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HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE

CATALOGUE

OF THE

FOSSIL FISHES

IN THE

BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY).

CROMWELL HOAD, S.W.

PART IV.

CONTAINING THE

ACTIN OPTEH Y GIAN TELEOSTOMI op the Suborders
ISOSPONDYLI (in part), OSTARIOPHYSI, APODES,
PERCESOCES, HEMIBRANCHII, ACANTHOFTERYGII,
and ANACANTHIXI.

BT

t

ARTHUR SMITH WOODWARD,
LL.D., F.R.S., E.G.S.

LONDON:

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ITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W.

1901.

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PREFACE.

The completion of the fourth volume of the Catalogue of Fossil
Fishes preserved in the Geological Department of the British
Museum of Natural History will afford much satisfaction to
paleontologists — more especially to those who are interested in
the study of Ichthyology. Nor can it be deemed inappropriate to
congratulate the author, Dr. Arthur Smith Woodward, F.R.S., upon
the consummation of a task which has extended over at least
17 years, during which time a very large amount of other scientific
work has been accomplished by him. Iudeed, the present volume
would have appeared early in the Spring, but was delayed in con-
sequence of the author’s absence for three months in Greece,
where he was engaged in carrying out for the Museum the
exploration of the Tertiary Mammalian deposits at Pikermi near
Athens.

Dr. Smith Woodward proposes to prepare, in 1902, a Supplement
giving a list of additional important genera discovered and published
since the earlier volumes appeared ; also a Stratigraphical Table
showing the appearance in time of families and genera of Fossil
Fishes ; together with a General Index to the four volumes ; the
4th volume being already larger than its predecessors, and the
illustrations more numerous.

It is probable that the Collection of Fossil Fishes is the largest
in the world, the English Cretaceous Fishes being particularly rich.

a 2

\

iv

PREFACE.

This series comprises the private collections of Mantell, Dixon,
Bowerbank, Capron, and others ; whilst the Lebanon Chalk is
represented by the fine series derived from the collection of the late
Prof. E. It. Lewis, formerly of the Syrian Protestant College,
Beyrout. The London Clay series is also enriched by the Dixon,
Bowerbank, Enniskillen, Egerton, Gardner, and Shrubsole Collections.

The restorations of fishes have been prepared by Miss G- M.
Woodward, who has also drawn the lithographed plates.

Geological Department,
October 7 th, 1901.

HENRY WOODWARD.

INTRODUCTION.

As soon as fishes with a completely osseous endoskeleton began to
predominate at the dawn of the Cretaceous period, specialisations
of an entirely new kind were rapidly acquired. Until this time
the skull of the Actinopterygii had always been remarkably
uniform in type. The otic region of the cranium often remained
incompletely ossified, and was never prominent or projecting beyond
the roof-bones; the supra-occipital boue was always small and
covered with the superficial plates ; the maxilla invariably formed
the greater part of the upper jaw ; the cheek-plates were large and
usually thick; while none of the head or opercular bones were
provided with spines or ridges. The pelvic fins always retained
their primitive remote situation, and the fin-rays never became
spines. Daring the Cretaceous period the majority of the bony
fishes began to exhibit modifications in all these characters, and
the changes occurred so rapidly that, by the dawn of the Eocene
period, the diversity observable in the dominant fish-fauna was
much greater than it had ever been before. At this remote epoch,
indeed, nearly all the great groups of bony fishes, as represented
in the existing world, were already differentiated, and their
subsequent modifications have been quite of a minor character.

It is the object of the present volume to enumerate and partially
discuss the known Cretaceous and Tertiary bony fishes which
illustrate these phenomena. The result, however, is much less
satisfactory than might have been expected from the study of
animals which lived under conditions most favourable for their
preservation as fossils. The circumstance that a very large pro-
portion of the Tertiary fishes are known only from detached
otoliths, suffices to indicate the extreme imperfection of the
geological record in their case.

VI

INTRODUCTION.

IsOSPONDTI.1.

The most important Cretaceous families of primitive bony fishes
are the Elopidoe and Chirocentridne, which have a few Tertiary
representatives, but are almost extinct at the present day. Their
distribution in the seas of the Cretaceous period is known to have
been very wide, and individuals of the various species were
especially abundant.

The Elopidm, represented in the existing fauna by Elops and
Megalops, cannot be the direct descendants of the Jurassic Lepto-
lcpidae, because all the satisfactorily-known genera still retain the
gular plate. This plate, however, now appears for the last time in
the class of fishes, being completely absent in all known repre-
sentatives of the higher grades ; and in some of the Elopines
themselves, such as Thrissopater (p. 33, no. 9052) and Spaniodon
(p. 51, no. P. 9190), it is quite a rudimentary structure. The skull
still differs very little from that of the higher Jurassic fishes, and
the otic region remains covered by the roof-bones. In the Elopidie,
however, the supraoccipital bone begins for the first time to exhibit
the forward and upward growth which characterises it in all the
higher bony fishes. The parietal bones still meet in the middle
line in several of the genera; but even in this case the supra-
oocipital may extend forwards beneath them to meet the frontuls
(e. g. Megalops, p. 24). In some early genera they are distinctly
separated in the cranial roof by the exposure of the supraoccipital.
In this family, therefore, the lattor element exhibits the usual
inconstancy of an incipient or developing structure.

The Albulidu: are merely Elopine fishes with a forwardly-inclined
mandibular suspensorium, a small mouth, and reduced branchio-
stegal apparatus. Their primitive character is, indeed, shown by
the presence of a muscular conus arteriosus with two rows of
valves in the heart of the sole surviving species *. They seem to
differ from the Elopidie in exactly the same manner as the more
generalised Pycnodontidffi differ from the Semionotidm among
Jurassic fishes. Now, however, the spleninl hone has disappeared
and is no longer available to hear a powerful dentition. A new
modification therefore occurs for the first time, and is almost con-
stantly repeated in later fishes which have teeth on the palate or

1 3. 1-. V. Boas, “ ITeber den Conus arteriosus bei Biltirinus und boi
anderen Knochenfiscken,” Morphol. Jukrb. vol. vi. (1880), p. 528.

INTRODUCTION.

Vll

the base of the skull. This upper dentition is henceforth usually
opposed not to the mandible but to a dental arrangement on tho
tongue or hyoid apparatus.

One of the common Cretaceous fishes ( Istieus , p 00), here placed
in the Albulid®, is interesting as being essentially identical with
an imperfectly-known fish still surviving in the deep sea ( Bathij -
thrissa). It is the most elongated typo of this primitive group,
with multiplied vertebrae and an extended dorsal fin.

The Ostooglossidae, with a curiously-thickened skull, also seem
to be closely related to the early Albulid*. The fragmentary fossils
already discovered suggest that these families will need a new
definition as soon as their extinct representatives are satisfactorily
known.

The primitive nature of the Chirocontridoe has long been inferred
from the presence of a rudimentary spiral valve in the intestine of
the sole surviving species, Ohirocentrus dorab l. This family of
fishes is, indeed, now proved to be very old, dating back at least to
the beginning of the Crotaceous period, during which it attainod its
maximum development. Early Cretaceous forms, such as Ohiro-
centrites, cannot even be distinguished from the typical species of the
Upper Jurassic Thrissops until the cranium be available for detailed
study. It is still not definitely determined that Thrissops belongs
to the lower division (family Leptolepidse) in which it is usually
placed.

The true Clupeoid fishes also date back to the beginning of the
Cretaceous period, and their skeleton is so closely similar to that of
the typical Jurassio Leptolepidae that they may well be direct
descendants of the latter. Their higher grade is definitely indicated
by the prominence of the supraoecipital and otic bones in the skull.
Most of the Cretaceous forms are typical Clupeidse, and they have
scarcely changed during subsequent epochs. A few, however, dis-
covered only in Cretaceous rocks, are of special interest as exhibiting
the precocious development of a character which was never per-
manently acquired by fishes with so primitive a skull, but soon
became the common feature of the spiny-finned or acanthopterygian
families. These are the Ctenothrissidic, which hare hitherto been
mistaken for Berycoids because they display tho character in
question, namely, the forward displacement of their pelvic fins,
which are situated more or less directly beneath the pectoral pair.

1 Cuvier and Valenciennes, ‘Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,’ vol. xix.
(1816), p. 160, pi. 565.

vm

INTRODUCTION.

The few undivided rays in front of their fins, however, are always
articulated distally and never form true spines.

Among the typical Cretaceous Clupeidse the early acquisition of
the ventral ridge-scutes, peculiar to Clupea and its allies, is specially
noteworthy. Some small fishes from the Neocomianof Switzerland
(p. 138) exhibit these scutes quite clearly. A widespread marine
Cretaceous genus, Diplomyshis, possessed dorsal ridge-scutes as well
as the ventral series. It became a freshwater fish in the Eocene
period, and now survives only in the rivers of New South Wales
and Chili. Pectinated scales also characterised one Cretaceous
genus ( Pseiuloberyx ), which is proved to be a Clupeoid — and not a
Berycoid as hitherto supposed — by the distinctly observable structure
of the head and fins.

Nothing is definitely known concerning the extinct Salmonoids ;
and Palaeontology affords no information concerning tho origin or
relationships of this family.

Of all Cretaceous Isospondyli, three families of eel-shaped fishes
are the most difficult to understand. They aro all characterised by
a primitive cranium of the Jurassic typo ; but they exhibit rbo
now specialisation by which tho extending premaxili., gn iually
excludes the maxilla from the upper border of the mouth. Their
elongated shape is alone indicative of high specialisation ; but no
intermediate forms are yet known to afford a cluo to their more
normally shaped ancestors. Of these families the Halosauridse and
Notacanthidae still survive in the deep sea. The sting Halo -
saurus itself, indeed, cannot be clearly distinguished from the
Cretaceous Ech'ulnocephnlus ; while Notacanthus of the present
fauna only seems to differ from Pronotacanthus of the Cretaceous
period in the possession of dorsal spines and fin-rays. The Der-
cetidse, on the other hand, are only known by fossils from Cre-
taceous formations, in which they are widely distributed. They
are interesting as being tho earliest type of fish in which evidence
of a distensible stomach has been observed (p. 177). Their fins
are less specialised than those of the two families just mentioned ;
and their trunk is provided with paired longitudinal series of
enlarged scutes.

Isospondyli exhibiting a definite tendency towards tho develop-
ment of acanthopterygian fishes seem to have been almost as
abundant in Cretaceous seas as the Elopines and Clupeoids. In
fact, in the absence of a complete knowledge of tho skeleton, some
of the Cretaceous fishes might be referred equally well to tho

INTRODUCTION.

IX

Isospondylous Scopelidac or to the Acanthoptcrygian Berycid®.
One very abundant family, that of the Enchodontid®, might perhaps
furnish the ancestors of both. These exclusively Cretaceous fishes
are Scopeloids, in which the premaxilla has not completely excluded
the maxilla from the tooth-bearing margin of the jaw. They are
variously specialised by the development of large teeth and dermal
scutes ; and two of them ( Eurypholis and Prionolepis ) are provided
with a formidable spine at the angle of the preoperculum — a feature
unknown among existing physostomous fishes. The stoutness of
their bones indicates that they lived in shallow water or at the
surface of the ocean during the Cretaceous period; while their
nearest allies at the present day — the Odontostomidse and Alepi-
sauridaa — are all denizens of the deep sea.

Of the family Seopelidae many of the Cretaceous representatives
scarcely differ from genera widely distributed in existing seas.
The only remarkable Cretaceous forms — and those provisionally
placed here — are two genera in which the stout premaxilla forms
a pointed rostrum. These are Apaleodus and Bhinellus ; the former
with a short snout, the latter with so slender a rostrum that a very
superficial study of the fish has caused it hitherto to be erroneously
classified with Btloru and the Scombresocid®.

The Gonorhynchid® are only slightly modified Scopeloids, and
are now shown to date back to the Cretaceous period, when all the
characteristic features of Gonorhynchus, except the extension of
scales over the head, seem to have been already acquired. The
discovery of an early Tertiary freshwater genus ( Noloyoneus ) both
in North America and Europe, is one of considerable interest.

Other modified Scopeloids seem to be recognisable among Cre-
taceous fishes, but their osteology is as yet imperfectly known.
The remarkable extinct “ flying fishes ” of the family Chirothricid®
may probably be thus interpreted.

The Esocidae are essentially freshwater Scopeloids, and the
Cyprinodontid® are generally admitted to be closely allied to this
family. Nothing of importance is known concerning their geolo-
gical history.

OsTARIOPHTSI.

The past history of all freshwater fishes is very imperfectly
known. Freshwater deposits are of such limited extent that they
rarely escape denudation for long geological periods ; and, except
perhaps from a few sediments deposited at the mouths of rivers,

X

INTRODUCTION.

geology has as yet revealed nothing definite concerning the fresh-
water life of the Cretaceous and Jurassic periods. In the case of
the fishes of the suborder Ostariophysi this is especially unfortunate;
because it is clear that in early Tertiary times they were already
well differentiated, and it is probable that their peculiarly modified
auditory apparatus was originally an adaptation to the circum-
stances of life in a confined area. Even the highly specialised
Siluroids were completely developed in the early part of the Eocene
period ( Bucklandium , p. 830) ; and one Eocene skull is identical
with that of the existing genus Arias (p. 333). The Characinida)
have a cranium not much more advanced than that of Amia ; and
as these seem to be at the baso of the series of Ostariophysi, the
modification of the auditory apparatus must have begun in a very
low type of physostomous fish.

Apodes.

The eels are unique among the so-called toleostean fishes in
possessing more than five basal bones in the pectoral fin — a feature
characteristic of all the lower groups of Actinopterygii. Their
skull is also of a comparatively primitive type. The elongate shapo
of theii body, the loss of the upper part of their pectoral arch, and
the complete loss of their pelvic and caudal fins, aro marks of
degenerate specialisation. Even before the end of the Cretaceous
peiiod they displayed all these characteristics oxcept the lack of
the caudal fin ; for Urenchelys (p. 337), from the Chalk of Mount
Lebanon, is a typical generalised eel only differing from the
geneialiscd existing genera in the possession of a small separate
caudal fin. It therefore seems probable that, although the. Apodes
me 1 eleostei in the sense in which these are defined by Muller
and Gunther, they aro not degenerate members of any group of
tin, sc modern fishes, but aro directly derived from some of the
Mesozoic fishes which would be termed “ Ganoidei ” by the same
authors. At least they cannot be regarded as degenerate members

any group of Cretaceous “ Teleostei ” hitherto discovered.

Pekcesoces.

Spinous fin-rays, except as mere basal fulcra, are unknown
e oic the Cretaceous period; and tho earliest type of fish in which
y form a conspicuous feature of the dorsal fin is Crossoynat A***
(p. 3-18), from the Ncocomian of Switzerland and Germany.’ In it8

INTRODUCTION.

XI

osteology, so far as known, this fish seems to agree very closely
with the existing Atherines ; but it differs in having one continuous
dorsal fin, with the right and left halves of each spine not com-
pletely fused together. Another genus, Syllwmus. from the English
and North American Chalk, is nearly similar. The Crossognathidoe
are therefore probably the Cretaceous forerunners of the Percesoces,
which were already completely differentiated into their surviving
families before the close of the Eoceno period. Atherina, Mugil,
and Sphyrana all date from the Upper Eocene or Oligocene. The
only noteworthy extinct genus, the European Oligocene Cobitopsis,
belongs to the Ammodytidte and retains the pelvic fins which have
disappeared in the existing genera.

Hemibranchii.

Among extinct Tertiary fishes there are several so closely similar
to existing Hemibranchs and Lophobranchs, that there need be no
hesitation in associating them with the latter. As yot, however,
they afford no clue to the origin of this group. The comparatively
generalised Gasterosteidoe are not represented; but all the other
known families seem to date back to the Eocene period. Even the
Centriscidae and Syngnathidoe have scarcely changed since that
time. The highly-specialised Ampin sile seems to have persisted
without any essential modification in its armour ; while Hippo-
campus appears to have only lost its caudal fin in the interval.

Acanthopteryqii.

The study of the existing fauna has already suggested that the
oldest true aeanthopterygian fishes are comprised among the
Berycoids and Scombroids. It is tborefore interesting to find that
most, if not all, of tho typical Cretaceous Acanthopterygii are
referable to these two groups. The Upper Cretaceous genera are,
indeed, very little specialised; and it seems probable that they
actually originated at about the period of deposition of the Chalk in
the northern hemisphere. All aro characterised by a single dorsal
fin, no distinct cleft having yet appeared between the spinous and
persistently soft portions. Some undoubtedly Berycoid genera
(e. g. Hoplopteryx, p. 396) exhibit an excessive development of
mucus-cavities on the head.

One genus ( Prolates ), from the uppermost Cretaceous horizon in
France, is probably a true I’ercoid. It marks the dawu of the

introduction.

xii

higher groups, and must have been contemporaneous with many
unknown Acnnthopterygii which rapidly became differentiated into
various families in seas of which the sediments still remain
undiscovered or unexplored. Palaeontology has, indeed, hitherto
revealed as little concerning the origin of the dominant Tertiary
fishes as of the Tertiary mammals. According to present knowledge,
all the principal types had already appeared early in the Eocene
period ; and among these fishes thcro are many which cannot be
distinguished by their skeleton from genera which still survive.

The Eocene Acauthopterygii are best known by imperfect skulls
and other uncrushed fossils from the Lower Eocene London Clay of
Sheppoy, and by compressed skeletons from tho fissile Upper Eocene
limestone of Northern Italy. Freshwater fishes, perhaps of the
same ago, are also represented by good skeletons in the Green River
Shales of Wyoming, U.S.A. Among the Berycoids there aro none
particularly remarkable; but the Scombroid family of CarangidaJ
includes some of its most specialised and aberrant genera, such as
Vomeropsis and Mene, of which the latter has survived unchanged
until the present day. Among extinct fishes to be placed near the
Seombroids, the most remarkable are the highly specialised Pal®o-
rhynchid®, which range from the Lower Eocene to the Lower
Miocene. Among Percoids tho fragmentary fossils suggest that the
families were less differentiated in the Eocene period than they arc
at tho present day ; but one curious specialisation, the fusion of the
lower pharyngeal bones now so characteristic of the Labrid® and
Chromid®, had already been acquired by several genera. Tho
Plectognathi were also less completely differentiated from the
Chmtodonts than they aro in tho existing fauna. The Scorpmnoids
are represented in the Lower Eocene by one imperfectly known
genus ( Ampheristus ), which has a typically armoured skull and
cheek. The Cottoids, Gobioids, and Blennioids also appear to be
recognisable ; and with the latter may possibly bo associated the
problematical genus Jilochius, which does not range beyond Eocene
formations.

Even after the Eocene period the history of the Acauthopterygii
cannot be clearly traced. Most of the known fossils are too
imperfect for satisfactory determination ; for the constant distinctive
characters of these highly specialised fishes aro of a minor kind and
often quite inconspicuous compared with those which permit the
classification of the lower grades. Moreover, a very large pro-
portion of the species are represented solely by the detached otoliths,

INTRODUCTION.

Xlll

•which cannot always be identified with much certainty or precision.
The Catalogue of the extinct Acanthopterygii is thus, for the most
part, a bare list of names of fragmentary fossils, to which an
approximate and provisional systematic position has been assigned.
This circumstance is all the more regrettable, since no satisfactory
classification of the surviving Acanthopterygii has hitherto been
proposed, and the aid of Palaeontology is much needed for its
accomplishment.

Anacanthini.

Typical cod-fishes and flat-fishes date bach to the Oligocene and
Ppper Eocene periods respectively. No generalised ancestors of
either type have hitherto been recognised.

With fragmentary materials of this nature, it is impossible to
attempt a very exact classification. It has, therefore, been deemed
advisable to adopt a broad conception of families and genera more in
accordance with that of Dr. Gunther than with that of later writers.
This corresponds with the method of treatment followed in the
earlier parts of the Catalogue, and still seems adequate for a
synoptical work of which the results can only be provisional. Lists
of the specimens in the Museum and the published names of fossils
not represented in this collection have been arranged approximately
in their natural order for convenience of reference, without any
detailed discussion of their affinities. The incorporated now matter,
indeed, relates rather to the facts of osteology than to premature
essays in taxonomy. A detailed knowledge ot the skeleton of the
early bony fishes of the Cretaceous period is particularly important ;
and the writer has made special efforts to discover the essential
facts by studying most of the available collections. Ho is indebted
to the Rev. William Bird and Professor Alfred Ely Day for the
opportunity of examining the fine series of Cretaceous fishes from
Mount Lebanon in the Syrian Protestant College at Beyrout ; to
Professor Karl Busz for permission to study the unique collection of
Westphalian Cretaceous fishes in the Academy of Miinster; and to
Professor S. W. Williston, for the privilege of making a detailed
examination of the remarkable remains of fishes from the Kansas
Chalk, now in the Museum of the State University of Kansas. A
brief survey of the Cretaceous fishes from Northern Brazil in the

Xiv INTRODUCTION.

National Museum at Rio de Janeiro, made with the kind help
of Professor Orville A. Derby, has also yielded some new facts ;
while a study of the small series of Swiss Neocomian fishes and
Lebanon Cretaceous fishes at Genova, thanks to the kindness ot
Drs. Bedot and Weber, has elucidated several points left doubtful
by Pictet’s original descriptions. The Museums of the Universities
of Munich and Naples have been re-visited ; while the Woodwardian
Museum at Cambridge, and the Willett Collection in the Brighton
Museum, have proved as useful to the author now as in the prepara-
tion of the previous volumes of the Catalogue. Thanks are not only
due to the many friends and colleagues in Palaeontology who have
facilitated these researches, but also to Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S.,
whose valuable advice and assistance have been continually at
the writer’s disposal, and whose opinions concerning the general
relationships of the higher fishes 1 correspond very closely with those
suggested by this Catalogue.

ARTHUR SMITH WOODWARD.

Department of Geology,

October 1st, 1901.

List of Codlf.ctions.

In addition to the Collections enumerated in Parts I. to III., the
following are also referred to in the present volume : —

Bravarcl Collection. — Ycrtebrato fossils from the Tertiaries of
France, purchased from M. Auguste Bravard, 1852.

Castelli Collection. — A miscellaneous collection of Italian fossils
made by Cav. Federico Castelli, of Leghorn, purchased 1898.

Orem Collection. — Yertebrata from the Forest Bed of Norfolk
and from the Fenlaml, collected by the Rev. C. Green, of Bacton,
purchased 1813.

Layton Collection. — Vertebrate remains dredged off the Eastern
Coast, purchased from the Rev. John Layton, of Ilappisburgh,
Norfolk, 1858.

Prestwick Collection. — A miscellaneous collection including verte-
brate remains from the Pliocene Crags, purchased from Professor
(afterwards Sir Joseph) Prestwich, 1894.

1 G. A. Boulenger, “ Les Poissons du Bassin du Congo ” (Music du Congo>
1901).

INTRODUCTION.

XV

Saull Collection. — A miscellaneous collection presented by Mr. W.
D. Saull to tbe Metropolitan Institute, and purchased from the
Directors of the latter in 1863.

Savin Collection. — Yertobrata from the Forest Bed of Norfolk,
collected by Mr. Alfred C. Savin, of Cromer, and purchased from
him in 1897.

Slatter Collection. — A miscellaneous collection of fossils, chiefly
from Gloucestershire, made by Mr. T. J. Slatter, F.G.S., of Evesham,
purchased 1896.

*

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

OP

GENERA AND SPECIES

DESCRIBED IN PART IV.

Page

Order ACTINOPTERYGII ( continued ) .... 1

Suborder IV. ISOSPONDYLI {continued) .... 1

Family LEPTOLE PI T)JR {continued) 1

Lycoptera 1

middendorffi 2

sinensis 3

Family ELOPID./E 7

Elopopsis 8

fenzli 9

microdon 9

heckeli 9

crassus 10

Osmeroides ■ 11

lewesiensis 11

levis 15

gracilis 10

lewisi 17

attenuatus 19

part iv.

b

XV111

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family ELOPLDyE ( continued ).

Page

Osmeroides sardinioides 19

cretaceus 20

Elops 22

Megalops 24

priscus 24

oblongus 26

Notelops 27

brama 27

Rhacolepis 29

buccalis 30

latus 32

Thrissopater 32

salmoneus 33

magnus 33

(?) mcgalops 35

Pachyrhizodus 37

basalis 37

dibleyi 38

gardneri 40

latimentum 42

subulidens 43

Esocelops 46

cavifrons 46

Spaniodon 48

blondeli 48

elongatus 51

latus 53

Thrissopteroides 54

elongatus 54

latus 54

intcrmedius 55

tenuiceps 55

pulcher . . 56

Protelops 56

geinitzi 57

anglicus 57

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xix

Page

Family ALBULIMI 59

Albula 60

oweni 60

Chanoides 63

macropoma 63

Chanos _ 64

Prochanos 65

rectifrons 65

Ancylostylos

gibbus

Istieus 06

grandis 67

macrocephalus 70

lebanonensis 71

Anogmius 71

polymicrodus 72

Family OSTEOGLOSSI1EE 73

Dapedoglossus 74

testis 75

sequipinnis 75

Bryebsetus 76

muelleri 76

Ineert® sedis 80

Plethodus . . 80

expansus 81

pentagon 83

oblongus 83

Thryptodus 85

Family NOTOPTERID7E 85

Notopterus 86

primsevus 36

XX

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

Family CHIItOCENTRID^E 86

Chirocentrus 88

(?) polyodon 88

Platinx 89

Chiromystus 89

mawsoni 90

Chirocentrites 90

coroninii 91

Portheus 92

molossus 92

mantelli 95

daviesi 95

gaultinus 95

Spathodactylus 98

neocomiensis 98

Ichthyodectes 99

ctenodon 100

anaides 100

arcuatus 101

serridens 101

minor 102

elegans 103

tenuideim 104

libanicus 105

Cladocyclus 107

gardneri 108

lewesieusis 109

Saurodon HI

leanus HI

phlebotomus 112

intermedius 112

Saurocephalus H3

lanciformis 113

woodwardi 114

Incertas sedis 116

Tomognathus 116

mordax 117

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Xxi

Family CTENOTHRISSID^E 1?9

Ctenothrissa 120

vexillifer 120

radians 122

microcephala 124

Aulolepis 126

— typus 127

Family CLUPEID-iE ^28

Pseudoberyx 129

syriacus 129

bottae 130

grandis 130

Histiothrissa 131

macrodactyla 131

crassapinna 132

Engraulis 133

Haleeopsis 133

— — iusignis 134

Scombroclupea 135

macrophthalma 135

gaudryi 138

Diplomystus 139

dentatus 139

brevissimus 140

birdi 142

longicostatus 143

humilis 144

altus 145

vectensis 146

Clupea 146

scheuchzeri 147

catopygoptera . 148

humilis 150

crenata 151

numidica 151

sardinites 152

sprattus 153

xxii

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

Family SALMON! DiE 159

Salmo 159

Mallotus 160

villosus 161

Family HALOSAURID^E 162

Echidnocephalus 163

troscheli 163

Enchelurus 164

villosus. 164

syriacus . 165

anglicus 167

Family NOTACANTHID/E 168

Pronotacanthus 169

sahel-almas 169

Family DEllCETID^E 171

Dercetis 172

scutafcus 172

Leptotracholus 173

armatus . 174

triqUoter 1 74

gracilis 180

hakelensis 184

clongatus 184

Pclargorhynchus 188

dercetiformis 188

Family ENCHODONTIDJS 189

Enchodus 190

lewesiensis 191

pulchcllus 193

annectens 195

faujasi 196

lemounieri 198

longidens 199

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

XX1U

Family ENCHODONTIDiE ( continued ).

Page

Enchodus major 200

gracilis 201

macropterus 202

Eurypholis 207

boissieri 207

freyeri 210

Palmolycus 211

dreginensis 211

Halec 212

sternbergi 212

eupterygius 213

microlepis 218

haueri 219

Cimolichthys 221

lewesiensis 221

nepmolica 225

Prionolepis 229

angustus 230

cataphractus 230

laniatus 232

Leptecodon 233

rectus ' . . . 233

Pantopholis 234

Family SCOPELIDJS 235

Sardinioides 236

monasteri 237

crassicaudus 238

megapterus 239

pusillus 240

attenuatus 241

Acrognatbus 243

boops 243

libanicus 244

Leptosomus 244

guestphalicus 245

XXIV

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family SCOPFLIDtE ( continued ).

Page

Leptosomus elongatus 245

macrourus 245

minimus 246

Sardinius 247

cordieri 247

Dactylopogon 248

grandis 249

Nematonotus 249

bottas 250

Microcoelia 252

granulata 252

libanica 252 1

Opisthopteryx 253

gracilis 254

Scopeloidos 254

glarisianus ........ 255

Parascopelus 256

lacertosus 256

Anapterus 257

megistosoma 257

Apateodus 258 I

glyphodus 258 1

striatus 260

lanceolatus 264 I

Ithinellus 265

furcatus 266

ferox 267

— - — damoni 268 ]

Family GONORHYNCHID^E 271

Charitosomus 271

formosus 272

major 272

lineolatus 274

hakelensis 274

Notogoneus 275

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

XXV

Family GONORHYNCHIDAi ( continued ).

Notogoneus osculns 275

squamosseus 276

cuvieri 277

longiceps 278

Family CHIROTHRICID^E 279

Chirothrix 280

libanicus 280

lewisi 283

guestfalicus 283

Telepholis 284

acrocephalus 284

(?) tenuis 285

Exoeoetoides 286

minor 286

Family ESOCID^E 287

Esox 287

lepidotus 288

Family CYPRINODONTID^E 289

Prolebias . 290

cephalotes 290

furcatus . . 291

gregatus 292

stenoura 292

goreti 293

brongniarti 293

Paehylebias 294

crassicaudus 295

Suborder V. OSTAlilOPHYSI 296

Family CHARACUSflD^E 297

Tetragonopterus 298

avus 298

ligniticus 298

XXY1

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

Family CYPRINIDjE 299

Catostomus 299

Amyzon 300

Cyprinus 300

priscus 301

Barbus 301

megacephalus 302

Thynnichtbys 303

amblyostoma 303

Gobio 303

analis 304

Amblypharyngodon 304

Leuciseus 305

oeningensis 305

papyraceus 307

colei 308

macrurus 308

leptus 309

Tinea 312

furcata 312

leptosoma 313

micropygoptera 314

tarsiger 315

Rhodeus 316

elongatus 316

latior 317

Aspius * 318

gracilis 318

minutus 318

Cobitis 320

centrochir 320

angustus 321

cephalotes 321

Hoxapsephus 322

guentheri 322

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

XXV11

Page

Family SlLUllID^E 324

Clarias 324

falcoueri 324

Heterobranchus 325

paleeiudicus ........ 325

Silurus 325

Pseudeutropius 326

verbeeki 326

Macrones 327

aor 327

llita 328

Amiurus 328

llbineastes 329

Bucklandium 330

diluvii 330

Arms 330

egertoni 331

crassus 332

(?) bartonensis 333

iheringi 333

Bagarius 335

gigas 335

Suborder VI. APODES 336

Family MUByENIDAl 336

Urenchelys 337

avus 337

hakelensis 338

anglicus 339

Eomyrus 340

dolloi 340

latispinus 340

ventralis 341

Rhynchorhinus 342

brancbialis 342

major 343

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

xxviii

Family MURJEN 1 DyF. ( continued ). ^

l’aranguilla 343

tigrina 343

Anguilla 344

leptoptcra 344

elegans 345

Nettastoma 346

bolcense 346

Suborder VII. PERCESOCES 347

Family CROSSOGN AT II 1 DyE 348

Crossognathus 348

sabaudianus 349

Syllsemus 350

latifrons 351

anglicus 351

Family AMMODYTIDyE 354

Cobitopsis 354

aculus 355

Family SCOMBRESOOIDiE 356

Belone 356

tenuis 357

Scombresox 357

obtusirostris 357

Hemiramphus 358

Family ATHERINIDyE . 358

Atherina 359

macrocepliala 359

sarmatica 360

vardinis 360

Rhamphognathus 361

paralepoides 361

sphyraenoides 362

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XXIX

Page

Family MUGILIDiE : . 3(i3

Mugil 363

princeps 364

radobojanus 365

Family SPHYR-ENIDJ2 365

Sphyrcena 366

bolcensis 366

intermedia 367

suessi 368

Suborder YIII. IIEMIBRANCHII 369

Family AULORHYNCHUX® 371

Protaulopsis 371

bolcensis 371

Aulorhynclius 372

sumatrensis . 373

Family FISTULARIIDvE 373

Fistularia 374

koenigi 374

longirostris 375

Aulostoma 375

bolccnse 375

Urosphen 376

dubia 376

Family CENTRISCID.E 377

Rbampbosus 377

aculeatus 377

biserratus 378

Amphisile 378

lieinrichi 379

Family SOLEN OSTOM ATID.E 379

Solenorhyuchus 380

elegans 380

XXX

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family SYNGNATHIDiE 380

Pseudosyngnathus 381

opistliopterus 381

Siphonostomu 382

albyi 382

Syngnathus 382

Calamostoma 383

breviculum 383

Suborder IX. A CANTHOPTER TGI I 384

Division A. Beryciformes 384

Family BERYCIDiE 334

Beryx 385

Sphenocephalus 337

fissicaudus 337

cataphraetus 338

Aerogaster

Parvus 389

brevicostatus 389

heckeli 390

daviesi 39O

Pycnosterinx . . . 39 1

russeggeri 392

discoides 393

gracilis 394

dubius 395

Hoplopteryx 396

antiquus 396

zippei 397

lewesiensis 397

superbus 403

lundensis 404

lewisi 404

syriacus • ^0®

stachei •

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XXXI

Family BERYCID.7E ( continued ).

Page

Dinopteryx 406

spinosus 407

Homonotus 407

dorsalis . 408

Myripristis 410

leptacanthus 410

homopterygius 411

Holocentrum 412

macrocephalum 412

melitense 413

Family APHREDODERIDiE 416

Family CYTTIDvE 417

Division B. Scombriformes 418

Family STROMATEID^E 419

Omosoma 419

sahel-almas 419

intermedium 420

pulchellum 421

Platycormus 421

germanus 421

Berycopsis 423

elegans 423

Family CARANGIDiE 425

Aipicbthys 427

pretiosus 427

velifer 427

minor 428

nuchalis 429

Semiophorus

velifer

velicans

Platax

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

1 amily C A H A X( S I ] ) .K ( continued ).

Page

Platax woodwardi 432

Amphistium 434

paradoxum 434

Vomeropsis 435

longispinus 436

elongatus 437

valenciennesi 437

Mene 437

rbombeus 439

oblongus 440

Caranx 441

Archaeus 442

glarisianus 442

Seriola 444

prisca 444

lata 445

analis 445

Carangopsis 446

brevis 446

dorsalis 447

Ductor 448

leptosomus 448

Family SCOMERIDyE 451

Isurichtbvs 453

macrurus 453

orientalis • 453

Thynnus 454

tbynnus 455

scaldisi 455

lanceolatus • 456

Eothynnus • 457

salmoneus

Scomber • 459

Palimphyes • 460

elongatus • • 460

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XXxiii

Family SCOMBRI D^E ( continued ).

Page

Scombrinus 461

nuchalis 461

macropomus 462

Auxis 463

(?) propterygius 464

Cybium

speciosum

bleekeri 466

excelsum 467

bartonense 467

lingulatum 469

Eocoelopoma 479

colei 470

curvatum 472

Sphyroenodus 473

— ■ — priscus 473

Scombramphodon 474

benedeni 474

curvidens 474

crassidens 475

Thyrsitocephalus 476

alpinus 477

Lepidopus 477

glarisianus 477

brevicauda 480

albyi 480

Family RALvEORHYNCHIDvE 482

Paleeorhynchus 483

glarisianus 433

longirostris 486

zitteli 437

Hcmirhj'nchus

desbayesi 488

colei

TART IV.

c.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

Family XIPHIID^E 490

Xiphiorhynchus 490

elegans 49 1

priscus '.491

Acestrus 494

ornatus 494

Histiophorus 495

eocaenicus 495

rotundus 495

Division C. Perciformes .... . 497

Family PERFIDY 498

P rolates 499

heberti 499

Acanus 500

spinosus 500

regleysianus 501

Dates 502

gracilis 502

Cyclopoma 504

gigas 504

(?) micracanthum 504

Smerdis ... 500

mi'nntus 506

formosus 507

macrurus 507

Labrax . 509

ubinoi 510

scbizurus 510

oeniDgensis 511

Percichthys .... 514

antiquus 514

Properca ... ... 514

angusta • 515

beaumonti • 515

— (?) prisca • * 516

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XXXV

Family PERCIDiE (continued).

Page

Mioplosus 517

labracoides 517

Perea 518

Family TEUTHIDIDiE 523

Family SPARID^E 524

Sparnodus 524

macropbthalmus 525

elongatus 526

mierostomus 527

bowerbanki 527

Sargus 529

orauensis 529

latieonus 529

Trigonodon 531

oweni 531

aerratus 531

Pagellus 532

Pagrus 533

Chrysophrys 534

Family SCI^ENID^E 538

Family LABRIDtE 539

Labriis 539

Julis 541

Labrodon 541

superbus 542

canariensis 542

Phyllodus 546

toliapicus 546

Egertonia 550

isodonta 551

Platylsemus 551

colei 551

Pseudosphmrodon 552

hilgendorfi 552

xxxvi

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family CHROIIIDjE 554

Priscacara 554

serrata 554

clivosa 554

Division D. Chaetodontiformes 55 6

Family CILETODONTIIEE 556

Pygffius 557

coleanus 557

Proantigonia 558

Ephippus 559

rhombus 559

Family ACRONURIDiE 562

Aulorhamphus 562

Apostasis 563

Acanthurus 563

Naseus 564

rectifrons 564

Family BALISTIDJE 565

Spinacanthus 566

Aeanthopleurus 566

serratus . . 567

Acanthoderma 568

spinosum 568

Ostracion 569

Family GYMNODONTIDvE
Tetrodon . . .
Diodon ....

erinaceus .

scillse . .

sigma . .

vetus .

Orthagoriscus

. 570
. 571
. 571
572

572
. 573

573
576

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

Division E. Scorpaeniformes

Family SCORE J3NIDD<] . .

Ampherisfcus . . ,

toliapicus . .

Family COTTID/E ....

Eocottus ....

veronensis

Lepidocottus ggj

aries

brevis 582

papyraceus 583

multipinnatus 584

Cofctus ' . 585

Family TRIGLID/E 585

Division F. Gobiiformes 587

Family GOBIIDJ3 587

Family TEACHINIDiE 589

Callipteryx 589

speciosus 589

recticaudus 589

Division G. Blenniiformes 591

Family BLOCHIID./E 591

Blochius 593

longirostris 593

Family BLENNIIDiE 595

Pterygocephalus

paradoxus 595

xxxvii

Page

. 576

577

577

xxxvni

SYSTEMATIC IKDEX.

Page

Suborder X. ANACANTIJINI 597

Family GADIDJ5 597

Xemopteryx 59S

troscheli 598

Gadus 599

Brosmius 602

Family PLEUllONECTID^E 606

Rhombus 606

minimus 607

Pleuronectes 60S

Solea 609

kirchbergana 609

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page

Fig. 1. Lycoptera sinensis ; restoration 3

2. Osmoroides lewesiensis ; restoration 13

3. Pachyrhizodus dibleyi : portions of upper jaw . . 39

4. Spaniodon blondeli ; restoration 50

5. Portheus gaultinns ; partial restoration of head . . 96

6. Ctenothrissa vexillifer ; restoration 120

7. Eurypholis boissieri ; restoration 206

8. Cimolichthys nepseolica ; remaim of head and abdo-

minal region 224

9. Cimolicbthys nepncolica ; head-bones, etc 227

10. Chirothrix libanicus ; restoration 281

11. Arius egertoni; dorsal fulcral spine and supra-

occipital bone . 332

12. Cobitopsis acutus ; restoration 355

13. Hoploptoryx lewesiensis ; restoration 398

14. Mene rbombeus ; restoration 438

15. Cybiurn excelsum ; right premaxilla and left dentary 468

16. Cybium bartonense ; right premaxilla and left

dentary 468

17. Palseorhynchus glarisianus ; restoration .... 484

18. Outlines of llostra of Extinct Xipbiidte .... 496

19. Phyllodus polyodus ; upper pharyngeal dentition . 547

20. Diodon soilloe ; inner dental plates 573

21. Ampheristus toliapicus ; cranium and preoperculum . 578

22. Blochius longirostris ; restoration of skeleton and

portion of squamation

CATALOG U E

OF

FOSSIL FISHES.

PART IV.

Order II. ACTINOPTERYGII ( continued ).

Suborder IV. ISOSPONDYLI ( continued )

Family LEPTOLEPID/E {continued).

Genus LYCOPTERA, J. Miiller.

[Middendorff’s Sibirische Reise, vol. i. pt. i. 1848, p. 262. j

Head large ; maxilla arched, with a slightly convex dentigerous
border ; mandible prominent, the dentary gradually deepening from
the symphysis backwards without any marked thickening ; teeth
mmute and closely arranged. Opercular and branchiostegal appa-
ratus apparently as in Leptolepis. Vertebral contra iu form of
delieato constricted cylinders. Pectoral tins much larger than the
pelvic pair ; dorsal fin small and short-based, opposite to the anal
fin, which is not longer than deep ; caudal fin forkod. Scalos com-
pletely covering the trunk, none enlarged or thickenod.

1 Recent researches seem to necessitate a modification of the definition of the
Isospondyli given in Part III., p. 440, by the omission of the statements
“ symplectic bone present ” and “ preeoracoid arch present.” The suborder is
thus mado to include the so called Seyphophori and Haplomi of Cope. Con-
cerning the former (Mormyridm and Gymnarchidse) see Gf. A. Bouleno-er, Proc
Zool. Soc. 1898, pp. 775-821.

t’AKT XV.

1

2

ACTINOPTERYGII.

The feeble development of the vertebral centra suggests the early
Jurassic age of this fish. As observed by J. Muller, the genus is
closely related to Thrissops ; but it is distinguished by the characters
of the vertebrae and the considerably less extension of the anal fin.

Lycoptera middendorffi, Muller.

1846. Pholidopltorus macrorhynchus, E. von Eiehwald, Gdogn. d®
Russie, p. 498 (in Russian, apparently undefined).

1848. Lycoptera middendorffi, J. Muller, in A. T. von Middendorffi
Sibirische Reise, vol. i. pt.i. p. 262, pi. xi. tigs. 1-5.

1868. Lycoptera macrorhyncha, E. von Eiehwald, Lethaea Rossica,
vol. ii. (Pdriode moyenne), p. 1200, pi. xxxviii. figs. 1-4.

1868. Lycoptera middendorffi, E. von Eiehwald, ibid. p. 1202, pl«
xxxviii. figs. 5-7.

Type. Nearly complete fish; Imperial Academy of Sciences,
St. Petersburg.

The type species, attaining a length of about Ol . Length of head
with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding the maximum depth ot
the trunk and occupying about one quarter of the total length to
the base of the caudal fin. Pectoral fins, when adpressed, reaching
considerably more than half way to the origin of the pelvic pair-
which arise about midway between the pectorals and the anal;
dorsal fin with 10 rays, arising immediately behind the origin of
the anal fin, which comprises 14 rays, the length of the longest
about equal to the depth of the caudal region at its insertion.

This fish was erroneously supposed by Egerton to belong to the
Oyprinoid genus A spins (T. R. Jones, Mon. Foss. Estherias, Pal. Soc.

1862, p. 112).

Form. # hoc. Lower Jurassic (?) : Turgii, Nertchinsk, Transbaikal
Province, Siberia.

P. 273. Six small pieces of shale exhibiting various remains of this
fish associated with Estheria middendorffii (T. R. Jones,
Mon. Foss. Estheriae, Pal. Soc. 1862, p. 112), collected at
luiga by C. G. Austin. One specimen (numbered P. 273 a)
also displays remains of comparatively" large fins which
may belong to the genus Belonorhynchus.

Transferred from Mvs. Practical Geology , 1889'

P. 1841. Two similar specimens. Egerton Coll-

P. 6728. Slab exhibiting two imperfect small fishes.

Presented by Dr. Friedrich Schmidt, 1892.

LEPTOLEPID,®.

3

Lycoptera sinensis, sp. nov.

[Restoration in text-figure 1.]

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

A species attaining a length of about 0-13. Length of head with
opercular apparatus slightly less than the maximum depth of the
trunk and occupying scarcely more than one quarter of the total
length to the base oi the caudal tin. Vertebrae about 45 in number,
20 being caudal. Pectoral fins, when adpressed, scarcely reaching
more than half way to the origin of the pelvic pair ; other fins
apparently as in the type species.

Form, fy Lot:. Lower Jurassic (?): Poh-tse, near Layang Nsien,
Province of Shantung, China.

P. 7358. Type specimen, collected by H. M. Beohor. Among the
remains of the head, the small mouth is distinct, bounded
above both by the prcmaxilla and the long arched maxilla
Traces of small, bluntly conical teeth are also distinguish-
able. Indications of a few slender branchiostegal rays

Pig. 1.

Lycoptera sinensis ; restoration, slightly less than nat. size.

occur below the hinder end of the mandible. Tho delicate
vertebral centra are very imperfectly preserved, but 18 or
19 pairs of stout ribs can ho counted, and these almost or
completely encircle the abdominal cavity. The neura
and haemal spines in the caudal region are comparatively
small, except at the base of the caudal fin. The fish is
distorted in the anterior part of the caudal region, but all
tho fins are tolerably well preserved. Purchased, 1894.

P. 7357. Contorted specimen in counterpart, collected by H. M.

Becher. One of the slabs exhibits a second well-preserved
fish on the obverse side. The characteristic jaws, dentition,

b 2

4

ACTINOPTERYGII.

and opercular apparatus are distinct ; and the delicate
cylinders forming the vertebral centra are well shown.

Purchased , 1894.

P. 7090. Imperfect impression of large Bsh, and greater portion of
trunk of a smaller specimen. The latter displays the
delicate vertebral centra and the thin scales marked with
fine longitudinal striations.

Presented by Harry M. Becher, Esq., 1894.

P. 7095. Distorted specimen, artificially polished. Purchased, 1 894.

lo Ly copter a may also probably be referred the so-called Prolebias
davidi (H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [3] vol. viii. 1880,
p. 4o2, pi. xiii. figs. 5, (>). It is described as abundant in a whitish
shaly limestone “ belonging to the Tertiary formations of Northern
China.’ It is not represented in the Collection.

Synopsis of Cretaceous and Tertiary Families of Isospondyli.

All characterised by presence of intermuscular bones and absence of
fulcra on fins.

1. Margin of upper jaw formed by maxilla and
premaxilla. Precoracoid arch present.

(a) Parietal bones usually meeting in
the middle line, and squamosal
bones well developed.

Marginal dentition comparatively
well-developed ; opercular ap-
paratus complete, and bran-
chiostegal rays numerous, with
gular plate Elopida: (p. 7).

Mouth small, and marginal dentition
feeble or abseut ; opercular ap-
paratus complete, but branehio-
stegal rays few, and no gular
Pkte Axuulid.*: (p. 59).

Opercular apparatus incomplete,
with 10 to 20 branchiostegal
rays, but no gular plate ; scales

In03R'c'like in structure . Osteoglossidje (p. 73).
\°> oupraoccipital usually more or less
completely separating the parietal
bones in the middle line; squa-
mosal bones much reduced, and
pterotic region prominent; no
gular plate.

ISOSPONDYLI.

a

Parietal bones partly meeting- in the
middle line ; opercular appara-
tus incomplete, with few brau-
chiostegal rays ; abdominal ver-
tebras with transverse processes.
Maxilla and premaxilla iirmly fixed ;
opercular apparatus complete,
with few brauchiostegal rays ;
abdominal vertebra? without

transverse processes

Maxilla loosely attached, with two
supramaxillaries ; opercular
apparatus complete, with few
branchiosteg'al rays ; abdominal
vertebrae without transverse
processes ; postelavicle over-
lapped by clavicle ; pelvic fins
enlarged and far forwards ....
Maxilla loosely attached, usually
with two supramaxillaries ;
opercular apparatus complete,
with few brauchiostegal rays ;
abdominal vertebra? with short
transverse processes ; post-
clavicle overlapping clavicle ;
dorsal fin median, and no adi-
pose dorsal

As ClupeidiB, but with adipose dor-
sal fin and postclavicle over-
lapped by clavicle

II. Premaxilla partly or completely excluding
maxilla from margin of upper jaw ;
no gnlar plate. I’recoracoid arch re-
duced or absent.

(a) Parietal bones meeting in the middle
line, and squamosal bones well
developed.

Maxilla partly entering gape ; oper-
cular apparatus incomplete ;
scapular arch supported by post-
temporal bone ; scales cycloid,
regularly arranged ; lateral line
near ventral border of Hank . .
Premaxilla completely excluding
maxilla from margin of upper
jaw ; opercular apparatus com-
plete ; scapular arch supported
by .igaiuent, without post-

Notopterid.® (p. 85).

Chirocentrid.® (p. 86),

Ctenothrissid,®

[(p. 119),

Clupkid.® (p. 128).

Salmonid,® (p. 159).

HALOS AtTRIDJE (p. 162).

6

actinopterygii.

temporal bone scales cycloid,
regularly arranged ateral line

above middle of flank Notacanthid® (p. 168).

Premaxilla completely excluding
maxilla from margin of upper-
jaw ; opercular apparatus com-
plete ; scapular arch supported
by post-temporal bone: body
with paired longitudinal series
of scutes ; lateral line piercing
a series of scutes above middle
of flank Dercetid® (p. 171).

(6) Supraoccipital separating the parietal
bones in the middle line ; squa-
mosal bones much reduced, and
pterotic region prominent.

Maxilla partly entering gape ; upper
dentition chiefly on inner bones
of mouth ; abdominal vertebrae
without transverse processes;
an adipose dorsal fin; scales
minute or absent, but usually
rows of scutes, the dorsal series,

when present, being unpaired. . Enchodontid® (p. 189).
Premaxilla completely excluding
maxilla from margin of upper
jaw; dentition usually feeble,
but upper enlarged teeth, when
present, on the premaxilla; ab-
dominal vertebrae without trans-
verse processes; an adipose
dorsal fin scales usually pre-

sent, no scutes Scopf.lid® (p. 236).

Premaxilla delicate but completely
excluding relatively large max-
illa from margin of upper jaw ;
dentition absent or on inner
bones; abdominal vertebra: with
transverse processes; no adipose
dorsal fin ; dense regular squa-
mation

Premaxilla completely excluding
maxilla from margin of upper
jaw ; dentition feeble or absent •
abdominal vertebrae with trans-
■ • verse processes ; paired fins ex-
cessively enlarged

Premaxilla small, and maxilla form-

Gonorhynchid®

[(p. 271).

Chirothricid® (p. 279).

ELOPIDiE.

7

ing greater part of margin of
upper jaw ; dentition powerful ;
abdominal vertebrae without
transverse processes ; no adi-
pose dorsal fin ; dense regular
squatnation Esocid^e (p. 287).

Premaxilla completely excluding
maxilla from margin of upper
jaw ; dentition absent on
inner bones except rarely on
vomer ; abdominal vertebrae
with transverse processes ; no

adipose dorsal fin ; regular [(p. 289).

squamation C ypbino no ntid.®

Family ELOPIDJi.

Trunk fusiform, and caudal region relatively short. Supraoccipital
hone not prominent, but extending forwards beneath the united
parietals or separating the latter in the median line ; squamosals
suturally united with parietals and completely covering the otic
bones except behind ; snout not produced ; cheok almost or com-
pletely covered by the suborbital and circumorbitul plates. Mandi-
bular suspensorium vertical or inclined forwards and gape moderately
wide ; prcmaxilla small and maxilla relatively large, both entering
the upper border of the mouth ; one or two supramaxillaries ;
teeth acuminate, best developed on the promaxilla, maxilla, and
dentary bones. Opercular apparatus complete, with numerous
branchiostegal rays (20 to 30) and a gular plate. Vertebral centra
well ossified, none with transverse processes ; ribs nearly or com-
plotoly encircling the abdominal cavity ; haemal arches scarcely if
at all fused at the base of the tail. Intermuscular bones present.
l'’in-fulcra absent ; fin-rays divided and closely articulated distally ;
dorsal and anal fins small, the former short-based and nearly
median ; no adipose dorsal fin. Scales thin, cycloid, deeply
imbricating.

Synopsis of Genera.

I. Parietal bones meeting in middle lino.

Teeth large ; gape extending beyond

orbit ; operculum simple Elopopsis (p. 8).

Teeth minute and clustered ; gape
not extending beyond orbit;
operculum simple ; no enlarged
scale at base of paired fins .... Osmeroides (p. 1 1}

ACTJNOPTERYGII.

Teeth small : operculum simple ; an
enlarged scale at base of paired

fins ; lateral line simple

Teeth minute ; operculum subdivided
bv transverse suture ; lateral
line radiating on each scale tra-
versed ; hindermost ray in dorsal
and anal fins much elongated
Teeth small ; operculum subdivided
by transverse suture ; lateral line
simple

II. Parietal bones relatively small and not

meeting in the middle line.

Teeth small; no deep depression in
frontal region of skull ; abdomen

rounded or flattened

Teeth small ; deep depression in
frontal region of skull; abdomen

compressed to sharp edge

Teeth large and rounded; no deep
depression in frontal region of

skull

Teeth large, laterally compressed ; no
deep depression in frontal region
of skull ; gape rather small . . . .
Enlarged pair of teeth at symphysis
of mandible ; gape wide ; dorsal

fin opposed to pelvic pair

As Spaniodon, but dorsal fin opposed
to space between pelvic and anal
fins

III. Incertm Sedis,

Elops (p. 22).

Megalops (p. 24).
Notelops (p. 27).

Rliacolepis (p. 29).
'Thrissopater (p. 32).
Pachyrhizodus (p. 37)
Esocelops (p. 46).
Spaniodon (p. 48).

Thrissopteroides (p.

Teeth of moderate size and slender,
each tipped only with a cap of
enamel ; gape not much directed
upwards

Protelops (p. 56).

Uenus ELOPOPSIS, Heckel.

[Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. si. 1856, p. 251 .]

,rwmnr.lTe'Vhat latcrally compressed, abdomen flattened. Man-
lb e a httle prominent, and gape extending behind the eye; one
supramaxillary bone ; margin of the jaws with a series of robust
cornea cet . Operculum simple ; branehiostegal rays between
■f and ' ° 111 ?umber- Vertebra between 50 and (iO in number,
the centra not longer than deep, all slightly constricted and marked

KLOI'ID.K.

9

with longitudinal ridgos. Pelvic fins opposed to the dorsal ; caudal
fin forked ; no fin-rays excessively elongated. Scales very delicate,
the exposed portion deeper than broad.

Elopopsis fenzli, Heckel.

1856. Elopopsis fenzlii, J. J, Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., niath.-
naturw. 01. voL xi. p. 251, pi. xiii fig. 1.

1867. Elopopsis fenzlii, It. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. lvi. pt. i. p. 197.

Type. Imperfect fish, wanting tail ; Court Museum, Vienna.

The typo species, attaining a length of about 0-4. Length of
head with opercular apparatus much exceeding the maximum depth
of the trunk and equalling the length of about 23 anterior vertebrae ;
depth of head at occiput much less than the length of the cranium.
Cheek-plates ornamented with a few tubcrculations ; dentigerous
border of maxilla almost straight ; teeth with broad bases, those of
the upper jaw increasing in size towards the hinder end of the
maxilla, those of the mandible similarly increasing in size, and the
largest. Operculum much deeper than broad. iJorsal fin arising
about over the 26th vertebra, with four short undivided rays
followed by about IS rays divided and articulated distally ; pelvic
fins ono-third shorter than tho pectorals, each with 10 rays, arising
opposite the hinder end of the dorsal fin.

Form. 6f Loc. Cretaceous : Comen, Istria.

Not represented in tho Collection.

Elopopsis microdon, Heckel.

1856. Elopopsis microdon , J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. p. 256, pi. xiv.

(?) 1863. Elopopsis microdon ?, R. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlviii. pt. i. p. 135.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.

A species about as large as the type, with comparatively slender
teeth. Length of head with opercular apparatus much exceeding
the maximum depth of the trunk and equalling the length of 24
anterior vertebra ; depth of head at occiput equalling the length of
tho cranium. Cheek-plates less conspicuously tuberculated than in
E. fenzli ; dentigerous border of maxilla slightly sinuous ; teeth
increasing in size towards the hinder end of each jaw, but none
much expanded at the base.

Form. 4' Loc. Cretaceous : Comen, Istria.

Not represented in the Collection.

ACTIXOPIEKrGII.

Elopopsis heckeli, Iteuss.

I®67- A. E. Iteuss, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., ®ath''

naturw. Cl. vol, xiii. p. 39, pi. iii.

18/8. Elopopsis heckeli, A. Fritech, Rept. u. Fische bdhm. Kreidefon®
P- 41, tag. 61. 1

lijpe. Head, liojal Bohemian Museum, Prague.

- species known only by the head and a fragment of the anter®
abdominal region, the mandible measuring 0-13 in length.

11 l< " °Perc,ilar apparatus exceeding the maximum depth
le run , depth of head at occiput not quite equalling the longt
o the cranium. Dentigerous border of maxilla slightly convex j
eet increasing in size towards the hinder end of each jatv, a
considerably expanded at the base.

Form. 4r Loc. Cenomanian : Prague, Bohemia.

Aot represented in the Collection.

Elopopsis crassus (Dixon).

1850. Osmeroides crassus, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 376.
i»88. Osmeroides crassus, A. S. Woodward, Proe. Geol. Assoc,
p. 322.

1895. Elopopsis crassus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894,
pi. xhu. fig. 1.

vol.

p, 659*

Type. Head ; Brighton Museum.

An imperfectly known large species, the mandible measurin
about 0-09 in length. Depth of head at occiput at least equally
ttae length of the cranium. Premaxilla elongate-triangular in sbap'
bearing a close series of small conical teeth on its oral border an
Wo much-erdarged, laterally-compressed teeth within; dentigerov
border of maxilla convex, with a regular series of small stout teetl
not increasing in size backwards; mandible rapidly tapering 1
an almost pointed symphysis, with relatively large, widely-spaC<
teeth, of which the largest seem to be in front.
torm. $ Loc. Turonian : S.E. England.

P. 1169. Imperfect head, with fragments of trunk ; Chalk, Kent.

Egertmi Coll-

h Mowing species is known only by an imperfect head much
resembling E. crassus

Elopopsis ziegleri, W. von der March, Palmontogr. vol. xv. (1S68).

x^- figs- 2-4. — Cenomanian ; Wessum, neat
Ahaus, Westpiialia. [Head, etc. : olim Ziegler Coll-
Ahaus.l

EL0PID.15.

11

Genus OSMEROIDES, Agassiz
[Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. 1844, p. 103.]

s.to. Rhabdolepis, W. von der Marck (non Trosohel, 1857), Palseontogr.
vol. xi. 1863, p. 20.

Holcolepis, W. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xv. 1868, p. 278.

Head and trunk not much laterally compressed, and abdomen
flattened. Parietal bones in contact in the median line ; mandible
*1 little prominent, and gape not extending behind the eye ; two
supramaxillnry bones; margin of the jaws and some inner bones
with clusters of minute bluntly-pointed teeth, sometimes perhaps
tntoral. Branchiostegal rays about 20 in number, about five of
*ho uppermost and broadest supported by the cpihyal. Vertebrae
between 50 and 70 in number, about 20 being caudal ; the centra
uot longer than deep, all slightly constricted and marked with
smal] irregular longitudinal ridges. No enlarged scale at the base
ot the paired fins ; dorsal fin never much longer than deop, opposite
°r nearly opposite the pelvic pair; anal smaller than the dorsal fin ;
caudal fin forked ; no fin-rays excessively elongated. .Scales often
oi 'lamented in their exposed portion with delicate radiating lines
°1 minute tubercles, marked in their covered portion with a few
radiating grooves terminating in notches at the anterior truncated
margin ; hinder margin not serrated ; course of lateral line indicated
a feeble ridge and a notch in the hinder border of most of the
scales.

The generic name Osmeroides was originally given by Agassiz to
some fishes from the Cretaceous of Westphalia catalogued below
in the family Scopelidse ( Sardinioide/s monasteri). When it was
afterwards applied to fossils discovered by Dr. Mantell in the
English Chalk, Agassiz expressly stated that the determination of
generic identity was uncertain and provisional. In course of time,
however, the name has become universally recognised as belonging
to the Euglish specimens, and loast confusion will be caused in
established nomenclature if Osmeroides lewesiensis be regarded as
the type species.

Osmeroides lewesiensis (Mantell).

[Text-figure 2.]

1822. Salmo lewesiensis , G. A. Mantell, Foss. South Downs, p. 235
pl. xxxiii. fig. 12, pi. xxxiv. fig. 3, pi. xl. fig. 1.

l^Th\o“e WaS fir8t pub,i8b9d’ with0Ut definition> by Agassiz, Neues Jahrb.

12

ACTINOPIEKYGII.

1837 44. Osmeroides lewesiemis , L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i-
p. 14, pt. ii. p. 105. pi. lx A. tigs. 1, 2, 5-7 ( non figs. 3, 4), pi. lx®-
1838. Osmeroides mantel/ii, ft. A. Mantell, Wonders Geol. vol. i. p. 307,
fig. 1.

(?) 1878. Osmeroides lewesiensis, A. Fritsch, Rept. u. Fi

,,, 1^ld;;form- ?■ 32> p1- vii- 6, e, pi. viii. fig. i.

Osmeroides lewesiensis, G. C. Laube, Denksehr. k. Akad. Wh*-,
matk.-naturw. Cl. vol. 1. p. 292, pi. i. figs. 2, 3, & woodc.

1888. Osmeroides levesimsis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. X. p. 322.

1895. Osmeroides lewesiensis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894,
P- 656, pi. xlii.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-45. Form and
proportions not definitely known, but length of head with opercular
apparatus contained nearly three times in the length of the trunk
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Length of
cranium somewhat exceeding twice its maximum width at the
occiput , hones of the hinder half of the cranial roof, cheek-plats9’
opercular bones, and upper branchiostegal rays ornamented with
coarse radiating rug®. Rays of each pelvic fin not less than J 1 >n
number; the small anal nearer to the caudal than to the pelflC
pair. Exposed area of scales narrow and deep, usually smooth,
sometimes ornamented with very fine closely-arranged radiating
lines of tubercles.

The principal features of the collection from the English Cbal
enumerated below are described in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894 (1893
pp. (>o6-0o9, pi. xlii., and include all the more important oste<
Bica characters of the genus. The lack of more precise inforinati®
concerning the proportions of the fish and its fins, however, reiidoi
it impossible to determine at present whether the fragmental

. Y me usu aria its Hus,

It impossible to determioe at present whether the fragment*
specimens of Osmeroides from the Turoniau and Senonian
Bohemia, described by Fritsch and Laube (he. cit), truly beloi
to the same species. In any case, Fritsch’s outline-restoration
Mmerotdes lewesiensis, Ag.,” is much too slender and has too sms
a head tor this fish, while the anal fin is not sufficiently remol
s shown by the English fossils, the cranial osteology differs mm
m e tentative restorations both of Fritsch and Laube.

m r' "l~ ■ °C' '^uro"'an und Senonian : Sussex and Surrt

(.) luronian and Senonian : Bohemia.

\ pt specimen, comprising head and abdominal region, figuie(^
^ " rta,Ss*z’ tow. cit. pi. lx h. figs. 1, 5; Lewes.

Mantell Coll-

Osmeroides leweiiensis; restoration, less than half nat. size.

Fig. 2.

14

ACTIX0PTERYG1I.

4293. Imperfect contorted fish of smaller size, figured ibid. pi. lx- ^
fig. 2 ; Lewes. Mantell Col •

4295. Imperfect head and abdominal region, figured by Agassis
tom. cit. pi. lxc. figB. 1, 2, 4 ; Lewes. Cranial roof also
figured in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, pi. xlii. fig. 2.

Mantell CoU-

4296. Head and abdominal region, the right mandibular ram’15
figured by Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. lxc. fig. 3; Lewes. T ®
same ramus and also the rostrum and left side of the heat
figured in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, pi. xlii. figs. 3, 3 a, 6 •
the gular plate is noticed, ibid. p. 658. Mantell Col ■

4303. Fractured and contorted fish, with traces of vertebrae in

anterior abdominal region and at the base of the tail, these
figured by Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. lx c. figs. 5, 6 ; Lewes.

Mantell CoU-

4207, 4292, 4299, 4300. Four imperfect fishes, the first and thiT®
exhibiting the gular plate, as noticed in Proc. Zool. So*'
1894, p. 658 ; Lewes. Mantell Co

49891. Nearly complete large fish, slightly lengthened by distortion
and with imperfect fins ; Lewes. Partly described 111
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, pp. 657, 658 : the left maxilla wit
supramaxillaries and the oral aspect of the mandibu a
symphysis being figured, ibid. pi. xlii. figs. 5, 5 a.

C apron CoU-

P. 6456. Another fine large specimen exhibiting the ornamental’0
of the external bones and the openings of the sensor,
canal on the mandible (noticed loc. cit. 1894, p- ^ j.'
probably from Lewes. Beckles Co

P. 1 188. Smaller distorted fish, described and figured loc. cit. ^ 1
p. 658, pi. xlii. fig. 1 : Southover, Lewes.

Presented by J. S. Valentine, Eeq., I

49892. Imperfect specimen showing endoskeleton of trunk, describ
loc. cit. 1894, p. 658; Lower Chalk, Lewes. Capron 0

P. 5680. Fine head, obliquely crushed and fractured but displaj* 15
many osteological features; Kent. The parietal bon^
are broken away, thus exposing the supraoccipital, ^
extends forwards as far as the frontals. The T,£
quadrate, metapterygoid, and symplectic are figured 0

EL0PJDJ5.

15

cit. 1894, pi. xlii. fig. 4, and the branchiostegal rays, not
less than 18 in number, arc noticed ibid, p. 658.

Harford Coll.

49893. Imperfect head and anterior scales, most of the bones
destitute of the external layer; Upper Chalk, Shalford,
near Guildford. C apron Coll.

P. 9155. Two skulls ; English Chalk. History unknown.

49894. Fragment of anterior abdominal region, displaying finely
ornamented scales and part of the pectoral fins ; Dorking,
Surrey. Foremost pectoral fin-ray with proximal expan-
sion noticed, loc. cit. 1894, p. 658. Capron Coll.

4301. Portion of trunk, figured by Man tell, op. cit. 1822, pi. xl.

fig. 1 ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.

4290. Group of largo scales ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.

P. 9156. Group of similar scales ; St. Catherine's Pit, Guildford.

Egerton Coll.

P. 1858. Two groups of smaller scales, labelled “ Osmeroides leivesi-
ensis, Ag.,” by Agassiz, and the locality given as Burharn,
Kent. Egerton Coll.

4286. Scale figured by Mantell, op. cit. 1 822, pi. xxxiv. fig. 3 ;

Lewes. Mantell Coll.

Osmeroides levis, sp. nov.

1805. Aulolepis typus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 660,
pi. xliii. figs. 2, 3, 5 ( trrore ).

1900. Osmeroides, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7] vol. v.
p. 325.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

An imperfectly known small species, attaining a length of about
0-2. Length of head with opercular apparatus exceeding the
maximum depth of the trunk, and probably nearly equalling half
the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin
Length of cranium not exceeding twice its maximum width at the
occiput ; all external bones remarkably smooth, the rugose markings
being very coarse and feeble. Distance between occiput and ori<nn
of dorsal fin about equalling that between the end of this fin and
the base of the caudal.

Form, f Loc. Turonian : Kent and Sussex.

16

ACTIN0PTERYS1I.

P. 5681. Type specimen, described and figured from the superior
aspect, he. tit. 1894, pi. xliii. fig. 2, and right mandibular
ramus figured ibid. fig. 2 a ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent-

Harford CoU.

P. 1854. lmperlect head and abdominal region, much fractured,
labelled Aulolepis ti/jpus by Agassiz, and probably utili®®
by him in his description of that species; Burham.
right frontal bone is figured he. cit. 1894, pi. xliii. fig-
and the right maxilla with supramaxillaries ibid, fig- d 11 '

Egerton CoU-

49903. Hoad and opercular apparatus, with remains of pectoral fin
and squamation, the former figured loc. tit. 1894, pi. *li«-
fig. 5 ; Lower Chalk, Lewes. Capron CoU-

Osmeroides gracilis, Davis.

[Plate II. figs. 1, 2.]

1887. Osmeroides gracilis, J. \Y. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2'
vol. iii. p. 559, pi. xxxi. tigs. 2, 3. . j

1887. Osmeroides lotus , J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 561, pi. xxxi. fig- 1
[Imperfect distorted fish ; Edinburgh Museum.] . i

(?) 1887 • Osmeroides brevis. J. VV. Davis, ibid. p. 560, pi. xxxii. fig-
[Ditto.]

(?) 1887. Osmeroides dubius, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 565, pi. xxxi. fig- 4'
[Ditto.] 1

Type. Imperfect fish ; Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art.

Length of head with opercular apparatus nearly equalling h
that of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal
fin. Cranial roof, opercular bones, and upper branchiostegal ra-vS
smooth and unornamented : a few minute tritoral teeth within the
mouth. About 40 abdominal and 20 caudal vertebra:. Dorsal h“
comprising 20 rays, the distance between its origin and the occip’1
somewhat less than that between its termination and the base of the
caudal iin ; pelvic fins opposite the hinder half of the dorsal; an»
fin small, with not more than 8 or 10 rays, arising nearer to t
caudal than to the pelvic pair. Radiating grooves in overlapl,e
portion ot scales especially conspicuous.

The type specimen of this species is evidently lengthened by
crushing, and the rotund form of the fish causes the mode 0
distortion of the different specimens to be very varied. It 1® ^'lU
difficult to determine the original proportions of the species.

Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous: Sahel Alma, Mount Lebanon.

ELOPIDJE.

17

P- 4789, P. 4855. Two specimens about 0-22 in length, a little
distorted, the second shown of the natural size in PL II.
fig. 1, and displaying the nine hroad upper branchiostegal
rays (hr.), the suboperculum (s.op.), and operculum (op.).

Lewis Coll.

P. 4856. Trunk of similar specimen with disarranged and fractured
squamation, also with ova. Lewis Coll.

P. 9160, 49548. Two large distorted specimens, the first showing
the smooth frontal bones, the second (PL II. fig. 2) dis-
playing the mandible (md.) from beneath with the delicate
gular plate (gu.) and 13 of the branchiostegal rays (br.)
on the left side, besides several of the corresponding rays
on the right. The foremost branchiostegal rays are very

slender. Lewis Coll.

P. 9161, 49549. Nine largo specimens variously imperfect, crushed,
and distorted. Lewis Coll.

P. 4764. Distorted fish showing the gular plate and remains of the
branchial arches from beneath. Lewis Coll.

P. 9162, P. 4032. Two fine specimens about 0-16 in length.

Lewis Coll.

46545. Remains of head and abdominal region, with traces of
minuto tubercular teeth. Purchased, 1875.

49550. Imperfect fish about 0-16 in length, displaying the dorsal
fin and the depth of the anal fin. Lewis Coll.

Osmeroid.es lewisi (Davis).

[Plato II. fig. 3.]

1887. Clupea lewisii, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii.
p. 571, pi. xxxiii. fig. 1.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Edinburgh Museum and (counter-
part) British Museum.

A species attaining a length of about 0-35, with smooth external
bones, but apparently stouter than 0. gracilis, and the distance
between the occiput and the origin of the dorsal fin exceeding that
between the end of this fin and the base of the caudal.

Form, if Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mount Lebanon.

P. 4868. Counterpart of type specimen, unsatisfactorily described

PART IV. C

18

ACTINOPTEKYeil .

and figured by Davis. Minute blunt, teeth aro observed
in the mandible, and the foremost branchiostegal rays aU'
very numerous and slender. The vertebrae cannot he
counted in the abdominal region, but the caudals are about
20 in number in advance of the hypural. Small inter
muscular bones are conspicuous in both regions. The
dorsal fin is distinctly longer than deep, though imperfect ,
the anal fin exhibits 10 supports. Lewi* CoU »

P. 6024. A finer specimen of almost the same size, shown in PL

fig. 3, from the left lateral aspect. Traces of the minute
blunt teeth are seen in the jaws, and the upper branchi-
ostegal rays are shown to be comparatively short an
broad. The characteristic vertebral centra are display® >
nearly all slightly deeper than long, 20 or 21 belonging
to the caudal region in advance of tho hypural, and 3°
shown in the abdominal region behind the posterior
margin of the operculum. The ribs and intermuscular
bones are very slender; the expanded haemal and neural
spines at the base of the caudal fin resemble those in th®
typical 0. lewestewit, Tho dorsal fin is apparently nearly
complete, exhibiting 17 or 18 supports and as many rays,
the latter readily splitting into their two halves and very
closely articulated distally ; its extent equals the distance
between it and the caudal fin. The small anal fin ba9
at least 9 rays, which, like those of the dorsal, caudal,
and pelvic fins, are very closely articulated distally- T1*e
exposed area of the scales is much deeper than bi° ’
and apparently smooth.

Presented by Prof. W. K. Parker, l889.

The following specimen seems to represent another specie® °i
Osmeroides (named Osmeroides maximug by J. W. Davis, Trans. B°y*
Dublin Soc. [2] vol. hi. 1887, p. 566), but is too imperfect to adB»*
ot formulating a specific diagnosis : —

P. 4765.

Distorted and crushed remains of a fish measuring &L-
0-3 in length to the base of the caudal fin, described
Davis, loc. cit. ; Upper Cretaceous, Sahel Alma,
Lebanon. The most conspicuous feature is the
ornamentation of the facial and opercular bones.

Lewi s

ELOPIDiE.

19

Osmeroides attenuatus (Davis).

1887. Clupca attenuata, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 580, pi. xxxiii. fig. 4.

1898. Osmeroides attenuatus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
[7] vol. ii. p. 409.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Edinburgh Museum.

An imperfectly known small species, attaining a length of about
0-12. Length of head with opercular apparatus considerably ex-
ceeding the maximum depth of the trunk and contained nearly three
times in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal
fin. Vertebra) at least 35 in tho abdominal, 20 in the caudal region.
Pelvic fins opposite anterior half of dorsal, midway between pectorals
and anal; origin of dorsal fin nearly as far from occiput as its
hinder end from base of caudal fin.

Form. df Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mount Lebanon.

Not represented in the Collection.

Osmeroides sardinioides (Pictet).

[Plate II. fig. 4.]

1850. Clupea sardinioides, P. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 38,
pi. vii. fig. 2.

1806. Clupea sardinioides, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss. Foss.
Mt. Liban, p. 66, pi. viii.

1866. Clupea lata, Pictet & Humbert, ibid. p. 68, pi. vii. fig. 6 (err ore).
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]

Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum.

A small species, attaining a length of about O' 2. Length of head
with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth of the
trunk and contained nearly three times in the length from the
pectoral arch to tho base of tho caudal fin. Bones of the hinder
half of the cranial roof ornamented with coarse radiating rugm, the
opercular bones and upper branchiostegal rays more delicately
rugose. Total number of vertebrae scarcely exceeding 50. Dorsal
fin comprising about 15 rays, as long as deep, the distance between
its origin and tho occiput equal to that between its termination and
the base of the caudal fin ; pelvic fins arising opposite the hinder
end of the dorsal ; anal fin small, with about 7 rays, arising much
nearer to the caudal than to the pelvic pair. Exposed area of
scales narrow and deep, ornamented with feeble, short radiatin'*
markings.

Form, df Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Mount Lebanon, Syria.

c 2

20

ACTIUOPTERTGII.

49498. Slab with two imperfect large specimens ; Hakel. One fisk
exhibits the ornament of the cranial roof, the other that
of the operculum and scales. Tho total number of ver-
tebra; can scarcely have exceeded 50, though they are not
readily counted. Lewis CoU-

49567. Another large spocimen, showing indications of the arched
maxilla ; Hakel. Lewis CoU.

P. 103. Large specimen wanting the greater part of the cranium,
but displaying ornament of opercular apparatus and scales,
Hakel. The five broad upper branehiostegals are distinct,
followed below by more delicate rays. Lewis Co

47313. More imperfect largo fish displaying the dorsal fin, t*nt
wanting the greater part of the caudal region ; Hakel.

Presented by Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B- , 1®(

49561. Fish about 0-14 in length ; Hakel. The fins are shown,
and there are indications of about 50 vertebra;.

Lewis CoU-

49500. Similar fish deepened by distortion ; Hakel. Lewis CoU-

P. 104. Imperfect fish displaying the ornamented parietal, squa
mosal, and frontal bones in impression ; Hakel. Tbe
complete specimen is shown of the natural size in Pt. I •
fig. 4, while part of the impression of the cranial root '8
represented three times enlarged in fig. 4 a. Leivis CoU-

49568. Another imperfect fish deepened and shortened by distor-
tion ; Hakel. The scale-ornament is well displayed.

Leivis CoU-

Osmeroides cretaceus (W. von der Marck).

1863. Ithabdolepis cretaceus, W. von der Marck, Palajontogr. vol- **■
p. 26, pi. xii. fig. 1.

1868. Holcolepis cretaceus, W. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xv. p- 278.

18/3. Holcolepis cretaceus, W. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xxii. P-0<’

Pi- i- %. 1.

Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Academy of Munster.

The type species of the so-called genus Holcolepis, attaining *
ength of about 0-4. Length of head with opercular appara
about equal to the maximum depth of the trunk, which is contain®
four times in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of t 0
caudal fin. Vertebrae about 70 in number, 24 being caudal-

ELOriDiE.

21

Dorsal fin comprising about 12 rays, of which the foremost four are
undivided, arising at the middle point between the occiput and the
caudal fin.

Form. <Sf Loo. Upper Cretaceous : Sendenhorst, Westphalia.

Not represented in the Collection.

The following specimens, apparently referable to tho genus
Osmeroicles, are not specifically determined : —

P- 6850. Part of opercular and abdominal region of very large
specimen, with remains of a pelvic fin unusually far
forwards ; Chalk, Willingdon, Eastbourne.

Presented by Miss Heinemann, 1893.

39433. Remarkably olongatod head and opercular apparatus, very
imperfectly preserved, with some anterior vertebrae ;
English Chalk. Boivcrbank Coll.

P. 5679. Opercular, branchiostcgal apparatus, &c. ; Lower Chalk,
Kent. Harford Coll.

49752. Scattered remains of head showing gular plate; Chalk,
Ambcrley, Sussex. Oapron Coll.

P. 8949. Portion of jaws and opercular apparatus, remarkably
smooth, with largo gular plate ; Gault, Folkestone.

Purchased, 1898.

P. 9005. Imporfect head and trunk of the form bearing the MS.

name Osmeroides vinarensis (A. Fritsch, Archiv naturw.
Landesdurchf. Bohmen, vol. v. no. 2, 1883, p. 88) ;
Senonian (Iserschichten), Vinary, Bohemia.

Purchased, 1899.

P. 9188. Fish nearly 0-3 in length, in the counterpart halves of a
nodule; Upper Cretacoous, Barra do Jardim, Serra do
Araripc, Province of Ceara, Brawl. Tho head is too
imperfect to determine the genus, and the squamation is
moro strongly ornamented by linear markings than usual
in Osmeroides. Purchased , 1900.

The following specimens seem to represent a genus related to
Osmeroides, with wider gape and thinner and larger scales, but are
too incomplete for precise determination : —

39432. Imperfect head and abdominal region, about 0-5 in length
and 0-12 in depth, showing the long, straight maxilla,

22

actinoftervoii.

part of the mandible, and the pectoral, pelvic, and frag-
mentary dorsal fins ; English Chalk. Bowerbank toll.

P. 1812. Fragmentary head, probably of the same species ; Lower
Chalk, Dorking. Egerton Coll.

The so-called Clupea curta (J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iii. 1887, p. 579, pi. xxxiii. fig. 5) is based on a fragment
probably of Osmeroides from the Upper Cretaceous of Hakel,
Mt. Lebanon. The type specimen is in the Edinburgh Museum of
Science and Art (A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7] vol. »•
1898, p. 409).

Gencrically and specifically indeterminable scales have also been
described under the following names : —

Osmeroides belgicus, T. C. Winkler, Archiv Mus. Teyler, vol. iv-
(18/0), p. 3, pi. i. fig. 1, — Lower Eocene (Heersian) >
Lirabourg, Belgium.

Osmeroides divaricatus, H. B. Geinitz, Denkschr. Gos. fiir Naturk-
&c. Dresden z. Feier 50 jiihr. Bestehens, 1868, p. 42, P1- il-
figs. 18-22 ; A. Fritsch, Rept. u. Fische bbhm. Kreideform-
(1878), p. 34, fig. 58. — Turonian ; Saxony and Bohemia-

Osmeroides pectinolepis, G. D. Romanovskv, Material. Geol. Turke-
stansk. Kraya [in Russian], pt. iii. (1890), p. 122, pi- *vl1-
fig- 5. Cretaceous ; Turkestan.

Genus ELOPS, Linnceus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1766, p. 518.]

Trunk somewhat laterally compressed, abdomen flattened. Par!
8 a ^)0IlC8 contact in the median lino ; mandible a little proD1
nent , two supramaxillary bones ; margin of the jaws, the voinc
parasphenoid, palatine, and pterygoid bones, and the tongue, wit
c usters of minute pointed teeth. Gill-rakers long and Blende1
operculum simple ; branchiostegal rays about 24 to 30 in nuinbe
r llud pelvic fins each with an enlarged and elongated sca
0 a.c, dorsal fin opposite or nearly opposite the pelvic p911
anal smaller than the dorsal fin ; caudal fin deeply forked ; no b>
,■ ' obsessively elongated. Exposed portions of canal of latc>r

'imp e, never branching; scales usually ornamented
delicate radiating ridges.

A figure of the skeleton of Elops is given by Agassiz, Poiss. i’°E
V9I. v. pi. G. fig. 1. 6 J 6

Though now well represented in all tropical and subtropical sea

ELOPID.®.

23

this genus has not hitherto been recognised among extinct fishes.
To it, however, may probably be referred the following two speci-
mens, which are too imperfect for precise determination : —

39443. Imperfect head and abdominal region of trunk, much crushed
and obscured by decaying pyrites ; London Clay, Sheppey.
The length of the head with opercular apparatus is about
014, and the distance from the base of the pectoral to
what seems to be the origin of the pelvic fins is not less
than 018. The middle of the cranial roof exhibits a
depression, gradually widening from the occiput to the
hinder border of the orbits, then somewhat contracted
again forwards. The large posterior suborbitals and
ossified sclerotic are conspicuous ; the very wide gape,
prominent mandible, and gently arched maxilla are also
shown, without any traces of teeth. The mandibular
rami are crushed together and imperfect, thus destroying
tho branchiostegal apparatus between them. Tart ol the
left pectoral fin is preserved, and at the hinder end of the
fossil there is apparently the base of the right pelvic fin.
A well-ossified vertebral centrum, not pitted but feebly
striated on the side, also projects through the squamation
at the hinder end of the abdominal region. The scales
are beautifully ornamented in their exposed portion with
fine radiating ridges. Bowerbank Coll.

P- 1762. Portion of trunk of the same species, also much pyritised ;

London Clay, Sheppey. Robust vertebral centra are ex-
hibited, each about as long as deep, not pitted at the sides
but feebly striated ; the neural arches are broken away,
but seem to have been fused with the contra. Portions of
the pelvic fins are preserved, and the scales are ornamented
as in tho last specimen. Eyerton Coll.

The following specimen was supposed by Agassiz to represent a
genus allied to 1 Clops : —

P. 3846. Imperfect impression of skeleton about 0‘33 in length,
too obscure for description and determination, labelled
Elopides couloni by Agassiz ; Upper Eocene (slates), Engi,
Canton Glares, Switzerland. The name is published
without definition by Agassiz, Poiss. Eoss. vol. v. pt. ii.
(1844), p. 139. Enniskillen Coll.

24

actinoptertgii.

Genus MEGALOPS, Lacepedo.

[Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. v. 1803, p. 289.]

Head and trunk laterally compressed, but abdomen flattens I
Parietal bones in contact in the median line; mandible a l^® j
prominent ; two supramaxillary bones ; eye relatively very large »
margin of the jaws, the vomer, parasphenoid, palatine, and
gold bones, and the tongue, with clusters of minute pointed tee
ill-i akers long and slender; operculum subdivided by transverse j
suture, branchiostegal rays about 25 in number. Pectoral a11 j
pelvic fins each with an enlarged and elongated scale at the base- 1
orsal fin short-based and elevated, with much-produced hindenn°s j
ray, opposite or immediately behind pelvic pair; anal fin iu°r _ I
extended than the dorsal, but also with produced hindermost ray!
caudal fin deeply cleft. Scales not ornamented ; sensory canal
lateral line radiating on the scales it traverses. j

The skull of the existing Megalops is described and figured J
H. W. Shufeldt, Ann. Hep. U.S. Commiss. Fisheries, 1883 (1885), j
p. 814, pi. xiv. figs. 33, 34.

Megalops prisons, sp. nov.

[Plate III. figs. 3-6.]

1844-45. Megalops prigeus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. «■ P- 114
_ (name only), and Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844, p. 308 (name only)-
1844. Hypsodon toHapicus, L. Agassiz, ibid. vol. v. pt. i. p. 101 lnalU
only).

1854 Megalops priscus, R. Owen, Catal. Foss. Rept. & Pisces, M"9-
oy. Coll. Surg. p. 172 (no description).

Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.

An imperfectly known large species, the head with opcrcula*
apparatus attaining a length of at least 0-3. Length of head nearl)
equalling its depth behind, and about twice as great as the maxi®11®
wi th of the operculum ; length of cranial roof from occiput to p08
trontal considerably less than its width at the position of the latte*
e ement. Maxilla extending backwards beyond the orbit ; opercu a*
ones and cnees-piates radiately sculptured.

Form. S( Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : Sheppey.

36070. Head with opercular apparatus, to be regarded as the t)pe
specimen, shown of ono third the natural size from t
left lateral and superior aspects in PI. III. figs- *7*'
The cranium is very imperfectly preserved, and t
sutures between its elements arc not distinct; hut t
contour of its roof is shown (fig. 3 a), gradually \videmnS

ELOPID^S.

25

from the occiput to the prefrontal region immediately in
advance of the eye. A certain amount of crushing and
distortion is at the same time obvious. The sclerotic (scl.)
is ossified and, unless appearances are deceptive, the eye
is smaller than in the recent M. cyprinoides. Remains of
tho delicate cheek-plates, with radiating markings, are pre-
served both behind (s.o.) and in front (a.o.) of tho eye. The
relatively small premaxilla (pmx.) underlaps tho front ex-
tremity of the enormous maxilla (mx.), which exhibits a
small knob (a-.) for its anterior attachment to an inner
olemeut. The extent of tho supramaxillaries is indicated
only by the depression for their overlap of the maxilla.
The wholo length of the left mandibular ramus is displayed
(d.), with its hollowed hinder articulation in contact
with the condyle of the quadrate ( qu .); and the latter
element is directly apposed to tho metapterygoid above,
while apparently provided with a superiorly-pointed,
slender, hindor process to grasp the small symplectic.
The bases of clustered series of very miuuto teeth are
shown on the margin of the jaws where preserved. The
upper end of tho hyomandibular {Jim.) is partly exposed,
with its process for the support of tho operculum (op.) ;
and the latter element is well shown, with the pre-
operculum (p.op.) in front, and tho subopcreulum (s.op.)
and interoperculum (Lop.) below. The spaced series of
bran Chios tegal rays (hr.) cannot have numbered less than
20, although not so many are actually exhibited ; and the
gular plate (</«.) is nearly half as long as the mandible.

Purchased, 1861.

P. 637. Hinder half of skull, labelled Hypsodon toliapicus by Agassiz,
and intended to be the type specimen of that species. Tho
cranial roof is shown from above of two thirds the natural
size in PI. III. fig. 4, and the various elements can be
readily distinguished as lettered. On the occipital face
the exoccipital is shown to meet its fellow in the median
line below the large, keoled supraoccipital ; but the basi-
occipital is broken and crushed to the left, with one short
and deep vertebral centrum adhering to it. There is clear
evidence of a basicranial canal. The otic region exhibits
its characteristic conformation, and an elongated facette
for the hyomandibular is shown on the pterotic.

Egerton Coll.

26

ACTINOPTERYGII.

P. 356. Imperfect hinder portion of skull, longitudinally bisected in
the median line to exhibit the extent of the supraoccipital
bone. As shown in the section (PI. III. fig. 5), this
element (s.occ.) is much thickened, and in its upper
portion extends almost as far forwards as the investing
parietals (pa.). The exoecipitals (ex.occ.), as in the pre-
ceding specimen, clearly form the upper border of the
foramen magnum ; and there seems to bo a persistent
suture between the basioccipital (b.occ.) and basisphenoid
(b.sp.). When viewed from behind (fig. 5 a), the basi-
occipital exhibits the groove for the basicranial canal

Egerton Coll .

P. 4153. Imperfect hinder portion of skull, smaller than the pre-
ceding. The basicranial canal is indicated, and the
remains of the otic region (IT. III. fig. 6) are interesting.
The pro-otic (pr.o.), pierced as usual by the oval foramen
for the fifth nerve, is in coutact above with the sphe-
notic or postfrontal (pt.f.) and the pterotic (pt.o.), these
two latter bones meeting and forming the floor of a cavity
which exists betwoon tho outer part of the otic mass aud
the squamosal (sq.). The upper end of the hyomandibular
must have articulated with two distinct facettes (/.), the
largest and deepest on the pterotic, the smullest at the
point of contact of the splienotic with its adjacent elements
already mentioned. There are indications of the great
triangular hollow in the otic mass immediately behind the
pro-otic, and of the similar hollow on the occipital face
between the outer edges of the epiotic and pterotic.

Enniskillen Coll-

P. 1698. Crushed fragment of hinder part of large cranium, showing
suture between basioccipital and basisphenoid, and the
parasphenoid forming the floor of tho basicranial canal.

Egerton Coll-

Megalops oblongus, sp. nov.

184 4. Hypsodon oblongus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt i. P- 1
(name only). r

Type. Imperfect cranium ; British Museum.

■ } °leS somc" hat larger than the preceding, known only by t

mporfect cranium. Length of cranial roof from occiput to P<»
rental equalling its width at the position of the latter element.

M' 4- Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : Sheppey.

EL0PIM3.

P- 634. The type specimen labelled by Agassiz. It is the much-
abraded cranium, wanting the region in advance of the
postfrontals. The parietal bones are almost completely
removed, thus exposing the supraoccipital which extends
forwards beneath them. The characteristic otic region is
well shown on the right side, and the basicranial canal is
indicated beneath tho axis of the cranium. Egerton Coll.

Tho following skull also appears to belong to a species of Megalops,
characterised by a relatively short otic region, the length of the
cranial roof from the occiput to the postfrontal not exceeding half its
width at the position of tho latter element: —

P- 9192. Cranium 0-125 in length ; London Clay, Sheppey. The roof
exhibits the characteristic arrangement of the bones, and
the basicranial axis is bent upwards as usual at the ante-
rior end of the otic region. The presence of a basicranial
canal is clearly indicated, but there does not appear to be
a vertebral centrum fused with the basioccipital. The
parasphenoid is abraded, but the spatulate vomer is shown
to have beon covered with minute tooth. The long laminar
entopterygoid is preserved on the left side, but its exposed
oral face is abraded. History unknown.

Genus NOTELOPS, novum.

1 runk somewhat laterally compressed. Parietal bones in contact
in the median line ; mandiblo a little prominent and gape extending
to the hindor bordor of the orbit ; margin of the jaws and somo of
the inner bones with small conical teeth. Operculum subdivided by
a transverse suture. Vertebral centra slightly constricted, smooth
or delicately striated, perforated for the passage of a remnant of the
notochord. Pectoral flu with an enlarged and elongated scale at its
base; dorsal fin opposite or nearly opposite the pelvic pair; anal
smaller than the dorsal fin ; caudal fin deeply forked ; no fin- rays
excessively elongated. Scales usually ornamented with delicate
radiating ridges ; a few very small thin scales extending over the
caudal fin ; lateral line inconspicuous.

Notelops brama (Agassiz).

1833. Amblypterus olfersi, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. i. p. 40.

1841. P/iacolepis brama, L. Agassiz, Edinb. New Phil. Journ vol xxx
p. 83.

28

actinoptekygii.

1844. Macokpis olfersii, L. Agassiz, Comptes Rondus, vol. xviu.

, p' T„ ’ and Poiss- Foss. vol. iy. p. 29.3 (name only).

1887. Macolepv, brama, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 539’
pi. xlvi. fig. 1, pi. xlvii, fig. 4.

Type. Head ; British Museum.

The type species, attaining a length of about O'O. Length of head
wr opercular apparatus exceeding the maximum depth of the
runk, and contained about four times in the total length of the
nan. ihe two posterior suborbitals much broader than deep, hut
c,r ^oss deeP than the upper plato ; postero-inferior sub-
i a o a deep triangular form ; operculum almost as broad as
deep. 1 civic fins arising slightly nearer to the anal than to the
pectorals, opposite the hinder half of the dorsal fin, which has
about 10 rays beyond anterior basal rays.

F°rm. <$• Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Province of Ceara, N. Brazil.

11 the following specimens were obtained from Barra do Jardi®>
oerra do Araripe : —

15490. Typo specimen, the head, opercular apparatus, clavicle, and
some anterior scales, figured in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887,
p . xlvii. fig. 4. It is labelled by Agassiz.

Purchased from Mr. Gardner .

P. 1957. More imperfect similar head, wanting the cheek-plates and
displaying remains of internal bones, labelled “ J^ac0'
lep,s Brama, Ag.,” by Agassiz, and the parietals and teeth
noticed he. at. p. 536. Remains of the large gular plate
arc ^tinct. Egerton Coll

P' 196°’ * 3986. Small fish, in counterpart, figured he. cit. pi.

tig. 1. The large gular plate is conspicuous between the
mandibular rami. Egerton 6f Enniskillen Colls

P- 1960 a, P. 3985. More imperfect small fish, in counterpart
deepened and shortened by distortion, but showing tin
1 arat.e plate above the operculum, and displaying scale
°rUamellt- Egerton $ Enniskillen Colls

P- 1962 d, P. 3985 b Slill smallor ^ wanting caudal fin-

Egerton Sf Enniskillen Colls

P. 1962 b p qqqr it ..

ertically crushed imperfect small fish.

Egerton EmiisJcillcu CoU*

ead and portion of abdominal rogion of large special1

EI0PIM).

29

displaying suborbifcals, the plate above the operculum, and
part of the gular plate.

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsliam, 1877.

P- 9189. Smaller and more imperfect head with abdominal region,
showing enlarged scale above pectoral fin.

History unknown.

15486. Still smaller head and remains of trunk.

Purchased from Mr. Gardner.

47900. Imperfect small trunk in counterpart, the axial skeleton
noticed loc. cit. p. 537.

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.

1962 c, P. 3986 a. Small head and abdominal region in counter-
part, doubtfully of this species.

Egerton Sf Enniskillen Colls.

274. Portion of small trunk in counterpart, doubtfully of this
species, showing scale-ornament.

Transferred from Museum of Practical Geology, 1880.

Iho following specimen seems to bolong to Notelops, but its
generic determination is uncertain : —

47899. Pine large trunk, in counterpart, showing portions of all
tho fins. Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.

Genus RHACOLEPIS, Agassiz.

[Edinb. Now Phil. Journ. vol. xxx. 1841, p. 83 (Phacolepis).]

Irunk somewhat laterally compressed; abdomen flattened or
rounded. Parietal bones small and separated by the supraoccipital ;
no deep depression in hinder part of frontal region ; gape of mouth
extending to the hinder border of the orbit ; a singlo supramaxillary
bone ; margin of the jaws with a single serios of small conical
teeth. Operculum simplo ; branchiostegal rays about 20 in
number. Vertebral centra slightly constricted, smooth or delicately
striated, perforated for the passage of a remnant of the notochord.

1 ectoral fin with a largo and elongated scale at its base ; dorsal fin
wore or less directly opposed to the pelvic pair; anal smaller than
the dorsal fin ; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales usually ornamented
With delicate radiating ridges; a few very small, thin scales
extending over tho caudal fin ; lateral line inconspicuous.

Tbe gular plate in this genus has not yet been clearly observed.

30

actinopterxgxi.

Rhacolepis buccalis, Agassiz.

1831. Figure by Spix & Martins, Reise in Brasilien, Atlas, ph xxl''
fig. 5.

1841. Rhacolepis bucculis, L. Agassiz, Edinb. New Phil. J°urn'
vol. xxx. p. 83.

1844. Rhacolepis buccalis, L. Agassiz, Comptes Rendus, vol. xviii-
p. 1011, and Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 293.

1887. Rhacolepis buccalis, A. S. Woodward, Proe. Zool. Soc. p- £>39-
pl. xlvi. figs. 2-7, pi. xlvii. figs. 1-3,

Type. Imperfect anterior portion of fish ; British Museum.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0 3. The length of
the head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeds the
maximum depth of the trunk, which is comprised about five and a
half times in the total length of the fish. The two posterior sub-
orbitals antero-posteriorly elongated and about equal in size, the
postero-iuferior plate also broader than deep ; operculum »uch
deeper than broad, its relative measurements being about 7 : ^ |
Pelvic fins arising much nearer to the anal than to the pectorals,
immediately behind a point opposite the posterior end of the dorsal.
Form. <$• Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Province of Ceara, N. Brazil-

All the following specimens wero obtained from Barra do Jardim.
Berra de Araripe : —

P. 4314 a. Very imperfect head and abdominal region, showing
fossilised gill-filaments and muscular fibres, marked by
Agassiz as tho type specimen and noticed by him, l’0'99,
Foss. vol. iv. p. 293, footnote. Enniskillen CoU-

47890. Nearly complete fish about 0-27 in length, displaying the
paired fins and the base of tho anal and caudal fi”9-
Twelve rays can be counted in one of the pelvic fins,
which are remarkably close to tho anal. ^ !

Presented by the lion. Robert Marsham, lS‘ , -

P- 4315. Almost similar specimen more imperfect, wanting the tail
beyond tho anal fin. There are doubtful indications of »
relatively small gular plate. The right pectoral exhibit9

15 or 1(5 ray®- Enniskillen CoU- .

Fine small fish in counterpart, showing the paired, but
wanting the median fins.

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877-

P. 1958 d. More imperfect small fish. Egerton CoU-

ELOPIDiE.

31

P. 1962, P. 4315 a. Very imperfect fish, in counterpart, showing
part of paired fins and vertebrae.

Egerton Enniskillen Colls.

15485. Imperfect head and abdominal region, displaying some of the
beautifully ornamented scales figured in Proc. Zool. Soc.
1887 pi. xlvi. fig. 6. Purchased from Mr. Gardner.

P. 1958. Another head and abdominal region partly exposed from
above, the cranial roof figured loc. cit. pi. xlvi. fig. 3.
The pelvic fins aro shown to arise immediately behind a
point opposite tho end of the dorsal fin. Egerton Coll.

P- 3983 a. Head and abdominal region free from investing matrix,
figured loc. cit. pi. xlvi. fig. 2. Enniskillen Coll.

P- 3983 b, c, d. Threo more imperfect specimens.

Enniskillen Coll.

28616 a, b. Two similar specimens in matrix. Purchased, 1853.

47890 a. Another similar specimen, in counterpart.

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.

P- 1958 a. Imperfect largo head and abdominal region, the sub-
orbital plates figured loc. cit. pi. xlvi. fig. 5.

Egerton Coll.

28900 a. Head with branchiostegal rays, figured loc. cit. pi. xlvii.

gg I Dixon Coll.

P- 1962. Eemains of fish displaying vertebra) (one figured loc. cit.

pi. xlvi. fig. 4 6) and pelvic bones (one figured loc. cit.
pi. xlvii. fig. 3). E3erton Co!L

28900 b. Portion of abdomen with enlarged scale above pectoral
fin, figured loc. cit. pi. xlvi. fig. 7. Mxon Coll.

P- 1958 c. Portion of abdomen showing clavicles, noticed loc. cit.

p_ 537 Egerton Coll.

28616. Curiously distorted trunk, probably of this species, noticed
loc. cit. p. 536. Purchased, 1853.

P- 1958 e. Tail probably of this species, figured loc. cit. pi. xlvii.

fig. 2. Egerton Coll.

32

ACTINOPTE'RYGfH.

Rhacolepis latus, Agassiz.

1841. Phacolepis latus, L. Agassiz, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vol.

p. 83.

1844. Rhacolepis latus, L. Agassiz, Comptes Rendus, vol. xviii. p. 1°13’
and Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 293 (name only).

1887. Rhacolepis latus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soe. p. c3y’
pi. xlvii. fig. 5.

Type. Imperfect small fish ; British Museum.

An imperfectly known small species with much-deepened trun ■
The two posterior suhorbitals a little broader than deep, and the
postero-inferior suborbital of a deep triangular form ; operculum
about twice as deep as broad. Pelvic fins arising about midway
between the pectorals and the anal, opposite the anterior halt of the
dorsal.

Form- £ Toe. Upper Cretaceous : Province of Coara, N. Brazil.

P- 1959, P. 3984. Type specimen, in counterpart, described and
figured loc. cit. 1887 ; Barra do Jurdim, Serra do Araripe-

Egerton ($• Enniskillen Colls-

28616 c. Trunk doubtfully referred to this species, showing enlarge4
and elongated anterior dorsal fin-ray. Purchased, 1S'J'

15493. More imperfect similar trunk.

Purchased from Mr. Gardner-

Genus THRISSOPATER, Gunther.

[Figs. & Dcscript. Brit. Organic Remains, dec. xiii.

(Mem. Geol. Surv. 1872) no. 1.]

Trunk somewhat laterally compressed ; abdomen compressed to
an edge. PaTietal bones small and separated by the supraoccipda ;
a deep quadrangular median pit in the cranial roof in the hinder
part of the frontal region ; maxilla slender, with one supramaxillatf
one; mandible a little prominent, and gape extending to the

of arm 11°^°* °! th® °rbit ’ TnarPn of the jaws with a single series
o smaU corneal teeth. Operculum simple; opercular hones and

™ -P 6liShtly dilated and smooth; branchiostcgal
°I ,v30 Vertebr“ 50 in number, the centra

an mini 8mootb ^tely ridged. Pectoral fin -f

the d! 1 , Crl0ngated 8Cale at its base ; pelvic fins opposed to

the dorsal; anal fin relatively small; caudal fin deeply forked; “°

ELOPIDiE.

