The Newsletter
of the Wyoming
Native Plant Society
October i994
Volume 13, No. 3

^ Indian PalntSfuH' ,4^'"

State Flower of Wyoming ^

" WfjiaVs in a Name? 8e$seya'».J^y..Jt ^
Kevegetatioit and Native P) ania^ '<„s

tlie Forest Service

Presidential Memo Calls '<
,^for Greener Landscaping

Potanisfs BOTbheif

potany 150 Songi^bk;
\QMHugoDeVyieslA

Indian Paintbrush

State Flower of Wyoming

by Walter Ferlig

I ndian paintbrushes [genus Cosl;7ieja) are
among tlie most familiar and showiest of the
many wildflower species found native in
Wyoming. Fifteen species and two varieties occur
across the State in habitats ranging from basin
sagebrush grasslands to montane meadows and
alpine peaks. Our species come in a wide variety
of colors, including rose^purple, red, orange, yel-
low, and even grayish-white. Unfortunately,
flower color is not always a reliable feature for
identifying different species, as many colors may
occur within one species or intermediate hues
may be tire result of hybridization. Paint-
brushes have acquired a reputation as
being taxonomically difficult, in part because
hybridization can occur between closely
related species and partly because tlie floral
features used in keys are often difficult
to observe. \\J

The true flower of the Indian paint-
brush is actually quite inconspicuous, being
mostly hidden by tlie colorful floral bracts that
make up the inflorescence. These bracts are
modified leaves that have assumed the
function of attracting visually-oriented
pollinators to the drab, greenish flowers. The
bracts surround a four-lobed calyx and a
green, two-lipped corolla. The upper li
of the tube, called the galea, is a large,
hood-like structure that encloses the
anther-bearing stamens. The smaller
Up may occur just below tlie galea, or about
halfway down the tube, depending on the species.

One of the most unusual traits of the paint-
brushes is their ability to supplement their food
supply by tapping into the roots of other plants.
Like several other genera in the figwort family
(Scrophulariaceae), CastiUeja species are partially
parasitic (hemiparasitic). Paintbrush roots form
specialized parasitic sidebranches called haustoria
that can penetrate the roots of neighboring plants
in order to obtain water, sugar compounds, and

important minerals from the host plant.

Paintbrushes tend to lose more water
through their leaves via transpiration than many
other plants and tlius may depend on tlieir host
plants for increased water uptake. In addition,
this water loss creates a suction-like force tliat
actually helps power Uie uptake of food-
ich sap and water from the host's roots
j^^into the roots of the paintbrush plant.

/ 1 capable of growing
' ithout hosts in greenhouse situations
and occasionally in home gardens.
Studies have shown that under these
conditions Castillejo plants are often
shorter, less branched, and later-flow-
fering than plants with hosts. Success
in the garden may be dependent on
supplying adequate water and nutrients.

Many of the paintbrush species
in Wyoming and the west have narrow
geographical ranges, sometimes being
limited to a single mountain range. Snow
paintbrush [CastiUeja nivea) and Cock’s-
comb paintbrush (C. cdsta-gaUt) are
restricted to the Absaroka Mountains and the
Yellowstone National Park area. Within their
range, however, most species are at least locally
abundant and few are in danger of extinction.

Among the more widespread species in the
mountains of the state are the Sulphur paintbrush
[C. suiphiireo). Scarlet paintbrush (C. m/niafo),
and Rosy paintbrush [C. rhex;/o/]aJ, each of which
is named for its primarj^ floral color. These three
species differ from most paintbrushes of lower
elevations in having entire or only slightly lobed
or toothed leaves. In basin regions, Nelson’s
paintbrush (C. chromosa or C. angustifolia] is one of
the showiest and most common species. It is easily

Continued on p. 6.

Above: The yellow-flowered Sulphur paintbrush
[Cctstiileja sulphurea] is one of the more abundant and
easily recognized species of mountain meadows, woods
and slopes in Wyoming. III. by W. Fertig

Wyoming
Native Plant
Society

PrEsidentr . :

Barbara Ami don Springs]

Vice President u-s;-: :.

