecked. Fre-
quent hoeing, to cut off the plants before they
flower, is the best means of eradication. Chick-
weed is worst on badly cultivated, waterlogged soil.

GEAXT U'HEDELMNGEX.

CHICORY.

The Succory, or wild Endive (Cichorium Inty-
bus), is a useful, hardy garden vegetable, the
blanched growths of which are excellent for salads,
and are sometimes cooked and eaten in the same
way as Seakale. It is in use during the autumn,
winter, and early spring.

Propagation. — From seeds sown outdoor* from
April to June. Though the plant is a perennial,
sowings should be made annually, as the rools art!
of little use after having been cut from. Sow in
drills 12" apart, and thin the' seedlings when large
enough to II" apart in the rows. No further
attention is required during the growing period,
beyond occasionally hoeing between the rows.

Soil. — Chicory will thrive in almost any kind of
soil in an open situation, but It grows the bcsi <>u

Clieralieria (see sKchmea).

Vt'tch (see Latliyms sati -ux).

Chilianthus

( 202 )

Chionodoxa

deeply dug ground, that has been well manured
the previous season.

Blanching. — The growths may be blanched out
of doors in the summer, and for this purpose an
early sowing should be made. Kemove the outer
leaves, and cover the crowns with litter or other
material. By this treatment the fresh growths are
blanched as they are made. The demand for
Chicory, however, generally begins in the autumn,
and then the roots should be carefully lifted in
small quantities as required, placed in pots or boxes
filled with old potting soil, leaving the crowns
exposed, and brought slowly forward in a Mush-
room house, cellar, or other place from which light
is excluded. Chicory does not appreciate hard
forcing, and a temperature of from 55° to 60° is
quite high enough. The roots are better left in the
ground, and taken up for blanching as required.

CHIMONANTHUS FRAGKANS.

A simple way of blanching Chicory in small
quantities is to plant the roots, with crowns pro-
truding, in a large pot filled with soil, with another
flower pot inverted on the top, and covering with
a mat to exclude light. Place the receptacle in a
house or building having a moderate temperature.

Varieties :—

Common Chicory (Barbe de Capucin).

Witloef or Witloof (Brussels Chicory), a large-
leaved var., excellent for salad.

CHILIANTHUS.

South African evergreens (ord. Loganiacese),
which grow well*in fibrous loam, peat, and sand in
the greenhouse. Propagate by cuttings in sandy
peat beneath a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —

oleaceus, 6', Aug., wh. (syn. Buddleia saligna).

CHILOPSIS.

Evergreen shrubs (ord. Bignonincese), that
should be placed in the intermediate house.
They grow well in fibrous loam and peat ; and
may be propagated from half-ripe cuttings in
very sandy soil beneath a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —

saligna, 10', My., ro.

CHIMAPHILA.

A small genus of hardy herbaceous perennials
(ord. Ericacerc), that require a rooting medium of
peat and sand. They may be increased by division.

Principal Species : —

maculata, 6", Je., pk., umbellata, 6", Je., wh.,

wh. («>/». Pyrola ma- pk. (ft/us. C. corymrjosa

culata)'. and Pyrola umbellata).

CHIMONANTHUS.

The only species of this genus (ord. Calycanth-
aceie) is frt: grans (syn. Caly can thus priecox),
which has yellow and red, deliciously scented
flowers (see figure) in December, and grows about
9' high. The variety grandiflorus has larger
flowers and is superior. Give rich sandy peat soil
against a wall, and prune to encourage young
wood. Propagate by layering in autumn or by
seeds sown in gentle heat in March. This shrub
should be grown by all who are fond of winter
flowers. One bloom placed in a saucer of water
will perfume a room.

Species :—

fragrans, a', Dec., yel., red.

CHIOCOCCA.

This genus (ord. Kubiaceas) has the popular
name of the Snowberry. One or two of the
species are violent emetics and purgatives, and,
probably for these reasons, have gained some
repute as cures for snake bites. They are stove
evergreen shrubs, of which cuttings inserted in
sand under a bell-glass over bottom heat root
readily. They grow best in loam and peat.

Principal Species :—

racemosa, 6', Feb.. wh.

CHIONANTHUS. (FRINGE TREE.)
Pretty shrubs or trees (ord. Oleacese), with
drooping sprays of white flowers, handsome orna-
ments of the shrubbery or grounds. Moist, sandy
peat soil. Propagated by seeds sown in spring, or
by grafting on the common Ash.

Principal Species :—

rctusas, 6', My., wh. virginica, 10' to 30', My.,

wh., very beautiful.

CHIONODOXA. (GLORY OP THE SNOW.)

Charming spring-flowering bulbs (ord. Liliacefe),
of great value for planting in beds, borders, or
grass. There are white and also pink varieties of
those named, except nana. Propagated by seeds
sown in the open or in pots under glass ; they
come readily from seeds. Also by offsets. Any
common garden soil, not too dry.

Chili Pepper (see Capsicum).

Chilian Beet (see Ueta).

C/iilodia (see Prost ant hero)

Chimney liellfloner (see Campanula pyramidalis).

Chinese Hose (see Hibiscus).

Chionographis

( 203 )

Chloanthes

Principal Species : —
cretica, (»'' to 9", Mrh.,

bl., wh.
Liiciliii-, G" to 9", .Mcli.,

bl., wh. Very beauti-

ful (*I/M. Forbesii) (»•»•
figure).

naiia, 3", Ap., wh.,
striped lil. The smallest
and rarest.

The following are considered to be only varieties
of Lucilia?, but are quite distinct for garden
purposes.
Alleuii, closely resembles

graudinora, but has

more flowers on a stem.
grandiltoHt, (>' ' ,Mrh. , vio. ,

very handsome and

sardcnsis, (>" to (.t" , Mch.,

bl., smaller than Lu-
ciliaj, and with less wh.
in centre.

Tmolusii, 6" to 9", Ap.,
pur. bl., wh., deeper in
colour and later than
LucilicE.

CHIONOGRAPHIS.

This charming herbaceous perennial (urd. Lili-
ace:e) does well in loam and peat, and may be
increased by division and by seeds. It is well to
provide shelter in winter.

Only Species : —

japonica, 1', My., Jc., wh.

CHIONOPHILA.

The only species is Jamesii, a dwarf, hardy
perennial (ord. ScrophnlarineaV), with dull, creamy
Bowers in a short, thick spike about 4" high. A dry
position and protection from rain in winter are
rcijuircd. Increased by division or by seeds sown
in spring, in a frame.

CHIRITA.

With one exception the members of this genns
(urd. Gesneracea;) are stove evergreens. They are
well worthy of attention. Propagation may be
effected by cuttings in sand under a bell-glass in
spring, or by seeds ; in both cases bottom heat is
advantageous. A rich loam with fibrous peat
forms a good compost.

Principal Species :—
depressa, 8". Jy., vio.

Other Species :
Horsfieldii, IV, Sep.,

Moonii, '2V, Je., bl., pur.

pur., wh.

lilac-iiia, IV, Jy., palebl.,
yel.

siuensis, 4", Je., grh., lil.
Walked, IV, Je., yel.
zeylanica, IV, Jy.,pur.

CHIRONIA.

The several plants (i>rd. Gentianese) that make
up this genus come from the Cape, and are known
as the Cape Gentians. They are greenhouse ever-
greens, and may be increased by cuttings in very
sandy soil under a bell-glass. They thrive in a
compost of light loam and peat.

Principal Species : —
linoides, 2', Aug., red

(«»/». ixifera).
palustris, lV,aut.,ro. red.

Other Species : —
baccifera, '2', Je., yel.
rloribunda, 1', My., ro.

frutescens, IV, Jy., red.
— albinora, 1 V, .Ty., wh.
glutinosa, 2V. Je., red
lil.

peduncularis, 2V, Aug.,
Sep., rosy pur.

]'asminoides, 2', My., pur.
y

iychnoides, 2', My., pur.
nudicaulis, 1', Jy., pur.
serpvllifolia, IV, Aug.,

yd.
tetragona, 1', Jy., yel.

CHIVES.

A useful hardy garden vegetable (Allium Schoe-
noprasum, iird. Liliaceas), the leaves of which are
used for flavouring, and as a substitute for young
Onions in salading. They are propagated from

seeds in the spring, or may be increased by
dividing the clamps at the same season, and re-
planting 1' apart in rows the same distance
asunder. Any ordinary garden soil suits them.
The leaves are fit for use as long as they remain
green, and when required should be cut close
to the ground, when they will be quickly suc-
ceeded by others. The bulbs may be taken up in
the autumn, when the leaves die away, and
dried and stored for use in the winter, as a sub-
stitute for Onions.

CHLIDANTHUS.

Pretty little bulbous plants (onl. Amaryllideae),
which may be grown in a warm border next to a
greenhouse or wall in summer, potted in autumn,

CHIONODOXA LUCTLIJE.

and kept in the greenhouse in winter. Propagated
by offsets. Loam, leaf mould, and peat, with a
little sand, suit.

Only Species : —

fragrans, 10", Je., yel., sweet.

CHLOANTHES.

This small genus (ortl. Verbenaceae) comprises
Australian evergreen shrubs that require a green-
house temperature. A mixture of loam and peat
suits well, and cuttings of young wood root freely
under a bell-glass.

Principal Species :—
glaudulosa, 2', Jy., yel., Stceehadis, 2', Jy., grn.,

grn. yel.

rosmarinifolia, 2', Jy.,

yel., grn.

Chlora

( 204 )

Choisya

CHLORA. (YELLOW WORT.)

Neat annual or biennial plants (ord. Gentianesc),
with yellow flowers. They grow in common soil,
and are propagated by seeds sown in pots or pans
in a cold greenhouse in March.

Principal Species : —
imperfoliata, 1', Je., yel. perfoliata, 1', Je., yel.

(*yn. sessiliflora) . (*'//"• grandiflora).

serotina, 1', Nov., yel.

Other Species : —
citrina. hybrida. longifolia. quadrifolia.

CHLORANTHUS.

These interesting plants (ord. Chloranthacese),
natives of East India and China, are of dwarf
habit, and require warm greenhouse protection.
Propagation is effected by cuttings inserted in
sandy peat in a close case, and a compost of peat
and loam suits them.

Principal Species : —

inconspicuus, 1J', My., st. The fragrant flowers
are used for scenting tea under the title of Chu-lan.

olficinalis, wh. Roots used in the East in cases
of typhus and intermittent fevers.

CHLORIS.

Pretty, summer-flowering, annual, awned Grasses
(ord. Gramineaj) for the border, or for pots under
glass. Sow seeds under glass in April or in the
open in May. Light, sandy soil, and a sunny
position.

Species : —
barbata, 1'. elegans, 1'. radiata, 6".

CHLOROCODON.

There is only one species of this genus (ord.
Asclepiadea;), and it is a Natal climber that must
be grown in the stove. It is not easy to increase
stock, except by importation of roots or by careful
root division.

Only Species : —

Whitei, 10', aut, grh., pur.

CHLOROGALUM. (SOAP PLANT.)

Pretty bulbs allied to the Ornithogalums (ord.
Liliaceas), the only one grown being pomeridianum,
a. distinct plant, but barely hardy enough for our
climate without shelter in winter. Common soil ;
and propagated by offsets er by seeds sown in a
frame in spring. The bulbs are used as soap in
California. C. Leichtlinii is Camassia Leichtlinii
of some botanists. It has creamy flowers, and
grows about 2' high.

Principal Species : —

pomeridianum, 2', Je., wh., pur. veins.

CHLOROPHORA.

An unimportant genus (ord. Urticacea:) of stove
evergreens, that grow in an open mixture of loam
and peat, and may be propagated from cuttings in
sand under a bell-glass in bottom heat.

Only Species :—

tinctoria, 30', sum., grn. (mjn. Maclura tinctoria).

CHLOROPHYLL.

It is well known that green plants, if grown for
a while in the dark, will lose their colour, and
become white or whitish, as in the case of blanched
Celery, Seakale, etc. The reason for this is that
certain corpuscles or granules found in the leaf or
outer stem tissue of green plants, and known as

Chloride of Lime (see Lime).

chlorophyll granules, depend for their proper
working upon the action of light. Given a fair
amount of light, chlorophyll, the green colouring,
has the power of decomposing carbonic acid, it
will thus be seen that plants which are normally
green could not long exist in the dark, where the
functions of chlorophyll would cease.

CHLOROPHYTUM.

These plants (ord. Liliaeea:) thrive in the green-
house or stove, and are evergreen. They may be
increased by division or seeds, and grow well in
porous loam. One or two species are used in
summer bedding.

Principal Species : —

datum, II-', Jy., wh. wh. variegation («/«.

(XI/HS. Aiithericum aud Anthericum variega-

Phalangium elatum). turn).

— variegatuni, used for orchidustrum, 1!', Jy.,

sum. bedding, having wh.

Other Species : —

aruudiuaceum,2',Jy.,wh. macropliyllum, II', sum.,

iiiornatum, II', Jy., gru. wh.

wh. polyrhizou, 1', sum., wh.
lougifolium, 2', sum., wh.

CHLOROSIS.

Plants, like animals, sometimes suffer from
chlorosis, known also as the Green Sickness, a
disease that drains the system of all vitality and
leaves the sufferer helpless and pallid. Sometimes
it is impossible to restore a plant or tree attacked
by chlorosis, but if the disease has not gone too
far a good remedy is found in sulphate of iron,
given in the form of a weak solution (^ oz. per
gallon of water) applied to the roots. Plants that
grow rapidly and make soft, sappy growth are
often liable to chlorosis, and if these have been
much inbred to produce garden varieties the
liability is still greater. Peach trees not in-
frequently suffer from chlorosis if iron is lacking
in the soil, or a severe check has been given. The
mixture recommended may be supplied.

CHLOROSPATHA.

A tuberous rooted plant (ord. Aroidese) from
South America. It requires the temperature of
a stove, and flourishes in a porous compost of peat
and loam. The stock may be increased from seeds,
or by division of the tubers. During the time the
plant is in active growth apply a considerable
quantity of water, but the supply must be reduced
with the approach of the resting period.

Only Species : —

Kolbii, sum., grn.

CHLOROXYLON.

A tall-growing tree (ord. Meliacea:), of con-
siderable economic value. It gives the Satin Wood
of commerce, so largely employed by cabinet
makers. The bark is astringent, and the tree is
one of those which furnish the wood oil of India.
It must be grown in the stove, and may be in-
creased from cuttings. Soil, peat and loam.

Only Species : —

Swietenia, 50' to 75', My., wh.

CHOISYA.

A very beautiful evergreen shrub (ord. Kutacese),
hardy in many districts, but in colder localities
requiring a wall. It has pretty, glossy leaves, and
covers itself with bloom in favourable districts.
It is grown in loam, with the addition of some leaf

Chomelia

( '205 )

Christmas Hose

soil and sand. Propagation is by cuttings under a
bell-glass in heat, or by layers.
Only Species : —

temata, (>', .Jy., wh. (•«/«. grandiflora).

CHOMELIA.

A small West Indian genus (ord. Rubiace;r)
which requires a stove temperature. It may be
propagated from cuttings of ripe wood inserted in
very sandy soil, beneath a bell-glass over bottom
heat. A compost of loam and peat is suitable.

Principal Species : —
fasdculata, 5', Je., wh. spinosa, 10', Je., wh.

CHONDRORHYNCHA.

Stove epiphytes (iird. Orchidacese), exceedingly
interesting because of the charming manner in
which sepals, petals, and lip are iimbriated or
fringed. They are small-growing South American
plants, cultivated in a few collections, but not
often seen in (lower. Stove treatment is essential
for their well-being, and at no season of the year
should drought at the roots be allowed. Use small
pots and a mixture of sphagnum and peat.

Principal Species : —

Chestertoni, li", Sep., yd., spotted red.

CHONEMORPHA.

This genus (iird. Apocynaceae) comprises several
species, evergreen shrubs, that thrive in the stove.
Cuttings of firm wood root readily beneath a bell-
glass in bottom heat, and the plants thrive in equal
parts of peat and loam.

Principal Species : —

pubcsoens, 6', My., wh. (now Holanhena anti-
dysenterica).

CHORISPORA.

Hardy annuals or biennials (prd. Cmcifera;) of
little worth for the garden. They grow in common
soil, and seeds may be sown in the open in spring.

Principal Species : —

Grcigii, \y, Je., bieu. tenella, 6", Jy.,hdy. ann.,

pur.

CHORIZEMA.

Description. — Exceedingly beautiful greenhouse
sub-shrubs (aril. Leguminous) of evergreen habit,
and of much value for training on low trellises or
pillars or on globe- or fan-shaped wire frames.
The (lowers are of fine colours, and well-grown
plants are among the choicest ornaments of the
greenhouse or conservatory.

Propagation. — Principally by seeds, sown in fine
sandy peat and loam in a hotbed or warm house in
March, or by cuttings of the side shoots, removed
in spring or early summer, and struck in sand
beneath, a bell-glass in heat.

Soil.--Peat and fibrous loam, not too rough, with
about a fifth part of sharp silver sand and charcoal.

Other Cultural Points. — Firm potting is neces-
sary for these fine plants, together with ample
drainage. They require plenty of water during
the growing period, but the soil must never
become soured with stagnant moisture. When
new growth begins, repot, prune back if dwarf
plants are wanted, and afterwards give a little
more than ordinary greenhouse temperature until
they come into bloom, when they may he placed in
cooler quarters. After flowering they may be

Choretis (see Hymenocallis),

placed out of doors until
to a greenhouse before the

Principal Species : —

augustifolium, 1^', Ap.,
or. red (A//N.S. capillipes
and denticulatum).

corclatum, 1', A p. , red. yel.
(M/JM1. flavum, Lowii,
and superbum), vor.
splendens (.vy figure).

Other Species : —

Dicksoui, 3',Je. , sc., ycl.

(syn. costatum).
Henchmani, 2', My., sc.

(.VI/H. rhynchotropis).
licifolium, 3', My., yel.

autumn, removing them
autumn rains come on.

diversifolium, 2', My., or.

red (.v/^.v. rhombeum

[Lodd.,' not R. Br.] and

spectabile).
Lowii (see cordatum).
varium, 4', Je., My., ycl.,

red, var. Chandleri,imc.

(»//»». nanum and triaii-

gulare).
nervosum, 2', Je., or. ycl.

(SI/H. parvifoliura).
rhombeum, 2', A p. , My.,

yel.

CHOHIZEMA CORDATI'M SPLENDENS.

CHRISTMAS ROSE. (HELLE-
BORUS NIGER.) (.Ste alto HEL
LEBORUS.)

Description. — Valuable and beautiful hardy
flowers (»;•<•/. lianunculacese), prized ill the garden
in winter or in pots for house and greenhouse
decoration. The beautiful white flowers are always
appreciated. The varieties of the Christmas Rose
are forms of Helleborus niger, and bloom earlier than
the Lenten Hoses — varieties of H. orientalis, etc.
There is a considerable trade in roots specially
prepared for forcing in the autumn.

Propagation. — By division, after flowering; or by
seeds, which usually take long to germinate, sown in
a shady border or frame as soon as ripe, or in spring.

Soil and Other Cultural Points.— Hich, heavy
loam is the best. Christmas Hoses ought to be

Christmas Rose

( -206 )

Chrysanthemum

planted in early spring, the next best time being
August. They like a shady position and firm
planting. For pot-work the plants should be
plunged in the pot in ashes, standing them on
slates or boards to keep out worms. They must be
in a shaded place and well supplied with water all
the summer, removing them indoors when frost
sets in. Plants grown in a frame or pit which
could be slightly heated come in very useful in
winter. Outdoor plants should be covered with

I'hato: Casrell <6 Campnna. Lid.

CHRYSANTHEMUM INDICUM, THE PARENT OP THE
.FLORISTS' VARIETIES (see p. 207).

frames or hand-lights to protect them from the
weather, although they are quite hardy.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
niger, 1', Dec., Jan., wh.

— augustifolius.

— caucasicus.

— lacteus.

— Mdme. de Pourcade ; very \ „_

«„„ Ihese and others give

considerable variety

fine.
— major.

— niaximus (»</«. altifolius) :
very fine.

— minor.

— preecox.

— Riverstoni.

— ruber.

of stature, size of
flower, and tints.

CHRYSALID.

The chrysalid or chrysalis stage of insect life is
the torpid one, during which the particular species
assumes pupa form. This stage is the one im-
mediately preceding the final and perfect condition
of the winged insect. It is by carefully studying
the habits of insects injurious to garden crops, and
discovering where they hide during the chrysalis
stage, that horticulturists areable to lake advantage
of any pest, kill it at a time when flight is out of
the question, and thus prevent that multiplication
which the perfect insects would ensure the following

CHRYSALIDOCARPUS.

In gardens this genus (ord. Palmte) is repre-
sented by one species, an elegant stove Palm with
light green fronds, better known as Areca lutescens.
Propagation, by seeds. It succeeds in loam and
peat or leaf soil, and does not require large pots.

Only Species : —

lutescens, 30' (syn. Areca lutescens).

madagascariensis is referred to Dypsis madagas-
cariensis.

CHRYSANTHEMUM.
(GENERAL.)

A large and important genus (ord. Composite)
of annual and herbaceous perennial plants. Apart
from the florists' varieties of indicum, Chrysanthe-
mums are of considerable garden interest, the
perennial and annual species and their varieties
being useful for bedding purposes and pot culture.

Propagation. — Annuals are raised from seeds
sown in the spring, either under glass for trans-
planting, or outdoors where they are to flower.
Hardy annuals may also lie .sown in the autumn.
Perennials are propagated from seeds in the spring,
from cuttings formed of 'young shoots, and also
by root divisions in the case of hardy herbaceous
forms.

Soil. — Good garden soil for outdoor culture, inlo
which a dressing of well-decayed manure has been
worked. For pot culture, use a compost formed of
three parts turfy loam, one part leaf mould, one
part decayed manure, and a free sprinkling of
sand.

Other Cultural Points. — The annuals should be
given an open situation and plenty of room. These
plants are valuable for bedding purposes, and for
providing cut flowers. They are very accommo-
dating. Of the perennials, frntescens (Marguerite)
and its varieties may be put to several uses. For
summer bedding their star-like flowers are very
effective, and healthy plants put out in May con-
tinue blooming till late in the autumn. They are
excellent for furnishing window boxes, and few
plants are more useful for greenhouse and con-
servatory adornment. Well-flowered plants in II"
and 7" pots are useful, and in suitable positions
large specimens are highly attractive. (See also
MAKGUERITKS.) Aphides are troublesome under
glass, and should be checked by fumigation. A
worse pest is the leaf-mining grub, which works
under the leaf tissues and spoils the appearance of
the plants. A close watch should be kept for this,
and the grubs pinched between thumb and finger
when a trace of them is seen. If allowed to spread
the plants may become so badly affected as to be
unsightly.

Christ's Thorn (sec Paliurus).

13

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

**'

Chrysanthemum ( 207 ) Chrysanthemum

Principal Species and

Varieties : —

the popular varieties of to-day, is a wonderful illus-

Annual : —

tration, not only of horticultural skill, but of the

carinatum, 2', Aug., wh.,

- W. E. Gladstone, 2',

adaptability of plants to change and improvement.

pur. (syii. tricolor).

crim.

Varieties of many forms and colours have been in-

— atrococcmeum, 2', sc.

corouarium (Crown

troduced from time to time. Some last longer than

— burridgeauum, '2' , wh.,

Daisy), 3', sum. ; there

others, but all are displaced in turn by the additions

crim. , yel.

are wh., lemon, and yel.

that are made year by year. Easily cultivated,

— flore pleno, 2', double,
various colours.
— Lord Beacousfield, 2',
crim. , edged gold.
— Morning Star, 1J',

vars.
inodorum plenissimum,
K', double wh. (now
Matricaria iuodora).
segetum (Corn Marigold),

possessing great possibilities, and readily adapting
itself to circumstances, it is not surprising that this
is one of the most popular flowers of the day.
Propagation. — From seeds in the case of new

primrose.

1|', sum., yel.

varieties, but chiefly from cuttings. These spring

— Purple Crown, 8",

— graudinorum,2j',sum.,

up from the base of the plants, and should be of a

pur., so., yel., dwarf.

large yel.

stout, vigorous character and about 3" long. The

Photo: D, S.Fish, Edinburgh.

CHRYSANTHEMUM MAXIMUM, THE GREAT PYKEXEAX DAISY.

Perennial : —
arcticum, 9", sum., wh.
Catananche,6", spr., yel.,

blood red, suitable for

rockery,
frutescens (Marguerite,

Paris Daisy), H', wh.,

yel. centre.

— Etoile d'Or, bright yel. ,
very free.

— Branching fitoile d'Or,
a free habited var.

indicum, parent of florists'
varieties (see p. 206).

Leucauthemum (Ox-eye
Daisy), 2', sum., hdy.,
wh.

CHRYSANTH
(FLORISTS').

The development of the
from the original species,

maximum, 3', large, hdy.,
wh. (tife figure).

— Perfection, 2.J', hdy.,
wh., yel. centre.

— Princess Henry, 1J',
hdy., wh.

nipponicum, 2', wh.,
shrubby stems.

Partheiiium, the well-
known Feverfew or
Golden Feather.

Tchihatchewi, 2', Je.,
wh., yel. (Kyn. Pyre-
thrum Tchihatchewi).

uliginosum, 4' to 6', Aug.,
wh. (*;/». Pyrethrum
uligiiiosuin).

EMUM

florists' Chrysanthemum
sinen.-e and indicum, to

time for propagating ranges from the early part of
December to July, according to requirements and
facilities. When large blooms are desired December
and January are the best months, but plants for
providing cut flowers and for outdoor culture may
be piopagated later. For early cuttings a house
with a temperature of from 45° to 50° is suitable,
and they root best under hand-lights, or in frames
fixed near the glass. Late cuttings root readily in
a cold frame. The cuttings are best inserted
singly in small pots, pressing the soil firmly round
each one, and giving one watering through a fine
rose. Stand the pots on a bed of ashes in the
frame, and keep the latter closed till roots are
formed, except for a short time in the morning,
when the lights should be taken off to allow
moisture to be dissipated, otherwise there is a danger
of the cuttings damping. Another method is to
insert five or six cuttings round the edge of a 5"
pot; they root freely, but there is a danger of
injuring the roots when potting.

Chrysanthemum

( 208 )

Chrysanthemum

Soil For cuttings use equal parts of turfy loam

and leaf mould, with about one-sixth of sharp sand.
A good compost for young plants is formed of
three parts loam, one part leaf mould, and one
part decayed manure, with a sprinkling of bone
meal and wood ashes, and enough sand to keep the
whole open. For the final potting the soil should
be coarser in character, and consist of four parts of
fibrous loam pulled into pieces about the size of a
Walnut, one part of leaf mould, half a part of de-
cayed manure, with a dusting each of bone meal,

the balls, and leave 2" of space below the rim for
watering.

Summer Treatment.— Select an open space for
the plants, and spread out a layer of ashes on
which to stand the pots. Support the growths
with stakes, and in order to avoid damage by
strong winds, fix a stout post at each end of every
row, and stretch two wires between them, one
about 3' and the other 5' from the ground. Tie the
stakes securely to the wires. Care must be exer-
cised in watering, particularly after potting. Over

Photo: Caascll & Company Ltd.

JAPANESE CHRYSANTHEMUM LILY MOUXTFORD (rosy pink). (See p. 210).

guano, and soot. Add a sprinkling of sand and
wood ashes, and small pieces of charcoal Mix
the compost well a few days before using.

Potting. — When well rooted transfer the cuttings
to 4" pots, and stand the plants near the glass in
heated frames, or on a shelf in a cool greenhouse,
where air can be given but cold draughts avoided.
Give the next shift into 6" pots before the plants
get very root-bound, and in March remove them to
a cold frame, as the hardier Chrysanthemums are
grown the better. In April, or early in May, the
plants may be stood outdoors, keeping protective
material handy in case of frost, and at the end of
the latter month or early in June the final potting
may be done, using pots from 8" to 10" in diameter.
Drain the pots carefully, press the soil firmly round

supplies are injurious, but the plants should not
suffer through drought. Syringing is beneficial in
the afternoons of hot days.

Feeding and Top-dressing. — Little feeding is
necessary till the flowering pots are well filled with
roots. Liquid from sheep and horse manure, and
clear soot water, are beneficial, and artificial manun
may also be given by way of a change. Manorial
waterings should be weak to begin with, and
increase in strength as the flowering stage is
approached. About the middle of August a top-
dressing of material similar to that used for potting,
but richer in manure, will encourage surface rooting
and strengthen the plants. About 1" of fresh
compost should be added, pressed firm, and watered
through a fine rose.

Chrysanthemum

( 209 )

Chrysanthemum

The Selection of Buds. — When the aim of the
grower is to obtain large blooms for exhibition and
other purposes, the timing and selection of the
buds is an operation requiring care and study. A
bud is said to be " taken " when it is selected to
form the future flower, but the time for this opera-
tion, and the character of the bud, are governed by
the habits of different varieties, season, and time of
propagation. Some varieties require pinching at
an early stage, but others may be allowed to grow
and naturally form a small bud, usually appearing in
April or May, which is called the " break " bud,
because from this point the plant breaks into new
growth. This bud, being useless, is rubbed out, and
several shoots are grown on. At the end of July
or early in August buds are again formed, which
are termed "first crown" buds. If the time of
formation is suitable, the shoots round this bud are
removed, and it is " taken " to form the flower.
By pinching out the first crown bud and retaining
several of the surrounding shoots other buds are
formed in a few weeks called " second crowns."
With most varieties this bud is the one "taken."
In a few instances, however, it is necessary to pinch
out the second crown bud and allow the shoots to
grow. In the autumn they produce buds called
"terminals," which mark the termination of the
plant's growth. Generally speaking, the second
crown buds produce the best flowers. The largest
and bast-shaped bud should always be selected,
and the smaller ones surrounding it rubbed off.

Treatment of Bush Plants. — To obtain handsome
specimens for decoration, and plenty of flowers for
cutting, the growths must be pinched from time to
time to encourage a bushy habit. Pinch out the
points of the shoots in March or April, and again
when the subsequent growths are G" long. One or
two other pinchings mav follow, but the last
stopping should be at the end of June or early in
the following month. The growths should be
staked out carefully to prevent them from being
damaged by wind. (See Selection of Decorative
Varieties.)

Treatment of Dwarf Plants. — An interesting
phase of Chrysanthemum culture is the production
of large blooms on dwarf plants. The best method
is to strike cuttings in March and April, and by
growing the plants in 6" and 7" pots, and securing
crown buils, effective specimens are obtained.
Another method is to cut back early struck
plants to within 6" of the soil at the end of May
or early in June. Take up three or four shoots that
break from below, and select the first crown buds,
which usually appear about the middle or end of
August.

Autumn Treatment.— At the end of September,
or early in October, the plants must be removed to
their winter quarters. A light, airy house is the
best, where a temperature of from 50° to 55° is
maintained. Vater with care as the season
advances. A little fire heat, with free ventila-
tion, is necessary to dispel dam)). A dry atmo-
sphere, with plenty of air, but avoiding cold
draughts, is wiiat the plants require during the
flowering period.

Early-flowering Chrysanthemums. — Not the
least useful and effective are the varieties grown
fur flowering in the open in late summer and early
autuum. Cultivation is simple, and they are useful
alike for bedding purposes and providing cut
flowers. February and March are the months for
striking cuttings, and the young plants should be

given cool treatment, and transferred to the beds
and borders in May. By planting firmly, watering
in dry weather, and attending to other cultural
details, a bright display of bloom may be obtained
outdoors from August onwards to the time when
plants under glass commence flowering. (Sec
Selection of Early -flowering Varieties.)

Diseases and Enemies. — Mildew. — A cold, damp
atmosphere, both before and after the plants are
housed, is largely responsible for the presence of
mildew. Dust affected parts with flowers of
sulphur, and after housing the plants maintain a
dry atmosphere by means of a little fire heat and
adequate ventilation. Syringe the plants with
sulphide of potassium at the rate of 1 oz. dissolved
in 2 gallons of water, before housing.

Rust.— This name is applied to a peculiar red-
fruited fungus (Puccinia Hieracii) which has given
considerable trouble of late years by affecting the
foliage. The increase of the fungus is rapid, and
eradication difficult. Many remedies have been
tried, with varying degrees of success. Avoid
propagating from infected plants. When the rust
appears, isolate the affected specimens ; pick off
the diseased leaves and burn them. To check the

ASEMOXE-PLOWEllEl) CHRYSANTHEMUM 1.ADY

TEMPLE (colour, terra-cotta). (See p. 211.)

fungus, spray the plants with sulphide of potassium
at the rate recommended for mildew, on two or
three occasions. Another remedy is that of spray-
ing the plants with a paraffin emulsion. Bordeaux
Mixture has been used with good effect in the
form of a spray. (For instructions on mixing the
latter, see BORDEAUX MIXTURE.)

Aphi*. — Both black and green fly infest the
young shoots of plants throughout the growing
season, and should be checked as soon as they are
discovered. Dust affected plants outdoors with
tobacco powder. Syringe with a solution of
Quassia and soft soap. When the plants are
housed fumigate with an approved vaporiser.

Chrysanthemum

( 210)

Chrysanthemum

Earwigs are troublesome pests during the grow-
ing period, and when the blooms are expanding.
Frequently examining the plants and destroying
the earwigs constitute the best remedy.

Leaf Magyot. — Sometimes the foliage is dis-
figured by a small leaf-mining maggot. It is
easily traced by the white lines it makes between
the leaf tissues, and by pinching the pest between
the thumb and finger it is destroyed.

Aneaume-floirered. — There are large- and small-
flowered varieties in this division, winch have long
ray florets. The disc florets are tubular, and
closely packed in the centre of the flower like a
cushion.

liejiexed or Recurved. — Having florets pointing
outwards and downwards.

Pompon,. — Small flowers, freely produced, some
of which are compact, with reflexing florets, and

Photo: Uawcll it CUIHJKH/IJ, Ltd.

CHRYSANTHEMUM WHITE THREAD. (Seep. 211.)

Classification of Varieties. — The numerous varie-
ties are grouped in different sections according to
the shape and form of the flower.

Japanese. — This is the largest and most popular
division. The varieties are numerous, and the
flowers are large and loose, having long, and in
some cases twisted, florets, mostly curving out-
wards. The introduction of varieties with incurv-
ing florets in this section has led to the formation
of a subdivision known as Incurved Japanese.
Another subdivision is formed of the thread petal
varieties, which are of the Japanese character, but
have long, wiry-looking, thread-like florets.

Incurred. — The flowers are globular in shape,
and compact, with strap-like florets curving in-
wards towards the centre.

Hairy. — So called on account of the peculiar
hairy threads that are produced on the face of the
florets.

others resembling the Anemone-flowered vari-
eties.

Single. — A free-flowering class, producing single
blooms not unlike Pyrethrums.

A Selection of Japanese (Exhibition Varieties): —
Australie. rosy amaranth. Julia Scaramanga, terra-
cotta.

Lady Hanham, dark ro.
Le Grand Dragon, red-
dish or.
Lily Mountford, rosy pink

(see p. 208).
Madame Caniot, wh.
Madeline Davis, wh.,

tinted vio.

Marie Calvat, soft ro.
Miss Edith Pilkington,

CharlesDavis, yel., shaded

bronze.
Edwin Molyneux, crim.,

gold reverse.
Ella Curtis, yel.
Elthorne Beauty, ro.
Emily Towers, ro. pk.
Fair Maid, pk., silver

reverse.

Florence Molyneux, wh.
G. J. Warren, canary.
Henry Weeks, rosy crim.,

flushed car.
H. J. Jones, crim.
J. E. Upton, yel.

yel., bron/e.
Miss Nellie Pockett,

creamy wh. [buff.

M. Cht'uon do Li'clic', rosy

Chrysanthemum

( 211 )

Chrysanthemum

M. Hoste, \vh., ro.

Mr. T. Carringtou, ear.,

ro.
Mrs. Barkley, mauve,

silver reverse.
Mrs. Coombes, rosy

mauve.

Mrs. J. Bryant, rosy pk.
Mrs. J. Kitson, wh.
Mrs. White Popham, wh.,

lined car.

Mrs. W. Mease, primrose.

Mutual Friend, wh.,
tinted HI.

Phoebus, yel.

Rayonante, flesh pk.

K. Hooper Pearson, yel.

Sir H. Kitclieuer, chest-
nut bronze.

Soleil d'Octobre, canary.

Viviand Morel, mauve
pk.

Anemone-flowered Varieties :—

Caledonia, wh. guard, Lady Margaret, wh.

mauve centre. Lady Temple, terra-cotta

Delaware, wh.,yel. centre. («•<• /i. 209).

Descartes, reddish crim., W. W. Astor, salmon,

centre lighter. blush ro. centre.
John Bunyan, yel.

Pompon Anemone Varieties : —

Antom'us, yel. Magenta King, lil.

Calliope, ruby red. mngenta.

t'nulu: H'.Bosaiter, Unth.

Incurved Varieties : —
Baron Hirsch, or.
Bonnie Dundee, or.,

shaded bronze.
C. H. Curtis, deep yel.
< 'In ysaiithemiste Bruant,

rosv buff.
Dnoheaa of Fife, wh.,

tinted lil.
Globe d'Or, yel., tinted

bronze.
Hanwell Glory, bronxe

yd.
Lady Isabel, lavender

blush.

Decorative Varieties :-
Ettie Mitchell, yel.,

shaded bronze.
L. Canning, wh., late.
Lady Selborue, wh.
O. J. Quintus, mauve pk.

Reflexed Varieties : —

Boiile de Xcige, wh., late.
Cullingfordii, crim. sc.
Dr. Sharpe, magenta crim.

Emperor of ( 'hinii, wh.,
blush centre.

SINGLE CHRYSANTHEMUM Miss KOSE. (Colour, i>ink.)

Lord Rosebery, mauve.
Ma Perfection, wh.
Miss Dorothy Foster,

silvery mauve.
Mrs. H. J. Jones, wh.
Mrs. R. C. Kingston, lil.

pk.

Mrs. N. Molyneux, wh.
Robert Petfield, silvery

mauve.

Topa/.e Orientale, straw.
Violet Tomlin, pur. vio.
Yvonne Desblanc, wh.,

tinted blush.

Pink Selborne, lil. pk.
Source d'Or, or. red, gold.
Sunbeam, golden vel.
White Thread (tte p. -'10).
William Holmes, crim.

King of Crimsons, mm.
Lcwisham Belle, sulphur.
Mrs. Forsyth, i-i-raniy

wh.
Pink Christine, pk.

Emily Row bottom,

creamy wh.
Francis Boyce, ro. pk.
Grace Darling, lil.

Pompon Varieties : —
Aurore Boreale, or.
Black Douglas, dark crim.
Comte deMomy, bright pur.
Golden Mdme. Marthu,

golden yel.

Single Varieties : —
Daisy, wh., yel. centre.
Edith Pagram, pk., wh.
Elsie Neville, terra-cotta

red.

Florrie, cerise pk.
Framfield Beauty, crim.

Early-flowering Japane
Comtesse Foucher de

Cariel, or. yel.
Crimscm Marie Masso,

tame.

Emily (Jrunervvald, bright

\-A.
Harvi-st Home, bright

yel., red, tipped gold.
Lady Fitxwygram, wh.

Marie Stuart, lil. florets,

yel. centre.
Perle, ro. lil.

.Tulie Lagravere.
Mdme. Marthe, wh.
Walter Boyce, rosy pur.
William Westlake, golden
yel.

Mary Anderson, wh.,

flushed ro.
Miss Holdeu, yel.
Miss Rose, pk.
Mrs. Brown-Potter, wh.
Victoria, primrose.
e Varieties :—
Madame Marie Masse,

mauve.

Mrs. Hawkftis, deep yel.
Myrhctt White, wh.
Kalph Curtis, creamy wh.
Rvccroft (ilory, bronze

yel

Kyrrnift Scarlet, crim.
.luliw M:iiy. <!',], i-rim.

Chrysobalanus

( 212 )

Chysis

CHRYSOBALANUS.

Evergreen, berry-bearing shrubs (prd. Rosacese),
•which may be increased from cuttings under a
bell-glass in sand, or by layers. A warm green-
house-or cool stove is necessary. A mixture of
loam and peat is best.

Principal Species :—

Icaco, 12', Je., st., wh. oblongifolius, 3', My.,
Cocoa Plum. grh., wh.

CHRYSOCOMA.

Greenhouse evergreen plants (prd. Compositsc),
•which are grown in loam and peat and propagated

TWEEZERS AND BRUSH USED IN DRESSING
CHRYSANTHEMUMS FOII SHOW.

by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand in April
under a glass or in a heated frame. They need a
winter temperature of not less than 35".

Principal Species : —
Coma-aurea, 2', Jy., yel.

Other Species :—
ciliata, 4', Aug., wh.

nivea, 3', Jy., yel.

The hdy. per. C. Lino-

syris is now Aster Lino-

syris. Cernua, patula,
and several others are
only vars. of Coma-
aurea.

CHRYSOGONUM.

The only plant of this genus (ord. Composite)
met with in gardens is virginianum, 9", May, etc.,
yellow, a pretty, hardy herbaceous perennial, which
blooms for several months, and grows in loam and
peat, or leaf mould. It prefers moisture and shade.
Division in spring.

CHRYSOPHYLLUM.

A genus (prd. Sapotacese) of stove evergreen
trees that flourish in well-drained loam and peat.
Propagation may be effected by cuttings in sand
under a bell-glass over bottom heat. Several
species bear edible fruit, while glycyphlECum has
extracted from its bark the Monesia of commerce,
which has some medicinal value.

Principal Species : —

Cainito, CO', My., wh. The West Indian Star
Apple. There are several vars. of this, ranging in
height from 20' to 50', and all producing wh.
flowers.

Other Species: —
augustifolium, 20', My.,

wh.
glalirum, 12', My., wh.

glycyphlseum.
luonopyrenum, 10', My.,
br.

Cliri/seis (see EschscJioltzia).

Clirysiphiala (see Wenfimessmi and Urceolina).

Chrysubactron (see Bvlbinetta).

CHRYSOPSIS.

Hard}* herbaceous perennial plants (prd. Com-
positfe) with rather .-mall yellow flowers. The
species grow in dry soil in their native habitats
and are suitable for dry borders. They are prop-
agated by division in spring or after flowering.

Principal Species :—

gramiuifolia, 2', Aug. trichophylla, '2', ,Ty.

mariaua, I!', Aug. villosa, IV, Jy. (.«/».

pilosa, U', Aug. Amellus villosus).

CHRYSOSPLENIUM. (GOLDEN SAXI-
FRAGE.)

A large genus (prd. Saxifragerc) of smnll h.irdy
perennials, with yellow flowers and rather thick
leaves. They are of little value, but the native
alternifolium and oppositi folium may be used in
damp, shady places, and in small ditches in the
wild garden. They are propagated by division,
and are about 4" high.

CHUSQUEA.

Ornamental Grasses (prd. Gramineie), growing
in any fertile soil in the stove. Propagation is
readily effected by division and seeds.

Principal Species : —

abietifolin. 3', grn.

CHYSIS.

The several members of this Mexican genus (nrd.
Orchidacese) bear large and handsome flowers,
which, by reason of their firm texture, last long
in beauty. All are deciduous epiphytes, and
should be grown in baskets suspended at the
cooler end of the stove, except aurea. which
prefers the cooler conditions of an intermediate
house. Plant in a compost of peat, sphagnum, and
crocks; afford abundance of water during the
season of growth, but very little when the plants
are resting. Propagation may be effected by
division when new growth is commencing.

ClirysorrTtoe (see Verticordia).
Clirysostemma (see Cnreiipsis").
CkrysotJiemis (see Tassacia,').

Chytroglossa

( 213 )

Cineraria

Principal Species and Hybrids : —
aurea, ]', yel. ; generally yel., marked pur. : hy-

flowers twice a year. brid.

bractescens, 1', Ap., My., laugleyensis, 1', My., wh.

wll-> yel- shaded ro., gru. • hv-

Chelsoui, 1', Mch., Ap., brid.

Other Species : —
laivis, U', Je., yel., red. Limminghii, 1', My., Je.,

- superba, a tine form of yel., pur.

the foregoing.

CHYTROGLOSSA.

Small-growing Brazilian plants, closely allied to
the Comparettias (vrd. Orchidacese), and succeed-
ing if similarly treated. Seldom seen in culti-
vation, but remarkably beautiful and interesting
miniature Orchids.

Principal Species : —
amata, 3", spr., gm., Marileomae, 2". Ap., yel.

yel- hp. spotted red.

CIBOTIUM.

The handsome tree Ferns known under this title
are now referred to Dicksonia, which see.

CICER.

Chick Pea plants (ord. Leguminoste), useful as
food producers, but of no horticultural or economic
value in this country. Half-hardy. Propagation
by seeds.

Principal Species:—

arietiuum, 2', Jy., bl. soiigaricum, 2', Jy., Aug.,

bl.

CIMICIFUGA. (BucnvoRT.)

Effective hardy herbaceous border plants (ord.
Ranunculaceaa), which grow best in rather strong
soil with a little shade. They are propagated by
division in spring or autumn, or by seeds sown in
a frame when ripe or in spring.

Principal Species :—

americana, 3', Aug., wh. foRtkla, 24', Jy., wh. (si/ns.

(*!/>/. podocarpa). frigida and simplex) .

cordifolia. 3', Jy., wh. racemosa, 5', Aug., wh.

davurica, 4', Jy., wh. simplex (secfoetida).
elata, 3', Jy., wh.

The form of racemosa known in gardens as
sorpentarin is very fine.

CINCHONA.

This genus (ord. Rubiacere) has immense value,
as it provides the celebrated quinine of commerce.
The plants are wholly indigenous to South America,
but their cultivation has been undertaken success-
fully in other parts of the world, especially in the
Government plantations in North India. They are
tall (4<Y to 5<y) evergreen trees and shrubs, that
require stove treatment and considerable care in
cultivation. They all have white or pinkish
flowers, which are fragrant. A compost of fibrous
peat, loam, and coarse sand is suitable. Prop-
ML'Mte by cuttings beneath a bell-glass over bottom
best

Principal Species :—

Calimya, "Yellow Bark." officinalis,"Crown Bark."
.josephiana. peruviana, " Grey Bark."

Wdeeriana. succirubra, " Red Bark."

nrada, " Huanaco Bark."

firm (xn- Plii/llamthit*).
("fi'li/. Sweet (see Myrrttis odorata).
(XeMriiim (see CJiicnnf).
ficnlitirsl;',,! (iff Krrmpfcria').
Cincinalis (see ffathocltrna).

CINERARIA.

A large genus (ord. Composite), composed of
greenhouse evergreen shrubs and herbaceous
perennials, now referred by botanists to Senecio
Ihe phief interest is centred in the florists'
varieties, which have originated from cruenta
Several of the herbaceous species, including
maritima and its variety acanthifolia, are excellent
tor bedding purposes, (tee SENECIO).

Description of Florists' Cineraria.— Few green-
house plants are more attractive and useful than
Cinerarias, and the improvements made in the size
and colouring of the flowers have led to great
popularity. There are both single and double
varieties, but the former are most in favour. At
no time do Cinerarias require greater heat than
that of a greenhouse, and the cultivation, though
simple, must be thorough if the best results are to
be obtained.

Propagation. — From seeds sown in May for early
plants, and in June for succession. A shallow pan
is suitable, and it should be thoroughly drained
and filled to within 1" of the top with well-
prepared soil. Press the compost down level,
give a good watering through a fine rose, and,
after the moisture has drained away, scatter the
seeds thinly over the surface. Cover them with a
slight sprinkling of fine soil, place a square of glass
and a sheet of paper on the pan, and stand it in a
partially shaded position in a temperature of about
55". When the seedlings appear expose them to
the light, give air freely, and shade from hot sun-
shine, but avoid cold draughts.

Soil. — For seed pans use one part of loam and two
parts of leaf mould, with sufficient sand to keep the
compost open. Mix the whole together, and pass
it through a \" sieve. Use similar soil to the
above for small seedlings, but coarser in character.
For the final potting use equal parts of fibrous turf
and leaf mould, with a little well-decayed manure,
sand, and broken charcoal.

Other Cultural Points. — Cinerarias are often
transferred from the seed pans to small pots, but
a better method is to prick them off 2" or 3"
apart in small boxes. At this stage they
should be grown close to the glass in a cold frame,
preferably under the shade of a north wall. As
the plants fill up the intervening spaces in the box,
transfer them to 4" pots, and keep the frame close
for a few days, after which ventilation must be
freely provided. As Cinerarias are quick-growing
and free-rooting plants they should be removed to
larger pots before they get in a root-bound con-
dition. Plants may be flowered in 6" and 7" pots,
but 8" and 9" are better for fine specimens. Give
plenty of room after the final potting, and stand
the plants on inverted flower pots, placed on a bed
of sifted ashes in a frame. In all stages of growth
watering must be carefully attended to, avoiding
drought on the one hand, and a superabundance of
moisture on the other. A gentle dewing over the
foliage once a day with a syringe is beneficial in
hot weather, and the plants must be protected
from strong sunshine. Weak liquid manure, soot
water, and occasional top-dressings of an approved
fertiliser, may be given when the pots arc full of
roots. When frosts occur in the autumn remove
the plants to a pit or light house, having a tem-
perature of about 50°, and a fairly moist atmo-
sphere. A bed of ashes on which to stand the
plants is preferable to a wooden stage. Air should

Cineraria

( 214 )

Cirrhsea

be ^-iven on favourable occasions, and extreme
care" exercised in watering through the winter
months. A failing with Cinerarias is their liability
to .lamp off near the surface of the soil. When a
plant goes in this way there is no hope for it, but
the trouble may be prevented by careful culti-
vation, particularly in the way of watering and
ventilating.

Enemies. -Green Fly.— This pest is the bane
of Cinerarias, and must be kept in check if good
plants are to be obtained. Free, healthy growth,
and avoidino- the company of other plants liable to

Principal Species : —

There are numerous species, but with few ex-
ceptions they are rarely met with in gardens. The
following are amongst the best : —

Cin-

Photo: Caasell it Company, Ltd.

ClNEUAllIA CANTAEMDOEXSIS.

green fly, are the best preventives, and on the first
appearance of the pest operate 'promptly with
a fumigating insecticide.

Leaf-mining Grub.— The leaves of plants grown
in the open through the summer are sometimes
disfigured by a grub working under the skin of the
leaf. Its presence is betrayed by a yellow streak,
and the. best remedy is to kill the grub by squeezing
it between the thumb and finger.

Varieties :—

The strains of Cineraria are now so good that
from a packet of seed, large flowers of wh. and
various shades of bl. and red are obtained.
Double vars. are also raised from seeds. , A
very attractive new race has been obtained by
crossing grh. vars. with the species cruentn.
These plants produce large heads of flowers on
long stalks above the foliage, and the individual
blooms are star-shaped and smaller than those of
the grh. vars. The range of colour is wide, and
the habit of the .plants graceful. These forms
are readilv raised from seeds.

floras x Garden
eraria) .

maritinm (correctly Seu-
ecio Cineraria) ,2' , sum. ,
hdy. ev., yel., silvery
foliage (acanthifolia is
a var. of this) .

crueuta, 2', sum., grh.

per., pur. (now Senecio

crueutus of Kew Hand-
list ; Dorouicum cru-

eiitum of Index

Jiewensis}.
Lynchii (Seuecio multi-

The charming Cineraria figured, named at Kew
cantabridgensis, is a seedling from Cambridge,
where Mr. K. Irwin Lynch has made many crosses.

For other species see SBXECIO.

CINNAMODENDRON.

Tropical American trees (ord. Cannellacese) of no
great value, but possessing some economic proper-
ties in the bark, which is tonic and antiscorbutic.

Principal Species : —

corticosum, 2<y, sum., grn.

CINNAMOMUM.

This moderately large genus (ord. Laurineie)
conies from Java, China, and Japan, and most of
the species are valuable from an economic point of
view as producers of Cinnamon. All are trees
requiring stove or warm greenhouse treatment, and
to be potted in a substantial compost of loam and
leaf soil. Cuttings root readily in a propagating
case if inserted in spring.

Principal Species : —
Camphora, 30', My., grn., Cassia, 40', Je., yel., grn.

wh. zeylanicum, 20', Je., grn.

CINNAMON.

The Cinnamon of commerce is the bark ofTinna-
momum zeylanicum, a small tree found chiefly jn
the Malayan Archipelago. When cut longitudin-
ally the bark parts readily from the branch, and
rolls up into the long, hollow tubes so well known
to cooks and confectioners. After peeling, the
bark is first scraped and then dried ready for
export. The thicker, stronger-flavoured bark of
C. Carsia is sometimes substituted for the true
Cinnamon. Not only is Cinnamon valuable for
flavouring, but when ground to a fine powder it is
useful for allaying diarrhoea and in other ways. •

CIPURA.

A small genus of marsh-loving plants {ord.
Iridese) from tropical and sub-tropical America,
requiring greenhouse protection in this country,
and plenty of water.

Principal Species :—

paludosa, 5", sum., bl.

CIRC./EA. (ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE.)

Interesting hardy herbaceous plants (ord. Ona-
UTarira1), propagated by division of the roots, and
growing readily in any soil.

Principal Species : —
alpina, 6", Jy., palp red lutetiana, 1', Jy., red.

(the var. intermedia is

also grown).

CIRRH^flEA.

Small epiphytic Orchids (ord. Orohidacese) from
tropical America. The small pseudo-bulbs have

Cinguefoil (fee Patentilld).
Cionid'mm (see Deparin).

Cirrhopetalum

Citharexylum

each a solitary, ribbed leaf ; the flowers are inter-
esting by reason of the long column. Plant in
pots or baskets in peat and sphagnum, and place
in a warm house, where the atmosphere is always
moist.

Principal Species : —

saccata, 6", Aug., yel., viridi-purpurea, 6", Je.,
grn. yel., red, pur.

CIRRHOPETALUM.

Although the large natural order Orchidacerc
contains many genera remarkable for peculiar
flowers, few are so curious as the Cirrhopetalums.
The genus consists of about fifty low-growing,
rhizomatous plants, mostly from the East Indies.
Usually the flowers are borne in small umbels, and
their chief attraction lies in the connate (joined)
lateral sepals. The petals are small, but often
end in a tuft of silky, hair-like processes, that
are moved by every passing air current. Under
cultivation the species need a stove temperature,
and grow best in shallow Teak baskets or on
blocks or rafts, planted in a mixture of peat
and live sphagnum. Nothing in the way of
'• drying-off " must be practised, though during
the winter much less water is needed than
in summer. Cirrhopetalums like abundance of
light, and if shaded less than has hitherto been
the practice they would flower freely. So far the
hybridist has left this genus severely alone.

Principal Species : —

Collettii, 8", Ap., dark ornntissimum, 9", Oct.,

l>ur., yel. straw yel., lined pur.

Cunniigii, 6", sum., aut., picturatum, 8", Mch.,

red, pur. gi"n., red.

eleg.intiilum, 6", My., robustum, 1J', Je., grn.,

maroon, grn. yel., red, pur.
grancliflorum, 9", My. ,

yel., crini.

Other Species :—

abbreviatum, a", My., Macraei, 8", Ap., br.,

wh., pur. yel.

mni'siaimra, 6", Je., yel., pulchrum, 8", My., yel.,

pur. pur.

compactum, 4", My., yel. Thouarsii, 1', Jy., yel.

CISSAMPELOS.

A genus (nnl. Menispermacea;) of twining plants
that flourish in the intermediate house or stove.
A compost of peat and loam is suitable, and cut-
tings of firm wood root in sand under a bell-glass
with bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

capensis, (i', Jy., grn. tions from Pareirahave

Pfireira, 6', Jy., grn. received specific names.)

(Several slight varia-

CISSUS.

A genus (ord. Ampelidea;) of climbing plants of
little horticultural value, except discolor, which is an
old-fashioned plant that has decidedly handsome
Icavi's. and is worthy of a. place in the stove.
The plants flourish in fibrous peat and loam with
sand, and may be propagated from cuttings in
sand beneath a bell-glass, in either the stove or
greenhouse, according to the species. The entire
genus produces green or greenish flowers, and.
strictly speaking, should now be referred to Vitis.
The name so well known to gardeners is retained
in this cnse for horticultural reasons, but it only
i'1 "ii'' -i i-cies ; for the rest, see VITIS.

tmiiim (fee Cnicus).

Principal Species :—

discolor, 20'. A handsome st. cl., with velvety
grn. Ivs. prettily marked with silver (correctly
Vitis discolor.)

CISTERNS.

A cistern should be found in every garden, and
the rain-water from greenhouses, and buildings
generally, conducted into it, a small portable
pump being used to pump the water into smaller
tanks as these need replenishing. Feed cisterns
are fitted to garden boilers, and if not of the self.
fdling kind their replenishing should be entrusted
to a responsible person, otherwise a cracked boiler
may easily result. A piece of perforated zinc fixed
over the supply pipe at the bottom of the feed
cistern will prevent large substances of any sort
entering and blocking the pipe.

CISTUS. (ROCK ROSE.)

Description. — Very beautiful hardy or half-hardy
shrubs (ord. Cistineae), which cover themselves
with pretty flowers in summer. The greater
number require a warm position in this country,
and it is wise to keep a plant or two in a frame for
stock in case of the loss of the others in a severe
winter. In the south of England and Ireland,
however, several are quite hardy. Among the
hardiest elsewhere are ladaniferus and laurifolius.
There is a great discrepancy in the nomenclature
of the Cistuses, and for the convenience of
growers the names in current use have been re-
tained.

All flower about June, unless otherwise stated.

Propagation. — By seeds sown in March or April,
under glass, the seedlings being pricked out into
a frame or pots. Also by cuttings and layers, the
former, about 4" long, under a hand-light or bell-
glass in May or early autumn, the layers being
made when the plants have gone out of flower.

Soil. — A dry, sandy soil, with a little peat or
leaf mould, is best. Heavy soil may be lightened
with sand and leaf soil.

Other Cultural Points. — The plants ought always
to be sheltered from cold, cutting winds, and
severe spring frosts must be guarded against as
far as possible.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

albidus, 2', wh. — floreutinus(»i/H. aspen-

— incanus, pur. folius of Sweet),
crispus, 2', pur. purpureus, 2', pur.
ladaniferus, 4', wh. salvifolius, 2', wh.

— albiflorus, wh. Several forms, that

— maculatus, wh., spotted known as corbariensis
pur. being very pretty (syn.

laurifolius, 4', wh. cymosus, of some),

longifolius, 4', wh.

Other Species and Varieties : —

acutifolius, 2', wh. mouspeliensis, 2', wh.

Clusii, 3', wh. parviflorus, 3', red (syn.

cordifolius, 4', wh. complicatus) .

cyprius, 4', wh. platysepalus, 4', red.

hirsutus, 2', wh. (.«/«. populifolius, 3' wh.

laxus). sericeus, 2', red.

lusitanicus, 3', yel. (cor- vaginatus, 2', My., ro.

rectly Helianthemum villosus, 3', pur.

variabile).

CITHAREXYLUM.

A genus (ord. Verbenacero) of stove trees that
grow satisfactorily in a mixture of loam and peat,

Citriobatus

( 216 )

Citrus

and may be propagated from cuttings under a bell-
glass over bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

caudatum, 20', Je.,wh.

quadraugulare, 30', Je. ,
wh. Fiddle Wood Tree.

subserratum, 15', Jy., wh.
villosum, 10', Jy., wh.

Other Species :—
dentatum, 15', Jy., wh.
molle, 1")', Jy., cream,
pentandrum, 6', Jy., wh.

CITRIOBATUS.

The three species of this genus (ord. Pittosporeae)
are Australian fruit-bearing evergreen shrubs, and
may be accommodated in the greenhouse. A com-

EMBIOUO ou NAVEL ORANGE (see CITRUS).

post of fibrous peat three parts, with loam one part,
and charcoal and sand, suits well. Propagation may
be effected by cuttings in sand under a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —

multiftorus, 3', Aug., wh. pauciflora, 3', Aug., wh.

CITRULLUS.

Eambling stove plants (ord. Cucurbitaceas), liking
rich loam and a hot, moist atmosphere.

Principal Species : —

Colocynthis, 6', sura.,
flowers yel. , fruits grii. ,

. , . ,

wh. "Colocyuth," or
' ' Bitter Apple . ' '

vulgaris, 6', sum., flowers
yel. , fruits reaching 10"
in diameter. "Water
Melon. ' '

CITRUS. (ORANGE, LEMON, etc.)
This most, valuable genus (ord. Rutacese) provides
us with the Orange, Lemon, Citron, Lime, and
Shaddock of commerce. The numbers of these
fruits that are imported into this country are almost
beyond count. Apart from the value of the fruits,

Citron (see Curtis').

the demand for Orange flowers far exceeds the
supply. Some few of the species are hardy, but
the majority must be accorded a place in the green-
house or the warm conservatory. Both Citrons
and Lemons do well if trained to cover the walls
of greenhouses, while the little Otaheite Orange
(C. japonica) makes a charming pot plant.

Propagation. — (1) Seeds, which will germinate
in the greenhouse ; (2) layers and cuttings, the
plants resulting being employed as stocks for buds
(see BUDDING); or grafts (see GRAFTING) from
fruiting plants. Cuttings should be formed of
two year old wood, and inserted in very sandy
soil under a bell-glass or in a propagating case,
preferably with bottom heat. Side-grafting is
usually niost successful. Some of the best growers
find inserting the buds just as growth commences
in spring more profitable than when the plants are
in very active progress.

Soil. — For the young plants leaf mould and
fibrous peat. This encourages growth, but is not
favourable to fruiting. In the later stages, there-
fore, employ fibrous loam, chopped or pulled to
pieces, with pounded charcoal and crushed bones ;
add coarse sand if the loam be very adhesive. Pot
or plant firmly over perfect drainage.

Other Cultural Points. — Plants fruit better when
planted out than when grown in pots. Where the
latter system is adopted liquid manure will be
found advantageous. The plants must be kept
scrupulously clean, especially from thrips, which
are liable to do much damage. The winter tem-
perature of the structure should not fall much
below 45°.

Principal Species : —

Anrantium, 15', wh. ; the

Orange. There are

several vars., of which

the St. Michael's (in-
cluding the forms Bo-

tellia and Exquisite) ;

the Malta (including

Blood and Egg) ; Em-

biguo (Navel Orange)

(fee figure) : Jaffa, the

largest Orange ; the

Silver or Plata (see p.

217) ; and the small flat

fruit Tangerine, are ex-
cellent.
— vulgaris, 18', sum..wh.;

the Seville or Bitter

Orange, which is used

in the making of mar-
malade,
decumana, 15', Je., wh. ;

the Shaddock. The

12 lb., and the slightly
acid juice is an excellent
thirst quencher.
Medica, 10', Je., wh. : the
Citron. This is lire-
served in large numbers
and is of great economic
value.

— Limetta, 10', Je., wh. ;
the Lime. There are
large and small, hitter
and sweet vars.

— Limonum, 15', sum.,
wh. ; the Lemon. The
best vars. are the Im-

Ejrial and the White ;
ivers' Bijou is a
splendid small var.
nobilis, 18', sum., wh. ;

the Mandarin Orange,
trit'oliata, 4', sum., wh.,
hdy. ev. shr.

fruits sometimes weigh

It is worthy of note that well-cultivated home-
grown Oranges and Lemons are immeasurably
superior in flavour to imported fruits, as they can
be ripened on the tree, whereas those imported are
harvested long before the flavour has become fully
developed. All the following are suitable for
cultivation under glass : —

Varieties of Orange : —
Blood. St. Michael's. Sustain.

Jaffa. Seville. Tangerine.

Navel.

Varieties of Lemon : —
Bijou. Sweet. White.

Imperial.

Cladanthus

( 217 )

Cleisostoma

amurensis, 6', wh.
Maackia amureiisis).

CLADANTHUS.

A plant (ord. Composite) related to Anthemis.
The only species is proliferus, a half-hardy annual,
2', July, yellow, but of no garden value. Common
soil.

CLADRASTRIS.

Pretty, hardy, deciduous trees (ord. Legu-
minosa'), with spikes of white flowers in July or
August. They like a sunny situation and a warm,
dry soil. Propagated by layers or by budding or
grafting ; also by imported seeds.
Principal Species : —

tiuctoria, 15', Jy., wh.
(KI/HX. lutea and Virgilia
lutea) . Yellow Wood.

CLARKIA.

Charming hardy annuals (nrd. Onagrariem), with
bright-coloured flowers and of slender branching
habit. The leading species, elegans and pulchella,
differ mainly in the former having entire petals
and the latter being lobed. They are both of
great beauty in the bolder or in flower beds.
Propagated by seeds sown in the open where they
are to bloom in March or April, or in autumn for
spring bloom, in the reserve garden, whence they
may be removed in spring, with soil attached, to
where they are to flower. Protect the latter in
hard frost with branches or Aster stems. Thin
out the seedlings to 'J" apart. Kiel), well-manured
garden soil.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

pulchella, 2', Je., various.
Many single vars. rang-
ing from wh. to pur.,
also a double.

rhomboidea. 2', Je., pur.
Smaller than preceding.

iis, 10', Jy., or. red.
Other Species : —
macrocarpa, 20', Aug.,
wh.

ornata, 15', Jy., Aug., or.

riedeliana, 15', Jy., or.
rotli'ki.'inu, 10', Jy., or.

CLAY.

Clay enters to some degree into the composition
of all fertile soils. When it is found in excess the
soil is called a clay soil ; and as it is wet, sour, and
unworkable in winter, and in hot, dry summers
develops yawning cracks or fissures on its surface,
it is not wholly desirable. It must, however, be
remembered that clay suits some crops admirably,
notably Celery. It may be greatly improved and
rendered fertile by burning on a good body of fire
in the garden ; also by ridging and trenching.
Clay is useful for adding to soils that are too
light and for puddling the sides and bottoms of
ponds.

CLAYTONIA.

Dwarf, rather succulent, hardy annual or
tuberous-rooted plants (ord. Portulacese), which
like a rather shady position in leaf soil and loam
or peat. The annuals are propagated by seeds
sown in spring; the others by offsets and division
in spring.

Principal Species : —

caroliniana,6",My.,per., slaue in America (syn.

pk. («y>i. spathuhe- cubensis).

folia). sibirica, 6", Mch., hdy.

perfoliata, C", Je., hdy. ami., pk.

ann., wh., used as Pur- virgiuica, 4", Ap., per.,
wh.

elegans, '!' , Jy., ro. pur.
Many vars., good ones
being Purple King,
White Queen, Salmon
Queen, and flore pleno.

CLARY.

The old English Clary, or Sage (Salvia
Sclarea), is a native plant which is still grown
as a pot-herb and used in various ways. It
formerly had a great medicinal reputation, and
derived its name of Clary, or clear-eye, from the
seeds having been found useful to " clear the eye."
Raised from seeds sown in spring, and thinned to
2' apart. Light soil.

CLAUSEN A.

A small genus of stove evergreen trees (ord.
Rutacerc), that produce white flowers, and, in the
case of cory m biflora, edible fruits. A compost of
peat and loam answers well; propagation may
be effected from cuttings of ripe wood under a
glass in heat.

Principal Species : —

corymbiflora, 15', Jy., wh. Wampii, !">', sum., wh.
peu'taphylla, 20', Jy., wli. The Wampee tree.

CLAVIJA.

These are evergreen trees (ord. Myrsineai) that
must be grown in the stove. Cuttings inserted in
sand under a bell-glass in heat root freely. Soil,
loam and peat in equal parts, with coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

Claiulesti/M (sec Latlircca).

SILVER oil PLATA UKAXOE (sec ^j. aio).

CLEISOSTOMA.

The genus Cleisostoma (onl. Orchidacese) holds
quite an unimportant position horticultural!/.
The several species are of comparatively small

growth, and have .small and unattractive flowers.
Aerial roots are produced very freely, consequently
baskets or rafts, with a little peat and sphagnum,

Clematis

( 218

Clematis

should be provided for them. Being East Indian
these Orchids require a high temperature and
moist atmosphere.

Principal Species: —

discolor, IS', Mch., yel., roseurn, H', Sep., rosy yel.

wh. tridentatum, H', sura.,

ionosmum, 2', Mch., yel. grh., red, wh.

latifolium, IV, Mch., yel.,

red.

CLEMATIS. (VIRGIN'S BOWER.)
Description. — The Clematis (ord. Ranunculacete)
is among the finest of our climbing or trailing
plants, and is of inestimable value in the garden

Photo: Caascll <C- Company, Ltd.

CLEMATIS FAIR ROSAMOND, GROWN AS A FILLAII
PLANT AT KF.W (see p. 219).

or grounds. Whether grown on trellises on walls,
rambling over trees, trailing over large rockwork,
forming beds, or for ornamenting the greenhouse
or conservatory, it lias few, if any, superiors.
Many of the species are very beautiful, but it
is mainly to the seedlings and hybrids that we
must look for our finest flowers. The erect or
non-climbing species are also worthy of a place in
the border, where several of them will give much
pleasure. Those who are best acquainted with the
Clematises are aware of the wealth of variety
which they can give, not only by the large-flowered
hybrids so familiar, but also by others from dif-
ferent parents, which are gradually being im-
proved, and which will be valuable additions to
our gardens.

Propagation. — Clematises are generally prop-
agated by grafting on the roots of the common
Vitalba, although those of other species are
quite as good. This is done as early as possible,
the roots, after grafting, being placed in small
pots put in a propagating case in heat. After
union they may be gradually hardened off before
placing outside. Layers also root in about a
year. Cuttings of one or more eyes may also be
rooted in a propagating case, or even in a warm
greenhouse, if covered with a bell-glass. Seeds
grow readily if sown in spring in light sandy soil
in pots or pans in a heatec 1 or cold frame. Young
plants should have the ordinary treatment of seed-
ling hardy flowers, but it is advisable to keep them
under glass for some time, so as to make them
strong before planting out. Some of the species
flower in the first or second year, but with the
others more patience is needed.

Soil. — A rich, rather heavy soil, but not stiff and
clayey, will grow the Clematis well. It ought to
be deeply trenched, and manure, well rotted,
plentifully added as the work proceeds.

Other Cultural Points. — The Clematis is subject
in some gardens to a disease which causes it to die
off. This appears to be caused by an unknown
constituent in the soil in these gardens, but in
some where the Clematis has previously failed it
has been found that the plants will grow satis-
factorily if the lower portions of the stems are
shaded from the sun by other plants. This is
worthy of a trial in gardens where the plant has
hitherto been lost. Against walls and trees the
Clematis frequently suffers from drought, and in
these positions it ought to have occasional soakings
with water, to which some good fertiliser has licc:i
added. An occasional dressing of lime will also
be found beneficial. Attention must be paid to
training the plants, and those on trellises must be
carefully tied in as they grow, to prevent the shoots
from being broken or twisted among each other.
Pruning requires to be performed according
to the class to which the plant belongs. Thus,
those which flower on the old, or ripened, wood,
only require thinning out or slight cutting back;
while those which bloom on the summer shoots
may be cut back considerably. Such Clematises
as Jackmanii may be cut almost to the ground
if wanted to cover only a small space, or to be
limited in height. The Montana, Patens, and
Florida types all flower from the old wood. The
Lanuginosa section flowers on short, summer shoots,
and generally needs little cutting bade. The
greenhouse species are very ornamental, and require
a temperature of at least 40°. For an unheated
house the varieties of the Lanuginosa type are
well adapted. C. indivisa lobata is very fine in a
heated house. Clematises are generally supplied
in pots, and may thus be planted at almost any
season, spring or early summer being the best,
however, for the purpose.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

coccinea, Jy., sc.: climb-
ing, a beautiful plant.

Several hybrids of this

will be found below

(KI/HS. Pitcheri, Can:

not Tort: and Gmt/, and

Vioma var. coccinra.)
Flamiuula, Jy. , etc., cl.,

wh. (*»/»». augustifolia,

cn*spitosa, caii

fragrans, maritima,

and paniculate).
florida, Ap., Sep., cl., wh.

Very beautiful,
heraclearfolia, 2', Jy., bl.

Good for border (nyn.

Hookeri).
— diividiana (py»- C.

Clematis

( 219 )

Clematis

davidiuiia) is pretty, hi.

(XI/H.I. daveyana and

tuliulosa).

indivisa, Ap., cl.,grh.,wh.
— lohatu, rharming for grh.
lanuginosa, Je. , cl., bl.

Parent of many fine

vars.

Other Species and Varieties : —
(Cl. and hdy., unless otherwise marked.)

10.

montana, My., cL, wh.

— graudiflora, liuer.

Vitalba, Jy., etc., cl., wh.
(Traveller's Joy, Old
Man's Beard, etc.)

Viticella, Jy., etc., cl., hi.
(Vine Bower.)

tBthusrefolia, Sep., wh.

— latisecta.

alpiua is the correct name

of Atragene ulpiua of

Liniuuus.

crispa, Sep.,

cordata).
daurica, Sep., yel.
dioica, st., yel.

americana).

(syn.

recta, 3', Jy., wh. Several
vars., including flore
pleno with double
flowers (*//«. erecta).

reticulata, Sep., pur.

— Hendersoni (iyn. C.
Henderson!) has hand-
some pur. flowers.

robertsiana, 5', yel.

Stanley!, G', grh., wh. to
pur.

Selection of Varieties :—

[NOTE. — There are so many of the highest
beaut}1, whose number is always increasing, that
only a few can be named.]

stans, 3', Sep., bl.
verticillaris (correct uame

of Atragene americaua) .
Viorna, Aug., pur.
viornoides, Aug. , lil.
virgipiana, Jy., wh. (not

apiifolia).
\Villiamsii, Jy., wh. (syn.

Fortunei).

I'lu'ta: C. it. Hid;.

CLKMATIS MONTANA ON A VERANDAH.

apiifolia, Aug., wh.
aristata, Je., grh., yel.,

grn.
aromatica, 5', Jy., hi.

(siliis. casrulea odorata

davuricaof gardens, and

odorata of gardens),
barhellata, My.. grh., pur.
hrachiata, 2', grli., yel.,

grn.

brasiluuia, st., wh.
brevieaudata, \vh.
ciilycinn, Feb., grh., in

N., pale yel. ("Jii.

halearica).
canipauittora,Jo.,dullwh.

(*////*. caiiipunuliitti and

crispa and viurnoidos <>t'

gardens) .

caripensis, st., wh.
chinensis, ^rii.. \vli.
cirrhosa, Mch., wh. (»//».

pedicellata).
Colensoi, grh., yd.
counata, Aug., pilf yc>l.

(syn. vuuosa).

Douglasii, 1', Jy., pur.,

wh.

Fromontii, 1', pur.
fusca, 6,', red br
grandiflora, st., yel.,

grn.

grewia-flora, yel.
hakonensis, Aug., red

pur.
intogrifolia, 3', Jy., hi.,

double and wh. vars.

also (HI/UK. latifolia and

ovata) .

ligusticifolia, wh.
- ralifomica.
orhroleuca, 2', Je., yel.
odorata, Je., grh.
orieutalis, Aug., yel. (-//».

graveoleus of Jiof. Mn<i.

jianiculata, Jy., wh. («//».

Vitalba var. japonica).

1'itcheri, Aug., pur. (.«//«.

— Sargentii (*!/»• C. Sar-
gent.fi).

Patens type, flowering in JIij. ami Je. Prune in
Feb. or J/e//., only removing straggling or crowded
branches : —

Fair Rosamond, blush

(see p. 218).
Lady

Miss Bateman, wh. (me
p. 220).

idy Loudesborough, Miss Crawshay, pk.

silver grey. Mrs. Cholmondeley, lil. bl.

Lord Londeshorough, Mrs. G. Jackmnn, wh.

mauve. The Queen, lavender.

l-'lin-i/ln /.'//"'. Prune same as abore : —

Barillet Descluunps,

mauve, double.
Battle of Wokiug, silver

grey, double.

Duchess of Edinburgh,

wh., double.
John Gould Veitch,

lavender blue, double.

tyj>e. Prune as above : —

lli'autv of NVdiTi'ster, vio.

Illih' ( ii'iu. jiale bl.
Knrliiintivss, wh., dmihli-.
Henry i, cream.
lilai'ina tl(irilnilnl:l, grey

lil.

Lord Xeville, plum.
Louis van Houttc, pur.
Otto Fni-bpl, grey wh.
Vrnus Victrix, lavender,

Cleome

( 220 )

Clethra

Viticella type. Cut back to within a fere inches
of the soil in -Vop. : —
Hendersoni, pur.
Lady Bovill, grey hi.
marmorata, mauve, wh

Viticella grandiflora puni-
cea, so.

• — alba, wh.

— purpurea plena ele-
gaiis.

— rubra grandiflora.

— venosa, pur.

I'liolo: Cassell& Company, Ltd.

CLEMATIS Miss BATEMAN GROWN AS A POT

PLANT (see p. 219).

JacJtmanii type. Prune same as Viticella type : —

Prince of Wales, puce

pur.
Snow-white Jackmanii

(Smith's), wh.

Jackmanii, vio. pur.

— superba, dark vio. pur.

Madame Edouard Andre,

bright red.
Mrs. Baron Veillard, HI.

ro.

Hybrids of coccinea : —
Countess of Onslow, pur., Grace Darling, oar.

Sir Trevor Lawrence,
crim.

Duchess of York, blush

pk. (seep. 221).
Duchess of Albany, pk.

Ville de Lyon, car.

CLEOME.

' A large genus (ord. Capparidacese), comprising
hardy annual, hardy herbaceous, hardy evergreen

shrubs, and greenhouse and stove shrubs and
herbaceous plants. The annuals may be raised
from seeds sown under glass, and transplanted as
may be necessary ; the stove and greenhouse shrubs
from cuttings in sand in heat ; and the herbaceous
perennials by division. A light, rich, well-drained
soil is suitable.

Principal Species : —
gigautea, 10', Je., st. ev.

shr., wh.
heptaphylla, H', Jy., st.

ami., wh.

Other Species : —

arabica, 2', Je., hdy. ann.,

yel.
arborea, 8', Je., st. ev.

shr., wh.
diffusa, 1', Je., st. ami.,

grn.

speciosissima, 2', Jy., hdy.

ami., pur.
spinosa, 3', Jy., st. ann.,

wh., flesh.

Houstonii, 1', Je., st.
ann., wh.

lutea, 1', Jy., hdy. herba-
ceous per., yel.

pubescens, 14', Jy., hdy.
ann.

rosea, 2', Je., st. ami., red.

CLERODENDRON.

Description. — This genus (ord. Verhenacea;) com-
prises a large number of species that are seldom
found in gardens, and a few which have a place in
most collections. The majority are stove ever-
greens, and the remainder greenhouse evergreens.

Propagation. — Seeds of some of the species ripen
under favourable conditions, and may be sown
when harvested, or in the following spring, in
boxes of light flaky soil in heat. Cuttings of firm
growths root readily in very sandy soil beneath a
bell-glass in a high or a low temperature, according
to the species.

Soil. — A suitable compost consists of fibrous
loam and fibrous peat each two parts, leaf soil one
part, and a little decayed manure, with some
charcoal and sharp sand. Pot or plant firmly, and
give liquid manure when growth is very active.

Other Cultural Points.— An abundant supply of
water is necessary in the growing season, but in
autumn and winter only sufficient should be given
to keep the wood plump. The strong, well-ripened
growths produce the flowers ; others and unripened
parts may be removed. Never let plants in pots
become root-bound, and avoid hot, dry positions.
Care must be taken that red spicier does not oblain
a firm hold.

Principal Species : —
Balfouri (see Thomsons;),
fallax, 2', Aug., st. ev.

shr., sc.
fragrans, 6', Oct., wh.,

red.
infortunatum, 6', Sep.,

st. ev. shr., vivid sc.

(si/n. viscosum).
speciosum, 10', sum., st.

ev. cl. , sc. ; a hybrid,
splendens, 10', Je., st. ev.

cl., sc.

Other Species : —
aculeatum,4', Sep.,st. ,wh.
floribundum, 6', Jy., st.,

wh.

f oetidum, 5' , Aug. , grh. , ro.
heterophyllum, 3', Aug.,

st., wh.
iuerme, 4', Jy., st., wh.

CLETHRA.

This genus (ord. Ericaceae) comprises greenhouse
evergreen and hardy deciduous shrubs. Nearly all

— speciosissimum, 10'.
sum., st. ev. cl., br., sc.

Thomsouse, 6', sum., st.
ev. cl., sc. The most
popular species ; the
var. B.ilfouri is better
known.

trichotomum, 6' to 9',
Aug., grh. ev. slir., wh.,
calyx red ; thrives out
of doors in very favour-
able localities.

MinahassfB, 6'. Aug., st.,

yel., wh.

nutans, 6', Nov., st., wh.
squamatum, 10' , Aug. , st. ,

sc.
volubile, 6', Aug , st., wh.

Cleyera

( 221

Clidemia

are very ormiraental. The greenhouse species
are increased by cuttings in spring in very sandy
soil under a bell-glass, and the hardy species by
layering. A mixture of three parts peat and one
part loam suits.

Principal Species : —

alnifolia,4',Sen.,hdy.,wh. var. growing 2' high,

arborea, 8', Sep., grh., and also one with varie-

wh. There is a dwarf gated leaves.

New Zealand and the Parrot-beak Plants. They are
evergreen shrubs and sub-shrubs that will grow
against a warm wall, but are better accommodated
in the greenhouse. Plants may be raised from seeds
in the greenhouse, but considerable care is re-
quired. Cuttings root easily in sandy peat under
a bell-glass, and a constant succession of young
plants will give more satisfaction than old stock.
A mixture of peat, loam, and coarse sand is best.

Photo: Cassett & Company, Ltd.
CLEMATIS DUCHESS OF YORK, OXE OF THE BEAfTiFi'L COCCIXEA HYBRIDS (colour, blush ]iink). (Ste p. 220).

Other Species and Varieties : —
acumiuata, 10', Sep. .hdy., mexicana, 9', Aug., lury.,
wh.

wh. (xyii. montaua).
alnifolia MichauxiL

— paniculate, 4', Sep.,
hdy., wh.

— scabra, 4', Sep., hdy.,
wh.

— tomentosa, 4', Sep.,
hdy., wh.

eanescens, Aug.. hdy., wh.
ferruginea, 4', Aug., grh.,

wh.
incnna (see aluifolia to-

mcutosa).

montana (nee acuminata).
paniculata (see aluifolia

paniculata).
pubescens (see alnifolia

tomentosa).
quercifolia, 9', Aug., hdy.,

wh.
scabra (see aluifolia

scabra).

secundiflora, aut. , wh.
tinifolia, 20', Sep. , St., wh.
tomentosa (»IJH. alnifolia

tomeutosu).

CLEYERA.

A small genus (ord. Ternstrremiacea;) of green-
house evergreen shrubs, that thrive in fibrous peat
and coarse sand, and may be propagated from
cuttings in similar soil under a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —
japonic!!. 5'. A))., cream.

CLIANTHUS.

These brilliantly beautiful plants (ord. Legu-
minosai) are popularly known as the Glory Peas of

Perfect porosity and drainage are essential to

success.

Principal Species : —

carueus, 4' to ;V, My. , flesh

(now Streblorhiza speci-

osa).
Dampieri, 3', Ap., sc.

There are one or two

excellent vars. of this

species, including ger-
nianicus and margina-
tus (seep. 2±>).
puniceus, 4', My., or. The
var, nmgnincus is very
handsome.

CLICK BEETLE. (SKIP-JACK.)
The progenitor of the deadly wireworm, whose
destructive work is all too familiar alike to the
gardener and the agriculturist. There are several
kinds known to agricultural science, the larvn- of all
lieing classed as wireworms, and capable of doing
great damage. (For remedies, see WIBEWOSM.)

CLIDEMIA.

A number of shrubby plants constitute this
tropical American genus (ttnl. Melastom.'H'r.T).
The stems are hairy, the loaves silky, and the
flowers rose or white. Propagated by seed* and
cuttings. Sandy loam and leaf soil for oompnst.
and a position in a cool stove, will meet their
requirements.

Cliftonia

( 222 )

Climbers

vittata, 3', Jy., ro., leaves
striped.

Principal Species :-
elegans, 3'. Aug., wh.
rubra, 'A', My., pur.

CLIFTONIA.

This genus (ord. Cyrillea-) comprises one
species only. It is a half-hardy evergreen shrub,
readily increased from cuttings. It thrives in peat
and loam in equal proportions.

Photo : Cassell (D Company, Ltd.

CLIANTHUS DAMPIEHI AS A BASKET PLANT (si

p. 221).

Only Species : —

nitida, 6', My., wh. (syns. ligustrina and
Mylocaryum ligustrinum, the Buckwheat Tree).

CLIMATE.

The effects of climate upon vegetation are so great
that horticulturists, if they would be successful,
must regulate the plants and crops cultivated in
accordance with it. Meteorological records are
particularly valuable in the districts where they
are taken, but a mere table of average rainfall anil
temperature is quite inadequate. A knowledge of
the extremes likely to occur during any month or
part of a month is of vastly more importance than
the tables of averages referred to. For instance,
the average temperature in the Thames Valley for
May is fairly high, yet those long resident in'that
district are well aware that several degrees of frost
are likely to occur, during the night, about
May 20, 21, and 22, and such knowledge has been
the means of saving many a Strawberry crop.
Besides rainfall and temperature, there is the
prevailing wind to be taken into account, while the
nature of the soil dealt with has also a great deal

to do with the effect climate has upon the plants.
Climate and soil must be duly considered, and,
given a good knowledge of these, it is not difficult
nowadays to select the most suitable subjects for
any particular garden.

CLIMBERS.

Valued as climbing plants have always been in
the best gardens, their importance is becoming
still more highly appreciated. One definition of a
climber is a plant which attaches itself to a support
by tendrils, roots, or otlier organs, without requiring
to twist itself round, as in the case of what are
technically known as " twining " plants. Useful
as this distinction is, it is little observed in
ordinary garden practice, and people often even
include in the expression " climbers " plants which
are neither climbing nor twining in their habit,
but are adapted for covering walls or trellises, and
have to be fastened to them. The uses of climbers
are many, and they add much to the appearance
of any garden, where they can have something
to cling to. Whether used for covering walls,
trellises, pillars, or arches, they give an element
of picturesqiieness. Under glass, also, they are
most valuable. For covering old and unsightly
trees they are now being much more largely
vised, and in this way a new and beautiful feature
is being given to pleasure grounds, or old gardens
in which trees were becoming unsightly but
could not be spared. Cultural details of the
several plants named will be found under their
respective titles, but a few general hints may be
useful, and will give growers an idea upon what
lines to proceed. It is highly probable that the
climbing habit has been induced in many plants
by the overshadowing of taller and more vigorous-
growing subjects. These shut out much of the
light and air, and would have caused the death
of the dwarfer plants had they not in a literal
sense risen to the occasion.

Soil. — Climbers generally require a specially
prepared site, so that they may receive a good start
and grow rapidly. A large hole, several feet
across, ought to be dug and deeply trenched,
adding, as the work proceeds, a good supply of well-
rotted animal manure or artificial fertilisers. This
preparation is especially necessary in the case of
plants in the neighbourhood of trees or shrubs.
In this prepared ground the plants should be
placed in autumn or spring, treading them well in
and fixing them firmly to the support to which
they are to cling. Climbers grown in pots may be
planted at any season.

Other Cultural Points. — Climbers against walls
and trees often suffer from want of water, and this
ought to be liberally supplied when required in
such quantity as to thoroughly soak the soil.

Pruning. — In pruning or thinning out climbers
regard must, of course, be paid to the flowering of
the plants and whether they bloom on old or young
wood. They must not, however, be allowed to
become crowded and untidy ; and even for picturesque
effects it is often advisable to give a considerable
amount of time to thinning out and removing
old wood. Plants under glass may either be
planted out in a prepared border or grown in pots.
In some cases it is necessary to adopt the latter
course, and it is needful to remember that the
plants require support if vigorous growth is
expected, and that liquid manure or top-dressing
with fertilisers is necessary.

Clintonia

( 223 )

Clivia

Selections of Climbers : —

[For details, reference should be made to the various
geuera under their titles.]

Hardy I'erenniah : —

(With protection in some cases in cold districts.)

Actinidia. Hablitzia. Polygouum.

Ampelopsis. Hedera. Hose.

Apios. Jasininum. Rubufl.

Aristolochia. Lardizabala. Smilax.

Asparagus. Lathyrus. Stauntouia.

Berberidopeu. Lonicera. Tamus.

Berchemia. Lophospennum. Tecoma.

Calystegia. Lyciuin. Tropaiolum.

Celastrus. Meuispermum. Vitis.

Clematis. Jluehleiibeckia. Wistaria.
Eccremocarpus. Periploca.

Tender Perennials : —

Allamand i. Clematis. Littpnia.

Antigouou. Clerodeudron. Louicera.

Argyrfia. Clianthns. Maurandya.

Aristolochia. t'litoria. Passinora.

Asparagus. Coboea. Pliysianthus.

Banisteria. ' Combretuin. Piper.

Bauhiiiia. Convolvulus. Pleroma,

Beaumontia. Eccremocarpus. Plumbago.

Bignonia. Ficus. Smilax.

Billardiera. Gloriosa. Sollya.

Blumenbachia. Hardenbergia. Swaiiisonia.

Bomarea. Hibljertia. Tacsonia.

Bougainvillca. Hoya. Tecoma.

Cestrum (Hab- Ipomcea. Tlmnbergia.

viithamuus). Konnedya. Tropa-olum.

Lapageria. Vitis.

Hardy Annuals : —

Amphicarpa?a. Iponwea. Maurandya.

Convolvulus. Lathyrus. Tropteolum.

Ilalf-liardij Annuals : —

Grammatocarpus. Ipomcea. Thuubergia.

Gourds, omamental. Mina. Trichosanthes.

Tender Annuals ; —

Citrullus. Porana. Trichosanthes.

Ipomoea. Tliunbergia.

CLINTONIA.

A genus of about twenty species of herbaceous
plants (ord. Liliacea;), valuable for damp, shady-
places in peat and sand. Only a few are in
cultivation. Propagated by division of the
roots in spring. For Clintonia of Douglas, see
DOWNIXGIA.

Principal Species : —

andrewsiaua, 2', Ap. , ro. bellata and borealis

borealis, 1', My., yel., grn. yar.).

umbellulata, 9" , My. , wh. uninora, 6" , Jy. . wh. (nyn.

(*</»». Smilacina um- Smilacina uniflora).

CLIPPING.

Deciduous hedges of all sorts may be trimmed
with advantage once or twice a year. For all
small-leaved subjects, such as Box, Yew, and
Privet, a pair of specially made shears is the best
tool to use, as not only is it easier to get an even
outline with them, but the work is expeditiously
performed. Large-leaved subjects, such as Laurel,
must be trimmed with a knife. Clipping grass
edges forms a considerable item in the summer
rout ine in the garden. The grass edges should bo
gone over several times during the season, or the
grass roots into the soil or gravel, and gives the
garden a weedy and untidy appearance.

Clingstone (.tee frlassary).

(sue Lini/m).

The

clipping of dead blooms from the plants in the
flower beds, and in the conservatory, also needs
attention.

CLIPPING SHEARS.

The best make of clipping shears is double-
handled ones built in the same way as an ordinary
pair of scissors, with stout blades about 1' in
length and 2i" broad. The shanks of the blades
are bent sligntly out of the straight, and form,
with the blades, an angle of about 175°. They
are inserted in stout wooden handles. These
shears can be used for clipping grass edges, or
places where the mowing machine will not touch,
and for trimming small-leaved shrubs. They are
not to be confused with the shears used for cutting
grass edges ; for these see EDGING SHEARS. An
ordinary pair of sheep shears with a semicircular
ribbon spring are very handy for light work.

CLITORIA.

Stove evergreen twiners (ord. Leguminosse), pro-
ducing handsome, Pea-shaped flowers. They may
be raised from cuttings in heat under a glass, and
will thrive in a mixture of peat, loam, and sand.
The annual and some of the shrubby species may
be raised from seeds sown in boxes in moist heat.

Principal Species : —

ternatea, 4', Jy., bl. There are wh. and br. vars.

Other Species : —

arborescens, 8', Aug., pk. heterophylla, 1', Jy., bl.
berteriana, 2', Je., yel. lasciva, 4', Jy., bl.

(now Periandra berter- mariana, 3', Aug., bl.

iaua). virginiana, 6', Jy., pur.

coccinea, 4', Jy., sc. (now (now Ceutrosema vir-

Periandra coccinea) . giuianum) .

CLIVEUCHARIS.

A hybrid between a Clivia and a Eucharis,
raised by M. van Houtte. Eucharis amazonica
was the pollen parent. The plant needs similar
treatment to a Clivia, with a little more heat, and
is more a curiosity than of real horticultural value.
It is interesting, however, as the forerunner of a
possible race of hybrids between Olivias and
Eucharises.

CLIVIA.

These splendid plants (ord. Amaryllidea;) with
their handsome, strap-shaped leaves and heads
of yellow and orange coloured flowers, are known
in nearly every garden either under the name
of Iinantophyllum or Clivia. Practically all
the garden varieties are forms of Clivia miniata,
and a selection is given below. Propagation is
easily effected by seeds or division; the former
germinate readily in a warm temperature, and the
plants should be placed singly in small pots. Rich
loam and sharp sand form the best compost, and
tin: plants can be fed with liquid manure when in
active growth. Though Olivias will thrive in the
greenhouse, they appreciate a slightly wanner and
moist cr heat when approaching the flowering stage.
They make good window plants. After blooming,
the plants should be kept drier both in I he air and
at the roots, but must not be absolutely dried off.

Principal Species and Hybrids : —
cyrtanthiflora (miniata X yel., sc- (A selection of

"nobilis). excellent vars. is given

Gardeni, H', My., or. on p. 221.)

yel. — ritrhm, 2'. Mch., yel.

miniata, 2', Feb., My.. nobilis, 2'. Jy., red, yel.

Clitanthus (see

Clove

( 224)

Coal Ashes

A Selection of Garden Varieties : —
Distinction, or. sc., wh. Martha Reimers.

Excelsior, or. red. Mdme. Van Houtte, or.

Lady Wolverton, or. yel. President, brilliant or.
Liudeni, pale or. Prince of Orange, or. yel.

Marie Van Houtte, or. Superbum, or. red.

yel.

CLUSIA.

This genus of evergreen trees (ord. Guttiferse)
requires stove treatment and a soil of rich loam,
peat, and sand over perfect drainage. The trees
may be increased from cuttings of ripe wood in
very sandy soil under a bell-glass over bottom heat.

Principal Species :—

flava, 30', Jy., yel. rosea, 30', Jy., red. ;

hlf-hdy tree.

Other Species : —

alba, 30', Je., wh. odorata, 25', Aug., ro. pk.

brongniartiana, 25', Jy., tetrandra, 20', Jy., wh.

wh. venosa, 25', Jy., wh.

CLUYTIA (»yn. CLUTIA).

Evergreen greenhouse shrubs (ord. Euphorbi-
acese) with small white flowers, but of little value
for garden purposes. They are grown in loam,
sand, and fibrous peat, and are propagated by cut-
tings of small side shoots or the tips of others
struck in sandy soil under a glass. They require a
minimum winter temperature of 40°, and one of
from 55° to 75" in summer. The species named
grow 2' to 3' high.

Principal Species: —

alateruoides, Jy. polygonoides, Ap.

daphnoides, My. pulchella, Je.

ericoides, Ap.

CNEORUM.

A genus (ord. Simarubese) of greenhouse or
half-hardy evergreen shrubs, propagated by cut-
tings of ripened wood in spring nnder a bell-glass,
and thriving in two parts of loam, one part of
leaf mould and sand.

Only Species : —
pulverulentum, 2' to 4', tricoccon, 2', sum., yel. ;

sum., yel. ; powdery. htly. in the south.

CNESTIS.

A small genus {ord. ConnaraceEe) of stove ever-
green shrubs, requiring a compost of fibrous loam,
peat, and coarse sand. Propagated by cuttings in
sand under a bell-glass in bottom heat.

Principal Species : —
corniculata, 10', sum., glabra, 10', sum., grn.,

pur. wh.

polyphylla, 6', sum., pur.

CNICUS.

A large genus, mostly of hardy biennial or per-
ennial plants, having a Thistle-like habit, and
growing from 1' to 8' high. They form, according
to the latest authorities, a somewhat heterogeneous
group (ord. Composites), including many species
formerly known as Cirsium, Chamaepeuce, etc.
Several are useful in gardens where sub-tropical
effects are aimed at, and one, C. Casabonte, known
as the Fish Bone Thistle, is quite commonly used

Climienofoma (see Dygodia).
Cloudberry (see Rubus ckamcemorus).
Clone (see Carnation).
Clomesia (see Catasetum~).
Clul> Moss {see Lycopodium).
Club Root (see Cabbage Enemies).

as a summer bedding plant, but it is not perfectly

hardy in all gardens. Propagation is readily

effected by seeds sown in cold frames or in the

open ground in spring. They are best treated as
biennials.

Principal Species : —

acaulis, 2', sum., pur. eriophorus, 4', Jy., grey

altissimus, 8', Aug., pur. (*.'/«• Cirsium erio-

Casabonse, 2', Je., pur. phorum).

(syn. Chamaepeuce Casa- giganteus, Jy., crim.

bonse). Grahamii, 5', Jy., crim.

diacaiitha, 3', Je., pur. (5^/H.CirsiumGrahamii).

(syn. Chamaepeuce dia- spiuosissimus, 3', sum. ,yel.

cantha). uudulatus, 1', sum., pur.

Other Species : —

afer, Je. , pur. monspessulanus, Je., pur.

arachuoideus, Jy., yel. muticus, Je., red.

horridus, Jy., Aug., wh., ochroleucus, Jy., yel.

pur.

COAL.

The sort known as anthracite is extensively used
for heating purposes in some gardens, and is very
useful for reinvigorating a dull fire, or raising heat
quickly on cold mornings. Whether or not it is
superior to coke is an open question ; but experi-
ments carefully conducted by the writer tend to
prove otherwise, as 112 Ib. of anthracite was found
to keep a fire in an hour less than an equal weight
of coke, each kind of fuel keeping up the tem-
perature equally well. As the coal cost three-
pence per cwt. more than the coke, the latter
proved more economical. However, the case is too
important to be settled by one experiment, and the
balance of evidence is claimed to be in favour of
the coal.

COAL ASHES.

Very useful in the garden, but it is quite
possible to have too many of them. Mixed with
tar, or used alone, they form useful working paths
when well rolled, and provide good standing
quarters for pot plants in summer, allowing the
free egress of water from the pot, and checking
the ingress of worms. If incorporated with heavy
land they mechanically render it lighter and more
workable. They are often used in excess, par-
ticularly on Potato ground, for they lead to scab.

COBCEA.

Very beautiful greenhouse or conservatory per-
ennial plants (ord. Polemoniacea;), with graceful
habit and pretty flowers, and well suited for cover-
ing walls, trellises, or pillars. They are of rapid
growth, and have bell-shaped flowers. They may be
used with advantage for summer decoration out-
doors. For this purpose they may be sown early and
treated as annuals. Propagated by seeds sown in a
gentle heat in spring, or by cuttings of the young
shoots struck at the same season in light soil in heat.
They make more vigorous growth in a rich soil,
but a poorer one is advisable to check the tendency
to make growth at the expense of flowers. Plants
intended for outdoor work must be properly
hardened off before planting out.

Principal Species : —

penduliflora, Dec. , st.

cl., grn.
scandens, My., etc., cl., — aurea marginata, pur.,

pur. (seep. 225). Suit- Ivs. variegated.

Other Species : —

macrostemma, grh. cl., slipularis, Oct., grh. cl.,
grn., yel. (syn. lutea). yel.

able for outside in
sum.

Cobcea

( 225 )

Cochlospermum

COBURGIA.

Pleasing half-hardy bulbs (onl. Amaryllidea;),
now included under Stenomesson. They are prop-
agated by offsets, and may be grown either in pots
or in a warm border in summer, lifting the bulbs
in autumn and keeping them dry, like Tigridias, in
winter, beyond the reach of frost. The species
generally grown under the name of Coburgia is
incarnata (tyn. S. incarnatum), 1', red. Others are
acuta (.«</«. S. incarnatum var. acutum) ; coc-
cinea (syn. H. coccineum), 1-J', red ; fulva, 1', tawny
yellow (a variety of incarnatum) ; humilis (syn. S.
humile), 6", orange red; trichroma, 1', scarlet and
yellow (a variety of incarnatum). Versicolor, red,
white, and green, is also a variety of S. incarna-
tum.

Photo : Ctutsell it' Company, Ltd.

CoBIKA SCAUDEN8.

COCCOCYPSELUM (syn. COCCOCIP-

SBLCK).

This genus (ord Rubiacese) of soft -wooded
stove trailers comprises several species, but is of
no great horticultural value.

COCCOLOBA.

Fruit bearing stove evergreen trees (ord. Poly-
gonacese), that carry large leaves, and grow best
in loam and peat. Stock may be increased by
cuttings of ripe wood in sandy peat under a bell-
glass over bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

grandifolia, 20',Aug.,wh.,
gru. (syn. pubescens).

plntyclada (we Muehlen-
beckia platyclada).

Other Species : —
peltata, 30', Jy., sc.

uvifera, 20', Aug., wh.,
gru. "Seaside Grape."

tenuifolia, 30', Aug., gm.,
wh.

COCCULUS (syn. WENDLANDIA).

The economic value of these stove evergreen
climbers (ord. Menispermacea;), lies in their medi-
cinal properties. They grow well in fibrous peat
and loam, with sharp sand, and may be propagated
from cuttings of firm growths in sandy soil under
a bell-glass in heat.

Principal Species :

laurifolius, 10', sum., wh.,
grn.

Other Species : —
crispus, 10', sum., wli.,

grn. (now T'iuospora

crispa).
Plukenetii, 10', sum., gr.,

villosus, 6', sum., grn.,
yel.

yel. (now Pachygone
ovata).

suberosus, 20', sum., wh.,
grn. (now Anamirta
paniculata).

COCHLEARIA. (SCURVY GRASS.)

A genus of hardy annual or perennial plants
(ord. Cruciferse), of little ornamental value. The
most useful is Armoracia, the Horse Radish (which
see). The native Scurvy Grass is officinalis, G",
May, white, there being also a variety alpina,
which is dwarfer in growth. Acaulis, (i", April,
lilac, is the only other worthy of mention. Com-
mon soil. Seeds or division.

COCHLIODA.

Stove and greenhouse, evergreen, epiphytic
Orchids (ord. Orchidaceaa), all natives of the
Andes. Division of the pseudo-bulbs is the only
practicable way of increasing stock, apart from the
importation of fresh pieces. The compost may
consist of fibrous peat two parts, live sphagnum
moss, chopped, one part, a little sand, and a few
small pieces of charcoal. All the species men-
tioned ,here make good basket plants for the cool
house. They do well in the Odontoglossum house,
provided they are not heavily shaded.

Principal Species : —

Coccinella (sen Lailtjlird).

miniata, red, said to be a
natural hybrid between
noe/liaua and vul-
canica.

noezliana, 8'', win., spr.,
cool house, or. sc., lip

with a yel. disc (»i/«.

uoet/.liaua).

rosea,8",whi.,ro.car.,wh.
saiiguinea, 8",aut.,ro. pk.
vulcanica, 8", spr., dark

ro., pale ro. lip.

Other Species and Varieties : —
stricta, 8", ro. vulcanica grandiflora, 8",

spr. , dark ro.

COCHLIOSTEMA.

Handsome stove perennials (aril. Commelinacese)
with long, deep green and purple leaves, and showy-
flowers ; rare in cultivation.

COCHLOSPERMUM.

Azeredia, Maximiliana. and Wittelsbachia are
all referred to this genus (aril. Bixinerc). Stove
evergreen trees or shrubs, increased by cuttings of

Coccus (see Scale).

Cockchafer

( 226 )

Cocos

the matured shoots taken in spring, and rooted in
sand in bottom heat; and by seeds, sown when
obtained. Seeds produce finer plants than
cuttings. Soil, equal parts o£ loam and peat, with
sand. Firm potting.

Principal Species :—

Gossypium, 5V, My., yel. (syn. Bombax Gossy-
pium). A noble tree.

Other Species : —

COCOS WEDDELIAXA.

COCKCHAFER.

The cockchafer (Melolontha vulgaris), known
also as the May Bug, is a very destructive pest,
though fortunately it confines its attentions more
strictly to field crops than to those of the garden.
In the larval or grub state it feeds underground
upon the roots of young trees, lawn grass, and
vegetables ; and in the fourth year after hatching
from its egg — years which it has spent entirely
underground — it emerges as a full-grown beetle,
and at once commences to make its presence felt
on the leaves of various trees. The fact that the
larvae give no indication of their presence in the
soil until such is furnished by the decay of the
plant attacked, makes the application of any pre-
ventive or remedy very difficult. Where it is
possible to break up infested land, this should be
done, and the visits of insectivorous birds, such as
starlings and rooks, encouraged. These much
maligned friends of the gardener will, too, fre-
quently extract the grubs from his lawns, appear-
ing to possess some peculiar instinct which
apprises them of the appearance of this dainty
food. Trees the foliage of which is badly
attacked may be cleared by shaking them over a
white cloth. Poultry may be allowed to pick the
fallen chafers up. Bats are fond of them.

COCKROACH.

The cockroach (Stylophaga orientalis) is a verit-
able nightmare to the grower of choice exotics, as
it frequents the houses and nibbles off the roots,
more especially the freely exposed ones of Orchids,
and the species americana is if anything worse.

Some of the stronger spiders capture and dispose
of cockroaches in their own peculiar way. A small
quantity of phosphor paste spread on bread and
butter, or even on pieces of slate or flower pots,
will lure cockroaches on to a speedy death.

COCKSCOMB.

The name given to the peculiar inflorescence of
Celosia cristata, on account of its resemblance to
the ornamental appendage adorning the head of
the farmyard cock. (For culture, sue CELOSIA.)

COCOANUT FIBRE REFUSE.

A very useful auxiliary to the gardener. A
mixture 'of the fibre and sand forms one of the
beet mediums in which to strike cuttings of soft-
wooded plants. As plunging material it is un-
equalled, being light, sweet, and clean ; moreover,
it has the merit of serving again and again for
this purpose. It is also extensively employed as
a mulching for flower beds in summer, where,
besides conserving the moisture about the roots of
plants, it adds greatly to the appearance of the
bed. The coarser particles, obtained by passing
the fibre through a sieve, are often used for laying-
over the crocks in flower pots, but it is not safe
practice.

COCOS. (Including GLAZIOVA).

Description. — Noble Palms (ord. Palmas), import-
ant both from an economic and a decorative point
of view. Xucifera, the Cocoanut, is an indispensable
plant to the inhabitants of the tropics, and it is
said that it alone is capable of furnishing all the
necessities of human life. There is indeed no
part of it but can be turned to account. It is
only a moderate success under cultivation. (For
the Double Cocoanut, see LODOICKA.) Cocos wed-
deliana is one of the most graceful of Palms, and,
although it likes a stove heat, will last a long time
in beauty in an ordinary dwelling-room. Under
such conditions its leaves should be frequently
sponged to free them from dust. Small plants,
only 4" or 5" high, are in great request for small
ornamental receptacles. For sub-tropical bedding
plumosa is the most amenable species.

Propagation. — By seeds sown in stove heat, in
sandy soil, or in a bed of Cocoanut fibre.

Soil. — Equal parts of peat and loam, with sand
in the early stages ; more loam for the older plants.

Other Cultural Points.— While Cocoses like
plenty of moisture, both in the air and at the root,
they are impatient of stagnant water, and the
drainage must be perfect. Generally speaking,
rather small pots give the best results. Firm pot-
ting is essential. The most troublesome insect is
red spider, and it must be kept down by the con-
sistent use of the syringe.

Principal Species : —

nucifera, 50', fronds C' to
'20', bright gru. Cocoa-
nut Palm.

plumosa, 40' to 50', fronds
3' to 15', dark gru.
above, glaucous be-
neath ; nearly erect in
growth.

romanzoffiana, 30' to 50',
ilurk gru ; not common.

weddeliana (tee figure),
fronds 1' to 4', gru.
above, grey below ;
drooping in habit. Py-
naertii is a var. with
broader pinna! (.«//«.«.
LeojioldiiiKi pulclmi
and Glaziovu elegant-
isyima).

Cocoanut Tree (see Cocos).

Coddling

(227 )

Ccelogyne

Other Species :

Bonnetii.

butyraeea.

capituta, 10' to l.V, fronds

ti' to 8', pinna1 erect.
Datil. fronds 12' to 16',

stem stout ; a noble

Palm,
eriospatha.
llexiiosa.
gramiiiifolia, fronds 'V ,

almost stemless.
iusignis.

Iciospatha, fronds 3'.
Marie Rose (KIT proco-

piana).

Normaubyi (correctly

Ptychosperma Nor-

numbyi).
olerocea, 60' to 90'. The

buds are cooked and

eaten by the natives of

Brazil.

petra-a, frouds 11' to 3'.
procopiana, l.V to 18',

fronds 2' (.«//». Marie

Rose of gardens).
Yatay, 12' to 18', fronds

6' to 10'.
Yuriimaguas.

CODDLING.

A gardener*! term, which is used contemptuously
to denote the application of undue heat or care to
a plant which would do better without it. Coddled
plants are invariably leggy and spindly, and con-
trast very unfavourably with the sturdy, robust
specimens produced under a cooler course of treat-
ment. Coddling must not be confounded with
" nursing," which is often resorted to to restore a
plant whose health is somewhat precarious.

CODIjEUM.

This is a genus (ord. Euphorbiaceie) of com-
paratively l'c\v species, but numerous garden-raised
forms. They are known in gardens as Cretans,
anil in a popular dictionary such as the present
they are dealt with under the familiar name. Some
attempt is occasionally made in gardens to draw a
distinctive line between the two genera bv classing
the broad-leaved types as Codianims, anil the
narrow, twisted-leaved ones as Crotons. But
strictly speaking all are Codiasums. {S:'c CUOTON.)

CODLIN MOTH {nee APPLE ENEMIES).

CODONANTHE.

Including Coccanthera, and part of Hypocyrta
(in-//. Gesneracejo). Stove herbaceous plants of
creeping habit. They answer to the same treatment
as Gesnera, which see.

Only Species Introduced : —
gracilis, Je., creamy wh. (syn. Hypocyrta gra-
cilis), thick, fleshy leaves.

CODONOPSIS.

Formerly Glosocornia. A genus of herbs (ord.
Campanulaceic) embracing twelve species, hardy
or half-hardy. Increased by root division for the
perennials ; seeds for the annuals. Any good
garden soil will do, but it should be well drained,
and the position sheltered, though not shaded.

Principal Species :—

clematitlea, 2' to 3', sum.,
lidy. per., wh., bl. (.11/11.
Glosocomia clemati-
dea). Regarded by
some botanists as a
var. of ovata.

Other Species : —
conlata (we Campanu-

HKea javaiiiea).
tiracilis (see Leptocodon
giaeilis).

ovata, 6" to 12", sum.,
hlf-hily. per. , pale bl.

rohmdifolia, sum., hlf-
hdy.,yel., grn ; climb-
ing aim.

— grandiHora, larger
flowers than type.

lanceolata, 6" to 12",
sum., hlf-hily. per.,
pale lil. ; tuberous
rooted (*!/>!. Cam-
panuma'a laiireolata).

ec Alrluirnra).
Caslestina {see Aijeratum~).

CCELIA (syn. BOTHRIOCKILUS).

Stove epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orchitlaceae) of
some beauty. They answer to the same cultural
treatment as Epidendrums.

Principal Species': —

baueriana, 1', Je., wh. ,

fragrant.
bella, H" to 2", yel. wh.,

tipped ro. (XI/HS. Bifren-

aria bella and Both-
riochilus bellus).

macrostachya, 1J', Ap.y
red.

mooreaua.

CCELIOPSIS.

Epiphytal Orchids (tiril. Orchidaceai). They
flourish under the same treatment as Epidendrums,
which see. Hyacinthosma, white, crimson, and
orange, has Pear-shaped pseudo-bulbs and delicious
Hyacinth-scented flowers. It thrives in either a
cool house or stove.

CCELOGYNE.

Description.— .Many species of this somewhat-
large genus (ord. Orchidacese) are very useful and

it. x. Fisiit Mtatovyfti

ClKLOClVNE rVLCHELLA (we J

.'L'5).

beautiful. Almost all are of low growth, with
Mrms of distinctly creeping habit : mi thfsp stems
the thii'k rounded or angular pseudo-bulbs develop
from the new growths, each carrying a pair of
green, strap - shaped leaves. Although a few
species produce their flowers singly, the majnritv
bear theirs in elegant pendulous or semi-pendulous
racemes. In colour the flowers show considerable
variation, but are mostly green, brown, or white.
One of the most popular of Orchids i~ the charm-
ing Ccelogyne cristata, and it is one of the e

Ccelogyne

( 228

Coffea

to grow, for it can be managed successfully in the
same greenhouse as the equally popular Cypripe-
diurn insigne ; for bouquets, buttonholes, wreaths,
etc., cristata, its pure white variety alba, and its
Lemon yellow marked form lemoniana, are very
suitable, those of the type being quite common in
florists' shops during February and March.

Culture. — Being low-growing and shallow-root-
ing Orchids, all the Ccelogynes are best grown in
pans, rafts, or baskets, where ample drainage can
be afforded, and a not too abundant supply of peat,
loam, fibre, and sphagnum placed about their
roots. Propagation is effected by division of the
rhizomes, but whenever a specimen is divided or
repotted sufficient room should be allowed for the

Indian house, in sphagnum and a little peat. The
Pleione group require very different treatment, and
are referred to under PLEIONE.

Watering and Syringing. —During warm, bright
weather Ccelogynes not only need large supplies of
water, but they love to be finely sprayed over by
means of a syringe : syringing must, however, be
discontinued early in the autumn. With the ex-
ception of the pretty Indian Crocuses — known to
most gardeners as Pleiones, but now referred to
Coelogyne — the members of this genus are ever-
green, and at no time of the year should they
become dry .at the roots, though it follows that
less water is needed when growth has finished for
the season than when roots and leaves are in full
growth.

Principal Species : —
asperata, 9", My., grn.,

yel.,red br. (XI/H. Lowii).
ba'rhata, 1', Nov., Dec.,

wh.
cristata, 10", Fell., Mch.,

wh,, yel. The var.

lernoniana has a very

pale yel. mark on the

lip, but alba is purest

wh.
dayuua, My., Je., light

yel., br. ; very long,

drooping spikes (we

figure),
fuscesceus, 9", ant., br.,

red, grn.

Other Species :
cormguttt, 8", Aug., wh.,

yel.
corymbosa. 1', Jy., wh.,

yel , br.

Cumingii, 1', Jy.,wh.,yel.
elata, 1', Ap., My., wh. ,

yel.

flaccida, 1', spr., wh., yel,
Foerstermannii, 2', Jy.,

wh., yel., br.
fuliginosa, 1', Je., cream,

br.
gardueriana, 1', Nov.,

wh., yel.
lactea, 9", spr., cream,

yel., br.
lentigiuosa, 9", My., grn.,

wh., vel.

CCELOGYNE DAYANA.

increase of at least a couple of years. Several
species that will accommodate themselves to the
conditions of the Odontoglossum bouse for the
greater part of the year will be most successfully
managed if placed in an intermediate -temperature
during the growing season ; this applies to asperata
and speciosa. Others, like massangeana and
dayana — both of which have long, depending
racemes (those of dayana being sometimes 5' long) 1
— should be placed in baskets and suspended from
the roof in the Cattleya or intermediate house.
Few Ccelogynes appreciate great heat, but .there is
at least one exception, and that is pandurata, a
most distinct and interesting species from Borneo ;
it is a strong-growing plant that requires a great
deal of raft room and produces handsome, large,
pale green flowers, heavily marked on the lip with
blauk. This Orchid should be grown in the East

]ii.'i?s;mgeana, 1', My.. Je.,

pale yel. , red br.
ocellata, 8", Feb., Mch.,

wh. yel., br. ; the var.

maxima has larger

flowers,
pauclurata, IV, My., Je.,

iutevmcdiatehouse,gru.,

veined hlk.
pulchella, wh., blotched

br. (are p. 227).
sparsa, 6", Mch., wh., yel.
speciosa, 9", sum., aut.,

st., yel., br.
Veitchii, G", Aug , wh.

media, 10", My., wh.,

yel.
mayeriana, 1', Sep., grn.,

blk.

MOSSIEE, G", Mch., wh.
oclimcea, 9", Ap., wli.,

yel.
odoratissima, 10", win

wh.
Sanderaa, 8", Mch., wh.,

or.
sauderiana, 1', Jy. , wh.,

yel., br.
swaniana, 1', Ap., wh.,

br.

tomentosa. 8", Jy.,red bf.
viscosa, 1', sum., wli.,

br.

COFFEA.

Upwards of thirty species are placed in this genus
(vrd. Rubiacese). They are tropical, evergreen
trees and shrubs, and though not showy are of the
greatest value economically. Arabica was at one
time the source of much of the coffee of commerce,
but liberica has of late years been largely cultivated.
The coffee it yields is little, if at all, inferior to the
older Arabian coffee, and the plant grows in places
where arabica will not ; moreover, it is not so subject
to the dreaded fungoid disease. Propagation is by
cuttings, which in this country have to be rooted
in sand, beneath a bell-glass in heat ; also by seeds.
Seedlings are less satisfactory than plants raised
from cuttings. Soil, turfy loam and sand.
Principal Species : —

liberica, 10' to 16', wh.,

fragrant.

stenophylla, 10' to 12' ; a
valuable coffee yiclder.
travaneorensis, 3 to C'f
wh., fragrant.

arabica, Sap., wh., frag-
rant. This plant has
points in common with
both liberica and steno-
phylla.

bengalensis, 5' to 15', wh.

Coix

( 220 )

Coleonema

COIX (syn. LITHAGROSTIS). (JOB'S TEARS.)
Rat iier curious Grasses (nrd. Graminea;), which in
cultivation need heat. They are best treated as
annuals — raised from seeds sown in heat in early
spring, and planted out as soon as all danger from
frost is past. The seeds are hard, pearly grey, and
in request for ornaments. Any ordinary "garden soil
will suit. Four species in all are referred to the
genus.

Principal Species : —

Lachryma-Jobi, 2' to 4' (sijn. lachryma).

COKE.

The staple fuel for garden furnaces. It should
be broken fairly small, and be stored in a dry
place. It is generally purchased by the chaldron
of 12 cwts., and should, where possible, be obtained
and stored in summer for two reasons; firstly,
because it is then much cheaper than in winte'r,
and, secondly, because being purchased by weight
it brings a greater bulk to the buyer by reason of
its then being dry and light, whereas in winter it
is wet and heavy. (Xee also HEATIXG.)

COLA (syns. LUNANEA and SIPHONIOPSIS).

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Sterculiaceas), whose

hard, dark brown seeds — the Cola or Goora nut

possess antitoxic qualities. The "nuts" when
ground are employed by the natives to purit'v
unwholesome water. There are half a dozen
species. Increase is by cuttings of the ripened
shoots, in sand, in brisk bottom heat, and by
seeds. Soil, rich light loam, with a little rough
grit.

Principal Species : —

acuminata, Jan., yel. Its value is wholly
economic.

COLCHICUM. (MEADOW SAFFRON.)
Ornamental bulbous plants (nrd. Liliacea?), mostlv
hardy, and resembling the Crocus in appearance,
hence erroneously called " Autumn Crocuses." The
greater number flower in autumn, and are valuable
for beds, borders, and rock gardens. They make
large conns, and the larger number produce broad,
massive leaves in spring. The corms, or " bulbs."
are very poisonous. Propagation is by offsets,
removed when the plants are at rest, usually as
soon as the leaves turn yellow ; also by seeds sown
as soon as ripe, or in spring. A good, strong soil
is favourable for the development of the large-
floweret 1 forms, but they can be grown in almost
any soil. Colchicums should be planted as early
as possible, and ought to be in the ground before
the other autumn bulbs can be delivered. They
may, however, be planted later.

Principal Species : —

autuinnale, !)", Sep., pur. Boniiiiiilleri,r,Sep.,pur.,
There are a number of wh. ; very handsome,

forms which are better and one of the best,

than tlio type. The liest by/.antinum, 0", Sep.. m.
of these are jillmiii pur. ; very pretty. Var.

plenum, purpurcum eilieieum is fine,

plenum, roseum Sihthorpii. !)", Sep., wh.,
plenum, and striatum chequered pur. Tin1

plenum. Others area 1- best of the tessellated

bum, atropiirptireuui. ones (KI/H. latifolium).

striatum, and foliis- speciosum, 1', Sop.. Ml.,
vnriegatis (*//«. croci- pur. A noble Meadow

riorum). Safl'nm. Rubrum und

Colax (see Lycaste and Sifrenaria).

pur. A pretty chequered
species (syn. chion-
ense.) Var. Parkinsom
is good.

luteum, 6", spr., yel.,hlf-
luly.

montauuni, 4", Aug., pur.
Vars. hololophum, Kit-
chii, etc.

neapolitauuni, (>", Sep.,
pur.

procurrens, Oct., lil. (cor-
rectly Mereiulera sobo-
lifera).

Trocnlii, Sep., wh.

umbrosum, 3", Sep.,pk.

maximum are choice
vars. There is a rare
wh. var.
variegatum, 6",Sep.,wh.,

Other Species : • —

agrippinum,3",Aug., pur.
alpinum, 3", Aug., pur.
areuarium, 3", Sep., pur.
Bivonte, 6", Sep., pur.,

chequered,
crociflorum (sec autum-

uale).

Decaisnei, 9", Nov., pur.
fasciculare, 6", Oct., wh.,

pur.
hydrophyllum, C", spr.,

lil.
Irctum, 6", Sep., wh., lil.

(»jn. candiduro).

COLDENIA.

This genus (nrd. Boraginea?) embraces about
ten species of branching, procumbent herbs, dis-
tributed in both hemispheres. The plants are not
showy, and procumbens is probably the only one
cultivated. Propagation is by seeds sown in heat
in March. A light, rich soil, such as loam and leaf
mould in equal parts, with sand, is necessary.

Principal Species : — •
procumbens, Jy., wh.

COLEA.

Nine or ten species of stove evergreen shrubs
(ord. Bignoniaceae). Cuttings of the matured
shoots root readily if inserted in sandy soil in spring
and plunged in brisk bottom heat. Afterwards
the soil may consist of fibrous peat and loam in
equal proportions, with sand and a few nodules of
charcoal.

Principal Species : —

rloribunda, 10', Aug., maiu-itiana, dark ro.
yel., wh. undulatn, yel., lil.

COLEBROOKIA.

A genus (ord. Labiatic) of evergreen greenhouse
shrubs, clothed with thick, felt-like wobl. The
flowers are small and white, and the plants un-
important. Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots
may be rooted in April under a bell-glass. Soil,
two parts loam and one part leaf mould, with sand.
Oppositifolia, 3' to 4', and ternifolia have been
described as distinct species • now they are looked
upon as being forms of one.

COLEONEMA.

liather pretty greenhouse shrubs (ord. Kutacea?),
with small flowers, white for the most part. All
the four species are natives of South-west Africa.
They may be propagated by cuttings of tips of the
side shoots put in sandy soil under a bell-glass,
without heat. Soil, fibrous loam and peat in equal
parts, with sand. A little pinching will be neces-
sary to correct the rather straggling habit.

Principal Species :—

album, 1' to '2', ant., win., junipcrifoliiiin, 1' to 2',
wh., small. aut., wh. (•*//". jnni-

axpnlnthoidcs, 6" to 3', perinum).

aut., \vh. piilehruin, 2' to 4', ant.,

red.

( 'nlhertia (see DUIrnia).

Coleus

( 230 )

Collinsia

COLEUS.

The Coleuses usually cultivated in our plant
houses are the result of careful cross-breeding;
verv few of the species being considered suf-
ficiently handsome to merit the attention of the
gardener. No plant gives better results with so
little trouble than the Coleus. Its magnificently
coloured foliage imparts a charm to any glass
structure during the warmer months ot the year.

COLEUS 11ns. TOLWOKTHY.

The interesting species thyrsoideus, introduced
from Central Africa in 1897, assumes a branching
habit with a little pinching, and produces long
spikes of bright blue flowers at Christmas. The
leaves are green.

Propagation. — Cuttings may be inserted at any
time after the turn of the year, providing a
minimum temperature of 55° to 60° can be main-
tained. Where conveniences do not exist for
keeping Coleuses through the winter, very orna-
mental plants, in some respects equal to named
varieties, can be raised from seed. This should be
sown at the end of February or beginning of
March in deep pans, well drained, and filled with
a light compost containing plenty of sharp sand.
Sow thinly, and place the pans in a temperature
of (>5° minimum, pricking off the seedlings when
•quite small into other pans, thence into small pots,
until by the end of April they are ready for a
shift into 4J" pots. Useful plants may be grown
in this size; or they may be shifted on as growth
demands into 6" and 8" pots. The strongest-grow-
ing plants are invariably those with a preponder-
ance of green in their foliage, and these may be
removed early from the seed pans and thrown
away, retaining and potting up the weaker-grow-
ing varieties.

Other Cultural Points. — Growth is very rapid
indeed under favourable conditions, and the plants

should bo transferred to pots two sizes larger at
every shift, until the maximum size is attained,
using rich soil and potting firmly to ensure luxuri-
ance of foliage \vith a short-jointed growth.
Pinching is generally resorted to for keeping
the plants bushy and shapely. Coleuses may,
with care, be trained to cover a balloon- or
umbrella-shaped trellis, and make very effective
objects grown in this manner ; or they may be
trained to cover a wall in the stove or conserv-
atory. In whatever manner grown, whether from
cuttings or seeds, the fact should never be lost
sight "of that it is only when "rootbouud," that
isf the pots well filled with roots, that Coleuses
assume their most gorgeous colours

A Selection of Varieties :—
Baron Kothscliilcl. Pineapple Beauty.

Countess of Dudley. Pride of the Market.

Decorator (sff J>. '2ol). Tete d'Or.

Mrs. Tolworthy (we Vesuvius.

figure).

Some of the Species : —

b;irl>;ltus, 2' t

Blumei, wh., pur.
(iibsonii. pur.
inflatus, 3', lil.
Malioui, 14', Mch., pur.

pietus, U', gm., yel.. hr.

scutellarioides, bl. . wh.

thyrsoideus, 3', Jan. to
Mch., bl.

Verschaffeltii, bronze foli-
age, useful bedder.

COLEWORT.

A quick-growing, immature Cabbage, which use-
fully fills the place of Cabbages proper at a time
when these are not available. The Kosette Cole-
wort is the sort generally grown, and three sowings
are generally found sufficient to meet all demands.
March, May, and July are the months for sowing,
and the seedlings are grown in the .same way as
ordinary Cabbages, with the exception that they
are planted so "thickly as to allow of every other
one being drawn for use, and still leave sufficient
plants to yield a full crop. Eighteen inches be-
tween the 'rows, and 4" to 6" between the plants,
is a reasonable distance at which to plant.

COLLABIUM.

Two species of stove terrestrial Orchids (ord.
Orchidacen?) constitute this genus. The flowers
are borne in long, many-flowered racemes. Prop-
na-ation is by division ; and for soil, two parts of
fibrous peat, one part of loam, and one part of
chopped sphagnum, with sand, may be used.

Only Species : —
nebulosum. simplex, grn., yel.

COLLETIA.

Greenhouse or half-hardy shrubs (ord. Rham-
neje), with spiny branches. The petals are
wanting, and the coloured calyx is the showy
part of the flower. Increase is by cuttings of the
half-ripened shoots in a close frame in spring.
Soil, good sandy loam.
Principal Species :—

sis, horrida, and poly-
acantha).

cruciata. 4', stem prickly
(KI/IIK, armata, bictonen-

ulicina, 2' to 4'.

COLLINSIA.

A genus of about eighteen species of pretty, hardy
annuals (ord. Scrophularinese), which are suitable
for the decoration of the garden in summer or, if
sown in autumn, in spring. Bicolor is a well-

Collania of Herbert (see Jiomarea).
Collamm uf Sclmltes (see Urceolina).
Collcmbolti (see imprint/tails).

THE BLUE WINTER-FLOWERING COLEUS THYRSOIDEUS

Collinsonia

(231 )

Colorado Beetle

known annual. Propagated by seeds, sown in
s-pring where tlie plants are to bloom, and thinned
out lo 2" or 3" apart. For early flowering sow in
a sheltered place in autumn, protect in severe
weather with branches or mats, and transplant in
spring. Ordinary garden soil, previously well dug
and manured, will do. Those sown in autumn
should be in poorer soil during winter.

Principal Species : —
tricolor, 1', Aug. , pur. , wh.
— alba, wh.
grandinora, 1', Jy., pur.,

bl.

Other Species : —
liartsia'folia, 1', Je., pur.
bicolor heterophylla, 2',

Jy., m.

t'orymbnsa, 1', Jy.,wh.,bl.
multicolor, 1J', My., In.

verna, t', My., wh., bl.
A pretty auu. in spr.

parviflora, l',Je.,pur. bl.:

trailer.

spar.sitlora, 1'. My., vio.
tiuctoria, 1', My., pk.
violacea, 9", Je., vio.

COLLINSONIA.

1'erennial herbaceous plants (urd. Labiata?), little
grown in gardens on account of their rather coarse
habit. They like a rather moist and peaty soil,
but will grow in any border. They are propagated
by division in spring. The species grown are
anisata, 2J', October, yellow ; canadensis, 4', Sep-
tember, yellow (xyns. cuneata, decussata, etc.) ;
scabriuicula, 2', August, greenhouse, yellow (HI/US.
ovalis. tuberosi, etc.) ; anil verticilhita. Anisata
is barely hardy.

COLLOMIA.

I'rctty, hardy annuals (ord. Polemoniacere), re-
lated to, and somewhat like, the Gilias. They
may be sown in spring or. autumn; for autumn
bloom where they are to flower ; for spring in the
reserve garden. The best are coccinea, l.y, June,
ml (*.'/«. lateritia), and grandifloni. IV. ml yellow
(.»•//». Cavanillesii, not cavanillesiana of D. Don).
Others are heterophylla, 1^', July, purple, and
linearis, ].'/, June, yellow, brown. Common soil.

COLOCASIA.

Description. — Stove herbaceous plants {urd.
Aroideae), with a tuberous rootstock. There are
live species, all hailing from tropical America.
The leaves are large and showy, and one species
at least — Antiqiioruin — is cultivated for the sake
of its edilili' rootstuek. Taro.

Propagation. — By division of the rootstocks, in
I lit- >ame manner as is practised for Caladiums,
which sec.

Soil. — Equal parts of rich loam and leaf soil,
with coarse sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Antiquorum esculentum
is the form generally known in this country. Us
huge leaves, nearly 2' in length by 18" broad, give it
a noble presence, and the plant is much valued for
sub-tropical bedding. The rootstocks are started
in In at in earlv March, and crown on in a stove
heat until all danger of frost is past. The plants
may be grown in pots, but as they need a good
deal of root room they are apt to be clumsy.
Plenty of water is necessary throughout the grow-
ing season, and weak liquid manure is beneficial.
The heavv leaves require artificial support.

Principal Species : —

Antiquorum, 2' to 3'.

— esculentum. '!' to -I', leaves round, heart
shaped, of great size, grn.. and with prominent
wh. ribs. Formerly regarded as a distinct species
{»i/n. Caladium esculentum).

— nymphajifolia, stemless.
devansayana.

indica, 5' (correctly Alocasia indica).
odorata {see Alocasia oclora).

COLOGANIA.

Stove creeping or twining shrubs {ord. Legu-
minosse). They may be increased by cuttings
formed of the side shoots inserted in sandy soil, in
heat ; and by seeds sown under similar conditions.
Soil, a mixture of loam, peat, and sand.

Principal Species: —

IJrou-sonetii, vio., flowers
in pairs.

biloba, 20', sum., aut.,
vio.

Other Species :—

angustifolia. pulchella.

COLORADO BEETLE.

This destructive beetle (Doryphora decemlineata)
is well known in the United States. It was first
discovered in the Rocky Mountains, in the Colorado
district, whence the name. It was then observed
to be feeding on a wild Solatium, but it has since
transferred its attentions to 'the cultivated Potato.
It reached the Atlantic coast in 187(i, and is now
common all along the eastern American coast.
Alarm was taken in 1877 that it would spread to
this country, and in that year the Privy Council
passed an Act enjoining any person finding it to be
present in his Potatoes to give notice to the local
police. Also in 1877 the beetle was discovered at

COLEUS DECORATOR («ep. 230.)

Miilheim, on the Rhine, and in several localities
in S.ixony, and it was only by the vigilance and
prompt action of the Government that it was got
rid of. In 1901 the pest made its first appearance
in Knirland, being found at Tilbury, but the ener-
getic action of the Hoard of Agriculture soon exter-
minated it. In America, spraying with Paris Cn-.'ii
has been found effectual, and it is probable that

Colocynthia (see Citrullvt).

Colquhounia

( 232 )

Comfrey

Bordeaux Mixture would be equally efficacious.
Lygum Solani, a beetle which attacks Potatoes
in tiiis country, is quite a different insect.

COLQUHOUNIA.

Elegant evergreen climbing shrubs (ord. Labi-
atse), suitable for pillars or the roof of a cool
conservatory. There are three or four species.
They may be increased by tips of the .young, grow-
ing shoots in a light, gritty soil, under a hand-
glass, in summer. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and sand
in equal proportions.

Principal Species : —

coccinea, Sep., sc. (nyii. — vestita, a very woolly
tomeiitosa) . form.

COLUBRINA.

An obscure genus (ord. Rhamnea;) of stove or
greenhouse shrubs. They are of little value decora-
lively or economically, and hence are rarely to be
seen in gardens. They may be propagated by
cuttings, and like a soil chiefly composed of loam.

COLUMBINE (see AQUILEGIA).

COLUMELLIA.

Three species only represent this genus (ord. Col-
umelliacese). Oblonga, 20', greenhouse, yellow,
requires a mixture of loam, peat, and leaf mould,
with a little coarse grit. It may be propagated by
cuttings of the semi-mature shoots dibbled in sandy
soil under a hand-glass in gentle heat in spring.

COLUMNEA.

A genus of pretty stove evergreens (ord. Gesner-
aceas). A few are climbers. Aurantiaca makes a
nice basket plant, and does well if attached to a
block of wood and frequently dipped. The rotten
wood acts like a sponge, and holds a considerable
quantity of water. Equal parts of peat and loam,
with sand, form a suitable compost for the other
species. (For general culture, see yEscHYNANTHUS.)

Principal Species : —
aurautiaca, Je., or. A kalbrcyerin.ua, Feb., yel.,

handsome basket plant. striped red. A sub-

aureoniteus, Sep., deep climbing shr. with

or. red. fleshy stems.

erythrophiEa, 2', Nov.,

red ; large.

Other Species: —

hirsuta, Aug., Nov., pur., scaudens, Aug.,sc.; climb-
pale red. ing 8hr.
rutilans, Aug., Sep., red schiecleana, Je., yel., br. ;

yel. ; climbing shr. herbaceous cl

COLURIA.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Rosacea;),
resembling the Potentilla. They are propagated
by division in spring, or immediately after flower-
ing, or by seeds in spring. The only species in
cultivation is potentilloides, 1', June, orange yellow
(syns. geoides and Dryas geoides). Common soil.

COLUTEA. (BLADDER SENNA.)

Ornamental shrubs (ord. Leguminosse), hardy
and deciduous, very useful for growing on poor,
dry soil. They are also valued for their yellow
flowers and the inflated seed pods which succeed
them. They are easily raised from seeds sown in
spring, or by cuttings inserted in sandy soil. Any
common soil.

Principal Species :—

arborescens,10,Je,Aug., crueuta, 6', Jy., red yel.
yel. Said to exist on A pretty shr.

the crater of Vesuvius.

Colt's Foot (see Tussilago).

melanocalyx, 8', Je.,
Aug., yel. ; a var. of
arborescens.

Other Species : —

annena.

halepica (see istria).
istria, li', Je., yeh
media, 6', Jy., or.

COLVILLEA.

A genus (ord. Leguminoste) of one species. It
is a showy tree, but despite its beauty is seldom
cultivated. It may be increased by cuttings of
the ripened shoots dibbled in sand in a close frame
possessing bottom heat ; also by seeds. Soil, two-
thirds loam, one-third leaf soil, and sand.

Only Species : —

racemosa, 40' to 50', Ap., My., st, sc.

COMACLINIUM.

The plant called Comaclinium aurantiacum is

resembling those of an African Marigold. Common
soil. Seeds in spring, cuttings, or division. (Another
syn. is Clomenocoma montuna.)

COMBRETUM.

Tall, evergreen stove climbers (ord. Combretace®),
with the exception of two shrubs, and producing
scarlet, red, or white flowers in spikes, racemes, or
panicles. Propagated by short side shoots taken
off with a heel of the old wood, in sand, under a
bell-glass or in a propagating case. Loam and peat
in equal proportions suit, with sand to make the
soil porous. Most of them do best planted out in
well-drained borders and allowed to climb to the
roof of tall houses. Winter temperature, 50° to
G0° ; summer, (K)° to 90°.

Principal Species : —
coccineum, 20', Sep., sc. latifolium, My., sc. (KI/II.

(see p. 233) (xyit. Poivrea Poivreii ma'crophylla) .

coccinea). pincianum. My;, pur. ,red.

elegaus, 15', My., sc. purpureum, 20' to 40',

graudiflorum, 5', Mv.,sc. ; Sep.. sc.

shr. (syns. Af/elii and

Poivrea Afxelii).

Other Species : —

Afzelii (wrgrandiflorum). intermedium (see como-

barbatum, 10', wh. sum).

comosum, 20', sc. (*;/«. nauum, 2', wh. ; shr.

intermedium). paniculatum, oO', Sep., sc.

decaudrum, wb. (»//«. pilosum (syn. Poivrea

Poivrea decandra). pilosa).

fariuosum,]0',My.,or.red. racemosiim, 12', My., wh.

formosum, Mch. , yel. red. sundaicum.

COMESPERMA.

Small evergreen shrubs (ord. Polygalefe). Prop-
agated by cuttings of the side shoots under a
bell-glass in early summer. Peat, fibrous loam, and
sand. Winter temperature, 40° to 45° ; summer,
55° to 75°.

Principal Species: —
coridifolium (sec erici- virgatum, Mv., pur.

num). volubile, 3', Ap., bl. (syn.

ericiuum, 3', Je., pur. gracile).

gracile (see volubile).

COMFREY.

Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) is a native
plant found plentifully beside ditches and watery

Colysis (see Polypodium).
Cumaropsls (see Ihibus and Waldsteiiila).
Comarostapliylis (nee Arctostaphylos).
Comarum (see Potentilla).

Commelina

( 233 )

Composts

places. A variegated form is cultivated in
gardens, as are tlie Bohemian Comfrey (bohemi-
cuin), Caucasian Comfrey (caucasicum), and the
Roughest Comfrey (aBperrinmm). The plants are
all too coarse-growing for the culinary bed or
border, but make admirable subjects for natural-
ising in wild spots, or out of the way corners.
Comfrey is used for feeding stock.

cyanea, Jy., st. trailer, bl.
deficiens, 1', St., bl.
dianthifolia, Jy., st. cl.,

erecta, :)', Jy., hdy., bl.

fasciculate, 1', Jy., hlf-
hdy., hi. (f I/US, glabra
and gracilis of liuiunirul
Mni/iiziiie, 3047).

hirtel'la, 1', Je., lidy.,bl.

uudiflora, 4' to 6', Aug.,
st. trailer, bl. (tynt.
gracilis [of Ruiz et
Pavou], deficiens [of
Flore des Serres, t.
1824], and caroliniana
[Flora Caroliniana]).

obliqua, Je., st. trailer, bL

scahra, 1', Jy., pur. br.

tuberosa (see coBlestis).

COMBEETUM COCUXEUM
(see f. 232).

COMMELINA.

Pretty, hardy greenhouse or stove perennial plants
(ord. Commelinacea;), of herbaceous or evergreen
They resemble in general appearance the

habit.

Tradescantias, but have only three perfect stamens,
instead of six. In mild localities coelestis is hardy
in dry soil, but in others it must be stored in sand in
winter. Propagated by seeds of the annual and per-
ennial hardy species, by division of the roots of the
latter, and by cuttings of the greenhouse and stove
species in a hotbed or frame with bottom heat. Soil,
light, rich loam improved with manure or leaf soil.
The greenhouse species thrive in an ordinary cool
temperature, the stove plants requiring a minimum
of about 40°.

Principal Species : —

crelestis, ir.Je., Jy.,lilf-
hdy..bl. (Iqm.taberom).
Very showy in a mass.
Var. alba is pretty.

Other Species :—

africana, My., grh. trailer,

yel. (*v/«. lutea).
benghalensis, Je.,

st.

elliptica, 2', Jy., grh., wh.

Xc.-.t.

virgiuicu, 1', Jy., quite
hdy., bl. (».'/«. cari-
]» nsis).

trailer, bl. ^.s//>/.v. pros-
trata and cucullata).
commuuis,Je.,st.trailer,bl.

COMMERSONIA.

Trees or shrubs (ord. Sterculiaceai) with small
flowers. Propagated by cuttings in a propagating
case, or under a bell-glass in
heat. Soil, good fibrous loam,
with sufficient sand to ensure
porosity. The protection of a
warm greenhouse is necessary.
Principal Species : —

dasyphylla (weRuIingia pannosa).
Fraseri, grh.

platyphylla, Je., st., wh. (HUH.
echiuata).

COMOCLADIA.

Stove trees(w<2. Anacardiacese)
with a glutinous juice, turning
black. Leaves pinnate, leathery,
evergreen. Flowers in clusters,
small. Propagated by cuttings of young shoots
getting firm at the base, and inserted in sand in
a propagating ease. Fibrous loam with a little
peat and plenty of sharp sand.

Principal Species : —

dentata, 30'. Jy., red. integrifolia, 15', red.

ilicifolia, 16', red.

COMPARETTIA.

Kpiphytal stove Orchids (ord. Orchidacesfi)
with white, pink, or scarlet flowers. Propagation
is by division of the pieces and by offsets. Soil,
fibrous peat and chopped sphagnum in equal parts,
with good drainage and plenty of crocks mixed
with the compost. Keep the plants well above the
surface of the pots or baskets. Winter tempera-
ture, 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°.

Principal Species : —
coccinea, 1', Aug., sc. — rosea.

cryptoeera, 1', pk., cr. macroplectron, 1', Oct.,

falcata, 6", My., ro. (fee wh., ro. spot.

P- -;!1)- speeiosa, 1', ochre, or.

COMPOSTS.

Composts fall naturally into three broad groups —
(1) those suitable for soft-wooded plants, (2) for
hard-wooded, and (;i) for Orchidaceous and epiphy-
tal plants generally. For soft-wooded plants a
sound loam, containing a goodly proportion of sand,
plenty of fibre, and of the sort known as yellow or
hazel loam, should form the basis of all composts.
This should be, where possible, the top spit of a
common ; or pasture land that has been laid down
a number of years, and preferably grazed rather
than mown. It should be duar during dry weather
and stored in ;i square or oblong heap, grass >i<le
downwards, adding, in the ease of poor quality
loam, a layer of eow manure alternately with
one of turves. In about twelve months' time
this will form a splendid rooting medium for all
kinds of soft-wooded plums, an addition of leaf
mould (prepared by stacking leaves of Oak or Beech
for at least twelve months), sharp sand, and dried

Common Swift Moth {see Moths).

Conandron

( 234 )

Condaminea

animal or artificial manures, being made at the
discretion of the gardener, who will be guided in
regard to proportions by the needs of the plant for
which the compost is prepared.

Good loam, freshly cut, may also enter into the
composition of the soil for. hard-wooded plants ; in
fact, some of them, like Camellias, grow remarkably
well in freshly cut, sandy loam alone. In the
majority of instances, however, loam must be made
subservient to peat for hard-wooded plants. With
coarse sand anil small lumps of charcoal, peat forms
a compost in which all hard-wooded plants thrive
freely. A word of warning in regard to the use
of manures with hard-wooded plants may here be
inserted, it being demonstrated that peat, which is
practically indestructible by water alone, sets up
fermentation, and consequent decay, through the
action of manure in contact with it. Those
Orchidaceous plants which derive the greater part
of their nourishment from the atmosphere only
require as compost a moisture-holding, long-lasting
mixture not easily impaired by the action of water.
This is furnished by peat containing a high per-
centage of fibre, living sphagnum moss, charcoal in
lumps to ensure sweetness, and occasionally pieces
of broken crocks to promote porosity.

In the case of large plants of the soft-wooded
section, it is unwise to sift the compost before
using it, as small stones and fibrous lumps of loam
tend to keep the soil open and ensure the free passage
of water. Smaller plants, sucli as seedlings, may
have their compost passed through a sieve to
remove the coarser particles, a similar practice
being followed in sowing seeds in pans, otherwise
it is decidedly detrimental to use the sieve at all.

To determine whether the compost is in a proper
state for use, squeeze a portion tightly in the hand.
If it adheres slightly and then separates readily on
being released, it is neither too wet nor too dry,
but in a proper condition to enable the work of
potting to be carried out with the best results.

CONANDRON.

The only species of this genus (onl. Gesneracete)
is ramondioides, a scarce herbaceous perennial from
Japan, resembling a Ramondia in appearance, and
with pinkish or whitish flowers. Its hardiness is
doubtful, and it should be protected by a frame in
winter. It should be grown in a peaty soil, mixed
with grit, and in shade. Propagated by division
or seeds. It grows about 9" high.

CONANTHERA.

Pretty little bulbous plants (ord. Haemodoracea?),
half-hardy, but remarkably difficult to keep through
our winters. They should be grown either in°a
border in front of a stove, and protected with a
frame in winter, or lifted and kept in dry sand
until spring. They are rare in cultivation, and of
the three or four species, bifolia, 9" to 15", is the
one usually met with. It has blue flowers in June.
Light soil. Propagated by offsets.

Other Species: —
Simsii (si/n. campanulata). Forsteri.

CONCRETE.

Concrete may be formed of broken bricks
clinkers, stones, or coarse gravel, with cement!
Six parts of either of these to one part of quick-
lime, or one part of coal tar to six parts of ashes
or coarse gravel, form a very good and lasting

Comptonia (see Myrica).

concrete walk. The material forming the bulk of
the concrete should be of uniform hardness
throughout, or ruts will quickly form in the softer
portions — i.e. bricks or stones should be used alone,
and not mixed together. An inch of gravel
added before the concrete sets, and well rolled,
materially adds to the appearance and durability
of the walks.

CONDALIA.

A genus of about nine species (nrd. Rhamnerc),
the species occasionally cultivated being micro-
phylla, a half-hardy evergreen shrub with prickly
leaves, growing 2' high, and with green flowers.
Common soil. Propagated by cuttings of partially
ripened shoots. (For Condalia of Ruiz and Pavon,
sec Coccosypselum.)

CONDAMINEA.

Small stove trees or shrubs (onl. Rubiacerc) with
thick, compressed branches. Propagated by cut-

CoMPAKETTIA FALCATA (sec p. 233).

tings of firm shoots in a propagating case,
fibrous loam and leaf mould, with sand

Principal Species : —

tinctoria, 30', Sep., red.

Soil,

Conifers

( 235 )

Conservatory

CONIFERS.

Cong-bearers; that is, trees and shrubs whose
flowers :u-« borne in the axils of bracts, more or
less woody as a rule, anil crowded together, forming
a compound fruit termed a cone, not necessarily
conical. Typical examples are Pines, Spruces,
Mlvcr Firs, Cedars, and Arbor Vitae. The cone-
scales of Juniper are few, and become more or less
fleshy, forming a fruit termed a galbulus. Those
of Cupressus are dry, but otherwise similar. The
Yew has only one seed, surrounded by a few bracts
at the base, and is sometimes made the type of a
separate order ; but it and the two previously
mentioned genera are popularly classed with the
Conifers on account of their evident affinity. The
various members of the great class of Conifers are
dealt with under their own titles.

CONIUM. (HEMLOCK.)

A poisonous, hardy biennial plant (ord. Umbcl-
lifera;). The only known species is maculatum, '<',
June, white, a native plant easily recognised by its
spotted stems. It is propagated by seeds sown in
spring (syns. croaticum, divaricatum, maciilosum.
nodosum, etc.). Exceedingly poisonous. C. Arra-
caciais Arracacia(or Arracachaxanthorrhiza) ; and
cluerophylloides is Seseli chifirophylloides.

CONNARUS.

Evergreen stove shrubs (ord. Connaracese) or
small trees, with leathery, pinnate leaves and small
llowers. Propagation, by cuttings of firm wood in
sand placed in a propagating case. Soil, fibrous
loam, a little peat or leaf mould, and sand to make
the mixture porous (syn. Omphalobium).

Principal Species : —

nfriramis, 8'. nitidus, 8', wh.

asinrirus (.vr monorar- paniculatus, 8', wh.

pus), pubescens, 6', wh.

gibbosus, 8'. ^ semidecandrus, 6'.

monocarpus, 8' (*yn. asia-

ticus).

CONOCARPUS.

Evergreen shrubs of tree-like habit (urd. Com-
bretaceao), requiring stove heat. Propagation is
effected by cuttings of firm shoots inserted in sand
in a case, or under a bell-glass in heat. Soil,
fibrous loam and a third of peat with sand.

Principal Species : —
acutifolius (tee erectus — procmnhens, 1', yel.

iicutifnlius). racemosus (now Laguncu-

erectus, 10', wh. laria racemosa).

— acutifrilius, 10', yel.

CONOSPERMUM.

Greenhouse shrubs (ord. Proteacea?), with ever-
green foliage and white or bine flowers. l'n>pa-
gated by cuttings in sand placed under a bell-
glass, with a little heat. Soil, one part loam, two
parts peat, with plenty of sand.

Principal Species : —
acerosum, li' to 1'. Huegelii, 2'.

CONOSTEGIA.

Small trees or shrubs (nr/1. Melastomacea:), re-
quiring stove heat. Leaves large and three to five
nerved. Flowers white, in terminal panicles.
Propagated by cuttings of ripened shoots in heat.
Soil, sandy loam and peat in equal proportions.

Conioyramme (sec (fymnogramme).

CoilOclitllM HI (*iv Hii/Hitnriuni).
Conuphalliie (see AiiiorplnipliaUiti).

Winter temperature, 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to

Principal Species : —

balbisiana (see procera).
procera, 12' to 20', Je.,
wh.

semicrenata (see Miconia
semicrenata).

CONOSTEPHIUM.

Greenhouse shrubs (ord. Epacrideac) with small,
evergreen leaves and berried fruits. The Tas-
manian Cranberry and the Native Currant of
Australia are species belonging to this genus. The
berries are wholesome, though not much relished
by Europeans. Propagated by cuttings in? sand
under a bell-glass. Peat and fibrous loam in equal
parts, with sand. Winter temperature, 40° to 45°-
summer, 00° to 70'.

Principal Species :—

pendulum, U" to 18", Ap., red.

CONOSTYLIS.

Herbaceous perennials (ord. Hasmodoraccie), re-
quiring greenhouse treatment like Anigozanthoses,
to which they are allied, having similarly hairy
flowers. Propagation, by division. Soil, sandy,
fibrous loam. Temperature 40° to 45° in winter ;
55° to 70° in summer.

Principal Species : —

aculeata, 1'. aurea. 1', yel.

americana (now Lophiolu dealhata, 1'.

aurea). setosa, Sep., yel.

CONRADIA.

Evergreen, dwarf stove shrubs, correctly referred
to Pentarhaphia (ord. Gesneraceie). Propagation is
effected by cuttings of mature side shoots in sand
under a bell-glass or in a case. Soil, loam and
peat in equal proportions, with plenty of sand.

Principal Species : —
calycosa (now Pentarha- (now Pentarhaphia

pliia calycosa). lihauesis).

floribunda, Oct., red sc. scabra, 2', Jy., sc. (now
Pentarhaphia scabra).

CONSERVATORY.

As the name implies, a conservatory is a struc-
ture used for the preservation of plants. Generally
speaking, flowering plants are grown in other glass
structures, such as hothouses or forcing pits, until
their blossoms begin to develop, wher they are
taken to the cooler atmosphere of the conservatory,
with a view to the extension of the flowering
period over as long a time as possible. On no
account should plants be retained in their forcing
quarters until their blossoms are fully expanded,
as their durability is considerably curtailed, and
much of the pleasure to be derived from watching
llowers expand is lost.

Proximity to the dwelling should form a powerful
plea for thorough cleanliness and sweetness in the
conservatory. No green, dirty pots should ever be
admitted there; decaying leaves and flowers
should be promptly removed as soon as noticed,
and all plants unhesitatingly replaced by fresh
ones, as soon as they cease to be beautiful. Super-
fluous moisture should be removed from the floors
after watering is performed, as this makes for the
comfort of visitors, and prolongs the existence of
the blossoms, to which a close, moisture-ladei!
atmosphere is injurious.

At least once a year the structure should receive
a thorough scrubbing down from top to bnttnm.
giving at the same time a thorough fumigation to

Convallaria

( 236 )

Copaifera

get rid of any lurking insect pests, which should
never be tolerated in a conservatory. This clean-
ing and fumigating should be carried out when
the residence is temporarily unoccupied, as, how-
ever carefully performed, the fumes have a nasty
way of finding out places where their presence is
not desirable.

Though conservatories should tend to preserve
plant life, many are built more with an eye to orna-
ment than utility, and are death traps for plants.
In building, see that all is done that is possible
to ensure the inmates keeping in good health for
a reasonable time.

"\Vlinre possible, the structure should face the
south-east, as it then catches the early morning
sun in winter, and in summer becomes compara-
tively cool and shady by the afternoon— the time
when it is in most request by its owners. Plenty
of ventilators should be provided at the top and
sides, opening on as many different aspects as
possible, so that air, which is essential to the
plants' well-being, can always be given, no matter
from what quarter the wind is blowing. Where
possible, roller blinds for shading should be fitted ;
but in cases where the shape of the structure
prevents their use, a wash of shading should be
painted on the sunniest portion of the glass.

Climbers such as Oestrum elegans, Fuchsias,
Solanum jasminoides, Tacsonias, Passifloras, Plum-
bago capensis, Lapageria rosea, and climbing
Roses may be trained up the back walls and
over the roof ; beds may be formed and planted
with Camellias, Tree Ferns, Palms, etc., or pot
plants may be plunged in them ; while large
tubs containing Agapanthus umbellatus, Clivias,
Marguerites, Lemon-scented Verbena, Oranges, or
Myrtles are very desirable.

CONVALLARIA. (LILY OP THE
VALLEY.)

(Ord. LiliaceEe.) The chief plant belonging
to the genus is ruajalis, the favourite Lily of
the Valley, known to everyone, of which there
are several varieties, including proliricans, very
tall and robust ; flore pleno, with double flowers ;
and rubra or rosea, with pink blooms. (For details,
see LILY OF THE VALLEY.) Other plants called
erroneously Convallaria will be found under MAIAN-
, SMILACINA, and POLYGONATUM.

CONVOLVULUS. (BINDWEED.)

Description. — A genus (ord. Convolvulaceac) con-
taining plants of much beauty, as well as some of
little value. There is much variety of habit among
them, some being twining plants suitable for
covering trellises, pillars, etc., while others are
erect-growing, and some are of shrubby habit. As
there are a very large number of recognised species,
it is impossible to enumerate them all, and those
which follow may be considered the best of the re-
spective classes at present available. The plant
known as C. major is Ipomcea purpurea.

Propagation. — The hardy perennials by division
of the roots in spring, by seeds sown at the same
season, and by cuttings of young growths ; the
annuals by seeds sown in spring; and the tender
species by cuttings, rooted in heat under glass, or
by seeds.

Soil. — The annuals and perennials will grow in
any. common soil, though they often prefer one
lightened with leaf soil and sand. The tender
ones like a compost of loam, leaf mould, and peat,
with a dash of sharp sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Great care must be
exercised in planting the hardy perennial species,
which usually run badly at the roots, to prevent
them from encroaching on other plants and taking
possession of too much space. It may be neces-
sary to confine the roots with stones or cement.

Principal Species : —

althjeoides, 3', Je., hdy.

twiner, pk.

Bind

3',

arveusis, Bindwcc^d,
Je., per., pk., wh.

Cautabrica, 1', Je., hdy.,
pale red.

chiuensis, 6', Jy., hdy.
twiner, creeping roots,
pur. crim. ; a form of
arvensis.

Cneorum, U', My.,pk. A
very haudsoine dwarf
plant, with silvery
leaves. Barely hdy.,
except in the south,

liueatus, 6", Je., red pur.;
leaves silky. A pretty

Other Species : —

calif ornicns, hlf -hdy . ,

wh. or flesh.
canariensis, 20', Je., grh.

ev., pk.
elongatus, Aug., ann.

trailer, wh.
erubescens, 6', Jy., grh.

bieii., pk.
evolvuloides, 15', Jy., grh.

ann., red.
florid us, G', Jy., grh. per.,

wh. (XI/H. Rhodorhi/a

florida) .

hut rather shy bloom-
ing rockery plant.

major (uow Ipomu-u ]>ur-
purea) .

mauritanicus, Jy., lil. A
charming basket plant,
and hdy. in the south.
Of prostrate habit.

paimit'olius, 1-V, Aug., hi.
A pretty, twining grh.
ehr.

tricolor, l',Jy., etc. The
well-known dwarf anu.
Convolvulus, of which
there is much var. of
colour.

lanugiuosus, 6', Jy., cl.,

wh.
macrostegius, hlf- hdy.

sub-shr., creamy wh.
ocellatus, Aug., st. cl.,

wh., pur. eye.
pentupetaloides, 6", Je.,

anu., hi.

persicus, Je., per., wh.
Scammom'a, Jy., per.

twiner, pale pur. or wh.
scoparius, 2', Aug., grh.

trailing slir., wh.

Herrmaimia?, '•>' , Aug., spithameus, 1', Je., wh.

grh. ev., wh. (syn. cren- suft'ruticosus, 4', Jy., grh.

atus).
incanus, 3', Jy. , hlf-hdy.

per., wh. (nyii. boua-

twmiug shr., pk. (see
also Calystegia and
Ipomcea).

i-iensis). tenuissimus, 6', Jy., hdy.

twiner, lil.