33

fin-rays excessively elongated. Scales small or of moderate size,
usually ornamented with delicate radiating ridges ; no enlarged or
thickened ridge-scalos ; lateral line inconspicuous.

Thrissopater salmoneus, Gunther.

1872. Thrissopater salmoneus, A. Gunther, loc. cit. no. 1, pi. i.

Type. Imperfect fish ; NVoodwardian Museum, Cambridge.

The type specios, attaining a length of about 0-7. Length of
head with opercular apparatus containod three and a half times,
maximum depth of trunk about four and a half times in the total
length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Posterior suborbital
plates radiately furrowed, and their extent exceeding one third the
length of the skull ; width of orbit less than this measure ; width of
operculum equalling at least half the length of the skull. About 50
scales in a transverse line on the trunk in front of the dorsal fan ;
the enlarged axillary scale longer than the rays of the pectoral fin ;
ornamental striae on scales often slightly wavy.

Form. Sf Loc. Albian : Kent.

P. 9052. Fine head, in crumbling condition, and probably incapable
of permanent preservation ; Gault, Folkestone. Between
25 and 30 branchiostegal rays and a small gular plate are
shown. Purchased, 1899.

47199. Crushed head showing form of cranial roof and maxilla ;

Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

47194. Much fractured head and abdominal vertebrae of small fish;

Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

47202. Portion of abdominal region displaying the elongated scale
(axillary appendage) at the base of the pectoral fin ;
Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

47189. Imperfect largo trunk displaying scales and caudal vertebrae;

Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

Thrissopater magnus, sp. nov.

[Plate V.]

1837-44. Hypsodon lewesiensis , L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.

P- 100, pi. xxv a. fig. 1, ph xxv b. figs. 4, 5 ( errore ).

Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.

A large species, known only by the head and other fragments.
pari iv. n

34

actinopterygii.

Posterior suborbital plates radiately furrowed and their extent
exceeding one third the length of the skull ; width of orbit much
less than this measure; teeth of premaxilla not larger than those
of ™ ‘ 086 °f the Inan,libl0 somewhat the largest. Width

length of the ff*" aPParen% not exceeding one third the

Form, cj- Loc. Turonian : S.E. England.

yp specimen, a vertically crushed imperfect head, shown
o two-thirds the natural size in PL V. fig. 1 ; L°"'er
b-halk, Hollingbourn, Kent. The cranial roof is well
exposed but damaged by an oblique fracture. Its most
characteristic feature is the median depression in the
Hinder frontal region, where the bone becomes com-
paratively smooth. A traco of the small, finely-punctatc
supraoccipital (s.occ.) is observed at the hinder border of
the depress, on, while quite posteriorly on the left side an
otic bone (apparently epiotic, ep.o.) i8 crushed outwards.

tVont IT?!0 the Pari6tal 0»*), squamosal (*?■),

,7" , (/n) °lemeDts can also ho distinguished ; the last-
named being relatively large bones, exhibiting a series
pits along either side of the depression where traversed

nLetl rraual Th° terminal ethmoid (eth.), GnelJ.
Sed ^ supraoccipital, is relatively small and

plates or,"1! T'li’ witllout any expansion. The cheek-
suborbhsT ^ W” on the left s'de, where the posterior
consnicn * Wltb ‘bcir slightly radiating furrows are
and it is°Ui ^ 8Utures between these are not distinct,
cumorbitni° .qnil;,;clear whether there is a border of cir-
of th. t h (c;°0 between them and the orbit. The anterior
large an Jn above ‘be orbit is relatively

single Inn atf T ’ Curvine downwards in front to meet the
There is al 80 narrow I'1 ate hordering the orbit beneath.
The maxilkYn\8ma11 trianei,lar antorbital plate («•«•)■
displac!" 18 br°ken in front by a fracture and

Srr k v1S0 «»— mandible. It is over-
half to length by the suprama^
in its' an w!°h Uttle 0SPanded behind. The teett

in its ‘R ' °r half are only about half as large as thos«

tri angular ^bo°r ^ P-maxiUa Q™, ) is a thir

and bearing ; notched in its binder border

front Dart oMi! °S<3 Ser^es °* as small as those of th<
Part of the maxilia. The mandible is also delict

ELOriDJS.

35

and much tapering at the symphysis. The artieulo-angular
element is very short, with a large concave articular
facotte for the quadrate, best seen on the right side. Tho
dentary ( d .) hears a spaced series of teeth slightly larger
even than the largest on the maxilla. Of the opercular
apparatus only fragments remain. The preoperculum
seems to have been very narrow, and this is probably the
displaced arched bone on the right side of the fossil, not
shown in the figure. Purchased, 1864.

4055. Slab of chalk exhibiting the imperfect hinder half of a larger
skull associated with a quadrate, vertebra, and other
fragments, provisionally referred by Agassiz, loc. cit., to
Hypsodon lewesiensis ; Chalk, Sussex. The skull and
quadrate bone are figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. The cranial
roof exhibits the characteristic median depression. Tho
vertebra are shorter than deep and strengthened by deli-
cate longitudinal ridges. A fragment of jaw on the same
slab bears traces of large hollow teeth like those of Por-
theus ; but, if the determination here proposed he correct,
this cannot have belonged to the same fish as the skull.

Mantell Coll.

49078. Hinder portion of small skull, with six anterior vertebral
centra in position, partly invested with pyrites ; probably
from the Lower Chalk of Kent. The portion of cranial
roof is shown from above, of the natural size, in PI. V.
fig. 2 ; while two of the vertebral centra are represented
in side-view and from below in figs. 2 a, 2 b. The
sutures between the various elements of the cranial roof
are distinct and arranged as already described in the type
specimen. The constitution of the otic region is also
well shown. The anterior vertebral centra do not exhibit
lateral pits, except one facotte near the ventral border
for the articulation of the rib (r.). Their ventral face,
however, is pitted and strengthened with longitudinal
ribbings. Mrs. Smith’s Coll.

Thrissopater (?) megalops, sp. nov.

[Plate VII. fig. 4.]

Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.

A species about as large as the type, known only by the
head, opercular apparatus, and scales. Posterior suborbital plates

u actinoptertqii.

relatively narrow, their extent not exceeding one quarter the long*
of the skull ; orhit very large, its width considerably greater than
one third the length of the skull ; teeth of premaxilla relative y
long and slender, larger than those both of the maxilla and dentary-
percular apparatus relatively narrow, its width not exceeding °ne
third the length of the skull. Radiating lines on anterior scale*
few and indistinct.

Form. Sf Loc. Turonian : Sussex.

49826. Type specimen, shown of the natural size from the left
side in PI. VII. fig. 4; Lower Chalk, Lewes. The head
is imperfect and a fracture crosses the rostral regi011
causing some displacement ; hut the general proportion8
seem to he determinable with sufficient accuracy. T e
posterior suborbital plates (s.o.) are exhibited
m an impression of their inner face, and it is uncertain
how they were subdivided ; the transverse fractures may
or may not represent sutures. There is one long i»fra'
orbital (i.o.) beneath the eye, and in the orbit ftse
there is a trace of an ossified sclerotic (scl). The long,
slender maxilla (m.r.), imperfect at each end, has a very
slightly sinuous oral border hearing small spaced teeth.
The premaxilla (pmse.), with a regular series of large*
and more slender teeth, is about ono quarter as much
extended as the maxilla. The mandible is imperfectly
displaced, hut the anterior end of the dentary (<&) i)ea*1
slender teeth intermediate in size between those of ^
premaxilla and maxilla. The lower end of the I>r®'
operculum (p.op.) seems to ho completely preserved,
but is not much expanded and doeB not exhibit any
ra lating ridges. The operculum (op.) is very imperl0C >

8 own’ chiefly as an impression, but must have beC
nearly twice as deep as broad. The suboperculum (s-nP‘!f
is shown to have been smooth, with feeble traces o
tv, a*'"" ^Iles’ an<f its width is about as great as its dop
the slender clavicle (cl.) is partially exposed, while t
post-temporal ( p.t .) and postelavicular plates (p-d-) aT
conSpicuous. A few of the anterior gcales are also pj*

rved, the relatively small exposed area marked W>
delicate radiating depressions. Capron C°l ’

ELOPID*.

37

Genus PACHYRHIZODUS, Dixon.

[Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 374 (ex Agassiz MS.).]

Syn. Megalodon, L. Agassiz (non Sowerby, 1829), Poiss. Foss., Feuill.
1835, p. 55 (in part).

Iiypsochn , L. Agassiz, ibid. 1837, p. 104 (in part).

Raphiosaurus, R. Owen, Trans. Geol. Soc. [2] vol. vi. 1842,
p. 413.

Acrodontosaurus, .T. W. Mason, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxv.
1869, p. 444.

An imperfectly-known genus, hitherto represented merely by
fragments. Parietal bones small and separated by the supra-
0ccipital ; no deep depression in hinder part of frontal region.
Teeth robust and conical, fused at their expanded base with the
supporting bone ; mandible with a single close series nearly regular
111 size; premaxilla horizontally extended, with a single close
series of small teeth round the autero-lateral border and two larger
teeth within ; maxilla robust, with a single series of teeth smaller
than those of the mandible. Vertebral centra deeper than long,
slightly constricted, not pitted at the sides.

Pachyrhizodus basalis, Dixon.

1850. Pachyrhizodus basalis, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 374, pi. xxxiv.

* figs. 9, 10.

Type. Premaxilla; British’ Museum.

The type species, known only by fragments of the upper jaw.

1 remaxilla narrow, its dentigerous portion about two thirds as
firoad as long; the small marginal teeth about 9 in number and
inclined outwards, tho large inner teeth with long and remarkably
straight crown, which is not hooked.

Torm. Sj Loc. Turonian : S.E. England.

49014. Eight premaxilla figured by Dixon, op. cit. pi. xxxiv. fig. 9,
to be regarded as the type specimen ; probably from the
Kentish Chalk. The outwardly-inclined bases of four
marginal teeth are shown, there arc three empty sockets,
and a fragment of another tooth appears at each end of
the series. The hinder inner tooth is represented only by
its socket. Mrs. Smith’s Coll.

f*- 5655. Portion of premaxilla with similar large inner teeth and
an abnormal tooth at the base, associated with four
characteristic vertebral centra and other fragments ;
Kent. Harford Coll.

38

ACTIN0PTEEX6I1.

25791-92. Imperfect fragment apparently of dentary and another
of right maxilla, the latter figured by Dixon, op. ciL
pi. xxxiv. figs. 10, 10 a, and hypothetically ascribed to

this species ; Steyning, Sussex. Dixon CoU.

Pachyrhizodus dibleyi, sp. nov.

[Text-figure 3.]

Type. Portions of upper jaw; British Museum.

verj arge robust species, known only by portions of the upper
jaw. All teeth with a remarkably stout and much-expanded base,
and a comparatively short stout crown which is not incurved at the
apex. remaxilla deeper than in other known species, and its
entigerous portion less than half as broad as long. Maxillary
teeth in very irregular series, those in the hinder portion excessively
compressed antero-posteriorly.

Form, cj- Loc. Turonian : Kont.

P- 9115. Type specimen discovered by Mr. G. E. Dihley, and com-
prising the associated imperfect left premaxilla, right and
left maxillae, part of ontopterygoid, and other fragments ;
Lower Chalk, Blue Bell Hill, Burkam, Kent. The general
torn of the premaxilla (fig. 3, 1, 1 a) is well shown, although
its outer border is very imperfect and partly broken
away , its characteristic inner tooth is complete, an
there is a socket for a similar tooth in front of it ; bu,
there are only fragmentary remains of throe of the small
marginal teeth. The right and left maxillm are similar
in s ape and size, so far as they can he compared, bu
e teeth of tko two sides are very different and qnite
irregular in disposition. The outer aspect of the loft
maxilla u shown in fig. 3 II, but it is incomplete at the
under end, and most of the teeth are imperfect °r_
wanting. Tbe antero-posterior compression of some 0
he teeth is indicated in fig. 3 II a, which represents
t the oral border of the same bone ; one of the teeth m
P aced and displays its relatively large base.

Purchased, l®99,

p. 4806. Portion of maxilla; near Maidstone.

Presented bp Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., 1®®

Fig. 3.

Pachyrhizodns dibleyi ; portions of upper jaw, two-thirds nat. size.

Left premaxilla, inner and upper (Ia) aspects.

Left maxilla, outer aspect, and (IIa) part of its oral border with teeth, seen from below.

I.

II.

ELOPIDJE.

40

actinopttsrygii.

Pachyrhizodus gardneri (Mason).

1837-44. Bypsodon lewesiensu, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feuill. p. 104 '
razftu'J' p4; '• p" ®?> P1- figs- 2, 4, pi. xxv b. figs. 6, 7 (in P^)-
i sfto* <RT '‘ °r Fwh’” T‘ Sniitl1' L(>nd. Geol. Journ. p. 21 , & woodc-
lm). Acroflonfns,,unK gardneri, ,T. W. Mason, Quart. Journ. Geol-
_S°e. vol. xxv. p. 444, pi. xix.

1877. Hypsodtm tewtsiemis, E. T. Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxin. p. 508.

1888. Pachyrhizodus gardneri, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc.
vol.x. p. 314. ’

Type. Portion of mandibular ramus ; British Museum.

urge species, the mandible attaining a length of at least 0’3-
Dentigerous portion of premaxilla nearly half as hroad as long, i*
marginal teeth not inclined outwards, its inner teeth with much'
expanded base, very stout and curved inwards. Dentary bone very
deep but rapidly contracting in front into a narrow thickened
symphysis, and sharply bent inwards in the lower two-third*
throughout Us length; its maximum depth equal to the base-line
ot 6 anterior teeth; a small groove on tho outer face extending
from the middle of the symphysial border in a longitudinal direc-
tion and slightly upwards until lost at the oral- border; the stout
incurved teeth somewhat over 20 in number if all were present.
Form, cj- Uc. Turonian : Kent and Sussex.

4105. Fragmentary remains of jaws in a block of chalk, partly
noticed and figured by Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 99, pi. xxv«-
gs. 4, among the type specimens of Hypxodon lew^en
Chalk, Lewes. There are portions of the dentary
of both sides, that of the left only shown in the figure'
the characteristic premaxilla of the left side, much
fractured, is exposed from the oral aspect and display®
the two large inner teeth besides two of the marginal

ee . Remains of the left maxilla exhibit a series o
smaller teeth. ]Jantdl Coll-

41674. Slab of chalk with scattered remains of head, noticed by
loulmin Smith, he. cit. 1846; Lower Chalk, Kent-
• m°n? 44le fragments of jaws the most conspicuous is th®
imperfect right dentary, exposed from within and parti)’
shown in Smith's upper figure, he. cit. The teeth on this
ne are large and smooth, curved inwards, and arrange
m very close series, the base of each much thicker
t • jUr<" , *roTT1 '4s enter to its inner face than from si e
6 ? t e aheolar border is greatly thickened to supp°r

ELOPIM!.

41

this dentition. The left premaxilla, exposed from the
oral aspect, is imperfectly shown in Smith’s lower figure ;
all its teeth are imperfect, and the foremost of the two
largo inner teeth is represented only by its hollow base ;
of the six outer teeth indicated, two exhibit the greater
part of the crown and prove that they are implanted
almost vertically. Another imperfect dentigerous bone
shown from the outer aspect on the upper part of the slab
seems to be the left maxilla. Its oral border, so far as
preserved, is straight and bears teeth resembling those of
the mandible, though much smaller ; its outer face is
flattened, but shows smooth and rouuded irregularities ;
it is deepest in the anterior third but soon tapers to its
anterior articulation. The latter is shown to be much
horizontally extended in a fragment of the right maxilla.
Some bony laminae covered with a cluster of minute
pointed teeth, may represent the entopterygoid. Three
of the largo teeth have been sliced to display their pulp-
cavity. Among other fragments may be noticed one of
the hyomandibulars, remarkably expanded and laminar
in form, with the usual process for the support of the
operculum. Toulmin Smith Coll.

33257. Associated imperfect dentaries and right premaxilla ; Lower
Chalk, Burham, Kent. The narrow thickened mandibular
symphysis is well shown, and the premaxilla exhibits
one of the large inner teeth besides some of the marginals.

Taylor Coll.

41671, 49905. Fragmentary remains of cranium, quadrate, maxilhc,
other jaw-bones, and two vertebrae, found associated ;
Chalk, Ditchling, Sussex. Most of the outer face of the
cranium is destroyed ; but it is evident that the middle of
the roof is only gently depressed, while the supraoccipital
reaches the frontals and prevents the pariotals from
meeting in the middle line. Part of the ossified sclerotic
is shown on the loft side. The hinder end of the right
maxilla is complete, and proves that, although tho bone
is much thickened in its front portion, it becomes com-
pressed to a thin vortical lamina behind. Some fragments
of inner bones of the mouth exhibit clustered minute
teeth, as in the previous speoimen. Two anterior vertebra!
are much deeper than long and not pitted at the sides.

Mrs. Smith's Coll, and Capron Coll.

42

actinopteuygii.

P. 9016. Left ramus of mandible, showing articulo-angular bone ;
Lower Chalk ( Scliloenbachia Zone), Glynde, Sussex.

Purchased, 1899.

P. 5656. A fine right dentary ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent.

Thirteen teeth are preserved, with spaces for about ten
others. Harford Coll .

47236. Anterior end of similar right dentary, being the type
specimen of the species, described as reptilian by Mason,
loc. cit. 1869 ; Lower Chalk, Lyddon Spout, Folkestone.
The oral margin of the bone is partly broken away fro®
the bases of the teeth. Gardner Coll .

33256. Imperfect dentaries associated with part of the left maxilla,
and fragments of the inner tooth-bearing bones, doubt-
fully of this species ; Burham. Taylor Coll-

P- 5652. Imperfect oral border of the left dentary, probably of this
species ; Lower Chalk, Cuxton, Kent. Harford Coll-

4068. Vertebral centrum probably of this species, figured by Agassi*.

loc. cit. pi. xxv b. figs. 6, 7 ; Chalk, Lewes. Mantell Coll-

P- 1808 a. Two vertebral centra ; Chalk, Sussex. Eger ton Coll-

P. 4506. Group of imperfect vertebra ; English Chalk.

Enniskillen Co

P. 5658. Vertebral centra ; Lower Chalk, Kent. Ilarford Coll-

So c.

Pachyrhizodus latimentum, Cope.

1872. Pachyrhizodus latimentum, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil
vol. XU. p. 346.

kinSi'’ E' D- C°pe’ ibid- p- 346, [Porti°n °'

^‘hPachjrhEodw kinyii, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. West (R<T

1875 p' , T' Territ VoL “• 1875)> P- 223, Pl- xlvi- fi£' U;. «

ph li figs T 7** latimentum’ E' D- CoPe. dM. p. 223, p). L s&

190°p 1 a°dt'f latim-enlum, F. B. Loomis, Pakeontogr. vol. xlv:

P- pi- xxvi. figs. 7; 8.

Type. Mandible, &c.

bufmTrTnumerlu?6 P\9ardneri’ with nearly similar mandlb’

us and relatively smaller teeth. Teeth not coffl

EI.0PIDJ5.

43

pressed or much expanded at the base, but smooth or with slight
longitudinal ribbings, and the slender apex considerably incurved.
Premaxilla with 13 marginal alveoli ; maxilla with about 46, dentary
with about 39 alveoli.

Form. <f- Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) : Kansas, U.S.A.

P- 9200. Imperfect crushed cranium, about as broad as long, with
remains of maxillae and two vertebral centra ; Elkader,
Logan Co., Kansas. Purchased, 1900.

Pachyrhizodus subulidens (Owen).

[Plate VII. figs. 1, 2.]

1842. Raphiosaurus subulidens, R. Owen, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1841, p. 190.

1850. Raphiosaurus lucius, It. Owen, in Dixon’s Geol. Sussex, p. 385,
pl. xxxix. tigs. 1-3.

1851. Raphiosaurus subulidens, R. Owen, Rept. Cret. Form. (Mon.
Palieont. Soc.), p. 19, pl. x. figs. 5, 6.

1889. Pachyrhizodus subulidens, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. [6] vol. iv. p. 351.

type. Anterior portion of left maxilla ; Woodwardian Museum,

Cambridge.

Ihe type species of the so-called lacertilian genus Raphiosaurus,
°1 comparatively small size, the maxilla attaining a length of about
1 10, and the mandible about O' 15. Teeth very smooth, inwardly
and backwardly curved. [Premaxilla unknown ;] maxilla flattened
externally, with a. very large anterior process, and spaces for from

to 40 teeth. Dentary bone very deep, hut rapidly contracting
ln lrout into a narrow thickened symphysis ; its outer face remark-
ably smooth, marked with two deep longitudinal depressions between
which the middle part of the bone projects in a rounded longitudinal
r>dge ; its oral border with spaces for at least 30 teeth.

Form. <)• Loc. Turonian : Cambridgeshire, Kent, and Sussex.

38566. Imperfoct right maxilla and left dentary, associated with
the metapterygoid and part of the hyomandibular ; Lower
Chalk, Hailing, Kent. Purchased, 1864.

^308. Slab of chalk with right maxilla exposed from within
(Pl. VII. fig. 1), associated with clavicle, other fragments
and scales ; Sussex. The scales are ornamented iu their
exposed sector with a few discontinuous radiating grooves ;
and one is figured by the present writer in Proc. Geol.'
Assoc, vol. x. pl. i. fig. 8. Egertm CoU'

44

actinopterygii.

36635. An imperfect mandible identical in character with that of
no. 38566 ; Hailing. The left dentary, so far as pre'
served, is shown of the natural size in PI. VII. fig- 2’
while the middle portion of the right dentary is shown in
fig. 2 a. The bone of each side is thus much distorted b)
crushing, while the lower border is complete only in Par^
of the right ramus. Purchased, 1862-

39079. Another imperfect right dentary, with incomplete lower
border ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. Bowerhank Coll-

P. 6527. Portion of dentaries ; Lower Chalk, Blue Bell Hill, Burham.

Presented by S. J. Hawkins, Esq., I801,

P.4299. "Very small maxilla associated with hinder portion

cranium, doubtfully of this species ; Lower Chalk, Bur-
ham- Enniskillen Coll-

36138. Imperfect small maxilla; and other associated fragments,
also doubtfully of this Bpecies ; Lower Chalk, Burham.

Purchased, 1861-

39087. Imperfect small right dentary, doubtfully of this species;

Bromley, Kent. Bowerhank Coll-

The following specimen probably belongs to a species of Tachy-

P. 5659. Imperfect caudal region covered with large and thin
cycloid scales, which are either smooth or only feeblI
marked with radiating stri* ; Lower Chalk, Cuxton, K-eTlt-
. 6 vertebral centra are short and deep, without lateral
pits. The rays of the caudal fin exhibit very close trans
verse articulations. Harford Coll-

Species not represented in the Collection have also been described
on fragmentary evidence as follows

^yrhizodus caninus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. *»•
p. 344, and Vert. Cret. Eorm. West (Rep. U-b-
pi S"rv‘ Territ- vol. ii. 1875), p. 221, pi. 1. figs-
■ H Loomis, Pabeontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900), P- ~G'\
P • xxvii . figs. 1 0-12 , — TJ pper Cretaceous (N iobrara G roup ) ,

tw]

Pachyrhizodus

curvatus, F. B. Loomis, Palceontogr. vol.

nnno\ ’ ijoomis, raiffiontogr. «"■

f ), p. 265, pi. xxv. figs. 6-8.— Upper Cretaceo®

EL0PIDJ3.

45

Kansas. [Maxilla and mandible; Palaeontological Museum,
Munich.]

Pachyrhizodus leptognalhus, A. Stewart, Kansas Univ. Quart.
[A] vol. vii. (1898), p. 193, pi. xvii. fig. 1 ; F. B. Loomis,
loc. cit. 1900, p. 264, pi. xxvi. figs. 10-16. — Upper Cre-
taceous (Niobrara Group) ; Kansas. [Mandible, Ac. ;
Kansas University Museum.]

Pachyrhizodus leptopsis, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
no. 2 (1874), p. 42, and op. cit. 1875, p. 225, pi. li.
fig. 8. — Ibid. [Fragments of mandible, &c.]

Pachyrhizodus minimus, A. Stewart, loc. cit. [A] vol. viii. (1899),
p. 37, woodc. — Upper Cretaceous; Butte Creek, Logan
Co., Kansas. [Mandible; Kansas University Museum.]

Pachyrhizodus sheared, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1872, p. 347, and
op. cit. 1875, p. 225 : Oricardinus (?), E. D. Cope, Proc.
Amor. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii. (1878), p. 177. — Upper Cre-
taceous (Niobrara Group); Kansas. [Jaw, wanting
teeth.]

Pachyrhizodus velox, A. Stewart, loc. cit. [A] vol. vii. (1898),
p. 193, pi. xvii. fig. 2.— Ibid. [Jaws ; Kansas University
Museum.]

An imperfect jaw of Pachyrhizodus from the Turonian (Planer-
kalk) of Strehlen, Dresden, is described under the name of Hypsodon
hwesiensis , Ag., by H. B. Geinitz, Palsoontogr. vol. xx. pt. ii.(1875),
p. 222, pi. xliii. fig. 1.

A ronewed examination of the type specimen of Mosasaurus
gracilis, Owen, from the Chalk of Sussex, in the Brighton Museum,
has convinced the present writer that the fossil is truly part of the
mandible of a Mosasaurian. It was therefore wrongly named
Pachyrhizodus gracilis in A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc.
Vo1- x. (1888), p. 314.

The genera and speoies described as follows are supposed to be
related to Pachyrhizodus, but are too imperfectly known for precise
determination. They are not represented in tho Collection : —

Cyelotomodon vagrans, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1876, p. 113. — Phosphate Beds ; Charleston, South Caro-
lina. [The type species. Fragment of jaw.]

Ischyrhiza antiqua, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
vol. viii. (1856), p. 256 ; E. Emmons, Rep. N. Carolina
Geol. Surv. (1858), p. 225, figs. 47, 48.— Tertiary ;
Neuse River, North Carolina. [Tooth.]

46

ACTINOPTEUTGII,

Itchyrhiza mini, J. Leidy, ibid. (1856), p. 221.— Cretaceous

Greensand; Burlington Co., New Jersey. [The type
species. Tooth.]

Itchyrhiza (?) radiaUi, W. B. Clark, Bull. U.8. Geol. Surv-
no. 141 (1896), p. 60, pi. vii. figs. 2 a-c. — Eocene ; Clifton
Beach, Maryland. [Hypural and caudal vertebrae; Johns
Hopkins University.]

Oricardinus tortus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvh-
(18<8), p. 177. — Upper Cretaceous; Kansas. [Maxi a
and vertebrae ; Cope Collection.]

Genus ESOCELOPS, nov.

Syn. Eurygnathus, L. Agassiz, Hep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845),- p- 307
(name only, non Eurygnathus, Wollaston, 1863).

A genus known only by the head, which is both depressed and
elongated. Frontal bones extending close to the occipital boidt*1'
bent into a slight depression in their hinder portion ; parietal hones
very small. Mandible comparatively short, and gape of mouth not
extending to the hinder border of the orbit; mandibular teeth
stout and conical, laterally compressed, well spaced. Operculum
simple; branchiostegal rays at least 15 in number; gular plate
extending for not less than three-quarters the length of the
mandible.

Esocelops cavifrons, sp. nov.

[Plate III. figs. li 2.]

1845. Eurygnathus cavifrons, L. Agassiz, Hep. Brit. Assoc. I84*,
p. 307 (name only).

Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.

The type species, with skull attaining a length of about O'1-
Maximum width of occiput exceeding the length of the postorbital
region, and somewhat less than one half the length of the cranium-
length of mandible about equal to the distance from the end of the
snout to the hinder border of the orbit. Bones of cranial root
slightly rugose or pitted; cheek-plates very delicate, ornamented
with rounded radiating ridges. Operculum somewhat deeper than
broad, and its width equalling about one third the length of the
cranium , gular plate widest and spatulate behind, its maximum
width slightly exceeding one third of its length.

Form, if hoc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : Sheppey, Kent.

EL0PID.33.

47

P- 1749. Type specimen, shown of two thirds the natural size from
the left lateral and inferior aspects in PI. III. figs. 1, 1 a.
The general proportions of the cranium are indicated, but
the bones aro much fractured and some may be distin-
guished more readily in the next specimen. The otic
region is well ossified, and the sphenotic (or postfrontal,
pt.f.) enters the anterior end of the facette for the hyo-
mandibular. The latter element (Jim.) is much constricted
and bent forwards mesially, while the slendor process (p.)
for the support of the operculum {op.) arises from the
lower end of its upper half. This bone seems to be a
little displaced backwards by crushing, the remains of the
quadrate (qu.) and probably of the symplectic (sy.) being
well forwards. The fragments of the metapterygoid
(mpt.) and ectopterygoid ( eept .) do not suffice for descrip-
tion. The snout is incomplete, but the greater part of
the mandiblo is shown on each side. The articulo-angular
element (ag.) is relatively large, with very low articular
facette ; the depth of the coronoid region seems to have
equalled one quarter the total length of the ramus, and
the dentary (d. ) gradually tapers forwards. The teeth in
the anterior half of the mandible, so far as preserved, are
much larger than those in its posterior half, which are
best seen on the right side. All are smooth, acutely
pointed, and inclined a little backwards. Part of a com-
paratively deep suboperculum ( s.op .) is preserved ; the
uppermost branchiostegal ray (br.) is shown to be rather
large, but the others, not less than 14 in number, are
only imperfectly indicated ; the gular plate (gu.) wants
merely its anterior end. Egerton Coll.

640. Another imperfect head, displaying the hinder part of the
cranial roof (PI. III. fig. 2), remains of the characteristic
cheek-plates, and part of the opercular apparatus. This
specimen is labelled Eurygnathus Mvifrons by Agassiz, and
was intended by him to be the type of the species. The
robust supraoccipital (s.oce.), with a posterior keel, is well
shown at the back of the cranial roof, articulating with
the large epiotic (epo.) on either side. The frontals (fr.)
are shown to extend close to this occipital border ; they
are bounded on either side in their hinder portion by
membrane-bones which seem to be identifiable as squa-
mosal {sq.), but the parietals cannot be recognised with

48

actinoptf.rygii.

certainty. The postfrontal or sphenotic {pt.f.) projects a
little on each side and cau he seen from above. Remains
of the cheek-plates (s.o.) on both sides are very delicate,
and exhibit the characteristic radiating markings. The
jaws are too imperfect for description, but one of the cha-
racteristic hinder mandibular teeth is seen. The opercu
lum, though fragmentary, is shown to have been deeper
than broad ; while the preoperculum must clearly have
been very little expanded at its angle. Of the gular plate
only the hinder end is preserved. Egerton Coll-

Genus SPANIODON, Pictet.

[Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, 1850, p. 33.]

Syn. Lewisia, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [21 vol. iii. I887’
p. 593.

Trunk elongated and laterally compressed, abdomen trenchant-
Cheek-plates robust, exhibiting radiating branches from the slime
canal; jaws toothless, except the anterior end of the mandible,
which bears one or two pairs of large conical teeth. Branch!®'
stegal rays at least 15 in number. Vertebral centra strengthen®
by a few longitudinal ridges ; ribs very delicate and nearly straight-
Pectoral fins large and pelvic fins smaller, these opposed to the
hinder end of the dorsal or slightly behind it ; anal fin remote,
small and not much extended; caudal fin deeply forked. 7,0
enlarged scale at the base of the paired fins ; no enlarged ridge
scales.

. The ^eleton of this fish is so delicate that it is usually distorted
in the fossils. It is thus very difficult to distinguish the specie3-
'which seem to differ from each other only in their general propor-
tions and in the relative length of the vertebral centra.

Spaniodon blondeli, Pictet.

[Text-figure 4.]

1&50. Spaniodon blondelii, F. .1. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, P- 3i
pl. v. figs. 2-4.

1887. Spaniodm blondelii, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2.

n 1887 p' 687, p1' xxxiv- %• 3- , o

'■ ’ r'- ‘fantodon electus, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 589, pl. xxxiv. fig- *

l 'early complete fish ; Edinburgh Museum.]

2^|/pc. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum,
a T FlBpecies’ attaining a length of about 0-2. The maxing”
epth of the trunk equals about two thirds of the length of th

ELOPIM.

49

head with opercular apparatus, which is contained slightly more
than twice in the length of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the
base of the caudal fin. Vertebras about 55 in number, somewhat
■nore than half of them in the abdominal region ; the centra as
long as deep in the abdominal, relatively longer in the caudal
region. Pectoral fins with about 12 or 14 stout rays, all divided
distally, and the foremost at least half as long as the head
with opercular apparatus ; pelvic fins not moro than half as large
as the pectorals, with 7 or 8 rays, arising opposite a point just
behind the hinder extremity of the dorsal, not far from the remote
anal fin ; dorsal fin slightly deeper than long, with 15 or 16 rays,
arising midway between the occiput and the caudal fin ; anal fin
much less elevated than the dorsal, with 15-16 rays, arising
somewhat nearer to the pelvic pair than to the caudal fin, which
comprises very stout rays. Scales smooth.

Form. § hoc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mount Lobanon.

49534. Fine specimen 0'19 in length, apparently not distorted but
displaying tho true proportions of the fish indicated in the
specific diagnosis. One stout and slightly recurved tooth
is preserved among the remains of the mandible.

Lewis Coll.

48069, P. 4749. Two equally large specimens somewhat distorted
and with open mouth. In the second specimen there are
parts of three enlarged teeth among the remains of the
mandible; while some of the branchial arches are ex-
posed, bearing very fine dentieles on their anterior border.
The squarnation in both specimens is distinct. Lewis Coll.

P- 4788. Fine specimen about O' 1 7 in length. Lewis Coll.

46512-14, 47355, 48071, 48075-76, 48153, P. 9163. Nine smaller
and more imperfect specimens, variously distorted.
No. 47355 might be interpreted as exhibiting two slender
teeth in the premaxilke smaller than those of tho man-
dible, but the specimen is too much crushed and broken
to be conclusive. In No. 48075 some of tho hinder ribs
seem to have been broken and repaired during the life of
the animal. Lewis Coll.

P- 9191. Fine specimen wanting the caudal fin. Immediately behind
the head the triangular lower end of the preoperculum is
shown, marked with radiating ridges; and the operculum
is clearly narrow and deep. The neural spines are

?AKT IV. K

ELOPID.E.

51

separable from the neural arches throughout the abdominal
region, a fow behind the head being excessively thickened,
while those beyond are still comparatively stout and with
a slight sigmoidal bond. There is an undigested fish
between the ribs. Lewis Coll.

47354, P. 4750, P. 4782. Two slabs with various remains, and
another slab with one small distorted fish associated with
other genera and species. Lewis Coll.

P* 9157. Imperfoct specimen. Enniskillen Coll.

P- 1877. Two imporfect small specimens. Egerton Coll.

46509. Head with anterior abdominal region. A. bone which seems
to be the premaxilla is relatively small, and apparently
extends slightly beneath the anterior end of the maxilla.
The right ramus of the mandible is shown to boar one
large slender conical tooth at the symphysial end, and a
similar though smaller tooth further back. The anterior
suborbital cheek-plate is relatively largo and marked by
radiating branches from the slime-canal which traverses
it. Lewis Coll.

47350. Small trunk with fins. Lewis Coll.

P- 9190. Mandible, hyoid arch, and branchiostegal apparatus of
Spaniodon, probably referable to S. blondeli. The jaw is
exposed from beneath and displays a relatively small gular
plate. Lewis Coll.

Spaniodon elongatus, Pictet.

[Plate VII. fig. 3.]

18-50. Spaniodon elongatus, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban,
P- 35, pi. vi. figs. 1, 2.

1806. Spaniodon elongatus, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss.

Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 85, pi. xii. figs. 1, 2.

1887. Spaniodon elongatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 588.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum.

A- slender species, attaining a length of 0'25. Length of head
Wlfh opercular apparatus twice as great as the maximum depth of
H*e trunk, and equalling nearly half the length of tho trunk from
the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebra; about

52

actinopterygii.

5 in number, the centra more elongated than in the type i

Fins as in the type species.

4 Loc. L pper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mount Lebanon.

46521. Very large fish, partly shown only in impression
the principal characters of the species

i, display

P. 1878. Specimen about 0-2 in length.

f.„ying
Lewis Coll

Coll

Egerton *

n equally large specimen displaying the head, which i®
shown of the natural size in PI. VII. fie. 3. The head is
exnnspH . .qhed

The head I

exposed from the left side, and is a little obliquely crusl
at the imperfect left mandibular ramus is displace
upwards. The cranium is shown to be elongated and
depressed, with a straight basicranial axis. The pterVgO'
quadrate arcade is shown to be delicate and apparently
toothless ; while the mandibular suspensorium is almost
vertical though arched, and the articular end of the
mandible is beneath the back of the head. The front
half of the left facial region is broken away, so that the
characteristic maxilla of the right side is partly expose
om within, and there seem to be traces of a very short
premaxilla at its anterior end. Above the maxilla (**■)
the large antorbital check-plate is seen (a.o.), VaT^
red a,nd dlsPlaJ'ing the radiating branches from the
ime-canal Below the maxilla, adjoining the remain®
of the mandible (d.), there is an impression of the
conical tooth at its symphysis. Between the mandibular
rami the letfc ceratohyal is narf.lv . and the senes

— , ^i«upercuium (

... 1 ar£° tnangular expansion at its lower end, mar
a cw radiating blanches of the slime-canal;
operculum and suboperculum behind are too m
e and fractured for recognition. Just behind
ercu um there are traces of the thickened ante
neural spines. LewU I

tion '*(r ^&r^e 8Pecimen apparently elongated by die

Lewis

44831, 46516, 465l9_on p

*0. Four nearly complete fishes.

Lewi

ELOPID^.

53

48072. Head and part of abdominal region of a large specimen,
displaying the very large tooth at the symphysis of the
mandible and a smaller tooth further back. Lewis Coil.

Spaniodon latus ( Agassiz).

1844. Clupea lata, L Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 118, pi. lxi.
fig. 10.

1850. Clupea lata, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p 37, pi vii

fig. 1.

1866. Spaniodon brevis, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss. Foss.
Mt. Liban, p. 86, pi. xii. figs. 3, 4. [Imperfect distorted fish ;
Geneva Museum.]

1887. Spaniodon brevis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 592, pi. xxxiv. fig. 1.

1887. Lewisia ovalis , .1. W, Davis, ibid. p. 593, pi. xxxiii. fig. 6.

[Nearly complete fish; Edinburgh Museum.]

1899. Spaniodon brevis, A. S. Woodward, Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7]
vol. iv. p. 319.

Type. Imperfect distorted fish; olim Alex. Brongniart. Collection.
A somewhat smaller and stouter species than the type, with
relatively shorter caudal vertebrae and deeper caudal pedicle.
The total number of vertebra; seems to bo about 50, and the length
of the head with opercular apparatus scarcely excoeds the maximum
depth of the abdominal region.

Form. 4" Toe. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mount Lebanon.

P. 7811. Distorted fish, described and figured by J. W. Davis, loc.

dt. Davis Coll.

48074. Fine specimen apparently not much distorted, but wanting
the cranium. The supports of 16 rays are seen in the
dorsal, 14 in the anal fin. V-shaped intermuscular bones
occur in the anterior part of the abdominal region just
below tho vertebra;. Lewis Coll.

46398, 46508, 46515, 47348-49, P. 4787. Six imperfect and dis-
torted specimens apparently of this species. Lewis Coll.

P. 1879. Three fragments. EgertonColl.

The following species has also been described but is not repre-
sented in the Collection : —

Spaniodon simus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iv.
(1878) p. 69.— Uppor Cretaceous ; Dakota. [Imperfect
fish ; Cope Collection.]

54

actinopterygij.

The so-called Spaniodon Upturns (\\r . von der March, Pakeontogr-
vol. xli. 1894, p. 46, pi. v. fig. 5), from the Upper Cretaceous o
the Baumbcrg, Westphalia, now in the Academy of Munster, does
not belong to this genus or even to the same family.

Genus THRISSOPTEROIDES, W. von der Marck.
[Palmontogr. vol. xxii. 1873, p. 61.]

Almost identical with Spaniodon, hut the dorsal fin comparative^
remote and opposed to the space between the pelvic and anal fio
e arched maxilla bearing a regular close series of minute teet
a pair of enlarged teeth at the symphysial end of the mandible.

Thrissopteroides elongates, W. von der Marck.

1873. Thrissopteroides elonyatus , W. von der Marck, Palseontogr-
vol. xxii. p. 01, pi. ii. fig. 3.

Type. Impression of nearly complete fish ; Academy of Munsb*'
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-2. Length 0
head with opercular apparatus twice as great as the maxima®
depth of the trunk, and contained about throe times in the length
ot the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of tho caudal tin-
ertebra) approximately 70 in number, about 18 being caudal-
Pectoral fins large, with at least 11 rays, the longest two thirds ^
on„ as the head with opercular apparatus; pelvic fins not m011,
tuan half as large as the pectorals, arising considerably behind the
middle point of the trunk ; dorsal fin completely opposito tho sp»c0
between the pelvic and anal fins.

Form. $ Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.

Not represented in the Collection.

Thrissopteroides latus, W. von der Marck.

1873. Thrissopteroides latus, W. von der Marck, Paleeontogr. vol. xxii-
P- 62, pi. u. fig. 5,

Type. Nearly completo fish ; Academy of Miinster.

^ LClU!> a'luut as large as the type, of comparatively stout l>r°

time, T’-?6, maximum dePfch ^ the trunk contained about ft*

raes in its length from the pectoral arch to the base of the candid

undivid^ I6"8 VCTy kr«(!> "'Uh about 17 rays, the

divided; pehm fins about half as j as thc pcctorals, with -

rajs, the foremost undivided; dorsal fin comprising 3 undivided

ELOPIDiE.

55

rays increasing in size and then 14 divided rays, the whole com-
pletely opposite the space between the pelvic and anal fins ; anal
fin with two small undivided rays, a larger undivided ray, and then
15 divided rays.

Form. 4' Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.

Not represented in the Collection.

Thrissopteroides intermedius, W. von der Marck.

1885. Thrissopteroides intermedius, W. von der Marck, Palmontogr.
vol. xxxi. p. 258, pi. xxiv. fig. 2.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Academy of Miinster.

A comparatively robust specios about as large as the typo.
Length of head with opercular apparatus less than twice as great
as the maximum depth of the trunk and contained scarcely more
than twice in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the
caudal fin. Vertebras approximately 60 in number, 16 being caudal.
Dorsal and anal fins apparently slightly less extended than in the
last species.

Form. 4' Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.

Not represented in the Collection.

Thrissopteroides tenuiceps, A. S. Woodward.

1887. Clupea elonyata, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 581, pi. xxxiii. fig. 2.

1898. Thrissopteroides tenuiceps, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. [7] vol. ii. p. 408.

Type. Fish, distorted anteriorly ; Edinburgh Museum.

A small species, attaining a length of about O’l. Longth of
head with opercular apparatus twice as great as the maximum
depth of tho trunk, and contained about two and a half times in
the length of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of tho
caudal fin. Vertebrae approximately 60 in number, about 18 being
caudal. Pelvic fins arising considerably behind the middle point
of the trunk ; dorsal fin, with about 12 or 14 rays, directly opposed
to the space between the pelvic and anal fins ; anal fin comparatively
low and delicate, with about 15 rays.

Form. 4' Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Mt. Lebanon.

49592. A larger example than the type specimen slightly elongated
by distortion, noticed loc. cit. 1898, p. 408 ; Sahel Alma.
Part of the displaced left maxilla is seen from within,

56

ACTINOPTERYGII.

exhibiting its regular series of minute teeth ; ^

right dentary is observed to bear its enlarged tooth at t
symphysis. Cycloid scales are well preserved.

Lewis Coll .

P. 4736. Slightly smaller specimen than the type, elongated h)
distortion ; Sahel Alma. Lewis Coll-

Thrissopteroides pulcher (Davis).

1887. Clupea pulchra, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 578, pi. xxxiii. fig. 3.

Thrissopteroides pulelier, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. >Tft '
Hist. [7] vol. ii. p. 408.

-Type. Nearly complete fish ; Edinburgh Museum. ,

A very small species, attaining a length of about 0-07. length
of head with opercular apparatus not much exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk and contained nearly three times in the lengt
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae and
fins as in the last species.

Form.drLoc. Upper Cretaceous: Mt. Lebanon.

P. 9164. A typical specimen, showing the finely denticulated m»xllla
crushed upon the mandible ; Sahel Alma. The charac-
teristic antorbital cheek-plate can be imperfectly seen.

Lewis Coll-

The following specimens aro not specifically determined : —

46522, 47809. Two imperfect fishes about 0-17 in length, 'vlth
pelvic fins opposite origin of dorsal fin ; Upper Cretaceous-
Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon. Lewis Col*-

Genus PROTELOPS, Laube.

[Dcnkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. 1. 1885, p- 286--*

An imperfectly known genus. Cleft of mouth nearly horizon^1
and gape extending at least as far as the hinder border of the orbit-
o moderate size, not in sockets but fused with the supp01^11
, ? ai? cat^1 comprising a long, slender, hollow base tipped b)
relatively small enamelled crown ; these teeth more or less uniform in
" r 6i°n ea< ^one> and arranged in two or more series on the bor
of the mouth and the pterygo-palatine arcade.

ELOPIDjE.

57

Protelops geinitzi, Laube.

1885. Protelops yeinitzii, G. C. Laube, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss,, math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. 1. p. 286, pi. i. fig. 1, and woodc.

Type. Natural mould of fish, wanting tail ; Geological Museum,
German University, Prague.

Tbe type species, known only by the typo specimen. Length of
head with opercular apparatus considerably' exceeding maximum
depth of trunk. Teeth on margin of jaws scarcely curved, those of
dentary bone in four longitudinal series.

Form. 4- Loc. Turonian : Bohemia.

P. 5734. Plaster cast of type specimen, described and figured by
Laube, loc. cit. ; Turonian, Weissen Berg, near Prague.

Purchased, 1888.

Protelops anglicus, A. S. Woodward.

1888. Stratodus anylicus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 314, pi. i. figs. 3, 4.

Type. Imperfect jaws ; British Museum.

A species larger than the type, known only by fragments of jaws.
Teeth of maxilla (? or palatine) slightly curved. Teeth of dentary
in two longitudinal series.

Form. 4" Loc. Turonian : Sussex.

49906. The type specimen, being imperfect remains probably of the
maxilla, associated with other fragments ; Lower Chalk,
Glynde, Sussex. Part of the dentition is figured, loc. cit.
pi. i. fig. 3. Capron Coll.

49780. Imperfect left dentary showing bases of two series of teeth,
figured loc. cit. pi. i. fig. 4, associated with part of the
right dentary ; Lower Chalk, Southeram, near Lewes.

Capron Coll.

The fishes described under the following names also probably
belong to the family Elopidm, but are not known by sufficiently
perfect specimens for precise determination. They are not repre-
sented in the Collection.

Caeus leopoldi, 0. G. Costa, Atti Accad. Pontan. vol. viii. (1864),
p. 65, pi. x. ; F. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. (1882), p. 243.— Upper Cretaceous;
Pietraroja, Province of Benevento, Italy. [Nearly com-
plete fish ; Geological Museum, University of Naples.]

58

actinoptekygii.

'W ”* yww*, D. G. Kramberger, Soo. Hist. Nat. Croatica,
vol. i. (1386), p. 128, and Rad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. _cvi-
(1891), p. 67, pi. viii. fig. 3. — Cretaceous ; Isle of Lesina,

Dalmatia. [Imperfect fish; Museum of Imperial Geological

Survey, Vienna.]

Bemielopopsit gracilis, F. Bassani, Verhandl. k.-k. geol. Reicbsanst.
18 < 9, p. 166, and Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturvv.
Cl. vol. xlv. (1882), p. 216, pi. vi. fig. 3.-lbid. [I®'
perfect fish; Geological Museum, University of Vienna.
Probably generically identical with Uixtiabsa.]
Bertnelojpopsis messi, F. Bassani, loc. oil. 1879, p. 166, and loc. «*■
^ ’r>’ P^- v- i B. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav
Akad. vol. lxxii. (1885), p. 29, and vol. cvi. p. 66, P1- *;
g. 12. Ibid. [The type species. Imperfect fis
Museum of Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna. 1>rd'
bably generically identical with Uistialota.']

Buhahsa thiollieri, P. Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. [4] Zool. vol. i»*
(1855), p. 322, pi. iv. fig. 2.— Lower Cretaceous ; Beaufort,
Drome. [Imperfect fish.]

fypso8pondylu8 bassanii, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad-
vol. lxxii. (1885), p. 31, pi. v. fig. 1, and Soc. Hist. Nat-

LrGfl.t.lf'.SI TTf-,1 « /I Or,/. , _ „ _

Isle

of

,, . ' r- jji. v. ug. x, aim uuu. *

Croatica, vol. i. (1886), p. 130.— Cretaceous ; —
Lesina, Dalmatia. [The type species. Imperfect &&i
eoogieal Museum, University of Agrain.]
BypU^Mni, 0. G. Costa, Atii Accad. Pontan. vol. vn>.

( -61) p. 80, pi. xi. figS. 6; 13j 14. Sauropsidiwn <Ba

nhcauda, 0. G. Costa, loc. cit. vol. viii. (1864), p. 60, l'1- lX‘
g- 1>r»bably identical with Sauropsidium
“ remarked by F. Bassani, loc. cit. 1882, p. 243.-1^
reaceous; Pietraroja. [Imperfect fish; GeologlC
Museum, University of Naples.]

Sauropsuhum Wimmum, O. G. Costa, loc. cit vol. v. (185°>’
’ P ; Vl' 1, and vol. viii. Append. (1804), PP* ’
^26 pk vi. fig. 5 ; F. Bassani, loc. Jit. 1882, p. 241. f”
• C. Costa, loc. Cit. vol. vii. (1853), p. 12, pi. i- fig- \
Pper cetaceous; Pietraroja. [The type species. ^

P ect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Napl°s-J

Bohemia, perhai^ '1°LaC|led 8calus fr°m the Turonian of Saxony

have been described*08 ^ T°ferable to flshes of tho family Ufopr ‘
under the following names : —

CrV'72tkPlJ StTfnlai’ H> B' Geinitz- Denkschr Gee- ^
d 47 Dresden z- Peier 50 jahr. Bestehens, l8

P- 4G pl. li. fig. 23.

AUiVLTDX.

59

Aspidolepis steinlai, H. B. Geinitz, ibid. p. 40, pi. ii. figs. 3-6 ;
A. Fritsch, Ropt. u. Fische bbhm. Kreideform. (1878),
p. 35, fig. 60.

Oyclolepis ayassizi, H. B. Geinitz, ibid. p. 39, pi. ii. figs. 1, 2
(= Aulolepis reussi, H. B. Geinitz, (Juadersandsteingeb.
1849, p. 86); A Fritsch, op. cit. (1878), p. 31, fig. 59.
Hemicyclus strehlensis, H. B. Geinitz, ibid. p. 44, pi. iii. fig. 19.
Hemilampronites steinlai, H. B. Geinitz, ibid. p. 48, pi. iii. figs. 3, 4.
Osmerolepis reticulata, A. Fritsch, Archiv naturw. Laudesdurchf.
Biihmen, vol. ix., Geol. no. 1 (1893), p. 70, fig. 38.

Indeterminable cycloid scales have also been described thus : —

Cycloides indsus, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iv.
(1876), p. 3, pi. i. fig. 2.— Lower Eocene (Heorsian) ;
Limbourg, Bolgium.

Lyrolepis ouucasicus, G. Romanovsky, \ erhandl. russ.-kais. Min.
Gos. [2] vol. xxii. (18S6), p. 305.— Upper Cretaceous;
Caucasus.

Family ALBULIDzE.

Supraoccipital bone not prominent, but sometimos separating
parietals in the middle line ; sipiamosals suturally united^ with
parietals, and completely covering the otic region, except behind ;
snout not much produced ; cheek-plates well developed. Mandibular
suspensorium much inclined forwards and gape of mouth small ;
premaxilla small and maxilla relatively large, both entering tho
upper border of the mouth ; marginal dentition feeble or absent.
Opercular apparatus complete, with tendency to reduction ot
branchiostegal rays, and no gular plate. Yertebral centra well
ossified, none with transverse processes ; ribs nearly encircling the
abdominal cavity ; hmmal arches more or less fused at tho base of
the tail. Fin-fulcra absent. Dorsal fin nearly median, sometimes
much extended ; no adipose dorsal. Scalos thin, cycloidal and
deeply imbricating, none extending over tho head ; lateral line
conspicuous.

Synopsis of Oenera.

I. Dorsal fin short-based.

Parasphenoid, entopterygoid, and tongue with
large crushing teeth ; premaxilla, vomer,
and palatines with minute pointed teeth ;
parietal bones meeting in middle line Albula (p. 60).

60

actinoptehygii.

II.

No inner crushing teeth ; a few stout conical
teeth

Teeth absent; parietal bones small and sepal-
ated by supraoccipital ; a scaly lamella at
the base of each lobe of the tail ....

Teeth absent; no scaly lamella at the base of
the tail

Dorsal tin more or less extended,
runk deepened; jaws toothless; dorsal fin in
hinder half of back

Trunk elongated ; minute teeth in single series
on margin of jaws, stouter teeth within ;
aorsal fin occupying greater part of back .

clut'4' niar°’md apparently

Chanoides (p. 63).

C’hanos (p. 64).
Prochanos (p- 65).

Ancylostylos (p- 66)-

Istieus (p. 66).

Anogmius (p. 71)'

Genus ALBULA (Gronow), Bloch & Schneider.

[Syst. Ichthyol. 1801, p. 432.]

Syn. Butyrinus, B. G. E. de Lacdpede, Hist. Nat. Poise, vol. v. 1803,
p. 45.

Glossodus, Cuvier, in Agassiz and Spix, Pise. Brasil. 1829, p. *8‘

1 'Modus, R. Owen (ear Agassiz, MS.), Odontogr. 1845, p. 1»8-

Trunk somewhat laterally compressed, and abdomen flattened.
°U P01I'tl'fi; and raouth not quite terminal ; dentary, premoxifla-
er, and palatines with clusters of minute pointed teeth; P»ra'

. • i . ’ elltoPterygoid, and tongue each with a patch of compara

('ill l iarS°l Cl°80ly'arranged tritoral teeth; maxilla toothless-
numbfi 6rs *hort and tubercular; branchiostegal rays about 14 ]n
JTi": 1Urtcbrac in thc type species 43 in the abdominal, 25 *
based U) ^ re°1?- Pcdvio dns opposed to the dorsal, which is short

Seal ’ f T 6°r than the anal; caudal fin deeply forked-
Scales of moderate size, not pectinated.

tr • 6 ,SbeC'CS °*tb’s ”unua survives in nearly all tropical and sub-

«“ '>““1 '> well described ai

0885? » LI' ***« i""' ll'P- D.S.Oommis.. Fisheries, 1883

U 85), p- 808> P1- pl. Xiii. figs. 30, 31.

Albula oweni (Owen).

[Piate IV.]

^ ^(namifonly^ "'1’ L' Agasslz’ Poiss- Foss- vol. «• P1- iL r'

1854. Odontogr. p. 138, pl. xlvii. fig- 3-

R Coll ’ R' 0wen> Gat. Foss. Rept. & Pisces Mu--

• ^0U* burgeons, p. 167# 1

AI.BULTDJ2.

01

1891-03. Pisodus otveni, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. viii.
p. 108, pi. iii. figs. 3-6, and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6] vol. xi.
p. 367, pi. xvii.

Type. Parasphenoid dentition ; Royal College of Surgeons,
London.

The type species of the so-called genus Pisodus, of large size,
the head sometimes attaining a length of 03. Too imperfectly
known to be precisely defined, but differing from the sole existing
species in the proportions of the cranium ; the distance from the
end of the snout to the anterior notch of the frontals being about
equal to that from this notch to the occiput, whereas tho proportion
of the same measurements in the recent A. vulpes 1 is 2 : 3. Rostrum
thus comparatively largo.

Form. $ hoc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : Sheppey. Similar
tritoral teeth in Middle Eocene (Bruxollian) : Brussels.

P. 9158. Head with opercular apparatus, remains of the pectoral
arch, and fragmentary scales ; London Clay, Sheppey.
The skull measures about 0-3 from the occiput to the end
of the snout, and the cheek has a very similar aspect to
that of the recent species. The specimen is crushed
obliquely, so that the roof of the cranium is shown entirely
on the left side (Pl. IV. fig. 1 a), while the space below
and behind the mandible, with some of the branchiostegal
rays, appears on the right side (fig. 1). The whole of
the fossil is permeated with pyrites, which may decay and
eventually cause its destruction. Of the cranium itself
only the roof is exposed, but this is complete and merely
a littlo fractured and in places obscured by pyrites.
Behind the occiput the epiotic (ep.o.) is distinct on the
loft side ; the limits of the squamosals (sq.), parietals (pa.),
and frontals (/>•.) are sufficiently clear. The postfrontal
( pt.f .) is also oxposed a little, and the prefrontal (pr.fi)
still more on the cranial roof ; and the form of tho median
depression in this roof is characteristically exhibited.
The rostrum is comparatively long and slender, too im-
perfect for description ; but the notch in the anterior
border of the frontal is distinct on each side, this being
situated about midway between the occiput and the end
of the snout. Remains of the mandibular suspensorium
and jaws are exposed on each side of the fossil • and the
remarkably forward articulation of the mandible is well

1 See figure by Shufeldt, Rep. U.S. Fish Comm. 1883 (1886), pl. xiii. fig. 30.

62

ACTIXOPTERYSII.

39439.

30528.

shown. The ossification of the hyomandibular is especially
dense, as indicated by its upper end (Jim.) exposed on
the right, and by its opereular process seen on the 1°^
sido. The boundaries of the large, expanded metapterygoid
(mpt.) are not completely shown ; but its long antero-
inferior border is exhibited in contact with the quadrate
(qu.) on oaeh side of the fossil. The latter element is
very concave on its outer face immediately behind the
articular condyle, and sends backwards a long process to
clasp the symplectic, which is not clearly distinguishable!
but seems to have been long and narrow. An excavation
in the matrix on the left side has revealed a portion
of bone bearing the characteristic PUodus-toeth (>'•)>
which may be entoptcrygoid. The maxilla (j nx.) is frag-
mentary on both sides, and the premaxilla is destroyed ; but
the right mandibular ramus is well-displayed, showing the
suture between the angular (ag.) and dontarv (cl.) bones.
The articular facette for the quadrate condyle is remarkably
concave; the bases of a cluster of minute teeth are vaguely
indicated near the symphysis of the dentary. The sclerotic
of the eye (scl) is ossified, and thore are traces of cheek-
plates on the right side. The preoperculum (p.op-) 13
narrow and bent closely round the hinder border of the
mandibular suspensorium. The operculum (op.) and sub-
operculum (s.op.) are much fractured on the right side,
crushed inwards on the left ; but it is evident that the
former is not quite twice as deep as its maximum width,
while the maximum depth of the latter equals somewhat
more than half its width. The interopcrculum is not
definitely identifiable ; but the branchiostegal rays (hr.)
are well preserved on the right sido to the number of nine
or ten, though probably others are lost or obscured in
front. Traces apparently of the basibranohial and robust
hyoid bones project from the matrix below. The pectoral
arch and large scales are too imperfect for description-
Three short and deep vertebrae are indicated in section.

History unknown-

Imperfect cranium showing parasphenoid dentition, described
and figured in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6] vol. xi. (1893).
P ■ 3o' , PL xyii- ; Sheppey. Boiverlanh Coll-

Fragmentary rostrum, shown of one half the natural size from
the palatal aspect in PI. IV. fig. 2; Sheppey. Abraded

ALBTJI.TDJE.

63

remains of the anterior end of the parasphenoid (pas.)
exhibit the sockets for the characteristic tritoral teeth ;
the vomer (v.) anteriorly hears a small transversely ex-
tended patch of comparatively minute teeth, of which
only the bases for attachment are preserved. In front,
the vomer joins the ethmoid (eth.) in a dentate suture.

Purchased, 1855.

38827. Portion of parasphenoid dentition, partly figured in Geol.
Mag. [3] vol. viii. (1891), pi. iii. fig. 5 ; Sheppey.

Bowerbanlc Coll.

36167. Another fragment showing parasphenoid teeth ; Sheppey.

Cowderoy Bequest.

P. 5924. Eight detached teeth similar to those of the parasphenoid
of this species, two figured in Geol. Mag. [3] vol. viii.
pi. iii. figs. 3, 4 ; Bruxellian, Woluwe St. Lambert,
Brussels. Presented by M. Houzeau de Lehaie , 1889.

Genus CHANOIDES, novum.'

Irunk laterally compressed. Mouth terminal, with a few stout
conical teeth of uncertain position ; no teeth on parasphenoid.
Probably about 4 brancliiostegal rays. Vertebra! about 45 in
number, half being caudal ; ribs stout. Pelvic fins opposed to the
dorsal, which is short-based but much larger than the anal ; caudal
fin deeply forked. Scales cycloid, not pectinated.

Chanoides macropoma (Agassiz).

[Plate YI. fig. 3.]

1796. Clupea thrissa, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cx, pi. xxv.
fig. 1 (err ore).

1796. Clupea cyprinoides, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cxii, pi. xxv. fig. 2
(err ore).

1796. Sal mo mareena, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. exevi, pi. xlviii. fig. 2 (errore).

1796. Clupea sinensis, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cclxxv, pi. lxv. fig. 4 (errore).

1818. Clupea murasnoides, II. 1). de Blainville, Nouv. Diet, d’llist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p 343.

1818. Clupea thrissoides, II. D. de Blainville, ibid. p. 343.

1834. Clupea macropoma, L. Agassiz, Verhandl. Ges. vaterland. Mus.
Bokmen, p. 66 (name only).

1835. Clupea macropoma, L. Agassiz, Neues Jalirb. p. 292.

For the determination of the affinities of this genus the writer is indebted

Mr. Gt. A. Boulenger.

64

AOTINOPTERYeir.

1844. Clupea macropoma, L. Agassi/, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i- P' 1 ’
pt. ii. p. 116, pi. xxxvii b. figs. 8, 4.

1870. Clupea macropoma , F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. lya ■
vol. iii. p. 187.

1897. Clupea macropoma, F. Bassani, Palaeont. Italica, vol. iii- l1,
pi. viii. fig. 3.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'16. Length of
head with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk, and contained about three times in the tota
length to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin with about 1 3 ra)
almost entirely within the anterior half of the back ; pelvic fin-
opposed to its hinder half, arising midway between the pectora
and anal fins ; anal fin with about 11 relatively small rays.

Form. 4- Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P. 1867, P. 3827. Two typical specimens somewhat fractured, tin
second in counterpart. Egerton $ Enniskillen Col s.

36201, 37226. Two imperfect larger specimens.

Purchased, 1861, 186

28397. Smaller distorted specimen. Mantell Coll-

P. 1868 b, P. 3829 b. Immature fish, in counterpart, shown of th
natural size in PI. VI. fig. 3. The snout is imperfec ,
but there arc traces of the large conical teeth. ^ j,e
squamation is scattered by crushing, thus distorting^ ’ ,e
true outline of the body. Egerton 4‘ Enniskillen (■ 0 1 s'

Genus CHANOS, Lacepede.

[Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. v. 1803, p. 395.]

Syn. Lutodeira, E. Ruppell, Neue Wirbelth. Abyssinien, 1835, p- '* ~

Trunk somewhat laterally compressed, abdomen rounded 01
flattened. Snout obtuse and mouth terminal ; teeth absent. Pran'
chiostegal rays about 4 in number. Vertebra; in the type species
19 in the abdominal, 26 in the caudal region. Pelvic fins opp°s
to the dorsal, which is short-based but much larger than the anal :
caudal fin deeply forked. An enlarged lateral scale or scaly lame a
extending considerably over the base of each lobe of the tail-
Scales not pectinated.

For notes on the skeleton see J. Hyrtl, Denkschr. k. Akad. "ffiss-
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. (1863), pp. 2-4.

ALBTJLID J2.

65

This genus is not represented in the Collection, hut the following
extinct species have been referred to it : —

Chanos brevis, It. Kner & F. Steindachner, Denkschr. k. Akad.
Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. (1863), p. 19, pi. i. ;
F. Bassani, Att.i R. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. iii. (1889),
no. 6, p. 45. Albula brevis, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k.
Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 132. —
Lower Miocene; Chiavon, Yicentin. [Nearly complete
fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]

Chanos forcipatus, Kner & Steindachner, loc. cit. 1863, p. 21,
pi. iii. Megalops forcipatus, J. J. Ilockel, loc. cit. 1854,
p. 132. — Upper Eocene; Monte Postale, N. Italy. [Im-
perfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]

Chanos zignii, Kner & Steindachner, loc. cit. 1863, p. 20, pi. ii. ;
F. Bassani, loc. cit. 1889, p. 44. Albula de zignii,
J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. 1854, p. 129. Albida lata, J. J.
Heckel, ibid. p. 131. — Lower Miocene ; Chiavon, Vicentin.
[Tail ; Court Museum, Vienna.]

Genus PROCHANOS, Bassaui.

[Verhandl. k.-k. geol. Reiclisanst. 1879, p. 165.]

A genus closely resembling Chanos and not yet precisely definable ;
differing from Chanos in the absence of the enlarged lateral scale at
the base of each lobe of the tail.

Prochanos rectifrons, Bassani.

1879. Prochanos rectifrons, F. Bassani, Verhandl. k.-k. geo). Reichsanst.
p. 165.

1882. Prochanos rectifrons, F. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. 01. vol. xlv. p. 218, pis. xiii.-xv.

Type. Head with abdominal region ; Imperial Geological Survey,
Vienna.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'55. Length of
head with opercular apparatus nearly equal to the maximum depth
°f the trunk, which is contained somewhat more than twice in the
length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Ver-
tebrae nearly 50 in number, of which 20 are caudal. Pelvic fins
with about 6, dorsal with about 14, and anal with about 8 rays.

Form. 6f Loc. Cretaceous : Island of Lesina, Dalmatia.

P- 7447. Imperfect specimen, crushed and distorted, the head being
shown from above, the body chiefly from the side. The

part iv.

p

6G

ACTINOPTEltYGII.

cranium is longer and narrower than in Chanos sahnone^
with the ethmoidal region attenuated and pointed,
quadrate bones are distinct behind the character!*'
short, robust, and toothless jaws. The vertebral ceI1
exhibit deep lateral pits. Fragmentary remains ot a
fins occur, and the dorsal is shown to have been shgb 3
deeper than long. The articulations of all the fin
are remarkably close. The remains of the squama
are obscure. Purchased, 1®

Genus ANCYLOSTYLOS, Kramberger.

[Djela Jugoslav. Akad. no. xvi. 1895, p. 42.]

Head and trunk much laterally compressed and deepened. 31° ^
terminal; jaws very stout but toothless. Branchiostegal rn>
probably about 6 in number. Vertebra) in the type species ab°

28 in the abdominal, 22 in the caudal region ; ribs stout.
fins arising opposite the anterior part of the dorsal, which is st ^
what extended but does not occupy moro than the hinder f>a
of the back ; anal fin acuminate in front, opposed to the h>n
portion of the dorsal; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales small, n
pectinated.

Ancylostylos gibbus, Kramberger.

1895. Ancylostylos gibbus, D. Q. Kramberger, loc. cit. p. 42, pi- ix'

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Griock Museum. . 0{

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-3. Gengt
head with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding half the
mum depth of the trunk, which is about equal to the length r
the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. External he *
bones and preoperculum finely granulated. Pectoral fins with ’
pelvic fins with 12 stout rays, the latter not much shorter than
former ; dorsal fin with about 33, anal with from 20 to 22 rays-
Form. Uc., Upper Cretaceous : Mrzlek, Croatia.

Not represented in the Collection.

Genus ISTIEUS, Agassiz '.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. 1844, p. 91.]

Head aud trunk much laterally compressed, but elon0a

5r/'n'S*: menhoned, without definition, by Agassiz, Poi93-

ALBULIDiE.

67

Mouth terminal, the mandible with truncated symphysis and high
coronoid region ; a single series of small, conical marginal teeth ;
stouter and blunter teeth within the mouth, but apparently not on
the parasphenoid. About 10 branchiostegal rays. Vertebral about
90 to 100 in total number, the centra short and deep, marked with
delicate longitudinal ridges. Pelvic fins scarcely smaller than the
pectorals, which are inserted high on the flank ; dorsal fin extending
for more than half of the back ; anal fin short, opposed to or behind
file posterior end of the dorsal ; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales
elliptical, not pectinated.

Ihe existing deep-sea genus Bathythrissa (A. Gunther, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. [4] vol. xx. 1877, p. 443) or Pterothrissus (P. Hil-
gendorf, Leopoldina, pt. xiii. 1877, p. 127), is not yet clearly dis-
iiuguiBhed from Istieus. For description and figure, see A. Gunther,
Pep. Deep-Sea Fishes, ‘ Challenger ’ Report, Zool. vol. xxii. (1887),
P- 222, pi. Ivi. fig. a.

Istieus grandis, Agassiz.

1842-44. Istieus grandis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 13,
pt. ii. p. 92, pi. xviii.

1842-44. Istieus microcephalus, L. Agassiz, ibid. pt. i. p. 13, pt. ii.
P- 94, pi. xvii. [Imperfect fish ; Palaeontological Museum,
Munich.]

1842-44. Istieus macrocephalus, L. Agassiz, ibid. pi. xvi. lower fig.
(err ore).

1858. Istieus grandis, W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
vol. x. p. 246.

1858. Istieus microcephalus, W. von der Marck, ibid. vol. x. p. 246.

1803. Istieus macrococlius, W. von der Marck, Palreontogr. vol. xi.
p. 37, pi. iv. figs. 1-5. [New name for I. grandis + I. micro-
cephalus. ]

1863. Istieus mesospondylus, W. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xi. p. 38,
pl. v. fig. 1.

1863. Istieus macrocephalus, W. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xi. p. 39,
pl. iv. fig. 6, pl. v. fig. 3 ( errore ).

1873. Istieus macrocoelius, W. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xxii. p. 59,
pl. ii. fig. 2.

1885. Istieus macrocoelius, W. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xxxi. p. 253.

Type. Imperfect fish; Paris Museum of Natural History.

Ihe type species, attaining a length of about 0-0. Length of
ead with opercular apparatus contained about two and a quarter
tlmos> maximum depth of trunk about three times in the length
fl'°m the clavicle to the base of the caudal fin ; width of caudal

p 2

00 actinopteetsii.

pedicle scarcely exceeding one third the maximum depth of t
trunk. Pectoral fins comprising about 14 rays ; pelvic fins

1 or 8 rays, not shorter than the pectorals, arising ‘

between the latter and the anal; dorsal fin with about 55 raj ’
the two or three foremost being comparatively short and spino
the first articulated ray the longest, and this not exceeding one
the depth of the trunk at its insertion ; anal fin abort and c ’
extending backwards slightly beyond the dorsal, and compr‘61^
15 rays, of which the two foremost are comparatively shoit a
spinous.

The appearance of a barbel below the mandible, observed >n 0
specimen by von der Marck (loc. tit. 1863, p. 38, pi- iv- fig'

. seems to be deceptive.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.

P. 3291

Fine specimen, chiefly in impression, noarly 0'5 in ^ ^
associated with remains of smaller individuals an
fiardinioid.es ; Sendenhorst. The long and low crani11^
can be distinguished, and the mandibular suspeus<>n>‘^
is clearly inclined forwards, the outline of the <lua r
being traceable below the orbit. The small gape ot ^
mouth is indicated, and there are remains of a series ^
small hollow conical teeth in the upper jaw. TJ16 °^j
culum and preoperculum are shown in impression,
there is a series of 10 branchiostegal rays benea^-
Towards the end of the tail the impressions of the s ^
and deep vertebral centra exhibit their fiue longitu
ridges. About twelve rays of one of the pectoral ^
are preserved not much below the vertebral co
and accidentally turned forwards. The pelvic fins ^
prise comparatively few rays, but these must at
have equalled the pectoral tin-rays in length, au
are finely divided and articulated in their (list;l | ''ior
The dorsal fin consists of 54 rays, but those of its an
portion are partly imperfect and displaced. ^be
fin seems to comprise 14 or 15 rays, of which the
four gradually increase in length, while the fifth 1S
longest ; the two foremost rays are spinous, the nex
exhibit only close articulations towards the distal end, ^
all the others are both divided and articulated s
There are numerous small fulcral rays at the base o .
caudal fiu both above and below. The character ^
scales are only partly shown in impression ; bu

ALBULID2E.

69

large size of the canal of the lateral line is well indicated
by a cast of it in the anterior abdominal region.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3885. An equally large fine specimen, with the parts of the
abdominal region somewhat displaced ; Sendenhorst. The
mandible is shown to be truncated at its symphysis, much
elevated in the coronoid region. The ribs are very slender.
The fins, so far as preserved, are as in the last specimen.
One of the scales in the dorsal region exhibits the exten-
sive overlapped portion marked with a few grooves
radiating from its centre. Enniskillen Coll.

35034. A slightly larger specimen wanting the greater part of the
head ; Sendenhorst. The uppermost comparatively broad
branchiostegal rays are displayed, and there are remains
of the pectoral fin on the flank not much below the
vertebral column. The two articulated but undivided
anterior rays are observed in the anal fin.

Purchased, 1860.

P- 2106. Another large specimen wanting the caudal fin ; Senden-
horst. A regular series of conieal teeth is shown in
impression on an undetermined portion of jaw ; while
remains of the epihyal and ceratohyal bear a series of
10 branchiostegal rays. Egerton Coll.

P- 2106 a, P. 3886. Imperfect large fish in counterpart; Senden-
horst. Egerton 4' Enniskillen Colls.

P- 3885 a. Large specimen with incomplete caudal region ; Senden-
horst. The small gape of tho mouth is complete, with
traces of conical teeth ; and thero are remains of some of
the stouter hollow teeth on part of an inner bone of the
mouth. A few of the very slender ribs are shown.

Enniskillen Coll.

P- 2107. Imperfect fish measuring about O' 19 from the pectoral
arch to the base of the caudal fin ; Sendenhorst.

Egerton Coll.

P- 2107 a, P. 3888 a. Similar specimen in counterpart ; Senden-
horst. Egerton 4' Enniskillen Colls.

3887. A comparatively small fish well preserved in impression ;
Sendenhorst. There are traces of conical teeth on the

70

ACTINOPTEKTGII.

f Hg

margin of the jaws, larger in the mandible than on
maxilla. The characteristic operculum, preoperculu®’
and enlarged lower cheek-plates, with a few of
branchiostegal rays, are also distinct in impression.

Enniskillen Colt-

P. 3888. Small fish; Sendenhorst. Enniskillen Coll

P. 2108, P. 2108 a. Three more imperfect small specimens ,

denhorst. Egerton ko

P. 2105. Remains of small fish displaying some of the stout con' , ,
teeth clustered on one of the inner bones of the mou ’
Sendenhorst. Some of the scales are also well preservo

Egerton Coll-

35012. Scattered remains of head and abdominal region ; ^eiidc
horst. Appearances are not quite conclusive, hut sugr
that the parasphenoid is a slender toothless bone, w ^
the inner clustered dentition is borne by the long a_^
laminar entopterygoid. The latter element, whatever^
nature may be, is only imperfectly preserved, but
hollow bases of the teeth are shown in a patch extent
along its middle region, not reaching the borders. ,

Purchased, 1®° '

20586. Imperfect trunk displaying parts of the fins and sow®
of the vertebra; in section ; Stromberg. Purchased , 1

The following specimens differ from I. grandis in the comparat'^
slenderness of the trunk, and are thus of the form described u11
the name of Istieus gracilis (L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. 1-'^' ^
pt. i. p. 13, pt. ii. p. 94, pi. xv. ; F. A. Roemer, Verstein. ^
deut-sch. Kreidegeb. 1840, p. Ill ; W. von der March, Palasontog •
vol. xi. 1863, p. 40, pi. v. fig. 2). The type specimen, bovre^
in the Palaeontological Museum, Munich, and all others ot _
same form, seem to owe their slender proportions to distiu
during fossilisation.

P. 3889. Two specimens about 0-3 in length associated °n ° ^
slab ; Sendenhorst. Enniskillen

Istieus macrocephalus, Agassiz. .

1842-44. Istieus macrocephalus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. P
P- 13, pt. ii. p. 93, pi. xvi. upper fig. (non lower fig.)-

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

ALBUI.IDiE.

71

A small slender species. Dorsal fin with about 45 rays ; anal
fin with 12 or 13 rays, almost completely behind the dorsal.

Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Baumberg, Westphalia.

P. 3892. Type specimen, apparently elongated by distortion, de-
scribed and figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. Enniskillen Coll.

1275 (Sloane Catal. Fishes). Specimen about Old in length, more
satisfactorily preserved. Recorded as “ the skeleton of a
small fish of a rusty colour lying in a fine-grained ash-
coloured stone from Palestine ” ; but the matrix identical
with that of specimens from the Baumberg, Westphalia.

Sloane Coll.

Istieus lebanonensis, Davis.

1887. Istieus lebanonensis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 55.3, pi. xxx. fig. 3.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Edinburgh Museum.

A. small stout species, known only by the unique type specimen,
which must have originally measured about 016 in length. Head
relatively larger than in the type species ; dorsal fin with about
40 rays : anal fin with about 10 rays, completely behind the dorsal.
Form. S/- Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

Not represented in the Collection.

Phe fragment from the Turonian of Bohemia named Istieus spottii
by A. Fritsch (Sitzungsb. k. bohm. Gres. Wiss. 1879, p. 2) does not
belong to this genus.

Genus ANOGMIUS, Cope.

[Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 1877, p. 584 '.]

An imperfectly known genus, with an oxtended dorsal fin occu-
pying the greater part of the back, and a small anal fin opposed to
its hinder end. Teeth minute and clustered on the margin of tho
jaws, also on the parasphonoid and other bones within the mouth.
About 6 branchiostegal rays. Vertebra) about 80 in total number,
the centra doeper than long and marked with fine longitudinal
ridges or stria). Scales elliptical, not serrated or pectinated. Not
clearly distinguished from Istieus, but apparently differing in
presence of teeth on parasphenoid and clustering of marginal teeth.

' The generic name Anogmius was originally given by Cope in 1871 (Proc.
Arner. Phil. Soc. vol. xii. pp. 170, 354) to some detaohed vertebrae, specifically
termed A. contractus. In 1875 he concluded that these vertebra: belonged to
kachyrhizodus (Vert. Cret. Form. West, p. 220 a). In 1877 he used the same
generic name again with a new definition as here given.

ACTINOrTERYGIT.

9

Anogmius polymicrodus, Stewart.

1898. Beryx ? polymicrodus, A. Stewart, Kansas Univ. Qua1'1- t
vol. vii. p. 195.

1899. Anogmius polymicrodus, A. Stewart, ibid. vol. viii. P- 1 ’
pi. xxxi.

1900. Osmeroidcs polymicrodus, F. B. Loomis, Pal/eontogr. vol xl"-
P- 256, pi. xxv i. tigs. 1-4.

type. Imperfect fish ; Kansas University Museum. ,

A large species probably attaining a length of about 2‘5. h®11”

of head with opercular apparatus equalling about two thirds t
maximum depth of the trunk. Cranial roof coarsely rugose, 811
snout tapering to an obtuse point; length of orbit contained thr*®
times in the length of the cranium and twice in its interorbi a
width.

This species soems to differ from A. aratus in its relatively lar^J
orbit; from A. evolutus in its less numerous longitudinal series
mandibular teeth ; and from A. favirostris in the ornamentation 0

the cranium and its pointed snout. ^

Form. 4" hoc. Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group): Kansas, U.S-> ’

P. 9202. Head and abdominal region ; near Elkadcr, Logan

Kansas. Length of head with opercular apparatus 9 ^

that of trunk from pectoral arch to position of pelvic ^
0‘65. The characteristic cranium is exposed from abov >
and the cheek-plates of the right side are well preserve
Nearly 40 vertebra; are shown in the length of
mentioned, and the ribs extend to the ventral borde^
Only a few of the supports of the dorsal fin remain , '

the paired fins are preserved, one pectoral being especia }
well displayed on the flank. The scattered scales are
moderately thick, showing only lines of growth , t 7
appear to have been deeply overlapping. Purchased , 1

The following imperfectly known species are not represented

the Collection

Anogmius aratus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ-
vo1- .«»• (1877), p. 585.— Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara
Group) ; Kansas. [The type species. Imperfect fasD,
showing part of dorsal and anal fins.]

Anogmius evolutus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Hoc. vol- ■
(18/8), p. 179. Osmeroidcs evolutus, F. B. Loomis, ?a

OSTKOGT.OSSID.K.

73

ontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 257, pi. xxvi. figs. 5, 6. —
Upper Cretaceous ; Kansas. [Mandible.]

Anogmius favirostris, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1878, p. 178. — Ibid.
[Skull.]

The fragments of dentition catalogued below may perhaps belong
to some unknown Cretaceous genus of Albulid®, but their relation-
ships are uncertain. Similar specimens have been described under
the names of Glcssodus heckeli, 0. G. Costa, Atti Acead. Pontan.
vol. viii. (1864), p. 109, pi. is. figs. 12, 13 (Upper Cretaceous :
Pietraroja, Prov. Benevento, Italy); Egertonia gaullina, J. Cornuel,
Hull. Soc. Geol. France [3] vol. v. (1877), p. 620, pi. xi. figs. 31,
82 (Gault ; Mouticr-en-Der, Haute Marne); and Pisodus foucardi,
H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Yonne, vol. xxxiii. pt. ii. (1879),
P- 50, pi. i. fig. 2 (Cenomanian ; Bassou, Yonne).

47207. A convex, oval mass of well-worn teeth, without the support-
ing bone ; Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

47286. Two more irregular fragments of similar dentition, one
convex, the other concave, both showing the small piles
of successional teeth ; Gault, Folkestone. Gardner toll.

37239. Convex group of well-worn smaller teeth ; Chalk Marl,
Dover. Purchased, 1863.

T- 6107, P. 7498. Two groups of small teeth, less crowded and less
worn ; Gault, Folkestone. The unabraded dental crown
exhibits a slight median apical pit, from which delicate
striae radiate outwards. No successional teeth are seen.

Purchased, 1889, 1895.

9159. Similar group of small teeth ; Gault, Folkestone.

Purchased.

Family OSTEOGLOSSID^E.

Trunk irregularly fusiform or elongated. External head-bones
®uch thickened, and cheek covered by robust plates ; supraoccipital
hone not prominent, and parietals meeting in the middle line ; no
basicranial canal ; snout not produced. Mandibular suspensorium
nearly vertical or inclined forwards, and gape of mouth small or
moderately wide ; premaxilla much extended along the oral border,
but maxilla also entering gape ; marginal teeth with long base, in
Vury shallow sockets and anchylosed with the jaw, usually in a

74

ACTIN0PTERYG1I.

single series ; minute styliform or conical teeth on some of the
inner bones and tongue. Suboperculum and interoperculum ru 1
mentary or absent ; brancbiostegal rays slender, about 10 to 40
number, and no gular plate. Vertebral centra well ossified, an
those of the abdominal region with robust transverse processes tor
the support of the well-developed ribs ; a compound hypural bone
at the base of the tail. Intermuscular bones present. Fin-fnlcra
absent ; fin-rays more or less divided and articulated distallj
dorsal and anal fins remote and more or less extended. Scali-

thick and cycloidal, mosaic-like in structure, deeply imbricating-
Ihe surviving members of this family are confined to the f1'0' 1
waters of the tropics. Osteoglossum occurs in Tropical America>
Australia, and the East Indies1. Arapaima is characteristic
Brazil and the Gnyanas ; while Heterolis is a Tropical African

genus.

The only extinct genus referable with certainty to the
glossidse is Dapedoglossus, from the freshwater Eocene of ^ °r .
America. Brychcetus, from the marine London Clay of Shepp®} > 18
also probably a member of the same family ; but its scales, so aX
as known, do not exhibit the characteristic mosaic-like structure.

Genus DAPEDOGLOSSUS, Cope.

[Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 1877, p. 807-]

99

Syn. Phareodus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18/4, P-
(undefined).

Trunk much laterally compressed, comparatively short and c®^’
and abdomen trenchant. Cleft of month extending to a P°
below the middle of the orbit, the mandible not prominent, ^
marginal teeth long and slender, the inner teeth smaller, s oU_’
short and conical, apparently borne by the vomer, pal® a ’
tongue, and basihyals. Branchiostegal rays in uncertain num
hut more than 10. Vertebra) about 45 in number, more caU
than abdominal. Pectoral fins with thickened and excessi ■ ’ ^
elongated anterior ray ; pelvic fins small ; dorsal and anal
directly opposed, the latter at least as much extended as
former, and well-separated from the caudal fin, which is ve ^
slightly excavated at its hinder margin. Scales large, display -
characteristic reticulate structure.

Some points in the cranial osteology of Osteoglossum are describe
T. W. Bridge, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 302, pi. xxii.'

OSTBOGLOSSIDiE.

75

Dapedoglossus testis. Cope.

1877. Dapedoglossus testis, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iii. p. 807.

1884. Dapedoglossus testis, E. 1). Cope, Vert. Tertiary Form. West,
Book I. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii.), p. 71, pi. vii.
fig. 1, pi. viii. figs. 1, 2.

Type. Nearly complete fish.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained about four times, and
maximum depth of trunk much less than three times in the total
length of the fish. Anterior stout pectoral fin-ray closely articulated
in its distal half, extending nearly as far backward as the rays of
the pelvic fins, which are small and arise somewhat nearer to the
anal than to the pectoral pair ; dorsal fin with about 20 rays,
arising behind the origin of the anal fin, which is more extended
and comprises about 27 rays. Exposed aspect of scales very finely
granulated, not grooved.

Form, if Loc. Eocene (Green River Shales) : Wyoming, U.S. A.

E- 5824. Imperfect specimen about 0‘19 in length, displaying the
reticulate middle layer of the scales. By exchange, 1888.

E. 7488. A much smaller specimen exhibiting the dentition,
branehiostegal rays, and fins. Purchased, 1895.

Dapedoglossus sequipinnis, Cope.

1878. Dapedoglossus aquipinnis, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Territ. vol. iv. p. 77.

1884. Dapedoglossus aquipinnis, E. D. Cope, Vert. Tertiary Form.
West, Book 1. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii.), p. 73,
pi. vii. fig. 2.

Type. Nearly complete fish.

A very small species, differing from the type in the less elongation
°f the anterior pectoral fin-ray and in the almost equal size and
extension of the dorsal and anal fins, each of which seems to
comprise about 22 rays.

Form, if Loc. Eocene (Green River Shales): Wyoming, U.S.A.
Not represented in the Collection.

The following species have also been founded on fragmentary
specimens, of which there no examples in the Collection : —

Dapedoglossus aculus, E. D. Cope, Vert. Tertiary Form. West,
Book I. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 1884),

76

actinoptbrygii.

p. 72, pi. V. figs. 18-20. Phareodus acutus, J. Leld}'!
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1873, p. 99, and Contrib.
Extinct Yert. Fauna W. Territ. (ltcp. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Ter tit. vol. i. pt. i. 1873), p. 193, pi. xxxii. figs. 47-U-
E. D. Cope, Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. 187-
(1873), p. 637 (in part). Fhareodon sericeus, E. P- Cope?
ibid. (1873), p. 638 (palatino teeth).— Bridger Eocene;
Wyoming, U.S. A. [Jaws. The type species of Phareodus-)
Dapedoylossus encaustus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
"vol. iii. 1877, p. 808, and op. cit. 1884, p. 70, pi. vi. fig-
Osteoglossum encaustum , E. D. Cope, Ann. Rep. U.S. Geo .
Surv. Territ. 1870 (1871), p. 430.— Eocene (Green Bivef

Shales); Wyoming, U.S.A. [Portion of squamation.]

Genus BRYCH5ITUS, novum.

[** Agassis, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 308 (name only)-]

Syn. Pomaphractus, L. Agassiz, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), P- 307
(name only).

Platops, R. Owen, Catal. Foss. Rept. & Pisces Mus. Roy. c°11-
Surgeons, 1854, p. 170 (undefined.)

A genus known only by the head and anterior abdominal region,
which are much laterally compressed. Cleft of mouth extending
to a point somewhat behind the orbit, and the mandible not
prominent ; marginal teeth large, in very close series, with some
what tumid base and relatively short enamelled crown ; inner teeth
comparatively minute and clustered, but all stout and conical-
Preoperculum much expanded ; branchiostegal rays not less than
15 in number. Scales large and deeply imbricating, ornamented in
their exposed portion with fine tubercles arranged more or less
■distinctly in radiating lines.

Brychaetus muelleri, sp. nov.

[Plate I.]

1845. Bnjchetus muelleri, L. Agassiz, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844, p. 308
(name only).

(?) 1845. Pomaphractus egertoni, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 307 (name only)-
[Portion of small skull ; British Museum.]

( ) 1854. Platops subulidens, R. Owen, Catal. Foss. Rept. & Pisces
Mus. Roy. Coll. Surgeons, p. 170 (undefined). [Imperfect head .
Royal College of Surgeons.]

Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.

The type and only known species, not yet precisely definable.

OSTEOGLOSSID^E.

77

Head with opercular apparatus attaining a length of about 04.
Length of head to preopercular border scarcely exceeding its
maximum depth at the occiput ; width of frontal region between
the orbits equalling about half the total length of the cranium.
External bones of cranial roof marked with small pittings, the
cheek-plates and opercular apparatus ornamented with radiating
lines of very fine tubercles. Premaxilla extending to the anterior
border of the orbit, at least two thirds as long as the more slender
maxilla. Marginal teeth ovoid in transverse section, their longer
diameter at right angles to the length of the jaw, and all the
enamelled crowns smooth ; teeth of prcmaxilla. largest, ten in
number ; those of maxilla considerably smaller, between 20 and
25 in number, decreasing in size backwards, where they become
comparatively slender ; mandibular teeth about 20 in number,
nearly as large as those of the premaxilla and scarcely decreasing
in size behind. Operculum nearly twice as deep as broad. Anterior
scales closely ornamented with very small tubercles often fused into
short rugas.

Form. A Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : Sheppey, Kent.

E- 3893. Imperfect head with opercular apparatus, to be regarded
as the type specimen, partly shown of one third the
natural size from the left side and from above in PI. I.,
figs. 1, la. The cranium is much fractured, the outer
surface of the ethmoidal region, the greater part of the
right frontal and of the parieto-occipital region being
broken away. Tho frontals (/r.) are very wide between
the orbits, narrowing behind, and they are much
thickened, the outer surface preserved on the left side
exhibiting numerous closely arranged pittiDgs. The
fossil has been broken across immediately behind the
orbit, thus causing a gap in the left frontal ; but its
truncated posterior margin is conspicuous further back,
well in advance of the occiput, and the corresponding
suture on the right side is indicated by the direction of
the growth-lines of the fractured boue. The anterior
part of the left parietal {pa.) is shown to be superficially
pitted in the same manner as the frontal ; but the region
beyond is obscure and more clearly observable in no.
P. 157 (Pl. 1. fig. 2). A very large and stout prefrontal
is shown on the right side. The orbit (fig. 1, orb.) is
indicated far forwards, and the groat postorbital region
is covered with two cheek-plates, which are very

78

ACTINOPTERYGII.

fragmentary on both sides of the fossil. The upper post-
orbital (s.o. 1) is somewhat the smaller, and exhibits »
series of clefts in its hinder border ; both bear traces ot
the characteristic fine tubercular ornament. The ossified
sclerotic is seen on the right side. The jaws and teeth
are imperfect, but best preserved on the left (fig- !)• Th0
premaxilla (p mv.) is observed to extend to the front
border of the orbit ; while above the hinder half of the
comparatively slender maxilla (mar.) there seems to be a
small supramaxilla (e.mx.). Most of the teeth are
broken and display an internal cavity ; but a few of those
of the mandible and several of those of the maxilla a1®
complete, with the smooth enamelled crown pointed an
a little curved inwards at the apex. The wide expansion
of the angle of the preoperculnm is observable on the
left behind the portion of the fossil figured, and the form
of the large operculum can be dimly perceived on both
sides. The large and deeply imbricating scales, of which
one from the right side is shown of the natural size in
fig. 1 5, are externally ornamented with fine tubercle8
tending to arrangement in radiating lines : and there is
no appearance cither of a mosaic or reticulated structure
even when this superficial layer of ornament is removed.

Enniskillen Coll

32345. More imperfect head, the cranium a little crushed down-
wards on the right side. The frontals exhibit the same
form, thickening, and superficially pitted character a9
before ; their truncated hinder margin is also distinct m
the same position immediately behind the orbit. The
anterior thickened and pitted portion of each parietal is
shown to be about as broad as long, and there are trace
of the long, narrow- squamosal on either side ; but the
occipital region is crushed and obscured. Some of the
teeth are well shown on the left side. There are a
characteristic remains of the squamation ; and the righ
supraclavicle is shown to be very long and narrow. ^

Purchased , 185' *

P. 157. Imperfect head with cranial roof so fractured as to show
its thickened character (PI. I. figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b).
anterior thickened portion of each parietal (joa .) i® a
least as long as broad, and its postero-lateral angles ar
a little produced backwards. The squamosal (sq.)

OSTEOSMSSID®.

79

excessively long and narrow. There are remains of a
short and broad ethmoid in front of the frontals (Jr.) not
shown in the figure. The extent of the premaxilla, (jnnx.)
is indicated on both sides, and it seems to have borne
10 teeth. The best preserved tooth, at the hinder end
of the left premaxilla, is shown of the natural size in
fig. 2 b. The two postorbital cheek-plates aro exhibited,
the lower (s.o.2) much the largest as usual. The charac-
teristic fine tubercular ornament is observed on the
operculum (op.) and also slightly on the upper cheek-plate
of the left side. Fourteen branchiostegal rays are
preserved on the right. There are also some rays of the
right pectoral fin (pet.), the foremost being comparatively
stout. Purchased, 1880.

P- 638. A pyritised decaying specimen, labelled by Agassiz as
intended to be the basis of his description of the species.
It exhibits the large robust prefrontal bone on the right
side. The maxilla is also well shown, with its charac-
teristic dentition and a comparatively delicate small
expansion behind. The preoperculum is evidently
expanded at the angle, and there are remains of about
14 pairs of slender branchiostegal rays. Egerton Coll.

39448. Another decaying specimen comprising the opercular and
branchiostegal apparatus, with the postorbital plates.
The well-ossified upper end of each hyomandibular
projects from the indurated clay. The left operculum is
shown to be somewhat more than half as broad as deep ;
while both this and the left lower postorbital plate
exhibit remains of tho superficial ornament of radiating
tuberculated lines. The number of branchiostegal rays
appears to be slightly greater than in the last specimen,
but they are very imperfectly preserved. Bowerbanh Coll.

43020. Block of indurated clay with scattered remains, comprising
the right mandibular ramus (PI. I. fig. 3), part of that
of the left side, the right clavicle, scales, and other
fragments. The dentary bone ( d .) bears traces of about
21 teeth, and ascends behind into tho front part of the
coronoid elevation. The outer face of the clavicle is
considerably expanded throughout its length, though
widest in its lower portion. Purchased, 1871.

80

ACTINOPTERYGII.

P. 1748. Fragment of right side of head showing parts of Pri
maxilla, maxilla, and dentary, with teeth ; also reman
of a laminar inner hone of the mouth (probably cn
pterygoid) covered with a cluster of minute stout conica

teeth. The premaxillary teeth are the largest.

Egerton Coll-

43021. Right premaxilla, with remains of a cheek-plate whic
ornamented with radiating lines of fine tubercles-
premaxilla (PI. I. figs. 4, 4 a) is shown to have be^
attached to the ethmoidal region throughout its *'°
half, which is not much deepened ; and there is a ^
longitudinal groove for the overlap of the maxilla on i ■
hinder portion. The bone hears ten closely arrange i
antero-posteriorly compressed teeth, two represented on ^
by the base of attachment, and all the others except
foremost having lost the enamelled crown. .

Purchased, l*71-

28424. Anterior end of small left dentary showing robu®
mandibular symphysis. Mantell 0

P. 641. Hinder half of small skull with opercular apparatus, Pu,t^
pyritised and imperfectly preserved, probably referab e ^
a young individual of this species. The specimen ^
marked by Egerton as intended to be the type of
species Pomaphraetus egertoni, Agassiz, loc. cit.

Egerton

39699. Remains of equally small head, showing jaws.

Purchased, 1

INCERT.® SEDIS

(? OSTEOGLOSSIDiE or ALBULID^®)-

Genus PLETHODUS, Dixon.

[Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 366.]

An imperfectly known genus, with deep laterally comp1
skull and small mouth. External bones not ornamented. r
maxilla apparently fused with the short rostrum, this, the roaX\ g
and dentary bearing minute teeth ; ectopterygoid very slender, a ^
nitb minute teeth; a large smooth concave plate, consisting
vertical tubules of dentine fixed apparently to the parasphen

0STE0G L0SSID2K .

81

an opposing convex plate of similar structure supported probably
by the basihyal bone.

The fragmentary remains of this genus hitherto discovered are
discussed by the x>rosent writer in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7] vol. iii.
(1899), pp. 353-1161, pis. xiii., xiv.

Plethodus expansus, Dixon.

1850. Plethodus expansus, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 366, pi. xxxiii.
fig. 2.

1888. Plethodus expansus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 331.

1899. Plethodus expansus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7]
vol. iii. p. 354, pi. xiii. figs. 1-4.

Type. Portion of lower dental plate ; Brighton Museum.

The type species, of large size, the lower dental plate sometimes
measuring 0-1 in length by 0-075 in maximum breadth. Lower
dental plate leaf-shaped, one end being comparatively broad and
gently rounded, the other end nearly pointed ; its grinding surface
slightly convex except near the pointed end, where it becomes
concave ; its truncated border more or less tubcrculated. Upper
dental plate nearly as broad as long and regularly concave.

No bones of this species have hitherto been identified.

Form. S( Loc. Albian to Senonian : S.E. England.

(i.) Lower dental plates.

35369. Fine specimen, described and figured in Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. [7] vol. iii. (1899), p. 354, pi. xiii. fig. 1 ; Cambridge
Greensand. Purchased, 1859.

39103. Broad end of similar plate showing thick bony base, noticed
ibid. p. 355 ; Cambridge Greensand. Bowerbank Coll.

35391-92, 35403, 35430. Two largo and two small fragmentary
specimens ; Cambridge Greensand. Purchased, 1859-60.

P- 1486. Fragment ; Cambridge Greensand. Egerton Coll.

P-2691. Three fragments ; Cambridge Greensand.

Enniskillen Coll,

P- 7274-76. Five imperfect specimens, one being very large and
broad, another displaying the form of the broader end
Cambridge Greensand. Jesson Coll.

PAfil iv.

G

82

ACTINOPTEBVGII.

28013- Fragment and vertical microscopical section of the same >
Cambridge Greensand. Purchase ■

0259. Another fragment and similar section : Cambridge Green-
sand. Purchased,

P. 7. Imperfect specimen rather broad at the concave end, describe
and figured, loc. cit. p. 356, pi. xiii. fig. 4; Gaul >
Folkestone. Gardner Cot ■

P. 8. Fragment ; Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll

46392. Fragment, with horizontal and vertical microscopical section
of the same ; Chalk, S. Wiltshire. Cunnington Col •

25923 *. Fragment, probably from the Sussex Chalk. Dixon Col

39052. Fragment ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. Bouierbanl Co

(ii.) Upper dental plates.

38585. Specimen showing bony attachments, described and

loc. cit. p. 355, pi. xiii. fig. 2 ; Lower Chalk, proba
Kent. Referred to Thryptodus sp., by F. B. G()0®.
Palseontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 235. Purchased, 18

39091. More imperfect specimen, tho aboral face described and
figured loc. cit. p. 356, pi. xiii. fig. 3 ; Lower Chalk, nea
Maidstone. Referred to Thryptodus sp. by F. B. L00^11®’
Palseontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 235. Bowerhanh 1°

P. 9014. Imperfect specimen displaying abraded aboral ’
probably from Lower Chalk, Kent. Purchased, Is

43079. Fragment showing structure ; Lower Chalk, Hailing, Ke'^‘

Purchased, lSi

39092. Fragment ; Chalk, Gravesend. Bowerhanh CoU-

P. 2692. Portion of large specimen : Lower Chalk, Lewes.

Enniskillen CoU-

5277. Fragment; Lewes. Mantell CoU-

P. 7277. Two imperfect abraded specimens ; Cambridge Greensan

Jesson CoU-

47188. Fragment in concretion ; Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Col

0STE0GL0SSIDJ5.

83

Plethodus pentagon, A. S. Woodward.

1899. Plethodus pentagon, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7]
vol. iii. p. 356, pi. xiii. figs. 5-7.

Type. Lower dental plate ; liritish Museum.

A smaller species, tlie lower dental plate attaining a length of
about 0’055 with a maximum breadth of 0'04. Lower dental
plate elongated, pentagonal in shape, widest near the pointed end,
and the border of the truncated end slightly excavated ; grinding
■surface slightly convex. Supposed upper dental plate quadrangular.

No hones of this species have hitherto been identified.

Form. £f Loc. Turonian : S.E. England.

41716 a. Lower dental plate, being the type specimen describe
and figured loc. cit. p. 356, pi. xiii. fig. 5 ; Lower Chalk,
Burham, Kent. Toulmin Smith Coll.

47947. Pointed end of lower dental plate, figured loc. cit. pi. xiii.

fig. 6 ; Burham. Presented by the Hon. Robert

Mar sham, 1877.

35874. Imperfect abraded lower dental plate, the truncated end
exhibiting a deep accidental cleft ; Lower Chalk, Dover.

Purchased, 1861.

P- 2693. Two fragments; Lower Chalk, Lowes. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5626. Supposed upper dental plate, described and figured loc. cit.

p. 357, pi. xiii. fig. 7 ; Lower Chalk, Kent. Referred to
Tliryptodus sp. by E. B. Loomis, Paloeontogr. vol. xlvi.
(1900), p. 235. Harford Coll.