Mary Neighbours (Laramie)
Secretary^reasurer: ■ >-

Wall Ferlig (Laramie)
Board Members:

Diana Osuni (Kelly)
Jennifer Whipple (Old Faithful)

Newsletter Editor: Walt Fertig

Layoul/Design: Irene Thieh

Contributors to this issue; John
Baxter, Walter Fertig (WF), and
Andy KratZ' ■

Vijomihg I
Nanve Pfanr
Society 1

WNPS NEWS

A nnual Meeting: The WNPS annual
meeting was held at Grand Teton
National Park on the weekend of July
9*10, 1994. Twenty-eight members and
guests were in attendance the first day, and
over 30 plant lovers enjoyed activities on the
second (a record turn-out for an annual get-
together). The Society was pleased to have a
botany class from Western Wyoming College
accompany us on our field trips.

Ont-going President Phil White conduct-
ed an unusually formal (but entertaining) busi-
ness meeting. An important issue brought up
during the general discussion was the need for
the Society to become more active in promoting
native plants in seed mixes used for reclama-
tion T.vork, especially along state highways. A
committee was drafted to investigate what steps
the Society can take, Barbara Amidon also
raised concerns about the status of wildflowers
in Soutliwest Wyoming now that a new energy
boom is developing there. She encouraged
members to take a more active interest in local
events and to express their concerns about
wildflowers and rare plants to federal and state
agencies.

Walter Fertig announced the results of
the 1994 elections and the "Name the Newslet-
ter" contest. Elected as officers of tlie Society
for 1994/95 were: President: Barbara Amidon;
Vice President; Mary Neighbours; Secretary-
Treasurer: Walter Fertig; 2-year Board member:
Diana Osuna. Jennifer Whipple will continue as
the carry-over Board Member. The amendments
to the By-Laws regarding membership dues,
annual meeting dates, and voting by proxy at
Board meetings, were approved by the required
3/4 majority. Finally, CasliJIe/a was selected as
the wanning entry in the Name the Newsletter
Contest (narrowly beating out Arfemfe/a] and is
the new mascot plant of the Society. Congrat-
ulations to Mary Neighbours and Jill Walford of
Laramie for suggesting this entry and for each
winning a free one-year membership.

Several sites were suggested for the
1995 annual meeting, including the Red Desert,
Beartooth Plateau, Swamp Lake, and Snowry
Range. After discussion of tlie merits of each,
the Red Desert was selected by vote of the atten-
dees and the four Board members present.
Look for more information on the itinerary' and
date of next year's meeting in an upcoming
newsletter.

Once the meeting was completed (with
Jennifer Whipple maintaining her streak of
annually seconding the motion to adjourn),
attendees enjoyed a sunny day of relaxed
botanizing on the shores of Two Ocean Lake.
Following lunch [filled with discussions of
deep botanical and philosophical significance),
the group divided, with many participants
choosing to enjoy the scenery near Jackson
Lake while otliers went searching for unusual
sedges with Erwin Evert, The latter group was
rewarded with the finding of Buxbaum’s sedge
(Carex buxboum/i) one of the rarer boreal
sedges of northwestern Wyoming.

On Sunday, a large group took the tram
up Rendezv'ous Mountain to observe the alpine
tundra flora. Among the many showy wild-
flowers in full bloom were the rare Payson’s
bladderpod (Lesquerelia paysonii) and Shultz’s
milkvetch lAstragalus shultziorum}. To the
disappointment of Phil White, no new state
records were encountered on this trip. We hope
for better luck next year in the Red Desert! WF

Teton Chapter News: Learn about and com^
ment on the developing interagency noxious
weed suppression program for Northwest
Wyoming at 7:30 PM, Tuesday, 11 October,
1994 at the Moose Visitor Center, Grand Teton
NP. Discussion to be lead by Deborah
DesLaurier, Vegetation Ecologist for Bridger-
Teton National Forest.

Membership Renewal Time: If a "94" is pre-
sent on your mailing label, your annual dues
for 1995 are due. A membership form is
included on the last page of this issue. Please
note the new address for tlie Society in sending
in renewals or other correspondence.

New Members: Please welcome the following
new members of TiVNPS: Joan Bennet (Buffalo),
Janet Britt (Riverton), Juli Crane (Hyde Park,
UT), Bonnie Heidel (Helena, MT), Connie
Isdahl (Powell), Bennie Johnson (Green River),
John Joy (Whitehall, MT), Elise Prayzich
(Jackson), and Tovi Santiago (Jackson).