CONYZA.

A large genus of annual, biennial, or perennial,
rarely shrubby, plants (ord. Composite). Propa-
gated by seeds in the case of annuals and bien-
nials ; perennials by division. Soil, fibrous loam,
leaf mould, and sand ; hardy species, ordinary
garden soil.

Principal Species : —

rcgyptiaca, st. — ambigua, 1', Jy., ann.,

asperifolia, St., yel. pur.

chilensis, 2.',', Sep., hien.,

yel.

COOPERIA.

Pretty little bulbous plants (ord. Amaryllideas),
with sweet-scented, starry, white flowers which
open in the evening. There are two species—
Drummondii (syns. chlorosolen and mexicana). 9",
August, white, passing off red ; and pedunculata,
9", August, white. They are hardy, with protec-
tion, in mild districts. Sandy soil ; offsets and
seeds.

COPAIFERA.

Evergreen trees (ord. Leguminosns), requiring
stove treatment. Propagated by cuttings of
mature side shoots inserted in sand and placed

Cooltia (see Claitsena).

Cookla of Gmelin (sec Pimeled).

Copernicia

(237)

Coreopsis

in a propagating case. Soil, peat and fibrous loam
in equal proportions, with sand. Winter tempera-
ture, 50° to 55° ; summer, (>0° to 75°.

Principal Species : —

gurskiana. Inhambane Lansdorfn. Balsam of

Copal. Copaiba,

guibourtiaiia. Sierra Mopaue.

Leoiie Copal. ofticiualis, 20', wh. Balsam

of Copaiba.

COPERNICIA.

Stove Palms (ord. Palmre), with tall stems, and
terminal heads of leaves. Propagated by imported
seeds. Soil, loam two-thirds, and peat one-thiid,
with sand.

Principal Species: —
ei'ritVra, Wax Pulm. macroglossa.
hospita. moritiuia.

Pumos.

tectorum.

Wrightii.

COPROSMA.

Shrubs or small trees (ord. Rubiacesc), grown for
the sake of their foliage or their scarlet berries.
Propagated by cuttings in sand under a bell-glass,
but more quickly with bottom heal. Soil, two parts
fibrous loam, one part peat, and plenty of sand.
Baueri variegata and B. picturata are much used
in bedding, either pegged down or as large plants;
also for exhibition. Give greenhouse treatment.

Principal Species : —

Baueri. :V to 10'. along the middle (*////.

— picturata, leaves yel. Stockii).

- yariegata, leaves mar-

gined yel.
Other Species : —
arevosa, 1', berries 1)1., grandifolia.

trailer. lucida, grli., greenish.

Cuuuingliamii. robusta.

COPTIS. (Gou> THREAD.)

Very pleasing little plants (ord. Ranunculacere)
for the bog garden or a moist peat bed, and in a
sheltered position, unless they can have a little
protection in winter. Of the eight species the two
best are occidentalis, 1', May, white ; and trifolia,
6", April, white. Others are asplenifolia, 1', April,
white ; orientalis, G", May, white ; anemonnefolia,
and brachypctala. Division after flowering, or
seeds sown in spring.

CORCHORUS.

Annual herbs (ord. Tiliacea?) requiring stove
heat. Propagation, by seeds in March. Sandy
loam and leaf mould will suit them. They should
be grown in pots.

Principal Species : —
capsularis, 6', Je., yel. olitorius, 6', Je., yel.

"Jute." "Jew's Mallow."

japonicus (sre Kerria).

CORDIA.

Evergreen trees and shrubs (ord. Boragine:<>),
requiring mild stove heat. Propagation, is by im-
ported seeds ; and by cuttings of firm young wood
in a propagating case. Soil, loam, a third of peat,
and plenty of sand.

Principal Species : —
decandra, :i', wh. ; orna- (Iri'ggii Palmeri, .'>' to 10',

mental slir. wh. ; fragrant,

grandirlora, Aug., wh.

C'orbtilaria (gee Narcissus}

Other Species : —

Gerascanthus, 30 , My., Patagouula (see Patagon-

wh. . Spanish Elm. ula americana).

glabra, aut., wli. Sebestena, 30', Je., sc.

inoinceiefolia, '-'0', wh. (*.'/». speciosa).

la;vis, Sep. , red. superba, Sep. , wh.

Myxa, 15' (*//^. ofricin-
alis).

CORDYLINE.

Description. — Stove or greenhouse plants (nrd.
Liliacea;), not branching much till they get old, but
rising up till of Palm-like habit, with slender stems
and a terminal tuft of evergreen and more or less
leathery leaves. Being grown entirely for the
sake of their tine foliage, the flowers are seldom
seen. These are. however, ornamental. They are
borne in very large panicles, are pure white, and
fragrant.

Propagation. — By seeds, also by suckers. Several
produce short, tuberous rhizomes, which ultimately
give rise to suckers, but may be taken off and
encouraged to develop into plants when repotting.
The tops of tall, leggy plants are taken off and
rooted in a propagating case, making serviceable
young plants as soon as rooted. Old stems are
also laid on the Cocoanut fibre refuse of propagating
beds and kept moist, wlten they develop young
shoots from dormant buds, these being taken off
as cuttings and rooted in the usual way.

Soil. — Fibrous loam, with a fourth part of leaf
mould and some sharp sand. Some cultivators use
peat in a moderate quantity.

Other Cultural Points.— Australis is hardy on
the south coast of England, in many parts of Ireland,
on the west coast of Ross-sliire, and in the Scilly and
Channel Islands. Australis, Banksii, indivisa, and
others of the hardier species may be planted out in
tall conservatories and winter gardens with fine
effect. Winter temperature for stove species, 50°
to ~>,V ; summer, <>0D to H0°. Winter temperature
for greenhouse species, 40°.

For a fuller list of species and varieties, gee
DISAC.KXA, the name under which they are usually
to be found in gardens. A few of the principal
species are named below; they will all be found,
with others, under DRACAENA.

Principal Species ; —
australis. indivisa. rubra. terminalis.

COREMA.

Dwarf, Heath-like, hardy shrubs (ord. Empetra-
cese), similar and closely allied to the Crowberry
(Empetrum). Propagation, by seeds, and by cut-
tings in sandy peat under a hand-light in a cold
frame. Soil, peat, or ordinary garden soil mixed
with half peat to retain moisture.

Principal Species: —

alba, 6" to 12", My., wh. ; berries wh., Nov.
Portugal Crakeberry (*yn. Empetrum lusitanicum).

Conradii, <>" to 12", Ap., wh. ; berries red, Aug.
(syn. Empetrum Conradii).

COREOPSIS.

Very effective annual or perennial plants (nrd.
Composite), with showy flowers, and well suited
fur the deroration of the garden and for supplying
cut flowers. They are of easy culture. The
annuals are often offered under the name of Cal-
liopsis. Both annuals and perennials are propa-
gated by seeds sown in a frame in March, or
outdoors the following month; the perennials

Corethrogyne

( -238 )

Cornflower

also by division of the roots in spring or early
autumn. Grandiflora should be raised from seed
frequently, as old plants often die out. A light,
but rich, sandy soil suits.

Principal Species :—

tinctoria, 2', Aug., yel.,
br. A favourite, varied
in colour. Atrosan-

Drummoudii, 2', Jy., arm.,
yel., crim.

graudiflora, 3', Aug., yel.;
beautiful per. (••»/».
longipes).

lanceolata, 21 , Aug., yel.;
good border per., re-
sembling auriculata.

steppia, 3', sum., yel.

Other Species :—

abyssinica, 2', sum., arm.,

yel.
angustifolia, 2', Jy., per.,

yel.
aristosa, 2J', Sep., ami.,

yel.
atkiusoniana, 3', Aug.,

yel. («//«. Calliopes

atkinsouiaiia).
aurea, 2-J', Aug., ami.,

yel. (im. arguta).
auriculata, 2i', Aug.,

per., yel.

bicolor, 24', Je., aim., yel.
coronata, 2', Jy., aim.,

yel. br.
delphinifolia, 3', Aug.,

per., yel.
gladiata, 1', Sep., per.,

yel.

guinea and bicolor are
handsome va rs.
verticillata, 2', Aug., yel.
A graceful border plant
with small flowers
(xyn. tenuifolia).

integrifolia, 3', Jy., per.,

yel.
latifolia, 3', Aug., per.,

yel.
maritima, 3', Aug., aim.,

yel.
mulata, 3', Aug., hlf-

hdy. per., yel. ]iur.
palmate, 2', Aug., hlf-

hdy. per., yel. (xyii.

prsecox) .
rosea, 2', Jy., hlf-hdy.

per., red.
senifolia, 3', Sep., per.,

yel.
trichosperma, 3', Aug.,

aim., yel.
Tripteris, ;V, Aug., per.,

yel. (*//«. Chrysostem-

ma Tripteris).

CORETHROGYNE.

A small genus of Californian plants (onl. Com-
posite), allied to the Aster, and needing the same
cultivation, except that they require a little pro-
lection in winter. The one introduced is obovata,
1', August, pink, which is almost covered with a
white wool (si/n. spathulata). Others are cali-
fornica (syn. incana), and filaginifolia (syns. to-
mentella and virgata).

CORIANDRUM. (COBIANDBK.)
The Coriander is C. sativum, a hardy annual
plant (ord. Umbellifene"), which grows about 2'
high, and bears white flowers in June, or later,
according to the time when sown. Sow seeds in
warm positions in spring and autumn ; if leaves
are wanted for flavouring soups, or for salads,
sow at intervals. The seeds are used for confec-
tionery. Common soil.

CORIARIA.

Ornamental hardy or half-hardy shrubs (onl.
Coriariese), which grow in common soil, and are
propagated by layers, suckers, or cuttings in
sandy soil under a bell-glass. The hardiest is
myrtifolia, (!', June, green. Other species are
japonica, 5', June, rose; nepalensis, 10', May,
brown ; ruscifolia, 3', June, green ; and terminalis,
which mainly differs from nepalensis in having
flowers at the ends of the branches.

CORIS.

The only Coris in cultivation is monspeliensis
(prd. Prirnulacese), which is <i" high, flowers in
June, and has pretty, bright lilac flowers with
orange anthers. It needs a dry, sunny place on a
well-drained rockery, in light, sandy soil. Propa
gated by seeds sown in a frame in March.

CORK.

The hard, outer bark of a species of Oak (Quercus
suber) much used for various domestic purposes.
Sheets of virgin coik, so called because they have
not been used, are in great request for various
phases of decorative gardening. They are much
used for covering window boxes, forming pockets
for Ferns and other plants, and many kinds of
rustic work. Many plants form cork on the
surfaces of their stems, and this is the true nature
of the substance with which a healthy plant covers
wounds or abrasions of the epidermis.

CORNFLOWER (fee also CEXTAUKEA).
The popular name of Centaurea Cyanus («;•</.
Coinpofiue). also sometimes named t'yamis cyanus.

CoKEOl'SIS LANCEOLATA.

The wild plant bears flowers of one of the love-
liest shades of blue that we have amongst a field
of corn or in the garden. To distinguish it from
other Cornflowers it is often termed the Bluo
Cornflower. Other names for it are Blue-bottle,
Blue-cap, and Blue-bonnet. It is the German
national emblem. In gardens a large number of
varieties have been raised, ranging from white to
the deepest blue and purple, with all intermediate
shades. Victoria Dwarf Blue is a recently raised
strain of dwarf (9") compact habit, with .-mall.
deep azure blue heads. It is easily raised from
seeds sown in the open ground in any ordinary
garden soil at the end of March or beginning of
April, when it may be termed an annual. If .-own
as soon as the seeds are ripe, the seedlings will
stand the winter like a biennial, and flower early.

Coretkrostylls (see Lasiopetahuii).

Cor ft free (see- Quermis),

Cork Wood (see Anona pahistrls).

Curm (see Glossary).

Corn Flag (nee Gladiolus).

Cornelian Cherry (sec Cornat Max).

Cornish Sfoneyrtort (sec Xibthnrj>ia europiea).

Corn Salad

( 239 )

Cornus

CORN SALAD.

Description, — Another name for this (Valerianella
olitoria) is Lamb's Lettuce (ord. Yalerianeae), and
both refer to its use as a salad. It is chiefly valued
in winter and spring, when other salad plants are
generally scarce. Being a native plant it is very
hardy, and may be found in abundance in certain
districts in the cornfields and on sunny hedge
banks. It is convenient to sow a supply in the
garden for those who have a liking for it.

Propagation. — Those who desire to save their
o\vn seeds may make a sowing in August or Sep-
tember, and thin out the seedlings to 3" or 4"
apart in the lines, which should be li" to 8" asunder
for convenience of hoeing to keep the ground clean.
The plants will flower in May and June, ripening
their seeds during July and August. Seeds are
cheap, however, and easily obtainable. To keep
up a succession for table use, seeds may be sown
once a month, commencing in February and con-
tinuing to the first week of September.

Soil. — Any ordinary garden soil will answer the
purpose ; but the September sowing for winter and
spring use should be made on a warm, sheltered
border where the soil is rather light, facing the
south so as to encourage growth in winter, when the
leaves are most valuable. Give it a good watering
occasionally, to maintain the succulent and tender
character of the leaves.

CORNUS. (DOGWOOD.)

Valuable shrubs, trees, or small herbs (ord.
Cornaceie), much valued for shrubberies and orna-
mental grounds. Canadensis and suecica are
pretty for low, shady places in the rock garden,
in peaty soil. Propagated by layers, cuttings,

Cornute (see Glossary).

suckers, and seeds. Common soil, except in the
case of the two dwarf plants mentioned above.
Several of the Cornuses have been found u.-eful
for planting under trees. They stand drip better
than many other shrubs.

Principal Species :—

alba, 10', Jy., wh. A
very handsome shr.
The vars. sibirica varie-
gata, Spiithii, and varie-
gata are exceedingly
ornamental (*yn. tar-
tarica).

capitata, 10', Aug., wh.
A very beautiful shr.,
with large flowers and
Strawberry-like, in-
edible fruit. Only hdy.
in the south and in ex-
ceptionally mild dis-
tricts («//«. Beuthamia
fragifera).

florida, the " Flowering
Dogwood," 15', A]>.,
wh. Very beautiful.

Other Species : —
alternifolia, 15', Jy., wh.

(»//«. alterua).
Amomum, 8', Aug., wh.

(xynx. asperifolia, cit-

rina, sericea, etc.) ;

vars. angustifolia and

graiulifolia.
Baileyi, 6', My., wh.
canadeusis, 6 , My., pur.

wh. ; herbaceous,
candidissima, 10', Je.,wh.

(synx. albida, stricta,

etc.).
circinata, 6', Jy., wh.

The var. flora rubro has
red-tinged blooms. Var.
pendula is graceful (syn.
Benthamia florida).

Mas. l.V, Feb., etc., yel.
useful and pretty spe-
cies, of which the fol-
lowing vars. are desir-
able : aurea elegantis-
sima, lanceolata, nana,
and variegata (*//«.
mascula). Cornelian
Cherry.

sanguinea, the common
Dogwood or Dogberry,
8', Je., grzi., wh. When
mature, the branches of
this species are a dark
red, and give a good
win. effect. Berries blk.

(syns. rugosa, tomento-

sula, and verrucosa).
Kousa, 8', yel., red (xyn.

Benthamia juponica).
macrophylla, Je., wh.,

var. variegata (ft/us.

brachypoda, religiaua,

theleriana, etc.).
Nuttallii, 50', wh.
ofliciualis, 15', Feb., yel.
stolonifera, 10', My., wh.

Red Osier Dogwood,
suecica, 6", Je., pur.

Photo; Ctia.-cil tf

AL11A, VAK. 8l*ATHIL.

Cornutia

(240)

Correa

CORNUTIA.

Evergreen shrubs (ord. Verbenacese), requiring
stove heat and producing small flowers, followed
by berried fruits, as in the case of CaUloarpa.
Propagated by cuttings in early spring in heat,,
under" a bell-glass or in a case. 'J he soil may
consist of peat and loam in equal proportions,
with sand.

Principal Species : —
puuctata, W. (syn. Hosta pyrnmidata, C', Jy., hi.

cserulea).

COROKIA.

Half-hardy shrubs (ord. Coriacea;) of slender,
much branched habit, with small, evergreen leaves.
Propagated by cuttings in pots of sand under a
hand-light in moderate heat ; also by layers in
autumn. Any well-drained garden soil will suit
them. In the open they should have the shelter
of a wall facing west. They may also be planted
out in a cool conservatory or winter garden.

Principal Species : —
buddleioides, 10', yel. Cotoneaster, 10', yel.

CORONILLA. (CROWN VETCH.)

Pretty annual or perennial herbaceous plants or
shrubs (prd. Leguminosa?), valued for the green-
house, flower border, or rockery. The leaves are
pretty, and the. plants bear heads of small, Pea-
shaped flowers. The hardy species are propagated
by seeds sown in a, frame in spring by division,
and by cuttings of a few in spring, the cuttings
being placed in a cold or slightly heated frame ;
the greenhouse. species by cuttings in slight heat
under a bell-glass or in a frame. Loam, with a
little peat, is the most suitable soil for the green-
house species, but the others thrive in common
soil, except the Alpine plants, which should have
loam, peat, and leaf soil in equal proportions.

Principal Species : —

A beautiful hlf-luly.
ev.

varia, Je., etc., trailer,
pk., wh. A pretty but
rather rampant plant,
useful as a carpeter for
very tall plants («/»».
Haussknechtii, hirta,
etc.).

Je.,
yel.

hlf-

cappadocica, Jy., trailer,
yel. A desirable rockery
plant, not hdy. every-
where. Usually called
iberica.

coronata, 2', Jy., yel. A
pretty grh. shr.

glauca,"31', My., etc., yel.

Other Species : —

argentea, 2', My., hlf-

ndy. per., yel.
cretica, 1', Je., grh. ami.,

wh., red.
emeroides, My., etc., hdy.

per., yel.
Emerus, 3', Ap.,hdy. shr.,

yel. Scorpion Senna,
globosa, 1', Sep., per.,

wh.
juncea, 3', Je., hlf-hdy.

shr., yel.

CORREA.

Description. — Evergreen shrubs (ord. Rutaceoe)
with small, leathery leaves, suitable for a cool
greenhouse or Heath house ; formerly much more
appreciated than at present. The leaves of alba were
at one time used as tea by the settlers in Australia.

Propagation. — Take cuttings of the half-ripened

minima, 0

hdy. per.

Clusii).
inontana, 6", Je., hlf-
hdy. slir., yel.
pentaphylla, 2', Je.j grh.

shr., yel.
valeutina, 3', Mch., etc.,

grh. shr., yel. (-i*/".

suaveoleus).
viniinalis, 3', Aug., grh.

shr., pale red.

side shoots and insert them in sandy soil or sand,
in pots, which should be plunged in the Cocoanut
libre refuse of a propagating bed and covered with
bell-glasses. This should be done in the early part
of summer. Some of the species root with difficulty,
and speciosa scarcely at all. This, as well as
others of slow growth which occasion any diffi-
culty, should be grafted on young plants of the
more common forms, such as alba.

Soil.— Use one part of good, fibrous loam and

CORREA CAUDINALIS.

three parts of peat, with plenty of sand to make
the compost porous.

Other Cultural Points.— Being of slow, stiff
growth, they require no staking and little
pruning ; the stronger shoots only need stopping
if inclined to destroy the symmetry of the bush.
The woolly stems and leaves should be kept dry,
but the roots just moist, as in the case of Heaths.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

— backhousiana.

— bicolor, crim., tipped
wh.

— Harris!!, crim.

— major, flowers larger.

— pulchella, 5', Je., sc.
ventricosa, flowers in-

alba, 0', Je., wh. (SI/HS.

cotiiiifolia and rufa).
cardinalis, 3', Mch., sc.;

handsome,
lawrenciana, 3', Ap., gr.,

wh. (fi/ii. ferruginea).
speciosa, 3', Je., sc. This

and cardinalis are the

most popular species.

Other Species : —

ferruginea (see lawren-
ciana).

flated.

longiflora, Dec., hyb., ro.
rufa (see alba).

Cortaderia

( 241

Corylus

CORTADERIA.

The Spanish name for the Pampas Grass, gener-
ally known by the name of Gynerium argenteum,
and its conveners. They are described in this
work under Gynerium. According to some author-
ities, Cortaderia argentea is the correct name of
Gynerium argenteuni.

CORTUSA. (BEAR'S EAR SAXICLE.)

Pretty little perennials (ord. Primuluccie) for the
rock garden, but requiring winter protection from
damp. They are increased by division of the
roots, or by seeds sown in a frame in spring, and
grow in a soil composed of loam, peat, and sand.
The species cultivated are Matthioli, 1', April, red ;
grandill.ira, a variety of .Matthioli, H', April, purple,'
very fine ; and pubens, 0", May, magenta purple.

CORYANTHES.

A genus of Orchids allied to Stanhopea (ord.
Orohidaoese) remarkable for the strange form of
their flowers. Propagated by division of the pieces,
and offsets. Fibrous Orchid peat and sphagnum in
equal proportions, with the addition of finely broken
crocks, make a suitable compost. The various
species must be grown in Teak baskets under the
warmest treatment given to Orchids, with plenty
of atmospheric moisture, as well as water at the
roots in summer, and a little less in winter.

Principal Species and Varieties : -
macrauthii, 1', Je., grn., — Parkeri, 1', Jy., yel.,

pur., yel., spotted crim.

The best known and

largest,
maculata, 1', Je., yel.,

spotted pur.
— Albertinee, 1', yel.,

spotted crim.

Other Species : —

Bimgerothii, grn., wh.,

>]>i>tted red, or.
<>lrgautium (sijns. elegant-

iadmaand macrantha).
Ficldingii, My., yel., br.
lentiginosa, My., yel.
leucocorys, grn., pur., wh.

pur,

— punctata, 1', Je., yel.,
spotted red.

speciosa, 1.!', My., yel.,
grn.

— alba, 1J', Je., wh.

macroeorys, yel., streaked

pur.
ruastersiana, yel., spotted

copper and claret,
macrostachya, or., yel.,br.
sumneriaua, 1J', Jy.,

chocolate.
Wolfii, yel., spotted pur.

CORYCIUM.

Terrestrial greenhouse Orchids (nrrl. Orchidacens),
the cultivation of which has not yet been thoroughly
mastered, the plants dying after a time. Increase
by imported tubers. Soil, three parts fibrous peat,
one part loam, with plenty of sand.

Principal Species :—
orispum, 1', Jy., yel. orobanchoidcs, 1', Jy.,yel.

CORYDALIS. (FUMITORY.)

Desirable hardy perennial or annual plants (ord.
Funiariacese), with prettily shaped flowers, and of
great value for borders and rockwork. Propagated
by seeds in the case of the perennials and annuals ;
by division after flowering for the herbaceous; and
by offsets for those with tuberous roots. They
generally prefer a rather moist and peaty soil, but
some will even thrive on a damp wall. Lutea is
one of the best for a wall.

Principal Species :—
bulbosa, 6", Ap., pur.

(«/». soh'da). Pretty in

a damp, shady place,
lutea, 1 , My., etc., yel.,

var. alba,
nobilis, 1' to 2', My., yel.

Perhaps the most orna-
mental, and a really
16

handsome plaut when
well grown.

tuheroaa, 6", Mch., pur.
A tuberous species of
which there is a nice
wh. var. called alhiflora
(st/n. cava of gardens).

Other Species :—
Tuberous-rooted : —

angustifolia. 1', Feb.. pur.
bracteata, 1', Feb., yel.
caucasica, 1', Mch., pur.
fabacea, ,'j', Mch., pur.

(y/«. Fumaria fabacea).
Gortschakovii, 1', My.,

yel.
kolpakowskyana, 6", Ap.,

pur.

ledebouriana, 6", My., pk.
longiflora, 9", Ap., ro.

Herbaceous : —

marschalliaua, 1', Feb.,

Siir.
ida, i;', Mch., yel.
rutasfolia, 9", My., pur.
(sijns. bicalcarata and
pauciflora) .

Semenovii, l.\', My., yel.
Scouleri, 1J', My., pur.
Sewerzovii, H', Je., yel.
tomentella, 6", My., yel.

sibirica, 1', Jy., yel.

flavula, 6", Je., yel.
paeoniajfolia, 2', Feb. , pur.

Annual and Biennial (the latter marked li.) :

ochroleuca, 1', Jy., yel.

aurea, 1', Je., B. , yel.

breviflora, 2', Je., yel. (syn. acaulis).

claviculata, Je., cl., yel.,
wh.

.
glauca, 2', Jy., yel., pur.

stricta, 1', Je., B., yel.
uralensis, 1', Aug., B., yel.

CORYLOPSIS.

Hard}' shrubs or small trees (ord. HamamelidesE),
much benefited by the shelter of a wall in all but
the more favoured parts of the country. Flowers
in advance of the leaves. Propagated by cuttings
of half-mature wood in summer, in gentle heat;
also by seeds when obtainable ; and by lavrr- in
autumn. Any ordinary garden soil, well drained.

Principal Species : —
hiiiialaynna, 20*, Feb., spicata, 0', Feb., Mch.,

Mch., primrc m •. yel.

pauciflora, 6', Feb., Mch.,

pale yel.

CORYLUS.

Hardy, deciduous shrubs or low trees (ord. Cupu-
liferas), grown for ornamental purposes, or for the
sake of their Nuts, Filberts, or Cobs, as the different

Corynella

( 242 )

Cosmibuena

fruits are named. (Sec also NUTS.) They avo prop-
agated by seeds (Nuts), la.vers, suckers, and
grafting, the first for the reproduction of the
species, and the other methods for multiplying the
varieties. They will grow in any friable soil, fairly
moist but well' drained, a hillside for preference;
but the land should be fairly fertile for fruiting
plantations.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
Avellana, 10', Feb. Com- maxima, 10', Fell. (*//»».

mon Hazel. tubulosa aud AveUana

— aurea, Ivs. golden. rubra).

— heterophylla, Ivs. — atroimrpurea, Ivs.
variously cut. Nettle- dark pur. («y»».A.Yel«uia
leaved Hazel. purpurea and A. atro-

— peridula, a weeper. purpurea).
Columa, 10'. to 30', Feb.

The Constantinople

Hazel.

Other Species and Varieties : —

americana, 10', Ap. (mjii. maxima alba.

humilis). — barcelouensis, 8', Feb.

Avellana contorta, Ivs. Barcelona Nut.

curled. — crispa, 8', Feb. Frizzled

— Lambertii, 10', Feb. Filbert.

— pumila, 6', Feb. — tenuis, 10', Feb. Cos-

— rubra, 10', Feb. ford Nut.
heterophylla, Ivs. vari- rostrata, 5', Feb. Beaked

ously cut. American,

mandshurica, 8'.

CORYNELLA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Leguminosse). Prop-
agated by cuttings of half-mature side shoots in
sand under a bell-glass, or in a propagating case.
Fibrous loam two parts, and peat one part, with
plenty o£ sharp sand, MI it them.

Principal Species : —

polyantha, 5', pur.

CORYNEUM. (GUMMING FUNGUS.)
Stone fruits— that is, Cherries, Plums, Peaches,
and their allies — are liable to gumming, otherwise
termed guinmosis. This is often caused by a fungus
named Coryneum Beijerinckii, the mycelium of
which penetrates the outer tissues of the host
plant — that is, the cambium region — and sets up a
ferment, whereby the protoplasm of the growing-
cells acquires new properties. The young cells
(parenchyma) in turn secrete the ferment, with the
result that their walls and contents nre more or
less changed to gum. This disease can be com-
municated to healthy trees, and only requires the
bark to be injured or broken by frost after
insufficient ripening of the wood, by accidental
breakages, and by injudicious pruning. Prevention
is better than remedy, and gardeners should avoid
excessive cutting by pinching young shoots in
summer where their presence . is unnecessary.
Lifting and root pruning, as well as planting in
poorer soil, are means whereby excessive growth
may be checked or prevented, so that the wood
will ripen better.

CORYNOCARPUS.

This New Zealand tree -(ord. Anacardiaceae) is
evergreen, and should be grown in the greenhouse
in rich, loamy, well-drained soil. It may be prop-
agated by layers or cuttings in light scil.

Principal Species : —

la:vigata. 2<i'. wh. There is a golden form called
aureo-margiiiHt.-i.

Hybanthus, 10', sum. ,wh.

CORYNOPHALLUS.

A small genus (<>'•</. Aroiilese) of stove tuberous
perennials that produce very large spnthes under
cultivation.

Principal Species : —

Afzulii, '!', spr., pur., wh. spi-ctalrilis, IV, spr.,puce,
pur., gni.

CORYNOSTYLIS.

A genus (ord. Violaritii') of stove perennial
climbers that flourish in lilirous loam, peat, and
coarse sand. They may be propagated by cuttings
in very sandy soil under a bell-glass, in gentle
bottom heat.

Principal Species : —
Aulili'tii, 10', sum., wh.

CORYPHA.

These are the well-known Fan Palms (ord.
Palmse). They attain to a considerable height in
their native places. They grow best in the stove;
in a mellow, sandy loam, and may be raised from
seeds. The leaves grow upon the summit of tho
plant, and are handsome when clean and well
grown.

Principal Species : —
australis (m Livistona umbraculifera, 100'. Tuli-

australis). pot Palm. Lvs. 12'

decora (see Livistona iu- . across (correctly Sabal

ermis). . blackburuiana).

! Gebanga, GO'. Fan Palm Wngauii (we Livistona

of Java. ' Woganii),

CORYSANTHES.

These small terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchid-
acea>) are mostly found in Australia and New
Zealand, and may be grown in a greenhouse in a
mixture of peat, sand, and chopped sphagnum.

Principal Species : -

Knihata, •!", aut., pur., picta, 4", aut., pur., yel.
wh.

COSCINIUM.

A stove climber (ord. Menispermacea:"). that,
hails from Ceylon, where it is accredited with
some medicinal virtues. It flourishes in peat and
loam, and may be raised from cuttings in sand
beneath a bell-glass over bottom heat.

Only Species : —

fetiestratum, 10', Oct., Nov., grn.

COSMELIA.

This New Holland plant (ord. Epacridea?) grows
bfst in fibrous, sandy peat, and is impatient of.
stagnant water. Cuttings root readily in summer
in peat and sand beneath a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —
rubra, H', Je., red.

COSMIBUENA.

A small genus (ord. Rubincea>) of stove ever-
grrm trees, which grow best in fibrous loam, peat,
and sharp 'sprid. Propagation may be effected by
cuttings of ripe wood in sandy peat,, beneath a
bell-glass over bottom her.t.

Principal Species : —

lutifolia, 24% wh.

obtusitolia.

(xi'e f<elii;a>iilrd).
CotmantTiut (see Phnrelia).
('/ amidixm (sec Theleapernia).

Cosmos

( 243 )

Cotton

COSMOS.

Beautiful annual or perennial plants (urd. Com-
positse), prized for beds, borders, or conservatory
decoration, and for cut flowers. Includes Cosmea.
Propagated by seeds sown in slight heat under
glass early in spring, pricked off into boxes and
hardened off before planting out in May. Scabios-
oides has tubers like a Dahlia, and may be lifted
and kept in a similar way to it in winter. Soil,
rich, well-manured loam.

Principal Species : —

bipinuatiis. :j'. Aug., pur. sometimes called Dahlia

There are several pretty /iniapaiii (a different

vars. of this aim. The plant), is pretty. Roots

colours range from wh. tuberous,

to pur. hybridus, 6', Sep., wh..

diversifolius, 3', Sep., lil. ro., etc. Very attrae-

Tlie var.atrosaiigiiiiiiu-i, tive. Garden hybrids.

COSMOS BIPINNATUS.

Other Species :
chrysaiithemifolius, 2', scabiosoides. 3', Oct., sc.

.Tv., yel. sulphureus, 2'. .Tv., yel.

crithmifolius, 2', Sep., (•«.""• Coreopsis artcmis-

yel. ijefolia).

parvitlorns. T, Jy., wh. tcnellus. 2', Oct., yel.

(xiffi. Coreopsis parvi- tenuif(.)lius, 2'. Sep., pur.

flora).

[All annuals except scabiosoides, which is a
greenhouse tuberous perennial.]

COSSINEA.

An evergreen shrub (urd. Snpindaceie), flourish-
ing in the stove. It grows well in well-drained
loam and peal, and may be propagated by cuttings
under a bell-glass in heat.

Principal Species : —

pinnata, 8' to lO7, sum., wh. ; golden veined
Ivs.

COSTMARY.

Though seldom cultivated nowadays, except in
country cottage gardens for its medicinal virtues,

Co-tmary was formerly used largely in salads be-
cause of its bitter tnste and aromatic odour. Its
botanical name is Tanacetum Balsamiia, and it
belongs to what is popularly known as the Fever-
few group of the order Composite. Under cultiva-
tion it succeeds best in a moderately dry position.
Stock is increased by dividing the roots in autumn
or sowing seeds in spring.

COSTUS.

A genus (urd. Scitamineae) of stove herbaceous
perennials, some of which produce strikingly hand-
some flowers. Division is the readiest mode of
increase, and the plants grow well in fibrous loam
three parts, peat one part, and coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

afiT, 2', sum., wh., yel.
elegaus, 3', sum., golden
yel. (sifii . malortieauus) .
igneus, 3', aut.1, win., or.

yel. (The most popular

species.)

speciosus, 3', Aug., wh.
spiralis, 4', Nov., sc. (xyn.

Pisonis).

COTONEASTER.

A valuable genus of about fifteen species of
hardy shrubs or small trees (nrd. Rosace*), many
of which are of great value for covering walls in
either sunny or shady positions. The smaller
species are fine on rockwork. Propagated by
seeds sown as soon as ripe in nursery beds, by
cuttings in spring or autumn, and by layers.
Cuttings strike readily in the open or under a glass,
without heat. Grafting on the commoner species
is also practised. Common garden soil

Principal Species : —

bacillaris, Ap., wh. A

tall species of erect

growth. Used for

walking sticks (XIJHS.

lasvis and ohtusa).
— floribuinla.
buxifolia, 3' ', Ap., wh. A

pretty plant for rock-
work or low wall (.vyi/.v.

hookeriaiia, repens,etc.).
frigida, 10', Ap., wh.,

fruit, red. A sub-ev.

small tree (*////>. aftiuis

of gardens and hinia-

layeusis).

iutegerrima, !>', My., pk.
The common Cotoiie-
aster (*;iti. vulgaris,
etc.).

microphylla, 4', Ap., wh.
Probably the most rat-
able, with its wh.
flowers, followed by sc.
berries, against the ev.
foliage (.so p. 214% Var.
glacialis is the proper
name of congests.

Simongii, 6', Ap. A desir-
able garden species.

Nummularia, 10', Ap.,

wh. (>•//". Foutain'sii).
pannosa, 6', wh.
rotimdifolia, 4', Ap., wh.

(.«////. iiiicrophylla Uva-

lirsil.

thymifolia, 1', Ap...wh.
tomeutosa, 4', Ap., pk.

(si/ii. eriocarpa, etc.).
umfiora, My., wh. (*yn-

Uva-ursi).

Other Species : —
acuminata, 4', Ap., pk.

(.V////-V. roylralia, lioylei,

aiid Mespilus acumin-
ata).

affiuis, 4', A])., pk. (.v/^.v.
rosea and Mespilus
affinis).

horizontalis, Ap., ro. (syn.
davidiana).

laxiflora, •">', Ap., pk.

multiflora, 4', My., wh.
(xyu. reHexa).

COTTON. (See also GOSSYPIUM.)

Among textile fabrics cotton takes n foremost
place, and its production affords occupation to
many thousands of people. The material is wow-n
from the silky-white, hairy covering of the seeds
of .several species of Gossypium, but the one
mostly cultivated is herbaceum. which is repre-
sented by several varieties, notably barbaden-r,

I'msus Lii/iii/n'rila (nee Gnat Moth).

Cotyledon

( 244 )

Cotyledon

so extensively grown in the West Indies and
Southern United States. Commercially speaking,
cotton cultivation is limited to those countries
within oti° of either side of the Equator. Cotton
was known and used in India at leiist 800 years
before the Christian era; it was also known at an
early period in the New Work), as cotton cloth

COTONEASTEII MICROPII VLLA (let J>. 243).

lias been found in the tombs of the Incas of Peru,
Varying somewhat in height according to the
climate, the cotton bush is generally about 3'
high, and a field at harvest time is a pretty sight.
A fine description of the cotton plant was given
by the ancient historian Herodotus, who refers to
a plant grown by the Indians, which bore wool
like that of sheep, instead of fruit, and from which
they made material for clothing.

COTYLEDON.

Description. — With such a cosmopolitan genus
as Cotyledon (ord. Crassulaceie), it is difficult to
give a description that will fit all sections. Some
species are hardy, and some require warm green-
house treatment ; some are annual, though most

are perennial ; some — as in the Echeveria group

are low-growing, flattisli, or saucer shaped ; while
others notably the true Cotyledons, are succulent
shrubs 3' or more high. That there is this
wide difference is not difficult to understand when
it is pointed out that under the title of Cotyledon
all species formerly included under Cotyledon,
Echeveria, Pachyphytum, Pistorinia, and Umbili-
cus are now grouped. All are succulent plants.
Red and yellow are the predominating floral
colours, while glaucous green is the general colour
of leaf and stem.

Propagation. — All the annual species must be
raised by sowing seed in light, sandy soil in the
spring. Those that produce offsets freely can be
easily increased by placing them in small pots.
Most of the Echeveria group, so popular for
carpet bedding, or as centre plants to other
designs, may be increased by pulling off a few
outer leaves in the autumn and laying them on
sand on a dry greenhouse shelf, where, without
any assistance whatever, they will form tiny plants
at the base, which may be potted as soon as tbey
can be conveniently handled. Cuttings should be
laid on a dry shelf for a few days, to dry some-
what, before insertion.

Soil. — Lumpy, fibrous loam, mixed with plenty
of coarse sand and crushed mortar rubbish.

Other Cultural Points. — All the Cotyledons re-
quire much the same treatment. A few are hardy,
and such are indicated below. All the rest find a
congenial home in a warm greenhouse, where the
atmosphere is kept fairly dry throughout the dull
winter months. No shading is necessary at any
time, but during bright weather in spring, summer,
and autumn an abundance of air is essential.
Large pots are not needed, because few roots are
formed, and these serve chiefly as anchors. Good
drainage is imperative. A large supply of water
may be given during the summer months, but
during the remainder of the year an occasional
watering will suffice. Drip or damp is the chief
cause of failure with the whole family.

Principal Species : —

agavoides, 1', aut., dull
or.(.v//«. Echeveria agav-
oides).

atropurpurea, 1', aut.,
red,wh. (xyn. Echeveria
atropurpurea).

cocciuea, 'I', Oct., so. (syn.
Echeveria cocciiiea).

coruscans, IV, Je., or.

fascicularis, 1', Jy., red.

fulgens, 1', Jy., red, yel.
(,s7/^.Eclieveriafulgens).

gibb'jflora,2', Sep.,yel.,pk.
(see p. 24r>) (nyn. Eche-
veria gibbiflora) .

— metallica (*.'/«. Eche-
veria metallica. There
are several forms in cul-
tivation) .

glauca, 1', Sep., ro., yel.

lurida, 2', Jy., Oct., crim.,
sc. (iijm. raeemosa and
Echeveria raeemosa).

orbiculata, 2', Jy., Sep.,
red. The plants grown
as elata, oblonga, oh-
ovata, ovata, raniosa,

Other Species: -

aduuca, 3', Jy., yel., pk.

(.«//«. Paohyphytum ro-

seiim).
cii'spitosa, 1', Jy., yel.

(«//». Echeveria cses-

pitosa).
californica, 1', Jy., pale

yel. (»//«. Echeveria

califoruica).
canaliculata, 2', Ap., red

(«//«. Echeveria cauali-

culataV
chrysantha, 1', Aug.,

cream (KI/II. Umbilicus

chrysauthus).

and rotmidifolia arc
vars. of this species.

ramosissima, 2', My., grh.,
pk.

retusa, IV, Jy., Nov.,
crim., yel. A useful
plant, best represented
by its vars. glauca and
floribuiula spleudens
(KI/II. Echeveria retusa).

secuiida, 1', Je., Aug., rod,
yel. A largely grown
species, the vars. glauca
and glauca major being
largely employed in
sum. bedding (fi/iix.
Echeveria secunda and
rosacea) .

Sempervivutn, 6", Aug.,
Sep., red. Sometimes
confused with Semper-
vivum tectorum, which
is grown on roofs, on
walls, or in rock gnnlons
(KI/II. Umbilicus tfein-
pervivum).

clavifolia, R", Sep., pur.
Cooperi, 6", Jy., pk.
Corderoyi, H', Jy.. red,

yel. («.'/». Echeveria

Corderoyi).
crenata [see Kalanchoe

creuata).

ourvittora, 2', Oct., or.
desmetiuna, 1', Jy., bright

red.

elata (.w orbieulata).
gracilis, 1', Jy.
hemispha:rica, 1', Jy->

grn., wh., pur.

Couch Grass

(245 )

Couve Tronchuda

lanceolate, 6", Jy., yel.

lingiuefolia, 1', Jy., yel.
(.iif/t. Eclieveria linguie-
t'o'lia).

macula ta, 1', Je., wh.,
pur.

mamillaris, 1', Je., wh.,
par.

nodulosa, 9", Aug., yel.,
red.

Hilda, 9", Aug., yel., red.

ovata (wr orbiculata) .

Pacliyphytum, 1', Jy.,
hdy., red (»;/«*. Eclie-
veria Pachyphytum and
Pachyphytum bracte-
osum).

Peacockii (KI/HK. desmet-
iana aud peruviana).

Pestalo/zae, Je., ro.

jilatyphylla, 9", Jy., wh.
(«/«. Umbilicus platy-
phyllus).

pumila, 6", Aug., yel.,

red (syn. Eclieveria pu-
mila).

racemosa (sir lurida).
rosaeea (KIT secuuda).
rosea, 1', Ap., ro., yel.

(»//«. Eclieveria rosea).
Scheerii, U', Oct., creamy

yel.

spmosa, 1', Je., hdy., yel.
stolonifera, Aug., sc., yel.
teretifolia, H', Jy., yel.
tuberculosa, 1', Je., or.

(xyit. Umbilicus tuber-

culosus).
turkcstanica, 4", Jy.,

hdy., wh., pur. (.w//'.

Umbilicus turkestau-

icus).
Umbilicus, 6", Je., hdy.,

yel. (SI/H. Umbilicus

horixoutalis) . The

British Navelwort.
undulata, 1', Je.
velutiua, 3', Jy., yel., red,

grn.

Principal Specie.! :—
scherffiana, wh.
^pcciosa, 12', Ap. , pur.

(«/«. Portlandia hex-
andra, Jatquin).

COUCH GRASS.

Couch Grass (Triticum repens) is a near ally
of the cultivated Wheat plant, but the usefulness
of its brothers must not he taken as a guarantee of
its own, for it is one of the roost troublesome
weeds on the face of the earth. A heavy appli-
cation of salt in hot, dry weather will temporarily
clear it from gravel walks ; but it returns re-
invigorated thereby the next season. No remedy
is thoroughly effective except digging every
scrap of the creeping root up and burning it on
the smother fire. Twitch and Squitch are names
also applied to it. If not elegant they are ex-
pressive.

COUROUPITA. (CAXXON BALI. TUBE.)
Under cultivation, Couroupita guianensis (prd.
Myrtacese) requires a roomy stove and a compost
of loam, peat, and sand. The large fruits are like
cannon jkulls, and they make a loud report when
opening: The pulp is edible, and the shell is used
in Guiana as a drinking vessel.

Only Species : —

guianensis, 15', Jy., Sep., wh., ro.

COUSINIA.

A genus of little grown annual, biennial, or
perennial plants (prd. Composite), which can be
grown in common soil, and are raised by seeds
sown at the beginning of April in the open. The
perennials can be divided in spring. Few are in
cultivation, but Hystrix, 2' high, which is a hardy
biennial and flowers in June, is sometimes seen.
It lias purplish blooms, and the leaves are covered
with a cobweb-like wool. Others are carduiformis,
cynaroides, macrocephala, tenella, uncinata, and
wolgensis.

COUTAREA.

These stove evergreen trees (ord. Rubiaceae) are
very handsome, and have economic value, inns-
much as the Cinchona bark of British Guiana is
the produce of the trees. They grow well in loam
and peat, and spring cuttings root readily in sandy
soil under a bell-glass over bottom heat.

COUTOUBEA.

The two species of this genus (prd. Gentianese)
are respectively a stove annual and a stove bien-

Coulteria, (see C<esalpinla).

I'linlii: Mr. /!. I.. 7V.7.-, ,-.

CoTVI.KIMiX (illDIIFLOUA (*'-•/'. 244).

nial. Both can be raised from seeds sown in heat
and transplanted as may be necessary. Soil, loam
and peat.

Principal Species :—
ramosa, 2' to 3', Jy., at. spirata, 2', Jy., st. bien.,

aim., wh. wh.

COUVE TRONCHUDA.

A fine vrgctabh- (lirassira olci;in';i cnstata).

sometimes called the Portugal Cabbage. It i- not

very commonly grown ; in fact, it is only seen in

Cowania

248 )

Craniolaria

the gardens of the wealthy. The midribs of the
leaves are very thick, white, and succulent, and
when cooked in similar fashion to Seakale are
excellent. The central heart is also available, and
this differs little in flavour from an ordinary
Cabbage. For an early crop, a sowing- should be
made in heat in mid-February, the seedlings being
transferred to cold frames to strengthen, and
subsequently placed in the open ground 3' apart
each way. Successional sowings may be made in
March and April. The plants are rich feeders, and
nitrogenous manures should be given them freely.
A dressing of 1 oz. per square yard of nitrate of
soda is a capital dressing, and liquid farmyard
manure is also beneficial.

COWANIA.

The chief member of this genus (prd. Rosaceae) is
a greenhouse evergreen shrub. It is somewhat
difficult of propagation ; cuttings should be in-
serted in sand under a bell-glass in gentle heat.
The best soil is loam, peat, and sharp sand.

Principal Species : —
plicata, 2', Je., red.

COW DUNG.

Cow dung ta,kes a foremost place among manures
because, wht.. associated with litter and urine, it is
a complete fertiliser. One point in its favour is
that it is not so fiery in its effects upon crops as
are many chemical and animal manures. Cow
dung is the most valuable for medium and light
lands. It is also useful as an ingredient of potting
soils, but for this purpose it should be stacked in
layers with loam turves, or placed under cover
where it will dry steadily previous to use. Scarcely
any 'liquid manure is more calculated to assist
crop production than that made with fresh cow
dung, whether considered as a winter application
for fruit trees, or a summer feeding for Vines. Figs,
Begonias. Chrysanthemums, etc. Cow dung is the
best mulch in early summer where the soil is
light, because it holds a larger quantity of moisture
than any other organic manure.

COWSLIP.

With its Primrose-like leaves, greenish white
stem, and bright yellow, fragrant flowers, the
Cowslip (Primula veris) is one of the prettiest of
British woodland flowers. Ancient herbalists
credited the Cowslip with medicinal virtues that
are not recognised to-day. Cowslip wine is a
pleasant and sparkling beverage, and is still made
in those districts where the plant abounds and
flowers freely.

CRAB.

The fruits of the wild Apple tree are popularly
known as Crabs or Crab-apples, and the name has
been derived from their sour and harsh taste, which
usually causes the eater to make a wry or crabbed
face. Crab:apple jelly is a preserve that generally
finds favour owing to its distinct flavour. During
recent, years a race of garden varieties has been
brought into being, and the beauty of their flowers,
fruit, and autumn colour has won them a place in

Covellia (see Fieiis).
Com Grass (see Trifolium medium).
Cow Parsnip (see Ileraeleum).
Cow tree (sse lirasimum).

our gardens. The Dartmouth, John Downie,
Siberian, Imperial, and Transcendent Crabs are
among the most ornamental of trees.

CRAMBE.

These are easily grown, hardy, herbaceous peren-
nials (ord. Crucifero) that, appreciate ricli, deep
soil. They may be increased by seeds or division.
Their greatest value lies in the fact that one or two
are grown for food.

Principal Species : —

conlifolia, ;V, My., wh.
juncea, 2', My., wh.
inaritima, H , My., wh.
The Sea kale of gardens

pinnatifula, o', Jy., wh.
Taf

(see Seakale).
orientals, 4', Je., wh. ;

fragrant.

taria, 3', Je. , wh. The
fleshy root of this jila.nt
provides the so-called
Tartar bread, which is
largely consumed in
Hungary.

THE

CRANBERRY.

The British Cranberry, Oxycoccus palustris (nrd.
Yacciniacete), used to be very largely grown in the
damper situations of England and Scotland, but the
reclamation of such lands caused its rapid decline.
The American Cranberry (O. macrocarpus) was
similarly grown. The plants are hardy evergreens,
and may be increased with ease by layering or
division. A moist peat forms the most suitable
soil.

Principal Species : —

macrocarpus, !)", My., pk. This, the American
Cranberry, produces the finest fruits. There is a
form with variegated Ivs.

palustris, (>", My., pk. The English Cranberry.

CRANIOLARIA.

An attractive greenhouse annual (urd. Pedalinea:)
that should be grown from seeds sown in light, rich
soil.

Crane fly (see Tijnila).
Crane's Jlill (sec Geranium).

Craspedia

247 )

Cratsegus

Only Species : —

anntia, 1-J', sum., pale vol., wli. (syn. Martynia
Craniohiriu).

CRASPEDIA.

Half-hardy anmrils (ord. Composite), of wliicli
seeds should be sown in boxes in March, the seed-
lings being duly thinned ami finally planted out of
doors in rich, well-drained toil at the end of May.

Principal Species : —

Richea, 1', sum,, yei. - macroeephala, l\',

sum , yel., \vli.

CRASSULA.

Description. — In the main this is a genus (urd.
Crassulaceae) of South African plants which thrive
best in the greenhouse. There are many scores of
species, including annuals and herbaceous and
shrubby perennials, but the number of those that
have horticultural value is very limited. As a rule,
they are grown for the beauty of their flowers, but
a few have dislinctiveness of leafage.

Propagation. — Increase is readily effected by
cuttings of the upper portions of the growth in
summer. Expose the selected portions to the sun
for a day or two, and then insert them thinly in
pots of loam, leaf mould, and sand. These will
form neat plants, and will, flower in the second
season from insertion. Five or six will form a
specimen in one large pot. The plants usually
flower in alternate seasons.

Soil. — Two parts fibrous loam and one part leaf
soil, with sharp sand and pounded bricks.

Other Cultural Points. — After potting, water
must be given with judgment, or disappointment
will ensue. After flowering, reduce the water
supply, and in a few days cut the growths back
to near the point of origin. A greenhouse is the
best place during winter. When growth recom-
mences repot, making the new soil lirrn about the
roots. If large specimens are required, t he growths
must bo judiciously pinched.

Principal Species : —

cocciuea, 1' to2',sum., sc. than coccinea, and not

Known also as Kalo- requiring such large

smithes cocciuea. The pots. This is correctly

correct name is Kochea Rocbea jasminea, but it

coccinea. is generally known in

jasminea, 1'. Ap., My., gardens as Crassula.
wh. Smaller growing

Other Species : —

arboresceus, '2', My., pk. pyramidalis.

columuaris, 6", Jy., wh. rosularis, 6", Jy., wh.

ericoides, 6", Sep., wh. spathulata, 6", Aug., wh.

lactea, 9", Sep., wh. tetragona, 2', Aug., wh.

marginalis, 2 , Jy. , pale versicolor (see Rochea
yel. versicolor).

CRATVEGUS. (THOHN.-)

Description. —The Thorns (ord. Rosaces) are
without rivals amongst trees of comparatively
small stature for the embellishment of shrubberies
and other portions of the garden. The large
majority are white flowered, but they vary very
considerably in the form, colour, and size of the
fruit.

Propagation. — Seeds sometimes germinate
quickly, at other times taking from two to three-
years. Specially good varieties may be perpetuated
by budding or grafting upon the common White-
thorn.

Soil. — These trees have the great merit of flourish-
ing in any ordinary fertile garden soil or parkland.

Other Cultural Points. — All the species are
hardy. One or two, notably Pyracantha and its
varieties, display the remarkable beauty of their
berries in winter when grown upon a wall. Superb
specimens of Pyracantha Lalandi are frequently
seen upon walls. Pyracantha thrives in towns.

Principal Species and Varieties : -

A/arolus, 1.5', My. Of Hawthorn. This has

vigorous habit ; fruit several sub-species am!

large, red (XI/HX. Arouia numerous handsome

and Mespilus Azarolus). garden vars.

coccinea, 20', My., wh. — prcecox, 15', My., wh.

A superb tree; fruit The Glastonbury Thorn,

brilliant red (si/us. Everyone will have read

acerifolia, rotuudifolia, the legend that this

Halmia flal>ellata, Mes- Thorn sprang from the

pilus cocciuea, and Phee- walking-stick of Joseph

nopyrum coccineum) . of Arimathiea when it

lonlata, 15', Je., wh. was thrust into the

Valuable for late flower- ground,

ing; fruit deep red — puuieea flore pleuo, 20',

(.<//«*. populifolia, Mes- My., sc. Paul's Double

pilus acerifolia, and M. Scarlet Thorn, a mag-

cordata). niticent tree.

Cius-galli, 20', My., wh. Pyracantha, 10', My., wh.

The Cockspur Thorn. 'The Fiery Thorn. The

Remarkable for the var. Lalaudi is most

long, curved thorns : valuable for walls

fruit deep red. There (XI/HX. Cotoneaster Py-

are several vars., racantha, Mespilus

notably pyracanthifolia Pyracantha, and Pyra-

aud splendens (syns. cautha coccinea).

gcnnanica. lucida, wat- tauacetifolia, 15', Je., wh.

soniana, and Mespilus The Tansy - leaved

cuneifolia). Thorn. Fruit yel. Does

] Oxyacantha, l">',My.,wh. well in towns (•<//".
to pk. The Common . Mespilus tauacetifolia).

Other Species : —

i alnifolia (see cuneata). lambertiana, oliver-

apiifolia (see viridis). iana, Pallasii, and

arboresceiis (see viridis). platyphylla).

brevispina (see Douglasii). mexicaua, 15', My., wh.
caroliiiiana (xee flava). (*.'/"• Mespilus mexi-

' carpathica (»•«' uigra). cana).

coccinea glandulosa (see microcarpa (see spathu-

mollis). lata).

crenulata, 10', My., wh. mollis, 20', My., wh., red
(x/fitx. Pyracantha cron- berries (*yw,v. coccinea

ul'ata and Mespilus cren- mollis, c. glandulosa,
ulata). texana, urasiua. Mes-

ninr.it;!. 15', My., wh. pilus tilia-folia, Phamo-
(.«//»*. alnifolia anil Mes- ]iyrum subvillosum).

]>iliis cuneata). multiflora (sec hetero-

Douglasii, l.V. My., wh., pliylla).
pur. berries (*//»,v. brevi- nigra, 20', My., wh., blk.
spina, rivularis, and berries (HI/IIS. car-
Anthomeles Douglasii). pathica, versicolor, and
•lliptica (nee tomentosa). Phaenonjrum nigrum).

labellata (tee orientalis). obovatifolia (xee punc-

tata).
olivoriana (sec melano-

carpa).

orieutalis, 1-V, My., wh.,
dark red berries (KI/HS.
flubelljita, odoratissima,
schraderiana, and

Tournef ortii) .

Ha

flava, 20', My., wh., yel.
berries (XI/HX. airolin-
i.-ina. glandulosa, tur-
bin.ata, Mesj>ilus caro-
liuiaua, and Pluenopy-
rum carolinianum).

alaudulosa (*«• flava).

heterophylla, 20', My.,

wh., red In-rries (xi/ttx. . 1'allasii (.v melanocarpa).

multiflora, Mespilus peutagymi, 15', My., wh.

Aronia, M. constant!- (.-.<//<.' Mespilus penta-

no]K>litana. and M. g.vnn).

heterophylla). platypbylla (wr melano-

lamlii'i-tiana (.-" melauo- i-arpil).

carpa). punct:it.i. l.V. .My., wh.

1 itit'ojia (wcpuuctata). (»//»v. latifolia. I.oiMi-

! Loddigesii (..,, jumctata). gesii, obovatifolia,

inelanocarpa. 15', My.. Halmia cc.niit'olia, and

wh., blk. berries (xi/'ux. Mespilus punctata).

Cratseva

( 248 )

Cress (Water)

tomentosa, 20', My., wh.
(si/in, elliptica, Hal-
mia tomentosa, and
Mespilus tomentosa).

texana (see inollis).

trilobata (see viridis).

turbiuata (see flava).

urasina (see mollis).

yersicolor (see nigra).

virginica (see spathulata).

viridis, lit', My., wh., grn.
berries (SIJHS. a]>iit'olia,
arborescens, and trilo-
bata).

purpurea (see sanguiuea) .

rivularis (see Douglasii).

sanguiiiea, 15', My., wh.,
criin. berries (syns. pur-
purea altaica and
spinosissima) .

schraderiaua (see orient-
alls).

spathulata, 15', My., wh.
(xyns. microcarpa, vir-
ginica, Cotoneaster
spathulata, and Mes-
pilus spathulata).

spiuosissima (we sau-
guinea).

CRATSEVA.

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Capparidese) that
thrive in rich loam with peat and sand. They
may be propagated from cuttings under a bell-
glass over bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

gynandra, 10', My., wh. religiosa, 14', My., wh.
The bark of the root of («/«. Roxburghii).

this plant blisters like Roxburghii (see religiosa).

Cantharideb. " Garlic Tapia, 30', My., wh.

Pear." tapioides, 20', My., wh.

CRAWFURDIA.

A small genus (ord. Gentianese) of half-hardy
or cold greenhouse herbaceous twiners. They may
be increased by division, and grow well in rich,
moderately strong soil.

Principal Species : —
fasciculata, 4', Aug., bl.

CREEPERS.

These are hardly represented in the garden to
the extent they merit, considering the numbers of
beautiful subjects to be found among them, and
their suitability for converting bare and ugly
fences, walls, or arches into monuments of luxuri-
ance and beauty. However, it is kinder to leave
them entirely alone than to put them in unsuitable
soil, against a hot, dry wall, and then leave them
to struggle unassisted against adverse circum-
stances, as is so often the case. Given a good bed
of rich soil, and treated on the assumption that a
wall is a terribly moisture-absorbing companion,
which appropriates far more than its own share of
rains and dews, no class of plants will better repay
the cultivator for his trouble. A good soaking at
the roots occasionally, a spraying with the syringe
in very dry, hot weather, an occasional fastening
in position, with an annual thinning or pruning, are
all the creeper asks in exchange for its wealth
of blossom— a wealth often supplemented by a
gorgeous crop of berries or beautiful evergreen
leaves. A few of the most suitable plants for
various aspects are named, but the colour of the
wall should be considered in relation to that of the
flowers selected, so that incongruity may be
avoided. It may also be noted that the word
" creeper" is dealt with in its popular sense.

For the east wall, we may select from the
beautiful Ayrshire and evergreen Roses ; Crataegus
Lalandi, orange berried and evergreen ; Cotone-
aster microphylla, with the same recommenda-
tions; Cydonia japonica, crimson flowers ; common
Virginian Creeper, green Ivies, and the yellow-
flowered Forsythia suspensa and Jasminum nudi-
florum.

For the South Wall. — Passiflora casrulea, and its
white variety Constance Elliott; Clematis Princess
of Wales, C. Beauty of Worcester, and C. Duke of
Edinburgh ; Escallonia macrantha floribunda, red
flowers ; Vitis inconstans (Ampelopsis Veitchii), the
self-clinging Virginian Creeper ; Wistaria sinensis,
purplish blue, flowers in hanging racemes; and Hoses
such as Gloire dc Dijon, Marechal Niel, and W. A.
Richardson.

For the West Wall. — Clematis montana, white ;
C. Jackmanii, purple ; Vitis vinifera purpurea,
leaves bronzy red ; Cliimonantlius fragrans var.
grandiflora, Garrya elliptica, Jasminum omcinnle,
white, and Vitis inconstans.

For the North Wall. — Fewer subjects are here
available, but the common Virginian Creeper
succeeds fairly well. CrattBgns Pyracnntha, Caly-
canthns occidentalis, Rose Homere, and any of
the strong-growing green Ivies will do. For
adorning arches, Jcnces, and garden walls a
selection may be made from the following:
Common and variegated Hops, Canary Creeper,
Everlasting Peas, Convolvulus, Tropseolum. majus
and T. lobbianum, Virginian Creeper, Clematis Jack-
manii and C. montana, Aristolochia Sipho, Cobuea
scandens, Lonicera Caprifolium, Jasminum ofticin-
alis, and Roses Aimee Vibert, Felicite Perpetue,
Bennett's Seedling, Crimson Rambler, Dundee
Rambler, and The Garland. (See also CLIMBERS.)

CRESCENTIA.

A genus (nrd. Bignoniacese) of evergreen trees
that may be grown in deep, rich loam and peat, in
the stove. Propagation may be effected by cuttings
in sand under a bell-glass over bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

Cujete, 20', wh. The pleasant. The hard,

Calabash tree. Some woody shells are used

fruits globose, others for spoons and ladles,

bottle - shaped ; the as they stand lire

flavour is not very remarkably well.

Other Species : —

alata, 10', lil. (now Par- macrophylla, 8', grn. yel.

mentiera alata). (now Amphitechna.

cucurbitina, 10', wh. macrophylla).

CRESS.

Three varieties of Crefs (Lepidium sativum) are
in cultivation for use in salads. The Broad-leaved
form has given place to the Plain-leaved and
Curled varieties, the latter being used largely for
garnishing. Cress is not quite so easy to manage
as the stronger-growing Mustard, but it requires
similar treatment. Being slower growing than
Mustard, it must be allowed four or five days
longer if both are needed at the same time. Cress
has a more delicate flavour than Mustard, but it is
not grown nearly so much commercially ns the
latter.

CRESS (WATER).

The Watercress industry is an extensive one, for
there is no salading more popular with the general
public, and scarcely another that can be purchased
cheaply the whole year round. So hardy and so
free-rooting is the Watercress (Nasturtium offici-
nale) that anyone may grow it in a bowl of water
or in a very moist or wet corner of the garden ; but
the best produce is secured where running water is
available, and it is for this reason that many acres
are under Cress cultivation along the banks of the
slow moving River Wandle in Surrey. Everv bit of

Crickets

( 249)

Crinum

plant will grow, consequently propagation offers no
difficulties. Broad, shallow trendies are made, and
in these the pieces are dibbled about 4" apart each
way ; a dressing of decayed cow manure or river
mud is then given, and in a few days the water is
allowed to rise 2" or 3". These beds are replanted
annually, and they provide a crop each month.

with doing damage to the very young growths of
plants. Crickets may be trapped'with a mixture of
treacle, flour, and beer, in the form of a syrup,
adding a very few drops of oil of aniseed. A small
amount is placed in a clean vessel, the outer
sides of which are covered with cloth to assist the
crickets to enter the jar. The so-called singing is

CltlNUM GIGAXTEUM (fee ji. J"'0).

After eacli cutting a top-dressing is given, and the
Cresses are beaten down with a flat board. Cresses
grown on moist borders are always coarser and of
more pungent flavour than those grown in running
water.

CRICKETS.

The domestic cricket (Gryllus domesticus) is
found in the hot, dry air of stokeholes, and fre-
quently passes to the houses, where it is credited

produced by the friction of the basal portions of
the wing cases against each other.

CRINUM.

Description. — This largo genus of bulbous plants
(ord. AmaryllidoM1) inclu<!es stove, greenhouse, and
hardy species, some few of which ought to find
places in all gardens. Apart from the acknowledged
U'auty (if the flowers, the leaves are decidedly
handsome.

Crinura

( 250 )

Crocosmia

Propagation. — I!y seeds or offsets. Generally
speaking, the latter system is the better, -for if
large offsets are secured and potted in the early
sprint: they will grow and produce excellent flowers
in about fifteen months. Propagation from seeds
is easy, but it takes about four years to grow
flowering plants. The pots, which should contain
one seed each, ought to be placed in a propagating
case. The schillings must be repotted before they
become root-hound.

Soil.- A mixture of mellow, fibrous loam two
parts, fibrous peat one part, both being pulled to
pieces and used in a lumpy state, with sharp
sand to ensure porosity, suits.

Other Cultural Points. -When the species that
are grown in large pots or tubs have reached the
utmost convenient size, annual repotting or re-
tubbing is neither necessary nor desirable, provided
perfect drainage was given at the outset. Let
top-dressing take the place of potting, displacing
some of the surface soil by fresh, rich compost.
Bulbs of the hardy species should be covered by
8" of soil, which inust be rich, without contain-
ing a great deal of fresh manure, and moisture-
holding, but not to the point of stagnation.

Principal Species : —

amabile, 3' to 4', Je., Jy.,

St., red pur. (sy». su-

perbum).

asiaticum, 3', Jy., st., wh.
Kirkii, T , aut., wh., red

(si/n. massaianum).
longifolium, 3', Jy., hdy.,

pk. Flourishes on the

margins of ponds.

There is a fine wh.

form (syns. capense

and riparium).
Macowani, 3', Nov., Dec.,

cool st. , wh. pur.
Moorei, 2', spr. or aut.,

Moorei

vanilloiloruin (•<•(• gijan-

teum).
yuccajflorum, H', sum.,

red, wh. («,'/«. Brous-

sonetii).

ycmense (we latifolium).
zeylauicum, 3', Je., pur.

cool st., ro. One of the
best known. There is
a beautiful wh. var.
(album) , and also one
with variegated leaves
(yariegatum) («/«*.
Colensoi, Mackenii, ma-
koyauum, and natal-
ense.)

Powellii.4'. Jy., sub-hily.,
ro. ; a hybrid from longi-
folium and Moorei.
There are wh. (album)
and red (rubrum) forms
(».'/«. grandiflorum).

Other Species:

americaimm, 2', Je., wh.
an^ustifolium,2', Jy., wh.

(siftix. arenarium and

australasicum).
aquaticum (see campanu-

latum).
arenarium (see angnsti-

f olium) .

augustum, !£', Jy., ro.
australasicum (.vr angus-

tif olium).
australe (see peduncula-

tum).

brachyiiema. 1^', Je., wh.
bractuatum. 1', Je., wh.
Broussonetii (.w yuccae-

florum).
campanulatum, 4', sum.,

ro. (*,'/«. aquaticum).
caualiculatum (nee pe-

dunculatum) .
capense (nee longifolium).
careyanum,2', Oct. , blush.
Colensoi (.wMoorei).
Commelynii, 2', Jy. , wh.

(HI/US, lindlcyanum and

rcvolutum).
cruentum, 4', Jy. , pk.
dofixum, 2', Oct., wh.
distichum, 2', Jy., pur.,

wh.
erubescens. 2', Jy., wh.,

pur.

flaccidum, 2J', Jy., wh.

forbesianum, 1', Oct., wh.
red.

giganteum, 4', Jy., wh.
(see p. 249) (syns. nobile
and vauillociorum).

gniiMliHorum(sffPowellii).

Hilrtebrandtii, 2', Aug.,
wh.

latifolium, 2', Jy., pk.
(XI/HX. moluccana and
speciosum).

leucophyllum,2',Aug.,pk.

liudleyannm (nee Com-
melyuii).

liueare, 2', sum , red, wh.

Mackeuii (see Moorei).

makoyanum (nee Moorei).

massaianum (see Kirkii).

moluccanum (see lati-
folium).

natalense (see Moorei).

nobile (<tre giganteum).

pedunculatum, 4', sum.,
grn.,wh. (tyiis. australe,
cannlicnlatum, and tait-
ense).

podophyllum, 1', Oct.,wh.

revolutum (see Com-
melynii).

ri]iariiim (we longifolium) .

scabrum, 3', My. , pk.

Schimperi, wh.

Schmidtii
album).

speciosum (nee latifolium).

submersum, H', Jy.. pk.

superbuni (XIT amaliile).

taitense (net peduncula-
tum).

CRISTARIA.

A little-grown genus of about twenty species of
plants (urd. Malvaceae), generally of prostrate
habit, and requiring greenhouse oi' stove treatment.
They like a peaty soil, and are propagated by
cuttings, or by seeds sown in heat in spring. Prac-
tically the only one in cultivation under the name
of Cristaria is the undenioted, which properly
belongs to the Malvastrums, and is a pretty herba-
ceous plant, hardy in this country.

Principal Species : —

coccinea, G", Aug., sc. (now Malvastrum cocci-
neum).

CRITHMUM. (SAMPHIRE.)

A hardy perennial plant (ord. Umbellifera?), the
only species now included in the genus being a
fleshy-leaved subject frequently used for making
pickles. It is a seaside plant, but may be culti-
vated successfully inland if planted, or the seeds
sown, on a shaded, sheltered border in a warm
position. Some recommend that the plants should
be watered occasionally with a weak solution of
Tidman's or other sea-salt. Other plants formerly
known as Crithmum will be found under Astydamia,
Cenolophium, Deveria, Seseli, etc. C. latifolium is
Astydamia canariensis.

Only Species : —

maritimum, 1', Aug., wh.

CROCKS.

The pieces of broken flower pots which are used
to form drainage for pot plants. One large, roughly
rounded piece is placed concave side downwards,
to cover the hole at the bottom of the pot. Over
this smaller pieces are arranged in layers in large
pots, or loosely scattered in to a depth of j" or so
for smaller ones ; the whole being carefully covered
with semi-decayed leaves, peat fibre, or moss, on
which the soil rests, and whose intrusion into nnd
choking of the drainage is thereby prevented.
Small lumps of coke, cinders, or gravel sweepings
may take the place of ordinary crocks.

CROCOSMIA.

A very handsome bulbous plant (urd. Iridese),
which is one of the parents of the favourite Mont-
bretia (now Tritonia) crocosmiseflora, and is very
ornamental in borders, or grown in pots for the
greenhouse or conservatory. It is rather tender in
cold districts and on some soils, and it is wise to
cover the surface of the soil before frost sets in with
3" or 4" of Cocoanut fibre refuse or dry litter. Or
the corms may be lifted when the leaves become
yellow, and stored in a dry place, free from frost,
until spring. Plant from •)" to (>" deep in rich
but light soil. This fine plant is propagated by
offsets, removed when the plant is at rest, or by
seeds sown in pots under glass or in a frame as
soon as ripe.

Only Species : —

aurea, 2', Jy., etc., or. Vars. of much worth
nre imperialis and maculata, the former being very
fine.

Criocerii (gee Asparagus Beetle).

Crocus

Crocus

CROCUS.

Description. — Charming spring-, autumn-, or
winter - flowering bulbous plants (ord. Irideie),
.so well known as to need no detailed description.
They are of the highest decorative value, either
1'or planting; in beds or borders, on grass, in the
rock garden, or in frames. They are also very
pleasing when grown in pots for the house or
e.mservatory. All are hardy, except when other-
wise indicated. The various species, as dis-
tinguished from the popular Dutch spring Crocuses,
are very desirable, and ought to be more largely
grown. Those which bloom in autumn are es"-
peeially worthy of the notice .of garden lovers.
Sativus produces the saffron, for which it was at
one time largely grown in England.

Propagation. — By offsets or by seeds, the former
being removed when the plants are at rest, and
the latter sown as soon as ripe, or in spring, in
pans or in the open ground! where, if not sown too
closely, the seedlings may remain until large
enough to flower. When rapid increase is desired,
the corms or " bulbs '' (the former being the proper
term) maybe planted about 4" apart, and lifted
every two or three years.

Soil. — The Crocus will grow in almost any good
soil, but it thrives best when it has one of a rich,
light, sandy nature.

Other Cultural Points. — Crocuses ought to be as
short a time out of the ground as possible, so that
replanting should, if possible, be done immediately
alter lifting. The best time to do this is as soon
as the leaves have become quite yellow, and come
freely away from the corms. Plant about, 3" deep,
ami the same apart, unless an immediate effect is
required, when they may be placed almost close
together. When Crocuses are to be planted in
grass, it is desirable to remove the turf immedi-
ately above where they are to be planted, and to
stir the soil below thoroughly, adding, if it is poor,
a little b>ne dust or basic slag, and replacing the
turf after the Crocuses are in position. Plants in
grass or elsewhere must not have the leaves cut
oil before they have become yellow. Forgetful-
ness of this is responsible for the poor results
often seen.

Crocuses in Pots.— These should be planted close
together ; from five to six corms are required for a
5" pot. They may be only lightly covered with soil,
and then plunged in ashes or Cocoanut fibre refuse
in the open or in a cold frame until the roots have
nearly filled the pots and top growth has begun,
when they may be taken indoors and gradually
brought on in a higher temperature. The Dutch
Crocuses may be grown in water, like the Hyacinth,
or in damp moss or Jadoo.

Key to the Genus. — An admirable key to the
genus was drawn up by Mr. George Maw, whose
great " .Monograph of the genus Crocus " is a
standard work on the Crocuses, and of great
assistance to growers.

Principal Species and Varieties :

aureus, spr., or. yel. The parent of our golden
yel. Dutch Crocus, so indispensable in our gardens
in spr. There are a number of vars. of this
species, of which a few of the best are albus,
llavus, lacteus, lacteus pencillatus, lutescens,
miesiaeiis. pallidus, sulphurous, and trilineatus.
These vary in shade of yel. or creamy wh.

bitlorus, spr., wh. A useful, very early Crocus,
giving a number of forms, such as Adami, Alex-

andri (syn. C. Alexandri), argenteus, c;endescens,
estriatus, Leichtlinii, nubigenus, Pestalozzaji, pur-
purascens, pusillus, and Weldeni.

chrysanthus, spr., or. Several vars., including
albidus, cterulescens, Canary Bird, fusco-lineatus,
fusco-tinctus, and superbus.

Imperati, spr., pur., buff exterior. A very early
and desirable species. There are several forms,
those known as longiflorus and albus being desir-
able.

longiflorus, aut., lil., pur. A pretty, sweet
scented species (syn. odorus), va'rs. Wilhelmi and
melitensis.

inidillorus, aut., pur. A good aut. Crocus, said
to be wild or naturalised near Nottingham.

sativus, aut., pur. The Saffron Crocus, from
which is obtained the genuine saffron of com-
merce. There are a number of forms, nearly all

of which bloom more freely than the type, which
is shy in many gardens. Good forms are eari-
wrightianus, Elwesii. Ilaussknechtii, Pallasii, and
Taitii. These range from wh. to pur.

Sieberi, spr., lil. A lovely little species, one of
the earliest to bloom It is variable, and the form
versicolor is very beautiful.

speciosus, aut., lil., pur. Among the most elTee-
tive of all the aut. species, and one of the first to
bloom. The form or var. Aitchisonii is very fine.

tommasinianus, spr., lavender. A cheap little
early blooming Crocus, which should be planted in
quantity. It varies slightly in shade of colour.

vernus, spr., wh. to pur. A valuable species, the
parent of the finely coloured Dutch wh., pur., and
striped Crocuses, whose names will be found in
any catalogue. There are u good many less well
known forms worth growing, such as concinnus,
George Maw, Leedsii, leucorhynchus, obovatus.
siculus, etc.

versicolor, spr.. pur., striped. A variable Crocus,
known as the Cloth of Silver Crocus. Vars. albus,
picturatiis, retlexus, and violaceus.

Cropping

( 252 )

Croton

zonatus, aut., ro. lil. One of the most beautiful
of all, and desirable for every garden.

Other Species and Varieties :—

icrius, spr., bl.

karduchorum, aut., lil.
Korolkowii, win., or., br.

alatavicus, spr., wh., pur.; Korolkown, win., or., br.
vars. lilaciuus, pallitlus, tevigatus, aut., wh., lil.,
purpureus, etc. pur. (syn. Boryi larvi-

gatus).

spr. , pur. ,

ancyrensis, spr., or.

astiiiicus, aut., pur.

atticus, spr., wh.

Balansa;, spr., or., br.

banaticus, spr., pur.

Biliottii, spr., pur.

Boisseri, spr., wh.

Boryi, aut., wh.

— marathoniseus.

Cambessedesii, aut., lil.,
pur.

cancellatus, aut., pur. ;
vars. cilicicus, maz-
ziarieus, lilacinus, etc.

candidus, spr., wh. (syn.
Kirkii).

— luteus.

carpetanus, spr., lil.
caspius, aut., wh.
Clusii, aut., pur.
corsicus, spr., lil., buff,
cyprius, spr., lil. ; tender.
Crewei, spr., wh., anthers

chocolate.

dalmaticus, spr., lil., pur.
Daiifordise, spr., pale yel.
etruscus, spr., lil., wh.
- - pallidus.
Fleischeri, spr., wh.,

feathered pur.
Gaillardotii, spr., lil.
gargaricus, spr., yel.
granateusis, aut., pur.,

wh.
hadriaticus, aut., wh.

— chrysobelonicus.
hermoneus, aut., pur.,

wh., tender,
hyemalis, win., wh.

— Foxii, chocolate an-
thers.

iridiflorus, aut., pur. ; var.
major " fine (syn. by-
zantinus).

CROPPING.

The term applied '-o the planting and cultivation
of land. Double cropping consists of growing two
distinct, kinds of plants together on the same
ground, of which Strawberries alternating in rows
with Onions, or Spinach with Peas, are examples.

CROSNES (see ARTICHOKES, CHINESE).

CROSSANDRA.

Handsome stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Acan-
thacere) that flourish in rich loam, peat, and sand.
and may be propagated by cuttings inserted in
sand beneath a bell-glass over bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

flava, I', Feb., yel.
undulsefolia, 1J', Mch.,

Other Species :—

axillaris (ww undulsefolia) .
guineeusis, 6", Oct., pale

lil.
infundibulifonnis (see un-

dulajfolia).

lazicus, spr., or.
Malyi, spr., wh.
mazziarieus, aut., wh.
medius, aut., pur., var.

pallidus.

minimus, spr., buff, vio.
moiitenegrinus, spr. ,

cream,
nevadensis, spr. , pur. (sy».

atlanticus).
ochroleucus, aut., wh.,

yel. ; slightly tender.
Olivieri, spr., or.
parviflorus, spr., lil.
pulchellus, aut., bl.
reticulatus, spr., wh., lil.

— albicans, wh.
Salzmanuii, aut. , pur.

— erectophyllus.
Scharojanii, aut., or. ;

tender.

serotiuus, aut., pur., lil.
stellaris, spr., or., striped

pur.
suaveolens,

buff,
sulphureus, spr., yel. ;

vars. pallidus, striatus,

etc.
susianus, spr., or.,

feathered br.
suterianus, early spr., or.
Tauri, spr., pur.
Tournefortii, aut., lil.,

feathered pur. (sy»t.

Orphanidis).
vallicola, aut., pale wh.;

vars. lilacinus and su-

warrovianus ; tender,
vehichensis, spr., pur.
Veneris, aut., wh., lil. ;

tender,
vitellinus, win., or.

or. sc. (.«//».«. axillaris
and infundibulifonnis).

peduncularis, 15', Mch.,
or. sc. ; probably a var.
of undularfolia.

CROTALARIA.

This genus comprises a large number (about
200) of greenhouse and stove annuals and ever-
greens (ord. Legurninosie), but they cannot be
regarded as very popular. The annuals are readily
raised from seeds, and the evergreens from cut-
tings, a fairly high temperature being requisite in
both cases. A mixture of fibrous loam and peat,
with coarse sand, is suitable. These plants are
very prone to the attacks of red spider.

Principal Species : —

Cunuinghamii, 3', Feb.,

st. ev., pur., yel., grn.
juncea, 1' to 2', Jy. ,
golden yel.

Other Species : —

incana, Je., Jy., yel.
laburuifolia, Jy., Sep.,
yel.

longirostrata, 3',
yel.

Aug.,

pumila. Jy., Aug., yel.
semperfioreus, Mch., Sep. f
yel.

Photo : Cassell <{• Company, Ltd.

CROTON AIGDURTHIENSIS (see p. 254).

CROTON.

Description.— The plants now being dealt with
under the popular name of Croton are classed
by botanists under Codiseura. They are, however,
so universally known in gardens as Crotons that
the name is retained to avoid confusion in the
minds of non-botanical readers. Both genera
belong to the same Natural Order (Eupliorbiacere),
but whereas the true Crotons have comparatively
little to recommend them from a horticultural
point of view, the Codifeums are amongst the most
useful, beautiful, and graceful foliage plants that
we have. Garden raised hybrids and varieties are
innumerable, and they present a greater range of
beauty in foliage than any other evergreen shrub
that is grown in our stoves.

Propagation. — Plants can be raised from seeds,
but this process commends itself only to those who

Crossyne (see Huphane).

Photo: Cnsai'll iC Couijitini/, /J.I.

CKOTUK Mus. SWAN.

CHOTON PKINCESS OF WALES.

Photo : Viisscli (('• roniiutiiij, J,td.

CKOTON SUNSHINE.

Photo: Caaaell <t- Company, /.Id.

CHOTON COUNTESS.

Croton

25-t )

Crowea

are seeking for new varieties. The general practice
is to raise stock by the aid of cuttings of the firm
upper portions of the shoots, which root readily in
sandy peat, beneath a bell-glass, over bottom heat.
and shaded from the sun. Cuttings can also be
-rooted in water, and in either case they must be
potted as necessary.

Pin/to : Cassell

Soil. — The best compost for these plants consists
of fibrous loam three parts, peat and leaf mould
one part each, witli sharp sand according to the
nature of the principal ingredients. Instead of
adding. manure to the compost, it is preferable to
feed with liquid manure when the pots containing
the plants are full of roots.

Other Cultural Points. — When plants become
"leggy, "and lose their lower leaves, as they are
somewhat prone to do, elegant specimens, beauti-
fully " feathered," and admirable for table decora-
tion, may be had by rooting the tops. An upward
cut about 1" long is made beneath the lowest
leaves', and a small piece of wood is inserted to
keep the cut portion from the parent stem. Moss
is then bound round, and if kept moist in a high
temperature, roots will be emitted, and the whole
may be severed from the parent stem and
potted in the customary manner. Plants grown
on a single steni are most useful, but branched
plants may be secured by pinching out the lead in
the early stages and once subsequently stopping
the side growths. The plants must be kept
scrupulously clean, and must have the benefit of
the fullest light if the finest colouring is expecterl.

A Selection of Varieties : —
aigburthiensis, narrow, Flambeau.

bright red, grn. (see Golden King, twisted Ivs.,

/>. '2')'2). rich yel., blotched grn.

augustifolium, narrow, Hawkeri, creamy wh. ,

golden yeL, yel., gni.
IJismarckii, grn., yel.

veins and blotches.
Chelsonii, or., salmon red-,

criin.

Disraeli, grn., veined yel.
Earl of Derby, golden

yel., margined grn.
evansianum, grn., yel.,

crim., so.

gru. (see figure).
Her Majesty. narrow

foliage, golden yel. ,

deep grn.

illustris, grn., spotted yel.
interruptum aureuni, pur.

grn., golden yel.
Johamiis, grn., margined

yel.
Laingii, grn., red, salmon.

JIdme. E. Bcrgmaun, old

gold, red br.
Mdme. E. Tournier, broad

Ivs., gold, olive grn.
majesticum, grn., yel.,

crim.
Mayi, narrow foliage, grn.,

yel.
Mrs. Cliliran, narrow

grn. , golden yel.
Mrs. Lewis, narrow, pale

grn., yel.

Newmannii, grn., red, yel.
picturatum, dark grn.,

yel., red.
Prmoeaa of Wales, gold,

cream, grn. (*<•» • p. '2 ">:>).
Princess Waldeck, gold,

grn.
Queen Victoria, broad Ivs. ,

gold, magenta, crira.
recurvifolium, grn., cream,

Reidii, broad, yel., pur.

grn., salmon, bronze

(.«•<• i>. '251).
Russellii, sc., red, br.
Shuttle wortliii, grn., yel.,

br.
Tliomsonii, broad Ivs.,

gold, chocolate, crim.
varirgatum tricolor, grn..

gold, (Te;un.
Venus, narrow, twisted

Ivs., light yel., deep

grn.
\Varrenii, very handsome,

twisted Ivs., grn.,

or. , car. (we figure).
Williamsii, broad, grn.,

crim., magenta.
Weismannii, grn., veined

and margined vol.
Van Oosterxoi, small

Ivs., grn., spotted

pale yel.

yel.

True Crotons. — The true Crotons are stove ever-
greens. The principal species arc Kleuteria, ;V,
June, greenish white, which gives the Eleuteria
bark of commerce ; and Tiglium, 10', August,
greenish white, from whose seeds is expressed the
powerful purgative known as Croton Oil.

CROWBERRY.

The Crowburry, Empotrum nignim, grows in the
highlands of Scotland, and the purple berries are
sometimes eaten, but if taken in quantity are said
to produce headache. They are employed in
Siberia in making a refreshing drink, and in other
parts of northern Asia for making a dark purple
dye.

CROWEA.

These Australian evergreen shrubs (iiriJ. Kuta-
ceie) gro%v well in the greenhouse, and may be

I'liOto: Ctixtcll it- Co»i/'a».v, /.'<?.

CKOTOX WAUHEXII.

increased from cuttings in very sandy soil. Soil,
peat and loam. They require careful watering at
all stages.

Principal Species : —
saligna. •>' to 3', Aug., latifolia (.><•<• saligna).

pk., pur. ("i/ii. latifolia).

Crown Imperial

( 255 )

Cryptostegia

Other Species : —

elliptica, 3', Jy., pk.

CROWN IMPERIAL. (1 KITILLARIA

I.MP13EIALIS.)

The effective garden bulbous plants (nrd. Lilin-
ceac) known as Crown Imperials are varieties of
Fritillaria Imperialis, and are of considerable value
by reason of their bold habit and distinct appear-
ance. They thrive in good, rich soil, and should
have a position which is not exposed to cold winds
when they are in bloom. Their large heads of
drooping '.lowers, surmounted by a tuft of leaves,
are very ornamental. Plant as early in autumn as
possible. The variegated-leaved forms are desir-
able.

A Selection : —
Crown upon Crown, two gratis, silver varie-

tiers of yel. flowers. ^aii'd.

lutea, yel. — 1'oliis aureis variegatis,

— pleno, double flowers. gold variegated.

Orange! Brilliant, nr. Slagzwaard, fasciated

ruln'a maxima, red. stem.

- - t'oliis argenteis varie- sulphureus. sulphur.

CRUCIANELLA.

A genus of upwards of twenty perennial or
annual plants (nrd. Kubiace;e), with leaves in whorls
and rather tubular-shaped ilowers. They are in-
creased by seeds sown in spring in a frame or
greenhouse, or by division at the same season, and
grow in common soil. The plant most generally
cultivated under this name is stylosa, a pretty
hardy perennial. All are perennials, and hardy
unless otherwise mentioned.

Principal Species : —

.imericana, 1', Jy., grh. molluginoides, 1', Jy. ,yel.

I.)'1!'., yel. (now Asperula mollu-

chloro^tachys, Jy., hlf- giuoides).

hdy., yel! pubesceus, 1', Jy., hlf-

glauea. Jy. , lilf-hdy., hdy. (now Asperula

yel. («</». gilanioa). incana).

glomarata, 1', Jy., yel. stylosa (now Asperula

(now Asperula glome- ciliata).

rata1. suaveolens, 1', Jy., yel.
maritima, 1', Jy., grli.

ev., yel.

CRYPTANTHUS.

These curious plants (t»'d. Bromeliace.T>) are
natives of Brazil, and are closely related to the
1'illbergias. They are stove epiphytes, and succeed
with the Caraguatas and Bromelias. (See
liKO.MELIA.)

Principal Species :-

Iieu< heri, (>", Aug., \vh., undulatus, 10", wh., pur.

red. grn. leaves,

bivittutus. 10", Aug., wh. * rul.er, 10", red., pur.

(«/». Moensii). foliage.

CRYPTOCHILUS.

A sniall Himalayan genus (ord. Orchidaces;),
('minded' by Wallich. They grow well wilh the
Krias being nearly related to them and. to
Trichosma.

Principal Species : —

sanguinea, (!", sum., bright sc.

CRYPTOCORYNE.

A <iriall genus (nrd. Aroide;") of stove herbaceous

Cnnrfoot (see Jtanunrvlus).
Criiilislianltiia of Haulier (sec Unlliififi).
(see Gymnoitacliyitin).

perennials, increased by division. They do best
in a compost of peat and loam.

Principal Species : —

ciliata, 1', Mv., pur. grn. spiralis, V, My., br.
cordata, 1', J'e., gra.

CRYPTOGAM.

The vegetable kingdom is divided into two great
sections — the flowering (Phanerogams) and flower-
less plants. The latter are known as Cryptogams,
because in earlier times their methods of fertilisa-
tion and fructification were not understood, but
supposed to be concealed. The word is derived
from the Greek krypton (hidden) and gamos
(marriage).

CRYPTOGRAMME.

The beautiful little Parsley Fern constitutes the
chief member of this genus (urd. Filices). It is
widely spread over the north Temperate Zone, and
is found in the north of England and Wales, though
not plentifully. Well-drained compost and a
Wardian case will ensure the full development of
this species.

Principal Species : —

crispa, (>", grn.

CRYPTOMERIA. (JAPAN CEDAR.)
A stately and interesting tree (ord. ConilVrn-').
largely grown in Japan, and doing well in Great
Britain under favourable conditions of soil and
climate. A good specimen is very ornamental,
with its lustrous green leaves and cinnamon brown
bark. Propagation is by seeds sown in a frame or
greenhouse, or by cuttings under a handliglit or a
frame. According to the " Manual of the Conifera?,"
the Crvptomerias require a deep, well-drained soil,
with abundance of moisture of which the supply is
not intermittent, and protection from cutting winds.
The same authority recommends that a radius of
at least 25' should lie allowed to each specimen.
Only Species and Principal Varieties :—

japoniea, (»((' to 1'JV.
— araucarioides, 7',

brandies cleflexed.

— elegans, a very orna-
mental form with
bronzy grn. foliage in
winter (-\y. Veitchii).

— Lobbii, more spire-like
and of eompaet habit,
Ivs. darker.

— nana, ;i', a euriouo
dwarf form.

— sinensis, diffused habit,
deflexed brauchletj.
longer growths and
Ivs.

— sriira'.is, a singular form
witli the Ivs. closely
appressed to the branch-
lets.

CRYPTOPHORANTHUS.

Although of no special beauty, this genus (ord.
Orchidacea;) commends itself to lovers of botanical,
as distinguished from horticultural, plants. The
species succeed with the cool Odontoglossmns and
Masdevallias. They are now referred by some
botanists to 1'leurothallis.

Principal Species : —

atropurpureus, 4", pur. pur., yel. («/». Masde-

dayauus, 3", Oct., red, rallia ilayanii).

maculatus, "2", Aug., yel.

CRYPTOSTEGIA.

These stove evergreen climbers (onl. Ascle-
piadea-) sureeed well in a mixture of loam and
peat, and may be propagated from cuttings in
sand beneath a liell-ulas- o\er bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

graudiflora, 0', Je., pk. ttadagMNcareiuUf 10', Jy.,

pk.

Cryptostemma

( 256 )

Cucumber

CRYPTOSTEMMA.

These tender annuals (prd. Composite) succeed
best when grown from seeds sown in boxes over
gentle bottom heat ; thin and pot as may be neces-
sary, and place in the open border in any fertile
soil about the first week in June.

Principal Species : —
calendulaceum, 1', Jy., are yel. flowered, hypo-

yel. (*ya. Arctotis ca- chondriacum and rim-

lendulacea). There are cinatum.

two vars. , both of which f orbesiauum, Jy. , yel.

CRYPTOSTYLIS.

These little East Indian plants (prd. Orchid-
acese) have tuberous roots, and can be grown in a
warm house. Zosterostylis is a title under which
some of the species were at one time known.

Principal Species : —
Arachnites, 1', grn.,yel., longifolia, 2", yel., grn.,

pur. red br.

CUBA BAST.

This material was more popular a few years
back than is the case at present. It is the inner
bark of Hibiscus elatus, and is remarkably strong
and coarse, and for that reason is in some in-
stances superior to raphia (raffia), which is so
extensively employed for general tying.

CUCKOO SPIT.

Everyone who has a garden knows the frothy
envelope containing a tiny, pale green, aphis-like
insect, which can hop smartly. This pest is found
on Carnations, Hawthorn, and Roses, and its name
is Tettigonia spumaria. The perfect insect
emerges ill July. Sharp syringing or dipping in
tobacco water are remedies.

CUCUBALUS.

Hardy herbaceous plants (prd. Caryophylleae),
with opposite leaves and white flowers after the
manner of Silene. The only cultivated species is
a European plant, and is naturalised in the Isle
of Dogs. Propagated from seeds or by division.
Will grow in any kind of soil.

Principal Species : —

baccifer, 2' to 3', My., Je., wh.

CUCUMBER.

Cucumis sativus, the Cucumber, is a half-hardy
trailing annual (prd. Cucurbitacese), the fruits of
which are prized for salad and pickling purposes.
There are numerous varieties suitable for growing
in heated houses, frames, and beds outdoors.

Propagation.— From seeds and cuttings, the
former being the best. For spring and early
summer fruiting, sow seeds singly in small pots in
January or February, and plunge the pots over a
gentle hotbed. When growth appears, place the
plants near the glass in a moist temperature
ranging from 65° to 75°. For frame and outdoor
culture sow in March and April over gentle bottom
heat. Kidge Cucumbers may also be sown out-
doors, where they are intended to grow, in May.
Sow at the end of September to raise plants for
winter fruiting under glass.

Soil. — For seedlings and young plants, equal
parts of turfy loam and leaf mould, with a little

Cucifera (see Hypluene).
Cuchno Flower (see Cardamine).
Cucltoo Pint (see Arum maculatiini).
Cucumber tree (see Magnolia and Averrhoa).

sand. For permanent beds use three parts of loam
and one part of leaf mould or spent manure from
an old Mushroom bed. Add a little road scrap-
ings and old mortar rubble to keep the compost
open.

Summer Culture in Houses.— Low span-roofed
houses are the best for Cucumbers, with sufficient
hot-water pipes to provide top and bottom heat.
Slates, with a covering of leaves, should be placed
above the pipes under the bed, and then the com-
post in the form of a ridge. Put out strong plants
that have been grown in 5" pots, and train the
shoots on wires fastened about 1' from the glass.
Maintain a temperature of 60° to 70° by night, and
70° to 80° by day, with a moist atmosphere, and not
much ventilation. Avoid overcrowding by thinning
out superfluous shoots and leaves. The plants
must never suffer from want of water, and when in
full bearing should have liquid manure and sprink-
lingsof a good artificial fertiliser. Watch closely for
fleshy roots appearing through the soil, and when
seen top-dress with loamy soil and decayed
manure. Damping the walls and paths several
times a day with water and liquid manure is
beneficial to the plants, and keeps red spider at
bay. Cut the fruits as soon as they are large
enough for use.

Winter Culture in Houses. — Except in cases
where a supply is required all the year round,
Cucumbers are not much grown for fruiting in the
winter, and this phase of culture is attended with
difficulties. A low, light house, in which abund-
ance of top and bottom heat can be obtained, is
necessary. The soil should be of a lighter nature
than that for summer-cropping plants, and healthy
specimens should be put out at the end of October.
Maintain a warm, moist temperature of from 65°
to 75°, but little or no syringing is required through
the winter. Avoid overcropping, and thin the
growths to admit all the light possible.

Frame Culture.— Cucumbers may be successfully
grown in the summer in frames heated by hot,
water or fermenting material. In the case of the
latter, a hotbed must be formed of stable litter
and decayed leaves. When the heat is declining
a little, place mounds of soil in the frame, and put
out one plant under each light. Keep the interior
of the frame moist by syringing with tepid water,
avoid overcrowding by thinning the shoots, and
feed with liquid manure. In warm weather venti-
late early in the day, shade from hot sunshine, and
syringe and shut" up the frame early in the
afternoon.

Outdoor Culture. — The ridge varieties are the
best for outdoors. Select an open, sunny position
where the soil is deep and rich. Plants raised
under glass should be put out at the end of May,
about 3' apart. When seeds are sown outdoor?,
thin the young plants to the above distance. Give
liquid manure when in full bearing, and cut the
fruits before they become large and seedy.

Enemies. — Aphis. — For remedies, see APHIDES.
Mildew. — Insufficient heat and draughts of cold
air are responsible for the presence of this fungus.
Remove badly affected leaves, and dust with
flowers of sulphur.

Bed Spider.— This is the bane of Cucumbers,
and is often traced to faulty cultivation. The
company of other spider-infested plants, want of
water, and a too dry atmosphere are prime causes.
Remove badly infes'ted leaves, syringe with a good

Cucumis

(257 )

Cucumis

insecticide, and maintain favourable conditions for
the making- of fresh growth.

Hunt l>i«r,aie. — The root knob eelworm (Hetero-
dera radicicola) is the most destructive of Cu-
cumber foes. Its presence is indicated by the
plants flagging in bright weather, and the fruits
refusing to swell. Examination of the roots re-
veals a number of distorted knobs, which contain
the minute cehvorms. The trouble may be intro-
duced by infected water, soil, or manure, and care
should bu taken that soil from an infected bed is
not used again for the same crop. There is no
remedy, and affected plants should be removed
and burnt, the soil afterwards taken out, and

female flowers, and large, succulent fruits. Th&
Cucumber and Melon are well-known examples.
The majority require to be grown in a moist stove,
but a few can be grown out of doors in summer.
GOURDS.)

Propagation. — Seeds should be sown in spring in
moist, sandy soil, in heat, and little or no water
must be given until germination takes place, which
is usually within five days of the time of sowing.

Soil. — Good, fibrous loam, with an addition of
loaf mould, rotten manure, and some coarse sand,
suits.

Other Cultural Points. — When grown for orna-

A HOUSE OF TELEGIIAI'HV CLCUMHEK WELL UIIOWN.

the bottom and sides of the bed dressed with
hot lime.

Thri/ix. — These pests sometimes attack the
foliage, and should be immediately checked by
fumigating with a good vaporising insecticide.

A Selection of Varieties :—
< 'anliff Castle. Rochford's Market.

Lockie's Perfection. Sensation.

Matchless Telegraph Improved.

Open Air or Ridge Varieties : —

Gherkin (for pickling). Long Prickly.

King of the Ridge. Stockwood Long Ridge.

CUCUMIS.

Description. — Herbaceous climbing or prostrate
plants (fird. Cucurbitace;e). widely distributed in
the Tropics. They are usually annuals, with suc-
culent stems, climbing by means of tendrils, have
large, deeply lobed rough leaves, yellow male and

17

ment, the young plants should, when 6" high, be
planted on a little mound of well-drained soil'
against wires running up the rafters or pillars of a
stove or warm intermediate house. Two or throe
shoots should be allowed to grow unchecked until
they have attained the desired height. The points
must then be pinched out and side shoots en-
c.ouraged. From the side shoots flower- will
appear. These it is often advisable to polleni.se by
hand. When a sufficient number of fruits are set.
superfluous shoots must be cut out. (For special
culture of Cucumber and Melon, see under those
heads.)

Principal Species : —
Melo, t' to (V, sum., yel.

" "'"I-

i (Queen Anne's

(M» Melon).

— Dud.-iim (

Melon).

sativus, ii' to s', sum., yel.
i 'iiciunber).

— sikkimensis, 0' to s',
sum., yel., fruit br.,
netted wh. (Himalayan
Cucumber).

Cucurbita

( 258 )

Cuphea

Other Species :—

Anguriu, 3', sum., yel. moscliatus (nee Cucurbita
Citrullus (see Citrullus moschata).

vulgaris). Prophetarum,G', sura. .yel.

metuliferus, 6', sum., yel. trigpmis, 5', sum., yel. .

(Horned Cucumber). utilissimus, a var. of

CUCURBITA.

A genus of half-hardy annuals (ord. Cucur-
bitaceas), allied to Cucumis and distributed through-
out the Tropics. In general appearance they
resemble the Cucumber family, but are stronger
growing, and have different shaped fruit. The
best known species provide the Pumpkin and
Vegetable Marrow and the ornamental Gourds.
Although the majority grow well out of doors in
summer, a few require to be grown indoors. Seeds
should be sown in spring in a similar manner to
that recommended for Cucumis. Any rich, loamy
garden soil is suitable, a stiff loam for preference.
The young plants should be grown indoors until
June, at wiiich time they should be from 1-J-' to 2'
high. They should then be planted out.

Principal Species : —

maxima, 8', sum., yel., Pepo, !!>', sum., yel., fruit

fruit yel., red, grn. yel. (Pumpkin).

(ornamental Gourd). — ovifera, 18', sum., yel.

There are many garden (Vegetable Marrow).

forms. (For garden forms, set'

Other Species :- Vegetable Marrow.)

ficifolia, 8', sum., yel. (si/I?. verrucosa, 12', sum., yel. ;

melauosperma) . a var. of Pepo.
moschata, 6', sum., yel.

(Musk Melon).

CULCASIA.

West African climbers (ord. Aroidese), requiring
to be grown in a stove. They make long. thin,
wiry brandies, climbing by means of roots, and are
thinly clothed with simple leaves 8" long. The
spathe of the inflorescence is whitish brown and
not showy. May be increased by cuttings and
grown in a mixture of peat, charcoal, and sand.

Only Cultivated Species :—

scandens, 15', Je., wh. br.

CULLUMIA.

Small shrubs (ord. Composite) with numerous
thin branches covered with small leaves terminated
by brown spines. They are South African plants,
and require to be grown in a greenhouse. Cuttings
of half-ripened wood placed in sandy soil in a prop-
agating case root readily, and a mixture of fibrous
peat and loam with a good dash of coarse sand
suits.

Principal Species :—
ciliaris, 2', My., Je., yel.

CUMINUM.

Hardy annuals (ord. Umbelliferse) with Fennel-
like leaves and large umbels of inconspicuous
flowers. They are found on the African shores of
the Mediterranean. One species is cultivated for
tlu> Mike of its aromatic seeds, which are used for
culinary purposes. Any ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species : —

Cyminum, '2', Je., wh. (Common Cumin).

CUNILA.

Herbs or sub-shrubs (ord. Labiate), generally of
little horticultural value, with small white or purple
llciwors. like those of Balm or Mint. That named

Ciiminyia (see Conantheni).

below is the only one which appears to be
grown in gardens. It is a hardy perennial, which,
grows in common soil, and is propagated by seeds
sown in spring, or by division at the same season.

Principal Species : —

mariana, 1', Jy., pur.

CUNNINGHAMIA. (BKOAD-LKAYED
CHIXA FIR.)

An evergreen tree (ord. Conifera) closely allied
to the Araucarias, but not sufficiently hardy to be
grown out of doors, except in favoured localities in
the South of England and Ireland. Even there it
is much disfigured by storms. It grows to a height
of 30' to 35' in this country, and requires a light
soil. It should be propagated from seeds.

Only Species : —

sinensis (si/ns. Belis jaculiflora and Finns lanceo-
lata).

CUNONIA.

A South African genus (ord. Saxifrageas), one
species being in cultivation. It forms a tree with
evergreen, pinnate leaves, and large, upright
racemes of white flowers. It can be propagated by
means of cuttings inserted in sandy peat in a
warm propagating case. Sandy peat and loam,
in equal proportions, form a suitable compost. An
intermediate temperature is required.

Principal Species : —

capensis, 20' to 30', Aug.. wh.

CUPANIA.

Trees and shrubs (ord. Sapindaceaj) from the
tropics, with large, ornamental, pinnate leaves, and
panicles of greenish white flowers. The steins and
leaf-stalks are often covered with a felt-like mass
of brown hairs. The few species cultivated rarely
flower, and are usually treated as stove foliage
plants. The best leaves are obtained by cutting
down in alternate years to within a few eyes of
the base, allowing one strong shoot to grow.
Increased by cuttings from a cut-back plant in a
close case. Fibrous loam and peat suit.

Principal Species : —
elegantissima, 20', leaves grauclideus, 30'. leaves 2'

2r. to 3'.

Other Species : —
anacardioides, 30', leaves edulis (sceBligliiasapida).

H'to2'. nlicifolia (nee Triptero-

Cuiininghamii (see Diplo- demlron n'licifolium).

glottis Cunmnghamii).

CUPHEA.

Pretty, but rather neglected, greenhouse herbs
or sub-shrubs (ord. Lythrariere), of considerable
value for the greenhouse or conservatory. A few
have also been used with good effect in summer
bedding, the best for this being ignea (fi/n. platy-
centra). Propagation is by seeds, sown in a brisk
heat in January or February, the seedlings being
pricked off and grown in rich soil in single pots.
Also by cuttings of half-ripe shoots struck in
bottom heat in Marcli or April. A rich, hut not
heavy, soil is the most suitable for the Cupheas.
Good plants may be grown in 6" • pots if the soil is
rich and watering with liquid manure is practised
to keep them in vigour when the pots are full of
roots.

Principal Species : —

sequipetala, 2', Je., grh., pur. (lyn. ocymoides).

commersoniana, I', grh.

cordata, 1 J', Je., grh. ev., sc.

CrrilEA IGNEA («« iuxl page).

Cupressus

( 260 )

Cupressus

cyanea, 2', Jy., grh. ev., yel., red. (lajns. strigill-
osa and pubiflora).

gracilis, 1', Jy., grh., pur.

bookeriana, 3', Jy., grli. sub-shr., ver., or. («i/n.
Koezlii).

ignea, 1', Je., grh. or bedding, sc., wh. (tee p. Z59J
(sijn. platycentra).

— alba, wh.

jorullensis (see micropetala).

lanceolata, 1J', Jy., bit-bay, ann., bluish (syne.
silenoides and Zimapani).

Llavea, 2', Je., grli. ev., ver. (ni/n. miniata).

Melvilla, 3', My., grh., red, grn.

micropetala, 1', Jy., grh. shr., sc., wh. (*yn».
eminens and jorullensis).

pinetorum, If, Jy., grh. ev., crim. (sijn. cinna-
barina).

procurabens, 1', Je., st. ann., pur.

serpyllifolia, If, Aug., red.

strigulosa, 1', Je., grh. shr., yel., red.

verticillata, Je., st. per., vio.

CUPRESSUS. (CYPRESS.)

A genus of interesting and very beautiful trees
(onl. Conifers;), of the greatest value for the
decoration of gardens and pleasure grounds in this
country, a considerable number being quite hardy
in most districts. There are about fifteen recog-
nised species, together with some forms whose
claim to specific rank is doubtful. The genus now
includes Chamtecypnris. Propagation is by seeds
or cuttings, the former being sown in April in a
free soil. A rich soil of a loamy nature will suit
the Cupressuses. They ought to be planted in a
place sheltered from cold, cutting winds and severe
storms.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

funebris, 50' to 60'. Unfortunately not very
hardy in these islands, but deserving of a place
among the principal species because of its singular
and graceful appearance. Suitable for Devonshire,
Cornwall, and the south of Ireland (syn. pen-
dula, Abel).

liiwsoniana (the Lawson Cypress). A tall tree,
most valued because of its numerous vars. of
great worth for lawns or small gardens. Upwards
of twenty have been named, but the following
selection embraces most of the best forms : albo-
spica, albo-variegata, argentea, argenteo-variegata,
aureo-variegata, compacta, erecta, e. viridis, eric-
oides, filifera, gracilis pendula, intertexta, lutea,
liana, nana alba, and nana gin uca (si/ns. attenuata
and Chamsecyparis lawsoniana).

macrocarpa (Monterey Cypress). A beautiful
and hdy. species, fit/ to 80', of which there are
two good vars. Crippsii is of plumose habit,
and has the tips of the young growths yel.
Lutea is of the same habit, but all the young
foliage is yel. the first season (syns. lam-
bertiana and Hartwegii).

nootkatensis (Nootka Sound Cypress), a widely
grown species, differing from lawsoniana by its
more conical form and deeper grn. foliage, and,
among other distinguishing features, by having
the staminate flowers sulphur yel. instead of crim.
Principal vars., argenteo-variegata, aureo-variegata,
compacta, gracilis. lutea, and pendula vera (*//««.
Cliaiuiccyparis nutkaensis and Thujopsis borealis).
obtusa (Japanese Cypress), 70'. A fine tree, of

Cupift (in part, see Handia,).
Cvpidmie (sec Catananelic).

which there are many forms. The type and some
of these are largely grown by the Japanese. It,
with pisifera, is much used for forming the dwarf,
stunted trees now sought after here. It objects
to chalk and limestone. The following good vars.
are usually known in British gardens as Ketini-
sporas (often spelt Ketinospora) : aurca, compacta,
lilicoides, f. aurea, lycopodioides, Mariesii, and
pendula (syns. Chamascyparis obtusa, Ketinispora
obtusa, and Thuya obtusa).

pisifera (Pea-fruited Ketinispora). A smaller and
more slender-growing species than the preceding,

ClTKKSSUS l-ISII-EHA SUUAltKOSA (ilJIlS. KliTIXISPOKA
SO.UAKKOSA AND CHAM KCYl'AKIS SO.UAKKOSA).

but its numerous vars. prove generally hardier
than those of obtusa. The best are, perhaps, aurc»,
filifera, filifera aurea, filifera gracilis, plumosa,
p. albo-picta, p. argentea, p. aurea, sulphurea, and
squarrosa (.«#». Ketinispora squarrosa) (xyiix.
Chama:cyparis, Thuya, and Ketinispora pisifera).

sempervirens, the well-known Cypress referred
to by the older authors, and valuable for its effect
when skilfully planted. The columnar var. is
generally preferred (syii. horizontalis, etc.).

thyoides (White Cedar), 70', long introduced
into this country, but requires a wet, or at least
damp, soil. The following forms are very desir-
able, and are to be preferred for garden pur-
poses): ericoides (*//». Ketinispora ericoides,
Gord, not Veiled) ; leptoclada, one of the most
prized (syn. Ketinispora leptoclada) ; and varie-
gata. Others are a;nva. fastigiatn, glauca (.«/»:.
leptoclada), naua, pendula, and pygmrca (syns*

Curatella

( 261 )

Currant

Chamrecyparis sphseroidea and Retinispora eric-
oides).

Other Species : —

Beuthami, rather tender 40', rather tender (*yn.

(syn. lusitam'ca, of Can1, glauca).

not Mill). macnabiana, 30', quite

— arizouica, 40'. hdy.

goweiiiana, ")0', hdy., but torulosa, 80', not hdy.

short-lived. except in the south ;

lusitanica (Cedar of Goa), var. corneyana.

CURATELLA.

Evergreen shrubs from South America (ord.
Dilleniaceae), requiring the temperature of a stove.
They have ornamental leaves and white flowers.
Cuttings root readily in sandy soil in a propagating
•case. A compost of fibrous peat and loam, with a
fair amount of sand and good drainage, meet their
requirements.

Principal Species : —
alata, IS', spr., wh. americana, 10', Ap. , wh.

CURCULIGO.

Easily managed stove foliage plants (ord. Amaryll
idese), with long, wide, plaited or ribbed leaves.
The flowers are usually yellow, borne on short
racemes, and almost hidden by the density of the
leafage. Propagation is easily effected by division
of the stools in spring. Turfy loam, with an addi-
tion of leaf mould or peat, and a good dash of
coarse sand, suits. As abundance of water is
required, good drainage is essential. By liberal
feeding, plants may be kept in the same pots for
several years.

Principal Species: —
latifolia, 3' to 4', sum., recurvata, 3' to 4', sum ,

yel. yel.

plicata, 2' to 3', sum., yel. — variegata.

Other Species : —
orchioides, 2' , Je., yel. seychellensis, 2i', Je., yel.

CURCUMA.

Tropical herbaceous plants (ord. Scitamineae)
remarkable for their dense, upright spikes of
bright-coloured flowers, each llower being sur-
rounded on three sides with a large, leafy bract,
the spike being crowned with a number of highly
coloured bracts. They are deciduous, and have
small, tuberous roots. They are widely distributed
throughout the Old World Tropics. Propagation
is effected by division of the roots. A mixture of
turfy loam and peat, with a good quantity of
silver sand, forms a suitable compost. While
growth is active a moist stove temperature is
required, giving a little less heat and a drier
atmosphere as the leaves die away.

Principal Species :—
australasiea, 1', Je., yel., roscoeana, 2' to 3', Aug.,

upper bracts red. " sc., upper bracts or. red.

coruata (sec petiolata). Zedoana, 3', My., Je.,

petiolata, 1J', Sep., yel., yel., upper bracts ro.,

upper bracts ro. pur. wh.

Other Species : —

albiflora, 1', Jy., wh. rubescens, 1', My., yel.

data, 2' to 3', My., erim. viridinora, 2', Jy., yel.
longii, 2', Jy., yel. gm.

CURRANT, RED and WHITE.

Description. — Hardy deciduous shrubs (ord. Saxi-
I'ni-eie.) the fruits of which are highly prized for
dessert, preserving, and culinary purposes. Red
and White Currants (Ribes rubrum and r.
album) are successfully grown as open bushes, low

standards, and trained trees on walls and fences.
Black Currants require different treatment from the
above, and are dealt with separately.

Propagation. — From cuttings in the autumn.
Select young shoots about 1' long, and cut just
below a bud. Remove the buds down the stem
with the exception of three or four at the top.
This is done in order to secure a bush with a clear
stem above the ground. Insert the cuttings about
(i" deep, in rows, pressing the soil firmly round
them. When the cuttings are rooted, and shoots
have formed from the buds left, the bushes may be
transplanted.

Soil. — Deep, well-drained soil in an open situation
is the best. Water-logged land should be avoided.

Pruning. — Red and White Currants produce
fruit on spurs, and the early training of the bush
is to obtain from six to ten main branches radiating
from the stem at equal distances. If the side
shoots are kept cut back spurs are formed, and
each branch becomes a cordon of fruit. Summer
pruning is advised, and this consists of taking out
the points of the leading shoots and pinching back
the side growths to within three or four leaves of
the base, in June. At the winter pruning the side
shoots are spurred back closely, and the leading
growths left about three parts their original length.
When grown on walls several main branches are
laid in at equal distances, and side and leading
shoots pruned on the lines suggested.

Other Cultural Points. — The finest fruit is
obtained when the bushes are adequately fed. In
the early spring a dressing of decayed manure
should be applied and lightly forked in. A good
substitute for the above is 4 Ib. of superphosphate
and 3 Ib. of kainit per square rod, hoed into the
surface soil in February. When bearing crops,
liquid manure increases the size and improves the
colour of the fruit. If protected with nets the
fruit will hang till the end of the summer, and
Currants may be picked late in the autumn from
trees grown on a north wall. Low standard Currants
are useful for growing beside garden paths, witli
other crops beneiith them. They are obtained by
confining the growths to a single stem supported
by a stake, and when about 4' high cutting off the
top. The head is formed from the shoots which
break out just below.

Enemies. — Aphides. — These pests attack the tips
of the shoots and cause the leaves to blister and
curl. The best remedy is to nip out the points of
the shoots and burn them. (For other remedies,
see APHIDES.)

Birds.— Havoc is often played by small birds
taking the buds in the spring. Dusting the bushes
with soot and lime is one of the best remedies.

Clear/ring Moth (tiesia lipuliformis). — The
sudden death of Currant shoots is frequently traced
to the larva of this moth, which works its way
down the cer.ire of the shoots and feeds on the
pith. The caterpillars are yellowish white, with
dark coloured heads. Insecticides are useless, and
the only remedy is to cut out affected shoots and
burn them, and destroy the caterpillars when seen.

Mm//)!/' Mulli {Abraxas gromnlarintci). — The
larva' of this pretty moth feed on the leaves of both
Currants and Gooseberries, and will soon defoliate
bushes if left unchecked. Eggs are laid on the
leaves, and the caterpillars commence to feed as
soon as they appear. To prevent and destroy.
spray the bushes with petroleum emulsion, and dust
the shoots, when damp, with soot.

Currant

( 262 )

Cuttings

Sawjiy (Nematm Ribesii). — Gooseberries are the
worst sufferers through the larva; of the saw fly, but
Currants are often attacked as well. (For remedies,
see GOOSEBERRY ENEMIES.)

A Selection of Varieties : —

lied :—
Comet. Cherry. Eaby Castle. Red Dutch.

White :—

White Dutch. White Versailles.

CURRANT, BLACK.

No bush fruit is more highly prized for culinary
and preserving purposes than the Black Currant
(Kibes nigrum), and its value in this respect is
greater than that of the Ked and White forms.

Propagation. — From cuttings in the autumn, the
same as Ked Currants, with the exception that no
buds are removed from the stem. The idea is not
to obtain a bush with a clear stem, but to get as
many young growths from the base as possible.

Soil. — A cool, retentive loam in a rather moist
situation suits Black Currants. Dry, poor land is
unfavourable. Their love of moisture is illustrated
by the luxuriant manner in which bushes grow in
low situations, and by pools and streams.

Pruning. — The pruning of established Black
Currants is exactly opposite to that of the Red.
Fruit is chiefly borne on young shoots of the
previous year's growth, and pruning consists of
cutting out the old wood, and encouraging as much
new growth as possible. Always avoid over-
crowding. Strong sucker growths from the base
should be encouraged, as they invariably produce
fine fruit.

O^her Cultural Points. — There must be no stint
of manure if Black Currants are to be remunerative.
Dung, spread on the surface and lightly forked in,
is excellent, and artificials may also be used with
advantage. Basic slag and bone meal are good for
winter dressings on heavy soils, and in February
or March apply 4 Ib. of superphosphate, 2 Ib. of
kainit, and 1 Ib. of sulphate of ammonia per square
rod ; hoe it in. Avoid digging deeply between the
bushes, or the fibrous surface roots will be destroyed.

Enemies. — Ilit/l Mite (Pliytvj/tiig Ribis). — This is
by far the most destructive pest of the Black
Currant, and its eradication is difficult. Its
presence is apparent from November onwards in
the form of swollen and malformed buds. The
swelling is due to the irritation set up by the
microscopic mites feeding within. These buds
fail to develop and produce fruit. Out of the many
remedies adopted none has proved to be absolutely
effectual, but the following have been tried with
varying degrees of success: Pull up and burn
badly infested bushes, and avoid planting again on
the same site. Check the spread of the evil in an
early stage by hand-picking swollen buds. Do not
plant Black Currants in large areas, but in single
rows, interspersed with Gooseberries or Raspberries.
Allow poultry a free run of the plantation. Experi-
ments have been made by enclosing bushes under
an air-tight canvas tent in the winter, placing a
vessel inside containing 4 oz. each of water and
sulphuric acid, and dropping in 1J oz. of cyanide
of potassium. This is said to destroy the mite,
but its absolute efficacy is not yet proved. The
operator must keep outside the sheet. Propagating
from infected stocks should be rigidly avoided.

A Selection of Varieties : —
Baldwin's Black. Champion.

Black Naples. Lee's Prolific.

Boskoop.

CURTISIA.

An evergreen tree (ord. Cornacose), requiring the
protection of a cool greenhouse. The one species
known has very hard wood, and has gained the
name of Assegai-tree, through the natives of South
Africa using the wood largely as shafts for
weapons. It can be grown from cuttings, and
likes an open mixture of fibrous loam and leal^
mould.

Only Species : —

faginea, :!()', sum., wh.

CUSCUTA.

Tropical, sub-tropical, or hardy parasites (iml.
Convolvulaceic), of herbaceous habit, with thin,
wiry, leafless, climbing stems, and small, sometimes
pretty, flowers. Several species are British, and
grow on almost any soft-stemmed plants, being
very partial to Clover, Flax, Oats, Thistles, etc.,
in some districts almost ruining crops. Seeds of
desirable species should be sown with seeds of the
host plants. By sowing seeds in ordinary soil
without a host plant near, the young plants die in
about a week from the time of germination. Host
Plants. — In addition to those mentioned above,
the duckweed, Geranium, Heath, Thyme, and
Tomato are suitable.

Principal Species : —

americana, sum., st., wh. europaa, ,Ty., hdy., wh.,
australis, Aug., grh., wh. on Thistles, Oats, etc.

Epilinum, Jy., hdy., wh., Trifoh'i, Jy., hdy., wh.,

on Flax. on Clover : a form of

Epithymum, Jy., hdy., Epitliymum.

wh., on Heatli and

Thyme.

CUSSONIA.

Evergreen shrubs or small trees from South Africa
(ord. Araliacete), with ornamental, Aralia-like
leaves, thick, fleshy stems, and inconspicuous,
greenish flowers. Increased by cuttings in a
similar way to Aralias. They thrive in good,
fibrous loam, and the best results are obtained
by planting in a conservatory or greenhouse.

Principal Species : —

Kraussii, 15' to '20', ,Ty., paniculata, 15', Jy., grn.
grn., Ivs. large, glau-
cous.

CUTTINGS.

Cuttings are portions of plants, which, under
favourable conditions, emit roots and perpetuate
their parent. Where plants absolutely identical
with the parent are required, cuttings furnish the
most reliable way of obtaining them, as, though
"sports" are occasionally produced by cuttings,
as in the Chrysanthemum, yet the tendency is
rare. Seeds, on the other hand, exhibit a marked
predilection for producing varieties which often
differ greatly from the plants yielding them.

Cuttings are generally formed of the growing
point of a shoot, severed just below a leaf, which
leal', with the next one or two above it,'is removed,
and the base of the cutting buried about 1"
deep in very sandy soil. Cuttings should be taken
from plants which are in the best possible health,
and should be as perfect specimens as obtainable.

Cuttings are used impartially for the propaga-
tion of both hard- and soft-wooded plants, but may
be usefully supplemented in the case of such
plants as Bouvardias, Crotons. TVaca-nas, Fuchsias,

Custard Apple (x/'e Aim mi ).

Cyananthus

( 263 )

Cyathea

Geraniums, Poinsettias, etc., by cuttings formed
from portions of the stem after the growing point
has been removed. The usual practice is to wait
for back buds to break after the growing point of a
shoot has been removed; they are then made into
cuttings. There is no real need for this, as, where
the shoot can be spared, it may be severed almost
at its base, and every portion containing two or
three eyes utilised as a cutting.

Bottom heat, especially that furnished by a hot-
bed, greatly facilitates the emission of roots in soft-
wooded plants; for hard-wooded plants it is not
recommended to be used until the cuttings have
formed a callus at their base in a cool house or
pit, when they quickly send forth roots on the
application of a little bottom heat.

Propagation by means of leaf cuttings is readily
effected in the case of such plants as Id-x 1;,-.
goni;is, Gesneras, Gloxinias, and Saintpaulias.
The process consists of making a notch in the
midrib, and bringing this into contact with a bed
of light, sandy soil ; or by inserting the leaf by its
base, near the edge of a pot, in the manner prac-
tised with stem cuttings.

-Many plants may be propagated by means of
root cuttings, which are cut into lengths varying
from 1" to IV, and placed 1" or so below the
surface of pans of sandy soil. A few of the plants
lending themselves to this manner of propagation
are Acalyphas, Aralias, Bouvardias, Dracaenas,
Clematises, 1'assifloras, and Hellebores.

Eyes, consisting of a small portion of the stem,
with one leaf and an axillary bud, are used as
cuttings in some instances ; mostly in the prop-
agat.on of the Vine, though Dracienas and Dieit'en-
bachias are also increased in this manner.

Cuttings of fruit trees, such as Gooseberries
and Currants, are best inserted in October and
November ; using shoots of the current year,
detached if possible with a heel, and inserting
firmly on a border having a northern aspect.

CYANANTHUS.

A genus of about eight species of hardy herb-
aceous plants (nrd. C'ampanulaccic), of consider-
able beauty, and much prized for rock gardens.
They thrive in a sunny position in light, moist,
sandy peat. A mulch of about 1" of sand during
winter is beneficial. They are propagated by
seeds and cuttings, the former sown in pots in a
frame in spring, and the latter made from the
young growths, also in spring.

Principal Species : —
ineanus, 4", Aug., light bl. lobatus, 4", Aug., pur. bl.

Other Species : —

barhatus. intlatus. microphyllus.

Hookeri. integer. pedunculatus.

CYANELLA.

Pretty little bulbous plants, generally included
in the ard. Liliaccir, but classed with the Ha-mo-
doraceai in the Index Ai'im/*;.*. They are almost
hardy, and may be treated like the Ixia, or groun
in a frame like many other of the smaller Cape
bullis. Increased by seeds and offsets.

Principal Species :—

alba, 1', Jy., wh. lineata, odoratissima,

capensis, 1', Jy., bl. and rosea.

lutea, 1', Jy., yel., vurs. orchidiformis, 1', Aug.,bl.

CYANOPHYLLUM.

A genus (»/v/. .\lel.-istomacea?) now merged in
Miconia. They are soft - wooded, ornamental

foliage shrubs requiring stove heat. They are
propagated by means of cuttings placed in sandy
soil in a warm case, and grow readily in a
mixture of fibrous peat and loam, with a" liberal
addition of silver sand. (For fuller description
and list of species, see MICOXIA.)

CYANOTIS.

Tradescantia-like herbs (onl. Commelinacese),
from 1" or 2" to 1' or more in height, with
fleshy steins and leaves, and crowded heads o£
blue, purple, or rose Mowers, from South Africa,
India, etc. They root quickly from cuttings, and
grow in an intermediate temperature in well-

GIANT WHITE CYCLAMIN. OXK

THE SEED («« )

FROM SOWING

drained soil in pans or borders. They should be
replanted every spring.
Principal Specie? : —
keweusis, spr., cl., ro. somalieusis, ?,", sum., bl.

CYATHEA.

Evergreen tree Ferns (trrtl. Filices), suitable for
stove or greenhouse, from tiopical and jub-trqpical
regions. The numerous species vary greatly in
habit, some making short, thin stems, 2' to 3' high,
witli fronds the same length ; others stout steins
15' to 20' in height, with fronds upwards of l.V
long and t' wide. The fronds of some form wide-
spreading, flattened heads, as in Dick.-onia. and,
like many of that genus, are produced, a large
number at a time, once a ve;ir. Ot tiers, as in
medullaris, produce upright fronds three or six
together two or three time- .-t \ear. The growth
in height of some, species is very slow, yvhilst

Cyanutltamnvt (tee liorvnia).

Cyathodes

( 264)

Cyclamen

others add from 9" to 12" to their height annually.
Propagation is by means of spores, as in other
Ferns. Soil, fibrous peat two parts, fibrous loam
one part, with a good quantity of coarse sand.
Thev may be grown in pots, tubs, or borders,
the 'last method being the best. When the roots |
are confined feeding is necessary, cow manure in ;
a liquid state, with an occasional application of (
soot water, being the best fertiliser. When ,,
planted out thorough drainage is essential, and
large stones should be mixed with the soil to aid ]
in keeping it sweet and open. When growth is
active, abundance of fresh water must be given,
providing any surplus moisture can drain away
quickly. A "moist atmosphere should be main-
tained, and the stems kept moist by means of ,
the syringe.

Principal Species : —
dealbata, 8' to 10', fronds medullaris, 20', fronds

4' to 6'. 15'.

Dregei, 12', fronds 3'. serra, 12. , fronds a .

iiisignis, 10' to 12', fronds spinulosa, '!' to 3, fronds

4' to 5'. 2'.

pubescens, 5', fronds 2' to

8'.

pygmira, 2', fronds 11'.
Tussacii, 3', fronds 2'.

Other Species :—
arborea, 1;V, fronds 8'.
Hookeri, 6', fronds 4'.
mastersiana, 3' to 4',

fronds 2'.
microphylla, 3' to 4',

fronds 2' to 3'.

CYATHODES.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs or trees (ord.
Epacrideffi), from Australia, New Zealand, etc.,
compact in habit, with small. Heath-like leaves
and yellow or white flowers. Increased by means
of cuttings inserted in sandy peat and placed in a
cool propagating case. They require to be grown \
in well-drained pots in sandy peat.

Principal Species :—
acerosa, 8', Ap., My., wh. glauca, 20', Ap., Je., wh.

CYCAS.

Description.— An ornamental genus (ord. Cycad-
aceae), consisting of dwarf, slow-growing, ever-
green plants, with short, usually unbranched,
cylindrical stems, terminated by a handsome head
of long leaves. The male flowers are borne in cones,
and consist of mere scales bearing anthers on their
under side. The female cones are produced from
the crown inside the head of leaves, and consist of
a large mass of woolly, scale-like leaves carrying
the ovules. All are useful plants for the decora-
tion of large conservatories or stoves, but are out
of place in small structures. They are natives of
the warmer parts of Eastern Asia, Australia, etc.
From the pith of revoluta — a Japanese plant — a
kind of starch and sago is prepared, sago also
being furnished from the seeds of circinalis.

Propagation. — Seeds sown in sandy soil in a
temperature of from 60" to 70° germinate in a
few weeks' time, but, as the plants grow so slowly,
this method is only employed in the case of very
rare species ; in almost all cases mature stems are
imported. Propagation is also effected by scales.

Soil. — Good fibrous loam and coarse sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Repotting is required at
rare intervals only, consequently the pots or tubs
must be well drained, and only the best of soil
used. If they can be planted in a border they will
grow more quickly and give less trouble in the way

of watering and cleaning. When growth is active
they require plenty of water, but may be kept
drier as the leaves mature. Throughout the spring
and summer they should be well syringed daily.
Several species are favourable host plants for mealy
bug and scale; to keep these down, frequent
syringing with an emulsion of soft soap and
paraffin is necessary.

Principal Species \—

circinalis, 8', Ivs. 9' to 10'. siamensis, 4', ITS. 3' to 4'.
revoluta, 8' to 10', Ivs. 5' tonkinensis,;V,lvs. .r>'toO'.

to 6'.

Other Species : —

celehica, .V, Ivs. 7' to 9'. Rumphii, 6', Ivs. 5'.
media, 12' or more, Ivs. 5'. Seemamiii, 7', Ivs. 5'.
uormaubyana, 6', Ivs. 5'.

CYCLAMEN.

Description. — Greenhouse or hardy perennial,
deciduous herbs (iml. Piinralacese), with long-
stalked, roundish leaves, growing in tufts, from
thick, flattened rootstocks. The genus is essentially
ornamental, several species being among the best
of greenhouse and hardy winter-flowering plants.
In most cases the flowers are showy, ranging in
colour from white to reddish purple. The leaves
are deep green, often prettily marbled with pale
green or silver. The species most commonly grown
under glass is latifolium (,«#«. persicum). This in
itself has the finest flowers of all the species, but
by crossing and selection it has been greatly
improved until it has now attained to a very high
order of merit. There are many distinct strains
which come true from seeds. During recent vciirs
two forms have been introduced, which have crested
flowers and leaves respectively. The hardy species
are suitable for a variety of purposes. They may
be grown in pans for flowering in a cold green-
house, planted in a shady place on ^he rockery,
or naturalised in cool, shady places in the wild
garden or woodland. The flowers begin to appear
soon after the leaves die away in autumn, and are
produced throughout the winter until the leaves are
well advanced in spring. Throughout summer the
leaves make a dense carpet a few inches deep,
forming a striking contrast to other things.

Propagation. — Seeds should be sown from August
to October in well-drained pans of sandy loam,
and covered with their own depth of finely sifted
soil. The pans should be covered with a sheet of
glass, and stood in a temperature of from 55W to
(50°, shading from bright sunshine until germination
takes place. As soon as the young plants are
well above the soil, the hardy ones should be
removed to a cool frame, and the indoor ones left
in the same house, both being stood as near as
possible to the glass to prevent " drawing." When
the first leaf is well developed they should
be pricked out into pans, leaving 1" between
each two plants, or they may be put singly into
thumb pots.

Soil. — Good fibrous loam three parts, leaf mould
one part, and coarse sand one part.

Other Cultural Points. — When four leaves have
been made the plants should be potted singly into
:;" puts, and left, as before, in a light place in the
house or frame. The indoor ones should stay in
the warm house until they are well established in
3" pots, after which they should be stood in a cool
house or frame having 'an ash bottom, and from
which the lights can be removed if necessary. By

Cyclamen ( 265 ) Cyclobothra

July they will be ready for their final pot, the
strongest being put into l>" and the others into 5".

Principal Species and
Tender : —

Varieties :—

They must be stood back in the house or frame
and kept there until September. While growing
they should be syringed lightly, both above and

1 itifolium, 6" to 9", win.,
red, wh.(*//H. persicum).
— albiflorum, wh.

— giganteuin, strong,
persicum (see latifolium).

underneath the leaves, early in the afternoon, and

Iftirdy : —

shut up early. During very bright sunshine a light

Coura, 4", win., pur.

neapolitanum, 4", win.

shading is necessary. As the plants show signs of

curopicura, 4", win., red.

red.

maturity, about August, more air must be given, the

ibericum, 4", win., red.

— album, wh.

lights being removed at night, so that the full

Other Species: —

benefit of the moist night air can be obtained. In

africanum, 6"', aut., red,

gnecum,4",aut.,wh.,pur.

showery weather the lights must not be removed.

wh.

hederfefolium, 4", win.

When the pots are well filled with roots, liquid
manure may be given once or twice a week. The
flower buds should be pinched out as they rise

olpinum, 3",win.,red,pur.
Atkinsii, 4", win., pur.,
wh. (garden hybrid).
cilicicum,4",aut.,ro., wh.

pur.
repandum (see hederse-
folium),
tauricum, 4", win., red.

CYCLAMEN LADY KOBEIITS (soft jiink).

above the leaves until November; the plants will
then continue to flower for at least three months,
especially if old flowers are kept removed. By
bringing plants into a little extra warmth at
intervals of a few weeks in September and October
an extended flowering period is gained. Though a
perennial, latifolium is commonly treated as a
biennial, the best results being obtained in this
way. If it is thought advisable to keep plants on
for a third season, they may be partially dried
and rested after flowering. In June the old soil
should be shaken away, the plants potted and
treated as seedlings. Some successful growers dc
not practise this drying-off, but keep the plants
growing. The hardy species must be kept in pots
until sturdy enough to look after themselves, when
they may be planted out, in well-drained, loamy soil
in irregular patches in places similar to those
mentioned earlier.

CYCLANTHUS.

Tropical American evergreen shrubs (ord. t'yclan-
thaceae) resembling a Palm in habit. They have
very short, contracted stems, with heads of fan-
shaped leaves, which have a division in the centre
of each. The flowers are inconspicuous and uni-
sexual, male and female being arranged in alternate
bands. Similar treatment to that given to stove
I'alms or I'and.'inu.-r.s suits.

Principal Species : —

hipartitus, .V to 6', stem cristatus, Ivs. 5', stora a
a few inches long. few inches long.

CYCLOBOTHRA.

Charming bulbous plants (ord. Liliacea-), now
included with Calochortus, and described under
that title in this work

Cyelopia

( 266 )

Cymbidium

CYCLOPIA.

South African shrubs (ord. Leguminosoe), with
small leaves and yellow, Broom-like flowers.
They should be treated like the greenhouse species
of Cytisus. Genistoides, 2', April, yellow, is the
principal, species.

CYCNOCHES. (SWAN ORCHID.)
Description. — In very few genera are the curious
and the beautiful so well joined as in Cycnoches

CX'CNOCHES BAEBATfM.

(urd Orchidacese), the members of which are
generally known as Swan Orchids, owing to the
gracefully arched column representing the neck
and head, and the reflexed sepals and petals repre-
senting the body of a swan.

Cultural Points.— So closely allied are these
Orchids to Catasetums (which see) that they thrive
under similar conditions. Briefly stated, they
need a season of decided rest; they should be
grown in a stove, and baskets are better than pots ;
mnss, crocks, and a little fibrous peat form a suit-
able rooting medium. Water freely when growth
is vigorous. Propagate by dividing the pseudo-
bulbs.

Principal Species : —
ehlorochilum, '2', Je.,

greenish yel.

Other Species : —
aureura, 1', yel.
barbatum (correctly Poly-

cycnis barbata'l.
Cummingii, 1', Je., wh.,

yel.

peutadactyloit, \\' , Mch.,
Ap., yel., br. Hand-
some when in flower.

egertonianum, '!', aut.,
' pur., grn., pk.
Lehinannii, 9", nut.,
salmon, or. (now Lued-
demnunia Lehmannii).

Cyclodium (gee Aspidium).
Cyclonemn (see Clertidendrim).
Cyclnpeltis (see Aspidium).
Cymatlon (see Ornithugloumiit).

Pescatorci (now Lucdde-

mauiiia Pescatorei).
rossiamim, gru., wh.
veutricosuin, 'I', Jr.,

Aug., grn., yel., wh. ;
, sweet,
versicolor, 1', Je.. Jy.,

gru., br., wh., yel.
Wiirscewiczii, 1', Oct.,

grn.

Loddigesii, 1', My., br.,

wh., pur.
— leucocliilum, 1', Jo.,

yel., wh.
nmculatum, 1', Je., buff,

pur.
musciferum, 1', spr., br.

(now Polycycuis mus-

cifera).
peruviauum, 9", My., Jc.,

grn., pur., br., wh.

CYDONIA. (QUINCE.)

Hardy, deciduous shrubs or trees (ord. Rosacea:),
ow included with Pyrus (which see).

CYLISTA.

Tropical climbing plants (ord. Leguminosse),
with woody stems and bright yellow and red, Pea-
shaped flowers, requiring a stove temperature and
plenty of room. Cuttings may be rooted in sandy
soil in a warm, close case. A mixture of fibrous
loam and peat suits.

Principal Species : —
scuriosa, 4', My., yel., red. villosa, 6', Ap., yel.

CYMBIDIUM.

Description. — Not many of the thirty or more
species of Cj mbidium (ord. Orchidaceic) described
are of first rate horticultural value, but those of
more than botanical interest are among the most
popular of Orchids. All are evergreen, and of
tufted habit, the leaves being long and gracefully
recurved, proceeding in some cases from short,
thick pseudo-bulbs. The flowers are of largo size,
fleshy, and very lasting ; in the case of eburneum
they are white, and usually borne singly on erect
peduncles; in lowianum they are numerous, and
carried on an arching spike 3' long.

Cultural Points. — Most of th6 species grow and
flower best in an intermediate temperature, but
lowianum is essentially a cool Orchid, and it is
only since it has been treated as such that it has

CYMBIDH-'M LOWIAXUM (see j). -1('~).

become really popular. It suffers no harm if it
experiences a degree or two of frost during mid-
winter, though a minimum temperature of 45°
should be provided. Having thick, lieshy roots,
Cymbidiums require fairly large receptacles, and

Cynanchum

(267 )

Cypella

pots are better than baskets. Good drainage anil
a mixture of fibrous peat anil loam, rather lumpy,
suit them well. It is difficult to over water
established plants during the growing season, but
at other seasons a reduced supply suffices. The
warmth -loving species especially need careful
attention when repotted, or they will damp ami
rot speedily. Though a Cymbidium spike will
carry its flowers over a period of three months,
growers should not allow floral duration to blind
them to the plant's needs. Soon after all the buds
have expanded, cut the spike, and place the cut
end in a vessel of water stood among the plants
or in the drawing-room. For floral designs the
best Cymbidiums are extremely popular. Two very
fine hybrids are in cultivation, and hybrids are
yearly becoming more plentiful. Lowio-eburneum
and eburjieo-lowianum are both strong growers, and
easily managed in a cool intermediate house.
Principal Species and Hybrids :

eburneo-lowianum, 1^',
Feb. , Ap. , creamy wh. ,
crim. blotch on lip.
eburneum, l£',Feb.,Mch.,

wh. , yel. crest.
— Williamsii, H', Feb.,

Mch., wh., pur.
gigauteum, 2i , win. ,gni. ,

yel., pur., crim.
grandiflorum, 2', win.,
yellowish grn. ,yel..crim.
(sun. hookerianum).
lowianum, 24'. yellowish
gm., lip crim., yel.,
maroon.

Other Species : —
affine (see Cyperorchis

Mastersii).
aloifolium, 1', Sep., pur.,

blk.
canaliculatum, 1J', Ap. ,

My., blackish pur.
cyperifolium, IV, Oct.,

Nov., grn., reel br.
devoniauum, l',Ap.,My. ,
greenish yel., crim.,
pur.
elegans (see Cyperorchis

elegans) .
ensifolium, 1', win., grn.,

wh. , red, yel. ; sweet,
hookerianum (see grandi-
florum).

Humboltii, 1J' to 3', Je.,
yellowish gru., brown-
ish blk.

CYNANCHUM.

Hardy or tender climbers (ord. Asclepiadea;),
with herbaceous or sub-shrubby habit, small leaves,
deciduous or evergreen, and small, red, rose, or
white flowers in umbels. They are increased by-
division of the stools in spring, and grow readily
in any good soil. The tender speck's arc rarely
seen in cultivation, a few of the hardy ones some-
times being found in collections of herbaceous
plants. The majority are from Southern Europe
and Western Asia.

— viride, grn.
Lowio-eburneum, 15',

Feb., Mch., ivory wh.,

tinged grn.
tigriiuun, 9", Ap., Je.,

olive grn., red, striped

pur.
traceyanum, 2V, win.,

yellowish grn., marked

crim.; lip yellowish wh.,

spotted crim.
winniauum, 2', win., wh.,

spotted crim. A hybrid

between ebumeum and

giganteum.

Huttouii, U', My., yel..

grn., chocolate. Very

rare.
I'Ansouii, IV, My., grn.,

lip wh. , yel.

lougifolium, 2', Nov., grn.
Mastersii (we Cyperorchis

Mastersii).
Parishii, IV, Jy., Aug.,

wh., or., spotted vio.

pur. ; sweet,
pulcherrimum, 1', Nov.,

Dec., wh., crim.
pendulum, 2V, Jy., Aug.,

yellowish gru., red.
— atropurpureum, 24/,

My., Je., pur., lip wh.,

ro.

Principal Species :—
tricolor, 6', sum., st., wh.

(now Deemiu extensa).
formosum, a', Jy., grh.,

grn.
macrochizon,0',Jy.,h<ly.,

wh.

mi'laiithos, 3', Jy., hcly.,
pur. (nmv Viucetoxi-
cura medium).

roseum, :!', Jy.. lidy;,piir.

viridiHiirum (now Tylu-
phora asthmatica).

Scolymus, 3' to 7', aut.,
pur.

CYNARA.

A genus (iird. Compositre) comprising six
species of prickly herbaceous perennials, resem-
bling Thistles in appearance. Although decorative,
they are rarely grown for the sake of ornament, but
chiefly for their economic properties. Cardun-
culus is the Cardoon, and is treated under that
head. Scolymus — probably only a cultivated
variety of Cardunculus — is the Globe Artichoke,
which see. When grown in the herbaceous border
Cynaras like rich, but light, and well-turned soil.
A little protection in winter is advisable. They
are capital subjects for shrubbery margins.

Principal Species :—
Cariluuculus, ;V to 6',

Aug., Sep., pur.
— horrida, 6', Aug., Sep.,
pur.

CYNOGLOSSUM. (HOUND'S TONGUE.)
A rather extensive genus of border or rock
plants (oril. 1'xiragineaj), of which only a few are in
cultivation. It is thus needless to name many.
They have racemes of funnel-shaped flowers.
They thrive in common soil, and are propagated
by seeds sown in spring in the open, or in a
frame, and by division in spring or autumn.
There are annual, biennial, and perennial species.

Principal Species :—
cheirifolium, 9" , Je.,bieu. ,

ro.
Dioscoridis, 2', Je., bien.,

red.

f urcatum, 1 i ' , Je. ,bien. .bl.
glochidiatum, 2', Je-»
bien., bl.

CYNOMETRA.

Evergreen trees (ord. Leguminosa:), requiring a
stove temperature. Upwards of twenty species
have been described, but they are not in general
cultivation. The brown pods are edible. The
plants like a sandy loam, and propagation is by
cuttings of tips of the half-ripened shoots in spring,
in a sandy soil, in a close frame.

Principal Species : —

cauliflora, 30' to 40', sum., wh.

CYNORCHIS (*.'/"• CYKOSORCHIS).

Terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidacea,') needing
stove heat. Of the sixteen species several are in
cultivation, but they are of little value. Fibrous
loam and peat, with sand and a surfacing of
sphagnum, form a good compost. Propagation is
l>\ division, carried out just before the plants start
into growth. Give plenty of water during the
til-owing season, and little or none during the period
of rest.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

nervosum. 3', My., per.,bl.
officinale, 2', Je., bien.,

pur.
pictum, 2', Aug., bien.,

pur.
virgiuicum, 4', Jy., per.,

bl.

purpurea, pur.
lnviaiia, 1', wh.. gru., lip

HI.
purpurasrt'ns, S" to 10' ,

Nciv., grn., red, ro.

elegant, -|' to •">', wh., ro.,

Ivs. gru.
grancuflara, grn., spotted

ro., pur.
alba, wh., lip pur.,

fragrant.

CYPELLA.

I'rctly, half-hardy, bulbous plants (u,-d. Irid.-aO.
which require the same treatment us Ixias, and an-
increased by olTsrls.

Principal Species :—
H,.rlKTtii,r,. T.v.,. vrl. (.«'//'.

Tigridia EfarMrtii).
pi'i-iiviaiia, l',\vl., spotted

br.

.....:
I'haloi'nlhs pluml- i .

Cyperorchis

( 268 )

Cypripedium

CYPERORCHIS.

A small genus (ord. Orchidacea>) of two or three
species of stove epiphytic Orchids, at one time
referred to Cymbidium, and answering to the same
treatment as the members of that genus.

Principal Species : —

Mastersii, wiu. , ivory wh. ,
like Cymbidium ebur-
neum in habit (*;/«.
Cymbidium Mastersii

cochlearis, Ivs. 2' to

grn., _ br., yel. (.<//».

Cymbidium cochleare) .
elegaus, Ivs. 1^' to 2',

sulphur yel. or cream

wh. ($yn. Cymbidium

elegans).

CYPERUS.

A genus containing a large number of Grass-like
plants (ord. Cyperacese) principally of ornamental
habit, and of much horticultural value. Many are
adapted for table decoration. Propagation is by

iuid C. afnne).
— album, wiu., wh., frag-
rant (fi/ii. ('ymbidium
Mastersii album).

grh. or window plant.

— variegatus, Ivs. and
stems striped wh.

— variegatus gracilis.
lougus, 4', aut., a pretty,

Other Species :—

aristatus, 6", ami.

compressus, 1', grn.

elegans, 7', Jy. (nyn. Papy-
rus elegans).

csculentus, hlf-hdy.

Photo : J. Corbett

CYPKIPEDIUM CHAIILESWOHTHH (see. p. 270).

division in spring, by seeds sown in spring in heat,
and, with some species, by rooting the tops of the
plants. Soil, rich loam and sand with a little peat
added. Nearly all the species like a good supply of
moisture, and some thrive best as sub-aquatic plants.
When grown in windows it is particularly necessary
to see that they never suffer from drought.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
alternifolius, 2V, valuable hdy. species for the

borders of ponds and

similar positions.
Papyrus, 10', Aug. (Proper
name of Papyrus Anti-
quorum.)

giganteus, 10', Jy. (si/n,

Papyrus odoratus).
laxiflorus, 7', Jy.
laxus, 3', good table plant.
— variegatus.
reflexus.

dynijis (tec Hose liedeguar).

CYPHIA.

Half-hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Campanu-
lacefe), thriving in loam, peat, and sand in equal
proportions, and increased by cuttings of the young
growths under a hand-glass in a cool frame in
spring. Some of the species have tuberous roots,
and these should he kept dry in winter, or the
tubers will rot. Most of the Cyphias are natives of
the Cape. They are rarely met with in cultivation.

Principal Species : —

bulbosa, 6", Aug., pale hi. volubilis, hi., stems twin-
Cardamines, (>", Jy. ing.

Phyteuma, 3", Feb., pk.

CYPHOKENTIA.

There are five species in this genus (ord. Pal mas).
All need a stove heat, plenty of moisture both at
the root and in the air, and a little liquid stimulant
during the summer. They may be increased by
seeds. Soil, good loam.

Principal Species : —

robusta, graceful, finely divided leaves.

CYPHOMANDRA. (TEEE TOMATO.)

There are nearly forty species in this genus
(ord. Solanaceie), and the one worthy of the
greatest attention is betacea, the Tree Tomato.
This attains to the dimensions of a small tree
(12' to 14'), with a stout, woody stem, and a great
spread of branches. The fruits are as large as
good-sized Plums, egg-shaped, purple at first,
finally red when ripe, and produced in pendu-
lous strings. When cooked they form a tasty dish.
The plant likes a compost of loam and leaf soil,
with sand, and a warm greenhouse temperature.
It may be increased by seed, or by cuttings, in
spring, in bottom heat.

There is a fine specimen at the southern end ot
the Temperate House at Kew.

Fragrans is also a useful and ornamental species.
It can be kept dwarf, or grown to 15' in height,
and bears drooping racemes of sweet purple and
yellow flowers.

CYPHOSPERMA.

Stove Palms (ord. Palmse), thriving under the
same treatment as AEECA, which see. One species
only has been introduced : Vieillardii (si/ns. Kentia
robusta and Kentia Vieillardii). Keutia robusta is
the common garden name.

CYPRESS (see CUPBESSUS).

CYPRIPEDIUM

Description. — Among amateur Orchid cultivators
there is no more popular genus than Cypripedium,
for it is of easy culture, readily propagated, and
lends itself freely to hybridisation. The plants
vary from the low-growing bellatulum of 3" high
to the robust longifolium, which is often 3' high,
but most of them are terrestrial. The leaves vary
from short, fleshy, flat ones to grassy, recurving
ones 3' long, and in colour they show remarkable
differences. With the exception of the hardy forms,
all are evergreen. Lady's Slipper is the popular
name, and the general idea is that the pouched lip
forms the toe, the staminode the heel, the dorsal
sepal the back, and the petals the straps of the
shoe. In some cases, as in Schlimii, the petals are
quite small, whereas in caudalum they are some-
times 2' long. The sepals and lip may assume
many peculiar shapes, but no matter what the
variation a Cypripedium is never mistaken for any

Cypripedium

( 269 )

Cypripedium

Botanists

other Orchid, although there are between ninety
and a hundred species and several hundred recorded
hybrids.

Botanical Sections of the Genus. — In such a
widespread genus it is natural to find distinctive
groups of species, and while it may be advisable to
give descriptive titles to such groups for purposes
of classification, horticulturists are not prepared to
accept such titles as .strictly generic. ««*••«:<•*•
made several groups of Cypri-
pedium, but latterly they have
defined1 these as separate
genera. In this article the
Lady's Slipper Orchids are all
dealt with as Cypripediums,
though according- to latest ad-
vices they should be divided
into four separate genera, i.e.
Selenipedimnjl'liragmapedium,
Cypripedium, and Paphiope-
diuin. Some go so far as to
correct the original authority
and alter "podium" to "pedi-
lum."'

Hybrids. — Several honored
hybrids have been raised, and
month by month the number
increases. Xo Orchids are
easier to raise from seed, and
one instance is recorded of
strong plants with leaves I.',"
long having been produced
within nine months of hybrid-
isation. Seedlings (lower earlv
as compared with other Or-
chids, and hybrids are often a
decided improvement upon the
parents in floriferousness and
ease of culture. Leeanum,
calurum, cardinale, harrisian-
um, Horgaoin, and Sedenii are
half a dozen splendid hybrids,
well deserving of culture even
where Orchids are not a speci-
ality.

Cultural Points. — As con-
siderable diversity of habit
exists among C'ypripediums,
the cultivator must exercise
judgment in providing recep-
tacles. Deep-rooting sorts need
deeper pots than the surface-
rooting ones. Ample drainage
is essential, and, as a general
rule, fibrous peat, a little
fibrous loam, and sphagnum-
form a suitable compost. The
bellatuhim group require little
rooting material, and they are
the only species that have a

decided period of rest, and need hardly any water
during such period : a high stove temperature suits
them, and they delight in limestone rock placed
about their roots. Other tropical speeies are manage-
able in a winter temperature of 55° to t>0", rising
to 70" during the summer, and allowing an advance
of several degrees by sun heat. The best time to
divide, repot, or top-dress C'ypripediums is when
new growth commences, usually in early spring.
A humid atmosphere is essential at all time-, ami
most species are the better for a gentle syringing
during hot summer weather. A moderate amount
of shading in brilliant weather is beneficial, and

ensures clean, bright leafage. A few species noted
below can be grown in a cool house, and very
many hybrids succeed admirably in the inter-
mediate house, especially those having a cool-house
species as one parent.

Insect Enemies.— If sponging is systematically
done, and the houses are occasionally fumigated
or vaporised, so much the better for the Cypripe-
diums, as it is not easy to eradicate scale or mealy

Photo : Cassell & Company, Ltd.

MoKOANI.H (see p. 270).

bug when once these have ensconced themselves
in the leaf axils or round the rootstock. A humid
atmosphere will keep red spider in check.

Hardy Section. — All the hardy species are
terrestrial. A moist situation is essential. If a
compost has to be prepared, it should be com-
posed of equal pans of peat and flaky leat
soil, with sphagnum moss added if neccs-;,i\.
to ensure moisture. Division is the method of
increase, but it is desirable to disturb the plants
as little as possible. A spot sheltered from wind,
such as a bay in the rock garden, should be se-
lected as a homo for these Lady's Sliders, and

Cypripedium

(270 )

Cyrilla

if strong plants are put out in spring such a corner
should prove one of the most delightful in the
garden. The best of this section is spectabile.

Principal Tropical Species and Varieties: —

Argus,!', My., Je., wh., dayanum, 8", Feb., Mch.,

ro., grn., pur. wh., grn., pur.

barbatum, 9", Ap., wh., fairieanum, 1', Oct., grn.,

pur., grn. Of this wh., pur.

there are several good haynaldianum, 1\' , Jan.,

vars., notably Crossii Mch., wh., ro. , grn.,

and nigrum. pur.

bellatulum, 3", My., Je., hirsutissimum, IV, Mch.,

wh.. spotted dark pur. My., pur., grn.

— album, a choice and lawrenceanum, 1', Ap.,
rare albino. My. , wh. , pur. , grn., br.

Boxallii, U', win., grn., — hyeanum, arare albino.

dark pur. niveum, C", spr., wh.,

callosum, 1|', Dec., Jan., faintly dotted ro.

Feb., wh., pur., grn. rothschildianum, 2', Mch.,

— Sanderse, a beautiful Ap. , dull yel., pur. br. ,
albino. wh.

caudatum, 2', Mch., My., Stonei, 2', My., Jy.,

grn., yel., br. (with cream, ro., pur. ; cann-

botanists, Selenipedium sertianum, maguificum,

caudatum). and platytsenium are

Charlesworthii, G"., Sep., distinct vars.

Nov., ro., wh., grn. superbiens, 9", aut., wh.,

(*er p. 268). grn., pur. br. («///.

concolor, 6", Ap., My., veitchianum).

creamy wh. venustum, 8", Oct., grn.,

Curtisii, 8", Je., Aug., red.
pur., wh., ro.
Principal Cool House Species and Varieties : —

insigne, 1', win., grn., — violaceum punctatum,

wh., pur. br. A most 1', grn., wh., vio. pur.

popular, useful, and spots,

easily grown species, Schlimii. 10", ro. pk.,car.,

now represented by wh. (with botanists,

many choice vars. Selenipedium Schlimii).

— Chantinii, l',wh., grn., — albiflorum, wh., blush.
vio. pur. spicerianum, 8",aut.,wh.,

— Maulei, 1', wh., grn., grn., pur.

pur., very large. villosum, 14", Dec. to

— Sanderse, 10", prim. Mch., grn., br., pur.
yel., rare and beautiful. -- aureum, yel., grn., wh.

— sanderianum, 10 ',
palest yel., very rare.
Principal Hardy Species : —

Calceolus, !£', sum., yel. montanum,r,br.,pur.,wh,

californicum, I-!', Aug., pubescens, 2', sum., yel-

Sep., yel., wh. lowish br., yel.

guttatum, 8", My., wh., spectabile, 2', sum., ro.,

ro. pur. wh."MoccasinFlower."

macranthum,l',sum.,pur. — album, pure wh.

Other Species : -

acaule, 6", My., hdy., ro. ists, Selenipedium

pur. longif olium) .

candidum,l',Je.,hdy.,wh. Lowii, 1', sum., grn., pur.

caricinum,!', Jy.,grn.,br., mastersianum, 1^', Ap.,

pur. (with botanists, Se- grn .

lenipedium caricinum). Parishii, 2', sum., grn.,

chamberlaiiiianum, H', straw colour.

Ap., My., creamy wh., philippinense, 2', spr.,

ro. pur., crim. wh., pur., grn. (syn.

ciliolare, 1', Ap., My., laevigatum).

wh., grn., pur. purpuratum, 8", win.,

Druryi, 1', Ap., Je., yel., wh., pur.

bl., pur. Roezlii, 3', Mch., My.,

Exul. 8", Ap., wh., yel., yel., grn., pur. (with

pur., grn. botanists, Selenipedium

Hookerse, 8", yel., grn., Roezlii).

pur. sanderianum, 2', Sep.,

japouicum, 1', spr., gru., pur., dark pur., br.

wh., ro. pur. vt'itchiauuni (see superb-

tevigatum (see philippin- iens).

ense). Yictoriae-Marise.lA', gru.,

longifolium,3', sum., yel., wh., pur.

grn., wh. (with botiin-

Principal Hybrids : —

Annie Measures, Ap.

(bellatulum X daya-

miin).
arthurianum, Oct., Nov.

(insigne X fairieanum) .
Aylingii, Je. (niveum X

ciliolare).
Baron Schroder, Nov.

(oenanthum superbum

X fairieanum').
calurum, Sep., Oct.(loiigi-

folium X Sedenii).
Calypso, Jan., Feb. (Box-
allii X spicerianum).
cardinale, Dec., Jan.

(Sedenii X Schlimii

albiflorum).
Chapmannii magnificum,

My. (bellatulum X

Curtisii).

(spicerianum X QBnan-

thum superbum).
Morganise.Nov., Jan., Jy.

(superbiens X Stonei)

(seep. 269).
Mrs. Reginald Young,

Je. (sanderianum X

Lowii).

Niobe, Dec., Jan. (spicer-
ianum X fairieanum).
nitens, Nov., Jan. (iusigue

Maulei X villosum).
oouanthum, Sep., Nov.

(harrisianum X insigue

Maulei).
Olenus, Mch., Ap., My.

(bellatulum X ciliolare).