49816. Portion of similar plate ; Lower Chalk, Dorking, Surrey.

Capron Coll.

Plethodus oblongus, Dixon.

1850. Plethodus oblongus, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 366, pi. xxxii.*
fig. 4.

1899. Plethodus oblongus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7]
vol. iii. p. 357, pi. xiv.

Type. Lower dental plate ; Brighton Museum.

A very small species, the lower dental plate about 0'02 in length,
elongated and irregularly ovoid in shape, the broader end gently
rounded, the narrower end truncated; grinding surface of this
plate slightly convex.

A small skull in the Brighton Museum, described and figured by

g 2

84

ACTIN' 0 PTER Y G II.

the present writer loc. cit exhibits the broader end of a dental
plate much like that just defined, near the remains of the mandible-
In the same specimen a concave dental plate of similar structure *■
clearly observed fixed to the base of the cranium. This irnpd'f'
fossil and another mentioned below have thus been provisional \
ascribed to Plethodus oblongm , and exhibit the cranial charade t~
noted in the diagnosis of the genus given above.

Form. Loc. Cenomanian and Turonian : S.E. England.

49895. Imperfect head with opercular apparatus, described and
figured loc. cit. p. 359, pi. xiv. fig. 2; Lower Chalk.
Dorking, Capron "

The following dental plates, exhibiting the characterise
structure of Plethodus, are not specifically determined : —

P. 7279. Portion of very thick concave (upper) plate; Cambridn
Greensand. Jesson Co

P. 7280-81. Two portions of concave (upper) plates, the scc°n^
remarkably thickened on the aboral face; Cambri ge
Greensand. Jesson Co

35395. Another very concave specimen, almost longitudinally
keeled; Cambridge Greensand. Purchased, 1

P. 6452. Small concave plate, with raised longitudinal ridge^ °n
aboral face ; Grey Chalk, Dover. Bechles Co

The following species has also been named, but is not represented
in the Collection : —

Plethodus furcatus, A. S. Woodward, l’roc. Geol. Assoc, v£d‘
(1888), p. 331. Chvncera furcata, A. Eritsch, Dept. ’
Fische bohm. Kreidcform. (1878), p. 16, woodc. fi£- j
Turonian; Bohemia. [Imperfoct dental plate; Dcj
Bohemian Museum, Prague.]

A cranium not yet clearly distinguished from that of Plethod* »
has also been described as follows : —

Syntcgmodus altus, F. B. Loomis, Palteontogr. vol. xlvi. ( L^

p. 253, pi. xxii. fig. 9. — Upper Cretaceous (Niobr‘1^
Group) ; Kansas, U.8.A. [Imperfect cranium ; Pal*10
tological Museum, Munich.]

OSTEOGLOSSID-iE. NOTOrTERID.'E.

85

Genus THRYPTODUS, Loomis.

[Palseontogr. vol. xlvi. 1000, p. 229.]

An imperfectly known genus with depressed skull and small
mouth, apparently differing from Plethodus in having two lower
median dental plates opposed to the single upper plate.

Two species, not represented in the Collection, are recognised as
follows : —

Thryptodus rotundus, F. B. Loomis, loc. tit. p. 235, pi. xxii.
figs. 1, 2. — -Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group); Kansas,
U.S.A. [Upper and lower dental plates ; Pahcoutological
Museum, Munich.]

Thryptodus zitteli, F. B. Loomis, loc. tit. p. 234, pi. xxi. — Ibid.
[The type species. Skull ; Palmontological Museum,
Munich.]

The rostrum of this fish closely resembles a fragment from the
Chalk of Sussex, in (he Brighton Museum, provisionally ascribed to
an Acipenseroid by A. S. Woodward, Proo. Geol. Assoc, vol. xi.
<1880), p. 31, pi. i. fig. 6.

Imperfect remains of a nearly similar fish with free premaxillse
are described thus : —

Pseudothryptodus intermedins, F. B. Loomis, loc. tit. p. 236, pi. xxii.
figs. 3-8.— Ibid. [Remains of head ; Palaeontological

Museum, Munich.]

Family NOTOPTERID^.

Supraoccipital hone prominent, but parietals partly meeting in
the middle line ; squamosal reduced and fused with pterotic ; a
basicranial canal ; snout not produced ; cheek-plates reduced.
Mandibular suspensorium vertical or inclined forwards and gape
moderately wide ; premaxilla small and maxilla relatively large,
both entering the upper border of the mouth. Opercular and
branchiostegal apparatus much reduced, and no gular plate. Verte-
bral centra well ossified, those of the abdominal region with trans-
verse processes ; ribs nearly encircling the abdominal cavity. Fin-
fulcra absent ; caudal fin very small or absent. Scales thin and
cycloid, extending over the head and opercular apparatus.

The surviving members of this family are confined to the fresh-
waters of the East Indies and West Africa.

86

ACTIXOMERYGII.

Genus NOTOPTERUS, Lacepede.

[Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. ii. 1800, p. 189.]

lrunk fusiform, with very short abdominal region and niuc
elongated and attenuated caudal region. Dorsal fin very small, 1,1
the caudal region ; anal fin much extended and confluent with t
rudimentary caudal fin. A double series of short ventral ridge-
scales in the abdominal region,

Notopterus primeevus, Gunther.

1876. Notopterus primeems, A. Gunther, Geol. Mag. [2] vol. in- P- ^ ’
pi. xix.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum. ^

An imperfectly known species, about 0-3 in length. Lower P®r
of preoperculum and some ridges of mandible serrated. About ■
abdominal vertebrae. Dorsal fin above 14th and 15th cau
vertebrae. Scales very small.

Form, i Sr Loc. Freshwater Tertiary Lignite : Padang, Sumatra.

47512. Typo specimen described and figured by Giinther, he. c^'
Presented by Herr It. D. M. Verbeek, l'"'1

Family CHIROCENTRIDiE.

Supraoccipital bone prominent, partly or completely separatm
the parietals in the median line ; squamosals reduced, and 0 .
region very prominent ; parasphenoid enclosing a basicranial can' ■
snout not produced ; cheek-plates well developed. Mandib ^
suspensorium inclined forwards, but gape of mouth wide and me
or less directed upwards ; premaxilla and maxilla robust and firm
fixed, both entering the upper border of the mouth ; teeth acumina
almost or exclusively confined to the premaxilla, maxilla, and den nO
bones. Opercular apparatus complete, with branchiostegal rap,
no gular plate. Vertebral centra well ossified, none with trans'er
processes ; ribs nearly or completely encircling the abdominal ca' J
liajmal arches more or less fused at the base of the tail. I'1 ^

muscular bones present. Fin-fulcra absent; fin-rays divided ^
closely articulated distally ; post-temporal bones in contact '
postero-lateral angles of cranium; dorsal and anal fins rc®°
Scales thin and cycloid. In the recent genus : — No pseudobiauc
air-bladder incompletely divided into colls ; no pyloric appeIU
intestine short, with a rudimentary spiral valve.

CHIBOCENTKIDiE.

8

Synopsis of Genera.

I. Extended anal fin not elevated into an
acuminate lobe anteriorly.

Teeth laterally com pressed and firmly
fixed in shallow sockets, much
enlarged in premaxilla aad den-
tary ; pectoral fins normal

Teeth small, nearly uniform in size, in
close series ; pectoral fins much

enlarged

Teeth rounded in section, of moderate
size, in close uniform series, only
one pair being enlarged at the
mandibular symphysis ; pectoral

fins rather large . . . .

II. Extended anal fin [when known] elevated
into an acuminate lobe anteriorly.

A. Teeth in sockets, irregular in size

and much enlarged in premaxilla.
About 20 branchiostegal rays ; rays
of paired fins much expanded ;

scales large and smooth

[Skull and jaws as in Chirocmtrites,
with deep suprnoccipital crest;
teeth with vertical successors,
not compressed to a sharp edge,
and no nutritive foramina or
notches on the inner face of the
jaw below the alveolar border .

B. Teeth in sockets, nearly regular in

size on each bone, not much
enlarged in premaxilla.

(a) No presymphysial bone in man-
dible.

Teeth not compressed to a sharp
edge; caudal vertebra; about
35 in number ; rays of paired
fins much expanded ; dorsal fin
short-based, opposed to anal ;

scales large aud smooth

[Skull, jaws, and teetii as in Spathc-
dactylus, with small supra-
occipital crest ; teeth with
vertical successors and no nu-
tritive foramina or notches on
the inner face of the jaw below
the alveolar border

Chirocentrus (p. 88).

Platinx (p. 89).

Chiromystus (p. 89).

Chirocentrites (p. 90).

Portheus (p. 92).]

Spathodactyhis'i(p. 98).

Ichthyodectes (p. 99).]

88

ACTING lTEKYGTI.

[As Spathodactylus, but dorsal fin
longer than deep and opposed

to pelvic fins Cladocyelus (p. 1°7)'J

(i) A presymphysial bone in man-
dible.

Similar skull and jaws, but the
teeth compressed to a sharp
edge, and a series of nutritive
notches on the inner face of the
jaw below the alveolar border . Saurodon (p. Ill)-
Teeth compressed to a sharp edge,
with germs of successors arising
on the inner face, where there

is a series of nutritive foramina .

below the alveolar border .... Saurocephalus (p- H

Genus CHIROCENTRUS, Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 178.]

Trunk elongated and laterally compressed ; abdomen txencha ^
Teeth laterally compressed, firmly fixed in shallow sockets ; at e’
one pair of premaxillary toeth enlarged, the other premaxillary a"
maxillary teeth small and in singlo series ; mandibular teeth J ^
large, in a single series ; minute villiform teeth on the palatine ’
pterygoids, and tongue. Eight branehiostegal rays. R^s V j,
delicate. A long pointed osseous appendage at the base ° c
pectoral fin ; pectoral fins of moderate size, the length of the ra
much less than that of the head with opercular apparatus , l’e ^
fins very small ; dorsal fin short, opposed to tho anal, which i' ''
extended bub not elevated into a pointed lobe in front ; can a
deeply forked. ^

This is the sole surviving genus of the family, and is represen e
only by one existing species in the Indian Ocean.

Chirocentrus (?) polyodon, Gunther.

18i6. Chirocentrus (?) polyodon, A. Gunther, Geol. Mag. [2] vo1'

P- 438, pi. xv. fig. 3.

Type. Dentary bone ; British Museum. , -y

species doubtfully of this genus, known only by f ragmen
1 s. fig teeth in the den tan- are slender, numerous, m
ar0e ut irregular in size, and very closely set ; those of the max
a out as large as the hindermost teeth of the dentary.

°rm' & L°c. Freshwater Tertiary Lignite : Padang, Sumatra.

CHIROCENTHIDiE.

89

47514. Type specimen, comprising left dentary and impression of
left maxilla. The extent of the mandibular dentition,
which comprises 23 teeth, is 0-045.

Presented hy Herr R. I). M. Verbeek, 1876.

Genus PLATINX, Agassiz.

[Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 304.1

Syn. Thrmoplerus, J. J. lleckel, Uenkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math,-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. 1850, p. 245.

Trunk elongated and laterally compressed ; abdomen trenchant.
Teeth small and in regular close sorios in both jaws, not enlarged in
the premaxilla. About six or seven branchiostegal rays. Vertebrae
approximately 70 in number, nearly half being caudal ; ribs round
in section. Pectoral fins considerably enlarged, the length of the
rays exceeding that of the head with opercular apparatus ; pelvic
fins very small ; dorsal fin low and much extended, opposed to the
anal, which is also much extended but not elevated into a pointed
lobe in front; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales large and smooth.

The following species of this extinct genus are recognised, but are
not represented in the Collection : —

Platinx catullii : Thrissopterus catullii, J. J. lleckel, Denkschr. k.
Akad. Wiss., math.-uaturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1856), p. 248,
pi. xii. fig. 5. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca, near Verona.
[The type species of I'hrissopterus. Nearly completo fish ;
University Museum, Padua.]

Platinx elonyatus, I,. Agassiz, Noues Jahrb. 1835, p. 304, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. (1835-44), p. 125, pi. xiv. ;
F. Ii assail i, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. iii.
(1876), p. 188. Esox macropterus, II. 1). de Blainville,
Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. (1818), p. 342. — Ibid.
[The type species. Nearly complete fish ; Paris Museum
of Natural History.]

Platinx (jiyas, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 304. Monopteros
; jiyas , G. 8. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. exei,
pi. xlvii.— Ibid. [Nearly complete fish ; Paris Museum
of Natural History.]

Genus CHIROM YSTUS, Cope.

[Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxiii. 1886, p. 4.]

Trunk elongated and laterally compressed. Teeth rounded in
section and hollow, not in deep sockets but firmly fixed to the jaws ;

90

ACTINOPTERTGII.

upper teeth of moderato size, in a single uniform series ; lower teeth
in a similar single uniform series, but one pair at the sympty31*
much enlarged. Vertebra about 50 in number, nearly half being
caudal ; centra with two deop, longitudinally-extended pits on cool*
side ; ribs comparatively stout, flattened and impressed with a
longitudinal groove. Pectoral fins rather large ; pelvic fins
small ; dorsal fin short, opposed to the anal, which is somewha
extended ; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales large, smooth, ftn
very thin.

The characters of the dentition are here given on the assumpU0
that the skull recorded below is rightly referred to this genus.

Chiromystus mawsoni, Cope.

l «««' C’liromystus mawsoni , E. D. Cope, loc. cit. p. 4.

Chiromystus mawsoni, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag.
[6] vol, ii. p. 134.

Nat. Hist-

Type- Imperfect trunk ; Cope Collection. f

The type species, attaining a length of about 04. ]X'Pth
ongest ribs with vortebral centra contained about four and a thir
times in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the can »
hn. Origin of anal fin equidistant from the pelvic and caudal fins-
Form- & Loc- Upper Cretaceous : Bahia, Brazil.

P' 7345‘ Imperfect skull, of which the jaws are figured, npslde
down, by Allport, Quart. Journ. Gcol. Soc. vol. xvi. (l8b
pi. xiv. fig. 4. Presented by Samuel Allport, Esq-i
P- 7110. Fragmentary remains of head and anterior part of ab

dominal region with pectoral fin. • . 9g_

Presented by Joseph Maivson, Esq-,

P. 5531. Portion of small caudal region, noticed by A. S.

ward, loc. cit. ; from Itacaranha. 1888-

Presented by Joseph Maw son, Esq-,

Genus CHIROCENTRITES, Hcckel.

[Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. 1849, pt. i- P- l7'J

rp ,.Un^ LdotlSated and laterally compressed ; abdomen Irene
not compressed to a sharp edge: very irregular in si/G
a eas one pair in the promaxilhe much enlarged. qU

anc ios egal rays. Vertebra) approximately GO in number, a
do being abdominal ; the centra exhibiting two deep, longit«din^
extended pits on each side ; ribs comparatively stout, each AaHeI1

CniKOCENIRIDJS.

91

and impressed with a longitudinal groove. Paired fins with few
much-expanded rays, the length of the pectoral rays not exceeding
that of the head with opercular apparatus ; dorsal fin short, opposed
to the anal, which is much extended and is elevated into a pointed
lobe in front ; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales smooth.

Chirocentrites coroninii, Heckel.

1849-50. Chirocentrites coroninii, J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. p. 17, and
Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-uaturw. 01. vol. i. p. 203, pk xiii.,
pi. xiv. figs. 1, 2.

1856. Chirocentrites coroninii, .1. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss.
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. p. 243.

1867. Chirocentrites coroninii, It. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. lvi. pt. i. p. 189.

1885. Chirocentrites coroninii, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. lxxii. p. 28.

Type. Nearly complete fish; Court Museum, Vienna.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'7. Length of
head with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding its maximum
depth, and contained about seven times in the total length of the
fish ; maximum depth of trunk equalling nearly one quarter of its
length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Sub-
orbitals and preoperculum serrated on lower margin. Dentigerous
border of maxilla sinuous, the teeth smaller than those of the
dentary and prcmaxilla, but stout and largest on the convex portion.
Vertebras about 35 in number in tho abdominal, 28 in the caudal
region. Pelvic fins arising twice as far from the pectorals as from
the anal ; dorsal fin with 15 rays, of which the foremost five are
especially robust and adpressed, forming the anterior acumination ;
anal flu with about 34 rays, of which the foremost five resemble
those of the dorsal.

Form. 4' Loc. Neocomian : Goriansk, Gorz, Istria.

Not represented in the Collection.

Like the so-called Chirocentrites microdon (Part III. p. 526), the
following two species, which arc not represented in the Collection,
may belong either to Chirocentrites or to Thrissops : —

Chirocentrites gracilis, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. 1849, pt. i. p. 18, and Denkschr. k.
Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. i. (1850), p. 208, pi. xv.
Thrissops gracilis , F. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. (1882), p. 257. — Cretaceous;
Comen, Istria.

ACriNOPIERTGII.

Ohirocentrites vexillifer, J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. vol. si. (1856}’
p. 245, pi. ii. figS. 2. Thrissops vexillifer , F. Bassam>
he. cit. 1882, p. 257 ; D. G. Kramberger, Djela -T ugosia .
Akad. vol. xvi. (1895), p. 36, pi. viii. fig. 6.— Ibid-

Nothing is known of the so-called Chirocentriiet ? cavolin* f'r0®
the Cretaceous of Pietraroja (0. G. Costa, Atti It. Accad. Sci. Nap0 ’
vol. ii. 1865, no. 16, p. 9, name only).

Genus PORTHEUS, Cope.

[Proc. Amer. Phil. Hoe. vol. xii. 1872, p. 331.]

Syn. Megalodon, L. Agassiz (non Sowerby, 1829), Poiss. Foss., Feui11
1835, p. 53 (in part). , , jD

Ilypsodon, I,. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feuill. 1837, P- I
part). _ l2

Xiphactinus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1870, P- ^

A provisional name given to fragmentary remains of a
fishes, which has not yet been clearly distinguished from O’
centntes. Hupraoccipital bone bearing a conspicuous 1 ,
longitudinal crest ; premaxillae short and deep. Teeth con
exclusively to the premaxillary, maxillary, and dentary bones. ^
hollow, subcylindric or moderately compressed, but desfitut®
sharp or serrated edges, and lodged in deep sockets ; very i"0*’ d
in size, those of the premaxilla, middle of maxilla, and anterior .
ot‘ dentary relatively large. Successional teeth formed 11
beneath the functional teeth, and no nutritive foramina ,
inner face of the jaw below the alveolar border. All the vert0
centra, except a few immediately behind the head, exhibiting ^
deep, longitudinally-extended pits on each side. Both paire“ d
with few broad and stout rays, which are very finely articulate
divided quite at the distal end. ' Say(

A otes on the osteology of this genus are published by C. F-
ZooL Bulh voL ii- (1898), pp. 25-54, figs. 1-16.

Portheus molossus, Cope. .

(?) 1870. Xiphactinus audax, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

P; [Fin-ray; National Museum, Washington.] ., g0c.

(?) 1871. Saurocephalm audax, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. I"1'
vol. xi. p. 533.

' \ nu>l°esus, E. 1). Cope, ibid. vol. xii. pp. I75’ ;533' wftUn»

(• ) / 3. Xiphactinus audax, J, Leidy, Contrib. Extinct A er*" £>t)0,

\V. Territ. (Rep. U.S. Geoi. Surv. Territ. vol. i. P‘- h>’ P'
pi. xvii. figs. 9, 10.

CHIROCESTTKIDj®.

93

1875. Portheus molossus, E. I). Cope, Vert. Oret. Form. West (Rep.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii.), pp. 184, 194, fig. 8 (woodc.),
pis. xxxix. xli. ; pi. xliv. figs. 5, 10, 1 1 ; pi. xlv. figs. 9-11.

1892. Portheux moloxsus, A. R. Crook, Palscontogr. vol. xxxix. p. 1 14,
pi. xviii.

1898. X iplmtinus audax, A. Stewart, Kansas Univ. Quart. [A] vol. vii.
p. 119, pis. vii.-x.

Type. Skull, with vertebrae and fin-rays.

The type species, of large size, the cranium attaining a length of
0-35. Premaxilla with two teeth, the foremost usually having
two thirds the diameter of the second. Maxilla throe times as long
as the premaxilla, much deepened at the anterior palatine articu-
lation, and its oral border nearly straight ; about five enlarged
teeth in its anterior half. Depth of dentary at the symphysis
nearly equalling 'one third the total length of the mandibular ramus,
and its oral border very slightly undulating * about five enlarged
teeth in front, the two foremost, separated by a transverse groove
from the three behind. Dental crowns smooth and not facetted,
not curved at the apex. Cheek-plates marked with very feeble
large tubercles and rug®.

Form. <$f Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) : Smoky Hill,
Kansas, U.S.A.

I*. 6326. Slab of friable chalk exhibiting a noarly complete head,
right lateral aspect, associated with numerous vertebral
centra, remains of the pectoral and pelvic arches, some of
the pectoral fin-rays, and the greater part of the pelvic
fins. The two halves of the pelvic arch are shown to be
firmly united by suture, and one of the pelvic fins seems
to be better preserved than any hitherto described. Tt
exhibits five broad rays, all very finely subdivided and
articulated in step-like sutures at their expanded distal
end. The foremost ray is much the largest ; the three
diminishing hinder rnyrs are crushed so as to exhibit their
loosely apposed right and left halves. Purchased , 1891.

6327. Series of caudal vertebra;. Purchased, 1891.

The following specimens from the English Chalk indicate a form

°f Portheus as largo as P. molossus, probably' distinct, but not

specifically determinable : —

25923 x. Portion of cranium ; Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll.

^057. Remains probably of maxilla and prcmaxilla ; Chalk, Lewes.

Mantell Collr

94

aotinopierygii.

39063. Imperfect left maxilla, noticed by E. T. Newton,

Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxiii. (1877), p. 510 ; Chalk, n°

Maidstone. Boiverbank Cot '

4102. Fragment probably of dentary showing two teeth, describe1
and figured by Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt* L P'
pi. xxv a. fig. 3> under the name of UypsocJon lewesi
noticed by Newton, loc. cit. p. 510 ; Chalk, Lewes.

Mantell Co*

P. 473. Remains of both dentary bones, described and figured )
Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 100, pi. xxvA fig. 3, under the na ^
°t Hypsocloi 4 lewesiensis, subsequently further di' c*tec „
matrix ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. Egerton ° ‘

F- 8252. Imperfect largo loft dentary ; Lower Chalk, Burham-

Presented by 6. E. Dibley , hsq-,

P- 5412. Two fragments of dentary; Lewes. ^ qgg.

Presented by P. E. Coonibe, Esq.,

46389. Fragment of jaw displaying large teeth, noticed by h e^t
loc. cit. p. 510 ; Chalk, Warminster, Wiltshire.

Cunninglon

P. 5720. Fragments of chain of vertebrae ; Burham.

Harford Cod-

35701. Vertebral centrum and fragment; Lower Chalk, L°ver; ,q

Purchased, L-

39°65. Large vertebral centrum ; Chalk, Gravesend. „ n

Boiverbank Co*

41693. Imperfect scapular arch ; Lower Chalk, Hailing, Kent.

Mrs. Smith s 0

P. 6531. Fin-ray wanting distal eDd ; Lower Chalk, Blue Bell
Burham, Kent. Presented by S. J. Hawkins, Esq-,

F- 4507. Base of similar fin-ray ; Chalk, Maidstone. r J,

Enniskillen Co*

39085, 39426. Portions of similar fin-rays ; Burham. * «

3 Boiverbank Co*

44625. Two portions of similar fin-rays ; Upper Chalk, Bromley

3 Purchased, W*

43391. Associated bases of fin-rays ; Lower Chalk, Burham.

Purchased , 10 '

CHIROCESTTBIDJE.

95

Portheus mantelli, Newton.

1822. “Unknown fish,” G. A. Mantell, Foss. South Downs, p. 241,
pi. xlii. tigs. 1, 3, 4.

1835. Megalodon sawoides, L. Agassiz, l’oiss. Foss., Feuill. p. 55
(name only).

1836. Meyalodon? leicesiensi.i, G. A. Mantel], Descript, Catal. Geol.
&c. Mus. Sussex Sci. Lit. Inst. ed. 5, p. 30.

1837-44. Iltjpsodon leiocsiensis, I,. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 100 (in part), pi. xxv b. figs. 1, 2.

1877. Portheus mantelli, E. T. Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxiii. p. 510.

Type. Imperfect left maxilla and premaxilla ; British Museum.

A species of moderate size, the upper jaw attaining a length of
about O' 18. Premaxilla with five teeth of unequal size. Maxilla
about four times as long as the premaxilla, and its oral border in
the form of a slightly concave arch. Teeth smooth, not facetted.
Form. Loc. Turonian : Sussex.

4066-67. Type specimen, the promaxilla being in counterpart ;

Chalk, Lewes. Mantell Coll.

Portheus daviesi, Newton.

1877. Portheus damesii, E. T. Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxiii. p. 511, pi. xxii. fig. 13.

Type. Right maxilla ; British Museum.

A species of moderate size, known only by the maxilla, which is
unusually robust and exhibits a slightly convex oral border. The
teeth are smooth and not facetted, largest in the middle of the bone
at the summit of the convexity.

Form. Loc. Turouian : Kent.

28388. Type specimen, the right maxilla associated with a ver-
tebral centrum and an imperfect undetermined bone ;
Lower Chalk, near Maidstone. Mantell Coll.

Portheus gaultinus, Newton.

[Text-figure 5.]

1877. Portheus gaultinus, E. T. Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxiii. p. 512, pi. xxii. figs. 1-12, and woodcut.

Type. Imperfect head and associated vertebra) ; Museum of
Practical Geology, London.

A species of moderate size, the cranium attaining a length of
about 0-2. Premaxilla with five teeth, the second and third much
larger than the others. Maxilla four times as long as the pre-

96

ACTINOPTERYGII.

maxilla, deepened and very robust at the anterior palatine ar
culation, and its oral border very slightly sinuous, tho fe® ^
convexity in its middle third bearing tho largest teeth. Depth
dentary at the symphysis equalling one third the total lengt
the mandibular ramus, and its oral border excavated in its nut

Fig.

Portheus gaultinus ; partial restoration of head by E. T. Newton, one

nat. size. _ jr r

as., alisphenoid; bs., upper portion of basisphenoid ; eth., mesethmo^^,
frontal ; hm., faeette for hyomandibular ; ju., supramaxilla ; .j,0tic ;

oh., supraorbital; [olf, foramen for olfactory nerve; op.oty ^ntal
pa., parietal region ; palatine; pmx., premnxilla ; iwVr,> P tfro0tal
(eotethmoid) ; pr.ot., pro-otio; ps., orbitospheuoid (?) ; sp-0<"’ ?)0
(sphenotie).

CHIBOCEXIRIDiE.

97

portion ; about eight enlarged teeth of variable size in advance
of the concavity. Dental crowns smooth, not facetted, the apex
often a little curved inwards.

Form. &[ Loc. Albian — Turonian : Kent.

47 205. Imperfect light maxilla and associated vertebral centrum ;

Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

40146. Imperfect mandible ascribed to this species by E. T.
Newton, loc. cit. p. 520 ; Lower Chalk, Hailing, Kent.

Purchased , 1866.

The following specimen is not specifically determined : —

32392. Fragmentary remains of large fish ; Upper Greensand, Isle
of Wight. Purchased, 1857.

The following species have also been based upon fragmentary
remains of jaws with teeth, but are not represented in the
Collection : —

Portheus australis, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6]
vol. xiv. (1894), p. 444, pi. x. fig. 1. — Lower Cretaceous
(Bolling Downs Formation) ; Clutha Station, near Hugh-
enden, Gidgery Creek, Queensland. [Jaws; Geological
Survey of Queensland, Brisbane.)

Portheus brachygnathus: Xiphactinus brachygnathus, A. Stewart,
Kansas Univ. Quart. [AJ vol. viii. (1899), p. 107. Xiph-
actinus lestrio, A. Stewart, ibid. vol. vii. (1898), p. 118,
pi. viii. (ei-rore). — Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) ;
near Gorham, Bussell Co., Kansas. [Jaws ; Kansas
University Museum.]

Portheus lestrio, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1873,
p. 337, and Vert. Cret. Form. West (Bep. U. S. Geol.
Surv. Territ. vol. ii. 1875), p. 201, pi. xlii. figs. 1-3,
pi. xlvii. fig. 1. — Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group);
Kansas. [Imperfect skull ; Cope Collection.]

Portheus lowi, A. Stewart, Kansas Univ. Quart. [A] vol. vii.
(1898), p. 24, pi. ii. fig. 2. — Upper Cretaceous (Fort
Benton Group); Fairbury, Nebraska. [Dentary bones;
Kansas University Museum.]

Portheus rnudgei , E, D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. no. 2
(1874), p. 40, and Ycrt. Cret. Form. West (1875), p.203.
— Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) ; Kansas. [Im-
perfect upper jaw ; Cope Collection.]

Portheus thaumas, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. West (1875),

i“AJvr rv. H

98

ACTINOPTERYGII.

p. 196, pi. xliii., pi. xliv. figs. 1-4, and Proc. Am01- ^ ^
Soc. vol. xii. (1872), p. 335. Saurocephalus t?,ann'^
E. D. Cope, Proe. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi. (1871)) P-
a=Xiphactinus audax” A. Stewart, Kansas Univ- n ^
[A] vol. vii. (1898), p. 119.— Upper Cretaceous (Hw ^
Group); Smoky Hill, Kansas. [Jaws, &c- i ^°PC
lection.]

Fragments of jaws of large species of Portheus from the Tur ^ ^
of Saxony and Bohemia are also described under the nan ^
Hypsodon Uwesiensis, Ag., by H. B. Geinitz, Palseontogr. ' ° '
pt. ii. (1875), p. 222, pi. xlii. (in part), and A. Fritsch, BeP ‘
Fische bcihm. Kreideform. (1878), p. 40, pi. vi. 0ri<T'n'

The names Portheus angulatus and Portheus gladius ''v< ^( jp{.
ally given by Cope to fragments of Protospliyrcena (see a
pp. 413, 414).

Genus SPATHQDACTYLUS, Pictet.

[Foss. Terrain Neocoin. Yoirons (Paleonb. Suisse), 185>-)

pt. iii. p. 2.]

Trunk robust and moderately elongated, but laterally cotni .
Teeth hollow, in deep sockets, not compressed to a “^arP

uuuuw, in ueep socsets, not eompresseu ™ - uniform
those of the maxilla, as also those of the dentary, nearby peing
in size. Vertebra approximately 60 in number, about " ^jgi
abdominal ; the centra exhibiting two deep, longitudinally al,(l
pits on each side; ribs comparatively stout, each fiat ^ ^gli-
impressed with a longitudinal groove. ,of

expanded rays, the length of the pectoral rays not exceedi t0

the head with opercular apparatus ; dorsal fin
the anal, which is much extended and is elevated into P
in front ; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales smooth.

Spathodactylus neocomiensis, Pictet. ^oc0ni.

1858. Spathodactylus neocomiensis, F. J. Pictet, Foss. ^er

Voirons (Payout. Suisse), pt. iii. p. % pi8* *•> |u> ]*.

1882. Spathodactylus neocomiensis, F. Bassani, Ben ~

W ias., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. p. 247.

Fype. Nearly complete fish ; Geneva Museum. nietrC’'

The type species, attaining a length of abo« ^ 0f tb<-'
Maximum depth of trunk somewhat exceeding the ^or0 th®1'
head with opercular apparatus, and contained rat e ^ pase 0
three times in the length from the pectoral arch

CHIR0CEXTRIDJ5.

99

the caudal fin. Teeth smooth, stout, and nearly circular in trans-
verse section, those of the mandible slightly larger than those of
the upper jaw ; oral border of maxilla nearly straight, that of the
dentary feebly sinuous. Vertebral centra as deep as long, about
25 in the abdominal, 35 in the caudal region. Dorsal fin opposite
the middle of tlio anal fin, which comprises somewhat more than
30 rays, the foremost seven or eight closely adpressed and forming
the lobe.

The unique original specimen of this species in the Geneva
Museum is preserved in counterpart ; and although there is a
fracture across the unusually short abdominal region, it does not.
appear to have lost any intervening portion. The skull is im-
perfect behind, but is shown to have been wide between the orbits,
with a very robust prefrontal (ectethmoidal) ossification. The
premaxilla is not preserved ; and neither the fossil nor its counter-
part now exhibits the anterior upper tooth-bearing fragment of
bone represented in Pictet’s figure. The characteristic maxilla is
distinct, fractured across its anterior half and not intelligibly
shown in the figure. The sinuous contour of the oral border of
the mandible is also exaggerated in the latter ; and the fossil is
not sufficiently well preserved to determine whether or not the
mandible really tapers to the symphysis so much as appearances
suggest. There are remains of thin cheek-plates ; and one pre-
operculum is displaced beneath the opercular region. A few traces
of delicate branchiostegal rays occur below the mandible. The
so-called anterior dorsal fin of Pictet is a false appearance due to
the displacement of some neural spines, where the squamation has
also been disturbed (as noted by Bassani, loc. cit.).

Form, if Lor,. Neocomian : Yoirons, Geneva, Switzerland.

Not represented in the Collection.

Genus ICHTHYODECTES, Cope.

[Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi. 1871, p. 53G.]

Syn. Gillicus, O. P. Hay, Amer. Journ. Sci. [4] vol. vi. 1898, p. 230.

Teeth hollow, in deep sockets, not compressed to a sharp edge ;
those of the maxilla, as also those of the dentary, almost uniform
in size, and those of the premaxilla not much enlarged. Succes-
sional teeth formed directly beneath the functional teeth, and no
nutritive foramina on the inner face of the jaw below the alveolar
border. No presymphysial bone. Vertebral axis, fins, and scales
apparently ns in Chirocentrites.

h 2

100

ACTINOPTEKyGII.

Phil. SoC'

Ichthyodectes ctenodon, Cope.

1871. Ichthyodectes ctenodon, E. I). Cope, Proc. Arner.
vol. xi. p. 586.

1872. Ichthyodectes ctenodon, E. 1). Cope, i bid, vol. xii. p. •‘540.

1875. Ichthyodectes ctenodon, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. "

■ QJ1;TCP’ U-S- Ge°l. Srn-v. Territ. vol. ii.), p. 207, pi. xlvi. figs- 1 \
190°. Ichthyodectes ctenodon, F. B. Loomis, Palreontogr. vol. xl "
P- 244, pi. xxiii. figs. 7, 8.

^8S0C'a^ maxillary and dentary bones, &c.
e type species, with maxilla attaining a length of about 0
Oral border of maxilla straight, with about 40 alveoli; that o
entarj slightly concave, with nearly 30 alveoli. Depth of den a
at symphysis about ono third the total length of the mandibu 0
ramus, Teeth small, slender and smooth, with the apex turner
little inwards.

Form. £ Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) : Smoky IllU’
Kansas, U.S.A.

Not represented in the Collection.

Ichthyodectes anaides, Cope.

1872. Ichthyodectes anaides, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xm
p. 339.

1875. Ichthyodectes anaides, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. "West (B®P-
U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii.), p. 200, pi. xliv. fig8- ’
pi. xlv. figs. 1-8.

1892. Ichthyodectes anaides, A. R. Crook, Palmontogr. vol. xsX
P-111, pl- xv. .

1900. Ichthyodectes anaides, F. B. Loomis, Palmontogr. vol. xlv •
p. 244.

Type. Remains of skeleton, including mandible and preroaxiUfl^

The largest known species, the mandible attaining a length 0
about 0-18. Oral border of dentary slightly sinuous, with _
convexities, and not prominent at the symphysis ; its depth a
symphysis about equal to one third the total length of the man-
dibular ramus; its outer face gently sinuous, not sharply hen
ndged ; teeth small and smooth hut stout, with the apex curve
inwards. I remaxilla a deep ovoid, very convex on the outci

inning laterally and above: teeth five in number, resem 1 °
those of the dentary. Maxilla a little deepened in front, and th
01 a jorder gently sinuous, with one median convexity; hs *■*’
smaller than those of the premaxilla, and the dental sockets abo
40 in number.

Form, if Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) : Smoky &&
Kansas.

CHIROCESTRIDiE.

101

P. 6328. Imperfect jaws with remains of the anterior part of the
cranium, displaying the palatine and prefrontal bones
and the ossified sclerotic. The articular end of each
mandibular ramus is also well shown. Purchased, 1891.

Ichthyodectes arcuatus, Cope.

1875. Portheus arcuatus, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. West (Rep.

U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii.), p. 204 ( non pi. xlvii. figs. 7-9).
1878. Ichthyodectes arcuatus, E. I). Cope, Proc. Amer. Pliil. Soc,
vol. xvii. p. 177.

1892. Ichthyodectes polymicrodus, A. R. Crook, Pakeontogr. vol. xxxix.
p. 112, pi. xvi. [Imperfect skull with jaws; PaUeontological
Museum, Munich.]

1892. Ichthyodectes polymicrodus = 1. arcuatus, E. D. Cope, Amer. Nat.
vol. xxvi. p. 942.

1 898. Oil/icus arcuatus, O. P. Hav, Amer. Journ. Sci. [4] vol. vi. p, 230.
1898. GilUctis polymicrodus, 0. P. Hay, ibid. p. 230.

1900. Ichthyodectes occidcntalis, F. B. Loomis, Paleeontogr. vol. xlvi.
p. 242, pi. xxiii. figs. 1-6 1.

Type. Maxilla ; Cope Collection.

The type species of tho so-called Gillicus, with maxilla attaining
a length of about O'l. All bones comparatively delicate. Oral
border of maxilla strongly sinuous, sharply concave just below and
behind the palatine articulation ; dentary comparatively deep, and
its oral border slightly concave ; teeth very small, about 100 in the
maxillary series.

Form. § Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) : Kansas.

P. 9201. Vertically crushed cranium and imperfect jaws, associated
with vertebral centra ; Elkader, Logan Co., Kansas.

Purchased, 1900.

P. 8902. Fragments of cranium associated with vertebrae ; Elkader.

By exchange, 1898.

Ichthyodectes serridens, sp. nov.

[Plato VIII.]

Type. Head, &c. ; British Museum.

Head and jaws closely resembling those of I. arcuatus, but
anterior mandibular teeth relatively larger, and maxilla apparently
more slender.

Form. Sf Loc. Albian : Kent.

' The extended median dorsal fin in t he restoration of this species published
by Loomis is entirely hypothetical and seems to be based on the erroneous
assumption that such a fin occurs in Spathodactylus.

102

ACTINOFTERYGII.

P. 8633. The type specimen, being the head and part of the
minal region exposed from the right side, shown
natural size in PI. VHI. ; Gault, Folkestone. 1 ^
anterior ethmoidal end of the cranium is slender
pointed, while the supraoccipital (s.occ.) rises as us
into a rounded median crest. The ectethmoid or P
irontal (pr.f.) ig relatively large and stout, with ^
usual flattened facetto for the articulation of the a,|tcj_
thickened end of the palatine (j pi.). The prenias ^

(pmx.) are deeper than long, and meet in the middle '
in front of the ethmoid. Their teeth are very sma >
must have been slightly larger than thoso of the 111,1 ^
which are quite minute. The maxilla (mx.) displnJ9 ^
articulation with the palatine in front, and is overlapp
behind by the cheek-plates : its oral margin is exeava^
just behind its anterior end, but is strongl} °oU
further back. Its minute teeth aro fixed just within ^
rugoso border. The mandible is remarkably deep) *
the symphysial end of the dentary (tf.) slopes s ’=> ‘

backwards and downwards. Its oral margin ls
exposed in front, where the slonder, styliform ten t 1 ^
considerably larger than any shown in the uPPl 1
There are remains of large, smooth, suborbital c ^
plates (s.o.) ; and the sclerotic of the eye (scl.) 1 -
ossified. The preoperculum ( p.op .) forms a S1®8
angular expansion, rather thin and nearly smoot *
a slightly thickened anterior border. The operculum^
and other plates are fragmentary. Some of the an
vertebral centra are slightly longer than deep, and t
the characteristic pittings. Tho bases of some 0 ^
pectoral fin-rays (pet.) are very large and broad,
are also obscure remains of large, thin scales. _Qy

Purchased l»y''

Ichthyodectes minor (Egerton). ^

1850. Hypsodon minor, Sir P. Egerton, in F Dixon, Geol. Suss •
p. xiv, pi. xxxii* fig. 9. , , g(1c.

1877. Ichthyodectes minor, E. T. Newton, Quart. Journ. Geo •
vol. xxxiii. p. 620, pi. xxii. fig. 14.

TyPe- Imperfect mandible ; British Museum. . rate

A species known only by remains of the mandible, of mocle
size. Oral border of dentary nearly straight, with a sligb
vexity towards its anterior end ; its outer face not sharp )

CHIROCENTRIDiE.

103

outwards in a longitudinal ridge ; its depth at the symphysis about
equal to one quarter the total length of the mandibular ramus ;
teeth upright and straight, not curved at apex, and total number of
sockets in dentary about 30.

Form. &( Loc. Turonian : Sussex, Kent, and Surrey.

28894. Type specimon, figured by Egerton, described and figured
by Newton, be. tit. ; Chalk, Sussex. The left mandibular
ramus measures 0-14 in length. Dixon Coll.

39064. Portion of both dentaries ; near Maidstone.

Bowerbank Coll.

49831. Fragment of dentary ; Dorking, Surrey. C apron Coll.

Ichthyodectes elegans, Newton.

[Plate IX. figs. 4, 5.]

1877. Ichthyodectes elegans, E. T. Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,
vol. xxxiii. p. 521, pi. xxii. fig. 15.

Type. Imperfect dentary ; British Museum.

A small species known only by the jaws. Oral border of dentary
slightly concave, curved upwards to the beak-like symphysis ; its
outer face gently sinuous, not sharply bent or ridged ; its teeth
very small at the symphysis, but of moderate size and in regular
series beyond, the crowns slender, all inclined a little forwards,
with the apex slightly curved inwards ; tho dental sockets about
40 in number. Maxilla scarcely deepened in front, and the oral
border straight ; teeth somewhat smaller, stouter, and less inclined
than those of the dentary, minute at the hindor end of the bone.
Form. <5f Loc. Turonian : Surrey and Kent.

41687. Type specimen ; Lower Chalk, Dorking.

Toulmin Smith Coll.

P. 5644-45. Imperfect right and left dentaries and left maxilla,
found associated ; Lower Pit, Upper Hailing, Kent. The
left dentary is shown of the natural size, from the inner
aspect, in PI. IX. fig. 5, while tho maxilla is similarly
represented from the outer aspect in fig. 4. Their specific
characters are mentioned above in the diagnosis.

Harford Coll.

47251. Fragment of right dentary ; Lower Chalk, Dover.

Gardner Coll.

104

ACTINOPT'ERYGII.

Ichthyodectes tenuidens, sp. nov.

[Plate IX. fig. 6.]

Type. Imperfect skull ; British Museum. Qral

A small species known only by remains of the head,
border of maxilla and dentary nearly straight ; depth of denta J ^
symphysis not exceeding one quarter the total length of 4be
dibular ramus. Teeth very slender and smooth, with apex s &
curved inwards.

Form. Sf Loc. Turonian and (?) Albian : Kent. ,

49054. Type specimen, an imperfect head shown of the na^ g
size in PI. IX. fig. 6 ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. ^ ^
fossil exhibits the superior and right lateral as^P.C r (j;s.
the head, but is transversely fractured and partial >
placed at the front border of the orbit. The crania r ^
is narrow, exhibiting the usual median crest behind,
the frontal bone of tho right side raised into a a
tudinal ridgo. The frontals seem to extend backw.rr
far as the hinder border of the orbit, and the ver> ■ ^
median ethmoid is conspicuous at the end of the s
None of tho bones are externally ornamented.
large size of the eye is indicated by fragments ° ^
ossified sclerotic (scZ.); immediately behind this are ^
remains of the thin cheek-plates ( s.o .), with traces 0 ^ .

slime-canal which seems to have had radiating i,r:'n
while in front may be observed the robust p1 e r ^
( Pr ■/•)) with its flattened inferior facette for the Pa a
The maxilla (iw.r.) is long and slender, but much f > ac ®
so that its anterior end is displaced and only three 1
slender teeth remain ; a facette postero-superioil) ■ ^

the extent of overlap of a supramaxillary bone. ^
general proportions of the mandible are indicate0 »
the anterior end of this is also fractured. At ^ jgtic
physis and behind the fracture a few of the charac e ■
teeth are preserved. The outer surface of the ^cnta'[harp
is smooth and only gently undulating, without an>
longitudinal ridge. The preoperculum (p.°F-) 1S " „;n,
to be much expanded, with thickened anterior m^

and the usual radiating branches of the season 1

Smith3

Mrs

41693.

Fragment of jaw ; Lower Chalk, Hailing, Kent. „

Toulmin Smith ^

47227. Imperfect right dentary; Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Go

CHIROCENTRIDiE.

105

Ichthyodectes libanicus (Pictet & Humbert).

(?) 1849. Clupea gigantea, J. J. Heckel, in Russegger’s Reisen, vol. ii.
pt. iii. p. 345. [Portion of abdominal region.]

1866. Chirocentrites libanicus, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss.
Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 88, pi. xiii.

1887. Chirocentrites libanicus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iii. p. 585.

Type. Anterior portion of fish ; Genova Museum.

A species attaining a length of about 0'6, known by the greator
part of the fish, differing from Chirocentrites and resembling Ichthy-
odectes in the characters of the doutition. Maximum depth of
trunk equalling somewhat more than one quarter of its length
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Oral border
of maxilla gently sinuous, concave in its anterior half ; teeth of
maxilla and dentary approximately equal in size, all very slender,
straight, and closely arranged ; premaxillary teeth somewhat
stouter and more sharply pointed, the foremost larger than the
others. Other characters as in Chirocentrites coroninii.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Mount Lebanon, Syria.

39239. Imperfect large fish, in counterpart, wanting nearly the
whole of the head and showing only fragments of the
paired fins ; Hakcl. Part of the cranium is exposed from
beneath. Ono side of this fossil seems to be described by
Davis, loc. cit. p. 586 ; the other shows remains of about
60 vertebrae. Tristram Coll.

39238. More imperfect remains of a smaller fish ; ITakel. The
anterior half of the maxilla is well shown, deepened at
its robust palatine articulation. Beneath it is part of
the mandible, half only in impression, with traces of
teeth like those of the maxilla and possibly (though
doubtfully) with a few slightly larger teeth. Very
slender branehiostegal rays are also seen beneath the
remains of the mandible, and the series is continued by
larger rays beneath the opercular apparatus : these cannot
have been less than 20 in number. Ihe extremities of
some stout pelvic and anal fin-rays are observed chiefly
in impression. Tristram Coll.

P. 66. Remains of head and anterior portion of abdominal region
of a largo fish ; Hakel. Parts of both maxilke are iden-
tifiable, bearing the very slender teeth. The premaxillte
are also shown in impression ; and that of ono side boars

106

ACTINOPXERYGII.

an indication of a slightly enlarged anterior tooth followed
by two smaller teeth. The broad, sharply -an gulated pre-
operculum, with thickened anterior border and radiatm?
markings, can be distinguished at the back of tho he
The scattered pectoral fin-rays are remarkably robas
and the two examples apparently of the foremost raj
exhibit much complexity' at the divided distal end.
this end the ray exhibits longitudinal clefts f°r
greater part of its width, but numerous oblique sutur
in its front portion. Lewis Con-

67-70. Four portions of trunk, with remains of the pelri®>
dorsal, and anal fins ; Hakel. The stout foremost Pelvl®
fin-ray exhibits oblique sutures ; the dorsal fin has *
least 12 supports. The scales are preserved, and t
radiating grooves in their covered portion are fe® J
indicated. Lewis Col1-

The following specimens may also be referred to Ichthyodectes,

but are too imperfect for specific determination : —

P. 9046. Hinder portion of cranium ; Lower Chalk, Blue Bell Bdb
Burham, Kent. Presented by S. J. Hawkins, Esq-, 16

P. 1792. Anterior end of a pair of large dentaries, and a fragmen >
with bases of teeth ; Chalk, Lewes. Egerton Co ■

P- 5646. Portion of jaw associated with other fragments ;

Chalk. Harford CoU-

P- 1797. Fragment of very stout jaw, with teeth as slender as
those of I. tenuidens ; English Chalk. Egerton Co ■

P. 4299. Portion of large dentary with undulating oral margin an
similar teeth ; Chalk, Sussex. Enniskillen Co ■

P. 6016. A much-elongated dentary with traces of similar

Gault, Folkestone. Purchased, 16

49113. Pair of elongated dentaries with sinuous oral border showi &
bases of small teeth ; Gault, Folkestone. „ „

Mrs. Smith’s CoH

35160 a. Anterior half of right maxilla, showing palatine ar*’C
lation and tooth-sockets ; Cambridge Greensand, a
bridge. Purchased, 16° ‘

P. 7268. Six fragments of jaws ; Cambridge Greensand.^ ^

OHIKOCENXEIDJS.

107

The following species have also been based upon fragmentary
remains of jaws with teeth, but are not represented in the
Collection : —

Ichthyodectes acanthictis, E. I). Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xvii. (1878), p. 177. — Upper Cretaceous ; Kansas.
[Dentary, &c. ; Cope Collection.]

Ichthyodectes cruentus, O. P. Hay, Amer. Journ. Sci. [4] vol. vi.
(1898), p. 225, woodc. 1. — Upper Cretaceous ; Butte
Creek, W. Kansas. [Imperfect maxilla.]

Ichthyodectes yoodeanus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xvii. (1878), p. 176. — Upper Cretaceous; Kansas.
[Maxilla and promaxilla ; Cope Collection.]

Ichthyodectes hamatus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. vol. xii.
(1872), p. 340, and Vert. Cret. Form. West (1875),
p. 209, pi. xlvi. fig. 5 ; O. P. Hay, Amer. Journ. Sci. [4]
vol. vi. (1898), p. 225 ; F. B. Loomis, Palreontogr.
vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 243, pi. xxiii. fig. 9.— Upper Cre-
taceous (Niobrara Group) ; Kansas. [Imperfect jaws,
&c. ; Cope Collection.]

Ichthyodectes multidentatus , E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xii. (1872), p. 342, and Vert. Cret. Form. West
(1875), p. 212, pi. 1. figs. 6, 7 ; F. B. Loomis, Palreontogr.
vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 243.— Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara
Group) ; Kansas. [Premaxilla and imperfect maxilla ;
Cope Collection.]

Ichthyodectes proynathus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xii. (1872), p. 341, and Vert. Crot. Form. West
(1875), p. 210, pi. xlvi. figs. 6-10. Saurocephalus pro-
ynathus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi. (IS* 1 ),
p. 532. — Upper Cretaceous ( Niobrara Group); Kansas.
[Premaxilla, maxilla, &c. ; Cope Collection.]

The name Ichthyodectes perniciosus was given by Cope to a portion
of pectoral fin of Protosphyrcena (see Part III. p. 414).

Genus CLADOCYCLUS, Agassiz.

[Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vol. xxx. 1841, p. 83.]

Syn. Anccdopoyon , E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii. 1871,
p. 53.

Trunk laterally compressed and somowhat deeper than the head ;
abdomen trenchant. Cleft of mouth directed sharply upwards, and
not extending beyond the hinder border of the orbit; maxilla
robust, with one supramaxillary bone ; dentition feeble. Vertebral

108

ACT IX 0 PTERY G II.

centra at least as long as deep, each impressed with two latei a
pits , neural and haemal spines of tail much depressed and imbri
eating. Paired fins small, with very stout rays ; dorsal fin S0IDC
what longer than deep, opposed to the pelvic pair; [anal fin un'
known ]; caudal fin deeply cleft. Scales very large, mostly deeper
t. an bioad ; ornamented in their exposed portion with numerous
sma pittings, and marked in their covered portion by a few coD
spicuous radiating grooves.

This incomplete definition is based upon the typo specimen of
Ancedopcgon Unuidens in the U.S. National Museum, several speci-
mens of the same species in the Brazilian National Museum at Bw
| e aneiio, and the small series of fragments from Brazil catalogue
e ow. this fish would be referred to the genus IchtftyodecM *
the dorsal fin were not so far forwards, as shown in a specimen m
the Brazilian National Museum. The detached scales describe
rom other localities under the name of Cladocyclus are doubtf 1
ascribed to the same genus. Most of them probably belong t0
species of Ichthyodectes and Portheus. Scales much resembling
t ose named C. occidentalis are shown on a specimen of Ichthy odect^
m the Kansas University Museum.

Cladocyclus gardneri, Agassiz.

[Plate IX. fig. 1.]

1841. Cladocyclus gardneri, L. Agassiz, Edinb. New Phil- Jolir"'
vol. xxx. p. 83. „

1844. Cladocyclus gardneri, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i- PP1 ’

is?/03’ aUd ComPtes Rendus, vol. xviii. p. 1013. SoC-

18il. Ancedapoyon tenuidens, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil- j
tol. xii. p. „4. [Head and anterior portion of trunk; Natio
Museum, Washington.]

1888. Cladocyclus gardneri, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vo • *•
p. 326.

1890. Aneedopogm tenuidens = Cladocyclus gardneri, A. S. Woodw
Geol. Mag. [3] vol. vii. p. 394.

-TyP6- 1 brtions of fishes ; British Museum. . gtJ

Ihe type species, with the head attaining a length of not W.
t an 0 15. Dentary and premaxillary teeth small ; maxillar} te
veij small or absent. Orbit round, its diameter equalling a
one fifth the length of tho head. Most of the scales much deep
an lnoad, ornamented in their exposed portion with nuinero
snui 1 pittings, a few broad undulations concentric with the r
m ci margin, and some lohed furrows diverging backwards.
orm- $ Loc- Upper Cretaceous : Province of Ceara, N. Brazi .

CH3ROCENTRIDJ3.

109

All the following specimens were obtained from Barra do Jardim,

Serra de Araripe : —

28901 a. Two fragments labelled by Agassiz and to be regarded as
the type specimens. The first exhibits the much-fractured
head, anterior abdominal scales, and remains of the pec-
toral fin ; the second is a portion of the abdominal region,
showing vertebral with thick neural arches, delicate ribs,

and scales. J)ixon CoU[

28901 b. Portion of very large abdominal region, displaying scales
and vertebral contra. Some of the scales exhibit a little
eoarso crimping at the hinder border, and are shown of
the natural size in PI. IX. fig. 1. Dixon Coll

28901 c, d. Two more imperfect examples of squamation and
vertebrae. Dixon Coll.

P. 1807. Two fragments, the first showing the operculum, the
second only scales and vertebrae. Egerton Coll.

47897. Imperfect caudal fin of largo specimen, in counterpart.

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham , 1877.

28901 e, P. 1807 a. Portion of abdominal region of small fish, in
counterpart. Dixon and Egerton Colls.

P. 3872 a. Portion of small squamation. Enniskillen Coll.

Cladocyclus lewesiensis, Agassiz.

[Plate IX. figs. 2, 3.]

1837. Hypsodon lewesiensis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pi. xxv a.
figs. 5, 6 (figures only).

1841. Cladocyclus, L. Agassiz, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vol. xxx. p. 84,

1844. Cladocyclus lewesiensis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
pp. 8, 103.

1888. Cladocyclus levesiensis , A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. x. p. 326.

Type. Scales ; British Museum.

A species as large as the type, known only by detached scales,
which are mostly deeper than broad, ornamented in their exposed
portion with very closely-arranged small pittings, each with a
raised border, marked in the covered portion by a few conspicuous
radiating grooves which are often interrupted ; hinder margin not
crimped or ridged.

Form, fy Lor. Cenomanian and Turonian : Sussex, Surrey, Kent,
and Cambridgeshire.

actinopterygii.

4066, 4462. The two type scales described and figured b) '
loc. cit. ; Lewes. Mantell Co

25861. Three fine scales, one shown of the natural size in P^

fig. 2 ; Sussex. Dixon Cou-

49796. fractured very deep and narrow scale ; Glj’nde, ne
Lewes. C apron 6®

49797. Imperfect abraded scale ; Amberley, Arundel. Gapron -

49798. Group of imperfect scales ; Dorking, Surrey. Gapron ( 0

41712. Three small scales, one shown of the natural size in U" ^
fig. 3 ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. Toulmin Smith

P. 1806. Three fragmentary scales, labelled by Agassiz; Burha

Egerton

P. 9045. Scale ; Burham. Presented by S. J. Hawkins, Esq-, l8Jl'
P.5677. Three small scales ; Kent. Harford

P. 5843. Two small scales ; Kent. Purchased, '

49056. Four small scales ; Kent. Mrs. Smiths

1 989.

P. 6052. Scale ; Kent. Presented by F. Harford, Esq.,

47938. Two comparatively broad small scales ; Burham. . pll.

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham,

37397, 47260, 49110. Four small scales and imperfect p*

Chalk Marl, Dover. , q 0jit

Purchased 1863, Gardner Coll., Sf Mrs. Smiths

P. 7259. Three fragmentary small scales, doubtfully of this SP®^^
Cambridge Greensand, Cambridge. Jesson

Some genericallv indeterminable scales, of which there < ^

examples in the Collection, are also described under the na
Gladocyclus as follows : —

Gladocyclus ocddentalis, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

1856, p. 256, and Contrib. Ext. Vert. Fauna M •

(Hep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Torrit. vol. i. pt. L 1873), P‘

Pi. xvii.figs. 21, 22, pi. xxx. fig. 5. Deferred toRhthyo ^

arcuatus by F. B. Loomis, I’ahcontogr. vol. xlvi. ^

P. -42, but probably the scales of more than one speC1 nceS)
Cretaceous ; Sage Creek, Dakota. [Academy of »cie

1 hiladelphia, and National Museum, Washington. ] ^

Gladocyclus strehlensis, H. B. Geinitz, Denkschr. Ges. fur

CHIROCKNTRIDJ!.

Ill

&c., Dresden, 1868, p. 43, pi. ii. figs. 24, 25, pi. iii.
figs. 5-18, 20-22, pi. iv. figs. 6, 7 ; A. Fritsch, llept. u.
Fische biihm. Kreideform. (1878), p. 44, fig. 06 ; (?) 0. D.
Romanovsky, Material. Geol. Turkestansk. Kraya [in
ltussian], pt. iii. (1890), p. 121, pi. xvii. fig. 0. — Turonian :
Saxony and Bohemia; (?) Turkestan. [Dresden Museum.]
Cladocyclus sweeti, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6]
vol. xiv. (1894), p. 445, pi. x. figs. 2-6. — Cretaceous
(Rolling Downs Formation) ; Queensland. [Collection of
George Sweet, Esq., Melbourne.]

Genus SAURODON, Hays.

[Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. s. vol. iii. 1830, p. 475.]

Syn. Daptinus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1873, p. 339.

Teeth hollow, in deep sockets, compressed to a sharp edge in
front and behind ; those of the maxilla, as also those of the dentary,
almost uniform, only slightly increasing in size backwards, and
those of the premaxilla not much enlarged ; the inner margin of
each dental alveolus deeply notched. A small toothless presym-
physial bone in the mandible. Vertebra as in Iehthyodectes and
Chirocentrites.

The identity of the so-called Daptinus with this genus was deter-
mined by Cope after an examination of the type specimen of
Saurodon leanus (Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. lerrit. vol. iii. 187/,
p. 588).

Saurodon leanus, Hays.

1830. Saurodon leanus, I. Hays, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. u. s. vol. iii.
p. 476, pi. xvi.

1857. Saurocephalus leanus, J. Leidy, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. s.
vol. xi. p. 91, pi. vi. figs. 12-15.

1877. Saurodon leanus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iii. p. 588.

Type. Imperfect jaws ; National Museum, Washington.

The type species, with upper jaw about 0‘07 or 0-08 in length.
Dental crowns smooth, as deep as broad, with the sharp edges
convex or slightly sinuous and the apex sometimes curved back-
wards ; about 9 or 10 dental alveoli in the premaxilla, about 36 in
the maxilla, and about 42 in the dentary. Length of oral border
of premaxilla about three quarters its depth ; length of oral border
of maxilla about twice its maximum depth.

Form, ff Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Pensauken Creek, New Jersey.

Not represented in the Collection.

112

AC'IIXOPTIU'.rGII.

Saurodon phlebotomus, Cope.

1871. Sauroce.phtdus phlebotomus, E. 1). Cope, Proc. Amer. Bh*

vol. xi. p. 530. . , ;jaC[,

1873. Daptinus phlebotomus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 11
_ P-839. We8t

1875. Daptinus phlebotomus, E. I). Cope, Vert. Cret. F°rin’ 4
(Itep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii.), p. 213, pi. xlvii. figs- ’
P1- xl>x. figs. 1-4. Terr;t.

1877. Saurodon phlebotomus, E. I). Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv.

vol. iii. p. 688. r A]

1898. Saurodon phlebotomus, A. Stewart, Kansas Univ. Quar ' L
vol. vii. pi. xvi. figs. 4, 5. , xivi.

1900. Saurodon phlebotomus, F. B. Loomis, Palseontogr. vo •

P- 248, pi. xxiv. figs. 1-5.

type- Jaws with teeth ; Cope Collection. .. htly

The type species of the so-called Daptinus. Teeth s &g
longer than in S. leanus, and those of dentary twice as -l . ^ ^

those of maxilla. About 9 dental alveoli in premaxilla.
oral border of maxilla exceeding twice its maximum depth.

Form. d|- Lor. Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) •• Kansas
Not represented in the Collection.

Saurodon intermedius (Newton).

1878. Daptinus intermedius, E. T. Newton, Quart. .Tourn. Ge

vol. xxxiv. p. 440, pi. xix. L Brit-

1890. Saurocephalus intermedius, Woodward & Sherborn,

Foss. Vertebrata, p. 181.

Type. Head, opercular apparatus, and vertebrm ; British 3IU
A species with the upper jaw about 0‘1 in length. 1 01 ^entsi
longer and less compressed than in the type species -, oul} ->
alveoli in the premaxilla and about 32 in the maxilla. ^Lgth;
depth of maxilla contained about two and a half times in 1 s ^
maximum depth of mandible slightly less than one quarter
length. Bones without external ornamentation.

Form. <Sf Loc. Turonian : Kent.

4/250. Head with opercular apparatus and anterior vertebr®) ^

the type specimen described and figured by j
cit. ; Lower Chalk, Dover.

Gardner

, Coll-

The iollowing specimen is not specifically determined .

42017. Bight maxilla, ornamented externally by fi'ie 8ran ^g-g),
and pittings, described by E. T. Newton, loc -
p. 445 ; Lower Chalk, Dover.

CHIROCENTRIDiE.

113

The following species, not represented in the Collection, are
described on the evidence of fragments : —

Saurodon atfinis, V. Kiprijanoff, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
vol. xxxiii. (I860), pt. ii. p. 47, pi. i. fig. l.—Neocomian ;
Kursk, Russia. [Teeth.]

Saurodon broadheadi, A. Stewart, Kansas Univ. Quart.. [A]
vol. yii. ( 1898), p. 178. Daptinus broadheadi , A. Stewart,
ibtd. p. 24, pi. ii. fig. 1. Saurocephalus broadheadi , F. B.
Loomis, Palaeontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 252, pi. xxiv.
fig. 6, pi. xxv. fig. 1. — Upper Cretaceous; Kansas.
[Maxilla ; Kansas University Museum.]

Saurodon ferox, A. Stewart, loc. cit. 1898, p. 183, pi. xv
pi. xvi. figs. 1-3. — Ibid. [Jaws, Ac. ; Kansas University
Museum.]

Saurodon pyymaeus, F. B. Loomis, Palaeontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900),
p. 248, pi. xxiii. fig. 10. — Ibid. [Mandibular ramus ;
Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]

Saurodon xiphirostris, A. Stewart, loc. cit. 1898, p. 178, pi. xiv. —
Ibid. [Skull, &e. ; Kansas University' Museum.]

A tooth, not of this genus, from the Eocene of Kressenberg,
Bavaria, is named Saurodon conoicleus by K. E. Schafhiiutl, Siid-
Bayerns Leth. Geogn. (1863), p. 247, pi. lxiv. fig. 10.

Genus SAUROCEPHALUS, Harlan.

[Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. iii. 1824, p. 337.]

Teeth hollow, in deep sockets, compressed to a sharp edge in
front and behind ; those of the maxilla, as also those of the dentary,
almost uniform, only slightly increasing in sizo backwards, and
those of the prcmaxilla not much enlarged. Successional teeth
formed on the inner side of functional teeth; and a series of nutri-
tive foramina on the inner face of the jaw below the alveolar
border. A small toothless presymphysial bone in tho mandible.
Vertebrae as in Ichthyodectes and Chirocentrites.

The prosymphysial bone occurs in position in the type specimen
of S. dentatus.

Saurocephalus lanciformis, Harlan.

1824. Saurocephalus lanciformis, R. Ilarlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. vol. iii. p. 337, pi. xii.

1830. Saurodon lanciformis, I. Hays, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. s.
vol. iii. p. 476, pi. xvi. tig. 11.

1841. Saurocephalus lanciformis, R. Owen, Odontogr. p. 130, pi. lv.

part IV. t

114

ACTIN0PTERYG1I.

1857. Saurocephalus lanciformis, J. Leidy, Trans. Anier.

n. s. yol.xi. p. 91, pi. vi. figs. 8-11. W’est

1875. Saurocephalus lanciformis, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form-

(Rep. U.S. Geol. Snrv. Terri t. vol. ».), p. 216. , xjv;,

1900. Saurocephalus lanciformis, F. B. Loomis, Palseontogr. v0
p. 251, pi. xxv. figs. 2-5.

Type. Maxilla ; Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia. 'biting

The type species, with maxilla about 012 in length. cx ,l3
perhaps 30 dental alveoli. Crowns of maxillary teeth a xcry
deep as broad, smooth but slightly facetted, and with the e o°
feebly serrated.

Form. Sf Lor. Upper Cretaceous : Kansas.

Not represented in the Collection.

Saurocephalus woodwardi, Davies. ^ ^

1878. Saurocephalus woodwardi, W. Davies, Geol. Mag- [ J
p. 2C1, pi. viii. figs. 1, 2.

Type. Remains of head ; British Museum. of

. . fuP crown9

A species somewhat smaller than the type, witn < prt>adth-

the maxillary teeth slightly deeper in proportion to tboir^^^ ^oUt

Mandibular teeth not less than 50 in number, the hindet mo

j it ter ^

twice as large as those of the maxilla but resembling 'J,1 ^e,j but
shape. Some of the teeth very delicately serrated, not a

finely striated. • n lIollaud'

Form. S) Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Danian) : Haastric i ■,

42979. Type specimen, described and figured by Davies,

fan Jireu<*

r„. jf-illCid

The following species have also been based upon ‘ ^ ^0\\ea-
remains of jaws with teeth, but are not represented in

tion I — ■ CnO

phil. J

Saurocephalus arapahovius, E. D. Cope, Proc. ^mer'.yegt; (Rep-
vol. xii. (1872), p. 343, and Vert. Cret. Form- , xlix.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii. 18/5), P- “ ’ ggjok)’

fig. 5. — Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara ’t;0ji.]

Hill, Kansas. [Portion of maxilla ; Cope . 0 [Aj

Saurocephalus dentatus , A. Stewart, Kansas Un,v- ^rc|.oCeous
vol. vii. (1898), p. 25, pi. i. figs, lb 4.— I'PP®^ KaDsa8
(Niobrara Group) ; Wallace Co., Kansas. L
University Museum.]

Gcnerically indeterminable teeth are named as foil0 ^ Qretace
Saurocephalus albensis, F. J. Pictet, Descript. Foss. Terr.

CHIEOCBNTKIDJE.

115

Env. Sainte-Croix (1858), p. 52, pi. vii. fig. 4. Proto-
sphyratna albensis, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat.
Yonne, toI. xxxiii. pt. ii. (1879), p. 51.— Aptian ; Sainte
Croix (Switzerland) and Yonne (France).

Saurocephalm 2 dispar, E. Hebert, Mem. Soe. Geol. France, (21
vol. v. (1855), p. 352, pi. xxvii. fig. 5 ; II. B. Geinitz,
l’aheontogr. vol. xx. pt. ii. (1875), p. 225, pi. xliii.

■ 11* Senonian ; Meudon, Franco. Turonian ; AYein-
bolila, Saxony.

Sauroeephalus fajumensis, AY. Dames, Sitzungsb. k. prenss. Akad.
AA'iss., phys.-math. Cl. vol. vi. (1883), p. 147, pi. iij’
fig. 12 ; F. Friem, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [3] vol. xxvii.
(1899), p. 245, pi. ii. figs. 18, 19. — Lower Tertiary ;
Birket-el-Qurun, Fajum, Egypt. [Probably teeth of
Cybium ; Royal Natural History Museum, Berlin.]

Saurocephalm inoequalis , G. von M ii lister, Beitr. Patrefakt.
pt. vii. (1846), p. 26, pi. ii. tig. 21. — Lower Tertiary ;
Grinzing, Vienna.

Sauroeephalus inflexuS, F. J. Pictet, op. cit. 1858, p. 51, pi. vii.
fig. 3 . Protosphyrcena inflexa, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit.
1879, p. 51, pi. iii. figs. 13, 14. — Neoeomian ; Sainte
Croix and Yonne.

Sauroeephalus monasterii, G. von Miinster, op. cit. pt. vii. (1846),
p. 48, pi. iii. fig. 15. — Upper Jurassic ; Linden, Hanover.
[Probably Megalosaurian.]

Saurocephalm picteti, E. Arnaud, Ann. Soc. Lit. Sci. Apt (Van-
cluse), vol. i. (1865), p. 73, figs. 1-3. — Upper Cretaceous
(Aptian) ; Apt, Vaucluse.

Sauroeephalus substriatus, G. von Miinster, op. cit. pt. vii. (1846),
p. 26, pi. ii. fig. 20. — Miocene; Neudbrfi.

There are numerous fragmentary Cretaceous fossils in the Col-
lection which seem to belong to undetermined Chirocentl'idae.
Among these the following may be enumerated : —

P- 4859. Imperfect caudal fin described and figured by J. AA7. Davis,
Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii. (1887), p. 501,
pi. xxiv. fig. 1, as “ Chondrosteusl” ; Upper Cretaceous,
Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon. Lewis Coll.

47190. Hinder caudal vertebra; and base of caudal fin; Gault,
Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

P- 9019. Chain of small vertebrae and fragmentary pectoral fin,
probably of two distinct fishes ; Gault, Folkestone.

Presented by P. G. Hilton Price, Esq., 1899.

-lip

ACTIN'OPTERTGII.

4078. Three caudal vertebrae erroneously referred to Tetrapiel '
minor by L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. (1837-44). Pfc- '
P- 92, pi. lx a. figs. 1 1.-13 ; Chalk, Lewes. See Part 1 *
p. 406. Maxell Coll-

25838. Three associated caudal vertebrae named Tetrapten*
hy F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex (1850), p. x'^’
fig- 16 ; Chalk, Sussex. 1)1x011 (

The following imperfectly known genera and species ma)
pei aps be referred to the Chirocentridae, but there are noexami
in the Collection

■Andreioplcura vetustissima, 0. ft. Costa, Atti R. Acoad.

Napoli, vol. ii. (1865), no. 16, p. 27, pi. «■ («}notcl 1 ‘
A- esimia on p. 10) Upper Cretaceous; I’ictraroj -

D P- 10).

1 rov. Benevento, Italy. [Imperfect trunk

Museum, University of Naples.]
nlorj'jster analist , L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835 "

. Geological
304 (nam°

only).— Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca, near Verona.
rymnetes Tongiveiiter, E. I). Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. ‘
(18/1), p. 52_ — Cretaceous or Tertiary: Tuxtla Oln P ^
Mexico. [Iv early complete fish; National M»s

Washington.]

The caudal region of a fish from the Cretaceous
Dalmatia, which also seems to belong to the Chirocen
(escribed by F. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., raath.-na u
U- vo1- xlv- (1882), p. 212, pi. xvi.

of Resina.

,tride. D

INCERT.E SEDIS (? CHIROCENTRIDiE).

Genus TOMOGNATHUS, Dixon.

[Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 376.] ^

!;n0Wn onl7 hJ the Road, which is short and de®P ®"n<
laterally compressed, with excessively shortened rostral r r

Skull with adPi;P.,c„ , 1 . as far

vji u . , j witn excessively enortencu •

, " U 1 a delicate median occipital crest extending as a
an s as the back of the large orbit ; cleft of the mouth h”r,Z° .;t
..ermm' ,lt'ng at a point opposite the hinder border of t 0 ,

i“ ??r7 W t slender, it, hinder ****£

j* i0.. 0W an^ c°nical, enamelled only in their disfca a ’
nrom y UUS6(1 ^ the J*w. not implanted in sockets ; those of*
whTth an<1 th° s-vnipkysial end of (he dentary much enl«*
while those of the maxilla are relatively small, decreasing »»

CniROCENlRlDJE.

117

backwards ; a series of small teeth on the ectopterygoid, and
another very small series within the conspicuous row of mandibular
teeth, this extending a little backwards upon the elevated coronoid
region. Opercular apparatus complete, with some slender branchios-
tegal rays.

Tomognathus mordax, Dixon.

1850. Tomognathus mordax, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 376, pi. xxxv.
fig. 1.

1850. Tomognathus leiodus, F. Dixon, ibid. p. 377, pi. xxx. fiw. 31.

[Mandibular rami ; British Museum.]

1888. Tomognathus morda.v, A. S. Woodward, 1’roc. Geol. Assoc.,
vol. x. p. 313.

Type. Imperfect skull, with jaws.

The type species, the head with opercular apparatus attaining a
length of 0-07. Orbit occupying nearly half the total length of the
head, the maxilla nearly three and a half times as long as its maxi-
mum depth, and the mandibular ramus a little more than three
times as long as its maximum depth. The robust premaxillse fusedi
together, and each bearing four large teeth gradually decreasing in
size from the middle line to the side : these teeth scarcely tumid at
the base, nearly straight, enamelled and faintly fluted in their
distal half. None of tho maxillary teeth more than half as large
us the latter, very slender, and rapidly becoming small in the very
close series behind ; about eight teeth in the ectopterygoid series as
large as the anterior maxillary teeth. Outer mandibular teeth
closely similar to those of the prcmaxilla, but those at the sym-
physis a little more tumid at the base and incurved at the apex ;
the foremost tooth relatively small, the next three the largest, then
another small one as the first of a diminishing series of about six to
eight teeth. Width of operculum nearly equalling one quarter the
length of the skull ; suboperculum wider than deep ; both destitute
of superficial ornament.

Form, cj- Loc. Turonian : Kent, Sussex, and Surrey.

P. 9237. Imperfect skull in counterpart halves of a block of chalk ;

unknown locality in S.E. England. The otic region of
the skull, the pterygo-quadrate arcade (with teeth on the
ectopterygoid), and the right mandibular ramus are dis-
played. History unknown.

P. 4844. Imperfect skull exhibiting part of the median occipital
crest, the right postfrontal, the hollowed frontal region,
the premaxillae, right maxilla, and the mandible ; S.E.
England. Furclmsed, 1885.

118

ACTIN0FTEKYG1T.

39051. Remains of mandible showing the bases of the two ser1^^
teeth on the right side ; S.E. England. Bowerban ' ^

P. 4791. Jaws of small specimen showing the parasphenoid, l’|’^
palatines, and the extent of the angular bono o

mandible ; S.E. England.

k.c.b.

1884.

Presented by Sir Richard Owen,

P. 6460. Remains of head showing the right ectopteryg01 a]so
tion; S.E. England. The left hyomandibular w
well shown. 6 ^

P. 1701. Fragmentary remains of head, pectoral arch and P
fins; Kent. The inner mandibular teeth and 1 ®
pterygoid teeth are displayed, also the mueh-exP
hyomandibular. The pectoral fin-rays seem to *‘l ro
a little widened and articulated in the distal ha •
are uo traces of the vertebral column. ^'el

on tb®

P- 3849. Jaws, displaying a coarse tubercular ornament jin,|
maxilla ; Kent. Traces of the inner mandi u
ectopterygoid teeth are distinct. Ennis

id • b°*e

41684. Fragmentary remains showing toothed ectopteryg0 ’

Chalk, Burhani, Kent. Toulmin Sn"

. 1 -ring tb°

49058, 4S022. Parts of two small heads, the second displa)1 =>

prcmaxillm from the inner side ; Burhani. /W/.

Mrs. Smith s

P. 1702. Various fragmentary specimens, one showing *4

culum, suboperculum, and preoperculum ; C»tt-

„ jy CoV-

P.7646. Another fragmentary large skull ; Burhani. 1

P.5675-76. One small imperfect skull, one upper Ja ^ Jh 0

pterygoids, and two mandibular rami ; Burha®^
skull exhibits part of the occipital crest, the in
dibular teeth, and the toothed ectopterygoid^ ^ q0U.

36172. Fragment; Lower Chalk, Rochester. pnrehas

39050. Head with opercular apparatus; Lower Chalk, 4'h^ q0U.

^Tpartof

49761-62, -66. Three fine heads, the second showing P ^

occipital crest ; Lower Chalk, Southeram, nea^(.orl CoU-

CniROCENTRrDiB. CTE.NOTHRISSID.K

119

49763. Imperfect jaws ; Southeram. Capron Coll.

49764-65. Detached left dentary and a small skull, both frag-
mentary ; Lower Chalk, Amberley Pit, Arundel.

Capron Coll.

P. 3849. Fragmentary jaws ; Arundel. Enniskillen Coll.

49767-68. Two small fragmentary heads; Lower Chalk, Dorking,
Surrey. Capron Coll.

25925. Imperfect left mandibular ramus and another fragmentary
mandible, the first figured by Dixon, op. cit., as the type
of a distinct species, Tomognathus leiodus ; Washington,
Sussex. Dixon Coll.

The following specimens are not specifically determined : —

P. 6460 a. Remains of small head and opercular apparatus, remark-
able for the very large size of the anterior teeth, which
are especially tumid at the base, incurved and not fluted
even in the apical portion ; Chalk, S.E. England. The
nutritive foramina in tho dentary are large, while the
operculum and suboperculum are covered with small pits
which have a raised border. Deckles Coll.

47242. Fragmentary remains of a large head, exhibiting a non-
fluted anterior mandibular tooth ; Chalk Marl, Dover.

Gardner Coll.

37325. Fragment of small head ; Chalk Marl, Dover.

Purchased , 1863.

Family CTENOTHRISSID/E.

Supraoccipital bone prominent, but parietals partly meeting in
the middle line ; squamosal reduced and apparently fused with
pterotic ; snout not produced ; check-plates reduced. Premaxilla
small and maxilla relatively largo and loose, both these bones
entering the upper border of the mouth ; two supramaxillarics ;
teeth acuminate, but feeble. Opercular apparatus complete, but
few branchiostegal rays and no gular plate. Vertebral centra well
ossified, none with transverse processes ; ribs nearly encircling the
abdominal cavity. Fin-fulcra absent, and simplo rays in front of
dorsal fin slightly spaced ; post-temporal bones in contact with
postero-lateral angles of cranium ; post-clavicular plate overlapped
by tho clavicle ; pelvic fins relatively large and advanced far for-
wards. Scales thin and deeply imbricating.

120

AOTIifOPTERYGir.

1 Tjy tff°

An extinct, family, of the Cretaceous period, known on y •
genera, one with ctenoid scales ( Ctenothrissa ), the other wit )
scales (Aulolepis).

Genus CTENOTHRISSA, A. S. Woodward.
[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. iii. 1899, p. 490.]

Maxi

ilia

Head large, trunk fusiform and laterally compressed. * j)0t
robust and arched; mandible a little prominent, and r *.joto
extending behiud the middle of the large orbit, \orte r® e(j,
40 in number, half being caudal. Dorsal tin much, f deepl)'
occupying about half of the back ; anal tin small ; cauda n0„e
forked. Scales pectinated, large and regularly arranBe^ ^IlC
enlarged or thickened, and no ventral ridge-scales , late
conspicuous.

Fig. 6.

Ctenothrissa vexillifer

restoration, slightly enlarged

Ctenothrissa vexillifer (Pictet).

[Text-figure 6:] g> pi. i

1860. Beryx vexillifer, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. an’

Jg-l. Poi9S. F°9S

1806. Beryx vexillifer, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Dec •

Mt. Lilian, p. 30, pi. ii. figs. 1-3.

CTENOTH HISS1D.E.

121

1887. Beryx vex Mi fur, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 508, pi. xix. fig. 2.

1899. Cteno’hrisaa vexillifer, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Ma<*. Nat. Hist.
[7] vol. iii. p. 490.

Type. Imperfect fisli ; Geneva Museum.

The type speoios, attaining a length of about 0-07. Length of
head with opercular apparatus approximately equal to the maxi-
mum depth of the trunk and contained about one and a half times
in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal tin.
Vertebra; 30 in number. Pectoral fins about half as long as the
pelvic pair, which are inserted beneath the former and comprise 8
stout rays, the foremost only articulated distally, the others both
divided and articulated distally, the longest when adpressed to the
trunk reaching the anal fin ; dorsal fin comprising from 18 to 20
rays, none spinous, about the sixth being the longest, and its length
equalling two thirds the depth of the trunk at its insertion ; two
thirds of the dorsal fin situated in the anterior half of the back,
and the anal fin, with 13 or 14 rays, arising opposite its posterior
third ; the articulations of all the fin-rays rather distant. Scales
very finely pectinated.

Form. § Loo. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.

P. 90. Large specimen, distorted by fracture across abdominal
region. Lewis Coll.

49493, P. 88, P. 5999. Three specimens, a little deepened by dis-
tortion, the second associated with a smaller fish on the
same slab. Lewis Coll.

P. 89, P. 91. Two specimens from O’OO to 0'065 in length, scarcely
distorted. Lewis Coll.

49496, P. 107. Two well-preserved smaller specimens, the first
displaying about 8 branchiostegal rays. Lewis Coll.

P. 9238. Portion of small fish displaying dorsal fin, in counterpart.

History unknown.

P. 93. Very small distorted specimen. Lewis Coll.

The following fish may possibly be a large individual of this
species, deepened by distortion during fossilisation : —

P. 4759. Imperfect fish described as the type specimen of Beryx
ovalis by J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii.
(1887), p. 508, pi. xxvii. fig. 4 ; Hakel. The cranium is
so much broken and displaced that the frontal bones are

ACTIN0PTERYG1I.

:ular

exposed from above. The narrowness of the operc ^
apparatus and tlie form of the preoperculum are
shown in impression. The vertebra: cannot be disf'n°
counted, but they do not appear to exceed 30 in 11111
^°t more than 8 rays can be observed in either ° ^

pelvio fins, which are crushed together. H® d°rs( un_
shows at least 18 rays, and the foremost, thoUS ‘erjor

divided, can scarcely be described as spines,
rays of the anal fin do not extond any
caudal fin than in the typical C. vexillifer .

The p<>st

nearer to the

Lems

Coll-

Ctenothrissa radians (Agassiz).

[Plate X. figs. 1-4.]

1835-38. Bery.v radians, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feuill- P-
vol. iv. pp. 4, 118, pi. xiv b. fig. 7, pi. xiv c. figs. 7-0.

55, ft°d
vol-

. rr* ’ ’ 1 v u' Uo* *t P1* A1V u* f4

1888. Beryx radians, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc.

p. 826, pi. i. fig. 9. t |(-st n

1899. Ctenothrissa radians, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat.
vol. iii. p. 491.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum. ^ 0f

A robust species, attaining a length of about 0-25. Lcr>?’ _
head with opercular apparatus somewhat less than the maxi
depth of the trunk and contained about twice in the long1 1 _

the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Head and I P g

cular apparatus with a fine rugose ornament ; the supra®*151
remarkably short and deep; operculum about twice as <e .^7
broad. Vertebrae approximately 40 in number. Pelvic fins ^
or 8 stout rays which, when adpressed to the trunk, extend °^r_
anal fin: dorsal fin arising opposite a point just behind t -jpg
tion of the pelvic fins ; anal fin, with at least 12 rays, a

opposite the hinder end of the dorsal fin. Scales moderately ^

ateral line extending along the ninth series above that whic 0(j
t ie ventral border of the flunk ; all the scales very Am b , ,jso
and deeply pectinated, those of the unterior portion of the h*
slightly rugose or tuberculatcd.

Form. $ Loe. Turonian : S.E. England.

4029. Type specimen, described and figured by Agassiz,

Lower Chalk, Lewes, Sussex. The appearance 0 ^ ^

in front of the pelvic fins is proved by other 3l’ccl® . sjgii,
be deceptive. Mantel

P- 5418. Imperfect fish, displaying the characteristic mand‘l

CTENOTO RISSIDJE.

123

maxilla, and supramaxillaries, and the flattened ventral
face of the abdominal region ; Lewes.

Presented by P. E. Ccombe, Esq., 1888.

25840. Fractured specimen, with remains of the anal and caudal
fins ; Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll.

41775. Imperfect specimen, the parts somewhat scattered; Lower
Chalk, Burhara, Kent, 'lhere are remains of the large
dorsal and pelvic fins. Purchased, 1809.

47911. Smaller specimen, displaying postclavicular plates, well-
preserved scales, and remains of the dorsal, caudal, and
pelvic (plv.) fins, shown of the nat. size in PI. X. fig. 1 ;
Burham. Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.

P. 390-1. Two imperfect fishes, the second rather small, both
displaying the vertebra;; probably from Lower Chalk,
Burham. The vertebral centra are comparatively small,
and the first specimen proves them to have been about
40 in number. Presented by the Earl of Ducie, 1881.

25936. Much-distorted specimen ; Sussex. The imperfect cranium
is shown in side view, and the basicranial axis is observed
to be sharply bent upwards immediately in front of the
otic region. Dixon Coll.

4022-23. Fragmentary specimen in counterpart ; Lewes. The
cranial roof is imperfectly displayed. Mantell Coll.

49873. Feebly ornamented specimen, in counterpart ; Lower Chalk,
Dorking, Surrey. Capron Coll.

49879. Remains of small head and trunk ; Lower Chalk, Lewes.
There are traces of an ossified sclerotic capsule.

Capron Coll.

44836a. Fragmentary remains of head and trunk; Grey Chalk,
Clayton Railway Tunnel, Sussex, 380 feet below the
surface. The maxilla hears a series of very small blunt
teeth. Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.

P. 4843. Imperfect head and trunk, partly shown, nat. size, in
PI. X. fig. 2 ; Lower Chalk, Kent. The external orna-
ment is well preserved. The complete right maxilla (m.r.)
and supramaxillaries ( s.mx .) are displaced forwards,
exposing the remarkably deepened hinder half of the
mandible, in which the suture between the angular (ay.)

124

ACTINOPTERY0II.

and dentary (d.) is distinct. There is a nB^°.W /Iho
orbital ring of cheek-plates, deeply channel It
sensory canal; and below this tho cheek is covert .
scales like those of the trunk. Purchased,

47912-13. More fragmentary specimen displaying same fea

also a smaller fragment ; Uurham. XS'i'i-

Presented by the Hon. Robert Jl larsham,

P. 5418 a. Kemains of head and trunk with paired fins ; F°'

Presented by P. E. Coombe, Esq-, ^

48083. Item ai ns of head and trunk with paired fins : l’’0 ^

from Uurham. Mrs . Smith

T. 7652. 1 lagment with part of dorsal fin ; Kent. iS95-

Purchased, 1°*'

Eyer

■ton

Cod-

P. 1946. Imperfect trunk ; Uurham. -

49077. Imperfect head, some scales, and part of dorsal fin • P art)
iiom Uurham. The relatively small premax1

apparently shown, one hearing minute teeth.

Mrs. Smith3 ^

P. 5699. Better-preserved head, the right side shown 0
natural size in PI. X. fig. U, and noticed in jin"‘

Nat. Hist. [7J vol. iii. (1899), p. 491; Kent- ^ .
premaxilla {ymx.) and maxilla (nuc.) bear minu ^^>rVCd.
and the large supramaxillaries (s.mx.) are well I,r
All the hones of the opercular apparatus are disp^. ^

49052. Fragment displaying maxilla, inner aspect, Coll-

blunt teeth ; probably from Uurham. Mrs. Sm ‘ ^

39429. Fragment showing length of pelvic fins, figured m ^
Geol. Assoc, vol. x. pi. i. fig. 9 ; Kent. Boo'ci Hn

25862. Fragment of squamation ; Sussex.

JJi.von

Col

Ctenothrissa microcephala (Agassiz)-

[Plate X. figs. 5, 6.] ^ 5

18.,.) 38. Ben/.v microcephalies, L. Agassiz, l’oiss. 1‘ oss., 1 1

lsrfT?, VoL iv‘ pp< 4’ 119’ pl- xiv b- ^ 3'0’ pL xiv c' m pi- xxxi

ii / 3* microcePhalus, F- Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p- 1
1860. Beryx radians, F. Dixon, ibid. p. 371, pl. xxxvi. fig- 4 (er>

CTEXOTHRISSin.K

125

1883. Beri/.v miorocephalus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 827.

1899. Ctenothrissa microcephala , A. S. Woodward, Ann. Man-. Nat.
Hist. [7] vol. iii. p. 491.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

An elongated species, attaining a length of about 0-15. Length
of head with opercular apparatus erpial to the maximum depth of
the trunk, which is contained about twice in the length from tho
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Head and fins as in
C. radians, except that the pelvic fins appear to bo less elongated.
Scales very large, the lateral line extending along the fourth "scries
above that which forms the ventral border of the flank ; serrations
of scales coarser than in C. radians.

Form. 4' Loc. Turonian : S.E. England.

4034, 4036. The two typo specimens described and figured by
Agassiz, loc. cit. ; Lower Chalk, Lewes, Sussex. In the
first specimen, tho short, toothed premaxillse are distinct
in front of the maxillae; in the second specimen, part of
the maxilla bears similar blunt teeth. Mantell Coll.

25887. Small specimen erroneously referred to “ Beryx ” radians
by Dixon, loc. cit..-, Lower Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll.

P. 6486-68. Three large specimens, variously imperfect ; Lower
Chalk, S.E. England. Becldes Coll.

P. 392. Imperfect fish showing general proportions ; Lower Chalk,
S.E. England. Presented by the Earl of Dude, 1881.

49881. Fine but imperfect specimen displayingfhe toothed maxilla,
a supramaxilla, a preoperculum, parts of tho fins, and tho
scales of the displaced squamation ; Lower Chalk, lleigate,
Surrey. There is an ovoid scale between the bases of

the pelvic fins. Capron Colt.

49874. More imperfect smaller fish, showing frontal region of
cranial roof and maxilla: ; Lewes. Capron Coll.

49875. Portion of small head and abdominal region; Clayton,
Sussex. Capron Coll.

5419. Small trunk, showing pectoral and pelvic fins, associated
with another fish ; Lewes.

Presented by P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.

49876. Imperfect small specimen, wanting tail ; Lower Chalk,
Glyndo, near Lewes. Capron Coll.

126

A CTIN OrTEKYGII .

49884. Another imperfect specimen, displaying premaxilla, mas"
supramaxillaries, and small pectoral fin ; Arundel,

Capron CoU-

41688-89. Tartly displaced remains of typical specimen,

fragment; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. The see ^
specimen is shown from below, nat. size, in Tl* n
and displays the base of the pelvic fins ( plv.)- ,,

Toulmin Smith Co*

47914-15. Two small specimens, with incomplete head and ^
Eurham. Presented by the Hon. Hubert Mursham,

E. 1945, P. 1946, -a. Good specimen and two fragments ; ®ur ‘ ^
The third is shown, nat. size, in Tl. A . fig- 5- Eyerton

49043. Remains of large fish, displaying eight rays in each
fin, the foremost very stout but distinctly
dia tally ; probably from Durham. Mrs* Strdt i s

49044,49049-51. Yertically-crushed small head and abdom
region, also three fragments ; probably from Burkau)-

Mrs.. Smith* <*oU-

P. 5684.

Two larger specimens

probably from Burham. ~

liarfot a ^

P. 6534. Fragments ; Blue Bell Hill, Burham. 1891-

Presented by S. J. Hawkins, Esq-,

39075. Fragment; Kent. Bmuerbank Co1 ’

Genus AULOLEPIS, Agassiz.

[Toiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. 1844, p. 109.] I

Head and trunk not much laterally compressed, and a 5 t0
flattened. Mandible a little prominent, and gape exfen ^ “ra_
hinder margin of orbit ; maxilla much arched, with lariA ^eeplj.
maxillary bones; margin of the jaws with clusters of minu 1 ,|nj
Vertebral centra not longer than deep, slightly constnc e
marked with small irregular longit udinal ridges ; [probob \ ^ ( jl6

40 and 50 in number]. No enlarged scale at the bam )vjc
]>aired Ims ; pectorals well on the side of the fish anil )£.etoral
pair so far advanced that their basals almost reach the P ' ^
arch ; anal fin small and remote ; caudal fin forked, an gUb-
■ comparatively slender, with joints longer than broad, »n ^
division only quite at the extremity. Scales large and stout,

CTENOTHRISSIDJE.

127

in their exposed portion, marked with a few radiating grooves in
their covered portion ; hinder margin not pectinated ; lateral line
forming a conspicuous rounded ridge on the scales it traverses in
the caudal region.

Aulolepis typus, Agassiz.

1837-44. Aulolepis typus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 14
pt. ii. p. 101), pi. lxa. figs, 6-8.

1888. A ulo'e.pis typm, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc vol x
p. 324.

1895. Aulolepis typus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 600
(in part), pi. xliii. figs. 4, 0 (non figs. 2, 3, 6).

1900. Aulolepis typus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. T71
vol. v. p. 324, pi. ix. fig. 2.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

The type species, att aining a length of about 0-2. Length of
head with opercular apparatus equalling about half that of the
trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Length
of the cranium somewhat less than the distance between the
occiput and the origin of the dorsal fin ; anal fin considerably nearer
to the caudal than to the pelvic pair. Each ridge on the caudal
scales produced by the lateral line, smooth and widest in front.

Form. &; Loc. Turonian : Sussex, Kent, and Surrey.

4033. Type specimen ; probably from Lower Chalk, Lewes. The
right pelvic fin is shown and mistaken for the pectoral by
Agassiz, whose figure is inaccurate in several respects.
In this the mandibular ramus is restored, and the ridges
of the lateral line are represented too far forwards • the
indications of the pelvic and anal fins are hypothetically
added ; while the caudal vertebral centra are considerably
too long as represented. ManleU Coll.

IP. 4247. Imperfect head and scattered remains of the trunk in side-
view, with truces of the anal fin : probably the Earl of
Enniskillen’s fossil noticed by Agassiz and the basis for
his statement that the pelvic fins “out leur insertion
a-peu-pres a la moitie du corps” ; (?) Burham. The head
and preoperculum are figured loc. cit. 1894, pi. xliii. fig. 4.

Enniskillen Coll.

47932. Fine large fish in counterpart, much crushed and distorted,
exhibiting nearly 30 of the vertebrae, the expanded hmmal
spines at the base of the caudal fin, portions of this fin

128

AClIJfOFTERTQir.

and the anal, also remains of the pectoral and pelvic ar
as shown loc. cit. 1894, pi. xliii. fig. 6 ; Btirham. -

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham,
36097. Scattered remains of small specimen, including vcrteb>-«
and characteristic hinder scales of lateral line . ‘

Chalk, Dorking, Surrey. Purchased,

Family CLUPEIDyE.

Snpraoecipital hone separating the small parietals in the
line . squamosal reduced, separated from parietals, and fuse
pterotic; a basicranial canal; snout not produced; cheek-p a
reduced. Premaxilla small and maxilla relatively largo and 1°"^;
both these bones entering the upper border of the mouth; usU^'_
two supramaxillaries ; teeth acuminate, hut usually feeble, ^
times absent. Opercular apparatus complete, hut few branch'0' ^
rays and no gular plate. Vertebral centra well ossified, some *
vcrj short transverse processes ; ribs nearly or completely emir : ^

the abdominal cavity ; haemal arches not much fused at the
of the tail. Intermuscular bones numerous. Fin-fulcra •> ^ ^
Post-temporal bones in contact with postero-lateral ang cs ^
cranium ; post-clavicular plate overlapping the clavicle. P°r
small, nearly median, without adiposo dorsal ; anal fin van" ^ ^
extent. Scales thin and deeply imbricating. In recent f°r g
pseudobranchiae present ; a large air-bladder ; pyloric apPerl D
numerous ; oviducts complete.

Synopsis of Genera represented by Extinct Species.

I- Ventral ridge-scales absent.

A. Scales pectinated.

Paired fins small, the pelvic pair ^9).

opposed to the dorsal Pseudobenjx (P-

P>. Seales smooth and cycloid.

Maxilla rather short and arched, with . j;3l).

small teeth ; paired fins large . . Htstiothrissa P
Maxilla very long and slender ; teeth

rudimentary or absent ; paired fins , qo\

small Enymvlis (!’• ' .

Mouth small ; fins small. ....... Hulec psis (p-

1 ' Ventral ridge-scales present.

A few finlets behind the anal fin ; no , ]35).

dorsal ridge-scales Scomlroclnpea tP-

No fir lets ; dorsal ridge-scales between , 139).

occiput and dorsal fin Piplomyetas {]>■

ho finlets; no dorsal ridge-scales. . . . Clupea fp-

CLUPEIMS.

129

Genus PSEUDOBERYX) Pictet & Humbert.

[Nouv. Itech. Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, 1866, p. 32.]

Head large, trunk deeply fusiform and laterally compressed.
Maxilla robust and arcbed, with two large supramaxillary bones ;
mandible a little prominent, and gape not extending behind the
middle of the large orbit ; teeth minute. Preoperculum only
slightly expanded ; operculum and subopcrculum deep and narrow.
^ ertebraj approximately 30 in number, half being caudal. Paired
fins small, the pelvic pair inserted opposite the dorsal, which is
short-based and nearly median ; anal fin smaller than the dorsal ;
caudal fin deeply forked. Scales pectinated, large and regularly
arranged, none enlarged or thickened, and no ventral ridge-scales ;
lateral line conspicuous.

Pseudoberyx syriacus, Pictet & Humbert.

1866. Pseudoberyx syriacus, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss,
Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 33, pi. ii. tigs. 4-6.

1887. Pseudoberyx syriacus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
^v°l- hi- p. 600, pi. xix. tig. 3.

887. Pseudoberyx bottee, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 633, pi. xix. fig. 4
(err ore).

jype. Nearly complete fish ; Geneva Museum.

Ihe type species, attaining a length of about 0-08. Length of
ead with opercular apparatus less than the maximum depth of the
and contained twice in the length from the pectoral arch to
e fi;l8e °f the caudal fin. Pelvic fins each comprising about 6

ra}s and inserted opposite the origin of the dorsal, which is about
as long

as deep, with 10 or 12 rays, occupying the middle third
°1 the back ; the small anal fin well behind the dorsal, with 6
® comparatively short rays. Scales with deep posterior pectina-
10118 and arranged in about 30 transverse series ; each principal
transverse series of the flank comprising 8 or 9 scales.

No undoubted indications of spines have hitherto been observed
in any of the fins of this species.

Form. c$- Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.

8686. Fine large specimen, wanting the end of the snout.

Purchased, 1897.

101. Smaller specimen figured by Davis, loc. cit. pi. xix. fig. 4,
under the name of Pseudoberyx bottee. Lewis Coll.

49569. Imperfect remains of large fish. Lewis Coll

pA.RI IV.

K

130

ACTINOPTEEYGll.

P. 8687. Another imperfect large specimen. Purchased ,
49495 P. 92. Two well-preserved fishes about 0-045 in

Pseudoberyx

1866. Pseudobe:

Mt. 1 "

i bottse, Pictet & Humbert.

■ Itech-Pob*-*083-

seudobcry.v bottce, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv
- Libalb P- 34, pi. ii. fiK. 7.

(?) 1887 Pseudoberyx bottce. .1 w

vol. :

W Dn.vi

n:„ GJnC

r*/l

Type.. Nearly complete fish ; Geneva Museum. , ,in,]

,A aPec'es about as largo as the type, similarly ornamen i
■«ith similar scales and fins, but with less deepened trunk. 0f

of head with opercular apparatus exceeding the maximum < CP
the trunk, and contained about twice in the length fr°m
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin.

Porn,. 4- Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon. ^ ^

P- 114. Imperfect specimen nearly 0-075 in length. LeWlS

Pseudoberyx grandis, Davis. ^ ^

1887. Pseudoberyx grandis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin S
vol. iii. p, 610, pi. xxviii. fig. 4.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.

A comparatively large species, known only by the uni'P1^
specimen. External ornamentation apparently feeble, *,n
pectination of the scales extremely delicate. Length of ‘ ^
opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth 0 fr0m
trunk and contained one and a half times in the '. type
the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Fins as in 1

species.

form. 4- Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.

P- 4753. Type specimen 0-17 in length, described and ^

Davis, loc. cit. The frontal bones are finely a0
behind. The pelvic fins are crushed together * ,|gr0 js n°
a false impression of the number of rays ; and ^ pe
evidence of an anterior spine. The scales slli a
somewhat abraded, and most of those preserve gDS
smooth posterior border; hut a few behind the 1

seem to exhibit traces of an original very finc P®° . q0h.

Jj&W*

(JLUl'EIMi.

131

Genus HISTIOTHRISSA, novum.

Head and trunk laterally compressed. Cleft of’ mouth extending to
the hinder border of the orbit ; maxilla robust and arched, with two
large supramaxillary bones ; margin of jaws with regular series of
very small pointed teeth. Branchiostegal rays about 1*2 in number.
Gill-rakers very large. Vertebra) between 40 and 50 in number,
about 20 being caudal ; the contra about as long as deep, all con-
stricted and marked with small longitudinal ridges. Fins relatively
large, but no rays excessively elongated ; postclavicular plates
slightly dilated and smooth ; foremost ray of paired tins articulated,
but not divided, and length of pectoral tin at least equal to the
space between the origin of the pectoral and pelvic fins ; dorsal fin
deeper than long ; anal fin longer than deep, and less elevated than
the dorsal fin ; caudal fin forked. Scales of moderate size, very
deeply overlapping, none pectinated ; no enlarged or thickened
ridge-scales ; latoral line inconspicuous.

Histiothrissa macrodactyla (\Y. von dcr Marck).

1858. Sardimvs macrodacti/lux, W. von del- Marck, Zeitsclir. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. x. p. 245.