Treasurer’s Report; Balance as of 28
September, 1994:General Fund S560.06; 1994-
95 Scholarship Fund S 184.00. Total Funds:
$744,06. WF

Attenlion WNPS Members: Your arLiclos about Wyoming
n a live plants or arl work are welcome in the newsleltorl
Deadline for the December issue is SO November 1994.
******* 111 ,***********

What’s in a Name?

Besseya

T he genus Besseya In the Scrophulariaceae
ffigworl family) contains 7-9 species
restricted to North America. Commonly
referred to as kittentails, members of this genus are
recognized by their heart-shaped basal leaves and
dense spike-like inflorescences of white, pinkish, or
purple flowers with 2-4 calyx lobes and 2 exserted
stamens.

Three species of Besseya occur in Wyoming.
The most abundant is the aptly named B. rvyomin-
gensis (Wyoming kittentails), which is found
throughout the state on open slopes and meadows
from the footliills to above timberline. Wyoming kit-
tentails is unusual in that its flowers lack petals.
Nonetheless, the species produces a showy pinkish-
purple inflorescence due to the bright colors of the
slender filaments of the stamens. Once the stamens
have \vilted, however, Wyoming kittentails assumes
a drab, grayish-green color and can be difficult to
spot.

Wyoming’s other tw-^o species of kittentails
have very limited distributions in the state. Alpine
kittentails [B. aipina) is restricted to moist alpine
meadows in the Snowy Range of Albany and Carbon
Counties, This purple-flow'ered species superficially
resembles Wyoming kittentails but its flower color is
tlie result of a two-lipped corolla, rather tlian bright
stamen filaments. White River kittentails (B. plan-
taginea] is the rarest of all in Wyoming, being kno^vn
from a single collection in the southern Laramie Range,
last seen in 1916, It resembles B. alpina but has white
or pinkish petals, longer leaves, and occurs on wood-
ed slopes in the foothills zone.

Per Axel Rydberg named the genus Besseya in
honor of his colleague, Professor Charles E. Bessey
(1845-1915) of the University of Nebraska. Bessey
was an outstanding teacher and influenced a genera-
tion of talented students, including Frederick
Clements, one of the most influential plant ecologists
of the early 20th Century. However, Bessey is best
remembered for his contributions to the development
of a phylogenetic system of plant classification.
Bessey contended that the order “Ranales” [including
the Ranunculaceae, Paeoniaceae, Magnoliaceae, and
other similar families) were the most primitive of the
flowering plants due to their possession of a number
of morphological features considered similar to their
gymnosperm ancestors. Orders tliat differed from this
basal group in one or more features were considered
more advanced, and thus more recently derived.
Bessey illustrated his concept of angio sperm relation-

ships in a famous chart that became known as
"Bessey’s cactus” (or Opuntia besseyi] due to its
loose resemblance to a beavertail cactus. Although
many of Bessey’s conclusions are no longer accepted,
his basic concepts have become a cornerstone of sys-
tematic and cladistic methodology and his cactus-
like charts live on in the w'orks of Arthur Cronquist
and other recent taxonomists. WF

Above: Bessey "s caclus t" Opuntia Besseyi”), nn early scheme of
OTganizin^ orders of flowering planis olcmg phylogenetic or evolu-
lionaiy'-based lines. From “Plant Class! ficaUon, second editioti" by
Lyman Benson, DC Heath and Ca., 1979.

Revegetation and Mative
Plants in the Rocky
Mountain

Region of the Forest
Service

By Andy Kratz

Bcghnai Botanist, USFS Begion 2
(Rocky Moun(o/n Region}

M any people have concluded that under
ecosystem management and the National
Forest Management Act mandate to main-
tain diversity, the US Forest Service (USFS) should
be using native plants for revegetating skid trails and
roadcuts, fire rehab seeding, wildlife habitat and
range improvements, and restoration of riparian or
other systems. Continued use of exotic plants seems
to run counter to our focus on maintaining biological
diversity and healthy ecosystems, especially when
the species we use become invasive in tlie surround-
ing landscape, but also if they persist for decades and
prevent the reestablishment of natural vegetation.