The Burford Lodge and

Gertrude Holliugtou

vars. are especially fine) .

Charles Richman, My., orphanum, Aug. (barba-

Je. (bellatulum X bar- turn X Druryi).

batum" superbum). pitcherianum, Oct. (spi-

conco-lawre, Feb. (con- cerianum X harrisia-

colorXlawrenceauum). num superbum).
dominianum, Je., Sep. • — Williams' var., very

(caricinum X cauda- free flowering,

turn). Hegina, Oct. (leeanum

Edwardii, Jy. (superbiens superbum X fairie-

X fairieanum). anum).

genniiiyauum, Feb.. Mch. sanderiano-superbieus,

(hirsutissimum X vil- Aug. (superbiens X

losum). sanderianum).

Godefroyse, Aug. (bella- schofieldiauum, Ap. (bel-

tulum X niveum). latulum X hirsutissi-

grande, My. (longif olium mum).

X caudatum). Schroderae, Dec., Jan.

harrisianum. Feb., Oct. (caudatum X Sedenii).

(villosum X barbatum). Sedenii, Mch., Aug.

Hera Adrastus, Jan. (SchlimiiX longif olium).

(Boxallii X leeanum). An excellent var. is

Hermione (spiceriauum X candidulum.

barbatum Wameri). selligerum, My., Je. (bar-

I'Ansonii, Je. (rothschild- batum Xphilippineuse).

eanum X Morganise). swanianum, Mch. (daya-

J. H. Veitch, Aug. (Cur- num X barbatum).

tisii X Stonei platy- tessellatum porphyreum,

tfenium). Aug. (barbatum X cou-

lathamianum, Feb. (spi- color).

cerianum X villosum). Tityus, Nov. (spiceri-
Lawrebel, Ap., Je. (law- anum X cenauthum su-
renceanura X bellatu- perbum).
him). vexillarium, Jan. (barba-
leeanum, Nov., Dec., Jan. turn X fairieanum).
(insigneX spicerianum). Vidor (Charles Canhani
The most beautiful and X Harrisianum super-
useful of all hybrids. bum (seep. 271).
Lord Roberts, Dec. Vipanii, My. (philippin-
(Charles worth ii X ense X niveum).
Creon). William Lloyd, Dec. (bel-
Maynardii, Dec., Jan. latulum X swanianum).
(purpuratum X spicer- Winifred Hollington, Ap.
ianum). (niveum X callosum).
macrpchilum,Aug.(longi- youngianum, Jy., Aug.
folium X caudatum). (philippinense X su-
Memoria Moensii, Oct. perbiens).

CYRILLA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (oi'd. Cyrillese) of

little value. They do in a mixture of sandy loam
and peat. Increase is by cuttings in very sandy
soil, or pure sand, under a bell-glass, in heat.
Probably the two species mentioned below are,
geographical forms of one.

Principal Species : —

antillana, 6', Jy., wh. racemiflora, 6', Je. to
Aug., wh.

The Cyrilla of L'Heritier is a synonym of Achimenes.

Cyrtandra

( 271 )

Cystacanthus

CYRTANDRA.

A largi' genus (tir/l. Gesneracese) of stove shrubs
:md trees. They are of little value hortieultnrally.
aii<l few species have, so far, been introduced.
They like a mixture of rough peat in bulk, with a
littk1 sphagnum. san<l. and charcoal ; also plenty
of water when growing, and brisk heat; no water
in winter. They may lie reproduced by half-
ripened cuttings, in heat, in spring.

Principal Species : —

bicolor, wh., pur. Pritchardii, wh. . small,

pendllla, wh., s]iotted jiur.

CYRTANTHERA (nee JACOBIXIA).

Other Species and Varieties :—

CvruirEURM VIDOH (see p. 270).
CYRTANTHUS.

Handsome Smith African bulbous plants (tirtl.
Amai'vllidese), with pretty flowers, and of much
value for flowering in the greenhouse, or for con-
servatory decoration Propagation is by offsets.
A rich, open loam suits. A greenhouse temperature
in summer suits the greater number, but the
majority ought to be kept in the stove in winter.
After the leaves become yellow, keep them dry
until spring, when the plants start into growth.
Some, e.g. c.arneus, are evergreen, and must be
carefully watered in winter.

Principal Species :

collinus, 1', Aug., red

(.SV///.S. Monella glauca

and M. colliua).
lutescens, 1', yi'l. («</«•

Mouella ochroleuca).
— Cooperi, yel. (•*<//"•

lutescens, Hooker).
Mackcuii, 1', wiu., spr.,

wh.

(>lili(|iius, '2'. .Te., red (.«/«.

Cnnum obliquum).
odorus, !)", Jy., crim.

(»//"• Monella odora).
saligilineus, !)", Aug., red

(>////. Gastronenia san-

guiueum) .

M.-tciiwanii, 1', sc.
O'Brienii, 1', sc.
parvirtorus, 1', Jan., sc.
rectirlorus, 1.',', red.
smitlimiius, (i", My., wli.,

striped gni. or br,
spiralis, l',Nov., sc. ("</«.

Monella spiralis).
Tiiekii, 1J', Jy., red, yel.
uniUorus, 9", win., wh.

(»//». Amaryllis cla-

vata).
vittatus, wh., striped br.

angustifolius, 1', ant., red
(siliis. Crinuni angu- 1:-
folium, etc.).

— grandiflorus.

— striatus.

— veutricosus. Tred.
brachyscyplms, 9", Jy.,
carueus, 14', red.
Oalpini, 1', Aug., red.
lielictus, 9", Sep., wh.
Huttouii,r,My.,i>alered.
hybridus (sanguiueus X

Vallota purpurea), 1',
or. sc.

CYRTOCHILUM (*<?e ONCIDIUM).
CYRTOMIUM.

Now included under Aspidium, which see. Ex. :
C. falcatum and C. f. caryotideum.

CYRTOPERA.

Greenhouse terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidaceas),
closely allied to Cyrtopodiuru, and sometimes
placed under that genus. Propagation, by division
before growth starts. Soil, good loam two-thirds,
old Mushroom bed manure one-third, with sand.
Tlie plants love plenty of heat and moisture in the
growing season, and less water and a lower tem-
pi-rat nre in the resting period, which coincides
with our winter.

Principal Species :—
flava, IV, spikes 2', yel.,

dotted br. (*;/». Cyrto-

podiimi tlavum).
flexuosa,wh., spotted pur.
papillosa, yel.
Kegnieri, yel.

V\ oodfordu) .

CYRTOPODIUM.

A genus of about twenty species of stove terres-
trial Orchids (ord. Orchidaceic). They answer to
the same treatment as Cyrtopera, which see.

Principal Species :—

punctatum, Ap., yel.,

spotted br.

— splendens, yel., br., red.
saintlegerianuni, yel..

blotched br.
sa,nguiiiruin(>vr ( 'yrtopera

sanguinea).
virescens, Dec., yel.
CYRTOSPERMA.

Stove perennial herbs (ord. AroideEe), requiring
Hie same treatment as that given to the Alocasias.
The plants are not well known to gardeners, wit!-.
the exception of Johnstonii.

Principal Species :-

ferox, sjiatbe greenish wh. foliage plant (fy».

Jolmstoiiii, Ivs. u'l-u.. Alocasia Jolmstonii).

veined ro. red. Of senegalense, Ivs. 1'.

great size ; a noble

CYSTACANTHUS.

Stove herbaceous plants (i>rd. Acanthaceoo),
requiring a lii:lit. sandy loam and peat in mixture.
Cuttings of the young growths rout readily in
bottom heat in spring and early summer. They
must he kept close, but watched, or they damp off.

Principal Species : —

turL'iilus. IV, Ap. (.«//(. Meninia turgida). A
pretty plant, with wh.. ro. striped (lowers.

sanguinea, sum., pale pur.,

br., root tuberous (v/y.

Cyrtopodium sanguiii-

eum) .
Woodfordii, yel., lip

pur. (*7/w. Cyrtopodium

Woodfi

Alicia1, gni., hr., wh.
Audersonii, spr., yel.
— cardiochiluin, yel.
flavum (xff Cyrtopera

flava).
flavescens, yel., close to

Andersouii.

(see lloya).
Cyrtogonium (see AcrwHekim),

Cystopteris

( 272 )

Cytisus

CYSTOPTERIS. (THE BLADDER FERN.)
Elegant hardy Ferns (ord. Filices), with one
exception (bulbifera) natives of Britain. Allied to
Microlepia and Woodsia. They are choice subjects
for the hardy fernery, where they delight in a light,
rich soil, such as sandy loam, peat, and leaf mould
in equal parts. When in pots, a little old mortar
rubbish should be added to the soil. Propagation
is by spores and division in all cases ; by bulbils,
in addition, in the case of bulbifera. Spores are
best sown in autumn, and division of the crowns
should be practised ill March and April.

are by no means unornamcntal. The Laburnum was
formerly included in this genus, but it is now placed
in a genus with its allied species, such as Adami.

Propagation. — By seed, sown when ripe, in sandy
soil in a cool frame, artificial heat not necessary ;
by layers ; by grafting upon a common stock, such
as the Laburnum, for the rarer species and those
of prostrate habit ; and by cuttings of the young
shoots, taken in spring or autumn, with a heel, and
struck in a close frame. The cuttings should be
about 3" long. This is the method of propaga-
tion for the Genistas.

CYTI.-US scor.uurs sui.i'iirKF.rs (see p, 27

Principal Species : —
alpina, 4" to 9".
bulbifera, 6" to li". May

be propagated by the

bulbils,
fragilis, 6" to 9". There

are several forms of this

pretty native Fern, of
which angustata, den-
tata, and dickeaua are
the best. The last named
is especially distinct,
moutaua, G" to 'J", rare.

CYTISUS.

Description. — Handsome flowering shrubs (ord.
Leguminosa;), hardy for the most part, but in a
few instances requiring the shelter of a green-
house. There is a considerable variation in habit,
some of the species making thick bushes 10' or 12'
in height, as in the case of the common Broom ;
others being prostrate shrubs suitable for planting
in the rock garden. In this latter section may be
placed Ardoinei, purpureus, and the charming
hybrid kewensis. Canariensis and racemosus arc
very popular window and conservatory plants, and
as " Genistas " rind their way in thousands into the
market. Albus and prsccox are grand plants for
massing in clumps upon the lawn, for even when
not in bloom their long, green, whip-like branches

Soil. — A good, sandy loam, with an admixture of
leaf mould or peat, will suit the pot plants admir-
ably. For those growing outdoors any ordinary
soil will suit, provided it be not too heavy and
lumpy.

Other Cultural Points. — The dwarf, bushy
Genistas, in .">" and ti" pots, so much in request,
are obtained by striking cuttings in close frames
in spring, and growing the plants steadily on in
cold frames through the early part of the summer.
Pinching is resorted to several times, to induce a
bushy habit, and towards the end of the summer
the plants are placed out of doors on an ash bed
to ripen. Firm potting is essential, and, once the
pots are filled with roots, occasional supplies of
liquid manure are given. In spring the plants are
brought into heat in batches, so as to furnish a
succession of bloom. Much heat must not be
given, or the buds will drop. Canariensis is
naturally a little later in blooming than raceraosus.
Old plants are cut back immediately after flowering,
placed in gentle heat, and kept syringed. They
soon break into fresh growth, and are then gradually

Daboecia

( 273 )

Dsedalacantims

.hardened oil. Spider and limps are the chief
insrct pests ; they may be kept in check by timely
fumigation.

Andi-eimus may be treated in similar fashion,
except that harder pruning is necessary to counter-
act its very straggling habit. Less water should
be given to this than to most of the other Cytisuses ;
very little- indeed is needed during the winter. It
does best if confined to small pots.

Standard Cytisuses, worked on clean :>' or I'
stocks of the Laburnum, make handsome shrubbery
plants.

Principal Species and Varieties :--

allms, 6' to 10', spr.. lidv.,
wh.

— multittorus, an im-
proved fnrin.

Anloiiii, 4" to 6", spr.,

Inly., yel.. prostrate,
camiriensis, 1' to (>", spr.,

sinii., grh., yel.
tilipes, 4' to r', sju-., grh.,

wh. , sub-pendulous,
fragrans, 1' to I', Ap., Jc.,

gTh., yel.

— elegana, a stronger
plant.

liii-siitus, Je. , lidy., yel.,
prostrate : good for
tin- roeken .

kewenng, 'My., hdy.,
errainy wh. , prostrate;
ni.-iy .be grafted oil
standards: hybrid.

pnccox, 3' to (>', My.,

hdy., cream yel. (hybrid,
purgaus X albus).

purpureus, My., hdy.,
pur., prostrate.

racemosus (of gardens),
1' to 4', Je., Jy., grh.,
yel. Originally de-
scribed as a true spe-
cies, now referred by
botanists to I'ragrans.
There are several sub-
vars., of which everest-
ianus is one of the best.

M'opanus. :;' to 12', spr.,
sum., hdy., yel. Com-
mon Broom.

— andivanus, 2' to 6',
spr., hdy., yel., rich
chestnut br. A showy
conservatory plant
(*//«. Genista aiidri'ana).

— sulphurous, yel. («<r

P. 27-2).

Other Species and Varieties :—

Adami (see Laburnum Laburnum (wf Laburnum

Adami). vulgare).

alpiims («•<• Laburnum linit'olius, Jan., Je., grh.,

idpiimm). yel. (SIJH. Genista lini-

anagyrus («/• Adenocar- folia).

pus liispanicus). nigricaus, 3' to li'. Je.,

andri'-aiius (.v/ scoparius hdy., yel. (*•//«. Lembo-

aii'iivanus). tronis n&ncans).

austriacus, 2' to 4', Je., - Carlieri, persistent

hdy., yel. bloomer,

l.irlorus, 3', My., hdy., proliferus, 2' to 4', Ap.,

yi-'. (*////. siipiuus of My., grh., wh.

gardens, not Jaci[iiin). purgaus, 3' to 5', Je., Jy.,

candicaus, 6' to 9', My., grh., yel. (x//ii. Genista

Jy., grh., yel. (•«/"• purgans).

Genista candicans). schipkaensis, 1', wh.

t-apitatus, 2' to 4', Je., scssilifolius, 4' to G', My.,

Inly., yel. hdy., yel.

decuinbens, Je., Aug., yel. supinus (of gardens, tee

("!ln. Genista prostra ta). biflorus).

glabrescens, My., hdy., Weldenii (tee Petteria

yel. ramentacea).

DABOECIA.

A small genus of hardy evergreen shrubs (ard.
Kricacese). They are dwarf growing, and thrive
in peat in shady places. Propagation is by cuttings
and layers.

Principal Species :—

polifolia, 2', Jy., pur., a native of Ireland (sifn.
Menziesia polifolia).

— alba, similar to the type except for the wh.
flowers.

There are several 'other forms varying little from
the type.

< ':nrltia (nee Paradisea).
18

DACRYDIUM.

A genus (ard. Conifcra) of greenhouse Conifers
ranging in height from If/ to 100'. They flourish
in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand, and may be
propagated from cuttings of young wood in verv
sandy peat beneath a bell-glass. The chief
economic value lies in the hardness of the wood of
I'ranklini, which is valuable for spars. Taxoides
yields a beverage resembling Spruce beer.

Principal Species :—

araucaroides, 20'. elatum, 20'.

cupressinum, 20'. Frankliui, iflO'.

DACTYLIS.

A strung-growing, hardy perennial Grass (ord.
Gramineae), often known as the Rough Cocksfoot
Glomerata flowers in June ami July, the spikes
being 'A' high. Propagation is by seeds and divi-
sion. It thrives in damp places. There is a
dwarfer form with variegated foliage, glomerata
variegata, that is extensively used in summer
bedding ; it has a light, silvery appearance. As
this is not so hardy as the wild form, some plants
should always be wintered in cold frames.

DADDY LONG LEGS.

One of our commonest summer insects is the
Crane Fly (Tipula oleracea), better known by its
popular name of Daddy Long Legs. This huge,
gnat-like insect, with six long, many-jointed legs,
and pair of gauze wings, is the parent of that most
vicious garden pest, the Leather Jacket giub.

These grubs attack all the Cabbage family

Lettuces, Beans, Potatoes, etc. — consequently the
insects should be destroyed whenever found, to
prevent egg deposition. On grass or farm land
heavy rolling keeps the pest in check, but in
gardens trapping by means of sliced Carrots,
Potatoes, or Parsnips (each wit h a skewer attached)
buried just below the surface of the soil, is a good
remedy, provided the traps are regularly inspected
and the grubs killed. A weak solution of gas
liquor, with lime added, is said to be a ivmely:
this is applied through a watering-pot. The
Leather Jacket is occasionally confused with the
wireworm. (See WlKEWOBM.)

D^EDALACANTHUS.

Four species of this genus (ord. Acanthacese)
receive some attention from gardeners. They
require stove treatment, and are effective when
well grown. Propagation is by cuttings in very
sandy soil under a bell-glass over bottom heat,
early in the year ; also by seeds. Soil, mellow
loam, leaf mould, peat, and coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

macrophyllus, 3', Jan., vio. bl. (nijn. Eranthemum
macrophyllum).

montanns. 2', Mch., lil. pur. (xyn. Eranthemum
montanum).

nervosus, 2'. Dec., bl. (tyn. Eranthemum pnl-
chellum).

strictus, 2^', My., pur. (*///;. Kranthemiim
strictuni).

Dacti/lanthes (*<r
lliirtiilicnjnim (sec Ilirentra).
.'iiK-hilis i-ns/i/liifd (gee Poa tfabellata).

Illlclllllir/Cll'illlll (.-7V /•.'/(•//.-'/««).

llacti/liipliyllum (of JienHiam, see (lilia).

Dsemia

( 274 )

Daffodil

DSEMIA.

A genus (ord. Asclepiadesc) of evergreen
twiners that grow well in the stove. They range
in height from 3' to 10'. Propagation is by spring
cuttings in sanely soil under a bell-glass over

Phato: Cussell it Co., Ltd.

DAFFODIL MASTER AT An.ws (see p. 276).

bottom heat. Equal parts of fibrous loam and
peat, with sand, suit them.

Principal Species : —
extcnsa, y, Jo., Jy., wh. seaiulens, 10', Je., Jy., wh.

D^MONOROPS.

Although in the Genera 1'lantarum this genus
of climbing Palms (ord. Palmie) was united to the
closely allied genus, Calamus, later authorities
have again divided them. In a small state several
species make useful table plants, while in a large
stove they make handsome subjects for clothing

tall pillars. All have spines on the leaf stalks,
which enable them to climb up trees. Draco
yields the best dragon's blood, so valuable in stains
and varnishes. All are readily raised from seed
sown in pans in heat. A stove temperature and
moist atmosphere are at all times essen-
tial, and on every bright day copious
syringings must be given to keep down
insects and ensure clean growth. In pots
or planted out, the compost of loam, peat,
and leaf soil must be well drained.
Principal Species :—
Draco, fronds 0', blk. spines.,
grandis.

jenkinsianus, arching deep grn. fronds,
lewisianus, wh. leaf stalks, blk. sheaths.
melanocluctes, slender growth,
palembanicus, one of the best in a
young state.

Other Species :—
calicarpus. trichrous.

tissus. intermedius.

Hystrix. lougipes.

periacauthus.

DAFFODIL.

Description. — The favourite English
name for the greater number of the
plants included under the genus Nar-
cissus suggests a few remarks on these
charming flowers from a more populai
point of view than would be convenient
under the heading of Narcissus, which
may be referred to for a more systematic
plan of treatment. The beauty of the
Daffodil, a name which now embraces
more than the trumpet Narcissi origin-
ally called Daffodils, is unquestioned,
and the flower now forms a leading
feature in every spring garden worthy
of the name. In its various forms it can
be brought into bloom from Christmas
onwards under glass, and in the open
ground its lovely flowers give our
gardens much of their beauty in March,
April, and May. As a cut flower it has
no rivals in its season, and whether
planted in grass, in borders, or on rock-
work, it fills the most fastidious with
pleasure. In pots it is of great value
for the decoration of the greenhouse,
conservatory, or window.

Propagation. —Daffodils are generally
propagated by offsets, the only method
for named or meritorious varieties. These
are taken off when the plants are at rest.
New varieties are raised from seeds,
which can be sown as soon as ripe
either in beds in the garden or in
pots or boxes when ripe. Or they
may be kept until spring and then sown in the
same manner. Thin sowing is necessary, as it is
best not to disturb the young bulbs until they are
at least two years old. After the first season's
growth, about J" of fresh soil should be placed on
the top of the beds or pots. Raising Daffodils
from seed is strongly recommended to those who
have time and space. By this means many
improvements have been produced, although the
percentage of superior flowers is not large. Much
additional interest will accrue to the raiser if he
adopt systematic cross-fertilisation, and keep a
record of the crosses, llvbridisation between the

Daffodil

( 275 )

Daffodil

dug
well

different sections will also give interesting

results.

Soil. — The Daffodil likes a good, loamy soil, but
dislikes coining into contact with fresh animal
manure. When suitable, the land may be well
manured, and a crop of Potatoes taken off before
the Daffodils are planted; but where this is not
convenient the land may have
a dressing of about 7J oz. of
basic slag to the square yard,
as recommended by Mr. Barr,
or his alternative, H oz. of
crushed bones, although the
latter is more risky on account
of there being greater danger
from fungoid diseases caused
by the quality of the bones.
Where animal manure must
be used, it should be du:
deeply into the soil
below the bulbs.

Planting. —The forms of the
Poet's Daffodil all start into
growth early, and ought, if
possible, to be planted us soon
as the leaves decay. This is
not always possible, and they
may be planted at a later
season. The others may he
planted from the beginning of
September to the beginning of
December, or even later in an
emergency, although the earlier
they can be committed to the
soil the better. The proper
depth depends upon the si/.e
of the bulbs, but from 2" to
3" deep will suit the greater
number, although a better
system is to place them about
one and a half times the length
of the bulb in the soil.

Lifting.— When the leaves
are quite yellow the bulbs
may be lifted if desired, but
annual lifting is not necessary
unless for trade purposes. Two
years on poor and three on
rich soils are good for ordinary
practice. Daffodils in grass
may remain for many years
undisturbed.

Daffodils in Grass.— In plant-
ing Daffodils in gra>s a natural
method of arrangement must
be followed. Broad, irregular
groups will look much better
than a few bulb.s together at
uniform distances. As the soil below turf is often
poor, make a fair sized hole with a trowel or large
dibber, filling this with good soil before planting
the bulbs. The leaves of Daffodils in grass must
not be cut before they become yellow.

Daffodils in Pots. — Very suitable pots are 4J"
and li", and e-ich will contain from three to six
bulbs, according to size. Smaller varieties may be
planted more closely. A good, free soil, witli
plenty of drainage, will suit, and if moderately
mni-t the earth will not need watering before the
pots are taken inside. After planting, the pots
should be plunged outside, as in the case of other

has been made, and bringing them on gradually.
The slower the forcing the better the flower's.
Daffodils do not take kindly to high temperatures.
Daffodils in the Rock Garden.— Many of the
white and delicate Daffodils thrive as well in the
rock garden as anywhere, and it is the most suit-
able position for the smaller species, such aa

DAFFODIL MRS. J. B. M. CAMS! (see p. 27fi).

cyclamineus or minimus. Cyclamineus likes n
moist, peaty soil, and triandrus albus should be in
crevices with gravel and sand.

Daffodils for Edgings.— Pretty spring edgingn
may be made with the miniature-flowered s|"
minus, which is cheap, is as good as any. The
bulbs should be planted behind some permanent
edging, unless used as a margin for beds or borders
on grass.

Selections of Varieties : —

As new forms are constantly appearing-, and
older ones go out of cultivation, the following
-elections are only given as a guide to small

bulbs, talcing them under glass when root growth [ growers in obtaining a representative collection.

Daffodil

( 276 )

Dahlia

For Borders or Pots :-

Barrii conspicuus.

Emperor.

Empress.

Golden Spur.

Gwyther.

Horsefieldii.

John Bain.

Marchioness of Lome.

Master at Arms (•« ».

274).
Mrs. Backhouse.

Mrs. J. B. M. Camm

j>. 275).
nanus.
Palmerston.
poeticus oruatus.
poeticus, double.
P. R. Barr.
Queen Bess.
Sir Watkin.
telamouius plenus.
\V. P. Milner.

(sec

DAHLIA.

Description. — The Dahlia (ord. Compositse) is
one of those indispensable flowers which need no
commendation, and which seem constantly to
grow in favour. Annually improvements are being
made in it, and the changes in form and advances
in colour have done much to maintain its popu-
larity. At present the Cactus Dahlias are the
most admired, but the other sections have all
merits of their own. The large, ball-shaped Show
and Fancy flowers are very effective, if rather stiff-

Plicto: Cassell & Company, Ltd.

DAHLIA Mus. J. J. CROWE, A BEAUTIFUL YELLOW CACTUS VARIETY (gee ji. 2Y8).

For Naturalising in Grass : —

abscissus.

biflorus.

Burbidgei.

Butter and Eggs, double.

Cynosure.

Duchess of Brabant.

Golden Mary.

Golden Spur.

Henry Irving.

Johnston! Queen of Spain.

For Hack Gardens : —

Corbularia in variety.
cyclamineus.

juucifolius.

lobularis.

Macleaii.

moschatus.
obvallaris.
odorus rugulosus.
pallidus priecox.
poeticus.
— double,
princeps.
rugilobus.
telamouius plenus.

nnuiraus.
minor,
moschatus.
Banna.

triandrus albus.

looking, in the garden, and the little Pompons are
much valued for their profusion of bloom, and
for cutting. The parents of our modern Dahlias
are believed to have been coccinea, Merckii, and
variabilis. The Cactus Dahlias are descendants
of Yuarezii.

Propagation. — Named varieties of Dahlias are
generally propagated by cuttings produced from
the tubers, which are placed in bottom heat from
January onwards, under glass, to start them into
growth. The tubers should just be covered with
soil, but not the crowns, and when the growths
have made two joints they are taken off below the
lower one and rooted in heat in small pots filled
with light soil, singly. They are then grown on

Dahlia (of Tkunbery, see Trickoclailus).

Dahlia

( 277 )

Dahlia

under glass, and finally hardened before being
jilanti'il out. The tubers will produce cuttings for
some time. The cuttings should be as sturdy as
possible. The tubers may also be divided, but each
part must have an eye attached. Dahlias are also
easily raised from seeds sown in heat in early
spring and pricked off into single pots when large
enough. If grown on without a check, and planted
out in June, they will flower that year. Cuttings
of side shoots struck in pots in summer form " pot-
roots" for another season.

Dahlia ought to have liberal supplies of water, and
occasionally of liquid manure, although this may
easily be overdone, with the effect of causing gross
growth and fewer flowers. Thinning out is
generally desirable when large blooms are wanted,
but there is a considerable difference in the habit
of plants, and their individual requirements in this
respect must be studied. Flowers for exhibition
must be protected from the weather and from
strong sun, if they are to be kept back for shows.
For this purpose some use hollow cardboard

.

I

J'lwto: Ca8*tU £ Company. Ltd.

DAHLIA STARFISH, SCARLET CACTI'S VAHIETY (see p. 278).

Soil.— For the cultivation of the Dahlia a rich,
well-manured soil is necessary, but the manure
ought not to be freshly applied to the soil, or gross
growth will result. It is desirable that the beds
should be deeply trenclicd and well manured the
previous autumn. Light soils ought to be en-
riched by the addition of good loam.

Planting.— The end of May or the beginning of
June is usually the best time to plant out Dahlias,
but they should have careful attention at first, and
protection, if necessary, from late frosts. The
principal stakes should be placed in position before
planting, and the stems secured to them with some
soft tying material. The ground must be made
firm about the plants, which maybe placed from
5' to 0' apart.

Other Cultural Points.— When growing, the

cones or oiled canvas caps, and others apply pots.
Each branch should be secured singly to the
stakes.

Enemies. — The first enemy the grower ha* to
contend with is usually the slug, which is very
troublesome to young plants. Some fresh lime and
soot round the plant will help to keep slugs away,
but hand-picking at night should also be attended
to. A more reliable precaution is to put a zinc
ling with notched edges round the plants, sinking
it in the ground so that the slugs cannot go under-
neath. The cuckoo-spit or frog-hopper (Tfttigonia
spumaria) is often troublesome at a later M.ILTI',
and the froth-like substance should be taken off
before the insect emerges. The greatest niciny,
however, is the earwig, which is very injurious to
buds lind flowers. A flower pot placed on the top

Dahlia

( 273)

Daisy

of the stake, with a little dry hay or moss in it,
and searched daily, will be the means of catching
great numbers.

Lifting the Plants. — When frost has destroyed
the foliage, cut down the plants to about li" from
the surface of the soil, and, after allowing them to
remain for a few days, lift the tubers and dry them
slightly before storing in a dry, frost-proof place
during winter.

Classification.— Apart from the various species,
a selection of which are named below, the Dahlias

Selections of Varieties

Cactus : —
Arachne.

Chas. Woodbridge.
Cornucopia.
Couutess of Lonsdule.
Emperor.

Lord Roberts (see figu- e).
Loyalty.
Lucius.
Magnificent.
Major Weston.

Mayor Tuppenny.

Mrs. C. Gage.

Mrs. J. J. Crowe (sc,

276).

Rotl Rover.
Still-fish (seen. 277)
Uncle Tom.
Up-to-date.
Win. Jowett.
Wrm Treseder.
Zephyr.

Show :—
Arthur Bawl-

ings.
Colonist.
Duchess of

York.

Duke of Fife.
Harry Keith.

faney : —
Buffalo Bill.
Dandy.

Dorothy.
Duchess of Al-
bany.

Jas. Cocker.
John Walker.
J. T. West.
Mrs. Gladstone.
Mrs. Langtry.
It. T. Raw-lings.
Win. Rawliugs.

Emin Pa «ha.
Goldsmith.

Pom pi. n : —
Arthur West.
Bacchus.
Dr. Jim.
Kmily Hopper.
Ganymede.
Mars.
Nellie Brom-

head.

Matthew Camp.

1 bell.

Mrs. J. Downio.
Mrs. Sauiulers.
Peacock .
Rebecca.
Rev. J. B. M.
Camm.

Xerissa.
Rosebud.

Snow Hake.
Sunny Day-
break.
Tommy Kcitl .

PUotO! Cassall dt rrmpnny, Ltd.

DAHLIA LOUD ROBERTS, WHITE CACTI'S VARIETY.

in cultivation are known by the following classifi-
cation. In addition to these recognised classes,
Anemone-flowered and other forms have been
introduced lately.

Shorn Dahlias. — Large, globular flowers, almost
entirely of one colour, or with the ground colours
lighter than the tips.

Fancy Da.1ilias.~- Similar flowers, but striped or
flaked with a variety of colours or markings ; or
with a yellow or scarlet ground with white tips.

Pi>nipi»Ls.—O( similar form to the above, but of
small size. There are a few Cactus Pompons.

Single flowers need no description.

Decorative Dahlias.— A- useful class, which com-
prises flowers not, belonging well to any other. To
this have been relegated several of the old Cactus
Dahlias not now considered of the true Cactus
type.

Cactus Dahlias.— Charming flowers with narrow,
pointed florets. There are a few single forms,
liked by some for cutting.

Alice Scale. Naomie Tigh°.

Beauty's Eye. Northern Star.

Demon. Polly Eccles.

Folly. Phyllis.

Jeannette. Victoria.

Miss Roberts. W. C. Harvey.

Species : —

arborea, 12', Oct., wh.
coccinea, 3', Oct., sc.
excelsa, 30', Sep., pur.
gracilis, 4', Oct., various,
imperialis, 12', Oct., grh. scapigera, 2', Je., wh.

when in bloom, wh., ro. variabilis, 3'. Sep., various.
Merckii, 4', Oct., yel., Yuare/ii, a', Oct., sc.
wh., lil. (•".'/«• Juarezii).

DAIS.

This genus (prd. Thymelsoaceaj) comprises several
species. The best is cotonifolia, a greenhouse
evergreen shrub that delights in peat and loam.
It may be increased by root or stem cuttings in
spring. The plant grows 10' high, and produces
pink flowers in summer. Sericea is referred to
Lasiosiphon anthylloides.

DAISY.

The garden Daisies are forms of Bellis perennis,
which see. There are a number of forms of much
beauty, and with perfectly double flowers. They
are largely used for spring bedding, either in beds
by themselves, or associated with other plants, in
lines. They also muke pretty edgings where they
are not likely to be trodden upon. The double
Daisies are increased by division, which is best
done when they stop flowering. They ought to be
replanted every year if possible.

Dalbergia

( 279 )

Daphne

DALBERGIA.

These trees {an/. Leguimnoste) require stove
treatment. There are many species, most of which
have white flowers. They have no decorative
value. They are propagated from cuttings in
spring under a bell-glass over bottom heat, and
grow in fibrous loam, peat, ami sharp sand.

Principal Species : —
lattfolia, oO'. sum., \vh. Sissoo, 30', sum., wh.

DALEA.

A MTV large genus (ord. Leguminosrc) but little
represented ill gardens. The plants thrive in loam,
peat, and plenty of coarse sand. With one ex-
ception, they :ire shrubby perennials. They are
propagated by cuttings in March, in sand, under
a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —

alopecuroitles, 2', sum., mntabilis, 1J', Oct., wh.,
Inly, aim., hi. pur.

Mutisii, 1!', Jy., pur.

DALECHAMPIA.

Stnve evergreen climbers (ord. Euphorbiacea}).
Propagation is by spring cuttings in sandy soil,
beneath a bell-glass. They do best in equal parts
of peat and loam, with some sand. The principal
species is rnezliana. which has yellow and rose
blooms All the others produce greenish white
flowers ; they grow from 6' to 12' high.

DAMASONIUM.

A small genus of aquatics (ord. Alismaces) known
chiefly by its British species. Under cultivation it
should be treated like the Alismas, or Water
Plantains.

Principal Species : —

siellatnm. IV. sum., wh., yel. (syns. Alisma
Damasonium and Actinocarpus Damasonium).

DAMNACANTHUS.

These intermediate house shrubs (ord. Rubi-
aeea') have strong, opposite spines. They may be
increased by cuttings in very sandy soil beneath a
bell-glass, over bottom heat, and grown in rich,
mellow loam. peat, and sand.

Principal Species :—

iniliciis, spr.. grh. or hdy. cv. :-hr., wh.

DAMPIERA.

A genus of blue flowering herbs or shrubs (ord. \
Goodenovies1) that thrive in a minimum winter !
temperature of 38° and a minimum summer heat
of r>">°. Propagation is by division or cuttings, and
the plants grow well in peat and loam with sand.
There are from six to twelve species, all from
Australia, and nil ranging from G" to 12" high;
they mostly flower in May.

Principal Species : —
Brownii, li', .Ty., bl.

l>iilfii (nf (1 ir rlner, sec Mirrodori).
DiiUliiirilii (xi-c Jlulm*).
Dal mil tin a Cn/i(xiv 'I'nlipa).
llnl i ijinpli'ii (.-•<•(' Tur/i'mia).
humus/; /.'<«(• (xce Ittlises).
Damask Violet (see JIi-x/>i'rix).
Daiinistiiiiiiiii (of Srliri'hir. sn' Ottelia).
Dami's /.'«•/•.-/ (.m- lli:i/,eru).
Dammura («r A

DAMPING OFF.

Gardeners, amateur and professional, fully under-
stand the condition of plant life known as "damp-
ing off." That this state is the result of the
working of a minute fungus is not generally known,
but it is a fact that excessive moisture in soil and
atmosphere presents a condition which the fungus
takes advantage of and so is able to destroy tender
seedlings, young cuttings, succulent plants, etc.
Ample drainage, a porous compost, and careful
watering are necessary to prevent damping; and
in the case of tender seedlings and cuttings it is
advisable to surface the soil with fine sand ; this
prevents excessive moisture standing around the
"neck." or " collar," of a plant, which is the point
most liable to attack.

DAMSON.

Description. —The Damson is an improved form
of the Bullace, Prunus insititia (ord. Rosaceiu), and
is highly valued. It is exceedingly useful to plant
on the margins of orchards as a wind-break to
protect more tender trees. It is usually grown in
the form of standards and half-standards, and
after the foundation has been properly laid prac-
tically no pruning is required.

Propagation. — By grafting, budding, seeds, and
suckers, the latter method being invariably adopted
for the popular variety Farleigh Prolific. Instruc-
tions for the two first named processes will be
found under their respective heads.

Soil. -Any fertile, well-drained soil that contains
lime is suitable.

Principal Varieties : —

Bradley's King, large, pur., dense bloom ; flesh
thick and well flavoured ; ripe end of Sep. ; a
heavy cropper.

Crittenden, or Farleigh Prolific. Fruit medium,
blk. with a bl. bloom; flesh juicy and sweet; ripe
end of Sep. ; very prolific.

Prune. The Cheshire or Shropshire Prune is
large, oval, blk. with a bl. bloom ; flesh yellowish
grn. and of good flavour ; ripe middle of Sep. The
Hereford Prune is a longer oval, and the Worcester
Prune is oval ; both are excellent varieties.

Rivers' Early. Valued for its earliness, as it is ripe
by the middle of Aug. ; it is of fine quality. This
var. was raised from St. Etienne Plum by the late
Mr. Francis Rivers.

DANDELION.

Its thickened root and closely packed rosette of
broad leaves make Dandelion the despair of those
who desire beautiful lawns, for it kills the choicer
Grasses by starving them, and "•padding" is the
only good remedy. If, however, it is not a success
in the flower garden it has some value in the kitchen
garden, where it is sometimes cultivated for the
sake of its bitter leaves, these taking the place of
Endive in salads. The wild form is useful for this
purpose, but the French form is better. Dandelion
roots have some medicinal value as a diuretic, and
sometimes when dried and ground they are used
as a substitute for Chicory, with coffee.

DAPHNE.

Description. — Highly ornamental and sweet-
scented shrubs (ord. fhymehraceie), prized in the
garden, shrubbery, rock garden, or consenatory.
Some make pretty pnt plants, and the well-known
D. Mezereum, the Mezereon or Spume (Hive, is
valued for its early, profuse blooming habit.

J>n in-ill/: (HIT

Daphne

( 280 )

Darwinia

Propagation. — By cuttings, layers, or grafting ;
also by seeds. For cuttings, select ripened wood
in autumn, insert the slips in peaty soil, and cover
with a bell-glass, placing in a cool greenhouse until
spring, when they may be placed in a little heat.
The prostrate, hardy species are readily increased
by layers, with or without making a cut beneath
the layered branch, if kept down by a stone or peg.
liaising plants from seeds is slow.

Soil. — The Mezcreon does best in loam, the
others in sandy peat; but Cneorum has been
known to do well in heavy loam also.

Other Cultural Points.— To retain blagayana .
and Cneorum in vigour, they ought to be gone
over annually, and the branches pressed close to

Champion!, 3', Feb., lil.
Genkwa, 3', Ap., ev., lil.

(SI/H. Fortunei).
glomerate, 1', ev., pur.
Gnidium, 2', Je., ev. , pk.
japonica (set- odora).
jezoeiisis, 2', yel.
Laureola, Spurge Laurel,

3', Jan., ev., gru., yel.
oleoides, 2', Ap., ev., \vh.

(sijns. collina var. nea-
politana, and noniau;i).

— elegantissima.
pontica, 5', Ap., ev., grn.,

yel.

— Yanegata.

scricea, 2', Ap., ev., wh.
(»i/«. collina of JSotai/i-
cnl Magazine, t. 428).

striata, 2', Je., ev., pur.

DARLINGTONIA.

A half-hardy perennial (orcl. Sarraceniacea1),
propagated by division in spring. It thrives out
of doors in very favoured localities, but is best
grown in a pit, where it will be safe from frost in

DAKLIXOTONIA CALIPOHNICA,

the soil and kept down by large sized stones.
Careful watering is necessary for plants grown
under glass. The cutting of many of the flowers
should be avoided in the case of odora; otherwise
the plants become straggling.

Principal Species and Varieties !—
blagayana^r, Ap., wh. including forms with

wh. flowers and one
which blooms in aut.
odora, 3', Mch., grh. ev.,
pur. ; sweet. A favour-
ite, needing good drain -

A beautiful ev. trailing

shr., with fragrant

flowers.
Cneorum, 1', Ap.. pk.

A charming ev. trailer.

There are several forms,
indica (see odora).
Mezereum, 4', Feb., red.

There ;uv srvrni] v;n s..

Other Species and Varieties :—
alpina, 2', My., ev., wh. ultaica, 2', Ap., wh.
(sijn. Candida). caucasica, 1', My., wh.

age when in pots («/«.
indica var. odora) .
- Mazellii, wh., pk. ;

blooms in win. ; sweet.

Vaplmitis (see liotryeeras).

winter, and can be afforded a humid temperature
in summer. A mixture of fibrous peat and chopped
sphagnum is excellent.

Only Species : —

California!!, li'. Ap., grn., yel.

DARWINIA.

A small genus (ord. Myrtaceae) of evergreen trees
and shrubs that grow well in the greenhouse.
Cuttings of young growths root readily in very
sandy soil under a boll-glass. Equal parts of
fibrous peat and loam, with sharp sand, suit.

Principal Species :—

fascicularis, 24', Je. , red.
nmhriatn, ">', Je., ro.

(»//«. Geuetyllis fim-

briata).

macrostegia, 2.'.', Mv.,
crim. (*//»!. Grcnetyllis
tulipifera).

taxifolia, 24', Je., wh.

Daren (see Asplcniiim).
Darnel (sre Lolium).
Dashtoma (see Gerardia).

Dasylirion

( 281 )

Davallia

DASYLIRION.

Elegant greenhouse evergreens (ord. Liliaceai)
that may be raised from seeds, and thrive best in
rich mellow loam and mortar rubble, with free
drainage.

Principal Species : —

acrotrichum, 8', wh. (si/ns. D. gracile, Bonapartea
gracilis, and Barbacenia gracilis).

Other Species : —

glaucophyllum, 12', wh.

(XI/H. giaucum).
Hookeri, ,T, pur. (*//«*.

D. hcirtwegianum and

Beauearnea Hook-
eri).

lougifolium (see Noliua
loiigifolia).

DATISCA.

A hardy herbaceous perennial (ord. Datiscese)
that will grow in any fertile soil, and may
be increased by division. Cannabina produces
greenish yellow llowers in summer ; height 0'.

DATURA.

Description. Ornamental shrubs or trees
and annuals (ord. Solanacese), those of shrubby
or tree-like habit being the most valuable for
garden purposes. They have handsome flowers
and generally curious fruit. The shrubby
Daturas, gene-rally known as Brugmansias, are
pretty on pillars or in bush form in large
greenhouses or conservatories ; the annuals
are effective in borders, and a few of the
• jihcrs. such as suaveolens, may be placed out
in summer for effect.

Propagation. — The shrubby species by
cuttings or shoots about 0" or 8" long, the
lattrr removed with a. heel, and struck in
sand and loam in a bottom heat of not less
than GO". The annuals by seeds sown in a
hotbed or warm house and grown in pots
until ready to plant out.

Soil. - A rather sandy soil suits them
best, but they must have liquid manure oc-
casionally to keep them growing in summer.

Other Cultural Points. — The shrubby
section require a good growing heat in summer,
but may be kept cool and rather on the dry
side in winter. Prune after flowering.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
arborea, 10', Aug., grh. shr. ; handsome,
chlorantlia, 10', My., grh. shr., yel.

— rlore pleno, double, fine,
cornigera. 10', Jy., grh. shr., wh.

— flora pleno, ornamental,
fastuosa, '2', Jy., aim.,

bl., wh.

— flore pleno, double.

— rubra, red.

lletel, 2', Je., aim., wh.
sangiiinea, 10', Aug., grh.

DAUBENYA.

Pretty little frame or greenhouse bulbs (ord.
Liliaceae), which grow in light soil and are prop-
agated by offsets. After their leaves ripen they
should be kept dry until they begin growth again.

Principal Species :—
aurea, 3", Je., yel. fulva, 6", Je., dull yel.

DAUCUS.

A small genus of hardy annual or biennial plants
that are of little value, with the exception of
Carota, a British species from which the Carrot
has been evolved. (See CAHROT.)

DAVALLIA.

Description. — A large and important genus of
Ferns (ord. Filices), chiefly natives of the Tropics,

Other Species and Varieties : —

tree, sc. ; there is a yel.
form («//«. bicolor).
suaveolens, 12', Aug.,
grh. «hr., wh. ; hand-
some and fragrant (*//>/.
Knightii).

ceratocaula, 13', Jv., ami..

wh.

fi-rox, 2', Aus., aim., wh.
im-tcloidi-s, 2', Je., grli.

sin-.. VIM. wh. ("i/n.

Wrishtii).
<juen-it'ulia,2',.Iy..ann..vio.

Stramonium, Thorn
Apple, 2', Jy., aim., wh.

— tla va, pale yel.

Tatula, 111. Gigunteu is
a var.

Wriglitii (see meteloides).

DtuyftamoH (of de Cnndolle, see Crassula).
Jlasi/slcpliana (see (lerardia).
Date Palm (sec I'lurnh; dacli/lifera).
Jtiile Palm, Prickly (gee Acanf/ioji/urnix).
lin'i' 1'litiii (.«<:<! Diiixjii/rns Kalei).
Uate, \\' lid (sec J'/nr/ii.r

DATTKA SVAVEOLENS.

anvl thus for the most part needing a stove tempera-
ture. Over a hundred species of Davallias have
been described in the Synopsis f'iliiinn, and several
small genera, such as Acrophorus, Humata, Leuco-
stegia, Loxoscaphe. Jlicrolepia, Adontoloma, Pro-
sajitia. Scyphularia, and Stenoloma, have now
been merged in this one genus.

Propagation. By spores in all cases, and by
division of the creeping rhizomes in the case of
large plants — the popular canaricnsis may be easily
increased in this way. Some care is necessary to
fix the rhizomes to the new compost. They should
not be buried, but the soil should be made linn,
and the rhizomes fastened down by small pi-gs
of either wood or copper wire.

Soil. — Equal parts of fibrous loam and leaf soil,
with sand. A little live sphagnum is a good

Datibcntonia (sec Sobania).

Davallia

(282 )

Davallia

addition in the case of basket plants. Tenuifolia
must have all peat and sand, no loam.

Other Cultural Points. — Davallias are thirsty
Ferns, and must never be allowed to get dry. At
the same time, they are impatient of cold, water-
logged soil about their roots, and therefore small
pots are advisable. For those species which have
prominent, creeping rhizomes, such as fijiensis,

DAVALLIA CAXARIF.N-SIS.

bullata, and canariensis, shallow pans are the best
receptacles, as they afford the greatest amount of
surface room, with not too much useless soil.
Hirta, and its variety cristata, do best in pots, as
they are stronger rooters. Drainage must in all
cates be ample.

Davallias in Baskets. — Many Davallias are
suitable for culture in baskets, and assamica,
bullata. b. Mariesii,b. M. cristata, canariensis, hirta
cristata, immersa, marginalis, retusa, and parvula
may be mentioned. Such baskets should, if
possible, be dipped in the tank every day in
summer. Heterophylla atid angustata do well if
grown upon tree trunks. No soil is necessary.

Fern Balls. — Davallia bullata Mariesii is largely
imported from Japan, in the shape of Fern balls,
rafts, and more or less perfect representations
of birds, crocodiles, etc. It is a deciduous species.
and lends itself well to this treatment. The
rhizomes are allowed to dry until they can be
bent without breaking, and then they are built
into the desired shapes, with sphagnum as pack-
ing. The rhizomes start into growth readily
with heat and moisture, and pretty decorative
objects are thus obtained with little trouble.
An occasional dip into weak liquid cow manure
is beneficial.

Temperatures and Insects. — Temperature for the
stove species, 60° minimum ; from 65° to 70° is a
good minimum summer temperature. Canariensis
will do in a house whose temperature does not fall
below 40° ; it also thrives in an ordinary dwelling-
room window. Thrips and snowy fly are the most
troublesome insects, but the sponge and the
vaporiser will keep them at bay. Fumigations
should be light, and may, if necessary, be frequent.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

affiuis, 1' to 2', st.
canariensis, Hare's Foot

Feru, 1' to H', rhizomes

creeping, grh.
dissecta, 1' to 1^', st.
elegaus, 1' to 2', st.; elata

and polydactyla are

vars.
fijiensis, 1' to IV, st.

— elegaus, very finely cut,
light gru.

— major, a robust grower.

— pluuiosa, 1' to 2', finely
cut, very elegant.

hirta, 3' to 5', st. (*//;«.

'scaberula aud Micro-

lepia hirta).
- cristata, IV to 3', st..

tasselled (si/n. Micro-

lepia hirta cristata), an

elegant basket Fern,
[•allida, 2' to 3', st. (syii.

mooreann).
pentaphrlla, st. (sy».

pycnocarpa).

plaiyphylla, 3' to 4'. grh.

(xi/n. lonchitidea).
repeus.8" to 18", st.(*//»s.

hemiptera and Odonto-

loma repens).
solida, 1' to 2', st. (>•//>/.

lucida). The form

ornata has broader

segments.

Speluucae, 3' to f>', light
., very thin, st.
WA-. D. polypodioides,
triohost'icha, aud

Microlepia tricho-

sticha).
teunifolin, 1' to IV, st.

Burkei, stricta, ami

Veitchii are handsome

vars.
Tyermamii, 2" to \" ,

warm grh., good for

cutting,
trichomauoides, 6" to 9",

st.

DAVALLIA CILIATA (see p. 2SS).

Davidsonia

(283)

Decumaria

Other Species and Varieties : —

aculeata, 4' to 6', st. (•'•,'/".
Stenoloma aculeata).

assainii-a. i>" to 12", warm
grh. An elegant basket
Fern, but very rare
(SI/HI. AiTophorus as-
samicus and Leuco-
stegia a«samiea).

alata (xre Emersonii).

alpina, 2" to 3", st.

angustata, 3" to 8", st.

bullata, S" to 12", st.

— Mariesii, 0" to 9",
orb.

caivesci'iis(»rmari:iiialis).

rliarophylla, 9" to !•>".

ciliata, 1' to 1J', st. (sya.
Microlepia ciliata) (we
p. 282).

rristuta ([66 stri^osu).

divaricata, 1' to '2', st.
H. polyanths).

platy.

elata (a var. of elegans) .
sonii, 6"
/'. alata).

Emersonii, 6" to

i-^an-

12",

St.

fu'iiirulacea, 9" to 18", st.
tii-ma («<• hirta).
tiiinarioides, 1' to 2', st.
ribberosa, 1' to IV, st. ;

bracliycarpa is a var.
grirtitliiana, U" to 12", st.
liemiptera (:er repeiis).
lieteropbylla, 3" to 6", St.
liirsuta, (i" to 9", st. ( ///'.

Mierolepia liirsuta).
mvmersa, 1' to IV, st.

lonchitidea

phylla).
niarginalis, IV to 2', st.

(fi/ii*. calrescens, sca-

bra, and villosji).
incinliraiuilosa, (i" to 9",

grh. (»•////. Leucostegia

ineuibraiiulosa).
mooreana (w pallida).
multidentata, 2' to 3',

wanu grh. (»;/». Leu-
costegia multideiitata .
Novrt'-/ealandia_', 1* to

IV, grh. (tiff. Acro-

phorus his])idus).
parvnla, 1" to 11", st.
pectinata, 4" to 8", st.
pedata, 2" to 4", st.
piniiata, 9" to 15", st. ;

serrata, gracilis, ancl

luxoiiica are all very

close to this species,
polyantba (xer divaricata).
polypodioides (-tT Spel-

unca;).
pycuocarpa (fee penta-

"pliylla).

pyxidata, 9" to IS", st.
retusa (we Liudsaya re-

tusa).

s<'aberula (•//' hirta).
scabra (wr marginalis).
stn'u'osa, 1' to 3',grh. (*//ii.

kbasyana) ; rhomboidea

is a var.

trichosticha(.'rc Speluncte).
vestita, st.
villos;i (.w margiiialis) .

Lorraine!, 0" to 12", st.
lucida (.vv solida).

DAVIDSONIA.

The only species of this Australian genus (on!.
Saxifrageoc) is an attractive stove plant, the young-
leaves of which are bright red. It thrives in a
mixture of peat, loam, and sand, and may be
increased by stem endings in sand under a bell-
glass over bottom hi at.

Only Species : —

pruriens, 3', Ivs. red to deep grn. (pungens is
a var.).

DAVIESIA.

A genus (urd. LeguminosEc) of evergreen shrubs
that grow best in the greenhouse. Propagation is
by cuttings of very firm wood in sandy soil beneath
a bell-glass ; or by seeds sown in heat when pro-
curable. A compost of loam and peat suits.

Principal Species : —

alata. '•',', Jr.. yel. uliciua, 2V, Jc., yel.

cordata, 3', Je., yel.

Other Species : —
corymbosa, 2', Jy., red,

wh.
latifolia, 3', Je. , yel.

DAY LILY (see HKMKKCM-AU.IS).

DEATH'S HEAD HAWK MOTH.

In England this large, night-flying moth (Sphinx
atropos, or Manduca atropos) is much more common
than it used to be. It can never be mistaken,
owing to the skull-like- marking on the thorax.

Head A'ettle (IHU Lam him).
Deal, red or yellinr (xcc J'iinin gylrestri*).
Ix'ul. \\liiie (x<-e Picea ercelxa).
Dentil's Jfcrb (*<••• .1/ri'jitt lli-lladonna).
Debrtf'a (xcc &rttwf)»

longifolia. H'. My., yel.
stpiarro>a, 2', Jc., yel.

The larva: feed on the Potato, but are sometimes
iound on Buckthorn and other plants; a larva
when full grown will be •>" long, yellow, marked
with purple. When full-fed it burrows 8" or 10"
below the surface soil and turns into a reddish
brown pupa ; in this state it is often exposed
during winter digging, and should then be killed.
The moth appear.-, in spring or early summer, and is
one of the few species having power to emit a sound.

DECABELONE.

A genus (urtl. Asclepiadeie) of succulent plants
that thrive in the greenhouse in a mixture of loam
and brick rubbish, with frequent applications of
liquid manure when in active growth. Propaga-
tion is by cuttings, the base being dried before
insertion in sand.

Principal Species :—

Barklyi, ti", yel., spotted red.

DAVALLIA I'AUVILA.

DECAISNEA.

The best known species of this genus (ard.
Berberideso) is an upright Himalayan shrub that
should be accommodated in the greenhouse.
Propagation is by seeds, when procurable, and
by cuttings. Soil, mellow loam with sharp sand.

Only Cultivated Species : —
insignis, 8', My., yel- Fargesii, clo?o to insignis.

lowish.

DECUMARIA.

Pretty twining plants (iirrf. Saxifrage:*'), propa-
gated by cuttings in summer under a shaded
hand-light. They grow in dry. rich soil in a warm
position where they have a trellis or bush to t wine
over. There are several forms of the undcrnamed.

Only Species : —

haihara, .V, Je., wh.

Decahnea (<if Jlri'ity/iiiirf. m-r J'riiu-::lliii).
Itecaisnea (of LimUey. »r Tm/iiilin).
Decaxpermiim (sec Xelilris and
llmix/iiim (see Trndincarjta).
Decidumis (sec lilntmiri/).
< x<[i' li-inrtca).

Decostnl (we drifi-lhiia).

Deherainia

( 2S4 )

Delphinium

DEHERAINIA.

The only member of the genus (ord. Myrsinesc)
is a stove shrub. It thrives in a mixture of loam,
fibrous peat, and coarse sand, and is increased by
cuttings of ripe wood in sand, under a bell-glass
over bottom heat ; also by seeds.

Only Species : —

smarag'dina, I!', grn. ; thick and fleshy.

DELARBREA.

The only cultivated species, spectabilis (ord.
Araliaceic) is an evergreen stove plant closely
allied to the Aralias. It is a handsome plant, and
if allowed will assume tree-like proportions. It
succeeds if treated like a warm Aralia.

DENDROBIUM ATROVIOLACEUM (see p. 287).

DELOSTOMA.

A stove tree (ord. Bignoniaceic). Propagation
is by cuttings in sand, or very sandy soil, beneath
a bell-glass over bottom heat. A compost of
mellow loam, with some peat and sand, suits it.

Principal Species : —

dentatum, aut., whitisli bl.

DELPHINIUM. (LAHKsrun.)
Description. — The Delphiniums, or Larkspurs
(ord. Kanunculaccic), rank among the best and
most effective of our summer flowers. The noble
hybrid perennial Delphiniums are of surpassing-
effect when well grown ; the various species o'f
perennial habit are often beautiful, and the annuals
are of much value for the garden or for cutting.

Propagation. — The perennials by seeds sown in
spring, or by division at that season ; the annuals
by seeds sown as directed for .annuals (half-hardy),
afterwards planting them out where they are to
bloom.

Dclabechia (zee StorouUd).

Delairia ncandcns (sec Scneriu milltaniuides).

Soil. — A rich, well-manured soil is required to
bring the Delphinium to perfection, and in dry
weather copious waterings of liquid manure may
bo applied if tall plants are wished.

Other Cultural Points. — The perennials should
be protected from slugs, and ought to be staked
early, the stems being fastened as they grow. If
the flower spikes are removed early, the side shoots
will come into bloom in autumn.

Principal Species : —

Ajacis, 1J', sum., bl. Ann. Rocket Larkspur,
several vars.

cardinale, 3', Aug., sc. A handsome per., but
not a long liver.

cashmirianmu, H', bl. A pretty, dwarf per.

Consolida, 2', sum., bl. The branching ami.
Larkspur, several vars.

grandiflorum, 2', Je., bl. A fine plant, though
inferior to the new hybrids named below. Several
forms, such as flore pleno, album, a. flore pleno, and
pallid tfm.

nudicaule, 1J', Jy., or. sc. A beautiful little
plant.

— aurantiacum, differs slightly in colour.

Zalil, 2', Jy., yel. Best treated as a bieu. ;
pretty and distinct (syn. hybridum sulphureum).

Hybrid Varieties : —

These are undoubtedly the finest, and many are
of wonderful beauty. The recent introduction of
white or whitish varieties will add much to their
value. Those who wish to purchase are recom-
mended to study the catalogues of nurserymen, ns
new varieties are introduced yearly. Those named
are all good.

New and Erpensire Varieties : —
Beauty of Lang- King of Delphin- Seneca.

port. iuins. Sir Geo. Newnp-i.

Captain Holford. Mrs. Rushton. Sir John Forrest.
Dorothy Kelwny. Persimmon. Sir Walter Scott.

Dr. Mead. Portia. The Queen.

Flying Fox. Princess of Wales. True Blue.

Imperial Majesty. Sara.

Cheaper, lieecnthj Introduced Varieties (if First-
class (Duality : —

A/iyade.
Belladonna.
Bleu Celeste.
Brightness.
Frank Holl.
John Bright.

Other Species \—
amcenum, 2' , Jy . , pale hi.
azureum, 3', Jy., hi.
brtmonianum, 2', Je., pur.

bl.

cheilantlmm, 2', My., hi.
corymbosum, IV, Jy., bl.
crassicaule, Je., bl.
decorum, 1J', Je., hi.
denudatum, ]{', Je., hi.
discolor, 6', Aug., hi. \vh.
dyctyocarpum, 4',Jy.,bI.
datum, 6', Jy., bl., several

vars.

elegans, 1J', Jy., bl.
— flore pleno.
exaltatum, 6', Jy., hi.
liMltcratum, 1', Je., aim.,

bl.(«y».cardiopetalum).
laxiflorum, 4', Jy., bl.
nmackinnum, 5', bl.

Kenneth.
Messeut.
M. Porion.
Mrs. JHS. Helmp.
Nirvana.
Prince of Naples.

Puck.

Salamander.

Spino/a.

Toledo.

Tour Eiffel.

Ustane.

Menxiesii, 2', Jy.,hl. (M/M.

Nuttallii).

mesoleucum, 3', Jy., hi.
montanum, 4', Jy., bl.

— bracteosum, 7'.
oliveriamnn, 1',', Je., hi.
palmatifidum, 3', Jy., !•!.

— glabelhnn.
peregrinum, 1', Jy., bl.
pubescens, 2', Aug., bl.
Pykowi, 1', Jy., bl.
Eeqiiicnii, 4', Jy., bl.
revolutum, 6', Ap., V,l.
speciosum, 4'. Jy., bl.
Staphisagria.2' , Jy ..palehl.
s/owitsiamim, 3', yel.
temiissimiiMi, 1' , Aug. ,pur.
tricorne, 1', Jy., bl.
triste, 2', Jy., bl.
trolliifolium, 3', Jy., bl.

Dcmctria (sec Grindclia).
Demidovia (see Tetraynma).

Dendrobium

( 2S5

Dendrobium

DENDROBIUM.

Description. — This very large genus (ord. Orchid-
ace;i') is confined entirely to the Old World, and
forms, under cultivation in our stoves, one of the
most generally useful groups of plants we have.
All are epiphytes. The growths may be slender, as
in Lowii or lutecium ; tall and stout, as in pul-
chcllum and h'mbriatum ; club-shaped, as in
thyrsiflorum; hairy, as in formosum giganteum ;
pseudo-bulbous, as in aggregatum ; or rounded and
flattened, ;is in linguiforme. Some are quite
deciduous, and others are perfectly evergreen, the
former usually having thin leaves as compared

Hybridisation. — This genus is almost as popular
with the hybridiser as is Cypripedium. Artificial
fertilisation is easily managed, but the stigmntic
surface must not be unduly irritated, or the ovary
may swell up and appear to be full of seed, only to
eventually give disappointment by the chaff it
contains. Pollination is seldom effective if done as
soon as the flower opens ; it is better to wait a day
or two, as the pollen does not readily lose its vitality.
Another point to remember is that abundance of
water given at or immediately after pollination is
likely to cause failure. As a rule, the hybrids are
more easily grown and flowered than their parents.

I'lwto : 1'iuaeU <(• Cbuipituy, LM.

DEXDROHIUM FORMOSUM OIOANTEVM (see p. 287).

with the tough ones of the latter. In inflorescence
there is great variety ; many produce blooms all
along the growths of the preceding year, and others
have pendulous, many-flowered racemes. The
Mowers themselves vary largely, from the long-
spurred, tiny-flowered species of purely botanical
interest, to the large, spreading blooms of I). I'hahe-
nopsis ; the colour range is from pure white
through varying shades of yellow, rose, and lilac to
crimson purple of deepest dye.

Geographical Distribution. — Dendrobiums are
routined to Asia and Australasia, and are most
abundant in Moulmcin and Upper Burmah. The
southern limit is reached by striolatum in Tas-
mania, and the northern limit by amoenum in
North-West India. There is also a remarkable
difference of altitude at which species are found.

Cultural Remarks. — On the whole, Dendrobiums
are not difficult to manage, and their chief require-
ments are plenty of heat and moisture when
growing freely ; cooler and drier conditions when
growtli has finished for the season ; plenty of light,
only affording shade during the hottest part of a
bright summer day or to preserve the flowers as long
as possible ; and a moderate amount of compost
placed over ample drainage. Ventilation must
largely be governed by external conditions, but.
where a house is devoted to Dendrobiums it shouM
be closed early during tlio growing period, anil
walls, paths, pots, and plants freely syringed.

Potting. — As the rhizomes of Dendrobiums
extend slowly, it is not necessary to make much
provision of space for future growth. IVtini,' or
basketing ought never to be done unless new

Dendrobium

( 286

Dendrobium

growths are commencing to push forth roots.
Make the plants firm by sticks and ties, and place
the compost well up to the base of the new growth.
Deal with each plant as it needs attention ; never
wait until a batch is ready. D. Phatenopsis prefers
the compost placed lightly about its roots.

Receptacles and Compost.— Species having a
pendulous habit should be grown in Teak baskets.

compost, but the last ingredient is not necessary
unless the specimens potted are of large size and
have a considerable amount of material about the
roots.

Temperatures. — No hard and fast rule can be
given for temperatures, as so much depends upon
the heat at command, the external conditions,
position, and locality. The figures will, however,

DENDKOBIUM THYESIFLORUM (see p. 287).

All members of tho nobile group can be cultivated
in pots, as they are of erect habit, but the dwarfer
species are equally at home in baskets. D. Phalas-
nopsis and allied species do best in baskets, as
then the greatest amount of light can be afforded
them. Tall growers like fimbriatum are more
readily accommodated in pots, as stakes are neces-
sary for their support ; all the densiftorum and
thyrsiHorum group require similar treatment. For-
mosum, though it may be well grown in pots, is
better as a basket plant. Well-picked sphagnum,
fibrous peat, crocks, and charcoal form a good

provide a good basis for an intelligent cultivator to
work upon. January and February, 55° by niglit,
55° to 60° by day ; March and April (growth
usually commences), 60° to 65° by night, and 70°
by day, rising a further 10° in bright weather ;
May, June, July, and August, 65° by night, rising
to 85° by day, with sunshine ; September and
October, 60° to 05° by night, and 70° by day ;
November and December, 55° by night, .rising to
60° by day. Infundibulum, jamesinmim. anil
speciosum grow and flower best in an intermediate
house.

Dendrobium

( 287 )

Dendrobium

Besting Period. — When growth has finished for
tin: .-rasun — a condition indicated by the non-
production of new leaves at the apex — nearly all
Dendrobiuras should Vie gradually moved from a
high temperature to an intermediate (or even cooler)
one, where, in a drier atmosphere, and with a
reduction of the water supply, the growths will
ripen and plump up. The leaves will fall from the
deciduous species, but evergreen species ought not
to receive such extreme treatment, either in tem-
perature or lack of moisture. Until the flower
buds are prominent continue the resting condi-
tions, only giving water when signs of shrivelling
are apparent. A few species, like 1). I'halamopsis,
that flower soon after the completion of growth,
are best removed to a Cattleya house, never allow-
ing the compost to become quite dry.

Insect Pests. — Tlirips and red spider will atfack
Dendrobiuins when the atmospheric conditions are
favourable, but as a rule these are unfavourable,
li is only in ill-kept collections that scale or mealy
bug secures a footing, but green fly will often
appear at the growing tips. Sponging with an
approved insecticide will remove these pests.
There appear to be two distinct beetles that
infest Dendrobiums, causing a large amount of
damage by boring into and nut of the growths or
pseudo-bulbs. Xyleburus perforans and Diaxenes
Dendrobii are their names, but as botli have
similar habits they demand similar treatment.
The IVndrobes from New Ciiiineaand neighbouring
islands are most, subject to attack, conseqiientlv
importations ought to be carefully examined and
have all bored and withered growths removed and
burned. Moreover, it is necessary to keep the
new stoek under careful observation, and remove
any growths that show marks of infestation by
withering or by a black or brown discoloration;
if such growths are found to be hollow when
si|iie"zed it is an additional indication of infesta-
tion. It is the grab that does the boring, and it
spins the cocoon from which the beetle emerges.
The beetle is e'piallv dangerous, as it feeds on leaf
and growth. Besides burning all infested portions
of the plant a further remedy is to hunt for the
beetles at night, with a lantern ; they are about
i" lung, brownish grey, lined with white or
yellow,

Principal Species and Varieties : —

aggregatnm ma jus, 1',

Ap., yel.
aiiiirmini, I.'.', .Te., wh.

yel. (.v////.mesoehlorum).
aureum, IV, Jan., Feb.,

yd., red, fragrant (*i/t/.

heterooarpum).
Bcnsona:, 2', My., Je.,

wh., criin., pur., or.
bigibbum, H', .Sep., Oct.,

magenta pur.
btymeriannm, li', Feb.,

Mch., deepyelJ
clirys.-iMtlmm, 0", Sep.,

or., yd., maroon,
orirysutoxuin, 1', Mch.,

Ap., yel., or.
rrassinode, 2', Jan., Mch.,

wli., pur., or.
crct.iccuiri, 1', My., Je.,

civainy wli.
didhousieanum («•/• pid-

chclhim).
dcnsiflortiin, li', Mch.,

My., or. yel. "

devonianum, 3', My., Je.,
wh., pur., or.

Falconeri, 4', My.. Jc.,

wh. , shaded ro. . pur. , or.
Farmer!, I.1,', My., Je.,

yel.
nmbtratnm oculatum, 4',

My., or., yel., maroon

(«/». Paxtonii, 1'it.rton).
finillayanum. 1.1', Feb.,

Ap., pule HI., yel.
formosum gigauteuin, li ',

My., wh., yel. (nee p.

286).
Hildebrandii, 2', Mch.,

My., yel., or.
infimdibulum,2', Je., wh.,

or.
Johnsomr, 8", Jan.. Mch. ,

wli., lip marked pur.

(*//;/. Macfarlanei).
linn wiiinum , 1 .1', rosy pur. ,

wh.. pur.
lituifliirum, 2', Ap., My.,

rich pur., wh.

lutecium, IV, Mch., Ap.,
rosy yel.

MacCartlme, H, Aug. ,ro.,
wh., pur.

macrophyllum Veitchii,
li', yel., wh., pur.

nohile, 2', Jan., Mch., ro.,
pur., wh., dark pur.
A few choice vars. of
this widely cultivated
and variable species are
halliauum, cooksoni-
amun, Haekbridgc var.,
nobilius, and sandcrian-
um.

Phalirnopsis, 2', Oct.,
Xov., inauve, rosy pur.
There are several
beautiful forms of this
popular species, nota-
bly album, Applcton's
var., hololeucum
(wholly white), schrii-
dcriauum, and stattcri-
auum.

ricrardii, 2', A]i., whitish.

}:viniulinum, 1^', Feb.,
Meh. , primrose, ro.,pur.

Principal Hybrids : —
Ainsworthii (aureum X
nobile), Feb., Mch.

— leechiammi (aureum X
nohile), Feb., Mch.

— spleiulidisshmim (au-
reum X nobile), Feb.,
Mch.

— splendidifsimum gran-
dirlorum (aureum X
uobile), Feb., Mch.

Asj-asia (aureum X ward-

ianum), Mch.
<'a>*iope (monoliforme

X nobile albiflorum),

Feb., Mch.
chlorostele (linawianum

X wardiaimm), Jan.,

Feb.
chrysodiscum(Aiusworthii

X nndlayaiiuni), Feb.i
Clio (Ainsworthii splcn-

didissimum graudi-

florum X wardiaimm),

Mch.
crassinodo - wardianum,

Mch.
curtisiauum (Cassioj)e X

aureum), My.
dulce (aureum X lina-

wiauurn), Mch.

(*//». nobile pallidi-

florum, Jluiikrr).
pulchellum, 4'. Ap., My.,

pale yel., shaded ro.,

blotched maroon (»»/«.

dalhousieammi).
signatum, H', Mch., wh.,

yel., br.
speciosum, H',Feb.,Mch.,

buff.
— Hillii, creamy wh.

(nee p. 288).
spectabile, IV, Dec., liuff,

pur., crim.
6up;rbiens, 2i', aut.,

crim., pur.
superbum, 3', Ap., M«-h.,

rich pur. (xyii. macran-

thum). Three distinct

vars. are amiMiiimi,

scentless; Burkei. wli.,

]iiir. ; and Dearei, pure

wh.
thyrsiflorum, 2',Ap.,My.,

wh., jel. (tec p. 2K(i)."
wardiaimm, 3', Feb.,

Mch., wh., deep pur.,

or., maroon.

endocharis (monolifonne

X aureum), Mch.
euosmum (emlocharis X

nobile intermedium) ,

Mch.
Euryalus (Aiuswortliii X

nobile), Mch.
melanodiscum (findlay-

animi X Ainsworthii),

Jan., Mch.
Melpomene (signatum

X Ainsworthii sjilcn-

uidissiuium grandi-

florum), Mch.
micans (wardionum X

lituiflorum Freemanii\

Mch.
Niobe (tortile X uchile),

Ap.
Rolfte (nohile X primu-

linum), Mch.
schiieidcrianujn (filldlay-

auuin X aureum), Mch.
statterianuin (Bensoua:

X crystalliuum), Aug.
Venus (nobilc X Fal-

coueri), Ap.
\\"igania' (.siguatum X

uobile), Ap.
wiganiaimm (Hilde-

hrandii X nobile), Feb.

Other Species and Hybrids :

aduncum, 2', spr., pk.
albosauguiiieum, if, Ap.,

wh., red.
amethystoglossum, 3',

Jan., Feb., wh., pur.
Aphrodite, 1', Jy., Aug.,

cream, yel.
aqueum, 1', Nov., gni.,

wh. (ttt/H. album),
atro^olaceum, spr., wh.,

pur. (fee p. 284).
barbatulum, \\\ Mch.,

wh., red.
Boxallii, «', Feb., Mch.,

wli.. pur., yel.
Bryan (lutcolum X wardi-
aimm), Mch.

Calceolaria, 2', Je., or.,

pk. (XI/H. mosclmtum).
cambridgeanum (see oclirc-

itum).
caualiculatum, 1', Feb.,

yel., pur.

capillipes, 4". Ap., yel.
cariniferum, 9", Ap.,wh.,

or., red.
chlorops. 1'.', Jan., Feb.,

ci rainy wh.
Ccelogyiie, (>", Oct., Nov.,

buff, pur , or.
Cordelia (eiiosMiiiin leu-

I'opterum X annum),

Mcli.
crc]iidatuui, 1 J', Ap., wh.,

lik., or.

Dendrochilum

( 288)

Deppea

i',

Kenneth (Bensome X

MacCarthiie) , Mch.
kingianum, 6, Feb., pk.,

ro.
linguifurme, 4", Mch.,

pur.

Lowii, 1', Nov., yel., red.
Mui'farlauei (xee John-

sona:) .
macraiithum (fee super! >-

um).
mesochlorum (ace amoe-

num).

moniliformo, 9 ', spr.,
wh., pur. (.«//;. japoui-
cum).

moschatum (tec Calceo-
laria).

Nestor(Parishii X superb-
urn auosiuum), My.
oehreiitum, 9", Je., vol.,
pur. («/«. Cambridge -
aimm).
Parishii, 1J', Je., Jy.,

mauve, pur. , maroon.
Paxtonii. J'n.r/ini (.w tim-

briatum oculatum).
porphyrogastriini (pul-
chellum X superbum
Huttouii), Jy.
saugiiiueinn, 8', Sep.. red.
saiiguiuoleutum, ti",Mch.,

yel. , vio.
Sibyl (linawianum X bi-

gibbum), Mch.
stratiotes, 6", sum., wh.,

vio., pur.
.suavissimum (a var. of

ehrysotoxum).
teretifolium, 1', Jy. , pur.
tetragonum, 2', My., J'el.,

gm., red.

tortile, 6", My., wh.
transparens, 1^', Mch.,

wh., ro.

undulatum, Mch., yel., br.
veitchianum (wtf macro-

phyllum).
Victoria - Regina, U',

Aug., vio., bl.
Virginia (Bcusouo? X

monilif orme), Mch.
Wattii, Jan., wh., yel.

DENDROCHILUM (we PLATYCLINIS in

part).

DENDROMECON.

This small genus (ord. Papaveracea?) is repre-
sented in gardens by rigidum, a somewhat shrubby
species that is hardy in the south of England and
Ireland, but elsewhere must, like several other
California!! plants, be regarded as half-hardy. It
is propagated by seeds or cuttings, and grows best
in rich, well-drained loam, and a sunny situation.
The yellow flowers are produced in June.

DENDROPANAX.

Handsome stove foliage plants (onl. Araliacea1)
requiring similar treatment to that accorded
to Aralia and Panax.

Principal Species : —

arboreum, 12', Jy., yel. japouicum, 12', sum., yel.
\fjftt. Aralia arborea).

Dendrium (see Lcinpiiyllniii).

'Dendrucolla (see Sarcoclii"
Jjendroliriuni (see Uria).

cretaceum roseum,

My., cream, ro.
crueutuin, 1', Sep., wh.,

red.
crystidlinum, K', Jy.,

wh., pur., or.
cumulatum, 2', Sep., lil.
Cybelc (nohile X rindlay-

anuiii). Meli.
B'Albertisii, 1J', Aug.,

wh., gni., red.
dalhou-uohile, Je., pur.,

yel.
dayanum, var. of macro-

phylhnu.
Dearei, 3', Jy., Aug., wh.,

yel.
dixauthum, 2i', Je., Jy.,

yel.

Doris (Aiusworthii leechi-
iinum X monilif orme) ,
Mch.
Draconis, \\', My., Je.,

wh. , or.
Euterpe (nobilc X wardi-

anum), Mch.
Freemauii, var. of

lituiflorum.

fusi'atum (KI-C Gibsonii).
fytchianuin, 1', Ap., My.,

wh., ro.
Gibsonii, 2', Je., or. (fi/ii.

fuscatum).
gratiosissimum, 1'', spr.,

wh., ro.
giiffithiaiium, I1/, Mch.,

yel.
harveyauum, 9", My.,

yel., or.

HUlii (speciosum var.).
hookerianum, 0', Sep.,

yel. , maroon.
Huttoui, 2', spr., crim. ,

pur., wh., yel.
illustre (pulchellum X

chrysotoxum), Je.
jamesianum, U', My.,
wh., red (»;/». iufundib-
ulum jamesianum).
jajionicum (see monili-

forme).
Jeukiusii, 1', My., yel.

DENDROSERIS.

Small trees (ortl. Compositn^) that rarely branch.
A greenhouse temperature anil a compost of good
loam and sand will suit. Propagation by seeds.

Principal Species : —

macrophvlla, 10', sum., micrantha.
yel.

DEODAR (see CEDRUS DEODARA).

DEPARIA.

Rare stove Ferns (ord. Filices), consisting of
three rare species from different tropical countries.
Propagated by spores. The soil may consist of
librous loam two-thirds, peat and chopped sphag-

DEXDROIIIVM SPECIOSUM VAR. HILLII (see p. 28T).

num, with broken potsherds, one-third. One of
the.ni is similar in habit to Dicksonia adiantoides.

Principal Species : —

prolifera, fronds G" to 12", st. (syn. Macraei).

DEPPEA.

Stove or greenhouse shrubs of slender habit
(ord. Rubiacese). Propagation is by cuttings of
shoots getting firm at the base, in sand, in a
propagating case. Soil, loam two-thirds, peat
one- third, with sufficient sharp sand to render the
compost porous.

Principal Species : —
erythrorhizn, 1' to 3', grh., yel.

Ih'ntlrmpartum (SIT Genista).
TlenJiaiiiia (s?c Ciili'asiri).
Demisto'dtia (see Jtieltsonia).
Uentaria (fee Cardamine).
Dentidia (see Pcrilla).

Depressaria

( 289 )

Desmodium

DEPRESSARIA.

A genus of moths (prd. Tineina) of small size,
three of which are at times troublesome to Carrots
and Parsnips. Applana (sy«.cicutella), the common
flat-body moth, draws the leaves together with its
webs and devours them. Pastinacella (syn. dau-
cella) serves the umbels of flowers in the same way ;
and depressella devours the flowers and seeds.
By way of remedy, the caterpillars may be shaken
into tarred trays, a boy holding1 the tray while
another goes along the lines and shakes the plants
over the trays. A quicker method is to dust the
affected parts with Hellebore powder while wet.

DERMATOBOTRYS.

A deciduous, perennial, greenhouse plant (ord.
Scrophularinese), recently introduced from Natal.
Propagated by cuttings, and by seeds when obtain-
able. Fibrous loam two-thirds, and leaf mould
and sand one-third, will answer for compost.

Only Species : —

S.'uimlersii, 1', red., yel. ; the tubular flowers are
borne in whorls below the new set of leaves.

DERRIS.

A genus of tall, climbing, stove shrubs (ord.
Leguminosse), rarely forming trees. Propagation,
by cuttings in sand in a propagating case. Loam
and peat in equal parts, with a good dash of sand,
suit.

Principal Species :
dalbergioidee, ro. elliptica, red. scaudens, ro.

DESFONTAINEA.

A handsome, evergreen shrub (ord. Loganiacese),
of erect habit, hardy in the more favoured parts
of the British Isles, succeeding best in the more
northern parts in the vicinity of the sea, and with
the shelter of a wall. Flowers long and widely
tubular, or funnel-shaped. Propagation, by cuttings
in sandy loam and peat under a bell-glass in heat.
Any friable, well-drained soil will suit it if planted
out, but the addition of one-third of peat will be
an improvement. It makes a handsome greenhouse
or conservatory subject in pots or planted out in
well-lighted positions (see figure).

Principal Species : —

spinosa, 3', Aug., lidy., sc., yel. (syns. acutangula,
Hookeri, and splendens).

DESIGNS.

Operations on a large scale are generally left to
the genius or skill of the professional landscape
gardener, and those who have no time, know-
ledge, or special faculty for laving out gardens and
parks, or any special part thereof, should call in
professional aid. There are many gardeners and
amateurs, however, who can seize upon the beauty
of appropriateness in designing gardens or pleasure
grounds. An appropriate design can only be con-
ceived and put into workable form by someone
thoroughly acquainted with the capabilities of any
given situation and its surroundings, or by visiting
and thoroughly surveying the place. The design may
then be transferred to paper, if on a scale sufficiently
great to merit this. To imitate some other garden,
merely because its design is pleasing, would be
to court failure, unless the level or general trend
of the ground and its surroundings were the -nine.
A lake on the top of a mound or hill would be an
eyesore and altogether inappropriate. An elevated
rockery on the middle of a flat piece of ^nm..d
19

would be like a wen or an exaggerated molehill,
and altogether undesirable. Lakes, ponds, or other
-beets of ornamental water, if not at the lowest
level of the ground, should ba at a sufficient distance
below the highest point to make it appear that the
water is the natural drainage of the heights.
Streams should occupy the lowest level of a valley,
and not be made to run parallel with it at any
higher elevation. Geometrical designs are most
appropriate in the vicinity of buildings. At a
distance from such, irregular designs, devoid of
formality, are most appropriate in British land-
scape. Sharp curves in walks, drives, and paths
should never be introduced, unless there is an
obvious reason for making them. In getting from
point to point the nearest way is the most appropri-
ate, making due allowance for the contour of the

A SI-KAY OF DESFOXTAINEA SPINOSA.

land and the easiest line of ascent or descent. If
anything is imported to a place it should be such as
to heighten the effect of the natural design or lay of
the land, to make it more expressive or impressive,
to heighten the magnificence, accentuate the sim-
plicity, or deepen the tranquillity of a solitude. There
should be nothing contradictory to mar the design
as originally fashioned or modelled by Nature.

DESMODIUM.

Hardy, greenhouse, and stove shrubs (ord. Legu-
minosrc). Propagation is by young side shoots
getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass in a stove,
except where hardy ; also by seeds. Soil, fibrous
Inani two parts, leaf mould one part, with plenty
of sand.

Principal Species : —
camulense, 3' to 4', Jy., gyrans, 3', Jy., st., vio.

Inly., pur. A good The Telegraph Plant.

shrubbery plant.

Other Species : —
adscendens cteruleum, st. , pemluliflorum (see Les-

bl. jx'ileza Hcolor).

iil.itinn !.-n triquetrum). jiodocarpum, '!' , Jy., grh.,
hiartiriilutuiii, '2', Jy., st., ]jnr.

yel. jmlehellum, 3', Jy., st.,

laburnifolium, st. jnir.

latifolium, grh.,pur. (*!>>'. Skinnrri iillici-nitciis, jmr.

Hedysiirum latifohum. tiliirt'olium, sum., bl.

Raxmrfty. triiim-trum, 10', Jy., st.,

uutaus (nee tiliicfolium). pur. i\"». :d:itum).

Desmoncus

( 290)

Deutzia

DESMONCUS.

Stove Palms (prcl. Palraas) of slender, climbing
habit, suitable, in the case of the taller ones, for
training against pillars or tree stems. Propagation,
by imported seeds. Soil, fibrous loam and a third
of leaf mould or peat, with sand.

Principal Species : —

americanus, 6'. minor. orthaeanthos, 6'.

major. mitis. polyacanthos, 6'.

DETARIUM.

A small genus of stove shrubs or trees (ord.
Leguminosre). As the flowers have no petals their
beauty is dependent upon the stamens, as in
Acacia. Senegalense may be propagated by

Other Cultural Points. — All may be planted in
beds and shrubberies, in certain positions relative
to their height, but crenata and scabra, with the
fine varieties of the former, are most suitable for
this purpose. Gracilis makes a much dwarfer bush,
1J' to 2' high, and may be planted in beds by
itself, or as edgings to taller subjects. In the
more northern and colder parts of the British
Islands crenata and scabra should have the
shelter of a wall, the rest being relegated to the
greenhouse. Seeing that standards are so popular
for greenhouse and conservatory decoration, scabra
might be so trained that the main stem may
develop a head, the shoots of which should bo
shortened back annually so as to maintain the

Photo: Cassell & Company tLt

DEUTZIA CKENATA (see p, 201).

cuttings of half-mature wood in sand in a case.
Loam and peat in equal proportions, with sand,
will meet its requirements.

DEUTZIA.

Description. — Highly ornamental, deciduous
shrubs {ord. Saxifragese), with white flowers ter-
minating the stems and short side shoots.

Propagation. — liy cuttings of short side shoots
taken off with a heel of the old wood in spring,
inserted in sand in pots, and plunged in the fibre
of a propagating case, or placed under a bell-glass.
Strong shoots may also be taken off in autumn,
firmly and deeply inserted in prepared soil in a
sheltered position, and left there for a year.

Soil.— Any friable, well-drained soil will answer
their requirements. For pot culture use good,
fibrous loam with a little leaf mould and sand.

Desmidorclds (sec Bmtcerosia).
Desmotrichtim (see Dendrobiuni).

symmetry of the whole. Old shoots should be cut
out occasionally to make room for young ones.
Gracilis grafted on stems of scabra might be grown
in the same way. For pot culture gracilis is the
most serviceable and important of all. For flowering
in small pots young plants should be frequently
raised from cuttings and grown to a useful size.
After flowering these may have the old shoots
thinned out, and the plants may be transferred to
the open ground in June to acquire fresh vigour.
When these get too large some growers divide the
pieces with a hatchet so as to get them into
smaller pots ; but neater and more vigorous plants
are obtained from cuttings as above stated. When
large specimens are desired they may simply be
shifted into larger pots as they require it till the
limits are reached. Large specimens may be
grown in the same pots for ten or twelve years,
without being shifted, by feeding with liquid and
artificial manures when making their growth. Good
substantial soil and efficient drainage should be

Doyeuxia

( 201

Dianthus

given for this method of treatment. Merely thin
out old shoots and shorten others from year to
year where necessary.

Principal Species and Varieties :--

crenata, 4' to 6', Jo., Jy., — puuctata, spotted,

wh. The best flowering gracilis, 2', Ap. to Je.,

species for the open air wh. The best for pot

("i/iix. Fortune!, sen bra. culture.

[of Llnilli'ii], scabra — foliis aureis, Ivs. yel.

crenata, and Watered) . Leinoiuei, 2', My., Je.,

— flora pleno, double, wh. wli., hybrid.

— floro pleno extus pur- scabra, G', My., Je., wh.
purea, wh., ro. on tlie The strongest grower,
outside.

Other Species :--

coryinbosa, 5', wh. parviflora, 3', wh.

discolor, wh., ro. staminea, S\ Ap., My.,

— purpurascens, ro. pur. wh.

DEYEUXIA.

Greenhouse Grasses (ord. Graminese) grown for
decorative purposes. Propagation is easily effected
by division. Loam, leaf mould, and sand will suit
admirably for soil.

Principal Species :—

elegans variegata, Ivs. 1' to Ji', deep grn., edged
yel.

DIACALPE.

A stove Fern (ord. Filices) having fronds much
re.-embling those of Davallia nodosa, often covered
with coarse hairs, which soon fall away. Propaga-
tion, by division. Soil, loam and peat in equal
proportions, with some chopped sphagnum, and
broken pots with sand to ensure drainage.

Only Species :

aspidioidos, fronds 2' to 3'.

DIACRIUM.

A handsome Orchid (or/I. Orchidacese), allied to
and often placed under Epidendrum. Propaga-
tion, by division of the pieces, with a leading bud
to each. The compost should consist of fibrous
peat and sphagnum, with some sand, placed over
an ample drainage of crocks. Keep the plants
well above the rim of the pots.

Only Species :—

bicornutum, 1J', sum., wh. (xyn. Epidendrum).

DIADENIUM.

A stove Orchid (ord. Orchidacese) requiring
moist and warm treatment. Propagation, by off-
sets and by division of the pieces. For soil, use
fibrous peat and sphagnum in equal proportions,
with a little sharp sand. Use well-drained Orchid
baskets of moderate size, suspending them near
the glass. Keep the compost moderately dry in
winter,

Principal Species :-—

Barker! (xyn. Chipnatithe Barken).

DIALIUM.

A small genus of stove shrubs or trees (ord.
Leguminosse). Propagation, by cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in bottom heat. Guineense may

Decil's Apples (see Mandragora).
Devil in tin- Hush (s,v .\'ii//'lla).
Devil's Hit (itn- Kealiiimi xi/cc/wt).
f>i-ri/'.i Hi rb (see Plumbago scaiidens).
Dewberry (sec Halms <•«.</«.-;.

be grown in equal parts of peat and loam with
sand.

DIAMOND-BACK MOTH.

The larvae of this moth (Plutella cruciferarum)
prey upon cruciferous crops generally, but are
most troublesome to Turnips and Cabbages. The
moths, which make their appearance in April, are
about J" across the forewings ; the latter are
greyish white, spotted with brown. The larva; are
green, and do their eating all through the summer,
and the early part of the autumn. The moths
should be caught, if possible, and freshly slaked
lime should be dusted over the young plants while
the dew is on them. It is only while the plants
are young that they are in danger from the cater-
pillars ; when they get older the leaves are too
tough and strung.

DIANELLA.

Cool greenhouse plants (ord. Liliacese). Propa-
gation, by seeds and division. The soil may con-
sist of loam and peat in eqird proportions. They
may be planted out in cool houses.

Principal Species :—

Gfentlttt, 2', Je. (sijn. aspera, bl. berries,

congesta).

Other Species : —

congesta (we ca-rulea) . revoluta, 2', Aug. (xyn.

divaricata (nee revoluta). divaricata).

ensifolia, l\', Aug., wh. struraosa (see Itevis).

Isevis, 2', Aug. (XI/HS. longi- tasmanica, berries bl.

folia and strum osa). - — • variegata, Ivs, striped

lougifolia (tee Itevis). yel.
uemorosa, 2', Aug.

DIANTHERA.

Stove or greenhouse herbs (ord. Acanthaceas),
rarely shrubby. Propagation, by cuttings in sand
in heat, under a bell-glass or in a case. For soil
use two parts loam, one part leaf mould, and suffi-
cient sand to make it porous.

Principal Species : —
americana, 1' to 3', sum. , (XI/HX. Jacobiuia and

vio. , wh. Beloperone ciliata).

bullata, leaves pur. be- illustris (sir Porphyro-

ueatli. coma lanceolata).

ciliata, '!' ', win., pur., wh. lauceolata (we Porphyro-
coma lauceolata).

DIANTHUS. (PINK.)

Description.— Very beautiful border or rockwork
flowers (ord. Caryophylla;), generally very fragrant,
and of charming form. The genus includes
the Carnation (Caryophyllus) and the Pink
fplumarius), which will be found described under
the popular names. There are a large number of
species, and only the best of those which are in
gardens can be named here. Barbat.us, the Sweet
William, is an old favourite in cottage gardens.

Propagation. — By seeds sown in pots or pans in
spring and placed in a frame or greenhouse. Also
by cuttings or layers in August. The Mule Pinks,
such as Napoleon III., should be cut down after
(lowering to induce the formation of cuttings.

Soil. — The greater number of the species like a
rather light and sandy soil, with the addition o£ a
little peal.

Other Cultural Points. — The Alpine species
generally prefer to grow in the crevices between
stones, and in full sun. an exposure to the south
or south-west suit ing them well. Alpinus, however,

Dianthus

( 292 )

Dibber

does not like the midday sun. Most of them
ought to be top-dressed with sand and leaf mould
once or twice a year.

Principal Species :

alpinus, 4', Je., red. Au
exquisite little Alpine,
but not usually long-
lived, from want of top-
dressing.

barbatus, 1', Je., Tar.
bien. The Sweet Wil-
liam. Well known to
everyone.

caesius, <i", ,Ty., pale ro.
The Cheddar Pink ; a
pretty little Pink, which
likes limestone (see p.
293).

callizonus, 6", Jy. , ro. pk.
A charming little flower.

Caryophyllus (sec Carna-
tion).

cinnabarinus, 9", ,Ty.,
red. A beautiful, elect
grower.

crueutus, 1',', Jv., sc.

deltoides, 6", Je., etc.,
pk. The Maiden Pink ;
there is a wh. var. also.

glacialis, 3", Je., red. A
favourite with Alpine
growers, but difficult to
manage. S.W. aspect,
loam, leaf mould, and
sand. Vars. gelidus and
Freynii.

neglectns, 3", Je , ro.
Another pretty species.

petneus, 6' , Jy., wh. A
charming species, with
fringed flowers. There
is a pretty double form.

plumarius (sec Pink).

superbus,2',Aug. .whitish.
Very beautiful, but
practically a bien. It
has many syiis. and
forms.

Hybrids and Varieties : —

There are many hybrid and seedling forms from
various parents under garden names. The Mule
Pinks, such as Napoleon III., Marie Pare, Emily
Pare, Eugenie, etc., are pretty, and others, such as
Beauty, Fettes Mount, M. Foster, Cyclops, and
Atkinson!, are desirable.

Other Species : —

arboreus, 1*', Jy. , hlf-

hdy. per., pk.
arenarius, G", Aug., pur.
Anneria, 1', Je., ann.,ivd.
armerioides, 1', Je., red.
atrorubens, 1A', Jy.,

crim.

atteuuatus, 6", Jy. , red.
braehyauthus, 3', Je., pk.
burchtormeusis, 1', Jy. ,

red.
campestris, 1', Aug., red,

wh.

capitatus, l\', Aug., pur.
carthusianorum, 11', Jv.,

red.
chinensis, 1', Jy. , bien.,

red. Var. Atkinsoui

(«/««. Seguieri, den-

tosus, etc.).
ciliatus, H', Jy., pk. (XI/H.

racemosus).
Cyri, 1', Je., red.
divaricatus, 1', Aug., pur.
dubius, My., wh., pk.
erubescens, Jy. , pale ro.
ferrugineus, H', Jy.,

bright red.

fimbriatus, I.1,', Jy., br.
floribundus, 1', Jy., ro.

pk.

fragrans, 1', Aug., wh.
fruticosus, li', Jy., pk.
furcatus, 9", Jy., red.
gallicus, 9", Aug., pur.
giganteus, 3', Aug., pur.
glaucophyllus, l',Jj-.,red.
gracilis, G", Jy., ro.
graniticus, G", Je., rod.
hendersonianus, 1', Jy.,

crim. : of gardi'ii origin.
hirtus, 1', Jy. , rod.

Hoeltxeri, Jy. , pk. ; a var-

of superbus.
Horuemauuii, 1', Aug.,

red.

leptopetalus, ii', Jy., wh.
Libaiiotis, 3' , Jy . , wh.
lihoschitzianus, 9", Jy.,

wh.
lihuniicus, 1', Aug., red.

— Knappii, yel.
longicuulis, 1', Aug., wh.
microlepis, 3", Je., red,

wh.

monspessulanus, 1', Jy. ,
red.

— albus, wh.

— alpostris (see p. 294).
multipunctatus, 1', Je.
nitidus, G", Jy., pk.
noeanus, 1', Jy., wh.
pallidifiorus, 9", Jy., pur.
pelviformis, 1', Je., red.
pinifolius, 2", HI.
polymorphus, l',Ap.,red.
prostratus, 6", Sep., hlf

hd}T. per., red.
pungens, 1', Aug., pk.
rigidus, 9", Jy., red.
rupicolus, 1', Je. , red

(8yn. Bisiguani).
siculus, 9", Aug., red.
sqiiarrosus, 6", Je., wh.
Stcrnbergii, 1^', Je., pk.
strictus, 6", Jy. , wh.,

pur. («/«. integer),
simveolens, 1', Jy., wh.
sylvaticus, 1$', Je., red.
sylvestris, 1', Jy., ro.
tener, 6", Jy. , red.
viscidus, 6"," Jy., pur.
zonatuB, 9", 'Jy., wh ,

zoned br.

DIAPENSIA.

Diminutive, cu.-hion-like, hardy shrubs (ord. Dia-
pensiaceas). Only one of the two known species is
in cultivation, and that is both shoice and rare.
Propagation, by seeds or division of the tufts.
Soil, sandy peat, in a cool. 'shady situation on the
rockery. A reserve should be kept in frames and
grown in pots.

Principal Species : —

xidan- lapponica, 3", Jy. , wh.

barbulata (now Pyxi
thera barbulata).

DIASCIA.

Slender, erect or diffuse, greenliou.se 'annuals,
rarely perennials (ord. Scrophularineai). Flowers
white or rose. Propagation, by seed in spring, like
half-hardy annuals, to be planted out later on in
any friable, light garden soil.

Principal Species : —

Barberse, 1', Jy., ro. pk.

Photo: Cassell& Company, Ltd.

DlAXTHUS STUICTUS.

DIASTEMA.

Perennial stove herbs (ord. Gesneracere), of
dwarf habit, with creeping rhizomes. Propagation,
by cuttings of the young, growing shoots in heat,
under a bell-glass, and by division of the rhizomes.
Soil, loam and peat in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species :-

quinquevulneruin, Aug.,
wh. , pk.

ochroleucum, 1', Aug

yel.

pk'hnn, 9", wh. , pur.

DIBBER, OR DIBBLE.

The commonest and most useful form of this
tool or instrument is that represented by the
handle of a spade cut 12" or 15" below the head,
and pointed. The tool is, in fact, often made from
old spade handles. If the point is shod with iron
it will last longer, and, while easily kept clean, will
pierce the soil more readily when the latter is hard,
heavy, or wet. Hundreds are in use, however, that
are unshod. By lightly charring the point with fire,

Dmspis ($?e Scale Insects').
Diastella (me Lciicnspermmii).
Diastemanthe (see Stenotajthnnti).
D'Msteiiiclla (sec fJin.xtema).
Diatoma (sec Carallia).

Dicselospermum

( 293 )

Dichilus

and then making it smooth, it works admirably and
l;i>ts well. This form of dibber is useful for plant-
ing Cabbages and other plants with few roots, but
•when the latter are numerous the trowel should be
preferred for the work. A long-stemmed dibber,
with a cross-treadle or foot-rest about 6" above
the point, is useful for planting Potatoes.

DIC-iELOSPERMUM.

A stove climber belonging to the Gourd family
(tml. Cucurbitacese), grown for the ornamental
character of its fruit. The only species, Ritchiei,
is propagated from seeds. Good, fibrous loam, a
little leaf soil, and plenty of sand, will suit. It
requires a moi.-t, warm atmosphere.

Principal Species :—

exirnia, 1', spr., sum., red
pur. A beautiful little
plant with graceful
foliage and flowers
(«//«. Fumaria eximia).

spectabilis, "Lyre Flower,"
Other Species :—

canadensis, 6", My., wh.

ehrysantha, 3V, aiit., yel.

cucullaria, 6", My., wh.
yol. " Dutchman's

Breeches."

formosa, 6", My., ro. pur.
(KI/IIX. saccata and
Dielytra formosa).

"Bleeding Heart," 1' to
2',spr.,sum.,ro.pur. A
very handsome plant ;
there are vars. with wh.
flowers and variegated
foliage.

lacheualiroflora, 1', spr.,
pk. (*yn. tenuifolia).

scandens, pk., wh.

thalictrifolia, 3% Aug.,
yel. br.(.«//^.Dactylicap-
nos thalictrifolia).

Photo : CasscU & Company, Ltd.

DJANTHVS osssius, THE CHEDDAR PINK (see p. 29-2).

DICENTRA.

Description. — Very beautiful herbaceous plants
(prtl. Fumariacefe), of value for the garden, and
one or two for forcing for early bloom. For this
purpose, spectabilis (Dielytra spectabilis) is well
adapted, and is very ornamental. All are hardy
with the exception of spectabilis, which in some
districts requires a little protection.

Propagation. — The easiest method is by division
of the roots in spring, taking care to secure a
portion of the crowns, but spectabilis can also be
grown from cuttings, taken off after some growth
has been made, and struck under a hand-light.

Soil. — A rich, light, rather moist, peaty soil
answers well, and all thrive in shade.

Other Cultural Points. — In forcing spectabilis it
should have a moist temperature of from about r>0°
to 55°, as a greater heat is not suitable, and forcing
must be gently done.

Dibbleinnia (sec I'olypodiuin').
IHbrwhinii (of Jfi'fft'l, xrc llonialanthtis}.
ZHealymna (sec

DICH^EA.

Epiphytal stove Orchids (nrd. Orchidncese) with
slender, elongated stems, covered with the sheaths
of the closely set. two-ranked leaves. Propagation,
by division. Soil, fibrous peat and chopped sphag--
num, with ample drainage in baskets.

Principal Species : —
picta, grn., spotted pur.

DICHILUS.

Slender, erect, greenhouse shrubs (aril. Legumin-
osse), with evergreen foliage like that of a Cytisus
or Crotalaria, to which they arc allied. Flowers,
nodding. Propagation, by cuttings of side shoots
just getting firm, in sand under a bell-glass. Soil,
liiain, prat, and sand.

Principal Species : —
lebeckioidcs. 2.V. Ap., wh., yel

Dlcentrant In' ni (xrc .t.«i/*tti\ii>).
rt (xfv /tfxi/>fn/< unt}.

(fif J'c rxtntu, xff . I I'ttlin ///'/).

Diehopogon

( 294)

Dichrostachys

DICHOPOGON.

A greenhouse perennial herb {ord. Liliacea;), with
a tuberous rootstock. Propagation, by division.
Soil, loam and leaf mould, with sand ; or peat may
be used instead of the leaf mould.

Principal Species :—

striotus, iy, pur., flowers 1" to 1J" cliam.,
scented like Heliotrope {syn. undulatus).

DICHOPSIS.

Evergreen stove trees {ord. Sapotaceas), valued
for their foliage, but in some cases as the source of

positions. Some of the taller ones, such as
thyrsiflora, may be planted out under the shade
of Palms or other subjects.

Principal Species : —

mosaica, 2', st., bluish

wh., Ivs. lined wh. like

mosaic.
— gigantea, 2', st., bluish

wh., Ivs. 9" long,

5" wide,
pubesceus teeniensis,

bluish wh., Ivs. striped

wh.

(•s'f/». pubescens tal-
miensis) .

thyrsiflora, 3' to 10',aut.,
win., bl. The hand-
somest of all when well
grown.

undata, 2', Ivs. undu-
lated, striped silvery
grey.

DlANTHUS MOXSPESSULAXUS VAK. ALI'ESTIUS ; DWAKFEU THAN THE TYPE (see p. 292).

gutta-percha, which is prepared from the milky
juice. Propagation, by cuttings in a propagating
c,ase. Soil, fibrous loam and peat, with a liberal
proportion of sand.

Principal Species :—

Gutta, " Gutta-Percha " oblongifolia.

{syn. Isonaudra Gutta).

DICHORISANDRA.

Description. — Bold and handsome stove peren-
nials {ord. Commelinacese), some of which are
valued for their foliage, and others for their flowers.
The stems are mostly erect, with medium or large
leaves.

Propagation. — By seeds, in pans of light, peaty
soil in stove heat in spring. Division of the plants
when growth is commencing is another method.

Soil. — About one-third each of fibrous loam, peat,
and leaf mould, with a good dash of sharp silver
sand, will answer the purpose.

Other Cultural Points. — Most of these plants are
of easy culture in an ordinary collection of stove
plants, provided the glass is shaded in summer,
or the pots containing them are stood in shady

Other Species : —

albo - marginata, .Ivs. oxypetala, 2', Aug., red.

edged wh. picta, 6", Sep., bl.

aubletiana, Aug., bl., yel. puberula, 3', Aug., bl.

gracilis, IV, Aug., bl. Saundersii, 2 , Jy., wh.,

leucophthalmos, Je., vio.

bluish wh. Sieberi, 1J'.

ovalifolia, My., pur. vittata, Ivs. purplish,
with two wh. lines.

DICHROA.

A genus of stove shrubs {ord. Saxifrages), with
large flowers varying from blue to lilac. Propagated
by seeds or by cuttings of half-ripened wood in
heat. Fibrous' loam, leaf soil, and plenty of sand
will answer for compost.

Only Species : —

febrifuga, large bl. berries {xi/n. Cyanitis).

DICHROSTACHYS.

Stove shrubs {ord. Leguminosie), allied to
Adenanthera and Neptunia, with flowers in two-

Diclinsema {see Mirbelitf).
Dicli»i»ia (see Ai/athosma).

Dichrotrichum

( 295 )

Dicksonia

coloured spikes, the upper being perfect and yellow,
the lower neuter and pink or purplish. Propagated
by cuttings in a warm case. Loam two-third*,
peat and leaf soil one-third, with plenty of sand,
will suit.

Principal Species : —
cinerea. uutans. jilatycarpa.

DICHROTRICHUM.

Stove shrubs (ord. Gesneracete) with evergreen
foliage and the habit of yEschynanthus, the stems
creeping or climbing on the stems of trees by their
roots. Propagation is by cuttings in sand, with

let this remain for a year. When used, it should be
mixed with about a fourth of its bulk of coarse grit.
Other Cultural Points.— The tree Ferns are only
suitable for large houses, but they may be grown
either in pots or planted out. Antarctica may be
employed out of doors for sub-tropical bedding.
Many of the species produce quantities of aerial
roots, and these should be syringed twice or thrice
daily, as they help the plants considerably. Plenty
of water is necessary at all times, and liquid cow
manure may be given twice or thrice weekly in
summer. If the young fronds are too near the
glass, they may be brought down by attaching

riintii: i:.J Wiiiiit, ir«ii<f»irort/i, .v.ir

DICKSONIA ANTARCTICA.

bottom heat, in a case or covered by a bell-glass.
Loam and peat in equal parts, with plenty of sharp
sand, in baskets, are suitable.

Principal Species : —
ternateum. Jy., crim.

DICKSONIA.

Description. — A large genus (forty species) of
Ferns (t>rd. Filices). Many of them are tree-like,
and even under cultivation attain to noble pro-
portions.

Propagation. — By spores, sown when ripe in a
close, warm frame.

Soil. — Two-thirds of good loam and one-third of
leaf soil, with sand, for the smaller-growing species.
For the tree Ferns it is advisable to build a stack
of alternate layers of loam and cow manure, and

Dichniiiia (af Cai-anillen, sec Ouriiia).

weights to them. The chief insect enemies are
mealy bug, snowy fly, and tlirips. Fumigation and
sponging with soapy water are the remedies.

Temperature for the stove species, 60° minimum ;
for the greenhouse species, 4<JU minimum — 45° is a
good winter night temperature.

Principal Species :—

antnrctica, 30' to 35' , fronds
.r)'tor2',grh.,anolili'trri:
Feni (»;/«. Billardieri)
(see figure).

aph'folia, 3' to 5', st. (si/us.
tenera of gardens and
Davallia apiifolia).

berteroana, 6' to 15',
fronds 3' to 5', grh., a
tree Fern witli si- mli ]•
stem and spreadin ghead.

• In v -'itrichu, fronds 3' to
.")', st. (XI/H. Blumei).

I, ntliMimi, fronds 1 1'to 15',
st. ; hybrid.

Menziesii, fronds 3' to

4'.

— pruinata, much cut.
regalis, fronds 3' to "', grh.
-'///. Cibotium regale),
sellowiana, fronds 6 to 9',

at., a handsome tree

Fern,
squarrosa, l.V to 20',

fronds 4' to 6'.
\V. •ndlanrlii,fromls6'to9',

a tree Fern with great

spread of fronds (.11/11.

spectabilis of gardens).

Dicliptera

(296)

Dietyanthus

Other Species and Varieties : —

udiantoidcs, fronds 3' to

6', st. (syn. obtusifolia,).
arborescens, 10' to 12',

fronds 3' to 6', grh.
assamica (see Barometz) .
Barometz, fronds 3' to 6',

st. (xyn. assamica).
Billardieri (s««antarctica).
Blumei (see chrysotricha).
Cliamissoi, fronds 3' to 6',

st.
cicutaria, fronds 2' to o',

st. There are several

vars., of which dissecta

of Sieher, erosa, incisa.,

and teuera of Martins

are the best.
Culcita, fronds 3' to 6',

grh. The wool from

the rhizomes is used for

stuffing mattresses,
cuneata, fronds 1' to 2', st.
davallioides, fronds 1' to

2', grh.
— Youngii, fronds II' to

3', warm grh.
Deplanchei.
dissecta (see rubiginosa).

DICLIPTERA.

A large genus of stove and greenhouse annuals
and perennials (ord. Acanthacese). Propagation,
by seeds in heat for annuals; cuttings of side
shoots getting firm at the base in the case of
perennials. Give bottom heat in a case. Fibrous
loam two parts, peat and leaf soil one part, with
sand and good drainage, suit.

Principal Species :—
tweediana, aut., or. red.
Other Species : —

assurgens, 2', Jy., red. resupinata, I.1/, Mch.,

bivalvis, 6 ', Je., pur. aim., wh. pur.

chmensis, Sep., pale bl. retusa, 2', Jy., pur.

martinicensis,2',Jy.,pur. sexangularis, 2', Jy., red.

(syn. Justicia martini- spinosa (see Barleria lupu-

dissecta (of Sieber, see

cicutaria.) .
fibrosa, grh.
naccida, fronds H' to 3',

st., close to rubigiuosa.
glauca, 1' to li', st.
moluccana, fronds 2' to

3',st. Scandens is very

close, possibly a var.
obtusifolia (see adiant-

pides).
princeps, of gardens (now

Cyathea insiguis).
rubiginosa, fronds 3' to

5', st. (syn. dissecta).

Anthriscifolia is a var.
scabra, fronds 3' to 4', st.

(syn. Sitiolobium strigo-

sum, of gardens) .
Schiedei, 10' to 15', fronds

3' to 6', grh.
spectabilis (of gardens, see

Wendlandii).
tenera (of gardens, see

apiifpha).

Youngiaj, fronds 2' to 3J',
..grh.

censis).
pectinata (see Ruugia

parviflora).
peruviana, 2', Je., pur.

lina).

verticillaris (now Hypo-
estes verticillaris).

DICRANURA. (Puss MOTH.)
The Puss Moth is .so named on account of its
soft grey and downy body having been compared
to that of a cat. Entomological names for it are
Dicranura vinula and Cerura viniila. The fore-
wings of the perfect moth are whitish, with
numerous grey V-like and other black marks
beyond the middle, with an expanse of 21" to 3"
The caterpillars are dark green, with a brown
blotch, edged white, upon the back, and feed upon
Willows and Poplars. As they are 2" long and
conspicuous, hand-picking is the best remedy.

DICTAMNUS. (FBAXINELLA. BASTARD
DITTANY.)

Very pretty, hardy border flowers (ord. Rutaceje)
which do well in rather dry soil, but can be grown
almost anywhere. They are particularly interesting
from the inflammable resin on the stems which"

Diclinotri/i {see CliaimfUriuni)
Dicliptera trorpioides (,,/ garden*, see Jacriinia
Mdhinthi).

when the plants are in full bloom, is said to burst
into flame when a lighted match is applied, without
injuring the plant. The evening is the best time
to see this. The Dictamnus is best propagated from
seed, sown when ripe, if possible, although it will
do in spring. The plant is difficult to divide. A
good, rich soil, dry beneath, will suit. The Dictarn-
nus dislikes removal when large, and the seedlings
should be placed in position when young, or grown
in pots and turned out with the ball attached.

Photo: CassdJ & Company, Ltd.

DICTAMNUS ALBUS-

Principal Species :—

albus, 3', My., wh. The type plant, although the
pur. var. is often grown as the type under the name
of D. Fraxinella. There are several forms, that
known as caucasicus or giganteus being taller and
finer than the pur. form of the typical albus
(syn. Fraxinella alba).

dasycarpus. This is not in cultivation, and is
probably only a form of the foregoing.

DICTYANTHUS.

A small genus of stove twiners (ord. Asclepiadese),
with rather large, whitish, brown spotted or
elegantly netted flowers. Propagation, by cuttings
of side shoots getting firm, inserted in sand, with
plenty of heat, but not overwatered. Fibrous loam
and peat, with silver sand and some broken crocks
to keep the soil open, will answer.

Principal Species :—
Pavonii, 10', Sep., greenish br.

Dicrypta (see Maxillaria).

Dictymia

( 297 )

Dieffenbachia

DICTYMIA.

A few species of greenhouse Ferns (urd. Filices)
which are now referred to Folypodium. Attenuata
is known as 1'olypodium attenuatmn, P. zipho-
phoron, and P. gladiatura. The fronds are (>" to
18" long, very leathery, and entire or slightly
scalloped. Propagation, by division of the long,
creeping rhizomes. Loam and peat in equal parts,
with a quantity of sph;ignum, Mmie broken crocks
and sand, will make a suitable compost.

Principal Species : —

attenuata, (i" to 18".

DICTYOCARYUM.

A genus of about four species of stove Palms
(ord. Pahine) of tall habit, with ringed steins, and
the segments of the leaves wedge-shaped, with the
veins arranged like a fun. Propagation, by im-
ported seeds. Fibrous loam and peat, with a good
dash of sand, suit.

Principal Species : —

glancescens Wallisii.

DICTYOSPERMA.

A tropical genus of Palms (ord. Palmse), with
slender stems often growing several together from
one rootstock. The leaves are graceful. The
cultivated species are from Madagascar and
Mauritius, where they are said to grow from 15'
to 30' high ; under cultivation, however, stems more
than a few feet in height are rare. They require
a moist stove and rich, loamy soil.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
album, l.V to 30', Ivs. aureum, 10', Ivs. 3' to 4'.
6' to 7'- h'brosum, o', Ivs. 4' to <">'

— furfuraceum. (yields Piassava fibre).

— rubruin.

DICTYOXIPHIUM.

Stove Ferns from Panama (ord. Filices). One
species only is known ; it is distinguished by
simple, sword-shaped, sterile and fertile fronds
2' to 3' long, the sterile ones being 2^" wide, the
others half that width. It thrives under the usual
conditions given to stove Ferns. Propagation, by
division of the crowns.

Only Species : —
panamense, fronds 2' to 3'.

DICYRTA.

Dwarf-growing herbaceous plants (ord. Gesner-
acese) from South America, with opposite, long-
stalked leaves and small, tubular flowers. They
may be increased by division in spring, and thrive
in a mixture of peat, loam, and leaf mould in equal
proportions, with a good dash of coarse sand. A
stove temperature is required.

Principal Species :—
Candida, 1' to 14', Jy., wh. warscewicziana.

DIDISCUS (sec TRACHYMENE).

DIDYMOCARPUS.

Perennial herbaceous plants (ord. Gcsneraceaa),
in a few cases with short stems, but more often

Dictyoylosmm (see Acrostlckum).
Dictyogramme (see (Sijmnoijramme).
Dictyopterix (see 1'vlypodium).

without. They usually assume a Primrose-like
habit, with umbels of pretty blue, lilac, white, or
yellow Streptocarpus-like flowers. They are natives
of tropical Asia, and require the temperature of a
stove. Seeds, cuttings of young shoots, and division
in spring are suitable methods of propagation,
while a mixture of peat, loam, and sand meets their,
requirements.

Principal Species : —

crinita, 6" to 8", Je., wh. primulaifolia (see hum-

humboldtiana, 4" to 6", boldtiaua).

Sep., Oct., lil. (syii. Rexii (see Streptocarpus

primultcfolia). Rexii).
malayaim, 4" to 6", Jy.,

yel.

DIDYMOCHLvENA.

Stove Ferns (ord. Filices), one or two species
only being known. Lunulata is the only cultivated
species ; it is widely distributed throughout the
Tropics, and is very ornamental. It has large
fronds, and succeeds in a mixture of two parts of
fibrous peat to one part of loam, giving plenty of
sand. Like other Ferns, it should be reproduced
by means of spores.

Principal Species : —

luuulata, fronds 3' to 4'.

sinuosa (sm hmulata).

truncatula (sec lunulata).

DIDYMOPANAX.

Ornamental foliage trees (ord. Araliacese) with
Aralia-like leaves and flowers. They are natives of
tropical South America, and require growing in a
stove or intermediate house, under the satne
cultivation as is usually given to Aralias. (See
page 67 of this work.)

Principal Species : —
Houllettii, 20', sum., grn.

DIEFFENBACHIA.

Description. — Foliage plants (ord. Aroideje), with
succulent stems, and large green leaves spotted and
feathered with yellow, cream, or white. The
flowers are inconspicuous. A large number of
species are in cultivation, chiefly natives of tropical
South America. If allowed to attain to their full
size, they grow to a height of about 8', with the
greater portion of the stem destitute of leaves.
The stems contain a large quantity of juice, which
is very acrid. In cultivation, the object is to
get dwarf plants from 2' to 3' high, clothed with
good foliage from the base upwards, which are
very handsome.

Propagation.— By cuttings of leafy tops, young
shoots from cut-back plants in spring, or by cut-
ting the stems into lengths of two joints each and
laying the pieces in pans of sand in a stove tem-
perature until roots and shoots are made, then
potting singly.

Soil.— Good, fibrous loam two parts, leaf mould
one part, fibrous peat one part, and well-rotted
manure one part, adding a liberal amount of coarse
sand and charcoal.

Other Cultural Points. — A brisk, moist, stove
temperature must be given to induce good colour,
shading from very bright sun Repotting will be
required at frequent intervals until the final sim; is
reached; 7" or 8" pots will bo found largo enough
for good sized specimens, provided liquid manure

Dielytra

( 298 )

'Digitalis

is given frequently after the pots are filled with
roots. They make excellent exhibition plants
when well grown, the large, handsome leaves
having a very distinct appearance. For planting
out in shady places they make excellent subjects,
as tliey will thrive where many other plants would
hardly exist. Throughout the growing period
abundance of water is required, the amount being
reduced during autumn and winter.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NOTE. — The colours refer to the leaves ; all
grow 2' to 3' high, taller if required.]

amahilis, grn., mottled Leopold!!, gni., wh. band.

yellowish grn. magnifica, grn. , blotched

amoena, grn., mottled wh.

wh.j yel. picta, grn., wh. (*y>i.

Bausei («;/«. picta). Bausei).

Carderi, gru., yel. Regina, grn., yellowish

Chelsonii, grn., grey band, grn.

yel. blotches. Rex, grn., mottled wh.

gigantea,grn.,mottledwh. splendens, grn., mottled

Imperator, grn., mottled wh.

yel., wh. vittata, grn., banded wh.

Other Species and Varieties : —

baraquiniana, grn., mid- maculosa, grn., blotched

rib wh. wh.

delecta, grn., wh. spots. majestica, grn., yel.
illustris, gm., yel. blotches. nitida, grn., blotched yel.
insignis. grn., yel. nobilis, grn., blotched wh.

blotches. Parlatorei, grh., wh.

Jenmanii, grn., wh. Seguine, grn., wh.

Wallisii, grn., grey.

DIELYTRA.

The plants generally grown in gardens as Die-
lytras (or Diclytras) are now included with the
Dicentras, and a description of them is given
under that name. The popular plant known as
Dielytra spectabilis in gardens, and popularly as
the Bleeding Heart or Lyre Flower, is there dealt
with.

DIERVILLA.

Description. — Hardy shrubs (ord. Caprifoliacese)
from China, Japan, and North America. Many of
them flower with great freedom, and are amongst the
most useful shrubs in cultivation. The flowers are
tubular, white, rose, red, or yelltfw, varying from
5" in length in some species to 2" in others. In
addition to the species, there are many very orna-
mental garden v rieties in cultivation. These
plants are better known in gardens as Weigelas.

Propagation.— Cuttings of soft shoots 4" long
root quickly in a warm, close propagating case in
May and June.

Soil. — Rich loam is the most suitable, though
almost any sort will do.

Other Cultural Points.— When well established,
an occasional top-dressing with rotten manure is
necessary, and during dry weather in summer
copious waterings should be given. Pruning should
be limited to the thinning out of worn-out flower-
ing wood.

Principal Species :—

florida, 8', My., Je., red, hortensis, 4V, sum., wh.
wh. (tyne, amabilis, japonica, 8'" Mv , ro
rosea, etc.).

Other Species :—

amabilis (see florida). rosea (see florida).

Lonicera, 4', sum., yel. sessilifolia, 4', sum., yel

(«t/>i. trifida). — splendens.

middendorfiana, 4', sum.,

yel.

Principal Garden Varieties : —
Abel Carriere, 7', sum., Van Houttei, 4', wh., ro.

ro. red. variegata, grn., yel. Ivs.

Eva Kathke, 2V, sum.,

red.

DIGGING.

The breaking up and working of the surface soil,
with the object of making it more fertile and im-
proving its mechanical condition. The operation
of digging differs from that of trenching in that
the soil is only removed to the depth the tool
penetrates, whereas in trenching the subsoil is also
broken up, or brought to the surface. A spade is
the best implement for digging where the soil is of
a very light or sandy nature, but if stiff and reten-
tive it breaks up better under the influence of a
flat-pronged fork. Suitable times for digging are
governed by the condition and character of the
soil. Strong, retentive land is improved by being
roughly dug in the autumn, leaving the unbroken
lumps to the action of the weather. By digging
again in the spring these lumps break into small
particles, and a good tilth is obtained. In the
case of porous and sandy soils it is better to defer
the digging till the early spring. The operation
should never be performed when snow is on the
ground, or when the soil is too wet to work freely,
as in this state it refuses to crumble, and tlie
surface lumps dry hard. In commencing to dig
an irregular, unshapely piece of ground, begin at
the lowest part, unless it be on a hill, making a
trench the depth and width of the spade, and
removing the soil to the highest point, where a
finish should be made. Insert the implement
perpendicularly, and keep a broad, open trench, in
the bottom of which weeds and manure should be
placed. When operating on a rectangular piece of
ground, many good diggers begin by dividing the
area into two parts. They make a trench across
the end of one half, and place the soil along
the adjoining edge of the opposite half. They dig
to the end, filling up the trench there with soil
from across the end of the second half, and then
work backwards, filling up the open trench at the
finish with the soil removed at the commence-
ment. Perennial weeds, such as Couch Grass,
Thistles, and Docks, should be carefully picked
out, but Groundsel, Chickweed and the like may
be turned to the bottom of the trench.

DIGITALIS. (FOXGLOVE.)

Striking, and often showy, hardy perennial or
biennial plants (ord. Scrophularinese), best known
in gardens by the handsome varieties raised from
the well-known purpurea, the common Foxglove.
Some of the true perennials are, however, very
attractive, and a few hybrids have been raised
between some of the species. Propagated by seeds
sown in April or May in the open, and pricked off
about 5" or 6" apart in a nursery bed until early
autumn, when they may be planted where they are
to bloom. An ordinary garden soil will suit almost
all the Foxgloves, but the handsome forms of
purpurea should have a rich one; that for the
perennials may be comparatively poor and dry, as
they are a little more delicate. Occasionally a
curious variation is met with, the plants pro-
ducing a large, campanulate flower at the top of
the stem.

Dieteria (see Aster).
Dieterica (see Caldcluma).
Dietes (see Morcea).

Dilatris

( 299 )

Dimorphotheca

from vvh. to pur.,
and maiiy beautifully
spotted. The vars.
named gloxiuioides are
handsome.. The form
campauulata has a
large flower at the top
of the stem.

lanata, 2', Je., yel.
leucopha-a, 2', Je.. wh.
lutea, 2', Jy., yel. (.«/«.

micrautha).

obscura, 1', Je., dull yel.
orientalis, 2', Jy., wh.

Principal Species : —

ambigtia, 2V, Jy., yel.

A pleasing if 'not

showy plant (si/im.

granch'rlora and ochro-

leuca).
purpurea, 3' to 6', or

more, snm., pur. The

parent of a number of

beautiful vars. ranging

Other Species :
eriostachva, 3', Jy., bieii.,

br., yel.
ferruginea, 1', Jy., bieu.,

br.

laciniata, 1 '. '. .Ic., yel.
lievigata, 2', Jy.. y< •!.

(.w/^v. aurea and in-

tegrit'oliii).

DILATRIS.

South African herbaceous plants (prd. Usenio-
dorace:i>). with narrow, rigid, Sedge-like leaves.
They require the temperature of a greenhouse.
Propagation is effected by division in spring.
Sandy loam forms a suitable soil.

Principal Species : —
corymbosa, 1', Jy., pur. viscosa, 9", Je. to Aug., bl.

DILL.

Anethiini (now Peucedanum) graveolens (" Dill ")
is a biennial herb (ord. UmbelliferEe), grown for
kitchen use. Tlio green umbels of seed and the
leaves are used for pickling in July and August,
and the leaves for flavouring soups and sauces.
The seeds should be sown as soon as ripe in Sep-
tember, or at any time between February and May,
in drills 1' apart, and the seedlings thinned to 10"
apart in the rows. Any friable garden soil in an
open situation is suitable.

DILLENIA.

Handsome flowering trees and large shrubs {ord.
Dilleniacea?) chiefly from the Malay Peninsula.
They are distinguished by shining Magnolia-
like leaves and showy yellow or white flowers.
They are rarely seen in cultivation, as they require
a great deal of room to grow to perfection. A stove
temperature is essential, and a mixture of fibrous
peat and loam suits.

Principal Species:^-

indica, 50' to 40', sum., retusa, 40', sum., wh.
yel.

DILLWYNIA.

Pretty greenhouse shrubs from Australia (ord.
Leguminosie). They usually have small, Heath-
like leaves and large numbers of small, Pea-shaped,
yellow or orange flowers, often blotched with ml.
A greenhouse or frai. j from which frost is excluded
suits their requirements. Propagation is by
cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sandy peat in a close
propagating case in July and August. Soil, fibrous
peat to which a good quantity of coarse sand has
been added. Over-potting must be avoided, feed-
ing being better than placing in very large pots.
Very careful watering is essential to success.

Principal Species :—

einrr:isrens, 1' to 2', spr.,

yel., red.
encifolia, 1' to 2', spr.,

yel., red.
floribunda, I!,', spr., yel.,

red.

hispiila, 1' to 2'. spr., or.,

red.

parvifolia (see ericifolia).
speciosa (we ericifolin) .

DILOBA.

A genus of caterpillars which do considerable
damage to orchard fruit trees by feeding on the
leaves. The caterpillars are produced by a moth
known as the " Figure-of-Eight Moth," and are
distinguished by being green with a yellow stripe
along the back, and having a bluish head. The
moths may be caught at night with the aid of a
bright light.

DIMORPHANTHUS.

Handsome shrubs (ord. Araliaceas), which in
favourable positions in sheltered places eventually

Photo: D. S. Fith, Edinburgh.

DlMOKPHOTHECA EcKLONIS (see f. 300).

grow into trees, and are effective with their fine
foliage and white flowers. They are now included
under Aralia, wiiich may be referred to for
treatment.

Principal Species : —

mandschuricus, 6' to 20', Aug., wh. ; var. foliis-
variegatis (xyns. Aralia mandschurica and A.

chinensis).

DIMORPHOTHECA.

Pretty shrubby or annual half-hardy plants
(ord. Compositie), suitable for the greenhouse or
for bedding-out in summer. The perennials may
be propagated by cuttings struck under a plass in
a little heat in spring, and the annuals by seeds
sown under glass in heat in early spring and

liilirnria (fee Ai-itiiflnis).
Itimiicrin (we 1'i'ln ri/iinium').
llnin'riir/iins (in /inr/. »r \i-/i/ir/iiim).

JHmorpna (qfSo&nber, we

Dionsea

( 300 )

Dioscorea

planted out at the end of May or beginning o£
June. Loam and leaf mould suit.

Principal Species : —
cuneata, 3', or. (syn,

Arctotis glutinosa). A

pretty grh. shr.
Ecklouis, 2', Jy., wh.,

pur. A pretty species,

recently introduced (sec

p. 299).

pluvialis, U', Je., wh.,
pur. An ann. which
only opens for a short
time on bright days.

— flore pleuo, double,
wh. A desirable bed-
ding or border plant.

saucer of water, and near the glass in a greenhouse.
It is propagated by division or by seeds.

Only Species : —

ruuscipula, 6", Jy., etc., wh.

DIOON.

A small genus (ord. Cycadacea;) from Mexico.
All the species make handsome plants, with short,
thick stems crowned with ji. head of fifty or more
long, flattened leaves. The flowers are in cones,

DiOON EDl/LE.

Other Species :—

Barberse, grh. per., pur.

chrysanthemif olia, 2' , Ap. ,
etc., grh. sub - shr.,
yri. (»(/». Calendula
chrysanthemif olia) .

dentata, 2', My., yet

fruticosa, 2', Je., grh.
shr., yel., wh. (syn.
Calendula fruticosa).

nudieaulis, 1J', Je., grh.

sub - shr., wh., pur.

(xi/its. graminifolia and

Calendula nudieaulis).
Tragus, 2', My., wh.,

pur. (syn. Calendula

Tragus).

DION/E A. (VENUS'S FLY TRAP.)

A genus (ord. Droseracese) composed of one
exceedingly interesting little insectivorous plant,
that encloses insects by means of its leaves, which
fold when touched. It is grown in a pot filled
with live sphagnum and peat, placed in a pan or

Dinetus (see Parana).
Dioecious (see Glossary').
Dwclea (see Arnebia).
Diomedea (see Jlorrichia).
Dion (see Ilioon).

the male cones being 9" to 12" long, the females
l"or 2" shorter. The seeds of edule are edible.
The plants thrive in a stove temperature m
well-drained loam.
Principal Species : —

edule, 4' to 5', Ivs. 4'
too'.

spinulosum, 3', Ivs. 6
to 7'-

DIOSCOREA.

Ornamental, herbaceous or perennial, stove,
greenhouse, or hardy, twining plants (ord. Dios-
(•oreaceic'). They are found in South America, the
East Indies, India, West Indies, China, Japan, etc.,
and have usually thin, twining branches, rounded
leaves, whitish flowers, tuberous roots, and round,
tuberous-looking growths on the branches. The
tubers of several species are cooked and eaten like
Potatoes, and are known as Yams. They may be
increased by division of the tubers and grow well
in sandy loam.

Principal Species i —

divaricata, CJ', sum., wh. Chinese Yam.

Diosma

( 301 )

Diladenia

Other Species :

crinita. 12', sum., wh. retusa, 12', sum., yel.

dtvuisneuua, 12',sum.,wh. sativa, 12', sum., wh.
Commou Yam.

DIOSMA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (iird. Rutacese)
from South Africa. They are usually more or less
lloath-like in habit. Cuttings of young shoots
strike in April, and half-ripe shoots in August, in
windy peat, in a close propagating case. Fibrous
pent, to which has been added a good quantity of
sand, is suitable. The pots must always be well
drained, and the smaller they are the better, pro-
viding the plants are not starved. Firm potting is
essential. Frequent stopping is necessary, especially
when young, to ensure a bushy habit. As little
fire heat as possible must be given, enough to
exclude frost only being wanted. The plants may
be plunged out of doors during summer.

Principal Species :—

ericoides, 2' to 3', spr., wh. Weudlandii (s/r Agath-
osma villosa).

Other Species: —
alba (see Coleouema Ir'rsuta (see oppositifolia).

album). oppositifolia, 2' to 3', spr.,

crenata (see Barosma wh. («;/«.*. hirsuta and

betulina) . vulgaris).

fcetidissima (now Barosma sneciosa (src Aclenandra

foetidissima). umbellata).

vulgaris(«r oppositifolia).

DIOSPYROS.

Description. — Evergreen or deciduous trees, widely
distributed throughout Asia, also found in tropical
Africa, North America, etc. (ord. EbenaceaV). The
leaves are usually more or less oval in shape, some-
times large and Magnolia-like. The flowers are
not showy, and of no decorative use. Several
species are very useful on account of their large,
Apple-like, orange-coloured, edible fruit, and others
on account of the hardness and durability of their
wood. The best example of the former is the
Date Plum, Kaki, and of the latter the Ceylon
Ebony, Ebenum. The majority require indoor
culture, but a few species are hardy. Kaki may
be grown out of doors on a south wall in favoured
localities.

Propagation. — Cuttings of soft young shoots may
be rooted in a warm, close case in spring, or seeds
sown in a stove temperature at any time. The
best varieties of Kaki are grafted on stocks of the
typical plant in a similar way to the Apple.

Soil. — Good fibrous loam and sand, or, if the
loam is very heavy, a little fibrous peat may be
added.

Other Cultural Points. — The fruiting plants
should be treated in a similar manner to Apple
trees in the manner of pruning ; others being pruned
to keep them in shape. When fruit is set, plenty of
water must be given. Deciduous species are better
kept on the dry side in winter.

Principal Species : —

Elu'iiuin, 40'. Ceylon Kaki, 1 !>' to'2IV, spr.. grn.,

. Japanese

fruit or. yel.
Date Plum.

Ebony.

Embryopteris, 25', sum.,
wli.

Other Species :—
Aurantium. Garden var. Lotus, 20' to 30', Jy.. lidy..

of Kaki. red wh. European

Bi-rtii. Garden var. of TVite Plum.

Kuki. virgiuiaua,30', sum., Inly..

yel., fruit or.

DIOTIS (at/n. OTAXTHUS).

A hardy herbaceous perennial (ord. Compositae),
with creeping rootstock, whitish, silky-looking
leaves and stems, and heads of yellow flowers. It is
found in South Europe, the Canaries, and occasion-
ally in the southern parts of liritain. It is
increased by division, grows readily in almost any
soil, and makes a useful plant for massing in front
of taller herbaceous plants.

Only Species : —

eandidissima, !)" to 12", sum., yel.

DIPCADI.

Hardy or greenhouse bulbs (ord. Liliacese), from
South Europe, Africa, etc. A few species only
are cultivated ; they usually have a few fairly long,
bright green leaves, and loose, few-flowered racemes
of green or greenish yellow flowers. They are
increased by division of the bulbs, and require well-
drained, sandy loam. Little or no water must be
given during the resting period.

Principal Species :—

Balfouri, 2' to 3', Sep.,

grn., yel.
glancum, 2' to 3', Aug.,

gru. , yel.

serotinum, 9" to 12", Je.(

br.
Welwitschii, 1', Aug.,

grn.

DIPHYLLEIA.

A pretty, hardy, herbaceous plant (ord. Berber-
ideas), which has only two leaves and heads of
white flowers, followed by blue berries. It likes a
moist, peaty soil and a rather shady place. In-
creased by division in spring or by sowing the
berries when ripe.

Principal Species : —
cvmosa, 1', lly., wh. I'mbrella Leaf.

DIPHYSA.

Evergreen trees or shrubs (ord. Leguminosae),
with ornamental leaves, yellow, Pea-shaped flowers,
and bladder - like fruits. Natives of tropical
America. Increased by cuttings of young shoots
in spring, and grown in a stove in a mixture ol
fibrous peat and loam.

Principal Species :—
carthagenensis, 10' to 12', sum., yel.

DIPLACUS.

Small greenhouse shrubs (iird. Scrophularinese)
of easy culture, and valued for their large orange
and coppery red or scarlet flowers, now referred
to Mimulus. Glutinosus is Mimulus glutinosus.
Puniceus is Mimulus glutinosus var. coccineus.
The typical form has orange flowers. Propagation
is effected by cuttings of half-ripened wood in
sand under a bell-glass. Soil, two-thirds fibrous
loam and one-third leaf mould and sand.

DIPLADENIA.

Description. — Ornamental evergreen twining
plants (ord. Apocynacea:) requiring the tempera-
ture of a stove. They are from South America,
and are distinguished by opposite, entire leaves
and clusters of very showy, white, purple, pink,
rose, or crimson, tubular, wide-mouthed flowers.
They may either be grown in a border and trained
to the roof of a house, or grown in puts, trained
on stakes or on a wire trellis or balloon. When
cultivated in the latter manner they make excellent

(*M

Ili/ilnini (.«•(• Ornnmtrjium).
(.«•(• liiilhnplii/lliim).

Diplocyatha

( 302 )

Dipteryx

exhibition plants, while in the former way few
plants show to better advantage. In addition to a
large number of species a quantity of garden
varieties are cultivated.

Propagation. — Cuttings of young shoots root
readily in spring if placed in sandy peat in a warm
propagating case.

Soil. — Fibrous peat two parts, fibrous loam one
part, with a good amount of coarse sand and
broken charcoal.

Other Cultural Points.— Beds or pots should
always be supplied with a good quantity of drainage,
as anything like stagnant moisture is very harmful.
Repotting should be done in early spring as growth
commences. After potting or planting, a day tem-
perature of from 65" to 70" must be kept, dropping
5° at night. On all favourable occasions the
syringe should be freely used. When well estab-
lished plenty of water must be given throughout
the summer, with frequent doses of liquid manure.
Flowers are borne from May to August, and by
starting later in spring a succession may be kept
up until October. After the flowers are over the
house may be kept a little cooler and the plants
on the dry side to ensure a good rest. In mid-
winter all side branches must be spurred in to
within an eye or two of the old wood. "When
trained on trellises care must be taken to tie young
shoots in before they become entangled, as they
are very easily broken. Red spider is the most
troublesome insect pest, and this may be kept down
by a free use of the syringe.

Principal Species :—
atropurpurea, 12', sum., eximia, 10'. sum., ro. red.

pur. (ty». Echites atro- Sander!, 12'. sum., ro.

purpurea). splenileus, 12', sum., car.,

bolivieusis, 9', sum., wh., ro.

yel.

Other Species : --

crassinoda (wf martiaua). martiana, 10', sum., ro.

illustris, 1'2', sum., ro. tenuifolia, 9', sum., ro.

red stems, ann. urophylla, 5', sum., flesh.

Principal Varieties : —

amabilis, 12', sum., ro. Lady Louisa Egerton, 10',

crim. sum., pk., wh., pk. eye.

atnosna, 12', sum., ro. , or. profusa, 12', sum., car.

brearleya'.ia, 14', sum., Regiua, 10', sum., flesh.

crim. Thos. Speed, 12', sum.,
Diadem, 10', sum. , pk. ro. crim., wh. throat,

hybrida, 10', sum., crim. gold eye.

insignis, 10', sum., ro. pur.

DIPLOCYATHA.

Succulent, Stapelia-like, greenhouse plants (ord.
Asclepiadeas) with a dwarf, much - branched
habit and small, curious, fleshy flowers, from
South Africa. They are propagated by cuttings,
and grow in fibrous loam and sand in almost equal
proportions. Throughout the winter they must be
kept fairly dry.

Only Species : —

ciliata, (J", sum., grn. (stjn. Stapelia ciliata).

DIPLOL/ENA.

Evergreen shrubs (ord. Rutacese), from Australia,
with a bushy habit; They thrive in a cool

Diplazium (sec Aspleniiim).
Diplectlirum (see Satyrium}.
Diplocalyx (see Mltraria).
Diplochita (see Mieonia).
Diploaoma (sec lletrotheca).
Diplogloait (see C'ynanrhiim').
Diplopappns (see Aster).

greenhouse, may be propagated by cuttings of half-
ripe shoots in sandy peat, and should be potted
firmly in sandy peat.

Principal Species : —

Dampieri, 4', Ap., wh. grandiflora, 4' to ;V, My.,

wh.

DIPLOPELTIS.

Greenhouse evergreen sub-shrubs (ord. Sapin-
daceai), with deeply toothed leaves. They are
propagated by cuttings of young shoots in sandy
soil in a propagating case, and may be grown in
fibrous loam and sand.

Principal Species : —

Huegelii, 1' to 3', Jy., ro., wh.

DIPLOTHEMIUM.

Stove Palms (ord. Palmse), with thick rootstocks,
very short stems, elegant leaves, and minute
yellowish flowers in long dense spikes. They are
natives of Brazil and thrive in fibrous loam.

Principal Species :—
caudesccus, 10', Ivs. 4' to maritimum, 8', Ivs. 2' to

5'.

DIPODIUM.

Small epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orchidacete), with
tiny pseudo-bulbs. Each bulb produces one leaf
6" to 8" long. The spikes are G" or 8" long, bear-
ing six or eight flowers. One species only is
grown ; it may be grown in a stove in pots or
baskets in peat, charcoal, and sphagnum.

Principal Species :—

paludosum, (>" to 8", Oct., grn., wh., pur. lines.

DIPOSIS.

Interesting botanical plants from Chili (ord.
Urnbellit'erfe), requiring the protection of a cold
frame in winter. The flowers are small, green or
white, and borne in threes, two males and a female
together. Any ordinary garden soil suits.

Only Species :—

Bulbocastanum, 1', sum'., wh.

DIPSACUS. (TEASEL.)

Biennial herbaceous plants (ord. Dipsacesc), with
hairy or prickly stems, opposite, deeply toothed
leaves, and terminal heads of white, lilac, or
purple flowers. The species are principally
European and Himalayan. They grow readily
from seeds, and thrive in almost any kind of soil.
A few only are worthy of cultivation.

Principal Species : —

ferox, 3', sum., pur. laciniatus, 6', Jy., pur.

Fullonum, 6', Jy., pur. sylvestria, 3', sum., pur.

The old Teasel used for

cloth.

DIPTERYX.

Evergreen trees (ord. Leguminosrc). Odorata
produces the Tonga or Tonquin Bean, which is
much used in perfumery. They may be increased
by means of seeds or cuttings, and succeed in
fibrous, well-drained loam in a stove temperature.

Principal Species : —

odorata, GO', sum., pur., sweet. Serapia is a var.
of it.

ozamid (set' Ceraloza '/""}•
IHpteracanthus scandens (see Asystatia tcandent),
Dipteris (see Polypodium).
Dircrea (see Gesnera).

Dirca

( 303 )

Dischidia

DIRCA. (LKATHEU WOOD)

Hardy, deciduous shrubs (ord. Tliymelseaceie),
which prow best in moist, peaty soil, and are
increased by layers and seeds. The species named
below is the only one In cultivation, occidentalis
not being grown as yet in this country. The bark
induces violent vomiting; if applied to the skin
it cau.-es irritation.

Only Cultivated Species : —

palustris, 2' to (/, Moli., yel

DISA.

Description. — Terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchid-
aceie) from youth Africa. They are distinguished
by tuberous rootstocks, leafy, succulent, annual
stems, and flowers of which the sepals are usually
much larjrcr than the petals; the lower sepal is
furnished with a hooded spur. Upwards of 100
species have been described, but a few only are in
general cultivation, as they are very difficult to
establish, especially in the neighbourhood of large
towns, where the air is more or less impure. As
growth commences in late autumn, and the grow-
ing season is midwinter, they do not obtain
sufficient light for their requirements ; this is one
n-a-iciii why they are so difficult to manage. A
few species are grown very well in several estab-
lishments, particularly grandifiora, one of the most
beautiful of all Orchids.

Propagation. —This is effected by means of off-
sets, and by division when growth commences.

Soil.— Fibrous peat and sphagnum in equal pro-
portions, with a fair sprinkling of broken crocks
and charcoal ; if really good fibrous loam can be
obtained, a little may be added.

Other Cultural Points. — lie-potting should be
done early in December. The soil should be
mounded well above the rim of the pot, so that the
plant is lifted well up to ensure the collar being
kept dry. After potting, watering must be done
very carefully, until the pots are well filled with
roots, after which time abundance of water is
required, light syringings being given in bright
weather. When the flower spikes appear, weak
liquid manure may be applied. At all times a cool-
bottomed stage is necessary, dry heat quickly
proving fatal. After the llowers are over a decided
rest must be given.

Principal Species and Varieties : -
gramlinora, '2'.', Je. , Jy. ,
red, gold (fer figure).

— psittucimi, yel., ciin;.
spots.

— superba, sc.

Other Species : —

atropurpureu, 6", Je.,

pur.
corimta, it", win., grn.,

wh., pur.
Draconis, 1', Je., wh.,

pur.
gramiiiifoliu, U', Je., bl.

Principal Hybrids :-

kewensis, '2', Je., Jy., ro. Veitchii, H', Je., Jy., ro.
langleyeusis, 1 \ ', Jy. , ro. wh.

DISBUDDING.

In the case of fruit trees, disbudding means
the removal of superfluous shoots soon after the

leaves arc farmed. Its object is to avoid over-
crowded or badly placed shoots. By a judicious

nervosa, 2', Je., ro.
racemosa, H', Je. , criin. ,

ro. , yel.
tripetaloides, IV, Je., Jy.,

wh., ro. spots.

incurnata, 1', Je., or. red.
lacera, 1', Je., bl.
pidrhru, 2', Je. , lil. , pur.
sagittalis, 8", Je., wh.,

bl.
spathuhita, 1', Je., bl.

system of disbudding a waste of force is avoided,
for the sap that would be otherwise expended
on superfluous shoots is confined to the support
of those that are left. The necessity for winter
pruning is minimised, and in some cases dis-
pensed with, by properly disbudding trees. The
term disbudding is also applied to the removal of
flower buds from Camellias, Chrysanthemums, and
many other plants when it is desired to secure a
limited number of fine blooms. In all cases where
disbudding is to be practised, the operation should
be performed before the buds are far advanced.
In the case of Chrysanthemums, the buds may be
rubbed off quite easily with the thumb or finger.

DISCARIA.

A genus of spiny, straggling shrubs (ord. Rham-
neas), with a few small leaves. A few are found in
Australia and New Zealand, others in South
America, They can be propagated by cuttings

DlSA OKASDIl-LOKA.

in spring, and thrive in a mixture of fibrous peat
and loam, to which a fair quantity of sand has
been added. They require greenhouse culture.

Principal Species: —
longispina, 3', sum., wh. Toumatou, 8', spr., wh.

DISCHIDIA.

Curious stove, evergreen climbing or trailing
plants (ortl. Asclepiadese), with long, thin branches
emitting roots from the joints, and thick, llesliy-
looking leaves. On some species the older leaves
are filled with roots, which start from the Mem
near the base of the leaf. The flowers are very
small, and not showy. They grow best in loose,
sandy peat, and like a soft Fern stem to ramiili:
over.

(*i-r

I I'lf I'll II III I' I'll (WC Cl/I'llllll III I'll).

/>*. trail th H* (XT t'//i'lantfiii*).

Diseases

( 304 )

Dodecatheon

Principal Species: —
bengalensis,15'to 20', sum.
hirsute, 6' to 8', red.

rafflcsiana, 10', red, tliick
Ivs.

DISEASES.

Plants may be said to be diseased when attacked
by animal or vegetable parasites, whereby the
organs injured are unable to perform their proper
Junctions, bringing about an unhealthy or morbid
condition of the plant, and often its death. Gum-
ming, or gummosis, is the result of a fungus acting
upon the cellulose of the plant. Bacteria may
be, and are, responsible for certain diseases. Various
fungi gain an entrance into the interior of the
tissue of plants, and set up incurable disease.
Those fungi that appear on the surface of the leaves
and other parts of plants, like the mildew of Roses
and Chrysanthemums, may be destroyed by sul-
phur, and the plants saved. The American Blight,
or Woolly Aphis, sets up a diseased condition of the
cellular tissue of Apple trees, but it may be eradi-
cated. Eelworms bring about serious diseases.
Preventive measures are necessary. Various
diseases are dealt with under their respective
names, or under the crops they attack.

DISPERIS.

A small genus of terrestrial Orchids (ord.
Orchidaceaj) from South Africa. They may be
grown in a cool house in a mixture of fibrous loam
and peat, to which has been added some small
crocks and charcoal. They may be increased by
division of the tubers when repotted in spring

Principal Species :—

capensis, 9", Jy., sc, secuuda 9", Je.. pur

cucullata, 9", Je. , pur

DISPORUM.

A little grown genus (ord. Liliacea;) of plants,
resembling the Uvularias, and only hardy here in
the south of England and Ireland. They grow
best in partial shade in a border of moist, peaty soil.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
lanugiiiosum, 1', My., — variegatum, grn., wh.

grh., yel., grn. (syn. Menziesii, 1' to 3', grn.

TTvularia lanuginosa) . pullum, 11', Sep., br.
(xi/tix. fulvum and
Uvularia chinensis).

Hookerii, 2', greenish,
lescheuaultianum, I'to2',
spr., wh., berries bit.

parviflorum.

DISSOTIS.

Stove shrubs (ord. Melastomacea?) with promi-
nently nerved leaves covered with fine hairs, and
numerous red or purple flowers 1" across. They
are readily increased by cuttings in spring, and
succeed in a mixture of two parts sandy peat
and one part fibrous loam.

Principal Species : —

incana, 2', sum. , pur. johustoniana, I.1,', sum.,

irviugiaua, 2' to 3', sum., pur.

red pur. plumosa, 2' , sum. , red pur.

DISTEGANTHUS.

A small genus (ord. Bromeliacea?) found, like
many other Uromeliads, growing in clefts on trunks
of trees in moist South American forests. They
require well-drained pots and a mixture of peat,
charcoal, and sand, with plenty of fresh water
throughout the summer.

Ditelma (see Fitzroya).

Dixemma aurantia (see Pas.nflora llanltsii).

JOlsocactus (see I'hyllocactits).

Principal Species : —

basilateralis, yel.

scarlatimis (sec Distia-
canthus scarlatinus).

DISTIACANTHUS.

Stove herbaceous plants (<»Y/. Bromeliacea?),
answering to the same cultural treatment as the
Billbergias. The leaves, which are in rosettes,
have spiny margins.

Only Species :—

morreiiiamis, yel. (si/us.
Cryptanthus morren-
iauus and Distegauthus
Moensii).

scarlatinus, pur. reel,
margined wh. (xyns.
Bromelia scarlatina
anil 1 )isteganthu-i scar-
latinus).

DISTYLIUM.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs or small trees
(ord. Hamamelidere), propagated by cuttings, and
thriving in a mixture of two-
thirds of loam, one - third of
leaf soil, and sand. They are
not in general cultivation, race-
mosnm and its variegated form
being the only members of the
genus met with.

DIURIS.

Stove terrestrial Orchids (ord.
Orchidacea?). Propagation is
by division, and for soil two-
thirds of leaf soil and one-third
of sand are suitable ; or the
plants may be grown in sandy
peat. The pots should be half
filled with crocks.

Principal Species : —

alba, 1', Aug., wli., ro., grn., br.

pur. .
maculata, 1', Mch., yel., spotted

br. pur. (synx. curvifolia and

pardina).
punctata, 1' to 2', bl., pur. (M/M.V.

lilaciua and elongata).

DOCK.

A troublesome weed, espe-
cially in rough, heavy soil. It
is difficult to eradicate, as
each piece of root left in the
ground will make a new plant.
Thorough cultivation is the
only cure. Dock leaves form •
a cooling and soothing application for Nettle
stings. For species, see RU.MKX.

DODECATHEON. (AMERICAN COWS-
LIP, SHOOTING STAR.)

Charming little plants (ord. Primulacese), hardy
in our gardens, and admirably adapted for shady,
moist nooks in the rock garden. They have pretty
heads of flowers with reflexed petals. Propagation
is by division in spring, or after flowering, and by
seeds sown when ripe, or in spring, in pots or pans

Distrepta (see Tecopkilifa).
Dittany (see Dictammis).
Dittany of Crete (see O,iyanuiii').
Dittmaria (see Erimna).
Divi-divi (see Ctesatpinia).
Dodder (see Ouscuta).

DoollIA ASl'IiUA
CKISTATA (see p. 306).

Dog's Tooth Violet

( 305 )

Dombeya

in a cold frame. Soil, light sandy peat, kept moist.
Cleveland!! likes a dry soil.
Principal Species and Varieties :—

Meacliu, 1^', Ap., My.,ro.

coloured flowers than

pur., wh., or., lil. the tyjx'.

Almost all the Dode- - fri^idum, 9", a form
with deep - coloured,
non-droopiug blooms.

— gi^autcuin, H', earlier
and taller than the type
(K//". macrooarpum).

— integrifolium, b', My.,
ro. crim.

— laucifolium, 1.}', Ivs.
naiTower than the type,

catheons in cultiva-
tion have been referred
to this species. It
varies much in colour
from seed, but for con-
venience the following
well-marked vars. are
described : —

— Clevelandii, 1', My.,

vio., bl.

- elegaus, 1', more

numerous and deeper

flowers ro. with yel. at
base (.«//«. Jeffreyi or
jert'rcyanum).

DOLICHOS.

A large but horticulturally unimportant genus
(ord. Leguminosse). Some of its members are
shrubs, others trees, and some are herbs. Most of
them have twining stems. Propagation, by seeds
and by cuttings in brisk heat for the stove forms ;
in a cool frame for the half-hardy species.

Principal Species : —

Lablab, 1', Jy., grh., ro. pur. (sym. lignosus, pur-
piirens, and Lablab vulgaris).

DOLIOCARPUS (syn. OTHLTS).

Climbing shrubs (ord. Dilleniacea-) with showy
but poisonous fruits. Tips of the young shoots
root quickly if inserted in sandy soil in bottom
heat in spring. Soil, equal parts of peat and loam,
with sand and a few pieces of charcoal.

7

Photo: CaiKll ct Company, Ltd.

DoOIMA CAL'nATA MULTIFIHA (»« 71. SWX

A number of named Dodecatheons are now
offered, good varieties being James Cooke, Lemoinei,
Longfellow, and Rosy Gem.

DOG'S TOOTH VIOLET (nee Kwr
THRONIUM).

Dog liase (see liosa canina).
Di>;/ Violet (see Viola canina).
Doyherrif Tree (see I 'or mix xynguinea).
Dot/a Ilane (nee Apueynitni).
Dog's Cabbage (see Tltelyyonwai).
Dogwood (see format).
Dogwood, Jamaica (see Pis<-idia).
Dogwood, Swamp (see If elm Irifuliata).
Dogmood, Victorian (see Prostanthera).
20

Only Cultiva 'ed Species:
Calinea, Ap., st., wh.

DOMBEYA.

Stove evergreen trees and shrubs (ord. Stercn-
liaceac), propagated by cuttings of firm shoot 4 in
sand in bottom heat in spring. They like a
compost of two-thirds of loam and one-third of
peat, with sand. Astrapsea and Ossonia are in-
cluded by botanists in this genus, which it seems
probable may give rise to a race of showy garden

(see Marfaili/cnn).
Dolielioderia (see Aehinicnes).
l>iniil'i'H<t- (of £rt Mart'Jt; sir . I rn ncu ritr ) .
'i/n (nf L'Heritier, see Ttnirretia).

Doodia

( 306 )

Dorstenia

plants. Cayeuxii is the first hybrid that has been
raised.
Principal Species : —

acufcmgula, 10', red («/«.«.

aiigulitta and Astrapaea

tiharfolia).
BurgessiiE, 10', Aug., Dec.,

wh., blotched ro., showy.
cannabina (•«.'/»- Astrapa>a

viscosa).

DOODIA.

A genus of pretty greenhouse Ferns (ord. Filices).
ThejT are easily raised from spores, sown when
ripe, and placed in a cool, close frame. They like
a compost of two parts of good loam, one part of

Cayeuxii, pk., a hybrid
between (Astrapaea)
Masters!! and Wallichii.

ferruginea, IS', wh.

Mastersii, wh., fragrant.

viburuiHora, l.V,Feb.,wh.

Other Species and Varieties :—

blec-himides, 15" to 18". kuuthiana.

dives, 1 ' . luuulata (we media).

DOREMA.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Uiubelli ferae),
easily increased by seeds sown when ripe, and
doing well in any ordinary garden soil. Ammoni-
acum, 7', June, white, produces the Gum Ammoniac
of commerce. It is of no value in decorative
gardening.

DORONICUM. (LEOPARD'S BANE.)

Showy spring- and summer-flowering hardy

perennial plants (ord. Composite) of much service

for beds and borders ; valuable for planting by the

side of water, or in moist, shady places ; prupa-

DollOXICl'M CAUCASICUM.

leaf mould, and sand. Plenty of water must be
given at all times. Doodias are easy to grow, and
the rose and claret coloured tinting of the young
fronds in aspera and media and their varieties is a
great attraction.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

aspera, 6" to 8".

— corvmbifera, 6" to 15",
crested.

— cristata (see p. 304) . .
~- multifida, 6" to 18",

forked, claret coloured
when young,
caudata, 6" to 12", ter-
minal pinna very long.

— coufluens (*//"• line-
aris) is sometimes seen.

— harryaua, more vigor-
ous.

— multifida, frond tips
crested (see p. 305).

media, 1 to H', very
vigorously;;, lunulata).
There are several vars.,
of which Brackenridgei,
coimexa, duriuscula,
Milnei, aud Moorei are
the best.

Donax (see Arundo).

Donia '(of (f. Don, see Clianthm).

Donia (nf R. Brown, see trrindelia).

Any

gated by division in spring or early autumn
good garden soil, well manured, will do.

Principal Species : —
austriacum, 1' to 1J',

Mch., yel. A valuable

early-blooming plant,
caucasicum, 1', Ap., yel.

Resembles preceding,

but has solitary flowers

(see figure).

Other Species :—
Columme, li", Ap., yel.
dentatum, 1', My., yel. .
macrophy lluin , 'I' , Jy . ,y el.

DORSTENIA.

Curious plants (ord. Urticacerc), with green
flowers on a flat, leafy receptacle. They are of easy

Dorcocrras (see Him).

Doria {of Adan»on. see SnUdaffo).

J>uria (of Lesiiny, see Othtmna).

plantagineum, 3', Mch.,
yel. A capital border
plant, which gives
flowers far into aut.

— excelsum, 5' (*>/>t.
Harpur Crewe), supe-
rior to the type.

Pardalianches, '2', My.,

yel.
scorpioides, 1', My., yel.

Doryanthes

( 307 )

Drab a

culture in a moist stove heat. Propagation is by
root division in spring, before growth begins ; also
bv seeds sown on a hotbed in spring. Soil, equal
parts of loam and leaf soil, with sand.

Principal Species: —

iirgcntata. Ivs. dark grn., with broad silvery
central band.

Other Species :—
bowiuaiiiaua, 0", Ivs. dark grn., blotched wh.

gru., wh (*'/«. maftulata).

Contrajerva, 6", Ivs. Mannii. Nov. ; curious,
tubicina, 3", Aug. ; rare.

DORYANTHES.