1863. Sardinius macrodaetylus, W. von der Marck, Pakeontogr. vol. xi.
p. 44, pi. vi. fig. 1.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Academy of Munster.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk and contained twice in the length from the
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Pectoral fins with
17 rays, the length of the foremost very slightly exceeding the
maximum depth of the trunk ; pelvic fins with 10 rays, two thirds
as large as the pectorals, and opposed to the middle of the dorsal ;
dorsal fin with about 17 rays, the foremost two short and spinous,
the next ray longest and articulated though not divided distally,
arising about twice as far from the caudal fin as from the occiput ;
anal fin with 18 rays, the foremost three as in the dorsal, arising
midway between the pelvic pair and the caudal.

The so-called Sardinius robuslus (W. von der Marck, Paltoontogr.
vol. xv. 1868, p. 284, pi. xlii. fig. 2, and vol. xxxi. 1885, p. 254,
pl. xxiii. fig. 1) is scarcely distinguishable from this species.

Form. <$- Lor. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.

!*• 2104. Finely preserved specimen about 023 in length ; Senden-
horst. Tho mouth is opened by crushing, and there are

k 2

132

ACTINOPTERYGII.

i and

traces of the characteristic teeth both on the maX’^^ 0II
on the dentary. A patch of granulations is °bscr^ ^
the oral face of the entopterygoid. Several of ^ere is

and opercular bones are shown in impression ,
also an impression of the expanded postclavicn
All the fins are preserved, only the anal being 1

E'/e*

P. 2104 a. Fine smaller specimen displaying the jaws and b *
stegal rays ; Sendenhorst.

cr i 1

P. 3819. More imperfect specimen, displaying the large g* rj0H.

• • • ~ - AlMUSA'*''W'

fin;

in impression ; Sendenhorst.

43009. Fish wanting the greater part of the head and caU -igfl.
Sendenhorst Vn,eUod,

P. 3819 a. Crushed remains of large fish ; Sendenhorst. „ ^

Ennisk-i<un

Histiothrissa crassapinna (Davis). putlin

1887. Osmeroides megapterus, J. W. Davis ( errors), Trans.

ftrtn rrn 1 __„:s A (non fig-

xxxii-

lVi» I// * r,

Soc. [2] vol. iii. p. 657 (in part), pi. xxxii. fig- 4 (non ^ n). ^ %
1887. Osmeroides minor, J . W. Davis, ibid. p. 663, pi- v" c

[Distorted fish ; Edinburgh Museum.] -j fig. 6-

1887. Sardinius crassapinna , .1. W. Davis, ibid. p. 667, pi- xX"

[Distorted fish ; Edinburgh Museum], Hist-

1898. Sardinius crassapinna, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag-
[7] vol. ii. p. 406.

Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Geneva Museum. ^ ap0ut

A smaller fish than tho typo species, attaining a lengt ^ tfie
6' 13, resembling H. macrodactyla in general proportions ^e£ued.
fins, but not yet sufficiently well known to bo precise V
All the known specimens are considerably distorted.

Form, ij- Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. De a

47368, P. 9165-67. Four specimens elongated by ppfi6 i9

playing the characteristic jaws and fins. *''0' , __ 407-

noticed in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7] vol. rJ„;s Co H-

47380. More imperfect distorted fish.

P. 9175-78. Four distorted specimens.
49598. Small specimen.

48081. Slab with this and other fishes.

havis

Eewis

Eeiote

leiois

Eeiois

Coll-

Coll-

Coll-

Coll-

CLUPETD/K.

133

Genus ENGRAULIS, Cuvier.

[ltegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 174.]

Head and trunk much laterally compressed, but ventral border
not a sharp edge. Maxilla very long and slender, with two
supramaxillary bones ; snout prominent, and gape of mouth very
wide ; teeth rudimentary or absent. Branehiostegal rays 7 to 14
m number. Vertebrae from 40 to 50 in number. Dorsal and anal
fins small, the former nearly median. Scales of moderate or large
size, none pectinated ; ventral ridge-scales small or absent ; lateral
line inconspicuous.

The following three extinct species of this genus are recognised
on imperfect evidence, but none are represented in the Collection : —

Engraulis brevipinnis, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 129. — Lower Mio-
cene ; Chiavon, Yicentin. [Imperfect fish ; Court Museum,
Vienna.]

Engraulis evolans, L. Agassiz, Neuos .Tahrb. 1835, p. 300, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. (1844), p. 121, pi. xxxvii.
figs. 1, 2. Clupea evolans, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv.
Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. (1818), p. 344. Exocetus
evolans , Silurus catus, and Exocetus exi liens, G. S. Volta,
Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), pp. cii, clxi, clxvi, pi. xxii.
fig. 2, pi. xxxix. figs. 2, 5. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca,
near Verona. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural
History.]

Engraulis longipinnis, J. J. Heckel, loc.cit. 1854, p. 12S. — Lower
Miocene; Chiavon. [[Imperfect fish; Court Museum,
Vienna.]

Genus HALECOPSIS, novum.

[ex Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. 1844, p. 139 (name only).]
An imperfectly known genus. Head and trunk laterally com-
pressed, more so vontrally than dorsally, hut the ventral border of
the trunk not quite a sharp edge. Gape of mouth small ; [ teeth
unknown]. Preoperculum much expanded, with large lower limb.
Paired fins small, the pelvic pair opposed to the median dorsal ;
anal fin relatively very small. Scales of moderate or rather large
size ; none pectinated, but all marked with delicate radiating lines ;
no ventral ridge-scales ; lateral line inconspicuous.

134

ACTIfTOrTERYG II.

Halecopsis insignis (Delvaux & Ortlieb).

1844. Halecopsis Icevis, L. Agassiz, I’oiss. Foss. vol. v. pt- ’*• ^
(name only). Q6ol

1887. Osmeroides insignis, E. Delvaux & J. Ortlieb, Ann.

Belg. vol. xiv. M6m. p. 74, pi. iii. figs. 2-7, 10, IF geol-

1888. Osmeroides insignis, E. Delvaux & J. Ortlieb, Ann.

Aord, vol. xv. p. 60, pis. i., ii.

Tp'pe. Imperfect fish ; Delvaux Collection. ^ of

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-3. ;i jialf
head with opercular apparatus contained about foul an ^ ^
times, maximum depth of trunk five times in the total lcn0 ^[loS
fish to the base of the caudal fin. Extent of dorsal fin c'l
about two thirds tho depth of the trunk at its insertion ;
of anal fin only one third that of the dorsal. jhdgiufl*

Form. Sp Loc. Lower Eocene: Chievres, near At ,

(lpresiau Formation) ; London Basin (London Clay).

43116, 43119. Two specimens displaying remains of the ^ the

portion of the head and part of the abdominal reg1^
second much the smaller ; London Clay, 1 rlID^ eaCb,
London. The expanded preoperculum is shown ^ ^na|>

with traces of radiating branches from the s un
t ° shown

hindef
the

In the large fossil the slime-canal is als0 s " ^ the

short branches on the postorbital cheek-plat' ^1 is
smaller fossil tho upper aspect of the supraoi
exposed ; and the frontal seems to extend ^°" ”'Qn_

a small plate on each side in front of the otic re-,

I Yethereli

41721. Imperfect head and anterior scales ; London Fla), ^

Toulmin Sm'111

3 (’0Jjj.CS *

28713 a. Branchial region with remains of vertehi® aI )S33-
London Clay, Sheppey. Purchase •

. jj0nd°n

P.1747. Nine fragmentary specimens of head and sea® £\,/Z.
Clay, Sheppey. ^

P- 3845. Nino similar specimens ; London Clay, Shepp0) (jgll.
41409. Abraded specimen ; Red Crag (derived from F°n igfi9-

Suffolk. Purchased,

CLDPEIDJ5.

135

Genus SCOMBROCLUPEA, Kner.

[Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlviii. pt.

1863, p. 132.]

Head and trunk mucb laterally compressed, and abdomen
compressed to an edge. Maxilla robust and arched, with two
supramaxillary bones ; mandible a little prominent, and gape not
extending behind the anterior border of the orbit ; teeth minute or
absent. Preoperculum forming a great triangular expansion ;
operculum and suboperculum deep and narrow ; branchiostegal rays
about 10 in number. Vertebra; about 40 to 50 in number, the
centra much constricted and strengthened with few longitudinal
ndges. Clavicle bearing a large postclavicular plate above the
Pectoral fin. Paired fins small or of moderate size, the pectorals
inserted above the ventral border, the pelvic pair opposite the
dorsal ; dorsal fin arising in front of the middle point ot the back ;
anal fin not much extended, but followed behind by a few spaced
fin-supports, each bearing one robust but closely articulated ray ;
caudal fin deeply forked ; no fin-rays excessively elongated. Scales
ot moderate size, not pectinated, none thickened or enlarged on the
ridge of the back, but a very stout series of ridge-scales, with
lateral wings, extending along the ventral border between the
pectoral arch and the origin of the anal fin ; lateral line in-
conspicuous.

Scombroclupea macrophthalma (Heckel).

[Plate VI. fig. 1.]

1849. Clupea macrophthalma, J. .1. Heckel, in Russegger’s Reisen,
vol. ii. pt. iii. p. 344, pi. xxiii. fig. 2.

1863. Scombroclupea pinnulata, R. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. V iss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlviii. pt. i. p. 132, pi. ii., pi. hi- fig- 1.
[Imperfect fishes; University of Vienna.]

1866. Scombroclupea macroj/lt/halma, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Recli.
Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 71, pi. ix.

1867. Scombroclupea pinnulata, R. Kner, loc. cit. vol. lvi. pt. i. p. 187,
pl. i. fig. 2.

1882. Scombroclupea macrophthalma, F. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad.
Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. p. 22-5, pl. vii. figs. 7-13.

1886. Scombroclupea macrophthalma, D. G. Kramberger, Soc. Hist.
Nat. Croatica, vol. i. p. 131.

1891. Scombroclupea macrophthalma, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav.
Akad. vol. cvi. p. 05, pl. i. fig. 10 (preoperculum).

Type. Imperfect fish ; dim Unger Collection, Gratz.

The type species, attaining a length of 017. Length of head

136

actinopterygii.

with opercular apparatus contained somewhat more than tb'e
times, maximum depth of trunk about four times in tho t°
length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae about
m number, half being caudal. Pectoral fin with about 12 st°u
raj s, articulated only quite at the extremity, and the length of 1
foremost equalling half the depth of tho trunk at its insertion ,
pelvic fins about half as large as the pectorals, also with relative!)
stout rays, arising much nearer to the anal than to the pectfr“
and opposed to tho anterior half of the dorsal ; dorsal fin with
rays, slightly deeper than long, the distance between the occip
and its origin somewhat less than that between the caudal fin an
its termination ; anal fin arising a little in advance of the nn
point between the pelvic and caudal fins, the total number of the rap
emg ] 3, and the hinder 5 or 6 of these widely spaced along
ventral border almost to the base of the caudal. Ventral ridge-so
in number, gradually diminishing in size behind the pelvic n
Form. cj* Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Mt,. Lebanon, Syria. Cretaceo
stria ; Isle of Lesina, Dalmatia.

4747. Fine specimen displaying all the principal character
the genus and species, shown of the natural siz
1 1. \ I. fig. 1 ; Ilakel, Mt. Lebanon. The fish is exhi ^
in direct side-view, with the check and upper jaw crU^ajj
a little forwards. The form of the relatively s” ^
cranium is distinct, and the delicate paraspbenoi^
gently bent upwards at the anterior end of the otic rc°
Remains of the large pterygo-quadrate arcade o ^
beneath the cranium, the articular end of the <]u‘

('/»•) for the support of the mandible being directly m ^
the anterior margin of the orbit. Tho premasill® ( f '.q
are shown, one being imperfect, the other 0,1 ^
impression ; and these are proved to be longer ^iaI1 sjjja
though small compared with the maxi Use. One 111,
(apparently the left viewed from within) iscspecia ) ^ ^
preserved (mx.), exhibiting its convex oral bordei ^
remarkably large anterior inwardly-directed process*^
no teeth are distinctly seen, merely some fine 5ra,la , ve
striations on the oral margin in its hinder halt. - __

the maxilla are remains of the two characteristic
maxillary bones. The mandible (d.) is remarkably _
and deep, partly obscured by fragments of clu e ' P ^
scarcely more than the anterior third of its ulfi,eI ,^er0-
can have entered the cleft of the mouth. l°s

CLTJPEIDJE.

137

interiorly the head is bordered by the great expanded
preoperculum ( p.op .), which has a thickened anterior
margin and is nearly smooth, marked only very slightly
by the delicate radiating branches of the slime-canal.
The right ccratohyal (eh.) and hypohyal are crushed a
little downwards, the former bearing nine branchiostegal
rays (hr.), which are laminar in shape but contract to a
point as they curve to their insertion. The operculum
(op.) is imperfect, but clearly deep and narrow ; the sub-
operculum is not recognizable. The vertebne are all
imperfect, but there are distinct indications of the slight
longitudinal ridges by which the centra are strengthened.
The ribs arc as stout as in Clupea , and the neural spines in
front of the dorsal fin arc not fused with their respective
arches. Intermuscular bones occur throughout the trunk
both above and below the vertebral column. The clavicle
and supraclavicle are shown to be slender; the postclavicle
(s.op.) is relatively large. The rays of the paired fins are
observed to be relatively as robust as those of the caudal :
the rays of the dorsal fin are more slender. The detached
anal fin-rays are distinct and shown to be very closely
divided and articulated ; their supports are connected with
each other by a process extended along the ventral border
of the tail. The squamation is well displayed in part, and
the ventral ridge-scales appear to be destitute of serrations.

Lewis Coll.

49487, 49497. Two fine largo specimens, slightly deepened by
crushing ; Hakel. The expanded postclavicular plate is
distinct in both specimens. Many of the intermuscular
bones in the caudal region arc triradiate. Lewis Coll.

39240, -43. Twro large distorted specimens ; Hakel.

Purchased, 1865.

^8157. Small slab with scattered remains of four individuals ;
Hakel. Lewis Coll.

**• 8678. Large slab exhibiting numerous distorted and fragmentary
individuals associated with Biplomystus hrevissimus •
Hakel. Purchased, 1897.

49509. Another slab with distorted and fragmentary remains of
this and other fishes ; Hakel. Leivis Coll.

138

ACTINOPTERYG-II .

Scombroclupea gaudryi (Pictet & Humbert).

18G6. Clupea gaudryi, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Uoiss. °S
Mt. Libau, p, 60, pi. v. figs. 2—1. \Viss.,

(?) 1882. Clupea gaudryi, F. Bassani, Ilenkschr. k. Akad.
math.-naturw, Cl. yol. xlv. p. 223, pi. vii. figs. 1-1-

TyP(- Imperfect fish, with incomplete anal fin ; Geneva
A comparatively small and slender species. Length of hca . S(
opercular apparatus contained somewhat more than three
maximum depth of trunk about five times in tho total lengt ^
fish to the base of the caudal fin. Vertcbrro and fins apparen
in the type species. Cre.

F°rm. $ Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon. (■)
taceous : Isle of Lesina, Dalmatia l.

49558-59. Two slabs, each with two specimens about *•
length; Hakel. LelUlS

39241. Similar fish wanting caudal fin ; Hakel.

47323.

Distorted fish wanting caudal fin but displaying

the char»c'

teristic anal fin with finlets. , _ jgy4.

Presented by Sir Richard Owen, K.C. ■>

49503. Smaller, more imperfect distorted specimen, in counter!^
with incomplete and displaced anal fin.

The following imperfectly known species, not represented
Collection, also probably belong to Scombroclupea : —

Clupea antiqua, F. J. Pictet, Foss. Terrain Neocom.

(Paleont. Suisse, 1858), p. 31, pi. iv- fi£s‘ V’fisb:
Neocomian ; Voirons, Switzerland. [lmp°r e
? Geneva Museum.] Croatia

Clupea les inert. sis, D. G. Kramberger, Soc. Hist. - a cvi,

vol. i. (1880), p. 130, and ltad Jugoslav. Akad.^^ .
(1891), p. 04, pi. j. fig. j) (preoperculum).—' (<e0iogica*

Isle of Lesina, Dalmatia. [Imperfect fish;

, Museum, University of Agram.] , f0.— '

C 'uPea voironensis, F. J. Pictet, op. cit. p. 37, pi- v- ^f^‘oVa Mu'
Neocomian ; Voirons. [Imperfect fish ; • e11
seum.]

The speeimms from Mrzlee and Comen re
berger (Djela Jugoslav. Akad. vol. xvi. 1895,
imperfect for certain determination.

ferred to this species > to0

p. 37, pi- viii- fig- 3’

CLUPEIDJE.

139

Genus DIPLOMYSTUS, Cope.

[Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 187“, p. 808.]

&yn. Histiurm, O. G. Costa, Atti Accad. I’ontan. vol. v. 1850, p. 288.
Hyperlophus, J. D. Ogilby, Rec. Austral. Mus. vol. ii. 1892,
p. 2(3.

Head and trunk much laterally compressed, and abdomen com-
pressed to an edge. .Maxilla robust and arched, with two supra-
roaxillary bones ; mandible a little prominent, and gape not
extending behind the anterior border of the orbit ; teeth minute or
absent. Preoperculum only slightly expanded, operculum and
suboperculum deep and narrow; branchiostegal rays about 10 in
number. Vertebra; from 31 to 16 in numbor, the centra much
constricted and strengthened with few longitudinal ridges. Paired
fins of moderate or small size, the pectorals inserted above the
ventral border, the pelvic pair either in advance of the dorsal or
opposite its most anterior rays ; dorsal fin arising in front of the
middle point of the back, nevermore but usually less extended than
the anal, which is longer than deep ; caudal fin deeply forked ; no
fin-rays excessively elongated. Scales small or of moderate size,
not pectinated ; a series of thickened ridge-scales, not produced
into lateral wings, extending along the back between the occiput
and the dorsal fin ; a series of larger thickened ridge-scales, with
lateral wings, similarly extending along the ventral border from the
pectoral arch to the origin of the anal fin.

Phis genus is represented at the present day by species from the
'ivers of New South Wales and Chili.

Diplomystus dentatus, Cope.

1877. Diplomystus dentatus , E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iii. p. 808.

1877. Diplomystus analis, E. D. Cope, ibid. p. 809. [Nearly complete
fish.]

1884. Diplomystus dentatus, E. D. Cope, Vert. Tertiary Form. West,
Book I. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii.), p. 74, pi. x. fig. 1.

1884. Diplotnystus analis, E. D. Cope, ibid. p. 75, pi. vii. fig. 4, pi. viii.
fig. 3, pi. x. fig. 2.

J !/pe. Nearly complete fish.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-5, the caudal
region comparatively slender but scarcely longer than the abdominal
region. Length of head with opercular apparatus much less than
the maximum depth of the abdominal region, which is contained
nbout three times in the total length of the fish to the base of the
caudal tin. Abdominal vertebra; about 18, caudals 23 in number.

140

ACTIN’ OPTEKYGII.

Each pectoral fin with about 12 rays, the longest not reaching
pelvic pair, which arises nearly midway between the pectora 9
the anal, just in advance of the origin of the dorsal; (*or'stt , Q{
deeper than long, with 11 or 12 rays, arising at the hinder en
the anterior third of the back ; anal fin much extended,

i.ijs. Dorsal scutes about twice as broad as long, finch ce” ,
on flip i i : VGU

v — - ttuuui/ nvice <is uruau .

lated on the posterior border, and nearly 40 in number ;
ridgo-scaleS about 25 in number, not serrated, decreasing
backwards. ,

The so-called Diplomystus theta (Cope, foe. ext. 1877, P-
loc. cit. 1884, p. 77 ; Clupea theta, Cope, BuU. U.S. «eoL
errit. no. 2, 1874, p. 51), founded on an imperfect specimen-
a so belong to this species. Diphrm/stus pcctorosus (Cope, 6
1877, p. 810, and loc. cit. 1884, p. 76', pi. x. fig. 3) is also scar
distinct.

J'orm. <)• Loc. Eocene (Green ltiver Shales) : Wyoming.

P. 5230. Fine specimen 0-46 in length, displaying the median fi
and remains of the paired tins; found 10 nl\u ^ug.
Sillein, on the Oregon short line of railway, 5 lVCh a
The jaws arc crushed slightly forwards, the hyoi a ^ ,
little downwards; the axial skeleton of the trunk 19 ^

well shown. Presented hij Samuel Lairxy, Cs'l"1

P- 7489-90. Two similar specimens, showing patches of ia|

stout conical teeth on some of the inner bones 0 ^95.

mouth. Purchased,

P- 5218. Smaller fish 0-27 in length, lSg6.

Presented by Lord Avebui Ji

P- I860. Imperfect specimen 0-18 in length ; labelled “ Bear

Idaho, but probably from the Green River * 1 p
Wyoming. Eyerton Col

P. 4928. Still smaller specimen displaying the ridge-scab s- gg.

Presented by If. Lydelclcer, Es([ ,

49166. Small fish about 0-105 in length. Purchased, Is7"

Diplomystus brevissimus (Blainville).

1818, CluPea brevissimus, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’His -1
o vo1- *xvii. p. 3C4. .. il7,

1839-44. Clupea bremssima. L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. PUl' p-
Pi- bd. figs. C-9. „ 41,

1850. Clupea hrenssima, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Lihan, P-
pi. viii. figs. 1 2.

CLTTPEIDJE.

141

1866. Clupea hrevissima, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Recli. Poiss. Foss.
Mt. Liban, p. 61, pi. vi.

(?) 1878. Clupea larteti, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [8}
vol. vi. p. 635, pi. xiii. tig. 8. [Distorted fish ; Paris Museum of
Natural History.]

1879. Clupea hrevissima, F. Bassani, Yerhandl. k.-k. geol. Iteiclisanst.
p. 104.

1882. Clupea hrevissima, F. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., matli.-
natunv. Cl. vol. xlv. p. 219, pi. vii. figs. 5, 6, pi. viii. figs. 1-3.

1888. Diplomystus brevissimus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
[6] vol. ii. p. 134.

Type. Noarly complete fish.

A small species, attaining a longth of about 0-12, the caudal
region comparatively stout and slightly longer than the abdominal
region. Dorsal region not much elevated. Length of head with
opercular apparatus nearly equalling the maximum depth of the
abdominal region, which is contained about two and a half times in
the total length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Abdominal
rcrtebrae 16, caudals 18 in number. Each pectoral fin with about
id rays, the longest not reaching the pelvic pair, which arises
nearly midway between the pectorals and the anal, opposite the
origin of the dorsal ; dorsal fin longer than deep, with 17 rays,
occupying nearly the middle third of the back ; anal fin much
extended, with 29 rays, arising in advance of the hinder end of the
dorsal. Dorsal scutes about twice as broad as long, with a longi-
tudinal median keel ; ventral ridge-scales about 25 in number, not
serrated, decreasing in size backwards.

The fossilised examples of this fish are very variously distorted,
and it is thus difficult to determine its precise form and proportions.
The so-called Clupea larteti, Sauvage, from Hakel, Mt. Lebanon, is
piobably a specimen elongated by distortion. It is stated by
Sauvage to have 38 vertebne, but only 33 are shown in his figure
of the type specimen.

Form, cj- Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon. Creta-
ceous : Comen, Istria ; Isle of Lesina, Dalmatia.

49488-89, 49502. Three fine large specimens showing tho dorsal
scutes, the first noticed in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6]
vol. ii. (1888), p. 134. Lewis Coll.

I*. 9239. More imperfect large specimen. History unknown.

4027. Large specimen 0-12 in length, exhibiting small but stout
conical teeth on an inner bone of the mouth. Lewis Coll.-

8683. Fish 0-11 in length, elongated by crushing.

Purchased, 1897.

142

ACTINOPTERYGII.

28398. Another imperfect fish 0'09 in length. Mcmtell Coll .

49490, 49499. Two smaller specimens deepened by distortion. ^ ^

P. 1861. Similar fish elongated by distortion, with 29 rays in ^
anal fin. Egerton Co

47315-16. Two specimens about 0-068 in length, the firs* 1
counterpart. __ ^ 4_

Presented by Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B.,
46397, P. 103, P. 108. Three specimens about 0’058 in length

47316 a. Very small fish 0‘035 in length. f

Presented by Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B.,

P. 121, P. 4784. Two large slabs exhibiting a shoal of these fi ' '

Lewis Cot*-

K.C.B.

1374.

47312. Smaller slab with a few fine specimens.

Presented by Sir Richard Owen

P. 9240. Slab with three specimens. . t

Presented by Lady Esther Stan ^
25779. Another small slab with small specimens. Dixon
P. 9241. Slab with similar specimens. Enniskillen Coll .

P- 3825. Small slab with similar specimens, labelled by^el ^ ^

wim similar specimens, ^ ^

and Agassiz as being the type specimen of Clupea b("‘

TT TT * „Hist. Nat. vol. ***

;iz, Poiss. Foss, vol./-

II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist
(1818), p. 305; noticed by Agassiz

pt. ii. (1844), p. 117. The fishes are typical • * . ^
simus and do not agree oither with Blainville ' l'rlD, .on
description or with the specimen in the Regie} Co c
subsequently described by Agassiz ( loc . ext. I>- I ’ P ' «
fig. 2) as Chipea heurardi'. Enniskilltn

Diplomystus birdi, A. S. Woodward.

1895. Diplomystus birdi, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. i'at'
vol. xv. p. 3, pi. i. figs. 2-4.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum. tl,e

A small deep-bodied species attaining a length of about • ’

i • best be

Owing to the uncertain meaning of this specific name, it uaI1oB

suppressed. The present writer has never seen a specimen irom
agreeing with the description given by Agassiz.

CLUPEIDiE.

143

caudal region comparatively stout and slightly longer than the
abdominal region. Dorsal region much elevated, the margin rising
to the origin of the dorsal fin, where it is almost angularly bent.
Length of head with opercular apparatus equalling about two thirds
the maximum depth of the trunk, which is nearly or quite as great
as its length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin.
Abdominal vertebrae 14 to 16, caudals 18 in number. Pectoral fins
with rays sufficiently long to reach the pelvic pair, which arise
opposite the origin of the dorsal ; dorsal fin longer than deep, with
about 17 rays, its extent equalling the distance from the occiput to
its origin, but much exceeding that from the caudal fin to its hinder
end ; anal fin much extended, with 25 rays, arising in advance of
the hinder end of tho dorsal. Dorsal scutes about twice as broad as
long, with a longitudinal median keel ; ventral ridge-scales about
16 in number, not serrated, slightly increasing in size baekyvards.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakol, Mt. Lebanon.

96. Type specimen, figured Joe. cit. pi. i. fig. 3. Lewis Coll.

H 96 a. Smaller fish displaying tho general form and proportions
of the species, figured loc. cit. pi. i. fig. 4. Lewis Coll.

P- 83. Imperfect fish apparently shortened by crushing, figured
loc. cit. pi. i. fig. 2. Lewis Coll.

p- 84, P. 86, P. 87. Three more imperfect specimens shortened and
deepened by crushing. The second displays tho left
pectoral fin, the third the broad dorsal scutes, which
exhibit two or throe posterior denticulations on each side
in addition to the median point. Lewis Coll.

Diplomystus longicostatus, Cope.

1886. Diplomystus longicostatus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc
vol. xxiii. p. 3.

1895. Diplomystus longicostatus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. [6] vol. xv. p. 2, pi. i. fig. 1.

Fype. Nearly complete fish ; Cope Collection.

A deep-bodiofi species attaining a length of about O’ 13, the caudal
region comparatively small and slender, scarcely more than half as
°ng as the abdominal region. Dorsal region much elevated, the
margin rising to tho origin of the dorsal fin. Length of head yvith
epercular apparatus scarcely exceeding half the maximum depth of
Ihe trunk, yvhieh is nearly as great as its length from the pectoral
arch to the base of the caudal fin. Abdominal vertebra; about 24
1,1 number, caudal vertebrae not more than 1 2. Pectoral fins small ;

144

ACTINOPIERYGII.

pelvic fins much smaller, these arising much nearer to the f°r 1
than to the anal and opposed to the origin of the dorsal ; dors'
with about 10 rays, occupying the middle fifth of the back.’,8”he
fin not much extended, with 8 rays, arising considerably behw
posterior end of the dorsal. Dorsal scutes broader than ■<>£>
emarginate behind and thus heart-shaped ; ventral ridge-scales °o
paratively small in advance of the pelvic fins, but rapid!} incre ^
in size backwards beyond it, the three hindermost scales ndat ^
very large, but all smooth with only one sharp point an
serrations.

Form. <Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Bahia, Brazil. ^

P.7109. Fine specimen described and figured by the

writer, loc. cit. p. 2, pi. i. fig. 1 ; from the beach 11 _ gaD
Itacaranha and Plataforma, near kilom. 7, Bahia an
Francisco Bail way. 1893*

Presented by Joseph Mctwson, Esq.,

P.8256'58. Three specimens ; near Itacaranha. ^ ],s96.

Presented by Joseph Mctwson, Esq-i

P- 413. More fragmentary large specimen : near Itacaranha. ^
Presented by Joseph Maivson , Esq-,

P- 5530. Remains of small head and abdominal region,

anterior ventral ridge-scales, noticed by the present V ^
in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6] vol. ii. (1888), P- 134 ’l8sl-
Itacaranha. Presented by Joseph Mctwson, Esq.,

Diplomystus humilis (Leidy). ,g

1856. Clupea humilis, J. Leidy, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad- F '
1870. Clupea pusilla, E. D. Cope, l*roc. Amer. Phil- Soc’

__ p. 082 ; and Aun, Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. p. 429. ^errit.
1873. Clupea humilis, J. Leidy, Contrib. Ext. Vert. Fauna • j
(Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. i. pt. i.), p. 19o, Pb xVU yorrit.
1877. Diplomystus humilis, E. I). Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv.

vol. iii. p. 811. , yyrest,

1884. Diplomystus humilis, E. I). Cope, Vert. Tertiary I or® fig. 3,
Book I. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii.), P- , P •
pl. ix. fig. 8, pi. x. fig. 4.

type. Nearly complete fish ; National Museum, t\ashin0t^^
An elongated species attaining a length of about 0-18, \oiainsl
legion comparatively slender and much shorter than the a ^an
renion. . Length of head with opercular apparatus slight } ]jearly
t ie maximum depth of the abdominal region, which c,Pa aUdal
one third of the total length of the fish to the base of th

CLTTPEIDJE.

145

fin. Abdominal vertebrae about 23, caudals 13 to 15 in number.
Paired fins small, the pelvic pair arising just behind tho origin of
the dorsal and midway between the pectorals and the anal ; dorsal
fin deeper than long, with about 12 rays, arising just before the
hinder end of the anterior third of the back ; anal fin not much
extended, with 14 rays, arising far behind the dorsal, midway
between tho pelvic and caudal fins. Dorsal scutes narrow and
longitudinally koeled, emargiuate behind ; ventral ridge-scales 20 to
25 in numbor, not increasing in size backwards, smooth and serrated,
but each produced at its hinder inferior angle into a long spine.
Form. <j- Loc. Eocene (Green River Shales) : Wyoming.

P- 6185-86. Two large specimens 0’18 in length.

Purchased, 1890.

49168. Specimen O' 13 in length. Purchased , 1878.

p- 1859. Fine specimen 0-105 in length, displaying some of the
head-bones and the ventral ridge-scales. Eyerton CoU.

P' 8893. Fractured specimen of the same size, with remains of the
dorsal ridge-scales. Presented by Walter Crouch , Esq., 1894.

P- 4929. Well-preserved fish 0-09 in length.

Presented by R. Lydelcker, Esq., 1885.

49167. Imperfect smaller fish, showing scales. Purchased, 1878.

P' 8627. Small well-preserved fish 0'055 in length, showing both
the dorsal and ventral ridge-scales. Purchased, 1888.

Diplomystus altus (Leidy).

1873. Clupea alta, J. Leidy, Contrib. Ext. Vert. Fauna W. Territ.

(Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. i. pt. i.), p. 196, pi. xvii. fig. 2.
1877. Diplomystus altus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iii. p. 811.

1884. Diplomystus altus, E. D. Cope, Vert. Tertiary Form. West,
Book I. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii.), p. 79, pi. ix.
fig's. 9-11, pi. x. fig. 5.

I'ype. Nearly complete fish ; National Museum, Washington,
species almost identical with D. humilis, but exhibiting a
deeper trunk, the maximum depth of the abdominal region slightly
exceeding one third the total length of the fish to the base of the
°audal fin.

dorm.. Sf Loc. Eocene (Green River Shales) : Wyoming.

4846. Imperfect fish 0'1 in length. Purchased, 1885.

PA.ET iy.

L

146

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Diplomystus vectensis (Newton).

1889. Clupea vectensis, E. T. Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol.

vol. xlv. p. 112, pi. iv. . j Tj.

1889. Diplomystus vectensis, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag- PJ v
p. 230.

Type. Imperfect fish ; G. W. Colenutt Collection, Ryde- ^
A small species, attaining a length of about 0*06, the
region comparatively slender. Length of head with °P£
apparatus slightly less than the maximum depth of the tru'1 ^
contained about four and a half times in the total length ot ^
to the base of the caudal fin. Abdominal vertebrae r

caudals 15 in number. Dorsal fin deeper than long, with g_
rays; anal fin comparatively low and extended, with 16 or 1
Dorsal scutes narrow ; ventral ridge-scales 20 to 22 in nU
not serrated, decreasing in size backwards. , jBle

Form. Sf Loc. Lower Oligoccne (Osborne Beds) : near } ’
of Wight.

P. 5930. Very small specimen ; King’s Quay, near Ryde. jgg9.

Presented by G. W. Colenutt, *2 > ^

P. 6853, -54. Small slab displaying small individuals, and

other specimens ; King’s Quay. _ jg93.

Presented by G. F. Harris, SCL ’

The imperfect specimens named as follows from tb°
Cretaceous of Pietraroja, Province of Benevento, Italy , a 8
to Diplomystus : a850),

Histiurus elatus, O. G. Costa, Atti Accad. Pontan. vol. • t
p. 289, pi. vi. fig. 3, and ibid. vol. vii. (1853), P- ’

2. 00

Histiurus serioloides, O. G. Costa, ibid. vol. viii. (1864), 1

pi. ix. fig. 3. jjapoli,

Histiurus ventricosus, 0. G. Costa, Atti R. Accad. ®c •

vol. ii. no. 21 (1865), p. 5, pi. ii. figs- 3-5. ^

The original specimens are in the Geological Museum,
of Naples.

Genus CLUPEA (Artedi), Linnmus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 317.]

Syn. Alosa, Q. Cuvier, Rfigne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii- 18'9’ ?' xX. 1847,
Meletta, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. '

P-366. - i865,P-413-

Uropterina, P. Lioy, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. vol. vim
Ptericephalina, P. Lioy, ibid. p. 414.

CLUPEIDJ5.

147

Head and trunk much laterally compressed and abdomen com-
pressed to an edge. Maxilla robust and arched, with two supra-
maxillary bones; mandible a little prominent, and gape not extending
heyond the hinder border of tho orbit ; toeth rudimentary or
absent. Preoperculum only slightly expanded ; operculum and
suboperculum deep and narrow ; branchiostegal rays about 6 or 8 in
number. Vertebras from 45 to 60 in number, tho centra much
constricted and strengthened with few longitudinal ridges. Pairod
ns of moderate or small sine ; dorsal fin small and short-based,
opposed to the pelvic pair ; anal fin with less than 30 rays ; caudal
n deeply forked ; no fin-rays excessively elongated. Scales of
moderate or large size, not pectinated ; a series of thickened
ridge-seales, with ascending lateral wings, extending along the
ventral border from the pectoral arch to the origin of the anal fin ;
no dorsal ridge-scales ; lateral line inconspicuous.

Clupea scheuchzeri, Blainville.

1708, Figure by J. J. Scheuchzer, Querelee Piscium, pi. ii.

1756. Figures by G. \V. Knorr, Samml. Merkwiirdigk. Natur, pi. xxi.
figs. 2, 3.

1818. Clupea scheuchzeri, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 315.

®I®- Clupea megaptera, H. D. de Blainville, ibid. p. 315.

1886. Meletta scheuchzeri, A. Wettstel'n, Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glarner-
scliief. (Denksclir. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 52, pi. i.
fig. 4, pi. iii. figs, 6, 8, 10, (P) pi. viii. fig. 0.

%>«• Imperfect fish; Paris Museum of Natural History.

•A. species of slender proportions, attaining a length of about 025,
nnt not satisfactorily definable on account of imperfect preservation.

bdominal vertebrae about 22, caudals 24 in number. Length of

e<id with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding the maximum
°f the trunk and equalling one quarter of the total length to
the ^ase of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin with about 12 rays, not
extending behind quite so far as tho middle point between the
occiput and the base of the caudal fin ; pelvic fins arising opposite
the middle of the dorsal, midway between the pectorals and the
at,al ; the latter fin relatively small.

If the specimens labelled Clupea megaptera by Agassiz are
correctly determined, the type specimen described by de Blainville
^nder this name must have been somewhat distorted and with
'“complete dorsal fin.

Form, Loc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.

Fine specimen about O' 13 in length, labelled Clupea

l 2

148

ACTINOPTERYGII.

scheuchzeri by Agassiz, and employed as the basis or ^
specific description given above ; Engi. lUmcn1' ^
the ventral ridge-scales are distinct both before and
the pelvic fins. Enniskillen

P. 1875, P. 3835, P. 4257. Seven large specimens various!}^ ^
perfect and distorted, labelled Clupea megapier
Agassiz ; Engi. The finest specimen is in col'n 1 Y ^ _
and elongated by distortion. Egerton 4' Enniski en

41827. Slightly distorted fish about 0-13 in length; Engi.

Purchased)

P. 1875 a, P. 4257 a. Small imperfect fish, in counterpart, la

Clupea megaptera by Agassiz ; Engi. njp.

Egerton $ Enniskillen

Clupea catopygoptera, sp. nov.

[Plate YI. fig. 2.] fc a.

1844. Clupea catopygoptera, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v P
p. 120 (name only).

Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum. f aboUt

A species of slender proportions, attaining a length 0 ^ ^
O'l. Length of head with opercular apparatus sonicw ® ^ ^
ceeding the maximum depth of the trunk and nearly , ”oVt>r
quarter of the total length of the fish. Vertebra ^ ^

40 in number, about half abdominal, half caudal. ®ort,J relll0te
deep as long, with about 13 rays, and its origin twice -c jiDs
from the base of the caudal fin as from the occiput , Pe ^ tpe
arising opposite the anterior half of the dorsal, midway 1-"-' wjtb
pectorals and the anal ; the latter fin low and very ,tl!'
about 15 rays. Italy-

Form, cj- Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona, • ^

P. 3829 a. Specimen shown of the natural size in PP ^ f tb©
- ’ the type 01

species.

arc

labelled by Agassiz and to be regarded as — • rj0IJ a

The head and anterior abdomina * ” specie8
slightly distorted, but the essential characters o are

iai/xj uiBiwnuu, uui lub esBuuutu (jal^S

are displayed. Traces of the ventral ri g® ^nS#
observable in front of, but not behind the pe qcU.

P. 285. Large distorted specimen, in counterpart,

Transferred fri

Museum of Practical Geology >

1880.

CLUPEIDiE.

149

21408 c. Another fine specimen deepened by the displacement of
the squamation. Purchased, 1847.

!*• 9242. Large fish, slightly distorted. History unknown.

13459. Fish wanting caudal extremity and showing traces of the
ventral ridge-scales behind the pelvic fins. Purchased.

21408 a, 21529. Six specimens in various states of preservation.

Purchased, 1847.

23110 a. Imperfect fish, in counterpart. Purchased , 1848.

28404. Distorted specimen. Mantell Coil.

41385. Fish deepened by crushing, with traces of the ventral ridge-
scales behind the pelvic fins. Purchased, 1869.

• 9243. Two imperfect fishes. History unknown.

42449. Small contorted specimen. Purchased.

44874. Another contorted specimen, in counterpart.

Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1 873.

!*■ 1868. Six specimens variously preserved, some labelled by
Agassiz. Egerton Coll.

4260. Distorted fish, labelled by Agassiz. Enniskillen Coll.

!*■ 5132. line specimen, slightly deepened by distortion and showing
the ventral ridge-scalos.

Presented by Mrs. M. E. Tort, 1886.

5279. Small well-preserved fish, showing the ventral ridge-
scales. Presented by Walter Myers, Esq., 1887.

9244. Another small specimen showing ventral ridge-scales.

Purchased.

^ 1868 a. Distorted fish 0-035 in length, labelled by Agassiz as
belonging to this species. Egerton Coll.

13449-50. Equally small fish, in counterpart. Purchased.

37228-29. Two small fishes. Purchased, 1863.

• 1866, P. 3830. Still smaller fishes evidently immature and

probably belonging to this species, but labelled Clupea
minuta 1 by Agassiz. Egerton fy Enniskillen Colls.

1 rni •

Mu p18 name aPPears without description in Verliandl. Qes. raterland.
ohmen, 1834, p. 06, and in Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 120.

150

ACIINOPTERY&IX.

Clupea hnmilis, H. von Meyer.

1848. Clupea gracilis, H. von Meyer ( non Temminck & Sc*1 eg®
Neues Jahrb. p. 783 (name only).

1848. Clupea lanceolata, H. von Meyer, ibid. p. 783 (name on )'•

1851. Clupea humilis , II. von Meyer, Palteontogr. vol. ii- P- 1

iSKifiSA,3’ Pl' XVi‘ fig' 12 pL xiv- flgs‘ 6* 7-9 o ol. xvi.

lool. Clupea lanceolata , II. von Meyer, ibid . p. 93, pl. xiv. no* *

(? pl. xiv. fig. 6). [Nearly complete fishes.] j jjj.

1888. Clupea ventricosa, K. A. von Zittel, Handb. Palaeont. vo
p. 276, fig. 283.

Type. Nearly complete fishes. t'mes

A specios attaining a length of about 0-1, perhaps some ' hat
larger. Length of head with opercular apparatus S01D® one
exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk and equalh'in
quarter of the total length of the fish. Vertebrae approximate y
in number, about half abdominal, half caudal. Dorsal s_l° jia0
deeper than long, with from 12 to 14 rays, and its origin less
twice as remote from the base of the caudal fin as from the oC® ^
pelvic fins arising opposite the anterior half of the dorsal, a„
between the pectorals and the anal ; the latter fin loss elevate
the dorsal, with about 20 rays and extending close to the c.‘
Ventral ridge-scales with very prominent backwardly-directe P
about 22 in number.

Form. c(- Loc. Lower Miocene : Wiirtcmberg

35500-07, 35521-23, 35750-51. One slab with many
another with four fishes, two others with two fis
ten detached specimens ; Unterkirchberg, near ^’^ggp.

36579. Slab with one good, one imperfect specimen; Unte " -

- ■chased, to

berg.

Parch

P. 1869-71, P. 3836-38. Four slabs with various remains,
typical specimens ; Unterkirchberg.

Ecjerton Sf Ennislallen

and si*

Colls-

■Specimens like the following are usually named Chip?11 v‘ .
(after H. von Meyer, Palseontogr. vol. ii. 1851, p. 03, pl- ^ ^tioH
hut their comparatively deepened form seems to be due to

Also recorded from the Upper Miocene of Croatia by It. *'■ ® f
eitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 76 ; and ( o“ g.
the Lower Miocene of Chiavon, N. Italy, by F. Bassani, Atti K.

Napoli, [2] vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 38, pl. ii. fig. 5-

CLTJPEIDJE.

151

daring fossilisation, and they cannot be satisfactorily distinguished
from Clupea humilis : —

36180. Specimen about 0'09 in length, much distorted anteriorly ;

Unterkirchberg. Purchased, 1861.

36580-81. Large and small specimen, still more distorted; Unter-
kirchberg. Purchased, 1862.

P. 1872, P. 3839. Two typical examples evidently deepened by
crushing ; Unterkirchberg. Egerton Sf Enniskillen Colls.

Clupea crenata (Heckel).

I860. Meletta crenata, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. i. p. 233, pi. xxvi.

1850 ■ Meletta longimana, J. J. Heckel, ibid. p. 231, pi. xxv. [Imperfect
fish ; olim Heinrich Collection, Briinn.]

1870. Meletta sahleri, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Gdol. France, [2]
vol. xxvii. p. 407, pi. ix. fig. 4.

1870. Meletta parisoti, II. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 403, pi. ix. fig. 0, pi. x.
870. Meletta longimana, H. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 408, pi. ix. fig. 5.

8b0. Meletta crenata, 1). G. Kramberger, Jahrb. k.-k. geol. Reichs-

anst. vol. xxx. p. 668, pi. vin. fig. 2.

80. Meletta longimana = Meletta crenata, F. Bassani, Atti Soc.
Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. vii. p. 81.

1. Meletta heckeli, A. Rzehak, Abh.naturf. Verein. Briinn, vol. xix.
PP. <0,72, pi. i. figS- l_3j 5. [Nearly complete fishes; Rzehak
Collection, Briinn].

881. Meletta sahleri=? Melettina, A. Rzehak, ibid. p. 71.

type. Scales, &c. ; olim Zeuschner Collection, Cracow.

An imperfectly known small species of slender proportions,
ead with opercular apparatus occupying about one third the length
the fish to tho base of the caudal tin. Vertebral 40 to 42 in total
lumber, the centra delicate. I’elvic fins slightly behind origin of
orsal, which comprises 15 or 16 rays and arises in advance of the
'Biddle ot the back ; anal fin low and extended.

o/»i. <jj* /.oc. Lower Miocene (or Oligocene) : Austria, Germany,
aid France.

7041. Five imperfect specimens : Septarien Thon, Florsheim,
Rhein Hessen. Purchased, 1893.

Clupea numidica (Sauvage).

8 .>9-44. Alosa elongata, L. Agassiz ( non Bennett, 1830), Poiss. Foss.
, vo1- v- pt. ii. p. 113, pi. lxiv. [Imperfect fish.]

" Mosa crassa, II. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. G6ol. vol. iv. art. no. 1,

152

ACTINOPTERYGII.

p. 243, fig. 07. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natm&l
History.]

1873 Afoa, elongata, H. E. Sauvage, ibid, p. 245, figs. 52’ °4'
[Ditto.]

1873. Atom numidka, II. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 249, fig. 66.

1S73. Atom renoui, H. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 253. [Ditto.]

Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

A species attaining a length of about 03. Head with opercular
apparatus large, its length exceeding the maximum depth of _
runk and contained about twice in the length from the pectoral ar '
to the base of tho caudal fin. Vertebrae about 30 in the abdomu1 *
-o in tho caudal region. Dorsal fin, with about 18 rays, aim03
completely in advance of the middle point between the occiput am
the caudal fin ; pelvic fins inserted opposite the middle of
dorsal ; anal fin with 14 or 15 rays. Scales relatively lar8e’
sometimes pitted in their exposed portion. _

All the known examples of this species are distorted and fr'to
mentary ; hence differences between various specimens which aV
been supposed to represent four distinct species. The name W*.
elongata cannot be used, having been employed by Lesueur in
for an existing fish of another species.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Miocene : Oran, Algeria.

P. 9245. Three specimens. History unknout'

P- 9246- Imperfect distorted fish, with some of the large scale*
showing pittings. History unknoW-

P. 1881. three good specimens and various fragments

Eqerton

CoU-

Clupea sardinites (Heckel).

1850. Meletta sardinites, J. J. Deckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wl&

xxiv. . Rt

JtoO .Meletta sardinites, var. heterostoma, L. von Vukotinovic,
Jug°s]ay. Akad. vol. xiii. p. 208.

• . Clupea ( Meletta ) sardinites, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. P® 1

Oesterreich-Ungnrns, vol. iii. pp. 76, 82.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Court Museum, Vienna,
f v Sm,a^ s'en<^er species, attaining a length of about 0-12. ®n ,
,ea with opercular apparatus contained four times, aIU
maximum depth of the trunk about six times in the total len*>
the fish. Vertebrae about 45 in number. Dorsal fin about as d
as ong, with 13 rays, entirely in advance of the middle P°
between the occiput and caudal fin ; pelvic fins arising opposite

CLTJPETDiB.

153

hinder part of the dorsal, nearer to the anal than to the pectorals ;
anal fin with 14 rays.

Form. Sf Loc. Lower Oligocene : ltadoboj, Croatia.

49161-64. Three fine specimens, and one immature individual
probably of this species. Purchased, 1878.

Clupea sprattus, Linnaeus.

1768. Clupea sprattus, C. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 318.

1868. Clupea sprattus, A. Gunther, Catal. Fishes B. M. vol. vii. p. 419.
Type. Recent fish.

A small slender species, the length of the head with opercular
apparatus about equal to the maximum depth of the trunk.
Vertebrae 47 to 49 in total number. Pelvic fins directly opposed to
the origin of the dorsal, which comprises 15 to 18 rays ; anal fin
with from 17 to 20 rays. About 12 ventral ridge-scales behind
the pelvic fins.

Form, fy Loc. Pleistocene and Recent: Atlantic coasts of Europe.

5265-67. Three specimens in nodules from Glacial Clay, Bin-
dalen, Norway. Presented by Henry Tryon, Esq., 1S87.

The following specimens are not specifically determined : —

^ 3831. Imperfect fish about O' 09 in length, labelled Clupea
leplostea by Agassiz, apparently belonging to the species
thus named without description in Neues Jahrb. 1835,
p. 306, and Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. (1844), p. 120 1 ;
Upper Eocene, Monte Bolca, near Verona.

Enniskillen Coll.

21408 b. Another example of the same fish ; Monte Bolca.

Purchased, 1847.

37227. Imperfect smaller skeleton probably of the same species;
Monte Bolca. Purchased, 1863.

28437. Contorted fish about 0-11 in length, with relatively small
head ; Monte Bolca. Purchased, 1853.

36337. Another specimen apparently of the same fish; Monte
Bolca. Bean Coll.

This undefined species is regarded as the type of a genus Ptericephalina ,
7 P. Lioy, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. vol. viii. (1865), p. 414. One specimen is
Wrongly identified with Esox vulpes by Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), pi. lxiv.

154

ACTIXOPTERYGII.

P. 1873. Fish wanting head, 0-135 in length from the pectoral
arch to the base of the caudal fin ; Tertiary, Crete.

Eyerton Coll.

P. 1865, P. 3840. Imperfect specimens of the form provisionally
named Clupea tenuissima by Agassiz (Yerhandl. Ges.
vaterland. Mus. Bcihmen, 1834, p. 66 [name only], and
Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii, 1844, p. 120, pi. lxi. fig. 31) ;
Upper Miocene, Eagusa, Sicily. The type specimen is
supposed to be contained in this collection, but is not
recognisable. Eyerton EnnisIciUen Colls.

The following extinct species have also been distinguished, hut
are not represented in the Collection : —

Clupea arcuata, E. Kner, Sitzungsb. k.Akad. Wiss., math.-natursv.
Cl. vol. xlviii. pt. i. (1863), p. 143, pi. iii. fig. 2. Clupea
sphaeroeephala, L. von Yukotinovic, Ead Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. xiii. (1870), p. 208. Clupea sagorensis, var. areuaM , 1-
Bassuni, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. vii. (1880),
p. 88, and Atti E. Aecad. Sci. Napoli, [2] vol. iii. no. 6
(1889), p. 37, pi. ii. fig. 2; D. G. Kramberger, Beitr.
Paliiont. Oesterr.-Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 75. — Upper
and Lower Miocene ; Croatia, and Chiavon, Yicentin.
Clupea bosniaslii, 1. Bonomi, Eivista Ital. Paleont. vol. ii. (1896).
p. 215, pi. v. fig. 5.— Upper Miocene (Tripoli) ; Mondaino,
Province of Forll, Italy. [Distorted fish.]

Clupea breviceps, J. J. Heckcl, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 333 ; F. Bassani, Atti E.
Aecad. Sci. Napoli, [2] vol. iii. tl0. 6 (1889), p. 34, pi- n>
fig. 1.— Lower Miocene ; Chiavon, Vicentin. [Nearly com-
plete fish Court Museum, Vienna.]

Clupea caudata, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. i. (1870),
art. no. 7, p. 21, and ibid. vol. iv. (1873), art. no. 1, P- 238,
pi. xiii. fig. 76; I. Bonomi, Eivista Ital. Paleont. vol. »■
(1896), p. 208. — Upper Miocene; Licata, Sicily, an(J
Mondaino, Prov. Forll, Italy. [Imperfect fish.]

Clupea denier, FT. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet, d'Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. (1818), p. 362 ; L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v.
pt. n. (1844), p. lie, pi. ixi. figs_ 4> 5. — Miocene ; Murazzo

Strutiano, Italy. [Imperfect fish.]

Clupea denticiformis, P. Lioy, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. vol. vui.

K ',I“pe,rfeCt 68 from tbe uPPer Miocene of Mondaino, Province of

™i. ii. tm-T, fcj J“, P

CLUPEIDiE.

155

(1865), p. 413 ; F. Bassani, Palaeout. Italica, vol. iii.
(1898), p. 86, pi. ix. fig. 10. — Upper Eocene; Monte
Bolca. [Imperfect fish.]

Clupea ecnomi , H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Gdol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. 228, pi. vii. fig. 45, and ibid. vol. xi. (1880),
art. no. 3, p. 45, pi. xxiv. fig. 9. — Upper Miocene ;
Licata, Sicily. [Imperfect trunk.]

Clupea elongata, F. Steindaehner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-uaturw. Cl. vol. xl. (1860), p. 556, pi. i. fig. 1 ;
D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr. - Ungarns,
vol. iii. (1883), p. 74. — Upper Miocene , Hernals and
Dolje, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Clupea engrauliformis, P. Lioy, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. vol. viii.
(1865), p. 413; F. Bassani, Palaeont. Italica, vol. iii.
(1898), p. 85, pi. ix. figs. 7-9. Clupea polyachanthina,
P. Lioy, loc. tit. p. 411. — Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca.
[Imperfect fish.]

Clupea fontannesi, H. E. Sauvage, in F. Fontannes, Le Bassin de
Crest (1880), p. 205, pi. vii. figs. 1-3. — Lower Miocene;
Eurre, Drome.

Clupea gervaisi, F. de Botclla, Descrip. Geol. Murcia y Albacete
(1868), pi. xi. figs. 8-1 1, and expl. (?) “ Clupea elongata,
Ag.,” F. de Botella, ibid. pi. xi. figs. 1, 3, 4, 6, 12.- — Lower
Pliocene (?) ; Lorca, Murcia, Spain. [Imperfect fish.]
Clupea gratilUma, F. Bassani, Atti It. Accad. Sci. Napoli, [2]
vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 36, pi. ii. fig. 3. Meletta gra-
cillima, J. J. Ileckcl, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 129. — Lower Miocene ;
Chiavon, Vicentin. [Nearly complete fish ; Court Museum
Vienna.]

Clupea grand isquam a : Meletta grandisquama, F. Steindaehner,
Jahrb. k.-k. geol. lteichsanst. vol. xiv. (1864), p. 363. —
Miocene ; Stampfen, Carpathians. [Scales.]

Clupea grandonii , F. Bassani, Atti B.. Accad. Sci. Napoli, [2]
vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 41, pi. iii. fig. 4. — Lower Miocene ;
Chiavon, Vicentin. [Nearly complete fish; Museum of
Vicenza.]

Clupea grey aria, de Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. — Proc. Verb. vol. i.
(1878), p. xix (name only) ; H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol.
vol. xi. (1880), art. no. 3, p. 44. — Upper Miocene ; Gabbro,
Tuscanj’, and Licata, Sicily.

Clupea haidingeri, J. J. Hcckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. i. (1850), p. 235, pi. xxi. — Miocene ;

156

ACTINOPTEKireil.

Margarcthen, Vienna. [Imperfect fish ; Imperial Geo
logical Survey, Vienna.]

Clupea lieterocerca, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesteri .
Ungaros, vol. iii. (1883), p. 80, pi. xiii. tig. 9.— Upper
Miocene: Podsused, Croatia. [Imperfect fish; Imperial
Geological Survey, Vienna.]

Clupea inflata , L. von Vukotinovic, Had Jugoslav. Akad. vol. x''''
(18/0), p. 209 (as variety of (7. ventricosa) ; D. G. Ivraiu
bergcr, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.-Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883),
P- 75, pL xiv. fig. 3 ; F. Bassaui, Atti H. Accad. Sci. Napoli.
[2] vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 39— Upper and Lower
Miocene; Podsusod, Croatia, and Chiavon, Vicentin.

Clupea ( Meletta ) intermedia , D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav.
Akad. vol. lxxii. (1885), p. 53, and Soe. Hist. Nat.
Croatica, vol. i. (1886), p. 136— Upper Miocene; Szakadat,
Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Museum of Imperial Geological
Survoy, Vienna.]

Clupea latmima, F. Bassani, Atti 11. Accad. Sci. Napoli, [2]
vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 35, pi. ii. fig. 4. Alausa latisdm a,
J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., matli.-naturW.
Cl. vol. xi. (1854;, p. 331— Lower Miocene ; Chiavon,
Vicentin. [Nearly complete fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]

Clupea lorcce, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3J vol. vi.
(1878), p. 635, pi. xi. tig. 5. — Lower Pliocene (?) ; Lorca,
Murcia, Spain. [Fragmentary fish.] . ,

Clupea lundgreni, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. -J
vol. iv. (1890), p. 427, pi. xlv. fig. 5— Upper Cretaceous
(Danian); Limhamn, Malmo, Sweden. [Indetermin-
able imperfect trunk; Geological Museum, University 0
Lund.]

Clupea macelci, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.
Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 79, pi. xiii. figs- 10> 1 1
Upper Miocene; Vrabce, Croatia. [Imperfect fish; Ge°
logical Museum, University of Agram.]

Ctupea mucrocerca, I. Bonomi, loc. cit. (1896), p. 213, pL vf
fig. 4— Upper Miocene (Tripoli) ; Mondaino, Province o
Fork, Italy. [Imperfoct fish.]

Clupea megapteryx, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art- no- 1, p. 231, pi. xiv. figs. 87, 88— Upper Miocene ;
Licata, Sicily. [Distorted fish.]

Aupea melettafonnis, F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Mbs?.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xl. (1860), p. 558 ; D. G. Kram-
berger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.-Ungarns, vol. iii- (l®'5

CLITPEIDJE.

157

p. 74, pi. xiii. fig. 12. — Upper Miocene ; Hernals and
Dolje, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Clupea microstoma, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. i. (1870),
art. no. 7, p. 20. Clupea sp., H. E. Sauvage, ihid. vol. iv.
(1873), art. no. 1, p. 239, pi. xiii. fig. 75. — Upper
Miocene ; Licata, Sicily. [Imperfect fish.]

Clupea mondainensis, I. Bonomi, loc. cit. (1896), p. 211, pi. v.
fig. 3. — Upper Miocene (Tripoli) ; Mondaino, Province of
Forll, Italy. [Distorted fish.]

Clupea mucronuta, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. xvi. (1895), p. 5S, pi. xi. fig. 3. — Middlo Miocene ;
Sagor, Croatia. [Nearly complete fish.]

Clupea ombonii, E. Bassani, Atti It. Accad. Sci. Napoli, [2] vol. iii.
no. 6 (1889), p. 40, pi. iii. fig. 1. — Lower Miocene;
Chiavon, Viecntin. [Nearly complete fish ; Geological
Museum, University of Padua.]

Clupea opisthoptenjx, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv.
(1873), art. no. 1, p. 235, pi. xiv. fig. 84.— Upper
Miocene ; Licata, Sicily. [Distorted fish.]

Clupea pnesardinites : Meletta preesardinites, A. Rzehak, Abh.
naturf. Verein. Briinn, vol. xix. (1881), p. 78, pi. i. figs. 8,
10. — Miocene ; Gr. Seelowitz, Moravia. [Fragments ;
Iticehak Collection, Briinn.]

Clupea sagorentis, F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Miss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlvii. pt. i. (1863), p. 135, pi. ii.
fig. 1 ; F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. vii.
(1880), p. 89, and Atti It. Accad. Sci. Napoli, [2] vol. iii.
no. 6 (1889), p. 37, pi. iii- fig- 5. Clupea alta, 1. Stein-
dachner, loc. cit. 1863, p. 137, pi- ii- fig- 2.— Middle and
Lower Miocene ; Croatia, and Chiavon, Vicentin.

Clupea saulos, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. i. (1870), art.
no. 7, p. 21, and ibid. vol. iv. (1873), art. no. 1, p. 232,
pi. xiii. fig. 78. — Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily. [Dis-
torted fish.]

Clupea styriaca : Meletta gtyriaca , F. Steindachner, \ erh. k.-k.
geol. Reichsanst. 1863, p. 136.— Miocene ; Leoben, Styria.
[Imperfect fish ; Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna.]
Clupea trinaeridis, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. 234, pi. xiii. fig. 77 ; I. Bonomi, Rivista Ital.
Paleont. vol. ii. (1896), p. 206. — Upper Miocene ; Licata,
Sicily, and Mondaino, Prov. Forll, Italy. [Distorted fish.]
Clupea vukotinovici, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 78, pi. xiii. figs. 7, 8. —

158

ACIINOrXEIlYGII.

Upper Miocene ; Dolje and Yrabco, Croatia. [Imperfect
fish ; Geological Museum, University of Agram.]

Clupea xenophanis, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (18/3),
art. no. 1, p. 237, pi. xiv. figs. 83, 86 ; I. Bonomi, Rivista
Ital. Paleont. vol. ii. (1896), p. 207.— Upper Miocene ;
Licata, Sicily, and Mondaino, Prov. Forli, Italy. ®’s
torted fish.]

Clupea zanclea, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. 229, pi. vii. fig. 46, and ibid. vol. xi. ( 18S0),
art. no. 3, p. 42, pi. xxv. fig. 12. — Upper Miocene ; Licata,
Sicily. [Imperfect trunk.]

Otolithus ( Clupea) testis , E. Koken, Zeitsehr. doutsch. geol. Ge».
vol. xliii. (1891), p. 82, pi. i. figs. 1, 2.— Upper Oligocene ;
Germany. [Otolith.]

The following names are also ascribed to supposed Clupeoids
from the Upper Eocene of Monte Bolca by P. Lioy, Atti Soc. Ltal.
Sci. Nat. vol. viii. (1865), pp. 411-414, but neither the genera
nor species aro scientifically defined or recognisable : — Clvpen
ophihalmica, C. chrysosoma, C. microcephala, C. minuttssim <*»
C. cephalus, Uropterina platyrachis, Ptericephalina mac/royrastrina,
and P. elongata.

Tho so-called Clupea laticauda (F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt.
Liban, 1850, p. 39, pi. vii. fig. 3) from the Upper Cretaceous o
Hakel, Mt. Lebanon, does not belong to this genus. The type
specimen in the Geneva Museum is too imperfect for precise <L
termination, but seems to represent a member of the Enchodonti ®
(A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7] vol. ii. 1898, p- T88)-

The undefined name Clupea goldfussi is given by Agassiz (Poiss-
Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. 1844, p. 120) to an unknown fish from the neig
bourhood of Bingen. Clupea lawleyi, C. meneghinii, and C. sauvugt
are also merely names for undetermined fishes from the I'PPe
Miocene of Gabbro, Tuscany (de Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc.— 1 r00'
Verb. vol. i. 1878, p. xix).

The existing genus Chatoessus (Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed.
vol. ii. 1829, p. 320) has been supposed to occur in the I PP®f
Miocene of l’odsused, Croatia (Chatoessus humilis, C. brevis, an
C. tenuis, F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., mat
naturw. Cl. vol. xxxviii. 1859, pp. 782-788, pi. iii.). The fishes
thus named, however, are claimed by Kramberger to belong mere }
to a species of Clupea characterised by the elongation of the hinder

SALMONIDjE.

159

most dorsal fin -ray. They are grouped together by him under the
name of Clupea ( Meletta ) doljeana (Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont.
Oesterr.-Ungarns, vol. iii. 1883, p. 77, pi. xiv. fig. 4), and recorded
from Dolje, Podsused, and Yrabce. There are no specimens in the
Collection.

The fishes described as follows are not represented in the Collec-
tion and are not clearly distinguished from Clupea : —

Alosina salnionea, A. Wagner, Sitzungsb. k. bay. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-phys. Cl. 1860, p. 54. — Upper Eocene: Wernleiten,
near Traunstein, Bavaria. [Nearly complete fish ; Palm-
ontological Museum, Munich.]

Clupeops insignis, H. E. Sauvage, in F. Fontannes, Le Bassin de
Crest (1880), p. 209, pi. vii. figs. 4, 5. — Lower Miocene ;
Eurre, Drome. [Type species of Clupeops. Imperfect fish.]

To this or the closely-related family of Aiepocbphalidss may
probably be referred the portion of the trunk of a fish described as
follows : —

Esox monasteriemis, W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr. vol. xi.
(1863), p. 32, pi. iii. fig. 3. — Upper Cretaceous : Senden-
horst, Westphalia. [Imperfect trunk : Academy of
Miinster.]

Family SALMONIDiE.

Recent fishes distinguished from the Clupeidse by the presence of
an adipose dorsal fin and the incompleteness of the oviducts ; also
by the normal overlapping of the postclavicular plate by the clavicle.
The extinct genera not being recognisable from their skeletons, the
family was united by Agassiz with those of the Clupeoids under
the comprehensive designation of Halecid®.

Genus SALMO (Artedi), Linmeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 308.]

Head large, and trunk elongate-fusiform with rounded abdomen.
Mouth deeply cleft and dentition powerful ; spaced conical teeth on
the premaxilla, maxilla, dentary, vomer, and palatine, none on
pterygoids. Paired fins of moderate size, the pelvic pair opposed to
the median dorsal; anal fin short, with not more than 14 rays;
caudal fin truncate. Scales small.

This genus ranges throughout the freshwaters of the arctic and

160

ACTINOPTERYGUI.

temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. It is only defmitelj
known among fossils by unimportant fragments of Pleistocene age,
of which there are none in the Collection.

The following supposed extinct species is doubtfully hete
mined : —

Sal/mo (?) immiyralus, D. (i, Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Aka
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 102, pi. vii. fig. 4.— Upper Miocene ;
near Podsused, Croatia. [Portion of trunk ; Universi )
Geological Museum, Agram.]

The following supposed extinct genus and species is known
by the skull, which resembles that of Salmo but has the max1 a
suhcylindric or rod-shaped instead of flat or laminar : —

Bhabdofario lacustris, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. x
(1871), p. 546.— Pliocene ; Idaho. [The type species, as
large as Salmo solar. ]

The fish-remains described as follows are supposed to repress1^
another extinct genus, Thaumaturws, closely related to Salmo,
distinguished by the great obliquity of the cleft of the mouth
the crimping of the scales. There are no examples in the
lection.

Thaumaturus furcatus, A. E. Reuss, Geogn. Skizze aus Bohmen,
vol. ii. (1844), p. 264 ; G. C. Laube, Sitzungsb. Ver. h°t0^’
1900, p. 1, figs. 1-5. Aspius furcatus, H. von ’
Pahcontogr. vol. ii. (1851), pp. 59, 64, pi. viii. fig8- ,
Aspius elongatus , H. von Meyer, ibid. p. 61, pi- x11- ® ' ’
6. — Lower Miocene : Kutschlin, Bohemia. [The yP
species. Imperfect fish.]

Thaumaturus lusatus, G. C. Laube, Sitzungsb. Ver. Lotos, ’
p. 6. — Lower Miocene : Warnsdorf, Bohemia. L ^
showing impression of adipose dorsal fin ; Geolog1
Museum, German University, Prague.]

Genus MALLOTUS, Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, ed. 2, 1829, p. 305.]

Head and trunk more or less laterally compressed, c^°n^ jjje
fusiform. Mouth deeply cleft and dentition very feeble ; man ^
prominent. Paired fins relatively large, the pelvic pair opp°s ^
the short median dorsal ; anal fin not much extended ; cau
forked. Scales minute, slightly enlarged along the lateral hne.

Only one species is known.

8A1A10NID.E.

161

Mallotus villosus (Muller).

1776. Clupea villosa, 0. F. Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prodr. p. 60.

1838-44. Mallotus villosus, L. Agassiz, Poisa. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 98,
pi. lx.

1848. Mallotus villosus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poisa.
vol. xxi. p. 392, pis. 622, 623.

1894. Mallotus villosus, J. W. Dawson, The Canadian Ice Age, p. 265,
pi. viii. fig. 1.

Type. Recent fish.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-15. Length of
head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk, and nearly one quarter of the total length of the
fish to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae about 68 in total
number. Pelvic fins inserted opposite the origin of the dorsal fin,
which arises at the middle of the back and comprises 13 or 14 rays ;
anal fin with 21 to 23 rays, and its base-line forming a convex
curve.

Form. <J- Loc. Pleistocene and Recent : coasts of northern North
America and North-eastern Asia.

The only known fossil examples of this species are contained in
concretionary nodules from Glacial Clay. In Greenland these
nodules are split by the Eskimo along the plane of the contained fish
and then used as scrapers.

P- 9247. Four specimens ; coast of Greenland. History unknown.

1851, P. 3813. Three specimens labelled by Agassiz; Greenland.

Egerton 6f Enniskillen Colls .

T1- 119. Specimen in unusually' thick nodule ; (?) Greenland.

Purchased, 1883.

T1- 272. One specimen ; Green's Creek, 10 miles below Bytown ou
the Ottawa River, Canada.

Transferred from Mus. Practical Geology, 1880.

44918. Similar specimen ; Green’s Creek. Purchased, 18 <3.

1852, P. 3812. Six specimens; Green’s Creek.

Egerton $ Enniskillen Colls.

6931. Fish in remarkably thick nodule; Green s Creek.

Purchased, 1893.

Other fragmentary fossils have also been referred to existing
genera of Salmonidte, as follows: —

Ooregonus lavaretus, Linn. : A. G. Nathorst, Geol. Foren. Stock-
pXKT it. si

162

actinoptekygii.

holm, Forhandl. vol. xv. (1893), p. 574. — Pleistocene;
SkattmansG, Upland, Sweden.

Osmerus albyi, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. 215, fig. 53.— Upper Miocene; Licata,
Sicily. [Imperfect fish.]

Osmerus (Vacliiardi, de Bosniaski, Atfci Soc. Tosc.— Proc. Verb,
vol. i. (1878), p. xix (name only). — Upper Miocene;
Gabbro, Tuscany.

Osmerus larteti, H. E. Sauvage, loe. cit. 1873, p. 213, fig. 41, and
Joe. cit. vol. xi. (1880), art. no. 3, p. 40, fig. ll.—Ibld'
[Ditto.]

Osmerus propterygius, H. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 216, figs. 54, 62.
Ibid. [Ditto.]

Osmerus scarabellii, I. Bonomi, Rivista Ital. Paleont. vol. ii. (1893),
p. 218, pi. v. fig. 6. — Upper Miocene; Mondaino, Pro7-
Eorli, Italy. [Ditto.]

Osmerus (?) stilpnos, II. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1873, p. 218, fig8- 0>’
63. — Ibid. [Ditto.]

The generic determination of these supposed species of Osina >‘s
is very doubtful.

Family HALOSAURIDiE.

Trunk much elongated, the caudal rogion relatively large and
tapering. Parietal bones in contact, excluding the supraoccipha
from the cranial roof ; squamosals suturally united with parietal*
and completely covering the otic region ; snout a little produced ; a
suborbital series of enlarged cheek -plates bearing the well-developed
slime-canal. Mandibular suspensorium inclined forwards, and
gape of mouth small ; premaxilla chiefly forming the upper border
of the mouth, but maxilla also entering it ; teeth minute or rudi-
mentary. Opercular apparatus incomplete, with numerous well-
spaced slender branchiostegal rays, but no gular plate. Vertebral
centra in the form of thin cylinders pierced by the notochord ; riba
very short. Intermuscular bones present. Fin-fulcra absent; fin-
rays bifurcated slightly and articulated at wide intervals in the
distal half; pectoral fins placed well upon the flank, and pelvic fins
well-developed, abdominal ; a single dorsal fin about the middle ot
the back ; anal fin much extended, sometimes confluent with the
caudal, Scales thin and cycloid ; lateral line conspicuous along the
ventral portion of the flank.

This family survives only in the deep sea, where it is represented
by Halosaurus and one or two other closely related genera. A®

HAL0SAURIDJ5.

163

account of tho osteology and the anatomy of some of the soft parts
of tho type genus is given by Giinther

Genus ECHIDNOCEPHALUS, W. von der Marck.

[Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gcsell. vol. x. 1858, p. 247.]

An imperfectly known fish from which the existing genus Ualo-
saurus is not yet clearly distinguished. Tho dentition, cheek-plates,
and pectoral fin are unknown, while the number of rays in the
dorsal and pelvic fins is slightly less than is usual in the recent
genus. Branchiostegal rays about 12 in number. Vertebral centra
Tery short and numerous as far as the middle of the caudal region,
marked with delicate longitudinal striae. Dorsal fin with two
Ki triple, and about six branched rays, arising behind the pelvic pair
and in advance of the anal, which is much extended and not
differentiated from the caudal. Scales of lateral line thickened and
apparently enlarged.

Echidnocephalus troscheli, V . von der Marck.

18o8. Echidnocephalus troschelU , W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Gesell. vol. x. p. 247.

1858. Echidnocephalus temiicaudus , W. von der Marcx, ibid. p. 248.
[Imperfect fish ; Academy of Minister.]

1863. Echidnocephalus troscheli , W. von der Marck, Palseontogu vol. xi.
P- 65, pi. viii. fig. 1.

1863. Echidnocephalus tenuicaudus, W. von der Marck, ibid. p. 5b,
pi. viii. figs. 2, 3, pi. xiv. fig. 1.

1868. Eehidnocephalus troscheli , IV, von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. x\ .
p. 288.

1873. Echidnocephalus troscheli, W. vender Marck, loc. eif.vol.xxii.p4J2.

1897. Echidnocephalus troscheli, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. fiioc.
p. 268, pi. xviii.

Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Academy of Miinster.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'3> Length of
head with opercular apparatus apparently twice as great as the
maximum depth of the trunk, and equal to the distance Detween
the clavicle and pelvic fins. Vertebral column as far as the middle
°f the caudal region comprising eighty short and deep contra ;
those beyond being relatively longer and less ossified. Pelvic tins,
each with about 6 rays, arising midway between thepectoral arch and
Lhe anal fin ; dorsal fin short and deep, arising nearly opposite the

1 A. Giinther, Deep Sea Fishes, • Challenger ’ Hep— Zool. vol. xxii. (1887),
P- 232, pi. lx, figS, i_8.

M 2

164

actinoptekygii.

35th vertebral centrum ; anal fin less olevated and with m°r®
delicate raj's than the dorsal, arising nearly opposite the 5
vertebral centrum.

Ihe so-called E. tenuicaudus is still regarded as a distinct specie
by von der March in his latest list (Palseontogr. vol. xxxi- l88^’
p. 240), but the onlj' differences observed seem to be due to acciden
in distortion and preservation.

Form. ^ Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.

P. 2111. Imperfect fish displaying some of tho principal charade
of the head and opercular apparatus, described and bp“r
in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 268, pi. xviii. fig. 1 :
horst. Egerton CoU.

P. 2114. Imperfect specimen on slab with other fishes, dost- rib
ibid. p. 271; Sendenhorst. Egerton »

P. 4481. Impression of fish wanting the end of the snout, descri
and figured ibid. p. 269, pi. xviii. fig. 2 ; Sendenhorst.

Enniskillen Lou.

P. 5949. Head and greater portion of trunk in countcrpa^’
described and figured ibid. p. 270, pi. xviii. fig- 3 - ®

denhorst. The scales of the lateral line are especi
conspicuous. Purchased, 1

Another example of this species is preserved on a large slab
numbered P. 9251.

Genus ENCHELURUS, W. von der Marck.

[ Palseontogr. vol. xi. 1863, p. 58.]

An imperfectly known genus provisionally placed in this
on account of the general resemblance of its skeleton to tha
JEchidnocephalus. Vertebra) very short and numerous, marked
delicate longitudinal striae ; neural arches in the abdominal rcn“_^
expanded into narrow lamina). Paired fins small, about equ ^
size; dorsal fin at least as deep as long, arising opposite to ^
behind the pelvic fins ; anal fin much extended ; a separate "

caudal fin, pointed behind. Scales small, those of the latera
apparently thickened but not enlarged.

Enchelurus villosus, W. von der Marck.

1863. Enchelurus villosus , W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr. vol.
p. 58, pi. ix. fig. 5.

Ti/pe. Imperfect distorted trunk ; Academj- of Munster.

HALOSAURIDJE.

165

The type species, known only by the unique type specimen,
probably attaining a length of about 0-2. Anal fin with not less
than 25 rays, and dorsal fin apparently completely opposed to it.

Form, if Loc. Upper Cretaceous Baumberg, Westphalia.

ATot represented in the Collection. In the type specimen in the
Academy of Munster some of the anterior vertebral centra seem to
show that a large remnant of the notochord pierced them. The
haemal spines are somewhat thickened but not fused together at the
base of the caudal fin. Long and delicate intermuscular bones are
conspicuous, extending nearly to the end of the tail. The extended
anal fin (“ dorsal ” of von der Marek) is clearly separate from the
caudal, and exhibits remarkably short supports. The dorsal fin is
represented only by five articulated and divided rays opposite the
middle of the anal ; but the specimen is so much distorted that the
original relationships of these two fins are uncertain.

Enchelurus syriacus, sp. nov,

[Plate XII. figs. 1, 2.]

Type. Distorted fish ; British Museum.

A species attaining a length of about 0-12. Length of head with
opercular apparatus equalling twice the maximum depth of the
trunk, and probably contained about three times in the length from
the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Operculum nearly
as deep as broad, its hinder border slightly produced into a broad
crimped prominence. Vertebra: approximately 100 in number.
Pelvic fins, each with about 8 rays, inserted opposite the origin of
Ihe dorsal fin, which comprises from 16 to 18 rays, and arises as
far from the occiput as its termination from the base of the caudal
ffn ; anal fin with about 30 rays, arising opposite the hinder end of
the dorsal fin.

Form,, tj- Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

P- 5998. Type specimen, shown of the natural size in PI. XII.

fig. 1. The fish is accidentally bent upwards at the
middle of the abdominal region, and the pectoral arch
seems to be a little displaced backwards. The cranium is
evidently low and elongated, but no other feature is
recognisable in the head. There are remains of a
tolerably robust opercular apparatus, with a few long
and slender branchiostegal rays (hr.) below. Part of
the stout and broad clavicle is seen, with remains of the
scapular arch and pectoral fins behind. There is a large
scapula above a smaller coracoid, without any intervening

166

ACTINOPTERrGIT.

vacuity ; and four slender basals can be seen suppor^lD®
the appended pectoral fin (pet.). The vertebral centra &r
obscure, but their arches are distinct: the charactcrist
expansions of the neural arches in the abdominal reo' .
are especially well shown. The pelvic fins (ph-)’ W’ J
their closely apposed supporting bones, are preser' ed ju
in advance of the dorsal fin, which is opposed to the ®P8^
between the pelvic pair and the anal. The rays of * ^
fiorsal fin, probably about 17 in number, are stouter t !*n
those of the anal, which seem to have been shorter at
not less than 30 in number. Of the caudal fin, on J ’
fragment remains. Lewi* Co

P. 9168. Larger and more imperfect specimen, shown of the natnra
size in PI. XII. fig. 2. The head is vertically crushed
and seen apparently from above. The postorbital port*'’1
of the cranium is longer than broad, while theinteror 1
and rostral portions are very slender. The left mandi >u ^
ramus is sufficiently complete to indicate that ^
quadrate articulation was beneath the hinder border 0
the orbit. The operculum (op.) is trapezoidal in shap* i
and slightly crimped postero-superiorly ; an impression ^
the right suggests that the preoperculum was m
expanded : while there arc remains of a suboperci ^
and very slender branchiostegal rays on the left. ^
vertebra; in the abdominal region bear the expan
neural arches, and also short, slender ribs. The column
is distorted just behind the dorsal fin. Imperfect remain
of all the fins occur, including the large and frinjpnf?
pointed caudal fin. The squamation is not well preserve^-
but one longitudinal series of scales near the ven
border is conspicuous, apparently by its being thickene •
not enlarged. The latter series doubtless indicates t 1
course of the luteral line. Lewis Co

46529. Imperfect specimen, specially displaying the vertebr® and
pelvic fins. The short and deep vertebral centra are
marked with delicate longitudinal ridges. The ribs «r
short and slender, not supported by any transverse pro
cesses. The laminar neural arches in the hinder two
thirds of the abdominal region are overlapped by extreme^)
slender, separate neural spines. Lewis 0

46560. Distorted fragment, showing robust clavicles, also remains
of paired and dorsal fins. Lewis Co

HALOSATJRID^E.

167

Enchelurus anglicus, sp. nov.

[Plate XII. fig. 3.]

^])Ve- Imperfect anterior half of fish ; British Museum.

A large species, probably attaining a length of about 025. Too
imperfectly known for precise definition, but probably similar to
L. Syria cus in general proportions. Operculum as deep as broad,
gently rounded and not crimped at the hinder border.

i'orm. (j* Loc. Turonian : S.E. England.

4249. Type specimen, shown of the natural size in PI. XII.
fig. 3; Lower Chalk, probably Kent. The cranium is
exposed from above, and its roof-bones are shown to be
unornamented. The postorbital region is at least as
broad as long, while the interorbital and rostral regions
are much laterally compressed. The parietal bones (pa.)
are large, meeting in the middle line ; while the squa-
mosals (si).) cover the whole of the otic region, except
perhaps behind. The frontals (fr.) are extremely narrow
in their anterior half ; and the slender mesethmoid (eth.),
which projects forwards beneath them, exhibits a slight
expansion at its anterior end. Among the remains on
the side of the cranium, there is a quadrate on the right,
and an entopterygoid (enpt.) on the left. The quadrate
bears a small postero-superior process, probably to clasp a
symplectic. The entopterygoid is a large laminar bone,
slightly more than twice as long as deep. Kemains of
the premaxilla; beneath the end of the mesethmoid indicate
that thoy must have been relatively small, with a delicate
rod-like extension behind. They distinctly bear very
minute teeth. The maxilla (tnx. ), shown on both sides, is
relatively very large ; its anterior portion being a stout
narrow bar extending forwards above the premaxilla,
while its larger hinder portion is a considerable laminar
expansion, not externally ornamented. Ihe evidence
of teeth on this element is uncertain. The mandible
(mcl.) seems to have been comparatively small, but its
remains are imperfect and partly obscured. There is,
however, reason to suspect that the gape was small, and
that very little of the maxilla entered it. The left
operculum (op.), though somewhat fractured, shows its
characteristic smoothness and rounded posterior border.
Fragmentary remains of the vertebral axis are preserved
as far as the pelvic fins. The anterior vertebral centra

168

ACTIXOPTEKYGII.

are deeper than long, but those more posteriorly are about
as eep as long; all are marked by very delicate hm^1
tur inal ridges. Traces of slender ribs occur, and all t
neural arches bear curious laminar expansions. Porti°D®
o the pelvic fin-supports ( plv .) are distinguishable, an
there are a few indications of very thin scales.

EnnisMll en CoU-

The following specimen seems to belong to a species of Enchelur**,
but is not satisfactorily determinable:—

P, 9248. Imperfect distorted fish, nearly as large as the type sPe'
cimen of E. anglicus, wanting caudal extremity ;
Cretaceous, Hakel, Mt. Lebanon. The characteristic
cranium is exposed from above, and the left maxilla a'1
mandibular ramus are well shown. There are also rcma,IlS
of a tubercular tritoral dentition on some of the inucr
bones of the month. The expansions of the neural arc
cannot be seen. Remains of the pelvic, dorsal, and am
fins occur. The scales are marked by radiating groove
in their covered portion. Lewis Co

Family NOTACANTHIDiE.

Trunk much elongated, the caudal region slender and taperwfb
with or without a diminutive caudal fin. Parietal bones partly in
contact, hut not completely excluding the supraoecipital from 1 1
cranial roof ; squamosals suturally united with parietals and com
pletoly covering the otic region ; snout a little produced ; c^e®
plates very delicate. Mandibular suspensorium inclined forwar
and gape of mouth small ; premaxilla extended and excluding t
maxilla from the upper border of the mouth ; teeth slender, never
much enlarged. Opercular apparatus complete, with a few branchi

ostegal rays, but no gnlar plate. Vertebral centra much constricte ,

those of the abdominal region with very short and broad transverse
processes ; ribs long and slender, inserted just below the neura
arches. Intermuscular bones present, sometimes fused with t
ribs. Pectoral arch connected with the skull by ligament. F]n
fulcra absent ; paired fins well-developed, the pelvic pair beii'.-
remote; dorsal fin rudimentary, its supports beiDg widely space >
and the rays, when present, being represented chiefly by 8®
spines ; anal fin low and much extended, its anterior portion f*t
least spinous. Scales thin and cycloid ; lateral line distinct alon„
the upper part of the flank.

N0TACANTHIDJ2.

169

Notacanthus and two or three closely allied genera still exist in
the deep sea. An account of the osteology and anatomy of some of
the soft parts of the type genus is given by Giinther1, and there is
some reason to believe that the fish is truly physostomous2.
Vaillant has observed bone-lacunse in soveral parts of the skeleton 3.

Genus PRONOTACANTHUS, novum.

An imperfectly known genus, with laterally-compressed trunk
and an excessively elongated abdominal region which comprises at
least 70 vertebrae. Teeth recurved, in single regular series in the
mandible. A regular, spaced series of dorsal fin-supports extending
along the whole length of the abdominal region, each support
expanded distally, but not bearing either fin-ray or spine.

Pronotacanthus differs from all the existing genera in the absence
°f dorsal spines or fin-rays. It has already been mentioned in
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7] vol. v. (1900), p. 322.

Pronotacanthus sahel-almae (Davis).

[Plate XV. figs. 1, 2.]

1887. Anguilla sahd-cimce, J. W, Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p, 625, pi. xx. fig. 2.

Pype. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus twice as great as the maximum
depth of the trunk, which is contained about eight times in the
distance between the paired fins. Number of dorsal fin-supports in
the same space about 52.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous; Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

46535, P. 4741. Typo specimen in counterpart, unsatisfactorily
described by Davis loc. cit., with figure restored from both
sides of the fossil. The right side of the fossil is re-drawn
in PI. XV. fig. 1. The head is distorted and too imperfect
for description, but the bones bordering the mouth are
shown to be comparatively stout, and there seems to be
an antorbital cheek-plate traversed by a branching sensory
canal. The much-constricted vertebral centra are mostly
broken along the middle and partly obscured by the

1 A. Giinther, Deep Sea Fishes, 1 Challenger’ Rep. — Zool. vol. xxii. (1887),

P 245, pi. lx. fig8. 9_i5

U. Vaillant, Exptid. Scient. Travailleur et Talisman. — Poissons (1888),

P- 333.

3 L. Vaillant, op. cit. p. 323.

170

ACTINOPTERrGII.

49542,

numerous delicate intermuscular bones, so that the non-
appearance of the characteristic short transverse processes
is perhaps to be explained by the im perfections in the
mode of preservation. The neural arches and spines are
very slender, and inclined sharply backwards throughout
the longth of trunk preserved ; the delicate ribs seem t°
have completely encircled the abdominal cavity. Traces
of the contents of the intestine are observed throughout

the greater part of the abdominal region, extending behind

the pelvic fins nearly as far as the specimen is preserved.
One pectoral fin is bent upwards and the other down
wards, and they are sufficiently well exhibited to indicate
that they are comparatively large and robust, each wi
about 10 rays. The pelvic fins ( plv .) are very remote,
and observed to he supported by a pair of slender bone3
which are pointed in front. The pelvic fin-rays are mm
more slender than those of tho pectoral fins, and perhaps
about two thirds as long as the latter. The fish is broken
away shortly behind the pelvic fins, and neither side o
the fossil exhibits the additional fragment represented b)
Davis. Still further back on the left-hand slab, there
occurs the terminal portion of a tail with a small differ
entiated caudal fin ; but it is very uncertain whether this
belongs to the fish now described. The dorsal fin-supp°r^s
are well shown as indicated in the drawing, each with a
small triangular expansion at its distal end ; but there
are no traces of fin-rays in connection with them. There
arc no undoubted remains of scales. Lewi* v

P. 9169. Imperfect head and greater part of abdonun®
region, exhibiting a small fish swallowed tail foremost) r®
counterpart. The front half of the right side of the f°ssl
is shown of the natural size in PI. XV. fig. -•
cranium in side-view appears less deepened than iu
existing Notacanthug, but it has the same delicate pur®
sphenoid bone. Tho maxilla, shown on the left 31
of the fossil, is gently curved and comparatively sfoU ’
hut its hinder ond is obscured. The mandible is 8 J
stouter, its articulation below the middle of the oibit.
its hinder half very much deepened, its short oral margiu
still bearing three slender recurved teeth. The opercular
apparatus is imperfect and distorted, but below it there
are distinct remains of about ten delicate branchiostega
rajs. The constricted veitebral centra are fracture®’

UERCETIDJE.

171

and there are no traces of transverse processes. The
neural spines, ribs, and intermuscular bones are shown as
in the previous specimen, and the characteristic dorsal
fin-supports occur, without any traces of the fin itself.
Remains of the clavicle and supraclavicle occur; and the
longest rays of the pectoral fins are about half as long
as the head with opercular apparatus. No scales can be
distinguished. Lewis Coll.

49522. See p. 182.

Family DERCETIDiE.

Head and trunk much elongated. Parietal bones of moderate
size and meeting in the middle line ; squamosal suturally united
with parietals and completely covering the otic region ; snout con-
siderably produced ; cheek-plates delicate or wanting. Mandibular
suspensorium vertical or inclined backwards, and gape of mouth
ver} wide ; premaxilla delicate, extending in front of the ethmoidal
legion, and apparently forming the greater part of the upper border
°fthe mouth; teeth conical and slender, in a single series on the
margin of the jaws, clustered on the pterygoid arcade and the inner
side of the mandible. Opercular apparatus complete, with few
slender brauchiostegal rays, but no gular plate. Yertebral centra
ln file form of delieato constricted cylinders pierced by the noto-
chord ; ribs long and slender, borne by laminar transverse processes ;
neural and haemal spines in the caudal region very short. Inter-
muscular bones present. Fin-fulcra absent; fin-rays bifurcated
slightly and articulated at wide intervals in the distal half ; post-
temporal bones in contact w'ith (ho supraoceipital, and pectoral fins
low down upon the flanks ; pelvic fins well-developed, abdominal ;
a single dorsal fin, more or less extended; anal fin short ; caudal
fin separate. Ordinary scales small or wanting, but two or more
continuous paired series of enlarged scutes along the flanks ; no
median dorsal or ventral scutes.

Synopsis of Genera.

I. ISo scales between scutes.

Dorsal fin occupying the greater part
of tho back, and anal fin opposed

to its hinder portion ; scutes much

expanded Dercetis (p. 172).

Dorsal fin not occupying more than
one third of the back, and anal
fin behind it ; scutes not much

expanded Leptotrachelus (p. 173).

1 ‘ 2 ACTINOrTERTGir.

II. Small scales between scutes.

Trunk completely covered with scutes
and small rbomboidal scales ;
dorsal fin occupying the greater

part ol the back, and anal fin .

opposed to its binder portion . . Pelargorhynchus (p. 1

Genus DERCETIS, Agassiz.
[Neues Jahrb. 1834, p. 389.]

External bones slightly ornamented with short ridges and rows
of tubercles. Teeth in form of small, slender, hollow cones, more
or less clustered. Vertebrae between 50 and 60 in number. Pel^,c
fins arising nearer to the pectorals than to the anal ; dorsal n
occupying the greater part of the back ; anal fin opposed to t m
hinder part of the dorsal ; caudal fin forked. Most of the derma
scutes considerably expanded, and the adjoining longitudinal series
often in contact ; a paired series along the dorsal and ven
borders, and another along the lateral line ; no interme w
squamation.

Dercetis scutatus, Agassiz.

1834. Dercetis scutatus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 390, and Foiss
Foss., Feuill. p. 20. g

1844. Dercetis scutatus, L. Agassiz, Foiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. u. p- -

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich*^

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'35. Leng ^
head with opercular apparatus equalling about one fifth of the o
length of the fish (including caudal fin). Pectoral fins much
than the pelvic fins, these two pairs separated by a space a
equal in length to the cranium ; dorsal fin, with about 50
arising well in advance of the pelvic fins ; anal fin, with not cs
than 16 rays, opposed to the hindermost part of the dorsal. De
scutes ornamented with fine tnberculations, and the three lon0i
tudinal scries on each side almost or completely in contact.

Form. S( Loe. Upper Cretaceous : li.iumberg, Westphalia.

Not represented in the Collection.

The following specimens from the English Chalk probably belo &
to Dercetis , but are not specifically determined : —

31075-82. Imperfect anterior portion of a large fish, compri

the head, clavicle, abdominal vertebrae, man} ^es’
preserved scutes, and one of the expanded pelvic ^
Chalk, Gray 8, Essex. The cranium measures about

DERCBTIDJ!.

173

in length. The anterior vertebral centra are not more
than twice as long as deep. The dermal scutes are large
and very broad, with both the postero-lateral branches
truncated and conspicuously ornamented with tubercles.
The longitudinal series of scutes must have been in con-
tact at least in the middle of the trunk ; while those of
the lateral line are scarcely more than half as large as
those of the dorsal row. Purchased , 1853.

P. 3847. Remains of small head and trunk, with highly ornamented
broad scutes ; Chalk, Kent. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3847 a. Portion of series of similar scutes with an ornamentation
more radiate than usual ; Chalk, Sussex.

Enniskillen Coll.

The following species have been described on the evidence
of unsatisfactory fragments, and are not represented in the Col-
lection : —

Dercetis limhamnensis, .1. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iv. (1890), p. 431, pi. xlv. figs. 1, 2. Upper Cre-
taceous (Danian) ; Limhamn, near Malmo, Sweden.
[Imperfect head and vertebrae; Geological Museum,
University of Lund.]

Dercetis reussi, A. Fritsch, Rept. u. Fischo bdhm. Kreideform.
(1878), p. 20, pi. ii. fig. 8, pi. iv. fig. 1, pi. x. figs. 1, 6,
woodc. fig. 46. — Turonian ; Bohemia. [Fragments ;
Royal Bohemian Museum, Prague.]

Genus LEPTOTRACHELUS, W. von der Marck.

[Palaeontogr. vol. xi. 1863, p. 59.]

Syn. Triamaspis , E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iv.

1878, p. 67.

External bones slightly ornamented with short ridges and rows
of tubercles ; premaxilla longer than deep, produced to an acute
point in front ; all the teeth small, slender, hollow cones, only
tipped with enamel, and more or less clustered. Vertebrae between
60 and 80 in number. Pelvic fins opposed to the dorsal, which
does not occupy more than the middle third of the back ; anal fin
behind the dorsal ; caudal fin forked. Most of the dormal scutes
triradiate, some narrow heart-shaped, and adjoining longitudinal
series scarcely if at all in contact ; a paired series along the dorsal
and ventral borders, and another along the lateral line ; no inter-
mediate squamation.

174

ACTINOPTERTan.

Leptotrachelus armatus, W. von dor Marck.

1863. Leptotrachelus armatus, W. von der Marck, Palmontogr. vol. *J.
p. 59, pi. x. fig. 3.

1885. Leptotrachelus armatus, W. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xxxi.

p. 260.

J ype. Imperfect fish ; Academy of Miinster, Westphalia.

lhe type species, attaining a length of about 0‘5. Length of hca
AV i th opercular apparatus contained about six times in the tota
length to the base of the caudal fin. Anterior abdominal region
excessively slender, a series of about 10 anterior vertebrae equalling
the length of the head. Pelvic fins much larger than the pectorals,
arising at about the middle point, of the trunk. Dermal scutes
of abdominal region excessively attenuated, those of the caU a
region robust.

Form. <f* Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.

P. 2109. Imperfect head and abdominal region, with remains of th®
fins ; Sendenhorst. Eyerton Co

Leptotrachelus triqueter, Pictet.

1850. Dercetis triqueter, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mont Liban, p- '
pi. ix. figs. 5, 6. g

1850. Dercetis linguifer, F. J. Pictet, ibid. p. 47, pi. ix. ho8, ’
[Fragment of abdominal region ; Geneva Museum.] .

1866. Leptotrachelus triqueter, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. P°19
Foss. Mont Liban, p. 95, pi. xiv. figs. 1,2. . q

1887. Leptotrachelus triqueter, J. W Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin 0
[2] vol. iii. p. 620, pi. xxxviii. fig. 1.

Type. Fragment of abdominal region ; Geneva Museum.

A species attaining a length of about 0'3. Head with opercu
apparatus occupying about one fifth of the total length of the fi»
the base of the caudal fin. Anterior abdominal region not exe
sivcly elongated, its vertebral centra, about twice as long as eeP’
and a series of 16 or 17 equalling the length of the head ; the o
vertebra nearly similar in proportions. Pectoral fins each xvi
about 11 rays, the length of the longest equalling one third tba ^
the head with opercular apparatus ; pelvic fins slightly larger * 1
the pectorals, arising just behind the anterior third of the *ru ^
each with not less than 7 or 8 rays ; dorsal fin occupying
middle third of the trunk, with about 35 ravs, the hinderm
comparatively small and slender; anal fin with about 8 rays, tw1
as distant from the pelvic pair as from the caudal. Dermal 8C“ '
o moderate size and narrow, those on the dorsal and vlU

or ers of the caudal region bearing a backwardly-directed smoo

DERCET1DJ3.

175

uncinate spine, which is especially large in the region between the
pelvic and anal fins, but becomes much reduced on the caudal
pedicle ; anterior abdominal flank-scutes narrow heart-shaped.
Form. <f- Loc. Upper Cretaceous ; Mt. Lebanon, Syria.

!*• 4007. Specimen figured by Davis, loc. cit. pi. xxxviii. fig. 1 ;

Sahel Alma. The head is much shortened by accident,
the projecting premaxillaries being broken away in front,
the cranium imperfect behind ; and the opercular region
is also shortened by the distortion of the fish. The
cranial roof appears to be exposed from within, and
where the bone is flaked away a small impression of the
right frontal shows the longitudinally-ridged ornament.
The characteristic anterior termination of the mesethinoid
is well-preserved. The extent of the very large orbit is
shown in Davis’ figure; in front there is the usual
smooth, ovoid cheek-plate. Some of the very slender,
baekwardly-curved teeth aro exhibited in remains of the
jaws. An impression of the left opereulum is seen, but
too imperfect for description. The vertebrae can be
distinguished throughout the length of the fish and seem
to have been slightly over seventy in number ; those
towards the hinder edge of the abdominal region ex-
hibiting the robust transverse processes, of which each
bears a long and very slender rib. The anterior half of
the abdominal region is much distorted, and the pectoral
fin is preserved on either side, that of the left side being
most nearly complete. Ten rays can be counted in the
latter, the three foremost being much the stoutest, with
sparse articulations in their distal half, the others
comparatively’ delicate, both articulated and subdivided in
their distal half. The pelvic fins are also squeezed apart
and exhibited one on either side of the fossil, arising about
twice as far from the caudal as from the pectorals and
comprising a few slender rays longer than those of the
latter. The dorsal and anal fins are not preserved, but
the caudal is nearly complete and shown to be slightly
forked, with about six short fulcral rays at its base above
and below. The scutes are largest and shown partly in
double series on the margins of the fossil, and they
distinctly form a continuous line along the regions which
would be occupied by the dorsal and anal fins. They are
all triradiate, with slender branches, and longitudinally

176

ACTINOPTERYGII.

49536.

ridged but apparently unornamented. On the ventra
border of the caudal region each scute bears a 'vel
developed, posteriorly-directed uncinate spine ; and near j
the whole sories here is exposed in side view, fecutes o
this kind are similarly observed in the fragmentary t)pe
specimen described by Pictet. The scutes of the flan s
are smaller and more delicate, but not clearly shown.
Near the dorsal border of the anterior abdominal region
some of these occur in a regular series, apparently pierce
by the slime- canal of the lateral line, and having t e
anteriorly-directed pierced ray very large in comparison
with the others. Somewhat largor scutes of the same
form appear again in series below the vertebral column m
the neighbourhood of the pelvic tins ; and others seem to
be crushed upon the transverse processes of the vertebra?^
the same region. Remains of lath-shaped plates on ^
flank are also distinguishable on the anterior half of t ®
caudal region. Lewis Co

A larger fish, wanting the greater part of the head but
displaying the dorsal fin, noticed by Davis, loc. cit. p. " ’
Sahel Alma. About 70 vertebrae can be distinguis >
and those in the hinder part of the abdominal region
exhibit the usual very large transverse processes, from
extremities of which very slender and neatly straight ri
are suspended. The remains of the paired fins are too
fragmentary for description ; but the pelvic pair seems o
be in its natural position, arising just behind a Pl,in
opposite the origin of the dorsal, and its rays are shown
to be finely divided distally. The dorsal fin occupies
nearly the middle third of the back, the distance between
its origin and the occiput about equalling that betweei
its termination and the caudal fin. All its rays are
simple in the proximal half, but articulated at WI ®
intervals and subdivided in the distal half. Thefoiemo-
two or three rays are shown only in impression, but
others are well-preserved, and the total number seems
bave been about thirty-five. About twelve of the him cr
most rays are much more delicate and shorter than t
others. The final fin is wanting, but the caudal fin 1
preserved, showing the cluster of basal scales above an
the distant articulations of its rays. The dorsal an
ventral marginal scutes are preserved, but noarly all ar '

DERCETIDJ5.

m

displayed from the attached face, and only one specimen
on the upper border of the caudal pedicle exhibits the
uncinate spine. There are distinct traces of similar
scutes along the base of the dorsal fin. Some of the
obliquely-directed lath-shaped plates are observable on tho
caudal region. Lewis Coll.