But switching to the use of native plants pre-
sents many challenges. The most obvious concerns
are over availability and cost of native materials,
tliough the counter argument is that suppliers would
rush to fill tlie demand if the use of natives was
required, and the cost would then drop with
increased volume of trade. Other concerns include
species information, defining “native”, seed transfer
guidelines, technology transfer, and tlie skills which
would be needed to make the switch, plus the time-
hanies for such a change in management. Some hard
questions could be asked about finding suitable
native plants for reclamation of toxic mining spoils,
or the need to find species capable of competing with
introduced exotic weeds, and the rationale for requir-
ing the use of only native species on skid trails where
the surrounding vegetation already has a large com-
ponent of exotics.

The most vexing concerns, however,
involve genetics. Cultivars of native plants
have been produced by the Soil Conservation
Service and others through standard agricul-
tural practices of plant breeding. Giving pref-
erence to “desireahle” characteristics among
plants from different parts of the species geo-
graphic distribution, crosses have been made
to produce cultivars with improved tolerance for
alkaline soils, better foliage or forage production.

Above: Draba verna, a non-native mustard that has become
established in Yellowstone National Park. With muddy
cars coming to the park from all corners of the nation,
Yellowstone has become home to many unwelcome exotic
species. III. by W. Fertig.

greater seed production, or other factors. These culti-
vars are still recognized by the same scientific name,
but have a trade name too (e.g. “San Luis” slender
wheatgr'ass). If these genetically manipulated species
are considered “native” and are planted in relatively
natural ecosystems alongside their naturally occur-
ring relatives of the same scientific name, tlie culti-
vars may serve as “Trojan horses” for the introduc-
tion of new genes from distant parts of the species
range into the local population. Without human
intervention, these genes might never cross existing
physical barriers to gene flow. We have no way to
predict tire consequences of introducing such genes,
and once they enter the local gene pool there is no
way to remove them. This could be called “genetic
pollution”.

Similarly, if plant materials (seeds, cuttings,
transplants, etc.) are collected in the wild and are
considered to be “native” anywhere within the natur-
al range of the species, planting these natives in
ecosystems in a different location from where they
were collected may pose risks of genetic pollution.
The USFS stopped doing this with native trees many
years ago, though, the primary concern at the time
was that they did not grow as well when moved very
far from their original location. The agency devel-
oped seed zones and seed transfer guidelines to
address the problem. Similar steps will likely need
to be taken for otlner native plants that wdll be used in
revegetation, but the issues of biological diversity
(including genetic diversity) make the task more

Above: Creeping buttercup (HafiuncLr/us repens var.
repeus). a Eurasian native that has become established in
many areas of the US, including Lincoln and Sublette Cos,,
Wyoming, III. by W. Fertig

complicated now. It should not be a problem if col-
lecting seed within a project area and returning it to
the site after ground disturbance, but moving from
one watershed to another or over a large elevational
gradient raises questions.

An intermediate step along the way toward
incorporating native species into re vegetation efforts
(while answers to challenging questions are sought)
might be to continue to use exotics, but to make sure
that we do not use those which are invasive or persist
in natural ecosystems for more than a few years. If
we eliminate the use of invasive or persistent species,
the native plants from the surrounding landscape
should displace the exotic revegetation mix over
time. This would avoid the current higher costs of
obtaining native plants for revegetation, and avoid
concerns over genetic pollution (provided that the
exotics used arc not so closely related to native
species that they might interbreed). Some of the suit-
able exotics might include annual plants (e.g., cereal
rye) which will not persist, and sterile hybrids (e.g.,
“Regreen” sterile wheat).

One of the first questions to be asked before
revegetating an area should be “Do I need to plant
anything?” Many times tlie ansiver should be “No,”
but federal agencies have a tendency to automatically
seed areas even under circumstances for w^hich past
observations have shown tliat seeding is not effective.
This issue is complicated by regulations regarding
rehab seeding and hoiv and when the costs can be
charged. Sometimes spreading weed- free straw or
excelsior matting is an appropriate alternative to

seeding smaller project areas, and will allow native
plants to re vegetate the site over time.

We may find it helpful to set varying standards
for revegetation efforts depending on the land uses
involved. For example, the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie
National Forest determined that their highest priori-
ties for using native plants are those sites adjacent to
Wilderness areas, Research Natural Areas, National
Parks, streams, w'etlands, and around documented
sightings of sensitive plants. They decided that in
areas which they wished to keep in permanently dis-
turbed condition [e.g., landing strips, powerline corri-
dors, seed orchards, road shoulders, etc.), the use of
native plants would be a long-term goal, but a lower
priority.