Greenhouse plants (ord. Amaryllidea;), of noble
appearance. They are increased by suckers, which
are given ol? freely by the old plants. Loam and
leaf soil in equal proportions, with sand, make a
suitable compost. From the great height of the
flower stems they can only be grown in roomy
homes,

Principal Species : —

excelsa, S' to Ui'.sum.. sc.
Guilt'ovlei, Hi'. sum.,crim.

Palmcri, 8' to 16', sum.,
red.

DORYCNIUM.

Hardy herbs or sub-shrubs (nrd. LeguminosEc),
raised i'rom seeds sown in spring, preferably in
gentle heat. Any good garden soil. Dorycniinns
.are capital subjects for dry, rather poverty-stricken
places.

Principal Species :—

sull'niticosum, 2' to 3', Je., wh. (*//». Lotus Doryc-
niiiin of Liniiions).

Other Species :

hcrhaccimi, 1'.', Jy., wh. latifolium, l'to2',Je,, wh.
liirsiitum, 1' to'2', Jy., wh. rectum, '2', Je., ro. (*.'/"•

or pk. ; hairy. Lotin rectus).

DORYOPTERIS (see PTERIS).

DOSSINIA.

A genus (ard. Orchidacete), closa to Ancectochi-
lus, but differing in the shape of the column.
Mannorata is usually met with under the name, of
Aniuetoc.hilus Lowii (fnjn. Cheirostylis marmorata),
and answers to the same treatment as the other
Ancactochllaees.

DOUBLE FLOWERS.

Doubling in flowers may arise in a variety of
wavs. Frequently the petals art; multiplied at the
expense of the stamens and pistil, as in the case of
the Camellia and the Stock. At other times
multiplication of petals may be produced through
a breaking up of the originals. The true double
flower being thus deprived of the organs of re-
production is unable to set seed ; but as compensa-
tion for this it remains in beauty for a longer time
than the "single" would have done. This fact, in
addition to its increased showiness. has caused
double flowers to be much sought after and
admired.

The causes which induce " doubling" are various,
and rather subtle. In the case of Stocks, a starving
process seems to be the contributing cause. Ker-
ria japonica, on the other hand, exhibits a tendency
to become double under cultivation, so that lack
and excess of nutrition have both to be reckoned
with. IVi-haps the most frequent cause is the

llnri/ii/iliiini («•/• Ciiliirinln Ili-etle).
Dare t'lvn-t-r (*•<; J'cri.itrria).

stimulus of high cultivation, and il may be noticed
in the cases of Begonias, Carnations, Balsams, and
other popular races of garden flowers, that any
deterioration in the quality of the cultivation tends
to reduce the completeness of the doubling. Thus,
in the case of double Begonias that are required to
set seed, a starving process for a few weeks is
necessary.

Careful selection year after year plays an import-
ant part in the fixing of the double strain, ami even
then there is always a percentage of reversions to
the original singles ; witness the garden Stock.

The great family of Composites contribute a
special section of so-called "double" flowers.
Thus single and double Pyrethrums and Chrysan-
themums are spoken of, but in these instances, and
in many more that might be named, what passes
muster as a "petal" is really a flower, and the
doubleness or otherwise of the bloom depends upon
the number of " flowers " packed into one " head."
The long (female) " ray " florets are commonly
multiplied at the expense of the shorter (male)
florets of the disc. In the Anemone-flowered
section we have a great number of disc florets,
forming a central cushion, and two or three rows
of guard ray (ligulate) florets.

DOUGLASIA.

Pretty, rare little plants for the rock garden
(tirtl. Primulacese), and resembling the Androsaces.
They like a compost of peat, loam, and grit, and
require a covering of glass to protect them from
damp in winter. Propagation, by seeds or division
in spring. Vitaliana is referred to in Androsace,
by which name it is generally known in garden-.

Principal Species :

Irvigata. 1", spr., aut.,

m., pk.
uivalis, 3", Je., pur.

vitaliana (.V//HS. Amlrosace
vitaliaua and Arctia
vitaliaua).

DOWNINGIA.

Beautiful hardy animals (urd. Campanulacese),
with charmingly coloured flowers, suitable for
borders or for pots, and raised from seeds sown i'\
a frame in March or in the open in Hay.

Principal Species : —
elegaus, 6", Jy., hi., wh. wh., yel. Suitable for

(XIIH. Clinton'ia elegans). hanging baskets (»//«.

rmlchclla, <>", Jy., bl., Clintonia pulchella).

DRABA. (\VIIITLOW GBASS.)

Most attractive little rock plants (ord. Cruci-
ferje), which produce a charming effect in sunny
positions in spring. They generally form dwarf
tufts of foliage covered with bloom, rnfortunately
the confusion which exists in their nomenclature
in gardens is almost hopeless, and it is well-nigh im-
possible to procure more than a few species cor-
rectly named from nurseries. Propagation is by
seeds sown in a frame or greenhouse in spring, or
by careful division of the perennials. The former
is preferable.. Gritty soil, with sandy peat, suits.
The s|>ecies all require a sunny position, and
many look extremely well jammed in between
the crevices of the rock garden.

Principal Species : —
aixoiiles. 3", Mch., yel. ; pyrcnaica, 2A", My., wh.,

a pretty little plant pur. The ' K...-k

Ai/oon. 3". Ap., yel. (si/ii. Hraiity." a charming

lasiocarpaV plant, also known a»

Mawii, 2", spr., wh. : a Petrocalli* pyfenalca.

charming little *]>rci.-.

Dracaena

( 308 )

Dracaena

Other Species :—
alpina, 3", Ap., yel. (.-•//«.

glacialis) .

aurea, 6", My., bien., yel.
bryoides, 4", Mch., yel.
ciuerea, 4", Mch., wh.
corymbosa, 3", My., wh.
cuspidata, 2", Mch., yel.
fladuizensis, 1", Ap., wh.

(*i/». iiivalis of De Can-

dolle).

DRACAENA.

Description. — Stove plants (ord. Liliacerc), with
very richly coloured and prettily variegated foliage.

hispida, 3", Aug., yel.

(syn. trideiitata).
inoana, 6", My., ann.,

wh. (syn. coutorta).
olyrapica, 4", Je., yel.

(KI/II. brunifefolia).
stellata, 6", Je., wh.
tomentosa, 4", Je., wh.

close pit and frequently syringed, but given
little water at the roots. They soon break into
growth at the nodes, and the shoots may be taken
off and inserted as cuttings. A " heel " of the old
wood facilitates rooting. One cutting in a thumb
pot is the best plan. The process of " ringing " is
a safe and easy method of rooting the tops. A
notch is cut just below a joint under the
leaves, a narrow ring of bark is removed, or a
tongue about i" long is cut through the joint in
the same way as when layering Carnations, a small
wooden peg being inserted to keep the tongue from
closing. The wound is bound round with moss,
which is kept moist. In a few weeks young

AUSTltALIS LEXTIGINOSA IluSSELLII (see p. 30!>).

They are closely allied to the genus Cordyline,
with which they are commonly confused. Most
of the Dracsenas of gardens are in reality Cordy-
lines, but they are referred to here for garden
purposes. The difference between the two genera
is chiefly in the character of the fruits, there being
generally but one ovule in Dracsena, and many
ovules in Cordyline. Dracaenas are amongst the
most useful of our foliage plants ; there are
many handsome varieties of terminalis (correctly
Cordyline terminalis) alone. Many of them are
suitable for subtropical bedding, and one species,
australis (correctly Cordyline australis), is nearly
hardy. As a matter of fact, it is hardy in a con-
siderable portion of Ireland ; also in the island of
Arran, and on the west coast of Ross-shire, near
Poolewe.

Propagation. — By cuttings of the stem, by

eyes, and by layers. Cuttings root readily at

all times of the year, although spring is the

best. A close, warm frame is necessary, and

__if the cuttings can be plunged in bottom heat,

"so much the better. After the top has been

taken off, the old stumps should be kept in a

roots will have pushed into the moss, and the
cutting may be safely severed from the parent
plant and potted up. Sorts with thick, suc-
culent stems, such as Lindenii and massnngcana
(really forms of fragrans), may be expeditiously
increased by cutting the stems of the old plants
up into lengths, one\,eye in each length. The
" eyes " root and grow quickly if placed under
the same conditions as the cuttings. The root
buds, or " toes," as they are commonly called, are
often found upon old plants. All that, is necessary
is to cut them off and pot them. They are not
unlike Lily of the Valley crowns in appearance.

Soil. — Good loam two parts, chopped up or
pulled to pieces, and old Mushroom bed refuse
one part, with a sprinkling of coarse sand, for
established plants. Equal parts of loam and leaf
soil, with sand, form a suitable mixture for young
plants.

Other Cultural Points.— Dracscnas do not need
large pots, and undue exuberance of growth must
be restrained by firm potting. Small pots, firm
potting, alight position near the glass, a tempera-
ture of not less than tiO° F., and plenty of water

Dracaena

30!t l

Dracocephalum

both overhead anil at the root are the needful con-
ditions to produce the neat, elegant plants so much
in request for table decoration. Sanderiana is
naturally " leggy," and this must be corrected bv
frequent propagation ; moreover, old plants are
not so well variegated as young ones. Mealy bu"
and thrips are the chief insect enemies, but they
ought not to be allowed a footing, seeing that the
big leaves permit of the free use of the sponge.
Sponging \vli li skimmed milk will impart a greater
glossiness to tin- foliage. When employed in
dwelling rooms the plants should be taken out
each day and syringed thoroughly. No Dracaena
ought to be kept in a dwelling room for more than
.a fortnight; a week is often too much. They do
not like draughts.

Principal Spades and Varieties : —

[Many of these are really members of the uvmis
•Cordyline, but the popular mind refuses to call
.them anything but Dracaenas. Bearing this in
mind, and also with a view to save space, thev are
plaei-d here. The claims of many forms in the
•subjoined lists to specific rank are very vague.
Numbers are mere varieties of the versatile termin-
alis, which has long been cultivated in the Tropics.]
albiwms, St., Ivs. gni., — massangeana, much

wh. bordered, like Lindenii, but the

amahilis.st., Ivs. pk., wh., colours are wh. and

grn., 24" to 30" loug grn., st.

by 5" wide. godseffiana, Ivs. 3" long,

;australis, 10' to ">()', Ivs. •>'/' wide, grn., mottled

2' to 8' long, 2" to 4" wh. like an Aucubu,

wide:, sub-toy., flowers stems thin and wiry.

sweet scented (.«///. goldieana, Ivs. 6" to 9"

indivisa of Hegel). long, 5" to 0" wide,

— argei t •o-striatii, Ivs. st., grn., br., wh. ; very
grn.. striped wh. pretty and useful.

-- Douci'tii. Ivs. a' to 3' Guilfoylei, Ivs. 14/ to 2'

long, j" to 1" wide, at, long, st., wh., grn.,

grn., wh. (.«//». indivixi pk. ; a var. of termin-

aoUcetiana). alis.

— ; Iciitigiuosa, Ivs. 2' to iudivisa, Ivs. 2' to 4', grh.,

y long, i" to 1" wide. grn.

grh., pur. ; the form . — atropurpurea, grh.,

Kussellii is handsome dark pur.

(«•/• /(. 308). — lineata, Ivs. 4" wide,

lin .;ita, grh. grh., grn , pk.

— Rigoutsii, St., wh., gin. — Veitchii, grn., with red
(•ii/ii. Kigoutsii). ribs.

— rnhra, grh., Ivs. bronzy iudivisa (of Eegel, ace
grn., flushed ro. auatralis).

— Riis-it'llii, grh., Ivs. br., indivisa vera, Iva. verv
yel. midrib. leathery, 2' to 5 long,

— variegata, grh., grn., 2" to 4" wide, grh.,
wh. grn., with yel. midrilis

B;i]jtistii, Ivs. 14' to 2' (ft/us. iudivisa and

long. st.. grn., yel., pk. aureo-liueata).

bicolor, it', TVS. 4" to G" magnifies. Ivs. 1.'.' to 2'

long, 2" to 3" wide, st. long, 6" to 10'' wide,

oaaneefolia. Ivs. 1' to 3' st.. bronze pur. ; a var.

loug, 1.1" to 4" wide, of terminalis.

st., gni. ; a var. of margiuata, Ivs. 1' to 2'

tenmnalu. long, G"to9" wide, grh.,

Chelsonii, st., dark grn., st., grn., very tough

mottled crim. (*!/"• graoilis).

Cooperi, Ivs. 2' to 3' long. Hex, Ivs. 1' long, st. ,

H" to 4" wide, st., bronze grn.

bronzy pur. sauderiana, 1" to .V, st.,

Draco, Dragon Tree, 60', wh., margined grn. ; a

grh., grn., a huge ti. i . handsome plant which

fragrans, G', st., grn., is at its liest when

flowers fragrant. young.

— Ijimlenii, Ivs. 1' to 2' spleiiduns, st.. bronze gru.,
long, l.V' to 3'," wide, margined iMrmine.

st., yel., grn.; one of stricta, U' to 10', Ivs. IV
the most valuable to 2' long, 1" to 11"

decorative Dracaenas, wide, grh., grn.

— congesta, grh., broader
leaves than type.

terminalis, 10' to 12' st

colours variable.
Weismanuii, st., red, wh.

Other Species and Varieties f—

albo-rosra, st., grn., ro., imperialis, st., metallic

red ; a var. of tcriiiin- gi-u. ; a var. of termiu-

ahs. alis.

amboynensis, st., ro., car. inscripta, st., grn., striped

angusta, st., bronze grn. wh.; a vor.of terminalis

arborea, 40', st. Laingii, St., grn. margined

Banksii, ;">' to 10', Ivs. ;>' crim., wh. ; a handsome

to 6' long, grh.. grn. hybrid.

— erythrorachis, grh., macrautha (now Broc-
grn.. red midribs. chinia cordylinoides) .

Bartetii, St., bronze red ; madagascariensis, st.,

a garden var. grn. ; a pretty var.

bellula, St., pur., red; a metallica, st., bronze pk.,

var. of terminalis. pur. petioles ; a var. of

Broomfieldii.st., wh.,grn. terminalis.

cemua (*«? reflexa). mirabilis, st, bronze gni.,

Claudia, st., bronze gru., margined crim.

flaked crim. norwoodieusis, st., gru.

concinna, G', st., grn., yel., crim.

margined pur., red. oruata, bronze grn., mar-

cougesta (see stricta con- gined ro. pk.

gesta). phrynioides, Ivs. 6" to 8",

cuprea, st., metallic gpu. ; st., gni., spotted yel.

a var. of terminalis. pulchella, st., red ; a var.

Derinisonii, st. ,bronze pur. of terminalis.

Doucetii (»« australis reflexa, 12' to 15', st., grn.

Doucetii). ("/".•••.cernua.salicifolia).

Duflii, st., crim. robinsoniaua, st., bronze

elliptica, 2' to 3', st., gni. gni., crim.

— maculata, st., Ivs, Runiphii(*w hookeriaua).
spotted yel. salicifolia (nee reflexa).

excelsa, st., bronze gill., Saposchnikowii, 10' to 15',

crim. : a form of St., gm. ; sub-arboreal.

arborea. Smithii, 15', Ivs. 3' to 4'

floribunda, G' to 8 , Ivs. long, st., grn. ; close to

3' to 4' long. fragrans.

gloriosa, st., gni., bronzy triumphans, st, blk., pur.

or. (syn. Sliej)herdii) ) umbraculifera, 10' to 15',

a var. of terminalis. Ivs. 2' to 3', st., grn.

gracilis (.sre marginata). Williamsii, St., grn.,

hookeriana, Ivs. 2' to 4' striped chocolate, ro.,

loug, st., gni. , bordered yel.

wh. (/»/». Bnmphii). Youngii, st.,gni., striped

— latifolia, broader Ivs. red.
than type.

DRACOCEPHALUM. (DRAGO.N'SHEAD.)
Pretty border plants (ord. Labiatas), which are
valued for their rather singular flowers. The best
are hardy perennial plants, but a few annuals are
worth growing, though little seen. The annuals
and perennials are propagated by seeds, sown in a
frame or greenhouse in spring; the latter also by
division in spring. Light, rich garden soil is best.
Slugs must be kept from some of the species ; they
are particularly fond of grandiflornm.

Principal Species :—
anstriaram, U', Jy., bl. ; japonicum, 2', bl., wh.

an ornamental bonier ruyschiauum, 2', Je., pur.

plant. (>//*/. argunense).

grandittorum, fi", ,Ty., bl.: speciosum, 1J', Je., pur.

a charming Alpine

altaicense).

Other Species ;—

Moldavica, 1J', Jy., ami., parviflorum,6", Jy., aim.,
bl. pur. (*;/». peregrinum).

— albiflonnn, wh. pinnatuni, 1J', Je.. bl.
nutans, 1', Jy., bl. Kii|ni , htii. 1J', Jy., bl.
origanoides. (i", Jy., hlf- thymiflornm, G", Jy.,

hdy. trailer. aim., pur.

palmatum, 1J', Jy., pur. virginianuin (w 1'livso-
stegia virgiuiana).

Dracontium

( 310 )

Drepanocarpus

DRACONTIUM.

Curious stove plants (ord. Aroidese), with thick,
fleshy rhizomes and much hooded spathes, and
exhaling a very strong and disagreeable odour.
The stems of the leaves are usually much mottled
and barred,' generally with some shade of purple or
brown. The plants answer to the same cultural
treatment as , Amorphophallus, but they are of
little horticultural value.

Principal Species :—
to 0', pur.,

wh. (fiJH".

asperura,
mottled

datum and Amorpho-
phallus nivosus).
Carder! , 3'.

gigas, 10", spathe bluish

br.
polypliyllum, 2', Dec.

Other Species : —

elatum (sec nsperum).
feecuudum, 4' to 5', Mch. ;

spathe br. without,

lurid pur. within.

DRACOPHYLLUM.

Greenhouse hard-wooded plants (ord. Epacrideae)
of rather straggling habit, but considerable
beauty. They "may be propagated by tips of
the young shoots, taken whenever they can be
had, dibbled into pure sand, placed in a gentle
heat, and covered with a bell-glass. The glass
should be removed every day, and wiped dry, or
many of the cuttings will damp. Afterwards, firm
potting in rather small pots is desirable. Occa-
sional pinching is necessary. For soil,' a mixture
of two-thirds of sandy peat and one-third of finely
chopped loam, with a few small pieces of charcoal,
is suitable. The most useful species is gracile.
This, on account of the great length of its fine,
whip-like branches, is often trained to pyramid or
balloon shapes. The untrained plants furnish cut
flowers in plenty. After flowering, the plants
should be cut back rather hard, and kept closer
than usual to favour fresh growth. Plenty of
water must be given at all times.
Principal Species : —

gracile, 2', Je.. Jy., wh. .
fragrant, especially iu
the evening (see figure).
DRACUNCULUS.

Singular half-hardy plants (ord. Aroidens) re-
sembling the Arum. They are tuberous-rooted,
and require a rather rich, but not heavy, soil.
Propagated by division of the rhizomes.

Principal Species : —
creticus (sec vulgaris).
vulgaris, 1A', .To., pur. br.

DRAINAGE.

Unproductive soils have been made fertile,
and many others have had their productiveness
increased, by drainage. Drainage prevents stagnant
water, and the chemicnl action it sets up, which is
so injurious to most vegetation ; by carrying off
superfluous water it dries and simultaneously
warms the soil, enabling seeds to be earlier sown
and the produce to be sooner gathered : it also
ensures aeration of the soil, which not only means
increased fertility, but greater ease in working
Open ditches were probably the earliest forms of
drains, and these still have a place on large farms
and fens. The general practice now is to cut

capitatum, 11' to'2',sum.,
wh.

(«>/». Arum
culus).

Dracun-

drains or trenches in the direction of the greatest
fall of the land, and others of smaller dimensions
to conduct the water to them. The depth varies
with the condition of the land from 2' !)" to 4' (>",
and in boggy land as deep as 7'. In the smaller
channels cylindrical drain tiles 2" in diameter and
15" long are placed end to end, and no collars are
now considered necessary ; over the tiles a layer of
broken stones may be laid, and over these inverted
turves to prevent the fine soil from clogging the
drains. The distance the drains are apart must
vary with the amount of water to be conducted
from the land; 15' to IS' is a generally suitable
interval. A drain may be made with stones alone,
placing the largest at the bottom ; faggots will

flracopsis (xer Rudbeclcia).
Dragon, Green (Arisrema Dracontiwm).
Dragon Tree (see Dracirna flnim).
Dragon's Head (sec Dracoccpltaluni),

DllACOPHYLI.rM GUACILE.

also serve the purpose, but for permanencs and
effectiveness nothing surpasses drain tiles,
free growth of moss and " Horsetails " (Equisetum)
generally indicates badly drained land.

DRAIOEA.

A small gemis of Australian plants (ord. Orcliid-
ace:e) that will grow in a rool house in a mixture
of peat, loam, and sand. The best known species,
elastica, produces a spike H' high surmounted
by a mottled flower, which in shape and poise
resembles an insect in flight.

DRAWN.

Plants become drawn when placed so closely
together as to be deprived of light and air from all
sides ; they then elongate unduly in search of
these essentials. The condition is favoured by
injudicious ventilation.

DREPANOCARPUS.

A genus (ord. LeguminortE) consisting of several
species, lunatus, which grows 10' high and produces.

Dressing

(311)

Dryas

white (lowers, being the chief. It is a stove ever-
green, ami should be placed in a mixture of fibrous
peat and loam, with sand to ensure porosity.
Propagation is by cuttings of half-ripened wood
ini-c'i-tei I in sand beneath a bell-glass over bottom
heal.

DRESSING.

This term is applied to the trimming up of
plants by the removal of dead leaves, flowers, and
seed pods, and to the loosening of the surface soil
of borders and beds to give them a neat, tidy
appearance. It is sometimes applied to the
surface dressings on Asparagus beds and in Straw-
berry and Kaspberry quarters ; this is top-dressing
01 mulching. The term is in vogue amongst ex-
hibitors of Chrysanthemums, Hoses, Carnations,
and other llowcrs, who, after manipulating the
petals or florets, so as tu place them in the shape
and position required, with ivory tweezers, speak of
t he blooms as " dressed.'"

DRILL.

To admit of quick surface cultivation, and also
to ensure a certain amount of room to each plant,
garden and farm seeds are almost always now
sown in drills or shallow trenches. The general
method of drawing drills is to stretch a line along
the desired site, and, using it as a guide, make the
drills, by means of a hoe. shallow or deep to
accommodate line' or large seeds. By means of a
rake-like instrii nt with adjustable, coulter-
shaped teeth, several drills may be drawn at once.
The ingenious little American machine known as
the Planet Junior Cultivator is used as a hoe, but
is also Titled with adjustable coulters for making
drills at various depths and widths.

DRIMIA.

Interesting little bulbous plants (ord. Liliaceie)
allied to the Lachenalias. Although not of strik-
ing colours, they are of pleasing appearance. They
are grown in the greenhouse in jmts filled with
sandy loam and peat or leaf soil. When at res'
they must be kept almost dry, and repotted when
growth begins to show. Propagated by offsets.

Principal Species : —

piliaris, H', Aug., pur., media, Aug.. wh.

wh. purpurascens, 0", Aug.,

elatu, 2". Oct., red, grn. pur.

haworthioicles, 6", grn. pusilla, 4", My., gru.

DRIMIOPSIS.

Greenhouse bulbs (ord. Liliacea;) which bear a
considerable resemblance to the Drimins, and
require similar cultivation. The two following,
although seldom seen, are in cultivation, and are
the best of those which have been introduced.

Principal Species :—
Kirkii, 0", Jy.. wh. maculate, 1', wh.

DRIMYS.

This small genus (»rd. Jlagnoliacesc) has some
economic value, as Winter! provides the Winter's
Bark of commerce, which resembles Cinnamon,
and is sometimes used for it. This bark is Mild to
be good in cases of scurvy. They are evergreen
half-hardy trees, and will thrive out of doors in

Dre/>ania (see Tiilpis).

Drrjera (sue Jacoliinla).

Driax Plant (see Thajixia ijarganica).

favoured localities, but are safer in the greenhouse.
Propagation is by cuttings in sand under a bell
glass over gentle bottom heat. A compost ol
fibrous peat, lumpy loam, and sand suits.

Principal Species : —

aromatica, 12', Ap., wh., Winter!, 30', My., wh.
pk. (»//«. ToBniiiimiii (•«.'/". chilensis).

aromatica).

DROSERA. (SUNDEW.)

Interesting and curious insectivorous plants (ord.
Droseraceie). Beautiful as are our native species,
Anglica, intermedia, and rotundifolia, when ex-
amined, they are rivalled by the exotics. Our own
are hardy, but, like the exotic species, do well in a
greenhouse. Propagation is by seeds, or by division
of the crowns. Root cuttings of binata laid on
sandy peat, covered with similar soil, and then
with a bell-glass, will form plants if kept moist.
Soil, peat and live sphagnum, the plants being
placed in some of the latter on the top of the pots.

Principal Species and Varieties : -

peltata, 1', wli. ; an

Australian ami.
t'oH'isa, wh.
— gracile, pk.
rotundifolia, 4", Jy., wh.;

a charming native.

linoaris, 4", Jy., wh.,

pur.

longifolia, 3", Jy., wh.
pauciflora, 3", Jy., wh.
sjiathulata, 3", Jy., pur.
Whittakeri, wh.

binata, 0", Je., wh. ;

a pretty per. Cv.'/".

dichotorna).
filiformis, 1', Jy., pur. ; a

pretty North American

per. (*I/H. tenuifolia).

Other Species :—

acaulis, 3", Jy., wh.
Anglica, 3", Jy., wh., red.
capensis, 6", Jy., pur. (tie

p. 312).

ristifolia, 1', red.vio. , wh.
gigautea, Jy., wh.
intermedia, 3", Jy., wh.,

red.

DROSOPHYLLUM.

The only species of the genus, lusitanicum (i>rd.
Droseracere) is a greenhouse plant 1' high, which
produces its pretty yellow flowers in late spring.
Propagation is by seeds, and the plant grows best
in light loam and sand ; it must never be heavily
watered. Viscid drops gather upon the leaves,
and flies -which alight thereon cannot escape ;
their juices are absorbed by the leaves as in other
carnivorous plants.

DRYANDRA.

This genus (ord. Proteacesc) comprises a con-
siderable number of species, few of which have
received much attention from horticulturists. All
are greenhouse evergreen shrubs that thrive in
fibrous peat and loam, with sand and charcoal to
ensure porosity ; the drainage must be perfect.
Propagation is by cuttings in sand beneath a bell-
glass over gentle bottom heat ; they must be
transferred from the cutting pots immediately
they are rooted.

Principal Species : —

calophylla, 2', Je., yel. ; floribuuda, 3', Je., yel.

elegant Ivs.

DRYAS.

Very beautiful dwarf shrubby plants (urd.
llosaceae), perfectly hardy in moist, peaty soil, and
attractive in the lower portions of the rockery, or

Vrojnnirt (.•«;• ftpinea VUipcudula and J'utcntilla

iJrummondia (ace Mitella).

Drymoda

( 312 )

Duboisia

Drummoudii, Je. , yel.
integrif olia, Je. , \vh
trailer (.vy>j. teuella).

Je., wh. ;

at the edge of a bog garden. If on a rather dry
place, Drummondii must have a little shade, but
octopetala can do with more sun. For the latter,
peaty loam and sand are best. They are propa-
gated by division and by seeds sown in spring :
also by cuttings under a band-light or a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —

octopetala,
trailer.

— lanata, woolly Ivs.

— Tninima; ..ULL! I i'orilL.

DRYMODA.

Only one species of this Malayan genus (ord.
Orchidaceoe) appears to be known. It is a small-
growing stove Orchid that does best when fixed
npon a block of wood with a little sphagnum about
its roots.

Only Species : —

picta, 3", Mch., grn., pur.

DRYMOGLOSSUM.

A small genus (ord. Filices) of low-growing
stove Ferns that are increased by division, and
thrive in a mixture of peat and loam.

Principal Species: —
camosum. piloselloides.

— subcordatum. rigidum.

DRYMONIA.

A genus (ord. Gesneraceaj) of stove evergreen
climbers. The plants do best in mellow loam.
Cuttings root in very sandy soil beneath a bell-glass
over bottom heat. Punctata and villosa are now
referred to Episcia.

serrulata, G', aut., pur.
(*;/»• bicolor).

Principal Species :—
cristata, 4', Aug., grn.
marmorata, G', Je., yel.,

pk.

DRYMOPHLCE US.

A small genus (ord. Palma)) of handsome Palms
that require good loam and a stove temperature.
Propagation is by seeds.

Principal Species : —

smgaporensis
choraphis
eusis).

(see Pty-
singapor-

appemliculatus, 30'.
ceramensis, 30'.
leprosus (syns. oliva1-
formia and Kumphii) .

DRYNARIA (see POLYPODIUM).

DRYOBALANOPS.

The principal species, aromatica (ord. Diptero-
carpeie), is a stove evergreen tree that thrives in
rich, mellow loam. Propagation is by seeds. The
tree is indigenous to Sumatra and has great
economic value, inasmuch as it provides a vast
proportion of the natural camphor.

DRYOPTERIS (see PTEBIS).

DRYOSTACHYUM.

A small genus (ord. Filices) of Ferns that thrive
best in the stove. They are closely allied to the
Drynaria section of Polypodium, and referred to
that genus by botanists. Increase is by division,
and the plants do well in a mixture of loam and
peat.

Principal Species : —
caudatum. pilosum. spleudens.

DRYPETES (»ec XYLOSMA).

DRYPIS.

A dwarf growing hardy evergreen (ord. Caryo-
phyllese). Propagation is by seeds when procur-
able, and by cuttings inserted under a hand-light
in the early "summer. A mixture of loam, peat, and
sand suits, and a dry situation must be afforded.

Only Species: —
spinosa, 9", Je., bl.

DRY ROT.

Most fungi need a fair amount of moisture to
ensure development, but there are two or three

DllOSERA CAl'ENSIS (see p. 311).

species which prefer drier conditions. The dry-
rot fungus attacks dry timber and so works among
the wood cells that the tissues presently crumble
up like dust. Roof beams are sometimes attacked,
and as their collapse might mean loss of life, as
well as property, they should be occasionally
examined, especially in very old structures and
when any curvature is noticed. Good ventilation,
dressing the timber with creosote before use, and
washing with corrosive sublimate are preventives
and remedies.

DUBOISIA.

Australian plants (ard. Solanacea?) of shrubby
habit, and needing greenhouse protection. Loam,
peat, and sand form a suitable compost, and propa-
gation is effected by cuttings. The white, funnel-
shaped flowers are produced in axillary clusters.

Only Cultivated Species : —
Hopwoodii. Leichariltii.

Diuinia (sec Jlinnalantkits).
Ihtchekia (nee Palisota).
DucJtnla (we Omplialca).
DticVs Font (sec Podopliyllnm).
Duhamelia (ste llamclia).

Dumasia

( 313 )

Earina

DUMASIA.

This small genus (iml. Leguminosse) comprises
evergreen twiners which flourish in the greenhouse.
The best soil consists of fibrous loam and sandv
peat, and propagation may be by seeds sown over
slight heat ; or by cuttings of moderately firm
growths in very sandy soil beneath a bell-glass over
gentle heat.

Principal Species : —

puli. 'sirens (arc villosa). villosa, 6', aut., yel.

DUNG.

This general title is recognised as including all
animal excrement valuable for increasing the
fertility of land, but usually it has more particular
reference to farmyard and stable manure. Though
farmyard manure varies in value with the nature
of the food and litter given to the animals, it is
about the best that can be employed, as it returns
the constituents of plant food to the soil, though
not all of them in sufficient quantities. Too often,
farmyard and stable manures are allowed to accu-
mulate in the open, where wind and rain rapidly dis-
sipate a most valuable constituent, ammonia ; such
manure heaps should always be under a roof and
so situated that the drainings from them, and the
cowshed, may be thrown on to them occasionally to
keep the mass moist. A covering of gypsum will
also prevent the loss of ammonia. Horse or stable
manure ferments rapidly and is warmer than cow
manure, but unless turned regularly and kept
nicely moist it soon loses its value as a fertiliser.
Lime may be added to fresh manure to fix the
ammonia, but not to decayed manure.

Sheep manure contains rather more nitrogen and
phosphoric acid than horse droppings, but it
decomposes slowly ; it is useful on some soils, but
is somewhat lacking in potash. Pig manure is
extremely rich, but as it decomposes slowly it is
best mixed with stable or farmyard manure. Cow
manure alone is cooling in its effects, and is most
valuable when mixed with water and applied to
growing crops ; when dried and powdered it also
forms an excellent ingredient in potting soils for
strong-rooting subjects.

Poultry excrement is technically known as a
" strong " manure, because it contains a great deal
of nitrogen in the readily assimilated form of uric
acid. Some absorbent, like peat, dry earth, or leaf
mould, should be mixed with poultry manure so
that its valuable properties may be retained until
nee led. Stored in this way and subsequently passed
through a sieve, poultry manure makes a famous
top-dressing for growing crops. Natural guano,
the accumulation, through long ages, of the
excrement of sea birds, is more highly concentrated
and valuable than poultry manure, but similarly
it is a highly nitrogenous fertiliser. Human
excrement, generally known as night soil, is not so
much used as formerly, owing to the increased
sanitation and sewage works, and the absence of
earth closets. Night soil is nevertheless a most
valuable manure to deal with. It needs to be
covered with dry earth, both to prevent odour and
to retain volatile substances.

As dung becomes converted into humus it
increases the water-holding capacity of the soil,
consequently unles» drainage and cultivation are
of the best it tends to reduce the soil temperature,

Jfarnerilla (of Lcujasca, see Jungia).

but the advantages that result during the wannest
part of the year outbalance the disadvantages.
Long, green dung assists in keeping stiff soils open,
whereas short, decomposed dung tends to con-
solidate light soils and make them more retentive
of moisture.

DURANTA.

This is a genus (ord. Verbenaceae) of blue-
flowered greenhouse evergreen shrubs. There are
several species, but they have no great measure of
popularity. Propagation is by cuttings in sand
beneath a bell-glass over bottom heat, and a
mixture of equal parts of peat and loam is a suit-
able soil.

Principal Species : —

Plumieri, IS', Oct., bl. — alba, wh., fruit amber.

(KI/HI. dentuta, Ellisia, stenostachya, 10', Oct.,

inermis,audxalapensis). bl.

DURIO.

An evergreen tree (ord. Malvaceae). The fruit
is the celebrated Durian. It should be grown in
loam and leaf mould, in the stove. Propagation is
by spring cuttings in sand beneath a bell-glass
over bottom heat.

Principal Species : —
zibethinus, 50', My., wh.

DUVALIA.

These South African succulent plants (ord.
Asclepiadeic) differ from the better known Stape-
lias in floral structure, but require precisely similar
treatment in a warm greenhouse.

Principal Species :—

Corderoyi, 4", Aug., grn., glomerata, 4", Aug., br.

pur., br. hirtella, 6", Aug., br.

elegaus, 4", Aug., pur. radiata, 4", Aug., pur.

DYCKIA.

Dyckias (ord. Bromeliaceie) are like small Pine,
apple plants. They are increased by suckers, and
should be grown in the greenhouse in a mixture of
light loam, sand, and mortar rubbish. Afford
perfect drainage, and water judiciously in winter.

Principal Species : —

altisshna, 2', Sep., yel. frigida, li', Feb., or.

brevifolia, Aug., yel. random, 2', Je., or.

DYPSIS.

This is a genus of Palms (ord. Palmjc) from
Madagascar, that must be grown in the stove.
They require sound loam, and may be propagated
from seeds.

Principal Species :—
Hildebnuultii. mailagascariensis.

EARINA.

A group of eight or nine species (ord. Orchid-
acese) from New Zealand and the Pacific Islands.
They are all of small growth, and are best managed
in a stove, suspended in shallow baskets and
planted in fibrous peat and sphagnum. Stock is

Itvretia (nee Hielimeria).

lliiii-liiinni'.-i I'ijie (nee A rixtnlncliia Siplio).

lini-iiiiii. (.«•<• Si-hiavi).

liiu-rrnoia (nee Adhatoda).
Dyssodia (sen Di/sudia).
Kcujle l-'i-rii (.«•/• Iteri* ai/ui/ina,').
tragic \\~ootl (see Aquilaria).

Earth

( 314 )

Echinocactus

readily increased by division at the commence-
ment of the growing season.
Principal Species : —

rraicronata, My., wh.

suaveolens, My., wh.

EARTH.

Indispensable to the growth of most plants. It
consists of admixtures of lime, sand, and clay, with
decayed vegetable matter called humus. A know-
ledge of the chemical composition of these earths
is useful in determining the kind of manure neces-
sary to ensure complete fertility. Clays generally
possess a great deal of potash ; sandy earths much
iron ; lime-containing soils are rich in phosphates.
All of these, while insoluble in a dry state, are
readily rendered soluble and available for plant
foods when mixed with water. (8ee also SOILS.)

EARTHING-UP.

The term employed by gardeners to denote the
drawing of soil up to and around the stems of
certain plants, either as a protection against cold
or to accomplish the blanching of the parts, as in
the case of Celery and Cardoons. The soil used
should be just moist, free from lumps and stones,
and when used for blanching purposes care
should be taken to prevent it finding its way into
the hearts of the plants. For details see the
various plants affected.

EARWIG.

So well known is this insect (Forflcula anricu-
laria) that description is unnecessary. To gardeners
who have much wall fruit under their care, or who
grow large stocks of Dahlias, Carnations, and
Chrysanthemums, the earwig is too often an enemy.
Hollow stems of Sunflower, Jerusalem Artichoke,
and Broad Bean placed among the foliage of the
subjects mentioned act as traps, for in these the
insects lurk during the daytime, and from them
they are easily discharged into a vessel of hot
water Small pots partly filled with dry moss and
inverted on the stakes supporting Dahlias and
other plants are also good traps.

EBENUS.

Neat little shrubby or herbaceous plants (ord.
Leguminosse), of which only two species appear to
be in cultivation. These are scarcely hardy with
us, and should be grown in a cool greenhouse,
Alpine house, or frame. They like a light soil, and
are increased by seeds sown in spring, the shrubby
species being also increased by cuttings under
glass.

Only Cultivated Species : —

cretica, 1.J', Je., hlf-hdy. shr., pk. (syn. Anthyllis
cretica).

SibthorpU, t>", Je., herbaceous, pk.

EBERMAIERA.

A genus (ord. Acanthacere) of herbs that
require a stove temperature. Cuttings of half-
ripened growths inserted in very sandy soil beneath
a bell-glass over bottom heat root readily. A
mixture of three parts fibrous loam and one part
peat, with coarse sand, suits.

Earlia (see Gr/ii>to-pliylluni),

Earth-nut (see Ararkis hypor/rca).

East Indian Hawthorn (see R/ta.jiiolepis indie/i).

East Indian Wine Palm (see Phoenix sylrestris).

Principal Species : —

nitida, 4", wh.

ECCREMOCARPUS.

Elegant climbing plants (iinl. Bignoniacere) with
pretty flowers and foliage, and of much value for
the conservatory, or for walls and trellises in
summer. Scaber is hardy in sheltered localities, but
is best treated as a half-hardy annual, by sowing
the seeds in heat in early spring and planting the
seedlings out in May. Cuttings may also be taken
in autumn and struck under glass. The other
species should be treated as greenhouse plants, and
propagated by seeds or cuttings. All like a light,
rich soil.

Principal Species : —

lougiflorus, 8', Jy., yel. — roseus, reddish flowers.

scalier, S', Jy., or. (.«/».

Calampelis scaber).

ECHEVERIA.

Succulent plants (ord. Crassulaceai), no\v in-
cluded with the Cotyledons, but best known in
gardens by the present name. They are valuable
for carpet bedding, and also for the greenhouse or
window. Propagated by offsets ; by seeds sown in
heat in spring ; or by leaves pulled off and laid in
dry sand in pots in a warm house in autumn. A
dry, but rich, sandy soil suits.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
gibliiflura, 1',', Jy., yel., glauca, <i", Jy., sc., yel.

red (nee Cotyledon gib bi- retusa, IV, Nov., yel.

flora). — glauca.

— metallica, very fine. — floribirada splendens.

— puinila, 6", Aug., yel., secunda, 1', Jo., red, yel.
red. — gluui-M.

— glauca major.

Other Species : —

atropurpurea, 9", Sep., lurida, 6", Sep., red.

red. rosea, 1', Ap., red, yel.

califoruica, 9", Sep., yel. Peacockii, 1', Jy., red.

fulgens, 0", win., red yel. stolouifera, G", yel., pk.

ECHIDNOPSIS.

A genus (ord. AsclepiadeaV) of greenhouse succu-
lents that grow satisfactorily in light loam and
brick rubbish, but need liquid manure when in
active growth. Water carefully, especially during
the resting period. Propagated by spring cuttings
dried at the base before insertion in sandy soil.

Principal Species : —

cereiformis, X", sum., yel.

ECHINACEA.

According to present authorities, the Echinaceas
(ord. Composite) should be separated from the
Rudbeckias, although they are generally known in
gardens by the latter name. For convenience the
species now called Echinacea are named herewith,
but cultural details will be found under Kudbeckia.
Some new forms of various colours are now being
offered.

Principal Species : —

anguatifolia, 3', Aug., red. purpurea, 2.}', Aug., red
Dieksouii, 1', Aug., hlf- pur. (xi/)i. intermedia).

hdy., lil.

ECHINOCACTUS.

A large genus (ord. Cacteae), of which the
nomenclature is somewhat confusing, owing to

Ebony (see JJiotpyros Ebenum}.
Evhidnium (see DracuntiunC).

Echinops

( 315 )

Echium

distinctive names having been given to what were
simply slight seedling variations. The plants
thrive in a greenhouse with a warm, humid
atmosphere in summer, and cool and dry in winter,
when it is necessary to apply water with the
greatest care. .Soil, light loam and brick rubbish.

Principal Species : —

Joadii, yel.

leeanus, My., pale yel.
multinprus, Je., wh.
Orcuttii, 2' to 3', crim.,

fruit grn.
rhodophthalmus, Aug.,

crim,

Scopa, Ap. , yel.
— cristatus, crested,
stivptocaulon, I'.', Aug.,

yel.

cixuiabarinus. <•»", smn..
tad.

concinnus, Mch., yel.
eopt'iiicgouus, Ap., My.,

wh., striped pur.
corynodes, Oct., yel.
giboosiu, fi", nut., wh.
- uoliilis, 2', Jy., wh.
Qnuonii, (>", red, yel.
Haselbergii, Ap., yel.,

red.
iugi'iis, jiut., yd., pk.

(••//«. Visnaga).

Other Species : —
centet'3rius, Jy., yel.
chlonipthnlnius, Je., pur.
Cuiniiigii, ,]y., yel.
exs 'ulptus Jy., wh.
!iaiuati>i':iiithus, Jy.. yel.

(A////, longiha umtus.)

ECHINOPS. (GLOBE THISTLE.)

Striking hardy perennial or biennial plants
(iiril. Composite). They are good bee plants.
They are easily raised from seeds sown in spring
in fine .-oil, and are also propagated by division in
.spring or autumn. A rich loam is advisable.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
hamiiiticuH, 3', Jy., bien., — tenuifolius.

hi. sph;erneeph:das, 4', Jy.,

Haynii, Aug., red.
hex;e<lrnpliorus, Je., wh.
Pfeirleri, Jy., yd.
tuuuispinas, Jy.. palu yd.

albus, wh.
liilrci, :i' Jy., bl. ; one of
the best.

Other Species : -
diihiiriciis. I!', Aug., bl.
exaltatus, Ii', Jy., wh.
glab/rriiuus, Aug., bl.
Gil "

pale bl. («/«. pauicuia-
tus).

— alhus, wh.

— glabratus.

huiiiilis, 1 .', ', Jy.. bl.
persicus, 2', Aug., wh.
(»//'<• pungeus).

iiudini. Jy.. wh., bl. strigosus, bl.

,1-erus. '2Y, Jy., bl. (syii. Touruefortii.

lanugiuosus).

ECHINOPSIS.

Although this genus (wd. Cactese) is now in-
cluded by some botanists with Cereus, it represents
such a distinct group as to render it worthy of a
short note in a popular horticultural work such as
this. The members of it like an open mixture of
good fibrous loam and small pieces of sandstone,
well-drained pots, a good supply of water in .sum-
mer, and little or none in winter. They succeed
best in full sun.

Principal Species and Varieties :--
rampyliicaiitha, 1' to IV, Eyriesii, CJ", Jy.. wh.,

Jy., ro., yel. stamens.
Crutata, 1', Jy., creamy

wh., 6" across (wr

figure).

— purpurea, ro.
deeais-ueana, 1', Jy., wh.,

yel. tinge.

fragrant, long tubed.

— flore pleiio.

— glauca.
Peutlandii, 6", Jy., wh.,

outer petals red".
tuhiHora, (i", sum., wh.

Ki-lii tin ni linn (A-IV /:'r/ii/iii/:x).

i'.I'lliiKH-l'fl'IIS (SIT I'lTellf,

I''.!' ll' Ilir/ lllXX II III ( ,SVT ( '/I'i.

A,' 'li'i nKslnehijs (of Hniiu/niart, »:e ^Krlim.
Ei-liiiimt<i<-lnj* (of E. Mi'i/i r, m-c 1'iji-in-ftnflnjs^.
/•.'<•// ioiilrs (KIT \nnnca).
JKahiopsi* (it'-'c J.tibustciiiini),

ECHITES.

A genus of stove and greeuhoiue evergreen
climbers (onl. Apocynacea), many of which are
very beautiful. They flourish in mellow, fibrous
loam and peat, with sharp sand to ensure porosity.
Propagated by cuttings in sand beneath a bell-
glass, with bottom heat for the stove species.

Principal Species : —
paniculata, it', Jy., st., yel.

Other Species : —
stdlaris, 10', Jy., st., yel., umbellata,l.V,Jy., st.,yel.

ro.

ECHIXOrsIS ( UISTATA (OK CEltEUS CKISTATVS).

ECHIUM. (VIPER'S BUGLOSS.)
A genus comprising a number of plants (ord.
Boraginetc). They are of annual, biennial, or peren-
nial duration, and herbaceous or shrubby in habit.
They grow in common soil, and are increased by
seeds, division, or, in the case of shrubby species,
by cuttings or layers. The general appearance of
the flowers is indicated by those of vulgare, the
native Viper's Bugloss. Only a few are named as
representing the genus.

Principal Species : —

iilbic'Jius, 1', Je., hdy. per..

vie.
eallithyrsuni, 6' to 8',

sum. , bl.
caiidii"ins, :'>'. grh. hicn.,

ro. (»rr p. 317).
creticum. IV, .ly. , hdy.

.•inn.. \i'i.
t'astiiiiMini, '•''', My., grh.

ev. , deep bl.

lusitaiiicum, 3', Jy., hdy.

]wr., wh., bl. (mjn.

salainaiiticmn).
]ilantagiueum, 3', Je., hlf-

lidy. aim. or bien., vio.
rubrum, 1' to 2', My.,

hieii., red, vio.

viiilacrlllll, •>'. Je., bil'll.,

vio.
vulgare, 3', Je. , bicn., vio.

Edelweiss

(316 )

Ekebergia

(LEONTOPOD1UM AI--

EDELWEISS.

PINUM.)

A pretty, white-leaved "Everlasting" plant (ord.
Composite), erroneously considered difficult to
grow, and prized because of its association with
Switzerland. It grows readily from seeds, sown
under glass in spring, the young plants being placed
on a dry, sunny rockery when large enough to
handle. ' The Edelweiss is quite hardy, but may
sutTer in rainy districts unless a sheet of glass be
placed over it to keep off winter rains. It likes a
light soil. It grows about 6" high, and has yellow
flowers surrounded by white bracts.

EDGEWORTHIA.

A small genus (ord. Thynielseaceae). The plants
do well in a cool greenhouse in a compost of sandy
peat and loam over perfect drainage. Cuttings of
half-ripened wood in sand root, though not freely.
An abundance of water is required in summer, but
the supply must be considerably reduced in
winter.

Only Species :—

clirysantha,3',Ap.,Je.,yel.; sweet (syn. Gardner!).

EDGING.

The edges of lawns should be carefully cut
with the long-handled edging shears each time
the grass is mown, and all cuttings carefully
gathered up, or a troublesome crop of grass
weeds will soon appear. The "edging-iron" is
a crescent-shaped steel blade fixed to a long
cross handle. It is used for removing irregular
portions of grass edgings to beds or walks, and
cutting out new beds on grass. It should be
.sharpened with a rubber or file, and carefully
-cleaned after use to prevent rusting.

EDGINGS.

Edgings may be roughly divided into two classes,
viz. living and dead. The former are greatly
favoured because of their fresh and natural appear-
ance, but have three great drawbacks: (1) They
generally require much care in clipping to keep
them tidy, and frequent replanting to fill blanks ;
(2) they serve as harbours to slugs, earwigs, and
other foes of the gardener ; (3) they prevent the
use of weed-killing compounds on any walks which
they may be employed to border.

Dead edgings, on the other hand, are durable,
-do not harbour vermin to the same extent as live
ones, and, if formed of undressed stone, cannot
well be objected to on the score of unnaturalness.

There is a wide choice of subjects for use in
•either section. Taking living edges first, we have
suitable for the flower garden, Box ; Ivy ; Periwinkle ;
<ientiana acaulis ; the Thrift (Armeria vulgaris) ;
London Pride (Saxifraga umbrosa) ; various Saxi-
frages of the mossy section, such as muscoides,
hypnoides, and csespitosa ; Euonymuses, of which
perhaps radicans, argenteus variegatus, and latifo-
lius aureus marginatus are the best; the common
Houseleek ; Stonecrops ; Arabises ; Aubrietias ; He-
lianthemuius ; Hypericum calycinum ; and Lysima-
•chia Nummularia aurea.

The choice of dead edgings must depend largely
upon the financial resources at command. One of
<he most effective, and also most expensive, is
formed of the rope twist pattern tile. The cheapest
is perhaps that formed of split deal battens.

EGG PLANT.

In France, under the name of Aubergine, the
EiTir Plant (Solanum Melongena— the elongated
forms are known as S. esculentum and the ovoid
ones as S. ovigerum) is more largely cultivated
than in this country, and the egg-shaped or
elongated fruits are served in many ways as a
vegetable. Here, however, we cultivate the
several forms chiefly as ornamental plants. Sow
seeds in heat early in February, and pot the
seedlings singly in rich soil ; 6" or 7" pots are large
enough to fruit the plants in. Syringe freely and
afford liquid manure as soon as the fruits com-
mence to swell. In the summer a warm position
out of doors will suit them, but even during that
period they are best managed in a greenhouse.
The ovoid forms are not so successful from a
culinary point of view as the longer ones.

A Selection of Varieties : -

Burly Dn-m-f Purple. Suttous' Long Purple.

Xevr York Purple. White.

EGLANTINE.

This is a poetic title applied somewhat indis-
criminately to rambling species .of Hose or Kubus,
though as "a general rule it is used to denote the
fragrant Sweetbrier, and was so used by Shake-
speare. Milton calls Honeysuckle "Eglantine."
Latterly the name has been given to Rubus Eglan-
teria, a white-flowered Australian species.

EHRETIA.

A genus (ord. Boraginetc) of greenhouse and
stove evergreen shrubs and trees that flourish in
equal parts of peat and loam. Increase is by
cuttings in spring in sandy soil beneath a bell-glass
over bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

acuminata, 11', Jy., grh., wh.

EICHORNEA.

A small genus (ord. Pontederiacese) of aquatics
that flourish in a tank in the stove, and may be
increased by division of the rhizomes in the spring.

Principal Species:—

azurea, 1', sum., yel. hi. speciosa, H',sum.,bl. (.11/11.
Pontederia crassipes).

EKEBERGIA.

A small genus (ord. Meliacea?). Capensis, an
evergreen tree, grows well in fibrous loam, peat,
and sand, and may be propagated from cutting;- uf
ripe wood in very sandy soil beneath a bell-glass
over gentle bottom heat.

Principal Species :—

capensis, Je., Jy., wh.

Echtrvs (ice Ar genome).

Evkardia, {see Peristeria).

Edraianthus {in part, sec WftJileiike-rgia).

Edraiantlnts scrpyllifoUiti (now Campanula ser-

ptjHifolia).

Edwards'ia (uf Salisbury, see $oplwru^:
Eel Fern (tee Acrosticlmm Jlerininieri).
Eel Grass (see Yallitnerla spiralis),
Egenolpliia (see Acrostic/nun).
Egeria (sec Elodea).

Ei/yptian liean (see JVelumbimii speriosum).
Egyptian Lotus (lee Nymplxea Lotus).
Egyptian Paper Heed (sec Papyrus anti-quorum).
Egyptian Hose (see Scabiota arvensis').
Egyptian Thorn (see Acacia aralica).

Elseagnus

(317

Eleusine

EL^EAGNUS. (WILD OLIVE. OLEASTEB.)
Remarkably pretty evergreen or deciduous trees
or shrubs (ord. Ela!agnacesc), all, except a few
greenhouse species which are of little value, being
hardy. The foliage is pleasing, and the white or
yellow flowers are succeeded by pretty berries.
The hardy species are grown from cuttings in the
open in autumn, or from seeds sown in spring.
The greenhouse species are not here named, and
the undernote-d are hardy.

Principal Species : —

ungustifolia, '20', My.,

yel. ; u handsome tree

(fift'i. hortonsis).
multiflora, -V : a pretty

shr., or. fruits. Ivs. grn.

Other Specien :

argentea, 10', ,Ty. , yel.
(ityit. Shepherdiii ar-
gentea-of gardens).

glabra, 6', Aug., wh. (*////.
teimiflora).

above and silvery be-
neuth (KI/HS. longipes,
crispa, edulis, ete.).
pungent), 6', yel., ev. ;
Ivs. silvery below.

macrophylla, 6', aut. , yel.
orientalis, resembles

angustifolia.
umbellate, Jy., wh. (stjii.

latifolia of gardens).

ELvEIS.

A gnws (aril. Palmsc) of handsome stove Palms
that thrive in sound loam and sand. Propagated
by seeds and suckers. An excellent wine is made
from these plants, while guineensis and melan-
ococca provide the valuable Palm oil that is used
in soap making. The several species range from
30' to 50' high.

Principal Species :—

gumeensis. occidentalis. spectabilis.

tnelanococea. pernambucana.

EI^EOCARPUS.

A genus (ord. Tiliaceic) of greenhouse evergreen
shrubs and trees. Propagated by seeds, when
procurable, and by cuttings of ripe wood with the
leaves attached, in very sandy soil beneath a bell-
glass over bottom heat. Soil, three parts loam
and one part fibrous peat.

Principal Species : —
cyaneus, 10', Jy., grh., grandiflorus, 20', Jy. , st.,

wh. (tftjtt. reticulutus). crim., wit.

serratus, 20', Jy. , st., wh.

EL^EODENDRON.

A genus (ord. Celastrinea;) of greenhouse and
stove evergreens, amenable to the same cultural
conditions as Ehvocarpus, mhichnee..

Principal Species :—
!iustrale,3', Jy.,grh., wh., croceum, 30', Je.,wh.,grh.

grn. glaucum, 6', Je., st, grn.

cupense, 18', Je., grh., orientale, 15', Jy., st.,

grn. greenish yel.

ELDER (see als<i SAMBUCUS).

The common Elder, Sambucus nigra, is a British
shrub or small tree, and is conspicuously beautiful,
both when covered with its flat panicles of creamy
white flowers, and when laden with black fruits.
Though not fastidious as to soil, the Elder prefers
a light rooting medium that is moderately moist
(luring summer. Its berries are extensively used
in country districts for wine- making, and the
flowers arc used in the manufacture of cosmetics,
and also for flavouring. There are several varietal
forms of nigra of value1 IW dTeet. in shrubberies

and plantations ; the golden foliis aureis and the
silvery variegata are particularly telling, but all
are useful. There are also white and green berried
varieties, while another species, racemosa, pro-
duces large, scarlet berries. All the Elders are
easily propagated by cuttings or layers, but care
should always be taken to remove the buds in the
portion below ground, or the plants will spread
beyond bounds.

ELETTARIA.

The members of this East Indian genus (ord.
Scitantinese) require a stove temperature, plenty of

I'lwto: CiiKSell »t Company, Ltd.
ICcUIL'M CAXUICAN8 (see 1>. 315).

moisture when growing freely, and a rich loam to
root in. They are closely allied to the Alpinias.

Principal Species :—

• 'aiclarnomum, 8', Aug., grn., wh., furnishes the
Cardamoms of commerce.

Other Species :

costata, 6', Jy., red (now
Amomum costatum).

linguifonnis, o', Aug.,
yel., red.

ELEUSINE.

A small genus (iird. Graminea;) of beautiful,
half-hardy Grasses that find favour, in a dried
state, for winter decorations. They will grow in
light soil, and may In1 rai>i-d from seeds.

JS/atur (see tt'inomrriit).

(see. Gyclanthera).

l-:imniipane{tee

Klfi-trrs/H'riiiii ftirr /.'iiin'iiH/on).

ii tit's A /•/>/>• (.in' /•'i-nniiii.

n nl's Mm! (si's Tixl inlhinria).
(MI: l'lii/trlrj>hai\.

Elisena

( 318 )

Encelia

Principal Species :—

barcinonensis, 9", Sep., ami.

ELISENA.

A small genus (ord. Amaryllidere) of handsome
greenhouse bulbs. Propagated by offsets in sandy
loam. Soil, light loam of good quality, with a
generous admixture of sand.

Principal Species : —

longipetala, '2.' ', My., wh.

ELISMA.

(Ord. Alismacesr.) This is the proper name of
Alisma natans, a pretty little water plant, very
suitable for growing in shallow water outdoors or
in the tank inside. It is hardy, and is increased
by division or by seeds.

Only Species : —

natans, Jy., wh.

ELLIOTTIA.

A small genus (ord. Ericacea-) of dwarf ever-
greens. They do best in the greenhouse, but will
thrive out of doors in very favoured localities. A
compost of loam, peat, and sand is suitable. Prop-
agated by spring cuttings beneath a bell-glass or
by layering in summer.

Principal Species : —

racemosa, 2', Je., wh.

ELM (see also ULMUS).

As a park tree, the English Elm (Ulmus campes-
tris) is in its right place. It is handsome when in
full leaf, rich in colour during late autumn, and a
decided ornament even when the leaves have
fallen. As an avenue tree the common Elm is
sometimes dangerous, for its huge, leafy branches
occasionally snap off suddenly in hot weather,
without any apparent cause. When planted in
suitable positions, Elms live to a great age,
and may reach a height of 100'. The wood is
tough, and used in boat building, wheel making,
anil for coffins. Some well-marked varieties are
even more ornamental than the type, and of these
antarctica aurea, pendula, and variegata are among
the best. The Scotch or Wych Elm (U. montana)
is a fine garden tree, and is well represented by
such varietal forms as the Parsley Elm (U. m.
crispa); the upright, large-leaved U. m. Dovsji; the
golden form known horticulturally as U. m.
Dampieri aurea, or Wredei aurea; the Camper-
down Elm (U. m. pendula) ; and the Purple-leaved
Elm (U. m. purpurea). Seedlings of both English
a.nd Scotch Elms are extensively used in forestry.

ELYMUS.

A genus (ord. Grarainea?) of hardy Grasses. They
will grow in any soil, and may be increased by
seeds or by division. The species vary in height
from 1' to 5'. Arenarius, the Lyme Grass, is used
for binding sandy soil on embankments. Cana-
densis, giganteus, sibiricus, and vaginatus are
sometimes found in cultivation.

EMBELIA.

A small genus (ord. Myrsinea?) of stove ever-
greens, grown for their foliage and berries. Equal

I'M Nut (see Pi/rularia oleifera).
KIVs Horn Fern (see Platycerium).
SUetoemptu (see deratopterit) (Ex. E. oleraceMt —

C. thaliotroitltt')

El/idca (of Upaeli, see llypericvm).
JfntbaiHina (see P/erisanthes).

parts of loam and peat suit. Propagated by cuttings
of half-ripened wood in sand beneath a bell-glass
over bottom heat. The berries of E. Kibes are
j edible, though somewhat pungent.

Principal Species :—

Ribes, 20', .Je., grn., wh.

EMBOTHRIUM.

Several species were formerly included in this
genus (ord. ProteaceaV), but the majority have been
removed. The principal remaining species is the
beautiful coccineum, a greenhouse evergreen shrub.
In favoured places in Devon and Cornwall it grows
out of doors. Propagated by seeds. A compost
of three parts fibrous peat and one part fibrous
loam, . with ccarse sand, suits this South American
plant.

Principal Species :—

coccineum, 20', My., Je., sc.

EMILIA.

Pretty annual or perennial plants (ord. Com-
positai) of which only a few may be named. These
are half-hardy annuals, which are useful for the
border or for cut bloom. They require the ordinary
treatment of flowers of their class, and may cither
be sown under glass in March, or in the border,
where they are to bloom, in May.

Principal Species : —

flammea, 2', Jy., sc. (syn. Cacalia coccinea).

soncihfolia, 2', Jy., pur. (syn. Cacalia sonchifolia).

EMMENANTHE.

A California)! genus (ord. Hydrophyllacea;)
needing greenhouse protection.
Principal Species : —
pendulillora. 2', Jy., yel., pendulous flowers.

EMPETRUM. (CnowiiERRY or CUAKI:-

BERRY.)

Neat little evergreen, Heath-like shrubs (ord.
Empetracere), with pink or reddish flowers, followed
by black or red berries, and growing well in a
damp spot filled with peaty soil. They are prop-
agated by cuttings in summer, inserted in sandy
soil under a bell-glass or hand-light, or by seeds
sown in spring or autumn. These germinate very
slowly.

Only Species :—
nigrum, 9", My., pk., — scoticum, dwarf.

berries hlk. — rubrum, red berries.

EMPLEURUM.

There is only one species of note in this genus
(ord. Diosmea;). It is an evergreen shrub that
must be grown in the greenhouse, and may be
increased by cuttings of the tips of the growths
inserted in very sandy peat beneath a bell-glass.
A good compost consists of fibrous loam two parts,
peat one part, and enough sharp sand to ensure
porosity.

Principal Species : —

serrulatum, 3', Je., pk.

ENCELIA.

A genus (ord. Composita?) of greenhouse ever-
greens that thrive in fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

Emblica (sec Pliyllant-ltui).
Kmerieia (see Vallarit).
E'iip]n/tvs (see Itose Hair/ties),
/•-'mjiodiii/ii (see C'urculigo).

Encephalartos

( 319 )

Entada

Propagated by cuttings in very sandy soil beneath
a l>ell-glass, carefully shaded.

Principal Species :--
cam-sei'iis, 1">", Jy., or. lialimifolia, 1;~>", Jy., yel.

ENCEPHALARTOS.

A genus (nrd. Cycadaeetc) of very handsome
foliage plants that are exceedingly valuable for
adorning our stoves and intermediate houses in
association with other plants. Propagated by
scales. The plants flourish in a mellow loam.
All the species are from South Africa. The in-
florescence is a cone. This genus is especially
interesting as being amo»g the last representatives
of an ancient flora. It fornis, as it were, a link
between the prehistoric past ami the present in
plant life.

Principal Species ;—

liorridus, G' (xyii. Zamia

horridii).
villejsiis, 1'.

Verschaffeltii.

Altensteinii, 8'.
Caffer (*>/><. eatYra).
Hildebrandtii, ,s'. v

Other Species :

evcailit'olius. Ghellinckii.

eluM^ntus. regalis.

ENDIVE.

A lianly plant, Cichorium Endivia (nrd. Compos-
ita-). chitfly cultivated for salad purposes, though
the broad-leaved or Batavian Endive is sometimes
cooked as a vegetable.

Propagation. — From seeds. To ensure a regular
supply, the tirst sowing should lie made outdoors
the second week in April, followed by successional
sowings about every fortnight through the summer.
For late autumn, winter, and spring supplies seeds
should be sown in August and September, preferably
on a south border.

Soil. — Any ordinary garden soil, which has been
deeply dug and made moderately rich by the
addition ot manure, is suitable.

Other Cultural Points.— When plants are allowed
to remain in the seed drills the latter should
be 18" asunder for the broad-leaved varieties, and
the plants thinned to 15" apart. The curled
varieties are not so robust in growth, and 1' apart
all ways will suffice for them. It is advisable to
transplant a few from the seed rows, as these,
being a week or two later, are useful for succession.
Some form of protection is necessary in the case of
plants required for winter and early spring use.
The simplest method is to lift the plants in October
with good balls of earth attached, and place them
close together in a cool house or cold frame. Give
air on all favourable occasions, and protect from
frost,

Blanching. — For salad purposes it is necessary
to have the heads thoroughly blanched. Various
methods are adopted, and in the summer and
autumn there is none better than loosely tying up
the outer leaves, allowing room for the expansion
of the young growth, or it might rot. Blanching
may also be effected by laying tiles or slates on
the plants, but this is not advised in a wet season,
as the leaves are liable to decay. To blanch the
tops for use in the winter and spring a few plants
should be taken up at a time, and be placed in a

Oak (sec Quen'nn

I'.iiclui liter's Mijlilxlniilc (.we Cin-iea).
/.'iicfioliriim (see Dyrhia ami Tillandiia).
Etidera (tee Tarca'rum).
£nemU>n (see

cellar or other place from which light can be
excluded. A Mushroom house is excellent.

A Selection of Varieties: —
Round-leaved Bataviau. Moss curled.
Greeu curled. White curled.

ENGELMANNIA (xyn ANGELANDRA).

The plant (urd. Composite), now known as
Engelmannia, is a good hardy perennial. Seeds
may be sown in the open border in March or April.
The plants will grow in common garden soil.
Engelmannia of Pfeiffer is now Cuscuta, and is a
distinct genus from that here named.

Only Species :—

pinnatitida, 2', Jy., yel.

EPAOKIS MINIATA SPLENDEXS (see j>. 320).

ENKIANTHUS.

A small genus (nrd. Ericacea;) of greenhouse
or hardy evergreen or deciduous shrubs. Propa-
gated by cuttings of half-ripe wood in spring in
very sandy soil beneath a bell-glass, with a little
air constantly. A compost of fibrous loam two
parts and peat one part, with sand, suits.

Principal Species :

aiuiKuiulatus, 6', Jy.,
red; this tunl j;iponieus
ure hardy in sheltered

spots in the south of
England and Ireland.

liiinnlaicus, 20', Je., red,

or.
juponictis, -V, Feb., lidy.,

wh.

iiuin4iu.'nonis, 'X , My.,
pk. (situ, retieulatux).

ENTADA.

Attractive' Move evergreen climbers (nrd. l,ccrn-
miniis:«), that grow freely in equal parts, of h>am

Entelea

Epidendrum

and peat. Increase is by cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand beneath a bell-glass over bottom
heat. All the species produce white flowers and
range from 20' to 30' in height.

Principal Species :—
africana. polystachya. scandeus.

ENTELEA.

A genus of evergreen greenhouse plants (ord.
Tiliacese). Propagation is by cuttings of half-
ripened growths in very sandy soil beneath a bell-
glass. Soil, three parts of good loam, one part of
peat, and half a part of coarse sand.

Principal Species : —
arborescens, 20', My., \vh. palmjita, 4', My., wh.

EOMECON.

A very pretty hardy perennial (ord. Papaver-
acea;), with white flowers on stems sometimes 2'
high, though generally rather less. It likes a
moist, peaty soil, and in a low, damp spot increases
quickly at the root. Increased by division in spring.

Only Species : —

chionantlia, 2', My., wh.

EPACRIS.

Exceedingly beautiful greenhouse evergreens
(ord. Epacrideie) from Australia. Propagated by
cuttings of the tips of the shoots in April or
August, inserted in sandy peat beneath a bell-
glass. Sandy, fibrous peat is the best soil. When
the cuttings are rooted, place them singly in small
pots, and keep them close, admitting air as -progress
is made. Repot as necessary, making the soil
firm about the old ball. Top the shoots. After
flowering, the plants must be cut back, the point of
severance differing according as the variety is of
erect or pendulous habit. The drainage must be
perfect at all times, and the plants must be
watered with care. If mildew should prove
troublesome, dust with flowers of sulphur, and
keep the plants out of draughts.

A Selection :—

The number of species is comparatively limited,
and as garden hybrids are numerous, a selection of
both will be more useful than a list of the former
alone. They flower from January onwards. The
average height is between 2' and 3'.

Principal Species: —

acuminata, a bushy slir. longiflora, crhn., red, wh.
hyacinthiflora, wh., car., (xi/ns. graiidiflora and

red vars. miniata).

impressa, Mch., flowers miuiata (wr longiflora).

wh. to red. Campanu- — splendens (see p. 319).

lata, ceraflora, mvnlis, purpurascens, Jan., Mch.,

and variabilis are vars. wh., flushed pk. (syn.

onosmseflora) .

A Selection of Varieties and Hybrids : —
alba odorata, wh. , frag- Lady Panmure, spr. , wh. ,

rant. ro.

autuinnnlis,Oct.,re[l,wh., Mont Blauc, Ap., wh.,

hybrid. lemon,

devoniana, sc. pulchelln major. My., wh.

Eclipse, spr., crim., wh. Sunset, Mch., red, pk.

Ingraniii, red, pk. The Bride, wh.

Vesuvius, crim. , sc.

EPHEDRA.

A genus (ord. Gnetacea:) of hardy evergreens,
whose berries are eaten by the Russian peasantry.
The plants will grow in any soil, and may be

Engelmannia (of Ifelffer, ace Cuscuta).
English Iris (see Iris i-i/iliimdei).
Eofejyon (see Trichosanthcs).

increased by layering the extremities of the
branches. The flowers of all are inconspicuous.

Principal Species : —
altissima (twiner), 20', grh. distachya, 2', Je.

EPICATTLEYA.

By hybridising Epidendrums with Cattleyas
several distinct and pretty Orchids (ord. Orcliid-
aceas) have been raised, and these show most
markedly the influence of the Epidendrum parent.
They are successfully cultivated with Epidendrums
and Cattleyas.

Hybrids :—

guatemalensis wischusen-
iana, Ijj', Mch.,Ap.,ro.,
crim. A natural hybrid,

Jan., rich pur. (C. bow-
ringiana X E. o'brieni-
amim).

probably between Cat- radiato-bowringiaua, \V,
tleya Skinncri and Epi- Je. , ro., wh. , crim. (E.

dendrum aurautiacum. .adiatum X C. bow-

Mrs. James O'Brien,

ringiaua).

EPIDENDRUM.

Description. — Many of these tropical American
Orchids (ord. Orohidaeese) are of rather tall and
slender growth, but there are some others with
short and stout pseudo-bulbs. The flowers are not
remarkable for their size, but those of horticultural
value are elegant, and have brilliant colours.
About 500 species have been described, but not
more than a tenth of these are worth cultivating.
Several good hybrids have been raised, and these
grow readily and flower freely.

Cultural Points. — The majority grow best in a
cool stove or Mexican house, but a few, including
vitellinum, require cooler treatment ; and one at
least, bicornutum, loves the hot, moist conditions
of the East Indian House, and likes to be suspended
over a water tank. Pots or pans are generally
more suitable than baskets, as they afford better
opportunities for inserting sticks to keep the
growths erect. At least half the pot should be filled
with crocks, and on this, in a mixture of fibrous peat
and sphagnum moss, place the plant, raising the
centre slightly above the rim. At no season of the
year do Epidendrums need " drying off," but
naturally less moisture is required by the roots
when growth is at a standstill than when leaves
and stem are increasing, or flowers being produced.

Principal Species and Hybrids : —

atropurpureum, 3', Ap. , elegantulum, T, Mch. to

My., br., pur., wh. My., pur. , pk. ; luteum

(si/n. macrochilum) ; is a yel. form, and

album aud Randii are leucochilum has a wh.

good forms. lip (Endresio - Wallisii

bicornutum, U', Mch. X Wallisii).

to My., wh. (correctly, Endresii, 1', Mch., Ap.,

Diacrium bicornutum). wh., grn., or., pur.

ciliaro, 1^', Jy., wh., Endresio - Wallisii, 2V,

fragrant at night. Jan.,Ap.,yel..wh.,pur.

ciunabarinum, 4', My. to (Endresii X Wallisii).

Jy., sc., or , yel. ' evectum, 5', sum., rich

cocmeatum,r,sum.,pur., magenta, pur.

greenish yel. Frederici - G-uilielmi, 3' ,

cooperianum, 3', sum., Je. , ro. , wh.

gm., br., ro. Medusa?, 6", Je., red.

Clarissa, 2', Ap., grn., pur. (SI/M. Nonodgs

red, pur. (elegautulum Medusa?).

X Wallisii). nemorale, 3', Jy. , ro. , wh.

dellense, Ap. , or., yel. Gs.'/w- verrueosum).

(xanthinumXradicans). o'brienianum, 3', sum.,

dichromum, 3', aut., wh., car., yel. (evectum X

ro. , yel. radicans).

Jfphemcrum (sec Tmilescantia).
Sphipfivm (sec Cirrhopetalmii).

Epigsea

( 321 )

Epipactis

osmauthum, 2V, My.,

gni., br., wh. (•<//".

godseffiamun).
pauiculatum, 3' , Ap. .My. ,

rosy lil.
parkiusonianum, 2', Jy.,

Sep., gm., yel.
prismatocari)umj 3', Je.,

Jy., yel., p"r.
radicaus, 8', aut., or. sc.

(.\'///. rlii/.ophorum).
stamfordiauum, 1J', Ap.,

My., yel., wh. , red.

Other Species : —
alatum, 1 \', Je., Jy., grn.,

wh., pk.
Brassavote, 2', sum. , yel.,

pur.

Catillus, 4', Mch., sc., yel.
cncmidopliorum, •>', My.,

yel., crim. , wh., ro.
€lliphcuin, 3', Mch., Je.,

ro.
clongatum, 3', spr., bright

ro.

fragraus, 9", sum., wli.
Hauburii, 2', spr., pur.,

ro.
inversum, 9", aut., wh.,

fragrant.

vitellinum, 1', Je., Sep.,
bright or.

— majus, 1', Je., Sep.,
rich or.

Wallisii, 3', Oct. to Mch.,
yel., crim., wh., frag-
rant.

Wallisio-ciliare, 4', Nov.,
Jan., yel., cream
(Wallisii X ciliare).

xantliiuum, 2J', win.,
yel., or.

lindleyanum, 2', win., ro.,

pur., wh. (iiyii. Barkeria

lindleyaua).
])olybulbon, 3", win.,gm. ,

pur., wh.
Pseudepidendrum, 3',

Jan., Feb., grii., yel.,

sc.
sceptrum, 3', Sep., yel.,

pur.

Sehoruburgkii, 4', spr., sc.
Skimieri, 1', Jy., gru.,

wh. (fy». Barkcria

Skimieri).
variegatum, 1 ' , Jan. ,Feb. ,

grn., wh.

EPIG./EA. (GROUND LAUREL. MAY-
FLOWER.)

A charming little sweet-scented, trailing plant
(t>rd. Ericaceae), which likes a moist, shady posi-
tion in peaty soil. It is of evergreen habit, and
has pretty racemes of white flowers, tinged with
pink, which exhale a spice-like odour. It is prop-
agated by division of good-sized plants only.

Only Species in Cultivation : —

repens, (i", Jy., wh.

EPIL/ELIA.

By fertilising Epidendruras with the pollen of
La-lias, hybridists have evolved several interesting
bigeners (ord. Orchidacese). These grow freely in
the Cattleya house under similar treatment to that
accorded to dwarf Epidendrums.
Hybrids : —

wh. , vio. pur. (E. cili-
are X L. anceps).
radico-purpurata, H', Jy.,
rosy red, pur., yel. (E.
radicans X L. l'm>-
purata).

EPILOBIUM.

The Willow Herbs, as Epilobiums (ord. Ona-
grarieio) are popularly called, are — with about one
exception, villosuru — hardy herbaceous perennials
that can be readily cultivated in any {rood garden
soil. Several species are natives of Britain, and
such strong growers as angustifolium, its white
form album, and hirsutum, are most attractive
when grown in masses by the side of water. Prop-
agated by seeds sown in spring or autumn, or by
division of the clumps in autumn.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
ungiistil'oliiini, 4', Jy., hirsutum, 4', Jy., pur.

Oharlesworthii, H' , Jy.,
or., sc. (E. radicans X
L. cinnabarina).

hardyana, 1', Nov., pur.,

An;.;., pur.

— album, 4', Jy., wh.

— grandiflorum, 4', Jy.,
Aug., bright pur.

Dodomci, 1J', Jy., pur.
(KI/II. Fleischeri) (m
figure).
21

— variegatum, 4', Jy.,

pur., ro.
obrordatnin. !'", sum.,

ro.
riisin:ir!iiifiiliiiin. 2', Je.,

pur.
virgatum, 2', Jy., pur.

Other Species : —

alsinifolium, 1^', Je., ro.
Fleischeri (sec Dodoiuoi).
lauceolatum, H', Jy., pur.
nummularifolium, 6", pk.

— lougipes.

parviflorum, 1', Je., ro.
roseum, Je., Jy., ro.

EPIMEDIUM. (BARRENWOItT.)

Elegant, dwarf, hardy perennials (nrd. Berber-
ideaa), well adapted for rockwork or for borders.
They have pretty and uncommon-looking flowers,
and their foliage is often beautifully tinted.
Propagated by division of the roots in summer, or
by seeds sown in pots in spring in a frame. Sandy
loam, or loam and. peat in equal proportions, form
the best compost, although they grow freely in any

EriLorai/M DODOX.KI.

good garden soil. The Epimediums will thrive
well in shady places, and even under trees where
many other plants will not grow. The best time
to transplant is in early spring, or in July.

Principal Species and Varieties :
alpinum, '.)", My., crim., — violaccum

yel.
macraiithum, 1'. II v.,

wh., bl. ; the fiuest.
— versicolor, bl., wh.

(tyn. E.
violaceum) , smaller,
vio.

piimatnm, 9" to 18", My.,
yel.

Other Species : —

ciinciunum, 9", Mcli.,

Ap., pur.
diphyllum, 9". Ap., My..

wh. (correctly Acerau-

thus diphyllus).
In -\ainlrum (correctly

Vancouveria hexandra).

rausschiauum, 9", Mch.,

wh.
perralderianum, 9", Je.,

yel.

pteroceras, 9", yel.
rubrum, 9", My., red, yel.
sagittatum, 1', yel., wh.

EPIPACTIS.

Interestiiig an 1 invtty British ])lants (orri.
Orehidiii'i'a-i. lint (iftoii c-ullivatcd. They succeed
best in a well-drained, but moist, position, such as

Epiphronitis

( 322 )

Eranthis

the lower part of a rockery. Wild specimens
hou d be nfarked at flowering time, and they may
be lifted and successfully replanted in the garden
when dormant. Ensifolia and rubra are no»
referred to the genus Cephalanthera.

Principal Species:—

latifolia, It', Jy., pur. palustns, H , Jy., gru.,
(syn. purpurata). Pur-

EPIPHRONITIS.

This bigeneric hybrid (ord. Orchidacese) has
been derived by the intercrossing of Epjdendnnn
radicans and Sophronitis grandiflora, the one a
very tall, and the other a very dwarf, Orchid.
Similar treatment to that accorded to Sophromtis
suffices for the hybrid, with, perhaps, a few degrees
more warmth during winter.

Only Member : —

Veitchii, 1', Je., Jy., or. sc., yel.

EPIPHYLLUM.

A genus (ord. Cactese) of very beautiful stove or
greenhouse plants, with fleshy leaves. Propagated
by grafting upon either Cereus speciosissimus or
Pereskia aculeata, the stocks having a clear stem
of 1' The scions are attached to the stock by
spines, and require no tying or covering, but after
being worked the plants should be placed in gentle
heat. Also by cuttings. Soil, two parts fibrous
loam and one part each of leaf mould and mortar
rubbish. Perfect drainage is essential. Start the
plants into growth in February, at the warmest
part of the greenhouse, and at midsummer place
them in a rather cooler position. Winter the
plants on a dry stage, only giving sufficient water
to prevent shrivelling.

Principal Species :—
Gsertneri, Ap., or. sc.

(xi/n. makoyanum).
russelh'anum, My., ro.
truncatum, Je. , red ro.

There are several very
beautiful vars. , notably
coccineura, ruckeri-
aiium, salmoneum, and
violaceum superbum.

Other Species :—

Guedneyri, My., red, crim.; wh.

EPISCIA.

This genus contains some of the prettiest of
dwarf, perennial, stove foliage plants (ord. Gesner-
acea;). Many are of creeping habit, and as they
succeed in rather deep shade they may be utilised
for furnishing borders between paths and hot
water pipes. Cuttings inserted in sandy soil and
kept for a while in a close case, or under a bell-
glass in the stove, root at any season of the year.
Heat, moisture, and a fair amount of shade are
necessary to free growth.

Principal Species : —

chontalensis, 6", Jy., wh.

(syn. Cyrtodeira chou-

talensis) .
cupreata, H', Je., sc., yel.

Other Species :— r
bicolor, 3", Jy , pur., wh.
hractescens, 2', Je., wh.
glabra, 1', Oct., wh.

melittifolia, 1', Mch.,

(syn. Cyrtodeira cupre-
ata).

fulgida, 6", Jy., sc.

moculata, 6", Je., yel., to.

picta, 9", Jy., wh.

crim. (syn. Besleria

melittifolia).

pulchella, 2' , Jy. , yel. , red.
tessellata, Jy., yel. (syn.

Centrosolenia bullata) .

EPISTEPHIUM.

A South American genus, closely allied to
Sobralia (ord. Orchidacese)- and containing about
half a dozen species, though only one appears to be

Epijiha/ies (of lilume, see Gattrodia).

Epiphora (see Puli/staeliya).

Epipliyllum (of llamortli, see Phyttocactus}.

in cultivation. This is a terrestrial Orchid that
thrives in the stove if planted in fibrous loam and
sand over ample drainage.

Only Cultivated Species: —

Williamsii, H', sum., rosy mauve, wh., yel.

EQUISETUM. (HOBSETAIL.)
A genus of plants (ord. Equisetacerc) which are
adapted for covering wet places at the edges of
ponds and lakes, but which spread so rapidly as to
be troublesome in many places. They are propa-
gated by division, and grow in any wet soil. The
plants become troublesome weeds in some places.
Persistent cultivation and drainage get rid of them.

Principal Species : —

arvense, a weed. maximum, 2' to 6' (xyn.

Tehnateia) .

ERAGROSTIS. (LOVE GEASS.)
Perennial or annual Grasses (ord. Graminea;),
tome of which are of considerable beauty, and of
value in the garden or for cutting. They may be
sown in the open in April or May, and the per-
ennials can also be propagated by division.
Principal Species :—

legyptiaca.

capillaris.

elegans.

major(sy«. megastachya) .
peruviana (xyn. Poa peru-
viaua) .

ERANTHEMUM.

A large genus (ord. Acanthacerc). Several of
the species are of value for the decoration o£ warm
greenhouses. As the majority flower during the
winter, it is essential that cuttings from old, cut-
back plants should be inserted in sandy soil under
a bell-glass early in the season to ensure good
specimens. Avoid over-potting. For compost,
use two parts of loam to one part each of peat
and leaf soil, adding sufficient sand to keep the
whole porous. Pinch out the points two or three
times during the season, to promote a bushy habit.

Principal Species : -

albiflorum, 2V, Jy., wh. ciunabariiium, 3V, win.,
Andersonii, " IV. Nov., sc.

wh., pur. Cooperi, elegant foliage

aspersmn, l.V,Mch., wh., plant.

pur. laxiflorum, 2', win., red,

pur.
tuberculatum, 2',spr. ,wh.

Other Species :—
atropurpureum, dark pur. pulchellum (now Dirdal-

Ivs. (tti/n. nigrescens) . acanthus uervosus).

bicolor, 6", Jy., wh., red. reticulatum, gru. and yel.
elegans, 3', Je., sc. Ivs. (SI/H. Schomlmrg-

macrophyllum (now Dee- kii).

dalacanthus macro- strictum (now Dii;dal-

phyllus). acanthus strictus).

maculatum, wh., pur. variabile, 2', Je., pur.

nervosum (now Daedal-

acauthus nervosus) .

ERANTHIS. (WINTER ACONITE.)
Eranthis hyemalis (ord. RanunculaceEc) has
already been spoken of under the title of Winter
Aconite, so that little need be said about it now.
It has solitary yellow flowers, and is among the
earliest to bloom outside. It likes a rather moist
soil, and is a capital plant to naturalise in shady
positions. It is propagated by seeds, or by division
of the tubers.

Principal Species : -

cilicica, 6", Mch., Ap. , or.
yel. Later than hye-
malis, not so hardy.

hyemalis (Common Win-
ter Aconite), 4" to 8",
Jan., yel.

Ercilla

Erianthus

ERCILLA (..-•//«. JJlMDGESIA).

A little-grown, but desirable, creeping plant
(ord. Phytolaccaceas}, which is well suited for
clinging to walls like Ivy. It has racemes of
purplish flowers, and rather hard, entire leaves.
Propagated by cuttings or layers. Common soil.

Principal Species : —

volubilis, pur. (.•»/«. Bridgesia spicata).

EREM^EA,

These low-growing evergreen shrubs (ord. Myr-
tacea;) thrive best under greenhouse treatment.
They are propagated by means of cuttings, inserted
in sandy soil in .spring, and kept close under a bell-
glass until well rooted. For compost use one-third
peat and two-thirds loam, with sand.

Principal Species: —
iimbriata, Je., pk. pilosa, Je. , pk.

EREMIA.

South African greenhouse shrubs (ord. Ericaceae)
closely allied to the Heaths. Propagated by cuttings
of the young growths. Soil, sandy peat.

Principal Species : —

Totta, 2', Je., red.

EREMOSTACHYS.

Pretty hardy perennial plants (ord. Labiate)
which have their flowers in long, whorled spikes.
They grow readily in any common soil, and are
propagated by division in spring or early autumn,
or by seeds sown in a frame or nursery border in
April or May.

Only Cultivated Species : —
laciuiata, H', Jy., yel. — flava, yel. (SIJH. iberica).

EREMURUS O.y». AMMOLIRION).

Noble hardy plants (ord. Liliacea?) with fine
leaves and massive spikes of beautiful flowers,
which produce a splendid effect in the border.
Propagated by seed, sown when ripe, or in spring,
in pots. Grow under glass for a year or two until
strong. They are several years in attaining to flower-
ing size. A good but not too heavy soil suits the
Ei cinuruses. As growth is made early in spring, they
ought to be planted where they can have protec-
tion from cold winds then. They do not object to
a little shade during part of the day, and some
contend that they should be planted in thin woods.
When growth begins, protection from slugs is
needed, and in severe frost a little covering is
desirable. Autumn is the best time to plant. The
crowns may be covered with 3" of soil.

Principal Species : —

Aitchisunii, •)', Je., red.
himalaicus, '2' to (>', Je.,

wh. One of the prettiest

and most easily grown.

Other Species : —
altaicus, 3', Je., yel.
bucharicus, 3', Je., wh.
Buugei, 3', Je., yel.

(«I/H. aurautiacus) (»<v

figure).

ERGOT.

Probably more than one species of the genus
Claviceps (Fungi) attack the inflorescences of
Grasses and Carex, and produce that deformed and
enlarged condition of the grain known as Krgcit.
Ergot of Rye is produced by Clavitvps purpurea,
and it is said that though a valuable drug is
obtained from it, the continued consumption of

robustus, 6' to 9', Je.,
peach. Very handsome.

— Elwesii, earlier, more
beautiful and robust, pk.

Korolkowi, -1', Je., ro.
(>lg;r, f, Je., Jy., blush,
spectabilis, 3', Je., yel.

(xijn. eiuu'asicus).
turkestanicus, 3', Je., yel.

bread made from diseased Rye has led, in such
districts as Lorraine and Burgundy, to a very lartre
number of deaths from a form of poisoning and
gangrene known as Ergotism.

ERIA.

A large genus of low-growing Orchids (ord.
Orchidacese) containing comparatively few plants
of horticultural value. Deep pans or baskets are
the best receptacles for Erias, and they should be
planted in fibrous peat and sphagnum moss over
ample drainage. A stove temperature suits them

ElUiMl'KVS

best, and abundance of water is necessary daring
summer. Though '• drying off " must not be prac-
tised, much less moisture is needed during winter.

Principal Species : —

ferox, 1', Aug., br., wh.
(*////. Trichotosia ferox).
tlav;i, 1', sum., yel., pur.
ilorihiuula, 1', Ap., My.,
wh., e-rim.

i, 8", Feb., wh.,

acervata,6", Ai).,My.,wh.
barbata, 1', Feb., Mch.,

yel., br., pur.
bractesceus,8", My., wh.,

crim.
extinctoria, 1", Ap., My.,

wh.,pur. The? smallest

Orchid in cultivation.

Other Species :—

Conii'ii, 8", sum., gni.,

wh., pur.
exe-iivatii. li". Jr., wh.,

yel., i>k.
margmiitii, (i , sum.,wli.,

yel., ivl.

ERIANTHUS.

Hanelseime perennial Grasses <,<W. (Iraminra •)
suitable for warm, sunny positions in the garden

, , ., ., .

stellata,!?', sum., yel., red.

Meirux, 6",aut., ijur.,lT.
ornata. 1', sum., dull yel.,

grn,

re wen, (lot., rosy pk.
vittutu, sum., gni., red.

Erica

(324)

Erica

or pleasure grounds. RavennEe has been much
used for sub-tropical effects in the garden in
summer. They like a rich but dry soil, and are
propagated by division or seeds.

Principal Species : —
Mousteiri, 9'. Eavennee, 6'. saccharoides, 8'.

ERICA.

Description. — This is the typical genus of its
order (Ericaceaj), and comprises a very large
number of shrubby plants, mostly hard-wooded,

EIUCA CAVENDISHIANA (see p. 325).

that are, with the exception of a few hardy, species,
natives of South Africa. AH are comparatively
slow growers, but they produce large numbers of
rather small blooms, and make a fine floral display
in their season. A reference to the selections given
will show that this genus of .Cape Heaths can be so
arranged that representatives are in flower the
whole year through. Thirty years ago the cultiva-
tion of hard-wooded plants was at its height. A
reaction followed, and for years Heaths were
generally conspicuous by their absence. At the
commencement of the twentieth century we find
Heaths becoming increasingly popular, but the
demand is for small, freely flowered plants in 5"
and 13" pots.

Propagation. — By cuttings, taken about the
beginning of July. Sturdy young shoots are the
best, and all leaves must be removed from the
portion to he inserted. Drain a C" pot well, put in
some rough peat, then add finely silted peat and
sand, and make the whole firm. Insert the cut tiny*,
and make each quite firm. As each potful is
finished give a surfacing of fine silver sand, remove

to a close frame or pit, and place under a bell-
glass in a shaded spot in a warm greenhouse.
Slight sprayings or waterings will be needed from
time to time, but must be given with the utmost
care. In the following spring the tiny plants
should be potted singly into small, well-drained
pots of light, peaty soil, and again kept close until
thoroughly established. Hardly any water at the
roots will 'be necessary until new growth com-
mences. Give the young Heaths an elevated
position, so as to avoid attenuated growth.

Soil. — Peat and sand are necessary for the culti-
vation of Heaths in pots. The former need not be
of a fibrous character like that used for Orchids,
or flaky like that used for Rhododendron beds,
but rather of a finer, more earthy texture, capable
of being firmly compacted. Anything like souvn<'-s
in the soil is death to Heaths, just as drought
would be ; their fine and tender rootlets are as
quickly killed by the one as the other. The
necessity for crocking the pots with the utmost
care will be patent.

Other Cultural Points. — February or March is
a good time for potting Heaths, but the condition
of the plant must always be the first consideration.
Be quite sure that the ball of soil and roots is
moist throughout before potting. Ram the compost-
firmly and evenly, and finish off with a surfacing of
sharp sand. Keep the structure somewhat close
for a few weeks after potting to encourage quick
rooting. Success in Heath culture depends more
upon how the plants are watered than anything
else, and it is in this that the most mistakes are
made. When water is given, sufficient must be
supplied to thoroughly moisten the whole body of
soil and roots; if potting has been properly
done, the mass will be moist when water passes
freely out of the drainage hole. Established
Heaths require abundance of air during summer
and autumn, and only during the severest weather
need the ventilators be quite closed. Draughts
must, however, be avoided. Nearly all the Heaths,
except, perhaps, cavendishiana, may be put out of
doors during August and most of September, pro-
vided the}' are sheltered from strong winds and
are plunged in a bed of ashes kept moist. The
Cape Heaths are essentially cool greenhouse
plants ; 38° to 40° should be regarded as the winter
minimum, while in summer the more fresh air they
have the better. A closer atmosphere, which
necessitates a rise of temperature, is advisable for
a short time after potting.

Hardy Heaths. — These form a group of beautiful
and mostly low-growing shrubs, that chiefly flower
during autumn, winter, and spring. Well-rooted
plants offer no cultural difficulties if a peaty
soil is provided, or, failing peat, a mixture mainly
composed of leaf mould. All those having a low,
tufted habit are easily propagated by division in
late autumn or early spring, but the taller forms
must be increased by cuttings of young growth
taken in autumn, and inserted as firmly as possible
in pots of finely sifted and very sandy peat. When
inserted and watered, place them in a cold frame,
and keep them close until rooted.

It is of interest to note here that Brier-root
tobacco pipes are made from the tough, irregular
wood of Erica arborea, a species that grows to
a considerable size on the Mediterranean shores.
Jlfiii/i-n; the French for Heath, has become cor-
rupted to Brier.

Ericinella

(325 )

Erinacea

Principal Species, Varieties, and Hybrids :-

9", My., Aug.,

gru., red.
aitoniana, 2', Aug., wh.,

pur.

aristata, H ', Je. , pur. , wh .
banksiaua, 6", Je., pur.,

wh. ; there are wh. and

pur. vars.

caffra, 11', My., wh.
cavendishiaua, 4', My., mouiui, « , no., iou, g

Jy. , yel.; hybrid (sen tubiflora, 2', My., pk.

Massnni, y', Aug., red,
gru. (.V^/M. acumiuata).

persoluta, 1-'', Ap., pur.

perspicua, 2', My., pur.

— uaua, pk., dwarf.

slia imoniana, 1 1 ' , Je. ,wh. ,
pur.

?penceriaiia, 11', My., Jy. ,
pur. 111. (pee figure).

tricolor, 2', Je., red, grn.
'

veutricosa, 1', Je., flesh
pk. Several beautiful
colour variations bear
the names of alba,
earuea, and coccinea ;

p. 324).

cerinthoides, U'.Sep., sc.
C'hamissouis, ll',Jy.,ro.
cocciuea, 16", Je., sc.
depressa, 9", Jy., yel.
devoniaua, H', My., Je., superba is sc.

red, pur. versicolor, 2', Aug., or.,

red.

verticillata, 2', Aug., sc.
vestita, 3', My., Jy., wh. ;
alba, wh. ; caruea, flesh;
coccinea, sc. ; fulgida,
or. : incaruata, pk. ;
lutea, yel. ; purpurea,
pur. ; and rosea, ro.,

gracilis. 1 ' . Mch. ,pur. , red.
hyenialis,ll',win.,spr.,ro.
irlivaiia,, l\', Aug., wh.,

grn.
jasminiflora, 2' , Aug. ,wh. ,

pk. ; hybrid.
macnabiana, 14-', My.,Jy.,

pk., wh.
nuirnockiana, H', Jy.,

Sep., pur., crini.,
hybrid.

are varietal forms.
willmoreana, 11', Je.,
red ; hybrid.

Principal Hardy Species :-

arborea, 5' to 10', My.,
wh. ; distinct vars. are
minima, squarrosa, and
stylosa.

australis, 3' to 4', Mch.
to My., red.

caruea, 6", Feb., pur.
(«/«. hcrbacea).

— alba, wh.

^iliaris, Jy., Sep., pur.

cinerea, H, Jy., crim. ,
pur. ; colour variations
from the type have been
named alba, atropur-
atrosanguinea,

lusitanica, 4', Feb., pk.

(XI/H. codonodes).
meeliteri-anta, 1 ' to 4', Ap. ,

pur. ; alba, glauca, au<!

hybridaare good forms.
stricta, 2', Sep., pur.
Tetralix, 1', Jy. to Sep.,

pale red ; alba and rubra

are good vars.
vagans, 1', Aug., Sep.,

red, pur.; u!ba, grandi-

flora, and ntbra are

cultivated vars. of this

Cornish Heather.

purea,

purpurea, and rosea.

Other Species and Hybrids : —

nflinis, 11", Ap., My., yel. grandinosa, 0", Mch., wh.
maminosa, 2', Aug., pur.
maweana,pk.,wh., hybrid,
melauthera, 3', spr. , pk.
Paxtonii, 11', Je., Aug.,

red, grn., br.
Petiveri, 2', My., yel.
plumosa, 1 ', Men . , Jy . ,pur.
retorta, 1', Je., pk.', wh.
Solandra, 2', Je., pk.
speciosa, 2', Jy. , red, grn.
tlhria, 2', Aug., red, grn.

(*.'/"• eweriaua).
urceolaris, I', sum., wh.

alopecuroides, 2', Sep.,

Oct., red, pur.
ampullacea, 2', Je., wh.,

red.

aurea, 2', Aug., or., yel.
baudoniaua, 2', Jy., pur.
bcaumontiiina, 0", Je.,

pur.
bergiana, 11', My., Je.,

pur.

blanda, 2', My., pur., or.
bruuiades,6",My. ,Jy.,pk.
coloraus,2',My.,wh.,red.
conciuua, 21', Sep., pk.
t'lt'iians, G", Aug., grn.

Vernix, 1', Jan., My.,
golden yel.

ERICINELLA.

A small-growing, Heath-like shrub (ord. Eric-
ace:e), needing precisely similar treatment to that
accorded to dwarf Heaths.

Principal Species : —

Matinii, Jv., rrim.

ERIGERON. (FLEABAXE.)

A largo genus (unl. Composita;), comprising
many good garden plants, as well as a number of

l-.ricala (see dent'iaita).
Ericoila (see Oentlana).

hardly any value. It is impossible to name more than
a few of those worth growing. They have Daisy-
like flowers, and are suitable for the border or rock
garden. All those named are perennials. Propa-
gation, by seeds sown in spring in the open, or
in a frame, or by division in spring. Any common
garden soil will suit the greater number, but a few
of the dwarfer species like one of a light character.
Snails and slugs are frequentlv very destructive to
Krigrrons in late autumn, and must be searched
I'm- a i nl destroyed.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
alpiuus, 1', Jy., pur.
— grandiflorus.

semi-barbatus

Roy lei), very fine.
anrantiacus, 6 ', Jy., or.

— superbus.
glaucus, 1', Aug., pur.
grandiflorus, 11', Aug.,

Other Speiies : —
bellidifolius, 1', Ap., pur.
Coulteri, H', Je., wh.
glabellus, Je., pur.

— mollis.

maximus, 1J', Jy., hlf-

hdy. per., pur.
mucronatus,( j " to 12" ,pur.

pur. (»I/H. macrani/ms
of Nuttall).

macrauthus [of Hooker],
U', Jy-, per., ro. («•<;
p. 32G).

philadelphicus, 1 1', Jy. ,pk.

speciosus, 3', Aug., bL
(».'/». Stenactis speci-
osa), var. superbus.

multiradiatus, 1', Jy.t

pur.
pulchellus, 1', Jy., pur.

(*//«. caucasicus).
salsuginosus, 1', Je., pur.,

wh.
Villarsii, 1', Jy., pur.

ERINACEA.

One species only makes up this genus (nrtl.
I.oguminosaj), which is closely allied to Anthyllis
and needs the same cultural treatment. Th«
species, pungens, likes a dry, sunny nook in a
rockery.

Only Species : —

pungens, (>" to 12", Ap., hdy., bl., pin-, (syns.
Anihyllis Erinacea and Erinacea liispnnica).

Erimis

(326)

Eriospermum

ERINUS.

A lovely little Alpine plant (ord. Scrophular-
inere), which is valuable for crevices in rock and
fcrall gardens. It likes a light, dry soil, and is best
propagated by seeds sown in spring or autumn
where the plants are to bloom. In wet districts it
suffers from winter rains unless in a vertical
position in the rockery. The South African species
are not generally grown.

Principal Species : —

alpinus, 4''
vars.

My., pur. There

and ro.

racemosu?, 3', Mch. , yel.

Erinosma (sec LCKCOJUIH).
Eriocalia, (sec Actinotou).
Eriocainpa (nee Saaefiief).
Eriocarpha (fee Montanoa).

EuiGEUON MACUANTHUS (we p. 325).

ERIOCEPHALUS.

These South African plants (ord. Composite)
are shrubby and evergreen, needing greenhouse
protection. Propagation, by cuttings in spring, and
a compost of sandy loam and peat.

Principal Species : —
africauus, 4'. win., wh.
glaber, 4'. Ap., yel.

ERIOCHILUS.

A small group of terrestrial Orchids (ord.
Orchidaceic) from Australia. They will grow in a
cool house if placed in sandy peat and fibrous loam
over good drainage.

Principal Species :—
autumnalis. 1', Oct., red.

ERIOCNEMA.

Beautiful little stove foliage plants (ord. Melas-
tomacea:), that need to be treated like Ancecto-
chiluses and Bertolonias, in peat, sand, and moss,
in a close case or under a bell-glass.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
a:nea (correctly Bertolonia marmoruta (correctly Ber-

aenea). tolouia marmorata).

Fascination, 6", Aug. , pk. Saiider:«, 6", a'ut., gru.,
wh. Ivs.

ERIODENDRON (syn. CEIBA).

Very tall-growing trees (ord. Malvaceae), closely
allied to the genus Bombax. Under cultivation
they are evergreen stove trees, raised from seed
ami grown in substantial loam with sand.

Principal Species : —

anfractuosum, 100', sc.

ERIOGONUM.

Pretty perennial or annual plants (ord. Polygon-
aceas), generally hardy on rockwork, where they
prefer to be planted between large stones in a
sunny position, in peaty soil. Propagated by seeds
ur division in spring.

Principal Species : —
coinpositura, 1', Je., per.,

wh.
corymbosum, 1', Je., ro.,

wh. , yel.

yel.

flavum, 1', Je., per.,

(syn. sericeum).
umbellatum, 1', Je., yel.

(si/n .. stellatum) .
— Sileri.

ERIOPHORUM. (COTTON GRASS.)
Very pretty plants (ord. Cyperacea:), which may
advantageously be grown in moist, peaty soil at
the edges of ponds or in the larger bog gardens.
Polystachion is the Cotton Grass of British bogs.
Principal Species :—

nlpinum, 1*.

polystachiou, 1'. vaginatum, 1'.

ERIOPSIS.

A small genus of stove plants (ord. Orchidacese)
that are not widely cultivated, though fairly
attractive when flowering. Soil, fibrous peat and
sphagnum.

Principal Species : —

Helena, or. rutidobulbon, 21', Ap.,

Aug., pur., br.

ERIOSEMA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Leguminosa;).
Propagated either by seeds or cuttings, in early
spring. Soil, equal parts of peat and loam with
sand.

Principal Species : —
graudiflorum, 2', Aug., violaceuin, 4', Mch., pur.

yel.

ERIOSPERMUM.

Kather pleasing greenhouse bulbs (ord. Liliacere),
of which only a few are in cultivation in botanic
gardens. They are propagated by offsets, and
prefer a peaty soil, and to have a period of rest in
winter.

Principal Species : —
albucoitles, 9", Jy., yel.
Bellemleuii, 1', Jy.,bl.
brevipes, 11', Jy., wh.

proliferum, 9", Jy., wh.,
gm.

Eriochosma (see Kutlioclilamcf).
Eriocoma (see Ifontanoc) .
JSriopajijnts (see Layic^ .

liriostemon

(327 )

Eryngium

ERIOSTEMON.

Spring and early summer (lowering shrubs (ord.
Rutacete). natives of Australia. They flower
abundantly, and are fine for conservatory decora-
tion when grown in pots, but better still if planted
in a bed or border. Cuttings root quickly if in-
serted early in the spring in sandy peat and given
bottom heat. Soil, three parts peat, one part loam,
and .-and. Give ample drainage, and pot firmly.

Principal Species : —

buxifolius, 4', My., pk.
myoporoides, 3', Sep., wh.

(«///*. cuspidatus and
neriifolius).

Other Species : —
Crowei (sir Crowea sa- myoporoides minor, 2',

ligna). Ap., ro.

ericifolius, 3', Je., red. pulchellus,3', My., blush.;

intennedius («•<• myopor- hybrid.

oides minor). salicifolius, 2V, Ap., red.

scaber, 2', Apl, My., pk.

ERISMA.

Interesting tropical American trees (ord. Vo-
chysiacea1,), needing stove treatment and a compost
of sandy peat and loam. Firm young shoots root
freely in spring under a bell-glass. One species,
Japura, 120', autumn, yellow, bears large red fruits,
from which the natives extract the kernels, and
either eat them raw, or pound and cook them to
form a vegetable butter. Another species is flori-
bundnm, 50', October, blue.

ERITHALIS (*yn HERREIIA).
West Indian shrubs or small trees (ord. Rubi-
aceie) that succeed under stove treatment.
Principal Species : —

fruticosa, 15', Jy., \vh.

ERITRICHIUM.

Ornamental perennial or annual plants (ord.
Boraginese), best known from the beauty of the
Alpine species nanum, which taxes the skill of
Alpine growers to retain in their gardens. The
annual strictum is rather a showy plant. They are
propagated by seeds sown under glass in spring, or
by divisions or cuttings of the perennials. Mr.
\V. A. Clark, of York, who grows nanum well,
recommends that it should be grown in a sunny
fissure where it can be kept dry from September
until January. After the end of January give
water without wetting the foliage. Soil, fibrous
peat, leaf mould, and grit, in equal proportions,
with a little sand. The other species present no
difficulty.

Principal Species :-
barbigcrum (nee Krynitz- rupestre, 1', Jy., bl.

kia barhigera). strictum, IV, Jy.,aun. or

nanum, 2", Je., bl. bien., bl.

ERNODEA.

Low-growing plants (ord. Ilubiaceno), needing
the shelter of a cool greenhouse. They are in-
creased by division, and will grow in any poor soil.

Principal Species : —

littoralis, 2', win., wh. montana (now Putoria

calabrica).

ERODIUM. (HERON'S BILL.)

Showy hardy (lowers (ord. Geraniacefe), suitable
for the border or rock garden. The annual or
biennial species iire little grown, although a few

Eriogtomum (sec Sliiflii/s).
Erndlia (see Curcuma).

are worth cultivating. They closely resemble the
hardy Geraniums. Propagation, the annuals and
biennials by seeds sown in a frame in spring, the
perennials by seeds sown at the same time as the
others, and also by division in spring. Soil, sandy
loam.

Principal Species : —
chamsedryoides, 2", My., ing Alpine ; a little

wh., veined pk. (*yn. tender.

Eeichardii). A charm- reacradenum, 6", Je., vio.
Manescavi, 11', Je., pur.

Other Species :—

alpinum, 1', Je., red. pelargoniflorum, 1', Jy.,

chrysanthum, 6", Jy., wh. , spotted pur.

yel. petneum, 6", Jy., pur.

cinereum, 6", My., flesh. romanum, 6", Je., hlf-
Gussoni, 1', Je., pur. hdy. bien., pur.

hymenodes, 1', Jy., hlf- serotinum, 9", Aug., bl.

hdy. per., pk. (syn. tri- supracanum, 6", Jy.,

lobatum). flesh.

trichoinanefolium, 4",
Jy., flesh.

ERYCINA.

A curious, small-growing Mexican Orcnid (ord.
Orphidacess), that will succeed in an intermediate
or stove temperature if grown in pans or baskets,
in peat and sphagnum. It bears its flowers in
slender, drooping racemes.

Only Cultivated Species : —

echinata, 6", Ap., grn., yel.

ERYNGIUM. (SEA HOLLY.)

Description. — Elegant plants (ord. Umbelliferse),
of perennial or biennial habit, and of great beauty
in borders, or for rock gardens in full sun. They
are steadily growing in favour, and are much
admired for the thistle-like appearance they
present, and the pretty shades of blue on the stems
and branches of many of the plants.

Propagation, — By seeds of the biennial and
perennial species, and by division of the perennials
in spring. Seeds may be sown in a frame or cool
greenhouse in spring, or in the open in May or
June.

Soil. — The greater number will grow in almost
any soil, but they usually thrive best in one of a
sandy nature.

Other Cultural Points.— These Eryngiums may
be transplanted safely when young, but some of
those which make long (ap roots do not move with
safety when large.

Principal Species : —
alpinum, 2', Jy., hi.; maritimum, 1', Jy., bl.

likes a light soil. Native Sea Holly ; likes

amethystiuum, 2V, Jy., sandy soil.

bl. oh'verianum, 2', Jy., bl.

Bourgatii, 2', Jy., bl. — superbum, deep bl.

giganteum, 2', Jy., bien., planum, 3', Jy., bl.

bluish grn.

Other Species :

campestre, H', Jy., bl. glaciale, 4' to 6', sum.,

ca-ruleum, 21', Jy., bl. bl. (nyii. asperifnlium).

comiculatum, 2', Jy., bl. Lasseauxii, 6 to s , Jy.,

(we p. 328). hlf-hdy., pur.

creticum, 2', Jy., bl. Serra, 5y, Jy., UNM?.,

diohotomimi. 2V, Jy., 1)1. bl. (»y«. platyphyllum).

.•Imrni'um, 2', Jy.. wh. Spinalba, 2', Jy., wh.

triquerrum, 1 , Jy., bl.

/•;/•/'< //>'«. (s<r Viola).
Krriim (sec Vicia).
Erxlcbia (see Gommelina).

Erysimum

( 328 )

Erythrina

ERYSIMUM. (HEDGE MUSTARD.)
A genus comprising a great number of plants
(prd. Ouciferse), of which only a small number are
of any garden value. These are of annual, bien-
nial, or perennial habit, and are easily raised from
seeds, or are propagated by cuttings struck under
glass. The seeds can be sown in a frame or green-
house, or in the open ground in spring. Common
soil.

Principal Species : —

alpinum, 6", My., yel. ; a perofskianum, 1.}', My. to
var. of heiracifohum. Aug., aim., or.

ERYTHRJEA. (CENTAUBY.)

Pretty little annual, biennial, or perennial plants
(orA. Gentianeie) for the rockery in light soil. The
perennial, diffusa, likes a half-shady position in
peaty soil, and plenty of water during summer.
All are propagated by seeds sown in spring.

Principal Species : —

Centaurium, 3" to 12",
Je., ann., ro. Common
Centaury.

linarifolia, 3", Je., bien.,
pk. (si/n. littoralis).

[cliffusa).
Massoni, 6", Je., pk. («//;/.
Muehleubergii,8",My.,pk.
spicata, 1', Jy., hlf-hdy.

aim., pk.
venusta, 9",Aug.,ann.,pk.

Photo: Cassell ifc Company, Ltd.

ERYNGIL'M COUNICULATUM (see p. 327).

Other Species : —
asperum, 9", Jy., bien.,

yel. (sy». arkansauum).
canescens, 9", Je., bien.,

yel.

hieracifoliuin, 1', My., yel.
marschalliauuin, 1', Jy.,

bien., yel.

ochroleucum, 1', My.,
bieu., yel. («/». Cheir-
anthus ochroleucus).

pumilum, 3", Je., per.,
yel.

rupestre, 9", My., yel.
(*y>i. pulchellum).

ERYTHEA.

A genus of stately Californian Palms (ord.
Palmse), which might with advantage be cultivated
in an intermediate house and treated like Arecas.

Principal Species : —
armuta, 30' (xi/ns. Bniliea eclulis, 30' (si/n. Brahea

glauca and B. Eoe/lii). edulis).

ERYTHRINA. (CORAL TREE.)
Description. — Showy shrubs, trees, or herbaceous
plants (tml. Leguminosrc), with fine racemes of
brilliant flowers. They are suitable for growing in
the stove or conservatory, and the herbaceous-
stemmed species are very effective if planted out of
doors in summer.

Propagation. — Young shoots removed in spring
with a heel attached, placed in sandy soil in gentle
bottom heat, and covered with a glass, will strike
readily.

Soil. — A rich compost of peat, loam, cow manure
and a little sand.

, Erysiphe (sue Mllden-).

Erythronium

(329)

Espaliers

Other Cultural Points. — Crista-galli and herb-
acea, which have herbaceous stems, are started in
heat in spring ; but the others, after they have
been gradually sent to rest in autumn by lessening
and finally stopping watering, are top-dressed, or
repotted, when necessary, and started in a warm
and moist house, with ample supplies of water. In
some districts the herbaceous species are wintered
outdoors with a good covering of dry litter.

Principal Species: —

Crista-galli, 8', My. , sc. ; imlica, 20', My., sc. ; a

Coral Tree, several tinu Hue tree.

vars. — picta, variegated Ivs.

Other Species : —

Biilwillii, hybrid, sc. (Cris- insignia, 40', My., sc.

ta-galli X herbacea). inarmorata. My., se. , Ivs.

caffra, 30', sum., sc. blotched wh. (XI/H. iiidica.

constautiana,20',suui., sc. marmorata).

Corallodeiidron, 12', My., Parcellii, red, Ivs. varie-

sc. <iated yel. (xy/i. iiidica

glauca, 10', sum., copper. Parcellii).

herbacea, 3', Jy., sc. speciosa, 9', Aug., crim.

huineana, 30', sc. (nyii. Vespertilio, sc.

Humei).

ERYTHRONIUM. (Doa's TOOTH
VIOLET.)

Beautiful little bulbous plants (ord. Liliacea1),
which look charming in the border, the rock garden,
or in grass. The varieties of Dens-canis are very
beautiful ; and the other species, which are princi-
pally from North America, give some lovely effects.
The leaves are very ornamental, and are prettily
mottled or marbled. Propagation, by offsets, re-
moved when the plants are at rest, or by seeds,
although ihcM' take some time to give flowering
plants. Common soil will do, but some of the
Californian species like one of a light character.
Erythroniums should be as short a time out of the
soil as possible, and should thus be planted as
early in the summer or autumn as they can be
obtained.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

Dens-canis, G", Mch. or grand iflorum, 0", Ap.,
yel. ; Ivs. not mottled.

Hartwegii, 1', Mch., yel. :
earliest.

Johusonii, 9", Ap., red,
pk. : beautiful.

Ap., pur., pk., wh. ;
common Dog's Tooth
Violet, several vars.
The vars. (sometimes
considered species) jap-
onicum, vio., pur. , and
sibiricum, ro., pur., are
pretty.
Other Species : —

albiclum, f>", Ap., wh.,
tinged bl.

a.mericanum, fi", Ap., yel.

Hendersoni, 6", Ap., pur.
el.

nuttallianum, golden yel.,
br. anthers.

propullans,6", Av>. .ro.pur.
purpurascens, 9", Ap.,

yel., pur.
revolutum Bolanderi, 9",

Ap., wh. (.«;/«. Smithii).

Howellii. 9", Ap., yel

ERYTHROXYLUM.

This genus (ord. Linesc) has an economic rather
than a horticultural value, and of the several
species only one calls for special mention. This is
Coca, 6', summer, green and yellow, which grows
readily in a stove, and is propagated by cuttings.

Eryt]iracIi<r1apalmatlliiln(!tei'Liij'nlariajaponiea).

Erythrodanum (see Nertcra).

Erythrodcs (sen I'lii/xiim* .

Erythro/miinn (sec. Mflnliisin).

Erytliror]ii:a (see Gala?).

Erytlirolrrnrt (sec Onimt).

Erythrotis (sec Ci/anvti*).

Its leaves are chewed, together with calcined lime,
by South American Indians, and have such a
stimulating effect that for several days at a stretch
hard work can be accomplished by them with
little other food. Of late, efforts have been made
to popularise Coca as a drug and beverage.

ESCALLONIA.

Beautiful half-hardy or hardy shrubs (ord. Saxi-
fragese) valuable for growing on walls or in shrub-
beries. In the south and by the coast several of
the species are used as hedges. Propagation, by
layers and by cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
struck under a hand-light or bell-glass in sandy
soil ; also by suckers. In cold districts the Escal-
lonias should only be grown on walls, where they
can receive some protection in severe weather. A
few Spruce branches are better than a closer
covering.

Principal Species, Hybrid, and Varieties : —

rxoiiii.'iisis, Jy., pk., wh.
iloi ilmnda, 10', Jy., wh. ;

macrautha, (>', Je., red ;
vars. sanguinea and In-

rather tender. gramii (xyn. bicolor).

langleyensis, Je., pk. ; a philippiana, 6',' Jy., wh. ;
hybrid (macrautha X one of the hardiest,

philippiana) (sn-p. 331). rubra, 0', Jy., red.

— alba, wh.
Other Species : —

grahamiana, .V, Oct., wh. Je., wh. (syn. berteri-

illiuita, o', Aug., wh. ana),

montana, red. punctata, 3', Je., . red

moutevidensis, 6' , Jy.,wh. (*////*. rubra var. puuc-

ptcrocladou, 4', Jy., wh., tata, and sauguinea).

red. revoluta, 10', Sep., wh.

pulverulenta glabru, CJ', (*.'/". affinis).

visrosa, .5', wh.

ESCHSCHOLTZIA.

Brilliant hardy annuals (ord. Papaveraceae),
which sometimes live for several years in dry,
sandy soils near the sea. They are very effective
in full sun, and make brilliant beds. They are
raised from seeds sown where they are to bloom
in March, or in autumn, protected slightly from
frost. Any soil, though they prefer a sandy one.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

californica, li', Je., yel. There are several
pretty vars., such as alba, rosea, Mandarin, and
(lore pleno. The charming form tenuit'olia, with
smaller flowers, is another var., sometimes con-
sidered a distinct species (syns. Douglasii, crocea,
etc.).

ESPALIERS.

Espalier trees should run parallel with, and in
close proximity to, the garden walks, so that atten-
tion to pruning, training, and gathering is readily
given, and a height of 4' to 5' should rarely be
exceeded. The supports may be very simple, consist-
ing of a few upright posts with wires strained be-
tween them, the ordinary iron fencing hurdles, and
perpendicular posts inserted some 4' or 5' apart ; or
made more ornamental in the shape of fancy wood
trellises, or open diamond-framed wooden fences.
Most nurserymen supply trees ready trained for
this method of growing, and a selection can be
made from upright, single, oblique, and double
cordons, and gridirons, fan-shaped, or horizontally
trained trees, ,-is the fancy of the planter dictates.

Escliallot (sec Slialluf).
E»clicn/m,-lii<i (HIT Ctmyza).
Kxi-lirrin (SIT /i'/ii.i'i>iiii').
Esmeralda (SIT . I rm'lin<mtJie\

Espeletia

( 331 )

Eucharis

ESPELETIA.

These low-growing plants (ord. C'ompositaV) grow
at exceedingly high elevations on the Andes of
New Grenada. Greenhouse treatment suits them,
but their woolly or silky leaves must not be wetted.
Pot firmly in .-sandy peat.

neriifolia, 8', sum., yel.

Principal Species : —
argent™. (>', Jy., yel.
graudirlora, 12', Jy., yel.

EUCALYPTUS.

Description. — This is a large genus (ord. Myrta-
ceaV) of Australian trees, most of which attain to a

Other Species : —
amygdalina, 100', Je., wh.

(KI/II. longifolia).
calophylla, f>0', aut., wh.
coccifera, 30', Dec., pur.
ticifolia, 40', aut., crira.
gigantea, 100' to 400',

aut., wh.

leucoxylon, 30', aut., ro.,
red (xi/n. sideroxylou).

polyauthemos, 30', aut.,
wh.

tetragona, 20', Jy., red.

umigera, 30', Aut., grn.,
wh.

EUCH^ETIS.

A greenhouse shrub (ord. Rutacese), closely
allied to Diosma, and needing similar treatment.
Glomerata, !£', May, white, is a South African
plant.

great height, and yield valuable timber or essential
oil. Thu entire leaves are often of a glaucous hue,
as in the case of Globulus, the Blue Gum tree.
The flowers are, with few exceptions, unattractive,
and only produced when the plants are of con-
siderable size. Comparatively few species possess
horticultural merit ; all may be grown in a cool
greenhouse : and in some sheltered parts of
southern England, Ireland, and the warmer parts
of Scotland, specimens will grow freely in the open
for main' years without suffering injury from frost.

Propagation.— Generally by seeds, but cuttings
of firm growth root freely if placed in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass, in early summer.

Soil. — Equal parts of peat and loam.

Principal Species : —

citriodora, 20', sum., wh.,
Citron-scented leafage.

eornuta, 80', sum., red,
yel.

Globulus, 150', aut,,wh.
Blue Gum.

Gunnii, .">()', aut., wh.
preissiana, 20', aut., yel.
pulverulenta, ">0't Je., wh.
resiuifera, 100', Ivs. 4" to
6".

Eipinosa (sue Krio<junum~).
Etlumium (sec Jlenealmiu).

Photo : Outsell it Company Ltd.

ESCALLOXIA I.AXOLEYKXSIS (see p. 320).

EUCHARIDIUM.

Charming little hardy annuals (art!.. Onagrarieae),
very beautiful in borders or beds. They are
raised from seeds sown on a hotbed in March or
in the open in April or May. -' Common soil.

Principal Species : —
Breweri, 9", Ju., HI., pur., — album, wh. or Mush.

wh. grandiflorum, 1J', Je.,

concinnum, 1', Je., pur. ro., pur.

EUCHARIS.

Description. -Bulbous stove plants (ord. Amaryll-
iilrir), furnished with large, broad-bladed leaves,
nnd producing tall spikes of large, white, fragrant
blooms. By far the most useful species is grandi-
llora. popularly known as amazonica.

Propagation. — By offsets and seeds, chiefly the
former. Young bulbs are removed from the old
ones whenever repotting is necessary, sorted,
potted together in sizes, and plunged in the
propagating house until root action becomes
vigorous. Seed will ripen, but it strains the
plant to produce it ; sow in heat as soon as ripe.

Soil.— Rich loam, with the addition of peat or
leaf mould, and somr coarse sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Good drainage is essen-
tial. Potting is best done after flowering, but
only then when more root room is absolutely

Eucharis

(332)

Euclea

necessary. Six bulbs arc sufficient for a 10 pot.
Established specimens respond to forcing in bottom
heat and the application of fertilisers ; by these
moans three crops of flowers per year may be
obtained, but such treatment soon weakens I
bulbs, and a collapse follows. A rest after flower-
in°-. induced by a reduction of the water supply
ami a few degrees less of heat, will go far to
ensure continued health, but " drying-off ' must
not be practised. Assist established specimens _by
frequent applications of liquid cow manure during
the flowering period.

Eucharis Mite.— This tiny insect (Rhizoglyphus
echinopus) is found in abundance on the bulbs
and roots of unhealthy Eucharises. Its presence

Principal Species :—

amazonica (see graudi-

rlora).

Candida, 16", aut., wh.
grandiflora, '!' , Ap. to

Dec., wh. (*';/"• am-

azonica) (sec figure).
Lowii and Moorei are
two slight variations
from the type. Fra-
grans is also good.

Other Species and Hybrids :—

bakeriana, H', sum., wh.
burfordieiisis, IV, Sep.,

wh. (Mastersii X

Steveusii).
Mastersii, 1J', Feb., Mch.,

wh., grn.
Sanderi, 11', Mch., wh.,

pale yel. (*y>t. sauder-

iaua) .
— multiflora, 1', Mch.,

wh., yel., grn.
Stevensii, 1^', Mch., wh.,

pule yel. (caudida X

Sanderi) .
subedeutata, 1', win., wh.

EUCHARIS GRANDIFLORA, GENERALLY CALLED AJIAZONICA.

soon becomes observable when decay is induced by
errors in watering, and by excessive stimulation to
secure increased flower production. Wash un-
healthy, mite-infested bulbs free from soil and
insects, remove decayed portions with a sharp knife,
and then place the bulbs in the following mixture :
Potassium sulphide J lb., dissolved in 3 gallons of
water heated to 115°. Let them soak in this for fif-
teen minutes, and then place them on a sunny shelf
in a stove or intermediate house to dry. Two or
three weeks' drying will not be too much, provided
a sheet of thin paper is placed over the bulbs for a
couple of hours at midday during very bright, hot
weather ; no other shading must be given. Such
treatment stops decay and kills the mites. Pot in
a very sandy compost, to which broken charcoal is
added. Plunge the pots where a moderate bottom
heat is available, and, if the atmosphere is kept
moist, watering will be neither necessary nor
desirable until new roots and top growth have
made good progress.

Jliicliilits (nee 1'ulteruca).

EUCHLuENA.

A tall, stately Grass (ard. Graminerc), that has
proved invaluable for fodder in tropical countries.
It is a stove annual and needs rich soil and plenty
of room.

Principal Species : —

mexicana, 10' to 15', aut., pur., grn. (syn. lux-
urians).

EUCHRESTA.

Greenhouse shrubs (ord. Leguminosrc), propa-
gated by cuttings placed in bottom heat. Some
species are valued by the Javanese for their bitter
tonic properties.

Principal Species : —

Horsfieldii, 3', sum., wh. japonica, 3', sum., M.,wh.

EUCLEA.

South African plants (ord. Ebenacea?), that suc-

Eitcliroma (see Castillcja),

Encomia

( 333 )

Eulophia

ceed in the greenhouse, and arc propagated by
firm cuttings inserted in sandy soil in spring.

Principal Species :—

Pseudebenus, 6', wh. undulata, 6', wh.

rucemosa, 6', wh.

EUCOMIS.

(Strong-growing bulbs (or/I. Liliaceac) from South
Africa; they are hardy enough to succeed in light
soil in a sheltered spot, but in many places are best
grown in the greenhouse. Kich loam is the best
i-i i' >t ing medium. Give liquid manure freely during
the season of growth, but withhold moisture when
the plants are resting. Increase is by offsets.

Principal Species : —

puuctata, 2', Aug., grn.,
br.

regia, 2', Mch., An. , grn.,
pur. (M/>M. inacrophyllu
aiid clavata).

liana. 9", My., grn., br.
imduluta, 2', My., gni.

Other Species :—

uinaryllidifolia, 1 }', .Ty. , grn.
bicolor, 1', Jy., gru., pur.

EUCROSIA.

Ornamental greenhouse bulbous plants (crd.
Amaryllidea'). Propagation, by offsets inserted in
any light compost; the (lowering bulbs require
a substantial loam. The plants must have a
distinct rot ing period.

Only Species : —

bicolor, I.1,', Ap., sc. The reverse of the segments
lias a central green stripe.

EUCRYPHIA.

Pretty evergreen shrubs or trees (prd. RosaceaV),
some of which are hardy in mild districts, while
the others require a little winter protection. They
grow best in peat and loam, and are propagated by
layers or cuttings of the young shoots in sand
under a bell-glass.

Principal Species :—

Billaruieri, shr. or tree,wh. cordifolia, 20', wh.
— Minimum, smaller. phmatifolia, 10', Aug.,

hlf-hdy., wh.

EUGENIA.

A largo genus (nr/t. Myrtnceai) of stove or green-
house trees and shrubs, possessed of considerable
economic value, the Rose Apples ami Malay Apples
being produced respectively by Jambos and malac-
censis. 1'ot or plant in loam and peat or leaf soil.
Cuttings of firm growths root best in a close case.

Principal Species :—

brasiliensis, (i', Ap., wh.

caryophyllata, 20', sum.,
wh. (tit/ttx. aromatira
and Cuiyophyllus aro-
maticus).

Jambos, 2.V, sum., wh.

Other Species :—

apii-ulata, («</«. Myrtus

Luina ).

ai[uca, 20', sum., wh.
hiixifolia, 'i', -sun)., wh.
jambolana, 20', Aug.,wh.
j ivamca, 12', sum., wh.

(*>fii. Jambosavulgaris).
Rose Apple.

malaccensis, 20', sum., sc.
(».</». Jambosa malac-
censis). Malay Apple.

rayriophylla.wann grn. OI
st., elegant (see figure).

Luma(nowMyrtusLuma).
myrtifolia, 10', sum., wh.
J'imeiita (now Pimeuta

ofh'cinalis).

I'xni (now ifyrtuaTTgni).
xi'vlanica. 12', sum., wh.

Eiiciii'ni'if («{•{• (Inn nia).
JSiicnide (see Mentzclia).

(see Euc<il>//'l n> •
Euduliin (see Stru-marin ).
'ia (see Gentiana).
iiii (.•»•!• Jittr/xirt).
(*••(.• i 'arc iiia).

EULALIA.

Very ornamental plants (urd. Graminea;) for
borders or lawns, or for growing in pots or tubs for
decorative purposes under glass. The correct name
is now Miscanthus, but they are grown in gardens
under the name of Eulalia. They grow in any
good garden soil, and are propagated by division
in spring.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
japoiiica, .V, pur. (cor- — univittata, yel. band

rectly Miscauthus sinen- along centre of Itaf.

sis). — zebrina, yel. bars across

— foliis-striatis, Ivs. with the leaf (nee p. 336).

a creamy central band. — gracillima, slender.

EUGKNIA MYUIOl-HVLLA.

EULOPHIA.

Terrestrial Orchids (or A. Orchidacoae) from
Africa and the East Indies. The pseudo-bulbs are
thick and compressed, the leaves large, the spikes
erect, and the flowers remarkable for the large-
sized lip. Well-crocked pots or deep pans are
suitable receptacles, and a good compost consists
of fibrous loam, flaky leaf soil, small crocks, and a
little broken charcoal. Potting should only be
ilone when new growth commences. Give water
freely when growth is vigorous, but sparingly at
oilier sea.-oiis. South African species thrive in ;'.
warm greenhouse, but others in the stove.

Principal Species :

drr^van::. IV, ant.,

chocolate, wh.
guiucensis purpurata. st..

sum., ro. pur., magenta.

Other Species :
LTacilis, H', Je., grn.
Ledienii, 1', sum., red,

lir., grn.,
Mackenii, 1', sum., pk.,

wh.

mariilatn, 1', aut.. pk.,

\vli.
samidersinna, 1'.', sum.,

grn., blk.

pulrlira, 1', sum.,

]mr.
Scripts, l;'. sum.,

yd., In-.
virens, 1',

pur.

yel.,

gni.,
sum., grn.,

Eulophiella

(334)

Euphorbia

EULOPHIELLA.

Stove Orchids (prcL. Ochidaceie) of which only
two species are known at present. They are allied
lo Cyrtopodium. A compost of two parts peat, one
part loam, and one part broken crocks is suitable.
The plants require plenty of moisture at all times, j
and must never be allowed to get dry at the root,
Thrips are the most troublesome insects, and they
must be kept in check by fumigation.

Only Known Species : —
Elizabeths, Ivs. 1' to 3' 3' to 4', at., TO. («/».

long, Ap., st., wh. Grammatophyllumrcem-

peetersiaua, flower scapes pleriauum).

EUONYMUS. (SPINDLE TREE.)
Highly ornamental deciduous or evergreen shrubs
or trees' (mil. Celastrinea:), which can be adapted
to many purposes in gardens. Some make pretty,
low hedges, and others are very ornamental on
walls. Dwarf species make good edgings. Some
are of uncertain hardiness, but their cultivation is
extending, with the result of proving that the
endurance of a number is greater than has been
thought. Propagation, by seeds sown in autumn
and spring, but usually by cuttings of ripened
wood in loam and sand in autumn. Common soil.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
atropurpureus, 6' to H', but only a few can be
Je., hdy. deciduous, named as a guide,

pur. These are albo - mar-

curopseua, 5' to 20', My., ginatus, aureo-margin-

hdy., deciduous, wh. atus, Chouveti, and

— foliis variegatis. latifolius aureus.

japouicus, 6', Ap., wh. radicans, 1' ; several vars.;
ev., hdy. except in cold with silver arid gold

districts. The most variegated Ivs. (Accord-

useful. There are iug to some authorities
many beautiful forms radicans is a var. of

with variegated Ivs., japouicus).

Other Species : —

americanus, 2', Je. , hdy.
deciduous.

bullatus. My., hlf-hdy.
ev., pk.

chineusis, "/, My., hlf-
hdy. ev., pk.

echinatus, 10', My., hlf-
hdy. , wh.

fimbriatus, 12', My., hlf-
hdy. ev., grn.

grandiflorus, 10', Ap., hlf-
hdy. ev., wh.

hamiltonianus, 6' to 20',

Je., hlf-hdy. ev., wh.
latifolius, 8', Je., hdy.

deciduous,
uauus, trailer, Jy., hdy.

deciduous, grn. (*yn.

linifolius).
• — foliis variegatis.
velutiuus, Je., wh.
verrucosus, 10' ,to 18',

My., hdy. deciduous,

gm.

EUPATORIUM.

Description. — A large genus (onl. Composite) of
greenhouse and hardy plants, many of which are
especially suitable for conservatory or border
decoration. All the species are perennial, and
bear their flowers in clusters of small heads.

Propagation, — By division, cuttings, or seeds.
The hardy species succeed best in open positions
in deep, rich soil, and should bo lifted, divided,
and replanted • in October or March every second
or third year. Greenhouse species are useful for
flowering, in spring and early summer ; cuttings
should be taken early and put in sandy soil under
a bell-glass to root.

Soil. — Rich loam, leaf soil and sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Pot as required, keep
free from green fly, and during the late summer

ittt (til I ////,-r/r.v, K-
Ettotlioncca (»«: Jlcxisia).
Enpetalwn (iec Uegonia).

grow the plants in a cold frame, pinching them
occasionally to ensure a shrubby habit. Cut back
old plants immediately after flowering.

Principal Greenhouse Species : —
atrorubens. U', Jan., (si/n. Hebecliuium ian-

Mch., red (lyn. Hebe- thinum).

clinium atrorubens). riparium, 2V, spr., wh.

grandiflorum. 3', Ap., wh. weinmanniauum, 4', Oct.,
haageannm, 3', My., wh. Jan., wh. (K//H. odora-

ianthinum, 2', Jan., pur. turn).

Principal Hardy Species :—
ageratoides, 4', Aug., \vli. aromaticum, .V, Jy., Aug.,

(seep. 335). wh.

altissiu-.um,o',Aug.,Sep., cannabiiium. 1', TV., pk.

blush. purpureum, ')' to '.Aug.,

Other Species :— red> Pur-

coronopifolium, 3', Aug., fu'iiiculaceum, •!', Aug.,

hdy., wh. hdy., yel.

EUPHORBIA.

Description.— This large and interesting genus
(on/. Bnphorbiacese) is remarkable as much for its
wide distribution as for its diversity of habit.
The Spurgeworts, or Milkworts, comprise trees,
shrubs, climbers, succulents, and annual and peren-
nial herbs. Some are stove, some greenhouse, and
some hardy plants, but all have milky juice and
flowers surrounded by more or less brilliant bracts.
Annuals. — Hardy annuals may be sown in
warmth and subsequently planted out to flower,
or sown in the open in April. Stove annuals should
be sown early, and must not be crowded.

Shrubby.— A rich loam is essential to success
with the shrubby stove and greenhouse species,
and these are best propagated by cuttings taken,
with a heel, from old, cut-back plants that have
been gently forced into growth again.

Succulents.— These succeed in a warm green-
house, potted in a mixture of loam, lime or mortar
rubble, and sand. Cuttings must be allowed to
dry, on a shelf, for several days before being ] .laced
in sandy soil, or they will decay.

Herbaceous. — These are chiefly hardy, and may
be increased by division in autumn or spring, or by
spring-sown seeds. Strong growers make good
border plants.

Principal Species : —
Bojeri, 4', Nov., Dec., st., grandidens, 18', Jy. (syn.

gc. arborescens).

Candelabrum, 10', succu- Lathyris, hdy. Caper

lent, yel. Spurge.

Caput-Medusir,2.',',Aug., pilulifera, 2', sum., hdy.,

succulent. gru. («I/H. capitata).

cereifonnis, 2', Ap., sue pulcherrima,()',Sq>.,Jan.,
culent. sc., st. (we Poiiisettia

flavicoma, IV, Jy.. Aug., for culture).

hdy. puuicea, C', Ap., st., sc.

fulgens, 34', Aug., Jan., splendens, 4', spr., sum.,
St., sc. (Hi/n. jacquinia>- st., pale sc., very spiny,

flora).

Other Species :—

Antiquorum, !)', Ap., st. lactea, 4', Jy., wh., st.
aphylla, 2',Bum.,grh.,ev. lophogona, 3', Bum., st.
Apios, 8", Jy., hdy. mamiilaris, 2', Jy., st.

arborescens (sec 'grandi- marginata, 1', Ji1. , hdy.
dens). meloformis. 1', Jy., st.

balsamifera, IV, Je.,grh., oxystegia, 3', sum., grn.,

ev. yel., st.

biglandulosa, 3', sum.,st. pendula, H', sum., st.
canarieusis, 18'. Jy., st., spinosa, 2', Je. , hdy.

ev. tetragona, 4', sum., si ,

Characias, 4', Ap., hdy. ev.

jaequiiiiii'flora (see ful- uncinata, 10", Jy., st.,
gens). cv.

Photo: Castell .(• Coni)}'»>>>- Lt<L

Et'PATOKIUM AGEHATOIltES (** p.

Euphrasia

( 336 )

Eurycles

EUPHRASIA.

Little hardy annuals (ord. Scrophularinese) of
practically no horticultural value. They grow in
ordinary soil in the border, and can be sown in
March or April.

Principal Species : —
lutea, U', Jy., pur. (now offlcinalis, 9", Jy., pur.

Bartsia lutea). (sijn. alpina).

EUPOMATIA.

A greenhouse shrub (ord. Anonacese) from Aus-
tralia. Bennettii (si/n. lamina), 4', summer, green

Principal Species and Varieties : —
japonica variegata, •!' to ('>', srrn., wh. foliage,
latifolia variegata, 4' to (>', pale grn., creamy wh.
Ivs. This is correctly referred by later authorities
to Cleyera Fortune!, but the former name has
become too firmly fixed, horticulturally, to be readily
disturbed.

EURYALE.

One of the finest of tropical Water Lilies (onl.
NympliEeacerc), and only second to the Victoria
Kegia in point of size. Like the latter, it should be

Pltoto: Cttas. R. Hick.

EVXALIA (correctly MISCANTHVS) JAPOXICA ZEHUIN.V (set p. 333).

and yellow, is evergreen, and can be increased by
seeds or cuttings placed in sandy soil in spring,
and given slight bottom heat. Peat and loam,
with sand, form a suitable compost.

EURYA.

A small group of evergreen greenhouse shrubs
(ord. TernstroBiniaceto), all of neat habit. The
variegated forms are invaluable for conservatory
decoration, and one, known horticulturally as lati-
folia variegata, is extensively grown for market to
meet the demand of floral decorators. Cuttings of
short, well-ripened growths may be inserted in
early autumn or spring, in sandy peat, and plaeed
in a close propagating case. Fibrous peat and
loam, with plenty of sharp sand, form a suitable'
compost. Growth is rather slow, both in the case
of cuttings and established plants.

ia (in jifirf, sec Xephelium).
Jtiijwium (see Mui'iill'm}.
Eupyrcna (see Ti'inon.htg).
Ewrhotia (see CcpluifHs).

raised annually from seed, and grown in rich soil
in a tank or tub of warm water in a stove.

Only Species : —
ferox, Aug., red. pur.

EURYCLES.

Bulbous-rooted stove plants (ord. Amarylliderc),
that grow well in rich loam and leaf soil. They
require a decided resting period, when no water is
necessary. Treat like Pancratiums. Increase is by
offsets or seeds.

Only Species : —

Cunninghamii, 1', Jy., wh.
sylvestris, If, Aug., wh. (;
australasica).

ins. amboinensis and

Euryandra (*«• Tetfaeera).

'

Eurylna (see Olenria).

isis (SIT 1'ittatlenia).

Eurycoma

( 337 )

Evergreens

EURYCOMA.

A small genus (ord. Sirnarubere'), of which the
principal sper.irs is longifolia, 2o', May, purple.
It is aii evergreen shrub requiring the temperature
of a stove. The plant thrives in equal parts of
loam and peat, and may be propagated by cuttings
of ripe wood in very sandy soil, beneath a bell-glass
over bottom heat.

EURYGANIA.

The only member of note in this genus is ovata,
4'. July, crimson. It, is a stove evergreen shrub
(ord. Vaociniaoeee), and is closely allied to the
Thibaudias. Cuttings may be rooted in sandy soil
beneath a bell-glass, or in a propagating case, and
the best potting material is fibrous loam and peat
in equal parts, with coarse silver sand.

EUSCAPHIS.

The white flowers of Enscaphis staphyleoides
are followed by red fruits. It is an attractive,
hardy Japanese shrub (on/. Sapindacese), growing
well in any fairly fertile soil. Increase is effected
by cuttings under hand-lights, or by seeds.

EUSTEGIA.

A small genus (ord. Asclepiadese). The chief
species is hastata, a greenhouse evergreen trailer,
producing while flowers in summer. It may be
Increased by cuttings in sandy soil, and grows best
in equal parts of loam and peat.

EUSTOMA.

Of this genus (ord. Gentiane:e) the only species
are russellianum, 3', August, purple, a hardy
biennial that may be raised from seeds in sandy
soil over a mild hotbed in March, and subsequently
transplanted to fertile soil in the open; and
silenifolium, 2-£', July, purple (#//%. exaltatum).
The latter is a greenhouse herbaceous perennial,
increased by division.

EUSTREPHUS.

These evergreen twiners (ord. Liliaceae) are
reputedly half-hardy, but do best under glass.
They require care in watering, and grow best in
fibrous peat and sand. Cuttings root freely in
sandy peat.

Principal Species : —

latifolius, 8', Je., pur. (syn. angustifolius).

EUTAXIA.

A genus (ord. Leguminosjc) of greenhouse ever-
green shrubs. Myrtifolia succeeds against an out-
side wall south of the Thames. Propagation is by
cuttings in sand under a bell-glass, and the plants
succeed in loam and peat; they must be pinched
once or twice to ensure a bushy habit.

Principal Species : —

myrtifolia, TV, Jy., or. pungens (correctly Dill-
wynia pungens).

EUTERPE.

A genus (ord. Palm;e) of handsome Palms re-
quiring stove treatment. Some of the species
attain to a great height, and are very graceful.
From the fruits of edulis a foodstuff known as
Assai is cooked, while the centre of the growing
point of montana is cooked as a, vegetable or

Eiiri/llialia (see (leirtinna).

Eutai-ia (see Araucarla).
22

pickled. Propagation is effected by seeds, and the
plants grow best, in rich loam.

Principal Species : —

edulis, 80'.
raontaiia, 30'.

oleracea, 80'.
speciosa, 30'.

stenophylla, 30'.
sylvestns, 50'.

EVENING PRIMROSE.

The common Evening Primrose, (Enothera
biennis, is of a rich primrose colour, and slightly
fragrant. This species, with fruticosa var. Youngii,
yellow, and speciosa, white, makes up a trio of beau-
tiful plants. They are perfectly hardy. The first
is a biennial and the others perennial species.
(See also (KNOTHEIIA. ,1

EVERGREENS.

A most useful and ornamental class of plants.
As screens for more tender subjects, or for ugly
places, such as tool sheds, stables, storehouses, etc.,
they are invaluable. Many a splendid estate would
lose half its beauty were there no evergreen shrubs
or stately evergreen, Coniferous trees to hide its
blemishes.

A sandy, open soil, well worked to a depth of
several feet, and enriched with plenty of well-
decayed manure, should be selected where possible ;
as many of them are slow growing, and occupy the
same ground for many years, the extra labour
entailed in preparing the sites is not wasted.
Trees or shrubs once planted should never be dug
amongst ; a light forking in the autumn to Imry
any decayed leaves, and to make the ground look
neat and tidy, is all they require.

As regards pruning, it may safely be said that the
less they receive the better, though where their
boughs intrude on grass edges or walks an annual
cutting is necessary. This, in the case of large-
leaved kinds, such as Laurels anil Aucubas, should
always be done with a knife. With srnall-foliaged
plants, such as Yews and Box, a pair of shears or
secateurs may be used.

Some of the most beautiful and effective ever-
greens, from among which a selection to meet
nearly all requirements may be made, are as
follow :—

Arbutus I'nedo. the Strawberry Tree, which
bears numerous creamy white flowers, and in
favourable positions produces clusters of orange
scarlet edible fruits.

Aucuba japonica maculata, the common, well-
known Spotted Laurel, whose flowers need the
presence of Aucuba japonica maculata mascida to
convert them into the well-known clusters of
scarlet fruits.

Azara iiii<Tn|ihylla. a useful shrub, but tender
when young. It grows al lra-t I"/ high.

Berberis . \quifolium. 15. Darwinii. and B. steno-
phylla, all flowering freely and yielding nn-tiil
foliage.

Buxus sempen -irons and I!. S. suffruticosa (the
Box), with the variegated forms.

Cerasus lusitanica (Portugal Laurel) and C.
1. myrtifolia are useful. In sheltered spots the

(nf It. /trim H. »ce \~elleia).

Kill /III III ill (HIT fVllitllUJIl).

Eutma (see P/<aceliti).

l-'.iuvi i i (mv I'i'ilii n

I'.ll.i-nl tin (,vrr .\ Hill I'll lltil Hit).

l-'.mlliiriii (sir I'niiiyunatum).
Ertiiixiii (SIT /rig).
Evea (see '

Everlasting Peas

( 338 )

Exoascus

Laurustinus (Viburnum Tinas) makes a good and
free-flowering companion.

The common Laurel (Cerasus Lauro-Cerasus) and
C. L.-C. colchica are both good and well known.

The Spurge Laurel (Daphne Laureola) and D.
Cneorum are useful for front positions, and bear
sweetly perfumed flowers.

The green and variegated Euonymuses are valu-
able for imparting colour, as are the golden and
silver forms of the common Holly, of which Golden
Queen and Silver Queen, though old, are still of
the best. Even the green-leaved Holly (Ilex
Aquifolium) is indispensable in a collection of
evergreens.

The Brooms, with their evergreen stems, are
useful in some situations, as is the curious plant
called the Butcher's Broom (Kuscus aculeatus),
whose bleached sprays make valuable winter
ornaments for filling vases.

The Sweet Bay (Laurus nobilis) should not be
omitted.

The American section of flowering evergreen
shrubs, comprising Kalmias and Andromedas,
should on no account be overlooked where the soil
is, or can be made, of a peaty, sandy nature.

Among the Coniferous section of evergreens
many suitable varieties or species are available,
and the following are some of the most orna-
mental : —

Araucaria imbricata (Chilian Pine) ; Thuya
(Biota) orientalis (Chinese Arbor-vita:), with its
golden form T. o. aurea ; Cupressus lawsoniana,
with its many beautiful varieties ; Cedrus Deodara,
perhaps the handsomest of all evergreens ; and C.
Libani (Cedar of Lebanon), with its vars.

Cupressus (Retinispora) pisifera, C. p. squarrosa,
C. obtusa, C. plumosa, and C. filifera are all pretty
and dwarf. Cryptomeria japonica and its vars.,
elegans and Lobbi nana, should be in every garden.

Taxus baccata, the English Yew, and T. b.
fastigiata, the Irish Yew, are too well known
to need recommendation, while many species
and varieties of Pinus, Picea, Juniperus, Thuya,
and Abies may be pressed into the planter's
service.

The various evergreens are dealt with under
their particular names.

EVERLASTING PEAS (see also
LATHYRUS).

Under this heading there might well be grouped
all the perennial species of Lathyrus, but from a
purely horticultural point of view the description
applies only to latifolius and its varieties. These
are strong growers, and easily increased by division,
or from seeds in autumn or spring. They love a
substantial, moist rooting medium, as in this they
produce strong, climbing growths and an abund-
ance of many flowered spikes. The adjective
"everlasting " does not apply to the latter ; it is
simply used to differentiate between this perennial
and the many annual species. Florists have not
been so successful with latifolius as with odoratus,
nevertheless their patience and persistence have
been rewarded by the production of several pretty
colour variations. The rosy red type is well known
and the pure white form latifolius albus is also
very popular. To these may now be added such
tinted varieties as delicatus, and richly hued forms
like splendens, while shades of salmon and purplish
rose are on the market.

Evergreen Them (see Crata-ym Pyracantlta).

EVERLASTINGS.

Quite a number of genera produce flowers with
stiff, papery, persistent florets, so that for the
several species of " Everlastings," or Everlasting
Flowers, reference must be made particularly to
Acroclinium,Gnaphalium, Gomplirena, Helichrysum,
Phoenocoma, Rhodanthe, and Statiee. It is chiefly
upon Acroclinium and Helichrysum, hardy annuals,
that dependence is placed for flowers that will
preserve their form, grace, and colour when dried,
for winter decorations. Florists have produced a
number of beautiful Helichrysums that are very
double, and vary in colour from white through
silver, cream, yellow, orange, brown, and crimson,
to purple. The best method of preserving Ever-
lasting flowers is to cut them while quite dry,
just before the heads open out to expose the
central florets. Having cut and neatly bunched
the flowers, suspend them head downwards in a
dry and comparatively cool place, as sun or arti-
ficial heat will cause the blooms to expand fully,
when they will not be so beautiful or likely to
last so long. Other points are to secure steins as
long as possible, and dry the flowers where dust
will not spoil the lighter colours. Though these
Everlasting flowers will last a couple of years or
more, it is best to dry a fresh stock each .summer.

EVODIA.

A small genus (ord. Rutace:u) of stove evergreen
shrubs. The most notable species is triphylla, ti',
May, white. It grows best in light sandy loam,
and may be increased by cuttings in sand beneath
a bell-glass over bottom heat.

EVOLVULUS.

A group of drooping plants (ord. Convolvulaceaj),
mostly stove annuals or perennials, with blue
flowers All are readily raised from seed, and
require a rich loam to grow in.

Principal Species : —

latifolius, 2', Je., wh. purpureo - cceruleus, 2',

Jy., dark bl.

EXACUM.

A small but useful genus (ord. Genti;vnc;i>) of
annual or perennial plants, that thrive in either an
intermediate temperature or a greenhouse. The
annual species, zeylanicum macranthum, needs the
warmer treatment, and even then it is more
biennial than annual. Seeds must be sown in
heat. As the seedlings are apt to damp quickly,
good drainage and careful watering are essential.
For compost use fibrous loam, peat, leaf soil, and
sand. Perennial species like the sweet-scented
afrine are increased by cuttings placed in sandy
soil and given bottom heat.

Principal Species : —
aftine. 6" to 9", win., macranthum (see zey-

spr., pur., vio. luiiicum nmcrautliinn) .

Forbesii, 1' to 1J', win., zeylanicum macraiitlium,

si>r.,iutermediat2house, 21', aut., rich vio., pur.

vio., sweet.

Other Species :

bicolor, 1', Je., pur. Walkeri, li', Feb., bl.

tetragouum, 1J', Aug., zeylauicura", 2', aut., pur.

bl.

EXOASCUS.

A troublesome genus of fungi. Deformans causes
the " Peach Blister," which gee.

Evodia (of (ffertner, see lluvensara).
Evtmymus (see Euonymus).

Exochorda

( 339 )

Fairy Rings

EXOCHORDA.'

Very ornamental hardy shrubs (ord. Rosacese),
well adapted for growing on walls and in the
milder districts in the open. The flowers are of
fair size and very beautiful. They are succeeded
by curious fruits. Any good garden soil. Propa-
gated by layers or suckers, or seeds sown in spring.

Principal Species :—
Allxn-ti, (>', My., \vh. grandiflora, 0', My., wh.

EXOSTEMMA.

A genus of stove evergreen trees (ord. Riibiacese).
The plants thrive in loam and peat, and may be
increased by cuttings in sand under a bell-glass
over Bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

lnngitlorum, ii()', Je., wh.

EYSENHARDTIA.

A small genus (ord, Legiiminosse), amorphoides,
12', June, pale yellow, being the only notable
species. It is a half-hardy evergreen shrub,
growing in equal parts of loam and peat; propaga-
tion is by cuttings in very sandy soil over gentle
bottom heat.

FABA.

Now referred by botanists to Vicia. (For culture,
varieties, and enemies, si:e BEANS.)

FABIANA.

The one species of note in this genus (ord.
Solanacese) is imbricatn. '2', May, white (see figure).
It is an evergreen shrub, which thrives in the green-
house, and will succeed out of doors in favoured
localities. Propagation, by cuttings under a bell-
glass over gentle bottom heat. Fibrous peat and
coarse sand suit it.

FADYENIA.

A very small genus (ord. Filices) of stove Ferns,
prolifera. 6", being the principal species. It
thrives in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand. Prop-
agation, either by spores, or by pegging down, and
subsequently severing from the parent, the little
plants that form at the tips of otherwise barren
fronds.

FAGELIA.

The l«st known member of this genus (ord.
Leguminosa;) is bituminosa, 4', June, purple,
yellow. It is a greenhouse evergreen twiner, and
may be increased by cuttings of the tips beneath a
bell-glass. Soil, fibrous peat and loam, broken to
pieces and the finer particles removed (syn. Glycine
bituminosa).

FAGOPYRUM.

A small but important genus (ord. Polvgonacea;),
as in esculentum, 3', summer, pink, we have the
Buckwheat of commerce. Another fairly well-
known species is cymosum, 2', July. pink. Both
are hardy annuals. Propagation, by seeds. Any
fertile garden soil. Frequently grown under the
name of 1'olygonum.

Kxaijontum (see Ipomtea).
Exntlnmtemon (nee Preston'm).
]',yebrii/lit (nee Sufkratla).
fJi/rca (of Champ, »>-c Turpiiiia).
f'abaifii (fee /fi/t/oj/liyllum)
l-'aliririii (nf A ilaiiMin, see Larandula).
t'lihriria (of T/ninberi/. SIT Ciimiligo).
t'udi/riiiii (of Kndl icher, see darrya).
b'a/jara (see Xanthojcylum).

FAGR1EA.

A genus (ord. Loganiaces;) of evergreen shrubs
and trees. Propagated from cuttings beneath a
bell-glass over bottom heat. Soil, equal parts of
loam and peat.

Principal Species : —
zeylanica, 12', sum., St., wh.

FAGUS (nee also BEECH).

Handsome trees, mostly deciduous, and, with
the exception of a few species from Australia and
New Zealand, all perfectly hardy. The leaves
are usually shining green, but varietal forms with
copper or purple foliage make splendid garden or
park specimens. Beeches succeed where any other

FABIANA IMIIUICATA.

hardy tree thrives. Propagation, by seeds sown
either in autumn or spring; garden varieties by
grafting in spring.

Principal Species and Varieties :
Cumiinghuinii, IJO', ev. ,

grli.
fmuginea inacrophylla,

30' to 100'.
sylv,atica, SO'.
— atropurpurea.

— aureo-variegata.
Other Varieties : -

sylvaticii rristuta.

— cuprea.

• — heterophylla. (syn*.
coraptoniii'folia, iucisa,
laciniitta, and salici-
fulia).

— panda]*.

— purpurea.

- — quercoides (.w///. qin-rri-

folia).
— variegata.
FAIRY RINGS.

Caused by fungi, often Agaricus arvensis. Start-
ing with one sporeling, they spread their mycelium
underground so as to cover a small circle, at the
circumference of which a crop of Toadstools (tlie

fair Maidi of France (see Itanmurulitis
/olius flore plena.

Falkia

( 340 )

Fennel

fruiting stage of the fungus) appears in due course.
Near the circle the grass assumes a deep hue,
produced by the rich nitrogenous food it secures
from the decaying toadstools.

FALKIA.

The only member of note in this genus (ord.
Convolvulaceas) is repens, a greenhouse evergreen
creeper producing pink flowers in July. Soil, loam
and peat. Propagation, by cuttings beneath a bell-
glass in gentle heat.

FALLOWING.

Roughly digging land, and leaving it exposed to
the ameliorating action of the elements.

FALLUGIA.

A small genus (ord. Rosacea1,) of hardy shrubs, of
which paradoxa, 3', July, white, is tin- best known
(gf/ns. Fallugia mexicana and Sieversia paradoxa).
It is a fine plant with erect, branches. Protection
should be afforded in cold localities. Propagation,
by cuttings under hand-lights. Soil, sandy loam.

FARADAYA.

A genus (ord. Verbenaceoe) comprising amongst
the species two white flowered stove climbers
named respectively papuana and splendida, the
latter fragrant. Propagation, by cuttings beneath
a bell-glass over bottom heat ; or by seeds when
procurable. Soil, good loam.

FARAMEA.

The principal member of this genus (ord. Rubia-
cea?) is ocloratissima, (!', May, white, fragrant.
Propagation, by cuttings. Soil, fibrous loam and
peat, with coarse sand.

FARFUGIUM (see SENKCIO).

FARMYARD MANURE (see
MANURE).

FARSETIA.

Little grown, but pretty, hardy, or half-hardy
plants (ord. Crucifera), of herbaceous or sub-
shrubby habit. Any good soil. Propagation, by
seeds sown in a frame in spring ;;tlie sub-shrubby
species also by cuttings under a hand-light. They
resemble the Alyssums, and generally -have hoary
foliage.

Principal Species : —
aegyptia, 1', ,Ty.,wh. (>yn. elypeatu, I.1,', .To., yel.

irgyptiacu). (*i/«. cheifaiithifolia).

suffruticosa, 1', My., vio.

FATSIA.

This genus (ord. Araliaceai) is notable mainly
because it comprises the species japonica, beloved
of room gardeners. It is a half-hardy shrub.
Propagated by cuttings. Any light soil.'1-' In
favoured positions it is quite hardy, and attaint to
a considerable size (syn. Aralia Sieboldii). There
are variegated forms. Economically, the value of

False Acacia, (nee Robinia Pseudacavia).

False Asphodel (see Tojieldia).

False Jiugbane (see Trautvetteria palmata).

False Dittany (see Dietamiau).

False Hellebore (see Veratntm).

Falsi- Mitri'ir/irt (see Tiarel/a cordifolia).

False Jthitbarb (see Tlialictriim f/am,m).

False Sandaln-iwd (see Ximenid americana].

Fan Palm (see CHamaryJH and Corypha,).

Fartiesia (see Acacia).

the genus lies in papyrifera (syn. Aralia papyri-
fera), from whose pith the Chinese manufacture
the celebrated Kice paper.

FEDIA.