49540. Pish about 0-3 in length, vertically depressed anteriorly,
shown in lateral aspect from the middle of the abdominal
region backwards, noticed and figured in ‘ Natural
Science,’ vol. xii. (1898), p. 258, pi. x. ; Sahel Alma.
The specimen is interesting as enclosing an undigested
fish 0-075 in length, which has been swallowed as usual
head foremost, and distends the hinder abdominal region
from a depth of less than 0'015 to more than 0-02.
Among the fractured remains of the head the character-
istic end of the rostral region is distinct, ornamented by
a few smooth longitudinal ridges. Behind tho head the
pectoral fin is shown fragmentarily on each side. Nine
rays seem to be indicated on the right side, those beyond
the foremost fonr being comparatively delicato and short,
but all with widely-spaced articulations at the distal end
and the majority bifurcated. The foremost ray on the
left side, also showing distal articulations, measures 0'02
in length. The number of vertebra) exhibited seems to
be about 80. The pelvic fins, represented by that of the
left side displaced downwards by tho distended stomach,
are as large as the pectorals, and nearly similar, but
apparently with stouter rays which are only six in
number. The pelvic fin-support is a delicate expanded
lamina, not clearly seen. The anal fin is well-preserved,
about twice as deep as long, comprising seven or eight
stout, closely-arranged rays, each undivided in the
proximal half, bifurcated and with distant articulations
in tho distal half. The distance between this fin and the
pelvic pair (displaced) is somewhat less than that between
the latter and the pectorals, and not quite twice as great
as that between its origin and the caudal. The dorsal fin
is wanting. The caudal is a little crushed, but exhibits
the characteristic bifurcation. The triradiate dorsal and
ventral scutes are shown along the entire length of the
trunk as far forwards as the pectoral arch, except above
the distended stomach and the base of the anal fin ; all

part iv.

N

178

ACTINOPTERYGII.

those in advance of the pelvic fins being comparative j
slender. Most of those in the caudal region are expose
from the inner aspect, and the uncinate spine is t n
only visible on a few dorsal scutes of the caudal pedic
There are traces of scutes on the flanks, but they arc
distinct. Lewis Coll.

49541. Equally large fish, the head and anterior abdominal regie'1
exposed from below, the remainder of the trunk from t
side ; Sahel Alma. The imperfect long and slender man
dible is shown from below, the ramus of the right side wit
five large pits in sparse longitudinal series at its anteiior
end. A fracture seems to indicate the division
the dentary and articulo-angular elements ; if s0’
latter is almost as long as the former. Traces of TC
slender brauchiostegal rays are observed behind, seven
being indicated on the right, and possibly more on ^
loft side. Slightly more than seventy vertebra) can ^
counted, and Borne of the characteristic centra 111 T
anterior abdominal region exhibit the laminar transv ci -
processes. The pectoral fins are imperfectly preserve o'1
each side of the trunk, and that of the right distinc )
indicates eleven rays, the hindermost excessively delica ®*
The pelvic fins are shown only in a fragment oppo®1
the anterior end of the dorsal fin, of which the foremos^
nine or ten rays are preserved. The anal fin 18 1
destroyed, but the caudal fin is not much injured,
marginal scutes are of the usual form and proportions,
distinctly in continuous series along the base of the dor®
and anal fins ; some on the ventral border of the
caudal region are exposed in side-view and display
relatively large uncinate spine, which becomes gtos _ •
reduced on the corresponding scutes of the caudal pc
The appearances on the flank are difficult of interprl^^^
tion ; but below the vertebral column just behind ^
pectoral fins there is a scries of narrow heart-shap **
scutes shown from the inner face, which seem to 8
borne a median longitudinal keel; and below these ®oa ’
especially a little further back, there are traces of 1
oblique lath-shaped plates, which are still better 1 „
on the caudal region. At the base of the ana ^
indeed, three of these lath-shaped plates seem to ^
directly continuous with tho postero-superiorly inC 111

DERCETIDjE.

179

arm of three successive ventral scutes. Moreover, a few
of tho dorsal scutes here appear to have their postero-
inferiorly inclined arm extended in like manner.

Lewis Coll.

P. 4018. Another fine specimen, showing the Hank-scutes of the
anterior abdominal region ; Sahel Alma. Lewis Coll.

49537. Imperfect contorted fish, with reflexod head; Sahel Alma.

Immediately in front and behind the orbit there are
remains of a delicate plate, which may belong to the
cheek. Clustered slender conical teeth are observed in
the jaws. Some of the anterior vertebra: exhibit the
characteristic laminar transverse processes, while a few of
the caudals still bear the short neural spine. The large
pelvic fins are crushed together in the usual situation.
The dorsal fin is evidently similar to that of no. 49536,
but the rays are depressed and cannot be counted ; some
of its supports are distinct in the hindor part, each much
expanded at the articulation with the corresponding raj'.
Immediately before and behind the dorsal fin the double
series of dorsal scutes is preserved, thoso of both sides
being exposed from the inner aspect ; it is also clear that
this double series was continuous along the base of the
fin. A few of the ventral scutes are shown from the
external aspect, with spine broken away, in the hinder
part of the caudal region ; and those of the left side are
exposed in continuous series above the base of the anal fin.
The caudal fin is expanded by crushing. Lewis Coll.

Is- 4863. Nearly complete fish bent in the middle and with
imperfect fins ; Sahel Alma. In the abdominal region
the very slender ribs are shown suspended from the
expanded transverso processes ; and there are traces of
the delicate laminar pelvic fin-supports. Here may also
be distinguished some of the narrow heart-shaped flank-
scutes, becoming more markedly triradiate near the origin
of the dorsal fin ; while between this row and those on
the ridge of the back there is a double series of relatively
small and delicate triradiate scutes. Lewis Coll.

49535. Imperfect head and abdominal region, lateral aspect ;

Sahel Alma. One small autorbital cheek-plate is observed
on the head, and there seems to be a more fragmentary
postorbital ; there is also a cluster of slender conical

n 2

380

ACTINOPTERTGII.

recurve 1 teeth in both jaws. The relatively great extent
of the articulo-angular element of the mandible is
distinct, while a few of the slender branchiostegal li!59
occur below. Tho clavicle is shown to be robust, and the
pelvic fin-support expanded. Remains of an undigeste
individual, apparently of Leptotrachdus gracilis, exten
along the whole length of the abdominal region ; an
there are some rounded bodies clustered in advance o
the pelvic fins, which may be ova. Lewis Col .

46524. Small imperfect fish, wanting the rostral end of the skull ,
Sahel Alma. ‘ Lewis Coll.

47361-62. Two imperfect examples of the trunk ; Sahel Alma.

Lewis Coll.

The following specimen probably belongs to a large individual
of Leptotrachdus triqueter, but its specific determination is un
certain : —

P. 1903, P. 4250. Vertically crushed skull and pectoral arch, in
counterpart ; Sahel Alma. The rostral region and an
impression of the remainder of the cranial roof exhibit an
ornamentation of delicate raised lines and rows of sma
tubercles ; those on the mesethmoid in a longitudina
direction, those on the hinder part of the frontal more or
less radiating and scarcely reaching its posterior borer •
The mandibular ramus of the left side is shown to e
similarly ornamented with longitudinal series of fi°e
tubercles. The slender teeth are clustered as usua
Remains of the slender spaced branchiostegal rays ®J"e
seen, about 12 on the left side. The right pectoral a
exhibits 11 rays, all distantly articulated at the dis a
end, and all except the first two bifurcating twice dista
The anterior vertebral centra are not more than twice
long as deep. Egerton <j- Enniskillen Co

Leptotrachelus gracilis, Davis.

1887. Leptotrachdus gracilis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [-J
v°l- hi- p. 623, pi. xxxviii. fig. 3.

L'ype. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum. ..

A verj slender species attaining a length of about 0-5, but usua
sma ler. Length of head with opercular apparatus contained a
live and a half times iu the total length to the base of the cau a

DEKCKT1DJE.

181

fin. Anterior abdominal region excessively slender, and its vertebral
centra about three times as long as deep, with much expanded
transverse processes ; a series of lii or 14 anterior vertebra; equalling
the length of the head ; the other vertebral centra a little deeper
in proportion to their length. Pelvic fins much larger than the
Pectorals, arising just in advance of the middle point of the trunk,
the distance between the pectoral and pelvic pairs equalling twice
the length of the head with opercular apparatus ; dorsal fin occupying
less than the middle third of the trunk ; number of fin-rays probably
“s in L. triqueter. Dermal scutes narrow, those on the dorsal and
ventral border of the elongated abdominal region excessively
attenuated ; anterior abdominal Hank-scutes narrow heart-shaped.

It seems probable that the fragments named Dercetis tenuis by
Pictet (Poiss. Foss. Mont Liban, 1850, p. 4(5, pi. ix. figs. 1-4)
belong to this species; but they are too imperfect for certain

determination.

Form. Sq Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Mt. Lebanon, Syria.

48086. Type specimen figured by Davis, loc. cit. ; Sahel Alma.

The end of the snout is broken away, and the flaking of
the bone exposes some of the slender clustered teeth of
the upper jaw. Tho delicate ovoid plate at the anterior
border of the orbit is distinct ; and a curved plate much
broader than deep, just in front, of the clavicle, may be
the subopereuluin. The very slender vertebne of the
somewhat distorted abdominal region exhibit tbe ex-
panded transverse processes ; and the characteristic dermal
scutes are distinct as far forwards as the pectoral fin.
The total number of vertebne seems to be between 70
and 80. The scutes on the ventral border become notably
enlarged towards the base of the pelvic fins, which seem
to have been larger than the pectorals. The long trans-
verse processes of the vertebne are well shown in the
region between the remains of the dorsal and pelvic fins.
Further back one of the ventral caudal scutes is exposed
in side view, displaying a small uucinate spine and one
arm distinctly produced into one of tho lath-shaped plates,
which are very conspicuous. Tbe anal fan is represented
only by five fragmentary rays. The caudal fin is similar
to that of L. triqueter. Lewis Coll.

49538. More imperfect fish about 0-23 in length; Sahel Alma.

One of the pectoral fins, imperfect distally, exhibits eight
rays ; the other fins are indicated merely by fragments.

182

ACIINOPTERYGIT.

The very slender scutes are shown to extend forwards 1
far as the pectoral arch. Lewis ° '

P. 4738. Another fine hut contorted specimen 031 in length ; Sahe
Alma. The slender pointed premaxillse are shown c
tending forwards beyond the cranial rostrum. The lo""
transverse processes of the vertebrae in the hm ®
abdominal region are shown in impression ; the expan
pelvic fin-supports are also preserved. The very narr ^
ventral scute3 of the anterior abdominal region aresio
to pass rapidly into much larger scutes with wi e
spreading lateral branches towards the base of the pe ^
fins, and these continue for some distance beyond. * ^

of the marginal scutes of the hinder caudal region
very clearly produced into the lath-shaped plates o
flank. " Lems Colt.

48085. A larger contorted specimen more imperfect, wantin0

hinder half of the caudal region ; Sahel Alma. The pe ^
fin-rays are shown to be remarkably long, closely aI ' 1
lated and subdivided at the distal end. The dorsal
evidently' much extended, but its rays are depress ®
cannot bo counted. Lewis 0

49522. Ttemains of two specimens on one slab, with Promote/ eft n ! ^
saTiel-almaf : Sahel Alma. The more contorted sped1 1
exhibits the doublo series of dorsal scutes on the an c ^
part of the caudal region, and there are remains o
dorsal fin extending between them. The charocten ^
transverse processes are also observed in the hinder

Lewis

Lewis

Cott-

Coll-

The

of the abdominal region.

49539. Contorted small fish ; Sahel Alma.

48087. Another small specimen in counterpart; Sahel Alnm- ^
double series of dorsal and ventral scutes are well »
on the caudal region. The anal fin arises some'
nearer to the caudal than to the pelvic fins and compn®
at least eight rays. The dorsal fin is shown, hut it9
are depressed and cannot be counted. L.ew‘s

47360. Anterior portion of two small fishes crossing each other ^
one slab ; Sahel Alma. The fragment without h< ® ^ ^
interesting as showing in the anterior abdominal ren>
series of narrow heart-shaped scutes of the Ann >
addition to the dorsal and ventral series. Lewis

DERCETIDJS.

183

P. 9170. Remains of very small contorted fish exhibiting eight
rays in one of the pelvic fins ; Sahel Alma. Lewis Coll.

47359. Imperfect trunk with anal fin ; Sahel Alma. Lewis Coll.

48088. Imperfect trunk with dorsal fin, associated with Bhmellus
furcatus ; Sahel Alma. Lewis Coll.

46533, - a. Two examples of caudal region, the second displaying
more than 30 rays in the dorsal fin ; Sahel Alma.

Lewis Coll.

P. 1902. Hinder portion of fish, showing seven rays in the pelvic,
and eight or nine in the anal fin ; Sahel Alma.

Egerton Coll.

The following specimens may represent unusually large in-
dividuals of Leptotrachelus gracilis, but are too imperfect for

satisfactory determination : —

P. 4852. Imperfect anterior portion of fish, noticed and the head
figured by Davis (Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii.
1887, p. 622, pi. xxxviii. fig. 2) under the name of
Leptotrachelus triqueter, var. re; Sahel Alma. The head
is shown in lateral aspect, much fractured, with some of
the slender clustered teeth exposed ; while fragments
of the external hones in the hinder portion of the
cranial roof and in the mandible are ornamented with
very fine tubercles. These tubercles on the dentary and
angular hones are arranged in obliquely-directed, nearly
parallel lines. The opercular apparatus is evidently
well-developed, though the separate elements cannot be
distinguished. The vertebral centra are similar in pro-
portions to those of L. gracilis, and show some of tho
expanded transverse processes supporting remarkably
slender ribs. Above the vertebral column there are
longitudinally extended rods stouter than the ribB, which
seem to be intermuscular bones. Above the vertebrae at
the hinder end of the fossil may also be observed the
narrow heart-shaped scutes of the flank, which are
ornamented with radiating lines of fine tubercles. The
dorsal and ventral borders, with their scutes, are broken
away. Lewis Coll.

P- 4019. Hinder half of equally largo fish; Sahel Alma. The
characteristic vertebrae are imperfectly shown, and there
are remains of the pelvic, anal, and caudal fins. The

184

ACIINOPTEMGII.

laminar expansion of one pelvic fin-support is distinc ^
and some of the bordering scutes on the caudal region
observed to be prolonged into the lath-shaped plates-

Lewis Coll .

Leptotrachelus hakelensis, Pictet & Humbert.

1866. Leptotrachelus hakelensis, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. P
Foss. Mont Libnn, p. 98, pi. xiv. fig. 8.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum. -tj,

An imperfectly known small species about 0T2 in lengt , ^
much attenuated rostrum. Anterior abdominal region shot ,

much attenuated rostrum. Anterior abdominal region sn ’^er
vertebral centra not more than twice as long as deep ; total nun^ar
of vertebra probably about 60. Length of head with pPer|
apparatus about equalling the distance between the pectora
pelvic fins ; distance between the pelvic and anal fins consi e
greater. Dorsal and ventral triradiate scutes much attenua

Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Mt. Lebanon, Syria.

P- 6001. Relatively large and well-preserved specimen, ^ p0
the end of the tail ; Hakel. The operculum sceD^9je£p ;
nearly quadrangular in form, a little broader t ^fif
and it is bordered below by a suboperculum of 8 0 tjlC
its depth. The vertebrae are shown, with traced t,ntary
very delicate dermal scutes; and there are fra~n. q0U.
remains of the pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins. Tin

■ <r the for©

P. 4683. Smaller and more imperfect specimen, showing

of the craniul roof ; Hakel. g jggl.

Presented by Sir J. William Dawson, h.C-

Leptotrachelus elongatus (Agassiz).

[Plate XII. fig. 4.] (oaBIe

1835. Dercetis elongatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Fenill- p-

only). ’ t ii. p- 2B8’

1837-44. Dercetis elongatus, L. Agassiz, ihid. vol. n. P

pi. lxvi a. figs. 1, 2, 5-8 ( non figs. 3, 4). . 145.

1879. Dercetis elongatus, W. Davies, Geol. Mag. [2] T0*' Tol. *•
1888. Dercetis elongatus, A. S. Woodward, Froc. Geol.

P- 318.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Musenm. , Q.g; but

A slender species, probably attaining a length of abou ^roaJ

usually smaller. The postorbital region of the skull abou B£jt
as long, this occupying the hinder quarter and the orbi

DERCETIDJ5.

185

quarter of the cranial length ; the length of the head with opercular
apparatus contained between four and five times in the total length
of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Anterior abdominal
vertebral centra about threo times as long as deep, those beyond
less elongated, and those in the hinder half of the abdominal region
with large transverse processes. Pelvic fins in advance of the
middle of the trunk ; [other fins unknown]. Dermal scutes of
moderate size and narrow, more or less ornamented with short
ridges and spinous tubercles, those on the dorsal and ventral
borders of the caudal region also bearing a slender backwardly-
directed uncinate spine.

To this Bpecies Agassiz originally referred the specimens from the
Chalk of Lewes described and figured as Murcena ? lewesiensis by
(T A. Mantell, Foss. South Downs (1822), p. 232, pi. xxxiv. fig. 11,
pi. xl. fig. 2. These fossils subsequently proved to be merely worm-
burrows lined with various scales of fishes (W. Davies, Geol. Mag.
[2] vol. vi. 1879, p. 115); and similar specimens from the Turonian
°f Bohemia were described under the name of Lepidenteron longis-
simum (A. Fritsch, Dept. u. Fische bbhm. Kreideform. 1878, p. 19,
fig- 45).

Form. S[ Loc. Senonian and Turonian : S.E. England.

4132-33. Type specimen, in counterpart, comprising the head and
greater part of the trunk without fins, figured by Agassiz,
tom. cit. pi. lxvia. figs. 1, 2, 6-8; Lewes, Sussex.

Mantell Coll.

4134. Fragment of caudal region of large fish, figured by Agassiz,
ibid. fig. 5 ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.

49793. Dead and anterior part of trunk, in counterpart, the cranial
roof shown of the natural size in PI. XII. figs. 4, 4 a ;
Lewes. This cranial roof is flaked in such a way that
some pieces remain on one side of the fossil (fig. 4), and the
rest on tho counterpart (fig. 4 a). The postorbital region
of the skull occupies one quarter of its total length, and is
about as long as broad, with parallel sides and the
occipital border excavated by a sharp re-entering angle.
The frontal region between the orbits is excessively
constricted in front. All the external bones are
ornamented with a few delicate longitudinal ridges,
occasionally subdivided into tubercles. When the roofing
bones are removed, as in fig. 4, the well-ossified though
small supraoccipital can be observed beneath, bearing a
slight vertical median crest ; but, as shown by the

186

ACTIN0PTEBYG1I.

impression of the external aspect of the roof on the 0 ^

side of the fossil, this bone is not exposed above.
I)arietals (pa.') are an unsymmetrieal pair P 9
broader than long, meeting throughout their len^t ^
a slightly sigmoidal suture, and marked by about _
ridges which extend from border to border, while 0 ^

short ridges and tubercles are observed behind. ^
squamosals (sq.) seem to have been very narrow
insignificant plates at the postero-lateral angles °
skull, not extending further forwards than the Parl® ^
The frontals (fr.) extend and expand backwards to

anial rooi ,

more than half the postorbital region of the crania t® ^
and these are not a symmetrical pair, that o i the r^^
side being wider and extending further backwar s . g0
that of tbo left side. The few ornamental ridges on ^
bones do not quite reach the hinder margin and are.|tajg
way connected or correlated with thoso on the Parl . ^
The very narrow interorbital region is compara
stout, and impressions suggest that a delicate cre£ 0
shaped wing extended upwards and outwards ^rom^c_
frontal on each side to protect the relatively la’.-1
ball. The anterior end of the frontals seems
expanded a little again on the rostral region, two
of membrane-bone being crushed in the fossil on ^ qoh-
of the ethmoid and those are apparently direct y ^ ^
tinuous with the frontals. The orbit (orb.) OOCUPj^erior
quarter of the length of the skull, and at its aU . tCf
border on each side there is a thin, ovoid, con' e.
which seems to be a dermal or membrane-bom
well-ossified mesethmoid (elh.) is marked by nu ^
fine longitudinal ridges terminating a little e *VQUgjj.
anterior end, which is scarcely expanded but is c11 ^

truncated and hollowed in front in such a way as ^
it the appearance of being a tube. The cius j extend
bones lie on either side of the rostral region, an acutc
for a short distance in advance of it, tapering to 9 .D 0te
point. The bases of a single regular close series o^ jjj,,
teeth in the dentary are observable on the bit s: L^edia®
mediately behind the occiput, and pointing t° 1 (p.t.)

re-entering angle, the pair of post-temporal p a ^ ^an
is preserved ; each being triangular in shape, ^g^ind
broad, and unornamented on its outer face. gcUtes,

these again is one of the narrow heart- shape

DERCF.TIM.

187

exposed from its inner face, but distinctly showing through
its transparent bone an external ornament of tubercles.
The triradiate scutes further back are also distinctly
tuberculated and radiately striated, and in the region
probably of the pelvic fins three of these are shown to be
of relatively gigantic size, the hindermost and largest
nearly as wide as the occiput. Capron Coll.

41198. Imperfect coiled-up fish in counterpart, showing remains of
the head and about 52 vertebrae ; Upper Chalk, Charlton,
Kent. Purchased, 1868.

43512. Another similar specimen in counterpart, displaying some
of the caudal scutes ; Upper Chalk, Bromley, Kent.

Purchased, 1872.

43574. More imperfect specimen displaying the cranium and pro-
jecting premaxillae ; Bromley. Purchased, 1872.

44624. Fragment of caudal region ; Bromley. Purchased, 1873.

P ■ 1905. Portion of anterior abdominal region ; Kent.

Egerton Coll.

P- 1905 a. Portion of trunk ; Dover. Egerton Coll.

P- 6457. Fragmentary remains ; English Chalk. Heckles Coll.

43098. Bemains of large skull, probably of this species, showing
slender clustered teeth ; English Chalk. Wetherell Coll.

P- 9100. Impression of part of trunk in flint, from beach at
Hunstanton, Norfolk.

Presented by B. B. Woodward, Esq., 1899.

The following species have also been described but are not

represented in the Collection : —

Leptotrachelus lovgipinnis, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Territ. vol. iv. (1878), p. 68. — Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara
Group) ; Dakota. [Imperfect fish.]

Leptotrachelus sayittatus, W. von derMarck, Pateontogr. vol. xxii.
(1873), p. 63, pl.ii. fig. 1. — Upper Cretaceous ; Sendenhoret,
Westphalia. [Imperfect fish ; Academy of Munster.]
Leptotrachelus virgulat-us: Triamaspis virgulatus, E. D. Cope,
loc. cit. 1878, p. 67. — Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group);
Dakota. [The type species of Tricenaspis. Imperfect
fish.]

188

ACTUTOPTERYGII.

Geuus PELARGORHYNCHUS, W. von der Marck.

[Zeitschr. deutsck. gaol. ties. vol. x. 1858, p. 242.]

External bones slightly ornamented with short ridges and r
of tubercles. Teeth in form of small, slender, hollow cones, m
or less clustered. Pelvic fins arising nearly midway between ^
pectorals and anal ; dorsal fin occupying the greater Pjrt' 0
back; anal fin opposed to the hinder part of the dorsal , ca ^
fin forked. Two paired series of scutes on the flank 11101 ^jdal
enlarged, with a dense intermediate squamation of small rboni
scales.

Pelargorhynchus dercetiformis, W. von der Marck ^

1858. Pel-a rgorh yn c/iux dercetiformis, W. von der Marck, e

deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. x. p. 243. ' 344.

1858. Pelargorhynchus blochiformis, W. von der Marck, 1 u •

[Imperfect trunk ; Academy of Munster.] 0nt ogn

1863. Pelai-yorhynchus dercetiformis, W. von der Marck, 1 a

vol. xi. p. 61, pi. xi., pi. xii. fig. 3. , , ■> yoL si>

1863. Pelargorhynchus blochiformis, W. von der Marck, loc.

P- 84, pi. xii. figs. 4-6. loC cit-

1885. Pelargorhynchus dercetiformis, W. von der Marck,
vol. xxxi. p. 261.

Type. Imperfect distorted trunk ; Academy of Munster* . 0f

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-05. ^ ^ total

head with opercular apparatus contained about five times in ^ ^cU_
length to the base of the caudal fin. Pelvic fins wilh °1R ^
lated, six articulated and divided rays, arising slightly neai ^
anal than to the pectorals, considerably behiud the 01 '■ j DlUch
dorsal ; dorsal fin with 64 rays, the foremost the longest an
deeper than the trunk, arising about twice as far from t e^u(. 16
as is its termination from the caudal fin ; anal fin " it 1 ?cUtes
rays, its hinder end opposite that of tho dorsal. ^aterj,oWg of
elongate-heart-shaped, marked with radiating lines or ^ serie« ;
minute tubercles, and the upper series larger than the ow
intermediate squamation very finely granulated.

Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia. ^

P 2112. Imperfect trunk showing median fins and tr.

paired fins ; Sendenhorst. J

P.1906. Fragment of trunk ; Sendenhorst.

' LawrenCf’

As shown by a skull in the Kansas University Museum,
tho jaws described by Cope under the generic name o

ENCHODONTID35.

189

(Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. vol. xii. 1872, p. 349) belong to a member
of the family Dercetidse. The following species are distinguished,
but are not represented in the Collection : —

Stratodus apicalis, E. D. Cope, Joe. cit. 1872, p. 349, and Vert-
Cret. Form. West (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii.
1875), p. 227, pi. xlix. tigs. 6-8. — Upper Cretaceous
(Niobrara Group); Smoky Hill River, Kansas. [Jaw
with teeth ; Cope Collection.]

Stratodus oxypogon, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii.
(1878), p. 180. — Upper Cretaceous ; Kansas. [Remains
of jaws ; Cope Collection.]

Family ENCHODONTIDiE.

Supraoccipital bone not prominent, but extending forwards to
the frontals and separating the small parietals in the median line ;
squamosal reduced, only partly covering the otic region, which
projects laterally ; no basicranial canal ; snout not produced ; cheek -
plates well developed. Mandibular suspensorium vertical or
1 ncli ned backwards, and gape of mouth wide ; premaxilla delicate,
considerably extended and excluding a great part of the slender
maxilla from the uppor border of the mouth ; teeth fused with the
supporting bone, not in complete sockets, those on the pterygo-
palatine arcade and dentary the largest. Opercular apparatus
complete, with few slender branchiostegal rays and no gular plate.
Vertebral contra well ossified, none with transverse processes ; ribs
not completely encircling the abdominal cavity ; a compound
b} pural bone at the base of the tail. Intermuscular bones present.
I'in-fu]era absent; the rayed dorsal fin never much extended,
usually near the middle of the back, and sometimes an adipose fin
behind. Scales delicate or absent ; but occasional longitudinal
8eries of scutes, the dorsal series, when present, being unpaired.

The nearest living allies of this extinct family appear to be the
Odontostomidsa and Alepisaurid®, in both of which the margin of
tbo upper jaw is formed exclusively by the premaxilla, while in the
first the large teeth are depressible. Only three genera are known,
{jdonfostomus, Omosudis, and Alepisaurus ( Plagyodus ), all from the
deep sea.

Synopsis of Genera.

T One large terminal palatine tooth.

Dorsal fin in front of anal ; no postelavicular
plate

Enchodus (p. 190).

190

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Dorsal tin in front of anal ; a postclavicular

plate .

Dorsal tin opposed to part of much-extended

r anal ; no postclavicular plate

II. No enlarged palatine tooth.

I alatine teeth in one longitudinal series ;
no teeth barbed : no scutes, but minute

scales

Palatine teeth in two longitudinal series ;
some ectopterygoid teeth semibarbed ;
dermal scutes present, but not deepened

on flank

One much-deepened series of scutes on

flank, supporting lateral line

As Prionolepis, but with small upper and

lower lateral scutes

Large teeth at mandibular symphysis ;
median dorsal scutes but apparently
no others

Eurypholis (p- 20')-
ralaolycus (p- 211)'

ILalec (p. 212).

/ 991.)

Ciniolichthys (p-

. / OiM],
Prionolepis (p. -s-

Leytecodon (p*
Pantopholis (p- 2'^'

Genus ENCHODUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Eoss., Feuill. 1835, p. 55, and vol. v. pt. i. 1®^’
S>yn. Isodus, J. J. Ileckel, in Russegger’s Reisen, vol. ii- P*”

1819.

P- 342. _ j(57.

Phasganodus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PhilaJ- geol.

Ischyrocephalus, W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deu s
Ges. vol. x. 1858, p. 248. T it- no. 2,

(?) Tetheodus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. ter

1874, p. 43. ^ Jabrb k.-k-

Solenodon , D. G. Kramberger ( non Brandt, 1833),

geol. Reichsanst. vol. xxxi. 1881, p. 373. j lxxi*’

Holeodon, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Aka .

1885, p. 18. , ra i ¥01. iii.

Evrygnathus, J. \V. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. L J
1887, p. 601.

Trunk elongate-fusiform, both this and the head jjnftl

pressed. Cranial roof exhibiting a deep median L ,r]ike the
depression, its lateral and occipital margins ornamente ’ Qjne.

uepression, its lateral and occipital margins (,.lll0jne.

other external bones, with ridges and tubercles 0 spaced
Mandible a little prominent, provided with an inner " 11 'nrir„innl
series of large slender teeth, the largest in front, also in

series of minute teeth, all nearly <jr completely solid • P1 * and

the form of a vertical lamina, deepest in front, taperin- ^ gjender,
with a single spaced series of small teeth ; maxilla Ion,. a . ajatir>e
cither finely toothed or toothless at the oral border; I

ENCHODONTID.E.

191

thickened and tumid, with only one large tooth fixed at its anterior
end ; ectopterygoid robust, with a single spaced series of large
slender teeth, gradually diminishing in size backwards ; no teeth
barbed. Operculum strengthened on the inner side by a ridge
extending horizontally backwards from the point of suspension ;
branchiostegul rays about 12 to 16 in number. Vertebra) 40 to 50
in number, about half being caudal ; the centra at least as long as
deep, constricted mesially, and marked with small irregular longi-
tudinal ridges. All except the foremost rays of each fin finely
divided distally, but none excessively elongated. No postclavieular
plate. Pectoral fins large, pelvic fins much smaller and arising far
forwards ; dorsal and anal fins large, neither much longer than
deep, the former arising much in advance of the middle point ot
the trunk, the latter also far forwards ; [a posterior adipose dorsal
fin observed in a few well-preserved specimens ;] caudal fin forked,
with curved fulcral rays and stout, articulated, undivided rays at
its base both above and below. Rudimentary dermal scutes, not
overlapping, in a single median scries between the occiput and the
dorsal fin, and along the course of the lateral line ; a pair of
enlarged hook-shaped dermal scutes at the base of tho tail, one on
either side of the caudal pedicle.

The cranial osteology of Enchodns is best known from the
specimens occurring in the English and Dutch Chalk ; the trunk
and fins are only satisfactorily shown in the nearly complete fishes
obtained from the Upper Cretaceous of Westphalia and Mount
•Lebanon.

Enehodus lewesiensis (Mantell).

[Plate XI. fig. 1.]

1822. Esox lewesiensis , G. A. Mantell, Foss. South Downs, p. 25/,
pi. xxv. fig. 13, pi. xxxiii. figs. 2-4, pi. xli. figs. 1, 2.

1835-44. Enehodus hulocycm, D. Agassiz, Poiss. Ross., Feuill. p. 55,
and vol. v. pt. i. p. 64, pi. xxv c. figs. 1-16.

1850. Enehodus halocycn, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 373, pi. xxx.
figs. 20, 27, pi. xxxi. fig. 11.

(?) 1875, Enehodus halocyon, II. B. Geinitz, Palseontogr. vol. xx. pt. ii.
p. 226, pi. xli. figs. 5-20 (in part).

1888. Enehodus levesiensis , A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 315 (in part), pi. i. fig. 6 ( non fig. 6).

7' ype. Fragment s of jaws, &c. ; British Museum.

The type species, known only by fragmentary specimens, usually
small, but the mandible sometimes attaining a length of 0’1. The
sides of the cranial roof and the outer face of the mandiblo
ornamented with numerous and closely-arranged sharp ridges,

192

AOTINOPXERTGII.

mostly radiating and each bearing a series of small tubercles , ^h _ g
ridges on the dentary bone radiating from tho symphysis, on
articulo-angular bone radiating from the mandibular artici a . ^
lalatine bone produced forwards as a short cylindrical extensio
advance of the ethmoid articulation, and the long slendt r
antero-posteriorly compressed, fixed at its extremity at rigt>f-a,ln ,
to the long axis of the bone ; the outer fuce of the premaxilla o ^
sparsely ridged; dentary rapidly contracting almost to a P01^ ^
the symphysis, where it exhibits about three large ”Te| jta
processes; the mandibular ramus considerably deepened be >n _
maximum depth nearlj’ equalling one third of its total 1
about six large mandibular teeth, all both slender and little c
.Teeth much compressed, and some delicately striated, none ^ ^
spicuously serrated on tho edges. Operculum nearly two t 1 ja^e(j
broad as deep, marked by numerous sharp, radiating, tuherc
ridges.

Ihe heads from the Turonian of Bohemia described un
name of Enchodun hilocyon, Ag., by A. Fritsch (Kept. u# ..j.er
hohm. Krcideform. 1878, p. 35, pi. vii. figs. 1-3) seem ^-^e.
from this species in the more slender proportions of the man

Form. foe. Senonian and Turonian : S.E. England,
man : Saxony and Bohemia.

4001, 4049, 4157, 4160, 4180-81, 4183-84, 4186, 4198- l hep^!pt,
of type specimens figured by Mantell and ^janttdl

the detached teeth, which are also probably in t e

Collection hut not identifiable;

The

Chalk, Lewes.

the P,

original of Agassiz, loc. cit. fig. 1, shows e ^ tb®
maxilla from the inner aspect, with re 'in resejit*
pterygo-quadrate arcade and mandible ; hg- genf. (fie
a portion of the ectopterygoid ; figs. 9, 10 imported
extremity of the palatine; and figs. 14> 15 ^antell CoE
opercula. “

P- 5415. Small skull and mandible, displaying l^e cm^ j,ffUfed
premaxilla, maxilla, and dentary, describe « ^cwe8.
in Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x. p. 315, pi. *• ’ jg88.

Presented by P. E. Coombe, W-> ^

25749, 25755, 25765. Imperfect right dentary, with tw ^ pjxon,
large teeth doubtfully of this species, fignie1 Q0ll.

°P- cit. ; Chalk. Sussex. ^

4001, 4071, 4182, 4201. Two very imperfect small Coll-

fragmentary mandibles ; Lewes.

EN CHODONTIB^Ek

198

39080. Remains of small mandible and operculum ; Brighton.

Bouterbank Coll.

P- 6461. Imperfect cranium; English Chalk. Beckles Coll.

P. 6459. Remains of small head, showing characteristic palatine
bone ; English Chalk. Bedcles Coll.

P. 6458. Imperfect large right dentary, abnormal in possessing two
enlarged front teeth closely apposed ; English Chalk.

Beckles Coll.

49783. Portion of very small mandible ; Upper Chalk, St. Catherine’s
Hill Pit, Guildford. Capron Coll.

49744, 49782. Portions of two small mandibles ; Upper Chalk,
Shalford, Guildford. C apron Coll.

36332. Imperfect small right dentary ; Chalk, Grays, Essex.

Daniels Coll.

44578. Imperfect large left den tary, its symphysial end shown of
the natural size in PI. XI. fig. 1 ; Upper Chalk, Bromley,
Kent. Purchased, 1873.

25904. Imperfect mandible and opercular apparatus, with remains
of vertebrae and pectoral arch, probably of this species ;
English Chalk. Dixon Coll.

25921. Fragmentary mandible with branchiostegal rays, doubtfully
of this species ; Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll.

47923. Very large left palatine, with imperfect tooth, of the form
characteristic of this species ; Chalk, Burham, Kent.

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.

Enchodus pulchellus, sp. nov.

[Plate XI. figs. 2, 3.]

1888. Enchodus levesiensis, A. S. Woodward {err ore), Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. x. p. 315 (in part), pi. i. fig. 6.

Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.

A species about as large as the type, known only from fragmentary
specimens. Palatine bone produced forwards as a short cylindrical
extension in advance of the ethmoid articulation, and the long
slender tooth, laterally compressed, fixed at its extremity at right-
at>gles to the long axis of the bone ; the outer face of the pre-
maxilla ornamented with numerous sharp, tuberculated ridges
radiating from the symphysis ; mandibular ramus about four times

pari iy.

o

.194

ACTIXOPTERYGII.

as long as its maximum depth, ornamented with conspicuous
tubercles, of which the large majority are not placed on ridges ,
more than six enlarged mandibular teeth. Teeth much compressed,
sometimes with very delicate striations but not serrated.

Fo>-m. $ Loc. Turonian (?) : Kent and Sussex.

P. 1703. The type specimen, shown of the natural size in Pi-

fig. 2 ; Chalk, Kent. Only part of the left lateral border
of the cranium is shown above the orbit and otic region,
and exhibits the usual ornament of tubercles on ridges.
A fragment of the parasphenoid, the left hyomandibular
(ftm.), and left metapterygoid, are exposed, but too
imperfect for description. The fractured remains of tie
left premaxilla (pmx:), with its characteristic ornament,
obscure the palatine and part of the ectopterygoid (eept-h
but most of the teeth of these inner elements are shown-
The palatine tooth (pal.) is much the largest and exhibits
very feeble traces of longitudinal striation. dh° e

mandibular ramus is well-displayed, though impe

rfect

anteriorly and a little fractured behind. The upper part
of the dentary ( d .) is flattened on the outer face an
ornamented by tubercles with no definite arrange me
while in its lower portion a few tuberculated ri g
radiate from the symphysis backwards and downwa _»
the precise boundary of the articulo-angular (ag-)* w
is similarly ornamented, is not clear. The mandi ^
teeth are straight and more slender than those o ^
palato-pterygoid arcade. The deep and narrow tu
culated preoperculum ( p-op.) is partly shown, an e
are traces of a small reflection at its lower end wbic.y.”|n(r
have been a short spine. Tho operculum (op.), exbl 1
numerous radiating lines of small tubercles, is or e
most part beautifully preserved ; and the equally .
suboperculum ( g.op .), with rows of tubercles c i

is also

represented by a
Egerton

large

Coll-

directed downwards
fragment.

■P. 5416. Remains of another head in a small block of cbft^s0C-
left palato-pterygoid arcade figured in Proc. Geo . .

TT/O _ l ■ r> ' n T imnertcct ri©

vol. X. pi. i. fig. 6 ; Chalk, Lewes. The impel

uch

premaxilla exhibits the characteristic ornamentation^^
abraded, bears very slender well-spaced teeth* a ^
shown of the natural size in PI. XI. fig- 3- aspect,
palato-pterygoid arcade is exposed from the inner

ENCHODONTID.®.

195

and the ectopteiygoid is shown to bear an insignificant
narrow band of minute tubercular teeth extending a little
distance obliquely upwards and forwards from the hinder
end of its dentigerous border. The articulo-angular
element, shown from the outer aspect on the left side and
partly from the inner aspect on the right side, is proved to
have been about three times as long as its maximum
depth ; and the tubercles on its inwardly flexed lower
margin are arranged along longitudinal, slightly radiating
ridges. Remains of the operculum of both sides, exposed
from the inner aspect, exhibit the usual median hori-
zontally-directed ridge.

Presented by P. E. Coombe , Esq., 1888.

49811. More fragmentary remains of jaws, including an imperfect
palatine bone; Chalk, Southeram, near Lewes.

Capron Coll.

49801. Imperfect dentaries, &c. ; Lewes. Capron Coll.

•P- 4289. Imperfect small mandible; Chalk, Dover.

Enniskillen Coll.

Enchodus annectens, sp. nov.

[Plate XI. figs. 4, 5.]

Type. Imperfect jaws ; British Museum.

X species about as large as the type, known only by fragmentary
specimens. Mandible closely resembling that of E. lewesiensis in
form, proportions, and ornamentation. Palatine bone short and
stout, the ethmoid articulation extending to its anterior end, where
the long and slender tooth is directed downwards at right-angles to
its long axis. Teeth slender, much compressed, and some delicately

striated.

Form. Loc. Turonian : S.E. England.

9249. Type specimen, comprising the imperfect mandible, left
palato-pterygoid arcade, part of the right ectopterygoid,
and other associated remains ; English Chalk. Both
mandibular rami are much fractured, but that of tho
left side (PI. XI. fig. 4) shows distinct remains of
the characteristic ridged ornamentation, while that of the
right side (fig. 4 a) exhibits the narrow symphysis with the
irregular prominences. The long, straight, and slender
front tooth is also best preserved on the right side. The

o 2

196

ACTINOPTERYGII.

fractured right palatine ( pal.) is exposed from the inner
aspect on the left side of the fossil ; and there ar ’
obscured remains of the ectopterygoid ( eept .) on 0
sides. History unknown-

P. 5661. Imperfect right palatine with tooth exhibiting unusual!}
conspicuous striations, shown of the natural size from
outer aspect in PI. XL fig. 5 ; probably from the Mentis
Chalk. Harford CoU.

P- 398. More imperfect right palatine, with tooth less elongated'
English Chalk. Presented by the Eurl of Duci^i 1

25810. Remains of larger palatine, the tooth only in impress*°

English Chalk ^ <0'

P. 6459. Smaller right palatine; English Chalk. Heckles Cc

Enchodus faujasi, Agassiz.

[Plate XI. fig. 6.]

1799. Figure by Fanjas St. Fond, Hist. Nat. Mont. St. P*
Maestricht, pi. xix. fig. 10. . _ 6,

1843-44. Enchodus favjasii, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss, vol- v. P'L • P
66, pi. xxix. fig. 3. , v;

1893. Enchodus faujasi, L. Dollo, Bull. Soc. Beige Ceo . v0
Proc.-Verb. p. 185, figs. 1, 3.

Type. Dentary bone; Paris Museum of Natural History.

A large species, known only by fragmentary specimens, ^
mandible attaining a length of at least O’lo. The sides o ^
cranial roof marked with a few sharp ridges, not tuberculate ' /
outer face of tho mandible remarkably smooth, not ornamente ^ ^
tubercles, a few ridges and grooves radiating from the sj mp
the dentarv, from tho mandibular articulation on the a^cujar
angular bone ; premaxilla slightly and irregularly ridged , °PJ
apparatus ornamented with very fine tubercles in radiatm^^.^
Palatine bone short and stout, the ethmoid articulation ,C j-rected
to its anterior end, where the long and slender tooth £raCting
downwards and a little forwards ; dentary rapidly cot ^
almost to a point at the symphysis ; the mandibular ™
siderahly deepened behind, its maximum depth f teeth,

one third of its total length ; about eight large man i ^ tjje
iill slender, some often irregularly curved, the foremos
largest.

Form. Loo. Danian : Holland. [Uuin ;

42976. Fine head associated with remains of the vertebr

ENCHODONXID35.

197

Maastricht. The cranium is somewhat obscured and
fractured, but the general characters of the cranial roof
(PI. XI. fig. 6) can be observed. The plane of the occiput
is about at right-angles to that of the roof, and the
occipital border exhibits the five prominences characteristic
of the higher fishes. The small median eminence, partly
broken away, is formed by the supraoccipital bone (s.oec.),
which seems to enter the crauial roof as a short and broad
plate. The inner pair of prominences are formed by the
large and robust epiotics ( ep.o .) ; the outer, or pterotie,
prominences ( pt.o .) are broken, but the right side of the
fossil exhibits a delicate plate of bone extending forwards
and inwards presumably upon the pterotie element to the
ridge on the frontal at the level of the hinder border
of the orbit. The outlines of the parietal bones are
not shown, and the precise limits of the hinder end of
the frontals are uncertain. The frontals (fr.), however,
extend remarkably far backwards, and are evidently
ridged in the manner characteristic of the genus, though
the inwardly directed triangular ridged area spreading
backwards along the postorbital region is broken away.
The ridges are all sharp, but not tuberculated, and the
smooth median area occupies nearly the inner half of the
bone. The elements of tho palato-pterygoid arcade are
almost completely covered by matrix and the investing
bones, though some of the teeth are partly seen. Tho
delicate laminar premaxilla (fig. fia, pmx.) is imperfectly
shown on both sides, and that of the right is fractured by
being crushed on one of tho ectopterygoid teeth (a?.) ;
it is a deepened plate of bone in its anterior half, tapering
to a very slender production behind, and must have
formed the margin of at least half the gape. It bears a
regular close scries of very small teeth on its oral border,
these being indicated by their bases on the left, by a few
crowns on the right side. The very slender maxilla (mx.),
best shown by a fragment on the right side, bears still
smaller eloselv-set teeth. In its crushed state the region
of the cheek on the left side is covered in front by two
bones which cannot be satisfactorily determined. The
foremost exhibits an external ornament of radiating lines
of very fine tubercles, and may possibly belong to the
opercular apparatus. The other is deep and narrow, with
a triangular expansion below, exposed from tho inner

198-

ACT1N0PTERYGII.

aspect, and perhaps representing the left clavicle. The
mandible is fractured, and the articulo-angular element a
little displaced with respect to the dentary. Both these
bones are smooth, marked only by a few grooves aI]
ridges. On the dentary (d.) one groove extends direct y
backwards from the symphysis just below the oral border,
widening on the upper hinder extension of the bone,
which seems to reach the articular end of the mandib e ,
while a band of about six similar grooves extends aC
wards and a little downwards from a point near t
symphysis to the short lower hinder extension of the bone.
On the articulo-angular (ay.) the grooves- radiate rom
the postero-inferior angle, one set continuing the o ^
band on the dentary already mentioned. Some o
characteristic large teeth are preserved, and the ou
border of the dentary* is shown to bear a close re^u
series of small slender teeth. Behind the sku
remains of the right operculum bent inwards, this ei r,
ornamented with very* delicate tubercles and radiatin^
lines. Between the mandibular rami arc observed r®^
of the hyoid apparatus and branehiostegal rays too
perfect for description. Numerous vertebral centra,
various states of preservation, are clustered roun ^
head. They are longer than deep, much constrict »
strengthened with delicate longitudinal ridges at t e
A. triangular hypural bone is also preserved. ^ ^ (joll.

42977. Eight dentary exposed from the inner aspect, with e"S

teeth. Van Breda CoU.

42978. Imperfect ectopterygoid. Van Breda

42867, 42978 a. Two imperfect left palatines. I an B>eda

42866, 42978 b,c. Six detached teeth. Van Breda

Enchodus lemonnieri, Dollo. ^ .

1893. JSnchodui lemonnieri, L. Dollo, Bull. Soc. Bel£e ttSol-
Proc.-Verb. p. 185, figs. 2, 4.

Type. Palatine and dentary ; Boyal Museum of Natural H
Brussels. teeth

A large species, known only by jaws, in which the laro
are comparatively short and broad and much laterally comp
Palatine hone produced forwards in- advance of its lafo

ENCHODONTID^E.

109

Dentary bone with about eleven large teeth, of which the foremost
does not much exceed the others in size.

form, df Loc. Upper Senonian : Belgium. Danian : Holland.

42978 d. Fragment of left dentary, with foremost largo tooth;

Danian, Maastricht. Van Breda Coll.

30750. Detached tooth ; Craie phosphatee, Ciply, near Mons.

Purchased.

Enchodus longidens (Pictet).

(?) 1849. Isodus sulcatm, J. J. Heckel, in Russegger’s Reisen, vol. ii.
pt. iii. p. 343, pi. xxiii. fig. 4. [Dentary bone.]

1850. Burypholis longidens, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mont Liban,
p. 31, pi. v. fig. 1.

1866. Burypholis longidens, Pictet & Humbert, Nonv. Iiech. Poiss.
Foss. Mont Liban, p. 105, pi. xvii.

1882. Burypholis longidens, F. Bassani, Denkscbr. k. Akad. M iss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. p. 274, pi. xii.

1887. Burypholis longidens, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin hoc. [2]
vol. iii. pp. 597, 002.

Type. Distorted small fish ; Geneva Museum.

A small species known by nearly complete fishes attaining a
tangth of about 0'3. Length of head with opercular apparatus
Inuch exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk and occupying
one third of the total length to the base of the caudal fin. Ihe
mandible, operculum, and most of the other external bones orna-
mented with fine tuberculated ridges. Palatine bone produced
lorwards as a short cylindrical extension in advance ot the ethmoid
articulation, and the long slender tooth fixed at its extremity ;
outer face of premaxilla apparently smooth ; dentary rapidly con-
tracting almost to a point at the symphysis, and the maximum
depth of the mandibular ramus contained about three and a half or
four times in its total length. Teeth slender, much compressed,
and often delicately striated. Vertebra# about 40 in number, 24
being caudal. Pelvic fins somewhat smaller than the pectorals,
arising opposite the anterior half of the dorsal; dorsal fin with 16
rays, its depth about equalling that of the trunk at its insertion ; anal
bn much smaller, with 18 rays, arising nearer to the pelvic fins than
to the caudal. Dorsal scutes three or four in number, broadly oval,
and ornamented with delicate radiating lines.

form, tj' Loc. Upper Cretaceous: Sahel Alma, Mount Lebanon.

49505. Imperfect fish, a little elongated by distortion. The head
is crushed forwards, exhibiting the proportions of the
mandible and part of its ornamentation, besides remains

200

ACTINOPTERYGII.

of the premaxilla, palatine, and ectopterygoid. The pe
dorsal, caudal, and anal fins are preserved, though some
what imperfect. Traces of the ornamented dorsal scu t.,
and the enlarged pair of spinous caudal scutes are sho
Remains of an undigested small fish are observable in
abdominal region. Lems 0

49508. Imperfect contorted fish, showing the mandible, palati
and part of tho premaxillae and ectopterygoid.

P- 4854. Another specimen shortened by distortion, with

of the dorsal scutes, the verv small scutes of the a

‘ , , . The latter

line, and the enlarged pair of caudal spines. J ^

are ornamented with delicate longitudinal s ria

directed a little obliquely. Lems

49506. Fish wanting hinder half of caudal region, display i>V ” ^
muscular bones, dorsal scutes, and both pec 0 1
pelvic fins. Lems Col.

46534. Imperfect trunk, probably of this species, displaying nic

fins, the anal being crushed backwards by distortion.

Lews t

48149. Imperfect distorted trunk, with traces of the dorsal

and some of the small smooth scutes of the latera

Lems

The following specimens represent a form of Enchodvs, n
Eurygnathus marchesettii by D. G. KrambeTger (Rjela u°
Akad. vol. xvi. 1895, p. 34, pi. vii. fig. 2), not yet cleariy^^
tinguished from E. longidens. The type specimen of the so^

E. marchesettii is in the Trieste Museum, and was obtaine
Hakel, Mount Lebanon.

P. 4748. Well-preserved fish 0-17 in length, displaying the
Hakel. LeW

P.

P.

0. Smaller distorted specimen ; Hakel. History 1

Minute specimen with large head, probably (j0ll.

species ; Hakel.

Enchodus major (Davis). ^

1887. Eurygnathus feroa r, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. British

vol. iii. p. 602, 'pi. xxxvi. fig. 1. [Nearly complete Ds ,
Museum.]

ENCH0D0XTID.®.

201

1887. Eurypholis major, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 597, pi. xxx. fig. 2.

(P) 1887. Enchodus recurvus, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 522, pi. xxv. fig, 6.

[Imperfect mandibular ramus ; Edinburgh Museum.]

Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.

The type species of the so-called Eurygnathus, attaining a length
of about 0-4. Closely resembling Enchodus longidens in form, pro-
portions, and ornament, but differing in the slenderness of the
mandible, of which the length is five times as great as. its maximum
depth.

Form. 4' Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mount Lebanon.

P- 4768. The type specimen describedand figured by Davis, loc. cit.

The end of the snout is broken away. Lewis Coll.

P. 4853. The type specimen of Eurygnathus fero.r, described and
figured by Davis, loc. cit. Traces of the characteristic ex-
ternal ornament are conspicuous, and the pointed anterior
end of the dentary exhibits the usual irregular bony pro-
cesses along the symphysis. Portions of the large teeth
of the dentary and palato-pterygoid arcade are exposed,
and a fragment of the delicate promaxilla, with compara-
tively minute teeth, is seen in the midst of these remains.
The head is a little lengthened by crushing and the oper-
culum displaced backwards. The small smooth scutes
pierced by the lateral line are well observed on the caudal
region, but the pair of enlarged spines on the caudal
pedicle are fragmentary. Lewis Coll.

P- 4763. Very large head with greater portion of trunk, and the
dorsal fin crushed somewhat forwards. Lewis Coll.

49504. A contorted fish exposed chiefly from the ventral aspect,
displaying the ornament of the mandible, some branchio-
stegal rays, the paired fins, caudal vertebra.', one of the
caudal spines, and a few of the scutes of the lateral line.
The lower end of the left clavicle is also shown, not much
expanded at the angle, but externally ornamented with
radiating ridges. Lewis Coll.

48084. Imperfect abraded remains of head. Lewis Coll.

Enchodus gracilis (W. von der Marck).

1858. Ischyrocephalus gracilis, W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. x. p. 248.

1863. Ischyrocephalus gracilis, W, von der Marck, Palseontogr. vol. xi.

P- 28, pi. ii. fig. 2.

202

ACTIN OPTERYGII .

1808. Ischyrocephalus cataphractus, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. '°j' *
p. 281, pi. xlii. fig. 3, pi. xliii. fig. 8. [Imperfect fish ; Aca e
of Munster.] • •

1873. Ischyrocephalus gracilis, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. x-
p. 58, pi. i. fig. 2. n

1886. Ischyrocephalus cataphractus = Ischyrocephalus gracuis,
der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xxxi. p. 249, pi. xxii. figs. 3, 4.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Academy of Munster. . .

The type species of the so-called genus Ischyrocephalus, attain
a length of about 035. Length of head with opercular appara_
much exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk and occup} ^
one third of the total length to the base of the caudal fin.
mandible, operculum, and most of the other external bones
mented with fine tuberculated ridges. Maximum depth ot ® ^
dibular ramus contained about four times iu its total ^ _
Vertebrae about 50 in number. Pectoral fins with 14 or ^
pelvic fins much smaller, with at. least 6 rays, arising opp091 ^

origin of the dorsal; dorsal fin with 18 rays, of which t e ^

foremost are gradually lengthening spines; anal fin ansinJ.
nearer to the pelvic fins than to the caudal and comprising ^
of which the three foremost are gradually lengthening SF
Dorsal scutes four in number, olongate-rhomboidal in s 8P ’
ornamented with delicate radiating lines. -n

An impression of the adipose dorsal fin has- been observe
species, opposite the hinder part of the anal fin.

Form. <$r Loc. Upper Cretaceous:. Westphalia. ^

P. 3848. Abdominal region- of Bmall fish, showing iropre- ^rsa]
operculum and remains of the pectoral, pelvic, an
fins ; Sendeuhorst. EnmsJallen

Encliodus macropterus (W. von der Marck )•

1863. Ischyrocephalus macropferus, W. von der Marck,.

vol. xi. p. 29, pi. iii. fig. 4. j - dt. vol-

1868. Ischyrocephalus intermedius, W. von der Marc , ° ' 0j- fish;

p. 282, pi. xliii. fig. 1. [Imperfect anterior porti

Academy of Miinster.] rroptertts, 'V.

1885. Ischyrocephalus intermedius = Ischyrocephalus ma
von der Marck, loc. cit. vol xxxi. p. 249.

Type. Imperfect fish; Academy of Miinster. raCilis, but

An imperfectly defined species much resembling •17 ^ ginaller
attaining a somewhat larger size and apparently wi ^ seems
head in proportion to the length of the trunk. The man i

ENCHODONTID.E.

203

to be more slender than in the last-named species ; while only 12
divided rays have hitherto been observed in the dorsal fin.

Form, Loe. Upper Cretaceous : Baumberg and Sendenhorst,

Westphalia.

Xot represented in the Collection.

The following specimens, mostly referable to the genus Enchodus,
nre not specifically determinable : —

49063. Remains of dentaries and palatine ; Grey Chalk, Dover.

Mrs. Smith’s Coll.

I*. 8945. Imporfect left dentary ; Grey Chalk, Folkestone.

Purchased, 1898.

P- 8754. Imperfect mandible ; Grey Chalk, Folkestone.

Purchased, 1897.

35172. Palatine bone ; Cambridge Greensand, Cambridge.

Purchased, 1859.

P- 7260 65. Various fragments of jaws j Cambridge Greensand,
Cambridge. Jesson Coll .

P' 9181. Portions of palatine bones; Upper Cretaceous, Elkader,
Logan Co., Kansas.

Presented by Handel T. Martin, Esq., 1899.

I*. 9183. Portion of small right dentary; Elkader.

Purchased, 1900.

P. 598. Tooth described under the name of Encliodus serratus by
Egerton, Proc. Geol. Soc. vol. iv. (1844), p. 383 ; Cre-
taceous, Pondicherry, Madras. Egerton Coll.

I'ragments of jaws and teeth, mostly referable to this genus, have
also been described under the following names, but none of these
torms seem to be represented in the Collection : —

Encihodus amicrodus, A. Stewart, Kansas Univ. Quart. [A] vol. vii.
(1898), p. 193.— Upper Cretaceous; Kansas. [Dentary
bone; Kansas University Museum.]

Enchodus anceps, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. Vest (Hep. U.S.
Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii. 1875), p. 301. Cimolichthys
anceps, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soo. vol. xii. (1872)>
p. 352. Phasganodus anceps, E. D. Cope, op. cit. 1875,
p.. 236. — Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) ; Kansas.
[Right palatine ; Cope Collection.]

Enchodus calliodon, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii.

204

ACTINOPTERYGH.

(1872), p. 354, and op. cit. 1875, p. 240.— Ibid. [Tooth ;
Cope Collection.]

Enchodus earinatus : Sphyroma carinata , E. D. Cope, Proc. ^ca
Nat. Sci. Philad. 1868, p. 93, and Ann. Rep. U-S- Ge°.[
Surv. Territ. 1870 (1871), p. 124. Phasganodus can-
natus, E. D. Cope, op. cit. 1875, p. 235.— Ibid. [Tooth ;
Cope Collection.]

Enchodus corneti, H. Eorir, Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. vol. xiv. (1°*' >'
Mem. p. 37, pi. i. figs. 2, 3.— Upper Cretaceous (Daman),
Vieux-Eauquemont, Belgium. [Jaws ; Eorir Coll.]
Enchodus dims: Phnsyanodus dirus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad, i '
Sci. Pbilad. vol. ix. (1857), p. 107, and Contrib. Ext. er^
Eauna W. Territ. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol.
pt. i. 1873), p. 289, pi. xvii. figs. 23, 24.— Cretaceous,
Cannon Ball River, Dakota. [Dentary bone ; Academy
Sciences, Philadelphia.] 1 ..

Enchodus dolichus , E. D. Cope, op. cit. 1875, pp. 239, 300, P-

figs. 7, 8 ; F. B. Loomis, Palseontogr. vol. xlvi. (1*W h
p. 279, pi. xxvii. figs. 16, 17. — Upper Cretaceous (Ni° ra
Group); Kansas. [Palatine, &c. ; Cope Collection.]
Enchodus fero.r , J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. ^ ^
p. ’ 397. Sphyrcma, S. G. Morton, Synops. 0rSaJ
Remains Cret. U. S. (1834), p. 32, pi. xii. fi S-
Greensand ; New Jersey. [Tooth.] _

Enchodus gladiolus, E. D. Cope, op. cit. 1875, p- 301.

nodus gladiolus, E. D. Cope, ibid. p. 235. Cimo *
gladiolus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vo •
(1872), p. 353.— Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Gro V) •
Kansas. [Tooth ; Cope Collection.] j,.

Enchodus lycodon : Saurocephalus (?) lycodon, R. Kner, 1 Zl1

k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. lvi. pt- '■ ( .

p. 174, pi. ii. (and ? pi. iii.). Solenodon rmC0’^'

D. G. Kramberger, Jahrb. k.-k. geol. Reichsanst. v0 ' ' f
(1881), p. 377. Holcodon lycodon, D. G. K[a“ | - ]

Rad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. lxxii. (1885), p. 19- rt per-
Comen, Istria, and (?) Isle of Lesina, Dalmatia. L na_
feet head ; Imperial Geological Survey Museum, ^

The type species of Solenodon, Kramberger, an
Kramberger.] _ „ __Green-

Enchodus oxytomus, E. D. Cope, op. cit. 187o, p- *

sand; New Jersey. [Tooth; Cope Collection.] ^
Enchodus parvus, A. Stewart, Kansas Univ. Quart. [ J ^
(1898), p. 192, woodc. Referred to E. shumardi dj

EXCHODONTID.E.

205

Loomis, Palseontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 280. — Upper
Cretaceous (Niobrara Group); Gore County, Kansas.
[Dentary; Kansas University Museum.]

Enchodus petrosus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.8. Geol. Surv. Territ.
no. 2 (1874), p. 44, and op. cit. 1875, p. 239, pi. liv.
figs. 4-6 ; E. B. Loomis, Palseontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900),
p. 278, pi. xxvii. figs. 13-15. — Upper Cretaceous (Nio-
brara Group) ; Kansas. [Portions of skull, including
palatine, and associated vertebrce ; Cope Collection.]

Enchodus pressulens, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi.
( 1870), p. 241. — Greensand; NewJersey. [Palatine bone.]

Enchodus semistriatus, O. C. Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv.
Sci. 1869 (1870), p. 230. Phasejamdus semistriatus,
E. D. Cope, op. cit. 1875, p. 277.— Greensand ; New
Jersey. [Teeth.]

Enchodus shumardi, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1856,
p. 257, and Contrib. Ext. Vert. Eauna W. Territ. (1873),
p. 289, pi. xvii. fig. 20; E. B. Loomis, Palmontogr.
vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 280, pi. xxvii. figs. 18, 19.— Cre-
taceous ; Sage Creek, Dakota. [Dentary bone; National
Museum, Washington.]

Enchodus subcequilateralis, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xxiii. (1886), p. 3. — Cretaceous ; Brazil. [Palatine.]

Enchodus tetnecus , E. D. Cope, op. cit. 1875, p. 278. — Cretaceous;

Dolaware and New Jersey. [Teeth.]

Enchodus valdensis, W. Dunker, Monogr. Norddeutsch. Wealdenbild.
(1846), p. 62, pi. xv. fig. 24.— Wealden; N. Germany,
[indeterminable tooth, probably not of this genus.]

The jaws named as follows seem to differ from Enchodus only in
the absence of the terminal tooth of the palatine, which may have
been shed : —

Tetheodus pepliredo, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
no. 2 (1874), p. 43, and Vert. Cret. Eorrn. West (Rep.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii. 1875), p. 237, pi. liv.
figs. 1-3. — Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) ; Kansas.

The imperfect fish described as follows also seems to belong to
the genus Enchodus : —

Elopopsis dent ex, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1856), p. 254, pi. xiii. fig. 2. —
Cretaceous ; Comen, Istria. [Fish wanting end of tail ;
Rosthorn Collection.]

Eurypholis boissieri ; restoration, nearly nat. size.

ag.t angular; co., circumorbitals ; d.t dentary ; d.s., dorsal scutes; mx., maxilla; op., operculum ; orb., orbit; pci., postclay icular plate ;
plv., pelvic fin-support ; pmx., premaxilla (with large teeth of palatine and ectopterygoid showing within) ; pop., preoperculum ;
so., suborbitals; sop., suboperculum.

Fig. 7.

ENCHODONIID^E.

207

Genus EURYPHOLIS, Pictet.

[Poiss. Fobs. Mont Liban, 1850, p. 28.]

Syn. Saurorhamphus, J. J. Hecke.l, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math-
naturw. Cl. vol. i. 1850, p. 217 (inaccurate definition).

Form and proportions, arrangement of jaws and dentition as in
Enehodus, Cranial roof almost completely covered with tubercular
ornament; cheek-plates comprising the hinder portion of a small
circumorbital series, and largo posterior suborbitals, also orna-
mented with tubercles. Preoperculum narrow and deep, its lower
en<! expanded into a small, stout, posteriorly directed spine ;
operculum triangular in shape, its transverse inner ridge extending
from the point of suspension to the hinder angle ; branchiostegal
rays about 15 in number. Vertebrae approximately 40 in number,
the centra slender and much constricted. A large triangular orna-
mented dermal plate fixed to the lower half of the clavicle ; the
Pectoral fin, of moderate size, arising above this upon the flank of
the fish ; pelvic fins very large and far forwards. Dermal scutes
’"'ell- developed, some slightly overlapping, and all ornamented with
tubercles ; three or four large median scutes in series between the
occiput and dorsal fin, and smaller scutes along the course of the
lateral line, but none enlarged on the caudal pedicle.

Many details in the osteology of this genus are illustrated by the
specimens of the typical species described below.

Eurypholis boissieri, Pictet.

[Plate XI. fig. 7.]

1850. Eurypholis sulcidens, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mont Liban,
P- 29, pi. iv. fig. 1. [Head and anterior abdominal region ; Geneva

Museum.]

1850. Eurypholis boissieri, F. J. Pictet, ibid. p. 30, pi. iv. figs. 2-4.

1866. Eurypholis boissieri, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Kech. Poiss. Foss.
Mont Liban, p. 102, pis. xv., xvi.

type. Head with abdominal region ; Geneva Museum.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0 2. Head with
opercular apparatus about twice as long as its maximum depth,
occupying one third of the total length to the base of the caudal
HQ. Ornament consisting of closely-arranged rows of fine, well-
Separated tubercles, covering all the external bones and scutes.
The large palatine tooth smooth and inclined a little forwards;
some of the other teeth slightly fluted at the base of the crown.
°Perculum an almost equilateral triangle ; spine at the lower end

208

ACTINOPTEKYGII.

of preoperculum short and stout ; postclavicular plate triangular,
somewhat longer than deep, and its postero-superior margin ex-
cavated. Pectoral fin arising just above the postclavicular plate,
the large pelvic fin immediately behind this plate and in advance of
the origin of the dorsal fin ; dorsal fin somewhat deeper than loo--
comprising 12 rays, and the distance between its hinder end an
the caudal fin slightly exceeding that between its origin and the
occiput ; anal fin smaller than the dorsal, at least as long as deep,
comprising 18 rays, and arising much neater to the caudal than to
the pelvic fins. Three large dorsal plates behind the occiput, o' ate
in torm, very slightly overlapping, ornamented with closely
arranged concentric rows of tubercles, and not quite reaching t '

dorsal fin; lateral scutes much smaller, irregularly triangular an

deeper than broad, perforated by the sensory canal.

Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Uakel, Mount Lebanon, Sj ria.

49478. A vertically crushed specimen, displaying the head

opercular bones as shown in PI. XI. fig. 7. The cran ^
roof is shown partly from within, partly in impress,°n °
the outer ornamented face; but it merely exhibits
large extent of the frontals (/»•.), not distinctly indicating
the other elements. The extended premaxilla J

deepened in front and tapering behind, is conspicuous
each side and exhibits the single series of small s en
teeth, fixed on tumid bases. On the left side the s'en
maxilla (mx.), with small teeth in its hinder portion,
seems to he partly preserved. The orbit ( o .) is 'K,u'\ . ,j
behind by a chain of small, tuberculated circunior
plates (eo.), of which four are preserved ; while " .g
of the cheek between these and the preopcrcu
covered by posterior suborbitals (s.o.), of which the 1 ^

are not clear. Both mandibular rami are exp0'1' ^

within and exhibit the characteristic teeth on tumi
while that of the right side shows two irregular P
nences of hone at the tapering symphysis. Eac ^ ^
gradually deepens behind and seems to consi»
elements, dentary (d.) and articulo-angular (<#*)> °ukerCu-
the limits are indicated by the impression of the u ^ .

lated outer face of the left side. The preoperculum
is a thickened vertical rod, almost reacliing t e gtoUt
roof above, and terminated below by the short at
posteriorly-directed spine ; a narrow tuberculaU r,

extends along its posterior margin. The trianDu a

ENCH0D0NT1DJ3.

209

culum (op.) exhibits its thickened inner rib, and is suffi-
ciently transparent to admit of the radiating lines of fine
tubercles on its outer face being seen. The suboperculum
(s-op.) is imperfectly preserved only on the left side; its
tubercular ornament is arranged in almost vertically
directed lines. The dorsal scutes (d.s.) are exposed from
within, and immediately behind the left operculum the
inner face of the triangular post-clavicular plate ( p.cl .) is
also shown. One pelvic fin (plo.) is preserved behind.
H he other remains are too imperfect for description.

Lewis Coll.

^ 72. Another vertically crushed specimen, more imperfect. The
dermal scutes of the lateral line are well shown.

Lewis Coll.

1904. Smaller imperfect vertically crushed head
region.

and abdominal
Egerton Coll.

49479-82. Four specimens in side view, the second and third
displaying the caudal fin, the fourth wanting it. All
except the first exhibit the slender branchiostegal rays,
while the third and fourth show the large anterior tooth
on the thickened palatine bone. Lewis Coll.

74. Another fine specimen in side view, displaying one of the
pelvic fins. The foremost ray of this fin is much the
stoutest, closely articulated but not divided distally ; it is
also the shortest ray, and the others, to the number of
about seven, gradually increaso in length. Lewis Coll.

49555. Smaller fish in side view, displaying the dorsal and caudal
fins. There are remains of a swallowed fish in the
abdomen. Lcwis ColL

276. Imperfect fish in side view, displaying the scutes and

external ornamentation.

Transferred from Mus. Practical Geology, 1880.

73. A very fragmentary specimen, in counterpart. Remains of
the branchial arches, hyoids, and branchiostegal rays are
displaced below the pectoral region. Lewis Coll.

39235. Smaller imperfect specimen, with a fragment.

Tristram Coll.

*abt xv.

p

210

ACTINOPTERYGII.

P. 71. Head and abdominal region of a similar specimen in s>^

view, associated with small Urencheli/s hakelensis.

Levis Coll .

P. 75-77. Three small fishes in side view, showing the priucip'
characters of the genus and species. In the secou
specimen the space originally occupied by the notoclior
is filled with ealcito, which proves that a delicate thre ^
persisted piercing each centrum. This and the t ^
specimen also exhibit the peculiar form of the pc v
bones, one of which is restored in the diagram, tes
fig. 7. The main portion of this element gr“ ua^
expands towards its anteriorly directed end; it ^ c
tracted presumably at the point of origin of the pebm ^
and thence sends a small expanding process inwai
meet its fellow of the opposite side.

49483. Fish only 0 095 in length, lateral aspect.

P. 78. Trunk of another small fish.

Lewis Coil-
Lewis Coll-

Eurypholis freyeri (Heckel).

1850. Saurorhamphus freyeri, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. M 19
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. i. p. 217, pis. xviii., xix. \\iaa-,

1867. Saurorhamphus freyeri, R. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Aka •
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. lvi. pt. i. p. 184.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Laibach, Austria. . - „ a
Tho type specios of the so-called Saurorhamphus, attaining
length of about 0 2. Head with opercular apparatus oocnitf
one third of the total length to the base of the cam >>
Ornament apparently as in E. boissieri. Fins almost as in
latter, but abdominal region probably somewhat more elonga
hour large dorsal plates behind the occiput, ovate in formi
slightly overlapping, ornamented with fine tubercles, and not 1 ^
reaching the dorsal fin; lateral scutes smaller, iriegular • anaj_
angular, arid notched (perhaps also perforated) by the sensor) ^
The erronoous restoration by Heckel gives a very fal»e 1
tins fish. Ttlvow itn Aot hitherto dcfiiii )

covered, suggests that its reference to the genus Euryp
correct.

Form. S/- Loc. Cretaceous : Comen, Istria. the

Not represented in the Collection. In addition to the tyij ^
only known specimen is an imperfect fish in the Museum ^
Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna, described by Kner, oc.

ENCHODONTID-E-

21 1

Genus PAL2EOLYCUS, W. von der Harck.

[Palseontogr. vol. xi. 1863, p. 31.]

Trunk much elongated, both this and the head laterally com-
pressed. Jaws and dentition as in Enchodus and Eurypholis.

ertebrao at least 70 in number, nearly* half abdominal ; the centra
longer than deep, constricted mcsially, and strengthened by at least
otle lateral longitudinal ridge. All except the foremost rays of
each fin finely divided distally, but none excessively elongated. No
postclavicular plate. Pectoral fins rather large ; pelvic fins very
small ; dorsal tin also very small and remote, with one spine and
about 8 divided rays, opposed to part of the much-extended anal
fini which has nearly 50 rays ; caudal fin small and deeply cleft,
with stout basal rays. A series of median dorsal scutes immediately
behind the occiput, [but no other dermal covering hitherto
observed].

Palseolycus dreginensis, W. von der Marck.

1863. Palaolyeus dreyinensis, W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr. vol. xi.

P- 31, pi. iv. -fig-. 7.

1885. PaUeolycus dreyinensis , W. von der Marck, loc. ext. vol. xxxi.

P- 201.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Academy of Munster.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-4. Maximum
depth of trunk contained about ten times, and length of head with
opercular apparatus nearly eight times in the total length of the
fish. Enlarged teeth longitudinally striated. Vertebrae 75 in
lumber, about 32 referable to the abdominal region; the centra
lightly pierced by persistent notochord. Pelvic fins arising slightly
behind the middle point between the pectoral and anal fins ; dorsal
fiu arising considerably' behind the anal, but opposed to part of the
anterior half of the latter, comprising one spine and 8 divided ray's,
Gie spine not much shorter than the first divided ray ; anal tin
extending along nearly the wholo of the caudal region, with about
46 well-spaced divided rays, apparently no anterior spinous rays,
dorsal scutes perhaps about 6 in number, ornamented with fine

radiating ridges.

Form. ,j- Loc. Upper Cretaceous : neighbourhood of Sendenhorst,

Westphalia.

Not represented in the Collection. The above diagnoses are
ased especially upon the second specimen in the Academy of
funster described by W. von der Marck, loc. cit. 1885.

p 2

212

ACT1N0PTERYGII.

Genus HALEC, Agassiz.

[Verhandl. Ges. raterl. Mus. Bohmen, 183-1, p. 67.]

Syn. Pomognathus, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, 1860, p. 367.

Arcbeeogadus, W. von der Marclc, Palieontogr. vol. xv. 1868, p-
Phylactocepha'us, J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. L I
vol. iii. 1887, p. 605.

Trunk deeply fusiform, both this and the head laterally com
pressed. Cranial roof exhibiting a median longitudinal depress ^
its lateral and occipital margins ornamented, like the other ester
bones, with ridges and tubercles of ganoine. Mandible a 1 ^
prominent, with several rows of recurved conical teeth, irregular ^
size and arrangement; promaxilla long and slender, with tw
more rows of minute teeth ; maxilla long and slender, underla{ I
by the premaxilla for the greater part of its length, but en^?r e
the gape behind, where it bears a spaced series of relatively
conical teeth pointing forwards; a conspicuous supramaxilla Prese ^
the comparatively stout palatine and ectopterygoid bones ^ean[^t
close series of acute, laterally-compressed teeth, whicn are 8 ^

in the middle and diminish towards each extremity' ; n0
barbed. Preoperculuin very narrow and deep, with a oonspi
posteriorly-directed spine at its lower end ; operculum strong
on the inner side by a ridge extending almost horizontally ^
wards to its postero-inferior angle ; hranchiostegal rays about ^ ^
number. Vertebra; from 35 to 45 in number, the centra at
long as deep, much constricted mesiallyrand somewhat stren^^^
with small longitudinal ridges. Fin-rayrs robust and all a 1CU
mostly also subdivided distally ; no fin-rays excessively < o ^ ^
Paired fins large, the pelvic pair not much smaller t
pectorals; the short dorsal fin within the anterior half of t ® ^

anal fin relatively small and remote ; caudal fin deeply for eaCj1
regular squamation of very small scales, the exposed area
quadrangular in shape ; no enlarged scutes.

Halec sternbergi, Agassiz. ^

1834. Halec sternbergii, L. Agassiz, Verhandl. Ges. vate

Bohmen, p. 67. - p, 123,

1844. Halec sternbergii, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. P

, Phlxiii. Kreideform-

1845-46. Halec sternbergii , A. E. Reuss, Verstein. bohm.

*• y. xo, pi. li. p. no, pis. xxu., x

1878. Halec sternbergii, A. Fritseh, Rept.

t>. 37. iv
1883.

u. Fische bohm.

p. 37, pi. ix.

i. Halec sternbergii, A. Fritscb, Archiv naturw.
Bohmen, vol. v. no. 2, p. 89, fig. 47.

Dan

idesdur

ENCHODONTIDiE..

213

Type. Imperfect fish, wanting tail; Royal Bohemian Museum,
Prague.

The type species, attaining a length of about DO. Length of
lead with opercular apparatus contained approximately three times
ln khe length from the poetoral arch to the base of the caudal fin.
Operculum comparatively smooth, its breadth about two thirds as
great as its maximum depth. Vertebra about 45 in number.

Form. <J- Loc. Turonian : Bohemia.

P- 5732. Plaster cast of type specimen ; Jung Koldin, Bohemia.

Presented by Prof. Anton Fritsch, 1888.

P- 9002-04. Three imperfect specimens in irregular fragments ;

Yinary, Bohemia. Purchased, 1899.

Halec eupterygius (Dixon).

183/. Osmeroides lewesiensis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pi. lx b.
figs. 3, 4 ( errore ).

(t) 1844. Osmeroides granulatus, L. Agassiz, ibid. vol. v. pt. i. p. 14
(name only).

1850. Pomoqnathns eupteruqius, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 36/,.
pl. XXXV. figs. 6, 7.

1888. Pomognathus eupterygius, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. x. p. 318.

Fype. Imperfect fish ; Brighton Museum,

The type species of the so-called Pomognathus, attaining a length
ot ab«ut 0-4. Length of head with opercular apparatus much
exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk, which is probably
c°ntained about four times in the length from the pectoral arch to
‘be base of the caudal fin. Length of mandible somewhat exceeding
,he depth of the head at the occiput; operculum considerably
deeper than broad ; the infero-posterior spine ot the preoperculum
Bbort, stout, and ornamented with tubercles. The external
tubercular ornament very* fine, arranged in more or less radiating
lines on the sides of the cranial roof, the supramaxilla, mandible,
opercular apparatus, clavicle and supraelaviclo. The stouter rays
ot the paired and dorsal tins also ornamented with longitudinal
beries of very fine tubercles. Vertebra about 45 in number.

The squamation of this species is unknown, probably on account
of the soft nature of the chalky matrix in which the specimens are

Preserved.

Form. Sf Loc. Turonian and Senonian : Kent and Sussex.

43388. Remains of small fish, in counterpart ; Lower Chalk, Bur-
ham, Kent. The general proportions are as stated in the

214

ACTINOriEIlYSlI.

diagnosis. The total number of vertebrae is shown to
about 45, and of these the 21 caudals are well preserve
Fragments of all the fins except tho anal are distinguis^

able. Purchased, lb< —

32336. Imperfect head and abdominal region, with the greater pa r
of the dorsal and paired fins ; Lower Chalk, Maidstone
The fossil is broken across at the back of the head, on
the opercular apparatus thus destroyed behind the P*- ^
operculum. The cranial roof is flattened, oonstric ^
behind, widest at the hinder border of the orbits, an^
marked by a sharp median depression between the or
The very large frontal bones extend almost t° ^
occipital border, and are smooth in the middle p01
which passes into the iuterorbital depression, but ^
marked with the characteristic ornament in the ou,c1.^
lateral portion. Anteriorly they unite in a suture
the short and broad, smooth mesethraoid bone ; no ^
laterally they are overlapped by the nasal bones. ^
latter elements are well preserved, each being sh"W
be antero-posteriorly elongated, almost ovate ^
pointed behind, and very conspicuously ornament*
radiating series of tubercles. The otic region
imperfect for description, and there are no 1 . ^
cheek-plates ; but in side-view there are reeo-m-^ ^
•remains of the jaws. The triangular metapterj g°
completely displayed, but the remainder of the
palatine arcade is obscured except at its ul’lHr^rt jn
The very long and slender premaxilla is imp6’' ’ ,af
front, but exhibits the characteristic fine
ornament in its hinder two thirds, while the ora ’ 10ugb
still bears some of the minute teeth. The maxi a, ^ .
fractured, is preserved for the greater part of >1 an(j
underlapped moro than halfway by the premaxi a^araC,
its hinder third exhibits some of the large an 0jnfc
teristic spaced teeth, which are inclined with 1 ^

forwards. Above the hinder third of the m^‘*|crjoriy
the highly ornamented supramaxilla, antcro P° ,yjie
elongated, pointed in front and rounded belli”
mandible is crushed at the symphysis an ® a„d
fractured, but the suture between the 611 a^ent js
angular is distinct, and the fine tubercular or“ ^eing
shown to cover the lower portion of both eleme ,

ENCHODONTIDJE.

215

absent only in the area apparently overlapped by the
upper jaw. The course of the sensory canal on the
angular and dentary is marked by a deep open groove.
The preoperculum is narrow and deep, with the long axis
vertical ; and its finely tuberculated lower end is scarcely
bent forwards, being produced instead backwards into a
short blunt spine, which is incomplete at the point in the
fossil. Comparatively slender and well-spaced branchio-
stegal rays are shown beneath the hinder end of the
mandible, perhaps eight or nine in number. The vertebral
centra are much constricted, apparently strengthened
only by one ridge on each side, with which the somewhat
expanded head of the rib articulates. The neural arches
are small and low laminar expansions, each extending
along the anterior half of a centrum and bearing at its
postero-superior angle the long and slender neural spine.
The imperfect remains of the clavicle exhibit a large inner
lamina nearly at right-angles to the more delicate lamina
in the plane of the flank ; and the pectoral fin is shown
to be relatively large, with at least 12 stout rays, which
are partly ornamented. The pelvic fins are also indicated
as stout and far forwards, with antero-postcriorly' elongated
triangular supports. The anterior rays of the dorsal fin
are shown to be very stout, ornamented with fine tubercu-
lations and longitudinal rugae ; all arc imperfect distally,
but the foremost is shown to be articulated towards the
end, while the second and doubtless the others are both
articulated and divided distally. Purchased , 1857.

^9111. Fragment of head and abdominal region, displaying the
characteristic opercular apparatus ; probably from the
Lower Chalk, liurham. Mrs. Smiths Coll.

l'03d. Fragment of head and abdominal region ; Chalk, Kent.
The ribs are shown to be compressed, not round in
section ; and the vertebral centra appear to have been
pierced by the notochord. Ecjerton Coll.

P- 3657. Head and fragment of abdominal region ; English Chalk.

The greater portion of the cranial roof is displayed, and
the small posterior spine of the supraoccipital bone is con-
spicuous. In side view the maxilla is well exposed, being
imperfect only at its hinder end. It is shown to be a
slender bone, slightly deepened in front and curved

216

ACT1N0PTERTGIT.

inwards to the ethmoidal region, also slightly deep®110
again in its hinder third, where it hears the spaced seri
of comparatively large teeth. Its lower margin 1
ornamented with fine tubercles throughout its lenn
The supramaxilla, prcmaxilla, and dentary are al»o ,B1
perfectly preserved ; and part of the thickened ec^

pterygoid is exposed within. The lower end of t

^ and its

preoperculum bears tho usual posterior spine

narrow bond at

The

fine tubercular ornament extends in a —
least halfway up the ascending limb of the bone. ^
operculum is ornamented with close radiating lines o
tubercles ; and the more delicately marked suboperc
is shown to be relatively small. The clavicle is Pal
ornamented with elongated tubercles in radiating st,n ^

and the supraclavicle exhibits longitudinal ron®

tubercles in its exposed hinder half. Enniskill en

P. 4537, -a. Fine small head with opercular apparatus, and a ®
imperfect specimen ; Burham. Enniskillen

35104, -05. Remains of a smaller head with vertebrae, oho pa

of

another small head in two pieces ; Rochester, Kent,
the first specimen the great extent of the premaxi

well shown. Purchased,

47298. Remains of an equally small head and abdominal
with traces of the dorsal and paired fins ; Lower
Dover. Judging from sections of the constricted ver ^
centra, a persistent thread of notochord seems o

pierced them. Gardner CoU.

P. 9252. Remains of large
English Chalk.

head, the mandible 0-09 in

length ;

History unknown.

r wer Ch!'lk’

47916. More fragmentary remains of large head ; A-0 y§77.

Burham. Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsha) ,

41106. Fragmentary remains of small head ; Lower Chalk, -egg.

Kent. Purchased,

49082. Fragmentary head showing the ornamented an^e^,^ q0H.
pansion of the premaxillae ; Burham. Mrs. ml

P. 9044. Remains of small head ; Blue Bell Hill, Burham. iggR
Presented by S. J. Hawkins, Esq.,

ENCHODONTID^.

217

P- 5662, P. 5668. Small head and scattered remains of another ;

Chalk, Hailing, Kent. Harford Coll.

39072. Vertically crushed skull exposed from below ; near Graves-
end, Kent. The hyomandibular and pterygo-palatine
arcade are imperfectly displa}ed from within, and the
extent of the delicate premaxilla is well shown on the right
side. A cluster of minute tubercular teeth seems to occur
on the inner face of the hinder end of the ectoptcrj goid.

BowerbanJc Coll.

P- 4289. Imperfect very small skull ; Dover. Enniskillen Coll.

P- 3657 a. Imperfect vertically crushed skull and other fragments ;

Lewes, Sussex. The two comparatively large post-
temporal plates are shown to impinge on the middle of
the occiput; and they seem to have been exposed only to
a small extent postero-externally, where they are orna-
mented with radiating series of fine tubercles.

Enniskillen Coll.

39073. Remains of obliquely-crushed small skull and pectoral fins,
exposed from below ; Lewes. The horizontally-directed
ridge of bone on the inner face of the operculum is
indicated ; and the lower end of the preoperculum dis-
plays its characteristic form. Twelve rays are shown in
the left pectoral fin. BowerbanJc Coll.

P- 5413, -14. Two imperfect small skulls, the first with operculum ;

Lewes. Presented by P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.

4285. Imperfect skull erroneously referred to Osmeroides lewesiensis
by Agassiz, loc. cit., and noticed by A. S. V oodward in
IJroc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x. p. 318 ; Lewes. Also noticed
and figured in Horsfield’s ‘ History of Lewes,’ vol. l. p. xi,
pi. 29, fig. 13, as Arnia lewesiensis, Man tell. On the right
side the hyomandibular, quadrate, metapterygoid, ento-
pterygoid, and ect.opterygoid elements are exposed ; and
there seems to he a fragment of an ossified sclerotic.
The large teeth on the ectopterygoid are proved to he
hollow. On the left side the anterior ornamented end of
the premaxilla is also preserved. Mantell Coll.

49786. Imperfect skull ; Glynde, near Lewes. Capron Coll.

P-1809. Imperfect small head ; Sussex. Egerton Coll.

218

ACT I .V 0 PT FRY GIT.

49750. Fragment displaying left premaxilla from the inner aspect;

Brighton. This bone, which is imperfect behind, bears
the characteristic minute teeth. Capron Coll.

49785. Fragment of small skull showing portion of ossified scler
otic ; Brighton. Capron Coll.

43392. Small cranium and part of jaws ; English Chalk.

Bp exchange, IS (2.

25804, 25813, 25896. Remains of jaws; Sussex. Dixon Coll.
P- 3657 h. Portion of dentary with teeth; Lewes.

Enniskillen Coll.

Halec microlepis (Davis).

188/. Phylactocep/ialus microlepis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Bov. Dublin
Soc. [2] vol. iii. p. 605, pi. xxxv. fig. 2.

1888, Pomognathus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6] ' 0 '
p. 355.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum. ,

The type species of the so-called Phi/lacfocephalus, attaining a lengt
of about 0-2. Lcngl h of head with opercular apparatus scarce y
exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk, which is containe
somewhat more than twice in the length from the pectoral arc ^
the base of the caudal fin. Length of mandible about equa
the depth of the head at the occiput. Opercular apparatus a; ^
external ornament as in B, eupierygius. Vertebra; about o
number. Dorsal fin wiih about 17 rays, occupying the secon
quarter of the back, and pelvic fins opposed to its hinder ha
anal fin very small, with 10 or 1 1 rays, arising twice as far r0
the pelvic fins as from the caudal. Scales smooth.

Form. ,j- Loc. Tipper Cretaceous : Mt. Lebanon, Syria.

P. 4757. Type specimen unsatisfactorily described and figured ^
Davis, loc.cit.-, Hakel. The head and opcrcuiar bon
preserved are chiefly those of the right side expose; r
within. A fragment of the thickened ectoptem go'^^
seen bearing the characteristic teeth ; immediately e ^
it are remains of the slender maxilla, with spa
teeth at its hinder end. The right mandibular ramj^e<j
indicated chiefly as an impression of its tubercu • ^
outer face; and fragments of the left ramus occur
this, with apparently an overlapping trace of < ie ^ ^
premaxilla. The characteristic preoperculum, opercu

ENCH0D0NTID.E.

219

(“ preoperculum ” of Davis), suboperculmn (“ operculum ”
of Davis), and small interoperculnm are shown, chiefly
as impressions of the external ornamented face. There
are also impressions of the broad ornamented external
face of the clavicle and supraclavicle. The number of
vertebrae is approximately 35, and about 17 may be
reckoned as caudal. The dorsal fin is imperfect distally,
and thus does not exhibit its true elevation ; the caudal
fin is distorted by crushing. Lewis Coll.

117. Head and abdominal region of a slightly larger fish, in
counterpart ; Hakel. Traces of the ornamented cranial
roof and the characteristic jaws can be distinguished;
and there are indications of at least 15 branchiostegul
rays. The foremost pelvic fin-ray is shown to be com-
paratively stout and only articulated, not subdivided
distally. ' Lewis ColL

p 105. Small fish, somewhat distorted by crushing, apparently
young of this species ; Ilakel. Each pelvic fin is shown
to comprise about 10 rays; and the dorsal fin is ncaiij
as deep as the trunk at its origin, the two foremost rajs
being only articulated, not subdivided distallj’. Ihere
are distinct remains of the muscle-plates of the trunk.

Lewis Coll.

9151-52. Two imperfect impressions of the caudal region, much
weathered ; Hajoula.

Presented by A. S. Woodward, Esq., 1898.

Halec haueri (Bassani).

1879. Elopopsis haueri, F. Bassani, Verhandl. k.-k. geol. Reichsanst.
p. 165.

1881. Sotenodon lobopterygins, D. G. Kramberger, Jahrb. k.-k. geol.
Reichsanst. vol. xxxi. p. 377. [Imperfect fish; Uni\ersity Mu-
seum, A gram.] _ _

1881. Sotenodon lesinaensis, 1). G. Kramberger, ibid. p. 377. LDitto.J

1882. Elopopsis haueri, F. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., matk.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. p. 214, pi. iv.

1885. Holcodon lesinaensis, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. lxxii. p. 20, pi. iv. fig. 2.

(?) 1895. Holcodon off. lesinensis, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav.
Akad. vol. xvi. p. 35.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna.

A small species attaining a length of about 0'3. Length of head

220

ACTINOPTERYGII.

■with opercular apparatus much exceeding the maximum del ^
the trunk, which is contained somewhat more than three time
the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudu ^
Length of mandible somewhat exceeding the depth of the 'e® ^
the occiput. External tubercular ornament very fine. ^ cr e
about 35 in number. Pins and scales apparently as in the piece
species.

Form. Sf Loc. Cretaceous : Island of Lesina, Dalmatia.

P- 7452. Imperfect fish wanting the caudal fin, sligh tl' ^ ^

than the type specimen. Among the crushed rem*V^jc
the head may be observed impressions of tho char ac ^ ^
teeth of the ectopterygoid ; there are also truce-
fine tubercular ornament of the mandible. Ihe 'e
are rather large, and seem to have been about ■> 11 1 of
number. The fins are very imperfect, and the nl,®erved>
their rays cannot be counted ; but, so tar as Pre ,^eje
they seem to agree with those of H. micrtdep i^i-nUte
are also obscure indications of the characteristic ^
scales. Purchased, '

P-7453. More imperfect specimen, displaying the fine jstic

ornament of the external bones. The charac
maxilla and supramaxilla are distinct.

Purchased,

The following specimen is not specifically determined .

• p

49520. Fish with at least 45 vertebras and dorsal fin mor^

, „ ^ Mount Lebanon

Lewis

than usual ; Upper Cretaceous, Hakel, Mount
There are traces of the small scales.

The following imperfectly defined species are known
fragments, and are not represented in the Collection :

von

, 201, pi

xxxi

Ualec

Coll .

der

ywstphalicus : Archceoyadus yueslphalicusr ” 1,

Ualec

Marck, Palseontogr. voi. xv. (1868) p. 2yJ., P1- ,jgg5)>

and (“ = Ualec sternheryii ”) ibid., vol. xxX’.
p. 241. — Upper Cretaceous (Pliiner) ; near erfeCt
Westphalia. [Type species of Archroyadas. ^ y ;jnster-]
head and anterior abdominal region ; Academt o
laubei, A. Fiitscb, Rept. u. Fische bbhm. rt
(1878), p. 38, pi. x. fig. 4.— Turonian iPln"®^’ head •

p. 38, pi. x. ug. .
senberg, near Prague, Bohemia. [Imp
German University, Prague.]

EN CHODONTI DJE.

221

Genus CIMOLICHTHYS, Leidy.

[Trams. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi. 1857, p. 95.]

Sya (?) Plmthophorus, A. Gunther, Geol. Mag. vol. i. 1864, p. 115.

Empo, E. I). Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii. 1872, p. 347.

Trunk elongate-fusiform. Cranium as in Enchodus. Premaxilla
m the form of a vertical lamina, externally ornamented, and either
toothless or with a scries of minute teeth ; maxilla long and styli-
f°rm, similarly oiiher toothless or with minute teeth where it
enters the oral margin ; ectopterygoid bearing a single spaced
senes of acute, laterally-compressed teeth, which are largest in
front and sometimes exhibit a single posterior barb towards their
aPex ; palatine with a double longitudinal series of teeth, none
barbed, the largest behind ; dentary thin, but so bent that it has a
wide horizontal extent, with a close series of minute teeth on its
extreme outer margin, another close series of larger teeth wilhin
this, and a third inner series of relatively large recurved teeth, well
®paced, and not barbed at the apex. Operculum strengthened on
the inner side by a ridge extending horizontally backwards from
the point of suspension. Vertebrie from 50 to 60 in number, about
half being caudal; the centra at least as long as deep, much
constricted, and marked with fine irregular longitudinal ridges.
A series of large dermal scutes along the dorsal ridge between the
°cciput and the dorsal fin ; smaller scutes along the course of the
lateral line.

One specimen of the trunk hypothetically ascribed to the so-
called Enipo exhibits three longitudinal series of rhombic scutes on
fhe flank of the abdominal region. Their “ apices are directed
forwards, and the surface has a reticulate sculpture. In another
species they appear to be smooth” (Cope). There is no certain
evidence of intervening scales.

Cimolichthys lewesiensis, Leidy.

1835-44. Saurodon leanus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feuill. p. 55, and
vol. v. pt. i. p. 102, pi. xxv c. figs. 30, 31 (err ore).

1850. Saurodon leanus, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 373, pi. xxx.
figs. 28, 29, pi. xxxii *. fig. 10 (errors).

1857. Cimolichthus leresiensis, J. Leidy, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.
__ vol. xi. p. 06.

1878. Cimolichthys leresiensis, E. T. Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxiv. p. 795.

88. Cimohchthi/s leresiensis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. X. p. 316.

222

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Type. Imperfect ectopterygoid ; British Museum.

The type species, not satisfactorily definable, with cranium
attaining a length of about 0-15. Maximum width of cranium
slightly exceeding one third its length, and premaxilla ornamented

with radiating tuberculated ridges. All tho teeth of the ecto-
pterygoid, except the few small ones posteriorly, moderately slender
and slightly barbed; tho largest tooth of the inner mandibular
series situated within the anterior half of the deutary.

Form. Loc. Senonian and Turonian : Sussex and Kent.

4039. Type specimen described and figured by Agassiz, Joe. cit ■ >
Chalk, Lewes. This is the hinder half of the left ect.o

pterygoid exposed from withi

Mantell Coll-

P. 5491. Imperfect skull and mandible, noticed by the present
writer, loc. cit. p. 317 ; Chalk, Lewes. The specimen m
damaged by an oblnjue fracture, and the rostral region
the cranium is obscure; but the frontal bones aie wc
displayed and shown to extend close to the occrp1 11
border. Only a trace of the small supraoccipital, with i
hinder keel, is preserved. There is a shallow, an tor
posteriorly elongated fossa above the otic region on eae^
side, fragmentary remains of the premaxilla on ea-^
side prove it to have been an antero-posteriorly elonga ^
laminar bone, bent, inwards above on its long axis,
ornamented externally with tuberculated radiating n ne_^
The long and slender maxilla, which is almost smoot
nearly complete on the left side, and extends t<JI
above the premaxilla to about the middle point o ^
latter. Neither the maxilla nor the premaxilla, as ^ ^

, served, exhibits any indications of teeth. Ike imp ^

mandible is seen from beneath, and two ot its ■ ^
recurved teeth are exposed. There are also remains
the pterygo-palatine arcade, with several of the c^ra^aseff
istie barbed teeth, and with marks of tho ova ^
of attachment of similar teeth which have been *
away. Tho slender ceratohyal is preserved on a

side ; while immediately above it is exposed Par e(j

laminar bone, probably entopterygoid, hearing ® u „
minute teeth. ’ EnnidetUm

P. 1810 a. More fragmentary skull and mandible, gent.

Loomis, Palasontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 207 ; C a
The maxilla does not exhibit any teeth ; but a i<o

ENCHODONTIDjE.

2‘23

probably of the right premaxilla, bears part of a series of
very small conical teeth. The large ectopterygoid teeth
are shown to be hollow. The palatine seems to bear two
longitudinal series of teeth. Part of the ossified sclerotic
is preserved on the right side. Eyerton Coll.

P- 1810 b. Very fragmentary remains of skull and mandible;

Lower Chalk, Burharn, Kent. Eyerton Coll.

P. 5663-4. Two specimens exhibiting remains of jaws, the first
also displaying the characteristic preoperculum with the
small spine at its postero-inferior angle ; Chalk, Kent.

Harford Coll.

37752. Hinder half of left ectopterygoid associated with other
fragments ; Upper Chalk, near Brighton. Saull Coll.

■P- 1810 c. Hinder half of large right ectopterygoid, associated with
other fragments ; Burham. Eyerton Coll.

P- 407. More imperfect fragment of ectopterygoid; English Chalk.

Presented by the Earl of Ducie, 1881.

25756-57. Two large barbed teeth of the ectopterygoid bono,
figured by Dixon, op. cit. pi. xxx. figs. 28, 29 ; Chalk,
Sussex. Dixon Coll.

39122. Imperfect dentary bones with remains of the characteristic
dentition ; Chalk, Hailing, Kent. Bowerbanh Coll.

32343. Imperfect right dentary with teeth ; Chalk, Maidstone.

Purchased, 1857.

49066. Imperfect left dentary with teeth ; Lower Chalk, Kent.

Mrs. Smith's Coll.

49064. liemains of associated deutaries ; Lower Chalk, Dover.

Mrs. Smith’s Coll.

P' 7393. Associated remains of jaws either of this or an allied
species ; Lower Chalk, Dover. The characteristic, orna-
mented premaxilla on each side bears traces of a single
close series of minute conical teeth ; but tne fragments of
maxilla are toothless. An unusually stout inner tooth is
shown in the mandible. Purchased, 1895.

Cimolichthys nepceolica ; remains of head and anterior abdominal region, one quarter nat. size. [P. 6330.]
ay., angular; d., dentary ; fr., frontal ; op., operculum ; pet., pectoral fin-rays; pmx., premaxilla ;
pt., ectopterygoid ; s., median dorsal scutes.

Fig. 8.

ENCHODONTID.E.

225

Cimolichthys nepseolica (Cope).

[Text-figures 8, 9.]

1872. Empo nepaholica, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii.
p. 347.

1872. Cimolichthys sidcatus, E. D. Cope, ibid. p. 351. [Dentary.]

1874. Empo sulcata, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. no. 2,

P- 46.

1875. Empo nepceolica, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. West (Rep.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii.), p. 230, pi. xlix. fig. 9, pi. 1. fig. 8,
pl- lii. fig. 1, pi. liii. figa. 3—5.

1900. Cimolichthys nepaeolica, F. B. Loomis, Palseontogr. vol. xlvi.
P- 271, pl. xxvii. figs. 1-3.

type. Imperfect palatine bone ; Cope Collection.

The type species of the so-called Empo, with skull from 0'3 to
°'4 in length. The sides of the oranial roof and the outer face of
the mandible ornamented with numerous and closely-arranged
sharp ridges, mostly radiating and bearing a series of minute
tubercles ; these ridges on the dentary bone radiating from the
s} mphysis, on the articulo-angulur bone radiating from the
mandibular articulation. Maximum width of cranium across frontal
region about half its length ; maximum depth of mandibular ramus
contained six or seven times in its length. Premaxilla a very
thin lamina with a regular and uniform series of sharply recurved
teeth, as small as tho outermost teeth of the dentaiy ; palatine
lrmer teeth in close series, half as thick at the base as the large
°uter teeth, which are inclined somewhat outwards but strongly
recurved towards the apex ; ectopterygoid teeth few and large, the
two foremost being the largest, compressed to a sharp edge in front
hut not behind ; mandibular teeth also compressed to a sharp edge
only on their anterior aspect and strongly recurved. Operculum
' onsiderably broader than deep. Dorsal scutes in front of dorsal
hn ovate and produced into a slender point in front, ornamented
externally with radiating series of very fine tubercles.

Form. 4' Lac. Upper Cretaceous (Xiobrara Group) : Kansas.