Above: Shepherd's purse [CapseJia bursa-pastoiis], an exot-
ic species well established throughout the United Slates. III.
by VV, Fertig

A conceptual problem that the USFS seems to
have in revegetation is the tendency to want a revege-
tated area to return to a late successional condition as
soon as possible. When using native plants, we tend
to select those from mature natural vegetation, rather
than looking to the native weeds [rudera! species)
which would begin the successional process on a nat-
ural disturbance, such as a landslide, or fire.
Perhaps this stems from years of trying to reestablish
trees as quickly as possible, rather than mimicking
natural succession following a stand replacing event.
As our understanding of ecosystem management
evolves, perhaps we will bonow more ideas from nat-
ural processes and the complex interactions among
early serai vegetation, wildlife, and other organisms,
(Excerpted from USFS Region 2 Fishes, Wildlife, Botany,
PTES, Ecology, Range Newsletter)

Conlinued from p, 1

recognized by its deeply divided gray-hairy leaves
and rounded inflorescence of bright red, deeply cleft
bracts. This is also one of our earliest blooming
paintbrushes, with flowering beginning as early as
April.

The most famous of all our paintbrush species
is the Wyoming paintbrush (C. Hmnifolia], the plant
selected as the official state flower by the Wyoming
legislature in 1917, This species is unusual in that
its calyx lobes tend to be more brightly colored than
the leafy bracts. It tends to be a tall, much-branched
plant and is often considered to be much less showy
than other CastUkja species. Not surprisingly, state
documents (including the official 1994 Wyoming
highway map) often have illustrations that depict
otlier species of paintbrush as our “state flower” .

Aven Nelson, Wyoming’s leading botanist of
the first half of the 20th Century, was one of the few
detractors of tlie selection of Indian paintbrush as the
slate symbol. Nelson criticized this choice because
he felt the paintbrush did not command “our love
and admiration, the sole elements upon which the
reign of a floral emblem rests". Despite Nelson’s con-
tentions, the paintbrush has earned the admiration
and respect of the citizenry of Wyoming because of
its beauty and knack for survival.

Below*: Hoary alyssum [Berteroa incana], an alien mustard
often found along disturbed roadsides in western and
southern Wyoming. ]II. by W. Fertig

Saniple page from Plant JdenUficstj on Terminology,
rieprinled w/ih pt;riii/ss/on of the Publisher.

anthers to the stigma
of the same flower or
to the stigma of an-
other flower on the
same plant.

Semen. A seed. Figure
960.

Semi- (prefix). Half;
partly or almost.

Semicarpous. With Figure 960

ovaries of carpels partly fused, the styles and
st igm as separate. F igure 9 6 1 .

Seminiferous. Seed-bearing.

Semitropical. See subtropical.

Semperflorous. Flowering throughout the year.

Sensitive. Responsive to touch.

Sepal. A segment of the calyx. Figure 962.

Figure 961 Figure 962

Sepalotd, Sepallike in color and te.xture.

Septate. Divided by one or more partitions.
Figure 963.

Septentate. With parts in sevens. Figure 964.

Figure 963 Figure 964

Septicidal. Dehiscing through the septa and
between the locules. Figure 965. (compare
loculicidal and poricEdal)

Septifolious. With seven leaves or seven leaflets.
Figure 964.

Septifragal. Separation of the valves from the

Botanist’s Bookshelf

Plant Identification Terminology: An Illustrated Glossary by James G. Harris and Melinda Wolf Harris. 1994. Spring Lake
Publishing, Box 2S6, Fayson, Utah 84551. S17.95. 188 pp., ill.

O ne of the most frustrating experiences for a
budding plant enthusiast trying to key out
an unknown specimen is encountering a
literal "language barrier" when opening up a flora
or manual. To the uninitiated (as well as many
veteran taxonomists], keys often appear to be writ-
ten in a foreign tongue. Unfamiliar and somewhat
intimidating words like " mono c has ium", "hirsutu-
lous", "gynobasic", and “fastigiate" crop up all too
frequently in keys and can quickly discourage
even the most avid botanist.