An annual (ord. Valeriane.T). Sow in the
border late in April or early in May, or in pots
under glass early in March. It grows in common
soil in a sunny position. Other plants formerly
called Fedia are now called Valerianella, which
see.

Only Species : —

Cornucopia, 9", Jy., red (syn. Valeriana Cornu-
copire).

FEIJOA.

A Brazilian genus (ord. Myrtacese) of shrubby
habit, with leathery, evergreen leaves and la-rg'1
white flowers with prominent red stamens. The,
flowers are succeeded by edible fruit. The only
species is selloviana, a large bush which (lowers in
early summer. It is increased by cuttings or layers,
and rejoices in a mixture of good peat and loam
and an intermediate temperature.

FELICIA.

A genus (ord. Composite) comprising a hardy
annual and several greenhouse evergreens. Prop-
agation, by cuttings under a bell-glass, except
fnigilis. Soil, three parts of loam, one part of
peat, and coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

aiigustifolia, 3', My., HI. fragilis, 2', Jy. to Sep.,

ecliinata, 1', My., yel. aim. or bieu., hlf-hdy.,

reflexa, 3', Je., red, wh. vio. (\'/". tenella).

FENCES.

Preferably constructed of living materials in the
garden, among which Yew, Box, CupresMis, Privet,
Holly, Hawthorn or Quickset, and Berberis may
all be suitably and satisfactorily employed. An
annual clipping will tend to keep these trim, and
also keep the bottom of the fence well clothed.
Iron hurdles, covered with wire netting, to which
creepers may be trained; split Oak and split
Larch ; and walls built of brick burrs, are all suit-
able where a dead fence is desired.

FENDLERA.

A neat but rather tender shrub (ord. Saxifragt •»•)•
Propagated by seeds sown under glass in spring :
by cuttings in summer ; or by layers. Except in
warm localities it should have the protection of a
wall.

Only Species : —

rupicola, 4', sum., wh.

FENNEL.

The Common Fennel (Fceniculum vulgare) grows
3' to 6' high, and if frequent propagation is not
desirable the plant must not be allowed to flower.

Feaberry (see Uooscberry).

Feather Grass (see 8tipa pennata).

Fedia (of Adanson, see Patrinin).

Fedia (of Gartner, sec Valerianella, in part).

Feea (see Trifltontancs spicata).

Fe/mirt (see Sn-ertia).

Fennel Flower (fee Nigella).

l'i ninjreeJi (sec Tir/ro>iclla).

Fenzlia (see (iilia).

Fernery

(341 )

Fernery

Increase is by seeds sown in drills in the autumn.
From Fennel the aromatic and stimulative Oil of
Fennel is expressed.

FERNERY.

The outdoor Fernery is an increasingly popular
feature in British gardens. It should be in a
partially shaded spot, but must not be too thickly

soil. It is a capital plan to plant Scillas, Snow-
drops, Daffodils, and other bulbs between the
Ferns, as these flower while the earth is bare.

The indoor Fernery should be divided into three
sections. (1) For the tropical species and varieties,
which need a temperature of not less than 58° by
night in winter, and 70° to 75° by night, rising to
80" during the day, in summer. (2) The cool

A PKETTY COHXEIl IN A FFKNEUY. FKOM A PHOTOGUAPH SUPPLIED

iiv Mus. HARDSWKLL.

overhung with trees, for although Ferns do not like
direct sunshine, they want plenty of diffused light.
The soil should he light, but rich, and a loam of
medium texture, with plenty of humus, is an ideal
compost. Leaf soil may be added subsequently.
Plenty of water is necessary all through the grow-
ing season, which extends, roughly, from April till
October. A few pieces of sandstone inserted heVe
and there help not only to break up the monotony
of a level surface, but also to add porosity to the

Ferdinands (see Piitlurli,/ •niiini n ml /ul:>t:ania).
ezia (jtf Lindlcy, see Lvchltartia').

Fernery, with a winter minimum temperature of
40°, and kept as coul as possible during the
summer, (ii) A house for Filmy Ferns, which need
the atmosphere to be always nearly at saturation
point. An underground cave is an excellent place
for such a Fernery. (,Sw alxu FERNS.) All Fern-
eries should lie glazed with clear glass, the neces-
sary shading being given by blinds or a stippling
of whitening on the glass. Ferns look more
natural when planted out in nooks and crannies in
the rockwork than they do in pots, but plant- of
delicate constitution are apt, to come off badly in
that they have to be treated the same with regard

Ferns

( 342 )

Ferns

to water as more vigorous subjects. When nicely
arranged, bold masses of tufa, planted with suit-
able species and varieties, have an excellent effect.
(For further particulars, see FERNS.)

FERNS.

A very large and important family of plants
(ord. Filices), containing upwards of 8,500 species,
and many thousands of varieties. They are dis-
tributed all over the globe, although they find
their headquarters in tropical America and tropical
Asia. Even the Arctic zone is not excluded. They
are found at all elevations, from 10,000' to 12,< 00'
in the Tropics, down to the sea level. Many varie-
ties, particularly of hardy Ferns, have originated
under cultivation, and these, with the recognised
species, go to make up an immense variety of
habit, size, shape, cutting of the fronds, and even
colour. Between one and two thousand species are
in general cultivation. On the whole, Ferns thrive
best in spots shaded from direct sunlight. Plenty
of diffused light is a necessity. All F"erns have
their resting periods, when a lower temperature,
and less water at the root, are advisable.

Methods of Culture. — Ferns may be grown in a
variety of ways. Pot culture is at once handy and
reliable, and almost all of the plants do well in
pots if given the requisite temperature. Hanging
baskets are very suitable receptacles for a con-
siderable number, and such baskets are great
acquisitions to any Fernery or conservatory. The
baskets may be of wood spars, strongly jointed
together with wire, or they may be of wire. The
latter are rather more lasting. In any case a
lining of sphagnum moss or, better still, of freshly
cut turves with the grass side turned inwards,
should be given. These baskets should be dipped
regularly ; twice a day is sometimes necessary
during hot weather. A list of Ferns suitable for
baskets is given at the end.

Ferns on Tree Stumps. — Some Ferns take very
kindly to stumps of rough, unbarked wood, and
form artistic additions to the Fern houses. Of the
number may be mentioned the Platyceriums, or
Stag's Horn Ferns, which should be grown in pockets
filled with compost; Blechnum brasiliense, and
several of the Davallias, whose creeping rhizomes
want little, if any, soil, but may simply be packed
in with a little live sphagnum moss. The various
species of Nephrolepis do well in pockets of virgin
cork filled with soil.

Filmy Ferns constitute a distinct section of the
family as far as treatment goes. They need plenty
of water, but resent it overhead ; hence the atmo-
sphere should be kept as nearly as possible at
saturation point. Where they are grown in the
same house as the other Ferns they should be kept
in a case, where they may be planted on portions of
tree stumps, in crevices of rockwork, or on blocks of
coarse, fibrous peat. The genera Todea, Hymeno-
phyllum, and Trichornanes contribute the bulk of
the -Filmy Fer-t^. .The beautiful, but rather in-
tractable, Asplenium marginatirm does well under
similar conditions.

Fern Walls.— A pretty Fern wall may be made
by nailing pockets of virgin cork to the wall, and
fining these with soil for the reception of the
Ferns and Selaginellas. Another method is to
fasten sheets of coarse mesh wire so that they
stand 4" or 5" away from the wall, this space

Fern Rue (see Thalictrum jtavum).

being filled up with soil, and the Ferns planted in
it. Almost all Ferns, save the Gymnogrammes
and the more tender of the Adiantums, are available.
Fern Balls (see DAVALUA).
In Porous Bottles. — The Madeira Fern bottles
are made of very porous material. Before planting
them with Ferns they are covered with a layer of
clay about J" thick, and this is kept in place by
rings of copper wire. Very small sporelings only
are planted, and all the attention that is subse-
quently necessary is to keep the pitchers filled
with water.

Manures. — The idea was at one time very wide-
spread that Ferns did not require stimulants of
any sort. That this is erroneous, however, has
been abundantly proved in practice. Still, Ferns
like their stimulants weaker than do most other
plants, and should only receive them during the
height of the growing season. Withhold all
manures of whatsoever nature in winter. Cow
liquor and soot, diluted until it is light brown
in colour, is the best natural manure.

Insect Pests. — In addition to the troublesome
snowy fly (Aleyrodes vaporariornm) ami thrips,
Ferns have to contend with several inveterate
enemies. Thrips may be got rid of by light fumi-
gations, and snowy fly by careful sponging with
soapy water. Brown and white scale are more
troublesome than either. They have a knack of
getting down amongst the crowns of Adinntums,
and nothing but careful overhauling during the
winter, when most of the fronds have been cut off,
will ensure cleanliness for the ensuing summer.
Sponge and brush must be plied vigorously in the
winter both for scale and mealy bug. Cockroaches
are a great nuisance in many Ferneries, eating off
the young fronds as fast as they appear. The
best method of dealing with them is to lay down
phosphor paste, which they eat greedily. If
weevils and slugs give trouble they must be caught
at night time, for they are both night feeders.

Propagation. — The propagation of Ferns is an
interesting occupation. Two generations go to
make up the life of the Fern, the plant which is
popularly regarded as the Fern being the second
generation. The spores, upon germinating, produce
a flat, cushion-like plate known as the prothallus,
and upon these protlmlli the minute male and
female organs, anthericlia and archegonia, are
borne. The fusion of these two elements gives
rise to the second generation, a much taller and a
more handsome plant. From the foregoing it will
be seen that the hybridising and cross-breeding of
Ferns is a comparatively haphazard proceeding.
Crosses have been effected by immersing the pan
containing the prothalli in tepid water for a few
minutes, the fluid acting as a vehicle for the trans-
mission of the microscopic male bodies.

Ferns for Special Purposes : —

By referring to the various genera, and consult-
ing the lists of principal species in each, it will be
quite easy to pick out a selection for cool and
warm houses, and for the hardy fernery.

For Window*. — Aspidium falcatum, Asplenium
bulbiferum, A. b. fabianum, A. b. minus, Adian-
tum cuneatum, Nephrodium molle, Pteris cretica,
P.«c. cristata, P. c. c. nobilis, P. c. Wimsettii, P.
serrnlata, P. s. cristata, P. tremula, and P. t.
smithiana are all suitable. There are others, but
these are fairly easy to grow.

For Jiasltets. — Adiantum Capillns-Veneris and
varieties, A. caudatum, A. ciliatum, A. Eilgeworthii,

Feronia

( 343 )

Ferula

Aspleninm bulbifcrnm fabianum, A. flaccidum, A.
caurlatuin, A. longissimuru, Davallia bullata, D. b.
Mariesii, D. b. M. cristata, D. elegans, D. fijiensis,
D. hirta cristata, D. mooreana, Gymnogramme
RObizophylla gloriosa superba. Hypolepis distans,
H. tennis, Xephrolepis exaltata, N. davallioides
furcans, N. cordifolia, N. plurna, i'latyceriuni alci-
corne, Polypodimii subaiii-iculatuni, Pteris sermlata
and its crested varieties, and Woodwardia radicans.
There are many more.

FERONIA.

A stove evergreen tree (iml. Rutacese) chiefly
grown for its fruits, known as Elephant Apples

FERTILISATION.

The fusion of the male and female elements pro-
duced by the flowers, hence the result of pollina-
tion, or the deposition of the pollen upon the
stigma of the pistil.

Fertilisation is brought about in a variety of
ways. It may be (1) natural, or (2) artificial.
Artificial pollination becomes necessary with
cultivated plants that are grown out of their
natural season. Thus Peaches under glass which
flower early in the year have to be " brushed " by
hand because the bees that would perform the
work later in the year are still in the enjoyment of
their winter rest. A very light touch is sufficient

I'ltoto : Cuwll d- Company, Ltd.

Ficvs PAHCELLI (see p. 344).

or Wood Apples. Both leaves and flowers are
fragrant. Propagation, by cuttings of firm shoots
in spring. Peaty soil.
Principal Species : —

Klepliantiim. •!()', Ap., wh.

FERRARIA.

Quaint and interesting greenhouse, bulbous
plants (urd. Iridese). Increased by offsets or seeds.
Soil, peat or leaf mould, loam, and sand. In
favoured districts they may be grown out of dours
on a well-drained, sheltered border.

Principal Species :—
'YiT.-i riola, 8" , sum. . gni. .
br. (»,'/«*. antherosa,
viridiflora, and Mora-it
Ferrariola).

uudulnta, 8", spr., gni.,

>>r. (.-•//«. punctate).
WelwitachH, I', Jy., yel.

fbrmi/a (me JUa/ia").

ID transfer the pollen; if the operator is heavy,
handed the tender organs are bruised, decay
ensues, and the prospects of fruit vanish. With
Tomatoes and Vines a slight tap given to the
stems of the plants at midday is usually sufficient.
Melons must be fertilised ; Cucumbers need not.
Unfertilised Cucumbers contain no seeds, but this
is really an advantage for culinary purposes.

FERULA. (GIANT FUNNEL.)

Handsome herbaceous plants (itrd. Umbellifera:)
with graceful foliage. Foetida yields the Asa-
fcetida of commerce, and the juice of the root of
Sumbul is also used medicinally. Propagation, by
division in spring, or by seeds sown, preferably
under glass, at the same season. Any common
soil, preferably rather damp.

VerultujH (see t'crnln).

Festuca

( 344 )

Fig

Principal Species : —

communis,6' to 12',Je.,yel. tingitana, 8', Je. , yel.

glaiioa, 6', Je., yel. Scarcely so hardy as

— candelabrum. the foregoing in some

Other Species :- districts'

Axii.rtida, 7', Jy.. yel. Narthex,8',Jy.,grn., yel.
caspica, 4', Je., yel. (••»/«. Narthex Asa-

Ferulago, 8', Je., yel. foetida).

gigantea, 10', Je., yel. orientalis, 3', Jy., yel.

jffischkeana, Jy., yel., wh. sulcata, a', Jy. , yel.

(«//« fetidissima). Sumbul, 9', Jy., yei. (XI/H.
Linkii, 0', Jy., yel. Euryungiuin Surnbul).

FESTUCA.

This genus (ord. Grarninese) owes its value to
the inclusion of ovina and duriuscula, both of
which are pasture Grasses of excellent quality.
They find a place in every mixture of Grass seeds
for permanent pasture.

FEVERFEW (see CHRYSANTHEMUM [syn.
PYRETHRUM] I'AUTHENIUM).

FEVILLEA.

Evergreen stove climbers (ord. Cucurbitaceas)
that grow luxuriantly. Propagation, by summer
cuttings beneath a bell-glass over bottom heat

Principal Species : —
cordifolia, reddish. Moorei, reddish.

FICUS (see also FIG).

A very large genus (urd. Urticacea?). In habit the
plants show a wonderful diversity. Ficus elastica,
the Indiarubber Plant, needs no recommendation,
anil its variegated form is deserving of increased
popularity. For clothing back walls in greenhouses,
there is hardly anything better than the clinging
and climbing repens (correctly pumila, syn. stipu-
lata), which is also useful for covering rock-
work. The newer radicans variegata is a beautiful
drooping plant eminently suitable for basket
culture in the stove. Though not a particularly
shapely plant, Parcelli, with its showy varie-
gated leafage (sec page 343), makes a fine stove
specimen if carefully treated. Peat, loam, and
sand form a suitable compost. Firm potting
must be insisted upon. Propagation, by layers
or cuttings. The latter may be of firm growths,
allowing the cut ends to dry somewhat before
insertion, or, as in the case of elastica, of
one joint with leaf attached ; a close, moist case
and bottom heat are essential to success. The
last-named species adapts itself to the process
known as " ringing" when tall and bare stemmed ;
this consists in making a ring just below the
lowest leaves and tying damp moss to the part
80 treated until roots are formed, when the head
is removed and potted.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
bengaleusis^BaiiyanTree. pumila, small Ivs., gm.

Carica (nee Fig).
elastica, gm. Ivs.
- variegata, variegated

ITS.
erecta SieboMii, dark grn.

Ivs. and yel., red fruits.
Parcelli, pale grn. Ivs.

variegated with grn.

and creamy wh. (set1 a.

843.)

creeper, nearly hdy.

(*i/»*. repens and stipu-

lata).
— minima, tiny leafage

and close growth (*>/i/.

repens minima),
radicans variegata, silvory

variegation on small Ivs.
repeus («r pumila).
stipulata (SIT pumila) .

t'eeernort (gee Truateum).
Ficnria (see Ranunculus).
Fiddle Wood (see Citharexylum).

Other Species : —

altissima, 12'.
Beujamina, 12'.
capensis, 4'.
heterophylla, 20'.
iufectoria, 18'.
macrocarpa, 24'.

macrophylla, 20'. Aus-
tralian Banyan.

religiosa. Pepul Tree.

Iloxburghii, '!'>'.

Sycamorus, 10' (xiftt. Sy-
camorus Antiquorum).

FIELDIA.

A climbing greenhouse plant (ord, Gesneraoese)
that succeeds in peat, loam, and sand, and is
readily propagated by cuttings of firm side growths,
placed over gentle bottom heat. Australis, (!',
July, white, climbs by means of its stem roots
like the Ivy.

FIG.

Description. — A prominent member of the genus
Ficus, interesting as to its history, and highly
esteemed for its delicious fruit.

Propagation. This maybe effected from seeds,
layers, buds, grafts, and cuttings, the last named
being, perhaps, the best for general purposes.
Pieces of ripe wood, each having two buds, inserted
in January or February in gentle heat, root very
freely. If the plants are to be grown in pots, the
cuttings must be potted singly as soon as they are
well rooted. If only a few plants are required,
cuttings of ripe one year old wood, with a heel,
having all the buds removed from the portion that
is to be inserted within the soil, are the best.
Cuttings should in all cases be taken when the
plants are at rest.

Soil. — Figs will flourish in any fertile soil con-
taining lime, but it must always be made firm, as
looseness tends towards gross, luxuriant growth
that is never fruitful. The Fig likes moisture, but
not stagnation, and the drainage should therefore
be perfect. An ideal soil is calcareous loam, con-
taining flints, and on a chalk subsoil.

Other Cultural Points. — Planting should be done
when the leaves turn yellow in autumn. The Fig
produces two and sometimes three crops in a
season, and the pruning must be done with this
fact always in mind. The first crop is on the
previous year's wood, and the second and third in
the leaf axils of the current season's growth.
Pruning, therefore, should be limited to keeping
the trees within proper space. Prune away all
superfluous wood after the fruit is harvested, and
the cuts will quickly heal over. Summer pruning
consists in the removal of those shoots which shade
their neighbours, as perfect maturation of all parts
is essential to fruit development. Koot pruning
must be resorted to where growth is made at the
expense of fruit. (For particulars, see PRUNING.)
Root restriction is essential. Top-dressing is very
advantageous to fruitful trees, and watering is
necessary in dry weather to assist swelling.

A Selection of Varieties: —

A'arieties of Figs are numerous, and for a
collection several must be grown. If one is
required, Brown Turkey is unquestionably the most
reliable and the easiest to manage. For excellence
of quality Grizzly Bourjasotte can scarcely be
excelled.

For Outdoors:—

Angelique, Brown Turkey, White Marseilles.
for forcing : —

Brown Turkey. St. John's (very early), White
Marseilles, Negro Largo, Nebian (late).

Figure of Eight Moth ( 345 )

Filbert

FIGURE OF EIGHT MOTH.

Although it chiefly attacks Hawthorn and Black-
thorn trees, the caterpillar of this moth (Diloba
coeruleocephala) feeds also upon Apple and Plum
trees. The brown and white insects, which owe
their name, " Figure of Eight," to the arrangement
of .spots upon the wings, are to be seen in Septem-
ber. The eggs hatch in the following April. The
caterpillars arc blue-grey, or blue-green, with a
blue head, and a yellow stripe along the back ;

Avellana (ord. Cupuliferse), which have arisen
chiefly through high cultivation and selection.

Propagation. — Four methods are practised :
Seeds, layers, suckers, and grafting. Of these,
layering and grafting are the best. For layering,
own-root plants should be set apart and cut back
to the ground. The young shoots which grow
should then be layered when 2' or so long. These
when rooted should have all the lower buds
removed, leaving a clear stem of 1^'. Suckers

Plioto : Cassell <t* Company, Ltd.
THE SHOUT-BLOSSOMED FLAME FLOWER. KNIPHOFIA HUEVIFLOIIA (see FLAME FLOWER and KNIPHOFIA).

they are usually fully fed by the end of May. The
best remedy is to spray with Paris Green' sit the
rate of 1 oz. to 20 gallons of water. The moths
may also he easily caught after dark if search be
made for them with a bright light, such as that
from a good cycle lamp.

FILBERT.

Description. A name applied to one of the
several distinct forms of the common Nut. Con-Ins

fig JUaru/old (ner

Pignort (sec I'/iyyelhis cajiituitai

may be taken off in spring, and treated in a similar
way to layers.

Soil. —Good, open loam, naturally well drained,
though heavier or more gravelly soil also suits.

Other Cultural Points. — When forming a planta-
tion, high rather than low ground is to be com-
mended, and if a sheltering belt of trees can be
allowed, so much the better. The plants should
be set out 10' apart ejich wav.

Pruning. — Each plant should form a miniature
tree with abmi'. twelve main branches, the centre
always being kept open. The annual pruning

Finger and Toe

(346)

Florists' Flowers

consists of thinning, shortening branches, and
shaping. This should be done in February and
March when in flower. The male and female
flowers are from separate buds, the former being in
conspicuous yellow catkins, the latter in small
globular buds with a few red styles showing. It
i.- important that the primer should observe these
when at work. An occasional dressing of the
ground with lime or rotten manure will be found
beneficial.

Insects. — The Nut weevil, Curculio Nucum, is
the worst. The females crawl over the bushes in
May and lay an egg in each youn<j[ fruit ; the egg
produces a grub, which feeds on the Nut. Shaking
off and burning infested fruits in July and August
help to check the pest for the succeeding year.

Principal Species : —

Lambert's Filbert (m/iu. White Filbert (SI/HS. Lam-
Filbert Cob, Keu'tish bert's White, 'Wrotham
Cob). Park).
Bed Filbert (XI/HS. Lam-
bert's Bed, Bed Hazel).

FINGER AND TOE (see CABBAGE-
CLUB ROOT).
FIR.

A name popularly applied to numerous Conifers,
species of Abies, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, etc.,
all being included under the title. A list of the
principal Firs, with their correct names, is given
below ; for details see the respective genera named.

Principal Firs :
Douglas Fir (xi'r Pseudo- Scotch Fir (see Pinus

tsuga Douglasii) . sj-lvestris) .

Grecian Silver Fir (see Silver Fir (tee Abies pec-
Abies cephaloiiica). tinata).
Prince Albert's Fir (sec
Tsuga mertensiana).

FISCHERIA.

Tropical evergreen climbers (ord. Asclepiadeai).
They root readily from cuttings, and grow freely in
a mixture of equal parts of sandy peat and fibrous
loam. Flowering is encouraged by stopping the
side shoots when 3' long.

Principal Species : —
acuminata, 12', sum., st., martiana, 12', sum., St.,

wh. wh.

macrocarpa, 15', sum., st,

wh.

FISH MANURE.

Fish in various stages of decomposition applied
to land makes an excellent quick-acting manure
for most kinds of crops. If only slightly decom-
posed it should be dug in and allowed to rot
previous to any planting being done. If the ground
is required for immediate use the fish should first
be mixed with soil and put in a heap to rot for a
few weeks before being applied. Commercial dry
fish manure may be purchased.

FITTONIA.

Ornamental foliaged stove plants (prd. Acnn-
thaceae). They are natives of Peru and are char-

Fimbriaria (see Scliirannia).

Fire Pink (see Sile»e rirginica).

First of May (sec Soaifraga i/ranulata).

Fiteliera (nf S/imiye/. "see 'Si

Fi schera (of Mnrart z, see enp

Fish Jione TJiistle (nee Cnicnt).

Fish Poison Tree (see Piscidia).

Fiiiilia (see Olax).

acterised by short, fleshy, creeping steins and
highly coloured evergreen leaves. The flowers are
of minor importance. Propagation, by cuttings or
division. The soil should be rich, light, and peaty.
Heat and atmospheric moisture, with shade from
bright sun, and plenty of water while growing,
suit them. The colours in the subjoined species
apply to the leaves.

Principal Species : —
argyroneura, 6", grn., Verschaffeltii, 8", gru.,

wh. veins. red veins,

gigaritea, IV, gm., red

veins.

FLAGELLARIA.

A small genus of evergreen climbing plants (ord.
Flagellariea;). The chief species, indica, is prop-
agated by division in spring, grows in fibrous loam
and peat, and requires an intermediate tempera-
ture.

Principal Species : —

gigautea, S', Jo., wh. indica, 7', Je., wh.

FLAME FLOWER.

A genus of beautiful late summer and autumn
flowering plants, long grown under the name of
Tritoma, but now referred to Kniphofia. The
handsome species illustrated on pages 315 and
347, namely breviflora and caulescens, also the
subject of the coloured plate, longicollis, will be
found described under Kuipholia.

FLAVERIA.

Herbaceous perennials (ord. Composite), requir-
ing greenhouse culture. They grow ]i' to 2' high,
and produce heads of yellow flowers. Propaga-
tion, by seeds, or division in spring. Soil, sanely
loam.

Principal Species : —

angustifotia, 1' to 2', Contrayerna, 11', sum.,
sum., yel. yel.

longifolia, 2', sum., yel.

FLINDERSIA.

Evergreen trees (ord. Meliaceai). Propagation,
by seeds or cuttings. Soil, equal parts fibrous
peat and loam. The temperature of a warm green-
house is desirable.

Principal Species :—
australis, .">()' to 60', My., bennettiaua, ,r)0'.

wh. (xyit. Steviapedata).

FLORESTINA.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Composite).
The leaves are covered with white, silky hairs.
Propagation, by seeds sown in a cold frame in
March, the seedlings being transferred to the
garden at the end of April.

Principal Species : —
pedata, 1' to 2', Jy., wh. tripteris, H', Jy., wh.

FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

It is the especial duty of the florist to improve
upon existing varieties of flowers by raising new

fire Finyen (see fii/ngoniiim auritum).

Flame Lily (sec Zcphyranthes).

Flamingn Flim-er (see Antlturium scherzerianum).

flat Pea (see Platylobiuni).

f lax (fee Liniim).

Flax Lily (sec Pliormiuai').

Fleabane, (see C'onyzti and Eriyeron).

FluerJtea (of Sprengel, see Adenopfiora~).

Florida Ribbon Fern (see Vittaria lineata).

Flower

( 347

Flower

ones, as well as by propagating existing varieties.
Hence many of the popular races of garden plants,
such as Chrysanthemums, Carnations, Auriculas,
iincl Tuberous Begonias, which have been brought
into existence by hybridisation, cross fertilisation,
and careful selection of the most perfect forms,
combined with high-class cultivation, are termed
" fl >rists'." To perpetuate florists' varieties, cut-
tings, layers, offsets, or grafts have to be depended
upon. Seedlings, except in a few cases, have a
tendency to run wild, even when they are the
result of careful artificial pollination. New varieties

botanist regards these as the floral envelopes,
merely developed for the service of the flower
proper, viz. the organs of reproduction. A perfect
flower consists of the calyx (sepals), which is
usually green, and forms the outermost series; the
corolla (petals), which is the showy portion, is of
many colours, developed to attract insects, which
shall assist in fertilisation ; the stamens, which
are the male organs ; and the pistil, with the ovary,
which constitute the female element. Many
flowers, termed by the botanist "Incomplete,"
are always lacking in one or both of the floral

THE STEMMED FLAME FLOWER, KNII'UOFIA CAULESCENS (see FLAUK FLOWEH aiul KNIPHOFIA).

are, however, raised from seed, and occasion-
ally from " sports," as in the case of the Chrys-
anthemum. The raising of new varieties from
seed is an uncertain operation ; not more than
1 per cent, of the seedlings is worth keeping as
a rule.

In addition to the subjects that have been
already mentioned, Amaryllises (Hippeastrurns),
Roses, Gladioli, Fuchsias, Dahlias, Hyacinths,
Polyanthuses, Show and Kegal Pelargoniums.
Phloxes. Zonal Pelargoniums ("Geraniums"), and
Tulips, fall into the category of "florists' flowers,"
and there are many others.

FLOWER.

A collection of modified leaves, including the
essential orpins of reproduction. The botanies'
idea of a flower does not coincide with the popular
acceptance of the term. In the latter ease the
showv parts of the blossom — the calyx and cunilla
— are' looked upon as the flower itself, wheiea- the

envelopes. Others, although they belong by
affinity to Natural Orders of "Complete" flowers,
have only one series of floral envelopes. Thus in
Caltha, the Marsh Marigold ; Eranthis, the Winter
Aconite ; and Clematis, the corolla is wanting, and
the calyx forms the showy part of the flower. In
Helleborus, the Christmas and Lenten Roses, the
same thing occurs, but the petals are represented
by a ring of honey glands or nectaries. In Bou^ain-
villea, and in the popular Poinsettia, the ring of
protective "bracts" forms the showy part of the
inflorescence, and, in Bougainvillea especially, is
commonly regarded ;is the true flower.

The botanist holds that all the component parts
of the flower have arisen through the modification
of the ordinary foliage leaves. That this is correct
frequently receives additional proof by fortuitous
examples of (lower leaves putting on the distinc-
tive forms and green colouring of foliage leave*,
and vice rend. Green (lowers are not uncommon
— the green Rose and the green Chrysanthemum

Flower Garden

( 348 )

Forcing

are well-known examples— but they are really
reversions to an ancestral form. There was a time
when all flowers were green. The development of
c.iilour in the flower is a big and interesting subject.
From Nature's standpoint it is simply a means
to an end, and the end is fertilisation. Flowers
fertilised by insects have conspicuous colouring.

FLOWER GARDEN.

The position chosen for the flower garden should
be within easy access of the dwelling house, should
have either a south, south-west, or west aspect,
and should be sheltered as much as possible from
cold north or easterly winds. Good drainage is
Essential to the successful cultivation of flowers,
therefore when this is not accomplished naturally
•earthenware drains should be laid some 3' to 4'
below the surface, and allowed to fall towards a
•ditch or trap at the lowest part of the garden.
The garden should, as a general rule, be fairly
level, with a slight slope, if possible, to the sun.
Raised banks, where such do not exist naturally,
should be added in suitable positions. A goodly
proportion of lawn should be allotted to every
flower garden,' as nothing enhances the floral
display so much. Wherever possible, beds should
be constructed either around the edges of lawns
or cut out on their surface, and if they are some-
what raised above the surrounding level the
appearance of their occupants will be improved.
An herbaceous border, wherein may be grown a
great variety of beautiful hardy perennial plants,
supplemented in their season by hardy and half-
hardy annuals aud biennials, should be formed.

Bedding falls naturally into three groups, viz.
spring bedding, when the display is obtained
principally from bulbous plants, such as Hyacinths,
Tulips, and Narcissi, carpeted with low-growing
Arabises, Alyssums, Thymes, and Sedums, together
with Polyanthuses, Primroses, Double Daisies,
Forget-me-nots, and Wallflowers ; summer bedding,
when almost all the ordinary occupants of our
greenhouses and stoves may be utilised, together
with "Geraniums," Fuchsias, Calceolarias, To-
baccos, Lobelias, Carnations, Petunias, Stocks,
Asters, and the thousand and one plants then
readily obtainable ; and finally, the all too little
practised winter bedding, when dwarf-growing
evergreen shrubs and Conifers, Heaths, Thymes,
Sedums, Veronicas, etc., may be freely employed
to give the beds a bright appearance during
the dullest, dreariest months of the year.

Vases placed on either side of a flight of steps,
at ends of walks, or around the dwelling house,
will admit of the display of flowers and trailing
plants. It should always be remembered, as a
golden rule of gardening, that the early removal of
decaying flowers, with the consequent prevention
of seed formation, tends to prolong the blooming.

FLOWER POTS.

Flower pots are generally sold by what is known
as the " cast," which was the old name given to the
number of pots evolved from a given quantity of
clay, whether that number were GO to 100, or
resolved into a single giant pot termed a No. 1.

Floivervng Ash (gee Fraxinus Ornv*).
Flower of the H'isf W'.nd (see Ksplnjrantli.es).
Flower of Tigris (see Tigridia Pammia).
1? loitering liox (see Vaccinium Vitis Idcra).
Flojvering Currant (see Ribes san/jmnenm).
flowering 2lush (see Butomm wmbellatus).

The following table shows the numbers of pots

to a cast, and also their diameters, depths, and

names : —

Top Diameter,
inside

Depth,
inside

No. to Cast.

Name

measure inent.

measiimnnit.

20 Inches.

18 Inches.

1

Ones.

18

1* „

2

Twos.

15

13 „

4

Fours.

13

12

6

Sixes.

12

11

8

Eights.

114

10

12

Twelves.

9S

9 ,

16

Sixteens.

8.;

8 ,

24

Twenty-fours.

6"

G

32

Thirty-twos.

4'.
3"

fi .

3;V ,

48
60

Forty-eights.

Sixties.

n

^ ,

80

Thumbs.

A smaller size than the last, called " Thimbles,"
and an intermediate size between 4«'s ami :'•-'>,
called 40's, are also extensively used, the latter
being a useful size for plants employed to fill vases
in dwelling rooms.

Pots deeper in proportion to their width are
made for bulbous plants, such as Liliums, which
are better suited by this style of pot. Others are
perforated at the sides for growing Orchids and
epiphytal plants generally, while double pots are
occasionally met with whose mission is to protect
tender roots from undue scorching by summer's sun,
or freezing by winter's cold.

FLUES.

Prior to the introduction of hot water for heating
purposes, flues of brick were generally employed for
furnishing the necessary warmth to stoves and green-
houses. A few are still to be met with, even in
good gardens, yet they have so generally fallen
into disuse as to call for no special mention at the
present day.

Where the heat from a kitchen stove is utilised
for warming a small glasshouse, it may be con-
veniently conducted through a pipe of earthenware
such as is used for drainage purposes, taking care
that the joints are well made.

Flues in an ordinary greenhouse stove or boiler
should be regularly cleansed of soot or dust with a
wire flue brush and an iron hoe attached to a
flexible handle, using pieces of petroleum-soaked
paper to burn in the flues for the purpose of testing
their cleanliness.

FONTANESIA.

Hardy, bushy shrubs (ord. Oleacese) with small,
sub-evergreen, Privet-like leaves. Propagation, by
cuttings of half-ripe shoots inserted in sandy soil
in a close case during July and August. Soil, light
sandy loam.

Principal Species : —
Fortuuei, 6' to 8', Jy., philliraeoides, 6' to8',,Ty.,

yel., wh. yel., wh.

— longifolia.

FORCING.

A term applied when artificial means are resorted
to for the production of flowers, fruits, or vegetables

Flilggea (see Opliiopoyon).

Fly (see Aphides).

Fly Orchis (see Ophrys~).

Flymort (see Mywnthus).

Foam Flower (see Tiarella cordifolia).

Fcetataxus (see Torreya).

Foreright Shoots

( 349 )

Foxglove

out of their proper seasons. Various means arc
adopted to gain this end, from the humble bucket,
packed round with straw, which the cottager places
over his Rhubarb, to the large houses specially
fitted up with elaborate systems of hot-water pipes.
Forcing is also done on a large scale in some places
with the aid of fermenting material, and for some
things this is found preferable to hot water. For
very early forcing, brick pits are advantageous.
These pits, if tilled with fermenting material, allow
of the pots being plunged, and a vigorous, moist
heat is provided for the routs. For some things,
sucli as Rhubarb, Lilac, and Lily of the Valley, it is
absolutely necessary to keep the houses quite dark;
in the first case until the produce is fit to gather, in
the other cases until the flowers open. A forcing
house should never be allowed to become drv ; when
syringing cannot be done, paths, stages, etc., must
always be kept wet. In all cases it is better to
commence forcing in a low temperature and gradu-
ally rise to the maximum. It is always advisable
to specially prepare plants that are to be forced.
Shrubs for spring forcing should always be potted
several months previously. Subjects suitable for
forcing include most fruits, early vegetables, flower-
ing shrubs, bulbs, Lily of the Valley, etc. .Many
of these are dealt with separately under their
respective heads.

FORERIGHT SHOOTS.

A term applied to shouts on trained trees that
are produced from the front of the branches at
right angles with the wall. As they cannot be laid
in against the wall or other support satisfactorily
they should be shortened to form fruiting spurs.

FORGET-ME-NOT.

A name popular] v used for various species of
Myosotis, a genus of Boraginere. The term Antarctic
Forget-me-not is used for Myosotidium nobile, the
flowers of which, though larger, resemble those <>!
the common Forget-me-not. Several Forget-me-
nots are included among our British wild plants.
The cultivated species are all popular garden plants.
The flowers are borne in late spring and early
summer, and are blue, white, or pink in colour.
All may be grown from seeds sown out of doors on
a sunny border in March or April; the perennial
ones may also be increased by dividing the roots
after flowering. They like a good, loamy soil, but
grow in almost any sort. (For list of species, gee
MYOSOTIS.)

FORK.

Digging forks are usually made with four strong
steel prongs tapering to a point. Another useful
implement is of the same character, but the tines
are flat and have rather less space between them.
These forks are capital tools for lifting Potatoes.
Dung forks are of a lighter make than the above,
and have long, thin, steel prongs. They are
specially designed for loading and removing farm-
yard manure and straw litter. Small hand forks
are useful little implements in the garden. They
have three prongs and are suitable for use in trans-
planting. The agricultural hay fork, with two
curved tines and long handle, lias its use in the
garden for removing and shaking out long litter
used in the make-up of hotbeds.

i'nrhrsiii (sir / 'I/ITH/II/U).

J-'iireii/n Vwlet {see Sr/nreiggeria).

FORRESTIA.

Tropical, Tradescantia-like plants (arii. Com-
melinacese). They usually have more or less oval-
shaped leaves, prominently veined and very hairy.
Cuttings root readily if inserted in light soil in an
open border. Soil, equal parts of peat and loam,
with a good dash of sand.

Principal Species : —
glahratu, '2', sum., red. Hookeri, 3', sum., pur.

FORSYTHIA. (GOLDEN BELL.)

Charming shrubs (nrtl. Oleacefe) of deciduous
habit, which should be grown in every garden for
their pretty flowers in March, April, and May.
Propagation, by layers, or by cuttings in summer
planted under a hand-light. Any common soil.
The Forsythias look charming among other
deciduous shrubs or trees in spring, and are also
good wall plants, especially in the colder
districts. They should not be trained too stiffly,
but allowed to hang from the wall.

Principal Species and Hybrid : —
intermedia, 8' , Ap., yel. suspcusa, \'i', Ap., yel. ;

hybrid (suspeusa X vars., Fortuuei anil

viridissima). Sieboldii.

viridisaima. 8', Ap. , yel.

FOTHERGILLA.

A pretty, deciduous hardy shrub (ord. Hamamel-
idese) with fragrant flowers. It is a good plant
for the shrubbery, and may be increased by seeds
sown in peaty soil in the border or in pans in
spring, or by layers. It likes a sandy peat soil
of a moist character.

Principal Species :—

Garden!, 6', Ap., My., \vh. (syn. alnifolia). Acuta,
major, obtusa, and serotina are vars. of this.

FOUNTAINS.

As a rule, the simpler a fountain is the better it
looks in a garden. Arrangements of rocks, with
one or more strong waterspouts, are more suitable
than ornate stone basins and statues such as are
seen in town squares. Simple arrangements in the
midst of a pool or lake in which Water Lilies and
other aquatics thrive are often very effective. If a
formal fountain is desired it should be placed in a
formal part of the garden. When arranging for
a fountain care should be taken to find out whether
a continuous supply of water can be obtained
throughout the driest weather, for if a fountain
has to stop playing it becomes an eyesore.

FOXGLOVE.

The common Foxglove is Digitalis purpurea, a
plant which has attached to it some interesting
legends and bits of folk-lore, but the name has
become applied to all the species of Digitalis
now in gardens. It is said to be derived from the
Anglo-Sajton " Fnxcs-fllof," from some connection
with the Fox, and the resemblance of the flower to
the finger of a glove. As a garden plant the Fox-
glove is of much value, the large-flowered and
spotted forms being particularly effective. D. pur-
purea is a biennial, but some of the others are
perennial. (See DIGITALIS.)

l-'n mi it'll (see Ant).

l-'iiri'i'stiii (af Jlatinetqtte, tee Ceanatlnit).

l-'ursi/llii/i (/if Walter, see l>i'riiiiinri,i ).
Fdiin/niit I'linit (sir .1 /in/ mat bus mlii-i/iiliut).
Fuuri-rni/ii (ace l''n rrnrn).

Kucllil in' (sir .li'iillitilill \ lit fin fill).

Foxtail J'inc (itce Pinus balfouriana).

Fragaria

( 350)

Frames

FRAGARIA.

Hardy, evergreen herbs (prd. Rosacete), mostly
cultivated for the sake of their fruit ; but indica
and chiloensis variegata are grown as rockery
plants, while vesca monophylla and collina are
planted as curiosities. Propagation, by seeds to
obtain new and improved varieties, and in the case

piua). Alpine Straw- virginiana, 8", My., Je.,

berry. wh.
Other Species :—

calif'jruica, <>", My., Je., collina, fi", My., Je.

wli. (XI/H. hieida). (Ureen Pine).

FRAMES.

Frames of every conceivable shape and size may

I'lwlu: Cussell it Co., Ltd.

FKAXINUS OKNUS (see p. 351).

of the Alpines, which do not produce runners ; in
all other cases by runners. Any ordinary garden
soil will suit them. (See also STKAWBEBHY )

Principal Species and Varieties :—
chiloensis, G" to 12", My., vesca, 3" to 6", My., Je.

wh. wh.

— variegata, variegated. — monophylla, 3" to 6",
elatior, 6", My., Sep., wh. wh. (»//». monophylla)!

indica, 4", My., Jy., yel. — semperflorens (syn. al-

be found in gardens, and though certain designs
have their special uses, many of them are faulty in
various respects. The two-light frame is a very
convenient form, because it can readily be moved
about and placed on prepared beds of fermenting
manure, leaves, brewers' hops, etc., for forcing pur-
poses. The two sashes should each be !>' long by 4'
wide, and have the frame of wood 2" thick, neatly
dovetailed, one piece into the other, at the corners ;

Franeoa

( 351

Freesia

also furnished with an iron handle across the top
end, and braced together by a bar of iron across the
middle of tlie lower side to strengthen the fabric.
The longitudinal bars carrying the glass should be
as thin as possible compatible with strength and
durability, so as not to obstruct the light. The
wood of the four sides of the frame should be \\"
to Ik" thick, fitted closely together to exclude air,
and strengthened at the angles inside with upright
bars of wood. A wooden bearer to carry the lights
should be fitted down the middle of the frame,
with a rib of wood along the middle of it to keep
the sashes in place. A ilange of wood should be
nailed along the outside of the two sides for the
same purpose, and the sashes should fit in their
places exactly. The frame may be 18" deep at the
back and 13" to II" in front, or any other depth in
that proportion. This will suffice to carry off rain
or melting snow in winter. A three-light frame
ha.- simply an additional width for another sash,
but it is less convenient for moving about. The
depth of frames should never he greater than is
sullirient to hold the necessary soil and ac-
commodate the plants, so that the latter may
always be close to the glass to prevent their being
drawn.

FRANCO A.

Handsome herbaceous perennials (ord. Snxi-
fragea;), which are only hardy in warm localities
and in sheltered positions, unless covered with a
few inches of litter. They may, however, be
grown in pots and planted out in summer. The
beautiful " Bridal Wreath " — ramosa — is charming
when planted out in rockwork in large conserva-
tories. The hardiest is sonchifolia. Propagation,
by division of the plants in spring, or by seeds
sown in slight heat in spring, and the plants-
hardened off if for outdoor work. A rather dry,
sandy soil suits

Principal Species : —
appendiculatii, '1\' , Jy., sonchifolia, 2.J-', Jy., pur.

pur. C-\y. rupestris).

ramosa, 2V, Jy., wh.

FRANKENIA. (SEA HKATH.)

Small plants (<>rd. Frankeniaceas) of little garden
value, but interesting to some Alpine growers.
They grow in sandy loam and peat, and are in-
creased by division, seeds, or cuttings.

Principal Species : —
ericifolia, 3", Jy., hlf- intermedia, Nothria,

Inly., red. etc.).

hirsuta, 3", Jy., pale bl., la>vis, !)", Jy.,pk.

red (.lynx. hispida, nodittora, 3", Je., pk.

FRANSERIA.

Hardy ami half-hardy annual or perennial herbs
(iird. Composite). Artemisiodes, 5' to (>', July, is
the only species of note ; it does best when treated
as a half-hardy biennial, can be easily raised from
seeds, and prefers a light, loamy soil.

FRASERA.

A small genus of North American herbs (ord.
Oeotlaneea). A wet position is sometimes pre-
scribed for carolinensis, but it grows naturally in
dry soil. Propagation, by seeds sown in spring.

Principal Species : —

carolinensis, 3', Je., yel., wh., br. dots.

Franciscea (sec Urunfelsia).
i'rancisfia (<M llnririiiia).
Frankinccmc (sec Pimix Tieda).

FRAXINUS. (ASH.)

Ornamental, hardy, deciduous trees, of much
beauty, but to be avoided in small gardens, where
their roots rob the scil and the branches over^
shadow other plants. Propagation, by grafting in
the various forms, and by seeds for the species.
The seeds are gathered in October, mixed with
sand, and laid in a pit or heap until February,
when they are sown in beds. The seedlings are
transplanted when about two years old to a
nursery bed, there to remain till large enough to
be planted permanently. Any good soil will do.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

americana, White Ash, gato,crispa. foliis argen-

40', Ap., My., wh. teis, heterophylla, h.

(xyns. acuminata, alba, variegata, h. laciniata,

curvidens, glauca, etc.). lutea, monstrosa, myr-

This has several vars., tifolia, peudula, Weut-

latifolia, microcarpa, worthii, scolopeudri-

aucubicfolia, and foliis folia, and spectabilis

argenteis variegatis are good,

being the most desir- Oruus, Manna or Flowt-r-

able. ing Ash, 30', My., grn.,

excelsior, Common Ash, wh. (syns. pam'culata,

30' to 80', Mch., Ap., europtea, etc.). (See p.

yel., grn. There are 3.30.) A fine species,

many vars. ; aucubav good vars. being an-

folia,amart8sima,aurea, gustifolia, latifolia, and

a.pendula.cortice varie- variegata.

Other Species, Hybrid, and Varieties :—

angustifolia, My., grh., nigra, 30', My. (xyn.

wh. (syns. rostrata, sambucifolia).

salicifolia, etc.). parvifolia, 20', My. ; var.

anoniala, 5'. pendula.

caroliniana, 30', Je. (sipis, peunsylvanica, 20', My. ;

americana of Marsh, vars., foliis argenteis,

nigrescens, etc.). margiuatis, and lauceo-

cliinensis, 5'. lata.

expansa, 30', My., hybrid quadrangulata, 30', My.

(americana X viridis).

FREESIA.

Description. — Beautiful greenhouse or con-
servatory bulbous plants (ord. Irideas), which are
also of much value for growing in windows. They
have beautiful, fragrant flowers, and are of re-
markably easy cultivation. In a few gardens, even
in the north, they are grown very successfully in
cold frames, planted out, and with only a mat over
them in severe frosts. The cut flowers last long in
water.

Propagation. — By offsets, removed when the
plants are at rest, or by seeds, sown under glass
a> soon as ripe.

Soil. — Two parts of loam, and one part each of
leaf soil and well-decayed cow manure.

Other Cultural Points. — The bulbs may be potted
in successive batches from August onwards, and
plunged until growth begins, when they may be
introduced into gentle heat, plentiful supplies of
water being given at this time. Failures with
Freesias frequently occur from the want of water.
Air should also be freely given in favourable
weather. Old bulbs ought to be shaken out of the
soil in August and repotted, the smaller bulbs
being planted separately to increase in size.
Seedlings may be pricked out into pots or pans
when large enough, and grown on in frames where
frost is excluded. It cannot be too strongly
pointed out that the Freesia dislikes a very high
temperature when in growth, though it should be
roasted in the sun when it has completed growth
after flowering.

Premontia

Principal Species and Varieties : —

( 352)

Fridericia

Leichtlini, 1', yel., or
cream and or. The
viir. major has larger
flowers. Kelt' Hand-
List regards this as a
var. of ref racta".

refracta, 1', My., wh., or.,
occasionally with vio.
lines (syas. Gladiolus
refractus and Tritouia
refracta).

wh.

— alba, pure
figure).

— odorata, yel. ,
broader than type.

xunthospilii. This differs
little from F. refracta
alba («//«. Gladiolus xau-
thospilus). Keic Ilund-
!.;*/ regards this as a
var. of refracta.

FREYCINETIA.

Evergreen stove or greenhouse climbers (ord.
Pandancse), grown, like Pandanuses, solely for the
sake of their foliage. Propagation, by offsets.
Sandy loam suits. They are most useful for
covering the pillars of glasshouses, and do best
when the pillars are covered with fibrous peat.

Principal Species : —

iingiistifolia, st., gru. baueriana, grh., grn.

Banksii, grh., grn. insignia, st., gru.

I'lwto : Miss L, Kivg-Ilarma.it.

FllEESIA KF.FKACTA ALli

FREMONTIA.

A hardy or half-hardy shrub (ord. Sterciiliacea?),
with showy yellow flowers. Propagation, by
cutl ings in sandy soil under a bell-glass in spring.
Sandy loam, with a little peat or leaf soil, suits.
In the open air it succeeds best in the more
favoured parts of the south and west coasts of
Britain.

Only Species :—

californica, 10' to 15', Ap., My., yel.

FRIDERICIA.

A small genus of evergreen, stove, climbing
shrubs (ord. Bignoniacese) scarcely differing from

French Bean (see Bean).
French Marigold (see Mariyold).
French Willote (see fallx triandra).
Frcnella (see Callitrit).
Friedrielisthalia (sec Trichot/esma).
Frinr/e Lily (sen Thi/sanotug).
Fringed Twlet (see Thysamitits).

Fritillaria

(353 )

Prog-Hopper

Higni>nia. Propagation, by cuttings of half-
matured shoots in summer in sandy loam and peat
in a propagating case. Loam and peat in equal
parts suit.

Principal Species : —

Uuilielma, St., yel.

FRITILLARIA. (SNAKE'S HEAD LILY.
GUINEA HEN FLOWED. )

Description. — Singular, and often effective,
garden flowers («•/•</. LiliaceaV), of considerable
value for borders or rock gardens. The most
useful for ordinary garden purposes are the varie-
ties of Imperialis (Crown Imperials), which are of
stately habit, and make a good display in the
borders in May. Many of the others are seen to
be of much beauty if they are examined carefully.
Die inside of the segments being usually more
beautiful than the outside. A number are prettily
oliec|uered in the same way as the common Snake's
Head Lily. Meleagris. There are so many species
that some inu.-t be omitted from the annexed list.

Propagation. — By offsets, removed when the
bulbs are at rest, or by seeds sown in pans in a
frame when ripe, or in spring. Many good varie-
ties may be raised in this manner.

Soil. — Rich and well drained for the greater
number of the species, but Meleagris naturally
grows in wet meadows, although it can be culti-
vated in a dry soil.

Other Cultural Points. — The Crown Imperials
(Imperialis) like good treatment, and are all the
better for a top-dressing of manure in winter. The
other species do best in the rock garden, but should
be protected from slugs, which are very fond of
some species.

Principal Species and Varieties :-
annena, <i". Ap.. pur. A t'aseiation : Sulphurine,

pretty little plant, of sulphur yel., etc.

which then; are red and lutea, 9", My., yel.

greenish yel. vars.

aurea, 8', My., yel.

Imperial!*, 4'. Ap., My.,
yel. The favourite
< 'rmvn Imperial. There
are several vars. , includ-
ing aurea - margin at a.
Ivs margined yel, ;
argentea - margiuata,
Ivs. margined wh. ;
Aurora, red ; lutea,
bright yel. ; Crown -
upou - Crown, having
two tiers of flowers ;
i libra, dark red ;
Slag/ward, with sword-
like steins caused by

Other Species :
acmopetala, U', Ap.,

pur., grn.
1! iriiiiiiilleri, !>", My.,

yel.
canaliculata, U', Mch.,

pur.

citrinn, 9", Ap., My., grn.
dasyphylla, (i ', Ap., pur.,

vel.
delphinensis (see tuba'-

formis).
Ehrhartii, 6", My., pur.,

yel. (*//». mac-Tanda).
Hookeri (now Lilium

Hookeri).

Meleagris, 1', Ap., pur.
The common Snake's
Head Lily (*« figure).
There are named vars. ,
including some with
wU and double flowers;
The broad -leaved vars.

are hands e. All are

prettily Chequered.

pallidirlora, 9 ', Ap., pale

yel.

pudica, 6", My., yel.

pyrenaica, U', Je., pur.
(>•//». nigra^.

reciirra, 6" to 18", My.,
sc., yel. One of the
most beautiful, but
rather difficult to estab-
lish.

lauceolata, 1.',', My., pur.
latifolia. 1'. My., red.
— kotselivaua.
liliaeea, (I". My., wh.
lusitanica, 1 ',My.,br..pur.
maerophyllii (now Lilium

roseum).
meleagroides, 1', My.,

pur. (.«//». minor),
messaiiensis, 1', My. .pur.,

br.
Moggridgei (••/« tuba'-

formis).
oxypetala of Hooker is

Stracheyi.

— (Koyle), 14', Je., pur.
(K//H. Lilium oxypetal-
ura).

persica, 2', My., vio., br.

— minor.

poutica, 6', My., br. , grn.
ruthenica, 1', My., pur.
Sewerzowii, IV, pur.,
grn. , yel.

— bicolor, olive grn., br.
sieheana, IV, My., red,

gm.
Stracheyi, 9", My., pur.

of

(*•//''. oxypetala
Hooker) .

tenella, 1', My., pur.

tuba;formis, 9 ', Je.,pur.,
yel. (nyii. derphineusis).
Vars. Burneti, br., wh.
(syii. F. Burneti); Mog-
gridgei, yel., br. («y«.
F. Moggridgei).

tulipifolia, 1 ' ,My . ,pur. ,br.

Walujewi, I', My., leaden
br., wh.

Whittalli, 1', Ap., pur.,br.

FKITILLAKIA MELEAOUIS.

FRCELICHIA.

Annual 'or perennial stove herbs (tird. Amaranta-
cea;). Propagation, by seeds in heat during the
early part of the year. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and
sand.

Principal Species : —

FROG-HOPPER.

A four-winged insect (i>rd. Homoptera) allied to
the Aphides and Jumping Plant Lice, but belonging
to a different section. It is Aphrophora >|uimaria,
known under various other names, including such
popular ones as Cuckoo Spit Kly and Froth Fly.
Tin' insect in all stages lives upon Chrysanthe-
mums. Carnations, and other garden plants, which
ir punctures, and of which it sucks the juice with
its proboscis. The larvai may be dcstroye I by

I-'ritilla-rij (sets Fritillaria).
Frivaldia (see Micrmjlvssa').

Frost

( 354 )

Fuchsia

sweeping away the froth with a light broom ; also
by s\rint,'ing with strong soapsuds. Valuable
plants may be cleared by hand-picking.

FROST.

When the temperature sinks to 32° F. (the
freezing point of water), or below that, it is said
to be 'freezing. Many plants are unable to resist
a temperature at freezing point for any length
of time, and are said to be tender. , Others can
resist a varying degree of frost according to
their kind, and are said to be hardy in certain
latitudes and at, certain altitudes. Those that
are injured or killed by frost suffer from the
rupturing , of their tissues by the expansion of
the same. The gardener can counteract the
influence of this to a considerable extent by
getting up before sunrise and syringing the affected
plants with water a few degrees above freezing
point ;. they, then get gradually thawed before the
sun, strikes them while in the , frozen condition.
Plants . should not be wetted overnight intention-
ally, as that renders them more liable to injury
than if dry. The same holds good with regard to
plants under glass, particularly in unheated struc-
tures. The seeds of Hollies, Hawthorn, Roses,
etc.., "germinate .more freely . after having been
frozen ; and Lily of the Valley , crowns force
more readily after having : been subjected to
frost or retarded in a refrigerator. Freezing acts
beneficially upon soils . by disintegrating and pul-
verising them, thereby , releasing plant food or
rendering it soluble.

FRUIT.

Included under the general title " fruit " . are
kinds, requiring glass structures and artificial heat
to bring them . to perfection, as well as others
cultivated in the open air. Full particulars of the
treatment required by all fruits grown in gardens
are given under their respective name?.

The Arrangement of Fruit Gardens.— In most
private establishments the object is to obtain
variety,, with economy in space. With this end in
view, hardy fruits are largely grown in kitchen
gardens, where the arrangement must be attended
with judgment. Bush and pyramid trees of
Apples, Pears, Plums, and Cherries are planted in
borders running parallel with the walks, espaliers
also being suitable for such positions. Stocks of a
dwarfing character should be employed, and due
attention paid to the principles of pruning. Bush
fruits, such as Currants and Gooseberries, are best
provided with a quarter to themselves, as the fruit,
can be more readily protected from birds. Rasp-
berries may be grown in clumps or in rows, with
the canes supported by a wire trellis. Adequate
room should be reserved for Strawberry beds, and
advantage taken of all wall space Well trained
trees of the best varieties should be .selected for
growing on walls. In addition to garden fruit, o
well arranged orchard, in which standard trees are
grown, is a useful adjunct to an establishment.

Successions of Fruits. — Even with fruits possess-
ing no keeping properties there are early, succes-
sion, and late varieties, and when planting this
fact should be borne in mind, in order that the
season of production may be as long as possible.

froff Orchis (tee Ifabeiiafia riridis).
Frolovia (*ee Saustnrea).
frost Grape (nee Vitis n

In the case of fruits amenable to storage, such as
Apples and Pears, the question is one of great
importance, as by careful selection good fruit may
be had nearly all the year round. Selections of
varieties of Apples and Pears for early and late use
are given under their respective headings.

Storing. — In the absence of better facilities, late
keeping Apples and Pears may be successfully
stored in dry cellars, and spare rooms, where an
average temperature of from 40° to 4:"° can be
maintained. A properly erected fruit room is
preferable, and an easterly or north-easterly site is

Pltota : Casxell ((- Coinpitnu, Ltd.

FUCHSIA stTERHA (_syn. TIIIVHYLLA SITEUUA,
see p. 355).

the best to select for it. The structure may either
be a lean-to or a span roof, according to position.
Fourteen-inch walls are the best, and these should
be hollow above the ground line. Means of ventila-
tion should be provided at the ridge, and in case of
need it is advisable to have a hot-water pipe, or
other means of heating, in the house. Tiers of
shelves, the latter being formed of broad laths,
should be arranged round the sides for the arroni-
modation of the fruit. A simpler span-roofed
structure may be built of wood, with the sides and
roof thatched with straw. The fruit should be
placed carefully on the shelves in single layers,
and each variety labelled.

FUCHSIA.

Description. — Deciduous flowering plants (on!.
OnagTRriete). The r-pi'cirs. which vary in diameter
and mostly come from South America, are worthy
of more general culture. A few are quite hardy
others nearly so, and they may be seen growing

Fuchsia

( 355 )

Fuchsia

freely near t ho sea coast, where they form beautiful
objects in gardens.

Propagation. — l?y seeds ami cuttings. The
former liiethoil is usually employed for raising new
varieties, ami seeds are sown in the spring. Cut-
tings are best struck in spring. 'When plants that
have rested through the winter show signs of
movement in February, a little heat will stimulate
them into growth. In March, when the young
shoots are about 2" long, they should be taken off
close to the old wood, and, after the removal o£

side shoots, where necessary tltotensiire a pyramidal
form. Fine specimens are obtained by striking
cuttings in September, growing the plants gently
through the winter, and potting early in the spring.
They should be, carefully grown in pots, hardened,
and planted in fairly rich soil.

Open-air Culture. — The hardy and semi-hardy
forms, such as coccinea, macrostemma gracilis,
and m. Riccartonii, are adapted for border
culture, and succeed well if planted in good,
dry soil. When frost cuts down the stems

: Outsell <f Company. Ltd.

FUCHSIA DANIKL LAMBERT

the lower leaves, inserted in pots or pans, a gentle
watering given to settle the soil, and placed over a
mild hotbed, or in a propagating house. Shade
from hot sunshine, and transfer to small pots
when they are rooted.

Soil. — For cuttings and small plants use equal
parts of fibrous loam and leaf mould, with suffi-
cient sand to keep it open. For later pot tings
employ a compost formed of three parts of loam,
one part of leaf mould, one part of well-decom-
posed manure, a sprinkling of wood ashes, and
sand enough to keep the whole porous.

Treatment of Pot Plants.— When the cuttings
are rooted remove them to 4" pols, and grow the
plants in a temperature of from <>(>' to t>">°, on a
shelf close to the glass. Good specimens m.iy be
obtained the first season by allowing the leading
shoots to grow unstopped, supporting them with
neat stakes, and pinching out the points of strong

A BASKET (see p. 350).

they should be removed, and the roots protected
by covering them with ashes or litter. Outdoor
Fuchsias are readily propagated from cuttings in
the summer and autumn.

Principal Species, Vari*ties, and Hybrid :—
coccinea, 2', hdy., crim. — Tticcartoiiii, Inly., sc.

procuinl>ens, yel..grn., red
berries. Pretty for
rookeries and hanging
baskets.
sj>l 'miens, 6', Aug., sc.,

coryinbitlora, 6', Aug., sc.

— alba, wli.
fulgens, 4', Jy., so.
macrostemma, 3', Jy.,

sc., pur.

— corallina, 20', crim..
pur. ; good for walls
and pillars.

— gracilis, !S', Aug.. luiy.,
sc.. pur,

grn.

supcrba, hybrid (triphylla
X coryiubiHora, *« p.

tripliylla, Sep., or., sc.

Other Species and Hybrid : —

alpestris, 20', Aug.. crim.
boliviaiia, crim.

ev.nlriisis, sc.. jiur. ;

garden hybrid,
siinplioicaulis, Jy., crim.

Fuel

( 356 )

Fungicide

A Selection of Varieties :—

'of the World. MSS Lucy Finnu,

0,,1. Domino. Phenomena.

Duchess of Edinburgh. Phenomenal (wh.).

Edmond About. Tnumphaus.

With Single Corollas :—

Beauty of Trowbridge. Flocon de > eige.

Charming. Gertrude Pearson.

Countess of Aberdeen. Loveliness.
Daniel Lambert (nee p. Lye's Excelsior.

S'-,y\ Mignonne.

Earl of Beaconsfield. Rose of Castile.

Elizabeth Marshall. Walter Long.

Fur Pillars :—

General Grenfell. Mrs. Todman.
Miss Berrage.

FUEL.

Fuel is a considerable item of expense m 1

up-keep of a gardening establishment, so that the

most economical fuels, and the most economical

methods of employing the same, should be a

special object of consideration for every practical

gardener, amateur or professional. It is not

always economical to use the cheapest coal it

it is deficient in heating power, though those living

near the coal pits can get breeze, or the dross ot

coal at a very cheap rate, and also save a great

deal on the cartage. Coke, obtainable at the gas-

works, makes a cheap and serviceable fuel, and this

may be obtained in any town or village where gas

is made. At a distance from the mines it is often

advisableto get good coal by virtue of its relatively

large heating powers. Within recent years much

anthracite coal has been used for heating glass

structures, and proves a clean, hard, and very.

durable fuel, in fact one of the best when properly

managed by the stokers. If the fire bars are kept

clean the less stoking it gets the better. It

contains 80 to 94 per cent, of carbon, and burns

with a feebTe flame, but gives off great heat. In

some districts a good deal of wood is used for fuel,

and it lias the advantage of getting up heat quickly.

but it is not durable for banking up the fires at

night. The fuel used should not be saturated,

as much heat is wasted in drying up excessive

moisture while it is burning. (See also HEATING.)

FUGOSIA.

A small genus of evergreen stove shrubs (ord.
Malvaceae). Propagation, by cuttings of short side
shoots in spring, in sandy soil, "with gentle bottom
heat, and covered with a frame or bell-glass. Loam,
with a little peat or leaf mould, and sufficient sand
to render it porous, suits.

Principal Species :—
cuneiformis,4', Aug.,wh., HI., red (syn. Hibiscus

pur. multifidus).

hakeajfolia, 5', Aug.,grh., heterophylla, Aug., yel.,
red.

FUMARIA. (FUMITORY.)

Rather pleasing annuals (ord. Fumariaceae)
Ivliich will usually sow themselves after the first

Fuchsia (of Schwartz, fee Schrudera).
Ftirhsia, California/I {see Zauschneriii).
Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry (see Jtibes spe

eiosunt).

FuleMronia (see P/tawix").
Fuller n Teasel (see Dipsncui Fullonuni).
Fumana (see lleliantliemuiii).

season They resemble the Corydalises. and the
seeds should be sown in March or April. (For
perennial Fumarias, tee COKYDALIS, the garden
name.)

Principal Species: —

capreolata, 4', Jy., rk. offieiualis, 4', Ap.. | My.,

media, 3', Jy., pk. !*• («'/'<• Burc'.iclhi).

parvittora, IV, Aug., wh.
(syn. leucantha).

FUMIGATING.

Tobacco, in some form or other, is largely used
for fumigating. Tobacco paper, tobacco rag, or the
real article itself in various forms is utilised.
The met hdd is to get some red hot cinders, or a piece
of iron or brick made red hot, placing the same in
-an old pail or flower pot. Cover this with the
1 tobacco in quantity sufficient to fill the house with
smoke. Choose a "still evening just before leaving
off work, close the house, making it as air-tight as
possible, and set the apparatus going so that the
tobacco will just smoulder and smoke, but not
flare up. Leave the house closed till next morning.
The plants should not be syringed for twenty-four
hours. More recently, Lethorion vapour cones have
been invented for fumigating, the number of cones
requisite being dependent upon the cubic con-
tents of the house. XL All is another and a
very effective and popular fumigating invention, the
insecticide in this, as in the previous case, consist-
nf of nicotine in a liquid form, which has to be
vaporised by means of a spirit lamp or a piece of
candle. Painting the hot- water pipes with a
uixture of sulphur and water is an effective
means of destroying red spider. It is dangerous
to paint flues with it, as the fumes of sulphur ;nv
destructive to plant life.

FUNGI.

The essential features of a fungus arc that it is a
plant devoid of chlorophyll, or leaf green, and
derives the whole of its carbonaceous and nitro-
genous food from a dead or live host plant.
Mushrooms and many toadstools are familiar
examples of fungi that live on dead and decaying
vegetable matter; these are termed saprophytes.
The Potato disease, mildews, rusts, smuts, and
Peach blister are but too familiar examples of
fungi deriving sustenance from living host plants;
these are termed parasites. The most important
fungi are dealt with under their own names, or
under the names of the plants they attack.

FUNGICIDE.

A preparation employed in the destruction of
fungi, specially those which are parasitic upon
cultivated plants. Fungoid diseases have been
increasingly common of late years, and the
necessity for the use of various preparations
which, while arresting their development, shall
do no serious harm to the host plants has
become proportionately greater.

Of many of the specifics in use sulphate of copper
forms the principal ingredient. In Bordeaux
Mixture (lehii'h see) it is used in conjunction with
quicklime. In other preparations the powder form
is favoured. For a winter dressing for fruit trees
1 Ib. of sulphate of copper may be mixed in 25
gallons of water, but constant stirring is necessary
while application is going on.

Flowers of sulphur is a well-known remedy for

Fumitory (see Corydalh and Vunmriii).
Funeral Cypress (jsce Citj>rcisiis funcbrii).

Funkia

( 357 )

Furcrsea

mildew ; and it is not only reliable, but easy to apply
liv means .of one of the small bellows, such as the
Mallnr. which the sundriesman has given, us.

Condy's Fluid, although not commonly used, is a
safe remedy ; it should be applied when of a light
rose pink colour ; not stronger.

Amiuoniacal solution of carbonate of copper is
another excellent specific for scab and mildew.
The proportions are carbonate of copper 4 oz.,
ammonia water (strong) £ gallon, water 45
gallons. At this strength it is safe and efficacious.

Potassium sulphide, or liver of sulphur, is
excellent, if applied at the rate of 1 oz. to 3 gallons
of water. Use hot water to dissolve the sulphide,
and apply lukewarm. Potassium sulphate is of no
value as a fungicide.

It should be remembered that in all cases these
fungicides can do nothing more than check the
growth of the spores with which they come in con-
tact, thus preventing the spread of the disease.
They cannot penetrate the leaf tissues and kill the

should have a sunny place to induce it to flower.
In cold districts cover slightly in winter. The best
for pots are sieboldiana major, subcor<}ata grandi-
flora, and the forms of lancifolia. Pot in autumn
and plunge in a frame until spring.

Principal Species and Varieties : -
Fortunei, IV, Jy.. lil.; several vars., that

very handsome. named aureo-varieguta

— fohis variegatis, Ivs. (we figure) being pretty,

marbled wh. on bl. sieboldiana, 1', Je., lil. ;
large Ivs. exceedingly
handsome ; the vars
cordit'olia, major, and
marmorata are all
worth growing (xyns.
siueusis, viridis, etc.).
subcordata, 1.V, Aug.,
wh. ; the form graudi-

ground .

glauca, 1', lil.

v,i riegata, yel.,grn.lvs.

lancifolia, 9", Aug., wh.
or lil. There are several
pretty forms of this
and its variety undulata
(.«///'• F. undulata) ;
albo-marginata, argeu-
tea, and aurea HIV ;ill
good.

ovata, IV, My., lil. ;

flora (XI/H. F. grandi-
rlora), especially desir-
able (M///.V. iapouica
and Hemeroeallis alba).

Photo: C. l:. l:

FUXKIA OVATA Al'KEO-VAHIEOATA, NEAR WATER.

mycelium, or vegetative part of the fungus, which
is there growing. Nothing can reach it unless
the plant be destroyed with it.

FUNKIA. (PLANTAIN LILT.)

Elegant hardy herbaceous plants (onl, Liliaceas)
of much value in the garden or for growing in pots.
The leaves are very pretty, and many produce a
line effect by the sides of ponds. Propagation,
by division in spring. Light, sandy soil suits. A
good supply of water is necessary while in growth.
Tlie foliage of the Funkia grows to a great size
in half-shady places, but subeordata grandiflora

/•'iiiuiriuw Liji'operxici (sec T<»iiati>et —
D&MM0).

Tientsin ( xiv . I ira).

Fustic '/';•/•<• (we Chlornplioru Ihii'lurin )-

FURCRjEA.

A genus of sub-succulent, greenhouse, or stove
plants (aril. AuiaryUidea1), valued chiefly for the
ornamental character of their leaves. Propagation,
by seeds or suckers. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and
sand, with potsherds or soft red bricks broken
rather finelv.

Principal Species and Varieties :

Bedinghausii, 6', grh.,

grn.
BUDBnnt, 6 , Nov., st.,

wh., gi'ii.
— inerinis, st. ; spin* lr--.

I.iudeni. -t.
elegans, 20', win., grh..

gigantea, 20' to 40', Nov.,

st., grn., wh.
-- varii'gata, variegateil.
l<ing;eva. 10', My., grh.,

wli.

tlllieniKl, li'. st., pale yel.

\Vriglitii, 1(1', sum., grn.,
wh.

Furze

( 358 )

Galanthus

inacrophylla, st., grn.
pubescens, St., grn.
Selloa, -20', grh., wh.
stricta, 8' to 9', st.
undulata, 10', grh., grn.

Other Species :--
Commelyni, 2;>',-st.
depauperata, 6', st.
flavo-viridis, H', grh.,

greenish.
geiuiuispiua, 4', st.

FURZE.

The Furze, Whin, or Gorse constitutes the glory
of our commons, and greatly excited the admiration
of Linnaeus, who had never seen- it before, when on
a visit to this country. It is often used for the
purpose of making hedges. The common or Euro-
pean Furze (Ulex enropaeus) and the Dwarf Furze
(I", nanus), both British, are admirably adapted
for the decoration of the wild garden, in beds,
clumps, or masses, or for covering dry, sandy, or
gravelly banks. The Double Furze (U. europasus
flore pleno) is the most ornamental of all, and a
bank or mass of it covered with a profusion of glow-
ing orange yellow blossom during April, May, and
June cannot be over-rated for decorative effect in
gardens or pleasure grounds. (See also ULEX.)

FUSARIUM.

A genus of parasitic fungi injurious to Rye in
tin; southern counties of England, arid to 'theKj^hite
Mulberry. In1 cases of slight attack:a fungicide
consisting of sulphide of potassium may be 'used at
the rate -of i oz. to 1 gallon of water, applying it
to the plants at intervals of ten days or a fortnight,
by means of the syringe. Plants that are hope-
lessly attacked should be 'at once destroyed to
prevent the spread of the disease. One species
of Fiisarium is troublesome- to •Tomato- Growers. •
(Sec TOMATOES.)

G^ERTNERA.

Handsome 'shrubs and small trees (trrd. Logani-
acese) requiring •' a • .stove; temperature. Propagu-'
tion, by cuttings of the tips,'of matured side 'shoots
inserted in1 spring in 'sand, in bottom heat. .Soil,
equal parts of loam 'arid;peat, >with ;sharp sand.-

Principal Species :—
ohtusifolia, 20', Mch., racemosa, 18' to 20', Ap.,

wh., yel. The flowers wh., yel.; fragrant.

are fragrant. Close to obtusifolia, but

the flowers are larger.

GAGE A. (YELLOW STAR OF BETHLEHEM.)

Neat little bulbous ; plants (ord. Liliacese), which
are rarely grown in gardens. They generally like a
rather light soil, -but fascicularis, a native species,
grows more strongly in a'moist spot. Propagation,
by offsets when at rest, or by seeds sown when ripe.

Principal Species :—
bracteolaris, 6", Ap., yel. Liotardii, G", Mch., yel.

(*.(/«. stenopetala). (•*.'/«• intermedia),

fascicularis, 6" to 12", stellaris, 6", My., yel.

Ap., yel. (*//«. lutea).

GAILLARDIA.

Showy and useful annual or perennial herba-
ceous plants (ord. Compositse), of much value for
borders, and useful for cutting. Propagation, the
perennials by division or cuttings ; the annuals by
seeds sown under glass in March or April-; the
plants being hardened off and planted out at the
end of May, or seed may be sown in the open in
May. A light, but rich, dry soil is best. In many
districts the perennial species are scarcely hardy
enough to stand the winter, and they should be
propagated by cuttings, which may be kept in a

Oabertia (pee GrammntnpJii/Uum).

frame. The annuals of

kept in a similar way.
Principal Species and

Amblyodon, '21', Sep.,
aim., red.

aristata, H', Aug., per.,
yel. This has given a
number of handsome
vars., sometimes called
hybrid Gaillardias.
Grandiflora and max-
ima are good, but many
named vars. are to be
had from nurserymen.

the best types should be

Varieties :—

lam-eolata, 2', Je., aim.,
yel. or red.

pulcliella, 2J', aut., red,
yel. A tine plant, best
treated as an ami. There
are a number of vars.,
of which picta may be
named. The form picta
lorenziana, iscurious and
pretty, with its tubular
florets ; it is good for

cutting

GALACTITES.

Hardy annual or biennial herbs (ord. Composite),
allied to the genus Cnicus. The plants may be
easily raised from seed sown in the open border in
March and April. The seedlings should subse-
quently be thinned to 1' apart each way. Ordinary
garden soil.

Principal Species : —

tomentosa, • 1J', • Jy., pur. •; : noteworthy for its
milky juice.

GALANTHUS. (SNOWDROP.)
Description. — Universal favourites (/ml. Amaryll-
idese), too well known to need any commendation,
of value in garden, meadow, woodland, and pots.

Propagation. — By offsets, removed when the
plants are at rest, immediately after the leaves
have withered ;. or- by seeds, sown -when ripe, or in
spring.

Soil. — The Snowdrop is not particular as to soil,
but it prefers one of a loamy charade rwhich is
riot very dry during the growing season. The taller
forms, and those with broad leaves, like a stronger
soil.

Other Cultural Points. —More use ' should be
made of the Snowdrop in the 'wilder 'portions of
the pleasure grounds, where the grass is not cut
before the leaves of the plants become yellow. In
planting in turf they should not be placed in
formal lines, but in irregular masses and groups.
Snowdrops in pots must not be quickly forced, and
do best if grown in a low temperature. The Snow-
drop disease is sometimes troublesome, and affected
plants should be burned.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
Elwesii, 'J",-Jau., Feb., and lutescens have yel.

wh. ; handsome, very instead of grn. mark-

variable in size (see p. ings. Melvillei is very

359). Good vars. are fine, and seems close to

Whittallii,uiiguiculatus,' Imperati. Scharlokii

and robustus. lias divided spathus, and

nivalis, 6", Jan., Feb., grn. marks outside: and

wh. The common Snow- virescens lias greenish

drop, of which there blooms. A number of

are many vars. Im- other vars. are only of

perati, the south Euro- interest to specialists,

pean form, is a very fine plicatus, 1', Jan., Feb.,
plant, and its form wh. TheCrimeanSnow-

Atkinsii is one of the drop ; a handsome plant

bestSnowdropswehave. with recurved leaves. It

Corcyrensis and octo- is apt to die oft without

brensis bloom in aut. or apparent cause,

early win. Flavescens

Galaclodendron (sec lirosimuni).

Galanga (see Al/rinia).

Galangate (see Ktfiiipferia (falanga).

Galapce Tree (see SofadopftyUum BroKnii).

Galnrdin (xce (laillardia).

Galatella (sec Aster).

Galax

( 359 )

Galphimia

Other Species : —

Allenii. !>". Fell., wh. latifolius, 6", Feb., wh.

Fosteri, (i", Fel)., wh. iiivalis caueasicus, 9",

gi;e< -UN ti", Feb., wh. Feb., wh.

Ikaria'. !i". Fob., wh. Olga1, 6", Nov., wh.

A number of hybrid forms are in existence.

GALAX.

A pretty, hardy herbaceous perennial (ord. Dia-
pensiaceai), that flourishes in the rockery. Prop-
agation, bv division of the roots in 'autumn, after
growth has ceased. Soil, three parts of leaf mould
ami <me part of loam, with a sixth of rough road
sand, and :i few nodules of charcoal.

Only Species : —

aphylla, 3" to t>", Jy., wh. («.'/«. Blandfordia cor-
data).

GALAXIA.

Greenhouse bulbous plants (or/I. Iridefe) of con-
siderable lieauty, natives of the Cape. Propaga-
tion, by offsets. Soil, sandy peat and loam in
equal parts, with sand. Although the plants do
best in the greenhouse they are nearly hardy, and
in the south may lie grown outdoors if given a
sheltered spot and a little protection in winter.
5'hu plants are almost stemless.

Only Species : —
graminea. ,Iy., yrl. ovata, My., Sep., yel.

GALEANDRA.

Terrestrial Orchids (unl. Orchidacea'), with long,
slender, fleshy stems, referred by some botanists to
Eulophia. Propagation,, bj division. Soil, fibrous
peat, with a little sharp sand and a surfacing of
sphagnum. Give plenty of water in the growing
season, little or none in winter.

Principal Species : —

liaueri, (>", ,Te., Aug.,
st.. yel. : rare, and diffi-
cult'to grow.

devoniana, IV, Je., pur.,

wli.
niralis, ]\', Mcli., olive

wh., vio.

GALEGA. (GOAT'S RUE.)

Useful herbaceous perennials (ord. Leguminosse).
valued for their beauty and hardiness, and for the
usefulness of their flowers when cut. Propagation,
by division in spring or autumn, or by seeds sown
in a border or frame in spring. Any good garden
soil.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
ofhYinalis, 4'. Jo., lil. The with a wh. var. Suow-

v;ir. alba is pretty, and ball, 3'.

there is a dwarf form orientalis, 3V, Je., bl. ;
called compacta, 3', lil.; creeping roots.

GALEOPSIS.

Hardy, annual herbs (nrd. Labiatre), of no great
pretensions to beauty. Propagation, by seeds
sown when ripe in the open border. Any ordinary
garden soil.

Principal Species :—
L.I (Liu um, 8" tol'J", sum.,

aut., ro. British.
Tetrahit, 1' to '!', pur. or

wh. British.

GALIUM. (BEDSTBAW.)
An extensive genus of annual and perennial
plants (onJ. Kubiacesc), of which very few are

Gale, Xireet (nee My rim (rale).
Galc&iipa (see /'ni>t/nniiti).
(!:il'i in/nil' (MY- t'li/irrun lo/UJIIS).
(illliilX'H/l'l! (.<;V Trillll.r).

versicolor, 9", sum.,
aut.. yel., spotted pur.
British.

worth growing in the garden, and these are only
suitable for rough rockwork. Verura. the Lady's
Bedstraw, is sometimes used for curdling milk.
Propagation, the perennials by division, or by
seeds sown in spring, the annuals from .seeds sown
at the same season in the border. Common soil.

Principal Species : —
boreale, 1', Je., Jy., per.,

wh.
Cruciata, 1', My., Je.,

per., yel. (syn. crucia-

tum).
gnecum

pur

Jlollugo, IV, Jy., per.,
wh.

parisiense, 1', Je., aim.,

wh.
purpureum, 1', Jy., per.,

pur.

rubrum, 1', Jy.,i>er.,]mr.
Jy., per., tricorne, 1', Jy., aim.,

wh.

trifforum, 1', Jy., aim.,
wh. (KIJH. suaveolens).

verutn, 1', Jy., Aug., per.,
yel.

1'hota: C.R.ISirk.

GALAOTHl'S El.WKSIt (see. )i. 358).

GALLS.

Peculiar growths of various forms produced
upon plants of many kinds. They are usually
rauscd by the punctures of insects for the purpose
of egg deposition. The eggs hatch into larva1,
which commence at once to feed, tind the irritation
thus set up in the tissues of the plant brings
about the excrescence known as the gall. The
common Oak Apple, for instance, is caused by a
gall fly known as Andricus tcrminalis. Cynips
aptera, another fly, is the cause of the galls on the
roots of Oak, Elm, Beech, and other forest trees.
The Hose Bedeguar (fen ahn KOSKS) is the work
of Cynips Hosai.

GALPHIMIA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord, Malpighia'-i-;!'i.
witli showy (lowers: easy to grow. Propagation,
by cuttings of the ripened shoots in a elo-e piop-
agatiiig frame, in spring. Soil, peat and loam,
with grit. Firm |>otting is essential.

Galtonia

( 360 )

Gardenia

Principal Species : —

glumlulosa, 3' to 4', Ap.,
yel. (».'/«. humboldt-

glauca, 6', sum., yel.;

the best,
hirsute, G', Sep., yel.

GALTONIA. (CAPE HYACINTH.)

Description.— A genus of three species (<ml.
Liliacea;) of noble bulbous plants, which are of
great decorative value in the garden. The com-
monest species — candicans, often known as Hya-
cint hus candicans— is the finest, and its long spikes
of drooping white bells are very effective. Mixed
with Gladiolus brenchleyensis, it makes a capital
effect in a bed or long border.

Propagation. — By offsets when the bulbs are
restintr, or by seeds sown under glass. The seed-
lings take some time to reach a flowering size.

Soil. — A rich, well-manured loam will give the
be>t results.

Other Cultural Points.— In some gardens the
Galtonia is not hardy if left in the open ground
without any covering. In these places it may
either be covered :i" deep with dry litter or ashes,
or lifted when the leaves become yellow, and
stored in a cool place until spring. Plant, early
in March, 6" deep.

Only Species : —
caudicans, 4', Jy., wh. elavatus, 4', Jy., wh.

(,/•<• tigunO- priuceps, 4', Jy., wh.

GAMOLEPIS.

A small genus of greenhouse and half-hardy
shrubs and herbs (ord. Composite) closely allied to
Enryops. The perennials may be easily prop-
agated from cuttings of the young growths in
spring ; the annuals by seeds. Soil, loam two
parts, leaf soil one part, with sand.

Principal Species: —

anniia, 3" to 10", sum., euriopoides, 2', grh. shr.,
hlf-hcly. aim., yel., or. yel.

(..;/«. tagetes). Tagetes (»«• amiua).

GARCINIA.

Evergreen tropical trees {ord. Guttiferie). with
edible fruits of delicious flavour. Mangostana, the
Mangosteen, bears fruit which is said to combine
the flavours of our best Grapes, Pineapples, and
Peaches. The fruit is round, and about the size
and colour of an Orange. It has fruited at Kew,
and at, Syon House. Propagation, by cuttings of
tips of the ripened shoots in strong beat in spring.
Soil, two-thirds of loam, one-third of leaf soil, and
sand.

Principal Species : —
Cambogia, 40', Xov., yel.
Mangostana, 20', red.

The Mangosteen.

Other Species :—
cornea, 20', Jan., Feb.,

yel.

GARDEN.

A plot of cultivated ground, cropped with
flowers, fruits, or vegetables. The care of the

Galvania (see Pal'ieourea).
Gamma Moth (see Mot/is).
Gamwlilaitujs (see Spatliantlienm),
Gii»inplexi» (nee Gattrnditi ).
Gangrene (*«' Canltei').
Gannymedeft (see A'arnttus).

Morella, 30' to 50', yel. :
yields the gamboge of
commerce.

Cowa, 60', Feb., yel.

garden is such a wide and comprehensive subject
that it has been split up into a number of heads.
Special hints will bo found under FLOWER
GARDEN, FIIUIT GARDEN, and KITCHEN GARDEN,
and special subjects such us '"manures" and
"soils" are treated severally, as well as important,
operations such as "pruning," "planting," "pot-
ting," and " watering." (For rock garden. SIT
ROCKERY and ALPINE PLANTS ; and for herba-
ceous garden, see HERBACEOUS.)

GARDENER («r LAW).

GAI.TOXIA CAXUICAXS.

GARDENIA.

Description. — A large genus (ord. Kubiaceai) of
stove and greenhouse shrubs, chiefly represented in
gardens by the double forms of florida, which are
in great request as cut flowers.

Propagation. — I3y cuttings of the tips of the
shoots taken early in January, and rooted in a
close propagating frame in a bottom heat of about
75°. Sandy soil should be employed.

Soil. — When the cuttings are rooted, a compost
of equal parts of peat and loam, with sand, may
be given for the first potting. For the final pot-
ting, two parts of loam, one part of peat, and one
part of old Mushroom bed manure rubbed through
a sieve, a sixth part of the whole of sharp sand,
and a few pieces of charcoal, may be given.

Other Cultural Points. — Gardenias do best when
raised annually from cuttings and flowered in 5"
and 6" pots. Such plants produce more flower, in
proportion to the space they occupy, than others

Gardener's Garter (see P/niln.ris).

G-arlic

( 361 )

Gaultheria

which lire' grown on for several years. Kirm pot-
tini; is essential to induce short, sturdy growth,
and thus keep the phuits within bounds. Water
must be freely given at all times. Gardenias revel
in heat, anil moisture, and liquid manure when they
are plumping; up their buds in the autumn. The
.-vriiiue must be used morning and afternoon,
as only in this way can insect pests be kept down.
Even 'then Gardenias are dirty subjects, and a
sharp look-out must be kept for mealy bug and
scale, which must be dealt with by sponging and
brushing with petroleum emulsion, as well as for
red spider and green fly. Sponging with skimmed
milk just, before the flowers open improves the
look of the foliage. Little pruning is needed by
old plants except that which they receive when
being relieved of their crop of flowers, but speci-
mens which are planted out in prepared beds
should be cut into shape each year if they require
it, just after flowering is over. The lower branches,
too, will need to be tied down a little, as well to
keep the centre of the bushes open as to furnish
the lower parts of the main stems, which are apt
to become bare if the plants aje left to themselves.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
Horida, Cape .Fcs-aiiiiuc, — radieans, 1' to 2', Je.,

2' to fi', Aug., st., wh., grli., wli., fragrant ;

fragrant («I/H. jasmin- major und variegutaare

aides). pretty forms.

flore plena, wh., — variugata, Ivs. grn. ,

double. margined yel., wh. ;

— fortunoaua, Jy., wh., otherwise like the type.

larger. nitida, 3', Oct., Nov., wh.

Other Species :
Hiiiieiiii, 3' to u'. Je., St., stanleyana (correctly Ran-

wli. dia muculata).

Huthmiiiiniii, 10',,Iy.,yel., Thuubergia, 4' to »', Jan.,

with reddish pur. spots, Mch., grh., wh. ; large,

fragrant. fragrant.

GARLIC.

The Garlic, Allium sativum (era. Liliaceas) is
one of the oldest of garden plants, and has been
grown in Britain since the early part of the six-
teenth century. It may be grown from seed sown
in March, in rather deep drills 1' apart. The
plants may be subsequently thinned to !l" asunder.
A more common method of propagation is to divide
the bulbs, which are compound, and plant the
" cloves," or divisions, in the same way as Shallots.
The bulbs should be lifted early in autumn, dried
in the sun, and stored in a cool, dry shed.

GARRYA.

Exceedingly ornamental evergreen, hardy, or
half-hardy shrubs (iird. CornaceaV) with flowers
in handsome catkins, and of great beauty on
walls or in shrubberies. Propagation, by seeds
s.iwn in a frame, or by cuttings of partly ripened
wood inserted at the end of summer in sandy soil,
under a hand-light or bell-glass, and shaded from
strong sun ; also by layers in autumn. Although
the Garry as are generally grown on walls, they are
even more ornamental in the open. Prune immedi-
aielv after (lowering.

Principal Species :

elliptica, 10', spr., yel.,

grn.
Fadyena, 8', spr., grn.,

tender.

Fremontii, 8', spr., grn..

yel.
macrophylla, (>', spr.,grn.

tanner.

Garland I'lmn-r (S,T ll<-<la,-liiain, /i>ij//i,ir

f'neimiui, and Plevrtimlrn Quorum),
(itir/ir I 'fit r (xcf Cratirra).
<iarnet Jierrij (»r Itiln* ruin inn ).

GASTERIA.

A large genus of succulent plants, closely related
to the Aloes, and requiring the temperature of a
warm greenhouse. The flowering season of all
the forms mentioned here is in the winter months.
Propagation, by seeds and offsets. Soil, equal
parts of fibrous peat and loam, with a liberal
addition of old brick rubbish, broken up to the size
of small Hazel nuts. Plenty of water must be
given during the summer, and weak liquid cow
manure once a week will do good. Scarcely any
water is needed in the winter. The plants can
scarcely have too much light.

Principal Species : —

hrevifolia, Jy., red. pulchra, 6", so. (»i/«. Aloe

Croucheri, Aug., pale ro. maculata of ISuluinnil

(«;/». Aloe Croucheri of Mai/iiziar 7(>o).

Botanical Jlnyn;iiir vcrrucosa, 1" to 2" (»//».

~>812). Aloe verrucosa of Jtnt-

disticha, sc. ; several vars. aniciil Magazine 837).

Other Species :
aciimcifolia, Mch., Sep., Lingua of Sotnniml

or. Mai/azim- 979).

glaura (»//». Aloe caritmta nitida («//». Aloe nitida

of Sotanieal Magazine of Botanical Min/u- "<

1331). 2304).

maculata, sc. (1.1/11. Aloe rariolosa, 1' ; close tc
maeulatu.

GASTROCHILUS.

Herbaceous plants (ar/l. Scitaminere), requiring
stove treatment. Propagation, by division. Soil,
mellow loam with coarse sand.

Principal Species : —
albo-lutea, 1.J', Ivs. prct- — Jenkinsii. larger, wh.,

tily variegated. tipped red.

longiflora, 2', Jy., red, pulclierrima, 2', Aug.,

yel. pk., yel.

GASTROLOBIUM.

A West Australian genus (ortl. Leguminosae) of
greenhouse evergreens. Propagation, by seeds
(when procurable) soaked prior to sowing in heat. ;
or by cuttings in late spring inserted in very sandy
soil beneath a bell-glass. Soil, fibrous peat and
loam, with coarse sand. The drainage must be
perfect, as the plants will not grow where there is
stagnant moisture.

Principal Species : —

bilobuin, 2', My., yel. relutinum, 2', All., or.

spinosum, 3', A'p.,'yel. villosum, 3', My. red,

erim.

GAUDICHAUDIA.

A genus (nr/l Malpighiacea?) of which cynanch-
oides, a yellow flowering evergreen stove twiner,
is the best known. Propagation, by cuttings of
ripe shoots in sand beneath a bell-glass over bottom
heat. Soil, equal parts of peat and loam, with
coarse sand.

GAULTHERIA.

A genus (ord. Ericaceie) comprising both hardy
and greenhouse evergreen shrubs. The economic
value of the genus lies in the first -named section,
as from the fruit of procumbens is expressed an

<l,i» film-,' («M Heating').

i,, ixf, niiii jifilmata, (nee Tri-fi
GastTt>car]>lia (»r Mottkar)

Gastriiehilii* (<;/' />"». w- Sm-i-
HasttruglHtiis (sec l.i/mrif).
(fastromeria (zee, Mclaxinn).
(iiixl rinifiiiii (!»•<' I'l/rliiiitlius).
t!,iti-a nr (inter '/'/•/•-• (tte '
< ;anb. nr (iiih (.«•«• ll

*int'.liiini"n.

Gaura

( 362 )

Geissomeria

wh. The Partridge
Berry.
Sluillon,4',My. ,hdy.,wh.

niunmiilarioides, spr.,wh.
or pk. (syiix. Nummu-
larias and repens).

oil used by druggists and perfumers ; while from
the fruit of Shallon is made a winter bread by the
North Americans. Propagation, by seeds and
layers. Procumbens prefers a moist position and
a peaty soil, but Shallon will thrive in any fertile
Around. The compost for the greenhouse species
should be mostly peat.

Principal Species :—
fragraiitissima, Je., grh.,

wh. («//«. fragraus).
procumbeus, 6",Jy.,hdy.,

Other Species :—
antipoda, 6', spr., grh.,

wh.
bracteata, Jy., red.

GAURA.

Pretty annual or perennial herbs and shrubs
(prd. Onagrariese). The best is Lindheimeri, a
perennial, but tender, and best treated as an
annual. Propagation, by seeds sown under glass
in early spring, the seedlings being hardened off
and planted out at the end of May. Some sow in
the open and protect in severe weather. They like
a dry, light soil.

Principal Species : —
angustifolia, 2', Aug.,

per., pk. (xi/n. fruti-

cosa).
hieuuis, 5', Aug., bien.,

wh., red.
coccinea, 1', Aug., per.,

sc.
Lindheimeri, 4', Je., per.,

ro.. wh.

GAUSSIA.

A small genus (ord. Palmar) of stove Palms, that
are raised from imported seeds and thrive best in
mellow loam. The known species are Ghiesbreghtii
and princeps, both fairly tall, Areca-like plants.

GAYLUSSACIA.

Most of these evergreens (ord. Vacciniacese) are
only half-hardy, and if grown out of doors in summer
they must be afforded the protection of a green-
house or pit in winter. Propagation, by seeds or
layers. Soil, three parts of peat, one part of loam,
»ne part of leaf mould, and coarse sand.

Principal Species : —
brachycera, 1', My., wh.

(SI/H. Vaccim'um buxi-

foiium).
dumosa, 3' to 5', My., Jev

ro. red (SI/HS. Vaccin-

iura dumosum and

mutabilis, 1.V, Jy., arm.,

yel.
parviHora, U', Aug., dun.,

yel.

sinuata, '2', Jy., bien.
tripetala, 1',', Aug., ann.,

pk.

froudosum, .

frondosa, 3' to 5", My.,

Je.. hdy. in most

places, pur., grn. (syiis.
Vaccinium frondosum
[L.], glaucum, and
venustum).

resinosa, 2i', My., Je.,
hdy. in many places,
ro. red (KI/HH. Vaccinium
parviflorum and resin-
osum).

GAZANIA.

Brilliant, half-hardy plants (ord. Compositfe),
very ornamental in a cool greenhouse, or planted
out in sunny beds or borders in summer. From
ringens and uniflora several beautiful hybrids have
been raised, and newer varieties are being introduced
by Italian- raisers. Propagation, by cuttings of the
small side shoots, struck in a close frame in sand
and peat, in July or August. These must be care-
fully wintered. Soil, loam with a little peat.
Some of the Gazanias are almost hardy, but it is
safer in cold localities to keep them where they
can be protected from frost, such as in a heated
frame or cold house.

Principal Species : —

bracteata, 6", Jy., wh.,
yel. (*//'/. nivea of gar-
dens).

lougiscapa, 9", Jy., yel.

moutana, 3", Jy., yel.

Pavonia, U', Jy., yel.,
spotted br.

pinnata, 1', Jy., yel.

pygnuKi, 1', Jy., or. (syn.

bracteata).
ringens, 1', Je., yel., blk.

central bund (wrtigure).
splendens, H', Jy., or.,

spotted blk. and wh. ;

supposed hybrid,
subulata, 1', Jy., yel.
unirlora, 1', Jy., yel.

GAZANIOPSIS.

A small genus (ord. Compositse) of half-hardy
perennials. Propagation, by seeds or cuttings
under a hand-light. They thrive in an open
sunny position, in any well-drained, fertile soil.

GAZANIA UINGEXS.

Principal Species : —

stenophylla, foliage
beneath.

yellowish above and wh.

GEISSOIS.

A stove evergreen tree (ord. Saxifrages) that
produces racemes of flowers on the old wood ; it is
highly ornamental. Propagation, by cuttings in
sand beneath a bell-glass over bottom heat. Soil.
loam and peat, with abundance of sand.

Principal Species : —

Sti, 15', sum., crim.

GEISSOMERIA.

Evergreen stove shrubs (ord. Acanthacese).
Propagation, by cuttings in sandy soil beneath a
bell-glass over bottom heat. Soil, loam, leaf
mould, decomposed cow manure, and sand.

Principal Species : —
aurantiaca, .V, Aug.,. or. coccinea, 2V, aut., sc.

se. nitida, 3', sum., dark red.

(iaya (gee Scriwjia).

Geissorhiza

( 363 )

Gentiana

GEISSORHIZA.

.South African bulbs (ord. Iridea:) that will grow
under the protection of a greenhouse wall, if
planted deeply and covered in winter, but are
safer indoors. Propagation, by offsets. Soil, peat,
loam, and sand.

Principal Species : —

excisn. 6", My., wli. imbricata obtusata, 9",

himrilis, (>", My., ro. yel. My., yel.

(,V/«. setacea). rocheusis, 8", My., vio.

pur.

Other Species : —

hirta. Ill", My., wh. setacea (set Humilis).

Becuiida, 1'. My., wh. ;

there is a bl. form.

GEITONOPLESIUM.

Only one species of this genus (tti'd. Liliacete) is
grown. It is cymosum, a purple green-flowered
Australian climber, requiring greenhouse protec-
tion and a peaty or loamy rooting medium. Prop-
agation, by seeds or cuttings.

GELASINE.

A rare bulbous plant (oril. Iridese) that, though
hardy in favoured localities, is best grown in a
greenhouse. It is allied to Romulea, and succeeds
in sandy soil. Propagation, either by offsets or
from seed.

Only Cultivated Species : —

azurea, 1', My., Je., bl.

GELSEMIUM.

This climbing shrub (ord. Loganiaceie) is hardy
in some parts of the 'country, but is best cultivated
in a cool house in substantial loam and a little
dried cow manure. Propagation, .by cuttings in-
serted in sandy soil under a hand-light. The
Carolina Jessamine and the False Jessamine : are
Grlsrmium sempervirens.

GENETYLLIS (see DAUWIXIA).
GENIPA.

This genus (nrd. Rubiacea:) of evergreen stove
trees includes the South American Genipap, which
bears large, Orange-like fruits of considerable
merit. Propagation, by cuttings in early summer
under a bell-glass in a heated pit. Soil, peat,
loam or leaf soil, dried manure, and sand.

Principal Species : —
americaua, 2.)', yel. "The Meriaine, 12', wh.

( lenipap." oblougifolia, 20', yel.

cilulis (correctly Alibertia

edulis).

GENISTA. (BROOM.)

A genus containing a large number of yellow-
flowered greenhouse or hardy shrubs (ord. Legu-
minosa;) of much beauty. They are closely allied to
the Cytisuses, and some confusion exists in gardens
regarding them. Some have prickles, and others
resemble the Cytisus in being unarmed. The
tender species are of much beauty in greenhouses
and conservatories, and the others are adapted for
shrubberies or for rockwork. All are hardy,
except those marked grh. Propagation, by seeds,
or by cuttings under glass. Almost any soil will
grow the Genistas. A number can be greatly im-
proved in appearance by cutting them back after
flowering. The greenhouse species can be repotted,

Gela (tee Acranychia).
(fcloniiiui (gee llatonia).
Gembanya (sec Corypha).

without disturbing the roots, in spring. (See
C'YTISLS and Sl'AKTIUM.)

Principal Species and Varieties :—

hispanica, 3', My., -Jo. ; being dumetorum and

neat for rock garden. italica.

Var. nana is dwarfer. triangularis,, 3', Je. j

tiuctoria, 3', Jy. (*>/». pretty on rockeries.

I' lex uanus, not virgata, 6' to 10', My.,

Font). Dyer's Green- Je. A pretty species,

weed. The double var. silky Ivs., does not

is good. The form bloom until of a good

elatior has some thirteen size (*//«.». cinerea and

syns. , among them data of gardens).

Other Species : -

a'thueusis, 10' to 12', Je., humifusa, Jy., yel.;

Jy. («i/». Spartium let- trailer.

nense). lusitanica, 2', My.

auglica, 2', Jy. Petty mantica, 3', Jy.

Whin. monosperma, 4', Jy. ;

aspalathoiues, U', Jy., tender in open.

yel. (xyits. eriuaceoiues parviflora, 3', Jy.

and Spartium iispalath- patula, 3', Jy.

oides). pilosa, 2', Je., yel.

ciuerea, 4', Jy. (*;/«. ram- radiata, _!$',• Jy. (*.</«"•-

osissima of l}iA»s). hispanica of gardens,,
clavata, 3', Je., grh. Cytisus radiatus, etc.).
congesta, 4', Je., grh. • ramosissima, 3', Jy.-
corsica, 2', Jy., grh. • sagittalis, !',• Je. (xyii.
ferox, H', Jy., grh. • herbacea).
florida, 6', Jy. Scorpius, ^J', My.
germaiiica, 2', Jy. (sijn. sericea, 3', Je.

Scorpius spmosus). sylvestris, 2', Jy.

hurrida, 2', Jy., yel. triacanthos, 2', Jy.
triquetra, 2', Jy.
umbellate, 3', Je., grh.

GENTIANA. (GENTIAN.)

Description. — Favourite flowers (ord. Geritianete),

prized for their beautiful colours and effective
appearance in the border or the rock garden, which
is the most suitable place for the smaller-growing
species.

Propagation. — By division, when large enough,
in spring, or by seeds sown in pots or pans under
glass in spring or when ripe. -

Soil.— The taller species can usually be grown in
ordinary soil in the border, but the Alpines, . a»
a rule, like a moist, peaty soil.

Other Cultural Points. — Acaulis is often trouble-
some to grow in some gardens, while in others it
thrives perfectly. It likes a gravelly soil, 'trodden
hard after planting. Verna should be top-dressed
with sand and peat when the leaf-stalks or stems
begin to rise above the surface. Almost all like
plenty of water in the growing season.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
acaulis, 4", Mch., bl. ; cruciata, 1', Je., bl.

several forms, one wh. lutea, 2' to 4', Jy., yel. :

Gentiauella. gives the Gentian of

Andrewsii, 2', Aug., bl. ; commerce : shy flowerer

distinct, closed flowers. in some gardens.

Likes a place where its septemh'da, 9", Jy.,-bl. ;

roots can touch water. beautiful; the var.

alba, wh. cordifolia is pleasing,

asclepiadea, 6" to 24", verna, 3", Ap., My.,bl. ;

Je., Jy., bl. varies slightly.

— alba, wh. — alba, wh. ; scarce.

Other Species : —

alba. 2', Je., wh. (lyn. (estiva, 4", My., bl. (*//».

ochroleuca of some). angulosa).

altaica, 1', My., Aug., aurrai, (>", Aug., bl. (syii.

pur. umbellate).

(ientian (see ffentiana).
(ii '/it lamella (see Gentiana).

Geodorum

( 364 )

Geranium

bavarica, 3", Jy., bl.
brevideus, 9", Aug., bl.
Burseri, 1', Jy., bl.
calyoosa, 6", bl., wh.
campestris, 4", Aug.,

nun., pur.

drrumbeus, 9", Je., bl.
Elliottii, 9" to '21", Sep.,

hi.

Fetisowi, 1', Jy.. bl.
fri"i<l;i. 3", Jy., wh.
peEda, 1', Jy., bl.
imbricata, 3", Jy., bl.
Kesselringii, 8", Jy., \vli.,

bl.

Kurroo, 6", Aug., bl.,wh.
macrophylla, 1', Jy., bl.
ochroleuca, 2', Aug., bl.

ornata, 4", My., bl.
Parryi, 1', sum., bl.
pauuoiiica, 9", Jy., bl.
phlogifolia, C", Je., bl.
Fueumonnuthe, 6", My.,
bl.

— alba, wh.
puuctnta, 3', Jy., yel.
purpurea, 3', Jy., bl.
pyreuaica. 3", Ap., bl.
Saponaria. 2', Aug., bl.

— alba, wh.

scabra. 1', lil. (».'/''• For-

tunei).

tibetica. 1', sum., wh.
triflora, 9", Jy., bl.
Walujewi, Je., pale bl.,

wh.

Limes. Besides spraying- to kill the caterpillars in
spring, grease banding late in October is a pre-
ventive, as it obstructs the passage of the wingless
females up the trees to deposit their eggs. Another
species attacks Conifers.

GEONOMA.

Dwarf, elegant Palms (prd. Talma-), of somewhat
slow growth. One species, gracilis, was formerly a
popular table plant, but of late Cocos wcddelliana
baa displaced it. Propagation, by >cv<ls ><>\vn in
pans in bottom heat. All are stove plants, need-
ing good loam mixed with a little leaf mould and
sand. I'M; small, well-drained pots ; sponge and
syringe the plants frequently. Keep them as near
the glass as safety permits.

•

ftvftW

X. Funr, in.././,

'•GERAXIIMS" (/ONAL PELARGONIUMS) ox A TRELLIS, AFTER REMALXIXG OUT OF DOOUS

ALL THE WISTF.lt.

GEODORUM.

A comparatively small genus of East Indian
Orchids (ord Orchidacese) that are terrestrial, and
need stove culture. They produce rather large
leaves and erect spikes, and have tuberous root-
stocks. Increased by division. Well-drained pots
and a compost of fibrous ?oara and chopped
sphagnum will suit them.

Principal Species : —

caniliilum, 1}', sum., wh. rit.riuum, If, aut., yel.
dilatatum, 1', sum., pk.

GEOMETRA.

A genus of moths, several of which are only too
well known to gardeners. The Pale Brindled
Beauty (polosaria) attacks the young foliage of
many trees, and must be combated in the same
way as the Lackey Moth. The Mottled Umber
<defoliata) is a voracious feeder on Apples and

Principal Species : —

gracilis, <Y.

martiana, 12'.
priuceps, 6' ; compact.

Other Species :—

acaulis, 0'. imperialis, 10'.

Carder! (correctly Pres- pumila, !>'.

toea Garden). schottiana, 8'.

elegans, 8'. Seenianni, 10'.

feuestrata (correctly Mai- speciosa, C'.

ortica gracilis). spixiana, l.V.

ghiesbreghtiana (cor- xamoreusis. 6'.

rectly Calyptrogyne

ghiesbreghtiana).

GERANIUM. (CRANE'S BILL)
Showy, hardy or half-hardy, annual or perennial
plants (ord. Geraniacese), quite distinct from the

Geoplilla Qif Berger, see Merendera).
(I'i'iirijtis (see (fiwdi/era).
(leorgina (sec Dahlia).

Geranium

(365)

Geranium

Zonal Pelargoniums, popularly called "Geraniums,"
and of value for borders or rockwork. Propaga-
tion, by seeds sown in the open or under glass in
spring, and by division in spring or autumn. Some
may be propagated by cuttings of the side shoots
struck in sandy soil under a hand-light. Any
common soil.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
argenteum. 3", Ji1., pale Kudressii, 1', Jo., ro.

ml. A. charming Alpine, ibericum, 1', Je., bi.

silvery Ivs. Place a sanguineum, lV,Je.,criiu.

]iiece of glass over it in — album, wh.

win. to throw off raiu. — lancastriense, ro.
armenum, 2', Je., Jim-. waUichiauun), Je., pur.;

trailer.

Other Species : —

aftiue, 1', Je., bl. maculatum, 9", Jy., pur.

albamtm, 1', My., pur. multitidum, 1', Aug., hlf-

albiHorum. IV, Jy., wh. hdy., red.

anemomet'oliuin, IV, My., nepalcnse, 0", Je., red.

lilt'-luly., red. palustre, IV, Jy., pur.

utlantu-um, IV, Je., hlf- pha-um, if, My., pur.

hdy.. pur. pniteiise, 2V, Je., bl.

balkauuni, I', Je., pur. pyrenaicum, 1', Je., pur.

cinereum, I', Aug., red. robertianum, 1', Ap.,red.

cnllinuin, 1', Jy., pur. sibiricum, 1', Jy., wh.

dalmricuni, 1', Jy., pur. striatum, 1', Aug., wh.,

eriostemon, IV, Jy., bl. red.

grevilieanum, l',Jy.,red. sylvaticum, 2', Jy., pur.
lucidum. 6", Je.. p'k. tuberosuin, 1', Jy., pk.

macrorhi/.on, IV, Je., whissoviunum, 1 ,Jy.,red.

pur.

GERANIUM, ZONAL. (ZONAL PELAR-

uoNir.M.)

Description. — Though, to be botanically correct,
the plants here referred to should be grouped as
Pelargoniums, they are so generally known as
Zonal Geraniums (ord. Geraniaceae) that no apology
for dealing with them as such is needed. All are
perennial, free flowering, adapted to many methods
of cultivation, and produce flowers in large trusses
on erect stalks. The foliage is generally modified
heart-shaped, and with few exceptions the leaves
have a band or zone of a darker colour than I lie
rest of the leaf. Some varieties with tricolor,
silver, bronze, or yellow leafage have been developed,
and these were greatly in demand when summer
bedding was the height of horticultural fashion.

History. — Zonal Geraniums are the creation of
florists. The parent species (Pelargonium zonale)
was introduced about 1710. No doubt P. inquinans
was used in t lie earlier stages in conjunction with
P. zonale, but for years past improvement has been
by cross fertilisation and rigid selection, the aim
being to secure sturdiness, line form, large truss,
and tloriferous habit. In colour the aim has been
chiefly towards clear, decided shades, and especi-
ally towards a real blue and a bright yellow. Both
are yet to find.

Propagation. — The most popular method is by
cuttings cut straight across the stem just beneath
a joint, and with the lower leaves trimmed off. To
increase a new variety, or to make up the required
number of any bedding sort, cuttings may be
struck in moderate heat and subsequently given
cooler quarters. Cuttings can be rooted in pots or
boxes of light soil placed in a greenhouse, or even
a cottage window, at any time from spring to
autumn, provided the soil is not kept very moist.

Soil and Potting.— Good loam is the best potting
material, and beyond a little sand il needs no addi-
tion ; but if the loam lacks fibre add some decayed
leaves, dried cow manure, or wood ashes. It is far

better to feed the plants when they are thoroughly
well rooted and commencing to bloom, either by
top-dressings or with liquid manure, than to pot
them in a rich material, as the latter causes rank,
long-jointed growth and few flowers. Firm pot-
ting is a point to be well observed.

Other Cultural Points. — Damp being the greatest-
enemy during winter, it is necessary to give water
only early on bright days. Afford all the light
possible, and remove decaying leaves. Avoid
coddling.

For Winter Flowering. — Cuttings may be rooted
singly in small pots during late autumn or in early
spring, the latter for choice. The plants ought to-
be ready for potting into 0" pots by the end of
May, and after a few days' sojourn in a close pit to
assist the formation of new roots, the best place
for them is an open one. They enjoy full sunshine,
though it is an advantage to the plants and a
saving of labour in watering to the grower if a.
thick board is placed on edge against the pots.
About the middle of September place the plants in
an airy greenhouse, raise them near the glass, and
keep up a temperature of 45° to 50°. Pinch out
the bloom trusses until September, in the case of
the earliest batch, and still later on those not
required to flower so soon. Two months at least must
be allowed from the formation of new flower buds
to the period of flowering, during the dull months
of the year. It is far better to grow large batches
of a few distinct -coloured varieties for this purpose,
than to attempt the cultivation of a collection.

Standard Geraniums.— These are becoming
popular for the decoration of large conservatories,
corridors, verandahs, and terraces. A couple of
seasons are required to secure the necessary length
of stem and a good head, but after these are
obtained it is only necessary to occasionally repot
;incl to annually prune the heads into shape.
Winter in a cool greenhouse, and keep moderately
dry. In summer give liquid manure. Stout
Bamboo rods are by far the best supports.

Selection of Single Varieties : —

Crim»oti Shades : —

Dr. Macdonald. Lord Rosebery.

John Forbes. Marquis of Dufferin.

King of Crimsons. M. Calvat.

Orange Shadei : —

Golden Horu. Lady Churchill.

Jerome K. Jerome. Sunbeam.

John Kuskin. Wordsworth.

Pink and Slush : —
Duchess of Fife. Norah.

Gertrude Pearson. Olive Carr.

Lady Boscoe. Stella Massey.

Purple ami Mayentu, : —
Bluebeard. King of Purples.

Blue Peter. Lord Roberts.

Kaiser Frederick. Royal Purple.

llosc : —

Alfred Tennyson. Hall Caine.

Countess of Buckingham. Lady Frances Russell.
Duchess of Portland. Mrs. Wildsmith.

Salmon : —

Coleridge. Lady Laurier.

Couan Doyle. Mary I'elton.

Ian Mitclareu. Mrs. Chas. Pearson.

Southey.

Souv. do W. B. Miller.

W. P. Wright.

Charles Mason.
( ;, .11, .nil French.
George Gordon.

Geranium

( 366 )

Gerbera

Striped and jSV/« ' •// : —

Countess de Morella. Mark Twain.

Exposition de Lyon. Menclik.

Lady Sarah Wilson. Souv. do Miraude.

\\7iite:—
Amy Amphlett.
Eucharis.
Niagara.

Selection of Double Varieties :—

Crimson : —
Chas. Lalande.
Colossus.
Coininander-iu-Chief.

Orange : —
Califoraie. Golden Gate.

Pink and Blush : —
Ami Henriot.
Comtesse de Clinchamp.
Jeanne d'Arc.

Purple and Magenta : — •
Aglaia.

Alsace Lorraine.
A. Eouillard.

Itose : —
Apotheose.
Catulle Mendes.
Jean Picard.

Salmon : —
Anna Bateson.
Dii:go Podda.
King of Denmark.

Scarlet Shades : —
Duke of Fife.
Gorgeous.
Ludwig Ferchl.

Striped and Shaded : —
Apricot.
Girome.
Huber Charron.

White:—

Baronne de Layres. Hennione.

Boule de Neige. Miss G. Ashworth.

Hedwidge Buchner. White Abbey.

Selection of Bedding Varieties : -

Crimson : —
Etna. George Potter. Henry Jacoby.

Niphetos.

Snowstorm.

Virginia.

Double Henry Jacoby.
General Millet.
Leonard Kelway.

Golden Rain.

Lord Derby.
Mdme. Vaudrey.
Rosa Bouheur.

Lnrkand.
Ludovic Corret.
Petit Jean.

L. Contable.
Mdme. Giillot.
Pierre Loti.

Pallas.
Rene Bazin.
Sam. Jacoby.

Raspail Improved.
Scan-on.
Turtle's Surprise.

Jean Hameau.
Mdme. H. Tilniant.
Sir Hamilton.

Mrs. E. Rawson.

0 ' range : —
Decorator.

Pink and Jilnxli :
Beckwith's Pink. Lady Bailey.

Purple and Hose : —
Kaiser Frederick. Miss Blanche

Gordon.

tollman: — •
Iseult.

Scarlet :—
Havelock.

White:—
Encharis.

Oniphale.
Vesuvius.

Niphetos.

[Wales.
Princess of

Olive Carr.
M. Porrier.

Surprise.

[Gem.
West Brighton

' Snowdrop.

Selection of Bright-foliaged Varieties :—

Golden Uronzt' : —

Distinction. Her Majesty.

Golden Harry Jubilee.

Hieover.

Golden Tricolors : —
Enchantress. Mr. Henry Cox.

Masterpiece. Mrs. Pollock.

Silver Tricolors : —
Dolly Varden. Eva Fish.

Empress of India. Lass o' Gowrie.

Win. Sandv.
Zulu.

Peter Grieve.
Prince of

Wales.

Mrs. Clntton.
Mrs. Miller.

Yelloir : —

Crystal Palace Robert Fish. Verona.

Gem.

White iriul Silrer :— [bury.

Boule de Neige. Flower of Spring. Miss Kings-

GERBERA.

By reason of its -bright, orange-coloured flower
heads, Jameson! has of late become popular. It
is a greenhouse perennial (onl. Composites); but is
often grown outdoors in sheltered borders. Soil,
loam, leaf mould, and sand. Propagation, by feed,
or cuttings of basal growths.

Principal Species :—
asplenifolia, 1', hlf-hdy.,

pur.
Jamesoni, IS", sum., aut.,

or., se. (»ff figure).
Barbertou Daisy.

G Kit HE it A JAMKSOXI.

Other Species : —

kunxeana, 1', sum., hdy.,

wh.
laimginosa, 1', sum . hdy.,

wh.

viridifolia, 1'. sum., hlf-
hdy., wh., yel.

Gerdarin (

German I'ntr/it/i/ (see Lychnis).

Germander (see Veronica and Teucrhini).

Geropofjon (see

(Ti'rttinia (see

Gerrardanthus

( 367 )

Gilia

GERRARDANTHUS.

A greenhouse climber (ord. Cucurbitaceie), easily
raised from seeds sown in heat. Soil, rich, light loam.
Principal Species : —
tomentosa. Aug., yel.

GESNCRA.

Description. — A fairly large genus (onl. Gesner-
aeea1) of tuberous-rooted, stove or intermediate
liimse ^ilant.-, that have downy stems and leaves,
and are of dwarf habit. The flowers are more or
less tubular, pendent or semi-pendent, and usually
very brilliantly coloured or spotted. Most of the
hybrids and named varieties have been raised on
the Continent.

Propagation. — By methods similar to those em-
ployed for Gloxinias, the usual one being division
of the tubers as soon as growth commences.
In a close, moist case, neither growth nor leaf
cuttings are difficult to root. Seedlings can be
raised in heat if the seed is sown on the surface
of fine, sandy soil, and covered with a glass. Sow
early in February.

Soil.— -Two parts of good, light loam, one part of
librous peat, and one part of leaf mould, with a
little dried and sifted eow manure, and sharp sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Tubers should be started,
as in the case of Gloxinias, and potted as soon as
lit. When rooting freely, a shelf in an inter-
mediate temperature will suit admirably .until
increased growth makes a position on the stage
below necessary. Water freely, and maintain a
humid atmosphere.

Insects and Diseases. --Thrips will soon disfigure
the foliage, but if a properly moist atmosphere is
maintained they are no trouble. Green fly can be
kept at bay by periodical fumigation. A kind of
dry rot sometimes attacks the tubers. It seems
to be brought on by unduly hastening the period
of rest, or by a low temperature during that period,
and when once it sets in there is no cure.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

Blassii, 1', sum., sc.

Dirca'a Blassii).
uanliiialis, 14/,aut.,crim.,

BO., wh. throat (SI/IK.

lateritia, macrantha,

aud UircaM cardinalis).
Douklarii, '2', .Jy., red.,

throat yel. uajgelioides, 1.1',

Douglasii, I.'.', Sep., red, aut., ro. pk.,

yel.
exouieusis, 1J/, win., or.,

sc., yel. ; hybrid,
lateritia (Paxton, we car-

dinalis).

eojiiililii, 1', sum., sc.
indleyi, 1J', Jy.,

sc.,
atrosan-

yel. ("'/it-
guiuea).
ma<Tnntha(s« cardinalis).

Other Species and Varieties :

maculata, !£', aut., pur.

spotted (*i/«». purpurea,

verticillata, aud Dirca'a

picta).
Marrhii, 21'. sum., sc.

(KI/H. Corytholoma pen-

dulinum).

uajgelioides, 1.1', sum.,
red:

several fine vars., uot-

ably aureo-roseum, cor-

allina, and lilacinclla.
])ur]iurea (.we maculata).
rrt'id^rns, 1^', sum., vio.,

spotted buff, wh. throat ;

hybrid.
Van Houttei, 1}', Sep.,

car., wh., ro.

idlagophylln, 1.1', ,Ty., or.
biilliosa (*•/• magnified),
rimiiibarina (>vr Na'gt'lia

cimiabarina).
rnclili'aris •_!', Je., sc.
Cooperi, '!' , Je., sc.
disrnlor. 1 ['. Seji., red,

yel. (///'. polyautha).
elougat:i, '_'', aut., sc.
Hookeri. l\', sum., sc.
lihaiiensis (.ice Penta-

rhaphia

longiflora («r Achimenes

longifloni).

niagnifica, 1.1', Aug., pur.
polrantha (of hutnniml

ifaoatint, let discolor).
rupestris (we tuberosa).
rutila, '2', Aug., sc., yel.
sceutrum. '!', Jy., BC.
si-hif(li;ina (w Isolollia

srhiediiinuiu).
Siittcnii, '2', Aug.jSC.

tllbrnisa, li". .'int., SC.

(.-i/ii. rujiestris).

tuhiflora, 2', Mch. (now

Arhimeues tubiflora).
verticillata (see maculata).

vestita (we Isoloma vesti-

tuin).
/;'lirina (w Ntegelia ze-

brina) .

GETHYLLIS.

South African bulbous greenhouse plants (ord.
Amaryllideic). Propagation, by seeds and offsets.
Soil, peat, loam, and sand. A distinct resting
period must be allowed after flowering, gradually
reducing water, and giving little or none in winter.

Principal Species : —

afro, 6', Jy., wh., red. (now Apodolirion lau-

ciliaris, C", Jy., wh. ceolatum).

lanceolate, 7', Jy., wh. spiralis, 9', aut., wh.

GEUM. (AVENS.)

Pretty, hardy, herbaceous plants (ord. Kosace.f)
for borders and rockwork. Propagation, by division
in spring or autumn, by seeds sown in a frame or in
pots in a greenhouse in early spring. Common soil.

Principal Species and Varieties : -

— miuiatum, or.
moutauuiu, My., yel. ; a

good plant.

— gramuflorum; superior.

— Heldreichii, or., red.

rhicticum, 4', Je., yel.
rivale, H', Je., reel, pur.

Water Avens.
Eoylei, 1^', Je., yel.
sylvaticum, 1'. Jy., yel.

(«//«. utlaiiticuin).
triflorum, Je., red.
tyroleuse, 1^', Je. , yel.
urbanum, l}', Je., yel.

chilouuse, 2', Je., sc. ;

often known as coc-

cineum.
— grandiflorum plenum ;

good for cutting.

Other Species : —
album, 1', Jy., wh.
coccineum, 1', Jy., sc.
elatum, H', Jy., yel.
japouicum, H', Je., yel.
macriiphylluin, 2', Jy.,yeL
molle, Je., 15', yel.
pyreuaicum, 1', Jy., yel.
reptaus, 6", Je., yelj ;

var. flore pleno.

GEVUINA (syn. <

A South American genus (ord. Proteacea?), one
species only. Avellana, being known. It make.- :\
tree 30' to 40' high, with whitish flowers and red
fruit. It should lie grown in sandy jx-at and loam
in a cool greenhouse or frame, standing out of
doors in summer. This is the Gtievina of the Keio
Hand- List, not of the Index SJotvcniiM.

GILIA.

Beautiful annual or half-hardy perennial nerl>s
(ord. Polemoniacese), very ornamental in beds or
borders, or on rockwork. Propagation, by seeds in
the open in April, or in a frame a little earlier.
They like .a rather light soil. The few perennial
species require to be kept free from rain.
1'nless otherwise marked, those named are annuals.
The genus Leptosiphon, which is referred by
botanists to Gilia, is treated under its garden
name in this work.

Principal Species :—

achillejefolia, 1', Aug.,
pur., bl. ; vars. with
wh. and red flowers are
Bl pri'tty as tin- tyjM-.

aiidrosacea, 9", Aug.,
lil., pk., ro., wh.

tricolor, 1', Je.. vaii'm-:
valuable, many beauti-
ful vars., hybrid, useful

i forms.

(see Itciiealmia).

Hrlnniil (xi'i- t'il/l/rnj>trris).

(llierkin («•<• Cuwiniber).
Ghietbrtghtia (we I'ulmitlic).

(illiiliil Off Tilllii'in " |.

li'nii/1 l-'i-iini'l («•<• i''rri/!n).
tliii.1 (.«'<• /Ili-tia).
liiliriillur Mint (.-IT Wi'ittha).
(wv .-/••//""")•

Gilibertia

( 308 )

Gipsy Moth

Other Species :

aggregata, 9", Jy., bieu.,

sc.
Braiidegei, 9", Jy., per.,

yel.
californica, 1', Jy., hlf-

hily. per., HI.
capitata, 1' to 2 , sum.,

b).
dianthoides, G", Jy., lil.

dichotoma, 9', Jy., wh.
laeiniata, 1J", Jy., pur.
liuiHora, 1', Jy.. wh.
micrantha, 9", Jy., ro.
parviflora, 1', Aug.,

pur., or., bl. (syn,

mconspicua).
squarrosa, l',Jy., bl.
teuuiflora, 1', Aug., vio.

I'lwla : CunfM it C'o/u/Mnj/, IM.

GLADIOLUS ALTH;EA (src p. 370).

GILIBERTIA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Araliacese), in-
creased by cuttings of the young wood in very
sandy soil beneath a bell-glass over bottom heat.
Soil, librous loam, peat, and coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

brasilieusis, .">', nut, grn., umbellata, 5', grn.

yel.

GILLENIA.

Graceful, hardy perennial, herbaceous plants
(ord. Rosacese), which make a pleasing effect
in the border or large rock garden. The two
species are much alike, and are easily grown in
any common soil, not very dry. Propagation, by
division or seeds in spring.

Only Species : —
stipulacea, 3', Jy., red, trifoliata, 3', Jy.,red,wh. ;

wh. var. major is taller.

GILLIFLOWER.

This popular name, sometimes rendered Gilly-
flower, or Gilloflower, is applied to two very
distinct flowers, i.e. the Carnation and the Wall-
flower. It belongs, however, rightly to the former,
and was so vised by the old herbalists. The word
itself is probably a corruption of the French
ffiro/lee or yirojie, though one old writer suggests a
different derivation by calling Carnations "July-
flowers."

GINGER.

So cheap has preserved green Ginger become
that few attempt the cultivation of Zingiber orHci-
nale (prd. Scitaminea;) for the sake of its fleshy
rhizomes, though some grow it as a foliage plant.
Given a deep pit and plenty of bottom heat, home
grown Ginger equal to the imported produce may
be obtained. Koots must be divided early in
spring, and may either be potted and the pots
placed in a plunge-bed of spent tan, or planted in
a bed of rich soil made up on slate slabs laid over
the bottom heat pipes. Water must be given
sparingly until growth is well advanced, after
which it is scarcely possible to give too much
moisture until growth ceases for the season.

GINKGO.

Few trees are handsomer than the Maidenhair
Tree, and few are better able to withstand the
effects of town dust and smoke. Ginkgo biloba
{ord. Coniferas) grows slowly, but attains to a con-
siderable height, and lives to a good old age. It
grows in any good garden soil, and is propagated
by seeds.

Only Species : —

biloba, 75', spr., grn., yel. (syn. Salisbnria adian-
tifolia). There are several garden forms, with
descriptive varietal names, such as fastigiata,
macrophylla laciniata, pendula, -triloba, and varic-
gata.

GIPSY MOTH.

Although still very destructive, on the Continent,
to various fruit trees, Poplars, Willows, Hoses,
Oaks, etc., the Gipsy Moth, Liparis (or Jiuml/i/.r, <//•
Porthetria) dispar, is now so scarce in this country
that it does little harm. The male is smaller than
the female, very dark, and dull brown in colour ;
the female is grey, and has a very downy body.
The eggs are deposited on tree trunks, and the
pupas are placed in a web among leaves, or some
other snug spot. Spring and winter dressings
should be given to fruit trees where the Gipsy
Moth proves a pest, (See INSECTICIDES).

fti-ngelly Oil Plant (see Hcsiimicm indicnm).

fl/iiijer Beer Plant (see Torula).

(ringer. Wild (see Asa/rum curoptrmn').

(finr/insia (set: Pliarnaccvni).

Ginseng (see Panax). ,

(fi/isies' Rase (nee Scabiosa arvensis).

< iimsanthe (see Costns).

Gladiolus

( 369 )

Gladiolus

GLADIOLUS. (CORN FLAG. SVVOKD LILY.)

Description. — The Gladiolus is so familiar to all
that a detailed description is unnecessary. It will
be sufficient to say that it belongs to the urt/.
Irideie ; that there are over 130 species ; that it
has a conn, as its " bulb " is called ; and that it
produces its flowers in spikes. Our garden Gladioli
are principally hybrids, but a number of tin; species
are of much beauty, and will give considerable
pleasure to those who grow them. A selection of
the best or most interesting of these species is
appended. All the Gladioli are useful as cut
flowers, and if cut when the lower flowers begin to
open the remainder will last much longer in water.

Propagation. — The original corm dies annually,
but another is produced in its place, and sometimes
more than one, which can be separated before
planting time. The principal method for increas-
ing any named or choice varieties is by means of
the cormlets or " spawn " produced at the base of
the larger conns. These are grown in small beds,
and eventually attain to flowering size. They
sho ild be lifted annually in a similar manner to
the larger ones. Where a corm shows more than
one " eye " on the top, it may be cut into as many
pieces as there are eyes, just like a Potato, and
each piece will produce a stem. The cut must be
right through the corm to the bottom, and it is
desirable, though not necessary, to put some
powdered charcoal on the cut portion. New varie-
ties are raised from seeds sown in beds in the
open or in pans under glass.

Soil. — The Gladiolus may be grown on any goo:!
soil enriched with manure. Some reoommend a
light soil, but capital spikes and good conns arc
produced on heavier land.

Other Cultural Points.— Only a few Gladioli,
principally natives of Europe and Asia Minor, are
hardy in the greater pirtion of these islands. The
others are best treated as half-hardy, that is, lifted
in autumn when the leaves become yellow, and
stored in a cool place where frost cannot reach
them until the time for replanting comes round.
The cormlets should not be taken off until that
time. After lifting, the conns ought to be dried
slightly in an airy place out of the sun, and then
placed in drawers or, in the case of a small collec-
tion, in paper bags. A good number of the early-
flowering varieties are hardy once they become
established, if left in the open ground, but for the
first winter or two it is more prudent to cover them
with 2" or 3" of Cocoanut fibre refuse or ashes.

Growing for Exhibition.— The conns may be
planted in lines, the plants being about 1' apart.
The beds ought, if possible, to be prepared in
autumn, a good addition of cow or horse manure
being made at that time. The proper depth to
plant is about 3" above the top of the corm, and a
little sharp sand may be placed about it when the
soil is of a heavy nature. For the decoration of
mixed borders the corms may be closer, and look
best in groups. From the beginning of March to
the end of May is the most suitable time to plant,
but in cold districts it, is often desirable to place
the later varieties in boxes, like those used for
early Potatoes, with some soil about the conns,
and to start them into growth before planting them
out, this being done with the soil adhering to the
roots, which must not be injured. The plants
ought to be secured to stakes as soon as they have
grown sufficiently high, and be kept attended t<> in
this respect as the spikes extend. In poor soil the

beds may be mulched with well-rotted manure
when the Gladioli are a little above the surface.
Some apply artificial manures or water occasion-
ally with liquid manure, but on a somewhat heavy
yellow loam Mr. J. Burrell, a noted grower, finds
that both of these give doubtful results. Flowers
for exhibition are covered with a box with a glass
front, the lower part of which is shaded as the
blooms at the base of the spike open. For beds
and borders good strains of seedlings will give

Photo : Cuseell <£ Company, Ltd.

GLADIOLUS MRS. WOOD (see p. 370).

many line flowers, some of these being equal to
named varieties. Gladioli are very ornamental in
pots, one conn for a (>" pot being sufficient, except
for the smaller forms, sueli as Colvillei and the
other earlv-llowering varieties, which may be placed
five to a t»" pot. Two parts of rich loam, with
one pait of decayed hot bed manure and a little
sand, will make a good compost for these. Recently
some of the later Gladioli have been successfully
forced, but they require careful attention, and are
,-eareelv suitable for ordinary glass structures. The
Gladiolus is subject to fungoid diseases, but no
remedy lias yet been discovered.

Gladiolus

( 370 )

Glass and Glazing

Selections :
Gandavensis Section : —

The first Gladiolus of this section, the most im"
portant for show and garden purposes, is said to
have originated at Enghien, but was sent out from
Ghent, whence its name gandavensis. It is under-
stood to have been raised from psittacinus, hybrid-
ised with cardinal is, though Dean Herbert con-
cluded that oppositiflorus was used instead of
cardinalis, and Mr. Burrell is of opinion that this
was used by M. Souchet in raising some of the
many line hybrids of his time. The improvement
in these flowers continues to advance, and the
Kehvays of Langport, and the Burrells of Cain-
bridge, are among the greatest raisers of the
present day. The flowers are of charming form
and colouring, and even the old scarlet brenchley-
ensis is indispensable for its brilliant flowers,
which are of striking effect when contrasted with
white-flowered plants. The first selection is of
good exhibition flowers, and the second is made
Iroin new Gladioli which have taken high awards
from the Royal Horticultural Society within the
last few years.

First Selection, Good Exhibition, f'toivsrs : —

AUiebaran. Dr. Olmsteacl. M. A. Brougui-

Baroness Burdett- Enchautresse. art.

Coutte. Eugeue Souchet. Mr. Jansen.

Beatrix. Fantome. Mr. Patrick.

Corinne. Formosa. Mrs. Wood (see

Cronstadt. Grande Bou^e. p. 369).

Dalila. Grand Voiiiqueur. Osmanli.

Dr. Bailly. Hamlet. Pollux.

Dr. JulesMascarel. L'Inceudie. Sultana.

Mine. P. Palmer. Zampa.

Second Selection. Recent Novelties : —
Althasa (seep. 368). Countess of Lady Montagu.

Apollo. Leicester. Ocean.

Burne-Jones. delicata. Mike Lambourue.

Carlton. F. Payuter. Penn.

Carlyle. Jas. H. Veitoh. Sir Evelyn Wood.

Countess Amy. Jules Toussaint. Victor.

W. B. Child.

Lcinoinci Section : —

These were raised by M. Lemoine, of Nancy,
•France, by hybridising gandavensis and others
•with purpureo-auratus. They are distinguished by
deep-coloured blotches at the bases of the lower
segments. Some pretty flowers are found among
these, and recently seedlings have been raised witli
blue or bluish flowers. They are slightly hardier
than the gandavensis vars.

Selection of Good Varieties : —

Baron J. Hulot. HenrietteRenan. Paul Lemoine.

J>euil de Carnot. Hippolyta. Prof. Le Monnier.

Dorteur Hegel. Jane Dieulafoy. Rev. W. Wilks.

Emile Augier. J. H. Krelage. Senateur Vollard.

Fustell de Cou- J. J. Weis«. Vesnve.

Inneer. Mad. Desbonles W. E. Gumbleton.

Gil Bias. Valmore. Xenia.

Nanceianus Section : —

These originated, from crosses between the
Lemoinei and gandavensis vars., with M. Lemoine,
:\t Nancy. They are splendid garden plants, with
tall spikes and large flowers.

Selection : —

A. R. Smith. Le Grand Carnot. Professeur Lam-
Col. Arehinard. Massena. bin.
Col. Gillon. President Carnot. Robert Lindsay.
General Duchesne. President Chan- W. Watson.
Jules Finger. dou.

Childsii Section :—

These were raised by Herr Max Leichtlin, of
Baden-Baden, but passed by purchase into American,
hands. They are seedlings of Saundersii, crossed
with gandavensis. They have large, showy flowers
on tall stems.

Selection : —

Ben'Hur. Gildo. Mrs. La Mance.

Cavour. Henry Gillman. Splendour.

Dr. Sellew. Mrs. Beecher. Wm. Falconer.

Early -flowering Section : -—

These arc of various parentage, a few being
original species. They are very useful, and some
are scarcely inferior to gandavensis vars.

Selection : —
Ardeus (XIJH. Fire comniunis(in var- Ne Plus Ultra.

King). iety). Prince of Wales,

blandus (in var- delicutissima. Queen Victoria.

iety). Duke of Albany. QueeuWilhelinina.

Blushing Bride, floribuudus. ramosus (in var-

curdiualis. formosissimus. iety).

Colvillei. insignis. Rosy Gem.

— The Bride. nanus (in var- Salmon Queen.
iety). Sarnian Gem.

Principal Species : —

Unless otherwise mentioned, these may be grown
in frames or treated like the others.

Selection : —

alatus, 6", red. illyricus, 1J', hdy., pur.

armeuiacus, 1', Jy., hdy., kotschyanus, !£', hdy.,

pur. pur.

atroviolaceus, 1', hdy., oppositiflorus, 2-V, wh.

pur. psittacinus, 3', yel., red.

byzantinus, 2', hdy., pur. purpureo-auratus, '2', yel.
cruentus, 2.;', sc. Saundersii, 2', sc., wh.

dracocephalus, 2' to 3', segetum, 1J', hdy., pur.

pale yel., pur. tristis, H', pale yel.

GLASS AND GLAZING.

Twenty-one ounce glass is the best for horticul-
tural purposes, as not only is it stronger than
lighter makes, but it also keeps out the cold better.
Green tinted glass was at one time recommended
for horticultural purposes, but it is now seldom
used, except for Filmy Ferns and a few other
shade loving plants. To deal with the multitud-
inous systems of glazing would occupy more space
than can be afforded here. There are lead and
copper glazing, by means of S's'laPeol strips of
metal which firmly grip the under and overlapping
edges of the panes. In Beard's system strips of
felt are laid on the sash bars, and on them the
glass is placed ; other strips of felt are then laid
on the glass, and over this a wood or metal cap,
as wide as the sash bar, is screwed down. No putty
is used. In Rendle's system the glass is so arranged
that hardly any woodwork is exposed externally, and
outside painting, is almost unnecessary. The most
general system of glazing is still by means of
putty, but 'top putty is now seldom used, owing to
the difficulty experienced in removing broken
panes. The rebates should be well filled witli
good putty, on to^wbich the glass is firmly pressed ;
•lightly sprig the panes to prevent movement, and
then allow the putty to dry. The next point is to
give two or three coats of paint instead of top
putty, allowing these to extend y over the glass
on each side. To prevent damage by contrac-
tion, cut the panes rV' less in width than is the
distance between the sash bars or astracles.

Gland. lielltioiKer (see Adenopliora).
Glandulifolia (see Adenandra).
Glaphyria (sec 2.ej>tospernmm).

CRIMSON
RED.

A GROUP OF GLADIOLI.

Clastonbury Thorn

( 37L )

Glaucium

GLASTONBURY THORN.

'J'his famous Cratiegus is a precocious form of
the common Hawthorn, and one that frequently
il'jivrrs as early as December. Its botanical name is
C'ratscgus Oxyacantha prcecox. So early flowering

GLAUCIUM. (HORSED POPPY.)

Showy hardy biennial or perennial flowers (ortt.

Papaveraceic), suitable for borders or rockwork.

Flavnm is the native species, and grows on the

sea shore in sandy soil. The plants will, however,

* *

I'liuto : CVt.Vt'U d; Cuini«liiy, LUl.

GLKUITSCIIIA TUJACAXTHOS (sec p. 372).

a shrub as this was regarded by the ancients with
superstitious awe, and consequently many legends
are connected with the plant. William of M:ilmes-
bury tells how Joseph of Arimathea visiteil
England, bearinpr the Holy Grail with him, and
founded at Glastonbury (in Somcrsetsliire) the
first Christian ctiurch of Britain. Arrived :it,
Wean-all Hill, the pilgrim thrust his staff into the
ground, when it speedily rooted, and blossomed
each succeeding year on Old Christmas Eve.

grow in any garden soil. Propagation, by seeds
sown in spring or summer in thr open, or in a frame.
Only a. few of the known species are in cultiva-
tion. . ,

Principal Species and Varieties : -
corniculatum phfpuiceum, luteum). Var. fulvumia

2', Je., or. red. deeper in colour : var.

— rubrum, red. tricolor is :i new form.

Fischcri, 2', Je., red. Bquamigerum, yel.,

2', Jo., yel. (tyn. flowers H" across.

Glaux

(372)

G-leichenia

GLAUX.

In moist situations near the sea tins hardy per-
ennial creeper (nrd. Primulacea;) is frequently
found flowering during May or June. In gardens
it grows best in a moist but very light soil, and
can be increased by seeds.

Principal Species and Variety :—
jnaritima, 2", Je., pk. — alba.wh.; usually earlier.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

sineusis, 25', Je., gru.
(eyas, ferox of Desfon-
ta'iue, horrida, macran-
tha, and macrosperma) .
The chief vars. are
iuermis, major (30'),
nana (12'), and pen-
dula.

triacanthos, 50', Jy., gru.
(*yit$. Bujoti, mono-
sperma [of gardens],
and spinosa). Tlie
Houey Locust, or Three
Thonied Acacia. (8ce
p. 371.)

sr

ifto: Canse'.l if Company, Lt.l.

OrLEICHENIA KLTESTKIS (fat p. 373).

GLEDITSCHIA.

These hardy trees (ord. LeguminosaO are not,
with the exception of triacanthos, very popular,
notwithstanding that they are very ornamental
deciduous subjects. They grow to a moderate size
in any good garden soil. Propagation, by imported
seeds where obtainable, but the choicer varietal
forms are grafted upon sinensis or triacanthos.
Seeds are best sown in early spring, about 1" deep,
after a good soaking in tepid water.

monosperma (Walt.), 30',
Jy. , gru. (syii . aquutica) .

Other Species : —
macracantha, 20', Je.,
grn,

GLEICHENIA.

About thirty species of handsome and distinct
Ferns (ord. F.ilices), with much branching fronds,
and thin, wiry, creeping stems. As the fronds
continue to grow year .after year the plants

Gleclioma (sse Xvpeta).

Globba

( 373 )

Glossodia

ultimately form dense hushes. hut thev have a
tendency to become very bare at the base.

Propagation. — l!y .-pores, sown in gentle beat, in
sterilised soil, and kept very close ; and liv division
of the creeping rhizomes in spring. This operation
needs to be very carefully performed, us Gleich-
cnias resent interference. Short lengths of the
younger rhizomes should be selected, each with
roots attached, and pegged down upon a compost
of peat and sand. They must be kept' close for
several weeks, until they start, into growth.

Soil. — Very sandy peat, with a few pieces of
charcoal and sandstone. Loam is unnecessary.

Other Cultural Points. — Gleichenias are com-
monly regarded as being dillieult to grow, but if
gi\eii abundance of water at all times they are not
so. The temperature of a warm greenhouse suits
most of them. They like plenty of surface room
for their creeping rhizomes, and large, shallow
pans or tubs are the most suitable receptacles.
Continual attention to staking is needed, otherwise
the plants become a tangled,, unsightly mass. In
removing the dead pinna; take care not to cut
away the live stems, from which young growths
will subsequently start. Insects, with the occa-
sional exception of thrips. are not troublesome.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

cireiuata, ti', warm grli.

— Mendelii, 6', warm grh.

— micropliylla, :!', warm
grh.

— semivestita, 6', warm
grh.

— Spehmca-, 3', st.
dicafpa, 0', grh.

— longipinnata, 6', warm

vrrli.
dichotoma, (>', grli. (.«///<«.

ferruginea, Hermanuii,

and rumiervis)..
flabellatn, warm grh., 5' ;

the most difficult to

grow.

-- alpina, o, grh. (m/ii. rupestris, 5', grh. ( -rr

hecistophylla). p. 372).

— glauca, .Y, gi-lu — gigantea, «', grh.

— glaucesccns, .Y, grh.

Other Species :

acutifolia (.w Juailripar- limgissiiiiii, grh. (syiis.

tita). Bancrof tii and excelsa).

Bancroftii(«r longissima\ mierophylla (sec circinata

bnifteata (sir flagellaris) * var.).

cryptocarpa, 3', grh. pectinata, st.

Cimiiinghami, grh. pubescens, at. («/«.«. fur-

excelsa (»r longissimii).. eata, Mutthewsii, and

ferrugiiiea(»'e<lii<liotoiiia). tomentosa) .

flagelluris, st. (*////». hifur- quadripartita, grh. (syii.

cata, bracteata, huvi- acutifolia).

gata.andpliiinieformis). rufiuervis (we dichotoma).

furcata (we pubescens). tomeutosa (»«• pubescent).

GLOBBA.

Herbaceous perennials (ord. Scitaminea1), with
showy and curious flowers, of easy culture in a
stove. Propagation, by root division in spring.
Soil, equal parts of loam and leaf soil, or loam and
peat, with sand.

Principal Species : —

albo-bracteata, '2\' , wli., some plant, in bloom

yel. (*I/«M. alba and most of the year.

coccinea). Si-homburgkii. 'l', Aug.,

atrosanguinea, 14', yel.. yel., or. red.

with sc. bracts fa hand- sessiliHora, 1.1', Aug., yel.

GLOBULARIA.

Herbs and shrubs (ord. Selaginea^), with pretty
flowers in heads. Some do well in the rock garden,
if given a moist soil and a. sheltered n6ok. The

li'lubc Amaranth (HIT fii>ui/i/irei«t gluhota).
Globe Flon'CT (i<rir Troll ins).
ffltibe Thistle (ffi- /•>////«'/«).
tthbnlea (see OraMUld).

herbaceous perennials may be increased by seeds

sown in a cold frame in spring, or when ripe, or
by root division in spring; the greenhouse shrubs
by seeds and cuttings.

Principal Species :—

Alypum, 'i', Aug., Sep.. vul?aris, 6" to 12", sum.,

grh. shr. lidy. herbaceous, bl.
nmlicaulis, 6", sum., hdy.

herbaceous, bl.

Other Species : —

cordit'olia, sum., hdy. sub- cana, sum., hdy. herb-

shr., bl. aceous, bl.

longifolia, 3', Jy., Aug., trichosantha, 6" to 8",

grli. shr., wh. (now sum., hdy. herbaceous^

called suliciuu). bl.

GLORIOSA.

Description. — Very liandsome bulbous plants (prd.
Liliaceie). with long, wiry stems. They are of
comparatively easy culture if they are not dis-
turbed frequently at the root, and once established,
are amongst the most useful and ornamental
of climbers for the roof and pillars of the stove.
The flowers last well when cut, and are of con-
siderable service for table decoration.

Propagation. — 15y seeds, and offsets from the old
tubers. Seeds should be placed singly in small
pots about the middle of January, and the pots
plunged to the rims in brisk bottom heat. Prop-
agation by offsets needs even more care, or the old
tubers will receive injury. The offsets may be
placed in small pots early in the year,, whilst they
and the old bulbs are yet dormant, plunged in
bottom heat, and treated in. much the same way
as the seedlings.

Soil. — Two parts of peat, one part of loam, and
one of sand, for the seedlings, and equal parts of
peat and loam, with about one-sixth of the whole
bulk of sharp sand, for the older plants.

Other Cultural Points. — The culture of Glorio'as
may be summed up as follows ; Stove heat all the
year round; plenty of water from the time that
growth starts in the spring until it dies down in
the autumn ; and no water at all, but perfect reft,
during the winter. Pot culture is to be recom-
mended because the supply of moisture can then
be regulated to a greater nicety. Any repotting
that is necessary should be done not later than the
end of January. A temperature of 70° is required
to set the plants growing briskly. The roots are
very tender and brittle.

Principal Species and Varie'ies : —
simplex, I' to .V, sum., flowers than the type

deep or., yel. (»»/«. (•«.'/"• Methouica graudi-

virescens). : flora).

- I'lautii, yel., red. superba, 6' to 9', sum.,

— graudiflora, larger rich or., red; the best.

GLOSSODIA.

Terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidacese), requiring
a greenhouse temperature. Propagation, by divi-
sion of the roots in spring, keeping the divisions
in a close frame until they start strongly. Soil,
sandy loam and peat in equal parts, (ilossodias
need plenty of water when growing ; little or none
in the winter.

Principal Species : —
ma jor, .Te., bl. («/». Gala- minor, Je., bl. (xyn. Cala-

ili'iiia major). deuia minor).

liliirij nf Hie Sii"ii- (wr I'liiniiujujni ).
lilnrij I'cn (see (Tmiitlnit).

(see Cedonoptti),

Glossula

( 374 )

Gloxinia

GLOSSULA.

A tuberous rooted Orchid (crd. Orcliidacese),
requiring a stove temperature. Propagation, by
root division. Answers to the same treatment as
the Glossodias, which see.

Only Species : —

tentaculata, !)", Dec., grn., curious flowers ; the
segments resemble the antenna; of an insect.

GLOXINIA.

Description. — An important race of plants (ord.
Gesneracea;), with large, handsome, bell-shaped

place in a temperature of 70°, and shade care-
fully with sheets of paper. Division of the tubers
may be practised in spring just as they are
beginning to make growth. The divisions should
be potted in sandy soil, and kept close in a
propagating frame until they start. Leaf cuttings
may be employed to increase the stock of any
meritorious variety. Stout, healthy leaves should
be chosen, and, after removing them with the
footstalk intact, they should be dibbled into pans
of sandy soil. Or large leaves may be selected,
the midrib nicked through in several places with a

A SPECIMEN GLOXIMA ruou SKEI>.

flowers. Correctly, they belong to the genus
Sinningia, most of them having been derived from
S. speciosa, but they are kept distinct here for
horticultural purposes.

Propagation. — By seeds, division of the tubers,
and leaf cuttings. Seed sowing is by far the best
of the three methods. A packet of seed from a
good strain may be relied upon to give flowering
plants within six months from the date of sowing.
Moreover, successional sowings will yield flowers
through the greater part of the year. The seed
pots or pans should be well drained, and filled to
within 1" of the rim with sandy soil. Carefully
level this, water, sow the seed thinly on the moist
surface, cover each pot or pan with a sheet of glass,

Glottideum (see Seslania).

sharp knife, and the leaves pegged down at full
length on a bed of sandy soil. In a few weeks
" bulbils " will be formed at each nick.

Soil. — Equal parts of loam and leaf soil, with
plenty of sand, for the young plants ; two-thirds of
fibrous loam, one-third of leaf soil or peat, and
sand, for the older specimens.

Other Cultural Points. — The firs1, single shift for
the seedlings should be into 2J" pots, the next into
4j", then, if they are very strong, into 6".
Generally, however, a 4J" pot is large enough.
Shade is necessary at all "times, for a few minutes
of bright sun will hopelessly disfigure all the
best leaves. A mean summer temperature of about
(i5° is a good one, whilst during the winter months
the house may stand at about 55° by night.
Gloxinias like a fair quantity of water at the roots,

G-lycine

( 375 )

Goat Moth

but being fine-rooted subjects they detest a water-
logged soil. Plenty of atmospheric moisture there
must be, for aridity is a sure forerunner of red
spider, which spells ruin. When in flower tho
plants may, with advantage, be placed in cooler
surroundings; the flowers will Last the longer.

Old Plants. — Gloxinias may be grown on for a
number of years if desired. After flowering, tlie
plants should be given less water, and gradually
allowed to go to rest. When quite dormant, the
pots should be placed on their sides beneath the
greenhouse stage to winter. Growth will probably
commence about the beginning of February, if the
house has a night temperature of about 45°. As
soon as signs of growth are seen, the old soil should
be shaken away and the plants potted in light, rich
soil, and in small pots ; or they may be started in
boxes of Cocoanut fibre refuse, and potted when
the growths are about J" long.

Principal Species and Hybrids (see also SIN-
NINGIA) : —

multiHora (sec Nffigelia

multifloru).
pallidiflora, 1', Aug., pale

hi.
speciosa (>-ee Siimingia

speciosa). The parent

of the modem Gloxinia.

diversiflora, a hybrid,
gesueroides, a hybrid

(Siimingia X Gesnora

Donklari) .
glaljrata, 9", Aug., wh.

(mjn. fimbnata of Jiol-

uitieal Ma<i«;iin' 4-130).
maculata, 2', Je., Oct.,

pur., bl.

Named florists' varieties, sucli as Lord Roberts
(sec figure), are numerous.

GLYCINE.

Stove and greenhouse herbs (ord. Leguminosae).
Propagation, by cuttings of the side shoots inserted
in spring, under :i bell-glass, in gentle heat. Soil,
loam and peat in equal parts, with a little sand.

Principal Species : —

hedysaroides, st., Je., pur., branches twining.

GLYCYRRHIZA. (LIQUORICE.)

Hardy, herbaceous perennials (ord. Leguminosas),
with pretty flowers. They are, as a rule, rather
coarse-growing and straggling. Propagation, by
division of the roots in spring or autumn, prefer-
ably the former. Each division should have one
or two sound buds. Any ordinary garden soil
will do.

Principal Species : —
echiuata, 3', Je., Jy.,pur., aut., pale bl., jields

plant sticky. liquorice,

glabra, 3' to 4', sum., lepidota, 2' to 3', Jy.,
Aug., wh., pods prickly.

GLYPHOSPERMA.

A rare and curious sub- hardy plant (ord.
Liliaceas), with singularly marked reeds. It is
close to the better known genus Anthericum.
Propagation, by root division in spring. Palmeri,
2', summer, has white, starry flowers. It should hi:
protected with dry litter in winter. It will do well
in a dry, sandy soil.

GMELINA.

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Verbenaceae), prop-
agated by cuttings of matured side shoots inserted
in bottom heat, in spring. Soil, fibrous loam, with
plenty of sharp sand.

Principal Species :—

arborea, 21)', Je., Aug., wh. (syn. Rheedii).

Glyptuttrobus (sec Taxodium).

(CUDWBliD ; EVER-

GNAPHALIUM.

LASTING.)

A large genus (ord. Compositse), comprising
annuals, biennials, and perennials from nearly all
parts of the earth. Very few of them, however,
are of any value to gardeners.

Principal Species : —
decurrens, 2' to 3', Jy.,

Aug., hdy. per., wh.
Leontopodium (see Leon-

margaritaceum (*r Ana-
phalis margaritacea).

topodium alpiuuni).

GNIDIA.

There are upwards of fifty species in this genus
(iird. Thymelasacea;) of greenhouse evergreens.
Propagation, by cuttings of the young shoots in
spring, when they are not more than 2" long,
inserted in sand in a close but cool frame. Soil,
peat and sand.

rttoto : CasseU Jb Company, Lid,

GLOXINIA LOUD ROKEHTS.

Principal Species : —
deuudata, IV, My., Jy.,

yel.
oppositifolia, 1', My., Jy.,

pale yel.

pinifolia, 1', Mch., Ap.,
wh. ; very fragaut ; the
best,
tomeutoea, 3' to 4', Mch.,

Ap., yel.
GOAT MOTH.

The Goat Moth (Cossus ligniperda) has the un-
enviable distinction of producing not only one of
the largest but also one of the most destructive of
European caterpillars. The perfect insect measures
about 3" from point to point of its forewings, which
are dull brown in hue, shaded with deeper brown
markings. The female moth lays her eggs in
crevices in the bark of timber and fruit trees, and
the larvse tunnel their way towards the heart of tin?
tree. The full grown caterpillar will mi-aMnv as
much as 4" in length, and its powerful jaws mnki-
light of the hardest wood. Thousands of pouiuU'

(loat'i Heard (fee fyirtra Aruncus and Traya-

paynri).

ii'iiiil'n Foot (see Oxalis caprina).
Goat's Rue (see Gatega).

Godetia

( 376 )

Gompholobium

worth of timber is ruined .annually by the Gout
Moth caterpillars.

It is difficult to find remedies, but coating the
trees with cow dung and clay, to prevent egg
laying ; catching and killing the insects when they
make their appearance in June and July; injecting
sulphur fumes into the holes made by the cater-
pillars, or searching for the latter with a sharp,
hooked wire, have all been practised with some
amount of success. In cases of bad infestation
there is little for it but to cut down the trees and
burn them, caterpillars and all.

GODETIA.

Showy, hardy annuals (ord. Onagrarise). now
referred by botanists to (Knothera, but kept distinct
here for garden purposes. 1'ropagation, by seeds
sown outdoors in March and April, where the
plants are to flower, thinning the seedlings until
they finally stand not less than (>'' apart. For
early blooming it is advisable to sow outdoors
in September; plants from autumn sowings are
almost invariably vigorous and sturdy. Ordinary
soil.

A Selection of Varieties :—
Duchess of Albany, wh., Lady Satin Rose, ro.,

dwarf. dwarf.

Lady Albemarlo, crim. , Princess of Wales, ruby,

dwarf. crim., tall.

The Bride, wh., car., tall.

GODOYA.

Stove trees (orff. Ochnaceoe), with thick and
leathery leaves. Propagation, by cuttings of
matured shoots inserted in sandy soil, in heat, in
spring. Soil, loam two parts, leaf soil one part,
and plenty of sand.

Principal Species : —
gemmiflora, 20', Je., yel. splendida, 10', wh., fra-

(now Blastemautlms grant.

gemmifiorus).

GOETHEA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Malvaceae), with
showy flowers. Propagation, by cuttings in sandy
soil in spring, with a little bottom heat." Soil, equal
parts of loam and leaf soil, with sand.

Principal Species :—

makoyana, 2', crim. iniiltiflora, Sep., red or
bracts. pk. bracts (HI/UK. Pavonia

. multiflora and P.Wiotii).
Other Species : —

semperflorens (now Pa- strictiflora, a'. Aug.. bracts
vonia semperflorens). Ted,' with yellowish''

marks.