6330. Imperfect head and abdominal region, sketched in outline
in the accompanying fig. 8. The cranium is exposed
from above, displaying the large frontals ( fr-) but crushed
at the occiput and wanting the ethmoidal region. The
remains of the jaws are displaced below and to the left of
the cranium. The delicate laminar premaxilla (pmx.),
with its small recurved teeth, is seen in front. The left
palato-pterygoid arcade (pl.) is imperfectly displayed, with
F4RI Jv. o

22G

ACTINOPTERYGII.

some of its large teeth; and the two dentary bones (d.
of the mandible occur deeper in the matrix, that of the
right side being partly obscured. The left articu o
angular bone (ay.) is displaced, and also partly covere
by other fragments. The imperfect left operculum (op-
is distinguishable from its inner face, but is turned ■
that its horizontal axis is directed downwards. h"*'®
the anterior vertebral centra are exhibited, showing
deep infero-lateral pits for the ribs. Further back ar
other centra, beneath which the somewhat robust ribs are
also preserved. There are obscure remains of
pectoral arch, with traces of very stout pectoral fin-ru^
(pci.) ; and there is only a fragment of one other fin. ^
dorsal, which has remarkably robust supports, but lS
shown in the figure. Five of the characteristic scutes (f»
partly displaced, are observed on the ridge of the bac
front of the dorsal fin, the two foremost being 8
chiefly as an impression of the outer face. .

purchased, loai-

P. 6329. Scattered remains of head and anterior abdominal n

sketched in outline in the accompanying fig- .g

imperfect cranium, wanting the ethmoidal regi°m^_^
exposed from benoath, and the well-preserved

D*31- . J

occipital ( h . occ.) demonstrates the absence of a hazier ^
canal. The otic region is shown to be well ossiti c_^ ,, tnl
bounded in front by a prominent sphenotic or post r

(«p.o.). Further forwards there are remains of t < ^

frontals (fr.). The displaced jaws are observe
the overturned cranium. The imperfect right Pa ^
(r.pl.) and anterior end of ectopterygoid (r.ecpt-
partly obscured by the fragments of tho fronta ^ r^.jj(p
Next below is part of one of the thin laminar Pre®
(pmx.), bearing the characteristic regular senes
recurved teeth. Then follow remains of the e
tine (l.pl.) and ectopterygoid ( l.ecpt ■), disp a- 1 t)u.
characteristic dentition. The hinder portion

downwards as

it

ectopterygoid is toothless, and curves uu |)e
approaches the quadrate (</><.) ; while it seems
bounded above by the entopterygoid d

exhibits the bases of an antero-posteriorh e ”t-0O

cluster of minute teeth. The fragmentary him er ^ ^
of the right ectopterygoid (r.ecpt.) partly over ies

ENCHODONTID^E.

227

dentary ( l.d .), which is exposed from within and displays
a few of the teeth of both series. The left articulo-
angular (, Lag .), with its terminal facette for the quadrate
articulation, is slightly displaced. The imperfect right

Fig. 9.

Cimolichthys nepteolica ; head-bones, &c., nearly one quarter nat. size. [P. 6329.]

b occ., basioccipital ; fr., frontal ; l ag., left angular ; l.d.. left dentary ;
l.ecpt., left ectopterygoid ; l.enpt., left entopterygoid ; l.pl., left pala-
tine ; op., operculum ; pet., pectoral fin-rays ; gu., quadrate ; r.cl., right
clavicle ; r.d., right dentary ; r.ecpt., right ectopterygoid ; r.pl., right
palatine ; scl., sclerotic plate ; sp.o., sphenotic (post-frontal).

dentary (r.d.) shows its oral border, with the bases both
of small and large teeth. Among other remains behind
the jaws, both opercula (op.) are seen from within : there
is also the right clavicle (r.cl.), with a few scattered
pectoral fin-ravs (pet.). Vertebral centra, as in the
previous specimen, are scattered behind the head.

Purchased, 1891.

The following specimens of Cimolichthys from the English Chalk
are not sufficiently complete for specific determination

**• 4506. Imperfect cranium 0-16 in length, showing the frontal
bones ; locality unknown. Enniskillen Coll.

a 2

228

A.CT1N0PTERYGII.

49365. Imperfect mandible, equally large, with part of the palato
pterygoid arcade ; Kent. Mrs. Smith's Go •

49824. Imperfect left palato-pterygoid arcade, showing three teet
and the bases of others ; Lower Chalk, Southern™, Lewes

Capron Coll-

3S750. Imperfect palatine associated with anterior end of dent.ui
Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. Purchased , 1

43101. Fragment of palatine ; Kent. Wetherell Coll-

lho following species are unsatisfactorily defined, and are n
represented in the Collection : —

Cimolichthys contractus, F. B. Loomis, Paloeontogr. vol.

(1900), p. 273, pi. xxvii. figs. 8, 9. Empo contract,
E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. no. 2 (!»' >'
p. 46, and Yert. Cret. Form. West (Hep. U.S. Geol- ' ur
Territ. vol. ii. 1875), p. 232, pi. liii. figs- 14-1 1-
Cretaceous (Niobrara Group); Kansas. [Palato-pter} g°
arcade.] 9

Cimolichthys lisbonmsis : Empo lishonensis, A. Stewart, a
Univ. Quart. [A]yo1. viii. (1899), p. 1 11. — UpperCretaceo
(Lisbon Shales) ; Kansas. [Premaxilla; Kansas Universi .
Museum.]

Cimolichthys merrilli, F. B. Loomis, loc. cit. 1900, P- ” ^

pi. xxvii. fig. 7. Empo merrilli, E. D. Cope, loc. cit.

p. 46, and op. cit. 1875, p. 232, pi. ILL Sa ■ ^

Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) ; Kansas. [ aa
&c.]

Cimolichthys semianceps, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. FJ11 ' qq
vol. xii. (1872), p. 351; F. B. Loomis, loc. cit. '
p. 273, pi. xxvii. figs. 4-6. Empo semianceps, K. • ^

op. cit. 1875, p. 233, pi. liii. figs- 1> 2,

[Portions of jaws.]

Numerous detached barbed teeth of Cimolichthys hare
described as follows : —

Spinax marginatus, A. E. Beuss, Verstein. bobm. Kreidc ^
pt. i. (1845), p. 8, pi. iv. figs. 10, 11.
marginatus, C. G. Giebel, Fauna d. Vorwelt, Fisc e f
p. 301. Anenchdum ? marginatum, E. Heber , ...

Soc. Geol. France, [2] vol. v. (1855), p- ^ (jeinitz.
fig. 4. Saurocephalus ? marginatus, H.

enchodontim;.

229

Palaeontogr. vol. xx. pt. ii. (1875), p. 226, pi. xliii. figs.
3-8. Saurodon marginatus, W. Dames, Sitzungsb. Ges.
uaturf. Freundo Berlin, 1887, p. 77. Trichiurvhs
(Anenchelum) marginatum, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus.
Teyler, vol. iv. (1876), p. 39, footnote. — European Chalk.

The following specimen probably belongs to Cimolichthys, but,
owing to the absence of the head, its identity is uncertain : — •

38113. Type specimen of Plinthophorus robustus described and
figured by A. Gunther, Geol. Mag. vol. i. (1864), p. 115,
pi. vi. ; Lower Chalk, Folkestone. The characters of the
vertebral column prove that this fish does not belong to
the family Dercetidse, but is more closely related to the
Enchodontidae. According to present knowledge, it thus
seems probable that the dorsal scutes preserved in front
of the dorsal fin are a median series ; while , the smaller
dorsal scutes below and behind the fin are part of the
series of the lateral line. Purchased, 1864.

Genus PRIONOLEPIS, Egerton.

[In Dixon, Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 368.]

Syn. Aspidopleurus, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss. Foss.
Mt. Liban, 1866, p. 107.

Apatcopholis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890 (1891), p. 634.

Head and trunk elongate, much laterally compressed. Head
acutely pointed, and the cranial roof exhibiting a median longi-
tudinal depression, its lateral and occipital margins ornamented
with ridges and tubercles of ganoine. The conical teeth irregular
5o size, largest in the anterior part of the mandible, small and
obtuse behind. Operculum strengthened on the inner side by a
ridge extending horizontally backwards from tho point of suspension ;
preoperculum narrow and deep, its lower end bearing a slender,
posteriorly directed spine. Vertebras about 45 in number, the centra
at least as long as deep and constricted mesially. Paired fins
large, the pectorals not much larger than the pelvic pair, which
are opposed to the hinder part of the dorsal fin ; dorsal fin nearly
median, comprising from 16 to 20 rays ; anal fin with slightly fewer
ra}’8 than the dorsal, and much smaller ; caudal fin forked, with
curved fulcral rays and stout, articulated, undivided rays at its
base both above and below. Dermal scutes in one deepened series
°n the flank, each scute overlapping its fellow and traversed above
by the course of the lateral line.

230

ACTINOP'i'ERYGII.

Prionolepis angustus, Egerton.

1850. Prionolepis angustus, Egerton , in Dixon, Geol. Sussex, P- ’
pi. xxxii .» lig. 3. lx.

1888. Prionolepis angustus, A.. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, a0

p. 306.

Type. Dermal scutes ; British Museum. ,^e

The type species, known only by the scutes of the flank,
largest scutes about seven times as deep as broad, an
forwardly directed portion above the lateral line comparative y
short; the hinder margin very regularly, closely, and eeP^
pectinated; the anterior portion either smooth or marked with ve
feeble vertical ruga), except above the lateral line where these rup.
are conspicuous.

Form. <Sf Loc. Turouian and Senonian : S.E. England.

P. 9253. Type specimen, an imperfect mass of scutes chiefly

from the inner aspect, briefly described and figure

Egerton, loc. cit Lower Chalk, Burwell, near Newmar

pixon Low-

29040. Three fragments of chalk with remains of scutes, fll
Chalk, Swaffham, Norfolk. m'4

Presented by G. B. Rose, Es<[.,

46393. Group of scutes ; Lower Chalk, Caine, Wiltshire.

Cunnington Low-

35876. Imperfect scute ; Grey Chalk, Dover. Purchased ,

39058. Imperfect scute ; Chalk, Kent. Bowerbank Coll-

49776. Remains of scutes more ornamented than usual,

probably of this species ; Lower Chalk, Dorking. .

Capron Low-

Prionolepis cataphractus (Pictet & Humbert).

1866. Aspidopleurus cataphractus, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. 1

Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 109, pi. xviii. fig. 1. Dublin

1887 . Aspidopleurus cataphractus, J. W. Davis, Trans. K°y.

Soc. [2] vol. iii. p. 624, pi. xxxviii. fig. 4. e \

1887 . Engrauli s tenuis, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 635, pi. xxx. fig- 1*

1898. Prionolepis cataphractus, A. S. Wroodward, Ann. H ll"‘

Hist. [7] vol. ii. p. 411.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum. a

The type species of the so-called Aspidopleurus, attaining
length of about 0-22. Length of head with opercular appara

ENCHODONIID^E.

231

somewhat less than half the length of the trunk from the pectoral
arch to the base of the caudal fin ; maximum depth of trunk
contained about seven times in the same measurement. Pelvic
fins arising somewhat in advance of the middle point of the trunk,
opposite the hinder part of the dorsal fin, which comprises about
1 6 rays and is completely within the anterior half of the trunk ;
anal fin comparatively low and small, with about 14 rays, arising
niuch nearer to the caudal fin than to the pelvic pair. Lateral
dermal scutes between 40 and 50 in number, and the largest about
five times as deep as broad, with the forwardly directed portion
above the lateral line two thirds as deep as the portion below it ;
the hinder margin deeply pectinated, though rather irregular, and
the uppermost pectinations the longest; the anterior portion
marked with delicate and irregular vertical rugae.

Form. c5‘ Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Mt. Lebanon.

P- 4864. Large fish in lateral aspect, wanting the dorsal and
caudal fins ; Hakel. The pelvic fins are shown to be
about as large as the pectorals, and the pelvis is very well
displayed. The laminar pelvic bones taper forwards, and
are firmly united at their distal end in an inter-digitating
suture. Lewis Coll.

P- 9149. Another large fish vertically crushed and partly in
counterpart ; Hajoula. An imperfect impression of the
cranial roof seems to indicate a median hollowing and a
lateral ornamentation of radiating lmes and tubercles ;
while the ethmoidal region is clearly short and broad,
though acutely pointed in front. The jaws are very
imperfect, but they are proved to have been delicate ;
while the only remains of dentition are one slender
lanceolato tooth in front and clustered minute blunt
teeth behind. Posterior to the outwardly crushed cheek
on either side there are remains of the narrow pre-
opcrculum and the well-developed operculum ; and the
latter plate is shown to have been strengthened not only
by the thickening of its anterior border, hut also by'
a horizontally-directed ridge on its inner face, while the
upper half of its outer face is marked with numerous
delicate radiating lines which are partly tuberculatod.
The vertebral column is imperfectly preserved, comprising
delicate constricted centra, longer than deep, each
distinctly pierced for the persistence of the continuous
notochord. The ribs seem to he short and comparatively

232

ACT1K0PTERYGII.

stout, not supported by transverse processes. The upP

flTlfl limVv.i r. t V. m VO PI 1 11 111 1 ^ L

and lower limbs of the bent clavicle are equal —
and ono of the pectoral fins, which is displaced an^
apparently incomplete, shows remains of ten rays. ^
lateral scutes are very well exhibited, and each is PieIL
by a tubular perforation for the passage of the sens
canal of the lateral line. These scutes begin to aPPe®
immediately behind the pectoral arch and extend regu a ■
to the base of the caudal fin ; at least 45 are indicate
each side, and the series is probably not quite comp^*-'
behind. Presented by A. S. Woodward, Esq., 1 ’ *

P. 4004. Hinder abdominal and caudal regions of an equally lar^,
fish ; Hakel. The scutes of the Tight side are displaCC^_
exposing the vertebral column ; and there are remain-
the pelvic, dorsal, and caudal fins. Lewis

P. 4006. Imperfect tail displaying scutes and vertebrae ; Hakel.

Lewis C

Coll-

P.4005. Imperfect smaller fish, about 0-16 in length; apparently
somewhat elongated by distortion ; Hakel. Lewis Lo

P-4754. Imperfect fish 0* 1 1 5 in length, unsatisfactorily figure
by Davis, loc. eit. pi. xxxviii. fig. 4 ; Hakel. A Par’
impression of the right operculum exhibits the characte

istic ornament. There are traces of all the fins.

Letvis CoU.

P. 4871. A very small fish of which the counterpart (in
Edinburgh Museum) is figured by Davis, loe. eit ., nn
the name of Enrjraulis tenuis ; Hakel. The character^ ^
scutes and all the fins are displayed. There are a 0
14 rays in the pectoral fin, 8 rays in the pelvic, 14 °r
rays in the dorsal, and about 14 rays in the anal fin.

Lewis CoU-

Prionolepis laniatus (Davis).

1887. Rhineilus laniatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin 8oc. [

vol. iii. p. 612, pi. xxxvii. fig. 1. vjj.

(?) 1887. Rhineilus longirostris, .7. W. Davis, ibid. p. 611, P '.x' ^

tig. 3. [Imperfect small fish shortened by distortion : E m
Museum.] ^

1888. Belonoxtomus laniatus, A. S. Woodward, Rep. Brit. Assoc. P’ ^
1891. Apateopholis laniatus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. S00,

p. 634, pi. lv. fig. 11.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.

ENCHODONTIDJE.

233

The type species of the so-called Apateopholis, attaining a length
of about 0-35. Length of head with opercular apparatus nearly
equalling the length of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base
ot the caudal fin ; maximum depth of trunk contained four times
in the same measurement. Pelvic fins arising just behind the
middle point of the trunk, opposite the hinder part of the dorsal
fin, which comprises about 20 rays and is almost completely within
the hinder half of the trunk; anal fin comparatively low and
extended, with about 17 rays, arising nearer to the pelvic pair than
to the caudal fin. Lateral dermal scutes very thin, between 40
and 50 in number, and the largest about four or five times as deep
as broad, ornamented with extremely delicate concentric ridges,
sometimes subdivided into tubercles, following the lines of growth ;
the hinder margin not pectinated, but notched by the lateral line.

Form. <$,• Loc. Upper Cretaceous: Mt. Lebanon.

P- 4745. Type specimen described and figured by Davis, loc. cit.

p.' 612, pi. xxxvii. fig. 1, and further noticed in Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 634; Hakel. Some scutes are
displaced dorsally in the abdominal region, and the
ornament of one is well displayed.

P- 4026. Fish about 0'18 in length ; Hakel.

P- 4870. Still smaller specimen, wanting the
snout and tail ; Hakel.

Lewis Coll.

extremity of the
Lewis Coll.

P- 4869. Head of large specimen noticod by Davis, loc. cit. p. 614,
described and figured in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 035,
pi. lv. fig. 11 ; Hakel. Lewi* Co'L

39237. Imperfect caudal region of large specimen ; probably from
Hakel. There seem to be remains of a thickened scute

of undetermined form on the caudal pedicle.

Tristram Coll.

Genus LEPTECODON, WiUiston.

[Kansas Univ. Quart. (A) vol. viii. 1899, p. 113.]

As Prionolepis, but with an additional series of scutes on the
flank above and below those of the lateral line.

Leptecodon rectus, IV illiston.

1899. Leptecodon rectus, S. W. Williston, loc. cit. p. 113, pi. xxvi.
type. Imperfect fish ; Kansas University Museum.

234

ACTTN0PTERYG1I.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-25. Length 0
head with opercular apparatus contained about three times in t
length of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the cau '
fin ; maximum depth of trunk contained nearly seven times
the same measurement. Ornament of scutes reticulated, scarce >
radiating.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) : Smoky
Hiver, Kansas.

Not represented in the Collection.

Genus PANTOPHOLIS, Davis.

[Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. (2) vol. iii. 1S87, 599.]

An imperfectly definable genus. Enlarged teeth near symphy

cdian
to

of mandible. Abdominal region much elongated, with a 1111
dorsal series of overlapping scutes extending from the oicipu
the origin of the dorsal fin ; apparently no other scutes. ^

The only known species of this genus is not represente in

Collection : —

Pantopholis dorsalis, J. W. Davis, loc. cit. p. 609, ph xX.Sjv-
fig. 2 ; A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7] ^

(1899), p. 320. — Upper Cretaceous; Sahel Alma’ '.
Lebanon. [Distorted head with abdominal Ttg
Edinburgh Museum.]

The following specimen seems to belong to the Enehodon
but cannot be generically determined : —

P. 4008. Elongated fish with imperfect head, small median

fin, much-extended anal fin, and forked caudal fin , ^

Cretaceous, Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon. There are on ^
traces of thin elongated scutes along the course
lateral line. Um*

Indeterminable isolated tuberculated dermal scutes o
odontidas have also been named as follows : —

Acipenser cr eta crus, A. Daimeries, Bull. Soc. Roy. Malacol
vol. xxvii. (1892), p. xvi. — Senonian ; Eolx- es
Belgium. , rcbf-

Bipnolcpis jahni, A. Fritsch, Archiv. naturw. Lan e-

Bdhmen, vol. ix. no. 1 (1893), p. 66, fig- 3®‘’^T,Ujieniia.
(Priesener Schichten); Chotzen and Pardubic, 0
[Royal Bohemian Museum, Prague.] ,

SC0PELIDJ3.

235

Family SCOPELID2E.

Kupraoccipital bone not prominent, but extending forwards to
•be frontals and usually separating the small parietals in the
median line ; squamosal reduced, only partly covering the otic
region, which projects laterally ; snout not produced ; cheek-plates
delicate or wanting. Mandibular suspensorium vertical or inclined
backwards, and gape of mouth wide ; premaxilla much extended,
excluding the maxilla from the oral margin ; dentition usually
feeble, but sometimes with enlarged laniary teeth, not dcpressible,
071 the border of the jaws. Opercular apparatus complete, with
few branchiostegal rays and no gular plate ; gill-opening very wide.
Vertebral centra well ossified, none with transverse processes ; ribs
not completely encircling the abdominal cavity ; a compound
hypural bone at the base of the tail. Intermuscular bones present.

' in-fulcra absent ; post-temporal bones in contact with the supra-
occipital ; pectoral arch without precoracoid process, and pectoral
hns low down on the flank. Scales, when present, thin and cycloid
or ctenoid, sometimes enlarged along the course of the lateral line,
nnd often extending over the cheeks and opercular apparatus. In
recent forms : — pseudobranchiae well developed ; no air-bladder ;
I'J loric appendages few or absent, and intestinal tract very short ;

iducts complete ; no barbels ; a small adipose dorsal fin ; numerous
phosphorescent spots.

Ihese are all marine fishes, many ranging to great depths ; and
’he extinct members of the family are known only from marino

formations.

I.

Synopsis of Extinct Genera.

I remaxilla delicate.

A. Normal forms with anal fin completely
behind dorsal fin.

Maxilla expanded behind ; pectoral
fins small and delicate ; anal fin

very small; scales ctenoid

As Sardinioides, but pelvic fins rather

larger and scales cycloid

As Sardinioides, but paired fins nearly

equal in size and scales cycloid

Maxilla not expanded behind; pectoral
fins large ; dorsal tin short-based ;
anal fin extended ; scales cycloid . .
Pectoral fins large, the foremost ray
much elongated and closely arti-
culated ; dorsal and anal fins short-
based

Sardinioides (p. 236)
Acrognathus (p. 243).
Leptosomus (p. 244).

Sardinius (p. 247).

j Dactylopogon (p. 248).

236

ACTINOPTERTGII.

Paired fins small ; one dorsal fin-ray
mucfi elongated and closely articu-
lated ; anal fin -very small ; scales

cycloid

B. Normal forms with dorsal fin not
completely in advance of anal fin.
Teeth minute ; pectoral fins small ;

dorsal and anal fins extended ....
Teeth minute ; pectoral tins large ;
dorsal and anal fins short-based and
acuminate ; caudal fin with long

slender lobes

As Opisthopteryx, but teeth rather

large and in spaced series

! ■ Much elongated forms with anal fin
completely behind dorsal fin.

Pectoral fins large ; pelvic fins small
and far forwards ; dorsal fin short-
based and median ; anal fin some-
what extended.

Paired fins small ; dorsal fin short-
based and remote ; anal fin much

extended

II. Premaxilla very stout.

Premaxillas and mandible scarcely ex-
tending further forwards than the

ethmoid

Premaxill® and mandible produced into
a long rostrum

Nematonotus (P-
Microcoeliu (p.

») ')'i )

Opisthopteryx (p- 1
Scopeloides (P- 2-3-H-

Parascopelus (p*
Anapterus (p- '

Apateodus (p- -58'1'

Rltinellus (p- 2651-

Genus SARDINIOIDES, W. von der March.

[Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. x. 1858, p. 215.]

6 , 1868.
byn. Dermatoptychus, W. von der March, Palaeontogr. vol.
p. 287.

Head large, and the maximum depth of the trunh at 1^ .^g
of the dorsal fin. Mandibular suspensorium nearly vertica ’
moderately stout, and maxilla expanded behind ; teeth verj m
cheek scaly. Branchiostegal rays about 9 in number. er^,tra
between 30 and 40 in number, about half being caudal ; the c ' ^
longitudinally Btriated and not longer than deep; ribs delica e
fin-rays elongated, but two or three in front of the 1J ^,e|[
undivided and spinous. Pectoral fins very delicate and snia
above the ventral border; pelvic fins well developed, wit
7 rays, opposed to the dorsal fin,- which is nearly roe >- ^

comprises from 10 to 18 rays; anal fin behind the dorsal, at

SCOPKLID.-E.

237

as deep as long, with about 10 rays ; caudal fin slightly forked.
Scales large and uniform, finely serrated on the hinder border, not
deepened or thickened along the course of the lateral line.

So far as can be determined from the skeleton, this genus
appears to differ from the surviving Scopeius only in the compara-
tively small size and remote situation of the anal fin, and in the
sei rated character of the scales.

Sardinioid.es monasteri (Agassiz).

18.j9_44, Osmeroides monasterii, L, Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii.
P- 103, pi. lx d. fig. 3.

1839-44. Osmeroides microcephalus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 104, pi. lx d.
__ fig- 4. [Distorted fish ; Palteontologieal Museum, Munich.]

1 858. Sardinioides monasterii, W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutscli.
geol. Ges. vol. x. p. 245.

1 858. Sardinioides microcephalus, W. von der Marck, ibid. p. 245.

1858. Clupeu guestphalica, W. von der Marck, ibid. p. 250. [Immature
fish ; Academy of Munster.]

1863. Sardinioides monasterii, W. von der Marck, Pakeontogr. vol. xi.
p. 46, pi. vi. fig. 2, pi. vii. fig. 10.

1863. Sardinioides microcephalus, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xi.
pp. 47, 50, pi. vi. fig. 3, pi. vii. fig. 9.

1868. Sardinioides monasterii, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xv. p. 285.

1885. Sardinioides monasterii , VV. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xxxi.
p. 254.

1885. Sardinioides microcephalus , W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xxxi.
p. 255.

^ype. Nearly complete fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.

the type species, attaining a length of about 0-2, but usually
smaller. Length of head with opercular apparatus considerably
exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk, and equalling at least
half the length of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of
tfie caudal fin. Vertebra; about 32 in number. Pelvic fins arising
°Pposite the origin of the dorsal, much nearer to the pectorals than
to lfie anal ; dorsal fin about as deep as the trunk at its origin,
comprising 12 or 13 rays, of which the two foremost are short and
8P>nous, the third the longest and articulated though not divided
distally, and the others both articulated and divided distally ; anal
fin resembling the dorsal, but comparatively small and remote, w ith
only 10 rays. Serrations of scales deep and conspicuous.

Form. df Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.

All the following specimens were obtained from Sendenhorst :
35038. Fine large specimen, displaying the minute teeth in both
jaws, and nine branchiostegal rays. Purchased, 1860.

238

ACT1N0PTERXGU.

35057. More imperfect large specimen in impression. „„

Purchased, 1st* '

35010. Another large specimen chiefly in impression, with tr ^
of the minute teeth, the nine branchiostegal rays. ®n ^
base of the pectoral fin. Purchased,

35040. Remains of another large fish, showing parts of jaws.

Purchased, "

35011. Imperfect large trunk with median fins. Tong
muscular bones are seen in impression. Purchase ?

P- 3822. Large fish, wanting the end of the tail. The xn^id
widely open, displaying the maxilla and premax
There are also some impressions of the finely ?<:

scales. Enniskillen Ofl-

P- 3820, a, b. Three smaller specimens, the third with an imp' c ^

on the upper border of the tail perhaps to be inter
as indicating a small adipose fin. Enniski en ^

P • 4636. Small fish 0-l 15 in length, with open mouth and de?l
by crushing. Enniskillen t-

P- 2103. Three imperfect specimens, chiefly in impression. ^ ^

42006. Fish 0*16 in length, with traces of the clustered ^

teeth in the mandible and a doubtful impression ^
adipose dorsal fin. Purchased,

43010. Two small fishes probably of this species, associated

slab. Purchased,

f 0‘09 i"

P- 1874. Impressions of two imperfect small fishes, a oU Qoli.
length, probably young of this species. 9

P. 3828. A still smaller fish deepened by crushing and w ^

mouth. EnniskiUen

Sardinioides crassicaudus, W. von der Warck

, der March, P*l*°nt°fe

1863. Sardinioides crassicaudus, W
vol. xi. p. 45, pi. vi. fig. 4,

Palf®°nt'

1888. Sardinioides monasteri, K. A. von Zittel, Handb

vol. iii. p. 275, fig. 282 (err ore). Palis

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Academy of Munster, Wes P
A larger and more robust species than the type, attaining less
of about 03. Fins as in the type species but re

SC0PELIDJ5.

239

elevated ; dorsal fin much less deep than the trunk at its origin,
comprising 17 or 18 rays, of which the two or three foremost are
short and spinous, the next the longest and articulated though not
divided distally, and the others both articulated and divided distally.
Serrations of scales deep and conspicuous.

Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.

P- 3821. Fine large specimen about 0'25 in length, with open
mouth displaying the maxilla and premaxilla chiefly in
impression. The greater part of the fish is shown only
in impression, and there seems to be evidence of an adipose
dorsal fin. Enniskillen Coll.

1*. 2101. Equally large fish, much broken and distorted before or
during fossilisation, but displaying the characteristic
Scopcloid mouth and most of the branchiostegal rays.

Eyerton Coll.

■P- 2102. Fragmentary specimen, displaying the greater part of the
dorsal fin, and remains ot the vertebrae and ribs in the
abdominal region. The notochord seems to have passed
through a small perforation in each vertebral centrum.

Eyerton Coll.

3823. Imperfect smaller fish on slab with remains of Ecirdinioides
monasteri and Istieus grandis. Enniskillen Coll.

2101 a. Fish about 0-17 in length, wanting the greater part of
the head. Eyerton Coll

Sardinioides megapterus (Pictet).

I860. Osmeroides meyapterus, F. J. Pictet, l’oiss. loss. Mt. Liban,
p. 27, pi. iii. fig. 3.

1898. Osmeroides meyapterus ( = Sardinioides) , A. S. Woodward, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. [7] vol. ii. p. 488.

Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Geneva Museum.

A species about 0‘15 in length, known only by imperfect and
distorted specimens insufficient for the basis of a precise diagnosis.
General proportions apparently as in the type species, but the
vertebrae 40 in number, the dorsal fin-rays only 10 or 11 in number
and the scales very' feebly serrated.

Eorm. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

49552. Imperfect fish shortened and deepened by distortion,
exhibiting the characteristic mouth widely opened, seven

240

actinopterygii.

branchiostegal rays, and parts of the pelvic,
and caudal fins.

dorsal, anal,
Lewis Coll-

P. 9171. Another specimen deepened anteriorly by distorting
showing the pectoral, dorsal, and caudal fins, and traces ^
the very fine serrations on some of the scales. The p1

fin-rays are not less than 14 in number.

Lewi*

Coll-

bout

47356. Specimen elongated by distortion, with remains of ^
40 vertebrae, and parts of the pelvic, dorsal, and cau
fins. Lewis GoU-

Sardinioides pusillus, sp. nov.

[Plate XVI. figs. 2, 3.]

Type- Imperfect fish ; Pritish Museum.

A small robust species, attaining a length of about O’l. _

°f head with opercular apparatus not exceeding the maxim ^
depth of the trunk, which is contained somewhat less than tin’ ^
the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the cauc a
Vertebra; 30 in number. Fins as in the type species, exeep
the dorsal comprises only 10 or 11 rays. Serrations of scales
and conspicuous.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

xvi.

48123. The type specimen, shown of the natural size in Fh ■* ^
fig. 2. The open mouth displays very minute tee ’
its upper margin is clearly formed by the slen ^
tended premaxilla. The maxilla, with its flia ^oV0
distal expansion, is seen in imperfect impression
the premaxilla. The stout parasphenoid marks t u ^
of the cranium. The vertebr® are clearljT not m°r^

30 in number, and of these about 15 may be ry,ed,
caudal. The anterior abdominal region is much n
and the paired fins are represented solely by an imi ^
of the 6 rays of one of the pelvic pair. The or^ ^
comprises two comparatively short and slender
then the longest ray, articulated distally but no
divided, and then 7 or 8 articulated and divi e , g Qt
Ly very small, apparently J1

The anal fin is relatively very n, ~rr— - . jg

9 rays, but imperfectly preserved. The caudal 1 re
5 ’ ' -y forked. Where the seal*

y, their posterior serra w
1 ’ . . , matrix.

partially broken away, their posterior KC1 1
especially well seen upon the pale-coloured matri-^

are

SCOPELID.K.

241

P' 4482. Another imperfect specimen, represented of the natural
size in PI. XVI. fig. 3. The head is crushed backwards
and the mouth widely opened, while the displaced hyoid
apparatus bears the characteristic branchiostegal rays.
2!) or 30 vertebrae cau be distinctly counted, and the con-
stricted contra seem to have been marked with fine
longitudinal ridges. One of the small, delicate pectoral
fins is partly seen; while the comparatively large and
robust pelvic fins, each with (i or 7 rays, are also preserved
beneath the origin of the dorsal. The latter fin is well
displayed ; and the anal fin seems to exhibit 8 stout rays.
The lobes of the caudal fin arc imperfect distallv. The
serrations of the scales are very imperfectly shown,
except as impressions on tho matrix in front of the pelvic
fins Enniskillen Coll.

47819, 49586. Two more imperfect specimens. Lewis Coll.

P- 1950. Distorted fish. EOerton ColL

P- 4483. Imperfect fish. Enniskillen Coll.

Sard.inioid.es attenuatus, sp. nov.

[Plate XII. fig. 5.]

lype. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

A small elongated species, known only by the type specimen.
L(Jngth of head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeding
lfie maximum depth of the trunk, which is contained about three
times in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal
f’n- Vertebras 30 in number. Pins apparently as in the type
“pecies, except that the dorsal comprises only 10 or 11 rays.
Serrations of scales deep and conspicuous.

korni. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.

p. 8682. Typo specimen, shown of the natural size in II. XII.

fig. 5. The mouth is closed, but the form of the mandible
is distinct, while the characteristic premaxilla and maxilla
are well displayed above it. The vertebral column is
displaced in a sigmoidal curve in the abdominal region :
but there seem to be indications of 15 vertebrae here, and
a similar number can be counted in the caudal region.
One of the small, delicate pectoral fins is imperfectly
shown ; and there are obscure traces of the relatively
large and stout pelvic fins. The dorsal fin is imperfect

n

p«rr iv.

242

ACTIN0PTEKYG1I.

and partly depressed, but it seems to have compri
about 10 rays, the length of the longest approxima
equal to the depth of the trunk at its insertion,
anal and caudal fins are also imperfect. 1 he large,
finely serrated scales (fig. 5 a) are especially well sC<ja _
the caudal region. Purchased,

Ihe following specimens seem to be referable to an undeternuu^
species of Sardinioides, and are interesting as showing the sin
parietal bones meeting in the middle line of the skull : ■

P. 3977. Vertically crushed imperfect fish, originally about. 0 -

length ; English Chalk. The bones of the cranial 'oad
exhibit a faint rugose ornament, and the short an
median ethmoid projects forwards in front. The pane ^
are very small, but clearly overlie tho supraoccip1,a ^
meet in the middle line. There is a large supraor
bone on each side. The characteristic jaws an ®C^'C
checks are seen, while the opercular bones ex 1 1 ,

the cranial roof. A few ver e

same rugosity as tne cranial rooi. ■« dord,

centra are exposed, and there aro remains of the pec g
pelvic, and dorsal fins. The large, feebly ctenon sc „
are scattered. FcnnishHen ■

Mrs. Smith’s CoV-

49057. Imperfeot head ; English Chalk.

The following names have been given to fragments, whic
be imperfect and distorted specimens of one or other of the
phalian species described above : —

Sardinioides macropteryyius, W. von der Marck, 1 abco

vol. xxxi. (1885), p. 250, pi. xxiii. fig. 3.— UpPer k ;
taceous ; Sendenhorst, Westphalia. [Distorte
Academy of Munster.] . /,gg5),

Sardinioides minvtus , W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xxxi. f

p. 255, pi. xxiii. fig. 2. — Ibid. [Ditto.] ^ xj.

Sardinioides tenuicaudus, W. von der Marck, i°c- cl^‘

(1863), p. 48, pi. vii. fig. 8. — Ibid. [Ditto.]

An examination of tho undermentioned specimen has con ^
the present writer that this must also be referred to ® ° anj
Sardinioides, the typical scales being clearly distinguis ia > ^

the vertical banding of the fossil being due to the sta e
serration of the muscle-plates : —

SCOPEJ.ID.U.

243

Dermatoptychus macrophthalnius , W. von dor Marck, Palasontogr.
vol. xv. (1868), p. 287, pi. xliii. fig. 4. — Upper Cretaceous;
Sendenhorst, Westphalia. [Impression of fish, in counter-
part ; Academy of Munster. Type species of so-called
Dermatoptyclms.']

Genus ACROGNATHUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. 1844, p. 108.]

Head with remarkably large orbits and narrow interorbital
region. Mandibular suspensorium nearly vertical ; maxilla ex-
panded behind ; teeth very minute and clustered. Vertebras
between 30 and 40 in number. Pectoral fins delicate, inserted
!‘bove the ventral border ; pelvic fins comparatively large, with 7
or 8 very stout rays, inserted far forwards ; dorsal fin short-based,
m the anterior half of the back, without any excessively elongated
ray ; anal fin very small and remote ; caudal fin forked. Scales
'arge, thick, and uniform, not serrated on the hinder border ;
lateral line conspicuous.

Acrognathus boops, Agassiz.

1844. Acrognathus hoops, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 108,
pi. lx a. figs. 1-4.

1888. Acrognathus boops, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vo . x.
p. 323."

type. Imperfect distorted fish ; British Museum.

’The type species, imperfectly known, attaining a length of about
<)-12. Length of head with opercular apparatus considerably
exceeding the maximum depth, probably equalling about halt the
length of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal
Dentary and angular bones of mandible marked ^ith shai]>
radiating grooves. Seales quite smooth.

Form. 4' Loc. Senonian : Sussex and Surrey.

4304. Type specimen, which has lost the extremity of the tail
sinco it was described and figured by Agassiz ; Chalk,
Lewes. The remarkable stoutness of the pelvic fins
compared with the pectorals is well shown.

Mantell Coll.

49775. Portion of mandible and anterior vertebrae; Upper Chalk.

Shalford, near Guildford. Caprm Co11

b2

244

ACTIN0FTJ3KXGII.

Acrognathus libanicus, sp. nov.
lype. Imperfect, fish ; British Museum. ,

An imperfectly known species about as large as the
apparently of similar proportions, but with the mandible per •
smooth and the scales marked with very delicate concentric ^
following some of those of growth. Tel vie fins arising opPosl 0 g
origin of the dorsal fin, which comprises 10 or 11 rays, the -
foremost not divided distally ; anal fin much smaller t an
dorsal, with about 8 rays.

Form. 4' Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanor

P. 9404. Type specimen, a small fish somewhat distorted at

extremity. The head is too imperfect for descr>P^ ^
About 30 vertebrie are distinguishable. Remains ^
the fins are preserved, but the dorsal is ven nll^oSjng
The characteristic squamation is partly remov c , cSI.^
an impression of the prominent ridge of the latera ^ q0h.

P- 9405. Fragmentary largo specimen displaying dorsal fi”- ^
racteristic upper jaw, and smooth mandible. Al

P. 9406. Another fragmentary specimen, showing the vel^ qqH,
crushed head from above.

49596-97, 99, 49601 02, P. 9407. Ten imperfect specimens
playing the various characters of the genus and spec

Leuns e""

P. 9408.

Small specimen displaying fins,
heclceli.

associated with A( '

Enerton

the following specimens have a relatively deeper trun
shorter head than those referred to A. libanicus, but it is linc
whether the differences are due to accidental distortion :■

47395, 48110-11, 48124, 48145. Five specimens showing
characteristic fins and scales ; Sahel Alma. eWl

Genus LEPTOSOMUS, W. von der Marck.
[Pahcontogr. vol. xi. 1863, p. 49.]

As Sardinioides, but paired fins apparent!}’ nearly equal
and scales not serrated. typical

All the known species are comparatively small, and e
forms are slender.

SCOPELIDiE.

245

Leptosomus guestphalicus, W. von der Marck.

1863. Leptosomus guestphalicus, W. von der Marck, Pateontogr.
vol. xi. p. 50, pi. viii. figs. 4, 5.

Fype. Imperfect fish ; Academy of Minister, Westphalia.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-1. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained twice, and maximum depth
of trunk between three and four times in the length from the
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Yertebr® approximately
•13 in total number, the centra slightly longer than deep. Pelvic
fins with 8 rays, arising opposite or immediately in front of the
origin of the dorsal fin ; dorsal fin with 2 undivided and 9 divided
ray®> nearly as deep as the trunk at its origin, arising at the middle
point between tho end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin :
nnal tm scarcely loss elevated, with two undivided, and 9 or 10
divided rays, arising well behind the dorsal, but somewhat nearer
fhe pelvic pair than to the caudal fin.

/'orni. 4' Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.

p- 3828 a, P. 3841. Two typical specimens ; Sendenhorst.

Enniskillen Coll,

35036. Imperfect distorted specimen ; Sendenhorst.

Purchased, 1860.

Pi 2110. Small distorted fish on slab with other remains; Senden-
horst. Egerton Coll.

Leptosomus elongatus, W. von der Marck.

l8(i8- Leptosomm elongatus, W. von der Marck, Palajontogr. vol. xv.

p. 286, pi. xliii. fig. 3. .

1885. Leptosomus elongatus, AY. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xxxi. p. -oo.

Tgpc. Imperfect fish ; Academy of Munster.

A slender species, attaining a length of about 0*1. . Length of
bead with opercular apparatus contained about three times, maxi-
mum depth of trunk about six times in the length from the pectoial
fitch to the base of the caudal fin. Fins almost as in the trpe
°pecies, but anal relatively larger and more remote.

Form. 4- Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sendenhorst, A\ estphalia.

N°t represented in the Collection.

Leptosomus macrourus, Pictet & Humbert.

l860. Clupea minima, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Alt. Liban, p. 41,
ph vii. fig. 4 (errore).

246

ACTINOFTERYOII.

1866. Lep/osomus macrourus, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Kech. 01SS'
Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 75, pi. x. figs. 1-4. , x

1866. Leptosomm cramcostatus, Pictet & Humbert, ibid. p. 76, p • x-
^figs. 5-7. [Distorted fish ; Geneva Museum.] ^

1887. Leptosomm macrourus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Koy. Dublin 8oc. L “
_v°l- i*i- P- 584, pi. xxxiv. fig. 5.

1887. Lep/osomus crassicostatus, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 584.

Ttjpe. Imperfect fish; Geneva Museum.

A diminutive species, attaining a length of about 0*06. Leu0 ^
of head with opercular apparatus contained two and a half C® ’
and maximum depth of trunk four times in the length fiom ^
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebra; and fins
in the type species.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
Among numerous specimens the following may be noted :

■ The

P. 3842. Well preserved specimen figured by Davis, loc. cit.

skull is very imperfect, and the ceratohyal wit
branchiostegal rays is crushed downwards beneath i •

Fmnishillen Coll.

46454, 46546, 47388, 48141-43. Eight specimens, variously i®
perfect and more or less distorted, no. 48142 disp
the scales. Lewis

P. 1884-5. Four similar specimens. Fgerton C

46549, 47390, 48146-48, P. 9172. Eight specimens shortened an
deepened by distortion, the first in counterpart.^ (Joll.

Leptosomus minimus (Agassi/.).

1839 44. Clupea minima, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. P
pi. lxi. fig. 1.

1866. Clupea minima, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. l!ech. Poiss.
Liban, p. 65.

ii. P. 12°r
Foss. Mt'

Type. Imperfect fish ; olim Amic Collection, Paris. ength

A diminutive species, attaining a length of about (P04. jmUIB
of head with opercular apparatus equalling nearly one half, ®®^
depth of trunk scareoly more than one third the length 1 ^
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebra; abou
total number. Fins apparently as in the typo species.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous ; Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.

49477, P. 80, P. 4783.

species.

Three slabs exhibiting a s.

Lewis Coll .

SCOPELIDjE.

247

**• 497 5. Similar small specimen.

Presented by J. E. Lee , Esq., 1885.

48161, 49492, 49608, F. 113. Four well-preserved fishes.

Lewis Coll.

• 1863. Three small specimens. Ec/erton Coll.

Genus SARDINIUS, W. von der Marck.

[Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. x. 1858, p. 245.]

Head small and trunk moderately elongated, the maximum depth
;lt the insertion of the dorsal fin. Mandibular suspensorium much
inclined backwards, and cleft of mouth large ; jaws slender, and
maxilla not expanded behind ; teeth minute, numerous and sharply
pointed. Gill-rakers large and slender. 1 ertcbne about 45 in
number, half caudal and half abdominal ; the centra at least as
long as deep, longitudinally striated; ribs delicate. Iso fin-rays
clon gated, but two or three in front of the median fins undivided
and spinous. Pectoral fins with about 18 rays, relatively large and
inserted just above the ventral border ; pelvic fins smaller, with
about 10 rays, opposed to the dorsal fin, which is nearly median
and comprises about 18 rays ; anal fin behind the dorsal, longer than
deep, with 20 rays ; caudal fin slightly forked. Scales large and
uniform, pectinated and serrated, not deepened or thickened along
the course of the lateral line.

Sardinius cordieri (Agassiz).

1839-44. Osmerua cordieri , L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 101,
pl. lx d. figg, ] ( 2.

1858. Sardinius cordieri, W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. x. p. 245.

I863- Sardinius cordieri, W. you der Marck, Pakeontogr. vol. xi.
P- 43, pl. vii. figs. 6, 7.

I'jl'pe. Nearly complete fish.

t ho typo species, attaining a length of about 0‘ 18. Length ot
mad with opercular apparatus scarcely exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk, and a little more than one quarter the total
mngth of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Rays of pectoral
hn, when adpressed, nearly' reaching the base of the pelvic fins,
which are opposed to the origin of the dorsal and slightly nearer to
the anal than to the pectorals ; dorsal fin deeper than long, the
eugth of its longest ray equalling the depth of the trunk at its

•248

ACTINOPTERYGII.

insertion. Scales marked with radiating grooves on the hind
part of their inner face.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.

P. 1855. Fine specimen displaying all the fins ; Baumbeig-

Egerton Coll-

P. 1855 a. More imperfect specimen deepened hy distort!
Baumberg. Egerton

P. 3817. Two distorted specimens ; Baumberg. Enniskillen

P. 9058. Three specimens, two being small; Baumberg.

Purchased,

P. 1856. Slightly distorted fish with dorsal fin displaced t'orwa
and a larger imperfect specimen ; Sendenhorst. ^ ^

33058. Large trunk ; Sendenhorst. Purchased, 1 s’"'

Tho following species in the Cope Collection, from the
Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) of Dakota, U.S.A., have also
described, but are not represented in tho Collection :

Sardinia# lineatus, E. D. Copo, Bull. U.S. Gool. Surv. vol.
(1878), p. 71.

Sardinius nasutulus, E. D. Cope, ibid. p. 70.

Sardinia# percrassus, E. D. Cope, ibid. p. 72.

The systematic position of the fish described as follows is <1
uncertain : —

(V) Sardinius blackburnii, E. D. Cope, Amer. Nat. vol. xxv- ( y t0ta,
p. 654. — Lower Tertiary (?) ; ltee Hills, South
U.S. A. [Imperfect trunk.]

Genus DACTYLOPOGON, W. von dcr Marck.

[Palmoutogr. vol. xv. 1868, p. 278.] ^

Head small, trunk elongated and much laterally . comp ^.^,g
Cranial roof and posterior cheek-platcs ornamented with ij ^ ^
rugoc. Branchiostogal rays about 12 in number. '"L'rl|C cuntrs.
proximately 70 in number, about half being caudal; tie ^
not longer than deep. Pectoral fins inserted close to the
border, the foremost ray much elongated and closely •>* 1 ^ an£J
but simple ; pelvic fins smaller than the pectorals ; dorsa

SCOPELlDJi.

249

fins about as deep as long, nearly equal in size, the former opposed
to the space between the pelvic fins and the latter ; caudal fin
considerably forked. Scales delicate, longer than deep, none en-
larged or thickened except a single ridge-scale at the base of the
caudal fin above and below.

Dactylopogon grandis, W. von dor Marck.

1868. Dactylopoaon grandis. W. von der Marck, Palajontogr. vol. xi.
p. 270, pi. xli. fig. 1.

type. Nearly complete fish ; Academy of Munster.

1’he type species, attaining a length of about (>4. . Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth
°i the trunk and contained nearly three and a half times in the
iength from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin.
Pectoral fin-rays about 15 in number, the length of the foremost at
least twice that of the cranium ; pelvic fins with 1 undivided and
(i divided rays, inserted nearer to the anal than to the pectorals ;
dorsal with *6 gradually lengthening undivided rays followed by
18 divided rays, arising slightly in advance of the middle point
between the occiput and the caudal fin; anal arising opposite the
termination of the dorsal, with 5 gradually lengthening undivided
rays followed by 19 divided rays. Some scales faintly crimped
towards the hinder border.

Form. 4- hoc. Upper Cretaceous : Seudenhorst, Westphalia.

Not represented in the Collection.

-Ln indeterminable fragment, probably not of this genus, has
been described as follows : —

Dactylopogon parvulus, 1). G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. xvi (1895), p. 41, pi. vii. fig. 3.-Upper Cretaceous ;
Mt. Lebanon. [Middle portion of small trunk ; Trieste
Museum.]

Genus NEMATONOTUS, A. S. Woodward.

[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. iv. 1899, p. 318.]

Head large, trunk short and robust. Mandibular suspensorium
nearly vertical ; jaws delicate and maxilla apparently not expanded
behind; teeth minute. Vertebrae about 30 in number, half being
caudal ; the centra at least as long as deep, with a few prominent
longitudinal ridges ; ribs moderately robust. Pectoral fins small,

250

ACTINOPTERYGtl.

close to the ventral border ; pelvic fins smaller, opposed to the
dorsal fin, which is situated within the anterior half of the bac
and exhibits one anterior ray excessively elongated and closel)
articulated ; anal fin very small and remote ; caudal fin stout hut
deeply forked. Scales large, smooth, and uniform, moderately thio i
not serrated at the hinder border; lateral line conspicuous.

Nematonotus bottse (Pictet & Humbert).

[Plate XVI. fig. 1.]

1866. Clupea hottee, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Iiech. Poiss. Foss. Mt
Liban, p. 64, pi. vii. tigs. 1-5.

1887. Clupea hottee, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. lU'

P- 675.

188/. Pneudoberyx lonyupina , J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 511, pi* xxV* ^
[Distorted fish ; Edinburgh M useum.] . rm- 1

1899. Nematonotus hottee , A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. |_
vol. iv. p. 817.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Geneva Museum. ^

Ihe type species, attaining a length of about 0'12. Lcngt
head with opercular apparatus apparently about equalling ^
maximum depth of the trunk, and half its length from the ll('c*° ^
arch to the base of the caudal fin [but all known specimens
siderably distorted]. Pectoral fins with about 10 rays, of ,
one or more of the foremost arc very stout and closel)' articu a ^
and not divided distally ; pelvic fins with 7 or 8 stout divide ra-^
arising opposite the anterior half of the dorsal fin, much dCJ1 * jl0ft
the pectoral pair than to the anal ; dorsal tin comprising one s
spinous ray in front, next a longer ray, closely articulated ^ ®
not divided distally, noxt a simple, articulated ray excess1 ^
elongated to an extent equalling about two thirds the length o ^
back behind its insertion, finallv 9 rays of moderate cu®^e

eding

shortening backwards, all both articulated and divided distal )
space between the dorsal fin and the occiput slightly eXceC l(j8j
the length of its base-line, the space between the dorsal and ca
fins equalling from two to three times the same measurement . ^

fin with about 8 rays, separated from the caudal by a space ail
imately equal to the length of its base-line. .

Form. Sf Luc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon, )r

P. 9409. Large specimen considerably fractured. The an^

ends of the slender premaxilla and maxilla art sec )r’oved
behind the other; and the number of vertebra- 18 ^cforal
to be approximately 80. Remains of the stou P°

SCOPELIDiE.

251

fin-rays exhibit excessively fine articulations in the
distal portion ; the numerous articulations of the elongated
dorsal fin-ray are also partly shown.

Presented by the Karl of Ay lesford, 1845.

49564. Another large specimen with imperfect head and fins.

Lewis Coll.

P- 8690. Large imperfect and distorted specimen, with character-
istic toothed premaxilla displaced and well exhibited.

Purchased, 1897.

P- 4028. Large, much distorted specimen, partly showing the upper
border of tho mouth and the characteristic dorsal fin.

Lewis Coll .

49565. Imperfect fish about 0-09 in length, deepened by distortion.

The dorsal fin is very clearly shown, as described in the
generic diagnosis ; and in front of this fin there are
evidently free neural spines, somewhat thickened, ex-
panded and truncated dist ally. The course of the lateral
line is marked upon the scales just above the vertebral
column. Lewis Coll.

*

49562. Equally small fish, somewhat imperfect and deepened by
distortion, but displaying most of the generic and specific
characters, shown of the natural size in PI. XVI. fig. 1-
The head is clearlv short and deep, the opercular apparatus
also short and deep, and the clavicle rather stout. Some
of the ribs are seen beneath the scales ; and there are
similarly indications of three separated neural spines,
thickened, expanded, and truncated distally, in front ot
the dorsal fin. The neural and haemal spines of the
caudal region are observed to be very stout, lhe cha-
racteristic dorsal fin, with its elongated ray, is almost
completely shown ; and there are fragmentary remains of
all the other fins. The course of the lateral line is partly
marked upon the scales immediately above the vertebrae.

Lewis Coll.

48159, 49491. Two small specimens, the first displaying the ribs
and the elongated dorsal fin-ray. Lewis Coll.

48160. P. in, p 113. Three very small specimens, probably young
of this species. Lewis Coll.

252

A CTINOPT K It YGI I .

Genus MICROCOELIA, W. von der Marck.

[Palieontogr. vol. xi. 1803, p. 48.]

Head large, trunk short and robust. Mandibular suspensorium
nearly vertical ; jaws delicate, and maxilla not expanded behind ,
teeth very minute. Vertebras from 40 to 45 in number, about
half being caudal ; the centra longitudinally striated and not
longer than deop ; ribs delicate. No fin-rays elongated, but from
two to five in front of the median fins undivided and spinous.
1 aired fins delicate and small, the pectorals inserted close to the
ventral border; dorsal and anal fins much extended, acuminate in
front, low and fringe-like behind, partly or completely opposed ,
caudal fin forked. .Scales large and uniform, smooth and no
serrated.

Microcoelia granulata, W. von der Marck.

1863. Microcoelia granulata, W. von der Marck, Palseontogr. vol- **'
p. 49, pi. v. fig. 4. „

1868. Microcoelia granulata, \V , von der Marck, loc.e.it. vol. xv. }’• - ’
pl. xliii. fig. 9.

Type- Nearly complete fish ; Academy of Munster. „

the type species, attaining a length of about 0'08. Length
head with opercular apparatus scarcely equalling the maxim u
depth of the trunk, and contained two and a half times in ^
length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin.
fins nearly equal in size, the distance botween them less than t a^
between the pelvic pair and the anal ; dorsal fin occupying a ou^
hall tho back, arising somewhat in front of its middle point, an
comprising three shore and two long undivided rays, follow? . )
24 divided rays ; anal fin nearly similar to the dorsal, arisl n
slightly behind the latter, and comprising two short and one o ”
undivided rays, followed by about 24 divided rays ; these me
fins extending close to the caudal. ,^e

As already remarked by von dor Marck (loc. cit. 1868),
granulations on the scales mentioned in the original diagnosis a
due to accident in fossilisation.

I'orm. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sendenhorst, Westphalia.

Not represented in the Collection.

Microcoelia libanica, sp. nov.

iype. imperfect fish ; Jlritish Museum. _ ,

A species nearly twice as largo as the type, but of simi ar

SCOPELIDiE.

253

portions. Paired fins nearly equal in size, the pelvic pair inserted
midway between the pectorals and the anal; dorsal fin occupying
about one third of the back, arising opposite the pelvic pair, and
comprising 17 0r 18 divided rays in addition to the anterior
undivided rays ; anal fin loss extendod than the dorsal, but with
17 divided rays, and arising opposite the hinder half of the
dorsal ; caudal fin apparently more deeply forked than in the type
species.

Form, dj' Loe. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.

P- 4865. The type specimen, wanting the anterior half of the head,
and measuring about 0-105 in length from the pectoral
arch to the extromity of the caudal fin. The opercular
apparatus is short and deep, and there are 7 or 8
branchiostegal rays in advance of the few stout rays
noted by W. von der March in the Westphalian specimens.
The axial skeleton and fins are well preserved, except
the anterior rays of the dorsal and anal. The trunk is
slightly deepened by crushing, and the dorsal margin in
front of tho fin is marked by curious crimpings, which
are suggestive of hard, possibly serrated ridge-scales.
The large smooth scales of the flank display a few
radiating grooves on their covered portion. Lewis Coll.

Genus OPISTHOPTERYX, Pictet & Humbert.

[tfouy. Itech. Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, 1806, p. 78 ( Opistopteryx ).]

Head relatively large and trunk elongated, its maximum depth
-d the opercular apparatus. Mandibular suspensorium much
inclined backwards, and cleft of mouth wido, extending below the
°rbit, which is very large and forwardly placed; teeth minute;
Si'l-rakers large and robust. Vertebral centra not longer than
eeP, longitudinally striated, between 50 and 60 in total number.
ab°u* Half caudal and half abdominal ; ribs very' slender ; separate
llU<1 relatively stout sigmoidally bent neural spines in the abdominal
region. Pectoral fins elongated, but not extending beyond the
pelvic pair, inserted close to the ventral border ; pelvic fins some-
What smaller ; dorsal and anal fins short-based, very deep and
acuminate, the former placed in the middle of tho back, the latter
arising opposite its hindermost rays; caudal fin large, deeply
orked, with slender acuminate lobes. Scales thin, but apparently
uniform and covering the whole trunk.

254

ACTIN0PTERYG1I.

of

Opisthopteryx gracilis, Pictet & Humbert.

I860. Mesogaater gracilis, F. .1. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Libau, p- 3 >
pi. iii. fig. 2.

186<i. Opistopteryx gracilis, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Kech. P01
Foss. Mt. Libftn, p. 80, pi. xi. figs. 1-4. . r.y]

1887. Opistopteryx gracilis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Koy. Dublin boc. L i
vol. iii. p. 569, • 3

1887. Opistopteryx curtus, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 560, pi. xxxii. fig-
[l‘ish distorted by crushing; Edinburgh Museum.]

rype. Distorted fish, wanting caudal fin ; Geneva Museum.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0*1. Peng ^
head with opercular apparatus equalling about twice the maxim ^
depth of the trunk and contained approximately four times in^
t otal length of the fish. Longest ray of pectoral fins extending
tho origin of the pelvic fins, which are about two thirds as a^n
as the pectorals and arise midway between the latter and the ui
dorsal fin deeper than long, with about 11 rays, its origin a. ^
Irom the occiput as is its termination from the base of the Cliu.^
fin ; anal fin nearly as deep as the dorsal but less extended,
only about 8 rays, arising midway between the pectorals an
caudal. ,

The fossilised examples of this fish are usually much distor^^
but its general characters and proportions seem to be coir
stated in the above diagnosis. One specimen, evidently s or
by crushing, is described by Davis under a distinct specific n.

O. curtus.

Form, <Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Mt. Lebanon, Syria.

P. 1886. Fine specimen slightly elongated by crushing, displ-0^ .

the separate neural spines in the abdominal l0p 1 ,,
Sahel Alma. Egerton W

49604. Another fine specimen with head and anterior abd°m^^
region distorted ; Sahol Alma. Traces of the re a 1

. . 7. *4lltS C J J

large, pointed gill-rakers are seen.

Lewis

amen8*

47357-58, 47816, 49594. Four more imperfect distorted speci

with traces of the minute teoth and well-develope » „

with traces of the minute teoth and
rakers ; Sahel Alma.

Lewis

. Coll-

Genus SCOPELOIDES, Wettstein.

[Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glarnerschief. 1886, p. 55.]

Head large and trunk elongate-fusiform. Mandibular 5^ejv
sorium much inclined backwards ; jaws slender ; teeth mo

SCOPELIDiE.

255

large, slender and pointed, widely spaced and irregular in size.
Vertebrae about 40 in number, half being caudal ; the centra rather
longer than deep, and the arches in the caudal region comparatively
short. No fin-rays excessively elongated, but the dorsal and anal
fins much elevated in front and low behind. Pectoral fins com-
paratively large, close to the ventral border, the rays not quite
reaching the pelvic fins, which arc small : dorsal fin with about
10 rays, arising at or near the middle point between the occiput
and the caudal fin ; anal nn relatively large, arising opposite the
hinder end of the dorsal and extending nearly to the caudal fin,
with at least 20 rays ; caudal fin considerably forked.

Scopeloides glarisianus (Agassiz).

1839-44. Osmerus glarisianus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. boss. vol. v. pt. ii.
P- 102, pi. lxii. figs. 3, 4 (Osmeroides glarisianus on plate).

1886. Scopeloides glaronensis, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol.xm.), p.
pl. ii. figs. 7-13.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'18. Form an
proportions uncertain owing to distortion of specimens, but the
length of the head with opercular apparatus apparentlj near y
twice as great as the maximum depth of the trunk and about one
third the length of the vertebral column. Teeth very slender, some
recurved. Pelvic fins arising nearer to the anal than to the pectoral
Pair ; dorsal fin arising at the middle point between the occiput
anfi the caudal fin, the length of its base-line about half that of
lts ingest ray which approximately equals the depth of the
trunk at its insertion ; anal fin arising nearly midwaj between
the pectorals and the caudal, its front portion symmetrical with the
dorsal, its hinder portion very low and fringo-like.

Form. $ Loc. Oligocone : Canton Glares, Switzerland.

3815-16. Type specimen and another described and filmed by
Agassiz, loc. cit. p. 102, pl. lxii. figs. 3, 4 Engl. Both
are labelled “ Osmeroides glarisianus, Ag.” by Agassiz,
but they also bear a second label in his handwriting,
“ Nov. gen. voisin des Scopelus.” Enniskillen Coll.

P- 1857, P. 3814. More imperfect specimen elongated by distortion,
in counterpart, similarly labelled by Agassiz ; Engi.

Eqerton 4' Enniskillen Colls.

250

ACTJNOPTRKYGI T.

P. 5142. Fish shortened by distortion, in counterpart, and display >nS
the fins ; Engi. Labelled “ 1 778. Ex Museo Gronoviano,
No. 2494.” Purchased, IS86'

P. 1857 a. Imperfect fish, elongated by distortion ; Engi.

Egerton Coll-

Ihe generic position of tho imporfcct fish described as folio av ?
is not satisfactorily determined, and the species is not represent c
in tho Collection : —

kcopdoides nicolvsi , E. Bassani, Atti 11. Accad. Sci. Napoli? [J
vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 82, pi. i. fig. 5.— Lower Miocene-
Chiavon, N. Italy. [Imperfect fish ; Piovene 0
Lonedo.]

Genus PARASCOPELUS, Sauvage.

[Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. art. no. 1, 1878, p. 196.]

An imperfectly known genus, with much-elongated head
trunk. Cleft of mouth very large, with minute teeth. Lee ^
fins very largo ; polvic fins small and far forwards ; dorsa ^
short-based and median ; anal fin remote, more extended * ^gted
dorsal ; caudal fin forked. Scales large and uniform, not serr
at the hinder border.

Parascopelus lacertosus, Sauvage.

1870. Scopeliis lacertosus, II. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] v°

n. Sci. Gdol. vol- iv-

art. no. 7, p. 22.

1873. Parascopelus laeertosus, II. E. Sauvage, Ann.
art. no. 1, p. 196, figs. GO, 51.

Type. Imperfect fish. ^ 0f

The typo species, attaining a length of about 0'25. ‘enTjraUm
head with opercular apparatus contained about five timos, ^ax ^
depth of trunk about seven times in tho total length o a9

Vertebra about 54 in number, 30 being caudal. Pectoral ^
long as the head, with 14 rays ; dorsal fin with more than ’
with about 20 rays.

Form, dj- Loc. Upper Miocene: Licata, Sicily.

P.1161-62. Two imperfect specimens. Egeito

8C0rELIDJi.

257

Genus AWAPTERUS, Sauvage.

[Ann. Sci. Ge'ol. vol. iv. art. no. 1, 1873, p. 199.]

■s>’n- Tydeus, II. E. Sauvage (non Koch, 1842), Ann. Sci. Nat. [5]
vol. xiv. art. no. 7, 1870, p. 23.

An imperfectly known genus, with much-elongated head and
trunk. Cleft of mouth very largo, with a few large spaced teeth
and small unciform teeth between. Pectoral fins not much
enlarged ; pelvic fins small and remote ; dorsal fin short-based, in
hmder half of back but completely in advance of the extended anal
tlQ ; caudal fin forked. Scales of moderate size, uniform, and not
serrated at the hinder border ; lateral line conspicuous.

Ihis genus is not yet clearly distinguished from the existing
Pelagic genera, Puralepis and Sudis.

Anapterus megistosoma, Sauvage.

1870. Tydeus megistosoma, II. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv
^ art. no. 7, p. 20.

187.1. Anapterus megistosoma, II. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv.
art. no. 1, p. 200, figs. 95, 96.

Imperfect fish.

I he type species, attaining a length of about 0-5. Length of
Cad with oporcular apparatus contained about five times, maxi-
depth of trunk about ten times in the total length of the fish,
ertebrae nearly 100 in number. Pectoral fins with 20 rays;
Pe vie fins with 14 rays, opposite the origin of the dorsal, which
'""prises about 12 ruvs and is completely within the hinder third
r’ tlle back ; anal fin with at least 30 rays, extending close to the
audal. Scales of lateral line not enlarged.

"rrn- <Sf Loc. Upper Miocene : Licata, Sicily.

1163. Imperfect small distorted specimen labelled (apparently
by Sauvage) as young of this species. Egerton Coll.

. ^ b" following species from the Upper Miocene of Licata have
S0 been recognised on the evidence of imporfect fishes, but aro not
presented in the Collection

•Anapterus albyi , H. E. Sauvage, loc ■ cit. 1873, p. 203, figs. 93, 94.

Tydeus albyi, II. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1870, p. 24.

- Anapterus elongatus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1873, p. 206, fig. 92.
Tydeus elongatus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1870, p. 25.
"apterus siculus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1873, p. 205, fig. 47,
and ibid. vol. xi. art. no. 3 (1880), p. 39, fig. 4.

258

ACTIKOrrERYGII.

Anapterus sphekode s, II. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1873, p. 208, fig-
Tydeus sphekodes, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1870, p. 23.

Ihe last species is recorded from the Upper Miocene of Mondam >
Province of Forli, Italy, hy I. Bonomi (Bivista Ital. Palcon ■
vol. ii. 1806, p. 221), who has founded a new species Anapter ~
macrocephalus (loc. cit. p. 222, pi. v. fig. 7) on another in
determinable fish. Anapterus toenia is an undefined name #

Bosniaski (Proe. Verb. Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. vol. i. 18/8, p- six)
fish from the Upper Miocene of Gabbro, Tuscany.

The following remains of Scopelidje with slender promaxilla •
not generically or specifically determined : —

B 4031, P. 4766. Small elongated fish, in counterpart ; hPP^
Cretaceous, Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon. The .i'"s
slender and the mandible bears spaced eonieal tect •
paired fins are rather large. The dorsal fin is Tt)'!

deep, and short-based.

Lewis

P- 3844. More slender and elongated fish associated with

Sahel Alma.

The

P.9410. Head 0-085 in length; London Clay, Shoppe) ’ ^.^jg
cranium resembles that of Aulopus, but the ni'^.nu^c
hears large spaced conical teeth in addition to

teeth. History unlcnoun

Genus APATEODUS, novum. ^

A genus known only by parts of the head, which is d°ng^cc;pital,
with pointed snout. Parietal bones separated by the supra ^ery
which appears in the middle of the cranial roof. 1 remaxi ^
stout, pointed in front but not produced forwards in advance
ethmoidal region ; teeth large in the middle of each jaw > ^ ^ase.
compressed, and fused with the supporting bone at their u

Apateodus glyphodus (C. C. Blake).

[Plate XIII. figs. 3-5.] ^ ^

1863. Pachyrhizodus glyphodus, C. C. Blake, Geologist, vo
pi. xxi. figs, xii, xiii.

Type. Fragmont of jaw ; British Museum. . a the mandible
The type species, known only by portions of jaw. , ^ 0n tbe

probably attaining a length of about 0'2. l'v0 3 .oJ, afiout
anterior half of the premaxilla much enlarged ; the an e

SCOrELIDuE.

259

two thirds as long as the posterior tooth, and the length of the
latter less than the interspace between the two teeth, also less than
half the length of the part of the premaxilla in front of its insertion.
Mandible much attenuated in front, with two relatively large teeth
the middle of the dental series ; the small recurved teeth in
advance of these gradually increasing in size backwards.

Form. (j- Loc. Albian (Gault) : Folkestone, Kent.

37930. Type specimen, being a fragment apparently of the hindei
part of the premaxilla. Purchased, 1863.

47204. Imperfect left premaxilla associated with the greater part
of the mandible and remains of three vertebra, shown of
the natural size in FI. XIII. fig. 3. The premaxil a
(pm,r.) is imperfect at each end, and fracture near i
middle where it seems to be accidentally bent. Immedi-
ately in front of this fracture, the largest tooth is shown,
with its distal portion obscured by the remains o e
mandible. A slightly smaller tooth is imperfectly pre-
served a little further back ; and then follow three or our
still smaller spaced teeth, which are much laterally-com-
pressed and vertically striated at the base. The dcntai>
(cl.) is considerably fractured and broken awav be un ,
but its outer face is shown to have been smooth and rather
tumid, impressed only by a deep longitudinal groove just
below its upper border. Its anterior recurved teeth are
preserved on both sides of the jaw, gradually increasing
in size and becoming more widely spaced backwards ; the
very large middle teeth are wanting in the fossil ; the

hinder teeth are proved to have been very small.

Gardner Coll.

4 1 204 a. Uight and left premaxill® probably of one and the same
individual, that of the right side shown of the natural size
from the inner aspect in PI. XIII. fig- 4. Gn y t t
anterior half of the bone is preserved, and it seems to
represent a larger fish than the last specimen. It tapers
to a point in front, while its inner face is smooth and
flattened for articulation with the elongated ethmoidal
region. Its oral face gradually widens backwards and
forms a gently hollowed trough, which is filled at tv\o
points by the tumid bases of the large teeth. Both these

teeth are well-preserved, exhibiting a laterally compressed,

straight, lanceolate crown, finely striated at its base. The

s 2

260

ACTINOPTERTGII.

posterior is the larger tooth, inclined forwards, wi ' “

sharp edge in front and behind : while the anterior too r

is rounded behind, with a sharp edge only in fronJ
Between the large teeth there are also traces of smal ones
of similar form, arranged in single series on the s ®
outer margin of the bone. One of these small tee^’
preserved on the left premaxilla, is slightly curve
wards in its apical portion. Bcmains apparently o

attenuated rostral region occur above the right premax

Gardner Coll.

47204 b. Imperfect anterior half of a smaller left premaxilkh
showing the base of the anterior enlarged tooth, an
whole of the posterior enlarged tooth, which is dis in® •
inclined forwards. Gardner

47204 c. The greater portion of the left dentary, much crushed,
imperfect both behind and below, shown from the ou
aspect of the natural si/.e in PI. XIII. fig. 5. l'ive 0
anterior recurved teeth are indicated, gradually inercas^n
in size backwards. Then follow remains ot two ^
large teeth with tumid, finely striated bases, the se ^
much larger than the first. The outer face of the ^
so far as preserved, is smooth. Gardner

33311. Fragment of left promaxilla, with base of posterior e'1^1" g
tooth. Purchased, l ■ 1 •

?• 9020. Anterior portion of small right premaxilla. ^

Presented by F. G. Hilton Price, Esq., 1

P- 5528. Remains of anterior half of mandible. Purchased,

47204 e-i. Small fragments of mandible. Gardner

P. 35. Anterior end of small left dentary. Gardner C

Apateodus striatus, sp. nov.

[Plate XIII. fig. 6, Plate XIV.]

(?) 1837-44. Saurocephalus striatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. loss,
pt. i. p. 102, pi. xxv c. figs. 17-20.

■Type. Small hoad ; British Museum. . .

An imperfectly known species, the mandible probabl) attaii
length of about 0-15. Two teeth on the anterior half of the P ^
maxilla much enlarged ; the anterior about two thirds as o 0

SCOPELIDJS.

201

the posterior tooth, and the length of the latter equalling the inter-
space between the two teeth, also about half the length of the pari
°f the premaxilla in front of its insertion. Maximum depth of
mandible equalling about one fifth of its length ; dentition occupy-
ing half its length, with two relatively large teeth of about equal
size in the middle of the series, with small broad teeth behind, and
still smaller recurved teeth in front. Largo teeth much laterally
compressed, and markod with very fine vertical striations in the
basal portion.

fhe name stnatus is given to this species, because it seems
probable that the indeterminable fragment of jaw described In
Agassiz as Sauroce phal us slriatus is the hinder par„ ol a large pre-
maxilla of the same form.

Form. Loc. Turonian : S.E. England.

^9821. The tvpc specimen, a small skull and mandible, partly
broken and distorted, shown from both sides and from
above in PI. XIV. figs. 1, 1 «, 1*1 Lower Chalk’
Southeram Pit, Lewes. The head is shown to have been
long and laterally compressed, with a very acute snout ,
but the cranium is crushed downwards in the fossil and
broken in a sharp transverse fracture at about its middle.
The frontal bones ( fr .) are very extensive, almost reaching
the occipital border ; and their inner half is remarkably
smooth, marked only by radiating lines of growth. Im-
mediately behind them the stout supraoccipital bone
(s.occ.) is seen, distinctly separating tbo parietals, but,
not exhibiting any median crest or keel. The bones ol
the cheek are almost completely destroyed, but the c a
racteristic anterior portion of the premaxilla (pmx.) i
indicated by fragments on both sides. On the nB it
(fig. 1) the remains of this bone exhibit traces of the two
enlarged teeth (i, ii), and on both sides it is partly
broken away to expose the middle enlarged teeth of t e
lower jaw. On the left (fig. 1 «) undetermined
fragment of bone (x.) overlaps the anterior end of the
premaxilla, but this probably has no connection with the
jaws. The mandibular ramus is best displayed on the
right, but its antoiior pointed end is much broken here
and the dentition is more completely displayed on the
left. The ramus is deepest at the hinder end, where the
dentary ( d .) is seen to extend in a narrow band above
the comparatively small articulo-angular bone (u<7.) , **

262

ACTiNorTEExerx.

exhibits a characteristic gentle curvature, with the coi
cavity upwards • and its outer face is remarkably convex
and smooth, with an incurved lower border. ()f the tw^
enlarged mandibular teeth, one occurs on the right, >u
both are preserved on the left ; they are slightly recurve *
apparently compressed to a sharper edge in front t >a
behind, and the basal part of tho outer face is mai e ^
very delicate vertical striations. Six similar, but relative^
small and short teeth, are preserved posteriorly 011
right, while four remain on the left ; of those on
right, the hindermost is the largest. Another 8l,n ^
though small tooth is seen just in front of the cn ur”^
teeth on the left, and between this and the anterior
of the jaw there is a diminishing series of recUrar(-
dcnticles. At the hinder end of the right chee*
of the quadrate bone is exposed ; and imnux ia .

behind this there is the much-thickened anterior b° ^
of the preoperculum (j>.op.). tap1 0,1

P ■ 4512. A still smaller skull broken across the middle and in

shown

of

respects more imperfect than the type specimen,
the natural size from both sides and above in • nr

narrow

is

uout is

figs. 2, 2 a, 2b; English Chalk. The very ^
cranium, sharply compressed above the otic rcn ^
indicated as before ; and the remarkably acute su ^
especially well shown. On both sides there are re
of extensive though delicate postorbital cheek-plat*®
and the anterior attenuated ends of the charac^e
premaxilla) ( pmx .) are displayed apposed to the ■ ^ ^

ethmoidal region (elh.), and apparentlyjustmceting m ^ ^

The two enlarged premaxillary teeth are partly 8 10"^
both sides (i, ii), but the second on the left seems
a little displaced through fracture. The smoot , 1 e

mandible is much broken

..... , but the extent of th®

articulo-angular element («;/■) ia 8een especially ® ^

right, and there are remains of the characteristic ^
teeth on both sides.

Etmisldlltn Coil.

49067. Group of remains of a small fish, comprising the ^gbral
end of the right premaxilla, a quadrate, two V^er;or

centra, and other bones; Chalk, Kent.

portion of the promaxilla is shown from the outer
(PI. XIII. fig. 6) and bears tho two enlarged teetn,^
seem to display their normal proportions an< m

SCOPEIID.E.

263

insertion. The vertebral centra are strengthened by a few
longitudinal ridges. Mrs. Smith’s ColL

P. 5666. Imperfect rostrum, split longitudinally, showing the
anterior portions of the premaxillie apposed to the slender
ethmoidal region ; probably from Lower Chalk, Cuxton,
Kent. On the left side the anterior part of the pre-
maxilla is proved to be solid, 'while its flattened oral
border, to which the bases of the two enlarged teeth still
remain fixed, is flanked by a slight rim or outer wall.
The hinder part of the bone, which is somewhat bent
downwards upon the anterior part immediately behind the
Becond enlarged tooth, consists only of the thin, deepened
outer wall with the tooth-bearing border fixed on its innei
face like a shelf; the fragment preserved bears two teeth
of considerable size. The two enlarged teeth of the right
premaxilla are entirely broken away, but immediately in
front of the attachment of the second there are remains of
two very small teeth on the outer margin. There ate also
indications of the two posterior teeth already mentioned
on the left. Harford ColL

P- 5673. Hinder end of jaws of left side ; probably from Lower
Chalk, Cuxton. The quadrate is shown, meeting the
hyomandibular at its postero-superior angle but m
contact with the almost reniform metapterygoid along its
upper border. The hinder end of the premaxilla is im-
perfect, but still retains two typical teeth and the base ot
a third. The shape of tho hinder end of the mandible
resembles that on the right side of the type specimen ; but
the articulo-angular element is less exposed on the outir
face than in the latter, where the dentary seems to have
been partly flaked away. Harford Co

P. 9015.

Imperfect jaws and ossified sclerotic,
Chalk, Merstham, Surrey.

rather large ; Lower
Purchased, 1899.

49070. Right dentary broken across the middle and imperfect
behind ; Chalk, Kent. One of the enlarged teeth is
preserved, and there are remains of the small teeth both
behind and in front. As on the right side of the type
specimen, the hindermost tooth of the posterior series is
I.,™*,* Mrs. Smith’s Coll.

P. 1804. Fragmentary mandible; Chalk, Kent.

Egerton Coll.

264

ACTINOPTERYGII.

P. 3953. Fragmentary mandible; Chalk, Sussex. Enniskillen Coll

49799. Fragmentary mandible about 0-12 in length ; Lower Chalk,
Southeram, Sussex. Capron Coll

P. 9042. fragment apparently of pterygoid arcade of this species,
bearing characteristic teeth ; Lower Chalk, Durham.

Presented by S. J. Hawkins, Esq-, 1891 •

the following specimens seem to be fragments of the hinder end
<>t the premaxilla of large individuals of this species, but they can
only be provisionally determined : —

4090. Five teeth and tho base of a sixth fixed upon bone, described

and figured by Agassiz loc. (it. as the type specimen ol
Saurocephalus stria tus ; Chalk, Lowes. Mantell Co

4091. three more slender teeth in close series ; Chalk, Lewes.

Mantell Coll

5647. Group of fragments including hinder end of very large
premaxilla, with remains of characteristic teeth in slight J
spaced series ; probably from Lower Chalk, Cuxton.

Harford Coll

33309. Smaller fragment with well-preserved teeth ; Lower Chalk,
Durham, Kent. Purchased, 18«8-

47924. Fragment with teeth of unequal size ; Lower Chalk, n®a
Maidstone. Presented by the Hon. llobert Markham, 18m

Apateodus lanceolatus, sp. nov.

[Plate XIII. fig. 7.]

hype. Anterior portion of premaxilla ; British Museum.

A species smaller than the type form. Anterior part of Pre"
maxilla comparatively short, with two much enlarged, long &n
slender, lanceolate teeth, which are inclined slightly forwards:
these teeth about equal in size, or tho anterior slightly the larBe ,
and^the interspace between them much less than their height.

Form. Loc. Turonian : Kent.

39080. The type specimen, being the anterior portion of a

premaxilla, exposed from the outer aspect and shown o
the natural size in PI. XIII. fig. 7 ; Grcv Chalk, Dover.
The anterior extremity of the bone is broken away,
the two characteristic enlarged teeth are well presei ve< .

SCOPELID.®.

265

and a fragment of the more delicate posterior part of the
element also remains. The latter bears another large
tooth, which is comparatively short and broad, and this
is immediately followed behind by a very small tooth of
the same shape. The base of all the teeth is feebl)
marked with striations. Bowerbanlc Coll.

P- 1798. Hinder extremity of left premaxilla, apparently of this
species, with a well-spaced series of small teeth regularlj
diminishing in size backwards, and resembling in shape
the hinder tooth of the last specimen ; probably from
Grey Chalk, Dover. . E9eHon Co,L

49068. Hinder end of left dentary, apparently of this species ; Grey
Chalk, Dover. The hinder of the two enlarged teeth
is preserved ; behind this are three irregularly space(
teeth not quite half so much elevated ; and after anot er
short space there follows a gradually diminishing series of
five teeth. Mrs- SmitKs ColL

The following specimens and many other fragments seem to
represent undetermined species of Ajoateodus : —

28390. Dentary bones of mandible, with widely-spaced, slendei,
lanceolate teeth ; Chalk, Lewes. Mantell CoJ.

49823. The toothed border of a large dentary, with the two
enlarged teeth and a diminishing series of nine hroat
teeth behind ; Grey Chalk, Brighton. Capion o

Genus RHINELLUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Boss. vol. ii. pt. ii. 1844, p. 260.]
syn. Ichthyotringa, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Temt. vol. iv.
1878, p. 09.

Head excessively elongated by the production of the stout pro
maxilla; and the mandible into a long, slender rostrum ; teeth large
in the middle of each jaw. Branch iostegal rays about 9 in number.

' ertebr® about 45 in number, not less than 25 being abdominal :
Die centra slender, much constricted and strengthened by delicate
iongitudinal ridges of bone. Pelvic fins arising almost or exactly
opposite the dorsal fin ; dorsal fin with 12, and anal fin with about
14 rays. Trunk completely covered with a regular squamation, the
s«ales not serrated at the hinder border, and only slightly thickened
or enlarged in the course of the lateral line.

ACTINOPTERl'GII.

260

Rhinellus furcatus, Agassiz.

[Plate XIII. figs. 1, 2.]

1844. Rhinellus furcatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. U- P- 2 ’
pi. lviii b. tig. 6 (non fig. 6). , jj

1849. Rhinellus furcatus, J. .1. Heckel, in Eussegger’s Reisen, vol.

ph P- 340, pi. xxiii. fig. 1 b. ^

1850. Rhinellus furcatus, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, P- ’

Pi- viii. figs. 3-4. . „ ^

I860, Rhinellus furcatus, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss.

Mt. Liban, p. 82, pi. xi. figs. 5-8. . j;_

1873. Rhinellus furcatus, W. von der Marck, Palseontogr. v0 • X/

P- 00, pi. ii. (ig. 4. r,

1887. Rhinellus furcatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin »°c. L--
vol. iii. p. 008.

type- Head and abdominal region ; olim Aniic Collection, I®

Ihe type species, attaining a length of about 0‘2. Length o
head with opercular apparatus equalling or slightly exceedinP
length of tho trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the cai

the

fin ; maximum depth of trunk contained from four to five time
the same measurement. Dorsal fin arising at the middle p

about
of the

measurement. Dorsal fin arising
between the occiput and tho baso of the caudal fin ; pelvic fim
half as large as the pectorals and arising just in advance
origin of the dorsal ; anal fin completely behind the dorsal, ®r ' ^
behind the middle point between the pelvic pair and the cau a
Scales of the lateral line conspicuously thicker than the others. ^ .

Form, Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Le
Sendenhorst, Westphalia.

48096-97. Two imperfect largo specimens, with the trunk s^°r^rve(j
by distortion. Tho second displays the small reel ■ ^

teeth apparently in the mandible.

V nearly complete fish slightly distorted, shown ^
natural size in PI. XIII. fig. 2. The parts of ^
and opercular apparatus are obscure ; but there art ^
of the close series of minute recurved teeth near ^ q0II.

49525.

of the jaws.

few is 1

■ 4762. Another nearly complete fish, with depressed fin®> j
Of the natural size in PL XITI. fig. 1. The tto<***

of the natural size in PI. XIII. fig

irtebrai

scales of the lateral line are displayed above the v®
column in part of the abdominal region.

fVifl ggoOfld

48090-91, 48092, 49544. Four imperfect specimens, tn

and third displaying the thickened scales oi t q011.
line. htl

SCOPEUDJE.

267

49523, 49591. Small slab with remains of three individuals, and
another exhibiting one fish in association with an im-
perfect Thrissopteroides. In the first, specimen may bo
noted the expanded laminar form of the anterior neural
spines, and tho thickening of the scales of the lateral line.

48089, 48144. Three very small imperfect specimens, two being
distorted and deepened by crushing. Lewis Coll.

1882. Imperfect very small specimen, apparently an immature
individual of this species with the vertebral centia in the
form of hollow cylinders. Egerton Coll.

Rhinellus ferox, Davis.

1687. Rhinellus ferox, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii, p. 014, pi. xxxvii. fig. 6.

type. Imperfect fish; British Museum.

A large form apparently closely resembling the type species, but
the trunk perhaps more slender and the hinder teeth of the pre-
maxilla relatively larger.

Form, J.oc. Upper Cretaceous: Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

I*. 4851. Tho type specimen about 0'4 in length, described and
figured loc. dt. The skull is crushed so that the right
and left sides of tho jaws aro separated. The produced
upper jaw is thus proved to consist only of the elongated
premaxilla?, while tho mandible is shown to bo destitute
of a presymphysial bone. The premaxilla bears a spaced
series of large, slender, conical teeth, which are erect,
gradually increase in size backwards, and are shown by
fragments to have been very large on that part of the
bone which is in contact with tho cranial rostrum.
Between the large teeth there are smaller denticles, lho
spaced teeth of the deutarv are much smaller than those
of the premaxilla, and seem to attain their greatest size in
the middle of tho bone, diminishing both backwards and
forwards. The structure of the hinder part of the jaws is
not clear, but the mandible does not seem to have been

Lewis Coll.

46527. Imperfect fish elongated by crushing.
■P. 1882 a. Imperfect distorted fish.

15600. Imperfect fish.

Egerton Coll.
Purchased.

Lewis Coll.

208

ACTI NOPTERY Gil.

elevated in the coronoid region, and its articulation >s
almost as far back as the occiput. There seem to
remains of cheek-plates. The vertebral column of »
swallowed fish can be distinguished in the abdomina^
region. The fins are too imperfect to admit of countino
their rays. Lewis Co

P. 4737. Another fine specimen wanting end of snout, but displa}

paired fins. Lewis Coll-

49526. Imperfect specimen exhibiting the head and the great
part of the trunk, noticed by Davis, lac. Fit. p. 615. 1 0
of the anterior neural spines are laminar expansio
obliquely truncated above, tapering to a point be o
The imperfect dorsal fin has 12 supports. The course

the lateral line is indicated by a thickening of the BCa

Leuns Coll-

49519. A much crushed and distorted imperfect specimen.

Lewis Coll-

48151. Imperfect head and distorted abdominal region, "
remains of the very large teeth at the base of the P
maxilla. ^ewis Coll-

Rhinellus damoni, Davis. ,

1887. Rhinellus damoni, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc
vol. iii. p. 017, pi. xxxvii. fig. 4. .. « g.

1887. Rhinellus robustus, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 608, pi- xxxvn.
[Distorted fish ; Edinburgh Museum.]

Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum. nj

A species as large as the type, but with shorter vertebra' ^
comparatively stout trunk. ' Length of head with °PercUtjje
apparatus considerably exceeding the length of the trunk 'J011' ^
pectoral arch to the baBe of the caudal fin ; maximum el ^
trunk contained about three times in the same measurement. ^
as in the type species ; scales apparently thicker than in the
and those of the lateral line not conspicuous.

Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanoi

T. 4850. Type specimen described and figured loc. cit.

supports can be distinctly counted in the dorsal n,
the anal fin. The tail is deepened by crushing^ ^

49524. Slab exhibiting large specimen in association wi

SCOPEI.ID-*.

269

equally large but imperfect individual of if. furcatus.
Five or six of the upper lath-shaped branchiostegal rays
are shown. Lewis Coll.

F- 4849. Slab exhibiting a much-distorted specimen in association
with two small examples of if. furcatus. Lewis Coll.

47367, 48093-95. Four imperfect smaller specimens. The first

exhibits a series of at least nine branchiostegal rays, the
upper four or five lath-shaped, the others more slender.
The second specimen shows one of the large slender teeth
towards the base of tho premaxilla. The third specimen
bears traces of the characteristically-expanded anterior

neural spines. Lewis Coll.

47365-66, 47383, 47815, 49545. Five still smaller specimens,
variously imperfect. Lewis Coll.

The following species has also been described, but is not repre-
sented in the Collection : —

Ithinellus tenuirostris : lehthyotringa tenuirostris, F. D. Cope,
Bull. TJ.S. Gool. Surv. Territ. vol. iv. (1878), p. 69.— Upper
Cretaceous; Dakota. [Type species of lehthyotringa.
Fragmentary fish ; Cope Collection.]

The so-called Rhinellus curtirostris (J. W. Davis, Trans. Itoj.
Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii. 1887, p. 610, pl. xxxvii. fig. 2), from the
Upper Cretaceous of llakel, Mt, Lebanon, is founded on a frag-
mentary specimen of Scombroclupea macrophthalma, now in the
Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art.

The name Rhinellus nasalis was given by Agassiz (Ncues Jahrb.
1835, p. 291) to an indeterminable fish from tho Upper Eocene ot
-Monte Bolca, described and figured as Pegasus lesiniformis by G. 8.
^ °lta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. clix, pl. xxxix. fig. 1-

The name Rhinellus schilli was given by H. von Meyer (Neues
Jahrb. 1863, p. 450) to some undetermined fragments, not of this
Senus, from the Lower Tertiary of Hammorstein, Baden.

Indeterminable fragments, of no scientific value, were described
35 follows and placed near Rhinellus: —

Rhamjohomimia rhinelloides, 0. G. Costa, Mem. L. Accad. Sci.
Napoli, vol. ii. (1857), p. 108, pl. ii. fig- 2.— Upper
Cretaceous ; Mt. Lebanon. [1* ragments, partly Gr us-
tacean ; Geological Museum, University of Naples.]

270

A CTI N OPTERY G II .

The following specimens seem to belong to a genus of Scopeloids,
but are not satisfactorily determinable : —

P. 447-8, P. 3833. The two type specimens (one in counterpart) o
the so-called Clupea brevis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Toss, vo .
pt. ii. (1839-44), p. 119, pi. lxii. figs. 1, 2; Oligoeene,
Engi, Canton Glarus, Switzerland. An apparently sinai ^
fish, elongated by distortion, is described under the natn
of Clupea dubia by A. Wottstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer.
Glarnerscbiof. (Denksehr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. v°h x
1 886), p. 54, pi. iii. fig. 5. Egerlon 4' Enniskillen »

P. 5148. Similar specimen ; Engi. Egerton Co

The following imperfectly defined genera and species, not r<TV
Rented in the Collection, may also perhaps belong to
Scopelidoo : —

Erac7i.yspond.ylus cretaceus, W. von dor Marck, Palseontogr. v°l- 3
(1868), p. 283, pi. xliii. fig. 2. -Upper Cretaceous;
Sendenhorst, Westphalia. [Imperfect trunk ; cu
of Munster.] „-sg

llemisaurida neocomiensis, R. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad.^ j
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. lvi. (1867), pt. i- P-

fig. 1. — Cretaceous ; Comen, Istria. [Imperfect. hea^^
Ilolosteus esocinus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ". (

44), p. 85, pi. xliii. fig. 5.— Upper Eocene ; Monte Eo ’
near Verona. [Imperfectly restored fish.] . ^ ^ j

Omiodon cahassii , F. Bassani, Atti It. Accad. Sci. Aapo _

vol. iii. no. 4 (1888), p. 2, pi. i.— Middle Eocene ; j
Province of Udine, Italy. [Imperfect nsn,

Collection.] ninth-'

Palimphemus ariceps, R. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wish.,

naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. (1862), pt. i. p- 490, pi. i- lg' ’

Hid. vol. xlviii. (1863), pt. i. p. 148. — Midd e ^

(Leith akalk) ; Margaretben, Vienna. [Imperfcc
Taehynectes brachypterygius, W. von der Marck, la®° g.

vol. xi, (1863), p. 54, pi. ix. fig. 4.— Upper C« > a0 of
Sendenhorst, Westphalia. [Imperfect hsh ;

Miinster.] „„ 52,

Taehynectes longipes, W. von der Marck, loc. en. i ' >

pi. ix. fig. 3, pi. x. figs. 1, 2.— Ibid. [Ditto.] lg63,

Taehynectes macrodactylus, W. von der Marck, loc. ’jjarck,
p. 51, pi. ix. figs. 1, 2. Taehynectes, W. Jj® . species.
loc. cit. vol. xxxi. (1885), p. 260.— Ibid. [The type SI
Ditto.]

GONOBHTNCHIM5.

271

Family GONORHYNCHIDjF.

Trunk fusiform or elongated, and caudal region relatively short.
^upraoccipital bone not prominent, but extending forwards to the
frontals and separating the parietals in the median line ; squamosal
suturally united with parietals and completely covering the otic
bones except bohind ; snout not produced ; cheek-plates rudimentary.
Mandibular suspensorium much inclined forwards, and gape of
mouth small; premaxilla smaller than maxilla, but excluding
latter from the oral margin ; teeth, if present, chiefly or exclusively
on some inner bones of mouth. Opercular apparatus complete,
with few branchiostegal rays and no gular plate. A ertebral centra
well ossified, but usually pierced by notochord ; abdominal vertebral
with robust transverse processes bearing delicate ribs, which do
not completely encircle the abdominal cavity ; a compound hypural
bone at the baso of the tail. Intermuscular bones present. Fin-
fulcra absent; pectoral arch without precoracoid process; dorsal and
anal fins small ; no adipose dorsal fin. Scales narrow and elongated,
very deeply imbricated, and often extending over the cheeks and
opercular apparatus.

The only known existing species of this family is Gonorhynchus
greyi, which inhabits the seas off Japan, South Africa, Australia,
and New Zealand. Its gill-cleft is narrow, and pseudobranchiae are
present ; there is no air-bladder ; the stomach is simple, without
blind sac, while tho pyloric appendages occur in small number.

Synopsis of Genera.

T Teeth on pterygoid and hyoid bones.

Dorsal fin scarcely if at all behind middle
of back, and pelvic fins opposed to

it; scales not covering head Charitosomus (p. 271).

Dorsal fin far behind middle of back, and
pelvic fins opposed to it ; scales

covering head Gonorhynchus (Recent).

II- Teeth absent.

Dorsal fin nearly in middle of back,
more or less directly opposite pelvic

pair; scales covering head Notogoneus (p. 275).

Genus CHARITOSOMUS, W. von der Marck.

[Palacontogr. vol. xxxi. 1885, p. 257.]

Syn. Solenognathus, Pictet & Humbert (non Swainson, 1839), Nouv.

Rech. Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, 1866, p. 54.

Head small and trunk much elongated, laterally compressed.

ACTINOPTKRYGII.

272

Teeth apparently wanting on the margin of the jaws ; but stout
and blunt conical teeth present on some of the inner bones of the
mouth, probably on the pterygoids and hyoid apparatus; upper
branchiostegal rays comparatively broad. Vertebrae approximately
>70 in number, 35 being abdominal and the remainder caudal , ri '
short and delicate. Paired fins relatively largo, the pectorals no
much exceeding the pelvic pair in size, the latter remote an<
opposed to the origin or anterior part of the dorsal, which is scarce }
if at all behind the middle of the back ; dorsal and anal fins eac i
with from 7 to 12 rays ; caudal fin slightly forked. Scales distinct J
elongated [but their hinder margin not yet observed]; n0
extending over the head ; strong fulcral scales on the borders o
caudal pedicle at the base of tho caudal fin.

Charitosomus formosus, W. von der Marck.

1885. Charitosomus formosus, W. vou der Marck, Palseontogr. vol.
p. 257, pi. xxiv. fig. 1.

Type. Fish with imperfect head : Geological Museum, Acade )
of Munster. . \ ut

The type species, known only by one imperfect specimen
0’15 in length. Fins arranged as in the next species, an ^
trunk nearly similar in proportions to that of the latter, bu
caudal pedicle apparently more robust.

Form, if Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Baumbcrg, Westphalia.

Not represented in the Collection.

Charitosomus major, sp. nov.

[Plate XV. fig. 3.]

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum. .

A species attaining a length of about 0-2. Length of
opercular apparatus contained four and a half times, and ^()

depth of trunk nearly nine times in the total length of t e
the base of the caudal fin ; depth of caudal pedicle about 1(1 ^ -n
of the abdominal region. Dorsal fin almost median, arisinB 1
advance of the middle point between the occiput anu < ^ nearly
the caudal fin; pectoral fin-rays when adpressed exten K'o
half way to the pelvic fins, which arise opposite the 811 a^ollt
of the dorsal ; distance between tho pectoral and pelvic
one and a half times as great as the length of the 88 caUjai
opercular apparatus ; anal fin arising slightly nearer to
than to the pelvic fins.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous: Sahel Alma, Mt. Loba

GONORH YNCH I D-S).

273

P- 9173. Type specimen, shown of the natural size in PI. XV. fig. 3.

The crushed remains of the head are exposed partly from
the right side, partly from below. The cranium seems to
be exposed from beneath, and display’s the attenuated
form of the elongated rostrum. Beneath its anterior
extremity there lies a stout curved bone (iw.) shaped
much like the maxilla of Oonorhynchus ; while just behind
this there appears to be the anterior pointed end of the
toothless dentary (d.). Still further back there are
remains of large bluntly-conical teeth, some apparently
belonging to the upper jaw, but the largest ( t .) occurring
just above the ceratohyal as if they had been fixed upon
the hyoid arch. All the vertebral centra are longer than
deep and much constricted ; while fractured examples,
both in the abdominal and caudal regions, seem to indicate
that a delicate strand of the notochord penetrated each of
them. The ribs are shown to be short and slender, not
reaching the ventral border of the fish ; the neural and
hicmal spines in the caudal region are straight, much
inclined backwards, and comparatively stout, while there
seems to have been scarcely any fusion or expansion of
the hoemals supporting the caudal fin. The fins are
closely adpressed to the trunk, so that at first sight they
are not conspicuous. The remarkably’ elongated rays of
the paired fins, however, are well preserved ; and the
arrangement of the fins is clearly as stated in the specific
diagnosis. The caudal fin is shown to be cleft. The
scales are antero-posteriorly elongated and striated, but
their crushed remains are too much confused to permit
the determination of their precise shape and characters.
Stout styliform fulcral ridge-scales occur on each border

of the caudal pedicle at the origin of the caudal fin.

Lewis Coll.

49543. More distorted specimen showing small mouth and
characteristic dentition. Lewis Coll.

46517. More imperfect specimen, wanting the anterior half of the
head. Traces of the stout bluntly-conical teeth are
preserved above and below. Some of the anterior neural
spines of the abdominal region bear a laminar expansion.
A few of the caudal vertebral centra are sufficiently well
preserved to exhibit their lateral longitudinal ridge. The
iv. T

274

ACTINOPTERYGII.

supports of the dorsal fin are dagger-shaped, having a
aminar wing both in front and behind. Lewis Col .

46518. Another more imperfect elongated specimen displaying Pa^
of the operculum of both sides, apparently with a sm
acumination on its hinder border. Lewis Co

Charitosomus lineolatus (Pictet & Humbert).

[Plate XV. fig. 4.]

1 860. Solenognathus lineolatus, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Iois..

l'oss. Mt. Liban, p. .56, pi. iv. tigs. 4-7. , _

1887. Solenognathus lineolatus, 3. W . Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin hoC'
[2] vol. iii, p. .531 , pi. xxvi. fig. 6.

jype. Imperfect fishes ; Geneva Museum. .

The type species of tho so-called Solenognathus (Pictet
Humbert, non Swainson), attaining a length of about 0-07. Len&
of head writh opercular apparatus contained five times, and maxima®
depth of trunk about thirteen times in the total length of the fis
to the base of the caudal fin. Operculum bearing a small bioa
spine on its hinder border. Dorsal fin situated ju6t within t
hinder half of the trunk ; pelvic fins arising opposite the origin
the dorsal, tho distance between these and the pectorals equalling
about twice the length of the head with opercular apparatus ; a®^
fin arising just behind the middle point between the pelvic an
caudal fins.

Form. 4" Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

P- 4752. Fine specimon 0-073 in length, displaying the form
proportions of the mandible and the greator part °

fins, imperfectly figured by Davis, loc. cit., rc-figuu
pi q a Tstiuis COW*

fig. 4. Lewls

46523, 48135-40, 47389. Eight specimens in various states ^
No. 48137 exhibits traces of the

of

preservation,
teeth at the back of the mouth.

Lewis

Coll-

P 9174. Five more fragmentary specimens, two showing

acumination on tho hinder margin of the operculum.

Lewis isou-

Charitosomus hakelensis (Davis).

1887. Spaniodon hakelensis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin S

vol. iii. p. f>9] , pi, xxxiv. fig. 4. r XT t Hist-

1898. Charitosomus hakelensis , A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag*

[7] vol. ii. p. 412.

GONOKH YNCHIDJE.

275

Type. Imperfect fish ; Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art.

A species attaining a length of about 01.5. Length of head with
opercular apparatus equalling about twice maximum depth of trunk,
and contained four times in total length of fish to base of caudal fin.
Pelvic fins arising behind origin of dorsal, which is in middle of
back and comprises 12 rays ; anal fin comparatively small, with
" raJ's, slightly nearer to the caudal than to the pelvic fins.

Form, Loe. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.

Not represented in the Collection.

Genus NOTOGONEUS, Cope.

[Amor. Naturalist, vol. xix. 1885, p. 1091.]

Syn. (?) Anormurus, 11. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. 1818, p. 374.

Sphenolepia, L. Agassiz (non Nees, 1834), Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii.
1844, p. 87.

Trotocatostomus, K. P. Whitfield, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist,
vol. iii. 1890, p. 120.

Trunk fusiform and somewhat laterally compressed. Head
pointed and mouth inferior ; no teeth ; suboperculum exhibiting
a few deep clefts in its hinder border. Vertebra approximately
,r>0 in number, about 35 being abdominal and 15 caudal. Dorsal
fin arising at about the middle point of the back, opposite or
immediately behind the pelvic fins; caudal fin with slightly
excavated posterior margin. The thickened hinder border of the
scales fringed with slender denticles ; small scales extending over
fbe whole of the head and parts of the fins.

Notogoneus osculus, Cope.

1885-86. Notogoneus osculus, E. D. Cope, Amer. Naturalist, vol. xix.
p. 1091, and Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. vol. iii. p. 163, pi. with
figs. 4, 5.

1890. Protocatostomus constdblei (P = A1 otogoneus osculus, Cope), It. 1.
Whitfield, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. ID, pi. iv.
[Fish ; American Museum of Natural History.]