Most plant keys and manuals come with a
glossary to deal with this problem, but more often
than not the user must wade through even more con-
fusing terminology in the definitions. Worse yet are
glossaries that lack illustrations. Taxonomy is a very
visual science, and pictures can be far more instruc-
tive than words in creating the proper mental picture
needed to translate a key or identify a flower.

Plant Identification Terminology: An
lUustrated Glossary is a new book designed to rescue
botanists who are not fluent in technical botanical
terminology. The book contains definitions of over
Z400 terms commonly (and uncommonly) found in
keys and floras. Most of these terms arc also illus-
trated by accurate and clearly labeled figures. The
combination of minimally technical definitions with

diagnostic drawings should he sufficient to make
even the most difficult term understandable.

The book is divided into two parts. Part one is
the main glossary and is organized alphabetically.
Part two contains specific terminology organized by
major plant structures; roots, stems, leaves, inflores-
cences, flowers, and fniits. Within these categories,
terms describing similar attributes are grouped
together. For example, terms describing leaf attach-
ment (such as clasping, decurrent, perfoliate, etc.) are
in tlie same section for ready comparison of similari-
ties and differences. This section of the book is of
particular value to students of plant morphology.

This book is also a valuable reference to begin-
ning students in plant taxonomy courses. Although
similar to classics such as Harrington and Durrell’s
"How to Identify Plants", Plant Identification
Terminology is superior because it covers many more
terms and has more illustrations. Amateur and pro-
fessional botanists will also find this volume to be a
useful supplement to their library of teclinical floras
and manuals. WF

Note to W'NPS Members: Although the retail price of this
book is $17,95, Spring Lake Publishing is offering a special
price to Native Plant Society members of S15.95, postage
paid. To receive this discount, order directly from the pub-
lisher and mention that you are a member of WNFS.

Presidential Memo Calls
for Greener Landscaping

A n executive order signed by President
Clinton on April 26, 1994 calls for federal
agencies to utilize regionally native plants
whenever possible in landscaping projects.
Clinton’s order supports a recent government
study which found that native plants provide valu-
able wildlife habitat and reduce the need for costly
fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation. In addition,
agencies are asked to use integrated pest manage-
ment techniques, recycle green wastes as compost,
and implement more water-efficient irrigation
practices. Lastly, agencies are asked to create out-
door demonstration gardens using local native
species to promote greater public awareness of the
beauty and benefits of natives, WF

I

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T he Wyoming Native Plant Society, established
in 1981, is a nonprofit organization dedicated
to encouraging the appreciation and conser-
vation of the native flora and plant communities of
Wyoming. The Society promotes education and
research on native plants of the state through its
newsletter, field trips and annual student scholar-
ship award. Membership is open to individuals,
families, or organizations with an interest in
Wyoming’s flora. Members receive Castj7/e;a, the
Society’s quarterly newsletter, and may take part in
all of tlie Society’s programs and projects, including
the annual meeting/field trip held each summer.
Dues are S5.00 annually.

To join the Wyoming Native Plant Society,
return the membership form below to:

Wyoming Native Plant Society
604 Grand Ave,

Laramie, WY 62070

Wyoming Native Plant Society

Name:

Address:

□ S5,00 Regular membership

□ S15.00 Scholarship Supporting Member
(510,00 goes to annual scholarship fund)

The Botany 130
Song Book

By John "Barney" Baxter

Y et anotlier soon to be classic from the labora-
tory sections of Botany 130 at the University
of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. The tune is an old
folk song that may not be familiar to many readers.
If you don’t recognize it, use the tune to the Talking
Heads song "Psycho Killer”.

Old Hugo De Vries
{Tune: Sweet Betsy From Pike)

Oh, do }'ou remember oid Hugo De Vries?

His reprints piled up till they reached to his knees.

He sfad/ed mufabons and published like mad.

But go! no promotion - oh 6oy, was be sad.

Old Hugo jumped up and he ran fo the Dean,

Old Hugo was mad! And he made qujfe a scene!

But not having tenure, old Hugo was fired.

And he and his primroses gujcJJy expired,

(Note: O.K., so they were evening primroses.
Picky, picky, picky).

WYOMING NATIVE
PLANT SOCIETY

1fi04 Grand Avenue
Laramie, WY 82070