Good Hybrids :—

The following hybrids are dwarfer and more
fioriferous than the parents: —

floribunda, 1' (approxi- intermedia, I.1,' (approxi-
mate), sum., pk. mate), sum.", red.

kcrmesina, 1', flowers at
all times, pk.

GOLDEN FEATHER.

A popular name for Pyrethrum parthenifolium
aureum. Golden Feather is a handsome foliage
plant, in great request for bedding purposes. It

(fodirinia i/iyan (see Iirai-ontium f/iga.i).

(iuld Cn/> (see Sanitnciilitf bulboftti).

fi olden Chafer (see Hose Enemies),

(fold fern (.we Gymnogramme).

ti'ulilcn Chain (see Laburnum).

<< 'olden Hair (see Cltryximima and Aster).

(liilden Hod (s'e Salidagff),

Gulden Oaxifraf/e (see C/irysosplenium).

is naturally compact, and a still better habit
may be induced by consistent pinching. When
Golden Feather is employed for carpet bedding,
as it frequently is, it is necessary to cut over the
plants at intervals of about a week or ten days.
The seed, which is quite small, should be sown
thinly on sandy soil (not covered) in March, in
heat. The seed pans should be kept in heat until
the seedlings have produced their first rough
leaves, when they should be given rather cooler
quarters. Pricking out must be attended to at an
early stage. Seed may, if desired, be sown out of
doors at the beginning of April, bat the resulting
plants are naturally rather later in tilling their
positions than those raised in heat under glass.

GOLDILOCKS.

A popular name for Aster Linosyris (syns. Chrys-
ocoma Linosyris and Linosyris vulgaris). The
name refers to the heads of golden yellow flowers
which this plant bears. Sometimes, also, spelt
Goldylncks. (For description, see ASTER.)

GOLD THREAD.

A name commonly given to the thin, yellow
roots of Coptis trifolia, which are largely used in
Canada and the United States for dyeing silken
and woollen fabrics.

GOMPHIA. (BUTTON FLOWER.) ~~

There are over eighty species in this genus (ord.
Ochnaeese), all stove evergreen trees and shrubs.
Propagation, by cuttings- of the ripened shoots,
taken in spring, inserted in sandy soil, and placed
in strong bottom heat in a close frame. Soil, two
parts of sound loam, one part of peat, and sand.

Principal Species : —

decora, 10' to 15', My., yel.

GOMPHOLOBIUM.

Handsome Australian greenhouse shrubs (ord.
Lugmninosic), with showy flowers. Although
seldom seen outside botanic establishments, they
are well worthy of the attention of the general
cultivator. Propagation, by cuttings of the young
shoots, which should be not more than 2" in
length, taken in spring, inserted in sandy peat,
and kept close under a bell-glass in 'an intermediate
house. Soil, peat and loam in equal parts, chopped
up into small pieces but not sifted, with sand, and
a few pieces of charcoal. The greatest care is
necessary in watering, as a little inattention means
the loss of all the feecfirig'roots, and the death of
the plant. Plenty of drainage is the first essential.

Principal Species : —

grandiflorum, 2', Je.,yel. twining (HI/HI, peduucu-

knightiaumn, 1' to 2', lare, tenue, and ven-

Aug., pk. or pur. (KI/». nlosuin of Botanical

heterophyllum) . Itiyixtfr) .

polymoriihum,Mch.,Aug., veuustum, 1' to 3', Ap.,

sc. , yel., pur.; sterns Jy. , pur.

Other Species :•—

aciculare (see tomento- heterophyllum (wkuight-

sum). ianiim).

barbigerum (see lati- latifolium, 1' to 2', Ap.,

folium). Je. , yel. (.«/«. barbi-

capitatum, 2', Jy., yel. : gorum).

probably a var. of to- -margiuatuin, 1', My., yel.

inentosiim. minus, My., yel. (*yn.
Burtonia minor).

Qo'dfania (see Strobllanthlis).
(laid Knots (see Ranunculus Acris).

Gomphrena

( 377 )

Goodyera

pedoncnlare (<•«• i>oly-

- morphum).
teuue (nee polymorphutS.).

tumentosum, 1' toli',My.,

- y;l. (gyms, aciculare and

In i turn).

veiiulosum (->rr polymor-
pj.im).

GOMPHRENA. (&LODE AMARANTH.)

This genus (prd. Ainarantacc:*:) comprises nearly
seventy species of half-hardy annual or perennial
herbs, many of them with large, showy flower
head-. They arc chiefly represented in gardens by
the species glnbosa, which liclnngs to the so-called
Everlasting Flowers, from the property which
tlic flowers have of retaining their colour for a
long time after they are cut. The heads should
always be cut just before they are fully open, and
the stems should be laid down so that they may
dry straight. Gomphrenas not only make hand-
some border plants, but they are of service for
cool conservatory decoration, as they take kindly
to cultivation in pots. Out of doors, any ordinary
garden soil will suit; for pots a mixture of two-
thirds of loam, one-third of leaf soil, and sand is
suitable. Seed should be sown in March and
April in pots or pans of light, well-drained soil,
the receptacles being placed in a temperature not
lower than t>.")0. Prick the seedlings Out at an
earlv stage, and pot on, first into 2J", then into 4J"
pots. The latter size will do for those plants
which are to (lower under glass.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

globosa, 1-J', Jy., ann , colours various. There
are many vars. ; nana is dwarf and compact, alba,
aurea superba, carnea, and purpurea are all good.

Other Species : —
pcrcimis. '!' , Jy., Oct., pulchella, l.\', Jy., ami.,

per., yel. vio.

GONATANTHUS.

Distinct stove perennials (ord. Aracea:), closely
related to Colocasia. and requiring; the same cul-
tural treatment as Caladiurns. Two species only.

Principal Species : —

sarmentosus, My., Ivs. pale grn., spathe golden
yel., fragrant.

GONGORA.

Stove epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orchidacea?) from
tropical America. The flowers are borne in droop-
ing racemes which are not infrequently 2' in length.
The plants thus make capital basket subjects, and
they take kindly to wooden baskets if not very
deep. A compost of fibrous peat 'and livesplKignntn*
moss is suitable. Plenty of water must be 'given
during summer, when the plants are making up
their growths, but only enough moisture to keep
the roots and pseudo-bulbs from shrivelling' should
be allowed in the winter. The cooler end of the
Cattleya house is a capital place for them. Prop-
agation, by division of the clumps and, when
necessary, of the old pseudo-bulbs. Imported
pieces usually do well.

Principal Species : —
atropurpurea, sum., dark grandiflora, puie wh.,

pur. is one of the best,

maculata, 1J', yel., spot- portentosa, Ap. , flesh pk.,

ted red. Many vars. ; spotted pur.

Other Species : —

armeniuca, sum., yel. speeiosa (*/r Coryantht's

hufonia, pur., wh. ; close speciosa).

. to atrnpurpurea.

(•'iiiu/ihnitt/lis ciniiliilii (»iv Cii-lniji/ne maculata).
(ronatojms (sec Xamiaanletu),

GOODENIA.

Greenhouse herbs and sub-shrubs, occasionally
shrubs (tin!. Goodenoviea;). Cuttings root quickly
if placed in heat in spring. Soil, equal proportions
of peat and loam, with plenty of grit. Free
drainage.

Principal Species : —
gi-iiudifiora, li' to 4', Jy., stelligera, 1' to l.V, Je.,

herbaceous, yel. per., yel. A curious

ovata, 2' to 4', Jy., shr., plant with almost leaf-

yel. less, steins.

GOODIA.

Handsome greenhouse shrubs (or I. Lcguminosoe)
from Australia. The flowers are small ami Pea-
shapcd. Propagation,, by seeds, of which healthy
plants ripen plenty, sown in spring. Cuttings of
the young shoots root in spring if dibbled in pure
sand under a bell-glass in gentle heat. Soil, two-
thirds peat and one-third loam, with plenty of
sand.

Only Species : —
lotifolia, '2' to 4', Ap. to pubescens, 1' to 3', sum.,

Jy., grh., yel., red. grh., yel., spotted red.

GOOD KING HENRY.

A popular name for Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus
(ord. Chenopodiacese). The leaves are cooked as a
substitute for Spinach, and the young, succulent
stems in the place of Asparagus, which they some-
what resemble in flavour. Seed should be sown in
drills 1' apart, on well-worked land, from the
beginning to the middle of April. The seedlings
should be thinned until they stand from (>" to !)"
apart. A few of the leaves may be picked the first
year, but not enough to weaken the plants, or the
crop of young shoots in the following spring will
be reduced. These stems are produced about the
same time as Asparagus in the open ground.

GOODYERA.

Description. — Hardy, greenhouse, and stove ter-
restrial Orchids (t>nl. Orchidacea?), with thick,
fleshy, tuberous roots, and with the flower spikes
borne in the middle of the clusters of leaves.
Some of the "pecies have very handsome foliage,
the markings resembling those seen in many of the
Anoectochiluses. They are, however, not very
generally grown.

Propagation. — By cuttings of the young shoots,
each shoot having a small portion of the tuberous
riMit attached, placed under a bell-glass, and kept
•close. Cuttings of the hardy species will root in
an ordinary cold frame, but the stove species
require a close propagating frame and bottom

heat.

Soil.— This should largely consist of peat. Very
little loam is needed. A few pieces of sandstone
of the size of Hazel nuts are an improvement.

Other Cultural Points. — Small pans or shallow
pots are the best receptacles, and these should be
kept close up to the glass. Plenty of water must
be given all through the growing season ; little or
none in the winter, when perfect rest is desirable.
For the hardy forms a shady, sheltered nook in
the rockerv should be chosen.

Principal Species, Hybrid, and Variety: —
discolor, 10", win., frrli., Dmninii, st., Ivs. Inrger

wh.. Ivs. dark grn., tlianin discolor; hybrid.

striped wh. (now Hse- puboseens, 3", Jy., hdy.,

inaria discolor). wh., Ivs. grn., veined

(iiiiiiii/ihli'hiiiHi (.<••(• I'ul ij funl'iu in ) .
Goniopterit (sw l'iili/in>(Hii»i~).

G-oodyera

(378)

Gooseberry

silver.- Minor is a pretty
vur. that is eveu smaller.

velutina, grh.,wh., flushed
ro., Ivs. pur. gru. with
a wh. mid-rib.

repens, 6", hdy. ev., wh.

rubicunda, Jy., St., red.

Veitchii, st., Ivs. red br.,
ribbe<t wh. ; a hybrid
(discolor X Auoecto-
cliilus Veitchii).

Photo: Cansell <t Cmayamj, Ltil.

GOOSEBERRY LANGLEY BEAUTY (see p. 379).

Other Species : —
cordata, Sep., st., yel., br.

(xt/it. Georchis cordata).
macrantha, Je. , grh. ,

nearly hdy., ro. (XIJH.

picta).
Meuxiesii, grh., greeni;h

wh., Ivs. variegated.

GOOSEBERRY.

Blessed, as it is, with a constitution that enables
it to defy oven the most unsuitable conditions,
the Gooseberry (Ribes Grossularia) will thrive en
most soils and in most situations. It likes best of
all a fairly deep and fertile loam of medium
texture, with free drainage, and given this, with
careful pruning, it will bear enormous crops.

Methods of Training. — The bush tree, with a
clean stem of about t>" above the ground, and a
more or less spherical head from 3' to (>' iu
diameter, is the favourite method of training.
These bushes may be planted from 4' to 5' apart
each way. If regularly pruned they produce
plenty of fruit. The best fruit, however, is borne
upon the trained and cordon trees which are
so useful for fences and walls. On these the fruit
not only ripens better and is of superior flavour,
but it can be gathered much more easily. Cordon
Gooseberries planted against a north wall will
carry their fruit until well into November if covered
with mats.

Pruning.— With the ordinary bush the first thing
to do is to cut out old and, worn out wood that is
not wanted as a framework for the young. Any
suckers that may be observed in the centre should
follow. Then the young shoots should be thinned,
the weak and spindly ones being sacrificed first,
until the remaining ones have at. least 3" or 4"
of clear space between them. Finally, the weak,
unripe tips should be clipped off. With cordon
trees the spur system' is practised. The young
growths are spurred back to within a few buds of
their origin, and if these growths have been
summer pruned, i.e. pinched at the fifth or sixth
leaf in July, the basal buds should be chiefly fruit
buds. The leaders of each cordon or main branch
may be cut back to within two or three buds.

Standards are obtained by working stocks with
clean stems, 4' or 5' high. The pruning may be
as for the bush tree, except that more may be
clipped from the tips of the growths left.

Propagation. — By cuttings of clean, well-ripened
young wood, taken off 12" to 14" in length. All
the buds save three or four at the top should be
carefully picked out with the point of a sharp
knife, or they will cause trouble in the way of
suckers afterwards. Plant the cuttings in rows,
(>" apart each way, let them be at least 0" deep in
the soil, and make the latter very firm about them.
A year afterwards they may be lifted and trans-
planted to nursery beds.

Planting. — From the middle to the end of
October is the best time of the year to plant
Gooseberries, as the warmth remaining in the soil
assists the formation of new roots ; the plants
winter correspondingly well, and start more briskly
in the spring. But planting may be done at any
time, weather permitting, from October to March,
inclusive.

Goora Nut (see Cola acuminaia).

Gooseberry

(379 )

Gossypium

Enemies : —

Gooseberry Sarcfly. — The Gooseberry Sawfly
(Nematus Kibesii) is the most troublesome insect
enemy of the Gooseberry, and not infrequently
some of the damage that is laid to the charge of
the Magpie Moth, in the way of defoliated bushes,
is really its work. The flies are on the move early
in spring, and lay their eggs upon the under sides
of the newly opened leaves. The eggs soon hatch,
and the caterpillars commence at once to feed, and
do so almost continuously until they are full-
grown. The chrvsalis stage and the winter are
passed in the soil beneath the tree.

The removal of the surface layer of soil or
mulching, and its purification by fire, will get rid
of many chrysalides, and this is to be recommended
in all cases where bad attacks are experienced.
Tobacco powder, or dry soot and air-slaked lime
in equal parts, mixed, dusted over the bushes, make
them distasteful to the flies, and a dressing of
either lime or soot (not the two together) forked
into the ground in autumn is helpful. White
Hellebore powder dredged over the trees whilst the
leaves are damp from dew or rain will kill the
caterpillars that it touches. For a liquid spray a
solution of Calvert's Carbolic Soap is effective.

The May pie Moth. — Abraxas grossulaviata is
called the Magpie Moth owing to its colour : the
wings are white with black spots, which are
especially numerous on the fore-wings.

The caterpillar of this moth, the well-known
Gooseberry Caterpillar, belongs to the family of
Geometridese or Loopers. It is very destructive of
the foliage of Gooseberries. The perfect insects
are on the wing from June to August, the cater-
pillars hatch from the egg in about twelve days,
and at ouce begin to feed. When full-fed they
are about 1" in length ; they are white with
black spots upon the back. Hand-picking may be
resorted to where only a small number of bushes
are concerned. Spraying with a mixture of 1 Ib. of
soft soap and 1 Ib. of quassia chips boiled in 4 gallons
of soft water is good. Dusting with Hellebore
powder is also efficacious, or a dressing of soot or
lime m;iy be applied in autumn after the leaves
have fallen, and again in spring.

(looiibcrry Fungi. — There are several Fungi
that iind a home upon the Gooseberry. They
include the fiirailiar Cluster Cups (Puccinia
pringsheimiana), Mildew, Plowrightia ribesia, and
a relative of the Tinder Fungus (Fomes fomen-
tarius). The first named is not only the com-
monest but the most destructive. The orange
coloured Cluster Cups, which are the fruits of
the fungus, with their contained myriads of spores,
make their appearance in spring. Spraying with
Bordeaux Mixture is efficacious, and it is advisable
to destroy all the Sedges, or species of Carex, in
the neighbourhood. One of the links in the life
cycle of the fungus will thus be broken, for during
a part of its career it lives upon the Sedges.
With Mildew all Gooseberry growers are well
acquainted. Fortunately it is not difficult to deal
with, but soon yields to repeated dustings with
flowers of sulphur.

The Wound Fungus (Plowrightia ribesia) attacks
Red, White, and Ulack Currants as well as Goose-
berries. It forms large, black warts or cysts upon
the branches, which ultimately break into wounds.
Spraying with potassium sulphide, and dres.-ing
the excrescences with Stockholm tar are to be
recommended.

Gooseberry Mile. — Troublesome little pests
(Bryobia pretiosa) that are frequently mistaken
for red spider. They work in a similar way, and
produce much the same results upon the foliage.
Like spiders, too, they are most numerous in dry
seasons. Ivy upon walls has been charged with
being a breeding ground for the Bryobia, and this
is doubtless to some extent true. Spraying with
kerosene emulsion is a. safe and sure remedy, for
the mites abhor paraffin in any shape or form.

Gooseberry Si-ale. — Lecanium Ribis, the Goose-
berry Scale, is not at present a common pest, but
it is increasing in numbers. There are two broods
of the pest each season, the eggs of the late brood
not hatching until the following spring. The best
time to deal with Scale is when the larvae are
moving. At that time kerosene emulsion, freely
diluted, may be sprayed over the trees so as to
thoroughly wet every part. Water at a tempera-
ture of 132° is also efficacious. When, however,
the Scale has settled down into the familiar little
excrescences sterner measures are needed, and
scrubbing with a hard brush is the only thing that
will get rid of them. For Gooseberries this is, of
course, impracticable.

A Selection of Varieties: —
Crown Bob, bright red.
Dan's Mistake, light red,

large, hairy.
Drill, grn., vol., large.
Early Sulphur, small,

yel., hairy, early.
Green London, gi-n.
Ironmonger, dark red,

medium, hairy.
Langley Beauty, dark

yel., excellent flavour

(seep. 378).

For Exhibition : —
Dan's Mistake.
Drill.

for Gathering (Iree'.i :
Berry's Early Kent.

GORDONIA.

A small genus of evergreen trees (prd. Tern-
strcemiacea;), some of which bear showy flowers.
Few are cultivated. Propagation, by layers and
by seeds. Soil, peat and sand, or leaf mould and
sand, with a little loam. The hardy species are
the most valuable.

Principal Species : —
anomala, 3', Nov., grh.,

cream yel. (syn. Poly-

spora axillaris of Hot-

ttniral Magazine 4019).
grandis, st. or grn., wh.

GORSE (see ULEX).
GOSSYPIUM.

A small genus (ord. Malvaceae) of tropical,
perennial herhs or shrubs, of no value to decorative
horticulture, but of the first importance economic-
ally, since they supply the cotton of commerce.
Propagation, by seeds, which in this country
should be sown singly in small pots, while the
seedlings must be repotted before they become pot-
bound. A light, rich soil, such as a mixture of
loam, leaf soil, and old Mushroom bed manure
rubbed through a .'." sieve, and plenty of heat and
moisture, are indispensable. A* the authenticated

Gootefoot (tee Clienojiodium).

Leveller, grn., yel., heavy

cropper.
Pitmaston Greengage,

small, grn. , fine flavour.
Red Warringtou, red,

medium, hairy, good

for main and late crops

(••••////. Rough Red).
Whinliam'slndustry, red,

one of the best.
Whitesmith, wh., hairy,

large.

London, dark red.
Thumper, gnu

Whinham's Industry.

Lasianthus, 8' to 10',
Jy., Aug., grh., wh.,
large, fragraiit.

pubescens, 4' to 6', Aug.,
grh., wh., fragrant.

Gouania

( 380 )

Graft

use of cotton dates back for over 2,(>00 years, it
follows tliat Cotton plants have long been in cultiva-
tion, probably much longer than the time suggested.
Barbadense, herbaceum, and arboreum are the
principal cotton producers. Baibadense gives the
Sea Island Cotton. There are many varieties.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
arboreum, Jy., wh. and Hibiscus esculen-

Bahma. An erect, ncurlj* tus.

branchless plant. Prob- barbatlense, .V. Sep., ycl.

ably a hybrid between herbaceum, 3' to 4', Jy.,

the Egyptian Cotton yel. («>/n. indicum).

GOUANIA.

Stove climbing shrubs (nrtl. Rhamnerc) of little
value horticulturally. Cuttings root quickly if
taken in spring, inserted in sand, plunged in
bottom heat in a propagator, and kept close for
three or four weeks. Soil, loam and peat in equal
parts, with sand. The Chaw-Stick of Jamaica
(domingensis) is the only species of note.

Pill I'AllIXG THEKS Toll GKAFTINO.

A, standard tree headed for grafting: o. stem; 6,
ni.iin limbs; c, brandies. B,. three-quarter stand-
ard headed : a, <it;:in ; e, main limbs or branches.
C, half standard : /. stem : g, branches. D, the
scions or grafts : h, scion cut Iroin the treo ;
/. scimis inserted in the soil to wait till graft-
ing time. .(S« p. 381.)

All tl;e plants are annuals, and if given favour-
able treatment are remarkable for their quickness
of growth. Many may be grown out of doors in
the summer, and if trained over trellises or up
walls, or over rustic tree stumps, as in the
Herbaceous Ground at Kew, make very effective
features of the summer garden. Others, such as
the Lagenarias and Luffas, have to be cultivated
in stove heat, and visitors to the Water Lily House
at Kew know how interesting and effective they
can be when trained to the roof, the quaintly
shaped fruits being allowed to hang down.

Gourds are easy to grow. They need a light, rich
soil, such as that furnished by equal parts of
fibrous loam and leaf soil, with sand, and plenty of
heat in the earliest stages. This applies as well to
those that are destined to be planted outdoors as
to those which it is intended to grow under glass.
Plenty of water is needed at all times from the
time the seedling makes its appearance, until the
time when the haulm begins to die down. Liquid
manure is helpful, and necessary where the plants
are heavily cropped. Planting outdoors should
not. be atfe'mpted before the end of May, and
as a few degrees of frost would be fatal to the
plants it is well to be prepared with protective
material for at least a fortnight after that date
should the nights be cold.

A Selection : —

Boulogne Grey, large,

rind grn., lined grey,

flesh yel., edible.
Chestnut Gourd, medium

to small, rind brick

red, flesh yel., sugary,

edible.
Egg-shaped Gourd, large,

skin hard, rod, trailer. .
Embroidered Warted,

small, yd., warted,

ornamental.
Hubbard Squash, grn.,

flesh yel., floury ami

sugary, a good keeper,

edible, much cultivated

iu the United States.

GOURD.

The word "Gourd" is usually employed as
meaning .only the nfore or less ornamental fruits
which are seen at various horticultural shows
throughout, the country. Strictly, it includes all
the members of the Cucurbitaceai, to which belong
the Vegetable Marrow (Cucurbita Pepo ovifera),
the Melon (Cticumis Melo), and the Cucumber
(C. sativus). These are treated under their
respective headings. They do not, however, ex-
haust the -list of edible Gourds, for both in France
'and America many varieties are cultivated for food,
although they do not find favour in this country.
Most of these edible Gourds belong to three
'species of the genus Cucurbita, viz. maxima,
luoschata, and Pepo. To the first species belong
all varieties having cylindrical, unfurrowed stalks
and large, broad leaves, such as the Turk's Cap
Gourds ; to moschata belong the species and
varieties with channelled stalks and much lobed
leaves; whilst the Vegetable (Long and Custard)
Marrow may be taken as the type of the third
section.

Large Yellow, very large,
has been grown to
•JOO Ib. weight, edible.

Ohio Squash, a good
keeper, edible.

Ittd Etampes, medium,
ribbed, or. yel., a
favourite with Parisian
gardeners, edible.

Summer Crookneck,

small, yel., warted,
ornamental.

Turk's Cap, grn., marbled
wh. and ycl., orna-
mental (syii. Turban
Pumpkin) .

Yokohama Gourd, ribbed,

blk., gru.

GOVENIA.

Terrestrial Orchids (ord. OrchidaceaV) requiring a
stove temperature. Very few of them are in
cultivation. Propagation, by dividing the roots
! just before they start into growth in spring.
The divisions should be started in a close prop-
agating frame, but as soon as they have made
a little growth they may be removed to a shelf
near the glass in the Cattleya house. Soil, loam
and leaf mould in equal parts, with sand. Free
drainage is essential.

Principal Species ; —
Gardneri, 2', wh.
Other Species :—
Aiidrieuxii, yel., spotted
pur., red.

deliciosa, wh., spotted bf
utriculata, I',', Sep., \vh.

GRAFT.

A graft is a shoot taken from a plant whose good
qualities it is desired to perpetuate, or one which ior
various reasons is not altogether a success on its
own roots. i I The graft, or scion, will subsequently
become the leafy, flowering, and fruitful portion of
the plant, growing npon the stem and roots of
another, but nearly related, subject.

Grafting

3S1 )

Grafting

GRAFTING.

There are many recognised forms of grafting,
the commonest being (1) tongue or whip, (2)
wedge, (3) cleft, (4) crown or rind, (5) notch, (t>)
laddie,

Time of Grafting. — -The actual time of carrying
out the work is governed by the locality and the
season. When the buds of tree.s are seen to be
swelling freely in spring, the time for grafting has
arrived.

Preparing for Grafting. — Preparations for
grafting must be made sjme time beforehand, as
with most subjects it is inadvisable to head back
the stock when the movement of sap is becoming
active. Cut back to within a short distance
of the point at which union is to be made, in
February, but not when the weather is frosty.
The grafts or scions should be of the previous
season's wood, well ripened and well furnished
with growth buds. The}' are usually secured
during the first two months of the year when the
weather is not frosty, and are then laid in beneath
a hedge or north wall, where they will continue
plump, but will not be excited into growth. Success
in grafting largely depends on having the sap
moving freely in the stock while that of the graft
(" scion '') is dormant at the moment of insertion.
All the tools required, such as the pruning saw,
knives, tying material, wooden mallet, chisel, and
a hard wood wedge, should be prepared ready for
immediate use. The knives used should be very
sharp, so that the wounds may be clean.

Forming a Union. — The) crucial point in the
actual operation is to ensure the union of the
cambium layer, or ring of growing tissue, of
both stock and scion. A union on one side is
absolutely essential. This having been effected,
the tying and claying, or waxing, remain. The
clay should be in a very pliable state, so as
to be thoroughly worked all over and round the
union, for the complete exclusion of air. In the
use of wax the material is painted on with a
brush, a thin coating being sufficient. In either
case should cracks appear they should be promptly
filled, so that air may not reach the junction until
the union is complete.

Tongue or Whip Grafting. — For working young
stocks this is the most useful method. The tops
should be removed from the stocks in a row, then
the scion prepared by making a long, slanting cut,
which removes the basal portion and leaves five
buds. Next make an upward cut in the stock
to correspond with that on the scion. Make a
slanting cut downwards and inwards in the stock
and then with a second cut take out a very .small
wedge. On the scion make two corresponding cuts,
measuring to make sure that the size of the stock
is reproduced in the scion. Trim carefully if
necessary to favour a perfect fit. The scion should
then be inserted, making absolutely certain of a
union of the inner bar'.; on at least one side, and
tie in very firmly. The binding should commence
in the middle, pass downwards, and then upwards
to finish at the top. Waxing or claying can then
be done, and the work will be complete. The
number of buds retained on the graft should not
exceed four, and if the graft be weak two or three
will be better. This method is usually employed
for filling up blanks in trained trees.

Wedge Grafting. —For wedge graft ing. stuck and
scion should be about of one size. The graft is cut

so as to form a long wedge at the basal end. and a
piece to correspond is cut from the stock. 1'utting
in position, tying and claying, follow.

Saddle Grafting.— The stock is cut to form a
wedge, and a wedge-shaped piece is taken out of
the scion, thus exactly reversing the processes of
wedge grafting.

Cleft Grafting. — The old stocks are split across
with the chisel ; the part is held open with the
hard wood wedge ; the scions are sliced down and
inserted. They must be carefully placed in posi-
tion, and the wedge removed. Care must be taken
to ensure the union of the inner barks. The tying
and waxing are the same as in the previous
processes.

Crown Grafting. — The scion is cut the same as
in the initial stage of whip grafting, but the heel
at the upper part is larger. A slit is cut down the
bark of the stock, anil a bone pressed down to raise
the bark and form a cavity for the reception of the
scion, which is inserted and made firm in the
ordinary way.

Notch Grafting. — A wedge-shaped piece is cut
out of the stock, and the scion is cut to fit. Par-
ticular care must be taken to secure equal cuts, or
it will be found impossible to effect a proper
union.

Grafting Clay. — This is used where a quantity of
grafts have to be inserted upon the stumps of old
trees that have been headed down. The dis-
advantage lies in the liability to cracking, which
must be watclie.l for and guarded against. It is
commonly made up with adhesive loam and fresh
cow manure in about equal portions, the whole
being worked until they are thoroughly incor-
porated. IE preferred, horse droppings rubbed
through a sievp, or chopped hay, may be added.
The material should have the consistency of soft
soap.

Grafting Wax. — This is greatly in favour with
many gratters. If only a small quantity is re-
quired, it is best to procure a tin of the French

Cuow.v GKAITIM;.

A, ]>ortion of stock : a. head cut smoothly ; fa. hark :
c, wood : d, slit through bark ; e. scion ; /, scion
inserted; g. opening ready for second sriun.
D : n, stock "; o, clay ; p, scions.

preparation known as mastic L'homme Lefort, It
is reliable ami easily procured. If larger quantities
are wanted, it can be made up without much
trouble.

A Wax, to be vncil irnrm. -I'esin. eight parts:
tallow, three parts : liurgundy pitch, .me part ; and
red ochre, three parts. Melt (lie resin in an iron
pot, add the tullow and then the ochre.

Grammangis

( 382 )

Grapes

GRAMMANGIS.

A small genus (two species) of stove epiphytal
Orchids (ord. Orchidaceao). They may be grown in
baskets or rafts suspended from the roof. For
large plants a compost of live sphagnum moss,
fibrous peat, and crocks is needed. Plenty of light
at all times, and abundance of water as long as the
roots are active, are essentials to success.

Principal Species : —
Ellisii, pseudo-bulbs 6"
long, square, sum., yel.,
wh. (SI/H. Grammato-
phyllum Ellisii of lltit-
aiiinil Mayazine ;')17!)).

Huttonii, Je., chocolate
br. (now Cymbidium
Huttouii, under which
name it has been figured
in llotan'mil Magazine
6676).

GRAMMANTHES (»<jn. VANANTHES).
This genus (prd. Crassulacea:) contains one
species only — gentianoides, 4" to 6", flowering
in July, yellow and red (syn. chlorteflora), a
pretty half-hardy annual, and its variety cassia,
which has smaller, duller flowers than the species.
Both plants may be easily raised from seed sown in
gentle heat in spring. A light, rich soil is needed,

sand, and a few pieces of charcoal may be added.
Good drainage and an abundant supply of water in
the growing season, with a rest after growth has
been made, are the chief features of the cultivation
of Grammatophyllums.
Principal Species and Varieties :—

Grammangis

and

(measuresianum
Gulielmi II. are now
regarded as forms of
this).

spedosum, 9' to 10', will.,
Ivs. li' to 2' long,
flowers golden yel.,
spotted pur., nearly C"
across.

Ellisii (*«

Ellibii).
fenzliauum, 4', sum., yel.,

spotted br.
multiflorum, 2', sum.,

grn., br., pur.
— tigriuum, 2', sum., yel.,

spotted pur.
rumphianum, 4' to 6', Je.,

gni., chocolate, pur.

GRANADILLA.

A popular name for Passiflora quadrangnlaris
and P. ediilis, which see. Also a West Indian name
for the edible fruits of that species, which are
largely cultivated in the Tropics, and are much
esteemed. The fruits of other species of Passiflora
are likewise spoken of as Granadilla, and this use

GRAPE MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA (see p. 385).

and if a sheltered nook in the rockery can be
given, so much the better.

GRAMMATOCARPUS (*y». SCYPHAN-

THUS).

Two species only (ord. Loasere). Volnbilis.
summer, yellow, is a half-hard}-, twining herb of
annual duration. It may be raised from seeds
sown in heat in spring. The seedlings may be
planted out in a sunny spot at the end of May.
Any ordinary garden soil will suit; and frequent
doses of liquid farmyard manure when the plants
are in the full vigour of growth will improve the
colour and quantity'of the flowers.

GRAMMATOPHYLLUM.

A small genus of stove epiphytal Orchids (ord.
Orchidacefe), including some of the largest of
known species. Some are, however, very shy, and to
this is doubtless due the fact that they are rare in
cultivation. They maybe increased by divisions of
the pseudo-bulbs. The bulk of the compost should
consist of fibrous peat, live sphagnum moss, with

Grains of Paradise (see Amoinum).

of the name is the commonest. The Granadilla
is occasionally seen in our markets.

GRAPE HYACINTH (see MUSCAEI).

GRAPES.

The fruits of Vitis vinifera, which were grown
for many centuries in Egypt, and thence gradually
disseminated throughout Asia, were probably
brought to England by the Kornans. and certainly
existed during the times of the Normans, from
accounts in "Domesday Book." The ripe fruit is
very refreshing and easily digested. Enormous
quantities are annually imported, but they are
often sold only partly ripe, and contain much
moisture, but little sugar. The fruit is vastly
inferior to home-grown produce.

Given an intelligent system of forcing, and a fair
number of adequately heated houses, it is com-
paratively easy to keep up a supply of Grapes
during the whole of the year. The earliest crop —
generally pot Vines— is started at the beginning of
November, and the fruit is ripe about the second
week in the following April. From late autumn

Grammitis (see G y innoyramme and I'olyj/odiutii).

Grapes

(383)

Grapes

until April the supply is -kept up by long-keeping
late varieties, for which see lists. The fruit is kept
in bottles of water in a dark room, with an even
temperature of about 45°. No attention is needed
beyond occasionally airing the room, cutting out
bad berries, and keeping the bottles replenished
with water. Soft water only should be used, and
a small piece of charcoal should be placed in each
bottle.

Vineries. — Houses of almost any shape and
structure will grow Grapes successfully, but special
conditions apply to houses from which early crops
are expected. It will be well to make three
sections with regard to time of ripening, viz. early,
main, and late crops, and houses suitable to bear
the one will not always produce the other. For an
early crop a lean-to structure is the best, with a
south or south-eastern aspect, and a roof which
makes an angle of not less than 45° with its sup-
porting walls. A greater angle is frequently seen,
but the temperature of such houses is apt to rise
rapidly under sun heat, and scorching of the
foliage often follows. Hip-roofed or three-quarter
span-roofed houses are also suitable. The borders
of an early house should always be inside. For
main crops, almost any style of house will do.
Span-roofed Vineries are frequently seen, and the
curvilinear form occasionally. Such houses are
spacious, give the maximum of light and air,
and Vines can be trained up both sides, if they
run north and south. The fruit usually colours
well, but in cold weather it is sometimes difficult
to avoid draughts and mildew. The border may
be inside or outside, according to circumstances ;
good results may be obtained in either case. For
Muscats, and late varieties generally, the span and
three-quarter span are best, and the border should
be inside if possible. Muscats not only need more
heat to develop their peculiar flavour, biit they need
a long season of growth, and sometimes autumn is
well advanced before ripening is completed. The
wires, which should be of stout galvanised iron,
may run parallel with the direction of the house,
or at right angles to it. They must be not less
than W from the glass.

Heating. — All vineries should be efficiently heated
with hot water. The amount of piping will, of
course, depend upon whether it is an early, mid-
season, or late house. Fairly good Grapes can be
grown in unheated houses, but the quality is not to
be compared to that of fruit from heated struc-
tures, and in cold, damp seasons mildew and damp
are very troublesome.

Ground vineries are miniature houses that
usually do well, although unheated, if placed in a
sunny position. They may have a height of about
2' (>" to 3' from the ground line, may be about 3'
wide, .and of any length, according to the number
of Vines that have to be accommodated. One rod
only must be trained along, about 1' from the ,
ground level, and in the centre of the frame, for
such it really is. The pruning and subsequent i
management of the Vines in ground vineries does,
not differ from that accorded to those in larger
houses.

Borders fall naturally into two sections — inside '
and outside. A compromise between the two
systems is frequently seen, part of the border
being outside and part inside. In these cases the
house is built upon arches, which allow the passage1
of the roots to the outer border. For early crops.
the borders should be inside, as it is manifest

that it is not conducive to success to have the stems
and leaves of the Vines in heat, and the roots
working in cold, often very wet, soil. In winter
time outside borders should be protected by a
covering of boards, or galvanised iron sheets, from
heavy rain- or snow-fall. The Vine is naturally
a free-rooting plant, and the roots will, if not
prevented, travel long distances in search of food
and water They thus often run into cold and
uncongenial subsoils, and shanking, mildew, and
other evils result. It is well, therefore, that the
area of the border should be circumscribed, and
the roots kept within the control of the cultivator.
It is desirable in clayey soils that the bottom
of the bed or border should be paved or concreted.
It should have a gentle slope downwards and out-
wards, and drains should be attached at the lowest
point to carry off surplus water. The actual width
of the border may vary according to the desire of
the owner, but it should not be less than the width
of the house. Thus a house Iti' wide should have
a border 16' wide, and so on. A good medium
depth is 3', of which 9" is composed of drainage,
and the remainder of soil. Shallow borders are
too hot and dry, if not kept constantly watered,
and deep borders are apt to be cold after the soil
has in a measure become exhausted.

Soil. — In making np a new border the soil should
be full of food, but no rank dung should be
included. The bulk should be sound, fibrous loam,
the top spit from a mellow pasture. This should
be chopped up roughly with the spade. To
5 cubic yards of this add 1 yard of old lime
rubble, 2 cvvt. of £" bones, and about 5 bushel of
charcoal. The whole should be mixed some months
prior to use, and stored under cover until it is
wanted. In making up the border, place a layer of
freshly cut turves grass side downwards over the
!)" of brickbats which constitute the drainage, and
rill up with the soil. Instead of making up the
whole of the border at once, it is a capital plan,
where young Vines are concerned, to do it in
several stages. Thus, if the bed is 12' wide, G' may
be made up to plant the Vines in, and 2' may be
added each year afterwards until the whole is com-
pleted. The virtue of this method is that the soil
does not lie long unoccupied with roots, and thus
has no chance to become sour. Most cultivators
know from experience how quickly a border in
whose soil crushed bones are present becomes
sour under repeated waterings, unless it be occupied
with feeding roots. Four-inch diameter drain pipes
communicating with the drainage, and their open
mouths standing a few inches above the level of
the bed. help to keep the drainage and soil sweet
and well aerated.

Propagation. — By eyes, cuttings, layers, budding,
grafting, and seeds. The first-named method is
the one generally adopted. Eyes are the plump
,buds borne by the ripened growth of the previous
season. To prepare them for insertion they are
cut off with about 1" of wood attached, generally
towards the end of January or the beginning of
February. Shallow pots or pans are drained
well, and filled with soil. One eye is placed in
a 3" pot «r a number in the pans, and buried so
that the bud just peeps .above the surface of tho
soil, and points upwards. The pots and pans should
be plunged in a bed of Cocoanut fibre refuse or
fermenting material having a temperature of not
less than 80°, and the temperature of the house
should be from (>5° to 70°. Watering must be care-

Grapes

( 384)

Grapes

fully done, or the eyes damp 'off. As the roots of
the young plants reach the sides-of the. pots they
are shifted, being potted tii-jnly and given rich soil.
A fruiting cane is obtained in two years, but for
permanent planting three year old canes are better.
Propagation by cuttings is a common method upon
the Continent, and is sometimes practised here.
Layers root readily, but eyes produce good plants
•with such certainty that layers are not needed.
Budding is occasionally used to produce a new rod
low down on a cane, where a natural break cannot
be had. Grafting is by the method known as
inarching. Its value is to give a weak growing
variety, but one whose fruit is of good flavour, a
more vigorous root system than its own. Seeds
are only employed to raise new varieties.

Planting. — Vines may be planted at any time
provided they are growing in pots, but the best
time is when the canes are dormant, or approach-
ing that stage. Do not bury the roots deeply, but
spread them out thinly at their natural level, and
work fine soil gently in among them. Four feet
apart is a good distance to plant.

Methods of Training. — Two systems only are in
vogue— the spur, and the extension or long rod.
Of these the spur system is the more generally

Cultural Routine under Glass. — A temperature
(night,) of 45", rising to rtO°-'ii>" by day, is suitable
at starting time. This should be raised gradually
1° or 2° per week until it is tiO° by night when the
Vines are in flower. The summer night temperature
should not be less than 60° to 65°, and 7U° for
Unseats, with a corresponding rise by day. For
early crops the rods should be untied from their
fastenings and bent down, to ensure equal breaking
into growth up the stem. Syringing should be
performed regularly twice a day until the Vines
are in leaf, when it may be discontinued. Dis-
budding, or the removal of surplus shoots, should
be done gradually until only the requisite number
of shoots is left. Tying down the shoots to the
wires is a delicate operation. Pressure must be
put on very gradually, or the overstrained shoot
will snap out from the spur, leaving the latter
" blind." Shaking the stems at midday is generally
sufficient to ensure setting of the berries, but with
shy-setting varieties, like Lady Downe's, a rabbit's
tail mounted on a Bamboo should be passed lightly
over the bunches. Pollen from another variety
may be used if desired. Thinning is an operation
that needs considerable care. First of all the
small berries inside the bunch should be taken out,

1'liinu: t'unacll ii- LOlupail'l, IittL

IIlAV TO SET UF GllAl'ES FOU EXHIBITION.

practised. It consists in spurring back the growth
made each season to one or two buds. The main
rod is thus a permanency, new laterals being thrown
out every year. A young Vine when first planted
may be cut back to within three or four eyes of the
ground, and one of the resulting shoots taken up to
form the rod or cane, the others being rubbed out ;
or a shoot maybe selected at the required height
from the uncut cane, taken up, and the others
rubbed out. The following winter this young rod
is cut back to within 5' or O'of its origin, and all
laterals are spurred to one bud. The next year the
topmost shoot is taken on as leader, to be pruned
back the following winter as before, the laterals
also being treated as in the first year. This goes
on until the limit of space has been reached, when
the leader is spurred back closely each year in the
same way as the lateral.-!. All laterals should be
trained in at right angles to the main stem, except
in the case of weakly shoots, which may form, with
the main cane, an angle of about 45°. Enough
shoots should be laid in to cover the space nicely.
As a rule, when the spurs are thickly placed, one
shoot from a spur is enough, but occasionally two
shoots are required. All laterals should be stopped
at the second or third joint beyond the bunch, and
side shoots from them (sub-laterals) at the first leaf.
Under the extension or long roil system young
rods are trained in to form the bearing shoots, the
old ones being cut out. This treatment is suitable
for some varieties, especially Uarbarossa.

(hen the outer ones should be thinned, until they
finally stand about J" to 1" apart. In the case of
Muscats whose bunches have distinct "shoulders,"
these shoulders should be supported with strings
tied to wires. Vines in bearing need plenty of
water, and liquid manure frequently. Sewage is
good, but it should not be strong, or given on hot
days, or the foliage will burn. Thomson's Vine
manure is a capital chemical fertiliser. Bone meal
is also excellent applied at the rate of 3 oz. to the
square yard, pricked in with a fork, and watered
in. Frequently damp the house down until the
Grapes show colour, then discontinue. Ventilate
freely at all times, but never so as to cause
draughts. Ripen the wood oft thoroughly, by fire
heat if necessary, and by plenty of air day and
night. Only just keep the frost out of the house
during the winter.

Pot Vines. — These are subject to the same
general rules as those planted out. Twelve-inch
pots are needed, and often a collar to hold supple-
mentary top-dressings is required. Pot firmly, and
let the soil be rich and good. A Melon pit is a
capital forcing house for pot Vines. The brick
beds may be filled with fermenting material, and
the pots stood on it or plunged to the rims. The
runts will then work through the holes in the pots
and find sustenance in the decaying matter
beneath.

Culture Outdoors. — As a rule, outdoor Vines do
not need so much disbudding, and the rods may be

Grapes

( 385

Grapes

closer together than those under glass. Priming-
is the same. Shelter may be required in winter
in expo>ed Mtuation-.

Maladies and Insect Pests. — Many insects attack
the Vine. Mealy bug is especially troublesome if
allowed to gain a foothold. To keep it out, wa.»h
the canes in winter with a strong solution of
(iishurM. Compound. A little of the loose bark
may be removed, but barking, as frequently

in the house; it attracts wasps. Small birds
sometimes like Grapes, but the netting will keep
them out. For light attacks of mildew, dust with
llowers of sulphur ; for bad attacks, paint the pipes
with the sulphur made into a paste with water,
get the pipes hot, and shut the house up. The
sulphur fumes kill the mildew spores, but the
remedy is a drastic one, and only to be used as a
last resource. Avoid cold draughts. Cracking is

I'huto: lltuscU. it Smu, Crii*tut ;•<(/.<..

K DIAMOND JUIHLEE (BUCHANAN).

practised, is a barbarous and injurious process. In '
spring and summer keep a close watch for bug
colonies, and touch them with a soft brush dipped
in Lemon Oil. Ited spider sometimes gives trouble
towards the end of the season. Dusting with
flowers of sulphur will check it. For thrips sponge
the affected leaves with tohaero water or Nicotine
Soap, or vaporise lightly. Weevils must be searched
for by lamplight, caught, and killed. Hats and
mice are troublesome to ripe fruit, and must be
trapped. If wasps and Hies are numerous, cover
the ventilators with line muslin, and. if necessary,
the bunches also. Do not set traps of sweet liquid

as

caused by sudden rushes of moisture to the berries.
Kemedy, avoid heavy waterings to Vines ripening
fruit, and allow a moderate extension of the sub-
laterals. Shanking, i.e. the shrivelling of the foot-
stalks of the berries, is brought about through the
roots being in cold subsoils. Kemedy, keep the
touts under control. If necessary, lift and replant
in autumn, renovat ing t lie border at t lie >;imo time.
Bleeding is the copious extravasation of sap from
wounds. It is caused, if Vines are cut or broken
early in the season before they are in full leaf, by
the pressure of sap drawn up from the roots.
Kemedies, avoid pruning when the buds are

Grapes

( 386

Grasses

swelling, and apply a cut Potato or a little
painters' knotting to the wounds. Scalding of
berries and scorching of foliage are caused by the
sun shining on moisture deposited on the berries and
leaves during the night. Remedies, keep up an
even night temperature, and ventilate early in the
morning. In addition to mildew (Oidium Tuckeri),
several more or less injurious Fungi attack the
Vine. Dust with sulphur whenever signs of them
are seen, burn all leaves and primings, and dress
the canes in winter with a 10 per cent, solution of
sulphate of iron.

for Outdoors : —
Ascot Citrouulle. Chasnelas Yibert. Espirau.

With tin- Largest Jlerries : —
Canon Hall Muscat. Duke of Buccleuch. Gros Colnuin.

Grape Louse (Phylloxera). — Phylloxera vastatrix,
the Grape or Vine Louse, is the most destructive of
all insects that prey upon the Vine. The insects
cause the formation of galls on both the roots and
leaves of the Vino, and if remedies are not applied
the plant dies. The galls on the leaves are chiefly
noteworthy because they are the warning signal

Photo: O. E. Xicltolls, Wallham frogs.

A GOOD HOUSE OF MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA GliAPES.

A Selection of Varieties : —

Fur Early Forcing : —
Black Hamburgh. Foster's Seedling.

NOTE. — These will do well in pots.
For Midneaton : —

Black Hamburgh.
Bucklaud Sweetwater.
Diamond Jubilee (see
p. 385).

Late, for Keeping : —
Black.

AHcaute.
Aluwick Seedling,

Tiro for Amatenn : —
Black Hamburgh.

Gros Maroc.
Madrestield Court.
Muscat of Alexandria
(see figure).

Wltite.

Gros Colman.

Lady Downe's Seedling.

Mrs. Pearson-

Foster's Seedling.

that trouble probably exists below. The root galls
cause the mischief. After many remedies had been
tried, the Association of Economic Entomology
recommended a mixture made as follows : OnMic
soda (77 per cent, purity), 5 Ib. ; resin, 40 Ib. ;
water to make 40 gallons. In application this
was diluted down to 500 gallons, sufficient to
dress 100 Vines at the rate of 5 gallons per Vine.

GRASS (*ee LAWNS).

GRASSES.

Many Grasses are very ornamental in char-
acter, and all the principal kinds are dealt
with under their own names in this work. There
is a section of annual Grasses which may be raised
from seed sown thinly out of doors early in April.
Such plants are not, only ornamental when growing,
but the flowers may, if desired, be cut whilst they
are yet clean, and before they commence to drop.

Gratiola

(387)

Greenhouse

dried, and stored away for winter use. They come
in well for mixing with " Everlasting" and fresh
flowers, or tiny may be arranged in vases by them-
selves, or with other dried subjects. A short list is
Driven of plants that may bn thus grown : —
*Agrostis elegans. — minor.

* — nebulosa. Bromus brizarformis.

— pulchella. Eragrostis elegaus.

Aira flexuosa. *Hordeum jubutum.

*Briza maxima. *Lagurus ovatus.

Some of these annuals may be sown about the
beginning of August if the weather be damp, at
the beginning of September if August be dry. The
seedlings will stand the winter, as they are
perfectly hardy, and naturally the seeds would be
self-sown about this time. The following year
they will develop sturdy plants, and extra big
panicles of flower. Those marked with an asterisk
are available for pot culture. Sow the seed thinly,
and cover it lightly, towards the end of February.
Thin the seedlings gradually until they are about
1" apart. Five inch and fi" pots arc the handiest,
and as the seed may be sown in them no repotting
is required.

GRATIOLA.

Herbaceous plants (ord. Scrophularineas), almost
all of which are quite hardy, and can be increased
in spring by division. A rich, moist soil suits.

Principal Species : —

niuv;i, (>", Je., yel. ramosn, (i", Je., wh. (.\'/^.

officinalis, 12", Jy., wh. quadrkleututu).

striped pur.

Other Species :—
officinalis minor, 8", sum., pilosa, 12", sum., wh.

bl. tetragona (nee Stemodia

peru viana, 12", Jy., wh. lobelioides) .

GRAVEL.

Of the numerous sorts of gravel obtainable, the
C'roydon is the best. If screened before it is laid
down, to take out the big stones, and well rolled,
it soon sets hard, and makes a firm and agreeable
surface for walking on. Seaside gravel is of the
least value, as it does not set, but leaves a rough,
pebbly surface that is very uncomfortable for
pedestrians. (For particulars as to the making of
gravel paths, see PATHS.)

GRAVESIA.

Stove plants of dwarf habit (urd. Melastomacete),
closely allied to the Bertolonias and requiring
similar cultural conditions.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

guttata, 1', HI. Several vars., all with beauti-
fully variegated Ivs., coloured with wh., grn., ro. ;
the best are albo-punctulata, margaritacea, roseo-
punctulata, and superba.

GREEN FLY (sec APHIDES).

GREENHOUSE.

A greenhouse is distinct from a conservatory, by
reason of the fact that the latter is usually a show
house, plants only being taken into it when they
are in the height of their beauty, whereas in the
greenhouse they are grown on to the flowering
stage. In many cases, however, this distinction
does not exist, 'for the term "greenhouse" em-
braces houses of almost all forms and sizes.

Points of a Good Greenhouse. — Plenty of light
is the first essential. Without it plants will grow
spindly, and will flower badly. Provision must be

(rrcen-gayf (sir J'l/imx).

made for admitting plenty of air, for greenhouse
plants must never be coddled. Roof lights that
will lift up or slide down — the former preferably,
as they admit air but keep out the rain — should be
fixed. Gratings, opening and closing by shutters,
should be fixed in the supporting walls, so that the
air is warmed by passing over the hot-water pipes
in winter. Side lights, working on hinges beneath
I the eaves, are advantageous in hot weather. The
I greenhouse should be supplied with- the means of
I keeping out the frost in winter, and to this end
j hot-water pipes should be fixed. Without them
the utility of the house is much discounted at a
time when it should be greatest. (See HEATING.)
Aspect and Construction. — The different makes
of greenhouses may be divided into three — the
span-roof, the half-span or hip-roof, and the lean-to.
The first-named is the best of all, for it not only
gives the maximum amount of light and air, but
is the roomiest and handiest. The half-span and
the lean-to both need the support of a wall, and
one of these forms is usually adopted when the
greenhouse is built on to the dwellinghouse. In all
cases the structure should rest upon low, support-
ing walls of brickwork, except in the case of
tenants' fixtures, when posts driven into the ground
take the weight. The sides are then made of
rough weather boarding. The internal arrange-
ments of a span-roofed greenhouse may consist of
a central stage, a path all the way round it, and
side stages. The width of these will depend upon
the size of the house. Thus, for a house 12' wide
the central stage may be 4', the path 2', and the
side stages 2' wide. If desired, the central stage
may be built in several tiers of shelves, rising one
above the other, the highest in the centre. This
arrangement is to be recommended where the
majority of the plants grown are small, as they
are then brought up near to the glass. Where big
plants are included, aflat central stage is the IK-HIT.
The stage may be of the " wooden rack " kind, that
is, a strong trellis of woodwork, but this is open to
the objection that it is too drying for the plants
during the summer time. It is, however, cleanly,
and has its advantages. A favourite plan is to
have a slate bed, the slates being nailed 'on to a
stout framework, and covered with 1" or a little
more of white shingle, crushed coke, or " breeze."
This provides a moister " bottom " for the plants.
and suits them better than the wooden " rack."
Both the half-span or hip-roof and the lean-to
may have one broad stage fixed to the back wall,
a path going round two or three sides of it, and a
front stage. For a house 10' wide the back stage
may be 5', the path 2' 6", and the front stage 2' ti"
wide. These figures are only suggestive, and by
no means arbitrary. A span-roofed house should
run north and south, so that the sun is shining
upon some part of it all day long. Half-span and
lean-to erections should lie exposed to the south,
or south-east, or south-west, the first-named for
preference. A house facing to the north is of very
little use for flowering plants, and in many oasea
the unsuitable aspect is the true cause of failures
which are laid to the charge of the nurseryman for
supplying bad plants, or the gardener for failing t<>
look after them properly. A north house is reliable
for Kerns and foliage plants generally, but for little
else.

Temperatures. — Winter minimum. 40° for a cool,
50° for a warm house. During the day :i rise of
5° by fire heat and 1110 by sun heat, with air. may
be allowed. During summer keep plenty of air on,

Greenhouse Plants

( 38S )

Grevillea

and the temperature of the house will be the shade
temperature in the open air. Try to avoid violent
fluctuations by the use of the ventilators.

GREENHOUSE PLANTS.

AH the plants which naturally grow in the tem-
perate regions of the earth, many of those found in
the sub-tropical zones, and a few of those from the
tropics, can be grown in the greenhouse, although
the last named section do not grow so luxuriantly
as they do in greater heat. In addition to these
there are the numerous races of florists' flowers,
such as Cinerarias, Cyclamens, Primulas, Azaleas,
Geraniums, and innumerable bulbs. A very wide
range of subjects is thus afforded, and from these
a selection may be made that will keep the green-
house gay throughout the whole of the year with-
out a break. Greenhouse plants naturally fall into
three sections— (1) Hard-wooded Plants, including
most of the Climbers ; (2) Soft-wooded Plants ;
and (3) Ferns and Bulbs.

Hard-wooded Plants. — The New Holland and
South African plants, such as Acacias, Aphelexises
(or, as they are now called, Helichrysums),
Boronias, Epacrises, Ericas, Pimeleas, and Tetra-
thecas, once so highly thought of, have now to a
large extent gone out of fashion, and only a few of
the best of them are grown. There are signs, how-
ever, that they are returning to favour. These do not
form nearly the whole of the hard-wooded section.
To mention only a few, there are Azaleas, Camellias,
Polygalas, Cytisnses (Genistas), and the long array
of shrubs — Lilacs, Deutzias, Prunuses, Viburnums,
etc.— that may be forced into flower in spring.
Almost all hardy flowering subjects are amenable
to culture in pots, and if brought steadily on in the
greenhouse they may easily be had in flower
several weeks in advance of their relatives outside.

Climbers and Pillar Plants.— No greenhouse is
properly furnished unless some of its pillars, and
at least part of its roof, are covered with climbers.
They add immeasurably to the appearance of the
house, and, as their period of growth coincides for
the most part with our summer, the shade they
give is advantageous, rather than otherwise, to the
plants on the stages below them. There are
numbers of subjects available. Here is a short list
of the best. They may be grown either in pots or
prepared borders :—

Pillar and Jtaaf Plants : —
Acacia leprosa. — racemosa.

Bougainvillea glabra, Rhyncospermum jasmin-

Cestrum aurantiacum. oides.

— elegaus. Kose Celine Forestier.
Coboea scandens. - Martchal Kiel.

— scnndens variegata. — Xiphetos.
Fuchsias. — W. A. Richardson.
Hibbertia dentata. Solanum jasminoides.
Jasminum graudirloruin. Swainsonia coronillifolia
Kenuedya prostrate. («/». gnlegifolia).
Lapageria rosea. Tacsonia Van Volxemii.

— rosea alba. Tecoma (Biguonia) radi-
Lnuicijra sempervirens, cans.

Passiflora ccnruliai. Tihouchina macrantha

— coRrulea Constance (correctly T. semide-
Elliott. candra var.).
Basket Plants :—

A few baskets suspended from the roof add
much to the appearance of the house. They should
be hung just high enough to allow room to pass
under them. A short list is appended :—
Asplonium Imlbiferum, Begonia Gloire dc

- fabiiinuni. Lorraine.

— flaccid urn. Campanula isophylla.

— isophylla alba. Lotus Bertholetii.

— isophylla Mayi. Mimulus moschatus Har-
Clianthus Dampieri. risonii.

Ivy - leaved Geraniums Woodwardia radicans.

(Pelargoniums).

Soft-wooded Plants. — In this section come such
popular subjects as Calceolarias, Cyclamens, Prim-
ulas, Pelargoniums, Cinerarias, and Carnations.
Taken as a whole, these plants are easier to grow
than hard-wooded subjects.

Ferns and Bulbs. — There are many Ferns which
do well in a greenhouse temperature (see FERNS).
They should be given the shadiest corner of the
hout'e, and, if it is possible to avoid it, should not
be mixed with the other subjects. They like a
place to themselves. In addition to the indispens-
able Dutch bulbs, without which no greenhouse is
complete, there are many bulbous subjects that
are equally amenable to culture, but are often
forgotten. Crinum Powellii, Nerines, Babianas,
Ixias, and Gladioli are cases in point. The
favourite Tuberous Begonias, although not strictly
"bulbous," may be referred to here. They are a
host in themselves.

GREEN MANURES.

• This general term is applied to crops grown for
the express purpose of enriching the soil. They
are, as a rule, Leguminous plants, and they are dug
or ploughed in when in full growth ; by this means
the fertility of the land is increased by the added
humus resulting from vegetable decay, and nlso by
the nitrogen which such plants fix by means of
their root nodules.

GREVILLEA.

Description. — Australian plants (ord. Proteacese),
generally of a shrubby character, though some
attain to the dimensions of small trees under
cultivation, and reach great heights in their own
country. All are evergreen, and in many instances
the foliage is elegant and graceful, particularly
robusta, which is a popular plant for table decora-
tion, and is grown extensively for market. Some
few species require no protection in extreme
southern or especially favoured gardens, but it is
best to regard all members of the genus as cool
greenhouse plants.

Soil. — Equal parts of peat and loam, with a free
use of sharp sand, form a suitable rooting medium.

Propagation. — Cuttings of newly ripened shoots
may be rooted in sand under a bell-glass or in a
propagating case, placing the pots in bottom heat
as soon as the bases of the cuttings have callused.
Grevillea robusta has very rarely flowered in
this country, but seed is regularly imported, and
provides a ready means of increasing or renewing
stock. The seed is best sown in light soil over a
gentle bottom heat and kept moist.

Other Cultural Points. — On no account must
the young plants become drawn or attenuated, as
there is little beauty in a weak specimen. When
grown as a room plant robusta will be much
benefited if placed out of doors during rain in
summer and autumn ; 5" or 6" pots afford
sufficient root room for quite large specimens.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
alpiua, «', My., rod, yel. Bauksii, 20', Je., red.

(ni/ii. alpesti-is). robusta, 10' to 50', sum.,

(iri'cnnr'ia (see Setliperviwm).
(Ircen lifiserliafer (see Roses'),
drcyoria vitaUana (see Aiidrvsace vttaliana).

Grewia

( 389 )

Grifflnia

or. Varietal forms are

elegautisshna and filiei-

foliu, but they are

seldom met with.

Other Species : —
nspera, 4'. Je. , pk.
aspleuit'olia, I)', Jy., pk.

(ni/ti. longifolia).
Baueri, 4', Je., red.
buxifolia, 0'. Je., pk.

(sifH. Embothriiim buxi-

i'olium).

Caleyi, 6', Je.. red.
I)rumni9udii,6', Je., wh.,

yel.
ericifolia, 6', wiu., red,

grn.

rosmarinifolin,6', Je., red.
theleinaimiana, -V, spr.,

yel.. gru., red (*!f>i-

Preissei).

fasciculata, G', spr., red.
Forsteri, G', sum., sc.
glabrata, <>', My., wh.

(SI/IIK. Manglesii and

Manglesia glabrata) .
jimiperiua, 6', Je., pk.
— sulphurea, 6', Je. , yel.
linearis, 6', Je., wh. ;

wh. and flesh coloured

forms.

punieea, 3', Je., pur.
sericea, 6', Je., pk.

GRIAS.

This family (tird. Myrtaceac) is chiefly remarkable
for its economic value, as it includes the Anchovv
Pear (cauliflora). The members are tall, large-
leaved trees, that require stove treatment and a
ronijiost of rich, light loam. Propagation, by
cuttings of ripened growth inserted in sandy soil
under a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —

zamorensis, wh. Ivs. 1' to
2' long.

cauliHnra,40' to ">(V, sum.,
wh. Anchovy Pear.

GRIFFINIA.

South American bullions plants (urtl. Anmryll-
idea;), closely related to Amaryllis and Lycoris,
and usually bearing blue flowers. They need the

GllEYIA Sl'TilEKLANDII.

GREAVIA.

Stove or warm greenhouse trees (nrd. Tiliacea;'),
that thrive in light, rich soil, and are readily
increased by cuttings inserted in very sandy soil
under a bell-glass.

Principal Species :—
a<siatica, 12', sum., yel. occidentalis, 12', sum., pur.

GREYIA.

An interesting deciduous shrub (tirtf. Sapin-
daceas) from the Cape. It requires warm green-
house protection, and grows best in a light, rich
soil. Propagation, by seeds or cuttings of half-
ripened growth. When at rest the plant should be
kept rather dry.

Only Species :—

Sutherland!!, ()', spr., orim., sc. (wr figure).

temperature of a stove or intermediate house.
Propagation, by seeds sown in spring, or by offsets
at potting time. Soil, loam, peat, sand, and dried
cow manure. AVlien growing vigorously give
abundance of moisture, but during the season of
rest withhold water and reduce the temperature to
about I "j

Principal Species :—
Tilumenavia, 1', sum., pk.
dryades, 1'.', sum., pale

hi.

Other Species : —
liy:u intliina imYranth.-i.

hyacinthina. IV, Jy •• '
ornata, 1', Men., HI.

1', aut..bl.
intermedia, !l", spr., lil.

I in in (see

lilioniaiia. S", spr., bl.
parvillnra, 2', Aug., pur.

H* refill if em).

Grindelia

( 390 )

Guatteria

GRINDELIA.

Hardy or half-hardy plants (ord. Composite)
chiefly from North America. The evergreen
species are propagated in spring by cuttings of
half-ripe growth inserted in sand under a bell-
glass ; the herbaceous species by division or
cuttings. A warm position, and ordinary garden
soil, suffice, but the genus is not showy enough
to merit extended cultivation.

Principal Species : —
angustifolia, H', Aug., grandiflora (AW squar-

yel. (sijn. Duvalii). rosa).

glutinosa, 2', Aug., ev., inuloides, 2', Aug., ev.,

yel. (syn. Dom'a gluti- yel. (si/tt. spathulata).

nosa). squarrosa, 2', Aug., yeL

(»yn. Donia squarrosa).

Other Species : —
ciliata, K', ant., bien., spathulata (wv inuloides).

yel. (*;/«. Donia ciliata) . speciosa, 2', aut., yel.
Lambertii, 2', aut., ev.,

yel.
GRISELINIA.

The few members of this genus (ord. Cornacese)
are Lanrel-like shrubs or small trees, hardy in
southern and sheltered parts of the kingdom, but
requiring greenhouse protection in other localities.
Propagation, by cuttings of firm growth, or by
layering. Light, but deep, rich soil is essential.

Principal Species : —
littondis, 25', spr., ev., lucida, 10', spr., ev., grn.

grii. — macrophylla, large Ivs.

GRISLEA.

Evergreen, shrubby stove plants (ord. Lythra-
riea;). Propagation, by cuttings of firm growth in
spring, in bottom heat. Soil, fibrous loam and peat,
with sand.

Principal Species : —

secunda, 4', sum., pk., sc. tomentosa (now Wood-
fordia floribunda).

GRONOVIA.

Interesting annuals, raised from seed sown in
heat, and grown in a stove or warm greenhouse.
Strings, wires, or sticks must be provided for the
plants to climb up. This genus (ord. Loasea?) is
remarkable for its stinging hairs.

Principal Species : —

scandens, (!', sum., yel.

GROTTO.

Sometimes an unattractive jumble of plants,
stones, shells, and soil is called a grotto, but this is
a misnomer. A grotto should be a cool, shady
spot, where rockwork and old tree stumps and
roots are used with sufficient soil to make an
undulating and artistic garden, in which Ferns
and many shade-loving plants are grown. Water,
too, should form part of the picture, indeed,
heavily shaded dells by the brook side, river
backwater, or lake form ideal spots for the
formation of grottoes.

GRUBS.

By this collective title nearly all caterpillars and
pupa; are popularly referred to, but many also

Ground Cherry (xee Ceram* Cltauitrlnixus).
Ground lay (see, Nepeta Gleclioma).
Ground Laurel (see Epigrca repens).
Ground ffut (see Arachisf).
Groundsel (see ttcnec'to rnh/nris).
Groundsel Tree (see liaccharis halimifoUa).

include slugs and shell-less snails in the same
term. The small Iarva3 of such garden pests as
the Cabbage Fly, Carrot Fly, Celirv Fly, Celery
Stem Fly, Codlin Moth, Currant Sphinx Moth,
Gooseberry Sawfly, Onion Fly, Narcissus Fly,
Raspberry Leaf-miner, Rose Beetle, Slug Worm,
Turnip Flea Beetle, Turnip Leaf-miner, etc., are,
however, those generally referred to by gardeners
as grubs. Methods for combating these enemies
will be found under the various crops.

GUAIACUM.

West Indian trees (ord. Zygophyllere), best
known for its heavy wood and the medicinal
properties of the bark of officinale, a species
known as the Lignum Vitre tree. Evergreen stove
trees, that will grow in rich, light loam, and are
increased by cuttings in spring, in bottom heat.

Principal Species : —

arboreum, 30', sum., bl. verticale, 12', sum., bl.
officinale, 45', sum., bl.

GUANO.

Briefly stated, guano is the accumulated deposit
of sea birds' excrement, found upon certain islands
iind coasts where there is a small rainfall. The
value of guano lies chiefly in its nitrogen, which is
mostly in such combinations as hydro-chlorate,
oxalate, phosphate, urate, etc., of ammonia. But
the supply of guano has decreased rapidly, and its
quality has fallen also. With the decrease of the
percentage of ammonia there has been an increase
of phosphates. In short, as a nitrogenous manure
natural guano is passing out of the market, and its
place is being taken by fish guano and other
artificial productions. In a dry state guano is an
excellent top-dressing for almost all kitchen garden
crops, but, being highly stimulative, should not be
applied to crops during autumn or winter. It is
better to give two applications, with an interval
and change of manure between, than to give a
large dose at one application. According to the
quality of the guano the rate of application should
be from 1 oz. to 3 oz. per square yard. Plants in
pots should not be given guano until the pots are
fairly well filled with roots ; it may then be given
to Begonias. Chrysanthemums, Pelargoniums,
Balsams, etc., in liquid form, not more often than
once a week, at the rate of J oz. dissolved in 1
gallon of water. Liquid cow manure forms an
excellent change of food for guano-fed crops.

GUAREA.

Evergreen stove trees (ord. Meliacea?), requiring
similar cultural treatment to that outlined for
Guaiacum. The several species grow about 25'
high, and bear white flowers. The chief are
coffeaifolia and ramiflora.

GUATTERIA.

Stove trees and shrubs (ord. Anonaceas), with
evergreen foliage. All can be increased in spring
by cuttings placed in sandy soil in bottom heat.
Cerasoides, Korintii, and suberosa are now referred
to the genus Polyalthia.

Principal Species : —

rufa, 6', br. virgata, 30', wh., fragrant.

Oryllta (see Crickets),
(!ri/»ltilpa, (see Mole Crickets'),
(inaltlicria (sec Gaultheria).

Guava

( 301 )

Gum Tree, Blue

GUAVA.

The fruits of several species of Psidium (which
xi'i-) are known under this title, but the best are
produced by Guava pomiferum, montamim. and
cattleianum. All these may be grown in an inter-
mediate hoiue. and produce purplish. Plum-shaped
fruits, having a flavour somewhat- like that of a
Strawberry. A delicious preserve known as Gua\a
jelly can be made from these, or they may be used
fresh for dessert.

GUAZUMA.

Kvergreen stove trees (urtl. Sterculiacea;) that
will .succeed under the treatment advised for

CUELUEII ROSE (ViBvuxfM OITLUS).

Gtiaiacum. One species, tomentosa, has sotne
economic value, the timber being useful for sugar
barrels, while from the young growths a very
strong cordage fibre can be obtained.

Principal Species : —

polybotrya, ]•'>', sura., yol. tomentosa, iV, sum., yel.
(*//«. Bubroma poly- ulmifolia, 40', sum., yel.
botrya).

GUELDER ROSE.

A popular name applied to Viburnum Opulus
(aril. Caprifoliacefc). It is a native shrub, growing
to a height of 10' or 12'. The typical plant bears
heads of whitish flowers in May, followed by bright
red fruits. The form usually cultivated has sterile
flowers with large while bracts. The heads are
large, globular, and very effective. It is easily
propagated by cuttings, and grows well in any
good soil. V. Opulus, variety sterile, is a useful
shrub for forcing.

GUERNSEY LILY.

A beautiful bulbous plant, of which immense
quantities are imported by bulb dealers in late
summer and early autumn. Early potting is very
important. For full particulars, w NI:IUXI: su:-
N1ENSIS.

GUICHENOTIA.

Curious Australian shrubs (ord. Sterculiaceae),
with downy steins and leaves, and small, whitish
or purplish flowers. The leaves are usually small
and narrow, the branches weak, and the largest
bushes rarely exceed 2' in height. Propagation, by
cuttings inserted in sandy peat under a bell-glass.
Soil, sandy peat. A cool greenhouse provides the
necessary protection.

Principal Species : —

ledifolia, U' to 2', spr., macrantha, 1J' to 2', spr.
wh. pur.

GUMMING OP GUMMOSIS.

The exudation o£ resinous matter commonly
observed in Cherries, Plums, Peaches, and Nectar-
ines. Many of the so-called gums and resins of
commerce, as, for instance, Gum Arabic and Gum
Tragacantb, are the result of gummosis on the part
of certain trees — in the cases noted, Acacias. In
cultivated fruits gumming is a wasting disease,
which every up-to-date cultivator does his best to
prevent, or cure. The wounds or fissures in the
bark from which the "gum" exudes may be caused
in a variety of ways. Dr. Beijerinck lays the
blame upon the action of a very contagious fungus
which he lias named Coryneum Beijerinckii. The
mycelium of this fungus appears to develop a
ferment that, penetrating from cell to cell of the
tissue, transforms the starch granules, cell walls,
etc., into gum. Diseased tissue is formed, fissures
appear, and the gum exudes.

Commonly, however, gumming is to be traced
to very much simpler causes, which are well
within the power of the cultivator to prevent from
acting. Abrasions of the bark, through branches
being allowed to cross, and careless pruning — in-
cluding too rash excision of large branches, the
making of jagged cuts, and pruning in frosty
weather — are fertile causes, especially with Cherries
and Plums. The remedy here is careful pruning in
the summer and early autumn, which in itself will
reduce gumming to a minimum, and the dressing
of the wounds with some good styptic, such as
Stockholm tar.

Injury from frost, and over-rich soil, are common
causes, and the two are usually very closely linked
together. It will always be seen that trees grow-
ing in rich soil suffer most severely from frost, and
gumming usually follows. Lifting and root prun-
ing in early autumn naturally suggest themselves
as correctives of an over-luxuriant habit on the
part of the trees.

Hums and Cherries that are badly affected with
gumming can rarely be cured, but mild eases may
he ameliorated by (1) cutting out the affected
parts, where the branches are not too large; (2)
due attention to summer pinching, thus obviating
the necessity for much winter pruning : (:!) dressing
with Stockholm tar; (-O keeping the trees fiee
from insect enemies ; (5) choosing varieties suit-
able to the locality.

GUM TREE, BLUE («•<: EUCALYPTUS).

(iiiiiini I'fui'li (xi'c fyirn>cf]>halus).

lintil . I ninnniiilr (.«r llnrt'inil . I ni nn'i/itlfinii ).

(ill HI ('iftlllt (HIT Cist MX llllllllliflTUS).

Hum I'.li-iiii («•<• Ami/fix I'linnii'ri).
(in in .

Gundelia

( 392 )

Gymnema

GUNDELIA.

A Thistle-like genus (ord. Composite-). It is a
hardv herbaceous perennial, growing into a largi
bushV plant, with spiny leaves and purplish flower
heads. It grows readily from seeds, and succeeds
in any ordinary garden soil.

Only Species :—

Tournefortii, 2', sum., pur. (gyn. glabra).

GVMXOORAMME CALOMELAXOS (see p. 394).

GUNNERA.

A small genus of hardy herbaceous perennials
(ord. Haloragete), with large, showy leaves. Mani-
cata and scabra make very ornamental subjects foi
the wild garden, or for planting by the side of
streams and lakes. In such positions the leaves
will frequently attain to a size of 5' or (>' across
and they are quite distinct in appearance from the
foliage of any other subject available foroutdcioi
gardening. -Although reputedly hardy, the crowns
should be covered with a thick mulching of pnrth
decayed manure, leaves, or dry litter in the autumn
otherwise losses are likely to occur. Once estab
lished, the plants will grow and flourish in the
same position for an indefinite period. Propnga
tion is by division of the crowns in spring. A rich
moist soil is necessary to get full-sized foliage.

Principal Species : —

chilensis, 4' to 5', Ivs. 4'
to 6' across, flowers red,
small («;/». scabra).

— major, a handsome var.

Although they grow naturally to large dimensions,
hey can be flowered in a small state, but are not

)ften seen in cultivation. Propagation, by cuttings
n light, sandy soil in a warm propagating case.

Soil, loam and peat. At all times a stove tem-
perature is required.
Principal Species :—

lugusta, iO' to SO.' sum.,
wh., suffused ro. oil
outerside (»//». iusignis).

gracillima, 30', sum., ro.

red.
iusiguis (fee augnstu).

GUTIERREZIA.

Neat- little herbaceous or sub-shrubby plants
:ord. Composite), with yellow flowers, in bunches
at the ends of the branches, and narrow leaves.
1'ropagation, by seeds, division, or cuttings in
spring. Suitable for sunny positions in the rockery
.n light soil.

Principal Species : —
Euthamia-, 9", Je., yel.
Tymnospermoides (now

GUZMANIA.

A small genus (ord. Bromeliacea-), with long,
leathery leaves, and pretty flowers surrounded by
brightly coloured bracts. Soil, fibrouspeat. charcoal
and sandstone. The plants require a tropical tem-
perature, and like plenty of water while growing.

Xanthoceplialum gym-
iiospermoules).

magellensis." 6", Jy.

tender in cold places,
momenta, 4' to G', Ivs. 4

to 6' across.

pernensn., 15', Aug., gru.
scabra (gee chilensis).

GUSTAVIA.

Tropicnl trees and shrubs from South America
(ord. Myrtaceie), with large, handsome, evergreen
leaves and showy red, white, or cream flowers.

GYMN'OGllAMHK PEAKCEI (s« )l 394).

Principal Species :—

Imlliaiiii, 1', flowers yel., tricolor, 1' to 15', sum.,
bracts sc. bracts pur., blk., red.

GYMNEMA.

Stove evergreen, climbing, or bushy shrubs (ord.
Asclepiadea;) from Asia, Australia, etc. They are

Ciittajierclia, Tree (see I&mandra).

Gymnocladus

( 393 )

Gymnogramme

distinguished by opposite leaves, milky juice, and
yellowish or whitish flowers. The milky juice of
some specie* is collected by some Asiatic races
and used in the same way as cow's milk. Cuttings
root readily in a close, warm propagating case, and
a mixture of fibrous peat and loam suits them.
Principal Species : —

tenacissiina (wr Mars-
denia tenacissima).

acuininatum, }'2' , sum.,

ycl.
creuatum, 10', sum , yel.

GYM N OCLADUS.

Hardy treus from North America (ord. Legu-
EQinotEB). The only species cultivated is canadensis,
the Kentucky Coffee Tree. It grows to a height
of 30', and has white flowers. When young the
stems ave whitish. It is increased from seeds, and
grows well in loamy soil.

GYMNOGRAMME.

Description. — A large and important genus of
Ferns («/v/. Filices), chiefly natives of tropical
countries, and thus requiring for the most part a
stove temperature in cultivation. A few may be
grown in a cool house, including the annual species
leptophylla. which is scattered through the warmer
temperate regions of the globe, and approaches
the British Islands as close as Jersey. The popular
name of Gold and Silver Ferns applied to the
Gymnogrammes is due to the presence of a
fine white or golden powder, with which the
under surfaces of the fronds are plentifully be-
sprinkled.

Propagation. — By spores. Gymnogrammes pro-
duce an abundance of spores, and these germinate
witli great freedom wherever a fair amount of
moisture and heat is to be obtained. It is a curious
fact that they will grow upon the stages, in crannies
in the walls, and between the spars of wooden
floor trellises, when they will refuse to grow in
pots of carefully sterilised soil. The propagation
of the rarer species and varieties should not, how-
ever, be left to chance. The sterilising of the soil,
although not absolutely necessary, is advisable.
The spores should only be sprinkled upon soil (not
covered) that has been previously watered, and
each pot should be covered with a sheet of glass.
This glass should be removed daily, and the con-
densed moisture upon it wiped off. Subsequent,
watering^, should they prove necessary, should be
given by standing the pot or pan in a few inches of
water for an hour or two.

Soil. — A light, and yet rich, medium is necessary.
One-third each of good loam, peat, and leaf soil.
with plenty of sand, will answer well. Some
growers mix Cocoanut fibre refuse with the com-
post, but this is not to be recommended, except
for young plants which will soon be given another
shift, as the fibre has a tendency to turn sour, and
react unfavourably upon the tender roots. Older
plants may have a little more loam given to them,
but in any case it must be fibrous, and not clayey
or sticky.

Other Cultural Points. — Gymnogramraes are
regarded as being difficult to grow, and to •..unr
extent this is true. An hour's neglect in watering
a dry plant on a hot day means IN death ; for once
the fronds flag they rarely recover, and the fine
roots are equally tender. Many a fine specimen
has been killed in this way. The plants must have
plenty of water at the roots at all times. They
are equally impatient of the other extreme — a

water-logged soil. The fronds should never be
sprinkled with water, and even the damping of the
stages, which is so beneficial to other Ferns, should
be avoided. Liquid cow manure may be given
about once a week to vigorously growing plants in
summer, but stimulants are highly injurious to
them in winter. Gymnogrammes have a strong
dislike to draughts, and on that account do not
make good subjects for rooms or corridors. The
ventilation of the houses must be managed with
the greatest eare, and anything like a cold current
of air avoided.

To Resuscitate Unhealthy Specimens.— Some-
times an old and apparently worn-out plant may
be given a new lease of life by shaking it out of
the old soil and planting it temporarily in a bed of
Cocoanut fibre refuse, with bottom heat. To
attempt to reduce old specimens, and pot them up
in the usual way at once, is to sign their death

GYMXOGKAMMF. POLCIIKLLA VAR. WKTTEXIIALLIANV
(«« p. s»4).

warrant. They never do any good. Young plants,
it may be noted, are always much easier to grow
than old ones ; in fact, most Gymnogrammes -inn
to have a very limited life. Young plants should
thus be continually raised from spores.

Gymnogrammes as Basket Ferns. — From the
pendent and sub-pendent habit of the fronds
Gymnogrammes make excellent basket plants,
always provided that the water question receives
due attention. The best of all for the purpose .-m
clegaiitissiina ami srhizophylln, and the lalter'.-
variety gloriosa. Decomposita is hardier, but
scarcely so elegant. Some of the crested varieties
of calomelanos and pulchella are also suitable for
basket work.

Gymnostachys

( 394)

Gynerium

calomelauos, 1 ' to 3' long,
6" to 12" broad, creamy
wli. ; very variable,
many vars. (xee p. 392).

— chrysophylla, H' to 2'
long, golden yel.,
briglitest of all. Many
BUb-vars., of whicli the
crested form grandi-
ceps; laucheana, with
its triangular fronds.
and also its crested
form ; Massouii, which
has very long, relatively
narrow fronds ; and
Parsousi, 1', heavily
tasselled and dark
golden, are the best.

• — peruviaua, 1' to 2',
fronds triangular. Sev-
eral sub- vars., one,
argyrophylla, 11' to 21
long, silver, being
generally recognised as
the finest of all the
Silver Ferns. Hayi has
light, sulphur yel.
powder on both the
upper and under sur-
faces of tile fronds.

decomposita, 1' to H'
long, 1' broad, In1., yd.
A natural hybrid be-
tween Pearcei and cal-
umelanos chrysophylla;
one of the most vigorous
of the genus.

elegantissima, of garden
origin, very close to
schizophylla, which it
resembles, but referred
to decomposita by the

forked, very slightly
powdered, silver, good
for baskets.

— gloriosa, (strong-
— superba, ) gro win g

vars., admirable basket
Ferns.

sulphurea, 6" to 12" long,
3" to 4" broad, gold,
the smallest of the gold
Ferns ; rather tender.

tartarea, 1' to 2' long, 6"
to 12" broad, triangu-
lar, silver.

— oohracea, like the type
in habit, but has golden
powder.

japouica, 11' to 2' long,

Other Species and Varieties : —
abyssiuica, 1' long, 1" close to japonica, which

broad, smooth. see.

alisma>fo!ia, 5" to 9" long, leptophylla, 2" to 4" long,

2"'to 21 "broad. smooth. 1" to 11" bi

arpentea, 6" to 12" long,
3" to 4" broad, silver.

caudiformis, 6" to 9"loug.

chierophylla, 4" to 8"
long, 2" to 4" broad,
smooth, ann.

ferruginea, 1' long, 3" to
.r>" broad, woolly. Var.
lanata has larger pin-
nules and less wool.

flexuosa, 3' to 4' long, of
climbing habit.

hamiltoniana, 6" to 12"
long, smooth.

hispida, 3" to 6" each
way, woolly.

javanica, 1' to 4' long,
4" to 3" broad, smooth ;

Principal Species, Varieties, and Hybrids : —
[XoxE. — The lengths given below refer to the
size of the fronds, liot to the height of the plants.
The latter may be taken to be about two-thirds of
the former. The colours refer to the farina or
powder. All require stove heat, except where
otherwise stated.]

1' broad, grh. Has no
powder, and is more
like, a Pteris in general
appearance than a Gym-
uogramme. Javanica
is very close to it, and
probably the one is a
geographical var. of the
other. There is a varie-
gated form, but it is
rarely seen in cultiva-
tion.

Latliamiee, 2' to 21', silver,
a hybrid between de-
composita and schizo-
phylla.

Pearcei, 14.' long, 1' broad,
triangular, silver (see p.
peruviaua, 1' to 'I', 392).

fronds triangular. Sev- pulchella, 9" to 18" long,
4" to 6" broad, silver.

wettenhalliana, a
crested var. with smaller
fronds and sulphur yel.
powder (see p. 393).
schi/ophylla, H' to IV
long, 6" to 9" broad,

broad, ann.

The Annual Maiden-
hair,
macrophylla, 1' to 11'

long, 3" to 4" broad. "
rufa, 1' to 1-r long, 3" to

5" broad, woolly on

lower surface,
rutii'iolia, 2" to 3" long,

grh.
tomentosa, 9" to 15",

woolly,
triangularis, 3" to 4"

each way, triangular,

grh., golden, very vari-

able.
trifoliata, 2' to 3' long,

6" to 8" broad, once

pinnate, silver or gold,
very variable.

GYMNOSTACHYS.

Greenhouse herbaceous plants with tuberous
roots (iird. Aroideae). One species only is known,

that being anceps, an Australian plant with large
ornamental leaves and white flowers. Propagation,
by division of the tubers in spring, or by seeds.
Soil, peat and loam. It requires abundance of
moisture whilst growing, and none at all when at
rest.

GYMNOSTACHYUM.

Intermediate house or stove evergreen shrubs
(ord. Acanthacea;), with erect racemes of tabular
flowers. They may be propagated and grown
under the same conditions as Eranthemums, and,
like those plants, are best grown from cuttings
each year.

Principal Species : —
ccylanicum, 9", sum., yel. decurrens, 8", sum., wh.

GYNANDROPSIS.

Annual herbs (ord. Capparidesc), half-hardy, or
needing a greenhouse temperature for the most
part. Although the flowers of several of the
species are comparatively large and showy, the
plants are seldom seen. They may be raised from
seeds sown in heat in spring, the plants being

GVNEIIU'M ARGENTEUM (correctly CoUTADElUA

AUGENTEA).

subsequently transferred to their flowering quarters
outside. A light but rich soil and a sheltered bat
sunny position are the chief cultural requirements.

Principal Species :- -
coccinea, 6' to 9', sum., grh., wh. (si/it. Cleome

grh., sc. pentaphyllaof flotaiiicttl

peutaphylla, 2', Je., Jy., Mniiiizhie 1681).

GYNERIUM. (PAMPAS GRASS.)
Although this genus (or A. Gramineie) is still
kept up, one species only is placed in it,
and the plant which has done most to make it
famous— argenteum, the elegant Pampas Grass —
is referred by botanists to Cortaderia argentea.
All the Gyneriums are handsome Grasses, of
stately presence, but argenteum and saccharoides
are the two chief members. Argenteum is hardy,

( 1 1/ m n«]>tcris (see Acroitichuni).
fli/niiuithri.j' (ace Pennisctuni).
Gynandra (see Erythrcca).

Gynura

( 395 )

Gypsophila

of vigorous growth', and raiikes bold, handsome
clumps in a IV w years. It is thus a capital lawn

subject. Its requirements are a sheltered position
(it dislikes wind-swept districts), and a rich, light
soil, plentifully enriched with organic manure.
Stock may be raised from seed sown under glass in
penile heat, the young plants being grown on in
puts until they are about 1' high. The plumes, if
required for indoor decoration, should be cut as
soon as they are fully expanded, and before they
are soiled with soot and dirt or beaten about by
rain. Saccharoides is a stove sub-aquatic that is
very seldom cultivated in this country. Its plumes,
however, which are of great size, and much looser
than those of argenteum. are imported in great

Principal Species : —

aurantiaea, 2', Ivs. aud
stem pur.

bicolor, 2' to 3', flowero

yel., Ivs. purplish,
sunueutosa, 8', yel.
GYPSOPHILA.

Description. — Elegant hardy annuals and per-
ennials (urd. Caryophylleas). Upwards of fifty
species have been described, but the one chiefly
met with is paniculata. This is not only a good
border plant, but it is of the greatest value for cut
flower purposes. It is grown in great quantities
for market, to supply the cut flower trade, and its
charmingly elegant appearance when cut is daily
winning for it fresh friends.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown as soon as ripe ;

(lYl'SOl'HILA HEl'EXS (see p. .".I'll).

numbers under the name of Uva Grass. They
may be had in the natural colour, silver frosted, or
dyed with various colours, and they play an im-
portant decorative part.

Principal Species : —
argenteuin, .V to 7', ant., ly?., called argenteo-

hdy., yellowish wh., Ivs. lineatum.

grn. (correctly Cort- jiibatum (correctly Corta-

wlcria argcntea, w />. deria jubata), lias tine

:)!ll). There is a var. plumes.

with gru. aud golden suvharoidos, .H' to 1'2',
Sep., st.. wli.. sub-
aquatic. Uva Grass.

GYNURA.

Store plants (aril. Composite). Their chief
beauty lies in their leaves, which are often highly
Coloured, or covered with brightly tinted hairs.
They arc inn-eased from cuttings, and succeed
well in light soil in a warm, moist atmosphere,
shaded from bright sunshine. It is advisable to
root cuttings annually.

and by root division, performed before growth
starts in the spring. Elegans does well if raised
from seed each spring. The flowers are not
so graceful as those of paniculata, although they
are considerably larger ; but elegans is a plant of
easy growth, and should not be lost sight of.

Soil.— Gypsophilas like a light, rich soil of con-
siderable depth, containing plenty of chalk or
old lime rubble. Hut they will do in any ordinary
garden soil, provided it be well worked, and not
cold.

Other Cultural Points. 1 1 is advisable that some,
at least, of the plants of paiiirulata should be
grown in a warm, sheltered spot, otherwise the
season will be well on before the flowers appear.
The clumps should not be disturbed for years
together. Once they get hold, all they want is .1
mulching in sprint and autumn of short, well-
rotted dung from the yard. Also in dry seasons
they like plenty of water. It will be wise to cut
some of the Bowen earlv, for the clumps bloom in

Gypsum

( 396 )

Hacquetia

such prodigal fashion
allowed to remain on
seriously weakened.

Principal Species : —
cerastioides, 34', My.,

per., wh.
elegans, 6", sum., aim. or

per., wh.
pauiculata, 2' to 3', Je.,

Other Species : —
fastigiata, 1', Jy., per.,

pale red
glauca, 1J', Jy., per., wh.

that if the flowers are
for long the plants are

Aug., per., wh. ; root-
stock fleshy.

— flore pleno, 3', Je.,
per., wh. ; a handsome
double var.

repeus, C", per., wh. (see
p. 395).

perfoliata, 2' to 3', Jy.,

per., pk.
Stevenii, 1' to 2', Jy.,

per., wh. or ro.

HAHEXAUIA CAUNEA.

GYPSUM.

_ Chemically, gypsum is known as sulphate of
lime, but it is better known as plaster of Paris.
Its chief use to the gardener or farmer is as an
absorbent of ammonia, which is a valuable but
volatile fertiliser, given off freely during the de-
composition of almost all animal manures. A thin
layer of gypsum placed over the newly-turned
manure heap not only makes decomposition slower,
but prevents waste, because when dug into the
soil it slowly gives to the land the nitrogenous
fertiliser which it previously absorbed in the form
of ammonia.

HABENARIA.

Description. — A genus of upwards of 400 species
of Orchid! (nrd. Orchidaceso). Many of the hardy
species are beautiful, including the 'British bifolia
and its forms. They arc gems for nooks in the
rock garden. Comparatively few of the stove
species are cultivated. The" genera Coeloglossum,

Gynmadenia, Phyllostaehya, and Platanthera are
now merged in Habenaria. The plants are all
terrestrial.

Propagation. — By division of the rootstocks after
growth has finished for the season, or before it
starts again in the spring. The divisions of the
hardy species should be potted singly into small
pots, and kept in a cold frame until they start.
With the stove species a close propagating- case
is necessary.

Soil. -Fur the stove species, two-thirds of peat,
one-third of good fibrous loam, and a little live
sphagnum, chopped, with sand. For the hardv
>(>rrics. liirht and peatv.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
bifolia (the Butterfly Helleborina, Sep., St.,

Orchis), I', Je., My.,

wh., native : many

vars. The chlorautha

section, by some botan-
ists considered to belong

to a distinct species, has

larger flowers,
carnea, 10", sum., pk.

(see figure).

— irivosa (XI/H . alba), wh.
decipieus, Sep. to Nov.

grn

flesh

(»<///. longicalcarata).
flmbriata, 1' to 1J', sum.,

hdy., HI pur.

Other Species :• —
Bleplmriglottis, My., Je.,

hdy., wh., fringed.
Candida (see subpubens).
ciliaris, 1 J- ' to 2 ' , hdy. , or. ,

yel.
oristata. 1', late spr., hdy.,

gold, yel., lip fringed,
dilatata, 1' to 2', sum.,

hdy., wh.

gigantea (fee Susaunfe) .
Hookeri, 6" to 12", Jc.,

hdy., gra., wh., twenty

to thirty flowers on a

srtike.

pk. (.11/11.

Eulophia Helbborina).
Lugardii, 2", early sum.,

wh. spurs 6" ling,
milituris (w pusilla).
pusilla, r,sum. , aut. , sc.,

grn. («.(/». militaris).
rhodocheila, 9" to 10",

Aug., grh., sepals grn..

lip bright cinnabar

red.
Susanna;, 4", Jy., st.,

grn,, wh., fragrant (»//«.

gigantea).

psycodes, 10" to 12", Je.,
hdy., ro., criin. ; re-
sembles flmbriata, but
has smaller flowers,

rotundifoh'a, 1'.' to 3',
sum., hdy., ro., pur.,
lip wh.

salaecensis, 12" to 14",
Ap., st., grn., re;l, or.
tipped spur, roots
tuberous.

subpubens, 1', Aug., st.,
wh. (•",'/«. Candida).

Heldreichii is now re-
ferred to Rainondia
Heldreichii.

HABERLEA.

A pretty herbaceous rockery perennial (ortl.
Gesneracese), resembling a small Gloxinia in
appearance, the flowers being borne amidst a tuft
of leaves. Propagation, by seeds and by division
of the crowns in spring or autumn. Soil, peaty.
Only Species: —

rhodopensis, 4" to 6",
Ap., hdy., pale lil.,
wants a little protec-
tion in cold places.
HABLITZIA.

A small and unimportant genus (ord. Cheno-
podiacese) of one species only — tamnoides, July.
October, green — a tall, hardy, climbing herb of
straggling appearance. Propagation, by division
of the root, or by seeds, in spring. Ordinary garden
soil.

HABROTHAMNUS (MC CESTRUM).

HACKBERRY.

A popular name given to the fruit of Celtis
crassifolia. (Xee CELTIS.)

HACQUETIA.

A hardy perennial plant (nrd. Umbellifera:),
rather curious, but distinct and pretty. It is

Jlahrantlnts (.t;'c Uijipeastrmn and Zepliyrantlies).

Hsemanthus

( 397 )

Halesia

slow growing, and likes to be planted in a sheltered
nook in the rock garden, and left undisturbed.
Propagation, by division of the roots before growth
starts in spring, but only strong clumps should he
touched, or division will be fatal. Soil, sandy
loa m.

Only Species : —

Epipaetis, ;i" to 6", spr., yel., Ivs. yel., grn. (syn.
Dondia Epipaetis).

HvEMANTHUS.

Description. — Remarkably fine bulbous plants
(urd. Amaryllide;e), all natives of Africa, and
requiring for the must part a stove or warm green-
house temperature. Some of the species have
(lowers of great beauty, and several beautiful
hybrids have been raised on the Continent. The
huge umbels of flower are nearly spherical in
shape, and have quite a feathery appearance.

Propagation. — Vigorous bulbs throw off numbers
of offsets, and these, if carefully separated from
the parent plants and potted separately, will grow
into flowering bulbs in two or three years. , The
offsets should be removed just at the expiration
of the period of rest.

Soil. Sandy loam and fibrous peat in equal
parts, with sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Potting should not be
very linn, and drainage must be perfect. Plenty of
water is required during the growing season, which
may be made to coincide with our summer.
Similarly the resting period may answer to our
winter. Once in every three or four years is quite
often enough to repot, but an annual top-dressing
mav be given with advantage.

Principal Species, Hybrids, and Variety :—
alivssiuicus (sec inulti- multiflorus, 1', Ap.,st.,8c.

florus). (.vi/^.v. ahysshiicas and

cinnabarinus, 1', Ap., st. , Kaibreyeri).

red. • superbus, improved

coccineus, 1' to IV, Sep., form.

sc. nataleusis, Feb., grh..

fascinator, 1', spr., st.,sc.; flowers grn., bracts

hybrid. pur., anthers yel. ; close

Kaibreyeri (nee multi- to insignis, but finer.

floras). Queen Alexandra, l',spr.,

Kathariuae, 1' to U', spr., at., or., sc.

warm grh., deep red.
mirabilis, 1', spr., st.,

blush pk. ; hybrid.

Other Species :
albiflos, 1', Jy., warm magnifieus, warm grh.,

grh., wh. (.11/11. vires- or., sc. (»//«. insignia).

ceiis). Mannii, l',spr. , st.,crim.,

albo-maculatus, 6", Dec., sc.

warm grh., wh. puuiceus, 1', Je., grh., or.,

deformis, 3", Mch., warm sc.

grh., wh. sanguineus, grh., sc.

hirsutus, warm grh., wh. tigrimis, 1', Ap., warm
insignis (sec uiagnih'cus). grh., crim.

HJEMARIA.

A small genus of terrestrial Orchids (ord.
Orrhidaeea>)- Propagation, by cuttings, each
taken with a piece of the root attached and kept
close with bottom heat until they start into
e'rowtli. Soil, two-thirds peat, one-third fibrous
loam, and sand.

Principal Species :—

discolor, Nov., st., wh.

H-iEMATOXYLON. (THE CAMPEACHY
WOOD.)

Stove evergreen trees (ord. LeguminosiE), unim-
portant from a decorative standpoint, but of great
value economically. The principal species —
eampechianum, 20' to 40', yellow — yields the
logwood of commerce, so much used by calico
printers and dyers. The Logwood is furnished by
the sapwood of the tree. Propagation, by cuttings
of the ripened shoots, rooted in spring in sandy
soil in heat. Soil, peat and sand.

HJJEMODORUM. (BLOOD ROOT.)

Greenhouse perennials (ord. Hremodoraceaej.
They are of little value to British horticulture, but
the roots are eaten as food by the aborigines of
Australia. Propagation, by division of the root in
spring. Soil, peat and loam, with a little grit.

Principal Species : —

planifolium,'2'to3',Aug., teretifolium, like plani-

livid par., grn. at base, folium ; Ivs. shorter and

lower Ivs. Grass-like. cylindrical.

HA-HA, OP HAW-HAW.

A boundary fence placed below the ground line
so as to afford the desired division without in any
way obstructing the view. As a rule, the " ditch "
forming the ha-ha is between 5' and G' deep, one
side being cut straight down, and bounded by a
stout brick or stone wall. The other side may or
may not present a surface sloping upwards and
outwards.

HAKEA (*yn. CO.NCHIUM).
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs or small trees (ord.
Proteacea:), more curious than pretty, and rarely
seen outside botanic establishments. Propagation,
by cuttings of the matured shoots under a bell-
glass in spring. Soil, two parts peat and one part
loam, with sand.

Principal Species :—

cucullata, 4', Je., red, nitida, 6' to 8', Je., wh. ,
Ivs. small, milky grn. Ivs. prickly.

(m/ns. couchifolia ami suaveoleus, 4', sum., wh.,
Victoriae). fragrant (»//». pectin-

dactyloides, 7', Jy., wh. ata).
(S//M. Concilium dactyl-
oides).

HALESIA. (SILVER BELL or SNOWDROP
TUBE.)

A small genus of hardy deciduous small trees,
with very ornamental flowers (ord. Styracece).
They are seen at their best as specimens upon
lawns, as their drooping flowers are then dis-
played to advantage. What pruning is necessary
to keep them within bounds should be given after
flowering is over. Propagation, by cuttings of the
roots, taken in spring or autumn, dibbled into a
cold frame, in sandy soil, and kept fairly close
until they start ; also by layers, cuttings of half-
ripe wood, or seeds. Soil, sandy, friable loam.
Plenty of moisture and a sheltered position are
the conditions that Halesias best like; and if
they are planted in naturally dry s]«>ts, such as the
overdrained soil of a suburban garden, they must
be kept well watered if they are to do even
moderately well.

(see Itumea).
Ilicmattlctyun (sec Prcstonla).

f/agberry (sec ('cram*

Jfag Taper (see Verbeucum Thaj>tu»).

Ilair Grots (ice Aim).

Halimodendron

( 398 )

Hamamelis

Principal Species : —
h'spida, \vh. (KI/H. Ptero-

styrax hispidum).
tetraptera, la' to '20', spr.,

Other Species : —
corymbosa, 10' to 20', Je.,

wh. (*.'/«. Pterostyrax

corymb'osum).

early sum., wh. ; re-
sembling a Snowdrop
(see figure).

diptcra, 10', spr., wh.

(nil a. reticulata).
parvinora, 10', My., wh.
reticulata (nee diptera).

cuttings t;iken in spring,
and leaf soil, with sand.

Soil, equal parts of loam

Principal Species : —

lucida, 4' to (i'. Ji>. African Honeysuckle.

HAMAMELIS. (THE WITCH HAZEL.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs or small trees (ard.
Hamamelideie). The flowers are showy, the plants

HALF.SIA TETHAPTEIIA.

HALIMODENDRON.

A hardy deciduous shrub (ord. LeguminoFfe),
with silky, silver-hued foliage. It does best grafted
upon the common Laburnum, but may also be
increased by seeds, cuttings, and layers'in a cold
frame. Soil, sandy loam.

Only Species : —

argenteum, 4' to 6', My., Jy., pur., Ivs. hoary
feather shaped (syn. Pobinia Halimodendron of
Jiotanical Magazine 101(i).

HALLERIA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Scrophu-
Inrineie), ornamental, but rare. Propagation, by

Halimitim (see Cisfus).

bloom profusely and regularly, and the flowering
season is winter and early spring, so that the Witch
Hazels have much to commend them. As they are
of slow growth, it is many years before they get
too large for even small lawns. They do well in
towns — another recommendation. Propagation, by
layers and cuttings. Any rich, fairly light soil
will suit.

Principal Species : —
arborea, 15' to 20', win.,
petals brightyel., calyces
rich claret (syn. japonica
of Botanical .Mm/iizi/ic
6650).

japonica (Sirb. and /an:,
see p. 399) 6' to 9', win.,
yel. Znccariniana is a
var. with pale yel. pchils
and greenish br. sepals.

Haltica (see Turnip Enemies).

Hardenbergia

( 399 )

Haworthia

mollis 9', Feb.. vol.
virginica.Oct., Feb., shr.,
yel. Tkegeeda are edible

and furnish an oil. Tliu
bark and Ivs. have
astringent properties.

HARDENBERGIA.

Herbaceous or shrubby greenhouse climbers (ord.
Legaminoaee), Propagation, by seeds, sown in
gentle heat in spring, or, more commonly, by
cuttings of the young lateral shoots, taken in April,
and inserted in a warm propagating case. Soil,
one part of loam, one part of peat, and one of dried
cow or horse manure rubbed through a sieve,
plenty of sand being added. The species named
below flower early in the year, and thus a warm
greenhouse temperature is desirable for them.
They may be trained to cover the rafters or pillars
of the conservatory, but some of the flowering
shoots should be loosened and allowed to hang
down, otherwise they present a rather stiff appear-
ance. The plants may be grown in pots, but the
best results are obtained when they are planted in
prepared beds. Shade is required in the hottest
weather.

Principal Species: —

comptouiana, Mcli., pur.
(.w/i/s. digitata, Huegelii,
Lindlcyi, makoyana,
Glycino oomptoniana,
and Kennedya macro-
phylla).

monophylla, Ap., pur.
(si/im. cordata, nvata.
Glycine binmculata,
Keunedya cordata, K.
longiraceinosa, K. mono-
phylla, and K. ovata).

HAREBELL.

The popular name of Campanula rotundifolia.
The name Harebell is sometimes applied to Scilla
nutans. Hairbell is an alternative spelling.

HARICOT.

The ripe seeds of several Beans (Phaseoliis),
ciiirlly of varieties of P. vulgaris, the Dwarf French
Bean. They are more extensively grown on the
Continent than in Great Britain, where they do not
generally mature.

HARPALIUM (.see HELIANTIU-S).

HARTOGIA (of LINN-.-EUS).

A nearly hardy evergreen shrub (ord. Celas-
triime), allied to Cassine. Propagation, by cuttings
of the ripened shoots in sandy soil in a close frame.
Soil, equal parts of peat and loam, with sand.

Principal Species :—
capensis, Je., grh., yel.

Hand Plant (see Clicirostemari).

Haplopliylliini (see liuta).

Hare's-ear (see liupleiirum') .

Hare's-foot (see Ochroma Lagopia).

Hare's-foot Fern (see DaraUia canarien-tis).

llarc's-tail (see Lagvrns oratus).

Ilarina (see Wallichia).

Harraclna (sse Crossandra).

Harrisonia, (see Marsdenia*).

Ifartogia of Linnteits, ord. RuJiiaeerc (sso Ago,-

tfiomna).

ITart's-tongue Fern (see SoolojHmJrium').
Ifassagay Tree (see Curtisiafaginea).
l[ast'mgia (see Ifolms/tioldia).
Ifautbois or Hautboy (see Fragaria arid Strain

berry).

Ilinrkhil (.we Leontodoii).
Himltsbeard (see Crcjtis).
Ilnwltieeed (see HU'racium).

HART\VEGIA.

Curious little epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orchid-
aceas) requiring stove heat. Propagation, by
division of the pseudo-bulbs. Equal parts of
broken crocks, live sphagnum moss, and fibrous
peat suit, and small pots or shallow pans only are
necessary.

Principal Species : —

gemma, pur..
vio.

blotched purpurea, 1', Aug., pur.

HAWORTHIA.

Succulent plants (ord. Liliacese). The leaves of
all the species are small and produced in rosettes.
The flowers are also small and inconspicuous, being

HAMAMELIS JAPONICA (see p.

green or dirty white in hue. They require a
greenhouse temperature, and answer to the same
general treatment as the Aloes, in which genus
many of the species have figured. The list below
is not an exhaustive one, but merely a selection of
the best known.

Principal Species :-
albieans, Ivs. 2.'," to -3"

long («/«. Aloe albicans

of Itiiiiiinrii/ Miii/ii:iiie

ll.VJ).
araehuoides, Ivs. 11" to

2" long, grn. (.«//«. Aloe

orachnoides of liotani-

cal Mini ii ;'i lie 7.">fi).
atrovirena, Iva. \' long,
dark grn. (XI/H. Aloe
arachnoides pumila of
]lot<tiii<-fil Mttgazuic
1881).

attenuata, ITS. 2.'," to 3"

long (syH. Aloe liadiila

of lintamntl JIin/a;ine

134$).
cymbiformis, Ivs. 1" to

1.1" long, pale gni.
fasciata, Ivs. 11" long, 1"

broad, glaucous gni.,

spotted .
niargaritifera, ITS. 2" to

3" long, wai-ti-d (.-yw.

Aloe margarilifera).

There is a small growing

var. named granata.

Hawthorn

( 400 )

Heating

Keiuwardtii, Ivs. U" to
2" long, V' broad.

retusa, Ivg. 1" to 1£" long,
J" broad (>•//«. Aloe
retusa of Botanical
Jfti'/ici/if 455).

rigida, Ivs. 1" to 1.;"
long, warted, br., red.

tortuosa, Ivs. li" to 2"

loug, dark grn., upper
surface hollow (*//«.
Aloe rigida of Sotamoai
Muguziur 1337).
viscosa. Ivs. 1" to H"
loiiK,uppersurfacemuch
hollowed out, dark grn.
(»y«. Aloe viscosa of
Jio/anicalJfagt<:i>ie 8H).

SYSTEM or HOT WATER CIRCULATION.

I, boiler.

'2, tire bars.

3, ash box.

4, brickwork.

5, 5, flow pipe.
(>, air pipe.

7, tap.

8, 8, return pipe.
;i, junction.

10, supply pipe.

II, cisterns.

a, 6, o, upward flow.

d, e. f, g h, downward flow.

A, fuel space.

m, n, level of water in cistern.

x y, vertical linn showing depth of water column.

y z, horizontal line showing the rise of the pipes.

HAWTHORN.

The popular name of the flower of the White-
thorn, Cratsegus Oxyacantha, and its varieties.
Also called " May," in which month it usually
appears in an ordinary season. (For culture, species,
and varieties, see CRA'MSGUS.)

HAZEL.

The popular name of the wild Nut, Corylus
Avellana. (tee CORYLUS and NUTS.) Hazel is
much planted for covert purposes, being cut down
at intervals of six or seven years. The cut-back
stools soon break again, unless they are very roughly
handled.

HEATH (.tee ERICA).

HEATING.

Much of the success that attends gardening
operations under glass depends upon the efficiency
or otherwise of the heating apparatus which may
be in use. Briefly, the systems of artificial heating
may be summed up as (1) by hot air, and (2) by
hot water. To the former belong the antiquated
.system of heating by flues, now almost entirely
discarded in favour of the newer and more scien-
tific methods of heating by hot. water ; heating by

Hazel, Witch (see HamameUs).

Heartsease (see Viola tricolor).

Jli'ath, St. Dabeof's (nee Daboecia polifolia).

Jfeatli, Sea {see Frankenia).

Heatlier {see Calluna ndyaris).

Heathtvorts {see Erica).

fermenting materials, as in the case of hotbeds,
and of some propagating frames : and heating by
oil and gas lamps, without the medium of water.

By Hot Water. — When we note that the artificial
heat used in plant and fruit houses should be moist
and equable, and not given to violent extremes, we
see how excellent a medium hot water is, when
conveyed by a proper system of piping, for keeping
up the temperature of such houses when natural
heat fails. The makes of boilers are almost in-
numerable, and include various methods of fixing
the pipes, so that we have at the start a number of
apparently totally distinct apparatuses. Yet all,
from the'big Duplex Upright Tubular, or Keith's
Saddle, capable of driving 20,000' of 4" piping, to
the little Independent boiler with scarcely 100'
to its credit, work upon a common principle — the
circulation of the water. The fire being lighted,
the water lying close to the walls of the boiler
begins to get warm, its specific gravity becomes
less, the colder water, with the greater specific
gravity, finds its level, and the warmer and lighter
water is pushed upwards, the cold water taking its
place. Thus it goes on as long as the fire is alight,
a constant stream of cold water from the " return"
pipes pushing upwards the warm water. In this
way is set up the circulation of water, and if
the apparatus is to be a success this circulation
must be regular and constant. . Any hitch or
stoppage means cold pipes and frosted plants in
one house, and perhaps a burst from over-pressure
in another part. This is technically termed the
" low pressure system of heating by hot water."
There is also a "high pressure " system, but it is
almost exclusively employed for the heating of
dwelling houses and public buildings, and does not
come within the scope of a gardening dictionary.

Boilers. — {Xee remarks under BOILER.) Generally
speaking, cast iron boilers are more satisfactory
than wrought iron ones, because greater uniformity
in the thickness of the walls is obtained. More-

4.\ 5.

Hoi WATER PIPE CONNECTIONS.

1, double T

2, T piece.

3, H piece.

4, inside and outside ell>o\v.

5, Y piece.

0, double elbow.

over, wrought iron heaters are liable to scale off in
flakes and to wear unequally.

Gas and Oil Heaters. — Small hot water appar-
atuses are procurable, the heating medium of which
is gas or oil, and they are much superior to the oil
lamps which heat by hot air. Oil and gns have
the advantage over coke and coal in that the

Heating

( 401 )

Hedera

supply may be automatically regulated, and a
constant and regular heat thus ensured for any
reasonable length of time without attention. It
must be remembered, however, that the fumes
given off by oil and gas in combustion are highly
injurious to plant life. Elaborate precautions have
to be taken, therefore, to bottle up, condense and
burn, or get rid of these products of combustion.
In some of these heaters the fumes are made to
pass through a series of purifiers, and as long as
these are in working order the plants in the house
will take no harm. An exceedingly handy prop-
agator in which cuttings of many tender plants
may lie speedily rooted may be heated by means of
a small zinc tank of water standing over a lamp.
If this propagator is placed inside the greenhouse,
scrupulous care must be taken with the lamp to
see that it is kept clean, or injurious fumes will be
given 'i IV.

Pipes, Joints, and Fittings. — The 4" cast iron
pipe, that is, a pipe with an inside diameter of 4",
is the one generally in use, except it be for large
mains and connections, where 6'' pipes are occa-
sionally employed. The pipes are generally made
in 9' lengths, with one plain and one socket end,
for fitting. Wrought iron pipes are rarely seen in
the low pressure system. The pipe which conveys
the hot water from the boiler is technically known
as the " flow," and the one which takes the cold
water back again as the " return," pipe. There
may be several " flows " and several " returns,"
according to the size of the house. The "flow"
pipe is generally the upper, and the " return " pipe
the lower, and in laving them down a rise of y to
J" per !)' run is usually allowed, as this facili-
tates ease of working. At the highest part of the
apparatus there should be a tap or an automatic
air vent in the shape of a small tube let into the
pipe and curved at the top to keep out dirt. Air
is apt to collect in the pipes, and unless given vent
will impede or even prevent the circulation of the
water. This is technically known as "air locking."

Top Heating. — As a rule, pipes are laid down
close to the floor of the house, following the
principle that the hot air is pushed up by the
cold, or, as it is commonly phrased, rises. Of late
years, however, the practice of running a row of
pipes — usually 3" — round under the eaves of the
house has come into vogue. It has been tried in
the Palm House at Kew with excellent results, and
has been found to prevent a good deal of the drip
that is so great an evil in winter.

Amount of Piping. — In all cases it is much safer
to have too much piping in a house than too little.
At least enough must be provided to keep up the
requisite temperature without causing the house to
smell of fire heat. To calculate the quantity of
piping required for any house, Tredgold enunciates
the following rule : "To the length of the hothouse,
multiplied by half the vertical height, add one and
a half times the whole area of glass, and also
eleven times the number of doors. The sum will
be the number of cubic feet to be heated per
minute from the temperature of the external air to
that of the house. Then multiply the cubic feet
of air to be heated per minute by the number of
degrees the house is to be warmed, and the result,
divided by twice the difference between the tem-
perature of the house and that of the surface of
the pipes, will be the feet super, of pipe required."
One foot run of 4" piping gives about 1' square of
heating surface, since the diameter is to the
circumference of a cylinder as 1 is to 3'141(i,

etc. The fractions may be ignored for a rough
calculation. A good practical method for find.
ing the amount of piping required is to divide
the cubic area of the house by 'thirty for cool
houses, by twenty-five for intermediate houses, by
twenty for plant stoves, and by fifteen for houses
in which hard and early forcing is to be done.

Making Joints. — Various methods of making the
joints are in vogue. Packing with red lead ami
tow has an advantage over packing with hemp and
iron filings, in that it is to a slight extent elastic,
and great pressure does not so often mean a burst
joint. The most scientific method is, however, the
elastic joint, which, briefly, is a rubber ring com-
pressed over the joint by iron collars fastened by
bolts and screws. Fitting by these joints is also
more speedy than in any other way, Portland
cement is excellent for stopping a leaking joint.
Of the valves in use, the screw valve is better than
the half-turn valve, in that it gives 0, greater
command over the flow of water,

Fuel. — (.*<; COAL and CORK.)

Stoking. — A small body of bright fire, free from
ashes and clinkers, will give off more heat than one
double the size that is choked up with dirt. Clean-
liness is the secret of good stoking, and with this
should be combined an intelligent use of the
draught dampers. It is much better to trust to
these when making up the fire the last thing at
night than to throw on quantities of ashes, as is so
frequently done.

HECHTIA.

Handsome and distinguished looking plants (ord.
Bromeliacea:), usually to be seen amongst collec-
tions of succulents. The leaves of all the species
are long, narrow, recurving, and possessed of sharp
teeth. The plants may be increased by offsets,
which are occasionally produced by old plants.
They should be firmly potted, singly, in small pots
in very sandy soil, with plenty of drainage. Older
plants like fibrous loam three parts, cow manure
one part, crushed crocks one part, and rough sand
one-sixth of the whole. Less water is required
than for the majority of plants, and very little
indeed should be given in the winter.

Principal Species : —

argentea, Ivs. 1^' to 2' long in a dense tuft or
rosette, silvery.

Other Species : —
glomcrata, Ivs. silver on stenopetaln, Ivs. with

lower surface, grn. on strong triangular spines

upper (Kyii. Ghiea- (*y. cordyliuoides).

breghtii).

HEDERA. (IVY)

Description. — A small genus (ord. Araliaceae)
with regard to species, there being only three, but a
large one when the immense number of varieties ia
taken into account. Hedera Helix, the common
Ivy, is perhaps the most important of all the
climbing plants that are hardy in this climate.
It is distributed naturally over the northern hemi-
sphere, and there are few subjects that exhibit so
much capacity of adaptation to circumstances.
The Ivy has been cultivated for years, and under
cultivation has given rise to hundreds of varieties,
of which a selection is given on pp. 4(12. lo.'i.
Some of the stronger-growing climbers, such as this
type itself, the Irish Ivy (canariensis), dentata,

Ifebei'linittm (tre
Jleiloroma (>ve Darminia).

Hedera

( 402 )

Hedera

purpurea, and rtegneriana, are strong - growing
climbers that will succeed in almost any soil and
in any aspect. The bleaker the position, the more

Photo: Cassai it Company, Ltd.

HEDEUA HELIX MACKODONTA (see ;i. 403).

of that exquisite bronze purple does the foliage put
on, and the hardier the plants seem to grow. The
smaller-leaved forms, such as donerailensis, gracilis,
marmorata minor, and conglomerata may be
utilised upon the rockery, for training up trellises as
pot plants to form window and fire screens, and
for furnishing tree stumps. Highly artistic results
may be obtained with very little trouble by planting
Bncli varieties as these close to, and allowing them
to ramble over, rough tree stumps. The Tree Ivies
are a host in themselves, for they alone count their
varieties by the score. To those who may be
inclined to ask why the Tree Ivy, so distinct in
appearance from the ordinary climbing Irish Ivy,
is yet referred to the same species, Helix, by
botanists, it may be well to point out that the
Tree Ivy is the form that the ordinary climbing
Ivy takes on when it has run beyond its supports
and has nothing to cling to. These shrubby tops
may, if desired, be taken off and rooted, and they
will preserve their shrubby character.

Propagation.— Cuttings of fairly firm, healthy
shoots may be taken in autumn, and dibbled into
a firmly made up bed of sandy soil in a cold frame.
Little water will be needed during the winter
months, and by spring time these cuttings will
have rooted. Grafting is also common, especially
with the •' Trees." Vigorous growing forms are
employed as stocks. Grafted plants usually move
more briskly than cuttings.

Soil. — Ivy will grow in almost any medium.
however poverty-stricken it may be, but, naturally,
the best results are forthcoming when good soil "is
used.

Other Cultural Points. — A prejudice long existed
against Ivy as a climber for house walls. It was
declared that it made the walls damp, that the
aerial roots pushed themselves in between the
brick chinks and loosened the bricks, and that it

harboured dust and vermin. The truth is that
Ivy-covered walls are not damper than any other
walls, but drier, and that the aerial roots are really
only supports and not true roots, and their function
the' mechanical support of the plant only. They
may excrete a little acid, which corrodes the face
of the mortar, and thus gives them a better hold,
but practically their disintegrating influence upon
brickwork is nil. The last of the charges, that
Ivy harbours dust and vermin, will prove to be true
unless the annual clipping is strictly adhered to.
An ordinary reaping hook is the best tool, and
spring — April — the most suitable time. The
straggling growths and most of the old leaves
should be chopped off quite close. The stems may
look bare for a few weeks, but they will soon break
into healthy young growth, and in the meantime
most of the dust and the vermin have been got rid
of with the old leaves. Tree Ivies need plenty of
water at all times, and weak doses of .-nut water
once a week will be greatly relished. Once a week
should not, however, be exceeded with the varie-
gated sorts, or they will lose some of their
variegation.

Photo: Cassell <C- Company, Ltd.

HEDERA HELIX MAHGIKATA AUREA (see j>. 403)-

Principal Species and
australiiiim, Ivs. grn.
Helix. Common Ivy. A

selection of the best

vars. is given herewith.

The colours apply to

the foliage.

— algeriensis, yel., gru.
(ttyit . viridis) . The
variegated form is
pretty (*//«. canescens).

— arborescens. The Tree
Ivy. Great var. of
form and colour in the

Varieties : —

foliage («'<• separate list
of Tree Ivies).
— anrantia, greyish gru.,
veined.

* — cauariensis. Irish

Ivy. Deep gni.. large,
rive-lobecl (»//». gr.-inili-
folia). Variegated sul>-
var.

— chrysocarpa, greyish
gru.

* — conglomerata, grey-
ish grii., small, slow

Hedera

(403 )

Hedges

growing, stubby ; suit-
able for rockwork.

— euspidata minor, deep
grn., wh. veins, leaf
stalks pur.

— deltoidea, dark grn.,
stem pur.

ilentata, large, heart-
shaped Ivs., dark grn.
- digitata, dark grn.,
wh. ribs. Gaenwood-
ialia is elose to this.
* — douerailensis. pur. br.
in win., bron/e grn. in
sum. : pots and roekerv.
lilymii. gru., wedge
shaped : pots.

graeilis. dee]> grn.,
bronze grn. in win. ;
walls and live stumps,
loltata major, deep grn.

— lucida, small, grn., wh.
veins; walls and tree
stumps.

— macrodonta (wv p. 40'2) .
marginata, triangular.

small, grn., margined
silver: roekery.
marginata aurea. mar-
gined or. yel., turning
to red: walls or roekerv
(.v, ,,. 402).

- Seltetfor rig variaiet.
A Selection of Tree Ivies: —

aeuta (amurensis), grn., alba marginata, silver,
large Ivs. of deutata grn., the hardiest of the

type. small-leaved, variegated

— marginata minor, Ivs.
smaller than type; pots
(»///(. Cavendishii).

— rubra, red margin ;
pots or rockery (HI/HX.
elegaiitissima and tri-
color).

— inarmomta, grn., mar-
bled crealu wh. : walls
and stumps.

raarmor.ita minor,
smaller Ivs., more con-
stant variegation.
- palmata, deep grn. ;
walls and stumps; slow
grower.

— pnrpurea, a pur. leaved
form of ra'gneriana.

* — ra'gueriaua, large,
dark grn.. heart shaped.

*- rhomhea , medi um , grn. ,
margined wh. (wr
figure),

— sagitoefolia, deep gni.,
bronze grn. in wiu.

— scutifolia, dull grn.
(».'/«. cordata).

* — variegata. gru., mar-

gined silver ; walls or
stumps.

— willseana, very dark
grn. : walls or stumps.

Carsrll if Cmlll'tlun. Mil.

HEUKUA HI.LIX MINIMA.

I'liotu : Cuesclt if' Co»i)i<ni!i, l.t<l.

HEDEKA HELIX KHOMIIEA.

algeriensis vaviegata,

silver, gru.
arboresceus marginata,

margined silver, very

hardy,
baccifera lutea, berries

yel., good habit,
eauariensis aurea niacu-

lata, a golden spotted

Irish Ivy.

— latimaculata, silver
spotted.

conglomerata, grn., small
and close-growing.

dentata, Giant Ivy, very
large Ivs.

digitata, palo grn., grey
veins.

— aurea, vel. var.
elegantifsima, Russell's

var., margined creamy

wh.
flavescens, l)est small-

leaved golden var.
Glymii, pale grn., brou/y

in aut.
madereusis variegata,

largest silver var.
minima, good for rock-

eries (wr figure).
nigra, pur., blk.
palmata aurea, golden.
ripgneriaua, heart shaped,

grn.
rnbra margmata, pk.,

silver, robust.
Russell's vnr., like con-

glomerata.
spectabilis aurea, one of

best of gold blotched

vars., very hdy.

HEDGES.

When properly planted and looked after, hedges
are objects of beauty; when allowed to run wild
they are very much tbe reverse. The si/.e ami
character of the hedge will depend (1) upon the
purpose it is intended to serve, (2) its position.
and (3) the soil and weather conditions of the
locality. For ordinary boundary purposes, es-
pec-ially when one side of the hedge is turned to a
public thoroughfare, there is nothing better tlian
Whitethorn, or "Quick." Holly makes a good
protective hedge, but it is inferior to Quick in
that cattle will'oat the young shoots. A mixture of
Quick and Beech forms, perhaps, the thickest and
most serviceable hedge. If cut in annually, it will
last for years before it begins to get bare at the
bottom.

Amongst Conifers, Ciiprc.-sus lawsoniana makes
an elegant hedge plant, but it must bo In
back at an early stage, or it will soon grow
out of bounds. Box, Laurel, and Yew are all
available for evergreen hcduv>. and Box imperially
is to be recommended. Yew is open to the ob-
jection that it i- poisonous, and Laurel that
severe winters will sometime- cause nuly gaps in
it. For dividhiL' portions of the garden from each

Thistle (iSf

Ili-ilijc Bt/UOf (we ti' nil iii/ii).
Hedge Miigliinl (xi',- Kriisi HI inn nail Sinii

Hedges

( 404)

Hedysarum

other, Box and Holly easily take first place amongst
evergreens. Holly especially is noteworthy, because
it can be raised easily from seeds or cuttings, trans-
plants readily (the best months for the work being
April and September), quickly grows to the height
required, does not soon become bare at the bottom,
and is at all times bright and pleasing. Other
subjects that may be employed, either by them-
selves or in. mixture with something else, are Golden
and Green Privet (Ligustrnm ovalifolinm is a great
favourite), Viburnum Lantana, and Oak, Division
hedges may run from 4' to 6' in height.

Miniature hedges — G" to 8" high— are some-
times employed as permanent edgings to beds in
the flower garden. There is no more suitable
subject for this kind of work than Euonymus
radicans variegatus. The ordinary Box edging is
really a miniature hedge. (/Sec EDGINGS.)

Shelter hedges need to be of a considerable
height — say anything from 6' to 12'. The Myro-
biilan, or Cherry Plum (Primus Myrobalana), and
the Hornbeam make capital shelter hedges. Both
grow quickly, and an annual pruning is all that is
necessary to keep them in condition. Although
deciduous, the Hornbeam carries many of its old
leaves until they are pushed off by the young ones
in spring, and thus forms an almost perfect wind-
break.

A row of Lombardy Poplars, which may be headed
back when they reach the required height, makes a
shelter hedge more quickly than any other subject,
and in very bleak spots it is well worth while to
plant them for temporary shelter whilst the
permanent hedge is growing.

Planting and Protecting.— Seeing that hedge
plants have to be on the ground for many years,
the site selected should be well dressed with
manure and trenched prior to planting. The actual
site of the hedge may, if desired, be raised a foot
or so, and a ditch may be dug on the outer side of
it. Planting in doubfe rows, the plants in the one
row alternating with those in the other, is to be
recommended. The plants maybe 1' apart if there
is only a single row, 18" and alternating if there
are two rows. A wooden paling or a light strained
wire fence will be a necessary protection for three
or four years after planting, or until the hedge
becomes thick enough to protect itself,

Pruning and Clipping. —For Quick, Yew, Box,
Hornbeam, and Holly hedges, a pair of hand
shears, such as those used for clipping grass verges,
is the best instrument to use. For Laurel,
Viburnum, and, in fact, all large-leaved subjects,
the shears must not be used, as they mutilate the
leaves too much. Careful pruning with the knife
must be given. The hedge should be shaped so
that its greatest diameter is about 2' from the
ground, and from that point upward it may
gradually taper inwards, the top being either cut
flat or rounded off. Clipping should be done after
the summer shoot makes its appearance, that is,
from the middle of June to the end of July. If
the shears or knife are used too soon, a second
application towards the close of the summer may
be necessary. Holly and Yew hedges are best
done early in September.

The Treatment of Young Hedges.— Young White-
thorn plants should be cut hard back the first year,
and for the next two or three years the pruning
must he rather hard, so as to ensure the bottom
being furnished with shoots. In the fourth and
fth years it is better to give two moderate
primings instead of one severe dressing, and this

treatment should be continued until the hedge has
reached its desired size.

Repairing Faulty Hedges. — Where hedges have
become very gappy it is often economical to root
up the remains and plant afresh. Hedges of
Laurel, Yew, Privet, and Holly that have become
too tall and straggling may be brought within
bounds by cutting them hard back to the old wood,
and allowing them to break afresh. Where the
cutting- back is very severe it will be wise to do
one side at a time.

HEDWIGIA.

Four or five species of tropical trees (prd. Bur-
seraceaj), unimportant from a garden point of view,
but of some economic value, as they yield a
resinous exudation of balsamic properties. Propa-
gation, by ripened cuttings in sandy soil, in brisk
bottom heat. Soil, sandy loam three parts, peat
or leaf mould one part, and sand one-sixth.

Principal Species : —

panamensis, <>0', wh. (syn. halsamifera).

HEDYCHIUM.

Tropical herbaceous plants (prd. Scitarninerc),
with huge terminal trusses of bright, usually
fragrant flowers, and broad, handsome leaves.
Very few of the species are grown ; three only are
to be found in general cultivation, and of these
three gardnerianum is the favourite. All the
plants revel in plenty of heat, although some of
them, gardnerianum and flavosum to wit, are very
nearly hardy. With regard to moisture, they are
almost sub-aquatics, for they never do better than
when their tubs or pots are standing in water —
that is, during the growing season. In winter little
if any water is required, and the crowns of ganl-
nerianum may be shaken out of the soil and stored
like those of Dahlias or Cannas.

Propagation. — By division of the rootstocks in
spring prior to the starting away of growth. The
crowns may be cut up with a knife or a sharp
spade, each division with an eye or two, and
plunged in a bed of Cocoanut fibre refuse or sandy
soil over bottom heat in a warm house. Once the
divisions have started to grow they may be treated
in much the same wajr as Cannas.

Soil. — Equal parts of loam, leaf soil, and spent
Mushroom bed manure, with sand. Potting should
be only moderately firm.

Principal Species :—
corona rimn, 5', My., Jy., gardnerianum, 3' to 5',

St., wh. ; fragrant. sum., st. or grh., lemon

— flavurn, 3', Jy., st. or yel. ; fragrant. Nearly

grh., or. ; fragrant. hdy. in south-west of

Nearly hdy. in Com- Euglaud.

wall and Devon.

Other Species and Varieties : —
carneum, 3' to 4', Aug., yel. ; fragrant (•'///'.

st., flesh pk. flavum of Sotunical

coccineurn, 3' to 6', Je., Mny«;ine 2378).

st., deep red. gracile, 2' to 3', Sep., st.,

corouarium chrysolcu- wh.

cum, o', Aug., st., wh., spicatum, 3', Oct., st., yel.

or. blotched lip. ; fra- — acuminatum, 3' to 5',

grant. Oct., st. , yel., wh. ;

flavosum, 2' to 3', Jy., st., fragrant.

HEDYSARUM.

A large genus of hardy perennial herbs and sub-
shrubs (ord. Leguminosa;), many of which are of
elegant habit and have showy flowers. They are,
however, with the exception of coronarium and
multijugum, not at all popular subjects with the

Hedyscepe

(405)

Helianthemum

majority of gardeners, although they are hardy,
casv to UTOW and propagate, and thrive in almost
any soil, no matter how poverty stricken it may be.
Propagation is usually effected by seeds, which
in most seasons are produced freely; also by root
division. To get the best flowers the soil should
be rich, and the position a sunny one. All the
species named below are hardy.

Principal Species : —

coroiiarium, French
Honeysuckle, 3' to I'.
sum., herli. per., rich
red.

Other Species :— -

I'rista-galli (we OnoVry-
diis siitivaX

Mackenii, sum., herbace-
ous per., red.

microcalyx, Je., sub-shr..
vio., red.

iiWiiriiin. (J",suiii.,hi'rb-
aceous per. , pur.

multi j ugum, 2' to 5' , sum. ,
shr., red, pur.

Onobrychis (correctly
( Inobrycliis sativa).

sibiricum, 4', Je., Jy.,
herbaceous per. , pur.
(»yn. ulpiiium of Jlo-
t(nni-nl Niniir.'ii"- 888).

tulrTosmn («ir Pueraria
tuberosa).

HEDYSCEPE.

A handsome stove Palm (aril. Palnue) of tall and
.stately habit. It thrives under the same conditions
as do the Kentias. It needs a roomy stove to
display its beauty to advantage. The only species
is canterburyana, 32', rich green, which is better
known as Kent ia canterburyana,

HEERIA.

A small genus of herbs and semi-shrubby stove
plants (a nl. Mclastomacea'). Some of them are very
beautiful, but as yet they are rare in cultivation.
Propagation, by cuttings taken in February and
March, and rooted in a close propagating frame.
Soil, equal parts of sandy loam and peat.

Principal Species : —

rosea, 1' to I-?/, st., ant., win., ev. sub-shr., ro.
May be "Town outdoors in sum., makes a handsome
winter llowering plant.

HEINSIA.

Tropical African evergreen shrubs (orfl. Hubi-
acese), requiring a stove temperature, but rarely

cult ivatcd.

HEISTERIA. (I'AttTKiiJGK PEA.)

A small genu> of Move trees and shrubs (ord.

Olacinea-), with small llowers ami leathery leaves.

Cuttings of ripened wood will root in sand if given

a brisk bottom heat. Soil, loam, peat, and sand in

equal parts. Pot firmly.

Principal Species : —

a. l.V. win., si., wh., calyx dark pur

HELENIUM.

Hardy ornamental annuals ami perennials (aril.
Compos'itas). The plains grown in gaHcns arc
chiefly perennials, and even they display a good
deal of variety with regard to habit. Some of the
species, notablv autumnale and its varietie-. are
very useful for supplying cut flowers, ami are grown
in "quantities for that purpose. Propagation, by
seeds, sown in spring or wherr ripe, on a sheltered
border out of doors ;" or by division of the roots in

Ili-nnra (see Nested).
lli-iiil;ni (mr Mliij-lf
Ili'lria (xff '/'i-i:-/injiiliii ).

spring — the latter method for all the perennials.
Any fairly good garden soil will do.

Principal Species and Varieties :-—
autumuale, 4' to 6', late a capital edging for

sum., aut. , per., yel.

— commutatum.

— graiidirtorum.

— pininhnn, 10" to 1'J",

Other Species :—

Bigelovii, 4', late sum.,

yel., br. disc.
Bolanderi, 1' to l.V, Je.,

Aug., .yel., br. jhV<'.
Hoopesii, 2!-', sum., per.,

yd.
nudinorum,2i' to 3', sum.,

aut., per., yel.

herbaceous borders (*
tigure).
— striatum, streaked br.

— atropurpureura, dark

pur.
puberulum (*I/H. califor-

nicum).
quadrideiitatum, My.,

Oct., anil, or bien., yel.
setigerain, 1', sum., aim.,

yel. (*,'/«. A'ublyolepis

setigera).

HELIANTHELLA.

Small. Suntlower-like, hardy or lialf-hardy peren-
nial herbaceous plants (or/1. Composite) of value
for the mixed border. They are propagated by
seeds or division, and grow in common soil, in a
sunny or half-shaded position. Quinqucnervis
is valued for its early-blooming qualities.

Principal Species :—

ealiforuica, 2', Je., Jy.,
lilf-hdy., yel.

quinquenervls, 2', Je.,

Jy., hdy., yel.
nuitlora, 2', Je., Jy., hdy.,

yel.

IlKl.KXlfM AfTfMNALE ]'l MIl.l'.M.

HELIANTHEMUM. (Six licisi:.)
I'leautil'iil, hardy, annual or perennial, herbaceous
or stili-slinili'oy plants (iiril. t'istini-:c). ]>rincipally
of trailing gr»\vt h and of great value I'm- rockwork
or for dry, sunny banks. The nomenclature of the
genni is ver\ much confused. Propagation, by
seeds, the perennials al~o by cuttings under a hand-
light or in a frame. Soil, li^ht and -andy. Heli-
aiitlii-mums do noi transplant well when large', and
young plants should always be chosen mile— turned

Helianthus

I 406 )

Helianthus

out of a pot with the ball of soil intact. They
should always have full sun, but as the blossoms
are very fleeting they ought not to be planted
where flowers are required in the afternoon. They
may also be grown on rather flat roofs with about
4" of soil.
Principal Species and Varieties : —

formosum, 4', Je. , yel.
(»;/». Cistus formosus).

oeymoides, 2', Je., yel. ;
several vars. , such as al-
ga rveuse and eandidum.

l>olil'olium, 1', Je., wh.,
drooping,

— roseum, ro.

vulgare, Je., yel., trail-
ing. A very variable
species, from which
most of GUI' garden
Heliauthemums have
come. Many colours.
Seedlings give good
flowers, but two of the

best of the doubles are
that called amabile or
mutabilefl. pi., sc. , and
its yel. sport Jubilee.
Others are Mrs. C. W.
Earle, hyssopifolium,
macranthum, and jnu-
tabile. For other
nnmed Helianthemums
consult nurserymen's
catalogues, but cro-
ceum, Fireball, Gold-
en Queen, Innocence,
Pink Beauty, and Sul-
phur Gem would make a
good selection of singles.

principally adapted for large borders, or for wild
gardens, especially those which are of rambling
habit at the root, sncli as H. rigidus and its forms.
These may be confined at the root, but in that case
require good feeding.

Propagation. — The perennials by seeds sown
under glass in spring or summer, or by division of
the roots in autumn or spring. The annuals by
seeds sown early in spring in a hotbed under glass,
I and pricked off into small pots, to be planted out
in May ; or sown in April or May where they are
to bloom.

Soil. — The Helianthuses like a rich, well dug
soil, with plenty of decayed manure beneath.

Other Cultural Points. — The Sunflowers ought
never to suffer from drought when growing, and
the tall forms of H. annuus, the Common (annual)
Sunflower, must have good treatment if wanted of
imposing dimensions. The perennial species also
respond to good treatment, and all should be
properly staked in good time.

riioto: Cttssell <& Company, Ltd.

UELIAXTHUS KIGIDUS (seep. 407).

Other Species : —
[All yellow, if
alyssoides, 6", Je.
— cheiranthoides, 6"
oauadeuse, 1', Je.
cauum, 9", Je.
carolinianum, 1', Jy.
riliatum, 9", Je., red.
cinereum, 1', Jy.
crassifolium, l',Je.
diohotomum, 9", Je.
glaucum, T, Jy.
guttatum, 6", Je.
haliniifolium, 3', Jy.
hirtum, 1', Je.

not otherwise described.]

italicum, 1', Jy.
- Je. — a;laudicum, 9", Jy.
lavaiidulfefolium, 1', Je.
Libanotis, 1', Jy., (tyn.

rosmarinif olium) .
origauifolium, 1', Jy.

(•'.'/«. marif olium).
procumbens, 6", Je.
imlverulentum, 9", Je.,
wh. (*i/». appennmum,

/"•;*•»).

roseum, 6", Je., pk.
thymifolium, 1}', Jy.

HELIANTHUS. (SUNFLOWER.)

Description.— Showy, hardy or half-hardy, annual
or herbaceous plants (urd. Composite). They are

Principal Species and
aumms, Common Sun-
flower, 0', sum., aim.,
yel. Many forms. The
seeds are used for
poultry food, and the
crushed seeds yield oil.
Californicus plenissimus
and globosus h'stulosus
are good double vars. ;
good singles are sigau-
teus, Henrv Wilde,
macrophyllus.Mimstead
Primrose, Primrose
Dame, nnd uniflorus.
oucumerifolins, 3V, sum.,
aim., yel. A beautiful
species with smaller
flowers. Several new
vars. have been raised ;

Varieties : —

Stella , which has twisted
" petals," is pretty.
Some authorities make
cucumerifolius a var.
of debilis.

deciipetalus, <i'. Jy., per.,
yel. ; flowers small,
spreads quickly.

inultifloriis, 4', Jy., yel. ;
a flue species, surpassed,
however, by the var.
maximus, 6', with
larger flowers. Flore
pleno is a good double
form, and others with
double flowers are
P"uuuet d'Or and Soleil
d'Or.

orgyalis, 6', Aug., yel. ;

Helichrysum

( 407 )

Helicophyllum

Tory ornamental foliage,

but blooms late,
rigidus, .">', Aug., yel.
(•V/". Harpalium rigiil-
uin) ; of running habit
;ind ^)iri';nls quickly (AW
l>. 40ii).MissMellishand

Danii-I ]>p\var arc fine
forms of tliis.

tuborosus,
Artichoke,
Sep., tyel.
choke).

Jerusalem
6' to 10'
(see Arti-

mollis, 4', Au^.
Xuttallii, 4', Aug.
oceidcnt.ilis, 3', Aug.
parviflorus. ;">', Jy. (syn

miorocephalos).
pumilus, I!', Aug.
strumosus, 6', Jy.
tomeutosus, 4' to 10', Aug.
trachelifolius, i>' , Aug.

(syn. ELICHRYSUM)

Other Species : —

[All yellow, unless otherwise described.]
an^ustifolius, 2.1,', Sep.
aignjiliyllus, 5', sum.,

aim., fnliage silvery,
divaricatus, 5', Aug.
dorouicoides, 6', Aug.
gigauteus, 10', Aug.
grosse-serratus, 9', Aug.
la-tiflorus, 5', Aug.
la'vigatus, it', Aug.
Maximiliani, 3'to 10', Aug.

HELICHRYSUM

EVERLASTINGS.

Description. — There are upwards of 2CO species
within the confines of this genus (»rd. Composite),
and they comprise greenhouse and hardy, shrubby,
and herbaceous subjects. Of this large number]
however, very few are grown, and in most cases'
the cultivator's knowledge of the Helichrysums is
limited to the annual bracteatum and its varieties,
and arenarium, which furnish the Immortelles.'
These, by reason of the great lasting properties
that the flowers have when dried, as well as by
their bright and varied hues and ease of culture,
have become very popular.

Propagation.— The greenhouse and half-hardy
perennials may all be raised from cuttings rooted
in very sandy peat in a gentle heat in spring.
Bracteatnm and the other annual forms may be
obtained in quantity from seed sown! under glass
at the beginning of Marcli in a temperature of
about 55°.

Soil. — A good loam, lightened a little with leaf
mould and sand, forms a capital medium for
outdoor Helichrysums; the greenhouse shrubby
species require sandy peat.

Other Cultural Points. — Cut the flowers before
they are fully open— that is, just as the buds begin
to colour, and before they have opened sufficiently
to show the yellow central disc. Fully expanded
flowers turn black in the centre when dry. Lay the
stems upon some flat surface to dry, so that they
may dry straight and stiff. (Sec EVEELASTISGS.)

Principal Species and Varieties : —

uri'iiarium. Yellow Ever-
lasting, (>" to 12", sum.,
licly. per., yel.

braoteacnm, 3' to 4', Aug.,
hlf-hdy. ami., colours
various. Many vars.,
of which acuminatum,
ohryumthnm, and mac-
rocephalum are some
of the most distinct.
Other good ones are
aureum, yel.; bicolor,
yel. ; rnnipoMtuni,

Other Species : —

iMlpthalmoides (*n- scorpi-

oides).
erica'foh'um, IV, Mcli.,

Aug., grh. shr., pale

]ik. (KI/H. (inaphalium

cricoides) .

double, various ; ma-
cranthum, wh., ro. ;
niveum, wh., large,

solitary.

humile, the correct name
of Aphelexis humilis,
which arc (HI/H. Helip-
terum humue).

sesamoides, 1' to 2',
various (*//iiii. Aphelexis
and Helipterum sesam-
oides, several var».)

feliuum, 3', My., Je.,
grh. shr., pur. («I/H.
Giiapliiilinin congest urn
of Jin/, i nira/ Mui/iiziiU'
243).

fo'tidum, 2', Je., Sep.,

grh. yel. (XI/H. Gna-
phalium fo.'tidum of
Botanical Muy:t:iiie
1987).

— Mannii, 2' to 3', Sep.,
grh., wh.

frigidum, 3", My., hlf-
hdy., wh.

graudirlorum, 3', Je.,
Aug., grh. sub-shr.,
wh. (iifii. Gnaphalium
grandifiorum).

guuniauum (see scorpi-
oides).

plicatum, hdy. herb-
aceous,wh.: Ivs. greyish
wh.; good for coveriug
stony kinks.

scorpioides, 1', grh. herb-
aceous per., yel. (.«//««.
bupthalmoides and
gimniauum).

Stochas, 1', sum., hdy,
ev. sub-shr., yel.

HELICODICEROS.

A curious hardy perennial herb (ord. Aroideie),
with a perennial rootstock. Propagation, by root
division. It likes a light, rich soil. Where it is
planted in localities visited by long and severe
winters, a little covering is advisable.

Only Species :—

crinitus, 1' to \y, Ap., spathe dark pur. br. (tun.
Arum crinitum).

HELICONIA.

Handsome stove foliage plants (<>rd. Scitaminese),
closely allied to the Musas, and, like them,
delighting in plenty of heat and moisture. Hel<
iconias are usually only met with in botanic
gardens, and this is a pity, considering their beauty,
and the ease with which they can be grown. Prop-
agation, by division of the rootstock in spring, just
before growth commences. Each division should
be potted rather loosely in sandy soil, and the pot
plunged to the rim in Cocoanut fibre refuse in a
propagating frame. Soil, equal parts of loam,
leaf mould, and well rotted cow manure, with sand.
Give plenty of water and liquid manure during the
summer, but withhold water when they are at rest
in the winter. Shade from hot sun is necessary,
as the leaves, substantial as they appear, soon burn.
iMncipal Species and Varieties:—

— rubricaulis, 2' to 5',
yel., car., stems car.

psittacorum, 8', Aug., or.,
Ivs. grn.

Sandeii, much like illus-
tris, but
variegated,

aureo-striata, 3' to a',

gru., yel. veins, steins

striped grn., yel.
Bihai triumphans, grn.,

blk., br. stripes,
illustris, 3' to 5',' grn., red

veins.

Other Species : —

uuraiitiaca, 3', sum.,
flowers wh., spathes or.
red (»y». brevispatha).

Bihai, 12', Jy., Aug., or.
red.

differently
__„ , and not

quite so strong.

humilis, wh., grn.
rnetallica.Ivs. grn., bronze

red.
vinosa. Ivs. grn. above,

pur. below.

HELICOPHYLLUM.

Greenhouse or hardy herbs (ord. Aroidem), with
tuberous rootstocks. Alberti, which is much like
an Arum in habit, is the only species that is
,;euerally grown. It does well on a sheltered south
or west border, but in cold localities should be
covered with a few inches of dry litter in the
winter. It may be increased from the tuberous
offsets which make their appearance at the side of
the main rootstock.

Principal Species :—

Alberti, hdy.. My., spatlie 1" long, dark maroon
>ur., spadix tipped bluish blk., flower fcctiil.

1/rlii-liriiii (sir ItiiilhiTttia).
Jlflicodea. (see Ji/1/ln'riii/i).

Helinus

( 408 )

Heliptsrum

HELINUS.

A small genus of climbing shrubs (ord. Rham-
neaj), with slender, angular branches. Propaga-
tion, by seeds, or cuttings of the half ripened
shoots. Soil, good loam, with a little leaf mould
«uw1 sand.

Principal Species : —

ovatus, warm grh., grn.

HELIOCARPUS. (Sus FRUIT.)
Tropical American trees and shrubs (ord. Til-
tace;e), of little value.

HELIOPHILA.

Half-hardy annual herbs and sub-shrubs and a
perennial climber (ord. Crucifera). Propagation,
by seeds of the annuals. Any light, well worked
garden soil will suit.

Principal Species : —
amplexicauh's, 9", Je-> scandens, 12', win., grh.,

Sep., wh. to pur. cl., wh., sweet.

Other Species :—

coronopifolia, 1' to 2', bl. (ayn. stricta of Bot-

Je., Sep., bl., vio. imii-nl Mugiizlne 2526).

crithmifolia, 6",Jy.,aun. , — iiicisa (»//». araboides

vio. of Sotameal Magazine

pilosa, 6" to 12", Je., Jy., 496).

HELIOPSIS.

A small species of hardy annuals and perennial
herbs (ord. Composite). The perennials are the
ones generally to be seen ; the annuals are rare, if
indeed they are in cultivation at all. The plants
answer to the same cultural treatment as the
Helianthuses, including increase by division and by
seed. Any ordinary garden soil will do, but they
like plenty of sun.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
Isevis, 3' to 6', aut., yel. — pitcheriana, or.
— scabra, 2' to 4', Aug.,

yel., rough foliage.

HELIOTROPIUM. (HELIOTROPE.)

Description. — Upwards of 150 species (ord,
Boraginese) have been described, although the
claims of many to rank as species are vague. The
genus is chiefly represented in gardens by the varie-
ties of the fragrant peruvianum, or Cherry Pie, as it
is commonly called. Heliotropes are very tender
subjects, and, although they may be grown in the
greenhouse or outdoors during the summer months,
the greenhouse is scarcely warm enough for them
in winter.

Propagation.— By cuttings is the usual method.
The plants furnish plenty of flowerless shoots in
early autumn. These should be taken off when 3"
or 4" long, trimmed up neatly, for bruised cuts
mean damping off, dibbled thickly into sandy soil
covered with a layer of sand, and struck in bottom
heat over a gentle hotbed or a warm propagating
frame. Sometimes Heliotropes keep badly during
the winter, and thus it is necessary to work up
more stock in spring. The autumn cuttings should
then be placed on a shelf in a warm house, where
they soon begin to grow. The cuttings may be
taken off in batches, and dibbled in, as they can be
obtained. Propagation by means of seed may also
be practised.

Soil.— A light, rich soil is needed for Heliotropes
in the flower beds, and it will be found that a good
dressing of leaf mould will greatly improve most
loamy soils. Or a dressing of yard manure may be

given in autumn. It is a mistake to bring fresh,
rank manure close to the roots of the plants.

Other Cultural Points. — The great difficulty in
growing Heliotrope is to winter the plants properly.
A light shelf near the glass in a house whose tem-
perature does not fall below 50° is the best place,
and where this can be given deaths will be few.
In spring the rooted cuttings may be given one
shift — into 3" pots, one plant in a pot — and this .
will last them until they are put out in the beds.
The plants should not be planted erect, but lying
rather on their sides, and in order to carpet the
ground nicely the growths must be gone over at
intervals and pegged clown to the soil. Light
wooden pegs from old besoms, or those furnished
by the Brake Fern, answer admirably.

Heliotropes in the Greenhouse. — Specimen Helio-
tropes are very beautiful objects in the greenhouse..
They may be trained against a wall, their growths
being lightly tied in to cover the space, and,
although they look a little stiff at first, this will
soon pass off. All the pruning necessary will be to
cut back straggling shoots, and those which are
too vigorous, so as to keep the bottom of the wall
furnished.

Standard Heliotropes are less frequently seen.
To obtain them, cuttings should be taken early in
the autumn, and grown in heat all the winter
without being pinched. When they have readied
the required height the tops may be taken out, and
side branches will then begin to push. These may
be trained out to a supporting trellis until the
direction of the main branches has lx>en estab-
lished, when the trellis will not be needed. Either
the pyramidal- or the spherical-headed form may
be adopted. The pruning will consist in cutting
back the young growths each year to the hard
wood, and the best time to do this is spring. A
little more heat and syringing for a few weeks after
pruning will help the formation of young growth.
At other times Heliotrope does not need the
syringe, the foliage is too woolly.

Principal Species : —

corymhosum, 4', My., peruviiinum, grh., bl',
Sep., grh. shr., HI. fragrant.

Other Species :—

convolvulaceum, 2', sum., luteum, (>', Je., Oct., grh.,

hdy. aim., wh., fragrant, grn., yel. (*yn. Tourne-

night flowering. 1'ortiji fruticosa of Hot-

eurnssavicum, 9', Je., Jy., in/inil Kfyinter 464).

st. sub-shr., wh., yel. voltairt'anum, vio., dwarf

eye. hybrid.

indicum, 1', Je., Aug., st.
ami., bl.

A Selection of Varieties : —

Of the many vars. that are in cultivation a
selection of the best is given, All are fragrant.

Madame Jubbinger, Miss Nightingale, Rose Clair,
vio., bl., Iv.s. dark pur., grn.

Buffon, M. Vilgrain, White Lady, pale bl., Ivs.
grn.

Adele, Bouquet Perfume, Madame P. Atliles, dark
vio., bl., Ivs. grn.

HELIPTERUM.

Charming half-hardy annuals, perennial herbs,
or shrubs (ord. Composite), with pretty "ever-
lasting" flowers, suitable for winter bouquets, and
well adapted for pots as well as for the border in
summer. Manglesii is a favourite pot plant.
Propagation, by seeds sown where they are to
bloom early in April, or in pots in a warm house in

Helleborus

(409)

Helleborus

March, and pricked oil into pots, four or five
plants together. Soil, rich and light, in a sunny
position.

Principal Species : —

humboldtiauum, IV, JyM

mm., yel. (>•//". ISaiid-
fordii).

Mmi^rlesii, IV, pk. or pur.,
yd. ; a beautiful little

Other Species : —

canescens, -', Jo,, jmr.

\*f//<*. Astelma catii's-

ceus, Helichrysuiu ran-

escens, etc.).
coryiubiiloruin, 1', Jy.,

wh.
Cotula, IV, My., wh. or

yellowish wh. 0s//".

citrina).
^uapliuloides, 1 ! ', Je.,

red, yel. (*////. (iiia-

phulimn uiodestum).

aim. ("!/ii. Rhodanthe
Manglesii) ; flore pleno
and album are fine
doubles.

roseum, '2', Je., pk. (»//«.
Acroclinium roseum).

humilc (w Helichrysum

buinile).
ineamim, 9", Jy., yel.,

pk. or wh.
phlomoidL's, 1', Jy., pur.

(*////. Astelnui mille-

noruml .
speciosissimitm. S', My..

wh. (.«//(. Astelma spe-

ciosissimum).
variegatum, 3', Sep., wh.

(.«/«.«. Astelma spirale

and A. variegatum).

HELLEBORUS. (HELLEBORE.)

Description. — The Helleboruses ciulirace a
number of our most valued border flowers, the
Christinas and Lenten Hoses being included among
the number, with many others of great beauty in

HELLEHOKUS NIGER ANGUSTIFOLIUS (see p. -no).

the border. Some are practically evergreen plants,
and are very ornamental in or out of flower, with
their beautifully shaped leaves. The flowers of
many are of much beauty when cut, and their

llrlij-1/rn (see Hlortra).
Ilcllcliiirilli (xi'r /:'/>i/iili't;,i).

charms are longer displayed if the stems are
partially split up when the blooms are inserted in
water. Thus treated they will last several weeks
in beauty. H. niger is the Christmas ]{o>o, whose'
pure white flowers are so much admired in winter,

HELLEBOKUS ORIENTAIIS (sec p. -no)

and the Lenten Roses are principally forms of H.
oriental is.

Propagation. — By division of the plants, a good
time being about the end of March if the weather
is favourable, or in early autumn in slunvery
weather. They may also be raised from seed-.
sown as soon as ripe in a shady border, or in pans
or boxes in a shaded frame. If the seeds aie
kept until spring they germinate more slowly.
When the young plants are old enough to prick off
this may be done, and the young plants grown on
in a shady border of rich soil until of (lowering
size. They take some years to reach this size, but
the results generally justify the long period of
waiting.

Soil. — They like a rich soil, rather inclining to
heaviness. On a poor, dry one they are frequently
:i failure.

Other Cultural Points. —They should always
have plenty of water, especially when making their
growth after flowering, and supplies of weak liquid
manure may occasionally be given, with a mulch
of good manure immediately after the flowering is
over. The Christmas ami Lenten l(o>es often have
their flowers injured in appearance by splashes
in winter, and they are mueli improved by being
covered when in flower l.y a hand-light or sash
raised on bricks or other supports BO a- to give air
and keep off rain and mud spla»he>.

Helmholtzia

( 410 )

Hemerocallis

Cultivation in Pots and Frames or Pits. — With
careful attention, the Hellebores may be grown in
pots of rich soil, and Mibjected to gentle forcing,
if afterwards put outside in a shady position, and
well supplied with water during the summer. If
grown in frames, the lights should be taken off in
all favourable weather. In a few gardens the
Christmas Hoses are largely grown in pits where
there is a slight heat, and where many blooms are
produced by the exercise of care in watering and
giving air.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

The names of the leading seedling forms are
given below.

niger, Christmas Hose,

0" to 18", win., wh.

One of the most useful

of win. flowers. (For

names of other vars.,

-" Christinas Rose.)
— angustifolius, narrow

Ivs. (see p. 409).

Other Species and Varieties : —

olympicus, '!' , Feb., Mch.,
pur. A pretty species.

orientulis. Lenten Rose, 1'
to-J',Fel>.,ro.(*«7J.-l<)!>).
Many exquisite vars.,
from wh. to deep pur.,
some with spotted
blooms.

alxrliasicus, 1', Jan., grit.

or pur.
Antiquorum, 1-J', Jaii.,pk.

— roseus, IV, Jan., pk.
caucasicus, lj', Feb., gru.

— albus, \vh.

— lutesceus, yel.
colchicus, U', Jan., pur.
cyclophyllus, IV, Mch.,

grn.

ftetidus, IT, Mch., grn.
guttatus, l.V, Feb., wh.,

spotted pur.

— sub-punctatus, wh.
latifolius, 15', Mch., wh.

("i/ii. intermedius) .
lividus. H', Mch., grn.

— Hvidesuens, pur.

— roseus, blush,
odorus, l.J', Mch., gru.

(A////.S-. atrorubens, cu-
preus, etc.).

— purpurasceus,grn.,pur.
viridis, li', Mch., grn.

— Dumetorum, grn.

— multitidus, grn.

There are many pretty Hellebores, such as tor-
quatus and punctatus, not traceable to the above.

Selection of Named Hellebores : —
Albin Otto, wh., spotted

crim.
Apotheker Bogren, pur.

spotted.
Beethoven, ro.
Bismarck, deep pur.
Brutus, coppery ro.
Chancellor, ro.

Councillor Senary, wh.,

pur. spots.
r>r. Hogg, ro.
Ellen Terry, olive.

F. C. Heinemann, pur.,

crim. spots.
Fran Irene Heinemann,

pur. spotted.
Gertrude Jekyll, wh.
Irene, pk.

James Atkins, ro. pk.
Prof. Schleicher, wh.
Sylvia, ro.
Willie Barr, ro.
Willie Schmidt, ro.

HELMHOLTZIA.