1896. Notogoneus osculus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 501,
pi. xviii. figs. 1, 2.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Cope Collection.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0‘6. Length of
bead with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth
°f the trunk, and contained slightly more than five times in the

t 2

270

ACTINOI’TERYGII.

total length of the fish.

kuiqi raugtu vi Li ic usu. Four clefts in suboperculum, extend -
somewhat less than half its width. Dorsal fin slightly deeper t nan
long, with twelve rays preceded by at least one short spiue, arising
immediately in advance of the middle point between the °e':1l''^
and the caudal fin ; pelvic fins arising opposite the origin o
dorsal, each with about six rays ; anal fin arising much nearer
the caudal than to the pelvic pair, short-based, with eight r.iy^
preceded by two small spinos ; caudal fin with nineteen ra'9 ‘
basal spines or fulcra. Denticles on hinder border of scales °n=>
and closely arranged. .

Form. 4" Loc. Eocene (Green River Shales) : Wyoming,

of

P. 7491. Eine specimen 054 in length, described (with fifiu
head and terminal vertebrae) by the present writer, oC

Purchased,

Notogoneus squamosseus (Blainville).

i818. Cyprinm squamosseus, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet-

Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 371. Tth6nef

1823. Eso.r sp., C. de Villeneuve, Statist. Dept. Bouches c u

p. 8, pi. iv. fig. 4.

1843-44. Spltenolepis squamosseus,
p. 13, pt. ii. p. 87, pi. xlv.
1896. Notogonem squamosseus, A.
p. 502, pi. xviii. figs. 3, 4.

L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v . P
S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. SoCl

Type. Imperfect fish ; olim Dree Collection. ^ p834)r

The type species of Sphenolepis, Agassiz (non Nees, ^
attaining a length of about 0-6. Length of head with °PC^.nC(j
apparatus exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk, and c0" ^
about four times in the total length of the fish. Four c^caje9
suboperculum, extending less than half its width. I ins an
as in the type species of Notogonem.

Form. 4” Loc, Lower Oligocene : Aix-en-Provence.

8052. A fine large specimen wanting part of the abdomin* ^

in front of the pelvic fins, also part ot the dorsa , ,uin
whole of the caudal fin. The characteristic su °P
is displayed above the head, which is describe d an »
in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 502, pi. xviii. fiB- ^ and
expanded neurals in the anterior abdomina wep

the vertebral centra in the caudal region <*io sv-iii.
shown. A well-preserved scale is figured lot ■ Coll<

fig. 4.

GONORHYNCHIDjE.

277

32476. Imperfect remains of a much smaller fish, from which the
proportions of the head and the situation of the dorsal fin
may be estimated. Tesson Coll.

43436. Crushed remains of head and abdominal region of another
large fish, partly in counterpart. Eleven supports are
seen in the dorsal fin, the foremost expanded, as noted in
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 503.

Presented by Kenneth Murchison, Esq., 1872.

8053. Portion of contorted smaller specimen, chiefly tail.

Mantell Coll.

P. 1850. Similarly contorted small specimen, chiefly tail.

Egerton Coll.

P- 1850 a. Middle portion of trunk with remains of pelvic and
dorsal fins. Egerton Coll.

P. 3884. Two imperfect specimens of the hinder part of the trunk,
one noticed in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 503.

Enniskillen Coll.

P- 3884 a. Caudal region of large fish displaying the anal and
caudal fins. Enniskillen Coll.

Notogoneus cuvieri (Agassiz).

(?) 1818. Anormtirus macrolepidotus, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet.
d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 374. [Fragmentary fish: olim Dree
Collection.]

1822. “ Cyprin,” G. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ed. 2, vol. iii. p. 346, pi. lxxvu.
fig. 15.

1 *>43-44. Sphenolepis cuvieri, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ^ . pt. i. p. •->,
pt. ii. p. 89, pi. xliv. figs. 1, 2 (P figs. 4-12, non fig. 3).

1896. Notogoneus cuvieri, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 503.

Type. Imperfect fish ; olim Dree Collection.

A small slender species, attaining a length of about 0 .j. Length
head with opercular apparatus much exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk and contained about five times in the total
length of the fish. Fins and scales as in the type species.

Norm. A Loc. Upper Eocene (Gypsum of Montmartre): Paris.

P. 9154. Imperfect trunk displaying parts of the axial skeleton,
the position of the dorsal and anal fins, and the base of
the caudal fin. Eleven fin-supports are preserved at the
base of the dorsal fin, and the characteristic fringe of

278

ACriNOPTKKYGH.

denticles on the scales is seen immediately behind tl

anal fin. Noticed in 1’roc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. o04.

History unknown.

Notogoneus longiceps (Meyer).

[Plate XV. fig. 5.]

1844. Cobit, is tongioeps, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt- x- P'
(name only). _ , x>

1848. Cobitis longiceps, H. von Meyer, Palscontogr. vol. i. p- U* ;P
fig. 2.

Type. Imperfect fish. ^ Length

A small slender species, attaining a length of about 0-1-. e
of head with opercular apparatus about twice as great a ^
maximum depth of the trunk and occupying slightly loss t
third of the total length to the base of the caudal fin. ' 'v 1 ^ jv;c
in suboperculura. Dorsal fin arising immediately behind ' ' een

pair ; anal fin comparatively small, arising nearly midway )(
the pelvic pair and the caudal fin.

Form. <Sf Loc. Upper Oligocene : Mayence Basin.

P.7667. Imperfect distorted large specimen; Monabacb,

Mayence. There are indications of the scales ex e^ ^
over the cranium ; and the characteristic c e
observable in the hinder border of the subopereu um

Purchased,

15674. Imperfect smaller specimen; Mombach. tn orders,
centra are shown to be slender constricto cj
which must have been pierced by a rather stou r s ^
of the notochord. About 12 rays can be countu^^^^
dorsal, 9 in the anal fin.

P. 1820. Partly distorted fish, shown of the natural size in F jft
fig. 5 ; Mombach. The long and narrow cram ^ .g

exposed from above ; while the smallness o rt,icul»r

indicated by the position of the quadrate a,lf !lfe|. part
end of the mandible preserved beneath. I he »yie' J g;0n.
of the characteristic maxilla is shown in |aced,

The opercular apparatus is much crushed an ^ ;s]jable.
but the fissures in the suboperculum are <^s^"'nvar;ouSly
The delicate vertebral axis is well shown, thoun 0).oChord
fractured; and the extent to which t ? cping the
persisted is indicated by the calcareous matrix rj|j9

constricted vertebral cylinders. The very 0 10

CHiROTIIKICID.'E.

27»

are distinctly supported by broad transverse processes.
Some of the characteristic long and slender intermuscular
bones are seen beneath the dorsal fin. All the fins are
imperfectly preserved. The squamation is shown to
extend over the cranium. Eyerton Coll.

P- 4322. Imperfect vertically crushed fish, showing the ribs
supported by transverse processes and the squamation
extending over the head ; Mombach. Enniskillen Coll.

48041 x. Fragmentary distorted specimen ; Mombach.

John Brown Coll.

Presented by Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., 1860.

T* 1820 a. Crushed remains of head and anterior vertebra;, labelled
Cobitis longiceps by Agassiz; Mombach. the com-
paratively short mandible is shown articulating with the
quadrate, and the dentary displays the usual great
ascending process. Some of the upper branchiostegal
rays are preserved, and the suboperculum exhibits five
clefts. The anterior vertebra; are provided with transverse
processes. Egerton Coll.

1820 b. Another fragmentary specimen ; Mombach.

Egerton Coll.

P- 3858, P. 3869. Four fragmentary specimens, displaying several
characteristic features in the osteology of the fish ;
Mombach. Enniskillen Coll.

Family CHIROTTIRICIDiE.

Trunk fusiform or elongated. Mandibular suspensorium inclined
forwards, and gapo of mouth small ; promaxilla delicate and styli-
form, completely excluding the maxilla from the upper border of
fhe mouth; jaws with feeble dentition or toothless. Opercular
apparatus complete, with a few large branchiostegal rays. V er-
tebral centra with robust transverse processes in the abdominal
region ; ribs short and slender ; expanded haemal arches scarcely
fused at the base of the tail. Intermuscular bones present. Paired
fins much enlarged, and the pelvic pair far forwards ; a single large
dorsal fin in the anterior half of the trunk, with stout triangular
supports ; anal fin small and remote ; caudal fin separate.

An extinct family of pelagic fishes.

280

ACIINOPIUKi'GII.

Synopsis of Genera.

I elvie fins excessively enlarged : caudal forked ;

no dermal scutes Chirothrix (P‘ *&))•

I’ectoral fins larger than pelvic pair ; caudal ..

forked ; dorsal dermal scutes Telcphohs (p- - /

Pectoral fins larger than pelvic pair; caudal

rounded ; ? no dermal scutes Exoccetoides (p.

Genus CHIROTHRIX, Pictet & Humbert.
[Nouv. Rech. Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, 1866, p. 51.]
Syn. Meyapus, C. Schliiter, Palseontogi’. vol. xv. 1868, p. 276.
Meyistvjms, fl. Landois, Neues Jahrb. 1894, vol. ii- p- ~

Head relatively large and jaws apparently toothless ; the ar^
branchiostegal rays 8 or 9 in number. Vertebra) between 50 a ^
60 in number, about 25 being caudal. Fin-rays mostly divide
well as articulated distally. Pectoral fins arising near the ven

border, delicate and much smaller than the pelvic pair,

with only

one ray considerably elongated ; pelvic fins very large, with
expanded pelvic bones, close to the pectoral pair ; dorsal fin arl ®
immediately behind the head, and occupying less than half 0
back; caudal fin forked. No dermal scutes.

Chirothrix libanicus, Pictet & Humbert.
[Text-figure 10.]

L T> i poiss-

1806. Cheirothrix libanicus, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rec

Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 52, pi. v. fig. 1.

1808. Meyapus, C. Schliiter, Palocontogr. vol. xv. p. 275. iath."

1882. Cheirothrix libanicus , F. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad.V iss.,

naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. p. 273. „ rg]

1887. Cheirothrix libanicus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin

vol. iii. p. 527, pi. xxvi. figs. 3, 4. i ;jj,

1888. Cheirothrix libanicus, K. A. von Zittel, Ilandb. Palaeon . v
p. 311, fig. 319.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum. 0f

The type species, attaining a length of about O'll.. °n^epth
head with opercular apparatus equalling twice the maximum ^
of the trunk, and half its length from the pectoral arch to 0 ^
of the caudal fin. Pectoral fins with about 13 delicate bi u '
rays, decreasing in length both forwards and backwards, t ^
being excessively elongated ; pelvic fins comprising about ^ .
the longest reaching the caudal fin when adpressed to the ’

dorsal fin, with 16 rays, much elevated, the length of t io

CHIKOTHRICIDiE

282

ACTINOPTERYGII.

ray at least equalling half the length of the hack from the occipu
to the base of the caudal iin ; anal fin, with 13 rays, arising some-
what in advance of the middle point between the dorsal and the
caudal, and distant from the latter a space equal in length to i ^
own base-line ; the maximum elevation of the anal half that of t
dorsal fin.

Form, df Loe. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

49528. Specimen figured by Davis, he. cit. pi. xxvi. fig- 3.

cranium is shown to be long and narrow, and the qua
rate can be distinguished beneath it, the articulation .
the mandible probably being below the anterior murBi
of the orbit. The mouth is opened, and a long and
gently arched bone in front may bo the premaxilla. °
rami of the mandible are imperfectly preserved ; but t ^
are no traces of teeth. The branchiostcgal rays a
relatively large and scattered, but 12 can be coun^’
proving that there must have been at least 6 pairs,
clavicle is relatively small, though in the published S11^
detached bones below it are made to appear continue^
with it. One of the pectoral fins is soen on the flan , ‘
its single elongated ray is distinctly observable ('ur'^ r
downwards, bifurcating at the distal end. Doth I,c ^
fins are well preserved, but not spreading ; aD

characteristic dorsal and anal fins are depressed. _ .

Lew*# ^ oi <•

49530. Specimen figured by Davis, loc. cit. pi. xxvi. fig- •
mandible is sufficiently well preserved to indica ®
relatively small size of the terminal mouth : an ® ,

the head there are remains of the large branchios^
rays. The number of vertebrae is shown to be a °u
and the short ribs are covered by one of the pe f

One of the small pectoral fins is seen at tho lower
of the trunk immediately behind the branohiosteg® ^
It is imperfect distally, but clearly exhibits 1- j js
rays. The pelvic fins are crashed as usual, so th® 0
above the other, the lowermost spreading and disp a.^ ^
17 rays, the uppermost closed. The dorsal flu /i^-ian-
comprise about 16 rays, and some of its expan e
gular supports are well shown. It is difficult to i c
whether or not delicate scalos were present. tr[on,
brownish markings, especially in the abdomina

CHIEOTHBlCIDUi.

283

May be interpreted either as small, antero-posteriorly
elongated scales, or merely' as remains of the muscle-
plates. Lewis Coll.

49529. Small trunk, displaying the fins. The relatively small
pectoral exhibits its single, much elongated ray. The
longest rays of the dorsal are considerably more than half
as long as the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of

the caudal fin. Leivis Coll.

49527. More imperfect distorted specimen, either of this or the next

species. Lewis Coll.

Chirothrix lewisi, Davis.

!887. Cheirothrix letoisii, J. W. Davis, Trans. Kov. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 528, pi. xxvi. fig. 2.

lyjpe. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.

robust species, attaining a length of about 0‘15. Length of
0dd with opercular apparatus equalling about twice the maximum
^ePth of the trunk, and contained one and a half times in its length
r°m the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. I1 ins as in the
^Pe species.

1'orrn. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

48079, P. 4740. Type specimen, with incomplete counterpart,
described and figured by Davis, loc. cit. One of the
pectoral fins (“short subsidiary tins’’ of Davis) is imper-
fectly' preserved, showing the elongation of one of its
middle rays. The very stout pelvic arch (“pectoral arch
of Davis) is crushed upwards and exposed either from
above or below, the pelvic fin thus raised upon the flunk
(“ pectoral fin ” of Davis) being closed, while the other
pelvic fin is widely expanded below. The two foremost
rays of the pelvic fin are closely articulated but not divided
distally, while all the others are finely divided. Most
of the rays of the median fins are shown to be divided
distally. Lewis Co11-

48080. Fragmentary specimen. Lewis Coll •

Chirothrix guestfalicus (Schliiter).

4868. Megapus guestfalicus, C. Schliiter, Palmontogr. vol. xv. p. 274,
pl. xliii. fig. 5.

1894. Megistopus guestfalicus, H. Landois, Neues Jahrb. vol. ii. p. 234,
pl. v.

284

ACTINOPTERYGII.

J'ype. Imperfect fish ; Academy of Munster. „

The type species of Megistopus, attaining a length of about 0 >

and of slender proportions. Length of head with opercular
apparatus equalling twice the maximum depth of the trunk, an
slightly exceeding one third of its length from the pectoral arch to
the base of the caudal fin. Pectoral fins apparently as in the tjp’
species ; but the pelvic fins more remote, with about 13 ray®’ 0
which the longest scarcely roaches beyond the origin of the ana n
when adpressed to the trunk.

hoi m. £,oc. Upper Cretaceous : Baumborg, Westphalia.

Not represented in the Collection.

Genus TELEPHOLIS, W. von der Marck.

[Palaeoritogr. vol. xv. 1868, p. 276.]

Head relatively large and jaws apparently toothless. Veiteb
between 40 and 50 in number, about half being caudal. 1‘ *rl
mostly divided as well as articulated distally. Pectoral fins arn
near the ventral border, delicate but larger than the pelvic
which comprise about 8 rays and are supported by much exp®111 ^
pelvic bones ; dorsal fin arising opposite or somewhat in advance
the pelvic pair, and occupying less than half the back; cauda
slightly forked. Tho dorsal region protected with a covering ^
small, thin, rounded or polygonal dormal scutes, each beann„
median tubercle.

One of the original specimens of the type species in the A cade 7
of Miinster (noticed by W. von der Marck, Palseontogr. vol. ■ ‘

1>. 248) clearly exhibits the upper jaw. The slender toot ^
premaxilla is shown to form the upper border of the mo
excluding the maxilla, which has a triangular expansion behm

Telepholis acrocephalus, W. von der Marck.

1868. Telepholis acrocephalus, W. von der March, Palseontogr. v ol
P- 277, pi. xliii. figs. 0, 7. .. 57,

18/6. Telepholis acrocephalus, W. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xxn.

pi. ii. fig. 2 a. . 248.

I880. Telepholis acrocephalus, W. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xxxi. p

i'Ulpc. Imperfect fish ; Academy of Miinster. ,

Ihe type species, attaining a length of about 0'18. Lci)» ^
head with opercular apparatus somewhat less than twice as nr0 __
the maximum depth of the trunk, which is contained between ^
and five times in its length from tho pectoral arch to the

CHIROTHRICIDiE.

285

6 cau(^al fin. Pelvic fins arising within the anterior third of the
space between the pectoral and anal tins, and when adpressed not
reaching the latter ; each pelvic fin comprising S rays of which all
are divided and articulated except the anterior two, which are the
^ougest and closely articulated without branching distall}'. Dorsal
,, Wlt8* 12 rays, the foremost shortest and apparently undivided,
e °lhers both divided and articulated distally. Anal fin with 2
e°mparatively short undivided rays in front, followed by 7 divided
Ia5s, separated from the caudal fin by a space equal in length to its
base-line. Tubercles on the scutes of the dorsal ridge between
6 an<l the occiput produced into small acute points.
orrn. JMC' Upper Cretaceous : Sendenhorst, Westphalia.

Not

represented in the Collection.

Telepholis (?) tenuis (Davis).

1887- Engrcudis (?) tenuis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
1WQ v°l- fii- P' 583, pi. xxx. fig. 4 (non fig. 5).

95- Exoccctnides tenuis, D. G. Kramberger, Djeia Jugoslav. Akad.
, Vo1’ xvi' P- 39-

Telepholis (?) tenuis, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7]
vol. ii. p. 4io.

rp

ype. Imperfect fish ; Edinburgh Museum.

1 omewhat smaller than the type species. Length of head with
peicular apparatus contained about throe and a half times in the
g n8tfi of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base ol the caudal
Vertebrae about 26 in number in the abdominal, 21 in the
b ^ region. Pectoral fins when adpressed to the trunk extending
ejond the insertion of the pelvic pair, and comprising about 16
'cate divided rays; pelvic fins situated probably as in the t}pe
species and resembling the latter except; in having only 7 rays;
or«d fin ajSQ apparently as in the type species.

oria. dj- /.oc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon, Syria.

‘ represented in the Collection.

An imperfect specimen has also been ascribed to this genus, as

follows :

Telepholu) biantennatus, W. von der Marck, Palmontogr. vol. xxii.
(1873), p. 56, pi. i. fig. 3. — Upper Cretaceous ; henden-
horst, Westphalia. [Head with anterior abdominal
region ; Academy of Munster.]

.286

ACTIVOPTERYGII.

Genus EXOCCETOIDES, Davis.

[Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii. 1887, p- 550.]

Head relatively largo and jaws apparently toothless. Verte
about 35 in number, 15 being caudal ; the transverse processes
the abdominal region very stout. Rays of paired fins mostly 0
articulated and divided distally, those of median fins articu a
but not divided. Pectoral fins delicate but very large; Polvi°
smaller, with about 7 stout rays, mostly divided distally ; ^ors'1 ^
opposite or somewhat in advance of the pelvic pair, with onlj a ^
7 undividod rays ; caudal fin rounded, not forked. [Squama
unknown.]

pi. xxvi.

Exaccetoides minor, Davis.

1887. Exoccetoide s minor, .1. W. Davis, loc. c> t. p- 5ol, pi

figs. 1, 5. Akad*

1895. Exocmtoides minor, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav.

vol. xvi. p. 39, pi. viii. fig. 2. ... 1-7]

1899. Exoccetoides minor, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. 18
vol. iv. p. 319.

Type- Imperfect fish : British Museum. , Qf

The type species, attaining a length of about (POO. LoHn ^
head with opercular apparatus nearly half as great as the 0
from the pectoral arch to the baso of tho caudal fin. Poctoia
with about 15 rays, the longest whon adpressed to the
reaching the anal fin ; pelvic fins inserted within the an
quarter of tho trunk and their longest rays less than half ns ^
as the pectorals ; dorsal fin entirely in advance of the pc ^l0 ^
and its longest rays much shorter than the pectorals ; anal fin
small, with 7 rays, separated from the caudal fin by a space a
equal to the length of its base-line.

Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.

P. 47 56. Typo specimen figured by Davis, loc. cit. fig- 1 » C^1SP

all the characters mentioned in tho generic and sp^

diagnoses. The anal fin is termed “ dorsal by q0U.

P. 8685. Another fine specimen, dorsal aspect.

P. 6003. Imperfect small specimen.

Tho two following specimens may perhaps ho immaturo ex
of this species, but the length of the head with opercular apPa ^
is contained threo times in the length from the poctoral arc 1

Purchased, 18^'

Lewis Ooll-

ESOCIDyE.

287

base of the caudal fin, while the characteristic great development of
the pectoral fins is not shown : —

P. 6002. Fish 0*035 in length, showing dorsal aspect. Lewis Coll.

P- 9411. More imperfect specimen, dorsal aspect, of same size.

Egerton Coll.

The so-called Engraulis evolans , Ag. {supra, p. 133), with a
°rked tail, is also referred to Exoccetoides by Kramberger, Djela
Jugoslav. Akad. vol. xvi. (1895), p. 39.

Family ESOCID^E.

Supraoecipital bone extending forwards to the frontals and
separating the parietals in the median line ; otic region prominent
and squamosal reduced. Mandibular suspensorium inclined forwards,
but gape large and dentition powerful ; symplectic bone present ;
Prernaxilloe relatively small and separated by the ethmoidal
rostrum; maxilla forming the greater part of the upper border
°f the mouth. Opercular apparatus complete, with 12 to 20
branchiostegal rays and no gular plate ; gill-opening very wide.
Abdominal vertebrae without transverse processes ; ribs not com-
pletely encircling abdominal cavity. Intermuscular bones present.
Pectoral arch without precoracoid process. A single dorsal fin,
m°re or less remote, without adipose dorsal. Trunk covered with
cloid scales, which frequently extend over the opercular apparatus
and cheeks.

E&ox is the only known genus of this family, existing in the
fresh waters of the northern temperate regions. The common pike
(■®. Lucius, Linn.) occurs in Europe, Asia, and North America.

Genus ESOX (Artedi), Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 183.]

Hoad depressed, but trunk elongate and more or less laterally
compressed. Premaxilla with minute teeth; maxilla toothless,
with one supram axillary bone ; the extended vomer and pterygo-
palatine arcade with clustered, recurvod, pointed teeth ; mandible
with a single series of recurved, pointed teeth, small in front,
Very large in the middle of each side, large behind. Vertebral
approximately 60 in number, one third being caudal. Dorsal and
ana-l fins about as deep as long, directly opposed ; caudal fin forked.
8cales small or of moderate size ; lateral line conspicuous.

288

actinopterygii.

Esox lepidotus, Agassiz.

1708. Lucius antediluvian us, J. J. Scheuckzer, Piscium Querel®
Vindicise, pi. i. .

1755. Figure by G. W. Knorr, Samml. Merkwiirdigk. Natur. pt- '•
pi. xxvi.

1818. Esox Indus, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. dTIist. - « '
vol. xxvii, p. 377 (wore).

1852. Esox lepidotus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 130. - j

1 839-48. Esox lepidotus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. 11 • P'
pi. xlii. .

1861. Esox robustus, T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss. d’Oening^
(Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv.), p- od> 1 ’ \gb
figs. 17, 18, pi. vi. figs. 19, 20. [Imperfect distorted fisk ■
Museum,]

Type. Imperfect fish ; Zurich Museum. ,ar

A species attaining a length of about 0'7. Head with operc ^
apparatus occupying nearly one third of the total length 0 ^

base of the caudal fin. Dorsal and anal fins oach comprising a ^
15 divided and articulated rays preceded by 15 or 4 short un
rays. Pelvic fins nearer to the aual than in E. lucius, an
considerably larger than in the latter species. . fln(j

It is difficult to count the fin-rays owing to imperfection ^
displacement of their right and left halves during fossiliaa
the formula given for the dorsal and anal is approximate!) cor
Form. 4' Loc. Upper Miocene: Ooningen, Baden.

42776. Large fish about 07 in length, in counterpart, the

figured by Winkler, op. cit. pi. vi. fig. 19- ^ ^ ^7/

P- 9412. Equally large specimen.

History unk»'°lVH'

42775. Imperfect distorted fish with displaced skull, in coai'tc 1^ ^

described and figured by Winkler op. ext. as „

Van Breda

specimen of Esox robustus.
42771-74, 42777. Eight specimens.

Van Br

reda ColL

P- 2084. Imperfect fish about 0-48 in length, labelled b) An '

1 Eyerton w

P. 9413. Fine specimen (F42 in length, in counterpart. (.

History nnkrax-

, Coll-

28501. Fragmentary specimen labelled by Agassiz.

t* n a unknown-

P. 9414. Two immature specimens
8044. I ragmentary remains of head.

Diatom

History

Mantell

GoV-

ES0CID2B. — CYPRTNODONTIDiE.

289

The following specimens seem to belong to the existing Esox
lucius, Linn. (Syst. Nat. cd. 12, vol. i. 1766, p. 516), which has
already been recorded from the Norfolk Forest Bed Series (E. T.
Newton, Vert. Forest Bed, 1S82, p. 123, pi. xviii. figs. 11-14) : —

**• 4925. Portion of left dentary, teeth, and caudal vertebra ; Forest
Bed Series, West Runton, Cromer.

Presented by William Barker, Esq., 1885.

P- 8703, P. 8708-11. Various fragments; Forest Bed Series, near
Cromer. Savin ColL

36658-60, P. 4848. Portions of dentaries, teeth, and vertebrae ;

Pleistocene, Copford, Essex. John Brown Coll.

Presented by Sir Bichard Owen, K.C.B., 1860.

45810. Teeth and fragments ; Pleistocene, Ilford, Essex.

Brady Coll.

36746. Numerous bones ; Southerey Fen, Norfolk.

Presented by Prof. Alfred Newton, 1862.

The following extinct species have also been described, but are
n°t represented in the Collection : —

Esox otto, L. Agassiz, Arbeiten schles. Ges. 1837 (1838), p. 87
( E . ottonis, name only), and Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii.
(1843), p. 68, pi. xlvii.— Pleistocene ; near Breslau,
Silesia. [Detached bones.]

Esox papyraceus, F. G. Troschel, Verhandl. naturw. Ver. preuss.
Bheinl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 2, pi. i. fig- !• Upper
Oligocene (Lignite) ; Eott, near Bonn. [Imperfect fish ;
Geological Museum, University of Bonn.]

Esox waltschanus, II. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. 1848, p. 4-6,
and Palseontogr. vol. ii. (1851), p. 49, pi. vi. figs. 1 > -i
pi. vii. fig. 1. — Lower Miocene ; Waltsch, Bohemia.

[Imperfect fish.]

Family CYPRINODONTIDiE.

Supraoccipital bone extending forwards to the frontals and
seParating the parietals in the median line ; otic region prominent
®nd squamosal reduced. Mandibular suspensorium inclined
Awards and gape small ; symplectic bone present ; premaxilla
tended, excluding the maxilla from the upper border of the
*ART iv. u

290

ACTINOPTERYGII.

mouth ; teeth on premaxilla and dentary, none on palate, except
very rarely on vomer. Opercular apparatus complete, with fe'
(4 to 6) branchiostegal rays and no gular plate. Abdonuuft^
vertebrae with transverse processes ; ribs stout and long, ltctora
arch without precoracoid process. A singlo dorsal fin, more
less remote, without adipose dorsal. Trunk covered with scu
which extend more or less over the head. j.

The existing Cyprinodonts are small fishes ranging throng °
the temperate and tropical regions, except Australasia, the raa^roJ1
confined to freshwaters, but a few found in brackish water an
the sea-coast.1 Only one extinct genus is known with certain . <
while a second is recognised provisionally.

4

Genus PROLEBIAS, Sauvago.

[Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse, vol. viii. 1874, p- 1^7.] ^ ^

Trunk regularly fusiform, laterally compressed ; caudal 1)C^^
deep. Head very small, with obtuse snout; cleft o ® ^

relatively small ; premaxilhc not produced forwards, and pro • ^

not protractile ; tooth simply conical, apparently arrange ^
singlo series. Transverse processes of abdominal vertebral ^
short. Pelvic fins present but relatively small; dorsal an
fins small, not much extended, directly opposed in the bin 8T me_
of the fish ; anal fin never modified : caudal fin truncated or.S^jons
what forkod. Scales large, ornamented with fine parallel stn
and pectinations. The two sexes apparently similar. oXisfcing

This genus seems to bo most closely related to the
Lucania, Girard, of North America, and Funclulus, Lacepi °, ^

has a still more extensive range in North America besi es
abundant in tropical Africa and southern Europe.

Prolebias cephalotes (Agassiz). ^

1839. Lebias cephalotes , L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt- 1 ^

pi. xli. figs. 1,2,9, 10.

Bull. Soc. Hist.

1874. Prolebias cephalotes, IT. E. Sauvage,

Toulouse, vol. viii. p. 192. < .

1891. Lebias cephalotes, C. Pollini, Sciamo Pesci foss. ricop

Nat-

Calc, marnoso, with photo.

Type. Slab with numerous fishes ; olirn Murchison Colh^ 0f
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-035. ^ jcpth

head with opercular apparatus about equal to tho maximu ^

1 S. Garman, “The Cyprinodonts,” Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard
vol. xix, no. 1 (1895).

CYPRINODONTIDJE.

291

of the trunk, which is contained about three and a half times in
the length to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae about 12
ln the abdominal, 20 in the caudal region. Dorsal fin with 9
or 10 rays, arising immediately behind the origin of the anal fin,
which comprises from 12 to 14 rays ; caudal fin truncated or
Very slightly forked.

Form. § Loc. Lower Oligocene : Aix-en-Provence.

4236. Large slab of freshwater marl with shoal of fishes.

Enniskillen Coll.

20071. Small slab with similar shoal.

Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq., 1846.

36131. Two similar small slabs.

Presented by Sir Roderick I. Murchison , K.C.B., 1S60.

1831. Two smaller slabs and one detached specimen.

Egerton Coll.

21396. Two small slabs. Purchased, 1S47.

43438. Small distorted fish.

Presented by Kenneth Murchison, Esq., 1872.

21397. Two small distorted specimens. Purchased, 1847.

Prolebias furcatus (Winkler).

(?) 1832. Lebias perpusitlus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 135 (name
only).

(f) 1839. Lebias perpusillus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v . pt. ii. P' 49,
pi. xli. figs. 3-5. [Imperfect distorted fish; ohm Lavater Coll.J
]861. Lebias furcatus, T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss. d'Oeningen
(Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv.), p. 44, pi. iv.
fig. 15. .

(?) 1874. Prolebias pcrpusilliiA, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist, i at.
Toulouse, vol. viii. p. 194.

1874. Prolebias furcatus, II. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 190.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

A very small species with distinctly forked caudal fin. Slightly
mor« slender than the type species, but vertebral column and all
fins except the caudal similar.

Form, cf Loz. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden.

42784. Type specimen described and figured by Winkler, loc. cit.

The stain on the matrix causes the pedicle of the tail to
appear more slender than in reality. V an Breda Coll.

TT 2

292

ACXIN OPTEK Y GII.

42800. Two minute specimens on one slab.

Van

Breda Coll-

42801. Distorted fish the anterior portion vertically crushed.

— , Breda toll"

Van ■

Prolebias gregatus, Sauvage.

1869. Lebias aymardi, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. G6ol. France, ['
vo1- xxvi. p. 1070, fig. no. 3. r|, , use,

1874. Prolebias gregatus, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. '**
vol. viii. p. 190 (said to be Fachystetus gregatus, Ayniar

Type. Imperfect fish. atnS

A very small species. Length of head with opercular appa ^
exceeding the maximum dcptti of the trunk and contains a ^
three and a half times in the length to the base of the cau ggj

Vertebra} 14 in the abdominal, 20 in tho caudal region.
fin with 10 rays, arising behind the origin of the anal, ft
comprises 12 rays ; caudal fin truncated.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Oligocene : Puy-en-V clay, France.

P- 9218. Typical specimen 0-026 in length ; Itonzon. 19OO.

Presented by the Rev. F. St. John Thackeraj,

P- 8G84. Smaller specimens, more imperfect, on
marl ; Itonzon.

u similar Slfg9f

Presented by Lady Prestunch,

_ IoulOUse>

Prolebias stenoura, Sauvage

1874. Prolebias stenoura, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. T^at
vol. viii. p. 191, pi. i. figs. 4, 5.

Type. Imperfect fish. t Tcngthof

A robust species attaining a length of about 0-06. ''

head with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding tho ia ] ^ to
depth of the truuk and occupying about one third of t 0 ^inah
the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae 12 to 14 in the a < ed,
20 in the caudal region. Dorsal and anal fins exact y
each with 15 rays ; caudal fin truncated.

Form, df Loc. Upper Oligocene : Puy-de-Ddme, France.

. rroizet Cod-

28491. Several typical specimens ; Le Puy-de-Coren .

P. 1832. Five similar specimens ; labelled “ Clermont.

umiuard Coll

28496. Seven imperfect small specimens

Coll-

Bravar

CYPRINODONTIDiE.

293

®®®1. Two small specimens. Enniskillen Coll.

1908. Small distorted specimen, probably of this species.

Purchased.

Prolebias goreti, Sauvage.

!880. Prolebias goreti, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. G<5ol. France, [3]
v°l. viii. p. 445, pi. xii. figs. 1, 2.

type. Imperfect fish.

^ species with moderately robust skeleton about 0'045 in length.
ongth of head with opercular apparatus about equal to the
Maximum depth of the trunk, and contained nearly four times m
the total length to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebra) 12 in the
abdominal, 16 in the caudal region. Dorsal fin with 10 rays,
arising immediately in front of the anal, which comprises 14 rays.
horrn. Loc. Lower Miocene : Cercste, Basses Alpes.

P' 378. Imperfect fish, in counterpart ; Cereste. Gardner Coll.

Prolebias brongniarti (Agassiz).

18-34. Aspius brongniarti, I,. Agassiz, Neues Jalirb. p. 383.

1835-39. Aspius brongniarti , L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. \o . P • 11 ■
p* 38, pi. lv. fio*. 4. _

7874. Prolebias oustaleti, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. IS at.

Toulouse, vol. viii. p. 193, pi. i. figs. 6, 7. [Imperfect fish.]

1874. Aspius brongniarti, II. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 195.

Type. Imperfect fish ; olim A. Brongniart Collection.

A large species, attaining a length of about O' 13. Dengt o
r ad with opercular apparatus equal to the maximum ep o
^ unk, which is contained four times in the length to t e asc
the caudal fin. Vertebra) about 20 in the abdominal, - in ic
caudal region ; 17 pairs of ribs. Dorsal fin with about I- rays,
rising immediately in advance of the origin of the ana > w 1C 1
m°re extended with 14 or 15 rays ; caudal fin slightly forked.

Ihe synonymy here given assumes that the discrepancies ic ween
the two original definitions are due to imperfections m the speci-
mens studied. The amended definition now proposed is based on
the specimens enumerated below.

Form. Sf Loc. Lower Miocene (Lignite): Puy-de-Dome, France.

Pl 3863. Impression of large fish about
of the dentition ; Menat.

0'13 in length, with traces
Enniskillen Coll.

294

ACTINOPXERYGII.

27736. Fine specimen about 0-095 in length, with imperfect caudal
fin ; Menat. Indications of teeth in the premaxilla ar
distinct. Croizet 0

28492. Two fine small specimens showing the vertebral coluffl

Croizet tou-

Menat.

28492 a. Caudal fragment of large fish ; Menat.

Croizet Coll-
but

The following species have also been referred to this genus
are not represented in the Collection : —

Prolebias gaudryi, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulou >
vol. viii. (1874), p. 190 (name only). Lebias gau r >
H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Ge'ol. vol. iv. (1873), ait. n0‘ ^
p. 261. — Upper Miocene ; Kacalmuto, Sicily. [ImPcr
fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]

Prolebias gobio, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Tou 0

vol. viii. (1874), p. 190. Lebias gobio, L. Agassiz ^
Miinstcr MS.), Poiss. Eoss. vol. v. pt. ii. (1839), P* ^
pi. xli. fig. 6. — Lignite ; Seussen, Eichtelgebirgo. L
terminable distorted fish.] louse,

Prolebias meyeri, H. E. Sauvago, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. 011

vol. viii. (1874), p. 190. Lebias meyeri, L. Agassi .
cit. (1839), p. 50, pi. xli. figs. 7, 8.— Upper Ohgoc

Mayence Basin. [Imperfect fish.] louse,

Prolebias minimus, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. y^yer,
vol. viii. (1874), p. 190. Lebias minimus , I. C.

Descript. Poiss. Foss. d’Oeningen (Natuurk. 0
Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv. 1861), P- ^crfeCt
fig. 14. — Upper Miocene ; Oeningen, Baden. [ mP
small fish ; Teyler Museum, Haarlem.]

( Siebl°3

A supposed Cyprinodont from tho Middle Oligocene o ^ ^ ^

and Eisgraben, Bavaria, is also named Lebias eisgrabensis
Winkler, Arehiv Mus. Teyler, vol. v. (1880), p. 93. [ ul"
fish; Geological Museum, Univ. Wurzburg.] giqnoi

Nothing is known of the so-called Lebias tenuis and Lena

Nothing is known of the so-called Lelnas tenuis anu ,g"g_79,
(Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat.— Proc.-Verb. vol. i- 1 '
pp. xix, lv), from the Upper Miocene of Gabbro, Tuscan} •

Genus PACHYLEBIAS, novum.
a . . , aPp remarkab 0

A genus provisionally recognised on account or rn ag ju

hyperostosis of the vertebral axis. General proper io * ^ or

1 rolebias ; teeth apparently bifid or trifid ; dorsal fan

CYPHIKODOiraDiE.

295

completely in advance of the anal fin, which is not modified ; caudal
fiu truncated.

Pachylebias crassicaudus (Agassiz).

1832. Lebias crassicaudus , L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 136 (name
only).

1839. Lebias crassicaudus , L, Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 06,
Ph xli. figs. 11, 12.

1849. Lebias crassicaudus , E. Sismouda, Mem. K. Accad. Sci. Torino,
[2] vol. x. p. 13, pi. ii. fig. 59.

1874. Lebias crassicaudus, G. Capellini, Mem. Accad. Sci. Istit.
Bologna, [3] vol. iv. p. 550.

18/4. Prolebias crassicaudus, IT. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Toulouse, vol. viii. p. 190.

1891. Lebias crassicaudus, C. Pollini, Atti Soc. Ligust. Sci. Nat. vol. n.
P- 122.

1 !JPe- Imperfect fish.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0‘08, but usually
Waller. Length of head with opercular apparatus slightly ex-
ceeding the maximum depth of the trunk and contained about three
an(l a half times in the length to the base of the caudal fin.
Vertebral about 30 in number, half being caudal. Dorsal and anal
fins with about 9 or 10 rays; the dorsal arising midway between
Ifie occiput and the caudal fin ; the anal arising opposite the hinder
end of the dorsal.

■Form. 4' Loc. Upper Miocene : Italy, Sicily, and Crete.

32491-92, 38147. Three imperfect distorted specimens : Sinigaglia,
Ancona, Italy. Purchased, 1857, 1864.

P- 1833, P. 3850. Four similar specimens ; Sinigaglia.

Egerlon 4' Enniskillen Colls.

P- 1- Seven specimens, one showing some teeth ; Eacalmuto, Sicilj .

Purchased, 1879.

P- 1833 a. Slab with fragmentary remains ; Racalmuto (.).

Egerton Coll.

P- 1834. Fine specimen and three others ; Crete. Egerton Coll.

P- 4505. Imperfect fish displaying caudal vertebra; : Crete.

Enniskillen Coll.

24555-56. Nine specimens, several exhibiting immature fishes with

skeleton not yet much thickened ; Crete.

Purchased 1849, 1858.

296

ACTINOPTERYGII.

P. 287. Slab with numerous specimens, mostly immature ; ’

Crete. Transferred from Alus. Tract. Geology , 1

The following specimen may bo a Cyprinodont, but is 110
generically determinable

42783. lype specimen of Lebias crassus, described and figured by
d. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss. d’Oeningen (Natuur
Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv. 1861), P-
pl. iv. fig. 1,3; Upper Miocene, Oeningen, Baden. ’
ferred to Prolebias by H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist.
Toulouse, vol. viii. (1874), p. 190. Van Breda Oo ■

The following imperfectly defined genus and
represented in tho Collection, is also reforred to
by Sauvago: —

Pcecilops breviceps, A. Pomel, Catal. Method. Yert. Foss. Ij®
(1853), p. 135; H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. ^
Toulouse, vol. viii. (1874), p. 195 (Pcecilops).—
Miocene (Lignite) ; Menat, Puy-do-D6me.

A comparatively large skull from the Lower Pliocene, Siwa '
Hills, India, now in the Dublin Museum, is provisionally re ei ^
to a Cyprinodont by 11. Lydckker, Paleeont. Indica, ser. x. vo • 1
(1886), p. 256, woodc. .sibly

The following genera and species, regarded by Cope as P0*-81 ^
Cyprinodont, are too imperfectly known for systematic c
mination : —

Gephyrura concentrica, E. D. Cope, Amcr. Nat. vol. xxv. (1®® ’
p. 654. — Lower Tertiary (?) ; Bee Hills, South Da '°

IJ.S.A. [Imperfect fish.] _ rTVtto.]

Proballostomus longulus, E. D. Cope, ibid. p. 655. — Ibid. L

Suborder Y. OSTAIUOPHYSI.

Vertebral contra always complete constricted cylinders, a
anterior vertebras usually coalesced and fused with the 0CC'^Uj(’jcr
chain of small bones (weberian ossicles) connecting the a*r" &
with the auditory organs. Mandible simple, each ramus consls .
only of two elements (dentary and articulo-augular). Pectora ^
suspended from tho cranium ; prccoracoid arch present ! Pec
n with not more than four or five basals. Pelvic fins a ’ 0J''

In the living forms— air-bladder, if well developed, connectc

species, which is not;

the Cyprinodontid®

CHARACINIDJ3.

297

he oesophagus by a duct in the adult (physostomous) ; optic nerves
ecussating ; intestine without spiral valve ; reproductive organs
Wlth efferent ducts.

Synopsis of Families.

Tiemaxilla and maxilla usually entering the
upper border of the mouth ; teeth usually
°n margin of jaws, and lower pharyngeals
uot falciform ; sympleetic bone present ; no
barbels ; adipose dorsal fin usually present ;

scales, but no bony scutes Chahacinim: (p. 297).

•'•-maxilla excluding maxilla from upper border
of mouth ; jaws toothless, but lower phar-
yngeals falciform and strongly toothed ;
sympleetic bone present ; barbels frequent ;
no adipose dorsal fin ; scales, but no bony
scutes Cyprinidje (p. 299).

Ihe maxilla almost always excluding maxilla
from upper border of mouth; dentition
very variable, but lower pharyngeals rarely
falciform : no sympleetic bone ; barbels
present; adipose dorsal fin usually pre-
sent ; no scales, but often bony scutes .... SiLUitiDiE (p. 324).

Family CHARACINIDiB.

Supraoccipital bone prominent, but not completely separating the
'veil-developed parietals in the median line; squamosal suturally
united with parietals and completely covering the otic bones except
chind ; cheek-plates usually well developed. Sympleetic bone
present ; premaxilla small and maxilla relatively large, both entering
, upper border of the mouth ; teeth variable, more or less acu-
minate, chiefly on the preraaxilla, maxilla, and dentary bones; lower
Pharyngeals not falciform. No barbels. Opercular apparatus com-
Plete, but few branchiostegal rays. Pectoral arch with separate
supraclavicle ; a single dorsal fin usually followed by a smal
adipose dorsal on the tail. Trunk covered with scales, but no bony

scutes.

No extinct genera of this family arc known with certainty. Th e
existing forms are distributed in the freshwaters of tropical
^-merica and Africa, attaining their maximum development in
°uth America, where there are no Cyprinoids.

The structure of the Characinoid skull is described by M. Sage-
uiehl, ilorphol. Jahrb. vol. x. (1885), pp. 1-1 19t pis- h, ii.

298

ACTINOPTERYOII.

Genus TETRAGONOPTERUS, Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 166.]

1 runk laterally compressed, but with rounded ventral bord ^
Anterior teeth stout and incisor-like, lateral teeth smaller , t
of dentary and premaxilla laterally compressed and notchc i , ^

former in single and the latter in double series. Dorsal fin “e ‘
and short-based ; anal fin more or less extended ; caudal fin °r
Scales of moderate size, not serrated ; lateral line conspicuous.

Existing species in tho freshwaters of tropical America.

Tetragonopterus avus, A. S. Woodward.

[Plate XVII. fig. 1.]

1898. Tetragonopterus avus, A. S. Woodward, Ilev. Mus. Paulista, v
P- 66, fig. 3.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum. ,

A species attaining a length of ubout 0-2. Length of hca
opercular apparatus about equal to maximum depth of trun , w ^
is contained slightly more than four times in the total lengt i ^
fish. Vertebras about 20 in the abdominal, 22 in the caudal
Dorsal fin with 9, anal fin with about 22 rays, tho former
pletely in advance of the latter. p.iulo,

Form. Sf Loc. Tertiary Lignite : Taubate, Province of San
Brazil.

P. 9222. Type specimen, shown of nat. size in PI. XVII. fin- qq.

Presented by John Gordon , Esq-,

P. 9223-25. Twenty-five imperfect specimens, mostly larne ^
the type. Presented by John Gordon, Esq-,

P. 9013. Imperfect fish. By exchange, 1

1898.

Tetragonopterus ligniticus, A. S. Woodward.
[Plate XVII. figs. 2, 3.]

Tetragonopterus ligniticus, A. S. Woodward, loc. cit. p. 67, hg

.4,5.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum. _ . ,r0.

A smaller fish than the preceding, of comparatively s 0 c.lU(fal.
portions. Vertebra, about 38 in total number, -0 ^e|n^on(j the
Pectoral fins relatively large, when ad pressed reaching e5 , jreCtly
origin of the small pelvic tins. Dorsal, fin with 8 or 9 rajs,

CIPRINIDJE.

299

opposite the anterior part of the much-extended anal fin, which
comprises 30 rays.

Form, cj- Loc. Tertiary Lignite : Taubate, Province of San Paulo,
Brazil.

P. 9012. Type specimen, shown of nat. size in PI. XVII. fig. 2.

By exchange, 1898.

9226. Specimen figured in PI. XVII. fig. 3.

Presented by John Gordon, Esq., 1900.

I1- 9227. Eleven specimens.

Presented by John Gordon, Esq., 1900.

Family CYPRINID^E.

Supraoccipital bone prominent, but not separating the well-
developed parietals in the median line ; squamosal suturally united
1v‘th parietals and completely covering the otic bones except behind ;
cheek-plates much reduced. Mandibular suspensorium inclined
forwards and gape small; symplectio bone present; premaxilla
extended, excluding the maxilla from the upper border of tho
mouth, which is toothless ; lower pharyngeals well developed, falci-
form, provided with teeth which are arrari ged in one, two, or
three series. Barbels often present. Opercular apparatus complete,
hut not more than three branchiostegal rays. Abdominal vertebras
without transverse processes ; ribs very stout and long, almost
completely encircling the abdominal cavity. Pectoral arch with
supraclavide ; a single dorsal fin, without adipose dorsal. Trunk
usually covered with scales, but no bony scutes.

Ihe existing carps and their allies are abundant in tho fresh-
waters of the Old World and North America. Their extinct
representatives are known only from Tertiary freshwater formations
in the same regions. There are no extinct genera of importance.

Genus CATOSTOMUS, Lesueur.

[Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. i. 1817, p. 89.]

Skeleton more or less imperfectly ossifaed, and cranium with a
fronto-parietal fontanelle. Mouth small and inferior, with thickened
i’Ps ; ventral border of abdomen not compressed to a sharp edge.
Pharyngeal teeth very small and numerous, closely sot in a single
series. Dorsal fin in middle of back, more or less extended, with
not more than about 17 rays and without anterior bony spine ;
anal fin short-based. Scales varying considerably in size in different
species ; lateral line distinct.

300

ACTIN OPTERT SIX.

Specially characteristic of the freshwaters of North America, but
also living in Eastern Siberia.

the following extinct species havo been doscribed on imperfect
evidence, but are not represented in the Collection : —

Catostomus crigtatus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1883, p. 160. — Lower Tertiary; S.W. Idaho. [Hinder
part of skull.]

Catostomus shoshonensis, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. p. 159. Ib'(b
[Skull.]

Genus AMYZON, Cope.

[Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol.xii. 1872, p. 480.]

An extinct genus related to Catostomus, but with more extended
dorsal fin. Scarcely distinguishable from Scleroynathus, but " 11 1
pharyngeal bones expanded behind.

Tho following species are recognised, but are not represented 1,1
the Collection : —

Amyzon hrevipinne, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1893, p. 402. — Lower Tertiary ; Smilkamcen Biver,
British Columbia.

Amyzon commune, E. I). Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Tcrnt.
vol. i. no. 2 (1874), p. 50, and Vert. Tert. Norm. Wes ,
Book I. (ltep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. in- 188,'’
p. 749, pi. v. fig. 21. — Lower Tertiary; South Pa1"’
Colorado. [Nearly complete fish; National Museum
Washington.]

Amyzon fusiforme, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terri .
[2] no. 1 (1875), p. 5, and op. cit. 1884, p. <51.
[Ditto.]

Amyzon mentale, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. XI''
(1872), p. 481, and op. cit. 1884, p. 749, pi. lis. «
pi. lx. fig. 2. — Lower Tertiary; Osino, Nevada. [Imper
fish ; National Museum, Washington.)

Amyzon pandatum , E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Tern •
[2] no. 1 (1875), p. 4, and op. cit. 1884, p. 750.

Tertiary ; South Park, Colorado. [Ditto.]

Genus CYPRINUS (Artedi), Linnmus.

[Syst. Nat. od. 10, 1758, p. 320.]

Snout rounded and obtuse ; ventral border of abdomen not con
pressed to a sharp edge. Pharyngeal teeth molariform, in *- irt

CYPRINIDJE.

301

series. Dorsal fin in middle of back, muck extended, its foremost
ra>' being a robust spine with posterior serrations ; anal fin very
short, with a similar spine and usually 5 or 6 divided rays. Scales
large ; lateral line extending along the middle of the side of the tail.

In the existing fauna indigenous in the temperate regions
°f Asia.

Figures of the skeleton of Cyprinus carpio are given by C. B.
Fruhl, Zootomie aller Thierclassen (1877), pis. i.-iii., xix., xx.

Cyprinus priscus, Meyer.

1848. Cyprinus prisons, II. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. p. <82.

1851. Cyprinus priscus, II. von Meyer, Palseontogr. vol. ii. p. 95,
pi. xv. figs. 1-5.

1856. Cyprinus priscus, II. von Meyer, ibid. vol. vi. p. 22, pi. i. fig. 1.

Type. Fragment of trunk.

A small species, attaining a length of about 0‘2. Length of
head with opercular apparatus much less than the maximum depth
of trunk, which is contained about twice in the length from the
Pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin supposed to
be less extended than in the existing species ; pelvic fins inserted
opposite its origin.

Form. Sp Loc. Lower Miocene: Wiirtemberg.

35509, 36902. Imperfect fish, the middle portion being in counter-
part ; Unterkirchberg, near Ulm. Some of the vertebras
are displaced, and the fins are imperfect. The character-
istic serrated spine of the dorsal fin is shown.

Purchased, 1860-62.

F. 4980. More imperfect specimen ; Unterkirchberg.

Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

Supposed fragments of the existing Cyprinus carpio from the
Quaternary of Pianico, Lombardy (F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci.
Nat. vol. xxi.x. 1886, p. 348, pi. ix. figs. 2-4), are not sufficiently
complete for exact determination.

Genus BARBUS, Cuvier.

[Begne Animal, vol. ii. 181/, p. 192.]

Pharyngeal teeth in three series. Barbels variable. Pseudo-
branchiae present. Dorsal fin in middle of back, rarely with more
than 9 rays, the third being longest, usually ossified and frequently
serrated; anal fin very short and relatively deep, without spine.

0{J* ACTINOFTERYGII.

Scales variable in size ; lateral line extending along the middle of
the side of the tail.

Very numerous species existing in the fresh waters of the temp
rate and tropical regions of the Old World.

Barbus megacephalus, Gunther.

1870. Barbus megacephalus, A. Giiutlier,Geol. Mag. [2] vol. in- 11, ^ ’
pi. xviii.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum. n

An imperfectly definable species, referred to this genus chie } ^
account of the aspect of the head and the general resemblance
the fish to living Sumatran species. Length of head with operc1 ^
apparatus about two thirds that of the vertebral column,
number of vertebrae about 41, 18 being caudal. Dorsal fi" C°^
prising 3 simple and 9 divided rays, the third not thickener a
not quite half as long as the head ; anal fin with 3 simp e
5 divided rays, very short, about two thirds as deep as the °r
fin ; caudal fin deeply forked, its lower lobe about two thirds as
as the head.

Form. $f Loc. Freshwater Tertiary Formation : Padang, Suma

P- 9431. Type specimen 0-6 in length, described and figured '
Gunther, loc. tit. ^ ^

Presented by Herr II. D. M. Verbeelc,

The following specimens are provisionally referred to the 3XV,rn
Barbus vulgaris (Fleming, Brit. Animals, 1828, p. 185) of l^or
and Central Europe : —

P- 8740. Portions of two lower pharyngeal bones, described
figured as probably referable to Barbus vulgar*

E. T. Newton, Vert. Forest Bed (Mem. Geol. Surv. er
p. 124, pi. xviii. figs. 15, 16 ; Forest Bed Series ( V .
Freshwater Bed), West Itunton, Norfolk. Savin

P- 8719. Imperfect similar pharyngeal and six teeth ; West

The following supposed extinct species are not represented in

Collection : —

Barbus fossilis, K. Martin, Samml. Geol. Rcichsmus. 1”^"’
[1] vol. iii. (1883), p. 20, pi. i. fig. 7.— Tertiary •
gung, Java. [Imperfect fish ; State Museum, JjCJ □ -o),

Barbus steinheimensis, F. A. Quenstedt, Handb. Petrefakt. (

CYMilN’IIO'.

303

p. 236, pi. xix. figs. 1, 2. — Middle Miocene; Steinheim,
Wiirtemberg. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum,
University of Tubingen.]

Genus THYNNICHTHYS, Blocker.

[Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. vol. xx. 1860, p. 433.]

Head relatively large, and eye in the middle of the depth of the
head ; mouth anterior and lateral. Pharyngeal teeth lamelliform,
with flat oblong crown, in three series which are wedgod into each
ofcher. Barbels and pseudobranchi® absent. Dorsal fin in middle
°f back, with not more than 9 divided rays and no bony spine ; anal
fin short. Scales small ; lateral line extending along the middle of
the side of the tail.

Existing in the freshwaters of the East Indian Archipelago
and Pegu.

Thynnichthys amblyostoma (W. von der March).

1876. Sarclinioiies amblyostoma, W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr.
vol. xxii. p. 409, pi. xxiv. fig. 1.

1876. Thynnichthys amblyostoma, A. Gunther, Geol. Mag. [2] vol. iii.
p. 436, pi. xvii.

Fype. Imperfect fish ; Royal Geological Museum, Dresden.

A species attaining a length of about 0-3. Length of head with
opercular apparatus considerably exceeding half that of the vertebral
column, which comprises about 30 vertebrae, 15 or 16 ol t.heso
being caudal. Dorsal fin comprising 3 simple and 9 divided rays,
fhe third and fourth being longest, about two thirds as long as the
head; anal fin very short, with 3 simple and 5 divided rays, about
two thirds as deep as the dorsal fin ; caudal fin deeply forked, the
length of the upper lobe not much less than that of the head.

Form. $ Lac. Freshwater Tertiary Formation : Padang, Sumatra.

47515-17. Three specimens described by Giinther, loc. cit., and
used in the composite figure, pi. xvu.

Presented by 11 err P. D. M. T erbeek , 1876.

47518—25. Eight specimens, some rather small.

Presented by Herr E. D. M. Verbeelc, 1876.

Genus GOBIO, Cuvier.

[Rogue Animal, vol. ii. 181/, p. 193.]

Mouth inferior, with a pair of barbels at the angle. Pharj ngeal
teeth uncinate, in single or double series. Pseudobranchi® present.

304

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Dorsal fin in middle of back, without spine, comprising not more than
9 divided rays ; anal fin short. Scales of moderate size ; lateral line
extending along the middle of the side of the tail.

Existing in freshwaters of Europe.

Gobio analis, Agassiz.

1832. Gobio analis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jalirb. p. 134 (name only)’
1835-39. Gobio analis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt- ii- P* ’
pi. liv. figs. 1-3.

Type. Imperfect fish ; olim Lavater Coll., Zurich.

A species attaining a length of about O’l, apparently less ro ns
than the existing G.Jluvuitilis, with the pelvic fins closer to 0
anal than in the latter species, and the scales probably smal er.
Vertebrae about 21 in number in the abdominal, 17 in the cau
region. Dorsal fin with 2 simple and 9 divided rays ; anal fin vi
1 simple and 8 divided rays. Each pelvic fin with 9 rays.

Form. <Sf Loc. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden,

36123. Imperfect distorted specimen. Purchased, 1 -

The following small specimens from Oeningen seem to repre.
a still more slender species : —

42790. Well preserved fish 0-067 in length. Van Breda C

P- 1788, P. 3866. Two imperfect specimens of the same form.

Egerton Sp Enniskillen tolls.

Genus AMBLYPHARYNGODON, Bleeker.
[Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. vol. xx. 1860, p. 433.]

Lower jaw prominent and mouth very small. PharyngeaL
in three series, some being rnolariform. Barbels absent. s
branchiae present. Dorsal fin in middle of back, withou ^
spine, comprising not more than 9 divided ray's ; anal fin s
Scales small ; lateral line incomplete. v v the

This existing East Indian genus seems to be represente y
following specimen : —

47532. Pair of pharyngeal bones with dentition, referred to A»

pharyngodon sp. by Gunther, Geol. Mag. L J - >u;te,
(1876), p. 438, pi. xv. fig. 4 ; Freshwater Tertiary Dig
Padang, Sumatra. 7 icvfi.

Presented by Herr B. D. M. Verbeek ,

CYrEINID-S.

305

Genus LEUCISCUS (Klein), Cuvier.

[liegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 194.]

I'remaxilHn protractile. Pharyngeal teeth smooth, conical or
compressed, in a single or double series. No barbels. Pseudo-
hranehiae present. Dorsal tin short, in middle of back, without
^°ny spine ; anal fin short, behind the dorsal ; caudal fin forked.
Scales large or of moderate size ; lateral line low on the flank,
extending along the middle of the side of the tail.

Leuciscus oeningensis, Agassiz.

1708. Capita, J. J. Scheuchzer, Piscium Querelae et Vindiche, pi. iii.

1755. Figure bv d’Argenville, Hist. Nat. eclaircie . . . Ory ctologie,
pl. xviii. fig. 2.

1818. Cyprinus jeses, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Aat.
vol. x.vvii. p. 377 (errore).

1832. Leuciscus oeningensis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. ..

1835-39. Leuciscus oeningensis, L. Agassiz, l’oiss. Foss, vo . v. p . u.
p. 24, pl. lvii. figs. 4, 5, pl. lviii.

1839-44. Leuciscus laliasculus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 28, P • la- Si' >
[Distorted fish ; British Museum.] .

1861. Leuciscus helveticus, T. C. Winkler, Descript. 1 oiss. Foss.
d’Oeningen (Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [-] >° • xlv,'>
p. 19, pl. iii. figs. 7, 9 (? fig. 6). [Imperfect fish ; Teyler Museum,
Haarlem.]

1861. Leuciscus oeningensis, T. C. IV inkier, ibid. p. -0, pl. in. g*

Type. Imperfect fish ; olim Lavater Coll., Zurich.

species attaining a length of about 0’18. Length of head wit
opercular apparatus somewhat less than the maximum depth ot the
trunk, which is contained three times or slightly more in the tota
length to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebra 18 or 19 in the
abdominal, 16 in the caudal region ; 13 pairs of ribs, the hinder-
most comparatively small. Pelvic fins, with about 9 rays, arising
6l‘ghtly in advance of the dorsal, which also comprises 9 rays, the
foremost being a short spine, tho second articulated,^ the others
I’oth articulated and divided distally ; anal fin with 12 rays, like
those of dorsal ; caudal fin moderately forked.

f'he differences in proportions noted l>y Agassiz between .oemn
'jensis and the so-called L. latiuscvlus seem to be due to accidental
distortion ; while the absenoc of the small hindermost pair of ribs
in the former probably results from defective preservation.

Form. Loc. Upper Miocene ; Oeningen, Baden.

®I15. Very large distorted specimen.

I1 ART xv.

X

306 ACTINOPTERYGir.

P. 9416. Fine specimen 0-15 in length, partly in counterpart.

P.3855. Type specimen of so-called L. latiusculus, figured h}
Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. li a. fig. 4. Enniskillen Co

P. 445. More imperfect specimen, in counterpart, figured b)
Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. li a. fig. 5, as L. latiusculus.

Egerton CoU.

P. 9417. Seven imperfect specimens, mostly smallor. Purchase <

42834-41. Seven good specimens of moderate size, three being 1
counterpart. Fan Breda Co

P. 9418. Imperfect specimen 0'115 in length. Purchased,

P. 4318. Two imperfect specimens labelled L. oeningensis 1}
Agassiz, but one clearly exhibiting 13 pairs of ribs.

Enniskillen CoU

P. 4317. Imperfect trunk, labelled L. latiusculus by Agassiz.

Enniskillen CoU

Coll

P. 1830. Distorted trunk, similarly labelled.

Egerton

P. 1828. Two specimens O'OO in length, one being in counterpart

Egerton Colt-

P- 9419. Equally small specimen, showing only 12 pairs

of ribs.

43442. Small head and abdominal region.

Purchased,

Presented by Kenneth Murchison, Esg-

1872-

1046 (Sloane Cat.). Imperfect smaller specimen, wanting end

tail.

Sloane

Coll

i*by

P. 1828 a. Fragment of very small fish, labelled L. oeningensis
Agassiz. Egerton 0

The following specimens from Oeningen are also probab /
immaturo examples of this species, but bear the name of Lew- ^
pusillus (Agassiz, Neucs Jahrb. 1832, p. 132, and Poiss. Foss. •
pt. ii. 1.835-39, p. 27, pi. lvii. figs. 2, 3), the type being origin )
in the Lavater Collection, Ziirich : —

P, 3857-58. Two fragments labelled L. pusillus by Agassiz, al
fine small fish in counterpart.

P. 1829. Two fragmentary specimens labelled L. pusillus .

Agassiz. EaertonColl

Enniskillen

pusil
Egerti

CTPRINTDJ5.

307

9*20. Small distorted fish.

35525-26. Two fragmentary specimens.
42798. Distorted specimen.

Purchased.
Purchased, 1859.
Van Breda Coll.

Leuciscus papyraceus (Bronn).

1828. Cyprinus papyraceus, H. G. Bronn, Zeitschr. f. Mineral, vol. i.
P- 380, pi. iii. fl g. o.

'32. Leuciscus papyraceus, h. Agassiz, Xeues Jahrb. p. 132.

8f- Leuciscus cephalon, Zenker, Xeues Jahrb. p. 395, pi. v. figs. 3-5.
835-39. Leuciscus papyraceus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii.
. P’ 31, pi. lvi. figs. 1-4 (?5).

839. Leuciscus cephalon, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 32.

1848- Leuciscus papyraceus, C. G. Giebel, Fauna der Vorwelt, Fiscbe,
„ p. 110.

1854. Leuciscus papyraceus, F. G. Troschel, Verhandl. naturw. \er.
preuss. Rbeinl. vol. xi. p. 19, pi. ii. fig. 2.

fype. Imperfect fish ; olim Bronn Collection, Heidelberg.

A very small species with comparatively delicate skeleton.
JCngth of head with opercular apparatus exceeding the maximum
epth of the trunk, which is contained between four and five times
'n the total length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. About
30 vertebrae, half being caudal ; 14 pairs of ribs. Pelvic fins, with
al)out 9 rays, arising opposite the origin of the dorsal, which also
comprises 9 or occasionally 10 rays, the foremost being a short
8P>ne, the second articulated, the others both articulated and
lvided distally ; anal fin similar to dorsal, arising much nearer to
Pelvic pair than to caudal fin.

Form, (!if Loc. Upper Oligocene : Germany ; (?) also Bilin,

■Bohemia.

7666.

Fine specimen 0‘1 in length, associated with fragment ;
Lignite, Itott, near Bonn. Purchased, 1895.

33297 a, 33499. Seven specimens ; Rott. Purchased , 1853.

^828. Three small specimens ; Rott. Eyerton Coll.

889. Imperfect small specimen ; Rott. Purchased.

1825. Three diminutive specimens, labelled “ Leuciscus cephalon ,
Zenk.” by Agassiz ; Lignite, Liuz on Rhine.

Eyerton Coll.
x 2

308

ACTINOPIERYGTI.

Leuciscus colei, Meyer.

1848. Leuciscus colei, IT. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. pp. 425, 426.

1851. Leuciscus colei, II. von Meyer, Palaeontogr. vol. ii. PP- 49> ’

pi. xii. figs. 2, 3.

Type. Imperfect small fish.

A very small species, essentially identical with L. papyraceus,
but with slightly smaller head and more slender vertebral centra.
Form, (j- Loc. Lower Miocene : Bohemia.

P- 9421. Two specimens, one being imperfect trunk ; Semi-°Paj’
Luschitz. Purchased.

37236-37. Two imperfect specimens, the first deepened by <3is
tortion ; Semi-opal, Bilin. Purchased, 18b

P. 1827, P. 3860. Three fragments ; Bilin. f ..

Egerton if Enniskillen Colls.

Leuciscus macrurus, Agassiz.

1839-44. Leuciscus macrurus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt- 1
p. 30, pi. li b. Ver,

1854. Leuciscus macrurus, F. G. Troschel, Verhandl. naturw.
preuss. Itheinl, vol. xi, p. 18.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Rheinland Museum, Bonn. ...

A species attaining a length of about 0'25. Length of bead
opercular apparatus scarcely exceeding the maximum depth o ^
trunk, which is contained between three and four times m ^
total length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. ^

36 vertebra, half being caudal. Fins as in L papyraceus, eXC®
that the dorsal is relatively large, being about as deep aS
trunk at its insertion.

Form, if Loc. Upper Oligocene : Germany.

P- 651, P. 3856. Imperfect large trunk, in counterpart, fi?ure^Jj
Agassiz, loc. cit. pi. li b. fig. 3, considered by 1 r<)S.<' ^
(loc. cit.) not to belong to this species ; Lignite, Stossc &
near Bonn. The specimen is also mentioned by 0
Trans. Geol. Soc. [2] vol. iv. p. 453, footnote.

Eqerton if Enniskillen

35545, P. 7665. Large fish with imperfect fins, in counterp

Lignite, ltott, near Bonn. 1895.

Presented by W. J. Neville, Esq., 1 859, if Purchased, 1

CTPRINTDJG.

309

35709. Two large specimens, one wanting end of tail; Itott.

Purchased, 1860.

33491. Largo tail ; Itott. Purchased, 1858.

33297-98, 33488, 33495. Five small specimens ; llott.

Purchased, 1858.

35547. Small specimen, slightly elongated by distortion ; Itott.

Presented by W. J. Neville, Esq., 1859.

42730 a. Imporfect small trunk ; Itott. Van Breda Coll.

1324, P. 3861, P. 4319. Four small specimens ; near Bonn.

Egerton 4' Enniskillen Colls.

28278. Portion of very large trunk, doubtfully of this species ;

Itott. Purchased, 1853.

Leuciscus leptus, Agassiz.

*®32. Leuciseus leptus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 181 (name only).
1835-39. Leuciscus leptus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. u. p. 28,
pl. lix.

type. Imperfect head and abdominal region.

A- very small, imperfectly definable species, known only by
fragments. Vertebra; 19 in abdominal, 17 in caudal region;
lo pairs of ribs. Fins and general proportions apparently as m
T • P«pyraceus.

Norm. <4~ Loc. Lower Miocene : Germany.

28495-06. Two fragments ; Polirschiefer, Habichtswald, near
Cassel. Mantdl ColL

^3441. Two fragments ; Habichtswald.

Presented by Kenneth Murchison, Esq., !»'-

F- 1823. T wo fragments ; Habichtswald. Ego ton Coll.

The three existing species Leuciscus rutilus (Linn.), L. eiytlaoph
Uahnus (Linn.), and L. cephalus (Linn.), seem to be represented by
Pharyngeal teeth in the Forest Bed Series of Norfolk (E. T. N ewton,
Tert- forest Bed [Mem. Geol. Surv. 1882], pp. 124-126, pl. xvm.
17, 18). The first of these species is represented in the
olloction by the following specimens : —

F- 8742. Right pharyngeal, figured by Newton, loc. cit. pl. xviii.

fig. 17; Forest Bed Series, West llunton. Savin Coll.

310

ACTINOPTERYGII.

P. 8731-33. Detached pharyngeal teeth; Forest Bed Series, V^est
and East lluntou and Sidestrand. Savin Co

28079. Detached pharyngeal teeth ; Pleistocene, Grays, Essex.

John Brovin Coll.

The following extinct species are either based on specimens too
imperfect for recognition or are not represented in the Collection •
Leuciscus acrogaster, A. E. lleuss, Geogn. Skizzen aus Bohmen,
vol.ii. (1844), p. 203; H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. 184»,
p. 427, and Palfcontogr. vol. ii. (1851), p. 65, pi- x11'
fig. 4. — Lower Miocene (Semi-opal) ; Luschitz, Bohemia-
[Distorted fish.] „ .

Leuciscus bosniaskii, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Venoto-Trent.

Nat. vol. vii. (1880), p. 83, pi. viii. — Lower Miocene,
Eibiswald, Styria. [Imperfect fish ; Imperial GeoloDie
Survey, Vienna.]

Leuciscus brevicauda, F. G. Troschel, Verhandl. naturw.

preuss. llheinl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 20, pi. ii. fig- 6 .

Oligocene (Lignite) ; near Bonn. [Imperfect small 6 ’
liheinland Museum, Bonn.]

Leuciscus brevis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii- (483 j
p. 35, pi. lie. fig. 4.— Loc.? [Imperfect fish; u°-v

Bohemian Museum, Prague.] _

Leuciscus ( Chondrostoma ?) bubahts, F. G. Troschel, loc. cit. ( 0 ^
p. 26, pi. ii. fig. 5. (?) Chondrostoma bubalus, •

Krambcrger, Bad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. lxxii. ( ’

p. 38, and Soc. Hist. Nat. Croatica, vol. i- ( ’

p. 133. — Upper Oligocene ; near Bonn (in ^

(?) Warnsdorf, Bohemia. [Distorted fish; Bhei

Museum, Bonn.] *knd.

Leuciscus eibisivaldensis, D. G. lvramberger, Bad Jugoslav. '
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 93, pi. vii. fig. 2. — Lower Miocen
Eibiswald, Styria. [Imperfect fish.] ^ ^

Leuciscus gibbus, H. von Meyer, Palmontogr. vol. ii- (18ol)- P-

pi. xv. fig. G, and ibid. vol. vi. (1856), p- 24, pi- i- _
Lower Miocene; Unterkirchberg, near Ulm, Wiirtem
[Imperfect fish.] and

Leuciscus heterurus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1 83-, P-

Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. (1835-39), p. 2/ , pi- Hi’- . .
Upper Miocene ; Oeningen, Baden. [Imperfec
olim Lavater Coll., Ziirich.] 200

Leuciscus medius, A. E. Keuss, op. cit. vol. ii. (1844), P-

CYTRIXIDJE.

311

H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. 1848, p. 427, and Pakeontogr.
vol. ii. (1851), p. 54, pi. xi. figs. 4, 5. — Lower .Miocene
(Semi-opal) ; Luschitz, Bohemia. [Imperfect fish.]
Leuciscus polysarcus, D. G. Kramberger, Pulaeontogr. vol. xxvi.
(1879), p. 66, pi. xvi. fig. 6. — Lower Oligocene; Bascbka,
Carpathians. [Imperfect fish; Palaeontological Museum,
Munich.]

Leuciscus puellaris, F. G. Troschel, loc. cil. (1854), p. 21, pi. ii.
fig. 4. — Upper Oligocene (Lignite); near Bonn. [In-
determinable fish ; ltheinland Museum, Bonn.]

Lewiscus racalmuti, C. Pollini, Atti Soc. Ligust. Sci. Nat. vol. ii.
(1891), p. 118.— Upper Miocene; llacalmuto, Sicily.
[Imperfect fish.]

Leuciscus stephani, H. von Moyer, Neues Jahrb. 1848, p. 425,
and Palaeontogr. vol. ii. (1S51), p. 46, pi. v. Lower
Miocene ; Waltsch, Bohemia. [Nearly complete fish.]
Leuciscus iurneri, F. A. Lucas, Proc. U. S. k at. Mus. vol. xxiii.
(1900), p. 333, pi. viiL— Tertiary ; Esmeralda Co., Nevada ;
[Nearly complete fish; U. S. National Museum.]

Leuciscus ve.cillifer, G. C. Laube, Abhandl. "V or. Lotos, v ol. ii.
(1900), p. 54, pi. iv. fig. 3. — Miocene; Bohemia. [Im-
perfect fish ; Menzel Collection.]

I he undefined names Leuciscus casteUinensis and L. gabbrensis
a,c given to fishes from the Upper Miocene of Gabbro, Tuscany, by
llosniaski, A tti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. — Proc.-Verb. vol. i. 1879, p. lv.

Nn imperfect fish from the Quaternary of Pianico, Lombardy, is
deferred to the existing Leuciscus aula by F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Ital.
*S°i; Nat. vol. xxix. (1886), p. 349, pi. ix. fig. 5.

Supposed species, not defined, from the Upper Oligocene Lignites
Ilear Bonn, have been named Leuciscus eurystomus, L. hrantzi,
plcsiopterus, and L. remotus (F. II. Troschel, Sitzungsb. nieder-
rfiein. Ges. Bonn, vol. xviii. 1861, p. 56).

_ Several imperfect fishes, apparently not Cyprinoids, from a marine
UPper Miocene formation at Licata, Sicily, have been described
Under the names of Leuciscus dorsalis , L. ( Scardinius ) dumerili,
I'- larteti , L. (Sipudius) licaUe, and L. (Scardinius) sicanus by H. E.
Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv. (1870), art. no. /, pp. 12-14,
a']d Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873), art. no. 1, pp. 175-187, figs. 82,
9/ -102, and ibid. vol. xi. (1880), art. no. 3, pp. 33-37, figs. 3, 10.
Specimens in the Egerton Coll. (nos. P. 1844-18) are thus labelled,
kut do not exhibit characters sufficiently definite to admit of their
determination. They are rather suggestive of Clupeoids.

312

ACTINOPTERYGIT.

The so-called Leuciscus dorsalis, L. damerili, and L. sicctnus, with
two supposed new species, L. eeeconii and L. sauvagei, are also
described from an Upper Miocene Tripoli at Mondaino, Province of
Forli, Italy ; but the original specimens appear to be as unsatis-
factory as those from Licata (I. Bonomi, Itivista Ital. Paleont.
vol. ii. 1896, pp. 227-232, pi. v. figs. 1 , 8). Two specimens of this
nature in the Collection arc numbered P. 5548-49.

By exchange, 1 888.

The fish described as follows is of equally doubtful affinities and
is not represented in the Collection : —

Paraleuciseus ecnomi, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. *'•
(1880), art. no. 3, p. 38, fig. 2. — Upper Miocene ; Licata.

Genus TINCA, Cuvier.

[llegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 193.]

Syn. Tarsichthys, F. G. Trosehel, Verhandl. naturw. Ver. preuss.

Iiheinl. vol. xi. 1854, p. 11 (as sub-genus of Leuciscus).

Skeleton very robust and mouth anterior. Pharyngeal teeth
cuneiform, slightly hooked at one end, in a single series. A pah' 0
barbels at the angle of the mouth. Pseudobrancbi® rudimentaij •
Pelvic fins with foremost raj' much thickened and expanded, closcl)
articulated but not subdivided; dorsal fin short, in middle of batki
without bony spine ; anal fin short, behind the dorsal ; caudal fi"
subtruncated or modorately forked ; all fins enveloped in ratht r
thick skin. Scales small, elongated and imbricating, imbedded in
thick, mucus-secreting skin ; latoral line complete, low on the flank,
extending along the middle of the side of the tail. _ .

An exclusively European genus, the existing species found princi
pally among the weeds and mud of still freshwaters.

Tinea furcata, Agassiz.

1832. Tinea furcata, L. Agassiz, Neues Jalirb. p. 133 (name onlji
misprinted fuscata). _ _

1835-39. Tinea furcata, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii- P- 1 ’
pi. lii.

1861. Tinea mayna, T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss. d’Oenin?1 "
(Aatuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv.), p- 16' P ' ,l*
fig. 5. [Imperfect fish ; Teyler Museum, Haarlem.]

Pype. Imperfect fish ; olim Lavater Coll., Zurich.

A largo species, attaining a length of about 035. Length o
head with opercular apparatus somewhat less than the maximum

crnuxiDJE.

313

depth of the trunk, which is contained three times or slightly more
in the total length to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebras 18 in
the abdominal, 16 in the caudal region. Pelvic fins, with at least
1 1 rays, arising opposite the origin of the dorsal, which comprises
10 rays, the foremost being a short spine, the second articulated,
the others both articulated and divided distally ; anal fin with
9 rays, like the dorsal but much smaller; caudal fin distinctly
forked. Exposed portion of scales marked with fine radiating
lines.

Form, tj- Loc. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden.

!*• 9422. Fine large specimen, in
noticed by Agassiz, loe.
is well preserved.

counterpart, distorted anteriorly,
cit. 1835, p. 19. The squamation
Old Collection.

I1- 1815. Fragmentary large specimen. Egerton Coll.

4228, P. 4316. Two imperfect specimens about 0-25 m length,
labelled by Agassiz. Enniskillen Coll

42762-66. Five imperfect small specimens, two being in counter
part 1 Van Breda Coll.

36124-25. Two fragmentary small specimens, probably young of

this species, one showing pharyngeal teeth.

Purchased, 18o9.

1815 a. Fragmentary specimen, probably young of this specks.

Egerton Coll.

Tinea leptosoma, Agassiz.

!832. Tinea leptosomus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 133 (name only).
183.5-39, Tinea leptosoma, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ' • pt. n. p. ,
pi. li.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Carlsruhe Museum.

Closely resembling T. furcata, but smaller and more slender.
I.ength of head with opercular apparatus slight!) exceeding t le
Maximum depth of the trunk, which is contained about four times
*n the total length to the base of the caudal fin.

Form. A Loc. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden.

42767-68. Two specimens, the second much distorted.

Van Breda Coll.

1816. Very small fragmentary specimen, labelled by Egerton as
belonging to this species. Egerton C oil.

314

ACTINOPTEKYGir.

Tinea micropygoptera, Agassiz.

1832. Tinea micropygoptera, L. Agassiz, Neues Jabrb. p. 133 (name
only).

- ...vW ..w'opygopteru, xj. uiooi * — -

P- 20, pi. li a. figg. 1_3- _

1839-44* Leuci&cus hartmanni , L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 33, pi. li c. g*
[Imperfect tail; olim Hartmann Coll.] , 9 o

18-41 -44. Leuciscus gracilis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 34, pi. lie. bo8-
[ Imperfect small fish ; olim Hartmann Coll.] g„-

18-52. Tinea micropygoptera, F. A. Quenstedt, liandb. Petrefakt. p. >
pl- six. fiir. (1.

pi. xix. fij

18.2
18.

1880. Leuciscus gracilis
vol. vii. p. 84,

1 880. Tinea micropygoptera, F. Bassani, ibid. p. 80.

1'ype. Imperfect small fish ; olim Hartmann Coll., GoppinS0”'

A large species, attaining a length of about 0’45. Length of heo^
with opercular apparatus contained slightly more than three
and maximum depth of trunk slightly more than four times in
total length to the base of tho caudal fin. About 30 vertebrae,
being caudal. Pelvic fins arising opposite the origin of the dor®a j
which is nearly as deep as the trunk at its insertion and comp1 ’
10 rays, the foremost being a short spine, the second articula ’ <
the others both articulated and divided distally ; anal fin "it j
10 rays, like the dorsal but much smaller; caudal fin dislinc
forked.

Form. <$/• Loc. Middle Miocene: Steinheim, Wiirtemberg.

36130. Very large specimen with imperfect head, displaying
lower pharyngeal from outside. Purchasec ,

P. 3853. Pine specimen about 0-4 in length, showing two of ^
characteristic pharyngeal teeth. Enniskillen

36443. Pine specimen 0'37 in length. Purchased, 1L

35754-59, 36181. Seven small specimens, the largest 0-2 in 'cjD“
Some exhibit the much-expanded anterior raj c’
pelvic fins. Purchased, 18

P. 1821-22. Four very small imperfect specimens, two sh
the thickened pelvic fin-ray. ^el t0

CYPRINID^E.

315

p- 3854. Two very small imperfect specimens. Enniskillen Coll.
20581. Two very small imperfect specimens. Purchased, 1846.

Tinea tarsiger (Troschel).

1854. Leuciscus (Tarsichthys) tarsiger, F. G. Troschel, Verhandl.
naturw. Ver. preuss. Rheinl. vol. xi. p. 10, pi. i. ligs. 2, 3 (wrongly
named Leuciscus (Tarsichthys) eleyans on p. 11).

Type. Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Bonn.

A species known only by small specimens not more than 0-15 in
let>gth. Length of head with opercular apparatus contained three
limes, and maximum depth of trunk nearly four times in the total
length to the base of the caudal fin. Pelvic fins unusually large
a,*d stout, the expanded rays when adpressed reaching be^on t e
origin of the anal. Median fins as in preceding species.

Torm. ij- Loc. Upper Oligocene : Germany.

o3496-S8. Two imperfect small fishes, and portion of head and
abdominal region of larger specimen ; Lignite, Bott, near
2jonn Purchased, 1858.

35547 a. Imperfect fish, partly distorted ; Bott.

Presented by IF. J. Neville, Esq., 185J.

38146. Vertically crushed specimen ; Bott. Purchased, 1864.

Ihe following detached pharyngeal bones of Tinea are also com
Prised in the CoUectiou

P- 8973-74. Three imperfect bnsioccipital processes and five im-
perfect pharyngeal bones, of the form provision ) name
Tinea valdarnensis by B. Lawley, Nuovi Stu i sopr
Pesci, etc., delle Colline Toscane (1876), p. > acu

trine Pliocene, Monte Carlo, Upper Val d'Arno, Italy.

Castelli Volt.

P- 9229. Similar specimens ; Monte Carlo. .

Presented by Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major, 1900.

P- 8741. Two portions of pharyngeals, referred to the existing
Tinea vulgaris, Cuvier, by F. T. Few ton, Vert. Forest
Bed Series (Mem. Geol. Surv. 1882), p. 127, pi. xvm. figs.
21, 22 ; Forest Bed Series (Upper Freshwater Bed), V est
Bunion, Norfolk. Samn C°11

P- 8727-28. Pharyngeal bone and pharyngeal teeth of Tinea vul-
garis-, Upper Freshwater Bed, West Bunton. Savin Coll.

316

ACTINOPTER YG1 1.

The following extinct species, not represented in the Collection,
have also been described :

Tinea francofurtana, F. Kinkelin, Ber. Senckenb. naturf. Ges.
[2] vol. xvi. (1884), p. 255, pi. iii. fig. 13.— Lower Mio-
cene ; Niederrad, near Frankfurt. [Pharyngeal teeth ,
Senekenborg Museum.]

Tinea oltruncata, G. C. Laube, Abhandl. Yer. Lotos, vol. ii.(19°0),
P* 49, pL iv. fig. 1. — Miocene ; Bohemia. [Imperfect
fish ; Teplitz Museum.]

The following extinct species, not represented in the Collection,
is supposed to belong to the existing genus Chondrostoma : —

Chondrostoma elonrjata, I). G. Krambergcr, Bad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. lxxii. (1885), p. 39, pi. ii. figs. 2, 3, and Soc. Hist.
Nat. Croatica, vol. i. (1886), p. 133. — Upper Oligocenc .
Warnsdorf, Bohemia. [Imperfect fish.]

Genus RHODEUS, Agassiz.

[Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, vol. i. 1835, p. 37.]

Mouth subinferior. Pharyngeal teeth in single series, compressed,
not denticulated, the bevelled surface with a simple groove. *' 0
barbels. Pseudobranchifc present. Dorsal fin short and deep,
without bony spine, opposed to space between pelvic fins and ana
fin, or partly opposite latter ; anal fin longer than deep, with 1 2 01
more rays ; caudal fin forked. Scales largo or of moderate size ,
lateral line incomplete, only on anterior part of trunk.

Rhodeus elongatus, Agassiz.

1860. Rhodeus elongatus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 134 (name only )•

1835-39. Rhodeus elongatus, L. Agassiz, I’oiss. Foss. vol. v. P*-

p. 40, pi. liv. figs. 4-6.

1861. Rhodeus oligactinius, T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. F09®-
d’Oeningen (Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xlV’ ’
p. 25, pi. iv. fig, 10. [Imperfect distorted fish ; Teyler Museun ,
Haarlem.]

1861. Rhodeus elongatus, T. C. Winkler, ibid. p. 29.

Type. Imperfect fish ; olim Lavater Coll., Zurich.

A very small species, attaining a length of about 0'05. Lengt
of head with opercular apparatus about equal to the maxim111'1
depth of the trunk and slightly less than one third of the len^t
to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebra) 18 in the abdominal, 1<
in the caudal region ; 13 pairs of ribs. Dorsal fin completely m
advance of anal, with 10 rays, of which the foremost is a short spine,

ctprinim:.

317

the second articulated, the others both articulated and divided
distally ; anal fin with about 14 rays.

Form. Lor. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden.

35524. Fine well-preserved specimen. Purchased, 1859.

42786-87, 42796. Two good specimens, and one more distorted.

Van Breda Coll.

P- 9423. Imperfect fish. History unknown.

1837. Two very small fishes and a tail, labelled by Agassiz.

Egerton Coll.

1C 3865. Another very small specimen. Enniskillen Coll.

42(88, 42793-94. Three very small imperfect specimens.

Van Breda Coll.

Rhodeus latior, Agassiz.

18-32. Rhodeus latior, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 134 (name only).

1836-39. Rhodeus latior, L. Agassiz, Foiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 41,
pl. llv. fig 7. .

1861. Rhodeus magnus, T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss, d Oenm-
gen (Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv.), p. 28,
pl. iv. fig. 11. [Imperfect fish ; British Museum.]

rype. Imperfect fish ; olim Lavater Coll., Zurich.

Closely similar to preceding species but stouter and somewhat
larger. Length of head with opercular apparatus slightly less than
maximum depth of trunk.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Miocene; Oeningen, Baden.

42785.

Type specimen of so-called B. magnus, described and figured
by Winkler, loc. cit. Van Breda ColL

1C 1838. Distorted specimen, labelled by Agassiz. Egerton Coll.
42797. Imperfect fish, probably of this species. Van Breda Coll.

A doubtfully-determined distorted fish from the Oligocene Lignite
near Bonn is named Rhodeus exoplatus by F. G. Troschel, A erhandl.
naturw. Vcr. preuss. Rheinl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 22, pl. ii. fig. 1.

Another imperfect fish of quite uncertain affinities, from the
CTpper Miocene of Licata, Sicily, is named Rhodeus edwardsi by
H.E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv. (1870), art. no. 7,j. 16,
and Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873), art. no. 1, p. 192, figs. (3, 87,
The same species is recorded from Mondaino, Province of Forli, Italy,
I. Bonomi, Rivista Ital. Paleont. vol. ii. (1896), p. 223.

318

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Genus ASPIUS, Agassiz.

[Mem. Soc. Sei. Nat. Neuch&tel, vol. i. 1835, p. 38.]

As Rhodeus, but pharyngeal teeth hooked and in two soru > .
lateral line complete, extending along the middle of the side of t e
tail.

The extinct species mentioned below are merely referred to Asp 1
rather than to Rhodeus on account of their slendor proportions.

Aspius gracilis, Agassiz.

1818. Cyprinus bipunctalus ?, II. 1). de Blainville, Nouv. Diet, d H‘
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 377. . ,

1832. Aspius gracilis, L. Agassiz, Neues .Tahrb. p. 134 (name on yb
1835-39. Aspius gracilis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. P' ° ’
pi. lv. figs. 1-3.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; olim Lavatcr Coll., Zurich
A very small species, attaining a length of about O'l.
head with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum

Length of
depth

» i til upuiuuiai appixiaLus duuuu cijuai w

of the trunk and contained four times in the longth to the base
the caudal fin. Vertebrae 18 in the abdominal, 16 in the caur ^
region ; 13 pairs of ribs. Pelvic fins with 9 rays ; dorsal fin e°n^
pletely in advance of anal, with 10 rays, the foremost being a s m ^
spine, the second articulated, the others both articulate! a
divided distally ; anal fin with 15 rays, the two foremost like
of the dorsal.

Form, df Loc. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden.

36121-22. Fine specimen O'l in length, in counterparty ^ ]g59.
P. 3864. Smaller specimen, labelled by Agassiz. Ennislcdlen

Aspius minutus (Winkler). g

1861. Chondrostoma minutum , T. C. Winkler, Descript. I °t " xjv j,
d'Oeningen (Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [-J v0
p. 37, pi. iv. fig. 12.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum. laryer

A smaller and more slender species than A. gracilis, w 1 .

head, only 9 rays in dorsal fin, and apparently 13 rays in an'
otherwise similar.

Form, df Loc. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden.
42789. Type specimen, in counterpart. ^

Breda Coll'

CYPRINIDJE.

319

43791-92. Two smaller specimens. Van Breda Coll.

43443. Fragmentary larger specimen.

Presented by Kenneth Murchison, Esq., 1872.

Pharyngeal teeth of a species of Aspius are recorded from the
Miocene of Bohemia by G. C. Laube, Abhandl. Yer. Lotos, vol. ii.
(1900), p. 53, with fig.

The so-called Aspius vexillifer, Sauvage (Ann. Sci. Nat. [5]
v°l. xiv. 1870, art. no. 7, p. 15, and Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. 1873,
art. no. 1, p. 188, fig. 103), from a marine Upper Miocene
formation at Licata, Sicily, docs not appear to be a Cyprinoid. A
specimen from Licata thus labelled in the Egerton Coll. (P. 1842),
has the aspect of a Scopeloid but does not admit of precise deter-
Eiination.

The so-called Aspius ecnoxni and A, columnce (Sauvage, loc. ext .
1870, p. 16, an(i ioe% ciL !373, p. 189, fig. 86), from Licata, are
equally doubtful and not represented in the Collection. Ihe

latter is recorded from Racalmuto, Sicily, by C. Pollini, Atti
Soe- Ligust. Sci. Nat. vol. ii. (1891), p. 121, and from Mondaino,
Province of Forli, Italy, by I. Bonomi, Rivista Ital. Paleont. vol. ii.
(1896), p. 224.

Ihe existing genus Abrctmis, Cuvier, seems to be represented by
the following fossil : —

8721. Pharyngeal tooth, similar to those in the Museum of
Practical Geology referred to Abramis brama (Linn.) by
E. T. Newton, Vert. Forest Bed (Mem. Geol. Surv. 1882),
p. 126, pi. xviii. figs. 19, 20 ; Upper Freshwater Bed,
West Runton, Norfolk. Savin Coll.

Ihe existing genus Albumus, Heckel, is supposed to be repre-
®ented by two extinct species, not in the Collection, described as

follows :

Albumus miocaenicus, F. Kinkelin, Ber. Senckenberg. naturf. Ges.
[2] vol. xvi. (1884), p. 252, pi. iii. figs. 3-12.— Lower
Miocene; Niederrad, near Frankfurt. [Pharyngeal teeth ;
Senckenberg Museum.]

Albumus steindachneri, G. C. Laube, Abhandl. Ver. Lotos, vol. ii.

( 1900), p. 5 1 , pi. iv. fig. 2. — Miocene ; Bohemia. [Imperfect
fish; Teplitz Museum.]

320

ACTINOFTEKYGII.

Genus COBITIS (Artedi), Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. cd. 10, 1758, p. 303.]

Syn. Acanthopsis, L. Agassiz (non Van Hasselt, 1823), Neues Jubi

1832, p. 134.

Trunk elongate and laterally compressed. A small erectile s ^
orbital spine on the cheek. Pharyngeal teeth in single
Larbels on upper jaw. No pseudobranchi®. Air-bladder cnc ®
in bony covering. Dorsal tin short, opposed to or i|nmc 18 ^
behind the pelvic pair; anal fin short ; caudal fin rounded, trun
or slightly forked. Scales minute. , ^gja<

Existing species occur only in the fresh wators of Europe an ^
It is impossible with certainty to separate the extinct species ^
recorded from the genus Nemachilus, Cuvier (which has no er
suborbital spine).

Cobitis centrochir, Agassiz.

1832. Cobitis centrochir
1835-39. Cobitis centrochir
pi. 1. tigs. 1, 4.

only)-

", L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 134 (name ^
whir, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt.mE

1 86 1 ! Cobitis bredai, T. C. Winkler, Descript, l’oiss. Foss, d °«1I1|e:“
(Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xi\ ■ ), 1K >
figs. 1-3. [Imperfect tish ; Teyler Museum, Ilaarlem- J ^rilUCe,
1880. NemachUus centrochir, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Hoc- '

[3] vol. viii. p. 448.

1880. Nemachilus bredai, II. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 449.

Type. Imperfect fish ; olirn Lavater Coll., Zurich. ^ ^gad

A small species not exceeding 0‘1 in length. Long1 1 °

■with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding the maximum ® ^ftge
the trunk and contained about five times in the length to ^
of the caudal fin. Vertebrae 26 in tho abdominal, 14 in t ® g.
region. Pelvic fins with 7, dorsal and anal fins with 4 or
dorsal fin arising midway between the extremity of the sn .
the base of the caudal fin, directly opposed to the pelvic Pajr ’vjjich
fin arising midway between the pelvic pair and the cau a ,
is rounded or truncated.

Form, df Loc. Upper Miocene ; Oeningen, Baden.

P. 1786, P. 3867. Two very small specimens, labelled by Ag^gl/Si

Ktjerton Sf Enmskdun

inBQt o- .. . Van Breda Co

43795. Similar specimen.

42782. Imperfect large specimen, partly in counterpart ' CoO”

CVPRIXIDiE.

321

Cobitis angustus (Agassiz).

18.j2. Acanthopsis angustus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 134 (name
only).

1835-39, Acanthopsis angustus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii.
P- 8, pi. 1. figs. -2, 3.

1 880. Cobitis angustus, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [3]
vol. viii. p. 449.

i’!J2>e. Imperfect fish.

A very small species, distinguished from the preceding by its
•wore elongated form and slightly more remote position of the
dorsal fin.

torm. l)- Loc. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden.

36121 a. Fish 0-038 in length. Purchased, 1859.

• 1785. Smaller specimen, labelled by Agassiz. Egerton Coll.
9424. Two imperfect specimens. Purchased.

Cobitis cephalotes, Agassiz.

18 j2. Cobitis cephalotes, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 134 (name only).
1835-39. Cobitis cephalotes, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 13,

pi. 1. figs. 5-7.

1861 • Cobitis teyleri, T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss. d'Oeningen
(Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv.), p. 13, pi. i.
6g. 4. [Nearly complete fish ; Teyler Museum, Haarlem.]

1880. Nemachilm cephalotes, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France,
[3] vol. viii. p. 449.

880. Nemackilus teyleri, II, E. Sauvage, i bid. p. 449.

't’dpe. Imperfect fish ; Carlsruho Museum.

A species attaining a length of about 0-15. Length of head with
’percular apparatus much exceeding the maximum depth of the
Dunk and contained about three and a half times in the length to
the W of the caudal fin. Vertebra; 24 in the abdominal, 15 in
Ihe caudal region. Fins as in C. centrochir, except that the caudal

ls forked.

Form, c)- Eoc. Upper Miocene: Oeningen, Baden.

P' 3868. Distorted hinder half of fish, labelled by Agassiz.

Enniskillen Coll.

43444. Distorted fragment, probably of this species, in counterpart.

Presented by Kenneth Murchison, Esq., 1872.

^ 1 agmentary remains apparently of a species or Cobitis are also
^corded from a freshwater Upper Tertiary formation in Idaho,
•8-A. (E. D. Cope, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1883, p. 161).

?art iv, v

322

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Genus HEXAPSEPHUS, Gunther.

[Geol. Mag. (2) vol. iii. 1870, p. 439.]

An extinct genus known only by the pbaryugeals and dentition
Pharyngeal hone falciform, bearing a single series ot large, stou >
conical or mammilliform teet h, few in number.

Hexapsephus guentheri, sp. nov.

1870. Ile.iapsephus sp., A. Gunther, loc.. cit. p. 439, pi. xvi. hgs-

Type. Pharyngeal ; ISritish Museum. ()-026

The type species, with pharyngeal attaining a length o ^
Only three large pharyngeal teeth in close series : foremost 0
smallest, much laterally compressed ; middle tooth having cr^^r
surmounted with two small longitudinal ridges, of which the o
is divided by a notch into two tubercles ; hindcrmost tooth coni
with apex excentric. ,ra_

Form. <J* Loc. Freshwater Tertiary Formation : Padang, 8U®

47534. Pharyngeal with dentition, the typo specimen dcscri
and figured loc. cit. p. 439, pi. xvi. fig. 3; in earbonac
shale. Presented by Herr 11. D. M. Verbee ,

47533,-35. 'two sots of pharyngeal teeth, one figured loc.

pi. xvi. fig. 2 ; also four detached pharyngeal tec >
two small slabs of carbonaceous shale with other e ^
Presented by Herr H. T). M. f erbee

Several detached pharyngeal bones and teeth of Cyprinidffi .
a freshwater Upper Tertiary formation in Idaho have been descr
as follows j

Diastichus maerodon, E. D. Cope, Proc. Ainer. Phil. Soc. voj' ^
(1870), p. 539, and Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. l’hila •
p. 158. [Type species.]

Diastichus parvidens , E. I). Cope, loc. cit. 1870, p. 040.
Diastichus strangulalus, E. 1). Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p-
Leucus condoniauus, E. I). Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p. 150. -g

Leucus latus, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p. 150. Anc i\l g
latus, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1870, p. 543. | T>Pe SP

of so-called Anchybopsis.j

Mylocyprinus infle.rus, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 18S3, p. I0 • ya(j.
Mylocyprinus robustus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. feci.

1870, p. 70, and Contrib. Extinct Vert. Fauna W . ^

(Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. i. 1873), P- -,g_
pi. xvii. figs. 11-17; E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 188- , P ^
Includes M. Iciwji and M. longidens, E. D. Cope, o

CrPHIXID-E.

323

1870, pp. 544, 545. [Type species. Genus apparently
identical with existing Chinese Mylopharyngodon , Peters,
Monatsb. k. prcuss. Akad. Wiss. 1880, p. 025.]

Squalins arciferus , E. D. Cope, loc. cil. 1883, p. 158. Oligobelus
nrciferus, E. D. Cope, loc, cit. 1870, p. 541. [Type
species of so-called Oligobelus.]

Squaliiis bairdi, E. I). Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p. 158. Semotilus
bairdi, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1870, p. 542.

Squalius laminatus, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p. 157. Oligobelus
Inminatus, E. I). Cope, loc. cil. 1S70, p. 541.

Equaling posticus, E. D. Cope, loc. cil. 1883, p. 157. Semotilus
posticus, E. 1). Cope, loc, cit. 1870, p. 541.

Equaling redding!, E. D. Cope, loc, cit. 1883, p. 157.

The following imperfectly known fossils also seem to be referable
i o Members of the family Cyprinidffi : —

Rcachyspondyhis saropterix, W. von der Marck, Palamntogr.
vol. xxii. (1876), p. 411, pi. xxiii. fig- -■ — Freshwater
Tertiary Formation ; Padang, Sumatra. [Caudal region :
lloyal Geological Museum, Dresden.]

Capitodus sublruncatus, G. von Munster, Beitr. Petrefact. pt. v.
(1842), p. 68, pi. vi. fig. 17 (non ibid, pt. vii. (1846),

P- 13, pi. i. fig. 2, pi. ii. figs. 1, 8, which represent teeth
of Sparidte) ; K. A. von Zittel, Handb. PaL-eont. vol. in.
(1888), p. 282, fig. 292. — Miocene; Neudorfl-an-der-
March, Vienna. [Pharyngeal teeth : Paleontological
Museum, Munich. The type species of Capitodus.]
Bemitrichas schisticola, W. Peters, Monatsb. k. preuss. Akad.
Wiss. 1877, p. 682, fig. 2.— Lower Oligocene (Lignite) ;
Ponte, near Laverdit, Yicentin. [Imperfect fish.]
Soricidens haucri, G. von Munster, op. cit. pt. v. p. 68, pi. vi.
figs. 5-11. —Miocene; Neudorfl. [Pharyngeal teeth:
Paleontological Museum, Munich. The type species of
Soriculens.]

The following imperfectly known fish, not represented in the
Collection, is commonly referred to the Cyprinidm but does not seem
to belong to this family

Bnoplophtha Imus schhmbergen, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol.
France, [3] vol. viii.'(1880), p. 449, pi. xii. fig. 3.— Lower
Miocene; Cereste, Basses Alpes. [Type species oi
Enoplophthalmus. Imperfect fish.]

y 2

324

acting pter ran.

Family SILURIDiK.

Supraoccipital bone prominent ; otic region completely roofed by
membrane-bones ; brain-case produced forwards between the orbits .
cheek-plates much reduced. Symplectic bone absent; premaxilla
extended, almost always excluding the maxilla from the upper bordci
of the mouth : teeth very variable ; lower pharyngeals rarely talc>
form and conspicuously toothed. Barbels present. Suboperculum
usually absent, and branchiostegal rays few or wanting. Pectora
aich without distinct suj)raclavicle ; a single dorsal fin often follow1
b) an adipose dorsal on tho tail. Trunk without scales, but ot'n 11
more or less armoured with bony' scutes.