Two species only of greenhouse perennial herbs
(iml. Philydracea;), with sword-shaped leaves, some-
thing like those of a Gladiolus. The flowers are
borne on tall stems in big, plumy panicles, and
are rather pretty. Increase is by "division of the
root usually ; occasionally by seeds. Soil, sandy
loam and peat in equal parts. They make unsatis-
factory pot plants, and are only seen at their best
when planted out in a prepared border as in the
lemperate House at Kew.

Principal Species :—

glaberrima, 3' to 4', My., grh., wh. (sun. Phily-
dnim glaberrimum of liotanical Magazine <>056).

HELMINTHOSTACHYS. (INDIAN
FLOWERING FERN.)

A pretty but curious looking stove Fern (prd.

Helmet Flon-er (see Aconltum, CoryantJtes, and

Xciitellaria).
Jfelmia (ice Dliiscorca).

Filices), closely related to Botrychium. Propaga-
tion is very slow and difficult, as young plants are
rarely, if ever, raised from spores, and the only
method of increase is by division of the crowns.
Soil, loam and leaf mould in equal parts, with sand.
Plenty of water is needed during the growing
season, but as the plant is deciduous.it needs little
during the winter, only enough, in fact, to preveat
its succulent rhizome from shrivelling.

Only Species : —

zeylanica, fronds 1' to 1|' long, barren below,
spore-bearing above (syn. dulcis).

HELONIAS.

A genus of four species only (<>rd. Liliacese).
Bullata, 1' to 1J', summer, hardy, purple rose,
small, is a pretty herbaceous perennial from North
America. Propagation, by division of the roots,

HEMEKOCALLIS FIAVA (see p. 411).

which is, however, a rather slow process, and by
seed. The divisions should lie made in spring.
Soil, fibrous loam and peat. A moist, shady place
is the most suitable. Latifolia is a broad-leaved
variety of the species, not a svnonym, as is some-
times stated.

HELWINGIA.

Curious Asiatic trees (prd. Araliacerc), of little
horticultural merit.

HEMEROCALLIS. (DAT LILY.)

Bright and effective herbaceous border plants
(ord. Liliacere), hardy almost everywhere, and
of ranch value, despite the short duration of
the individual blooms. Propagation, by seeds
sown in spring under glass, but preferably by
division just when beginning growth in spring.
Any good garden soil will do. The Day Lilies
flower best in a sunny situation, and bloom freely

Hemiandra

( 411 )

Hen and Chickens

even in a dry place if well supplied with water
when growing. The fine II. aurantiaca major is
often a shy bloomer, and seems to like a strong soil
in a sunny place.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
aurantiara, IS', Jy., or.
— major, :>', sum., or.;

the largest, but sh}'.
Dumortieri, 1', Je., or.,

br. (*//«*. rutilaus and

Sieboldii).
Hava, -' , Je., yel. (xcc

p. 410).
t'ulva, 4', Jy. , copper yel.

Other Species : —
eitrina, '2', ,Ie., pale yel.
Middeudorffii, J',Je.,or.,

yel.

Srvrral v;trs. : angusti-
folia; disticha rl. pi.,
semi-double, or.,erim.,
foliage variegated, with
fine silver variegated
Ivs. : («///,. lulvafl. pi.);
and manilata, arc all
worth growing.

minor, 8", sum., yel.. grn.

(*.'/"• graminraX
Thu'nliergii, 2' , Jy., yel.,

fragrant.

Orange, or.
Sovereign, or. yel.

Hybrids :—

Apricut, apricot.
Flamid. or. yel.
flavo - Middeudorffii, cit-
ron, br.

HEMIANDRA.

Three species of greenhouse shrubs or sub-shrubs
(I'rtl. Labiate), natives of Australia, of little use to
British gardeners.

HEMICH^NA.

A genus of only one species (ord. Scrophularinea;),
a hardy shrub with showy flowers, not often seen
in cultivation. Propagation, by cuttings of the
ripened shoots under a bell-glass in heat, towards
the end of the summer. Soil, loam and peat in
equal parts with one-sixth of sharp sand.

Only Species : —

fruticosa, 3' to G', Jy., yel.

HEMIONITIS. (IVY-LEAVED FERN.)
Handsome and distinct stove Ferns (<ird. Filices)
of compact habit, and suitable for growing in
Wardian cases. Propagation, by spores, which are
borne by the older plants in great numbers, and by
the plantlets which some of the species bear in the
lobes of the fronds. The latter should be pegged
down on well-drained pans of moist soil to give
the little plants a chance. Soil, two parts of fibrous
peal, one part of sand, and one part of live
sphagnum moss, chopped. In Wardian cases the
plants will often grow in sphagnum alone.
Hemionitises produce very few roots, and these
quickly perish if the soil be at all sour or water-
logged. Small pots only should be given them,
and these must be well drained — quite one-third
full of crocks.

Principal Species : —

cordata, barren fronds 2" palmata (Ivy - leaved

to 4" across, 6" liigh, Fern), barren fronds

fertile fronds, ]' long, 2" to 6" across, (!" to

1.1 "across, dark, shining S" long, fertile fronds

grn., heart-shaped bid- (i" to 12", pale grn.
hils.

HEMIPHRAGMA.

There is only one species in this genus (tird
Scroplmlarinea'), although it is rather variable.
Heterophyllum, summer, pink, fruits black, is a

Ili'iiih-liiHii (iti
Hi niidictjium (see Asptenium).
Ili'miiiirriii (»•/• l/i'/ifi'/i).
lleiiiistemma («r Ilililirrtia).

prostrate herb that is very nearly hardy ; in severe
winters a little dry litter should be thrown over it.
Propagation, by seeds and cuttings, preferably in
spring. Any well-drained garden soil will suit,
provided it is neither very hungry nor very heavy.

HEMITELIA.

A fairly large genus of tropical Tree Ferns (ord.
Filices), related to the Cyatheas on the one hand,
and the Alsophilas on the other, and coming half
way between. When properly grown most of the
Hemitelias attain to noble proportions, trunks !">'
in height being not uncommon, hence they are
adapted for the most part only to very large and
lofty houses. Capensis is an exception, for it
may not only be grown in a cool house, but is
dwarfer in habit than the rest, and also very slow-
in vertical growth. A curious growth, like delicate
filigree work, at the base of the fronds and cover-
ing the crown, 'is a special attraction in this species.
Propagation, by spores, of which great quantities
are produced annually. They should be sown
when ripe. Likewise by offsets, which occasionally
make their appearance, sucker-like, from the base
of the trunk near the root, and also laterally from
adventitious buds along the stem. Soil, peat and
loam in equal parts, with plenty of sand.

Principal Species : —
capeusis, o" to 12', fronds Smithii, 10' to 15', fronds

.'i' to 5', grh., deep grn. 5' to •"!'; grh., frond

(\//«*. Amphicosmia stems covered with

capeusis of Moore, and chestnut - hued scales

Als. iphila capensis of J. (»//». Cyathea Smithii).

Smith). Walkerse, fronds 5' to "',

horrida, fronds 7' to 10', st. or warm grh. (.11/11.

St., dark grn., frond Amphicosmia Walkercu

stems and trunk thorny of Moore).

("i/i/. Cyathea horrida).

Other Species :--
hella, fronds o' to 7' («/«. setosa, fronds ">' to 7', st.

Amphicosmia bella). (.«//<». Alsophila setosa

graudifolia, trunk 4' to and Cyathea beyrich-

i~>', fronds .3' to 7', st. iana).

HEMLOCK (»ee CONIUM).
HEMLOCK SPRUCE (aeTsucA CANA-

DENSJS).

HEMP.

A name given to several coarse and strong
vegetable fibres, chiefly to the produce of Cannabis
saliva, the Indian Hemp; also to the plant itself.
The fibre is obtained by macerating the steins and
leaf petioles in water, and afterwards by combing,
cleaning, and carding. The Hemp Agrimony is
Eupatoriuni cannabinum.

HEN AND CHICKENS.

One of the popular names of Saxifraga umbrosa,
also known as "London Pride" and ".Mother of
Thousands." It bears reference to the quantity of
young plants which are thrown out all round by
the parent plant in supposed likeness to a hell and
her chickens. The name is also bestowed, for
similar reasons, upon a proliferous variety of double
Pai.-y wherein a number of secondary "flowers."
eaehwith a separate'stalk, spring from the primary
•• flower." Proliferation of this kind is, however,
not confined to the Daisy, but may be commonly

Hi-mil .li/''' """"/(.-''•<' /:'li//ir/iiriltlll fiiiii(iiHnHlli).
Hi nhtr/n' (xti- 11 !fi'S<'i/<nnn»).
Hi iifn-i/il («v \.ii/sltisiii).

Henna Plant (.<«: Liimoitui alba*).

Hepatica

(412)

Heracleum

observed in the Zonal Pelargonium, the wild Rib-
wort Plantain, the Tuberous Begonia, and occa-
sionally in the Rose.

HEPATICA (see ANEMONE).

greenish white flowers. They will grow nearly
anywhere, but are far too coarse for the herbaceous
garden, and should only be tolerated in the wild
garden, where they are at home by the borders of
streams or lakes. ' They will also thrive in shrub-

l-Hoto: Hiss ifary Ilest, Aiiilover.

HEPTAPLKURUM.

A large genus, but horticultural^ an unimportant
•one (ord. Araliacejc), of tall shrubs and trees
faratropia and Sciadophyllum are synonyms.

HERACLEUM.

Tiill coarse-growing, annual or perennial herbs
(ora. Umbclhferre), with huge umbels of white or

A BEAfUPl-L HEUIIACEOrs J10UDEK (sec p. 413).

beries, where less robust subjects would die.
Propagation, by seed for the annuals, and by seeds
and root division for the perennials. Any soil.
Upward* of seventy species have been described,
most of them valueless.
Principal Species :—

flavescens, yel., per. villosum, 10' to 12' (syn.

giganteum).

Herbaceous Borders

( 413 )

Herbaceous Plants

Other Species :

giganteum (,-rr villosum). Pauarrs.

guiiiinit'erum. persieum, 12', bien., wh.

lanatum, I' toS', per., wh. pubescens, 12', bien. , wh.

(»//«. barhatum). sprengeliaiium.

nepalense. Wallirliii.

HERBACEOUS BORDERS.

Well managed and properly cultivated herbaceous
borders are among the most attractive features of
a garden, as they can be made to supply an almost
regular succession of flowers during the respective
sea.-ons of spring, summer, and autumn, and, in a
lr-MT degree, in winter as well. The name " herb-
aceous border,'' which properly signifies one devoted
entirely to plants of herbaceous habit, is, however,
Inappropriate to the finest borders of the present
day. as in these are cultivated not only perennial
herbaceous plants and Inilbs (also herbaceous)
but in addition annuals and shrubs. A good border
is incomplete and unsatisfying unless it contains a
fair number of these subjects, which help to furnish
it at a dull season with greenery, or, as in the case
of the annuals, are most valuable when early bulbs
and plants have passed out of bloom. A herb-
aceous border requires careful study if it is to be
of ; j successful kind, and not only are proper prepara-
tion and planting required at first, but continual
attention so as to maintain its freshness and
brightness.

Preparation. — To be thoroughly effective, a herb-
aceous bonier ought to be of considerable length
and breadth. This cannot always be secured, but
in large gardens one of 12' wide is not too much if
it can be made of proportionate length. A good
loam is the best for a mixed border, but with due
manuring and care herbaceous plants may be
grown in any soil. The position should not be too
shaded, and it ought to be free from the drip of
trees. If long cultivated, and the subsoil has been
properly prepared, the border may be deeply
trenched. If unsuitable for this, it is better only
to bastard trench the border, and a description of
this process will be found under the proper head-
ing. The manure applied must be well decayed.
For general purposes farmyard manure is the best,
but artificials may be used in the proportions
recommended under ARTIFICIAL MANURES, ac-
cording to the nature of the soil.

Time of Planting.— If the ground is vacant, which
is >eldom the case, planting might begin in August,
which is the best reason for many things, such as
the Flag Irises. This would allow the plants to
become established before winter sets in. Failing
this time the flowers may l>e put in from September
to November, according to the nature of the season
and the climate. In cold, wet districts, spring is a
better time for planting than late autumn, hut in
localities where (Irving winds prevail at the former
period, and where the soil is light, autumn is the
best season.

Arrangement. — It is impossible to treat of the
arrangement of a herbaceous border in detail, and
it must be left mainly to individual taste and
experience to deal with it, and to correct any
errors in planting which are certain to arise, even
with experienced planters of such flowers. A« a
main principle, however, it may be said that an
absolutely uniform method of planting with all
the taller (lowers at the back, and the others
arranged according to their heights until the
dwarfest occupy the front of the border, is too stiff
for such plants, and it is desirable to depart to

some extent from this plan by having taller flowers,
here and there near the foreground. Care must
also be taken that the time of 'flowering is studied,
so that there is not only a due balance of bloom
all over the border at each season, but that the
colours of the flowers in each part will harmonise
and not jar upon the eyes with crude and unpleas-
ing effects. This matter of colour arrangement is.
exceedingly important, and it is almost an axiom
that it is better to have quiet harmonies of different
shades of the same colour than glaring contrasts.
A desirable thing to observe in planting early-
spring flowers, which are generally very dwarf, is
to see that they are not all at the front of the
border.

After Management. — If kept well manured and-
fertile by top dressings of farmyard or artificial
manures, a border will last a long time without
replanting. When this is necessary, plants which,
have grown too large may be reduced and replanted,
care being taken to use some of the fresh growths
at the outside of the old stool instead of the worn-
out centres. Watering ought to be well attended
to. The beauty of the border will be longer main-
tained if the old flowers are picked off, and such
plants as will give a second bloom if cut down im
good time, attended to in this respect. Staking
and tying must also be done early, and the stakes
ought to be as unobtrusive as po.-sible. It cannot
be too strongly put that the gratification given by
a herbaceous border depends upon the amount of
care bestowed upon it. Easy as are the greater
number of the plants to grow, few will repay better
any attention which may be given them.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS.

The question of what constitutes a herbaceous-
plant often gives trouble to exhibitors and judges.
Popularly speaking, herbaceous plants only com-
prise those which have stems that die down yearly,
but have perennial rootstocks which retain life-
during the " resting period." As the " Rules for
Judging" of the Royal Horticultural Society well
point out, a class for " Hardy Herbaceous " would
exclude annuals, biennials, and plants of more or
less shrubby growth, and tufted evergreens whose
stems do not die down in winter. It has been
suggested, and the suggestion is being largely
followed, that such a class should be simply for
'• Hardy Border Flowers," with the addition of
words excluding such things as annuals, biennials,
or shrubs, as maybe required. " Hardy Flowers "
is the term proposed by the Royal Horticultural
Society, with the addition of such qualifying
words as may be desired to meet the views of
the f'ramers of the schedules.

In ordinary gardening practice the term " herb-
aceous flowers" is exceedingly indefinite in its
application, and nothing is commoner than to
hear all hardy plants of perennial character which
are not truly shrubby, called herbaceous plants.
Sub-shrubs are frequently included, and,' in many
instances, plants of biennial duration are ranked
with true herbaceous plants. This broader view is
the more useful for the garden, although if a strictly
botanical view of the im-auing of the term ''herb-
aceous" were adopted annuals, as well as biennials
and perennials, would have to be included. Wit bout
attempting to minimise the beauty and useful-
ness of tlii' many other lovely things of different
habit among the annuals and true shrubs, it
cannot be denied that tin- herbaceous plants
of perennial growth possess many ad\ai:tages.

Herbertia

(414)

Herminiera

especially over the annuals. They live from year
to year, and their annual reappearance is looked
for with eager expectancy. The hardier plants
in particular are, in the case of the more robust
species, apart from the Alpines, of very easy
cultivation, and can be grown in almost any good
soil. Their uses, too, are manifold, and their char-
acters varied in the extreme. They lend them-
selves to formal gardening, to the requirements of
the wild garden, or to decorate the slopes and
stones of the rock garden. Some do well in pots
in the greenhouse and conservatory, and others
come in to grace the window of a room. Their
numbers are too great to particularise, and any list
of reasonable length of the best genera included
under the designation of " herbaceous plants "
would be far from complete. For species, and how
they are to be cultivated, the reader is referred to
their respective genera.

HERBERTIA.

Half-hardy bulbous plants (prd. Irideae) of con-
siderable beauty, but not at all common in gardens.
The genus is allied to Tigridia. Propagation, by
seeds and offsets. The latter should be carefully
removed after growth has been finished, and potted
singly in small pots in rather light soil. A cold
frame kept close is the best place for old and
young plants alike. If they are grown in the
greenhouse, it should be on a shelf near the glass.
Sandy loam and peat, or leaf soil, in equal parts,
with sand, make a good compost.

Principal Species t—

drummondiana, <>", bl., sepals tipped wb. (iyn.
coerulea).

Other Species :—

pulchella, 9", Jy., pur., bl. (tee figure).

HERBS (POT).

A collection of pot herbs is one of the most
useful things that a garden can contain. Of the
various subjects which are used by the cook for
flavouring and garnishing certain dishes, some are
silways in request, and it is necessary that a supply
should be kept up. Others which are not so
frequently asked for should be grown, but in
smaller quantity. Here is a list of the most im-
portant of pot herbs.

Balm. Lavender. Rosemary.

Borage. Marjorain(Sweet). Sage.

Chervil. Mint. Tarragon.

Fennel. Parsley. Thyme.

Horehound.

Others which are not so important, but which are
sometimes asked for, are : —

Angelica. Chives.

Basil (Bush and Coriander.

Sweet). Dill.

Buruet, Hyssop.

Caraway. Pennyroyal.

Chiimoinile. Purslane.

Rue.

Savory (Winter
aiid Summer).
Southernwood.
Tansy.
Wormwood.

With the exception of Parsley, which it is con-
venient to sow as an edging round the vegetable
quarters, and Chervil, which, when once established
in almost any odd corner, reproduces itself year
after year from self-sown seed, it is advisable to
locate all the herbs in a border by themselves.
The best aspect for the "herb border" is west!
South is too hot, and north and east are so cold
that the produce is too late in making its appear-
ance, that is, with the exception of Thyme and
Sage, which will do very well on a north or an

east aspect. The ground should be well dug
and manured prior to planting, and each year, in
the autumn, a heavy mulching of short, half-rotted
manure should be given both to protect and
nourish the roots. Plant in rows about 1' apart ;
this leaves plenty of room to get about among the
plants to gather the produce.

Basil, Marjoram, and Mint should be cut down
just before they come into (lower and dried for
winter use. Tarragon should also be cut down,
but in a dried state it is not much in request.

HERITIERA (of Aiton, syn. BALAXOP-

TERIs).

A small genus of stove evergreen trees (prd.
Sterculiacese), with unisexual flowers, and leaves
with a silvery white under surface. To the last
named characteristic the popular name of Look-

HEHHEIITIA I-VLCHELLA.

ing Glass Tree is due. Cuttings of the ripened
shoots will root fairly quickly in bottom heat
towards the close of the summer. Soil, sandy
loam, with about a fifth part of leaf mould.

Principal Species :—

littoralis, red. macrnjihylla, red. Look-

ing Glass Tree.

HERMANNIA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (prd. Sterouliacese)
of distinct appearance. There are many species,
but few of them are cultivated, and those only in
botanic gardens.

HERMINIERA («////. (KDKMOXE).
A genus of one species only (prd. Leguminosic).
Elaphroxylon, the "Ambash" or "Pith Tree." so

Herb f;f (,'rai'e {sec Jliita).
Herb Paris (gee Paris qiiadrifnlia").
Herb Robert (see Gertinhtin rtibertiamtui').
Hercules Club (sec Xanthoxylmn).

Herminium

( 415 )

Hessea

frequently alluded to bv travellers in tropical
Africa, is a tall stove shrub with yellow flowers.
It is a very thirsty subject in cultivation, and it is
well to have the pot containing it standing; 3" or
i" deep in water. Propagation, by seeds. Soil,
loam two-thirds, leaf mould one-third, and sand.

HERMINIUM. (JIusK ORCHIS.)

Pretty and interesting- terrestrial Orchids (ard.
Orchidacese), one of which, Monorchis, is found on
dry. chalky banks in Britain. Propagation, by
division of the roots before growth starts in spring.
The divisions do better if potted singly in small
pots and consigned to a cold frame for the first
year. They must not be coddled, for they »,re
quite hardy. Soil, chalky loam and leaf mould in
equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species : —

Monorchis, :\" to G", Jy., hdy., grn.,yel. ; British.

HERNANDIA. (.TACK-IN-A-BOX.)
Handsome stove evergreen trees (ard. Laurinese),

widely dispersed naturally, but rarely cultivated.

HERNIARIA. (RUPTURE WOUT.)
A small genus of hardy, low-growing herbs (ord.
Dlecebraoete), chiefly represented in gardens by

I In- useful ghbra, which i- so much in request for
carpet bedding. It is this that is employed to
form the close, dense, green "carpet" which acts
as the groundwork for taller-growing subjects.
Being perfectly hardy, it may remain out of doors
all the winter, and, unless it is desired to change
the plan of the carpet bed, the tenderer subjects
may be lifted in the autumn, and a few bulbs or
Wallflowers introduced to (ill the vacancies. The
ground should in all cases be firm, for not only do
the plains make a better growth upon such ground,
but the solidity is of the greatest importance
where the beds are built up in terraces. Propaga-
tion, by divisions and cuttings in autumn. Small
pieces will grow if dibbled into a firmly made up
bed of soil. When the plants are not allowed to
remain in the beds all the winter, they should be
planted mil as early in the spring as practicable,
in order that they may have a good long season
of growth.

Principal Species : —

glabra, 1''. stems prostrate, sum., grn., small.

HERON'S BILL, OP CRANE'S
BILL.

A popular name for some of the British species
of Erodium and Geranium. The name bears
reference to the long "beak" of the fruit, which
is supposed to resemble the long beak of the
heron.

HERRANIA.

A small genus of greenhouse evergreen trees
(nril. Siereuliacca.). rarely cultivated, and of little
decorative value.

HERRERIA.

A genus of three or four species of greenhouse
subjects (ord. Liliacra-), with small, fragrant
flowers, climbing stems, and tuberous rootstocks.
They are easily grown and make pretty plants for
the conservatory, although BonaparUlail probably
the only species cultivated. Propagation, by seed's
or cut tings in spring, in heat. They like a compost
of peat, loam, and sand in equal parts.

Principal Species : —

Sarsaparilla. x'. Je., Jy., grh., grn., yel. (si/n
pamflon of Botanical Magaefae 10)2). *

HESPERANTHA. (EVENING FLOWIX.)

There are about twenty species of these dwarf
bulbous plants (ord. Irideas), all natives of tropical
Africa and the Cape, but all thriving in a "-r< •en-
house temperature. They answer to the game
cultural treatment as Ixias. to which, indeed they
are very closely related. The popular name
Evening Flower, is due to the fact that the flowers
expand in the evening.

Principal Species :—

angusta, spr. , wh. pilosa nucla of Botanical

cmnamomea, 6", Ap., Miii,,,;i,,r 1 17.)).

My., wh. ; Cinnamon longituba, 0" to 9" red

scented. br., wh.

falcata, 6" to 12", Ap.,br., pilosa, (i", Ap., Mv., wh

wh. (si/n. Ixia falcata spotted red.

of Botanical Maijuzine raciiata, (i", Ap., Je , wh

566.)-. striped red, br.' (mm.

gramimioha, 6 . Aug., Ixianuliataof liotatttcal

hep., grn., wli. ,-//,/. Jl,i;/,i:i,ie a~S).

HESPERIS. (ROCKET.)

Although there are upwards of twenty species in
this genus (ord. Crucifera;) only two or three of
them find a place in ordinary gardens. Two
species stand out from the rest, viz. matronalis,
the Damask Violet and Dame's Rocket, as it is
popularly called, and the fragrant Night-Scented
Stock, tristis. The latter species is a biennial.
Seed may be sown in a shaded border in July, the
plants being subsequently transferred to nursery
beds to stand the winter, and planted out in their
flowering quarters in spring. The Common Rocket,
matronalis, is a good, old-fashioned, cottage garden
perennial. It thrives nearly anywhere, and in
almost any sort of soil. There are numerous
varieties with flowers of different hues, and doubles
are^not uncommon. Propagation is by seed and
division of the roots in spring for the singles, and
by root division for the doubles. Tristis does best
in dry, shallow soil, and is one of the subjects that
may be reckoned upon for wall gardening.

All the species named below are quite hardv.

Principal Species : —

matronalis, 2' to 3', sum.,
per., nowers various,
fragrant in the evening ;
flore pleuo is a pretty
double var. Common
Rocket.

tristis, 1' to '2'. sum..
Other Species : —

arabidiHora (no\v 1'airva
liiliuvana).

bien.,yel., wh., or dark
pur. : does well on old
walls. Night- scented
Stock.

violacen, fi" to 12", Je.,
ann. or bien., vio.

graiulifloni, 2' to 3', Jy.,
bien., wh., pur.

HESSEA (*yn. PERIPIIANKS;.

Greenhouse bulbs (ord. AmaryllidraO. Propa<ja-
tion, by seeds, or offset* from the old bulbs. Soil,
sandy Inam. wilh a little leaf mould. Plenty of
water is needed when growth is being made, none
in the resting season.

Principal Species :—

]ik. (»//«. Stnnnaria
irispa of JMinnfiil
.Mni/ii:iiii- 1363).

gemmata. 1', Aug.. grii..
]«de yel. (*//''• Strumaria
gemmata "t /•'•
M<"tn;ini- 1820).

i (xi-i- Siil, /•///.<).

ffttptrotfordtm (.«•<• /;/•

Heteranthera

( 416 )

Heuchera

stellaris, 6", Oct., Nov.,
grh., pk. (»//»». Amaryl-
lis stellaris and Stru-
maria stellaris).

Other Species : —

filifolia, 6", Nov., grh.,
wh. (py9is. Imhotia tili-
folia and Struinaria
filifolia of liotuiiirul
Register 4-Kt).

HETERANTHERA.

Ornamental, aquatic, perennial herbs (ord.
Pontederaceae). Barely grown.

HETEROPAPPUS.

Erect-growing, hardy herbs (ord. Composite),
closely allied to the Asters. Propagation, by
division of the roots in spring, and by cuttings
during spring and summer. The latter root quickly
if dibbled into a bed of sandy .-oil in a cold frame,
where they can be kept close and shaded for two
or three weeks. Any ordinary garden soil suits.

Principal Species: —

hispidus, 1', Sep., wh. — decipieus, aut., ray
(si/ii. Aster hispidus). florets pur., disc yel.

HETEROPTERIS.

Tropical shrubs (ord. Malpighiacere), sometimes
of climbing tendencies, needing a stove tempera-
ture. The flowers are small and for the most part
inconspicuous. Propagation, by cuttings of tips of
the ripened shoots, which root freely in sandy soil
in a propagating frame in which there is plenty of
bottom heat. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and peat in
equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species : —
chrysophylla, Mch., cl., grn. above, golden br.

or., red., Ivs. dark below.

purpurea, cl., pur.

HETEROSPATHE.

A genus of one species only (ord. Palmas) of
handsome stove Palms. Increase is by imported
seeds. Soil, fibrous loam two-thirds and leaf mould
one-third, with sand.

Only Species :—

elata, grn. (syn. Metroxylon elatum of gardens).

HETEROTHECA (syns. CALVCIUM and

DlPLOCOMA).

A small genus of hardy or half-hardy herbs (ord.
Composite). Inuloides is the only one generally
met with. Propagation, by seeds or division of
the roots. Any common garden soil will do, but it
requires a little protection during the winter. It is
well to assign it a sheltered position, and then a
light covering of Bracken will be all that is needed.

Principal Species : —

innloides, 1' to li', sum., hlf-hdy., yel. (stjn.
Diplocoma villosa).

HETEROTOMA (*yn. MYOPSTS).

Annual or perennial herbs (ord. CampanulaceaO,
chiefly represented in gardens by lobelioides, which
is a pretty half-hardy or greenhouse subject. Prop-
agation, by dividing the roots in spring when the
young growths are about 1" long. Each shoot
that has a few roots attached will grow, if it is

Jlelerorentron (see llee-na).
llfli-raelut.ia (see Aster and Erir/erori).
Heteroloma (see Desmodium).
Hetcromeles arbutifolia (gee Phatinia).
Ili't/'ninonia (see Artlirostemma).

potted in rather sandy soil, and started in a close
frame. Soil, loam two parts, leaf mould one part,
and sand.

Principal Species : —

lobelioides, Bird Plant, spr., grh., pur., yel.

HEUCHERA.

Description. — Hardy herbaceous plants (onl.
Saxifrages;'), of tufted, perennial habit. They are
chiefly of interest because of the great beauty of
sanguinea and its varieties, the flowers of which
during the summer months are of great value for
cutting. Although less showy, micrantha, a taller
and stronger-growing species, is also valuable for
supplying cut flowers. These plants are worthy of
space in all gardens. In addition to giving them

HEUCHERA SANGUINEA (see p. 417).

a place in the herbaceous border, it is a capital
plan to grow some plants in the reserve garden,
solely for cutting from.

Propagation. — By division of the crowns during
spring. The old clumps should be lifted and
carefully divided with a stout knife, the divisions
being replanted at once in nursery beds of rather
sandy soil in a warm and sheltered position, and
grown there for a year. When planted straight
away into their permanent quarters there is
frequently a heavy percentage of deaths.

Soil. — Heucheras like a warm soil of medium
texture, but they will grow in almost anything save
pure sand and heavy clay, that is, where they have
plenty of light and air. Unfortunately, they do
not make good town plants, and although they
may exist amongst the smoke for a year or two,
they get weaker each season, and finally succumb.

Heterotrwlium (of Jiieterstein, see Sausmrea).
Heterotropa (see Amriint).

amerieaua, H', sum.

red, plant hairy,
micrautha, 2', sum., yel.,

wh., good for cutting. '
— rosea, ro.
rosea, hybrid (sauguinea

X pilosissima).
sanguinea,!)" to 18", sum;,

deepred(.v«;/uiO). The

Other Species:—
caulescens (,w villosa)
cyliudrica, 1' to U',su'm

grn.

glabra, 1', sum., wh.
hispida, 2' to 4'. Mv

Jy.,pur. (sy,t. Kicha r,l-

SOLl).

Menziesii («•<• Tolmiea

_ Menziesii).
pilosissima, 1' My., grn.

best species ; several
vars., with larger and
more richly coloured
flowers, including gran-
diflora and splendens

— alba, wh.

zaheliana, l", sum pk
hybnd.

pubescens, I', sum., pale

red (ayna. pulverulenta

and ribifoliu).
pulverulenta (t,w pube

mis).

ribifolia (ire pubesceus)
Kichardsoui (set hispida
villosa, 1' to 3', Aug., Sep

vio. (syii. caulescens).

and SIPHOHIA)

"=£r-- gg^.

HIBISCUS. Vlrgata (W fasdculata)-

li- Para

,.

Principal Species !—

sis, ,;o', My., st,

HEXAGLOTTIS.

Principal Species :—

longifolia, 18", My., yel.
(>.'/"». Homeriaflexuosai
Ixia longifolia, and
Jlonea nexuosa).

HIBBERTIA.

Principal Species:—
Cunninghamii, 3', ,Ty

(*'/«. Candollea Cu'u-

uiughaTnii).
dentata, 10', spr., sum

aut, cl., dark Ivs
fasciculata, 3', sum. («/„

virgata).
grossulariiefulia, 6', spr.,

Other Species :—
acicularis, 3'. sum
BiUardieri, :j', sum. („,,,

Weiu-andra scabra). '

(«//". crenata and Bur-
tonia grossulariaefolia)

Eeidn, 9" to 12", spr
sum.

voluMjg K)', sum. («/„.
-Uillema speciosa) ; un-
pleasantly scented.

corifnlia
lata).

(see peduncu-
grusMiIariii.'-

„. <"l !<t Ulll\

Mexacentris (see Thunberma).

wlSTOtaSSwrfSf^ °C P«'P«Bation vary

nd a long season .

•invrmlh, ' "^ ^^-W^Md perennial herbs

oa,ny soil, and for the pot plants two-third of
loam and one-third of leaf mould, with «, 1 for m
a good compost. For the leaf mould old Mu.hroo m

C'anUre "lay ^ SUbstituted in ">e cafe

.Cult"ral Points.-The .stove shrubs, like
and rosa-sinensis and its TOri«H™

tn » aiC "\1UU gTOWth' li(Jllid »«nnre wfll he p
requent potting is not necessary, a shift everV

. nod

ing, but when the knife has to be

l

he roots have reached the skies of the pZ

X£^tt^£riZ&

Pnncipal Species and Varieties •—

„,

'"S"' '

•' "-

s.. n •;,„.

Hickory

(418)

Hindsia

— miniatus semi-plenus,
semi-double, sc.

- — vivicaus, semi-double,
crim., sc.

. — zebrinus, sc., edged yel.

.schizopetalus, St., or., red.

syriacus, 6', Aug. to Oct.,
hdy. deciduous shr.,
various colours : many
vars., of which albo-

pleuus, anemonieflorus,
bicolor hybrid us, eariieo-
plenus, ccaleste, Leo-
poldii, Painted Lady,
Pompoii Kouge, totus
albus, violaceus varie-
gatus, and Violet Glair
are some of the best,
venustus, st., shr., crim.,

yel.

HIDALGOA WKHCKLEI.

yel., crim., prickly ; flore
purpureo is ro. pur.,
and Lindloyi pur.

roseus, 3', hdy.

speciosus (wv coccineus).

splundeus, 12' to '20', My.,
grh. shr., ro., prickly.

Trioiium, '>', sum., hdy.
aun., yel., pur. centre
(.NV/J/.V. airiraims and
ternatus of Cavanilles) .
Bladder Ketrnia.

Other Species and Varieties : —

africanns («r Trionum) . rndintus, sum., st. shr.,
ferox, 3', My., Jy., s-t.

shr., yel., prickly.
Huegelii quinqueVul-

neriis, Aug., grh., ro.
militaris, 2' to 4', sum.,

hdy. herbaceous per.

(xyit. hastatus).
Moscheutos, 3', sum.,

hdy., wh.
Patersonii (now Lagun-

aria Patersonii).
jjeduuculatus, 2' to 4',

sum., grh. shr., ro., red.

HICKORY.

A general title applied to the soveral species of
the genus Carya (which tee).

H ID ALCOA.

A small genus (ord. Composite:), only one species
of which has -been introduced, namely Wercklei
(see figure). This is a pretty plant, climbing freely
by means of its leafstalks (petioles), and blooming
profusely. Though not fully hardy, it may be
grown out of doors in summer. Like the Dahlia,
it will not withstand frost. Propagation, by
cuttings. Soil, good loam.

Only Species Introduced :

Wercklei, 12' to 20', Jy. to Oct., per., ray florets
sc., disc florets yel. (*//». Childsia Wercklei).

HIERACIUM.

An extensive genus (unl. C'ompositse), consisting,
•with one exception, of hardy herbaceous perennials.

H'iyyinsia (see HoJTmannia).

All the species are yellow. Quite a number are
British, and known as Hawkweeds. Propagation,
by division or seeds, in spring or autumn. Almost
any kind of soil or position will suit. The green-
house shrub fruticosum needs a sandy, peaty
compost.

Principal Species :—

lanatum, 3 , sum.
saxatile, 1', sum.
villosuin, 1', Jy. (syn.

valdepilosum) perhaps

the best

auraiitiacum, \\' , Jy.
canadense, 2', Jy.
fruticosum (see Tolpis

fruticosa).
Ginelini (now Crepis

Gmeliui).

Other Species : —

alpestre (now Crepis al- Kalmii, 1J', Aug.

corymbosum, 3', Jy.

Pilosella, 6", sum.
uiidulatum, H', Jy.

HIEROCHLOE.

Fragrant hardy perennial Grasses (ord. Gram-
inea;), propagated by seed or division. Garden
soil. Commonly called Holy Grass, from being
formerly used in churches on saints' days.

Principal Species : —
alpina, 1', Jy., grn.
borealis, 2', My., br.

redolens, 2' to 3', sum.,
grn. (.\I/M. aiitarctica).

HINDSIA.

Shrubby greenhouse evergreens (ord. Kubi-
acese). Propagation, by cuttings of young growtli
in bottom heat. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and
sand.

Plioto : Cassell (t Company, Ltd.

A Hn'l'EASTlllM OF THE POPULAR AlIAUYLLIS
SECTION' (see 2>. 419).

HIPPEASTRUMS, POPULARLY KNOWN AS AMARYLLISES.

15

Hippeastrum

( 419 )

Hippocrepis

Principal Species : —
lougirlora, 2', Aug., bl.

(«</«. Roudeletia loiigi-
flora).

— alba, 2', My., Jc., \vh.
violucea, 3', My.,vio., bl.,
the best.

HIPPEASTRUM (see also AMARYLLIS).

Description. — A large genus o£ sfcrong-growing,
bulbous plants (urd. Ainaryllidrjri),' vvitli showv
flowers borne on stout, erect spikes. The leaves
•are usually long, strap-shaped, and deciduous, but
there are a i'ew exceptions. The various species
are chiefly natives of South America and the
West Indies, and several of them, notably equestre,
Leopold]!, and vittiitum, have, in the hands of the
bybridiser, been the means of producing the
beautiful race of garden plants known popularly as
Amaryllises (see p. 37). Reticulaturn and its hybrids
grow best in a stove the whole season through;

regium and Amaryllis

Kegime).
reticulatum, 1J', spr., ro.

EC., veined sc. (si/ttx.

Amaryllis reticulata,

Coburgia reticulata.aml

Leopoldia reticulata).
rutilum, 1J', ppr., crim.,

grn. (syu. bulbulosum);

Other Species and Hybrid :

advenum, 1', win., or., red bifidum, 1}', Mch., red
(syns. Amaryllis advena,
Habranthus hesperius,
H. miuiatus, and
Eustephia macleanica).

oitrinum, ei ocatum.and

f ulgidum are haudsouas

vart.
soliiiidnEnorum, 2', Jan.,

Mch., \vh., gru., ro.
vittatum, 21', Apr., crim.,

red, wh. (xyu. Amaryl-

lis vittata).

andreanum of Km- lland-
List (see Amaryllis
Belladonna aud Bella-
donna Lily).

(syns. angustum aud

Habranthus bifidus).
brachyaudrum, ].!', sum.

pk.

bulbulosum (see rutilum).
calyptratum, H', sum.,

red, grn., yel. (sy,,.

Amaryllis calyptrata).

IllPl'EASTltU.M AULICl'M STUIATUM.

they are not deciduous. The handsome winter-
lowering aulicum succeeds in an ordinary plant
•stove ; if not potted annually, liquid manure should
be freely given to assist growth and flowers. The
lilac-coloured procerum has very long -necked
bulbs ; it needs a peaty soil and an intermediate
temperature, but should not be absolutely dried
off during winter.

Principal Species, Hybrids, and Varieties: —

Ackenmuinii, 11', spr., — splendens, improved
deep crim., hybrid ; a form,
very bright form is L:;opoldii, 11', spr., crim.,
pulcherrima. wh., grn. (X//H. Amaryl-
audreanum, 1' to 1J', pale lis Leopoldii).
red, striped dark rod pardinum, 2', Feb., Mch.,
(XI/H. Amaryllis andre- Kru-> yel., spotted sc.
ana of gardens). (*.'/"• Amaryllis par-
aulicum, 2', win., spr., dini).
crim., or., gru. (.«</«. procerum, 2,' aut., win.,
Amaryllis aulira). HI. (syns. Amnrvllis
— striatmn, striped and procera and Rayneri).
netted (see figure). psittacinum, 2', sum., or.,
«questre, 11', sum., red, sc., grn.
grn. base (»»/«. Arcaryl- Regiua?, 2'. spr.. red, grn.,
lis equestris). wh. Mexican Lily (nynx.

angustum (.we bifidum). pratense, 1.'.', sum. (synr.
Bagnoldii, 1', sum., gin., Habranthus pratensis
yel., red (eyii. Habran- and H. speciosus).
thus Bagnoldii). Roezlii, H', sum., or., red.
bicolor, 1^', aut., red, stylosum, 11', My., car.
yel., grn. (.V//H.S. Am;irvl- red. (*//»«. Amaryllis
lis bicolcr, A. cyrtanth- stylosa and A. marau-
oides, A. iguea, and cnsis).
Phycella biflora). vittatum hnrrisonianum,
21', red, wh.

HIPPOBROMUS.

A greenhouse shrub or tree (ord. Snpindacetc).
increased by cuttings, in sandy soil, under a hand-
glass. Pot in sandy loam. The only species is
alatus, 20', summer, red.

HIPPOCREPIS.

Annual or perennial Vetches (ord. Legnminosse"),
hardy, with the exception of balearica, which
requires protection during winter. Propagation,
by'seeds or division, in spring. A light, sandy soil
is best.

Ifippocentaiirca (fee Krijtlira-a).

Hippomane

( 420 )

Hippophae

Principal Species:—
comosa, 6", spr., per.,

yel., good rock trailer

(syn. helvetica).

Other Species :—
balearica, 2', spr., shr.,

yel.

helvetica (see comosa).
multisiliquosa, 1', sum.,
aim., yel.

glauca, 6", spr..
trailer, yel.

per.,

HIPPOPHAE.

Hiirdy shrubs or small trees (ord. Elicagnacete),
mostly natives of the sea coast, and hence thriving
well within a short distance of the sea. They can,
however, be well grown inland, provided a fairly
moist situation is available. They never look better
than when planted near water. In summer the neat,

HIPPOMANE.

Tliis stove tree (ord. Euphorbiaceso) is the West
Indian " Manchiueel." Propagation, by cuttings
placed under a bell-glass, in heat. Soil, loam,
sand, and peat. The species Mancinella, 50', May,
green, has very poisonous milky juice, which will
blister the skin, and may cause blindness if
allowed to touch the eyes. The yellow fruit, though
tempting in appearance, is extremely acrid and
poisonous.

silver-lined leafage is effective, but during autumn
and winter, when crowded with brilliant orange
berries, the plants are most beautiful. As male
and female flowers are borne by separate plants,
it is necessary, to ensure a full crop of berries,
to include male bushes in plantation. Propagation,
by layering, root cuttings, suckers, and seeds.

Principal Species and Varieties :
rhamnoides, 6' to 12', My. — siberica, Ap.
— angustifolia, '!' ', My. — taurica.

Hippuris

Holly

Other Species : —

urgenti'a (uo\v Shepherdia canadensis (DOW Shep-
argL-ntea). herdia canadensis).

sjdieifolia, 8' to 'JO', spr.

HIPPURIS.

The commonest member of this genus (ord.
Halorageso) is vulgaris, !)", summer, green, 'red.
This is the Mare's Tail, a perennial aquatic founil
wild in Great Britain and distributed through
Kurope and Xcfrfh America. It closely resembles
t lie Equisetums in 'general habit, and makes an
attractive plant for lake margins or stream sides.

HODGSONIA.

This genus (urd. Cucurbitacese) consists of but
one species — heteroclita, May, yellow and white, a
strong climber. The large blooms, yellow outside
and white within, are followed by big, Melon-like
fruits that are not edible. Propagation is by seeds.
A moist stove suits it, and it requires a rich rooting
medium.

HOES AND HOEING.

Seeing how great a bearing the continual culti-
vation of the surface soil has upon the success or
otherwise of a crop, it is obvious that the hoe is
•one of the most necessary of garden tools.

Although there are so many patterns, each
having something to recommend it, they all fall
naturally into two classes, according to the way in
which the power is applied, viz. (1) the "draw"
hoe, and (2) the " push " or " Dutch " hoe.

The make of draw hoe most commonly in use is
generally known as the " swan-necked." For heavy
soils a double necked hoe is made, the additional
strength thus obtained being of importance. The
triangular hoe is a favourite pattern for drawing
drills The Spanish or Vernon hoe is a swan-
necked hoe with only one point to the blade.
Occasionally a combination tool of hoe and pick-
fork may be seen, the two tools being placed, as it
were, back to back. The hoe-pickfork is useful in
heavy soils, and the pickfork end is handy for
unloading manure.

The push or Dutch hoe is a splendid tool for
use upon all soils. As a weed destroyer it has few
•equals. The Sproughton hoe is an ingenious
invention. It can be used both as a push and a
draw hoe, and as a spud. It is quite a departure
from the ordinary hoe in pattern.

Hoeing forms a large part of the summer routine
•of culture in all well-regulated gardens. Hot only
are weeds kept down thereby, but well-stirred
ground is much moister in periods of drought than
unstirred, owing to the greater ease with which
capillarity can come into play. Then, again, there
is the fertilising influence of the air to be con-
sidered, and this alone is no small consideration.
All growing crops greatly benefit by the frequent
•employment of the hoe among them in dry weather.

HOFFMANNIA 0//»*. HHJGIXSIA and
OHIGGINSIA).

Tropical herbs or shrubs («/•</. liubiaeesrD, with
'handsome foliage and white, yellow, or red flowers.
Propagation, by cuttings, which root readily at any
time of the year if given a sandy soil, a close
frame, and plenty of bottom heat. Stems of old
plants may 1)6 cut up in spring into pieces, each
containing an eye. and a fair proportion of these
will root. Soil, loam two parts, leaf mould one
part, and sand. A free use ot the knife is necessary

in the case of old plants, which, if not given their
annual spring pruning, soon become straggling and
ungainly. Mealy bug is the worst insect pest.

Principal Species : -

discolor, (i" to 9", st., Botanical Magazine

red, Ivs. lurid grn. 5383).

above, red j>ur. beneath — variegata, Ivs. creamy

(»//». Campylobotrys wh., jel., red, dwarf;

discolor of liotatiical the handsomest.

Magazine 4530). refulgens, 1' to 2', St.,

Ghiesbreghtii, 2' to 4', My., red, Ivs. giu.

bt., yel., spotted red, above, red below (xyn.

Ivs. 12" to 15" long, Higgiusia refulgeus of

dark grn. above, pur. Jlottuttcal Magazine

red beneath (si/n. Hig- 5346).

ginsia Ghiesbreghtii of

Other Species : -
peduuculata, 2' to 3', st., grn. above, red below,

yel. shr. (*y>i. Higginsia

regalis, 1', st , Ivs. dull regalis of Botanical

Magazine 5280).

HOLBOZLLIA.

There is only one species in this genus (ord.
Berberideso). It is a greenhouse evergreen climb-
ing shrub that is remarkably easy to grow in any
light soil. Cuttings of the half - ripened shoots
root quickly if taken in spring and inserted in a
gentle heat.

Only Species : —

latifolia, 20'. Mch., grh., pur. or greenish pur.,
fragrant, cl. (*yn. Stauntonia latifolia). There is
a var., acuminata, which has seven to nine narrow
leaflets to the leaf.

HOLCUS. (SOFT GRASS.)

A small genus of annual and perennial Grasses
{ord. Gramineie), of which mollis is a well-known
British wilding. They are rarely cultivated, and
only lanatus albo-variegatus is ever seen in gardens.
The annuals are increased by seeds sown in spring,
the perennials by seeds and by division of the
tufts, which is also best done in spring. Almost
any garden soil will do, but if loamy so much the
better.

HOLLY. (Ir.E.x AQUI FOLIUM.)

Description. — A valuable and beautiful ever-
green shrub or tree (ord. Ilicine;e)» of much worth
for shrubberies, pleasure grounds, and hedges. The
beauty of a good bush of the Common Holly, Ilex
Aquifoliurn, with its prickly, glossy leaves, is greatly
added to when it bears its bright red berries,
which are so much prized for decorations at the
festive season. It makes a fine hedge. There nre
many synonyms of the varieties, but those named
are according to the Kern Hand-List. For other
species, see Ilex.

Propagation. — The Common Holly is propagated
by seeds, the berries being gathered when ripe and
buried in sand until the following year, when they
should be sown in nursery beds or lines in March
or autumn. These beds must be kept clean, and
may be partially shaded from sun and frost by
branches. When about two years old the seedlings
may be transplanted into rows 1' apart. In about
two years more they may be removed again, giving
them .a little more space. The variegated and
other varieties are propagated by budding in

liny Mum (see ,
Jlnltenlergiit (sec .Krlimrn).
Hoitzia (see Lirselia).

Hollyhock

Hollyhock

August with a bud which has not pushed, or in
May with one making growth ; also by grafting in
March. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots taken in July
root freely.

Soil.— Holly likes a good, loamy soil which is not
of a very dry character.

Other Cultural Points.— The best time to plant
Hollies is mid-April or early in May, or from the
second to the fourth week in August. In all cases
showery weather should be chosen for the work.
Pruning or cutting ought to be done about the end
of February, with a knife, and not with shears,
which disfigure the plant by injuring, without re-
moving, the leaves.

Principal Varieties : —

(Jreen leaced : —
balearica, Ivs. sliiuing,

flat, whole, or spiuy.
camellisefolia, gm.
Hodginsii, grn., broad Ivs.
latis-pma, a large -spined

and distinctly shaped

leaf (sy«.hastata).

laurifolia, grn.
— lougifolia.

myrtifolia, a narrow-
leaved var.

platypliylla, a broad-
leaved, spiny form.
whittingtonensis, rather
lance shaped, spiny Ivs.
Gold- or Silfcr-lcace/l : —

yel. (see p. 423). Gold
Milkmaid.

aurea regiua, margin
golden yel. , centre grn. ,
grey. Golden Queen,
forox argeutea, deep grn.,
with creamy spines.
Silver Hedgehog,
watereriana, neat shr.,
margin yel., centre grn.,
mottled or streaked yel.

argentea marginata, dark
grn., with narrow sil-
very edge (sec figure).

argentea medio - picta,
margin grn., creamy
blotch. Silver Milkmaid.

aurea augustifolia, nar-
row - leaved, margin
golden centre, pale gni.

aurea medio picta, .margin
rn., centre blotched

Other Varieties :—

altaclarensis, grn.

angustifolia, grn.

argentea peudula, weep-
ing.

argentea regina. Silver
Queen.

atrovirens, grn.

aurea marginata, gold
margin.

— marginata, Ivs. pointed.
aurea pendula. Gold

Weeping,
ciliata, gru.

— major.
Cookii, grn., yel.
crassifolia, grn., dwarf,
donningtonensis, grn.,

spines few.
ferox, very spiny,
flavesceus, Moonlight, yel.

Foxii. dwarf, grn.
fructo-luteo, yell berrioo.
haudswortheusis, wh.,

grey, grn.
Hendersoni, grn.
heterophylla, tall, grn.
int?grifolia.
latifolia aureo-marginata,

broad, grn., margin yel.
lawsoniana, grn., blotched

yel.
maderensis, grn.

— variegata, grn.,
blotched yel.

nobilis, grn., spines largo,
ovata, grn. , oval Ivs.
recurva, grn., dwarf (KI/^.

tortuosa).
scotica, grn.

— aurea, broad yel. edge.

The Holly Leaf Fly is Phytomyza Ilicis, a little
black fly with a yellow proboscis and Ion ;ish,
transparent wings, which makes its appearance in
early summer. It is the larva; of this fly which
cause the pale blotches sometimes met with on
the upper side of the leaves of the Holly. They
are small, whitish, and with a black mouth. The
pupae are brown, and remain in the leaf during
winter. If very numerous, the affected leaves
may be taken off and burned.

HOLLYHOCK.

Description. — A true perennial, the Hollyhock
(Althaea rosea, onl. Malvacerc) is also fairly hardy,
and, in the southern counties at all events, it will
pass through the winter outdoors, with no other
shelter than that of the friendly hedge or wooden

fence against which it rears its colossal spike of
showy flowers in late summer and autumn.

Propagation. — The grower has the choice of
several methods. Kirst of all there is raising from
seed. A packet of seed from a fairly good strain
will yield a heavy percentage of double flowers,
with a wonderful range of colour, so that it is-
scarcely worth the trouble to propngatc special
varieties from year to year. Where the disease is
at all to be feared, moreover, seedling Hollyhocks,
stand the best chance. The seed should be sown
as soon as it is ripe, in shallow, well-drained pans,
filled with sandy soil. Or it may be sown outdoors
in July, the seedlings potted singly into 3" pots,.
wintered in a cold frame, and planted out to flower

f>tu<>i, l.tl.

TlIK SlLVEll-EDGE Hoi.I/V, J.LF.X AQUIFOLIUM
AHOENTF.A MA11GINATA.

the following season. Cuttings of the young-
growth, taken from old stools in spring, root
readily in sandy soil in bottom heat; while single
eyes, taken from the side shoots in July, just when
the growths are getting firm and the eyes plump,
will make plants in time. The eyes should be
removed with a leaf attached, and dibbled into a.
bed of sandy soil in a cold frame. Perhaps the best
of the vegetative methods of propagation is that
ill' grafting. Young shoots about 4" long, Ukcn
from the old stools in spring, may be grafted on to-
2" pieces of the thick roots. A pin or a sharp
thorn may be used to fasten stock and scion
together, and then a few strands of raphia may be
bound round, and the potential plants potted singly
into 3" pots. The soil should cover the point of
union. In a close, warm frame, almost everyone
of the grafts will grow, and will make flowering;
plants the same season.

14

THREE BEAUTIFUL HOLLYHOCKS.

1, VISCOUNT WOLSELEY ; 2. ARTHUR SULLIVAN ; 3. MOROAUNT.

Hollyhock

(423 )

Homalanthus

Soil. — Hollyhocks like a deep, rich soil. Where
pussible, the stations they are intended to occupy
should be heavily dressed with manure, and dug
roughly in autumn. To bring rank, fresh manure
into contact with the roots of young plants means
gross growth, soft tissues, and a probable attack of
disease.

Other Cultural Points. — When frost has put an
end to flowering in autumn, the plants should be
cut down, and before the advent of hard frost, the
stools should bo lifted, placed in shallow boxes,
covered with a few inches of soil, and consigned to
a cold frame. Towards the end of January they
should be placed in gentle heat, such as a vinery
that has been started with the New Year. They
will then furnish plenty of shoots, and root cuttings
for grafting purposes. One potting may be given,
from 3" into 5" pots, and planting out mny take
place as soon as they have filled these larger pots
with roots. A little protection on cold nights may
be necessary. In good soil Hollyhocks reach a
height of G' to 10', and, as they offer a good deal
of resistance to the wind, stout stakes should be
provided. For exhibition purposes the plant should
be restricted to one lead, and if many flower buds
are produced they may be thinned. For ordinary
purposes no restriction of growth or thinning of
buds is nece.-sary.

The Hollyhock Fungus has wrought much harm
to the Hollyhock, and during the years 1873 and
1874, when it seemed to attain to the height of its
virulence, it swept off whole collections of choice
varieties. Prior to that date the Hollyhock had
been one of the florists' pets, and many named
varieties had been raised, but since then it has in
a measure fallen into disrepute. The fungus (Puc-
cinia maivacearum) causing the disease belongs to
a section of fungi which are especially harmful to
cultivated plants, and it boasts as near relatives
the smut on Wheat and the Chrysanthemum rust.
It first shows itself on the leaves as small, reddish
brown spots, slightly raised above the rest of the
surface, and, on the reverse side of the leaf, by
a discoloration. In severe attacks the leaves
shrivel, and the plants, if they do not die, are
crippled. Little is known about the life cycle of
this fungus, and only the Puccinia form of it has
been recognised. It is believed to have been
brought over from Chili with the imported plants
which were the ancestors of the modern Holly-
hock, but it was not until 1873 that European
cultivators lirst ifcscovered that it was dangerous.
It spread, however, with almost unparalleled speed ,
but its vigour soon began to abate, and now it is
not nearly so destructive as it used to be.

Briefly, the methods of treatment may be .summed
up .is follows :

(1) The destruction by fire of all leaves that
show the spot, and, if the plant is badly attacked,
of the entire plant.

(2) Spraying, as a preventive, several times
during the course of the spring and summer with
Bordeaux Mixture (which ice), or potassium sul-
jjhide, 1 OK. to 3 gallons of water, giving enough at
each spraying to thoroughly wet every part of the
plant.

(3) Occasional propagation by seed instead of
exclusively by cuttings, eyes, or grafts. Seedlings
are more vigorous and resist tin- disea>e better than
plants raised by other means. The plants should
not be grown for two consecutive years in the
same ground.

A Selection of Twelve Varieties :-

Acme, peach.
Alba Superb:i. pure wh.
Conqut;st, dark erim.
Earl of Breaclalbane, liglit

red.

Joshua Clark, car.
Miss Ashley, ro.

Mrs. Edwards, salmon.
Nelson, light pur.
Perfection, wh., flushed

salmon.

Queen of Whites, wh.
Queen of Yellows, yel.
W. Thomson, pur.

This list of varieties might be almost indefinitely
extended.

Amongst the singles, the Fig-leaved Hollyhocks,
of which there are both yellow and white varieties,
should not be forgotten. These are the offspring
of Althsea ficifolia, which sec.

HOLMSKIOLDIA.

Blight- flowered, evergreen stove plants (ord.
Verbenaceas). Half-ripened shoots can be rooted

Photo: Clisaclt ,{• Cun<i«nnj, Ltd.

THE GOLD MILKMAID HOLLY, ILEX AutrironuM

Al'llEA MEUIO-PICTA (see p. 422).

in sandy soil if placed in a close, moist propagating
case. Soil, fibrous peat, loam, and sand.

Principal Species : —

.saiiguinoa, 4', sum., sc. (xyit. Hastinuia coccinea).

HOMALANTHUS.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Euphorbiaceas),
with unisexual flowers. They answer to the same-
cultural treatment as the stove Euphorbias, but are
very seldom seen in cultivation.

Principal Species : —
lt'sclie!iaultiauus,(J', Aug., )K>pulifoliusof jlbfitini'/rf

flowers wh. (A////.V. popu- Mui/uzim "J"80).

lifolius and Oinalanthus polyandrus, Ivs. gni.
above, ])tir. beneath.

Hull i/, f-'ni (mr i.rijHiiiini,
1 1 nl in Ojk (*/•/' tjiirrru*).
miic (.<«• iMstlifiiiti

Homalomena

( 424 )

Hornbeam

l>ium gigaiiteum and
Dibrachiou peltatum).

Other Species : —
fastuosus, flowers prn.
giganteus («/««. Carum-

HOMALOMENA (syn. HOMALONEMA).

Dwarf evergreen stove plants (ord. Aroidese),
from the Enst Indies. Propagation, by seeds,
cuttings of the-stem, or divisions. Soil, peat, leaf
mould, sand, and charcoal. Moist and shady con-
ditions are essential to success.

Principal Species : —
insignis, 4" to 7", spathe rubescens, 11', sum., pur.,

ffrn., spadix wh. red, wh. (KI/II. rubra).

picturata, 3" to 6", sum., Wallisii, sum., red., wh.,

grn., wh. (syn. Cur- variegated foliage (*//«.

meria picturat'a). Curmeria Wallisii).

Other Species : —
ptltata, 3',sum.,pk.,wh., Roe/lii, C", sum., br..

cream. crim. (xyn. Curmeria

Eoezlii).

HOMERIA.

Cape plants (ord. Iridese) with bulbous or
tuberous roots, and producing showy flowers.
Though hardy in some situations, they are best
managed as cool greenhouse plants. Propagation,
by seeds and offsets. Soil, sandy peat. They
require scarcely any water when resting.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
•colliiia, 1', spr., red, yel. — miniata, 8", spr., red

(.«/«. Monua colliua). (s.'/"s- colliua aud Mo-

— aurantiaca, 1', spr., or., raja miniata).

red, yel. (nyns. auran- elegans, r,sum.,yel.,br.,

tiaca, Mora3a auraii- or. (si/us, spicata and

tiaca, and Bobartia Morasa spicata).

aurautiaca). lineata, 1', spr., red, yel.

HOMOGYNE.

This genus of Alpines (ord. Composites) is not
horticulturally valuable. The solitary heads of
white or purplish flowers are borne on stems not
;ibove 1' high. A niche in the rock garden will
suit them. The only species occasionally cultivated
are alpina, discolor, and sylvestris.

HONESTY (** LUNARIA).

HONEY BEE.

From a purely horticultural point of view the
Honey Bee (A/iis •mellijwa) is valuable, inasmuch as
•during its search for nectar and pollen it causes
pollination among flowers. This, as a general
rule, leads to Increased fertility on the part of
trees, shrubs,'and plants visited by the little workers.
Some varieties of Pears and Apples are well-nigh
.^elf sterile, hence those who have charge of orchards
should obtain the assistance of bees and so secure
cross-pollination and good crops.

HONEYDEW.

The exudation of sticky, sugary sap from the
leaves and green parts of some plants is popularly
known as honeydew. Such exudation usually
takes place during a period of drought and heat,
and is a proof that the plants affected are "out of
sorts," that is, their respiratory and digestive organs
are not in proper order. Lime trees, when in good

Homoianthtts (see Perezia).

Honey Berry (see Melicoeca lijvga).

Honey Flower (see Melianthus).

Honey Locust (see Gleditscliia).

Honeysuckle, African (see Halleria lucida).

Honeysuckle, French (see Hedysarummultijuyum').

Honeymort (see Cerinthe).

soil, frequently produce honeydew so extensively
that the sticky moisture dropping- on a pavement
will make it quite slippery. The stickiness of
leaf and branch caused by aphides must not be
confounded with this extravasation of sap. The
latter can sometimes be corrected by watering with
a weak solution of common salt, as this gives
greater fluidity to the sap and reduces the secre-
tion of starchy matter.

HONEYSUCKLE. (LONICERA.)
Beautiful and free-flowering, erect and shrubby
climbers (ord. Caprifoliaceae). The species are
best provided with a position in the front of the
shrubbery. The dwarfer ones may be accorded a
place in the rock garden, whilst the climbers are
seen to the best advantage on the walls of houses
(see p. 425), on pergolas, balconies, and trellises.
Though the fragrance of Caprifolinm and Pericly-
menum is well known, the beauty of their red
fruits is often overlooked. All should be given a
rather moist loam with exposure to sun. (For
species, varieties, and culture, see LONICERA.)

HOODIA.

These greenhouse succulents {ord. Asclepindese)
have spiny, angled stems ; they are dwarf and
perennial. ' Propagation, by cuttings, placed on a
greenhouse shelf, in the sun, to allow the wound to
heal before they are inserted. Broken brick rubble,
sand, and good loam, in equal quantities, form ,1
suitable compost. Established specimens need
abundance of water during summer, but little
during winter. Never shade them.

Principal Species : —
Baiuii, 1', Jy., Aug., yel., Gordonii, !•!', Jy., Aug.,

pur. buff, pur."

HORDEUM.

Several species of Hordeum (ord. Gramineaj) are
of great economic value, as they produce Barley.
AH the species are handsome Grasses, but jubatum
is about the only one cultivated in the garden as an
ornamental plant. Propagation, by seeds sown in
autumn or spring.

Principal Species : —
distichoii. murinum.

jubatum, 2', hdy. aun. vulgare.

maritinnmi.

HOREHOUND.

Formerly Horehound was more used in medicine
than at present for its tonic properties. It still,
however, enters into domestic remedies. The drug
is obtained from Marrubium vulgare (ord. Labia-
tse). It is probable that the hoary appearance of
this species suggested the popular name, and that
the common appellation is merely a corruption of
Hoarhound. (See atso MAERUBIUM.)

HORNBEAM.

The white, hard, and close-grained timber pro-
duced by members of the genus Carpinus doubtless
suggested the popular name of Hornbeam. Both
the Common Hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus) and
the more showy Hop Hornbeam are elegant park

Jfon/tera (see llrod'uca).
Hoop Petticoat (see Narcissus).
Hop (see Humulus).
Hoplophytum {see ^climca).
Horliflia (see 1'otcnttlla).
Horminum (see Salvia).

Horseradish

Horseradish

trees. It is, however, as a shelter tree and hedge
plant that the Common Hornbeam is most useful,
for, like the Beech, it does not lose its foliage I'm-
a long time after its leaves are dead and other

Propagation. — By pieces of the roots, about 8"
long ami of the thickness of the little finger.

Soil. — Fertile loam not containing fresh manure :
if of a sandy nature so much the better.

Photo: C. C'liurcli, Dublin.

HONEYSUCKLE ON THE SIDE OF A Hoi

/>. 424).

deciduous trees are perfectly bare. It c;in be
severely pruned and clipped without harm resulting.
(See also CABPINUS and OSTHYA.)

HORSERADISH.

The fleshy roots of the hardy plant C'ochlcnria
Armoracia.

Other Cultural Points. — The best system is to
make trenches JO" wide and 1" deep, into which

-.1 good manure is packed lirmly. Above this

should be built a ridge of sandy loam 9" high,

Jlnrncd I'nppy (si'c (Jlaiidum).

Horn of Plenty (see Fedia Cornucopia!).

Horsfleldia

( 42(j )

Houttuynia

narrowing to 4" wide at the top. " Whips," or
small roots, should then be selected, cutting one
end squarely and the other slantingly, and forcing
these into each side of the ridge at an angle of
about 30° at intervals of 10". The base of the
fully grown root should not quite reach the
manure. This -will ensure splendid results, and it
is the work of only a few. minutes to get at the
crops. Fresh ridges should be formed each year,
the length being governed by individual require-
ments.

HORSFIELDIA.

A small genus (ord. Araliaceie) that is botanic-
ally interesting, because it in some degree connects.
the Umbellifers with the Araliads. Its members
lire evergreen stove shrubs, requiring similar treat-
ment to Aralias. The species are aculeata and.
peltata ; both are prickly.

HOSACKIA.

Dwarf annual or. perennial herbaceous plants
(pnl. Leguminosu:). Propagation', by seeds or divi-;
bion. They are very attractive in ordinary soil in
the rock garden.

Principal Species : —
bicolor, H', sum., per., crnssifolia, 3', sum., per.,

wh. gni., hr.

graudiriora.

HOTBEDS.

These are prepared by collecting stable litter or
other fermenting material into heaps either indoors
or out, using the heat as an aid to the cultivation
of plants. When managed successfully, hotbeds
are among the most useful of the many aids to
successful cultivation ; the heat produced by them
is moist and genial, and many plants take more
kindly to it- than to fire heat. In some instances
brick pits are constructed to hold the manure ; in
other cases the manure is built up into a heap 4'
high, and a frame placed on the top. Stable litter
usually forms the principal part of hotbeds, though
leaves, half-spent tan, and grass are all made use
of. When the material is being prepared it should
be turned and well shaken about, and any dry
parts damped every alternate day for a week. It
should then be built in a tidy heap, using leaves
and tan with the manure. The leaves and tan do
not make such a fierce heat as the manure, but
hold longer. When the heap is built to the re-
quired height a frame should be placed on, leaving
•A margin of manure 2' wide all round. About
three days after the hotbed has been made the
heat will be at its height, and until after that time
plants should not be put in. After the third day,
soil maybe put into the frame if -the plants are
to be planted, and Cocoanut fibre refuse if the
bed is to be used for standing pots on or for
plunging them in. When the heat begins to
decline, manure banked up round the outside will
be found to put fresh life into the heap, or short
manure may be forked into the bed. If a brisk
heat is wanted for a short time only, grass will

Hone Chestnut (see Atsculns).
Horse Dun// (see Manures).
HOTSG Mitslirooin. (sue Mushrooms).
Horseradish Trim (see Moringia pteryyosperma).
Horseshoe Vetch (see Hippoarepis).
Horsetail (see Equisctum).
HoTtenxia (see Hydrangea).
Husta (ofJacquin, see Cornutia)

be found useful ; it becomes very hot, but does
not retain the heat for any great length of time.
In the building of the bed it is important) that it
be made evenly and trodden firm, .otherwise it.
will become very uneven by sinking in at the loose
places.
HOTEIA (see ASTILBE).

HOTTONIA.

Hardy herbaceous water plants (ord. Primnla-
ces;), with perennial rootstocks. Propagation, by
division hi .spring. They may be grown in any
pond where the water is not more than 1J' or 2''
deep. When planting, a heap of good loam should:
be placed in the water, and the plants placed in
the centre, or put in baskets,

Principal Species : —

inflata, 8", Je., wh. palustris, 1' to 2', Jc., HI.,,

yel. eye.

HOULLETIA.

A small genus of epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orchid-
aceo;), closely allied to Stanhopea, and requiring
to be grown in the warmest house.. Propagation,,
by careful division just as growth commences.
They are best grown in baskets in a mixture of
fibrous peat, charcoal, and sphagnum. When,
growing, plenty of heat and moisture should be
given, reducing the water supply and giving a.
lower temperature when growth is completed.

Principal Species : —

hrocklehurstiana, 2',sum., odoratissima, 2', Rim.,,
intermediate house, br., intermediate, red,
lip yel., dark spots, fra- striped light br., fra-
grant, grant.

chrysantha, 2', sum., yel., — antioquensis, sesnients

chocolate hlotchts, lip larger and broader,

spotted crira. picta, 2', sum., rmuabar

lowiana, 1', sum., yel.,wh. br., tessellated with
lighter br.

HOUSTONIA.

Pretty, dwarf-growing, herbaceous plants (orfl..
Ilubiacesc), suitable for the rock garden, and front
of a herbaceous border ; or they may be grown in
shallow pans in a cold frame, and used for con-
servatory decoration. Propagation, by seeds as
soon as 'ripe, or by division in autumn or spring.
Soil, a fairly light loam. Plenty of water is re-
quired during summer.

Principal Species: — .

ccrrulca, 3" to 4", sum.,, purpurea, 6", sum., pmv

bl. serpyllifolia, 3" to 4 ,.

— alba, wh. sum., wh.

HOUTTEA.

A small genus of tropical shrubs (ord. Gesner-
acese). A hot, moist 'house is essential lor their
wellbeing. Propagation, by cuttings.

Principal Species : —

Gardueri, 2', Jy., Aug., pardiua, '>', Aug. to Oct.,
reel. wh.

HOUTTUYNIA.

Perennial herbaceous plants (ord. Piperacea:),
requiring cool greenhouse treatment. Propagation,,
by division or seeds. Any light, rich soil suits.

Hottentot Bread (see Tcstudinaria Elepliantipes)..
Hottentot Cherry (see Cassine).
Hottentot Fi<i {see MescmTtryanthemum).
] Ion nd's Tontine (see Cynoglossum").
Houseleek (see Semperviw/ni).

Hovea

(427)

Hoya

Principal Species : —
calif ornica, 1.;', sum.,grn.,
wh. bracts.

cordata, IT, sum., hdy.,
gru., bracts wh., red.

HOVEA.

Description. — An Australian genus of rare but
highly ornamental shrubs (ortl. Leguminosa}).
The leaves are usually small, oval or lanceolate in
shape, and alternately arranged. The (lowers are
small, visually rich blue or purple in colour, and
abundantly produced.

Propagation. — liy cuttings of half-ripe shoots
inserted in very sandy peat under a propagating
case, or by seeds.

Soil. — Fibrous peat with plenty of sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Good drainage must be
given, as they are very impatient of stagnant

footstalks of the flowers swell and become succulent
and pulpy, the pulp being very sweet and edible.
It is a native of China and the Himalayas, and in
favoured localities may be grown out of doors ; in
other situations a cold greenhouse is its proper
place. It may be increased by cuttings, and pre-
fers a loamy soil.

HOWEA.

A small genus of Palms (nrd. Palmse), of which
two species, both from Lord Howe's Island, are
in cultivation. They are very handsome plants,
making tall stems, with large heads of graceful
leaves, often 9' or more long. Propagation, by
imported seeds. Soil, good loam. Although both
species will grow in a cool house with a minimum
winter temperature of from W to 45°, they do.

l^^^^^HHMK^^^^BM^^^^M^BH^^^^M^^^^H^^^^^H

HOYA CAUNOSA, THE WAX FLOWER (see p. 428)i

moislure. Over potting must be avoided, as
growth is slow. Stopping must not be neglected
when young, or the plants will soon become leggy.
Watering, at all times, but especially in winter,
must be done very carefully, no water being given
unless it. is absolutely necessary, yet never letting
the plants suffer from want of it. As little tire
heat, and as much fresh air. as possible should be
given, and the pots should be stood on a cool ash
bottom. Although usually credited with being
difficult to manage, Hoveas can be successfully
grown if these items are attended to.
Principal Species : —
to

Celsi, 3', Mch. to My ,

deep 1)1. (XI/H. elliptica).

longifolia, fi'',Mch. toMy.,

pur. (HI/HI, lanceolata,
panuosa, and villosa).
tri-memm, 3', Mch. to
My., bl.

HOVENIA.

Half-hardy evergreen shrubs (ord. Rhamnese)-
One species only. i.e. duluis, !()', is in cultivation ;
it has handsome leaves, and short axillary and
terminal racemes of small, greenish white flowers,
which are borne in July. After flowering, the

much better if given 5° or 10° more heat. For
house decoration they are exceedingly popular, and
are better known under their synonym of Kentia.
When grown in small pots for table decoration,
liquid manure should be given frequently, and the
leaves sponged occasionally to remove dust.
Although both species grow upwards of 'Atf in
height, they are usually seen in gardens varying
from 2' to 15'. Scale is the most troublesome
insect pest, and should be removed by sponging.

Only Cultivated Species :—

Ix'lmoreaim (*//«. Kentia
hchnoroana).

forsteriana (*//». Kentia
forsteriana).

HOYA.

Description. — Ornamental, evergreen, climbing
shrubs {irrd. Asclepiadeae), usually characterised
by thick, fleshy, opposite leaves, and umbels of
pretty flowers, wax-like in texture. Of the fifty or
more" species known, a fair number are in cultiva-
tion, all being ornamental plants, requiring stove

Jlmcardia {sec Pogouopus).

Hudsonia

( 428

Humulus

or intermediate house treatment. As several
species emit roots from the stem, after the manner
of Ivy, they are well adapted for covering dump
walls, or for growing .on dead Tree Fern stems.
Some species may be grown on wires running
Along the roof, and others again are quite at home
trained to wood or wire trellises. The pretty bella
should have baskets.

Propagation. — By cuttings 4" long, taken off in
spring or summer, and inserted in pots of sandy
soil plunged in a warm propagating case. Graft-
ing weak-growing species on to strong ones is
sometimes done, but own-root plants are the best.

Soil. — Fibrous peat three parts, fibrous loam one
part, some small pieces of charcoal and sandstone,
together with a good proportion of rough sand.
The compost should not be broken up very fine.

Other Cultural Points. — Thorough drainage is
essential to success, so that surplus water may
be able to run quickly away, stagnant water being
very harmful. When growth is active shoots
should be kept tied in position, not allowing
them to become entangled. Pruning consists
chiefly of thinning the shoots when the}' become
crowded, but the old flowering stems should not
be cut away. The most troublesome insect pest
is mealy bug ; this may be kept under by sponging.
The most useful species is, perhaps, carnosa, and
• this can be grown fairly well in an ordinary
greenhouse. It is popularly known as the Honey
Plant or Wax Flower. It should be kept dry in
winter.

Principal Species : —
•australis, 4', Oct., wh. , — variegata.

tinged pk. cumiugiana, 3', sum.,

T^ella, 2' to 3', sum., wh., grn., yel., pur. centre.

crim. centre (*//». Pax- Griffithii, 10', Jy.,ro. red.

toiii). imperialis, 8', sum., red,

carnosa,' 12', ?um., pk., br., largest of all.

wh. (xecp. 427). lacuuosa, 4', spr., yel.

Other Species :—
ciniiamomifolia, 10', Jy., lineoris, 4', sum., wh.

yel., grn. multiflora, 8', sum., wh.,

globulosa, 8', sum., car. yel.

Paxtoui (:~ce bella).

HUDSONIA.

Hardy evergreen shrubs (oiW, CistineaV), char-
acterised by minute, Heath-like leaves and yellow
flowers. Propagation, by cuttings. Soil, sandy
peat, or peat and loam.

Principal Species :—
ericoides, 1', sum. tomentosa, 1', sum.

HUMBLE BEE.

A popular name used for Bombus terrestris and
other species. Bees are very useful to the gardener,
as they are instrumental, when searching for honey,
in pollinating many flowers which would otherwise
have little chance of producing fertile seeds. The
Hed Clover is dependent almost entirely on the
bee for fertilisation. In a few instances the bee
shirks the work of pollinating by boring a hole
at the base of the flower, and obtaining the nectar
from the outside.

HUMEA.

Description. — There are four species of herbs
and sub-shrubs in this genus (ord. Composite), all

HucMebemj (see (iaylu$sacia).

Hiici/elia (see Gilia).

Humata (see Davallia).

Humble Plant (see Mimosa jmdica).

natives of Australia, but the only one that is in
general cultivation is the popular elegans, so much
in request for greenhouse and conservatory decora-
tion, and for sub-tropical gardening. The plant is
a biennial, and sowing annually must be adopted,
as a constant supply of young plants is necessary.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown about the middle
of July, in well-drained pans of light, sandy soil,
covered slightly, a sheet of glass placed over each
pan, and the latter cpnsigned to a cold frame and
kept moist and shaded. Under thes-e conditions
germination is "fairly rapid, and the young plants
are strong and healthy.

Soil. — Loam two parts, old Mushroom bed
manure rubbed through a ^" sieve one part, sharp
tand one-sixth, and a little charcoal.

Other Cultural Points. — Humeas are rather diffi-
cult subjects to grow, although their beauty fully
compensates for any extra trouble they may give.
Many people lose their plants in the winter through
keeping them too moist at the root, and syringing
them. They should o. ly be syringed when
approaching the adult stage, and in warm weather,
otherwise they turn yellow and die. From the
seedling stage into a 3" pot, and from the latter
into a 4j", the second shift to be given not later
than the middle of September, is the best routine
to follow. During the winter keep the plants in a
warm pit, near the glass, and give them but little
water. In spring, when they begin to stsirt away
freely again, they may be potted into 9" or 10"
pots, and grown in a warm house until the end of
May. Then, if they are destined for outdoors,
they may be hardened off, and planted out about
the middle of June. For pot culture 9" or 10"
pots will be quite large enough. Staking is
especially necessary for the outdoor plants, as
they offer a good deal of resistance to the wind.
Vaporising or fumigating must be practised to
keep down green fly, which is very troublesome on
indoor plants.

Principal Species and Variety: —

elegans, .V to 7', Jy., crim. There is a form

Oct., grn., br., red, pk., which grows li' high.

— alba, wh,

HUMULUS.

Economically, the genus Humulus (urd. Urtica-
cese) is a very important one, for to it belong the
brewers' Hops. Botanicatly, the genus is a small
one, there being but two species, both herba-
ceous perennials. Propagation, by division of the
roots in spring, occasionally by seeds. Hops need
a deep, rich soil, as they are gross feeders,
and this applies equally to japonicus and its
golden variety as to Lupulus. For covering wire
or wooden arches and trellises japonicus is a
capital subject, and does almost as well in town as
in country gardens. Lupulus, too, is very orna-
mental, especially when in fruit, and is worth
growing as a decorative subject alone. The best
method of training is to allow the shoots to twine
up strings fastened to supports above and to pegs
driven (irmly into the ground. The young sterns,
with I heir leaves blanched, make an excellent
vegetable when cooked like Asparagus.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
japonicus, the Japanese lus of Thuubers). May

Hop. A handsome be treated as an annual

twiner, suitable for and raised from seeds,

covering arbours, hdy., — aureus.agoldenfoliaged
foliage gru. (SI/H. Lup'u- var., but liable to maka

Hunnemannia

Hyacinth

gross growth and as-
sume tin' normal grn.
Lupulus, 0' to 10', sum.,
hdy., grn., yel. ; male
mid female, the latter

in round spikes orheads.
Of tlic cultivated vars.
tlie White Bines, Hi-am-
blings, and (inklings are
some of the best known.

HUNNEMANNIA.

One species only goes to make up this genus

(nnl. Papaveraceee). It is a half-hardy
perennial, that likes a rich, well-pulverised soil.
Propagation, by seeds sown in the open ground
Inwards the end of the summer. The seedlings

HYUUAXUKA HOUTKXSIA AUi.l (seep. 435).

need protection during the winter, and in the
spring may be planted out in their flowering
Quarters.

Only Species: —

r'tiinariasfolia, 2' to 3', Jy., Oct., hlf-hrty., yel.,
Ivs. like those of Eschscholtzia californica.

HUTCHINSIA.

This genus (nrd. Cruoiferae) is nearly related to
Iberis and Iberidella. The chief s]iecies is a hand-
some little rockery plant which may be increased
by seeds in spring. The soil should be light and
sandy, and the position bright and sunny, to get
the hcsl results.

Principal Species : —

alpin.-r, 6", spr., huV., per., pctnra, 3", spr., hdy.
wli., a pretty Alpin". ami., a native.

l.nlns (x"f \ I/ill />lln n).
lllllltlci/it. (.1-1: Xi

HYACINTH.

The parents of the hundreds of handsome,
large-flowered, bulbs known as Hyacinths are
Hyacinthus orientals and tlie sub-species H. o.
provincial!* (prtt. Liliaceae), whilst the so-called
Roman Hyacinths are the progeny of ,H. o. albnlus,
not of romanus, as the name would sugtreM.

Points of a Good Bulb.— A good bulb should be
sound, hard, well ripened, and heavy in proportion
to its size. There should be no softness near the
crown or base when gentle pressure is applied with
tlie thumb. It should also be deep, that is, its
vertical should be greater than its horizontal
diameter. A rough exterior does not matter in the
.-lightest; indeed, experts have been known to
express their preference for "rough " bulbs.

Propagation.— This is chiefly performed by the
Dutch growers. New varieties are comparatively
rare ; they are generally raised from seeds.

Culture in Pots. — The bulbs should be obtained
early in September, and potted up without delay.
For the smaller bulbs 4", for the larger o" pots wi'll
be found suitable, one bulb being placed in each
pot.

Soil. — Loam two parts, dried cow manure rubbed
through a sieve one part, and leaf mould one part,
with sand.

Other Cultural Points.— Pot fairly firmly, and
let the shoulders of the bulb just peep out of the
soil. After potting, stand the plants on an ash
bottom out of doors, cover each bulb with an
empty, inverted pot, and bury the whole in ashes,
preferably those from coal fires, or Cocoanut fibre,
(jreat caution is needed in employing the ashes
from gas fires, for contact with these has frequently
been known to burn the tender growths. The bulbs
should remain in the plunging beds for about six
weeks, by the expiration of which time root action
will be vigorous, and the young tops will be from
y to 1" long. At this stage remove the plants to
a cool, shady frame, gradually inure them to the
light, and thereafter introduce them to heat as
they are required. Forcing should never be hard.
Usually a mean temperature of about (!0° is ample ;
a rise to 70° means weakened foliage and thin,
unsubstantial flowers. The more gradual the
forcing, the finer the flowers will be.

Culture in Glasses. — Special glasses are mad •
with shoulders upon which the bulbs may sit,
their bases just touching the water. It has been
stated that if the bulbs touch the water they will
rot, but the experience of the writer is that it
makes little or no difference. The glasses should
be filled with soft water, a piece of charcoal the
size of a large Hazel nut being placed in each.
After six weeks in a dark cupboard, to help root
formation, the plants may be brought to the light.

Roman Hyacinths. — These are specially adapted
to early forcing, and the flowers are handy for
cutting. Six bulbs may be placed in a <i" pot,
or a greater number in shallow boxes of fibre.
The white variety is the commonest, but blue
and pink varieties are also obtainable. They
chielly come from France.

Culture Out of Doors. —The usual practice in
this country is to force the bulbs tor one season
only in pots or glasses, and then throw them awa\ .
If properly ripened off, however, Hyacinths will
produce very fair (lowers in the second and sub-
sequent years. Although they arc not suitable for
forcing, they may well be planted out in the open
borders, or even in the grass, and left to take care
of themselves. I'lant earlv in autumn. From 2"

Hyacinthus

(430 )

hybridising

to 3" of earth should lie above the crown of the
bulb, and in localities where the spring is usually
cold and late a still greater depth is advisable, as
it tends to keep growth back until the weather is
favourable. If frosts threaten when the young
growths are appearing, a 1" mulching of Cocoanut
fibre, or, failing that, of old, dry horse droppings,
-win ward off the danger.
Singles. A Selection : —
Hose and Llijkt J'iuti : —

Cosmos. Norma. Triomphe cles

Fabiola. Rosy Morn. Roses.

Crimson and Scarlet : —

Etna, Lord Macaulay. Von Schiller.

Garibaldi. Robert Steiger.

Li glit Vine : —

Blondin. Grand Lilas. Queen of the

Czar Peter. Lord Derby. Blues.

Dark Blue : —

Baron vou Tuyll. King of the Blacks. The Sultan.
Grand Maitre. King of the Blues.

White:—
La Grandesse. L'lniiocence. Moiit Blanc.

Blmh :—
'Graudeur a Merveille. Voltaire.

Yelluic : —

Ida. Obelisque.

King of the Yellows. jQueeu of the Yellows.

Doubles. A Selection: —
Rose : —
Dainty Maid. Duke of Wellington.

Grootvoorst.

Crimson and Scarlet :—
Ivoh-i-noor. Princess Lcuise.

Blush :—
Anna Maria. Lady of the Lake.

Liyht Blue :—
Bloksberg. Charles Dickens.

Dark Blue :—
Laurens Koster. Lord Pulmerston.

Wldtc :—
La Tour d'Auvergne. Prince of Waterloo.

Six for Glasses :—

Double varieties are not so suitable as single
ones. The undermentioned are all singles : —
La Graudesse. Grand Lilas. Norma.

Fabiola. King of the Blues. Ida.

HYACINTHUS.

Botanically a rather small, but in other respects
a highly important, genus of handsome flowering
bulbs (ord. Liliaceic), including the popular
Hyacinths. The genus includes Bellevalin,
Hyacinthella, and Peribcea. The species .are
-rarely grown, but. some of them are' elegant^
hardy plants, that like a light, rich soil and a
sheltered, but not heavily shaded, position. In-
crease is by offsets from the bulbs, and by seeds.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
amethystinus, 4" to 12", — albus, wh.

spr., hoy., bl. Spanish candicans (now Galtonia

Hyacinth. candicans).

Ifyarintli, drape (see Muscari).
Hyacinth, Minsk (see Miixuari).
Hyacinth, Starrli (see J/««;<m).
Hyatinthetta (see /////irint/ius).
llijft'n&chne (sec Toxicodcndroii).

ciliutus, 4", Jan., hdy. ,

bl. ; the earliest (XIJHS.

azureus and Muscari

azureum).
corymbosus, 2" to 3",

aut., grh. , HI., ro. (urn.
ci)rymbo-:i)

sub-hdy., flowers var-
ious, flagrant. Commoii
Hyacinth.

— aibulus, f>" to 8", spr.,
wh., fragrant. Roman
Hyacinth of gardens.

— provincialis, a slender

orientals, 8" to 12", spr., . form of the type.

Other Species :—

romanus, 1' to 11', My., Jfaga:ine 930). Not the

hdy., wh. or pale bl., popular Roman Hya-

scentless (xi/n. Scilla cinth.

romana of Jiotunical epicatus, 3" to G , Feb.,
hdy., pale bl.

HYBERNIA.

A genus of slender-bodied moths whose larvae
often work great havoc amongst the foliage of
fruit and forest trees. These larva; are all of the
"looper" form. Perhaps the most destructive of
the genus is the Mottled Umber Moth, H. defoli-
aria. Leucopliscaria, the Spring Usher, preys
upon the Oak, and aurantiaria (Scarce Umber
Moth) and rupicapraric, upon the Hawthorn. In
all cases the pupa? hybernatc in the ground under-
neath the trees from which they have dropped.

Remedies. — A dressing of quick lime or gas lime
to the soil beneath the trees ; sticky banding in
autumn, to prevent the ascent of the trunks of the
trees by the wingless females; and spraying in
spring, just as the leaves open, with Cal vert's
Carbolic Soft Soap — 1 oz. to the gallon of soft water
—applied lukewarm, are good. Paris Green, 1 oz. to
20 gallons of water, is even more effective, but
the mixture must be kept, continually agitated
during the process of spraying. Although a poison,
it is safe to use at this strength.

HYBRID.

A mule, or a cross between two species, not a
cross between two varieties of the >:ime species.
(See also HYBRIDISING.) A liigencric hybrid is a
cross between species belonging to different genera.
Thus, species of Cattleya and Lrclia have been
crossed with each other, and the result, a Lselio-
Cattleya, is termed a " bigeneric hybrid.'' Some
authorities hold, however, that if two species,
belonging to different genera, will cross, it is
evidence of an affinity so close that they ought to
be placed in the same genus. The animal mule, or
hybrid, is usually sterile, but this rule does not
hold good in the plant world. Some hybrids are
undoubtedly partially sterile, but others again
seem to be possessed of an increased share of
fertility.

HYBRIDISING.

The producing of a hybrid, or mule, by the
crossing of two distinct species. Although the
hybridiser and the cross fertiliser work baud in
hand, and the term ".hybridising" is frequently
used to cover the work of both, the work of each
is distinct, seeing that the cross fertiliser deals
only with varieties and the hybridist with species.

Many of our races of garden llowcrs are of
hybrid origin, the break away from the normal
types having been first obtained by the fusion of:
two species, which resulted in a plant of more or
less intermediate habit. This intermediate char-
acter is by no means a fixture. In very few ca:-es
indeed are the influences of the male and female
parents so nicely balanced as to produce in the
offspring a neutral habit. Usually the hybrid
favours one of the parents more than the other,
and no law can be laid down as to the prepotency

Hybridising

( 431 )

Hydrangea

of either parent over tlie other. .Sometimes the
influence of the one parent is so slight as to be
scarcely observable ; at other times the progeny
will favour one parent in, say, the form and
colour of the (lowers, and the other parent in
the habit of growth.

Nor can any rule be expressed as to the prob-
ability or otherwise of •two species fusing, unless it
be the sufficiently vague one that it is governed by
physiological affinity. Thus, species which are
apparently widely separated from each other will
cross quite readily, and others which are appar-
ently quite closely related to each other will
obstinately refuse to cross. The whole question
of sexual affinity is involved, and at present
much is more or less conjecture.

The hybridist, however, is working upon strictly
scientific grounds. He does not hybridise for the
sake of hybridising, or merely at random ; and his

to something else which could not be produced
without this now apparently useless connecting
link.

HYDNUM.

A large genus — upwards of 200 species — of
Fungi (iird. Hymenomycetes). They vary both
in size and general appearance, but they may all
be recognised by the prickle-like, spore-bearing
branches which protrude from the under side of
the cap or " pileus." They are common to almost
all climates and latitudes, but the temperate
regions contain the greatest number. The common
British species, repandum, is not only edible
but really delicious, although few people care to
touch it. Some up-to-date cooks make a capital
jmree of these Mushrooms, and they are also used,
like the common Agaric, to flavour stews. Hydnum
repandum may easily be told from other common

Photo : Council <& Company, Ltd,

HYDHANGEA ALTISSIMA (see p. 482).

fiinfr'rre the cross breeder is equally exact. Each
has an ideal in view, and he selects the parent* of
the progeny with careful skill. Thus the micro-
scope is not infrequently called into play to
.-i-rrrt.-iin whether the grains of pollen from a
particular plant are plump, clean, and well shaped
before that plant is selected as the male parent,,
and if the pollen does not satisfy those conditions
the plant is discarded. It is well within the possi-
bilities of the future that the present system of
plant classification may give place to another
system under which they are grouped .according to
their inward affinities, and not so much their out-
ward resemblances. It is safe to say that the
liybridiser has done more than anyone else to
throw light upon this question of affinities.

One curious instance of a bigeneric hybrid may
be cited in Philageria, a cross between tho climber
]/,-i]> -igeria rosea and the shrubby 1'hilesia buxifolin.
its only congener. Philageria is to some extent
intermediate in character between the parents,
but, curiously enough, it is far less .-howy than
either of its parents, and from a horticultural point
of view is useless, except in so far as it m.iy lead

Fungi by the curious way in which the "cap" is
set on one side — turned up at the brim, as it were.

HYDRANGEA.

Description. — Greenhouse or hardy, deciduous or
evergreen shrubs or trees (ord. Saxifrageae). Some
of the species, notably Hortensia and its varieties,
and paniculata hortensis (syn. paniculata grandi-
flora), are very largely grown both in pots and
outdoors. Hortensia is hardy only in the southern
portion of Jiritain, but there it will make huge
bashea, and flower with the greatest freedom. Pani-
ciilata hortensis is perfectly hardy. The flowers of
Hydrangeas are produced in large trusses (cymes,
corymbs, or panicles), and are remarkable by reason
of the number of sterile florets they produce.
These florets constitute the showy part of tho
flower, and it is towards increasing their number
and size that the aim of the cultivator is directed.
The flowers of Hydrangeas will last for many
weeks in condition, and ultimately they have to
be cut off when they have become green with age.

Propagation. — Uy cuttings. A common practice,
and one to !>;• recommended, is to grow plants of

Hydrangea

( 432 )

Hydrastis

Hortensia with one head of flowers each. Such
plants can be obtained in a little under a year
from cuttings taken in spring. Short, stubby,
flowerless shoots should be selected, dibbled singly
into 2i" pots, and struck in a heated frame. Cut-
tings set with flower buds may also be taken in
autumn.

Soil. — Good loam two parts, well- decayed cow
manure one part, and sand.

Other Cultural Points.— The cuttings should be
potted on as suun as they are rooted, and grown in
a cold frame during the summer. Not later than
the first week in August they should be given their
flowering pots — 5" or (>" — and when they have
filled these with roots, every effort must be made
to get them to ripen their wood and plump up
their buds. To this end they should be stood out
of doors on an ash bottom and fully exposed to the
sun. Keep them dry and cool in winter, and start
the first batcli in heat about the middle of February,
the others following in instalments at intervals of
a few weeks. Blue Hydrangeas are much in
request. These are often produced naturally by
the presence of iron in the soil, where the plants
are growing outdoors. The pink varieties can be
turned to blue by dissolving 1 oz. of alum in
1 gallon of water, and watering the plants once or
twice a week with it when they are in full growth.

necessary, botb with paniculata hortensis and old
plants of Hortensia, should be done towards the
close of the flowering period, but the former should
be cut harder than the other species.

Principal Species and
altissima, 8' to 30', luly.

(XT /). 431).
Horteusia '!' to 3', grh.

(•\yHfl. opuloides ami

hortensis, fee figure) ;

many vars. Common

Hydrangea.

— aiba, wli. : Japanese
var. (tee p. 4'J!>).

— japonica, 3', bl., wli.
(vars. roTiih'sceiis, hi.;
roseo-alha, wb., ro.).

— Linclleyi, 4' to 7', sum.,
red, wli.

— Mariesii, 2' to 3', sum.,
grh., ro., j)k., sterile
florets, very large.

— Otaksa. pk.

— Thos. Hogg, wli.

- variegata, a poor
flowerer, but pretty wli.
and grn. foliage.
paniculata, 4' to 8', aut.,
hdy., wh.

Varieties : —

— hortensis, 3' too', sum.,
aut., hdy., wli., should
he pruned in Jau. or
Feb., and have the
young shoots reduced
when 4" long (K//N.V.
pauicnlata ttorihunJa
and p. grandiflora).

petiolaris, Ap., My. , hdy.
against walls in south
of England, wh., ]vf.
Ivy-like, cl. (.v//^.v. scan-
dens and Sclii/ophrag-
nia hydrangeoides of
gardens. This is really
a very different plant).

quercifolia, 4' to 6', sum.,
hdy. against walls in
southern counties, grh.,
wh.

scandens (near to, or xi/n.
of pctiolaris).

Thunburgii, '!' to 3', aum.,
hlf-hdy., hi. or ro.

HYDRANGEA HOUTENSIA.

Excellent results have also been obtained by French
growers by growing the plants in a compost of
one-third loam, one-third peat, and one-third coal
ashes, Paniculata hortensis is not as a rule forced
so easilyas Hortensia and its varieties, butis allowed
to come on more naturally. Also old plants are
more frequently grown than single-stemmed ones,
the latter system being almost exclusively applied
to Hortensia and its varieties. What pruning is

HYDRASTIS.

Hardy herbaceous perennial (itrd. Kanuncula-
ceaV), somewhat difficult to manage. It is propa-
gated by division of the root in spring, and it is
well to plant the divisions in sandy soil in a warm
corner of the garden by themselves, in order to
give theni a start. Soil, loam and leaf mould in
equal parts, with sand. Ordinary garden soil will
not do.

Hydrocharis

( 433 )

Hymenophyllum

Principal Species : —

canadensis, 1', My., Je., hdy., grn., wli. Orange
Hoot.

HYDROCHARIS. (THE FROG BIT.)
The only species in this genus (ord. Hydro-
oharidess), Morsus-rana3, is a curious aquatic that
is fairly comiuoti in shallow, muddy waters in
Britain. It has no horticultural value.

HYDROLEA.

Greenhouse herbs and sub-shrubs, all American
(ord. Hydrophyllacea;). The flowers are all of
some shade of blue, and in shape like those of
Campanula isophylla. Propagation, by division
and cuttings. A damp, almost boggy situation and
rather peaty soil are necessary.

Principal Species : —
caroliiiiaiia, 1' to 2', sum., quadrivalvis (net caroliu-

hdy.(sy«. quadrivulvis). iana).

corymbosa, 1' to 2', sum., spinosa, 1', Je., Jy., hcly.,

hdy., sepals hairy. pale bl.

HYDROPHYLLUM.

A small genus (ord. Hydrophyllacea;) of hardy
perennial herbs of little horticultural value.

HYGROMETER.

laterally a water measurer; fM instrument for
ascertaining the amount of moisture in the air. A
dry and wet bulb thermometer is the instrument
that is generally in use. The "wet" bulb is
covered with a piece of muslin connected with a
tV\v Brands of woollen material, of which one end
is hanging in a small vessel of water attached to
the thermometer stand. This vessel is placed a
few inches away from the mercury tubes, so that
evaporation may not influence the expansion. The
degree of humidity is learned by comparing the
readings of the dry and the wet bulbs with special
hygrometrical tables compiled for use with dry and
wet bulb thermometers. For practical purposes
the hygrometer is not much employed by gardeners.
Almost tlie only instance of its daily use is in the
case of Filmy Ferns, which need to have the
atmosphere almost at saturation point. Even then
a practical man can tell at a glance by the appear-
ance of the stones and the walls of the cases
whether the conditions are moist enough, without
reference to the hygrometer.

HYMEN^EA. (LOCUST TREE.)

Ornamental stove evergreen trees (ord. Legu-
iniiuisic) with comparatively large, white flowers.
Cuttings of ripened shoots will root, in sand in
spring if given plenty of bottom heat. The plants
are rarely cultivated.

Principal Species : —

O'ourbaril, 40' to (id', vol., furnishes resin.

HYMENANDRA.

A genus of one species (ord. Myrsinepe) of stove
evergreen shrubs with handsome foliage. Propa-
gation, by cuttings of the young shoots, taken off
with a heel of the old wood in spring, and rooted
in heat. Soil, loam two parts, leaf mould one part,
and sand.

Only Species :—

Wallichii. 2' to 4', st., pic.

HYMENANTHERA.

Greenhouse and half-hardy shrubs (ord. Violarije)
of stiff habit, with small flowers. They are rarely
cultivated. Crassifolia is a neat hardy shrub.

HYMENOCALLIS.

Description. — .Stove and greenhouse bulbous
plants (ord. Amaryllidea;), -with thick leaves and
usually white, fragrant flowers. They are allied
closely to Pancratiums ; indeed, some of the species
commonly cultivated as Hymenocallises are in
reality Pancratiums, and vice versa.

There may be said to be three sections in the
genus, one needing stove treatment, the second
flourishing in the greenhouse, and the third being
almost hardy. The last, to which the name of
Ismene is sometimes given, will, however, only do
in sheltered positions in the southern counties.
They may be lifted, and the bulbs stored in sand
for the winter.

Propagation. — By offsets, which are produced
from the larger and older bulbs. These should be
carefully separated at potting time, and grown on
in sandy soil in a close frame.

Soil. — Good loam two parts, rotten cow manure
one part, and leaf mould one part, with sand.
Pot rather loosely.

Other Cultural Points. — The bulbs do not need
potting often ; once in two years is enough, but an
annual top-dressing of new soil is helpful. The
stove and greenhouse bulbs must always be kept
moist, even in winter. Mealy bug is the worst
pest. Kemedy, the sponge.

Principal Species : —

c.-ilnthina, Mch., Ap.,
grh., greenish wh., very
Mvret (xi/ii. Pancratium
calathinum).

macroatephaua, 2', Feb.,
St., wh., sweet.

ovata, 1' to 2', Oct., St.,
wh., fragrant («•//«*.
atnoeua and Paucra-
Other Species : —

Amancaes, 2', grli., yel.
(*;/«. Pancratium Aman-
caes of Botanical Mttya-
zine 1224).

audreaiia, 1J', wh. (XI/H.
Ismene audreana).

deflexa, St., said to be a
natural hybrid (xi/us.
Choretis and Ismene
deflexa).

expansa, 2', Nov., st.,
gru., wh. (xifn. Pancra-
tium cxpansum of Bot-

tiuni anicenum of Sot-
anical Maijuzine 1467,
P. fragrans, and P.
ovatuin).

speciosa, 1' to K', st.,
wh., sweet («/«. Paii-
cratium speciosum of
Jiotiiiiieal Magazine
1453).

lacera, 1.}', My., grh., wh.
(«/«.«. rotate and Pan-
cratium rotatum of Sot-
nnical Mai/azine 827).

macleana, 2', Je., nearly
hdy., grh., wh. , grn.
(XI/H.I. virescens and
Ismene macleana of
Butaniml Muynzixr
3675).

tuhiflora, st. (tyn. Pan-
cratium guianeiise).

undulata, 1', Ap., st., wh.
(».'/«. borskiaua;.

antt'al M<t<in:j!ii' 1941).
harrisiaua, 1 ', Je. ,grh. ,wh.

HYMENODICTYON.

Stove trees (ord. Kubiaceze) with small Cowers,
of no garden value.

HYMENOPHYLLUM. (FILM* FEBNS.)

Description. — Stove, greenhouse, and hardy
Ferns (ord. Filices), the delicate, Eemi-tiMMMUrent

appearance of whose fronds ha- led to their being
described as Filmy Ferns. There are upwards
of eighty species, chiefly requiring stove and
greenhouse treatment. Two are Punish, viz.
unilateral); and tiinliridgenso. but ewn t! ......

Jli/drnmu.itiis (see Aphclandm).
ilydropi-ltis (see lirasenia).

Ili/Hii-inii/iiiiii (si':- Arrii^t if/i u HI ).
(gee Acrostich inn ).

Hymenophyllum

( 434 )

Hyophorba

require the shelter of a case, unless the locality
has a very moist climate.

Propagation. — This is a slow and tedious opera-
tion. Hants are rarely raised from spores, although
spores are produced freely by the plants. A better
method is division of the wiry rhizomes, with which
all the species are provided, but even this is slow,
and not always sure.

Soil. — Sandy peat, live sphagnum moss, chopped,
and small pieces of sandstone, with sand, forthe pot
plants. In many cases, however, the plants grow
upon blocks of coarse, tibrous peat or portions of
tree roots, and need no soil beyond a little packing
of sphagnum, with perhaps a little peat.

Other Cultural Points. — Hyinenophyllums must
have the atmosphere constantly moist, almost
at saturation point, as described under FERNS
(FlLMY), which see. Close cases are therefore
necessary, and only soft, not hard, water should be
used for damping down and watering. Although
so delicate, Hymenophyllums will stand London
smoke much better than many other Ferns.

Principal Species : —

ajruginosuni, frouds 2" to

3 long, 1" broad,

downy, st. ; does well

on sandstone,
caudiculatum, fronds 6"

to 16" long, 2" to 3"

broad, st. ; for peat

block,
child-use, frouds 2" by 1",

dark grn.
ciliutuni, fronds 2" to G"

loni, 1" to 2" broad,

hairy, st. ; for Tree

Fern Mock (»yni. bory-

anumaud Plurnieri).
tleiniosum, fronds 4" to

12" long, 3" to 4"

broad, triangular, grh.
dichotomum, fronds 4"

to 6" by 2" to 3",

much cut and crisped,
nexuosum, fronds 10" to

12", crisped, formerly

classed as a Var. of

javanicum.
hirsutmn, fronds 2" to

6" long, -J" broad, St.;

good for a wood or Fern

block.

Other Species : —
abruptum, fronds 1" long,

;l," broad, st. (xyii.

brevifrons).
asplenioides, fronds 4"

long, 1" broad, fct.
bivalve, fronds 3" to 8"

long, '2" to 3" broad,

grh.

boryauum (see ciliatum).
brevifrons (see abruptum ) .
crispatum (w« javauicum) .
dilatatum, fronds 6" to

12" long, 4" to 6"

broad, grh.
I'alklaiHlirutn, fronds .V

to ;£" long, grh.
limbriatum (see javani-
cum) .
flabi-llatuni, fronds 4" to

12" long,2"to 4" broad,

grh. (XI/HX. nitens and

Mtulum).

pectinatum, fronds 3" to
6" by £" to 14".

— sunerbum.
polyanthos, fronds 2" to

8" long, 1" to 3" broad,
st. (»//«. protrusum).
Blumeanum is a var.

pulcherrimum, fronds 6"
to 12" long, 4" to 6"
broad, triangular, grh.

tricoideum, grh. (see
figure).

tuubridgense. fronds 1" to
3' ' long, 1 ' ' to 1 " broad ,
grh., hdy., British ; good
for a block of sandstone
or Tree Fern stump.

— Wilsoni (although de-
scribed as a var. of tun-
bridgense by the few
Hand • Lint, some au-
thorities make Wilsoni
synonymous with uni-
laterale).

unilaterale, close to tun-
bridgense, but stiffer ;
grh., hdy. .Britain.

hirtellum, fronds 3" to

6" long, 2" to 3" broad,

st., hairy,
javanicum, frouds 4" to

8" long, 3" to 4" broad,

grh. (si/ns. iimbriatum

and tasmanicum).
nitens (arc flabellatum).
Plumieri (see ciliatum).
protrusum (see polyan-

thos).
rarum, fronds 2" to 6"

long, 1" to 2" broad,

grh.
seal irum, fronds l"to 1J"

long, 3" to 5" broad.

grh.
seneeum, fronds 6" to

24" long, 2" to 3" broad,

St., hairy; good for

sandstone block.

HYMENOPTERA.

A large order of insects with four membranous
wings and powerful jaws. Among them are to be
found many of the most common insects, and garden
friends and foes are both included. The Tenthred-
inidse, or Sawflies, belong to the latter section.
These prey upon the Willows and Roses particularly,
the female insect having a sharp, saw. like instrument
to enable her to bore a secure resting-place for the
eggs. The larva is actually the destructive stage,
but Sawflies must be attacked strongly in the perfect
insect stage if the plants are to be saved. In
another section is placed the Ichneumon fly, which,
being a parasite upon the larva: of other flies, is a

HvMEXOI'HYLLfM TKICOIDEL'M.

friend to the gardener. The Gallflies (Cynipidas),
which cause the galls upon Oaks and Itoses, are
also to some extent parasites, their larvse preying
upon other insects. Then there is a section of
stinging insects, and here the honey bee, humble
bee, hornets, wasps, and ants are placed, so that
this is a very important section. Ants alone are a
host, and they are remarkable for the way in which
their communities are organised. Perfect male
insects such as the drone of the bee, perfect
females like the queen bee, and imperfect females
such as the worker bees, are found in this seciion.
To speak generally, humble bees and honey bees
are friends to the gardener, and wasps, hornets,
and ants are enemies. More information will be
found under the headings of BEES, GALLS, ICHNEU-
MON FLIES, and SAWFLIES.

HYOPHORBE.

A small genus (<rrd. 1'almas) of handsome stove
Palms, easily grown, but not frequently met with

Hyoscyamus

i 435 )

Hypericum

in collections. Tliey have large leaves, which
in the young state are often tinged with purple
maroon. Propagation, by seeds. Soil, loam three
parts and cow manure one part, with sand. Pot
firmly.

Principal Species :- -

YYrsrliaffeltii, Ivs. 4' to C' long, midribs wh.
Other Species : —

commereoniana(.wr Chrys-

alidocarpus lutescens).

imlica, 40 to 50', trunk

4" to 6" in diameter).

HYOSCYAMUS. (HENBANE.)

A .small genus (ord. .SoUinaeeas), and of no value
iiorticultmally. AH the plants in it are herbs,
biennial or perennial, and most of them have
poisonous properties. Niger, the Henbane, a native
of Britain, is used medicinally, and in the Middle
Ages was one of the witch's herbs. Propagation,
by seeds and root division. Light, rich soil is bi'.si.

Principal Species : —

nigcr, 1' to 2' ', sum., hdy., dull vol., veined pur. ;
ol'u.'ii found on rubbish heaps and waste ground.

amaricaali*i Ivs. 4' to 6'
long, trunk and petioles
pur. muroon, midribs
lined orange.

HYOSPATHE.

Stove Palms (ord. PalmaV) with slender stems of
Heed-like appearance, and small, green flowers.
Propagation, by imported seeds. Soil, good loam
two parts, rotted cow manure one part, and one-
eighth of the whole grit.

Principal Species : —

rlrgans, Ivs. 3' to 4' long; used for thatching.

HYPECOUM.

Hardy annual herbs (ord. Papaveracese), of which
only one species, procumbens, is at all frequently
cultivated. Propagation, by seed, which may be
sown outdoors at the beginning of April, for
flowering the following summer. For blooming in
spring, sow in the previous autumn. Any ordinary
garden soil will do, but a sunny position is best.

Principal Species: —

procumbens, 1', spr., sum., hdy., yel.

HYPERICUM. (ST. JOHN'S WORT.)

Description. — A showy and attractive genus
of perennial, herbaceous, sub-shrubby, or shrubby
nature (ord. Hypericinea;), to which have been
attached several interesting legendary associations.
There are said to be upwards of 170 species, so that
only a portion of them can be named. Some are
suitable for the shrublnjry and border, while the
dwarfer forms are charming plants for rockwork.
The flowers of all the Hypericums are yellow.

Propagation. — The shrubs, and a number of the
others, can be propagated by cuttings, removed in
spring or summer, and struck in light, sandy soil
in a greenhouse or frame, or under a hand-light.
The herbaceous species are propagated by division,
and all may be grown from seeds sown in a frame
or in pots in a greenhouse, and pricked out a few
inches apart when large enough to handle.

Soil. — Any good loamy soil for the larger species,
ami a lighter one of loam, sand, and leaf soil for
the Alpines.

Other Cultural Points. — The greater number are
hardy, but some of tlie sub-shrubs should occupy a
shrltiTcd position, where they are not exposed to

Ilii/irnutt-liera (see Miirinrifi).
Jlyijcricopsis (see f'ranf.enia).

cold winds. Several grow well under the shade of
trees, and calycinurn is occasionally used as a
cover plant for game, or for covering bare spots
in parks.

Principal Species, Hybrid, and Varieties :—
Androssemum, 3', sum. ;

a fine sub-shr. with dark

fruit ; Tar., aureum.

'I utsan, Sweet Amber,
calycinum, 1', Je., shr.

Rose of Sharon.
Coris, 9", My.; a little

tender,
hookerianum, 2' to4', Jy.,

shr. (syn. oblongifolium,

see figure) .

moserianum, l.\' to 3',
sum. ; a fine hybrid
(calycinum X patulum).

— tricolor, variegated ITS.

nummularium, 6", Je. ;
.tteat Alpine.

patulum, 5', Jy., s-hr. (xyn.
uralum).

reptans, 3", Je. ; Alpine
trailer.

Hvi'EllICUM HOOKE1IIANUM.

Other Species : —

«egyptiacum, ].'.', Je.

Ascyron, 3', Jy., herba-
ceous. St. Peter's Wort,

aureum, 3', Jy., shrubby.

balearicum, IV, Ap., grh.,
eT, shr.

chinense, 3', Je., hlf-lidy.
shr. (xi/ns. monogynuin,
L., and smeiise).

densiflorum, 5', Jy., hdy.
shr. (M/M. fasciculutum
of gardens, not Lam.).

elatum, 5', Jy., hdy. shr.

clegans, 1', Jy., herb-
aceous.

Elodcs, 6', Jy. Marsh H.

empctrifolium, 1', Jy.,
hlf-hdy. herbaceous.

hireinum, 3', Aug., hdy.
shr.

hirsutum, 2', Jy., herb-
aceous.

humifusum, trailer, Jy.,
herbaceous.

hyssopifolium, 1', Jy.,
herbaceous.

japonicum, 1', Je., herb-
aceous.

kalmianum, 3', Je., hdy.
shr.

montanum, IV, Jy., herb-
aceous.

nepalense, 2', Jy.

olympicum, I<| , Jy. , hlf-
hdy. ev.

orientalc, 1 ' , Jy . , hlf-hdy. ,
herbaceous.

perforatum, 2', Jy., herb-
aceous.

prolificum, 1J', Jy. (*yn.
kalmianum of gardens,
not L.), hdy. shr.

pulchrum, IV, Je.

pyramidatum, 'A', Jy.

repeus, trailer, Je., herb-
aceous.

Rieheri, 9", Jv., herb-
aceous ; var. Burseri.

Hyphsene

( 433 )

Hypolytrum

angustifoliuiu, ."', My.,
grh., wh. or pk. (iiyit.

HYPHSENE. (DOOM, DOOM, or GIXGICC-
BBBAD PALM.)

Fan-leaved Palms (ord. Pahnee), needing a stove
temperature. Thebaica is the 'principal species
in cultivation, and even >this is not' at all common.
The stem is noticeable for its brandling habit,
quite unique amongst Palms. The wood is very
hard, and is employed in Upper Egypt and Nubia
for making domestic utensils. Propagation, by
seeds, which have to be imported, and are some-
times very slow an'd irregular in germination.
Soil, loam two parts, well-rotted cow manure one
part, and road scrapings one-sixth.

HYPOCALYMNA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Myrtacese).
Cuttings of the young shoots may be rooted in
spring in a close frame, and the plants do best in
loam two parts, peat one part, and sand.

Principal Species : —

suave of liotanical Reg-
ister 1844, 28).
robnstum, 2', My., grli.,

HYPOCALYPTUS.

A genus of three species only (ord. LeguminosEc),
several species formerly included in it being now
referred to Podalyria. Obcordatus is an ornamental
evergreen shrub, that may be increased by cuttings
of the side shoots in April in a close frame, without
much heat. Soil, peat and loam in equal parts,
with one-sixth of sand.

Principal Species : —

obcordatus, 1' to 2', Je., Jy., grh., pur. (syn.
Crotalaria purpurea of Botanical Magazine 3894;.

HYPOCYRTA.

Stove shrubs (ord. Gesneraceas), about ten species
in all. Not much cultivated. They answer to the
same cultural treatment as Gesneras; in brief,
propagation by cuttings rooted in heat, and for
soil, loam and leaf mould in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species :—
glabra, 8" to 10", Je.,

Jy., sc., yel., stems pur.

HYPODERRIS.

A small genus (ord. Filices) of two species
of stove Ferns, closely allied to Woodsia. They
are of easy culture, may be raised from spores, and
like a compost of one part of loam and two parts
of sandy peat, with plenty of water during the
summer. They like a deeper shade than most
Ferns, and do well planted out in the warm fernery.

Only Species :—

Brownii, fronds 10" to 12" Seemannii, fronds l.Vloug.
long, ev.

HYPOESTES.

A rather large genus (ord. Acantliacejc) of stove
herbaceous perennials and evergreen shrubs, not
often grown. They need similar cultural treat-
ment to Jacobinias and Justicias.

Principal Species : —

sanguinolenta, l>" to 12", pale pur., wli., herba-
ceous.

Other Species : —

aristata, 2' to 3', Feb., ro., involucrata, 1.',', Jy.,Aug.,
pur., herbaceous. wh.

])ur]jurea, 2', My., Je.,
pur., herbaceous.

strigillosa, 2', My., sc.,
yel., solitary.

HYPOLEPIS.

Stove and greenhouse Ferns (ord. Filices) closely
related to Cheilanthes, but stronger growing, and
with creeping rhizomes. The latter afford a capital
method of propagation, for very small divisions will
grow. Spores also germinate freely, and the plants
grow quickly ; indeed, Hypolepises are apt to
become weeds in the fernery, and choke up spore-
lings of more tender kinds. .Some of the species,
notably repens, make elegant basket plants. Soil,
loam and leaf mould in equal parts, with sand. Of
i.isect pests snowy fly is the worst, and once it
gains a footing, it is difficult to get rid of.

HYFOXIS HEMEROCALLIDEA (see p. 437).

Principal Species : —

bergiana, fronds 1' to IV
long, 0" to a" broad,
stems woolly, grh.

distans, fronds 12" to 15"
long, 4" to />" broad,
grh., resembles a var.
Other Species : —

of Asplenium
fcrmiiia.
repens, fronds 3' to 4'
long, pendent, much
cut, st., grh.: good for
baskets or rustic work.

Uypodcmatium

ania uroraehis, fronds 3'
long, 2' broad, grli.

iiiithiiscifolia (of gar-
dens, not anthriscifolia
of Preslau), fronds 6"
to 7" long, nearly hdy.,

good for baskets ; a
pretty, lace-like Fern.

r.igresccns, fronds 1' long,
li" broad, st.

ra'liata (*.'///. Adiantojisis
radiata, now Clii'ilan-
thes rudiataj.

HYPOLYTRUM.

Sedge-like plants (aril. Cyperaceai) of little
horticultural value, save the stove species lati-
folium. It injiy be propagated by seeds, or by
cuttings taken whenever they can be obtained, and
it revels in plenty of heat and moisture. Soil,
sandy loam and peat in equal parts. All the
species of Hypolytrum are tropical or sub-tropical.

Hypoxis

Iberis

Principal Species : —

latifuliuin, 2' to 4', st., br., in tliick terminal
clusters ; an elegant foliage plant.

HYPOXIS.

A little grown genus (ord. Amaryllidese) of
bulbous plants. Propagation, by division. Soil,
sandy loam.

Principal Species : —

liemcrocallidea, yel. (nyn. elata, sec p. 43(>).

IBBETSONIA.

A greenhouse shrub (ord. Leguminoste) from
South Africa, requiring treatment similar to the
species of Cytisus. Propagation, by cuttings of the
half-mature wood in sandy loam and peat under a
bell-glass. Loam and peat with less sand will suit
the plants. Genistoides has now been united with
Cyclopia.

IBERIDELLA.

Perennial herbs (ord. Cruciferas), often inclined
to be sub-shrubby or woody at the base. Propaga-

SEMPF.RVIHEX8 SUPERHA (see p. 438).

HYSSOP.

An evergreen shrub of bushy habit, the Hyssopus
officinalis of the botanist, which see. The plant
has aromatic properties, and was at one time much
in favour as an ingredient in herb potions, which it
was the practice of every housewife to brew. The
flowers and tops of the shoots are even now some-
times used in the manufacture of an expectorant.

HYSSOPUS.

There is one species only in this genus (ord.
Labiatic). Officinalis, which is used medicinally,
has blue, red, or white flowers — these are the three
varieties— and blossoms from June to September. It
is quite hardy and evergreen, 1' to 2' in height, and
is sometimes employed as a bedding plant. It may
easily be r.v'sed from seeds or cuttings, sown or
inserted in spring, in light sandy soil. Any ordin-
ary garden soil will suit it, and occasionally it is
to be found flourishing in cottage gardens with the
scantiest attention.

tion, by seeds and cuttings, the hardy species
under a hand-light or cold frame in summer, the
more tender species in a greenhouse. Any friable
garden soil will suit the hardy species, which
should be planted on a rockery.

Principal Species : —

rotundifolia, 3" to 4", Ap., ro. lil., yel.

IBERIS.

Description.— A most interesting genus of annual,
biennial, or perennial herbs, or sub-shrubby ever-
greens (ord. Cruciferse). Flowers white, pink, or
purple.

Propagation. — The annual and biennial species
by seeds in March and April, the hardy onrs where
they are to bloom. Umbellata and its varieties

lantha (see Iimo/isi.i}.
lantlie biii/itHfolia (.tec Celsin \
lantlit (of tittinliiiri/. xi'r lly],axii).
Ibatia (sec Lachno.itoiua).

Icacina

( 438 )

Ichnocarpus

may also be sown at the beginning of August, to
stand the winter in the open, and bloom during
April and May. The other species may be
increased by seeds, but the evergreens are mostly
propagated from cuttings in sandy soil, almost any
time after flowering, and placed under a hand-liglit
or cold Irame with a northern aspect during the
summer months. Give shade during the day.

Soil. — The hardy species will thrive in any
friable garden soil that is well drained. Gib-
raltarica should be potted in fibrous loam, with a
third of leaf soil and plenty of sand to keep it
porous.

Other Cultural Points. — Annuals like amara, and
umbellata arid its varieties, are suitable subjects for
beds or masses in themixed border, sowing in August,
and again in March and April for a succession.
Saxatilis and semperflorens flower very early if the
weather is favourable, and they, as" well as sernper-
virens, tenoreana, and Pruiti, are most at home on
the rockery, where they are kept relatively dry in
winter, and make a fine display drooping over the
ledges, semp rvirens, its superb variety garrexiana,
and corifolia being well adapted for this purpose.
The last named is the latest and best flowering
evergreen species. Sempervirens, semperflorens,
and corifolia are the best for the herbaceous
border. Gibraltarica should be grown in a cool
greenhouse or sheltered spot.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

amara, 6" to 12", Je., — Climax,
ann., wh. ; many good — Little Gem.
garden vars. Common
Candytuft.

— spiralis.

corifolia, 3" to 6", Je.,

hdy. ev. , wh.
gibraltarica, l',My. , grh.,

wh., pk.
saxatilis, 6", Mch. to My.,

hdy. ev., wh.
semperflorens, 1' to H',

Mch. to My., hdy. ev.,

wh.
senvoervirens, 9" to 12",

My., hdy. ev., wh.

— garrexiana, flowers
much larger (nee figure).

Other Species : —

ciliata, 9", Je., Men., wh.
gibraltarica hybrida, wh.,

ro. pur.

intermedia, 1', Je.,bien.
lagascaua, 1', Je., ann.
nana, 4", Je., aim., pur.
odorata, 1', Je., ann.
pectinate, 1', Je., wh.

— Perfection.

— superba (see p. 437).
tenoreana, 6" to 12", Je.,

hdy., pale pur.

— petoea, wh. , tinged
red, pretty for rock-
work.

mnbellata, 1', Je., Jy.,

hdy. ann. , pur.
— atropurpurea, dark

pur.

— carnea, flesh.

— nana p.urpurea, dwarf
pur.

— purpurea lilacina, lil.
pur.

Pruiti, 6"to9", My.,wh.
pubescens. 6", Je., pale

vio.
pumila (now Thlaspi pu-

milum).

stylosa (see Noccsea).
violacea, 3" to 4", Je.,

pur.

ICACINA.

A small genus of stove shrubs (prd. Olacinese),
of which only one species, namely Mannii, seems
to have been introduced. It has a large, tuberous
root, slender, climbing stems, and small, pale yellow
flowers in dense, axillary clusters. Propagation,
by cuttings in sandy loam in a propagating case,
with bottom heat. Soil, fibrous loam, leaf mould,
and a fair proportion of sand. It flowers in
October.

ICHNEUMON FLIES.

This name is applied to a large section of insects
(IchneurnonideEc) the larva? of which are, in many
instances, parasitic in the bodies of oilier insects.
The ichneumons have four wings and long, slender
bodies, the abdomen of which is connected with
the rest by a slender, stalk-like joint as a rule,,
from which they may be 'recognised. As the
ichneumons are destructive to the enemies of the
gardener, they should be encouraged. Aphides re-
cognise their enemy, and become greatly agitated,
but the female ichneumons manage ultimately to
pierce the green fly and deposit an egg in its
body. Large numbers of aphides, dead, pale
brown, sticking to leaves, with a small hole in the

Ibidium (see Spiranthes).
Icaeo (see Chrysolialanui).
Jcacorea (see Ardisia).
Icaranda (see Jacaranda).

Photo: Cassell <fc Company, Ltd.

IBEKIS SEMPERVIRENS GAUREXIANA.

inflated shell, may be found, indicating that the
larva of the ichneumon lias become fully fed in
its victim and escaped. Most or all insects have
their particular enemy belonging to this order of
flies. Microgaster glomeratus, the parasite of the
Large White Cabbage Butterfly, lays a large
number of eggs in the body of the caterpillar, and
when the latter should be about fully grown it
sickens if it has been victimised, and instead of
changing to a pupa, dies as a large cluster of yellow
cocoons of the ichneumon are seen to emerge from
its side.

ICHNOCARPUS (syn. ARANOSMA).

A genus of stove twiners (or/I. Apocynacese).
Propagation, by short lateral shoots in sand placed
under a bell-glass in stove heat during the early
part of the season. Soil, loam, peat, and sand.

Ice Plant (see Mesembryantliemum).
Idea (see Bursera).
Ictodes (see Symplocarpus).

Idesia

( 439 )

Ilex

Principal Species : —

acuminutus, vvli. elegans, pur.

caryophyllatus, Oct., pale frutesceus, 10', Jy., pur.
yel.

IDESIA.

A lianly tree (iird. Bixinese) with leaves some-
what similar to those of a Lime, but more leathery,

Pholn: r,:x.~,ll ,(• rompanji. Ltd.

ILEX AUUIFOLIIM AI-KHA REOINA, THE GOLDKS
QUEEN HOI.LY (see p. 440).

lieart-shapcil, and handsome. The large, yellow
(lowers arc produced in very long terminal or sub-
terminal branching racemes. Polycarpa (syiix.
Flacoiirtia japonica and Polycarpa Maximowiczii)
is propagated by imported seeds sown in gentle
heat; also, witlfrsome difficulty, by cuttings in heat
during spring or autumn. Any good garden soil
will suit it. The flowers are followed by orange
berries about the size of a Pea.

ILEX. (HOLLY, »yn. PRIXOS.)
Description. — Hardy ami tender trees and shrubs
(prd. llicineie), witli leathery, evergreen leaves (de-
cidua being one exception to this) mostly entire,
less often cut, and seldom so spiny as in the
Common Holly (Aquifolium) and the variety
named ferox. Flowers hermaphrodite or often
male and female in Aquifolium, white, except in
Perado, which has white, pink, or reddish flowers,
followed usually by red berries.

Propagation. — By the berries, which should be
si ratified in layers of sand for a year till the pulp
rots and the bony case enclosing the seed softens,
after which they may be sown thickly in lines in
prepared beds in March. Grafting and budding in
July are adopted for the increase of varieties, and
cuttings of ripened young shoots taken in the
uiitumn may bo inserted in prepared soil on a nortli
border and covered with frames or hand-lights till

IdotJicariti (zee Drirnia).
lynatia (see Strijclinns).

they take root. But a quicker and more certain
method is to take cuttings in July of wood which
is just becoming firm.

Soil. — Hollies grow in a great variety of soils — •
loamy, chalky, gravelly, or sandy, provided thev
are well drained. Any friable garden soil will
meet their requirements. Land of a poor or
hungry nature may be improved by means nf
well-rotted manure, or fresh soil of good staple.
Tender species may be planted in friable, fairly
rich, and well-drained soil.

Other Cultural Points. — The Common Holly is
pruned in various ways to form round-headed,
conical, or pyramidal specimens, the two former
methods being adopted in small gardens to limit
its size, the variegated forms being the more
frequently treated in this way. The loose
pyramidal form is the best for large specimens.
The Common Holly makes very durable and
impenetrable hedges, but here, as in all other
cases, the knife, rather than the shears, should be
employed, as cut leaves are very unsightly and
often die. Pruning should not be resorted to for
the purpose of hastening the rate of growth, and
the leader of those intended for trees should not be
cut. Hollies transplant badly after they attain to
some size, and the operation is best accomplished
during April or September. Dull, showery weather
should be selected for the operation, and the trees
should be frequently syringed until the roots have

Photo: Ciutetl if- Comimmj, Ltd.

ILEX CKESATA (see p.

440 .

got a firm hold of the soil. Large specimens or trees.
should always be lifted with a good ball of soil,
even if it is necessary to employ a proper trans-
planting machine for the purpose. The fresh holes
should be ready before the trees are lifted ; and
mats should lie tied round the ball to keep the soil
intact. Fill the space round the roots with good

Illicium

( 440 )

Impatiens

soil, and when the hole is half full, tread firmly
and give a good soaking with water. When this
has settled down complete the filling, but leave
a basin for future watering, and stake the tree
firmly before leaving it.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
Aquifolium, 20' to 30', — fructu-nigro, fruit blk.

My.,Je., hdy. Prickly- — hands wort hciisii-,

leaved or Coramou
Holly.

— altaclarensis, broad,
thin, flat.

— augustifolia, narrow.

— argeutea marginatu,
long, narrow, edged
silver.

— argeutea medio-picta,
centre wh. The Silver
Milkmaid.

— argentea pendula, wh.
edge,peudulous. Perry's
Weeping.

— argentea regina, silver
edge. Silver Queen.

— atrovireus, dark gru.

— aurea angustifolia,
narrow, golden edged.

— aurea margiuata, yel.
edges.

— aurea ruedio - picta,
centre yel. Gold Milk-
maid.

— aurea pendula, yel.,
pendulous. Waterer's
Gold Weeping.

— aurea regina, broad
yel. edge (sen p. 439).
Golden Queen.

— balearica, oval, with
few teeth. Minorca
Holly.

— ciliata, small, prickles
like hairs.

— ciliata major, larger.

— crusdfolia, thick,
fleshy, deeply cut.

— donningtoneusis, lan-
ceolate. Habit pyra-
midal.

— ferox, edges rolled back,
surface prickly. The
Hedgehog Holly.

— ferox argentea, silvery
variegation.

— ferox aurea, yellow
variegation.

— flavescens, yellowish.
Moonlight Holly.

— fructu-luteo, fruit yel.

spiny, creamy edge.
Handsworth New Sil-
ver.

— Hendersoui, broad,
entire.

— heterophylla, various
shapes.

— Hodginsii aurea, broad
gold margin.

— integrifoiia, spineless,
thin.

— latifolia aureo-mar-
giuata, broad, edged
yel.

— laurifolia, like Laurus
iiobilis.

- laurifolia longifolia,
longer.

— lawsouiana, blotched
yel.

— maderensis varicgata,
gold blot in centre.

— marginata, without
prickles, broad, thick
margin.

— myrtit'olia, small.

— peudula, weeping, grn.

— platyphylla, broad,
spine.s variously scat-
tered.

— scotica aurea, broad
golden edge, nearly
entire.

— watereriana, dwarf,
golden.

— whittingtouensis. spine's
numerous, stiff. Plant
elegant.

cornuta, three-horned, slir.
crenata, small (see p. 489).

— major, larger,
latifolia, large ; best on a

wall.
Perado, obovate, mostly

entire. The Perado

Holly,
quercifolia, toothed, dull

dark gru. ; one of the

hardiest of exotic Hnl-

lies (Ktfn . opaca) . Ameri-
can Holly.

Other Species and Varieties: —
Aquifolium aurea mar- dipyrena, 12', Ap. , My.,
ginata bromelisefolia,
edge yel., disc mottled.

— Cookii, grn., yel. edge.

— ovata, nearly spineless.

— recurva, spiny.
Cassine, grh., I>errie3

bright red.

Dahoou, berries red.
•decidua, wedge shaped,
shr.

berries br.

glabra, wedge shaped, shr.
iusignis, 30' to 40', grh.
la^vigata, shr.
paraguayensis, grh. Mati-

Tea.
verticillata, My., Je., shr.

Black Alderberry.

Winterherry.

mature wood in sand, under a hand-light in
summer ; also by layers from stools, in a cold pit,
leaving them two years before cutting them from
the parent. Soil, fibrcus loam, peat, and sand.
The half-hardy ones should have protection in
winter.

Principal Species : —
anisatum, 6', My., grh..

red. Star Anise,
floridauum, 3' to 8', My.,

hlf-hdy., red.

Other Species: —
parviflorum, 6', My.,grh., verum. True Star Anise.

yel.

ILLICIUM.

Half-hardy shrubs (prd. Magnoliaceae), some of
which will succeed if trained against the low walls
of hothouses or other buildings. Flowers red,
yellow, or nearly white, fragrant, in the axils of the
leathery leaves. Propagation, by cuttings of

roligiosum, 3' to 4', Mch..
hlf-hdy., yel. grn.

IXCAIIVILLEA DKLAVAYI (see p. 441).

IMANTOPHYLLUM («•<•• CLIVIA).
IMMORTELLE.

A French name given to the so-called everlast-
ing flowers, which see.

IMPATIENS (BALSAM).

Description. — Hardy annuals, and greenhouse
and stove biennials, and perennials (»rd. Gerania-
cea;), with purple, white, yellow, carmine, and red
flowers. Stems succulent and brittle.

Propagation. — Hardy annuals by seed in the open
border in April. Greenhouse and stove species by
seeds in heat in March, or by cuttings in light
sandy soil in heat at any time when required, those
intended for preservation during winter being
rooted in autumn.

Jllairea (see TAiasa).

lllatriira Palm (see Ptijclioapemia cunnimjliam-

iana).

Illawarn, Pine (sec Podocarpus spinulusa).
Imai/o (see Insects).
Iiiiliujia (see Hcssea).

Incarvillea

( 441 )

Inocarpus

, ro.

to 6', sum.,
hdy. ami., pur. or wli.

— macrochila, 8', luly.,
p;ile pur.

— palliiliflora, paler.
Sultuui. H', sum.,

sc. Can be used
summer bedding.

— Episcopi, fine var.

St.,

for

hdy. aim., pale pur. grh. or st.

aurieoina, 2', sum., St., Roylei, 15'

yel.

Bulsamina, 2', sum., st. or

grh. , sc., ro., wh. Coir.-

mou Balsam,
flaccid a, 1!', sum., grh.

ami. , pk. (gyii. latifolia) .
— alt>ii, wh.
Hawkeri, 2', sum., St.,

car.

Other Species : —
biflora, 3', Je., Aug., hdy.

ami., or.
capeusis, 6", Aug., grh.,

red, ami.
chineusis, 1', Aug., grh.,

pur., unn.

comorensis, 2', st. , car.
discolor, 1', Aug., hdy.,

yel., ami.

hookeriana, 25', st. , wh.
Jerdouiie, 9", Je., grh.,

grn., red, yel.,ann.
lati olia (see flaccida).
niiiiTophylla, 24', St., red,

01.
mailagascariensis, 6",

Aug., grh., red, ami.

INCARVILLEA.

Hardy annual and perennial herbs (ord. Bigno-
niuceic), requiring oiireful treatment, as several of
them have not yet been properly tested as to hardi-
ness. Flowers rose, purple, or scarlet, funnel-shaped
or tubular. 1'ropagat ion, by seeds in a hotbed in
March; also by division of the tufts or crowns,
carefully effected so as not to destroy the crowns.
An old knife is the best tool with which to divide
them. The soil must be well drained, and light,
but withal fertile, so as to" encourage good growth
while guarding against damping in winter. Most
•of them may be sheltered by planting them at the
foot of walls, and Delavayi may have its crowns
covered with ashes in winter when in exposed
positions, such as on the rockery or herbaceous
border. It is worthy of this attention, as it is the
showiest species when strongly grown.

Principal Species : —

Delavayi, 2' to 23', Jy.,
Aug., hdy., deep ro. ;
the best (seep. 440).

- Other Species :—
arguta (set Amphicome

urgiita).
compacta, G" to 12", sum.,

ro. pk.
Koopmaimi (xte Olgic).

— grandiflora,
wh. spots.

Olgse, 3 to 41',
hdy., pur.

ro., pur.,
Jj'., Aug.,

sinciisis, 1' to 'J', grh., so.
tomentosa (see Paulownia

impcrialis) .
variabilis, 1^', Aug.,

aim., ro.

Soil. — Any good garden soil will suit the hardy

i'i'ir-.. liiilufii should be sown or planted on the
margins of lakes, ponds, and streams. For stove
species in pots use turfy loam, leaf soil, and sand,
with plenty of well-rotted cow manure for the
flowering pots.

Other Cultural Points. — Sultani, platypetala,
flaccida, and others of that class may be planted in
well-lighted borders in the greenhouse or conserv-
atory. Hookeri is difficult to flower.

Principal Species and Varieties :
amphora ta, 3' to 6', Aug., platypetala, 1.1', sura.,

Mariaiiife, 2', Je., st.,

pur.
mastcrsiaiia, 1', Jy., st.,

pill',
mirabilis, 4', st., gold, yel.:

should be kept dry dur-
ing winter,
mysorensis, 6", Aug.,

grh., red.
pulcherrima, 1 .'.', Jy., st.,

pur.

ropens, IV, Je., st., yel.
scapinora" !)", Aug., st.,

111.
tripetala, 1', Aug., grh.,

red.

Impregnation (we tbrtilitatiox and Hyliridisimj).
Inarching (see Groftinii).

INDIAN PINK (*«• DIANTHUS).
INDI ARUBBER PLANT (see Ficus

ELAST1CA).

INDIGOFERA.

A large genus (ord. Leguminosse) of stove, green-
house, and hardy trees, sub-shrubs, and herbs,
mostly African. Several of the species yield the
well-known dye, indigo. Propagation, by seeds,
sown when ripe in heat according to Mte, character
of the species ; also by cuttings-of the young shoots
inserted in sandy soil, an}' time during the summer.
Soil, turfy loam, chopped but not sifted, two parts,
leaf mould one part, with sand, and, for the stove
species, a few pieces of charcoal. Decora is a
pretty greenhouse shrub that flowers freely in
summer if the previous year's growth be well
ripened. It requires a rest in winter, and cutting
back after flowering. Gerardiana does well in the
open shrubbery, and better still on walls.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
atistralis, 3' to 4', Mch., pale red (ni/ns flori-

Je., grh. sub-shr., ro.

(»/«. sylvatica).
— alba, 3' to 4', sum., ev.

shr., wh.; nearly hdy.

against walls,
decora, 3' to 4', sum., grh.,

red.
gerardiana, Jy., hdy. shr.,

Other Species :—
Anil, 2' to 4', sum., st.,

pk.
atropurpurea (see gerard-

iaua).

bonds and atropurpurea
of gardens, and Dosua
of Botanical Register
Vol. XXVIII, 57).
There is a wh. var.
tiuctoria, indigo, 4' to G',
Jy., st., red.

Dosua (see gerardiana).
floribunda (of gardens.

see gerardiana).
sylvatica (see australit).

INGA.

Stove trees and shrubs (urd. Leguminosa)), of
which very few are in cultivation, although there
are upwards of 140 species. Propagation, by cut-
tings of the young shoots, taken in spring or early
summer, and rooted in sandy soil, in a close frame,
with bottom heat. Peat and loam in equal parts,
with plenty of sand, suit. A good deal of water
is needed in the growing season ; little in winter.

Principal Species :—

dukis (correctly Pitheco-
lobium dulce).

macrophylla, 20', yel. '
rare in cultivation.

pulcherrima (correctly
Calliandra Tweediei).

INOCARPUS.

Stove evergreen trees (ard. LeguminosEe) of little
decorative value and rarely cultivated.

Indian Berry (see Handia aculrata).

Indian liliie (nee Nymplia-a cyanea),

Indian Corn (see Maize, and Zea).

Indian Cress (see 'l'ropa:olum majvs).

Indi/Di ('K/> (.we Sarracenia).

Indian Currant (we SfsmkeriearjHtt vulgaris).

Indian Fig (see Oj/nntia).

Indian I'lonvriny b'ern (see Ilelmintliostacliys).

Indian Garland Flinrer (see Hedychiiini).

Indian Grass (see Arvndn).

Indian, Han-thorn, (sec Itn/iliiole/ris).

Indian Hill tlnara (see Ithndum i/rl us lomentosa).

Indian Jjotus (see Nymphi-a Lotus).

I iiiliti/t Mullinr (xi'i1 Xiilii and I'rciui).

I inliiin M itlhrri'i/ (xcr Morinda).

Indian fViamriick (see Trillium).

I niliiin S/mt (see Canna).

Indian \\ilil /'(/</;< c (see J'itex trifulia).

Insecticides

(442 )

Insects

INSECTICIDES.

In his struggles against insect foes (he gardener
has to depend largely upon the aid of various
compounds, which experience lias shown to be
inimical to insect life, and which can, moreover,
be used at. a strength sufficient to kill the insects
without endangering the life of the plants. Insect-
icides may be divided into three sections : (a)
vaporisers, (b) powders, (c) liquids. Amongst the
\aporisers tobacco plays a most important part.
Not many years ago the burning of tobacco,
tobacco paper, or tobacco rag was very commonly
practised. Science has, however, found a method
of liberating nicotine fumes in a more concen-
trated form. A still evening or early morning
should be chosen. It is a wasteful practice to
attempt to fumigate a house when even a moderate
wind is blowing. Again, the rays of the sun pour-
ing down on a closely shut up house for several
hours raise the temperature within to a degree
inimical to the health of the plants. Plants and
houses which are to be fumigated should be as dry
as possible.

Insecticides in the powder form are also in
common use. They include tobacco powder,
Hellebore powder, and flowers of sulphur, and they
are best applied by means of a small blower or
bellows, specially constructed, such as the Malbec.
The leaves of Pyrethrum roseum and P. cinerari-
folium are the base of a powder that is in common
domestic use, but which is also effective when
employed upon plants. For window plants, where
only small quantities are required, ordinary snuff
makes a capital insecticide. Flowers of sulphur is
more commonly used as a fungicide, but insects do
not like it.

All insecticides in the powder form should be
syringed off the plants within a few hours of their
application. This is especially to be noted in the
case of Hellebore powder, which is a deadly
poison, but which is one of the most effective
weapons to use against the troublesome Goose-
berry caterpillar. Tobacco powder is most com-
monly used for dusting in the points of the shoots
of Chrysanthemums, Carnations, etc., that are
attacked by green or black fly. If not washed out
it injures the young, tender leaves.

Nowhere has the ingenuity of the gardener been
displayed to better advantage than in the making
of the numerous insecticides that are applied in
li<iuid form. Not content with the various excel-
lent proprietary preparations which. are available,
he has various recipes for making insect-killing
mixtures at home. Of proprietary insecticides
that may be said to have a world-wide fame, Fir-
tree Oil, Lemon Oil, Gishurst Compound, and
Nicotine Soap may be named.

Petroleum, popularly but erroneously called
paraffin, is the sheet anchor of the home maker of
insecticides. Unfortunately, it is not soluble in
water, and needs some greasy matter, such as soft
soap, to act as a vehicle for it.

A few recipes for home-made insecticides are
given below : —

Kerosene Emulsion. — One pound of soft soap,
1 quart of soft water. Boil for half an hour. Take
off the fire, add i pint of petroleum ; stir briskly.
Add 8 gallons of water, churn with a syringe, and
apply. This is effective against American Blight,
black and green fly, red spider, Celery fly, and
Onion fly.

An Ordinary Wash for Pot Plants.— Two ounces

of soft soap in 1 gallon of soft water. Use warm.
This is useful for sponging Camellias, Indiarubber
Plants, Aspidistras, etc.

Lime Wash. — Eight pounds of lime, 1 Ib. of soft
soap, 4 gallons of water, 2 oz. of size. This may
be painted on the stems of fruit trees.

Paris Green. — One ounce of Paris Green paste,
4 oz. of soft soap, 20 gallons of water. Mix
thoroughly, and keep constantly stirred. This is
effective for Codlin Moth and Winter Moth cater-
pillars. Although it is a poison (an arsenical
compound), and fruit growers are prejudiced
against it on this account, no harm will result if
the above quantities are used, and the mixture is
kept constantly agitated during application. Apply
just after the flowers have set, with a spraying-
machine. It should not be used when the fruit is
getting mature.

Tobacco Water. — Four ounces of tobacco, 1 gallon
of water. Apply warm with a sponge or syringe.
Two ounces of soft soap may be added. Good for
sucking insects.

A Winter Dressing for Fruit Trees. — Half a pound
of caustic soda (Greenbank's 98 per cent.), f Ib.
of commercial potash, 5 gallons of water. Spray ;
but keep off the clothes. This destroys moss and
lichen as well as the insects they harbour.

(Juans'ia Solution. — One pound of Quassia chips,
10 gallons of water, soaked for ten hours. Half a
pound of soft soap may be added if desired, but
this should be boiled in the water. Useful for
black and green fly on any plants. It renders the
plants distasteful to the fly, but does not kill the
latter. Apply warm.

The Simplest Insecticide. — Hot water (132°
temperature). Very few plants are in mred by
water at this temperature, and it has the advantage,
besides its cheapness, of not clogging up the pores
of the leaves.

Application of Insecticides.— An ordinary garden
syringe suffices in most instances ; but the Abol
syringe and sprayer may be used where a very fine
spray is desired*. For fruit trees special engines
are made, and some of them have an arrangement
whereby the working of the pump sets in motion a
set of churners inside.. This is important where
such substances as Paris Green are being em-
ployed. For the more 'costly insecticides, such as
Lemon Oil, dipping is the most economical method.
A wooden vessel is preferable to a metal one.
After use the liquid may be strained through fine
muslin to remove the' dirt, and botiled up for
further use.

All insecticides are more efficacious if applied
warm than cold.

INSECTS.

Frequently the term " insect " is applied to all
animals which have bodies exhibiting a row of
joints. Thus woodlice, centipedes, spiders, mites,
crabs, and even worms are included. Strictly
speaking, however, insects are («) animals possess-
ing a jointed body, formed in three principal divi-
sions, viz. the head, with its antenna? or feelers, the
thorax, and the abdomen ; (ft) which breathe not by
lungs, but by long tubes (tracheie) running through
the body and limbs ; (c) and which during their life
history pass through a series of changes. These
stages may be named as follows : (1) the egg ; (2) the
larva or caterpillar ; (3) the pupa ; (4) the perfect
insect, imago, or egg layer. Usually it is in the larval

Insects

(443)

Inula

stage that the ravages of insects are most to be
dreaded, although it is obvious that in combating
insects it is important to kill the perfect insects or
egg layers. In a work of this scope it is impossible
to deal with the various wonderful changes that
go to make up the life of an insect ; they would
need a series of volumes to themselves. It may,
however, be mentioned that frequently the larva is
quite unlike the insect to which it will ultimately
give rise, but that occasionally larva and perfect
insect differ little except in point of size. The
larvae of bees and wasps are commonly called grubs.
They show little trace of a head, such as is seen
in caterpillars. The pupa stage is the quiescent
one. It comes when the larva is fully fed and
mature, and passes the winter usually in the ground
enveloped in one of a variety of coverings. The
larvae of butterflies and moths are enclosed in a
horny shell, which prevents almost all power of
movement. In the case of the silkworm, the
covering is a cocoon of what is known MS silk.

In some of the aphides, multiplication by egg
laying is supplemented by viviparous females
throwing off perfect young flies in great numbers.
The rapidity with which aphides increase is well
known to all gardeners. While it is the larval
stage that is the injurious one to plants in many
cases, the aphides are harmful in their matured
condition, for the flies suck the juices of plants.
Beetles generally are furnished with strong jaws
for biting, and they do much damage in this way.

In one respect at least, that of flower pollination,
insects play a most important part in the world of
plants. Many flowers have so developed them-
selves as to favour the class of insects which can
assist their fertilisation, and the division of what
the botanist calls " irregular " flowers has been
developed in this way. Familiar instances are to
be found in Delphiniums, Sweet Peas, and Orchids.

It must be confessed that, of the numerous
insects with which the horticulturist and agricul-
turist come into contact, by far the greater number
have to be reckoned as enemies. There are, how-
ever, some which do no harm, and others which
are real friends. The latter, by reason of their
being parasitic upon injurious insects, render good
service to man. Chief among them may be men-
tioned the larvaa of the Ladybirds and the Lace-
wing flies, which eat green aphides in thousands ;
also the Ichneumon flies. The gardener will do
well to make himself acquainted with the appear-
ance of these, and by every means in his power
steer clear of hurting them. Other natural enemies
of insects are birds, and, although some species of
birds have an item on the debit side of the account
for fruit stolen, still there is no doubt that they
materially help to keep down the numbers of
plant-feeding insects. Unless this were so, indeed,
nothing would be able to live against the hordes
of insects.

Artificial methods of keeping down insects in-
clude the use of insecticides (which see), the
digging of the soil in the autumn so as to expose
the pupae to birds, and dressing with lime, gas
lime, and other substances noxious to insects. In
some cases the plan of removing and burning the
top inch of soil beneath Gooseberry and liasp-
berry plantations is to be recommended, as many
hundreds of pupae are removed with the soil.

Insects, the class Insecta of the entomologist,
are divided into the following principal orders:—

Coleoptvra, or Beetles — These have powerful
jaws fitted for biting. The larvae of the Click

Beetle are the dreaded wireworrns. • Some of the
ground beetles are friends, as they are insectivorous,
but at least one of them, Harpalus ruficornis, is
harmful, as it now preys upon Strawberries.

Orthoptera.— Cockroaches, Locusts, and Earwigs
are included here. Chiefly enemies.

Neuroptera,.— Friends and neutral. The Lace-
wing flies are valuable allies of the gardener.

Hi/nienoptera. — Friends and foes. Among the
former are the Ichneumons and Honey Bee, and
amongst the latter the Sawflies, Gallflies, and
Wasps.

J.epidoptera. — Enemies. The larvce are cater-
pillars. The Onion fly, Crane fly, and Winter
Moth belong here.

i/Vs/>v> '/, "YV Vv^ ^Sfc-'

INULA OLANDULOSA (see p. 444).

Hemiptera, inrliuling Heteroptera and Homoptera.
— Enemies. The Phylloxera, Scale, and Aphides
belong here.

Mention will be made of the various important
genera of insects under their names, and those
of the plants they attack.

INULA.

Hardy herbaceous plants (ord. Compositae), some
of which have large, showy, yellow flowers, and
bold, handsome leaves. All are of easy culture
and vigorous habit, and will succeed where many
other subjects fail. They are thus very suitable
for the wild garden, and may with advantage
find a place on the higher slopes of the rock
garden, where they will serve as a screen for more
tender plants. Propagation, by division of the
roots in spring. Fairly large clumps may be easily

Tngen&ovttia (see Ampliitlinlea).

Ink Herri/ (see Ilex fflahra).

Inoculation (see Jluddinf/ ami Pollination).

lochroma

( 444 )

Ipomoea

divided with a sharp spade. The divisions require
no coddling, but may be planted straight away in
their permanent quarters. Seeds also germinate
readily. Any ordinary garden soil will suit, but
the best heads are produced in rich, well-nourished
ground. Mulchings of rotten yard manure, and
occasional soakings with clear water and liquid
manure, are helpful in the summer.

Principal Species : —
ensifolia, 9", Aug., Sep., Hookeri, .1' to '2', Sep.,

yel. pale yel., slightly fra-

glandulosa, 2', Jy., Aug., grant, 21" to 3.J "across;

yel. (seep. 443). the best,

grandiflora, 2', Jy., Aug., Oeulus-Christi, 1J' to 2',

yel. sum., yel., 3i" across.

Helenium, 3' to 4', sum., salicina,2', Jy.fAug., yel.

yel. Elecampane. squarrosa, 1', Aug., yel.

hirta, iy, Jy., Aug., yel. («/«. Bubonium).

IOCHROMA (syn. CH.ENESTHES).

Greenhouse trees and shrubs (ord. Solanacese),
rarely cultivated except in botanic establishments.
Do well under the same treatment as the florists'
Chrysanthemum".

Principal Species : —
fuchsioides, 4', Aug., Sep., grandiflorum, 4', Aug.,

or., sc. Sep.

tulmlosuin, 4', Aug.,
Sep., pur.

IONIDIUM.

Herbs and sub-shrubs (ord. Violarieas) of little
decorative merit, and seldom seen in cultivation.
From the roots of the species Ipecacuanha is
obtained the white ipecacuanha of commerce.

IONOPSIDIUM.

A small genus — two species only — of annuals
(ord. Cruciferse). Acaule, the species generally
cultivated, is a charming little plant only a few
inches in height. Seeds should be sown out of
doors in spring (April). As a rule, it is only ne-
cessary to sow once, seedlings from self-sown seed
coming up each year afterwards in abundance.
A rather shady situation is the most suitable, and
almost any soil will do provided it be not very hot,
dry, and sandy. The genus is now referred to
Cochlearia by some botanists, but is kept distinct
here for cultural purposes.

Principal Species :—

acaule, 2" to 3", sum., lil. (Cochlearia acaulis
of some).

IONOPSIS.

Epiphytic Orchids (ord. Orchidaceas), requiring
a stove temperature. The plants are exceedingly
pretty, and arc favourites in many quarters,
although one species only is generally "met with —
paniculata. The plants are rather difficult to do
well, and pieces have to be continually imported,
not only to increase but, to keep up the stock. The
plants do best if fixed to a block of wood, a little
live sphagnum and fibrous peat being worked in
between the roots, and hung up close to the glass.
Plenty of water is required at all times to keep
them healthy.

Principal Species : —

paniculata, 6", wh. or tenera (see utriculari-
ro., flowers at various oides).

seasons. utricularioides, wh., pk.

spotted lip (syn. tenera).

Involucraria (see Triehnmanes).
lone (see Bulbop/iyUum).

IOSTEPHANE.

Two species of hairy herbs (orcl. Composite) from
Mexico. Division of the roots in spring is an easy
method of increase. Se^ls, also sown in spring,
soon germinate, and make good plants. Any
ordinary garden soil will do. Although practically
hardy, heterophylla should receive a little protec-
tion in severe winters. Long, damp, cold spells are
injurious to it.

Principal , Species : —

heterophylla, H', aut.. hdy., lil.

IPOMCEA.

Description. — A large genus (ord. Convolvula-
cete) of plants of very varied habit. Some are
hardy, others need a greenhouse or stove; some
are annuals, others perennials ; and herbs, shrubs,
and climbers are all included. In most cases the
flowers are large and showy, some very brilliant
shades of blue being included. The limits of the
genus have been considerably altered of late years,
several plants being referred to it that were at one
time placed in other genera. Thus the popular
Convolvulus major is correctly Ipomoea purpurea ;
and Mina lobata is correctly I. versicolor. Of the
economic products of the genus, jalap, from Purga,
is the chief. The seeds of hederacea furnish a
medicinal resin.

Propagation. — By seed for the annuals. All the
stove evergreen perennials can be increased by
cuttings of the side shoots, rooted in sand and
peat in brisk bottom heat. Horsfallise, however,
which is probably the best of the stove winter-
flowering climbers, does best from layers, although
cuttings may be rooted. Versicolor, or Mina lobata.
as it is popularly called, does well if seed be sown
out of doors, in a warm corner, at the beginning
of April. It loves to ramble over old Pea sticks,
or stumps of trees from which the branches have
not been removed.

Soil.— Any fairly rich garden foil will do for the
hardy and half-hardy species and varieties. For
pot culture use fibrous loam, leaf soil, and old
Mushroom bed manure, in equal parts, with sand.

Other Cultural Points. — The stove climbers need
to be pruned when flowering is over. They should
not be strained tightly to the roof, as the best
effects are obtained when the flowering sprays are
allowed to hang. Purpnrea does only moderately
well against a wall, as it is generally attacked by
red spider. It likes a wooden trellis, or a circle
of Pea sticks to clamber over, and then it keeps
its foliage and flowers freely. It is a fairly good
town plant.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NOTE. — All are perennials except where othcr-
•w.ise stated.]

Bona-Nox, 10', Jy., Aug., Horsfallite, win., St., ev.

st., cl., wh. el., ro.

— grandiflora, large, frag- — Briggsii.

rant. Learii, Jy., Oct., st., ev.

bonariensis, sum., st., el., cl., bl. (»//«. Pharbitis

pur., lil., roots tuberous. Learii of Botanical

hederacea, 10', Jy. , Sep., Magazine 3928).

hlf-hdy. per., petals bl. pandurata, Je., hdy. per.,

(ti/ns. Nil and Convol- cl,, wh., pur. throat,

vulus Nil of liotntrical Purga, aut., st., ev. cl.,

Magazine 188). Many pur..ro.(si/«.Exogonium

garden vars. ; atrovio- Purga of Botanical

lacea (vio., wh.), gran- Register xxxiii., 49).

diflora (bl.), and Huneri Jalap,

variegata (variegated purpurea, 10', Je., Sep.,

foliage), are the best. hdy. nun., dark pur.

Iresine

(445 )

Iris

(>•////>•. Convolvulus pur-
purca aud C. major).
Many garden vars. ;
Burridgei (crim.), Dick-
sonii (bl.), tricolor (red,
wh., bl.), and flora
]ilnm (double), are the
best,
rubro-eierulea. Jy., Aug..

st., cl., red (*y«.

Hookeri).
ternata, 3" across, st.,

cl., wh. (•••'//"*• Hors-

falliic alba and H.thom-

smiiaua).
versicolor. Je., hdy. ami.,

ro., crim., yel. (•".'/"•

Miua lobata).

Other Species and Varieties : —

acumiuata. Mv.. Sep.. st., digitata, 10', Jy., Sep.
iniita-

ev. cl., bl,

bilis).
Aitoni, 10', Ap., Oct., st.,

el., pale pur.
ulatipes, Je., st., ev. cl.,

salmon pk.
albivenia, 10' to 15', Aug.,

Sep., st., ev. cl., wh. ,

yet. throat, large (.-•;/«.

Gerrardii).
augustii'olia, Jy., st. ami.,

wh., or crim. yel. («(/«.

filicaulis).
Batatas, st., wh. (si/n.

Batatas edulis). Sweet

Potato,
bignonioides, Jy. , st., ev.

cl., dark pur. (»////.

Batatas biguouioides).
cathartica, 10', Aug., Sep.,

st., ev. cl., pur. (syn.

Pharbitis cathartica of

Jtotii ><irul _\lii i fit: i iif

•12S9) ; there is 'a ro.

var.
chrysoides, Jy., Oct., st.,

small ev. cl., }Tel.
cocciuea, 9' to 15', Je.,

Jy., hlf-luly. aim., red,

fragrant.
— luteola, or.
crassipes, 4', Aug., grli.,

pur.
dasysperma, Aug., st.

ami., yel. (*//«. tuber-

culata of Jiiitini inil

iater

st., ev. cl., vio.
platensis).

tilicaulis (xi-i- angustifolia).

Gcrrardii (,s/c albiveuia).

hedenefolia, sum., aut.,
st., red, sc.

J.'d.-ipa, Aug., grh., red,
wh., or pk. pur., root
tuberous, 40 Ib. to oO Ib.
weight, sometimes called
Jalap (.11/11. Convolvulus
Jalapa of Itiitnitmil

muricata, 1', Je., Jy., st.,
red.

mutabilis (fee acumiuata).

Xatiouis, sum., grh. per.,
crim. pur. (»//«. Quamo-
cHt Nationia of .Botoniea/

Nil (xee hederacea).
platensis (*re digitata).
Quainoclit, o", Jy., Sep.,

st. aim. , cl. , dark red
setosa, Aug., Oct., st. ,

deciduous cl., pur. , red.
siuuata, Je. , Sep. , grh.,

ev. rl., wh., red throat.
Tweediei, 6', Je. , Jy. , st.,

pur.
tyri.'inthina, 10', Aug.,

Nov., grh., deciduous

cl. , dark pur. (\i/u.

I'harbitis tyriauthiua

<>[' lit/tttiiti-iil Mttijaziiif

4024).

IRESINE.

Description. — Handsome foliage plants . (ord.
Amarantaceic), of dwarf stature and bushy habit,
in great request for bedding purposes. No matter
what the season, they generally do well.

Propagation.— I resines are rather tender, and :i
few degrees of fro.-.t are fatal to them. As a rule,
therefore, they should be among the last of the
bedding subjects to be placed outdoors, and it is
wise to commence propagation quite by the end of
August, so as to get it over by the time frosts are
to be expected. Cuttings root readily at almost
any time of the year if kept close in an ordinary
frame, but the emission of roots may be hastrnnl
if the cuttings are consigned to a hotbed. The
autumn struck cuttings need not be moved out of
their cutting pots, but should be given a place on a
shelf near the glass in a warm house for the winter
months. They should also be watered rather
sparingly. More water may be given as growth
begins with the New Yoar, and regular syringing
is helpful. Plenty of material for cuttings will
soon be produced, and these should be taken off
as fast, as a. small batch can be had, struck in

a propagating frame, and then. potted singly into
"A" pots, which will last them until they are ready
to be planted out.

Soil. — For the cuttings, equal parts of loam and
leaf mould, with about one-fourth sand. A 4"
layer, of sand should also be placed on the surface
of the soil. Less sand will be needed when potting
off.

Principal Species and Varieties : -
Herbstii, 12" to 18'', dark grn. and gold, veins

rod.

— Wallisii, dwarf, Ivs.
small, deep blk. pur.

Lindeui, Ivs. uarrow, deep
blood red.

— formosa, Ivs. golden,
veined crim. , gru. , very

maroon, under surface
crim., veins and stems
oar. , Ivs. roundish heart
shaped (*//"• Amaran-
thus Verscliaffeltii).

— acumiuata, narrower
Ivs.

— aureo-reticulata, li-s.

pretty.

J/MHiifria (see Gi/ia).
J/Minmjisis (see, (lil.in).
Ijisca (see Paekyttoma I.

I'hiilo : Ctittcll <D CoiitiHiHtj. Ltd.

luIS GER.MANICA (set p. 448) IX A 1'OT.

IRIARTEA.

Stove I'alms (iird. 1'ahmu), rarely cultivated, and
not easy to grow.

IRIS.

Description. — A large and important genus
(tird. Iriileiu) of herbaceous plants rhirily hardy,
with exceedingly bright and showy flowers.
(Iri.ur.tphically they have a very wide distribution,
and their flowering seasons are so varied that
Irises may be had in bloom at almost any time
during the year. Mo>t of them, however, blossom
from April to June, when the innumerable u;inl'ii
varieties of germanica. aphylla. squalens. puniila,
and varicgata are in flower. In .May and June.

Iris

(446 )

Iris

also, the handsome bulbous English and Spanish
Irises are in Hower, and in June and July
the varieties of the sub-aquatic Isevigata are
expanding their huge blooms, whi- h are the largest

Irises, as they are variously termed. Superb garden
flowers are to be found in both sections. Gerraanica
makes a splendid town plant. Pumila and its
varieties make capital edging plants, and with all

lIHlllli; I'llUll iiuji; UIUUIU^, will1 II CUC L-lIC JdJ^COU VCWIWACB Illtllvc Vjrl[HL<ll dl^llli^ MJIHllB) illn* Wltll rill

finest of all the Irises. Iris flowers, although j the dwarfer-growing species may be accommodated

Photo: Citese:l<t-Cimi,.u:,i, I.I .

IltlS LJEVIGATA VAR. (syn. KjKMPFEIlI, see p. 448).

showy, are very fugitive. They last fairly well
when cut, but should be taken 'in the bud sta°-e
They will expand as well in water as they would
upon the plants. Naturally the genus ' divides
itsflf into two sections, viz. the rhizomatous
section, or Irises proper, in which the susiana
group (Cushion Irises) is a sort. of sub-genus, and
bulbous Irises, Xiphions, or English and Spanish

upon the rockery. The tall-growing sibirica makes an
excellent bed if planted by itself. It is best treated
as a sub-aquatic. Indeed, so varied are the char-
acters of the plants that an Iris garden is a most
interesting adjunct to the flower garden. The
economic products of the genus are not great ;
they are represented by Orris Root, the root of the
Florentine Iris, which is largely used by perfumers.

Iris

( 447)

Iris

Propagation. — By division of the rhizomes where
they are present. In the case of germanica and its
varieties the rhizomes may be cut up at almost
any tinje, for they are exceedingly tenacious of
life ; few plants more so. For the others, spring is
the best. time. Use a knife, or a sharp spade, and
make the cuts clean, with as little bruising as
possible. The Xiphions may be raised from seeds.

nutriment. For such Irises as reticnlata and its
varieties, which are often grown in pols, a mixture
of loam and leaf soil in equal parts, with one-sixth
of the whole road scrapings, will answer well.

Other Cultural Points. — Unguicularis (stylosa)
and its varieties should be planted in a sheltered
position. Although they flower early (December),
even a few degrees of frost are fatal to the flowers,

IKIS SI-SIAXA (see p. 449).

and by offsets from the older bulbs. In removing
these offsets great care must be taken not to bruise
the old bulbs, for they resent rough usage by dying
off. Seed should be sown (of any of the species in
either section) in light, sandy soil as soon as it is
ripe, and the seed pans should be consigned to a
cold frame.

Soil.— Almost any garden soil will suit, but it is
improved by the addition of a few medium-sized
lumps of sandstone. Mulchings of manure help to
keep the roots cool, and furnish the ntcrs.-ary

which are very tender. The Xiphions make elepnnt
bedding plants. They may be either mixed with
other bulbs or planted by themselves. The latter
is preferable, as the plants do not like to be dis-
turbed. Six inches between the bulbs is a good
distance, and the crowns should be at least 2"
below the surface of the soil. The soil must be
well drained, and the position sheltered from cold
winds. Given this, they will come up year after
year in increasing numbers, and with undiminished
beauty. Lasvigata (Ksampferi) is only iust begin-

Iris

(448)

Iris

ning to be known to the general public. During
the past few years numbers of superb varieties have
been introduced from Japan, and so far they seem
to do remarkably well. They are all best treated
as sub-aquatics — planted by the sides of streams
or ponds in shallow water. They may also be
grown in ordinary soil, bvit need abundant sup-
plies of water in- spring, summer, and autumn ;
less in winter. The subjoined lists of species and

Plicti: VasseU it Company, Ltd.

IllIS IHERICA.

varieties are not exhaustive. The best of the
species have been given, with a few of the best
varieties. There are many others, but space will
not permit of their mention here.

THE CUSHION IRISES.

This is the popular name given to the Onco-
cyclus and llegelia sections of Irises. They arc
much more tender than the other Irises, and must be
planted in warm, sunny, and sheltered spots, in a
light but rich soil. Some snccessful growers put

their plants in cold skeleton frames, which are
covered during the early autumn and winter to
keep off heavy rains, while admitting plenty of air
at the sides. Planting should be done in Decem-
ber, not earlier, or growth will be precocious, and
pay the penalty in being cut down by frost. A
capital plan, where the plants are in the open
ground, is to cover them with Heather or Reeds
until March, when the covering may be removed.
The plants do not need frequent, disturbance, and
may remain in the same position for years. A good
ripening by exposure to the sun after flowering is
necessary. When the bulbs have to be lifted,
from four to six weeks after flowering is over is a.
good time. They should then be stored in sand
on a shelf in a cool, dry room until December.
The soil will be much improved by a dressing of
bone meal, at the rate of from 3 oz. to 5 oz. per
square yard.

IRISES PROPER:

The presence of a rhizome, or creeping root stem,
is noticeable : s. = standards ; f. = falls.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

aphylla, 1', My., lil.,
beard wh.

aurea, 3' to 4', Je., yel.

biflora, Ap., vio. pur.,
beard yel. (*////*. fra-
grans, nudicaulis of
Jiotanical Magazine
5806, and subbiflora).

cretensis, Ap., My., lil.

cristata, 6", Ap., My., s.
lil., f. with yel. crest,
hlf -hdy. (»(/«. japonica) .

flavescens, '2' to 3', My.,
yel.

florentina, 2' to 3', My.,
wh., flowers and roots
fragrant; albicans is a
pretty var. Orris Koot.

fa'tidissima, 2' to 3', Je.,
bl., lil., small, seeds
or. ; British. Stinking
Gladwin.

gennam'ca, 2' to 3',', My.,
Je., pur., beard yel. ;
many vars. (xee pp. 445
«<irf449). German Iris.

gramiuea, 9", My., lil.,
pur., fragrant.

hybrida, 2' to 3', Je.,
flowers various, of gar-
den origin.

Isevigata, H' to 2', Je.,
Jy., Aug., flowers va-
rious, a sub-aquatic
(sijn. Kasmpferi, sec p.

CUSHION IRISES:-

bismarckiana, 9", st., 1)1.,
veined pur. , flowers
yel., veined red pur.
(syit. Sari nazarena).

Gatesii, 2i", hdy., Je.,
creamy wh., spotted
silver grey.

iberiea, 3" to 9", My., s.
pale lil., wh., f. pur.,
br., with pur. blotch
(see figure); iusiguis is a
pretty var.

Kornlkowii, 1', My., JP.,
wh., veined with red-
dish br.

446) ; many vars. Jap-
anese Iris.

ju'glecta, iy to 2', Je.,
lil., beard" yel. ; many
vars.

nrieutalis, 'A', Je., yel.,
wh. (syii. ochroleuca).

Pseudacorus, 3', My., yel.;
there is a variegated
form. Water Flag.

pumila, 4" to 8", Ap., lil..
pur,, wh. beard ; many
vars. Oood for rock-
eries and edgings.

sihirica, 1' to 4', My., Je.,
hi., small ; many vars.,
acubi, lj',bl. (also wli.
form), alba, 3', wh.

— atropurpurea, 3', pur.,
and orientalis, bl. ;
good.

squaleus, 2' to 3', My.,
Je., lil., pur., beard
yel., Elder scented ;
many vars.

unguicularis, II' to 2',
Dec., Feb.. lil", bl. («//,.
stylosa, sec p. 450) ;
several vars., including
wh.

variegata. 1' to U', My.,
claret br., beard yel. ;
several vars. ; alba is
good.

versicolor, 1' to 2.', Je.,
ciaret pur.

Lortetii, 1', My., creamy
wh., marked ro.

lupina, 6", grn., yel.,
veiucd red, heavily
bearded; var. Sch&dacJi
is vigorous, yel., br.,
pur. Wolf's Fur Iris.

nigrica,ns, s. pur., blk.,
maroon, flowers crim.,
blk., with a bl. cushion.

paradoxa, s. \vh., .veined
bl., flowers with a crim.
branl ; Choschab is a
robust var., 8", wh..
netted, vie.

Iris

Iris

lie gru., til., very pretty
:m<l distinct.

nrmiensis, 8", St., flowers
brood, primrose yel.,
beard yet. , fragrant,
willmottiana.
Other Species and Varieties :

ousiana, 1' to It', Ap.,
My., br., blk., "spotted
lil., distinct and showy
(we p. 417).

tubergeniana, 8' , metal-

arenaria, 3" to 4", My.,
yel., striped pur., or.
Minor is a dwarf var.

balkana, 1', Ap.. lil., pur.

Chainonris, 4" to 6", My.,
yel. Olbiensis is a pur. ,
wh., and yel. var., and
italica is pur. anil
dwarf.

donglasiana, (i" to 1'J".
Je., lil. , pur. Pygmiea
is a dwarf var.

ensata, 1', Je., Jy., HI.,
pur. (syns. pabularia,
iragrans, and longi-
spatha).

fulva, •>' to .3', Je., br.

giddensta'dtiaua, 2', Je.,

wh., or. beard; wh. ,

bl., and yel. vars. (»•///«.

eriatica and wittmann-

iana of gardens),
hexagona, 3' to 4', Ap., lil.
japonica (wr cristate).
Korolkowii, 1' to IV, wh.,

br. ; several vars.
lougipetala, '2' to 3', sum.,

lil., keeled yel.
robinsoniaua («r Moni'u

robiusoniana) .
Tectorum, 1', Je., lil. (*i/«.

tomiolopha).
tuberosa, Ap., My., pur.,

yel.
virescens, Ap., Mv., gru.,

yel.

Bearded Flag Irises : A Selection of Varieties :—

apliylla.

Bridesmaid, lavender.
Ga/elle, wh., HI., bl.
Madame Chereau, wh., bl.

neyleata.

Cordelia, s. lil., f. dark

crim.
Fairy Queen, lavender,

veined vio.
Hannibal, s. lavender, f.

pur.

K I ii n h'lis.

Harrison Weir, s. bronze
br., f. en'iii.

fjerinanu-a.
alba, wh.

Kharput, bl., vio., pur.
Purple King, pur.

uiHu'iin .

Calypso, wh., veined bl.
Due de Nemours, pur.,

edged wh.
Mrs. H. Darwin, wh.,

veined vio.

pallida.

Celeste, bl.
Garibaldi, ro., lil.
Madame Pacquitte, claret
red.

rarieflata : —
Cln'iiedoU', s. yel., f. wh.
Darius, s. yel., f. lil.

In rii/nta yroitjf : —
Jokai, crim.
Kumagai, wh.
Nagato, lil., bl.

Beardless Irises : —
aurea laucheana, golden
yel.

Hartwegi, 1', My., yel.
Mnnspur, bl.. spotted yel.

XIPHIONS.

NOTE. — The bulbous rootstock is the distinguish-
ing feature here. In all cases the leaves are
narrow, often drooping, and very elegant. s.=

.-tiindanls ; f = falls.

Principal Species and

alata, Oct., Dee., s. lil.,
pur., f. HI., pur., spotted
yel. ; many vars.

bakeriana, (i", Jan. and
Feb., st., wh., vio.,
flowers bl., fragrant,
earlier than reticulata.

tilit'olia, 1' to I'', s. deep
pur. , f . pur. , yel. spotted
(mill. Xiphiou tingita-
29

Lord Grey, fawn, flushed

ro.
lln/art, bronze yel.,

veined wh.

Sans Souci, yel., veined
br.

Tomoye, wh., bl.,gold.
Tanga, deep bl.
Yamagata, wh., veined
vio.

hybrid (Monnieri X

8]>uria).

Monnieri, golden yel.
spuria. A. W. Tait, bl.
— Notha, pur., lil.

Varieties :—

num of Botanical Mm/n-

tin, .")981).
Histrio, 1', Feb., e. HI.,

streaked on paler

ground.

orchioides, 9", Ap., yel.
pcrsica, 3" to 4 ', Feb.,

Mch., flowers pale yel..

HI., grn.
— Heldreichii, 4", soft

lavender, flowers vio.,
veined wh., crest yel.,
4" across, should be
grown in frames in pots
or pans (mju. steno-
phylla).

reticulate, <>" to 9", Feb.,
Mch., vio., pur., f. yel.
lined, Violet scented.
Good for pots, but must
not be forced hard.
Many var?., of which
Kivlagei, more slaty
pur. ami not scented, is

Other Species : -

Boissieri, My., bluish

pur., reddish pur.
c:measica,Feb., Mch.. yel.
Danfordiii-, Feb., Mch.,

s. yel., f. spotted br.
fosteriana, Mch., s. pur.,

f. yel.
juncea, 1' to IV, My., Je.,

yel. Bulbs eaten in

Algeria,
rosenbachiana, Mch., yel.,

or., pur., fragrant

two vars.

one of the best. His-
trioides and major are
also excellent.

tingitana, 2' to 3', HI.,
pur.

Xiphioides, 1* to '!', HI.,
pur., Jy. («//«*. anglica
»f gardens and Xiphiou
latifoKum). English
Iris.

Xiphium, 1' to 2', Je.,
flowers various ; many
vars. Spanish Iris.

sind jarensis,Mch., dull lil.

Sisyriuchium. (i" to 12".
Ap., My., HI., f. spotted
yel. (si/nx. Morcea Sisy-
riuchium of Jiotdiiii"!
M/it/aziiie 1407 and
Xiphion Sisyriuchium
of SotaniaU Moffasbu

Vartaui, Oct., Deo., lil.,
yel. crest.

GKRMAN IUISKS AS ctT

Isatis

( 450 )

Isolepis

A Selection of Spanish Irises : —

[NOTE. — These flower from ten da\
light before the English varieties.]

lavs to a fort-

Avalanche, wh., spotted Golden King, yel.

yel. SnowbaHjWh., spotted yel.

California, rich yel., or. Thunderbolt, bronze pur.,
br., or. blotches. The
height is from ]' to 2j',

t pots.

Cathariua, deep l;l., wh.,
or.

according to the var.
and cultivation.

A Selection of English Irises : —

Clara Butt, '2', china wh.
Emperor, 2', grev, spotted

bl.
Lord Palmerston, 20",

bit., crim., pur.
Mont Blanc, 2', wh.

li:»;i Bonhcur, 20", wh.,

flaked crim., vio.
A'ainqueur, 2', St., deep

lavender, feathered vio.,

flowers light lavender,

spotted vio.

ISATIS.

Hardy annual or biennial herbs (ord. Cruciferfe)
of little garden value, but interesting- because of the
dye furnished by one species, tiuctoria. This was
the \Voad of the ancient Britons, and has been
cultivated for many years for the sake of its dye.

Principal Species :—

glauoa, 3', Jy., Aug., yel., a good border flower.

ISERTIA.

Tropical American trees and shrubs (ord. TCubi-
Jicea3), rarely cultivated, but possessed of handsome
flowers. Cuttings of the side shoots may be struck
in sandy soil in bottom heat, at any time in spring
or summer. Soil, loam and peat in equal parts,
with sand.

Only Cultivated Species : —

coccinea, 8' to 12', Jy., st., sc. ; a handsome shr.

ISMENE (.see HYMENOCALI.IS).

ISOCHILUS.

Epiphytic stove Orchids (/in!. Orchidaceje). The ]
flowers are showy, rose or red in hue, and remark-
able for the curiously twisted lip, but the plants I
iive rarely grown.

ISOLEPISo

Although this genus (ord. Cyperacese) is now
referred to Scirpus, the name Isolepis is well
known, and still kept up in gardens, and likely to
be for some years. The genus is chiefly represented
by gracilis, which is in such constant demand for
decorative purposes. This species is really almost

Irish Heath (see Daboceia).

Irish Ivtj (see Hedera Helix canariensii).

Iron Hark (see Eucalyptus).

Iron Slirub (zee 8auvageiia erccta).

Iran Tree (see Parrot ia pcrsica).

Iron Weed (see Veronica).

Iron Wood (of Australasia, see Metrosideros).

Iron Wood (of North Amerind, see Bumelia lyei-

oidcn, Carpinus amencana, and Osirya

mri/iniea).
Iron Wood (of the United States, see Cyrilla

racemi flora).
Ironwort (see Siderites).
Iraiicana (see Casearia).
Isabella Grape (see Vitis Labmsco).
Ischarum (see Biarum).
•Ischnia (see Tamonea).
Iichyrnlepis (see Ikstio).
Iscurochloa (see Kanibusa).
Jsmelia (see Chrysanthemum).

sub-aquatic in its tendencies, and will do well
anywhere as long as it gets plenty of water. (Soil
is a secondary consideration, although two parts of
good loam, one part of leaf mould, and one-sixth
of sand produce the best results.

To work up a stock quickly, old clumps should be
divided up into small portions, each division being
potted into a small pot in sandy soil, and started

I'/iutu : Cufnell el- I'viupany, Ltd,

IHIS VNGVICULARIS (syn. STYI.OSA, see ]). 448).

into growth in a warm propagating frame. New
growth is soon made. It makes little difference
whether the old growths be cut away or not, for
young ones soon start. Old plants need to be
occasionally cut over, or they become rather untidy.

Whilst Isolepises are commonly regarded as
greenhouse plants, they will do well out of doors
during the summer months, and, on the other
hand, they may be employed for edging the stages
in warm houses if no better subject offers. They
make good room plants.

Principal Species : —

gracilis, 6", grh. grn. (correctly Scirpus nodosus).

Isoloma

( 451 )

Ixia

ISOLOMA.

A large genus of stove herbs (ord. Gesneraceje)
for the most, part with showy flowers. Few of the
•species are cultivated, however, and there is much
Donfusion in »;irclens between them and the
Achiincnos and Gesneras. Cuttings of the tips of
the young shoots root readily enough if dibbled
into sandy soil and kept in a close, warm frame
with bottom heat, for a couple of weeks. After-
wards they may be potted on, first into 3", then
into 4i" pots, which are large enough for flowering.
Soil, equal parts of fibrous loam and leaf soil, with
one. sixth of sharp sand.

Principal Species :—

hondc'ise, various, ye!., about 1" long (ayn.
Gesnera bonilensis of Jiotanical Magazine 4217).
Plants may be had in flower all through the year.

Other Species : —

(»//». Achimenes ocell-
ata of Botanical Maua-
zine 4359).

pictum, 3', sum., aut.,
sc., yel. (xi/n. Gesnera
pictaof Jiotanical Mm/a-
zitie 4431).

schiedeanura, li', Nov.,
sc. (syn. Gesnera schie-
deana of Botanical
Magazine 4\?>1).

Seemanm'i, 2', Oct., red

<ioppeanum, 2' to 3', sum.,
or., red («/«. Gesuera
elongate Tar. of Uolani-

fiil Jliii/nzine 'Al'lb).
<ligit:ilinoniin, ro., pur.,

wh. throat.
firmans, pvir., yel. (,s7/^,y.

Moussonia elcgans and

formosal .
hyriocyrtirlorum, or., red

(XI/H. Gloxinia hypo-

cyrtiflora of JSotuntml

.

Liudeni, wh.,
banded vio.

throat

(.11/11. Gesnera Seeman-
nii of Botanical Maya*

tatiieaf Magazine 3815).
•ocellatum, win., red

.

triflorum, H' to 2', sum.,
yel. (tun. Gesnera tri-
of Jiotanical Jfiiya-

sceptrum, 3' to 4', Jy., yel.
br. (xt/n. Digitalis scep-
trum).

.

molle, win., red (syn.
Gesnera mollis of Jio-

flora o:
sine 4342).

ISOMERIS.

Only one species, arborea (ord. Capparideaj),
•and it is of no garden value, beinsr onlv grown as
a curiosity.

ISOPLEXIS (syn. CALLIANASSA).

Two species of pretty greenhouse evergreen
shrubs (ord. Scropholarineffl). Increase is by
cnttingg of the semi-matured shoots in summer,
dibbled into sand under a bell-glass. Soil, loam
and leaf mould in equal parts, with sand.

Only Species :—
canarieusis, 4' to G', Je.,

yel, (syn. Digitalis ca-

narieusis) .

ISOPOGON.

Green'iouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Proteace«)
very seldom seen in cultivation.

ISOPYRUM.

Dwarf perennial herbs (ord. Kanunculacese) of
•slender, elegant habit. The most important species
is thalictroides, whose foliage looks not unlike a
Maidenhair Fern. Clumps of it are very effective
in nooks of the rockery, or the herbaceous border.
I m Tease is by seeds, sown when ripe, or by root
division in the autumn. Any ordinarily good soil
"will do.

Principal Species :—

thalictroides, 0", spr., wh., small, root creeping.

Isoloma (of J. Smith, see Lindsay a).
Isulopltns (see Pub/gala).
Isonundra Gntta (see IKchopiis).

ISOTOMA,

Obscure little stove and greenhouse herbaceous
perennials (ord. Campanulooecs) seldom or never
seen in gardens.

ISOTROPIS.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (r.r:l. Legnminosse),
propagated by cuttings of the young wood in
sandy peat beneath a bell-glass. Soil, one part
fibrous loam, three parts fibrous peat, with pieces
of charcoal and coarse .-and.

Principal Species :—

striata, 1', sum., or. (syn. Chorizema spartioides).

ITEA.

Hardy deciduous and evergreen shrubs (ord. Saxi-
frageas). Propagated by seeds sown in spring, or
by suckers. Soil, peat and sand. A moist position
is best.

Principal Species :—

Cyrilla(.srcCyrillaracomi- spinosa (.«•« Bursaria
flora). spinosa).

virginica, 6', Jy., wh.

IVY (see HEDERA).

IXANTHUS.

Herbaceous biennials (ord. Gentianene), requiring
greenhouse culture. Propagation, from seeds sown
in spring. Soil, any fertile mixture of peat and
sand.

Only Specieo : —

viscosus, 2', Je., wh., yel. (sjn. Exacum vis-
cosuin).

IXIA.

Description. — Half - hardy Cape bulbs (ord.
IrideEe) that produce long spikes of verv beautiful
flowers, and bear marked resemblances tu Babianas,
Sparaxises, and Tritonias.

Propagation. — 15y seeds, which are best sown
in shallow pans of sandy peat, in spring. Also by
offsets, of which considerable numbers are pro-
duced ; these quickly form flowering plants.

Soil. — Three parts mellow loam, one part leaf
mould, and coarse sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Though Ixias are not
strictly hardy, they will be found to succeed
admirably on a warm border which is well drained.
The soil should be somewhat light in character,
and the bulbs must be planted deeply and covered
with some material in the winter that will throw-
off heavy rains. Whether grown in pots or out of
doors it is essential that the foliage ripen off
naturally, so as to plump up the bulbs for the
following season's flowering. If it is necessary t»
remove them from the soil immediately after
flowering, lay them out in some convenient place
where the leafage will die slowly, and not where
it will be almost instantly dried up. The best time

Isotypus (see Unoser'a).

Italian Oak (xcr f/"r/v//.< .Ksculvi).

Ithnricrs Spear (.wr Tritelela laxa).

Jvcsia nnguiculata (see Potentilla nnyuicnlala).

Iirira (see Stcrcitlia).

frory ffut Palm (see I'kytclephas macrocarjia).

fvy-leaccd FCTII (see lli-tnionitis).

Ivij-leared 1'clanjoniuin (see J'clargtiniiiin pel-

tatitm).

Iry-learcd Toadjlnr (sec J.inaria C'ymbalaria),
Ixauclieims (sec Layenophora).

Ixiolirion

(452 )

Jacksonia

for potting is October, and the same treatment as
that accorded'to Freesias and other Cape bulbs I
will suit.

Principal Species :—

[NOTE. — Many species that were at one time
placed under Ixia have now been transferred to
Sparaxis, Tritonia, Micrantha, Romulea, and Hes-
peranthera, which see. Those here named are
regarded by the Kew authorities as true Ixias.]
crateroides (sfcspeciosa). Gladiolus longifiorus,

flexuosa, If, Ap., pk. audTritom'alongiflora).

fusco-citrina (see macu- patens, 1', Ap., pur.

lata). polystachya (of LinniEus,

maculata, 1', My., br., not Jacquin), H',sum.,

wh. (HI/H.I. fusco-citrina wh., br. (syn. erecta).

and spicata). speciosa, 1', Jy., pur.,

monadelpha, 9", My., bl. crim. (syn. crateroides).

paniculata, 1', sum., yel., spicata (see maculata;.

wh. (si/us, longiflora, viridiflora, H', My.,gru.

IXIOLIRION.

Syrian bulbous-rooted plants (ord. Amaryllidefe)
which, though introduced in 1814, have not become
very common. They are perfectly hardy, and pro-
duce such charming flowers that they are worthy
of inclusion in every garden. Propagation, by
offsets from the bulbs, or by seeds when procurable.
In neither case is special soil necessary. Ixiolirions
flourish in any fertile mould, but, like many
bulbous. plants, delight in sound loam, leaf mould,
and sand.

Principal Species : —

montanum, l',.Je., bl. (si/ns. Amaryllis and Al-
stromeria montana) ; macranthum is a good var.

Other Species : —
kolpakowskianum, 1', Pallasii, 1', sum., bl.

sum., bl. or wh.

IXODIA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Composite).
Propagation, by cuttings of firm young shoots in
late spring beneath a bell-glass. A mixture of
fibrous loam and peat suits.

Principal Species : —

achilleoides, 2', sum., wh.

IXORA.

Description. — Valuable stove plants (ord. Rubia-
cese) which, when well grown, are difficult to
surpass for beauty of flower and foliage. To those
who grow specimen plants for exhibition they
are indispensable.

Propagation.— By cuttings of short - jointed
shoots, moderately firm, in sandy peat over bottom
heat. If the cuttings can be inserted singly, and
the pots are plunged in a gentle hotbed, rooting
is more certain and slightly quicker. When well
rooted pinch out the tops, and a few days later
place in larger pots.

Soil. — Two parts good fibrous loam, one part leaf
mould, and one part fibrous peat, with a generous
addition of silver sand.

Other Cultural Points. — As the roots are very
susceptible to damage from soil sourness, the
drainage must be perfect. After the first potting,
the plants are best on an ash or shell covered
stage, water being given freely as the soil becomes
permeated with roots. Syringing will be fouivl
beneficial, and shade from bright sunshine is
advisable. Young plants in 6" pots will flower,
and may be afterwards encouraged to take a few
weeks' rest prior to being judiciously pruned early

in the year. Macrothyrsa, however, must not be
pinched. A temperature of 75° is suitable for
starting. As soon as growth has commenced,
any renovation of the roots or repotting should
be attended to. Until the plants have done
flowering they must be. accorded a high temperature
and a moist atmosphere. When the pots are full
of roots and the flower buds are developing, liquid
manure may be applied frequently. Careful
pruning and pinching will be found to obviate
the necessity for an elaborate course of training.

Enemies. — Ixoras are liable to the attacks of
thrips and mealy bug. Vaporisation has been
found to answer well, but sponging the leaves
must be had recourse to in severe cases, as the
beauty of the plants is very quickly lost. Frequent
and forcible syringings are good preventives, and
care should be exercised that neither pest obtains
a firm hold.

Principal Species, Hybrids, and Varieties : —

coccinea, 4', sum., or., javanica, 3', J«., or.

sc. Ihere are several niacrothyrsa, 6', sum.,

splendid garden forms, ver., sc. (xi/ii. Duffii,

seedlings from this w /j. 4;;3).

species, and varyiug Pilgrimi, 4', Jy., or., sc.,

slightly in habit and crim., hybrid (coccinea

colour, notably dix- X Williamsii).

iana, Fraseri, grandi- Prince of Orange, 3', Jy.(

flora, luteus, Morsei, bright or.

and superba. Westii, 3', Aug., rosy pk.,

Duffii (sec macrothyrsa). blush, hybrid.

Griffithii, 4', Jy., red, yel. Williamsii, 4', Jy., salmon

incarnata, 3', Je., pur. , red, very fine,
probably a form of
cocciuea.

Other Species and Varieties : —

alba (see stricta var.). graudiflora (sec cocciuea

barbata, 10', Jy., wh. var.).

crocata (see stricta var.). jucunda, 10', My., wh.

dixiana(s«?coccineavar.). laxiflora, 4', Je., wh., pk.

Fraseri(se(?cocciiieavar.). Morsei (sec cocciuea var.).

fulgens, 5', Aug., or. ; sali- salicifolia (,w fulgeus
cifolia and the varie- var.).

gated fprm are varie- stricla, 3', Jy.. sc. ; alba
ties of this. and crocata are forms.

JABOROSA.

Herbaceous perennials (ord. Solanacere). Prop-
agation, by division of the root-stock in spring ; or
by cuttings under hand-lights. Soil, well-drained
sandy loam.

Principal Species : —

integrifolia, 1', Jy., Sep., wh.

JACARANDA.

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Bignoniacete). Prop-
agation, by cuttings of half-ripened wood in very
sandy soil beneath a bell-glass over .bottom heat.
Soil, equal parts of fibrous peat and loam, with
coarse sand. The drainage must be perfect.

Principal Species : —

ccerulea, 10', sum., bl.
h'licifolia, 20', sum., bl.

ovalifolia, 12', My., bl.
(syn. mimososfolia).

JACKSONIA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Leguminosnc).
Propagation, by cuttings in spring in sandy soil
beneath a bell-glass. Soil, equal parts of peat and
loam, with coarse sand.

Jaca (see Artnearjtvsi).
Jacinth (see Hyacinth).

Jacobinia

(453 )

Jacobinia

Principal Species :

sco|Miriii, 12', Je., nearly hcly., yel. (tun. Viniinaria

'latriillura).

JACOBINIA.

Stove perennials (ord. Acanthaceae) of shrubby
liabit, closely allieil to .Iiisticia. Natives of South
America. Propagation, by cuttings, in sandy soil,

Principal Species and Varieties :

chrysostephana, 3', win.,
yel. (nun. Cyrtanthera
chrysostephana) .

ghiesbreghtiana, 2', Dec.,
so. (syns. Justicia and
Sericographis ghies-
breghtiana).

magnifica, l'to-13', Aug
ro.

— caruea, 3' to 9', sum.,
pale ro. (tya. Justicia
caruea).

— pohliana, 3' to 9',
aut., red.

IxOKA MACKOTHYItSA (syn. DuFFII, see f. 452).

in a close pit. Soil, good loam, peat or leaf soil.
•a little dried cow manure, and sand. Excess of
moisture at the roots must be avoided in the
•case of young plants. Pinch out growing points
to secure shapely plants. Keep close to the
$;lass so as to prevent spindly shoots.

Jackanapes-on- Horseback (see Polyanthus).
Jack-in-a-box (m-e Hernnndia).
Jaclt-in-tlie- Green (nee Polyanthus).
Jack Tree (fee Artocarpm iiirina).

Other Species :
aurea, 6', Jy., yel. (•*//"•

Cyrtanthera catalpn—

folia).
rnr.-inca, !>', Feb., so. (»•//«.

Justicia coccinea).

Liiuleni, 2J', spr., or. yel.
jiauciflora, 3', spr.. sc.,

yel. (*.'/». Libonia

pauciflora).
penrhosiensis (*ce Libo-

(see ft

Lily (see fiprclteUa
JacuVs Jjidtler (sec I'uleninniiim ctentleum).
Jacob's Stajf (see Vfrbascitm Tliapsus).

Jacquemontia

( 454 )

Jasmiiram

JACQUEMONTIA.

Evergreen twiners (ord. Convolvulaceas), requir-
ing intermediate or stove treatment. Propagation,
by cuttings of the side shoots in late spring in
sandy soil beneath a bell-glass over gentle bottom
heat. Soil, loam and peat in equal parts with
sand.

Principal Species : —
violacea, 6', Aug., bl. — canescens, 6', Aug., bl.

JACQUINIA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Mvraine»). Prop-
agation, by cuttings of ripe wood in sandy peat
beneath a bell-glass over bottom heat. Soil, three
parts peat and one part fibrous loam, with coarse
sand.

Principal Species:—

armillaris, 6', Je.. \vh. aurantiaca, o', ,Te., or.

ruscil'olia, 4', sum., wh.

JAMESIA.

A hardy shrub (ord: Saxifrages;) whose beauty
warrants its culture in all gardens. Propagation,
by seeds or layers. Any fertile soil.

Only Species : —

americana, 4'. to 8', spr., wh. (see figure).

JAMESONIA.

A small genus of greenhouse Ferns (ord. Filices).
of no particular value.

JAPANESE DWARFED TREES.

From the earliest times both Japanese and
Chinese gardeners have excelled in the curious art
of dwarfing trees, so that in their miniature land-
scapes they might have exact replicas in all but,
stature of their native forest trees. The whole art
of dwarfing trees lies in checking the sap flow and
removing all strong growths. The former is secured
by reducing the number of roots at an early stage
of the tree's life, by keeping the roots in narrow
and shallow pots (usually of artistic design), and
by preventing the roots 'from wandering over or
through the pots in search of food. Water is
sparingly afforded, and additional root room seldom
provided. Besides the simple process of dwarfing,
there is that of training, which is usually conducted
in such a manner as to materially check growth.
Sometimes only the tips of the roots are kept in the
soil and the plant appears to be standing on stilts,
and in addition to this its head may be trained
round and among the leading root branches, and

Jacvanga (see Cosius).

Jala/pa (see Miralilis).

Jalap Plant (see Iponura Puri/ii).

Jaltumata (see Saraclia).

Jamaica J)o/prood.(sce Piscidia).

Jamaica Ebuny (see lirya Ebcmis).

Jamaica Honcytuakle (see Paui flora laiirifolia).

Jamaica Hone liean (sec Canaralia ensijormis).

Jamaica Paroquet Bur (sie Trimnfetta).

Jamaica Pepper (see Pimento, viilf/arii).

Jamaica Plum (see Spond'ias luted).

Jamaica Rase (see Merlania).

Jawtolifera (nee Acronychia~).

Jamtosa (see Eugenia).

Jamesia of Nees (see Stepkanomeria~).

Janipha (see Manifiot).

Jankera (see Ramnndia).

Jantlie (see Cclsia).

Japan Cedar (fee Gryptomeria).

even brought down to a lower level than the pot in.
which it grows. For the various styles of training
dwarfed trees the Japanese gardeners have dis-
tinctive names, and this is necessary when it is
remembered that more than one generation of gar-
deners may manipulate some of the trees ere the
full development of some particular style is reached.

The trees selected for dwarfing are chiefly Cu-
pressus obtusa nana, the Chabu Hiba of the
Japanese ; Larix leptolepis, the Japanese Larch ;
Pinus densiflora, Nandina domestica, Porlocarpus
macrophyllus, Plums, Cherries, Japanese Maples,
and, in a lesser degree, Cycas revoluta and some
Bamboos.

During recent years large importations of
Japanese dwarfed trees have been made into this

JAMESIA AMERICANA.

country by private individuals, by British nursery-
men, and also by enterprising Japanese growers.
The plants have found a ready sale among lovers
of the curious and interesting, but the cult is not
likely to become generally popular. At present
there is one nursery in England, near London,
devoted to Japanese dwarfed trees, and conducted
by an experienced Japanese.

JASMINUM.

Description.' — A large and widely distributed
genus of plants (ord. Oleaceas) that includes hardy
deciduous, hardy evergreen, greenhouse, and stove
subjects. The majority are climbers, producing
either white or yellow flowers, frequently very

Japan Lacquer Tree (see Rkus vemieifera).
Japan Medlar (see Pliotiniajaponica).
Japan Wax (sec Rims succeaanea).
Japanese Oak (see Qwercus r/labra).
Japanese Pagoda Tree (see SophorajapOtMM).
Japanese Toad Lily (sec Tricyrtis liirta).
Japanese Yew (see Cepltalotaxits).

Jateorhiza

( 455 )

fragrant. The common Jasmine or Jessamine is
one of the best loved of garden plants, and the
yellow winter-flowering nudillormu is almost as
great a favourite.

Propagation. — The hardy species by suckers, by
layers pegged down at any season, or by cuttings
in sandy soil under a hand-light. Stove or green-
house species by cuttings of young, firm growth,
taken off with a small heel of old wood attached,
and placed in sandy peat in a close case or under
a bell-glass in a warm pit.

Soil. —Any fertile garden soil, well drained,
suffices for the hardy sorts, but those! needing
warmth and protection succeed best in a mixture
of peat, loam, and sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Prim, close training is
objectionable in most plants, but particularly so
with Jasmines. If allowed free growth the hardy
climbing species are charming for covering porches,
arbours, pergolas, high fences, and verandah pillars.
Nudiflonim is splendid for pillars and house fronts.
Pruning must take the form of thinning out useless
growth. Samhac and its double form, as well as
gracillimum, need plenty of heat, and the latter
will stand rather close pruning after flowering.

Insect Enemies. — The stove species are special
favourites with mealy bug, but if preventive mea-
sures are taken the plants can easily be kept clean.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
gracillimuin, 4', win., st., wh. (x;/>t. ochroleucum).

wh. Common Jasmine,

granilitlorum, l.V, Je. to a Him1, larger than the

Oct., grh., wh. type.

humikvi', Jy., Inly., yel. ; — t'oliis aureis, golden

rovolutum is probably Ivs.

a strong-growing form primulinuin, flowers 1J"

of this (fi/ne. Fulleri, across, grh., creamy wh.

pubigerum, Reevesii, Sambac, <i', aut., St., wh.;

and wallichianum). the double form of this

nudilloniin, 10', win., yel. species is a desirable

oflicin;ilr, '_'(!', sum., hdy., plant.

Other Species : —

angustii'olium, 10', sum., odoratissimum, 4', Je.,

St., wli. hdy., wli.

auriculatum, 4', sum., St., pubnscens, 4', Je., St.,

wh. wb. (SI/HS: hirsutum

capense, 8', My., grh., wh. and muitiflorum).

floridum, 10', Jy., hdy., pubigi-rum (sir liuinile).

yel. (»i/«. subulatum). revolutum (nee humilc

fruticaus, 10', Jy., hdy., var).

yel. (*//«v. c'ollinum and simplicit'olium, 5', Je., St.,

hetiM'nphyllum). wh. (»;/«. graeile).

graclie(*<?''simplicifolium). subulatum (we floridum).

hirsutum (tec pubescens). undulatum, 5', Jan., st.,

muitiflorum (we pubss^ wh.

cens).

JATEORHIZA.

A herbaceous perennial (iiril. Menispermacea!) of
little horticultural value. It requires a stove
temperature, and is propagated by cuttings in
sandy soil beneath a bell-glass. Loam and peat,
with sand, suit.

Only Species : —

Columba. .'{'. sum., pale grn. (syiis. palmata and
Cocculus pahnatus). Columba Root.

JATROPHA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (iird. Euphorbiacerc)
having considerable economics value. Propagation,

Jasnihl.inll Ill's (we Stc/iliilinil ix).
Jasmine, Jlox (nee P/iillyrea).
Jasmhic, liiick (see Amlrosoee).

by cuttings of firm shoots in very sandy soil beneath
a bell-glass over bottom heat, or by seeds when
procurable. Soil, fibrous peat, loam, and coarse
sand.

Principal Species : —
Curcas, 4', sum., yel.

Purging Nut.

podagrica, 2', sum., or.
red.

JEFFERSONIA.

A hardy herbaceous perennial (ord. Berberidese)
that will grow in any well-drained garden soil.
Propagated by division in spring, or by seeds.

Only Species : —

binata, t>", My., wh. (syil. diphylla).

JERDONIA.

Stove perennials (ord. Gesneracea;). Propaga-
tion, by cuttings of new growth, in sa.ndy soil, in
heat. Soil, sandy loam, with leaf mould. A lower
temperature and drier conditions are necessary
during winter.

Principal Species :—

indica, 4", Oct., Nov., crhu., HI.

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE (see
ARTICHOKE).

JESSAMINE Oe JASMINUM).
JONQUIL, (wr NARCISSUS).

JUANULLOA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Solanacea;). Prop-
agation, by cuttings in very sandy sod beneath a
bell-glass over bottom heat. Fibrous loam witli
coarse sand suits.

Principal Species : —

aurantiaca, Je., or. (sijhs. parasitica and Brug-
mansia Horibunda).

JUBJEA.

A tall greenhouse Palm (urd. Palrna;) that is
raised from imported seeds and flourishes in sound
loam. The only species is spectabilis, which is
25' high, and is remarkable for its bulky stem. A
specimen at Kew has a girth of about 13' at 4' from
the ground. The popular title of this species ia
Coquito Palm ; its fruits have occasionally been
sold in London as " Little Cokernuts."

Jeklia (see Lopezia).

Jcnliinsia (nee Acrostic/rum').

Ji'iiliinsonia (sec 1'elaryan'mni).

Jerusalem C/ierrt/ (set! t*olaniim Psciido-capiicum~).

Jerusalem Xatje (see I'liloinis).

.li-nixiileiii Thorn (see Farltinxonia aculeata).

Ji'SidCs Nut (see Trapa natam).

Jem Hush (see J'edilnii/liits).

Jen-'* Apple (see Aulenjinc and Solatium Melon-

gena).

Jezabel (see freyeinctia).
Jolfs Tears (sec Coix).
.luriistc (see Umilacina).
Joe l'i/e Weed (see Eii/iatorhim pmpurevm).
Jnlinia (see N'l/acin).
Joint fir (si'<: J-'.phedra).
.InliiH/i (see Tclfuir'ni ).

.liiilfsin (xiv Siinirii ).

Juxr/i/iiii (we Itri/iiHilm).

JHXI'/I/I'S Cunt (we I iiinriiiitliiis splendent).

Jurclliiiiii (we Cnlivntiiria).

Jun-'s l-'rinl (sir l.in/lcra).

Juglans

( 456 )

Juniperus

JUGLANS. (WALNUT.)

Description. — Handsome, hardy, tleciduuns trees
(ord. Juglandote), useful ornamental subjects for
garden or park, and possessing considerable eco-
nomic value by reason of their edible Nuts and fine
timber.

Propagation. — By seeds (Nuts) sown in autumn
or spring; and by grafting or budding for choice
varieties.

Soil. — Any deep, fertile soil suils Walnuts.
Principal Species and Varieties :

cinerea, 30', spr., gru.
(syjix. cathartica, ob-
louga, and Carya cath-
artica). Butter Nut.

cordiformis, 30' to 40',
Ivs. often 2' long.

iiigra, 30', spr., gru. (*>/n.
Pitteursii).

regia, r>0', Apr., gru. («//«.
kumaoneusis). Several
distinct forms, such
as laciniata, longiros-
tris, maxima, mouo-
phylla, pendula, and
prteparturiens. Com-
mon Walnut.

rupestris, small elegant
Ivs.

Other Species : —

alba (ft.-c Carya tomeii-

tosa) .

•fraxinifolia (tee Ptero- sieboldiaua, 30', spr.,

carya caucasica). gni. (nyim. ailantifolia,

pyrii'orniis, hybrid (nigra mandsh'urica ailanti-

X regia) . folia, and macropliylla) .
sulcata (sec Carva sulcata) .

JUNCUS.

Hardy bog plants (ord. Junceie) of no special
value for garden cultivation.

JUNIPER MOTH.

The small grey and white moth known to ento-
mologists as Ypsolophus marginellus is known to
horticulture as the Juniper Moth. The larva; are
hatched early in June, and at once spin a web on
the erect-growing Irish Juniper, drawing the leaves
together and thereby making the shrubs unsightly.
Having done this the voracious little pests feed
upon the foliage and so cause considerable damage.
Hand-picking and vigorous hosing will arrest the
enemy, but spraying the trees in May with a weak
kerosene emulsion (nee INSECTICIDES) is more
effective.

JUNIPERUS.

Description.— Well-known half-hardy and hardy
•evergreens (ord. Conifenc), valuable as specimens
on lawns, where very tall shrubs would not be
suitable, and equally useful in borders and shrub-
beries.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown at almost any time •
they are very slow in vegetating, sometimes taking
eighteen to twenty-four months. Or by cuttings
in late summer in a shady position in firm soil
and preferably, covered with hand-lights.

Soil.— Tire Junipers like a deep, sandy, well-
drained loam, but they are not fastidious' in this
respect, and will make shapely trees in all but the
poorest soil.

Economic Properties.— The fruits of the Com-
mon Juniper are used for flavouring <nn while
those of the Savin (Sabina) have diuretic proper-
ties. A great deal of the light brown, fragrant
» wood used for cedar pencils is produced by ber-
.mudiana and virginiana.

Judas Tree (see Cereis).

Jtijttbe Lotus (sec Zizyplius Lotus).

Juliana (SIT Choisyii).

June Hcrry (see Amclanclticr).

Principal Species and

chineusis, 12', My. (HI/UK.
japonica and Thun-
bergii) ; the golden
var. aurea makes a
fine lawn specimen, as
also does albo-varie-
gata.

communis, o', My. ; good
vars. are alpina («y>i.
canadensis), fastigiata
(xi/n . h ibernica ) ,glauea ,
and oblonga. Common
Juniper.

drupacea, 4', My.

excelsa, 30' : stricta is a
good garden form.

Varieties : —

rigida, 4', My.

Sabiiia, 4', My. ; low-
growing forms suitable
for rock gardens are
procumbeus, prostrata,
tamuriscifolia, and

variegata.

Sauderi, glaucous, grn.,
dense heads, small and
compact (see p. 4.">7).

virginiana, 30', My. ; the
best garden forms are
argentea, aureo-varie-
gata, glauca, peudula,
Schottii, pendula, and
viridis. Red Cedar.

JUXII'EIIL'S VIllGIMAXA.

Other Species and Varieties :—

bermudiana, 20', My.,
grh. Bermuda Cedar.

macrocarpa, 12', My.
(*.'/«*. neaborieusis and

iphffirocarpa).
occideutalis, 12',

My.
and

(KI/IIH. dealbata
pyriformis).
Oxycedrus, 15', My. (si/n.
rufescens).

pachyphliCii, 6', My.
phrenicea, 20', My. (si/ns.

bacciformis and tetra-

gona).
recurva, 4', My.; good

vars. are pendula and

squamata.
sphrerica, 30', My. (si/>if.

chineusis Smithii, and

Fortunei); glauci (xyn.

Jimit's Tears (see Verbena officinalis).

Jiijtitcr'g Heard (see Anthyllis liarba-Juvis and

SempiTviwm Tectoruni).
Jupiter's Distaff (sec Salvia glutinosa).

Jurinea

( 457 )

Kalanchoe

thiirii'cra, 10', Jly. («//»».
bonatiana, ciuerc:i, his-
panica, and subinoidcs) .

Slieppardii) is a good

form.

taxifolia, 4', My. (»//«.
oblouga pendula).

JURINEA.

Hardy herbaci'ous perennials (ord. Composite').
Propagated by division in spring, or by seeds sown
at that tinir. Any fertile garden soil suits.

Principal Species:—
alata, 'A', Jy., vio. spectahilis, 1', Je., pur.

JUSSI^EA OP JUSSIEUA.

Stove biennials and perennials, nearly all aquatics
{ord. Onagrarieai). Propagated by division, cut-
tings, or seeds, the process being very easy. Soil,
,suund loam.

well ifc Company, Ltd.

JrxipERus SAXDERI (wp.

Principal Species :—
^'i-.nidirlora, 1!', Aug.,

grh., yel. : not aquatir.

Other Species : —
frutescens, 2', Je., shr.,

yel.
nataus, st. per., wh.,

aquatic.

ovalifolia, 1', Jy., yc>l.

repens, 1', Aug., yel.
sun'rutieosa. 1.'.', Aug., yel.
(»//». uxaltata).

JUSTICIA.

Botanists have merged most of this genus (m-d.
Acanthacea)) into Jacobinia. The genus comprises
annuals, biennials, and herbaceous and shrubby
perennials, all requiring warm greenhouse or stove
treatment. The annuals and biennials, which are
not much grown, can be raised froci seeds, and
the others from cuttings in very sandy soil in heat.
A constant succession of young plants should be
maintained. Soil, peat and loam, with sharp

Principal Species : —

[The synonymy is that of the Ken- Hand-Lilt

18'JU].

calycotricha, 2', Feb.,

yel. (xyii. flavicoma).
carnea, 3', Aug., flesh

(now Jacobinia magni-

tica var.).
cocciuea, 4', win., sc. (now

Jacobinia coccinea).
conmta, 2', sum., pur.

(now Diauthera com-

ata).
flavicoma (nee ealycotri-

cha of Botanical Maga-
zine 2816).
furcata, 4', Ap., trailer,

vio.
geudarussa, H' to 3', Jy.,

ro. , pur.
ghiesbreghtiana, H'.win.,

sc. (now Jacobinia

ghiesbreghtiana).
magnifica, 3' to 10', Aug.,

ro. (now Jacobiuia mag-

iiifica).

— pohliana, EC.
KADSURA.

Evergreen shrubs (ant. JIagnoliaceae), with thick,
leathery leaves and white (lowers, suitable for a
wall out of doors, or for a gold greenhouse. Propa-
gation, by cuttings. Soil, light loam.
Principal Species :—

chinensis of Turez (Schi-
/.andra japonica), cor-
rectly Schizaudra chin-

chiuensis of Hance (cor-
rci-tly Schizaudra lian-
ceaua).

,/Hxsii'ua (see

K^EMPFERIA.

Ornamental, herbaceous perennials (ord. Scita-
mineie), requiring stove culture. They have large
or small, rather fleshy, oval or roundish leaves,
springing from a tuberous rootstock, and produce
terminal spikes of flowers during summer on stout,
leafy stems. Careful division is a good means of
increase at the time of potting in spring. Well-
drained pots should always be provided, and a
light mixture of two parts fibrous peat, one part
fibrous loam, with one part of chopped sphagnum
and charcoal, and a fair quantity of sand, given.
During the growing period a good supply of water
is necessary, checking the amount as the leaves
begin to turn yellow in autumn. During winter a
long rest must be given.

Principal Species : —
atrovirens, 9", vio., pur.
Ethelie, 2', spr.,ro., pur.,

yel. blotch.
Galatiga. 1', Jy., Aug..

wh.. pur.
Gilbert!;. 1', grown for its

grn. and wh. variegated

Ivs.
Kirkii, C", Aug., ro.,iiur.,

Other Species : —
angiistifnliii, (!" to 8",

wh., lil.

elegans, 1', sum., pur.
marginatii. 1'. Jy.. bl.

(»i/». Cienkowskia

Kirkii).
pandurata, 9" to 12",

wh., red.

roscoeana, C", Jy., wh.
rotunda. 1', Jy., Aug., wh.,

reddish vio., fragrant,
spcciosa, wh., Ivs. grn. or

variegated.

secimda, 1', sura., par.,
wh.

yittata, 9", Aug., hand-
some Ivs.

KAGENECKIA.

Half-hardy shrubs or small trees (nrd. Rosaceoc),
of little horticultural value.

KALANCHOE.

Description. — Erect-growing, succulent-stemmed
plants (ord. Crassulace:e), from a few inches to 2'
or 3' in height. The leaves are fleshy, sometimes
glaucous. The flowers are usually in terminal,
flattened heads. Of the numerous species a few

Jute Plant (ser Corcltom* capgularit).

A ir in /ifr rn (itff Tamonea).
Aufh'r ]t i-ii a 'I'm (xi-c Xrhotia).
Knftir l.'ilij (sec f-'c/ii:o.ifylis).
Kiilti (.-/<•

Kalanchoe

( 438 )

Kalmia

only make really ornamental plants. Flammea, a
recent introduction from Somaliland, is by far the
be»t. It was introduced a few years ago through
the Royal Gardens, Kew, seeds having been sent
to that establishment by Mrs. Phillips, who
collected them in Somaliland. It grows 2' to 2i'
high, and produces large heads, often 1' or more
across, of orange scarlet flowers, which last in good
condition for six weeks in early summer.

flowers may be obtained. From the cutting or
seedling to the mature plant a check should never
be given.

Principal Species : —

carnea, 11', flesh. flammea, 2' to 21', sum.,,

grandifloru (of gardens sec or. so. (.-«• figure).

marmorata). marmorata, 2'. sum.,

wh.

KALANCHOE FLAMMEA.

Propagation. — This is effected by means of seeds
or cuttings.

Soil.— Fibrous loam two-thirds, the other third
being made up of leaf mould, sand, and small
crocks.

Other Cultural Points.— Young plants should be
grown in a tropical house for the first six months,
afterwards transferring them to n warm green-
house. When about thirteen months old the
inflorescences will begin to show, after which time
plenty of air should be allowed, and the plants fed
with weak liquid manure. Plants can be well
grown and flowered in 5" or 6" pots, and by stop-
ping the plants once when young, several heads of

Other Species : —
coccinea. '2', sum., red.
crenatn, 2', Aug., yel.

rotmidifolia, 2', Jy., wh.
spathulata, 2', Jy., wh.

K ALE (see BORECOLE and SEAKALK).

KALMIA.

Description. — Hardy evergreen shrubs from
North America, with very ornamental flowers.
About six species are known, of which three are-
usnally seen in cultivation. Kalinins should never
be planted in ground containing lime, and they
never do well on a hot, dry soil. In addition to-
being good outdoor plants they are useful for
forcing to use indoors in spring.

Kalosanthes

Kentia

Propagation. — Cuttings of half-ripe shoots can
be rooted in July if taken with a small heel of old
wood, and inserted firmly in pots of very sandy-
peat place;! iu a cool, close propagating case.
Seeds may also be sown as soon as ripe, or in
spring, using well-drained pans of sandy peat.
One or two species may also be increased by
division of the clumps, whilst all can be increased
by layers.

Soil. — Moist, peaty soil, from which superfluous
moisture drains quickly away, is the most suitable.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

angustit'olia, 2' to 3', Je.,
crim. The following
vars. differ in height
andcolour; allaregooil:
lueida, liana, ovata,
roseu, and rubra.

Other Species : —
cuneata, '2', My., Je., wh.

glauca, 1' to 2', My., lil.

pur.
latifolia, anything tip to

20', sum., ro. or wli.

Calico Bush.

— myrtifolia,smallleaved.

— polypetala, abnuriml
number of petals.

hirsute, l',sutn., ro. pur.

KALOSANTHES (.see KOCHEA and CRAS-
SULA).

KARATAS.

Tropical evergreen plants, often with ornamental
foliage (ord. Bromeliacete), For culture, see

BlLLBERGIA.

Principal Species : —

acanthocrater, 1', sum.,

rod and grn. bracts, hi.

flowers,
ampullacea, hi., grn..

wh. (XIIH. Nidularium

ampullaceum).
Carolime, H', sum., red

and grn. bracts, bl. and

grn. flowers (»//"• olens).
coriacea, 1'. sum., rciiilUh

pur. bracts, grn. ami

H. flowers,
fulgeiis, 1', deep re<l

briii'ta, bl. flowers, with

red calyx.
humilis. 1',', sum., blood

red bracts, reddish pur,

flowers.
Inuocentii, 1', sum., or.

bracts, grn. and wh.

flowers ; var. striata.
Pininieri, 1'5', sum., red

bracts, reddish pur.

flowers,
rutilnns, vermilion (*//«.

Xidularium rutilans) .

Killivinillifi n rxii'olnr (xi'i' Jlili'liril VtTU
Kambiilii Tri'i' («v ^mi urrnl'm tijii'ltilii).
Kanyanw A/ipli (»•<• Solatium acii'ttlare).
Kareliniti (see Pluehea).
Kaulfuxsia (of Necs, sa< Ckameit).
Kauri Pine (see Dammara atutmlil).

greenish flowers, and red, berry-like fruhV, in
August and September.

KELP.

A turm used for the ash left behind after Sea-
weed has been burnt. Kelp is rich in potash,
containing over 17 per cent., hence its value as
food material tor the Cabbage tribe, Potatoes, and
other crops.

KENDRICKIA.

A new and promising stove climber (ord. Melas-
tomaceEe), described as being the loveliest and most
desirable of Ceylon plants. Walkeri, the only
species, has umbels of large, bright red flowers,
.somewhat fleshy leaves, and self-clinging stems.
Cuttings root with freedom, and the plant thrives
in a mixture of peat and sandy loam, with a
little: charcoal and sandstone to ensure porosity.

KENNEDYA.

Evergreen climbing or trailing shrubs or sub-
shrubs (urd. Leguminosse), suitable for a cool
greenhouse. Propagation, by seeds or cuttings.
.Soil, equal parts of sandy, fibrous peat and loam.
After flowering, side shoots require shortening
back to within an eye or two of the old wood.
During the growing season water should be given
freely.

Principal Species : —

KAULFUSSIA.

A small genus of tropical Ferns (ord. Filices),
found in Assam and the islands in the neighbour-
hood of the Malay Peninsula. The principal
species is ajsculifolia (s>/n. assamica), commonly
called the Chestnut-leaved Fern. It is a curious
plant, and grows about 1J' in height. It thrives
under similar treatment to that usually accorded
to a general collection of stove Ferns. There has
also been a genus of Compositso called Kaulfussia,
but this is now sunk in Charieis.

KEDROSTIS.

A genus of stove and warm greenhouse climbing
plants (nrd. Cucurbitaceas) with perennial roots.
Seeds should be sown early in March in well-
drained pans of sandy loam, in bottom heat. The
plants may then be given the same general treat-
ment as accorded to Melons, using a rich loam.
Africana is the only species introduced ; this ha--

prostrata, shoots 2' to 3',
spr., sc. ; good for
baskets.

— Marryattce, Ivs. more
hairy than type.

ruhicuuda, l.V, sum., sc.

latifolia (correctly Hard-
enbergia monophylla).

ovata (correctly Harden-
bergia inonophyUa).

coccinea, lo', sum., sc.
lieterophylla (wr coc-

cinea).

iuophylla (wv coccinea).
nigricaus, 20', sum., grn.,

hlk.

Other Species : —
comptoniana (correctly

Hardenbergia comptou-

iana).
cordata (correctly Hard-

enlxTgiu mouophylla).

KENTIA.

Description. — Elegant Palms (ord. Palma5), re-
quiring stove or intermediate house treatment.
The genus is closely allied to Areca, Hedyscepe,
etc., and most of the species at one time included
in Kentia are now placed in other genera.

Propagation. — Imported seeds germinate readily
in a brisk bottom heat. As soon as two leaves are
made the young plants should be placed singly iu
thumb pots.

Soil.— Good, fibrous loam, with a little peat or
leaf mould, and coarse sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Young plants are bene-
fited bv being plunged in a bed where they can
obtain bottom heat. It is not advisable to give
very big shifts, the plants being far more orna-
mental when seen in medium sized pots. The
various species make excellent room plants. The
lea\e-i should be sponged occasionally with strong
snl't M>;ip water.

Principal Species :—
australis. Luciani.

sanderiana.

.
kerstcniaiia.

h,;rli,i (I'f />• Cnmlolle.
Ki'fersteinia («•« Zyu
Kflliiun (.«'<; F.nclea).
Kellettia (see Prvelda).

Leitcvptidiunt).

Kentiopsis

( 460 )

Kingia

Lindeni (correctly Kenti-
opsis macrocarpa).

Macarthuri (correctly
Ptychosperma Macar-
thuri).

wendlandiana (correctly
Hydriastele wendland-
iaua) .

Other Species s—

"belmoreana (correctly

Howea belmoreana).
•canterburyaiia (correctly

Hedyscepe canterbury -

ana) .
elegans (correctly Cypho-

phoenix elegaus).
forsteriana (correctly

Howea forsteriana).

KENTIOPSIS.

Stove Palms (ord. Palrnsr), closely allied to, and
to some extent resembling, Kentia. They require
similar treatment to Kentias and Howeas, but arc-
not very largely grown.

Principal Species : —
macrocar] a . oliva-formis.

called Corchorus japonicus. Cuttings of young
shoots root quickly, and soon make flowering
plants. Almost any sort of garden soil suits.
After flowering it is a good plan to thin out old
flowering shoots. Both the type and the double
form are excellent plants for early forcing.

KETELEERIA.

A small genus of hardy evergreen Conifers (ord.
Coniferse) allied to Abies, and until recently in-
cluded in that genus. For cultural details, refer
to ABIES and PINUS (syns. Abies, Picea, and Pinus
Fortunei, and Abies jezoensis).

Principal Species : —

davidiana, 5" to 6" long,
2J" in diameter, cones
pendent ; a tall, spread-
ing tree.

Fortunei, a curious Coni-
fer, very rare in culti-
vation.

THE POPULAU PALM KENTIA BELMOH.EANA, NOW CALLED BY BOTANISTS KOWEA BELMOKEANA.

KERRIA.

One species only, japonica (ord. Ros-aceae), is
-known. It is a handsome, hardy shrub, grow-
ing 4' to 107 high, with pretty golden blossoms 1"
.across, produced in April and May. There are
two varieties in .cultivation, one, much dwnrfer
than the type, called variegata by reason of its
white variegated leaves ; the other a very strong,
double-flowered form called flore pleno. The
latter was introduced many years before the
typical plant, and was a great puzzle to botanists
to name. For a long while it was thought to be a
species of Corchorus, and by some people is still

Kentranthm (see Ccntranthus).

Kentrophyllum (see Carthamwi).

Kentucky Co/fee Tree (sec fiymnocladus canadcnsis).

Kepplcria (see Onrosjrerwa*).

Keppleria (of Martina, see Bentinckia).

Kerclimea (see Strom ant 'lie).

Kerosene Emulsion (see Insecticides').

KIELMEYERA.

Stove evergreen shrubs or small trees (ord. Tern-
stroemiaceae), with oblong or ovate leaves and
racemes of showy flowers. Although a number of
species are known, very few are in cultivation.

Principal Species : —
augustifolia. corymbosa. excelsa, GO', Jy., wh.

KINGIA.

An evergreen genus (ord. Juncaceos). One
species only is known, australis. The flowers ar<!

Kerria, Wliite (see Rlwdotypos).

Kidney Sean (see Beans).

Kidney Bean (of Malacca, see Semeearpus Ana-

cardium).

Kidney Potatoes (see Potatoes')
Kidney Vetch (see Antliyllis).
Kii'seria (see Bonnetia).
Kilmarnock Wcepiiw) Willow (see Salix Caprea

pcndula").

Kitaibelia

(461 )

Klugia

minute, and are borne in a large globular bead
from the. centre of tlie plant. It can be grown
in peat.

KITAIBELIA.

Hardy or Imlf-liardy perennial herbaceous plants
(urd. 5Ialvace;e). They grow 2' or 'A' high, with
Malva-shaped leaves and flowers. Propagation, by
seeds. Loamy soil.

Principal Species :

vitifolia, 2', sum., hlf-hdy., wh.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

Aspect and Exposure. — In laying out a kitchen
(Mi-dun the designer, if he lias any choice in the
matter, should select a site sloping to any point
between south-cast and south-west in preference to
any other quarter. The best direction is a little to
the south-east, for then the garden will get the
benefit of the sun from the early morning till late
in the day ; and in the case of spring frosts upon
the blossom of fruit trees, the sun will gradually
thaw it before getting so powerful as to act suddenly
and with destructive force upon the frozen blossoms,
which it would do if obstructed till 10 a.m. or later.
The free passage of air is equally conducive to
well-flavoured and healthy vegetables. A stagnant
atmosphere is favourable to the rapid increase of
insect pests and fungoid diseases, and should be
avoided.

Slope and Elevation. -The slope of the ground
should be gentle rather than excessive, the most con-
venient declivity or dip being somewhere between
1' iu 20' and 1' in 30'. This will favour the proper
exposure of the vegetables and other subjects
grown to the influence of the sun, and at the same
time make the gradients easy for the wheeling of
manure to the various quarters, and for the con-
veyance to and fro of other necessary material.
Heavy rains and thunder showers are often very
destructive to gravel walks and paths on steep
declivities. High elevations should be avoided,
as the garden in such a situation is unnecessarily
exposed to the influence of violent winds, anil
vegetation, of whatever kind, is subject to injury.
Low situations are equally to be avoided, especially
in the case of fruit trees, which are liable to irre-
parable injury from late spring frosts, because the
air is always coldest at low elevations, night dews
lie heavily upon everything, and if near water the
atmosphere is often excessively damp.

Shelter. — Walls are indispensable for the proper
development and maturation of such fruits as
Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, and for
accelerating the ripening of Cherries, Gages, and
choice early Plums. The highest walls should
be built round the north, north-east, and north-
west end of the garden, and thence they may be
gradually lowered towards the south. The walls
at the north end may also form the back wall of
vineries and other fruit houses, while they will
also hide the bothies, potting sheds, and other
conveniences on their northern aspect. Trees will
be found indispensable for furnishing shelter from
the north, north-east, and north-west. Similar
shelter is desirable to protect fruit trees from the

l\imj <if I In' II 'units (we (i

hi, HJ of the \\nnitx. N/r/'/W (gee Xcnjri-ne rcyinm}.

Aiini riant (sir .l/in'r/nr/iitiix rtynUi).

Kinliiiniii (mr < "i/irlinna).

Klrganella (wr I'ltylliinthut).

force of south-westerly gales when laden with
fruit in autumn. Such trees should be at a
sufficient distance from the garden walls not to
overhang or even unduly shade them. Nor should
the rays of the rising sun be unduly obstructed on
the eastern side of the garden, whether by trees or
tall buildings.

Size. — About a rood of ground will produce
sufficient vegetables for a family of three or four,
exclusive of servants ; but this depends upon the
love or otherwise which the family may have for
vegetables. Where the owner desires a long
succession of vegetables, and many out of season
by forcing or otherwise, the area for their pro-
duction must be increased in proportion. It is
better, however, to have the garden somewhat
larger than is actually necessary, to furnish plenty,
to anticipate and guard against loss, and to allow
of extras in certain cases. About t«o acres of
ground are all that one man can work properly,
with some assistance at busy times.

Soil. — The best and richest land obtainable
(other things being equal) should be selected for
the site of a kitchen garden. A depth of 2J' to 3'
of good soil is always desirable ; and if most of it
is of the nature of a clayey loam, with a smaller
area of it of a rich but light and sandy nature for
early crops, so much the better. It is easier to
improve a heavy than a light and poor soil.

KLEINHOVIA.

One species only of this genus (prd. Sterculiacete),
hospita, is known. It is an Indian evergreen tree,
with handsome leaves and large, drooping panicles
of pink flowers. Propagation, by cuttings. Soil,
fibrous peat and loam. A stove temperature is
required.

KLEINIA.

A genus (vrd. Composite) allied to Senecio.
The majority have stems of a succulent character,
and flourish under similar treatment to Cactus,

which see. Propagation is by cuttings, which

should be slightly dried before insertion. Soil,

loam, leaf mould, broken crocks, and sand, with
good drainage.

Principal Species : —

Anteuphorbium, 3' to 4', ncriifolia, 4' to 6', Jan.,.

Jan., grh., yel. grh., yel.

articulata, 11', Sep., grh., jicudulu, Oct., grh..

yel. (*.'/». Cacalia arti- bright vermilion, or.,.

culatoj. steins crooked (*#".

ficoides, Jy. to Oct., grh., Senecio Gunnisii).

wh. nulirans, 6", Je., grh.,

fulgens, 2' to 3', My., yel. (syii. Cacalia radi-

grh., or. , ver. cans).

Galpiui, 1' to 2', Sep. to repens, Je., wh., near

Nov., grh., or. h'coides but more glau-

Grautii,G"to8",Je.,grh., cous.

sc. («yn. longipes).

KLUGIA.

A small genus of stove evergreen herbs (anl^
Gesneraceai). Propagation, by cuttings in sand in
a case or frame in heat. (Soil, light, sandy loam,
with a third of peat, and sand.

Principal Species : —

notoniaua (arc zeylanica). ana of lintiiiiii-nl l/«y-

zeylauica, 1', Sep., bl., ;i»<).

yel., wh. (.11/11. • notoni-

kiil (Sir I'lTI'.l'l/llllt).

tin (sir Si-nh'nixa).
A nee I'ine (xec Pinns montana).

Knightia

( 462 )

Kniphofla

KNIGHTIA.

A small genus of evergreen, greenhouse trees
(ard. Proteacese). Propagation, by cuttings of
mature shoots in very sandy soil, removing only a
few of the basal leaves to admit of insertion. Soil,
peat, with a little loam and plenty of sand. Treat
them like Heaths, summer and winter.

Principal Species : —

excelsa, 10', grh., flesh.

KNIPHOFIA. (FLAME FLOWER, TOKCH
LILY, OR RED-HOT POKER.)

Description. — The Kniphofla (i>rd. Liliacere), still
•commonly known in many gardens as the Tritorna,
a superseded name, is one of the most brilliant and
•conspicuous plants in the garden in autumn. The
larger forms are remarkably striking, with their
tall stems surmounted by spikes of tube-shaped,
vivid scaftet or yellow flowers ; while some
•of the dvvarfer species are capital for the small

and should have the leaves tied over the crowns
in sheaf-like fashion to throw off the winter rains.
These old leaves ought not to be removed until a
little new growth is mode. In dry soils Kniphofias
should have plenty of water in summer, and they
are much benefited by having a supply of well-
rotted manure applied within reach of the roots
in spring. Severe drought is very injurious.

Principal Species and Varieties: —

aloides, 4', aut., red, yel. ;
the common species
(syn. Uvaria), several
forms. Glaucesceus,
grandis, nobilis, and
Saundersii are all good
(see also named varie-
ties and hybrids below).

caulescens, f>', sum., sal-
mon red ; very distinct.

coralliua, 2', aut. , sc.

— superba, sc.

Luichtliiiii, 4', sum., red,
yel. ,protrud ing an Ihers.

— distachya, yel.

longicollis, 4' to 5', Dec.
to Feb. ; grh. or cold
frame, lemon yel. (syn.
primulina, see plate).

Mucowanii, 2', aut., coral
red (sic figure).

Kooperi, 4', aut., rod, yel.

Tuckii, 4' to 5', Je., yel.,
red.

Photo: Cassell & Company, Ltd.

KNIPHOFIA MACOWANII.

border or the rock garden. They have a grand
effect in the shrubbery against the dark back-
ground made by evergreen shrubs, and are fine
subjects for the margins of ponds, but above the
water level. Kooperi is of special value on account
of its continuous blooming properties in mild
districts, where it is seldom out of flower. Tuckii
is among the earliest to bloom. All, unless other-
wise mentioned, are hardy except in very cold
districts.

Propagation. — By division in spring, when large
enough, or by seeds sown underclass in spring in
slight heat.

Soil. — The Kniphofia likes a good, fertile loam,
•where it is not too dry.

Other Cultural Points.— The crowns should be
about 3" below the surface in cold districts,

Knight's Star (see Hippeastrum).

Other Species and Varieties : —

breviflora, 2', aut., grh., Nelsoni, 2', Oct., sc.

Northiae, !>', sum., yel.

(see p. 463).
pallidiflora, 1J', aut.,

whitish, tender,
pauciflora, 1', aut., lemon

yel.

praecnx, 3', aut., reel, yfil.
pumila, 1', aut., yel.,

tender (syn. quartin-

iana) .

rufa, 1J', aut., red, yel.
sarmentosa, 3', aut., red.
— hybrida, red, a fine

foliage plant.

Selection of Named Varieties and Hybrids :—

Autumn Glory, 4', yel. Diana, 2J'. chrome.

Chloris, 3', deep yel. Franz Buchner, 4', or.

Cloto, 3', car. Henry Cannell, 5', crim.

yel.
Burchelli, 1!,', aut., sc.,

yel.
comosa, 2', aut., yel.,

tender,
foliosa, 3',

tender.
modesta, 2^

tender,
multiflora, 4', late aut.,

wh., tender,
nataleusis, 2', aut., yel.
— condensata, closer spike .

aut., yel.,
, aut., wh.,

THE PALE VELLOW KNIPHOFIA LONGICOLLIS, A BEAUTIFUL SPECIES OF
TRITOMA OR POKER PLANT.

Knives

(463

Kohl Rabi

Lachesis, 6', apricot. Pfitzeri, 4', or. so.

Mata'lor, 4', crim. Star of Badeu-Baden, G',

Mcniarcli, ()', or. sc. yel., or.

< >l>i'lisque, 4', yel. Triumph, 4', yel.

[NoTK. — For illustrations of other KxiPHOFAS,
see FLAME FLOWER.]

KNIVES.

Garden knives are of various forms according to
the purposes for which they are used. In all cases
where a ('lean cut is required they should be of the
best quality — that is, of well-tempered, steel, so
that they may take and retain a good edge when
sharpened. Pruning knives should be fairly strong,
with a buckhorn handle and a curved blade for
rutting large branches when necessary, and for
removing spurs and dead snags from fruit trees.
Propagating and budding knives should be lighter,
but of the best quality, with an ivory handle and
a straight blade, rounded off at the point in the
case of those used for budding. Knives for cutting

St., wh. or pur. (.«.;/»».
exserta, sumatrcu?is,
teres, and uiubellatu.).

Principal Species : —

brachycarpa, Jy., St., pk.

(»//«. lu!vis).
corymbosa, 2' to 3', sum.,

KOCHIA.

A genus of hardy annuals (ord. Chenopodiacerc),
of which only one, scoparia, is in general cultixn-
tion. Seeds may be sown in the open in any light
soil in April. It also makes a very elegant pot
plant for the cool conservatory, as it has delicate
Fern-like foliage and grows to a height of 2'.
The flowers are greenish white and inconspicuous.
The foliage, which is soft green in summer,
becomes rich red in autumn (seep. 4U4).
Only Cultivated Species : —
scoparia, '2', handsome Ivs. (see p. 464).

KCELREUTERIA.

A small genus of hardy trees (ord. Sapindacesa),
with ornamental deciduous leaves and yellow
flowers. They delight in sunny, sheltered situa-

rhuto: Cussed * Company,

KxlI'IIOFIA NOKTHIJE (see p. 462).

nnd dressing vegetables should have a long, curved
blade, though the ordinary pruning knife is often
made to serve the purpose. A special knife with
a saw-like blade is used for cutting Asparagus.

KNOWLTONIA.

IVrennial herbs (ord. Uanunculacesr,), having
white, yellow, or green flowers. Propagation, by
division or seed. Soil, loam, with a third of peat
and a good sprinkling of sand.

Principal Species : —

vesicatoria, 1|', Feb. to Ap., grh. or hlf-hdy.,
yel., grn.

KNOXIA.

Evergreen herbs or sub-shrubs (ord Rubiaceie).
Propagation, by cuttings in spring, in very sandy
soil under a bell-glass. Soil, peat and loam in
equal parts, with sand. Night temperature in
winter 50°, in summer 60°, rising 10° to '20° by
<lny.

Knol Kohl (see Kohl Jtabi}.
Knot Grass (sec I'olyyonum).

tions. Propagation, by seeds in spring, cuttings
under a hand-light in summer, layers in autumn,
and root cuttings in spring. Any well-drained,
guild garden soil.

Principal Species : —

bipinnata, 10', yel. jianiculata, 10' to 20',

Aug., yel.

KOHL RABI.

The Turnip-stemmed Cabbage (Brassica oleracea
caulo-rapa) is also known as Knol Kohl and Cape
Cabbage (ord. Cruciferse). The stem grows to
various heights, according to the variety and soil,
tl>en swells out at the top in globular form, re-
sembling a Swede, with the leaves distributed all
over the sides and top. Propagation, by seeds in
beds from March to July for succession, and the
seedlings planted out when fit, 8" apart in rows IS"
asunder, the treatment throughout being precisely
like that given to Cabbages. Any well-manured
and good garden soil will suit them. The varieties
vary in size ami colour The very large forms are
grown in the field to feed cattle. Early Vienna
(un-rn) and Early Purple are good for table use;
and, if cooked when young, make a delicious veget-
able as a substitute for, or a change from, Turnips.

Kceniga

( 464 )

Korthalsia

KCENIGA.

The plants formerly called Kneniga are now
included with the Alyssums. Maritima is Alys-
sum maritiraum. (For this and the best of the
others, gee ALTSSUM.)

Principal Species : —
fruticosa, 2' to 3', My , red.

KORTHALSIA.

Stove Palms («»//. Palma>). The stems are slender,

Phuto: Vassal A Company, Ltd.

KoCHIA SCOPARIA (seep. 463).

KOPSIA.

Evergreen stove shrubs or trees (ord. Apo-
cynaoeiE), with white or rose coloured flowers.
Propagation, by cuttings of young side shoots
getting firm at. the base, as in the case of Poin-
settias, inserted in sand or very sandy soil in a
propagating case. Soil, peat and loam in equal
parts, with sand.

Knhleria (see Itnloma).
Jfula Ntit Tree (see Ciiln).
KolpaltoKsltia (see Ixioliriori).

spiny, and climbing. Propagation, by imported
seeds in stove heat. Soil, loam, with a third of
peat and plenty of sand. Plenty of water is re-
quired when they are in full growth.

Principal Species : —

Junghuhnii, st. scaphigera, st.

K/irdi'lcstris (see J/tctiranda).

A"i>rnUtiiiria. fieirerzairii (sse Fritillarla Scracr-

zfl/r/V).
Kormrla (sec Durs'eniii*).

Kosteletzkya

( 405 )

Labichea

when obtainable, and by division of the tufts.
Soil, fibrous loam, with a little leaf mould and
sand.

Ktynit:lt:a barbigtra (see KritricJiium).
Jiti/tlia of Blunt (nee Vniirta).
l\:ini,/niit (.m Citrus A ii ni >it in m jn/xniii-ii').
Kunthia dcpprana (see Chamadorea clegans).
Kumia (see Punliia).
Kurria (sec Ifi/mcnodictiion}.
30

KOSTELETZKYA.

A small genus (urd. Jkilvacese), consisting oC
hardy herbaceous and stove and greenhouse herbs
and shrubs. They are closely related to Hibiscus,
and may be increased by seeds, division, and
cuttings. The only species yet introduced is
virg-ink'a, a hardy-perennial with rosy pink flowers,
I'lo'lueecl on stenm 2' lo 5' in height in August.

KRAMERIA.

Evergreen stove or greenhouse shrubs (ord.
Polygalese) seldom seen in cultivation.

KREYSIGIA.

Perennial greenhouse herbs (ord. Liliacese),
allied to Uvularia and Tricyrtis. Propagation, by
division before growth commences. Soil, fibrous
loam and a little leaf mould, with plenty of sand.

Principal Species: —

inultiflora, 1', Je., grh., ro.

KUHNIA.

Hardy or half-hardy, perennial herbs (ord.
Composite), allied to Liatris. Propagation, by
seeds when obtainable, and by division previous to
grovvtii in spring. Soil, fibrous loam, with some
leaf mould and sand.

Principal Species :—

eupatorioides, 1.J', Jy., rosmarinifolia, Jy., grh.,
hdy., wh. (HUM. Critonia). wh.

KUNZEA.

Evergreen greenhouse shrubs (ord. MyrtaceaO,
with the habit of a Heath or Leptospermum.
Propagation, by cuttings in sand and peat under a
bell-glass in gentle heat. Soil, fibrous peat with a
fourth part of loam and sand.

Principal Species : —

Baxteri, 2', red (HI/II. peduncularis, 2' to 10',

Callistemon macro- Je., wh.

stachyum). pomifera, berries, termed

corifolia, 2', wh. (.«//«. Muntries. made into

Leptospermuinambigu- jam by natives of Aus-

um). tralia.

ericifolia, 2' to 6', Jy.,wh. recurva, 2'.

KYDIA.

Evergreen stove trees (ord. Malvacea'), allied to
Abutilon and similar in habit. Propagation, by
cuttings of half-mature side shoots in very sandy
soil in a frame or case with stove heat. Soil,
fibrous loam and peat in equal proportions, with
plenty of sand.

Principal Species:

calycina, 30', wh. (gyn. fraterna).

KYLLINGA.

Principal Species :—
monocephala, St., \vh.

LABELS.

Many sorts of labels have been invented, and still
the perfect label has yet to come. For pot plants
the ordinary wooden sljjjs smeared over with white
or yellow paint and written upon with blacklead
pencil are fairly satisfactory. The writing is, as a
rule, legible until the wood itself decays. Wmi'li-n
labels are cheap and readily replaced. Zinc
labels, written upon with special metallic ink,
have been tried, and to a large extent found want-
ing, as the writing often requires to be renewed-
Celluloid tablets of various shapes, attached to
copper wire sterns, are largely in favour, both for
pot plants and hanging baskets. For Orchids, and
indeed all pot planFs, they are suitable, being cheap
and neat, and they do not encourage fungi as
wooden ones do.

The paper labels used for attaching to plants
that are being packed are, of course, satisfactory
for that special purpose, but for no other. The
best label for forest and fruit trees is the metal
one with raised letters. This is either furnished
with a stout iron shank or one of strong wire
doubled. The only objection to this label is its
costliness, but it will last a lifetime. Triangular
strips of sheet lead, with the letters stamped in and
rubbed over with white or red lead, are amongst the
best labels for perennials and rockery plants , they
are practically everlasting, but they are also rather
costly. Large wooden tallies, 18" in length and :>"
broad, are often seen in nurseries, but are un-
sightly. Strips of zinc may be employed, but the
writing soon becomes illegible. Harry's patent
zinc is an ingeniously constructed label in which
the writing surface is detachable. It is supported
on shanks of double wire, takes a firm grip of the
ground, and is reasonable as to price. The cellu-
loid label, enclosed in a glass-covered frame, looks
neat, and is not very costly.

Earthenware labels, with the name painted on,
are very durable. Zinc labels, attached by simply
coiling a few inches of the strip round the branch,
have the advantage of automatically giving room
as the expanding branch calls for it. Generally
speaking, however, metal labels with raised letter?
an-, despite their cost, the best for fruit trees, as
they are for ground work. They may be nailed to
the wall, or hung to the si em or branches by copper
wire. Galvanised wire should never be used ; it
seems to exercise a prejudicial effect upon the;
branches it touches. All labels should be loosely
tied to the branches, so as to allow plenty of room
for subsequent growth.

LABICHEA.

Greenhouse evergreen trees and shrubs (ord.
Leguminosas), little known. Propagation, by cut-
tings of the half-matured shoots in sand, under a
bell-glass, in summer. Soil, sandy peat and loam
in equal parts.

Principal Species : —

lanceolata, 6', grh., Ap., Je., yel , Ivs. spiny (.«/».
divrrsi folia).

A'yUinr/in (str Ki/llhiya).
Kyrtantlins (sec PottMfuvria').

l.nlni rii: /'/,/, if (wr llrtK-Hiitiitiii^.
Labillardicra (see Billardirm}.

Labisia

( 466

Laburnum

LABISIA. (SPOONFLOWEB.)

Small stove .shrubs (ord. Myrsinesc), very rarely
•cultivated. Seeds are the only reliable means of
increase. Soil, sandy loum two parts, peat one
part. Plenty of water is required. The name
Spoonflower is due to the petals being spoon-
shaped.

Principal Species : —
alata, 1', st., wh.. pk., pothoiua, 1' to 1J', Je.,

small. st., wh., small.

deal of room. Laburnums associate well with
Scarlet Flowering Thorns, as they bloom about
the same time. The trees seed freely, but these
seeds are poisonous. Deaths amongst children
who have eaten the seeds usually take place each
year.

Propagation. — All the species reproduce them-
selves freely from seed, which should be sown in
spring, but for special varieties budding and graft-
ing are commonly resorted to. Grafting lias given

t

Photo: Cassell* Company. T.l<l.

LACIIENALIA NKLSONI (see p. 467).

LABURNUM. (GOLDEN CHA.IN.)
Description.— A small genus of hardy trees and
shrubs (itrd. LeguminosaV), with showy flowers in
pendulous racemes. The genus was formerly in-
cluded under Cytisus. but is now considered dis-
tinct. Laburnums will grow almost anywhere, and
Jis a rule flower freely each year, their pendulous
flowers being beautiful in spring. The common
Laburnum makes a good town tree. It is naturally
of symmetrical habit, and does not need a great

Lali-Lab (see DnJiclins).
Labrador Tea (see Lednm).

rise to one curious graft hybrid, Adami, which
resulted from grafting Cytisus purpurcus on
Laburnum vulgare.

Soil. — Any ordinary soil will do, but Laburnums
prefer one of a light and rich character. Trees
that have become established are much benefited
by regular mulchings of good loam or well-rotted
yard clung.

Other Cultural Points. — Little pruning is neces-
sary with established trees, as when once they
begin to flower this checks any tendency to make
gross growth.

( 467 )

Lachenalia

Principal Species and

Adami, My., dull pur.
(XI/H. Cytisus Adami).

— pendulum, pretty

drooping brunches.

a'pinum, 1;V to 20', Jc.,
yel. (SI/H. Cytisus ul-
pinus) ; fragrans, hir-
sutum, Parksii pendu-
lum, and Watereri are
vars. Scotch Lubur-
nuin.

vulgare, '20', Ap., Jc.,yel.
(VI/H. Cytisus Labur-

Other Species: —

Alseliingeri (correctly Cy-
tisus Alschingeli).

Varieties :—

imm). According to
Jttdtx Keicenxi* the cor-
rect name of this species
is anagyroides. There
are many vars., of which
those subjoined are the
best. Common Labur-
num.

— iiureum, Ivs. yel.

— involutum, Ivs. curled
ringwise.

- quercifolium, Ivs. like
Oak.

earumaincum, 3' to 4',
Je.,yel.

LACvENA («/«. NAWKN-IA).

Stove epiphytic; Orchids (urd. Orchidacea;'), allied
to Acincta. They may he increased by division of
the pseudo-bulbs, and by imported pieces. Soil,
fibrous peat and chopped sphagnum, in equal parts,
with sand. Teak baskets are better than pots,
and they should be hung close to thereof in the
warm Orchid house. Give plenty of water while
the plants are growing, with little or none, and
a cooler atmosphere, during the winter.

. Only Species : —

bicolor, 1'^", sum., at.. sp^etabilis, 10'', early sum.,
cream, wh., blotched St. , wh. , ro. spotted.

pur., twenty to thirty
on a spike.

LACEWING FLIES.

Flies belonging to the order Neuroptera, with
slender bodies and relatively large, gauzy wings.
Green and yellow are the prominent colours. The
eggs are attached to the branches of trees by means
of hair-like threads, many often being together.
The larva; are about J" long, have strong jaws, and
are mo.-t voracious feeders. As they feed exclu-
sively upon aphides, they must be numbered
amongst the gardener's insect friends. It is in-
tere-iing lo watch the larva of a Lacewing Fly at
work. It holds its victim lirmly with its jaws, and
keeps it there until it has sucked all the juices
from its body. Some may be recognised by the
unpleasant odour which they exhale when handled,
whence the common name of Stink Flies.

Two genera are included — ChrysopaandHemero-
bins. ' The members of the latter genus are rather
smaller than the Chrysopa,s, but in one respect at
least they differ in habit. The Chrysopa larva
throws the skin of its victim away: the larva of
the Hemevobins clothes itself with it, so that
the hapless green fly is both food and raiment.
Parasitism could scarcely go farther than this.

LACHENALIA.

A large genus (nrrl. l.iliacerc) of bulbous green-
house plants.

Propagation. — Offsets are formed in considerable
nnmliers. When the bulbs are being potted in the
autumn, the offsets should be carefully collected,
"sown" thinly in well-drained pans filled with
light, sandy soil, and grown on steadily in a cold
frame, no attempt being made to force them. If

Lace Hark (see
Lacepe.dia (nee Turjiinia).
Lace Plant (see Apomujftim \j»jn. Oimraiidra"]
fcnestruie).

properly looked after, many of them will flower the
following season.

Soil. — Lachenalias like a rich, light soil. Two
parts of loam, one part of leaf mould, and one of
dried cow manure, with sand, make an excellent
compost.

Other Cultural Points.— Frequently Lachenalias
are seen which have been grown in the same
basket, without a change of soil, for three or four
years, and the fact that they still flower after such
ill-usage proves what good-tempered subjects they
are. The best time for potting is at the beginning
of August, for soon after that time new rools begin
to form. Carefully shake the dry, old soil away,
and sort the bulbs into two sizes, as previously
advised. Five-inch pots are a good size, .-ix bulbs
being placed in each. Drain well, but pot only
with moderate firmness, and let the tops of the
bulbs be about y below the surface of the soil.
After potting, the plants may be consigned to a
cold frame from which the frost is just kept out.
When they have commenced to make growth, they
may be removed to a shelf in the greenhouse.
They must in no case be coddled, but plenty of air
given on all possible occasions. Drought, fire heafc,
and draughts are the three special dislikes which
the plants have ; if kept free from these they will
do well. Liquid cow manure may be given twice a
week as soon as the flower spikes begin to show.
Lachenalias make capital basket plants for the
cool conservatory, the pendent habit of their leaves
then showing to advantage. Wire baskets are the
best ; these may be lined with moss, and the sides
as well as the top planted. After flowering is over
— and if kept in a cool house the bloom will last
in condition for nearly a couple of months — water
should still be given until the foliage shows signs"
of ripening. From that time onward, until the
bulbs are quite ripe, the water supply should be
gradually reduced, and a thorough roasting given
in a sunny frame. No water is needed until potting
time, but the pots should be laid on their sides in a
dry place, out of harm's way. For general purposes
tricolor is the one most generally grown, but the
form Nelsoni is an even handsomer flower, and.
fully as easy to grow.

Principal Species, Crocs-trcds, ard Varieties : —

Cammii, cross-bred (tri-
color aurea X pendula).

Nelsoni, golden yel., large
Ivs. spotted pur., cross-
bred (tricolor X tricolor
aurea) (nee p. 4(>C).

pendula, 4" to 9", Ap.,
pur., red, yel.

Ap., red (nyii. gigantea

of gardens),
tricolor, 1', spr., grn.,

red, yel., Ivs. spotted

pur. Numerous vars. ;

the undermentioned are

the best.
— aurea, yel. (*;/». aurea).

- - aureliaua, 4" to 9", — quadricolor, red, grn.,
yel. (*yi>. superba of
gardens).
Other Species and Varieties : —

fistulosa, 2" to 3", wh., pusilla, 3", lil. (*.'/«.

fragrant. Brachyscypha undu-

lilacina, 4" to ."/', lil. lata).

orchioides, 3" to !'", , pu»tulata, 1', Feb.,wh.

Ap., My., wh. or yel. rosea, 6" to K", My., red

(.V//HS. mutabilis and ('.'/"• bifolia <>f lltitimicc.l

pulchella). Magazine Kill),

pallida, 4" to 6", Ap., mbida, 9", Sep., red.

wh., yel., red (•'<.'/". Warei, 6", red, yel., grn.

lin-ida of IMiiiiii-ii/ (*!/»• tigrina \Vurei).

Minftiznir 137'-!). unifolia, 4" to I'/', Mch.,
purpurco-coerulca, G" to wh., Ivs. spotted red.

9", Ap., pur., bl. violacea, 1' to 1J', Mch.,
wh., vio., grn.

Lachnanthes

( 468 )

Laelia

A Selection of Garden forms : —

Cawston Gem, yel., Hector of Cawston, yel.,

flushed pk. red.

Garnet, yel., tipped red. Ruby, sc., yel., grn.

Topaz, yel., tipped pur.

LACHNANTHES.

One species only goes to make up this genus
(ord. Hasmodoracese). Tinctoria is a half-hardy,
sub-aquatic perennial, the roots yielding a red dye.
It may be propagated by division of the rools in
spring. (CONSUMPTION PLANT.)

LACHNOSTOMA.

Stove and greenhouse herbs (ord. Asclepiadea;),
occasionally twiners, with small flowers. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings rooted in sand, in heat. Soil,
equal parts of loam and sandy peat.

Principal Species : —

maritunum, Je., Jy., st., lobus maritimus of

_-grn., pur. (ayii. Gono- liotaiiical Itegister 931).

LACKEY MOTH.

The female of the Lackey Moth (Borubyx neustria)
lays her eggs on the Apple, as well as the Oak, Elm,
iind other forest trees, and the larvae frequently
form large colonies. The moths are on the wing in
July and August ; they have yellow fore wings, paler
hind wings, and reddish brown head, thorax, and
abdomen. The larva: usually hatch in the following
April. At first they are black, but ultimately they
become striped red, blue, yellow, and white, and
are thus very conspicuous. Spraying in the winter
with the soda-potash solution (see INSECTICIDES)
is the best remedy. The eggs, when noticed on
the branches, should also be destroyed. They may
be found in the form of circular bands, firmly
attached to the twigs. The colonies of caterpillars
may often be brushed from the tree before they
leave the web nest, and large numbers destroyed.
Fowls eat the caterpillars which drop from the
trees, and if the ground is kept clear of weeds
they will account for most of the larvae that fall.

LACTUCA.

A large genus (ord. Composite) of hardy but
somewhat weedy annual and perennial herbs, of
which Scariola, the cultivated Lettuce, is the most
important member (see LETTUCE). The flower
heads are blue or yellow, but none of the species is
of any decorative value. All the Lactucas possess
in abundance a milky juice, which has strong
narcotic properties. Propagation, by division of
the roots for the perennials; by seed for the
annuals. Any fairly fertile garden soil will suit
the plants very well.

Principal Species :—

alpiua, 3', Jy., per., pur.

(»//n. Mulgedium alpi-

uum).
gigantea, sum.,hdy., vio.,

bl., garden form («/».

Mulgedium gigan-

teum).
macrorhiza, 3', aut. , per.,

Other Species : —
macrophylla, 4', Jy., pk.,

pur.
pereuuis, '2', Je., Aug., bl.

vio., pur. (.«/». Mulge-
diura maerorhizon of

17).
Scariola, 3', Je., ann. , yel.

(nyii. sativa). Common

Lettuce.
tuberosa, 1' to 1.1', aut.,

per., bl.

Pluimeri,G',sum.,per. ,pur.

raceraosa, sum., aut., per. ,
bl. (*I/H«. albana, and
Mulgedium albanum).

Lacinaria of some American authors is Liatris.
Lacostea (see Tricltomanes).

LADYBIRDS.

At one time Ladybirds or Ladycows (Coccinelln')
were held to be sacred to .the Virgin, and probably
this honour arose out of some idea of the services
they rendered to man. Now they are regarded as
one of the gardener's best friends, as their larvae
feed upon aphides, which infest various crops.
Their appearance is familiar to everybody. The
larvae are curious little grubs, with prominent spots.

Phuta : Castcll <t Comimuy, Ltd.

LiELIO-CATTLEYA HIGHBU1UENSIS (sec p. 470>

LAELIA.

A large and important genus of tropical epiphytic
Orchids (ord. Orchidaceie). They are closely
allied to Cattleya, the only difference being that
the Lselias have eight pollen masses and the
Cattleyas four. The members of the two genera
readily cross, and the close affinity betwen the twV
is thus more strongly established. Moreover, Lirlias

Fern (see Asple-nium Vilix-fmnina).
I-ady's Garters (see Phalaris arundinace:i).
Lady's Mantle (see Alchemilla).
lady's Smock (.nee Cardamine).

Iiselia

( 469 )

Laelia

!iiis\vi-r to the same culture.! treatment as Cattlqyas,
to which genus tlie render is referred for inforina-
tion. Mo>t of tlie .species, hybrids and varieties,
take kindly to pot culture, but autumnalis anil its
varieties do best upon wooden blocks, while anceps
and its varieties are best in suspended Teak
baskets.

A number of species have been introduced, and
under cultivation these have {riven rise to innumer-
able forms (varieties and hybrids), some of them
very distinct and beautiful, and others differing
but little from I lie type plants. A glance at the
following lists will show that the species anceps,
pttmila, purpurata, einnabarina, Perrinii, tenebrosa,
and autumnalis, with some of their varieties, have
been chiefly concerned in the raising of the various
handsome hybrids. Of the species that cross most
readily with C'at ileyas, purpurata, pumila, xanthina,
and cinnabariua may be named. There is a de-
cided tendency to grow more of these hybrids, and
fewer of the species from which they originated.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

digbyaiia, 0", Jy., yel.,
wh., pur. (syn. Brassa-
vola digbyaiia).

gouldiana, 1J', win., ro.
pur., yel.

grandiflora (nee majalis).

harpopliylla, 9" to !•")",
spr., or. reil, small.

jongheana, bulbs 6" high.
win., spr., ro. pur.,
large, lip crisped.

maj.dis, bulbs round,
sum., ro. lil., lip wh.
in centre. (According in
Mr. Rolfe, the correct
name of this species is
gnxndiSara.)

monophylla, 6", 2"across,
aut., or. sc.

PiTrinii, bulbs 6" to 1'2",
early win., ro., lip criin.
pur., wli.

puiuila, bulbs 2" to 3"
high, aut., ro. pur., lip
pur. crim.

- dayana, early aut.,
darker than type.

— pnrstans, aut., huge
lip, reddish pur.

j'lirpurata, bulbs with Ivs.
'JO" to 30", spr., early
sum., ro., lip crim.
pur., throat pur., yel.
One of theriiiestt (rchids
in existence. Many
vars. ; subjoined arc
some of the best : —

— niba, wh. , lip pale ro.
atropurpuroa, dark ro.,
lip deep pur.

- russelliana, wh., ro.,
lip ro. lil., throat yel.

Si liroderoB, wh., lip lil.,
magenta.

-- Williamsii, My., Je.,
ro.,/>" across, lip ilri ;>
crim.

tcnehrosa, spr., early
sum., reddish br., lip pur.
Of this beautiful species
the Triug Park and
Walton Grange vars.
are very fine, the latter
having citron yel. sepals
and petals.

Artificially Raised Hybrids :—
amirna (j)umila X a»- Lucy Ingram (purpure.te

albid-i, win., lip ro., fra-
grant.

— hella, win., larger than
type, wh., tipped ro. ,
lip magenta ro.

— Mari:mn;i', win., ro.
pk. , lip mauve, striped
buff.

anceps, ''bulks'' M" to
.")" high, win., ro., lip
crim. jiiir. yel., flowers
3" to 1" across, vari-
able.

— alba, pure wh., yel.
throat.

— allia, Bull's var., wh.

- ainahilis. wh., striped
crim. in throat.

— aiuesiana, tipped crim.,
throat yel.

— ashworthiaua, wh., lip
has lil. veins.

— ballantiiu-ana. pur.
tippe 1. lip dei'p crim.,
very showy.

— Daw.sonii, wh., lip
crim. pur., with yel.
disc.

— delicata, flushed ro.,
lip vio., or. yd.

— pereivaliana, blush pk. ,
lip mauve pur., wh.

— sanderiana, wh., ro.
pur. lip.

— Hehri'i.leiiana, wh..
throat crim., very large.

— Stella, wh., lip'striped
ro.

— waddoui usis, wh. , lined
pur., very large.

[All the above vars. are
win. flowering. There
are many more.]

autnmnalis. hullo 12" to
4" high. ]a.tu aut.,
flowers 4" across, ro.
pur., lip ro. pur., wh.,
yel., fragrant.

— alba, late aut.. wh.

— atroruhens, early win.,
deep crim. pur., larger
than typo.

cmnabarina, bulbs •'>"
to 9" high, spr., cinna-
bar red.

ceps).
Briseis (harpopliylla X

purpurata), chrome yel.,

lip wh., ro. pur.
ciuna-brosa (chmabariua

X teuebrosa).
Clariuda (Perriiiii X

pumila).
digbyano-purpurata (dig-

byaiia X purpurata).
Edissa (unceps X purpur-
ata).
Euterpe (crispa X pumila

dayaiia), ro. lil., lip

crim. pur., crisped,
flammed (einnabarina X

Pilcheri), or. sc., lip

crim.
(iravesiic (pumila dayana

X crispa var.), lip rich

pur. crim.
loua (tenebrosa X pumila

dayana).

.Tuvenilis (Perrinii X pu-
mila), ro. pur., lip vio.

pur.
Latoua (cinnabariua X

purpurata) ,yel. , lip pur.

Natural Hybrids : —

amanda (crispa X 1<>-
bata or C. intermedia),
sum., ro. pur.
— crawshayana (anecps
orautumnalisX albida),
win., amethyst pur.,
lip ro. pur.

— eyermanniana (majalis
X albida), aut., ro.
pur., lip ro. pur., wh.

— flnckeniana (albida X
anceps alba).

X Perrinii).

Mrs. M. Uratrix (cinna-
liariua X digbyaiia).

nigrescens (pumila X
tenebrosa) .

Olivia (crispa X xan-
thiua).

Omen (purpurata X au-
tumnalis).

oweuiana (pumila dayana
X xantliina), cream
wh., lip ro. pur.

Pilcheri (cnspa X Per-
rinii) .

pulcherrima (lobata X
purpurata).

ragptiana (grandis X
cinnabarina).

Sanderae (xantliina X
dormauiana), yel., lip
amethyst).

splendens (crispa X pur-
purata).

Yula (purpuvata X cinna-
barina), the reverse
cross to that producing
Latona.

— leeaua (pumila X
species unknown).

— leucoptera (furt'uracca
X albida).

— lilacina (crispa X Per-
rinii).

— lindleyaua (««• Brasso-
Cattleya lindleyana).

porphyntis (pumila X

dormauiana).
venusta (t'urfuracea X

majalis).

Many hybrids have been raised between Laslias
and Cattleyas. A list of these will be found under
Lselio-Cattieya.

Other Species, Hybrids, and Varieties: —

acuminata (nee rnbeaeens).

crispa,

bulbs 6" to 12"

high, sum., wh., lip pur.
dayana (see pumila var.).
dormaniana, G" to 12",

aut., br., pur. crim.

A somewhat doubt-
ful species, frequently
placed under Cattleya,
because four of its pol-
linia are only rudi-
mentary.

\

L.y.LIO-CATTI.EVA IlEHMIOXE («(• f. 4TO>

Lselio-Cattleya

( 470 )

Lselio-Cattleya

elegans and vars. (see

Lselio-Cattleya elegans) .
flava, 3" to 6," spr., or.

yel.
grundis, K', sum., nan-

keeu ycl., magenta,
lobita, 6", spr., amethyst

pur.(,s//«. boothiana and

Oattleya lobata).
Patinii, like Cattleya

bkimieri in habit, ro. ,

lip criin. pur., throat

wh.
peduncularis (sec rubes-

ceus).
prssstans (w pumila).

rubescens, 10", win., lil.
pur. ; there is a pure
wb. form (stjns. acumin-
ata and peduncularis.)

superbiens, "bulbs" 9"
to 15" high, win., ro.,
lip crim., with yel.
blotch.

virens, like cinnabarina,
greenish yel., lip. wh.

"Wallisii, ro. blush, lip
marked yel.

xauthina, . bulbs G" to
\'i" high, spr., early
sum., yel., lipyel., wh.,
suffused crim. pur.

LTKT.IO-CATTI.EYA HENRY GREENWOOD.
L^ELIO CATTLEYA.

The number of these bigeneric hybrids increases
yearly, and already there is a Ions? list. Those
mentioned below are only a selection. There are
many more.

s. = sepals, p. = petals. 1. = lip.
Admiral Dewey (0. War- ana), B. and p. ro., 1.

neri formosa X L.-C.

elegans Mastersi), s.and
p. ro. pur., 1. broad, ro.
pur., veined dark pur.,
apex crim. pur.

albauensis (C. Warneri X
L. grandis) a natural
hybrid, s. and p. rosy
mauve, 1. ro. crim.

Aphrodite (C. Mendelii
X L. purpurata), s. and
p. wh., flushed pk., 1.
crim. pur.

Ascania (C: Trianse X L.
xanthina), s. sulphur
yel., p. wh. suffused
yel., 1. wh., yel., crim.

Baroness Schroder (C.
Trianse X L. jonghe-

large, fringed, ro. pk.,
throat yel., or.

behrensiana (L.-C. ele-
gans X C. Loddigesii),
s. and p. blush wh., 1.
ro. crim.

bella (L. purpurata X C.
labiata), s. and p. lil.,
1. rich pur., lighter
throat.

Berthe Fournier (L.-C.
elegans X C. dowiana
aurea), s. creamy blush,
p. blush, stained pur.,
I. pale pur., apex crim.
pur., frilled, throat
veined wh.

broomrieldiensis (C. dow-
iana aurea chrysotoxa

X L pumila preestaus),
s. and p. ro. pur., 1.
deep pur. frilled.

Bryan (C. gaskelliana X
L. crispa), s. and p.
pale ro. pur., 1. wh.,
apex pur., throat yel.

brymeriana(L.-C. Amaii-
da X C. Warscewie/ii),
s. and p. light ro., tinted
pur. , 1. bright pur. ,
throat crim., gold.

callistoglossa (L. purpur-
ata X C. Warscewiczii),
s. and p. light ro. pur.,
1. ro. pur., apex crim.
pur., throat ycl. Thu
Finest vars. are cxcelsa,
igiiescens, and J. Lee-
manii.

cunhamiana (L. purpur-
ata X C. Mostise), ?.
and p. light ro., 1. dark
pur. , throat veined gold .

— C.G. Koebling (L. pur-
purata alba X C. gas-
kelliaua), s. and p. pale
blush, 1. vio. pur., crim.,
frilled.

Charlesworthi (L. ciima-
barina X C. dowiana
aurea), s. and p. rich
or., 1. or. sc., apex
wavy.

Clive (L. pumila pra-stans
X C. dowiaua aurea),
8. and p. ro. pur., 1. deep
pur., crim., throat
veined gold.

Cloiiia (C. Warscowir/ii
X L.-C .elegaiis), s. and
p. very pale ro. pur, 1.
wh., apex vio. pur.,
throat yel.

D. S. Brown (C. Tiiansc
X L.-C. elegans), s. ro.
pur., p. darker, 1. deep
pur., crim.

Decia (L. Perrini X C.
dowiana aurea), s. and
p. blush, 1. blush, apex
crim. pur.; alba has wh.
s. and p.

dominiana (C. dowiaua X
L. purpurata), s. and p.
light pur. , darker veins,
1. dark crim. pur. There
are several very fine
forms, notably Empress
of India, Fire King,
and langleyensis.

Duke of York (L.-C.
elegans X C. brymeri-
ana), s. and p. light ro.,
1. car., crim.

elegans (L. purpurata X
C. guttata Leopoldii),
natural hybrid, s. and
p. ro., 1. ro. pur., crim.

— blenheimiensis, a fine
var. , of richer colours.

— Melauochsetes, s. light
pur. , p. deeper, 1. ro. wh.

— Mossice,avery darkvar.

— Nyleptha, s. ro., flushed
yel., p. ro. pur., 1.
magenta pur.

— Prasiata, s. and p.
deep ro., 1. magenta
crim., wh.

— Turneri. averyrichvar.
Ernesti (C. percivaliana

X L. flava), s. and p.
yellowish, i. or., yel.,
lir. Princess Olga is a
very bright yel. form.

exiinia (C. Warneri X L.
purpurata), .s. and p.
ro. pur., 1. bright ro.
pur., apex crim. pur.,
throat or yel.

exoniensis (L. crispa X C.
Mossia1), s. and p. blush
pur., 1. ro. pur.,
margined wh., apex
dark pur., throat deep
yel.

Golden Gem (C. inter-
media X L- flava), s.
and p. lemon to deep
yel., 1. pur.

gottoiana (C. Warneri X
L. tenebrosa), a natural
hybrid, s. and p. ro.,
veined red, 1. ro. pur.,
wavy.

Henry Greenwood (L.-C.
schilleriana X C. hardy-
ana), s. and p. lil. put'.,
1. very broad, wh. at
base, pur., with large
yel. blotches, apex crim.
pur. (see figure); superba
is a superior form.

Hermioiie (C. lueddemau-
uiaua X L. Perrinii)
a,ut., s. and p. ro.
pur., 1. crim. pur. (fir
p. 469).

highburieusis (C. law-
renceana X L. ciuua-
barina), s. and p. ro.,
flushed salmon, 1. claret
pur. (:eep. 468).

Hippolyta (L. cinnabar-
ina X C.Mossia-), s. and
p. yel., 1. crim., wavy.

— aurautiaca, or., crim.

Ingramii (L. pumila day-
ana X C. dowiaua
aurea), s. and p. rosy
mauve, 1. maroon crim.

inter-elegans (C. inter-
media X L. -C. elegaus) ,
s. and p. light ro. , 1.
deep crim., red.

Lady Wigau (L. pur-
purata russelliana X
C. Mossia? aurea), s.
and p. flushed ro., 1.
blush wh., throat yel.

Mardelii (C. lueddemanni-
ana X L.-C. elegans),
s. and p. ro. red, 1. red,
crim. •

— Fascinator (L. - C.
elegans Turneri X
C. lueddemauuiana), a
handsome var., with s.
and p. deepro., 1. crim.,
pur., throat yel.

Maynardii (L. pumila
dayaua X C. dolosa),
s. and p. ro. , lil., 1.
crim. pur.

Miss Harris (L.-C. schil-
leriana X C- Mossise),
s. and p. ro. pur., 1.
dark magenta pur. ,
veined crim. pur., side

Lseliopsis

( 471 >

Lagerstroemia

lube-i pale pur., dark
Terns.

Myra (C. Triaim- X L.
flava), s. and p. blush,
suffused pale yel., 1.
buff, throat deep yd.

Normaiiii (L. pumila X
C. dowiana), close to
Ingramii, but the
colours are rather
richer.

Xysa (L. crispa X C.
\Varsei-wicxii), s. and
p. light pur., 1. rich pur.,
fringed wh. The var.
picta has a dei-p vio.

!>ur. Hj>, and purpurea
i is deep pur. s. aud p.

Pallas (L. crispa X <-'.
dowiaua), s. ro., p.
darker, 1. deep pur.,
maroon, wavy, throat
veined or.

Plicalie (C. Mosshr, X L.
ciunalKirina), s. and p.
rich yel, wavy, 1. pur.
crim., fringed.

pittiana (C. amethysto-
glossa X L. grandis), a
natural hybrid, s. and
p. ro., dotted crim., 1.
amethyst pur.

Sallierii(L. purpurata X
C. Loddigesii), s., p.,
and 1. lil., shaded ro., a
delicatelybeautiful var.

seliilleriana (L. purpurata
X C. intermedia), a
natural hybrid, s. and

— spleudens, larger
flowers, s. and p. ro.

— WolsteuliolniiGe, large
aud deep-coloured.

Sedeni (C. superba X
L.- C. elegans), s. and p.
bright ro. pur., 1. light
pur., bordered dark
pur., apex crim. pur.

The Hon. Mrs. Astor (C.
gaskelliana X L. xau-
thiua) s. yel., p. yel.
shaded wh., 1. ro. pur.,
throat golden yel.
"Timora (L. pumiladavaiia
X C. lueddeinanniana),
s. and p. soft pur., 1.
dark crim. pur., shaded
bright pur.

Vadaste (C. Loddigesii X

LAFOENSIA.

Stove trees and shrubs (ord. Lythrarica-) willi
showy and often solitary flowers. They are not
common in cultivation. Cuttings of the side
shoots, just getting firm, may be rooted in brisk
bottom heat in July and August. Soil, peat and
loam in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species : —

vandelliana, red br., Ivs. very leathery («?/«.
micropliylla).

L AG ASCE A (syn. NoccA).
Stove shrubs and herbs (ord. Composita1), of little
decorative value.

LAGENARIA. (BOTTLE GOURD.)
The one species of this genus (ord. Cucurbitaceae)
is a curious Gourd, with long club- or flask-shaped
fruits. Seeds should be sown in heat in spring,
and the plants potted and grown on in much the
same way as Vegetable Marrows or Cucumbers.
It does well out of doors, if planted in prepared
stations, after all danger of frost is past. It does
best when allowed to clamber over a rustic tree
stump. Under glass it looks well if trained to the
roof, the long fruits being allowed to hang at their

L. purpurata), s. and p. fllu length. This Gourd is extensively cultivated
'"'-•' '• 1"lr" Rl < in tropical countries, and there are many varieties.

Only Species :—

L. pumila), s. and p.

ro., 1. crim. pur., throat

yel.. pur. lined,
waruhamiensis (L. einna-

barinaXC. Trian;e[?] ),

s. yel. suffuse:! or., p.

or., suffused car., 1. rich

c:ir., throat yel.
wellsiaua (C. Triaiuo X

dark crim. pur.; igne-i-
ceiis and langleyeiisis
are splendid vars.
Wigauaa (L.-C. gottoiana
X C. Mossiic), s. and p.
ro. pur., 1. pur., veined
niaroou; the var. aurea
has a yel. suffusion.

vulgaris. Aug., \vh.; fruits
sometimes 18" to '24"

p. wh. or flushed pk., wigauiana (L. purpurata
1. pur. crim., disc yel. X L.-C. doniiuiana), s.

and p. rosy lil., 1. led

pur.
Digbyana Group : —

In the production of this group of exquisitely i
beautiful hybrid Orchids the wonderful Lrclia
(Urassavola) digbyana (see p. 130) has been used
as one parent, anil it has given to all the large
labellum and handsome fringing that characterise
11- own flowers.

Edgar Wigan (L.-C. pur., throat yel. The

Aphrodite X L. digby- first raised hybrid of
; ana), s., p., and 1. silvery this group,

lil., 1. fringed, throat digbyano-Triante (L. dig-
pale. byaua X C. Triana-),

digbyaiio - Meudeli (L. s. and p. light ro. pur.,

digbyana X C. Men- 1. large, friuged, soft

deli), s. and p. ro. puri; pur., throat yellowish,

or mauve, 1. ro. pur., " Tory handsome,
much fringed, throat* ' Maroiue (L. digbyana X i
yellowish. There are C. Warscewic/ii im- |

several forms of this perialis), s. and p. soft |

beautiful hybrid, the bright pur., 1. bright

finest-being Impuratrice pur., throat yellowish.

de Kussie Tring Park Thorntoni (L. digbyana :
var. aud Veitch's var. X C. gaskelliaua'), s.

itigbyano - Mossiic (L. narrow, pur. ro., p.

digbyauaX C. Mossiie), broader aud darker, 1.

s. and p. rosy lil., 1. very large and fringed,

very large, fringed, ro. pur., centre suffused

rosy lil., splashed deep yel., throat yel.

L/ELIOPSIS.

A small genus of epiphytal Orchids (aril. Orchid-
acea.-). They answer to the same cultural treat- j
ment as Cattleyas. The pretty little plant that has
been known as Lseliopsis domingensis is now
referred to Broughtonia lilacina. The remainder
of the genus is now placed under Epidendnim.

in length, not edi-
ble.
— virgiualis, flowers wh.

LAGENOPHORA (syw. IXANCHBNUS
and MICHOCALIA).

Greenhouse herbaceous plants (iirrf. CompoMt;r)
of Daisy-like appearance. Propagated by dividing;
the roots in spring, and easy to grow in any light
soil, although seldom seen.

Principal Species : —

Billardieri, 2" to 10", Forsteri, 2" to 6", yel.,
sum., bl. pur.

LAGERSTRCEMIA.

Description.— Stove and greenhouse shrubs (ord.
Lythrariea1). Only two or three species aro
in cultivation, but these are deservedly popular.
When well treated they flower freely, the blooms
being produced in large, many-flowered panicles.

Propagation. — By cuttings of the firm side
shoots, struck in bottom heat in sandy soil, and
removed to cooler quarters as soon as rooted.

Soil. — Fibrous loam and peat in- equal- parts, with
one-sixth of sharp sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Lagerstrremias do fairly
well in pots, but potting should be firm. The
plants generally take up a good deal of head-room
by the time they arrive at the flowering stage.
They do best, however, when planted out in a
prepared border in a cool house. Plenty of w.-itn
must be given at all times, for the roots are line,
and if once the soil becomes dry it is difficult to
get it moist again before the roots perish. In
winter less water will be needed, but no drying-off
must be attempted. Young plants require to be
pinched several times to induce a bushy growth.
The shoots of large plants should be. cut hard K-ic.k
in the winter. Young shoots should be thinned
out in spring.

Layatca (tee Laynscea).

Lagetta

( 472 )

Lamium

Principal Species :—
rios-Reginep, 50' to. 60',

St., TO. in the morning,

pur. at night («/».

Begins;).
indica,0' to 10', st. or grh.,

sum., pk.; the popular

species (.«/». elegans
of Paxton's Iiotin<ii-nl
Muq/i-iiie xiv., p. 2(i9,
tee figure). There is
also a var. elegans.
— alba, wh.

LAGETTA. (LACE BARK.)

Stove trees (ord. Thyinelseacea:), noteworthy for
their prettily netted bark, whicli yields the Lace
Hark of commerce. Large sheets of the net-like
inner bark are removed from the trees and used
for making purses, collars, and other ornamental
and useful articles.

Two species only are included in the genus.

LAGURUS. (HARE'S TAIL GRASS.)
A pretty, hardy annual Grass (ord. GrarnineaV),
cultivated for its plume-like spikes. Seeds may be
.sown thinly out of doors in April in the places

catalogues, in collections of ornamental Grasses.
Seed may be sown in the open border, where the
plants are to flower, the seedlings being thinned
out as growth proceeds. Soil, any ordinary garden
soil.

LAMBERTIA.

Greenhouse and stove evergreen shrubs (ord.
Proteacefc). Some of the species are showy plants
when in flower. Propagation is by cuttings of firm
shoots in bottom heat, and by seeds, sown as soon
as they can he obtained, in heat. Soil, sandy peat
and a little fibrous loam. Plenty of drainage is
necessary.

Principal Species : —

formosa, Je., Aug., St., reddish.

LAMIUM. (DEAD NETTLE.)
Annual or perennial herbs (ord. Labiatas). There
are upwards of forty species, but most ot these are

cfo: Cassell rf- Company. Ltd.

LAGERSTHfEMIA INDICA.

where the plants are to flower, but the better
way is to sow in 5" pots under glass towards
the end of August, thin the seedlings a little,
winter them in a cold frame, and plant them
out in spring. Any good garden soil will do.
'The spikes may be cut just as the flowers open
and dried for winter decoration.

Only Species :—

ovatus, 1', hdy. ann., Je., Sep.

LALLEMANTIA.

Annual and biennial herbs (ord. Labiate), with
small blue flowers. Only two species have been
introduced. Plants may be raised from seeds, sown
in spring for the annuals, in July for the biennials.
They like a loamy soil and plenty of water when
in full growth.

Principal Species : —

canescens, IV, Jy., Aug.,
hdy. bien., bl. (»yu.

Dracocephalum canes -
cens).

iherica, 1' toH', Jy.,Aug.,
hdy. ann. or bien.

LAMARCKIA («/«•«. CHRYSURUS,

PTERIUM, and TIX^EA).

A genus of one species, aurea (ord. GranrineaO,
"which is occasionally mentioned in seedsmen's

of no value. Some, such as purpureum nnd album,
the Red and White Dead Nettle respectively, are
common garden weeds. The Yellow Archangel,
Galeobdolon, is also a British plant, but rarer. Its
golden-leaved variety makes a pretty border plant,
and is sometimes met with in old-fashioned
gardens. Maculatum and its golden - leaved
variety aureum are more common, being fre-
quently employed for spring bedding, and large
quantities are annually raised from cuttings for
this purpose ; both species and variety are dwarf
and compact. Any garden soil will clo. Two
species, Orvala and garganicum, are occasion-
ally used for clothing dry banks. Like the
others, they may be raised from cuttings and
root division.

Principal Species and Varieties :
Galeobdolon, 1', My., Je., —aureum, Ivs. golden
bronze.

per., Ivs. grn. Yellow
Archangel.

niiiculatum,per., Ivs. gm.,

wh., flowers pur.
— aureum, Ivs. golden.

J.amb's Ear (see StacJiys).
LamVs Lettuce (see Corn Salad)
Lamprococeus (see JEoltmea, Pitcairnia, and
Streptocalyx).

Lamourouxia

( 473 )

Landscape Gardening

wh. (syn. Orvala la-
mioides).

purpureuin, a native
weed.

Other Species : —
album, 1', wh., aim.
gurgauieum, 9" to 12",

ami., red,
Orvalii, I!', Ap., pur.,

LAMOUROUXIA.

Greenhouse perennial herbs (ord. Scrophu-
larinepe), of low-growing, prostrate, or climbing
habit. All of them are more or less parasitic upon
the roots of oilier plants.

LANARIA.

A genus of one species (ord. Hasmodoracea;) of
greenhouse perennial herbs, which are pretty and
easy to grow. Propagation, by division of the
roots in spring. Sandy loam and peat, in equal
parts, make a gooil compost, and plenty of water
must lie given as long as growth is active.

Only Species :—

plumosa, 1 j', My., grh , wh. ; woolly.

LANDOLPHIA.

Stove climbing shrubs (ord. ApocynaceaV). All
have milky juice, some yielding caoutchouc.
Cuttings root readily in sandy soil, in a close
frame with bottom heat. Fibrous loam and sand
form the best soil.

Principal Species : —
florida, Jc., st., wh., ycl. ; owariensis, st., wh. or

fragrant. African In- yel. ; fruits about the.

(linriililiur Treu. size of an Orange, edi-

LANDSCAPE.

That portion of country which the eye can take
in in one view. Gardens are often so arranged
that they represent, within a limited area, the
main features of a much larger expanse of country
innler natural conditions. Thus, hills and moun-
tains are represented by mounds, either natural or
artificial, woods by shrubberies deftly planted to
form undulating outlines on the sky line, and
water by ornamental lakes, fountain basins, and
streams.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING.

The art of landscape gardening is one that not
only calls for a good deal of natural artistic taste
on the part of the operator, but also needs con-
siderable study and practice. The landscape
'.•anlener has to deal with the landscape and its
improvement. If alterations are to be made, they
must be so 'carried out that they are in unison with
the surrounding country, and moreover, they must
appear perfectly natural both in design and
execution. The work must not be done at hap-
ha/.ard. There must be a settled plan about the
whole, and that plan must be so constructed as to
make the most of existing natural features that
are worth incorporating. The removal of old trees,
for instance, must not be carelessly undertaken,
for it means often the lapse of a couple of genera-
tions before they can be replaced. It is perfectly
permissible, however, to remove trees that shut out
tlii> view from a desirable feature. Vista-making
is an important part of landscape gardening, and
to carry it out the various points of vantage have
to he ascertained and their values determined.
Again, tree-thinning becomes necessary when Minn-
are spoiling others, as one good specimen is better
than half a dozen poor ones.

Land Cress (see American Cress).

In the formation of new plantations the planter
has to look forward and understand what the size
and appearance of the trees will be in thirty or
forty years' time, or when they have reached
maturity. He has, moreover, to take into account
spring, summer, autumn, and winter effects, to
think of the yellow leaf as well as of the delicate
green of spring. There must be no clashing, and
the interest must be sustained.

Again, the outline of the 'scape, from the various
vantage points, must be undulating, not straight or
unbroken. While special hues, as for instance the
dark green of Conifers, may be made the most of,
they must not be repeated until the eye wearies of
them.

Broad stretches of verdant lawns may be broken
up with pleasing clumps of low shrubs or specimen
trees in the fore and middle ground, and backed
with taller trees and masses of wood behind. The
character of the soil, the peculiar situation, and
the likes and dislikes of the owner have all to be
taken into account. It is of no use to plant trees
or shrubs that are not likely to succeed, and, if
doubtful ones are included, it must be in positions
where they can be easily replaced, should they
fail.

The peculiar character of the dwelling house has
to be taken into consideration. A certain amount
of trimness is usually necessary in the grounds
adjacent thereto. In very few cases, indeed, can
1 he wild garden be brought near the. house. The
usual plan is to have the geometrical part of the
flower garden, with the trimly kept lawns, next to
the house, and to allow a gradual passage from
these to the wilder parts beyond.

Paths should be as few as possible, and each
should be made for some definite purpose, not
giving the visitor the impression that it was intro-
duced just for the sake of having a path. Nature
abhors straight lines, and thus the paths, especially
those of gravel, should run in bold but graceful
curves. This applies particularly to carriage
drives, and here the question of making the curves
easy for the horses has to be taken into account.
This will also decide the gradient of op-hill paths,
which should never be greater than one in fourteen.
In one case, that of the avenue, which is to some
extent a path, although of grass, the straight line
is permissible. A well-timbered avenue is indeed
a noble adjunct to an estate. Not infrequently the
principal carriage drives are bordered with trees
in avenue fashion, especially where any particular
avenue is a feature of the grounds. It is permis-
sible also for drives to make a detour to bring
into close view any noble tree, water scene, or
other specially interesting feature.

Water is the stand-by of the landscape gardener,
and no estate is complete without a water scene.
Here again common sense mu.-t come largely into
play It would be ridiculous, for instance, to
place a pond on the top, or halfway up the side, of
a hill. Very often examination will reveal a spot
where, by means of a little labour, a lake can
be made. Or a stream may be deftly diverted, and
made to broaden out into a lake. In every case
where artificial ponds or lakes are made, it is
necessary to puddle the bottoms with several inches
of tough, plastic clay, otherwise in summer the
sight and smell will be anything but agreeable. The
presence of ponds, apart from the fascination of the
water, permits of the cultivation of many charming
aquatic and sub-aquatic plants. There is no more
beautiful sight, for instance, than a fringe of the

Lankesteria

( 474 )

Lapageria

graceful Italian Willow, reflected in the water on a
peaceful summer's evening ; and in winter the red
stems are almost equally beautiful. Fountains ami
stone-lined ba.sins are only possible in the geomet-
rical garden, near the house.

Where ornamental buildings, such as summer-
houses and temples, are included, they should not
stand out aggressively. Rustic woodwork is the
best material for summerhouses, and the more
(jiiickly it can be covered with climbers the better.
Glaring stone temples, be they never so finely carved,
are an abomination. If they are present, the stone
> hould be painted over with some preparation to
give the appearance of age. Part may be covered
with climbing plants.

An exceedingly gratifying method is to prepare a
series of surprises. Shady nooks or dells may well
be introduced here and there, hidden by tall trees,
and only revealed at the last curve of the path or
glade that leads to them. These dells may be
planted with collections of special subjects. Thus
a Berberis dell, a Bamboo garden, a collection of
hardy Azaleas, are all features that demand
attention. This system has been well carried out
at Kew, and is deserving of extensive imitation.
A mixed shrubbery is good, but it is often overdone.
The group system is, as a rule, far more effective.

It is impossible, in a work of this scope, to do
more than touch the fringe of the subject of land-
scape gardening, but enough has been said to show
how complicated an art it is. In addition to the
artistic features that have to be decided upon and
introduced, there is often much heavy wcrk to be
performed. Low-lying, swampy ground may have to
be drained, lakes made, artificial mounds created,
large trees moved, levels obtained for lawns and
d dves, and there will be much anxious and tedious
work with theodolite and horning rods ere this is all
done. In every case a careful survey of the ground
must be made before a plan of action is decided
upon, for a comparatively slight error often means
the removing of a good many unnecessary
thousands of cubic yards of matter, and the
result is vexatious.

LANKESTERIA.

A small genus of stove evergreen herbs (ord.
Acnnthaceaj). There are only three species, and
these are of little garden value. Cuttings of the
young shoots may be rooted in spring if given
sandy peat soil and placed in brisk bottom heat.
Soil, loam and peat in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species : —

Barter!, st., yel. longiflora, parviflora,

elejjans, 3', Je.. so. and Eranthemum hia-

parviflora, 1', Sep., Nov., piclum of Jiotanical

st., yel. (*//««. hispida, lieyister 1846, 12).

LANTANA.

Stove and greenhouse shrubs (ord. Verbenacea?),
with showy heads of flowers.

Propagation.— By cuttings of tips of the side
shoots, taken in August and September, rooted in
gentle heat, and wintered in a greenhouse.

Soil. — Two parts of fibrous loam and one part of
old Mushroom bed manure, with sand.

Other Cultural Points. — I.antanas are of very j
easy culture in pots in the greenhouse, and
they flower profusely if planted out in beds for
Hie summer months. The autumn-struck cuttings

Ltinciiia, (see Lasiospermiim).

should be potted into 3" pots at the begin-
ning of March, pinched when the shoots are a
few inches long, and another shift, into (>" pots,
given. Old plants may be lifted from the beds in
autumn, the shoots shortened, and potted into as
small pots as possible. In spring they may be
pruned closely, put into a warm house, syringed
freely, and potted on as required. Old plants
flower more freely, but the blossoms are smaller.
Mealy bug is the chief insect pest.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
Camara, b" to 10', Je., St., — mutabilis, yel

vio., stem prickly (*yn. — gramliHora, larger

aculeata) . flowers,

nivea, Jy., Oct., st., wh., trit'oliii, 3', Aug., st. shr..

odorous. red or pur. ; a good

bedder (^t/t/. aimua).

Other Species : ---
crocea, 3', Je., st., red, sclloviana, Dec., Jim.,

yel. grli., pur., rod.

A Selection of Hybrids and Varieties :
Drap d'Or, dwarf, yel.; La Xeigc, wh.

good for bedding. Magenta King, pur., FC.

Fabiola, ro. Ne Plus Ultra, ro. \:k,,

hybrida, erim., yel., red. lavender.

Victoire, wh., lemon eye.

LAPAGERIA O#«*. C'APIA and PH^ENO

CUDOX).

A genus of one species (iird. Liliaceaj) of climbing
shrubs with dark green, leathery leaves and wiry,
twining stems. There are many garden varieties,
and these constitute the Lapagerias which are in
such favour as cool house climbers.

Propagation. — By layers. The parent plants are
planted in prepared beds, and the firm shoots are
layered in the usual way and pegged down.

Soil. — Sandy peat, with a few pieces of charcoal
mixed, gives excellent results. Some growers
include a little loam, but it is not necessary.

Other Cultural Points. — Although Lapagerias are-
easy to grow, some difficulty is often experienced
with them in the early stages, when they are being
coaxed to take to the wires. Copper wire they will
tolerate, but galvanised wire they detest ; string is
the best for the purpose. As pot plants Lapageria ~
are always more or less of a failure. They like a
cool, moist root run, and this they cannot get in
pots. Pot plants are usually a prey to all the insect
pests that love the Lapageria, and they are many.
The border should not be less .than 18" deep, and
it must have free drainage. Plenty of water is
needed all the year round, and through the spring
and summer months weak liquid manure once a
week will, be appreciated. The house should
be freely ventilated at all times, save when
frosts hold, as Lapagerias are nearly hardy. As.
soon as the flower buds begin to expand the
shoots should be loosed from the strings and
allowed to hang down. Then it is that the beauty of
the Lapageria can be fully seen and appreciated.
Pruning is of the simplest character ; the shoots
that have flowered should be cut out, except in
cases where they are needed to extend the spread
of the plants. With them, too, may come out
most of the weak growths. An annual pruning
such as this is very necessary if the plants are lo
be kept in condition. Bug, thrips, spider, and green
fly all attack Lapagerias badly, more particularly
where the houses are hot and dry. Regular syring-
ings are excellent preventives, and an occasional
dewing over with a weak mixture of Fir Tree

Lapeyrousia

(475 )

Lardizabala

Oil will, as ;i rule, do the rest. Fumigate for
green fly. If the plants get very dirty, they must
be sponged. Tlii.s, however, is a ticklish process,
as the "leaves are brittle and soon snap oft.
The strong, sucker-like shoots thrown up annually
from the root should be closely watched, for slugs
are very fond of them. A ring of salt round them
will keep the slugs at bay, and a collar of cotton
wool will help. A search for the intruders by
lamp-light is also advisable.

Only Species : —

rosea, Je., Jy., grh., ro.

in MiniHicr and rooted in a dose propagating
frame, with bottom heat. Soil, prat and librous
lua m iii equal proportions, with sand. Plenty of
water is needed when in full growth.

Principal Species : —

semKerrata, '.MY, Sep., St., wh.

LAPORTEA.

Stove perennial herb?, shrubs, and trees (nnl.
Urticacese), of little decorative value, and of evil
repute from their stinging qualities. For th's
reason they are not in general cultivation, and

I'liutu ; Ctisaell U;

THE iiviiuiD LANTAXA As A I-OT M.AXT (see f. 474).

Principal Varieties : —

nlbittora, wh. ; a fine com-
panion for the red
(M/H. alba).

llsemaiinii, larger and
brighter than type, ro.

LAPEYROUSIA.

A rather small genus of half-hardy bulbous
subjects (uril. Iridese). The genus Anoinatheea
is included in Lapeyrousiaby t\\ettenera Plaiitnrn.ii.

Principal Species :—

Nash Court, an improve-
ment upon superba.

superlia, a good crim.

The Knoll, spotted ro.

Warnham Court, spotted
ro.

where they are grown in botanical establishments
the operator must be gloved, and handle them
carefully. The stings are exceedingly painful, anil
the effects last for a long time. Increase is by
seeds and cuttings. Soil, loam two parts, peat
one part, and sand one-sixth.
Principal Species :

gigas. SO'. Mowers grn.

moroulcx. fruit pur., like
Mulberries in bunches:
the must poisonous of
all.

Schomhurgkii versicolor,
Ivs. grev, grn., wh. :
u handsome foliage
plant,

corymbosa, li"
My., bl., wh.

to 12",

fissifolia, «", Aug., pk. or
ro.; rare.

grandifloia,grh.,red,yel.eye.

LAPLACE A (•«/«*- H.EMOHCHIS, LISDLEVA,

and \Vll.KsTi:(KMIA).

Stove trees and shrubs (iird. Ternstroemiacfre),
increased by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, taken

LARCH (*•<• LARIX).
LARDIZABALA.

A hardy or nearly hardy climbing shrub (on/.
Heil>. Tide'ie). with diill purple flowers. It ma\ In-
increased by ruttinus of the partly ripeneil shoots
in sand, under a boil-glass, in .summer. Soil, loam
and peat in equal parts, with sand.

Larix

( 476 )

Larkspur

Only Species : —

biternata, grh., Oct., pur., Ivs. dark grn.

LARIX.

Description.- Deciduous trees (ord. Coniferse) of
ornamental appearance. The Larch takes a high
place amongst trees by reason of the tender
green of its young foliage and young red cones,
which are so conspicuous as spring wears into
summer. The branches are naturally of sub-
pendent habit, and this adds considerably to the
beauty and elegance of the tree.

Naturally the Larch makes a tall, clean trunk,
and as the wood is firm and tough, trunks of younsr
trees are in great request for scaffold poles. The
Larch also furnishes Venice Turpentine and
Briancon Manna.

Much of the timber is furnished by the extensive
Larch woods found in Central America, but the
tree is also planted in considerable numbers in this
country for economic purposes, as well as for its
appearance as a plantation tree.

Propagation. — By seeds sown when ripe in a
sheltered border out of doors. The seedlings
should be transplanted at an early stage, and
replanted 1' apart in rows the same distance
asunder, in nursery beds. A further transplanting
should be given in a couple of years' time.

Soil. — Almost any soil will <lo, but some of the
best specimens are found growing in light or
medium loam over a substratum of gravel.

Pests. - Of late years the Larch Canker or Blister,
the work of a fungus (Dasycypha calycina), has given
a great deal of trouble. It is most rampant upon
trees growing in low, damp positions. All wounds
should be dressed, if healthy, with Stockholm tar.
Excision of affected narts, where possible, is to be

recommended. Planting in open, airy situations
is, however, the best preventive measure.

Larch Moth (Coleophora laricella) occasionally
gives trouble, but its ravages are not as a rule upon
a big scale. Remedies are difficult, if not impos-
sible, of application. Chermes Laricis is another
insect pest. (For remedies, see CHERMES.)

Principal Species and Varieties: —

davurica, a small tree,
foliage grn. (?yn. da-
hurica) .

— japonica, bluish grn.
Ivs.

— prostratn . low-growing
habit.

curopaea, 80' to 100', foli-
age light grn. (ryiin.
decidua, exeelsa, pyra-
midalis, vulgaris, Abies
Larix, and FinusLarix).
Common Larch.

— glauca, glaucous foli-
age.

- pendula, branches
drooping.

— rossica, compact habit.

- sibirica, brunches
horizontal (.--'i/M. arch-
angelica).

(JriflUhii, 30' to 40' (si/ns.
Abies griffitbiana and
Piuus Griffithii). Sik-
kim Larch.

leptolepis, '!' to 40' (sy»s.
japonica, Abies lepto-
lepis, and Pinus lepto-
lepis).

Lyalli, 3.V to 45'.

occidentalis, 100' to 150
(«/». Finns Nuttallii).

ppmiula, 70' to 90', wood
heavy and close grained
(.«//»*. americana, a.
rubra .microcarpa, Abies
microcarpa, a,nd Pinus
aririua). Black Larch,
or Tamarack.

LARKSPUR.

The beautiful garden flowers grown so exten-
sively under this name are Delphiniums, but they
are likely to be long cultivated under their popular
name. The annual Larkspurs are useful, but
the tall perennials exceed them in beauty and
value. The culture of these beautiful plants is
given under DELPHINIUM, and selections of the
best varieties are given there.

Photo: Hiss M. Cotton. Lismore.

BLUE PEUEXXIAL LAUKSPUHS OK DELPHINIUMS.

Larrea

( 477 )

Lathyrus

LARREA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Zygophylleae)
of little decorative value. Mexicana yields a glue
which is used by the North American Indians to
fasten their arrow heads, and also as a remedy for
rheumatism.

LASIANDRA (** TIBOUCHINA).

LASIOPETALUM.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Sterculiaceaj),
seldom grown, and of little use to the gardener.

LASIOSIPHON (.«//». LACIIN.KA).
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. ThymelEea-
ceie) of little value.

LASIOSPERMUM.

Annual or perennial herds (ord. Composita>).
Propagation is by seeds for the annuals ; and seeds,
root division, and cuttings for the perennials. Any
ordinary garden soil will do.

Principal Species : —

pedunculare, 6". Lancisia, Lidbeckia. |

radiatum, 2' to '2'/, hlf- and Matricaria bipin-

hdy. per., wh. («/».•<. uata).

LASTHENIA (syn. KAXCAGUA).

A small genus (ord. Composite) of half-hardy
annual herbs, usually glabrous. They have yellow
(lowers, opposite leaves, and are showy, easily
grown subjects. Seeds may be sown in September
and October, under glass, and planted out early in
the spring ; or sown in April where the plants are
to flower. The plants should be well thinned. Any
ordinary garden soil suits.

Principal Species and Variety :

glabrata, 9" to 18", My.. - glaberrima, 1', My.,
Jy., yel. («,'//"••. califor- yel. (SI/H. glaberrima).

nica and Hologyne
glabrata).

LASTREA (sya. LASTR^EA).

This once important genus has now been merged
in Nephrodium. There is one notable exception,
namely Lastrea aristata of gardens (set; figure),
which is now known as Aspidiuru aristatum. Lovers
of hardy Ferns still cling to Lastrea, and dilata-
tum (correctly a variety of spinulosuin) and its
numerous forms are sometimes styled Lastrea in
gardens.

LATANIA.

A small genus of handsome, ornamental Palms
(ord. Palms;), very useful for decoration when
small. Propagation, by imported seeds, sown in
strong bottom heat, and afterwards accorded a
moist stove temperature. Soil, rich loam. All the
species do best when planted in a prepared border
enriched with bone meal. Latanias attain large
dimensions, and require much room when mature.
Borbonica makes a good pot plant.

Principal Species : —

[NoTK.— The heights given refer to plants under
cultivation ]

aurea of gardens (•//• glaucophylla of gardens
Verschaffeltii). (w Lodm'gesii).

borbonicti (correctly Livi- Loddigesii, 10'.

stona chinonsis'i. rubra (wr Commersoni).

Commersoni, 7' (-ya. Verschaffcltii, "'.
rubra).

LATERALS.

The side shoots thrown out at varying angles
from a main stem or branch. The term is frequently
employed in connection with cultural operations.
Thus, in the •• single rod " system of training
Tomatoes, it is advised to keep all the " laterals
closely pinched out. In the Grape Vine, the

LASTUEA (correctly AsrwirM) AHISTATA.

shoots that are formed from the closely cut back
spurs are the laterals, and the secondary shoots
developed by these, from buds in the axils of the
leaves, are termed " sub-laterals." In the Peach
and Nectarine many of the lateral shoots, when
produced right and left from the branch bearing
them, are trained in to form fruiting shoots for
another season. A number of sub-laterals also
start, and these, as in the case of the Vine, are
kept pinched in.

In the tying-in of laterals it is well to remember
that the more nearly they are tied in parallel
lines to the branch bearing them the greater will
bo the vigour of growth. The more they are
depressed, or bent down, the less vigorous will be
the growth. Shoots that tend to grow strongly
and fail to set flower buds, may often be made
fruitful by a timely depression, which, checking
the flow of sap, checks also over luxuriance. Con-
versely, wec-ik shouts may be strengthened by rais-
ing them somewhat, even if it be only temporarily.

LATHRvEA.

A small genus (ord. Orobanchacea;) of hardy,
leafle.ss, herbaceous plants, parasitic upon the roots
of trees. The flowers are showy, and the plants
are both curious and interesting. Seed should be
sown near the respective host plant*. Two or
three years elapse from the date of sowing before
the seedlings arrive at the flowering stage.

Principal Species :—

Clamlestina, 'A" to ">", Siiiiamaria,3"tor2",spr.,

Ap., per., 'grey, pur., or pk. or bl., streaked pur.

vio. or nil. Tuothwort.

LATHYRUS.

Description. — A large genus (ord. Leguminoste),
chiefly composed of hardy herbaceous subjects

Lathyrus

( 478 )

Lathyrus

• inimal or perennial, climbing by means of tendrils.
The annual ocloratus, the parent of the popular
Sweet 1'ea, is the most important of all, and the
varieties of it which have arisen are now innumer-
able. (For further details, sea SWEET PEA.)
The Everlasting 1'ea (sylvestris platyphyllus) is
only secondary in importance to the varieties of
odoratus. It is of true perennial habit, but it

Other Cultural Points. — Liberal mulchings of
rotten manure, and plentiful supplies of liquid
stimulant, together with the picking of the seed
pods as they begin to form, are the chief items
requiring attention. Grandiflorns does well if
sown in clumps and supported by a circle of
sticks. Sativus, the Chickling Vetch, is largely
cultivated as a fodder plant.

r/iotn: Cusscll .0 C:n.

L.vrimirs UUANDIFLOKUS.

is occasionally somewhat difficult to establish.
Jt is of the greatest service as a climber for
covering arbours, fences, and trellis work of all
descriptions, and it does not look at all amiss
when allowed to ramble over the stones of a
rockery.

Propagation.— By seeds for the annuals, and by
seeds and root division for the perennials.

Soil. — All love a light to medium loam, plenti-
fully enriched with stable manure, and H is in
such a soil as this that the best results are to be
looked for.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

grandiflorus, 5', Je., Aug.,
per., standard, 11", 1 j"
across, ro., wings crim.

latifolius (correctly syl-
vestris platypliyllus),
Everlasting Pea.

nervosus.Je., Sep., hdy. vig-
orous per., bluish pur.
(**/«*. 'inagellanicus and
armitageanus) . Seeds
of this species are some-
times difficult to obtain

true, sativus and finpi-
tauus being substituted.
Lord Anson's Pea.

odoratus, hdy. aim., flow-
ers various, fragrant.
Sweet Pea.

roseus. sum., hdy., ro.

rotundifolius, My., jy.,
lidy. per., ro.

sativus, ,Te., ,Tv. , lidy.,wh.
Chickling Ve'.ch.

— alhus, 1', wh.

Latua

(479 )

Lavandula

— azureus, I', hi.
sylvestris, Jy., Sep., hdy.

per., red, crim. , vio.

— plutyphyllus, 4' to 8',

Aug., ro. (»//». lati-
folius) : alba is a wli.
var. and Pink Beauty a
j>k. one. Everlasting
Pea.
Other Species and Varieties : —

cirrhosus, sum., hdy.

ami. , ro. pk.
cyaneus, 1', hdy., hi., pk.

(*i/ti. Orobus cyaneus).
T):ividii, lulv., yel., wh.
Druinmondii, 'M' to 4',

sum., car.
hrti'p iplivllus, Jy.. Sep.,

Inly. ]MT., ]>k., wh.
lutcus. 2' to 3', lidy., yel.
magellanicus (tee ncrvo-

MlsX

marithnus calif ornicus,
Jy., Sep., hdy. per.,
pur. (*?/". calif ornicus of

palustris, sum., hdy. per.,

hi., pur ; bogs,
pratensis, sum., hdy. per.,

yel.
pubescens, sum., grh.,

vio.
jplendens. sum., grh., sc. ,

pur. California!! IVa.
tingitanus, Je., Jy., hdy.

ami., pur., red.
tuberosus, Je., Jy., hdy.

per., ro.
uudulatus, '2' to 3', My.,

Je., hdy. per., magenta,

^, , „ red.

ll<i/'ii,ii-iil Itrgisterim). venius (the correct name
Nissolia, 6" to 12", My., of Orobus vernus).

Je., hdy. ann., crim. violaceus, G' to H', sum.,

hlt'-hdy. per., vio., bl.

LATUA.

A genus of one species only (vrd. Solanaceae).
Ycnenosa, 4', February, green house, violet, is a
pretty shrub, propagated by cuttings rooted in a
close frame in gentle heat. Soil, loam two parts,
leaf mould and wind one part each.

LAUREL.

Tin- Common Laurel of gardens, or Cherry
Laurel, is Prunus Laurocerasus. The Portugal
Laurel is Prunus lusitanica, the Seaside Laurel is
Phyllanthiis latifolius, and the Sheep Laurel is
Kalmia angnstifolia, while the name Variegated
Laurel is often applied to Aucuba japonica and
its varieties. (See these separate heads.)

LAURELIA (syn. PAVONIA of Buiz and
Pavon, not of Caw).

A small genus of greenhouse trees (nrti. Moniini-
acesc), whose foliage exhales a strong aromatic
odour when bruised. Cut.tings root with fair free-
.loni if given sandy soil and kept close under ;i
bell-glass. Soil, loam and peat in equal parts, with

nod.

Principal Species :—

•.!r..in,-itie:i : there are opeu air in County
specimens over 25' Wicklow.

high growing in the Nova>Zelandi;e, l.jO'.

LAURENTIA.

Small-growing greenhouse herbaceous plants
(nrd. Campanulaceae), some of which have, been
placed under Lobelia. Propagation is bv cuttings
rooted in heat, and a light, ricii soil is necessary.

Principal Species : —

camulosa, sum., hdy.
aim., flowers bl., yel.,
wh., like those of Lo-
belia Erinus.

erinoiiles. Jy., Aug., pur.,
yel., wh., very dwarf.

(*//». Lobelia erinoides
of Liiuueus).
minuta, Je., Sep., pur."

(•ii/ii. Lobelia miiiuta

of llnlilnirill Mlllllizillf

2590).

LAURUS. (BAY TEEE.)

(dnl. I.aurinc;".) The one species that concerns
us here is nobilis, popularly known as the l!ay

rel, Cherry {nee I'riintm Lanromrtuut),
jMiirocerasus (iee Ccrasits and I'rimu*).

Tree. For lawn and shrubbery it is important
that an open position and a well-drained loarnv
soil be given. Frequently, too, the Bay is cm-
ployed as a tub and pot plant. By means of a
little careful early training, and annual trim-
ming afterwards, the trees may be made to
assume a pyramidal habit, or form hemispherical
heads upon clean stems of various heights.
Propagation is by cuttings rooted in sandy soil
beneath a bell-glass in a cool house. Seeds 'also
are obtained where plants of both sexes are grown,
and these germinate readily if sown when ripe,
p The soil for pot or tub plants should consist in
! bulk of loam, with about a quarter of well-rotted
cow dung and a little sand. When planted in the
open, Bay Trees should be allowed to remain un-
disturbed for as long as possible.

Principal Species and Variety : —
noliilis, 30' to 00', flowers . — angustifolia, nanow

yel., produced in spr., Ivs.

berries dark pur. Bay

Tree.

LAURUSTINUS (see VIBURNUM
TINUS).

LAVANDULA. (LAVENDER.)

There are a little over a score of species in this
genus (iml. Labiatse), all of them greenhouse nr
hardy herbs and shrubs, yet one species only
focuses in itself the interest attaching to the genus,
and that species is vera, Common Lavender.
Lavender has long been a favourite "herb," the
sweet-scented flowers not only being in favour
witli housewives for their own sake, but also for
their powers as an insectifuge. For many years
the Lavender farms of Mitcham and district have
been famous.

Propagation. — By cuttings. These should be
taken early in September, and should consist of
short-jointed side shoots. The cuttings may or
may not be taken off with a heel, but they should
be about 3" in length. If inserted a few inches
apart in beds of light, sandy soil, made up in a
cold frame, kept close for a few weeks to give
them a start, and then aired pretty freely during
mild weather through the winter, they will have
rooted by spring. Larger cuttings will also root
in the open ground.

Soil. — Almost any fairly good garden soil will
suit, but the best bushes are obtained upon a i-andy
loam of medium depth overlying chalk.

Other Cultural Points.— The land should be
deeply dug and generously manured. Annual
mulchings of rotten stable manure are to be recom-
mended, and a few doses of liquid manure when
the flower buds are making their appearance will
gre;Uly help established plants. Where specimen
bushes are desired they may be planted (>' apart,
but for a Lavender hedge from 2' to 'A' is a good
distance.

Principal Species :—

vera, 1' to :i', hdy., bl., in spikes (syns. angustifolia,
Spica not. of Cavamlles, and officinalis). Common
Lavender.

Other Species: —

librotanoides, bright pur. pinnata, 1", Je., grh.,
deiitata, 1' to 2', grh., or pur.

in warm situations out- Spica of ( ':iv:iiiille.«.

doors, dark pur. Stuvhas, 2' to .'i', bum.,

lanata, grh., vio. hdy., dark pur.

Lavatera

( 480

Law

LAVATERA.

Hardy and half-hardy annuals, biennials, and
perennials (iird. Malvacca:). The genus contains
several handsome plants, of which arborea varie-
gata, so much in request for sub-tropical bedding,,
is perhaps the most useful. Trimestris and its
white variety are also in common cultivation.

Propagation. — By seeds, those of the annuals
being sown early in the spring where they are to
flower; the biennials, in July on an open border,
in rather firm soil.

Soil. — Any rich, light soil will do, and mulchings
of rotten manure, and occasional doses of liquid
sewage, are much appreciated.

Principal Species and Varieties :

arborea, 6' to 9', sum., trimestris, 3' to 6', sum.,

aut., bien., pur. Tree hdy. aim., ro.

Mallow. — alba, wh., aim. Both

— variegata, Ivs. gm., good bedders.
wh.

Othar Species : —

cretica, 4' to*', Je., hdy. maritima, 2', My., hdy.,

ann., deep pur. (?yu. wh., shrubby.

Malva mauritiana). Olbia, 6', Je., Oct. hdy.,

Insularis, 4', grh. shr., red, pur. Lespida is a

yel.^wh.,. striped pur. var. Tree Lavatera.

LAVRADIA.

A small genus (prd. Violarisn) of stove sub-shrubs,
increased by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in
sand, in a close propagating frame. Soil, sandy
peat and fibrous loam in equal parts.

Principal Species : —

montana, 2' to 3', ro. (*yn. glandulosa).

LAW.

The legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges
of owners, and occupiers of gardens, as well as
those employed in them, are matters of such
general importance that a few of the principal
points of law affecting gardens and gardeners are
given below.

The Removal of Trees and Shrubs.— According
to law, all things affixed to the soil become part of
the freehold, and are not removable by the tenant
or lessee, unless grown for trade purposes. This
applies to trees, shrubs, and plants that rest in and
depend on the soil for their existence, and though
they may have been planted by the tenant, he lias
no right to lift and remove them, on the termina-
tion of the tenancy, without permission from the
landlord. If an outgoing tenant wrongfully re-
moves growing trees, shrubs, and plants, the
landlord may demand damages. To avoid mis-
understandings, an ingoing tenant should have
an agreement with the landlord as to what
he may and may not remove when his tenancy,
expires.

Greenhouses and Other Structures.— A green-
house, potting shed, or other building erected by a
tenant, may be removed if it merely rests upon ihe
ground or upon foundations, even though the latter
be affixed. If, however, the building is cemented
to foundations fixed in the ground, it is not remov-
able. Careful consideration is given to the char-
acter of the erection, and the way in which it is
supported on the ground, and, while having due

Lavender Cotton (sec Smtolina).

regard to existing principles, the court generally
favours a liberal interpretation of the law.

The Right of Building. — Generally speaking,
there is no restriction upon a tenant erecting a
.greenhouse or other building, at his own risk,
except in cases where there is a written agreement
not to erect additional buildings without the land-
lord's consent. The right of removal, however,
depends on the mode of construction, as shown
above. It is always advisable to obtain a copy of
the bye-laws of the local authority before building,
to ascertain whether the consent of that authority,
or approval of the plans, is necessary.

Privileges of Nurserymen. — In the case of
nurserymen, special privileges are enjoyed respect-
ing the removal of trees, shrubs, plants, and green-
houses, as they are " trade fixtures," and ready
removal is necessary in order to carry on business.

Overhanging Trees. — Where the branches of
trees overhanging from the land of an adjoining
occupier constitute a nuisance, the owner of the
trees should be requested to lop the branches. If
he refuses, the aggrieved party may take the law
into his own hands, and lop the branches himself.

Fallen Fruit. — It is a mistake to think that a
person has the right to pick up the fruit that falls
on his premises from the tree of an adjoining
occupier. The owner of the tree may, after asking
the adjoining occupier to deliver up the fruit, enter
the latter's premises to pick it up, but he is liable
for any damage that he may cause in so doing.

Poultry and Animals. — No person has a right to
keep poultry or animals which are a nuisance to
his neighbours, and offended parties may take pro-
ceedings for an injunction. Local authorities
occasionally have bye-laws on the subject, by
which such nuisances are suppressed. Damages
may be claimed in the County Court against the
owner of poultry or animals that are allowed to
trespass, but if the trespass is due to the fences of
the aggrieved party not being secure, no damages
are recoverable. No person has a right to kill
poultry or animals that trespass on his premises.
By doing so he makes himself liable to a claim
for damages.

Boundary Fences. — The liability to repair hedges,
fences, and walls rests with the owner of the pro-
perty on which the fences, etc., stand. The title
deeds generally indicate this, but when there is no
evidence as to the ownership of a wall, the Court
would direct a jury to find that it .belonged to the
adjoining proprietors as tenants in common. In
the case of a hedge and ditch, the owner of the
land on which the hedge stands is presumably
owner of both, as his predecessor is supposed to
have dug the ditch, and thrown up the soil on to
his own land in which to plant the hedge. A
wooden fence is supposed to be the property of
the person on whose land the palings are fastened
to the post, because he would sink the posts on his
own land, and also 'stand on his -own property to
nail on the palings.

Gardeners' Engagements. — A gardener employed
in a private establishment is a domestic servant,
and, generally, domestic servants are entitled to a
month's notice, or a month's wages in lieu thereof.
A gardener, however, may bo summarily dismissed
without notice if guilty of gross misconduct, such
as disobedience to lawful orders, using abusive
language to his employer, wilfully absenting him-
self from duty, and so on.

14 DAY USE

RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED

LOAN DEPT.

This book is due on the last date stamped below, or

on the date to which renewed.
Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.

IJOclWR

REC'O <-D

BSW$^

V\J\ *• '

^

LD 21A-60m.4,'64 . . G*n.eral f"!1'?^ .
(E4555«10)476B University of Cal^orma
Berkeley

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