The existing members of this family are distributed in the itesh
" aters of all temperate and tropical regions, and a few are littora
marine species. No extinct genera of importance are known.

figures of the skeleton of Synodontis are given by C. B. Briib ^
Zootomie aller Thierclasscn (1884), pis. cxxxi., cxxxii. T e
weberian ossicles are described by Haddon and Bridge, Phil. Trans-
1 sy3 B, pp. (>5-333, pi8. xi.-xix.

Genus CLARIAS, Gronow.

[Zoophyl. Gronov. 1781, p. 100.]

Head depressed and bones of cranial roof ornamented and exposed,
or covered only with very thin skin ; a small vacuity in the suPra
occipital and frontal bones. Eyes small ; cloft of mouth transverse,
terminal, of moderate width; teeth on dentary, premaxilla, an
vomer. Pectoral fins with robust spine, often serrated on t
anterior border ; pelvic fins with six rays : dorsal fin without sPlD >
much extended and occupying nearly the whole of tho back • a
adipose dorsal ; anal fin much extended : caudal fin rounded. >
naked.

This gcuus survives in the froshwaters of Africa, the East Indie ,
and the intermediate portion of Asia.

Clarias falconer!, Lydekker.

188C. Clarias falconeri, 1!. Lydekker, Pa'aeont. Indica, ser. x,
p. 217, pi. xxxvii. fig. 1.

Type. ’Middle portion of skull : British Museum.

A species probably about 0-45 in length, known only by the ml
portion of the skulli Rugose ornament of cranial roof rather

SILUKID.E.

:i'25

and the ridges rounded ; supraoccipital slightly raised into a median
prominence in its hinder half ; frontal vacuity not much elongated.

1’orm. cj- Loo. Lower Pliocene : Siwalik Hills, India.

16402 b. Type specimen.

Presented by Col. Sir Proby T. Cautley, K.C.B., 1842.

Genus HETEROBRANCHUS, Geoffrey St. Hilaire.

[Savigny, Descript. Egypte, vol. i. 1827, p. 305.]

As Clarias, hut hinder portion of dorsal fin adipose.

Surviving in the freshwaters of Africa and the East Indian
Archipelago.

Heterobranchus palseindicus, Lydekker.

1 NS6. Heterobranchus palteindicus , R. Lydekker, Paheont. Indica,
ser. x. vol. iii. p. 248, pi. xxxvi. fig. 4.

1 VPe ■ N early complete skull ; British Museum.

A species probably about 0'4 in length, known only by the skull,
J1 h’°h is provisionally ascribed to Heterobranchus on account of
its close resemblance to the skull of H. intermedins, and also on
account of the long backward extension of its supraoccipital bone.
-Not yet precisely definable, but differing from H. intermedins in its
relatively shorter and wider frontal vacuity and its ethmoid much
narrowed in front.

Porm. cj- Loc. Lower Pliocene : Siwalik Hills, India.

16402 c. Type specimen.

Presented by Col. Sir Proby T. Cautley, K.C.B., 1842.

Genus SILURUS, Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 304.]

Head not much depressed, the lateral muscles extending some-
what forwards over the cranial roof, and the whole covered with
* e soft skin. Gape of mouth extending to beneath the orbit ;
befh very minute, villi form, present on the promaxilla? and dentaries,
a so on the vomer but not on the palatines. Pectoral fin with
robust spine, serrated on the posterior or both borders ; pelvic fins
'rith more than eight rays, arising behind the dorsal fin, which is
short-based and without anterior spine; no adipose dorsal; anal fin
™uch extended, almost or completely united with the caudal, which
18 rounded. Skin naked.

The surviving species of this genus inhabit the freshwaters of
the temperate parts of the Palmarctie Region, some extending even
t0 north of India. Fragmentary remains of a supposed extinct

326

ACTINOPTERYGII.

species from an Upper Tertiary deposit near Sofia, Bulgaria, are
named Silwrus serdieensis by F. Toula, Denkschr. k. Akad.
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. lv. (1889), pt. ii. p. 108, pi. ix.

The following specifically undetermined specimens probablj be.
to this genus : —

16402 e, 16403 a. Anterior end of snout and an abraded

skull, erroneously referred by Lydekker to young 1,1
viduals of Bayarius yarrelli in Palseont. Indicu,
vol. iii. (1886), p. 255 ; Lower Pliocene, Siwalik m 77
India.

Presented, by Col. Sir Proby T. Cautley, K.G.B. , L

Genus PSEUDEUTROPIUS, Bleeker.

[Noderl. Tijdschr. Dierk. vol. l. 1863, p. 106. ]

Head almost or completely covered with soft skin; gape
not extending backwards to the orbit, which is large; teeth nun^
and villiform, some on the vomer and palatines. Pectoral fin ^
robust spine, serrated on the posterior or both borders : pelvic ^
with six rays ; dorsal fin short-based, with a robust spine,
less directly opposed to the pelvic pair ; a very small adipose 0 ■
fin ; anal fin much extended, terminating at some distance fro
caudal, which is forked. Skin naked.

Surviving species in the East Indies.

Pseudeutropius verbeeki, Gunther.

1876. Braehyspondylm indicus, W. von der March, Ial®a q^o-
vol. xxiii. p. 412, pi. xxiv. fig. 2. [Imperfect fish ; Loya
logical Museum, Dresden.] j jji.

1876. Pseudeutropius verbeekii, A. Gunther, Geol. Mag. l J
p. 435, pi. xv. fig. 2.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

A species attaining a length of about 0-6. Length of heat
opercular apparatus slightly less than half that of the turn ^
the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Cranium
elongate, and upper surface of snout granular. Pectoral fan l^e(j
about as long and strong as the dorsal fin-spine, similar y ™
with fine longitudinal striations and strongly serrated on t ie
border; pelvic fins with seven rays, inserted immediate y
the dorsal, which exhibits seven rays behind the spine ; ana
with twenty-eight rays ; caudal fin very' deeply7 forked,
each lobe about equal to that of the terminal nineteen ' cl '

Form df Loc. Freshwater Tertiary7 Formation : Padang, *

SIM7RIDJE.

327

47527. Type specimen figured by Gunther, be. cit.

Presented by Herr R. 1). M. Verbeek, 1876.

47531. Second specimen noticed by Giinther, loe. cit. p. 435.

Presented by Herr R. D. M. Verbeek, 1876.

47528-30, 47537. Four specimens, the second being a very large
tail. Presented by Herr R. D. M. Verbeek, 1876.

An indeterminable fragment has been referred to the existing
African genus Chrysichtliys , Jileeker, as follows : —

Chrysichlhys (?) theobaldi, It. Lydekker, Palaeont. Indica, ser. x.
vol. iii. (1886), p. 249, pi. xxxvii. fig. 4.— Siwalik
Formation ; Punjab. [Hinder portion of cranium; Indian
Museum, Calcutta.]

Genus MACRONES, Dumeril.

[Ichthyol. Anal. 1856, p. 484.]

Head depressed, the cranial bones solid, more or less oma
■nented and covered with thin skin ; an antero-posteriorl) elongate (
frontal vacuity. Gape of mouth moderately wide ; teeth minute
and villiform, some on the vomer and palatines, lectoial fin
with robust spine ; pelvic fin with six rays ; dorsal fin short
based, with a robust spine and seven rays, in advance of the pelvic
tins ; an adipose dorsal fin of moderate length ; anal fin short-base ,
with less than twenty rays ; caudal fin forked. Skin naked.

An existing Asiatic genus.

Macrones aor (Buchanan).

182 2. Pimelodus aor, F. H. Buchanan, Fishes found in River Ganges,

pp. 205, 379, pi. xx. fig. 68. , .

1839. Rayrus aor, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. 1 oiss. ' o . xn.

p. 405.

1864. Macrones aor, A. Gunther, Catal. I'ishes B. M. 'ob v> P- 1 •
1886. Macrones aor, R. Lydekker, Palasont, Indica, ser. x. vol. m.
p. 250, pi. xxxvi. fig. 5.

-Type. Recent fish.

Defined by Gunther, loc. cit.

Form. <$■ Loc. Lower Pliocene : Siwalik Hills, India. Recent in
freshwaters of India.

40822. Imperfect skull and mandible, described and figured b}
Lydekker, loc. cit.

Presented by Charles Falconer, Esq., 1867.

328

ACTIN0P1ERYGII.

Genus RITA, Bleeker.

[Verhaud. Natuurk. Ver. Nederl. Ind. vol. iv. 1858, p. 00.]

Closely resembling Chrysichthys and Macrones, but teeth on
palate granular or molariform. Posterior border of supraocoipita
plate notched to receive the basal bone of the dorsal spine.

Existing in the freshwaters of the East Indies, and probably
represented in the Pliocene of India by the following species, o
which there are no remains in the Collection : —

Rita granditcutata , II. Lydekker, Palmont. Indica, scr. x. vol. hi.
(1880), p. 251, pi. xxxvii. fig. 3.— Siwalik Formation ;
Punjab. [Very largo basal bone of dorsal spine ; Indian
Museum, Calcutta.]

Genus AMIURUS, Rafinesquc.

[Ichthyol. Ohioensis, 1820, p. 65 (Ameiurtts).]

Head depressed and covered with soft skin ; teeth minute, con
fined to the premaxilla and dentary. Pectoral fins with robus
spine, serrated on the posterior border; pelvic fins with eight rajs-
behind the dorsal fin, which is far forwards and comprises one robust
spine and six divided rays; adipose dorsal short or of moderate
length ; anal fin of variable extent ; caudal fin forked or truncate! .
Skin naked.

A North-American and Chinese genus.

Detached vertebrae have been provisionally assigned to this genus
under the following names : —

Amiurus cancellatas, E. D. Cope, Contrib. Canadian Pakeont.
(Geol. Surv. Canadal, vol. iii. (1861), p. 3, pi. i- fig*'

Lower Miocene; Cypress Hills, N.W. Territory, Cana a.
[Canadian Geol. Surv. Museum, Ottawa.]

Amiurus maconnelli, E. D. Cope, ibid. p. 4, pi. i. fig®- *’> ' •
Ibid. [Ibid.]

A genus closely related to the existing Pimelodus is represente
by the following specimen : —

P.9010. Imperfect fish in Tertiary lignite; Taubate, Province

San Paulo, Brazil. „

Presented by John N. Tervet, Esq., 1

SILUBlmH.

329

Genus RHINEASTES, Cope.

[Proc. Amer. Phil. Hoc. vol. xii. 1872, p. 480.]

An imperfectly known genus related cither to Pimelodus or to
diius. Head depressed and bones of cranial roof marked with
conspicuous rugosity ; frontal fontanelle closed, but marked by a
smooth deep groove. Teeth minute and villiform, extending over
vomer. Pectoral fin with robust spine, serrated on one or both
borders ; a nuchal shield between the supraoccipital and the spine
°f the dorsal fin.

In the typical species, P. peltatus, the nuchal shield is large and
massive ; in the other Eocene species (forming sub-genus Astephus,
f^ope) it is narrow and short.

The genus is known only by fragments from the Lower Tertiary
°f North America, and is not represented in the Collection. The
following species have been named : —

Rh Wastes arcuatus, E. I). Cope, Ann. Kep. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Territ. 1872 (1873), p. 641, and Vert. Tert. Eorm. West,
Hook I. (Itep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 1884), p. 6(1,
pi. v. fig. 12. Pimelodus antiquus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philad. 1.873, p. 99 (name only), and Contrib.
Extinct Vert. Fauna W. Territ. (Pep. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Territ. vol. i. 1873), p. 193, pi. xxxii. figs. 44, 45.— Bridger
Eocene; Upper Green Hirer, Wyoming. [Pectoral fin-
spine ; National Museum, Washington.]

Phineastes calvus, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1872 (1873), p. 640, and
»p. cit. 1884, p. 65, pi. v. figs. 3-4.— Bridger Eocene;
Upper Green ltivcr. [Portion of cranium ; National
Museum, Washington.]

Phineastes qiectinatus, E. 1). Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. i. no. 2 (1874), p. 49, and op. cit. 1884, p. 74 1,
pl. v. fig. 13. — Lower Tertiary: South Park, Colorado.
[Eragmout of head and anterior abdominal region ; National
Museum, Washington.]

Phineastes peltatus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii.
(1872), p. 486, and op. cit. 18S4, p. 63, pl. v. figs. 1, 2.-
Bridger Eocene ; South Bitter Creek, Washakie^ Basin,
Wyoming. [Associated head -bones, &c. ; National
Museum, Washington. The type species.]

Phineastes (?) rhmas, E. D. Cope, Contrib. Canadian Palaeont.
(Geol. Surv. Canada), vol. iii. (1891), p. 3, pl. i. fig. 3.
Lower Miocene; Cypress Hills, N.W. Territory, Canada.
[Vertebras; Canadian Geol. Surv. Museum, Ottawa.]

330

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Rhineastes smithi, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Hoc. vol.

(1872), p. 486, and Ann. Rep. IT.S. Geol. Surv. Territ,
i872 (1873), p. 630, and Vert, Tert, Form. West, Book L
(1884), p. 64, pi. v. figs. 5-11. — Bridger Eocene; South
Bitter Creek. [Associated head -hones, &c. ; National
Museum, Washington.]

Home indeterminable fragments of ornamented bone, probably
not ot (his genus, from the Bridger Eocene of Cottonwood Creek,
Wyoming, are named Rhineastes radulux by E. T). Cope, Ann. Rep.
F.S. Geol. Hurv. Territ. 1872 (1873), p. 639, and Vert, Tert. Form-
West, Book I. (1884), p. 67, pi. v. figs. 14-17.

Genus BUCKLANDIUM, Ivdnig.

[leones Foss. Sect. 1825, p. 4.]

A genus known only by the imperfect skull and pectoral arch,
which closely resemble the corresponding parts of tho existing
Auchenoglanii 1 of the Nile and West African rivers. Distinguishe
from the latter by the complete fusion of the cranial roof-bone ,
the larger orbit and frontal fontanelle, and the relatively lflrSer
pectoral arch, which does not taper below. Head laterally c0®1
pressed, with rounded tuberculated roof, evidently not covered wi
skin.

Bucklandium diluvii, Kbnig.

1825. Bucklandium diluvii, C. Konig, leones Foss. Sect. p. 4. pB ' 1U'

n»-91. _ 1888

1889. Bucklandium diluvii, A. S. Woodward, Rep. Brit. Assoc.

p. 679, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 208, pi. xxii.

Fype. Cranium, &c. ; British Museum. ( . j

The type species, with cranium about 0-12 in length.
roof strongly arched, ornamented with large, well-separated tu e ^
eulations, aud the supraoecipital with a median longitudinal 'ee
Head probably about as deep as long.

Form. <)■ Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : Isle of Sheppey •

P- 9230. Imperfect type specimen, described and figured lot ■

1889. History unknown-

Genus ARIUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

[Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. xv. 1840, p. 53.]

Head depressed and bones of cranial roof ornamented an ^ ^
posed ; an antero-postcriorly elongated frontal fontanelle , sl P
Auchenaspis, Bleeker (non Eeerton) : Gunther, Catal. tishes 9r

vol. t. (1864), p. 137.

SILURID-R.

: J31

occipital extending backwards to meet a nuchal plate. Cleft of
roouth small, not extending beneath the orbit ; teeth minute,
v'llif'orm or granular, extending over the vomer and palatines.
Pectoral fins with a robust spine, serrated on one or both borders ;
Pelvic fins with six rays ; dorsal tin far forwards, in advance of tho
pelvic pair, with one robust spine and six or seven divided rays ;
adipose fin short-based or of moderate extent ; anal fin short-based ;
caudal fin forked. Skin naked.

The existing species of this genus are both marine and fresh-
water, and range throughout the tropics of both hemispheres.

Arius egertoni (Dixon).

[Text-figure 11.]

1800. Silurus egertoni, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, pp. 11-, 204, pi. xi.
figs. 11-13.

1887. Arius egertoni, A. S. Woodward. Cieol. Mag. [3] vol. iv. p. 304,

figs- 1, 2.

1889. Arius egertoni, E. T. Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 206.

1880. Arius egertoni, L. Dollo, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. iii. Proc.-
Verb. p. 218.

type- Pectoral arch and spine ; British Museum.

A small species known only by fragments. External ornamen-
tation of bony plates consisting of sharp conical tubercles, frequently
united at the base by low and rounded reticulating ridges. Poste-
rior extension of supraoccipital bone slightly broader than lonB,
with nearly parallel sides, truncated hinder border, and a longitudinal
keel ; the anterior half of this bone marked with a pair of con-
spicuous grooves for the slime-canals diverging forwards from the
median keel. Pectoral fin-spine compressed, with irregular longi-
tudinal ridges, partly tuberculated, and with both borders serrated :
post-clavicular plate triangular, as deep as long.

Form. LoC. Middle Eocene : Sussex; Belgium.

25612. Type specimon, the clavicle and pectoral spine, figured by
Dixon and described by the present writer, loc. at.;
Bracklesham Beds, Bracklesham Bay. f he spine measures
about 0-09 in length. ColL

25735 *, 25736. Imperfect dorsal and pectoral spines, figured by

Dixon, op. cit. pi. xi. figs. 12, 13 ; Bracklesham.

1 ' Dixon Coll.

25735. 25737, 25741. Portions of pectoral and dorsal fin-spines,
and two ornamented head-bones ; Bracklesham.

Dixon Coll.

332

ACIINOrXERYGII.

28086. Small pectoral spine ; Bracklesham.

Presented by F. E. Edwards , Esq., J S5—

38891-93, 39000. Head-bone, imperfect pectoral and dorsal spine s,
and fulcral spine of dorsal tin, the latter shown of the
natural size in the accompanying tig. HA; Brackleshaiu-

BowerbankColl.

P. 4306. One imperfect dorsal, and two imperfect pectoral spines .

Bracklesham. Enniskillen Coll .

P. 1894-5. Two small pectoral spines, one being incomplete distall) .

a nearly complete supraoccipital and other head-plates.
Bracklesham. Egerton Coll-

P. 9425. Supraoccipital, shown of the natural size in the accoin
panying tig. 11 B ; Bracklesham. Egerton Co

Fig. 11.

A B

Anus egertoni ; dorsal fulcral spine (A) and supraoccipital bone (B), 111,1 '

38894-95. Two imperfect supraoccipitals, one being small; B>acl'

lesham. Bowerbanl 0

P. 1894. One imperfect pectoral, and four imperfect dorsal spin ^
either of this or the next species, noticed by \\ oodw
and Newton, loc. cit. ; Barton Clay, Barton Cliff, 1
shire. Egerton Coll

Arius crassus (Koken).

1884. Otolithus ( inccrtcc sedis ) crassus, E. Koken, Zeitschi. deu
geol. Ges. vol. xxxvi. p. 559, pi. xii. tig. 13. . jXj

1889. Anus crassus, E. T. Newton, l’roc. Zool. hoc. p. - > 1*

figs. 1—3.

1891. Otolithus (Arius) crassus, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xliii. p. 80.
Type. Otolith ; ltoyal Museum of Natural History, Bor n.

SILT7RID.E.

333

A small species, known only by the imperfect head. External
ornamentation of bony plates much like that of A. egertoni , but
the tubercles more numerous, more rounded, less united by reticular
ridges, and more definitely arranged in radiating lines. Supra-
oceipital bone rather broad, not impressed by the slime-canals.

Eo-rm. tj Loc. Upper Eocene : Barton Cliff, Hampshire : Headon
Hdl, Isle of Wight. Oligoceue : Germany.

A fine portion of cranium of this species, in the Museum of Practical
Ceology, is described by Newton, loc. cit.

28094. Eleven otoliths, including two figured in Part I. PI. IV.

figs. 4, 5, one of these and two others also figured by
Newton, loc. cit. tigs. 4-0, as of doubtful species ; Barton
Clay, High Cliff, Hampshire.

Presented hj F. E. Edwards, Esq., 1852.

29023. Four otoliths ; Chutan, Hampshire. Cowderoy Bequest.

40283, P. 376. otoliths, probably either of this or the next
species ; High Cliff. * Edwards Coll.

Arius (?) bartonensiS) A. S. Woodward.

!887. Arius (?) hartmensis, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iv,
P- 306, fig. 3.

f'ype. Dorsal fin-spine ; British Museum.

A very small species, of uncertain genus, known onh bj fin-
8pines. Dorsal fin-spine slender, much laterally compressed, finely
Aviated on the sides, with recurved denticles on the anterior and
posterior margins towards the apex, which curves a little forwards.
I'orm. <$• Loc. Upper Eocene : Barton, Hampshire.

40280. Type specimen described and figured loc. cit., and the other
imperfect fin-spines of which two are pectoral ; High Cliff,
Barton. Edwards Coll.

p- 1894

a. Larger dorsal fin-spine, imperfect at the apex, noticed
loc. cit. Egerton Coll.

I1- 6500. Dorsal fin-spine ; Barton. Purchased, 1891.

Arius iheringi, A. S. Woodward.

[Plate XVII. fig. 4-]

1898. Arius iherinqi, A. S. Woodward, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. iii.
P- 64, figs. 1, 2.

Eype. Impression of skull : British Museum.

334

ACTINOPTERYGII.

A large species, the head measuring about 0'2 in length. 1'. sternal
bones ornamented with a coarse rugosity, no distinct tubercles.
Maximum width of cranium slightly exceeding half its length l,oin
the occipital border to the end of the snout ; orbits situated exactly
in the middle ; posterior extension of supraoccipital bone narrow,
not keeled, about twico as long as broad, with nearly parallel side®)
and its hinder border slightly notched by an acute re-cnteriiv
angle.

Form. 4’ Loc. Tertiary Lignite : Taubatc, Province of San 1 aU °’
Brazil.

P. 9220. Type specimen, the skull chiefly in impression of dorsJ
aspect, shown of nat. size in PI. XVII. fig. 4.

Presented by John Gordon, Esq-, !■

?• 9221. Larger, more imperfect specimen, very friable, n0^c^
loc. cit. p. 64. Presented by John Gordon, Esq-,

The following specimens also appear to be referable to Anus .

P. 6331. Eight otoliths, described and one figured by E. I. Xcwt° *
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 205, pi. xxi. fig. 7 (drawing no
reversed), under the namo of Arius baroni, sp. noV
Recent (?), Ankoala, Madagascar. ..q

Presented by Itev. R. Baron, '

16402 d. Hinder part of largo cranium, described and figured
Arms s2>. a by R. Lydekker, Palaeont. Indica, scr.
vol. iii. (1886), p. 252, pi. xxx vi. fig. 2 ; Pliocene, SiWa
Hills, India.

Presented by Col. Sir Proby T. Cautley, K.C.B.,

P. 4923. Large, externally ornamented bone ; Pliocene,

Hills. Transferred from Inilia House Museum,

Tho following otoliths have also been ascribed to this gonus . ^

Otolithus (Arius) yermanicus, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. o’

Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 81, pi. i. «g- 3, P1 ,V‘, ^nVWi-
Lower Oligoceno; Lattorf, Westeregeln, and •
diugeu. Middle Oligoceno ; Sollingen, Woinheim,
bockelhcim. gj^

Otolithus (Arias) vanyionis, E. Koken, loc. cit. 139 , P
pi. vi. fig. 4. — Middle Oligocene ; Waldbockelheim.
Otolithus danicus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p- 81. Oto * ^

( incertai sedis) crassus, E. Koken, Abh. ph}s. •

Wiss. Giittingen, vol. xxxii. (1885), p. H6, pi- v-
Lower Eocene ; Copenhagen.

SILXJRIDJE.

335

Genus BAGARIUS, Bleeker.

[Nalez. lehthyol. Faun. Bengal en Hindostau (Yerhaud. Batav.
Genoofcsch. Wetensch. vol. xxv.), 1S53, p. 121.]

Head depressed and bones of cranial roof exposed, those of the
middle conspicuously ornamented ; an antero-posteriorly elongated
frontal fontanelle ; cleft of month of moderate size ; teeth clustered
and unequal in size, some rather large, but none on the palate.
Trunk and fins as in Arius.

Sagarins gigas, Gunther.

l^fb. Bagarius gigas, A. Gunther, Geol. Mag. [2] vol. iii. p. 430,
pl. xvi. fig. 1.

type. Imperfect pectoral arch, <&c. ; British Museum.

A provisional name for a fragment apparently of Bagarius.

Form. <J- Loc. Freshwater Tertiary Formation : Padang, Sumatra.

47513. Type specimen described and figured by Gunther, ioc. cit.

Presented by Herr R. D. -1/. 1 erbeelc, IS* (>.

^ The anterior portion of a large cranium from the Siwalik
formation of Nahan, India, now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
•seems to belong to Bagarius yarrelli, which still exists in the larger
rivers of India and Java (It. Lydekkcr, Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind. vol. xv.
1882, p. 105, and Pakcont. Indica, ser. x. vol. iii. 1886, p. 254,
ph xxxvi. fig. 1). This specimen was originally assigned to a gigantic
batrachian by T. Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. vi. (1837),
P- 538, pl. xxxi., and first determined to belong to a Siluroid fish
by J. M Clelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. llist. vol. iv. (1844), p. 83,
Pl. ix.

An indeterminable pectoral fin-spine of a Siluroid from the Middle
liocene of Perpignan, Rousillon, France, is described and figured
y H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. xvii. (1885), p. 223, pl. iv.
%■ 7.

Two indeterminable fragments of fin-rays, doubtfully of this
family, from a Tertiary sand (Miocene) in the Bihar Comitat,
Hungary, are named Pimelodus sadlen, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k.
Akad. Wiss. 1 850, pt. i. p. 19, and Dcnkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., rnath.-
“aturw. Cl. vol. i. (1849), p. 213, pl. xiv. fig. 3.

An undetermined Siluroid from the Lower Miocene Brown-coal
ot freschen, near Biliu, Bohemia, in the Geological Museum of the
German University, Prague, is described by G. C. Laube, Verhandl.
k--k- geol. Reichsanst. 1897, p. 337.

336

ACTINOPTURYGIl.

Suborder VI. APODES.

Notochord more or less persistent, but the vertebral centra
always complete constricted cylinders, none coalesced ; tail tapering,
usually without expanded or fused neural or hicmal supports at the
extremity. Symplectic bone absent ; mandible simple, each ramus
consisting only of two elements (dentary and articulo-angular).
Pectoral arch not suspended from cranium ; precoracoid arc
absent ; iufraclavicular plates absent ; pectoral fin with more than
five basals. Pelvic fins absent. Scales rudimentary or absent.
In the living forms — air-bladder, when present, connected with e
oesophagus by a duet in the adult (physostomous), optic nerve,
decussating, intestine without spiral valve, and reproductive organs
without efferent ducts.

Family MUR/KNID2E.

Irunk much elongated, the caudal region being relatively vcr«
long. Parietal bones large and meeting in a median suture ,
squamosal suturally united with parietals and covering the greater
part of the otic region. Premaxilhe small and fused with t
ethmoidal rostrum ; maxilla well-developed, forming most of t ®
upper border of the mouth : ptery go-palatine arcade much induce ^
or rudimentary. Branchial and opercular apparatus usually mor
°r less reduced ; generally a few delicate hranchiostegal r_^‘
Vertebrae very numerous, those of the abdominal region with s or
and broad transverse processes, small and delicate ribs, and very
short neural spines. Intermuscular bones present. Fin-iu c <
absent; fin-rays articulated and divided distally ; dorsal and ana^
fins excessively extended, and a separate caudal fin almost alway-
absent.

The oxtinct species of this family arc too imperfectly known to
be generically determined with certainty. It is evident, however,
that they represent some of the more generalised types ; and t
Cretaceous genus mentioned below is unique in retaining a noim
caudal fin.

A figure of the skeleton of Anguilla is published by A gass >
Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pi. D. Some illustrations of cranial osteology
are given by Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. x. (1898), ph vl-

MURiENID-E.

337

Genus URENCHELYS, A. S. Woodward.

[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. v. 1900, p. 322.]

Teeth small, bluntly conical, and arranged in numerous series.
Slender branchiostegal rays not curving round the opercular
apparatus. Vertebra; somewhat exceeding 100 in number, the
hindermost bearing a pair of expanded hypural bones. Pectoral
fins present; dorsal fin arising immediately behind the occiput and
extending to the caudal fin, which has stouter rays and is very
small but separate. Scales rudimentary.

Urenchelys avus, sp. nov.

[Plate XVIII. figs. 1, 2.]

•type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

The typo species, attaining a length of about 0'3. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained about six times in the
total length to the base of the caudal fin ; anal fin considerably
more than twice as long as the portion of trunk in front ot it.
Anterior neural arches much expanded, their appended spines
apparently small and low.

Form, Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mount Lebanon.

P- 4860. Type specimen, shown of the natural size in PI. XVIII.

fig. 1. A few of the blunt teeth are seen among the
fractured remains of the cranium ; while below it the
extent of the mandible can be distinguished. The
branchial region is probably shortened by crushing, and
remains of the very slender branchiostegal rays lie across
fragments of the branchial arches and the rather stout
clavicle. The vertebra; cannot be readily counted, but
there seem to bo about 35 in front of the origin of the
anal fin, and not less than 73 beyond. Ihe neural
arches in the abdominal region are very stout laminae,
but their spines are not seen. The transverse processes
and very short slender ribs are distinct. The long
slender neural and haemal spines in the caudal region are
also conspicuous. The pectoral fins aro not preserved.
The dorsal fin clearly arises directly above the pectoral
arch, extending continuously along the back to the caudal
extremity, while the remarkably extended anal fin is
continued equally far backwards. There are distinct
indications of two expanded hypural bones at the tip of
fart iv. z

333

ACTINOPTERYGIl.

the tail, suggestive of a separate caudal fin, of which
few rays remain. The characteristic intermuscular hones
are exhibited dorsally throughout the trunk, and he ow
the vertebral axis in the caudal region, The limestone
is stained by the fossil, but there are no traces^ o
scales. Lewis Co

P. 4: / 51 . Larger but moro imperfect and distorted specimen, di ^
playing parts of the head, pectoral arch, pectoral fin, an<
scales (PI. XVni. fig. 2). The stout supraoccipital bone
of the skull (s.occ.) projects considerably backwards, an
the rostrum is slender. The length of the oraniu
indeed, appears to bo moro than three times as groa ^
its width at the occiput. The right mandibular ramus
shown ( md .), rising to a low coronoid proeoss inimef ia .
behind its toothed portion. The clustered teeth are ve
stout and blunt. The vertebrae behind the bea ® ^
exposed from above, but the neural spines arc bro '
away from the much expanded arches. There ore
prossions of some of the short ribs ; while a few o ^
pointed transverse processes are preserved in the lin
part of the abdominal region. The tail is much di» °r
and too imperfect for description. The clavicles (c *) ®
seen immediately behind the head, ono of them disp

its slender, arched form, with tapering upper cud.
of the pectoral fins (pet.) is also preserved, though a i ^
distorted and imperfect distally. Behind this, the brown
impression of the soft parts of the fish is cunou
mottled, as if there were indications of small, rudimen ^
quadrangular scales. Further back, the course o P

of tho intestine is marked bv its phosphatic contents.

lewis Coll-

P. 4030. More imperfect small specimen
the obtuse teeth.

, much distorted, showi n
Lewis Colt"

48150. Portion of very small eel, probably young of this^speh

Urenchelys hakelensis (Davis).

[Plate XVIII. fig. 3.]

1887. Anguilla hakelensis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. J
vol. iii. p. 626, pi. xx. fig. 3.

Cijpe. Nearly complete fish; British Museum.

MURJENIDJE.

330

Au imperfectly known species, represented only by small speci-
mens not exceeding Ol in length. Length of head with opercular
apparatus contained about seven times in the total length to the
base of the caudal fin ; anal fin less than twice as long as the portion
°f trunk in front of it.

A specimen of this fish in the Museum of the Syrian Protestant
College, Beyrout, displays the caudal fin very clearly.

Form. 4' Lor. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mount Lebanon.

I1- 4872. Type specimen, shown of the natural size in PI. XV III.

fig. 3. The remains of the head are very imperfect, but
present no features at variance with the interpretation of
the affinities of tho fish here suggested, the opercular
apparatus is wide in proportion to its depth, and there
seems to be a suboporculum between the operculum and
the very slender branchiostegal rays. The latter are long,
but not curved upwards behind. The two sigmoidally
bent clavicles, with pointed ends, are partly shown ; and
there are traces of the scapular arch supporting a delicate
pectoral fin. The vertebral column is imperfectly pre-
served, but throughout its length the expanded neural
arches are shown to be relatively large. There are
impressions of short, slender ribs in the abdominal region,
while the neural and haemal spines are stouter, though
still slender in the caudal region. The rajs of the dorsal
and anal fins are very fine and difficult to observe. Ihe
former seems to extend along the whole length of the
back, but in the abdominal region it is imperfectly pre-
served and crushed downwards upon the vertebral
column. So far as preserved, the anal does not attain
much more than half the extent of the dorsal fin. The
imperfectly preserved caudal fin is clearly separate, and
is formed of somewhat stouter rays supported by ex-
panded haemal spines. Lewis Coll.

*■ 4872 a. Fragment. Lewis CoIL

9426. Very small specimen, apparently showing caudal fin.

Eqerton Coll.

Urenchelys anglicus* A. S. Woodward.

1900. Urenchelys anglicus , A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Xat. Ilist. [/]
vol. v. p. 821, pi. ix. fig. 1.

Type. Imperfect head ; Brighton Museum.

A comparatively large species, the skull attaining a length of

z 2

340

ACTINOPTERYOII.

about 0-07. Head much deeper in proportion to its length tha
in the type species.

Form. Loc. Turonian : S.E. England.

36333. Fragmentary remains of small skull and mandible, she wig
delicate pterygoid arch and blunt mandibular, tect ,
Lower Chalk, Dover. Daniels o

P- 4510 a. Fragment of somewhat larger skull and mandible ,
English Chalk. Enniskillen Co ■

Genus EOMYRUS, Storms.

[Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. x. 1808, Mom. p. 239. ]

A genus founded on an imperfect cranium, which most close.)
resembles that of the existing Myrus, but differs from the latter
exhibiting a relatively larger basisphenoid and a larger anteri
extension of the squamosal. Teeth on vomer and premaxi a .
region relatively large. r0

If the second and third extinct species mentioned below a ^
correctly referred to this genus, its diagnosis may be extent®
thus : — Teeth bluntly conical. Vertebrae somewhat exceeding
in number. Pectoral fins small; dorsal fin arising above
pectoral arch and continuous with the anal round the poi
extremity of the tail. Scales absent.

Eomyrus dolloi, Storms.

1898. Eomyrus ilolloi , It. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. x.
p. 225, pi. v. tigs. 8, 0, pi. vi. tigs. 6-8.

Type. Imperfect cranium ; Brussels Museum. ,

The typo species, known only by the cranium and detac ^
vertebra). Length of cranium 003, and maximum wi t
occiput 0-007. .

Form, Loc. Upper Eocene (Wommclian) : Wemmel, Brusse
Not represented in the Collection.

Eomyrus latispinus (Agassiz).

1835. Anguilla latispina, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 307

only). • n 15,

1839-44. Anguilla latispina, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt- *•
pt. ii. p. 133, pi. xliii. fig. 4.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Paris Museum of Natural Hist^)^
Length of head with opercular apparatus equalling a ou

MURJSNID-E.

341

the maximum depth of the trunk and contained six times in the
total length to the base of the caudal fin. Caudal region twice as
long as the abdominal region. Anterior neural spines in form of
very broad laminae.

This species is described by Agassiz as most closely related to the
existing Myrus vulgaris, Kaup ( Muroena myrus, Linn.), of the
Mediterranean.

form. ()■ foe. Upper Eocene: N. Italy.

T. 9427 . Imperfect specimen wanting extremity of tail ; Monte
Bolca, near Verona. The maximum width of the cranium
is shown to equal one third of its length, and the slight)}
expanded end of the slender rostrum is less elongated
than in E. dottoi. The teeth, so far as preserved, are
very stout and bluntly conical. The maxillae are robust.
The branchiostegal rays are not less than 15 in number,
and do not curve upwards at their hinder end. The
neural canal of the vertebral axis is seen to be xery
large_ History unknown.

T. 8655. Fine specimen 0'3 in length ; Monte Bolca. The head is
more imperfect than in the previous specimen, but similar
branchiostegal rays are preserved. Bemaius of one of the
small pectoral fins occur ; and the dorsal fin is observed
to arise directly above this fin. The hinder half of the
caudal region is disturbed by an oblique fracture.

Purchased, 1897.

P 1889. P. 3875. Small specimen in counterpart, bent and broken
at the hinder end of the abdominal region ; Monte Bolca.

Egerton $ Enniskillen Colls.

Eomyrus ventralis (Agassiz).

1835. Anguilla ventralis, L. Agassiz, Feues Jahrb. p. 307 (name
only).

1839-44. Anguilla ventralis, L. Agassiz, l’oiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. lo,
pt. ii. p. 134, pi. xliii. figs. 2, 3.

1898. Anguilla ventralis (? =Eomyrus), K. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige
Ceol. vol. x. M5m. p. 240.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; olim Hartmann Collection.

A comparatively small and slender species, the length of the head
" *th opercular apparatus contained eight times in the total length
the base of the caudal fin.

form. 4- Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, N. Italy.

2iot represenled in the Collection.

A CTINO PTER Y G II.

342

The small fish named Anguilla brevicula by Agassiz
Jahrb. 1835, p. 307, and op. ext. vol. v. pt. i. p. 15, *’• P'

pi. xliii. fig. 1), from Monte Bolca, may also belong to Eomxjrus.
is not represented in the Collection.

Conus EHYNCHORHINUS, novum.

[ ,ex • Agassiz, Poiss. Loss. vol. v. pt. ii. 1844, p. 139 (name onl})]
An imperfectly definable genus, known only by the head,
closely resembles that of Eomyrus but appears to have a s o
rostrum.

Rhynchorhinus branchialis, sp. nov.

[Plate XVIII. fig. 4.] } y

1844-45. Rhynchorhinus branchialis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss.

pt. ii. p. 139, and Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844, p. 308 (name on J •

Type. Abraded hinder portion of skull and mandible ,

Museum. ,

The typo species, with skull about 0'05 in length.
occiput equalling about one third the total length of the cr,in^
length of coronoid region of mandible exceeding half that o
dentary border.

Form. 4' Loo. Lower Eocene: London Basin.

P- 633. Type specimen, very imperfect and much abraded,

and mandible,

prising the hinder half of the cranium

of the left preop1

ercul11111 ?

erton Coll-

hyomandibulars, and part
London Clay, Sheppey.

P- 163. Slightly smaller abraded skull and mandible of the^ ^
type, shown in right side-view and from above ^
natural size in PL XVIII. figs. 4, 4 a ; Sheppey- liinits
occipital region is shortened by abrasion ; but e ^
of the parietals (pa.), extending as far ferwar s^ j
postorbital prominence, are shown. The squamo-
are extremely attenuated and produced in ^10" ’ jn a
anterior ends of the frontals (/r.) arc ex cava ^ ^
sharp re-entering angle wbero they articulate
relatively large mcsethmoidal rostrum (fth-)- atl(l

expanded hyomandibular (hm.) is well preserve ^ ^

the mandibular articulation is directly benea 1 man-
orbital prominence. The coronoid region o rcfCrved
dible is relatively large ; and the onlj we 1

ML'K.EXID.E.

343

tooth, near the symphysial end of the dentary', is rather
large and sharply conical. An undetermined fragment
of the upper jaw (x.) is preserved. Purchased , 1880.

28859, 36118, 38132, 38897-98, 40521. Imperfect pyritised skulls,
partly of this, partly probably of the larger species ;
Sheppey. Purchased, 1854-07.

RLynchorhinus major, sp. nov.

1 HPe- Imperfect head ; British Museum.

About twice as large as the type species. Coronoid region of
“andible about one third as long as the deutary border; teetli
' er- stout and bluntly conical.

i orm. Loc. Lower Eocene: London Basin.

1746 a. Type specimen, in nodule with pyrites; London Clay,
8heppey. The supraoccipital forms a conspicuous crest.
The squamosals are remarkably attenuated and produced
forwards. The pterygoid arcade is shown to bo moder-
ately robust, with a cluster of bluntly conical teeth.
Similar teeth are seen in the mandible, which, on the
right side, exhibits the relatively short coronoid region
noted in the specific diagnosis. Egerton Coll.

1746 b. More imperfect larger head ; Sheppey. The very small
triangular operculum is shown, with remains of about
12 pairs of branchiostegal rays. Egerton Coll.

1745-46. More imperfect specimens, one exhibiting associated
vertebrae ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.

Genus PAR ANGUILLA, Bleeker.

[Atlas Ichthyol. vol. iv. 1864, pp. 5, 8.]

“^3 n. Enchelyopvs, L. Agassiz (non Bloch & Schneider, 1801), loirs.

Foss. vol. v. 1844, pt. i. p. 16, pt. ii. p. 137.

An eel generally resembling the species from Monte Bolca above
provisionally referred to Eomyrus , but distinguished by its moie
delicate skeleton and smaller head.

Paranguilla tigrina (Agassiz).

1796. Ophidium barbatum, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. clvii,
pi. xxxviii. fig. 2 (errore).

1835. Enchelyopvs tiyrlms, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahib. p. 307 (name
only).

344

ACTINOPTERl’GII.

1839-44. Enchehjnpus tigrinus , L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ’•
p. 10, pt. ii. p. 137, pi. xlix.

1864. Paranguillu, P. Bleeker, Atlas Ichthyol. vol. iv. p. 8. .

1876. Enchelyopus tigrinus, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. °c1,
Nat. vol. iii. p, 189.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

flio type species, attaining a length of about 0'35. Length o
head with opercular apparatus contained between nine and ten
times in the total length to the base of the caudal fin ; anal bn
two thirds as long as the dorsal. Skin both of trunk and median
fins mottled with large pigment spots.

Form. 4' Loc. Upper Eoccno : Monte Bolca, N. Italy.

J'lot represented in the Collection.

Genus ANGUILLA, Shaw.

[General Zoology, vol. iv. 1803, p. 15.]

Extremity of rostrum slightly expanded laterally for articulation
with maxilla; ; teeth small and arranged in longitudinal bands or
series. Opercular apparatus well-developed, and the long, slen er
branchiostegal rays curving round it. Pectoral fins present ; dorsa
fin arising far bohind the occiput, extending round the tail an
continuous with the anal fin. Rudimentary scales embedde 11
skin.

Existing species both in the freshwaters and on the coasts o
temperate and tropical regions.

Anguilla leptoptera, Agassiz MS.

1796. Murrrna conger, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cvi. pf x%
fig. 3 {err ore). e

1835. Anguilla leptoptera, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 29- (nl
only).

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History^

A slender species attaining a length of about 0'3.
head with opercular apparatus contained between nine an
times in the total length to the base of the caudal fin ; ana
somewhat more than ono and a half times as long as the Por ^
of trunk in front of it ; dorsal fin arising about midway betwe
the pectorals and the anal fin. About 130 vertebra;.

Form. Loc. Upper Eocene : N. Italy.

P. 1890, P. 3876. Well-preserved specimen, in counterpart, ^ beo^
and broken at the middle of the abdominal region ,

MUK.ENIDJ3.

345

Bolca. The head is shown fco be rather short, with stout
jaws ; and the very slender branchiostegal rays curve
round the remains of the opercular apparatus. The
robust clavicles are exhibited, but the pectoral fins are
destroyed. The median fins have the extent noted in
the specific diagnosis. No traces of scales can be distin-
guished. • Egerton ff Enniskillen Colls.

1891, P. 3877. Imperfect small specimen, in counterpart, 0-16
in length, probably young of this species ; Monte Bolca.

Egerton if Enniskillen Colls.

B. 3878. Fragmentary' anterior half of fish labelled by Agassiz ;

Monte Bolca. Enniskillen Coll.

Anguilla elegans, Winkler.

I8fil- Anguilla elegans, T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss. d’Oenin-
gen (Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv.), p. 57,
ph vii. fig. 21.

lype. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.

-A. robust species, attaining a length of about 0 <>. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained ninetimes in the total length
to iBe base of the caudal fin ; median fins as in A. leptoptera.
-About 100 vertebr*. Teeth slender, conical.

Form, cj- hoc. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden.

^2769. Type specimen, in counterpart, described and figurtd by
Winkler, loc. cit. Van Breda ColL

42(70. Broken and imperfect specimen, in counterpart, noticed by
Winkler, loc. cit. p. 57. Van Breda ColL

Ihe following specific names have also been given to indetermin-
uble specimens : —

Anguilla branchiostegalis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jabrb. 1835, p. 307
(name only). — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca.

Anguilla inter spinalis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 307 (name only).
Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca.

Anguilla multiradiata, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. (1843-44),
pt.i.p. 15, pt. ii. p. 135, pi. xxix. fig-1- — Lower Oligocene ;
Aix-en-Provence. [Portion of tail ; olim John Murray
Coll.]

Anguilla pachyura, L. Agassiz, ibid. (1843-44), pt. i. p. 15,
pt. ii. p. 135, pi. xxix. fig. 2.— Upper Miocene; Oeningen,
Baden. [Portion of tail : Geological Museum, Zurich.

ACTINOFTERYGII.

34G

A portion of trunk, apparently of the existing Anguilla vulja

‘ ' described by F.Bwsani,

from the Quaternary of Pianico, Lombardy, is

Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. vol. xxix. (1886), p. 347, pi. ix-

1.

tely

about

Genus NETTASTOMA, Eafinesque.

[Caratt. Alcuni Nuov. Gen., 1810, p. 66.] ^

8nout much produced, slender and depressed ; teeth small
conical but of unequal size, in clustered bands. Pectora
absent ; median fins much extended, passing continuously ro
the tail. No scales. ditd'-

Existing species in the deep sea oil Japan and in the ^ e
ranean.

Nettastoma bolcense, Bassani. *

1808. Neltastoma bolcense, F. Bassani, Palmontogr. Italics,

p. 84, pi. ix. fig. 6. _ ^

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Geological Museum, Universiy
Padua.

A species attaining a length of about 0‘1, with approxim
100 vertebra}. Head with opercular apparatus occupying
one filth of the whole length of the fish.

Form. Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, N. Italy.

Not represented in the Collection.

The following specimens are not generically and spec
determinable : —

P. 1887, P. 3880-81. Three' very slender imperfect fisbe®’olca.

longest 0-17 in length ; Upper Eocene, ^onte rton
The first two are labelled Leptocephalus tarn a by
and Agassi/, respectively, this name having been P>°1
without definition, by Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1S3 > P «

7 Egerton 4- ^nishlUn Coll-

P. 1888, P. 3879. Four very small, immature fishes, one

counterpart and labelled Leptocephalus gracilis by Jo
and Agassiz ; Monte Bolca. The name mentione^^^
proposed, without definition, by Agassiz (Neues
1835, p. 307) for a specimen figured byr G. 8. 0 * -

olit. Veronese (1796), Pl. xxiii. fig. 2; The
also referred to by F. Bassani, Atti 8oc. ene
Sci. Nat. vol. iii. (1876), p. 189. r, jjSl

Egerton # Enniskillen Con

234.0S. Similar specimen, in counterpart ; Monte ^Purchased, 184®*

MFRJ5NID2E.

347

!*• 8952-53. Two portions of similar immature fishes ; Monte
Bolea. CastiUi Coll.

P- 8951. Immature fish with very small head, apparently of the
form named Leptocephalus medius by Agassiz, without
definition (Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 307); Monte Bolea.
A similar fish seems to be figured under the name of
Murctna caca by Volta, op. cit. pi. liii. fig. 2.

Castelli Coll.

The following species have not been defined and are not repre-
sented in the Collection : —

Ophisurus uruticaudvs , L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 307
(name only). Murcrnu opliis, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Vcroneso
(1796), p. cliv: pi. xxiii. fig. 1 (errors). — Upper Eocene ;
Monte Bolea.

Splutgebranchus formosissimm , L. Agassiz, loc. cit. 1835, p. 30,
(name only). Oplndium burbatum, G. 8. 1 olta, op. cit.
(1796), p. clvii. pi. xxxviii. fig. 1. — Upper Eocene; Monte
Bolea.

Ihe otolith described as follows seems to belong to this family.

Otolithus (Conger is) brevior , E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xl. (1888), p. 293, pi. xviil. fig. 7. — Lower ter-
tiary ; Jackson River, Mississippi.

Suborder VII. PERCESOCES.

^ ertebral centra always complete constricted cylinders, none
coalesced. Supraoccipital extending forwards between the reduced
parietals; squamosal rudimentary and fused with the large pteroth ,
Mandible simple, each ramus consisting only of two elements (dentary
and articulo-angular), rarely with a supplementary bone in the
Position of the eoronoid. Pectoral arch suspended from the
cranium ; precoracoid arch absent ; infraelavicular plates absent ;
Pectoral fin with not more than four or five basals. Pelvic fins
abdominai; their supports never in contact with the clavicle.
Borsal fin with or without an anterior spinous portion. In the
llving forms— air-bladder closed, without pneumatic duct, in the
adult (phjsoclystous) ; optic nerves decussating ; intestine without
spiral valve.

Bor notes on the osteology of existing members of this suborder,
Sfe E. C. Starks, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxii. (1899), pp. 1-10,
I*ls. i.-ijfi

348

ACTINOFTERYGIT.

Synopsis of Families.

T. Pelvic fins without anterior spine.

Vertebrae numerous (above 40), none
with transverse processes ; spinous
portion of dorsal fin imperfectly

differentiated

Vertebrae numerous (above 40), none
with transverse processes ; dorBal
fin extended, without spinous

portion

Vertebras numerous (above 40), the ab-
dominal centra with transverse
processes; dorsal fin remote, with-
out spinous portion

II. Pelvic fins with anterior spine.

Vertebrae numerous (above 30) ; denti-
tion usually feeble ; pelvic fins far

back

Vertebras few (about 24) ; dentition
feeble or absent ; pelvic fin-supports

in contact with postciavicle

Vertebrae few (about 24); dentition
powerful ; pelvic fins far back ....

CnOSSOGNATHID^E

[(p. 348)

AlIMODYTIDiK (p. 3o4).
Scombresocime

[(p. 3o<3)-

Atherinid^: (p. 358).

MUGILIDiE (p. 363).
SPHYRiENIDiE (p- 3b5)-

Family CROSSOGNATHIDiE.

Trunk more or less elongate and laterally compressed.

with

| ^ —

maxilla excluding maxilla from border of upper jaw ; cleft ot ®° ^

small, with feeble dentition ; opercular apparatus complete, ^
few branchiostegal rays. Vertebrae numerous, probably be
40 and 50 in total length. Pelvic fins more or less remote, "’i
spine, but with only 6 to 8 divided rays ; an extended dorsa
apparently with anterior spinous portion incompletely 1 ®
tiated ; anal fin small and remote or absent. Scales in r »
series ; lateral line distinct.

An imperfectly known extinct family represented on } ^
Grossognathus, Syllcemus, and probably allied genera of the ere a
period.

Genus CROSSOGNATHUS, Pictet.

[Foss. Terrain Neocom. Voirons (Paleont. Suisse), 1S5S,

pt. iii. p. 27.]

Head and trunk laterally compressed, and snout acutclj P° ^
though not produced. Orbit very largo and sclerotic cal

crossoon'athid.t:.

340

ossified ; cleft of mouth extending as far as or beneath the anterior
half of the orbit ; premaxilla very stout, deepest in front, and its
slightly convex oral margin bearing a single close series of minute
conical teeth ; mandible short and deep, the baekwardly ascending
oral margin of the dentary with a similar regular series of slightly
larger teeth ; preoperculum forming a great triangular expansion,
and suboperculum relatively deep. Vertebral centra much con-
stricted and strengthened on the middle of each sido by a sharp
n<lge. Pectoral fins arising near the ventral border; pelvic fins
jriore remote than the anterior part of the dorsal, each comprising
1 or 8 rays ; dorsal fin imperfectly known, but its anterior portion
apparently consisting of about 8 spines in which the right and left
halves are not fused together, its posterior portion of articulated
and divided rays ; anal fin comparatively small, partly or completely
behind the dorsal ; caudal fin deeply forked, with slender lobes and
their outermost rays exhibiting numerous closely arranged oblique
articular lines, which are very finely jagged. Scales large, veiy
deeply overlapping, smooth, and not serrated or crenulated on the
posterior margin. Lateral lino conspicuous, a simple tube piercing
ad the scales it traverses, arising low down on the flank not far
above the pectoral fin.

•This definition is based on the specimens enumerated below. An
examination of the original specimen in the Geneva Museum, on
"bich the genus was founded, leaves many essential features in the
structure of the fish doubtful. The large bono at the margin of the
upper jaw appears, at first sight, to be a Clnpeoid maxilla ; but a
consideration of the uew specimens now described suggests that it
js a premaxilla most closely resembling that of the Atherinidac.
the dorsal fin in the type specimen is much more imperfect than
15 indicated in Pictet’s rather diagrammatic figure, only a few frag-
ments remaining. Two pelvic fin-rays in the same specimen seem
to be displaced backwards ; and the anal fin evidently comprises
the series of comparatively small and delicate rays observed between
these and the caudal fin.

Crossognathus sabaudianus, Pictet.

1858. Crossognathus sabaudianus, F. J. Pictet, Foss. Terrain Neocom.
Voirons (PaltSont. Suisse), pt. iii. p. 18, pi. ii-> ph iy- fl?8- l-8.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Natural History, Geneva.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'35. Length of
bead with opercular apparatus considerably exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk, and contained about three and a half times in

350

ACTINOri'ERYGII.

the total length to the base of the caudal fin. Pectoral fins l°n°
and narrow ; pelvic fins approximately midway between the pectora
and caudal fins; space between occiput and origin of dorsal u
about equal to length of cranium ; anal fin probably with about
rays.

Form. Sf Loc. Neocomian : Voirons, Switzerland ; Hanover.

1897.

P. 8639. Imperfect fish, 0-21 in length, exhibiting general Pr°;
portions and most of its ossential characters; “Hilsthoni
Hildesheim, Hanover. The mouth is shown, an
great extent of tho dorsal fin is indicated by fragmen^
The courso of the simplo lateral line is traceable low
the flank of tho anterior abdominal region.

Presented by Prof. A. von Koenen,

P ■ 7184 a. Somewhat larger head and abdominal region; “Hilatho^
Hildesheim. Tho contours of tho displaced premaxi^
and mandible are distinct. The preoperculum is ® ^
siderably expanded at the angle and is shown to ^
been marked with delicate radiating grooves. The °_n^g
of the dorsal fin is indicated by remains of a few •’P1® ^
rays. The course of the lateral line, low on the
and gradually rising behind, is conspicuous. .

Purchased,

P. 8640-43. Three small imperfect specimens, of which tw o ar ^
counterpart, also a detached tail as large as that o ^
type specimen ; “ Hilsthon,” Hildesheim. No. •
shows tho extent of the dorsal and anal fins, but o ^ .Q
too imperfect for precise description. The ana
great part opposed to the hinder portion of the 016 _

Presented by Prof. A. von Koenen,

P. 7184-85. Two small imperfect specimens, tho first sbowin,,^^
small, slender, mandibular teeth, and also an linpr
of the characteristic, expanded preoperculum up
above the head ; “ Hilsthon,” Hildesheim. col

Purchased,

Genus SYLL^IMUS, Cope.

[Vert. Cret. Form. West (ltep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. »•

1875), p. 180.] _ ffl0re

Apparently differing from Crossognathus only in the ■- gn_
remote position of the pelvic fins and the absence of an

CROSSOGNATHIDJS.

351

rank subcylindrieal, not much laterally compressed ; head and
opercular region compressed to a sharp edge below. Cranial roof
lightly arched from side to side, with a shallow rhombic median
depression in the frontal region.

Syllaemus Iatifrons, Cope.

187d. Si/lUemus Iatifrons, E. D. Cope, op. cit. p. 181.

f'iPe- Imperfect head and abdominal region.

fhe type species, probably attaining a length of about 0-3.
length of head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeding
llle maximum depth of the trunk, and probably contained about
three and a half times in the total length to the base of the caudal
hn. Isine transverse series of scales in advance of the dorsal fin ;
ah scales quite smooth.

1'orm. Loc. Upper Cretaceous ; Pike’s Peak, Colorado.

■^°t represented in the Collection.

Syllaemus anglicus (Dixon).

I80O. CcCla mopleurus anglicus , F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 375, pi. xxxii.
%s. 11,12.

1888. Calamopleurus anglicus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. x. p. 324.

Type. Head and abdominal region ; British Museum.

A large and robust species, attaining a length of about 0-45.
length of head with opercular apparatus scarcely exceeding the
Maximum depth of the trunk and contained slightly more than
foilr times in the total length to the base of the caudal fin. A
narrow border of very fine granulations immediately above the
teeth on the outer face of the premaxilla ; anterior margin of
Preoperculum much thickened, especially at the angle, from which
numerous undulations, almost ridges, radiate ; operculum smooth.
1 ectoral fins long and narrow, with about 14 rays ; pelvic fins with
^ rays, the foremost stoutest, arising much nearer to the caudal
than to the pectoral fins ; anterior dorsal, with not less than 8 rajs,
arising at a distance from the occiput equal to the total length of
the skull. About eight or ten transverse series of scales in advance
°f the anterior dorsal fin, each with approximately twelve scales on
either side ; the scales when abraded exhibiting traces of very fine
Parallel or slightly radiating lines directed antero-posteriorly in
the exposed area.

This fish cannot belong to the genus Calamopleurus , which was
founded on fragments from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil, with

352

ACTINOPTERYGII.

vertebr* and caudal fin of a quite different type (see Part IIP

p. 499).

Form, cj" hoc. Albian — Turonian : Kent and Surrey'.

P. 611. The type specimen figured by Dixon, op. cit . ; probably
from the Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. The premaxi a
is broken at its anterior end, but displays the teeth an
finely tuberculated bordor throughout the greater part o
its length. The fragmentary scales exhibit the delicate
striation. Egerton Coll.

49737. Fragmentary remains of a small fish wanting the greater
part of the head ; Lower (?) Chalk, Shalford, near Guild-
ford. The pectoral, pelvic, anterior dorsal, and cau a
fins are shown, and somo of the caudal vertebra) ar
exposed. One scale behind the upper end of the pectora
arch is strongly marked by radiating furrows, evidently
connection with a sensory canal. Capron

P. 4246. Imperfect head exposed on the fractured left side •
Catherine’s, Guildford. Enniskillen <>

47302. Imperfect head ; Lower Chalk, Dover. Gardner Col ■

49055. Remains of head and abdominal region ; probably fron
the Lower Chalk, Bnrham. The cranial roof exhibits
the supraoceipital behind, the parietals, squamosa s,
and frontals, with the characteristic rhombic met inn
depression. The scattered rays of the anterior dorsal
occur in position, and there are traces of other fi^s, one
probably the posterior dorsal. Mrs. Smith s 0

P. 6532. Imperfoct abdominal region showing the bases of 'b
paired fins ; Lower Chalk, Blue Bell Hill, Burham-
Traces of the characteristic vertebras are seen, and t ‘
lateral lino is conspicuous. There is an elongated pos
clavicular scale above the base of the left pectoral fin. ^
Presented by S. J . Hawkins , Esg • , 1^

47198. Imperfect head and much-fractured trunk; Gault, Folke
stone. Gardner Co

36170. Remains of head and anterior scales, exhibiting the dentiti* i
both of the premaxilla and dentary ; Gault, Folkestone-

Purchased, loot-

CROSSOGNATHID/E.

353

47195,-96,-96 a, 47201. Four fragmentary portions of hoad and
trunk, rather friable ; Gault, Folkestone. The occipital
region of the skull is obscurely shown in the first
specimen. Gardner Coll.

36310. Portion of abdominal region ; Gault, Folkestone.

Purchased, 1862.

P- 37. Another portion of trunk ; Gault, Folkestone.

Gardner Coll.

P* 8753. Fragment of opercular apparatus aud anterior squamation,
showing the scale with radiating furrows behind the
upper end of the pectoral arch ; Gault, Folkestone.

Purchased, 1897.

P‘ 9053. Small hinder portion of head with opercular apparatus;

Gault, Folkestone. Large posterior suborbitals are well
shown. Purchased, 1899.

The following specimens are apparently referable to undetermined
8pecies of Syllatmus with pelvic fins as remote as in S. anglicus:

P- 7443. Imperfect remains of fish about 0-4 in length, somewhat
scattered on slab; Cretaceous, Island of Lesina, Dalmatia.
The very remote pelvic fins are well shown, apparently
with 8 rays, of which the foremost is stoutest and appears
to have been finely divided quite at the distal end.

Purchased, 1895.

P‘ 61 84. Imperfect fish, with paired and caudal fins; Upper Cre-
taceous (Niobrara Group), Logan Co., Kansas, U.S.A.

Purchased, 1900.

To the same genus may probably be referred the fragment
es°ribed as follows : —

■Alosa boliemica, A. Fritsch, Rept. und Fische bohm. Kreideform.
(1878), p. 39, pi. viii. fig. 2, pi. x. fig. 5.— Turanian
(Malnitzer Schichten) ; Wehlowitz, near Prague. [Head
and anterior abdominal region ; Royal Bohemian Museum,

Prague.]

Remains of other Crossognathir’m are also known from the
Cretaceous of North America, but there are no specimens in the
Collection. The fragments described under the following names
may probably be placed here : —

-Apsopelix sauriformis, E. D. Cope, Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv.
part iv. 2 a

354

AC11NOPTERT0II.

Territ. 1870 (1871), p. 424, and Vert. Cret. Form. West
(Itep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii. 1875), P* ^42,
pi. xlii. fig. fi. — Upper Cretaceous (Benton Group); Bunker
Hill, Kansas. [Imperfect trunk.]

Pelycorapis berydnus, E. I). Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iii. (1877), p.587.— Upper Cretaceous (Pierre Group);
Kansas. [Imperfect trunk.]

Pelycorapis varius, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
1874, no. 2, p. 39, and op. cit. (1875), p. 182 (generic
name wrongly spelt PiUcorctpis ). — Upper Cretaceous
(Benton Group) ; near Sibley, Kansas. [The type species.
Imperfect trunk.]

Family AMMODYTIDiE.

Premaxilla excluding maxilla from border of upper javr ’
dentition feeble or absent ; opercular apparatus complete, with f°w
brancliiostegal rays. Lower pharyngeal bones separate, leitebr-
numerous, from 45 to 05 in the total length ; centra of abdomina
vertebra; without transverse processes. Pelvic fins, when presen •
without spine hut with only about 6 divided rays; one extern e^
dorsal fin, without an anterior spinous portion. Scales, w
present, in regular series.

Ammodytes and the other existing genera of this family a
characterised by the absence of pelvic fins and the great exteusi
of the dorsal and anal fins. They are eommon on the sand} si'®1"

Europe and North America, and are also known in the In<
Ocean.

Genus COBITOPSIS, Pomel.1

[Catal. Method. Vert. Foss. Loire, 1853, p. 134.]

Trunk much elongated and slender. Snout acutely pointed, b^
not much produced; jaws toothless. Vertebrae about 24 to - 1
the abdominal, 21 or 22 in the caudal region ; the cent ra elon0a ^
and much constricted. Paired fins small, the pectoral pair *nse „Cg
on the flank, the pelvic pair very remote ; dorsal and anal
similar and directly opposed, close to the caudal fin which is sl'c
forked. Scales apparently absent.

For the determination of the systematic position of this genus, the u
is indebted to Mr. G. A. Boulenger.

AMMODYTIDJE.

355

Cobitopsis acutus (Gervais).

[Text- figure 12.]

1852. Acanthopsis acutus, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Fran?., Poiss..
p. 9, woodc.

1853. Cobitopsis exilis, A. Pomel, Catal. Method. Vert. Foss. Loire,
- P' 134’

1874. Cobitopsis acutus, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse,
vol. viii. p. 196.

type. Imperfect fish.

The type species, attaining a length of about O'l. Length of
bead with opercular apparatus equalling a little more than twice
the maximum depth of the trunk and slightly less than one third
op the total length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin.

Fig. 12.

Cobitopsis acutus ; restoration, about nat. size.

Pectoral fins with about 10 rays; pelvic fins inserted midway
e tween the pectoral and caudal fins ; dorsal and anal fins slightly
elevated in front, each with 16 to 18 rays.

Form. $ Loc. Lower Oligocene : Puy-de-Dome, France.

32485. Two fine specimens : St. Amand-Tallende, near Clermont
Ferrand. The head and opercular bones are smooth, and
the few branchiostegal rays are preserved. The articu-
lation of the mandible is beneath the middle of the large
orbit. The vertebral centra arc shown to be delicate
constricted cylinders, apparently pierced originally by the
notochord : they are strengthened by slight longitudinal
ridges only in tho caudal region. The ribs are short,
straight, and delicate. Tho short neural spines in the
abdominal region are thickened, those near the occiput
being small expanded laminae. The pectoral fin has an
extended base-line and is acuminate in shape ; the pelvie
fin is not more than half as large as the pectoral.
Although the specimens are so well preserved, there are
no traces of scales. Purchased.

2a 2

356

A.CTINOPTERYGII.

1814. Two more imperfect; specimens, displaying ^
characters noted in the previous specimens ; ..

Dome. Egerton Coll-

P. 387 Two imperfect specimens; St. Saturnin, near St. Auund
Tallende. The cranium is partly exposed from a )0 J
showing the much-constricted interorbital region an ^
gently rounded roof of the brain-case. Enniskillen

P- 5946. Large imperfect specimen ; St. Saturnin. Q

Purchased, lb»9-

Ihe following specimen may perhaps represent a member of t
family Ammodytid®, but it is too imperfect for satis ac o

determination : —

46540. Imperfect caudal region 0'065 in length, associated wi ^
specimen of Khinellus ; Upper Cretaceous, Sahel
Mount Lehnnon. The vertebral centra are too imPc
for recognition, but there are about 24 in the ca ^
region ; the neural and haemal arches are short. ^
dorsal fin is extended, probably with about 20 rays , ^

anal fin, with 14 rays, is opposed to the hinder J
the latter. The caudal fin is incomplete distal y- ^
scales are indistinct. Lewis

Family SCOMBRESOCIDiE.

Maxilla entering the border of the upper jaw ; dentition fe ^
opercular apparatus complete, with few branchiostegal raA'’ ^
the gill-opening wide. Lower pharyngeal bones united. ^

numerous, from 45 to 85 in the total length ; centra of
vertebrae with transverse processes for the support of slen< i r ^
l civic fins without spine but with only about 6 divided 1 a3 ^ g(1
remote dorsal fin, without an anterior spinous portion: aria ^
opposed to the posterior dorsal. Scales in regular series,
usually a keel along each side of the lower region of the bo > • ^
Nearly all the existing Scombresocidse are marine, on J frenuS
small forms living in freshwater in the tropics. No extinc o
is known.

Genus BELONE, Cuvier.

[Eegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p- 185.]

Head and trunk much elongated and slender. Jaws pr ^
into an attenuated beak, the lower scarcely if at all excee 1 a

SCOMBHBSOCIDJS.

357

upper jaw in length; teeth minute and clustered, with larger
slender conical teeth at intervals. Vertebrae from 55 to 85 in
number. Paired tins small ; dorsal and anal fins similar, without
Posterior finlets ; caudal fin forked or nearly truncate. Scales
small and cycloid.

Belone tenuis, Kramberger.

*894. Belone tenuis, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cxx.
p. 73.

1898. Belone tenuis, D. G. Kramberger, Glasnik Soc. Hist. Nat.
Croatica, vol. x. p. 26, pi. ii. fig'. 1-

Type. Nearly complete fish ; National Museum, Agram.

A small species, about 0'25 in length. Head with opercular
apparatus occupying nearly one third of the total length to the
l>a8e of the caudal fin ; jaws apparently equal in length. Approxi-
mately 57 vertebra;. Pelvic fins about midway between pectoral
and caudal fins ; anal fin with from 16 to 18 rays.

f'orm. df Loc, Upper Miocene: Jurjevcani, near Plesivica, Croatia.

N°t represented in the Collection.

^ Fragments of imperfectly defined species not represented in the
Collection are also described thus : —

Belone acutirostris, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (18/3),
art. no. 1, p. 257 (in parti, fig. 2 ( non figs. 3, 68), and
ibid. vol. xi. (1880), art. no. 3, p. 46. Xiphias acuti-
rostris, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv. (1870),
art. no. 7, p. 11. — Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily. [Head.]

Belone flava, E. Delvaux, Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. vol. xiv. (1887),
Mem. p. 71, pi. iii. figs. 1, 8, 9. — Lower Eocene (Lower
Ypresian) ; Belgium. [Scales, &c.]

Genus SCOMBRESOX, Lacepede.

[Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. v. 1803, p. 344.]

As Belone , but all teeth minute, and a few finlets behind dorsal
and anal fins.

Scombresox obtusirostris, Sauvage.

1873. Belone acutirostris, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. G<5ol. vol. iv. art.
no. 1, p. 257 (in part), fig. 68 (errore).

1880. Scombresox obtusirostris, H. E. Sauvage, ibid. vol. xi. art. no. 3,
P- 48.

Type. Nearly complete fish.

An imperfectly known species, attaining a length of about 0*35.

358

ACTIXOPTERYGII.

Maximum depth contained somewhat more than eight times in
total length (excepting rostrum). Vertebrae 32 in abdominal,
38 in caudal region. Dorsal and anal tins directly opposed, former
with at least 9, latter with 10 rays. ( Sauvage .)

Form. 4" Loc.. Upper Miocene: Oran, Algeria.

Not represented in the Collection.

The following fragment of a form not represented in the
Collection has also been ascribed to this genus : —

Scombresox licatce, H. E. Sauvage, loc. at. 1880, p. 48. Belone
acutirostris, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1873, p. 257 (in part),
fig. 3 ( errore ). — Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily. [Im-
perfect head.]

Genus HEMIRAMPHUS, Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 186.]

As Belone, but only the mandible produced into an attenuated
beak.

Common on the coasts of tropical seas, and some species existing
in freshwaters. Only one extinct species known, and this not
represented in the Collection : —

Hemiramphus edwardsi, E. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Tront. Sci.
Nat, vol. v. (1876), p. 146, pi. ii. fig. 1.— Uppor Eocene;
Moute Bolca, near Verona.

Family ATHERINIDiE.

trunk more or less elongate and subcyliudrical. Premaxilla ex
eluding maxilla from border of upper jaw ; mandible not prominent,
and cleft of mouth small, with dentition usually feeble ; opercular
apparatus complete, with about fivo branchiostcgal rays, and the
gill-opening wide. Lower pharyngeal bones separate. Vertebra:
numerous, varying from about 30 to 60 in total number; centra of
abdominal vertebrae with transverse processes for support of slender
ribs. Pelvic fins with one spine and five divided rays ; two dorsal fins,
the anterior being spinous ; anal fin opposed to the posterior dorsal.
Scales in regular series, large or of moderate size.

In the existing fauna, these are carnivorous fishes inhabiting the
seas of temperate and tropical regions, while several species enter or
live entirely in freshwater. No extinct genera are satisfactorily
determined.

atherinidjk.

359

Genus ATHERINA, Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 315.]

Trunk not keeled either above or below; head laterally com-
pressed, especially below, and snout obtusely pointed, not produced.
Cranial roof flattened and partly depressed mesially, the small
supraoccipital not raised into a crest; orbit enormous; cleft of
mouth straight, oblique, extending to or beyond the anterior
margin of the eye. Pectoral fins on the flank and the pelvic pair
wot more remote than the anterior dorsal fin ; posterior dorsal and
anal fins nearly similar and opposed ; a series of free fin-supports
between the two dorsal fins ; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales
large, very deeply overlapping, smooth, and not serrated, rarely
crenulated on the posterior margin ; some extending over the
opercular apparatus and cheeks. Lateral line indistinct. Air-
bladder present. Pyloric appendages none.

Atherina macrocephala, sp. nov.

f 79b. Silurus cataphractm, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cli.
pl. xxxv. tier. 5 ( errore ).

1796. Silurus nsrita, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cxcviii. pl. xlviii. fig. 3 (errore).

1818. “ Silurus cataphradus," 11. 1), de Jilainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 343.

1835. Atherina macrocepltala , L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. .>0o,
and Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 43 (name only).

Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

A- very small species, scarcely attaining a length of 0-04. Length
of head with opercular apparatus contained about four times, and
maximum depth of trunk between five and 6ix times in the total
leneth of the fish. Width of orbit about equalling length of snout
and one third the total length of the head with opercular apparatus.
Vertebrae about 40 in number. Pelvic fins arising much nearer to the
pectorals than to the anal, and directly opposed to the dorsal, which
comprises six or seven spinous rays and arises nearer to the occiput
than to the second dorsal. The distance between the origin of the
two dorsal fins about equal to that between the origin of the
Posterior dorsal and the eaudal fin ; anal and posterior dorsal fins
exactly opposite.

Form. t)‘ Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

T. 1970, -a. Two small slabs labelled by Agassiz. Egerton Coll.

1970 h, c. Two similar specimens, one being about 0’03/ in
length, showing a long blackened patch in the abdominal

360

ACTJNOPTERYG1I.

region, and with traces of furrows or lidges on the scales
(? overlapped portion). Egerton Coll-

P. 4530. Two good specimens. Enniskillen Coil-

'S. 5280. Good specimen. Presented by Walter Myers, Esq., 1887.
21529. Three specimens. Purchased, 1847.

Atherina sarmatica, Kramberger.

1891. Atherina sarmatica, 1). G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. p. 116, pi. iii. fig. 2.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Agram.
A very small species much resembling A. macrocephala, hut
vertebra about 45 in number and maximum depth of trunk con
tained between seven and eight times in the total length o
the fish.

Form. 6f Loc. Upper Miocene (Sarmatian) : Dolje, Croatia.

Not represented in the Collection.

Atherina vardinis, Sauvage.

1883. Atherina vardinis, 11. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. 1 ranee, Pi
vol. xi. p. 491, pi. xi. fig. 4.

Type. Imperfect fish. ,

A small species, attaining a length of about 0‘1. Length of hea^
with opercular apparatus contained about four and a half times, an
maximum depth of trunk between six and seven times in the o a
length of the fish. Width of orbit about equalling length of snou .
and one third the total length of the head with opercular apparalulj-
Vertebrae from 45 to 50 in number. Pelvic fins arising muc i
nearer to the pectorals than to the anal and far in advance of tie
anterior dorsal, which seems to comprise only four or five spinom
rays and is almost as far from the occiput as from the tail. 1
distance between the origin of the two dorsal fins somewhat loss
than that between the origin of the posterior dorsal and the cau a
fin ; anal fin arising somewhat in advance of the posterior dorsa
Scales not crenulated, probably about 45 in a longitudinal, 10 in
transverse series.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Eocene : Gard, France.

P. 6007-9. One slab with five specimens, and two detache

examples, showing the principal characters of the species ,
St. Hypolite de Caton. Purchased, 1889-

ATHERINID.E.

361

Ihe undefined name Atherina minutissima was also given by
-Agassiz (Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1835, p. 43) to a fish from Monte
Bolca.

Genus RHAMPHOGNATHUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. 1844, pp. 9, 104.]

Syn. M esogaster, L. Agassiz, ibid, pp. 9, 106.

As Atherina, but snout elongated to an acute point and scales
relatively smaller.

In the present state of knowledge it is impossible to distinguish
Gds fish satisfactorily from the existing Atberiue genera named
Chirostoma (Swainson, 1839), Menidia (Bonaparte, 1840), Ather-
inoides (Bleeker, 1853), Atherinichihys (Bleeker, 1853), Basilichthys
(Girard, 18541, Atherinopsis (Girard, 1854), Labidesthes (Cope,
]8“0), Atherinops (Steindachner, 1875), and Leuresthe s (Jordan &
Gilbert, 1880). Opinions vary as to how many of these are

synonymous.

Rhamphognathus paralepoides, Agassiz.

1790. Eso.t sphyreena, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cvii. pi. xxiv.
fig. 2 (error/;).

1 ~d0. Esox saurus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccvi. pi. 1. fig. 2 (err ore).

1796. Ammodytes tobianus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccxx. pi. liii. fig. 3
(err ore),

1818. “ Ammodytes tobianus ,,f 11. 1), de Blainville, Nouv. Diet, d Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 360.

18, ,5. Ithamphognathus paralepoides, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 292
(name only).

1 839-44. Rhamphognathus paralepoides, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v.
pt. i. p. 104, pi. xxxviii. fig. 1 (JR. pompilius on plate X

1876. Rhamphognathm paralepoides, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-
Trent. Sci. Nat, vol. iii. p. 186.

1 898. Rhamphognathus paralepoides , F. Bassani, Palseont. Italics,

vol. iii. p. 81, pi. ix. fig. 3.

!!pe,. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

Ihe type species, attaining a length of about 0-2. Length of
dead with opercular apparatus contained nearly four times in the
fotal length of the fish. Teeth very minute and pointed. Vertebrae
24 in the abdominal, 22 in the caudal region. Pelvic fins arising
somewhat nearer to the pectorals than to the anal. Anterior dorsal
fin with at least 8 spines, situated opposite the middle of the space
between the pelvic and anal fins; posterior dorsal and anal fins
directly opposed, with from 7 to 9 rays.

J''orm. <$/• Loc. Tipper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

Not represented in the Collection.

302

ACTINOFTERVOIT.

Rhamphognathus sphyrsenoides (Agassiz).

1796. Silurus bagres, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. Ixx. 1*1- sn'-
fig. 3 (errore).

1790. Esox sphyrama , G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cvii. pi. xxiv. fig. 3 (errore).

1818. Esox spret, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 341 (errore).

1818. “ Silurus bugre ,” H. D. de Blainville, ibid. p. 343.

1835-44. Mesogaster sphyreenoides, L. Agassiz, Neues Jalirb. 18->°,
p. 292 (name only), and Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 105, pi. xxxviii-
figs. 2, 3.

18iG. Mesogaster sphyreenoides, F. Rnssani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent.
Sei. Nat. vol. iii. p. 187.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

Ihe type species of the so-cullcd genus Mesogaster, attaining :l
length ot about 0*2. Length of head with opercular apparatus
contained about three and a half times, and muximum depth ot
trunk about seven times iu the total length of the fish. Premaxillar)
border apparently straight and teeth very minute. Vertebra; about
18 in the abdominal, 22 iu the caudal region. Pelvic fins arising
somewhat nearer to the pectorals than to the anal. Anterior
dorsal fin, with six slender spinous rays and the third the longest,
arising opposite a point just behind the pelvic pair; space between
the two dorsal fins about equal to that between the origin of the
posterior dorsal and the caudal, and this space exhibiting a series
often tree fin-supports; posterior dorsal and anal fins equal and
directly opposed, each with nine or ten rays, the foremost being a
short spine.

Form. <j- Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P- 5128. Fine specimen about 0‘2 in length, showing all the
generic and specific characters mentioned above except
the minute teeth. The straight cleft of the mouth cleailj
extends as far as the orbit. Remains of a small un
digested fish are observed in the abdomen.

Purchased, 1886.

28437. Somewhat smaller distorted specimen with very imperfect
head. Purchased, 1853.

’Ihe so-called Rhamphognathus verneuili (F. de Botella, Descrip.
Geol. Murcia y Albacete, 1868, pi. xi. fig. 5), from Lorca, Spain, is
an indeterminable fragment.

Mesogaster cretaceus (W. von der Marck, Palseontogr. vol. xxxi.

MUGIL1D2B.

3f)3

^885, p. 247, pi. xxii. fig. 2), from the Upper Cretaceous of West-
phalia, does not belong to this genus or even to the Atherinidae.
The type specimen, in the Academy of Miinster, is too imperfect
for exact determination but seems to be a Scopeloid fish.

Family MTJGILIDiB.

Trunk more or less elongate and laterally compressed. Pre-
waxilla excluding maxilla from border of upper jaw ; mandible not
prominent and cleft of mouth small, with dentition feeble or absent ;
opercular apparatus complete, with about five branchiostegal rays,
and the gill-opening wide. Lower pharyngeal hones separate.
Vertebrae few, not more than 24 to 2(5 in number; centra of
abdominal vertebrae with transverse processes for support of ribs.
I elvic fins with one spine and five divided rays, abdominal, but the
pelvic bones in contact with the postclavicle ; two dorsal fins, tho
interior spinous and with very few rays ; anal fin opposed to tho
posterior dorsal. Scales in regular series, large or of moderate size.

the existing fauna, these are fishes with a protractile mouth
feeding chiefly on organic substances or small animals mixed
■with mud or sand. The organs of the pharynx are accordingly
modified into a filtering apparatus. The various genera, with
numerous species, now inhabit the coasts and freshwaters of all the
temperate and tropical regions. The only known extinct species
seem to belong to the surviving genus Mwgil.

Genus MUGIL, Linnasus.

[Syst. Nat. cd. 10, 1758, p. 316.]

knout short and obtuse, and the cleft of the mouth not reaching
the orbit ; no true teeth in the mouth, but a calcified setiform
fringe on the border of both jaws ; anterior extremity of mandible
acute ; antorbital cheek-plate serrated ; eleven or twelve abdominal
and thirteen or twelve caudal vertebrse ; the abdominal vertebrae
"nth strong, broad transverse processes, while several of the anterior
neural spines are expanded into short and broad laminae, sometimes
Partly confluent. Pelvic fins inserted in advance of anterior dorsal
hn ; anterior dorsal comprising four spines ; posterior dorsal and
anal nearly similar and opposed ; caudal fin forked. Scales of
moderate size, smooth and very rarely crenulated or serrated ; some

3G4

ACTINOPTERYGII.

extending over the head. No differentiated lateral line, hut the
slime-canal-system piercing scales all over the flank. A division of
the stomach extremely muscular.

A figure of the skeleton of the existing Mui/il is published by
Agassi/., Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pi. F.

Mugil princeps, Agassiz.

1818. Mugil cephtdus, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet, d’llist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 370 (errors).

1843-44. Mugil princeps, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p- ’
pi. xlviii. figs, 1, 2.

J'ype. Imperfect fish ; School of Mines, Paris.

A small species, attaining a length of about 0'25. Length ol
head with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding maximum depth of
trunk and occupying nearly one quarter of the total length of the
fish. loremost spine of anterior dorsal fin much stouter and larger
than the others ; distance between the origin of this and the posterior
dorsal fin greater than that between it and the occiput, about equal
to the distance between the origin of the posterior dorsal and the
caudal ; posterior dorsal relatively small, with one spine and seven
articulated rays ; anal much larger than the posterior dorsal, about
half in advance of the latter, exhibiting apparently three spines and
eight or nine articulated rays.

Form, Loc. Lower Oligocene : Aix-en-Provence, France.

8065. Remains of large specimen in friable marl, wanting caudal
fin. Mantell Coll-

8056. Head and abdominal region of still larger specimen, better
preserved. The operculum is shown to be about as broad
as deep. The pelvic fins exhibit indications of fi'e
articulated rays and an anterior spine. The scales arc
especially well-preserved, displaying the square form and
radiating grooves of their overlapped portion, and often

the round median perforation for the slime-canal.

Mantell Coll-

8067. Small fish, resembling the two smaller specimens figured by
Agassiz. Mantell Coll -

40520,43440. Two similar specimens. Purchased, 1 86 ‘ i

and Presented by Kenneth Murchison, Esq., 18 12-

MUGILIDiE. SPfl YR^NID^:.

365

P. 1974, -a. Two similar specimens displaying the pores in the scales
for the slime-canal-system, and the second also showing
the serrated antorbital cheek-plate. Egerton Cull.

P- 4531. More imperfect specimen, slightly larger.

Enniskillen Coll.

Mugil radobojanus, Kramberger.

1882. Mugil radobojanus, I). G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. p. 114, pi. xxviii. figs. 2-4.

Tgpe. Imperfect fish ; Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna.

A species attaining a length of about 0 25. Length of head with
opercular apparatus contained about four times, and the maximum
depth of the trunk about six times in the total length of the fish.
I1 >ns as in M. princeps [but relative proportions of foremost dorsal
fin-spine uncertain].

form. <$- Poc. Upper Miocene (Sarmatiau) ; Radoboj and Vrabce,

Croatia.

Not represented in the Collection.

1 he following otolith is also supposed to be referable to a member
°f this family :

Otoliihus ( Mugilidarum ) debilis, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges.vol.xl.(1888), p.288, pi. xvii. fig.8. — Lower Tertiary ;
Jackson River, Mississippi.

Family SPHY1LENID/E.

Trunk more or less elongate and subcylindrical. Premaxilla
excluding maxilla from border of upper jaw ; mandible prominent,
cleft of mouth wide, and dentition powerful, the larger teeth fixed
ln sockets ; opercular apparatus complete, with few branchiostegal
and the gill-opening wide. Lower pharyngeal bones separate.
Vertebrae few, about 24 in number; centra of the 5 anterior
abdominal vertebras without transverse processes. Pelvic fins with
0Ue spine and five divided rays ; two dorsal fins, remote from each
other, the anterior being spinous ; anal fin opposed to the posterior
dorsal. Scales in regular series, small or of moderate size.

These are carnivorous fishes, of which one genus ( Sphyrcena )
n°w survives in nearly all the seas of the temperate and tropical
regions.

ACTINOPTF.Iil’GII.

306

Genus SPHYRiENA (Artedi), Bloch & Schneider.

[Sysfc. Ichthyol. 1801, p. 109.]

A widely-spaced series of large conical teeth, more or loss
laterally compressed, on part at least of the dentary and premaxilla,
with an outer regular close series of comparatively minute teeth ;
large teeth also on the palatines, but no teeth on the vomer.
Cranial roof flattened, the small occipital crest not rising above the
level of the frontal plane, and the anterior end of the ethmoidal
region contracting to a point. Seven branchiostegal rays. Pelvic
fins more or less directly opposed to the anterior dorsal, which
consists of five spines ; caudal fin forked. Scales small and smooth,
not erenulated or serrated, continued to a varying degree over the
head and opercular apparatus. Lateral line distinct.

A figure of the skeleton is published by Agassiz, Poiss. Foss,
vol. v. pi. p.

Sphyraena bolcensis, Agassiz.

1790. Esox sphyrcena, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. evii. pi- xxiv-
fig. 1 ( errore ),

1790. Perea punctata, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ceviii. pi. li. fig- 1 ( errote )-
1790. Esox lucius, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccliii. pi. Ixii (errore).

1818. Esox spret, II. 1). de Blainville, Nouv. l)ict. d'Hist.
vol. xxvii. p. 341 (errore).

1835. Sphyrama bolcensis , L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. pp. 293, 294, 30- •
1835. Sphyrcena gracilis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 305.

1835. Sphyrama maxima , L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 305.

1843-44. Sphyrcena bolcensis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. P1- *'
p. 95, pi. x. fig. 2. i

1843-44. Sphyrama gracilis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 96, pi- x. b8‘
[Imperfect distorted fish ; Palasontological Museum, Munich.]
1844. Sphyrcena maxima, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 97. [Name only, pr0
posed for fish named Esox lucius by Volta.]

1870. Sphyrcena bolcensis, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. I at-
i vol. iii. p. 185.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.

A species attaining a length of nearly one metre, but usua y
smaller. Length of head with opercular apparatus equalling abou
half that of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the
caudal fin ; maximum depth of trunk contained nine or ten times m
the total length of the fish. Space between the pectoral and pelvic
'fins about one fourth of that between the latter and the anal ,
anterior dorsal fin with five nearly equal slender spinous rays, arising
immediately behind a point opposite the pelvic pair, and the space

SPHYR-EN’ID-E.

367

between the origin of the two dorsals about equal to that between
the posterior dorsal and the caudal, and scarcely one quarter of the
total length of the fish ; posterior dorsal fin deeper than long, with
ten rays, the foremost a slender spine half as long as the first
articulated ray ; anal fin directly opposed to the posterior dorsal,
apparently similar but perhaps with only nine rays, the two fore-
most short and spinous.

Form. Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Yerona.1

1781, P. 3950. Slightly distorted specimen 0-30 in length, in

counterpart, labelled by Agassiz. There are traces of the
large mandibular teeth, and aa undigested fish occupies
the abdomen. Egerton Sf Enniskillen Colls.

21398-99. Two more fine specimens, nearly as large as the above,
the second in counterpart. Purchased, 1847.

3950 a. Fish about 0-27 in length, labelled by Agassiz, and
displaying nearly all the principal characters of the
species EnwtsfcxttcTft Colls

!*• 3949. Fish about 0'28 in length, labelled “ Sphyrama gracilis ,
Agass.” by Agassiz, but with endoskeleton as robust as
in any of the preceding specimens and differing from
no. I\ 3950 a in the mode of crushing and preservation.
One large anterior premaxillary tooth is shown with
striated base. Enniskillen Coll.

1782. Imperfect distorted specimen, somewhat smaller.

Egerton Coll.

Sphyraena intermedia, Bassani.

1889. Sphyreena intermedia, F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli,
[2] vol. iii. no. 6, p. 97, pi. xiv. fig. 4.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Piovene Collection, Lonedo.

A smaller and stouter species than S. holcensis, the maximum
depth of the trunk contained about six times in the total length of
the fish. Fins apparently as in the last species.

Eorm. A Loc. Bower Miocene • Chiavon, Vicentin, N. Italy,
hot represented in the Collection.

1 A nearly similar fish from the Lower Miocene of Chiavon, is described by
F- Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli, [2] vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 96, pi. xviii.

368

ACTINOPTEUYGir.

Sphyraena sues si, Kramberger.

1882. Sphyraena suessi, D. G. Kramberger, Verb, k.-k. geol. Reichsanst.
p. 29.

1891. Sphyraena suessi, 1). G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvl. p. 88.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Vienna.

A species about 0-35 in length, similar in general proportions
to S. intermedia, but having pelvic fins opposed to anterior dorsal,
and anal fin completely behind the posterior dorsal.

Form. <$■ Lor. Upper Oligocene : Sagor, Krain, Austria.

Vot represented in the Collection.

The following teeth also seem to bo referable to Sphyraena, but
are not specifically determinable : —

P- 1770-71. About twenty-five teeth, much laterally compressed,
some resembling the smaller teeth named Sphyraena major
by Leidy (see below) ; Uppor Eocene, Clarke County,
Alabama, U.S.A. Eyerton Coll-

P- 9235. About twenty similar teeth, from the same formation and
locality. Enniskillen Coll-

P • 7392. More slender tooth ; Middle Tertiary, Bissox Hill, Bai
bados. Presented by Col. U. W. Fcilden, 1892.

The following species have also been named, but on the evidence
of specimens too imperfect for precise specific determination :

Sphyrcma croatica, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesteir.
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 112, pi. xxviii. fig. 1- — Upper
Miocene (Sarmatian); Podsused, Croatia. [Imperfect trun
of fish : Geological Museum, University of Agram.]

Sphyrcma major, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.

p. 397, and Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] vol. viii-
(1877), p. 251, pi. xxxiv. figs. 37-41.' — Phosphate Beds ,
Ashley River, South Carolina, U.S.A. [Teeth ; Academy
of Sciences, Philadelphia.]

Sphyraena speciosa, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad-
vol. viii. (1856), p. 221.— Miocene ; Cumberland Co.,
New Jersey. [Tooth.]

Sphyrcma viennensis, F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. \Viss-,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxxvii. (1859), p. 681, *'

fig. 4. — Upper Miocene; Hernals, near Vienna. [Im
perfect small fish; Court Museum, Vienna.]

HEMIBRANCHII.

369

Sphytxena Sternberg ensis, T. C. Winkler, Archiv Yereins Fr.
Naturg. Mecklenburg, rol. xxix. (1875), p. 123, pi. iii.
figs. 17, 18. — Upper Oligocene ; Sternberg. [Jaw and
scale.]

Spkyrcena to inkier i, It. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc. Colline
Toscane (1876), p. 77. — Lower Pliocene; Orciano, Tus-
cany. [Teeth.]

The so-called Sphyrama amici (L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v.
Pt. i. 1843-44, p. 97, pi. x. fig. 3) is founded on remains of a skull,
not of this genus, from the Upper Cretaceous of Mount Lebanon.

With the Percesoces are sometimes placed the Ophiocephalid.e,
a family of freshwater fishes common in the Indian region, rarer
in Africa. No extinct representatives are definitely known, but
the following fossils have been referred to the existing genus
Ophiocephalus : —

15374-75, 16402,-a. Four fragmentary heads ; Siwalik Formation
( Pliocene), Siwalik Hills, India. Noticed by It. Lydekker,
Palaeont. Indiea, ser. x. vol. iii. (1886), p. 246, the third
specimen being figured, loc. tit. pl. xxxvii. fig. 2, also
noticed by J. M‘Clelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist,
vol. iv. (1844), p. 83.

Presented by Col. Sir Proby T. Cautley, K.C.B., 1S42.

Suborder VIII. HEMIBRANCHII.

^ ertebral centra always complete constricted cylinders, those
immediately behind the occiput more or less modified or coalesced.
Supraoccipital extending forwards between the reduced parietals :
squamosal rudimentary and fused with the largo pterotic ; mandible
simple, each ramus consisting only of two elements (dentary and
articulo-angular). branchial arches always more or less reduced.
Pectoral arch suspended from cranium ; large infraclavicular plates
present ; pectoral fin with not more than four or five basals.
I elvic fins usually abdominal, but sometimes advanced so that their
supports are in contact with the pectoral arch. Dorsal fin with
without an anterior spinous portion. In the living forms : —
air-bladder closed, without pneumatic duct, in the adult (physo-
clistous) ; optic nerves decussating ; intestine without spiral valve.

U ollowing the suggestions of liner and Steindachner and Cope 2

1 Detiksehr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. (1863), p. 28, footnote.
F. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest (1887), p. 328.

I* art iv. 2 B

370

ACTINOPTERYGII.

to their logical conclusion, the so-called Lophobranchii may be
regarded as extremely specialised members of this suborder.

Synopsis of Families.

I. Gills normal, pectinated ; opercular apparatus
complete.

Irunk fusiform, and snout not much produced ;
anterior vertebrae slightly elongated ; pel-
vic fins far forwards, each with one spine
and one or two divided rays ; a few free
spines in front of dorsal fin ; anal with one
anterior spine ; no scales, but frequently

bony scutes

Trunk elongated and snout much produced into
a tube; anterior vertebrae slightly elon-
gated ; pelvic fins each with one spine and
few divided rays ; free spines in front of
dorsal fin ; anal with one anterior spine ;
skin with degenerate squamation or small,

partly concealed bony plates

Trunk elongated, and snout much produced
into a tube ; four anterior vertebrae much
elongated and fused together ; pelvic fins
without spine but with five or six divided
rays ; free spines in front of dorsal fin
rudimentary or absent ; anal fin without
spine ; skin naked, or with small scales . .
Trunk laterally compressed, irregularly oblong
or deepened, and snout much produced
into a tube ; some anterior vertebra)
usually elongated ; pelvic fins without
spine but with about five divided rays ;
anterior part of dorsal fin with few spines,
one being excessively enlarged ; anal fin
without spine; scales present, with bony

scutes dorsally and ventrally

H. Gills tufted, in form of rounded lobes ; oper-
cular apparatus much reduced. (Lopho-
branchii.)

Gill-opening wide; all fins present, including

an anterior spinous dorsal

Gill-opening very small ; pelvic and anterior
dorsal fins always wanting, others variable.

GASTEItOSTEIDiE

(Recent).

ATJLOBHYNCHIDiE

(p. 371).

Fxstulaeiid^b

(p. 373).

CENTBISCIDiE

(p. 377).

Solenostomatid-®

(p. 379).

SYNGNATHrDA3

(p. 380).

AULOEniNCHIDJJ.

371

Family AULORHYNCIIID.E.

Trunk elongated, and snout much produced into a tube. Pre-
maxilla excluding maxilla from upper margin of mouth, which is
small and terminal ; teeth minute or absent. Gills pectinated ;
opercular apparatus complete. Anterior vertebrae somewhat elon-
gated, and all those of the abdominal region with large transverse
processes. Pelvic fins with anterior spine and 4 to 6 divided rays ;
free spines in front of the dorsal fin, of which the soft portion
18 directly opposed to the anal; anal fin with one anterior spine;
caudal fin distinct. Skin with degenerate squamation or rows of
small bony plates.

Synopsis of Genera.

Pelvic fins about midway between pectorals and
anal ; regularly arranged small plates in

skin Protaulopsis ( p. 371).

Pelvic fins far forwards ; few longitudinal series

of bony plates Aulorhynchus (p. 372).

Genus PROTAULOPSIS, novum.

Vertebrae between 50 and 60 in total number, about half being
m the caudal region. Pelvic fins not far forwards, with one spine
und about 6 divided rays ; anal fin-spine relatively small ; caudal
6n of moderate size, forked. At least one longitudinal series of
enlarged bony scales, probably on the dorsal margin, and the skin
completely covered with very small, regularly arranged plates.

Protaulopsis bolcensis, sp. nov.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'i5. Length of
head with opercular apparatus equalling that of trunk from pectoral
arch to base of caudal fin. Pelvic fins nearly as large as the
pectorals, and arising slightly nearer to the latter than to the anal ;
anal fin with very small spine and 10 stout divided rajs, arising
11 ] id way between the pelvic pair and the caudal fin. Enlarged
lateral dermal scutes apparently smooth and about as long as a
■vertebral centrum.

Sorm. Loc. Upper Eocene: Monte Bolca, near \erona.

3o877. Type specimen, in counterpart, about 0 '25 in length. The
head and abdominal region are exposed from below, the
caudal region in side-view ; and the specimen is damaged

2b 2

372

ACTIXOPTERVGII.

in parts by transverse fractures. An impression of part
of the frontal region bears traces of minute tubercles
arranged along the radiating lines of growth. The oper-
culum is quite smooth. The vertebral centra are delicate
much-constricted cylinders, apparently pierced by a
persistent thread of notochord ; and large transverse
processes bearing the ribs are conspicuous in the anterior
portion of the abdominal region. Long, very slender
intermuscular bones are also seen. The neural an
haemal spines in the caudal region arc very short, broad,
and recumbent. The pelvic fin-supports are expanded
laminae, and the anterior pelvic fin-spine is nearly as long
and stout as tho foremost divided ray, which seems to be
followed by five others. Of the dorsal fin, only a fragment
is distinguishable opposite to the anal. The diminutive
anal fin-spine is borno by a considerably exp a rule
support ; while the length of the foremost divided ana
ray probably exceeds the doptb of the trunk at its insor
tion. The imperfect caudal fin, consisting of very broad
rays, seems to have been forked. A series of enlarge
dermal scutes is only preserved between the pelvic an
dorsal fins on one side : but the whole of the trunk
covered by very small, rounded or rhomboidal scutes o
uniform size, which do not appear to have been m
contact. Purchased, 1862.

Genus AULORHYNCHUS, Gill.

[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fhilad. 1861, p. 169.]

Syn. Auliscops, W. Peters, Monatsb. k. prouss. Akad. 1866, P-

Protosyngnathus, W. von der Marck, Palmontogr. vol. xxii. 18/6,
p. 406.

PremaxilliD much expanded, and mandible prominent ; marginal
teeth acute, almost in one series ; palate toothless. Vertebrae about
50 or 60 in total number, rather more than half being in the cauda
region. Pelvic fins far forwards, with one spine and four divide^
rays, their supports in contact w-ith the pectoral arch. About -o
separate spines, diminutive and equal in size, in front of dorsal tin ,
soft dorsal and anal nearly equal and opposite, acuminate in front ,
caudal fin small, slightly forked. No scales, but small bony scutes
buried in skin in few longitudinal series.

Only one existing species of this genus is known from the b or i
Pacific Ocean.

ATJLORHYNCHID.E. FISIULARIID-E.

373

Aulorhynchus sumatrensis (W. v. d. Marck).

1870. 1'rotosynynathug sumatrensis, W. von der Marck, Palseontcgr.
v°k xxii. p. 407, pi. xxiii. fig. 1.

18/6. Auliscops sumatranus, A. Gunther, Geol. Mag. [2] vol. iii
P- 434, pi. xv. fig. 1.

Imperfect fish ; Royal Geological Museum, Dresden.

Hie type species of the so-called Protosyngnailms, attaining a
ength of about 0-35. Length of head with opercular apparatus
occupying about one quarter of the total length of the fish ; caudal
pedicle shorter than the head. All external bones finely tuber-
culated. Vertebra apparently 27 in the abdominal, 31 in the
caudal region. Dorsal and anal fins arising at the 12th caudal
vertebra, each comprising about 12 rays.

Porm. Loc. Freshwater Tertiary Formation : Padang, Sumatra.

47507. Specimen described and figured by Gunther, loc. cit. Ihe
caudal fin-rays are imperfect distally, so do not exhibit
the precise shape of the fin.

Presented, by H err R. D. M. I erbeelc , 18/ 6.

47508-11. Four imperfect specimens noticed by Gunther, loc. cit.

Presented by Herr R. D. M. 1 erbeelc, 18/ 6.

Family FISTULARIID/E.

Irunk elongated, and snout much produced into a tube, I re-
'naxilla excluding maxilla from upper margin of mouth, which is
srnall and terminal ; teeth minute or absent. Gills pectinated ;
cporeular apparatus complete. Four anterior vertebra much
elongated and fused together, all those of the abdominal region and
■‘■’Onie anterior caudals with large transverse processes ; ribs rudi-
mentary or absent. Pelvic fins without spine, but with 5 or 0
divided rays; free spines in front of dorsal fin rudimentary or
absent ; anal fin without anterior spine, opposed to the soft dorsal ;
caudal fin distinct. Skin naked or with small scales.

_ Only three genera of this family are known, two being still widely
distributed in tropical seas.

Synopsis of Genera.

^ 0 free dorsal spines ; caudal tin forked, with

elongated median rays ; no scales

-V series of free dorsal spines ; caudal fin rhombic,
without elongated rayj small ctenoid scales

present

Imperfectly known, but all caudal fin-rays much
elongated; no scales

Fistularia (p. 374).

Aulostoma (p. 375).
Urosphen (p. 376).

374

actinoptekygii.

Genus FISTULARIA, Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 312.]

Teeth minute. Vertebrae very numerous, between 70 and 00 in
total number, less than half being caudal. Pectoral fins on flank ;
infraclavicles much extended, and small pelvic fins inserted not far
behind them; no free spines in front of dorsal fin, which is remote,
anal fin similar to dorsal; caudal fin forked, with few much
elongated median rays. Scales absent, but a series of rudimentary
bony scutes along the lateral lino and the median dorsal line.

Existing species occur on the shores of the Indian Ocean and o
the tropical region of the Atlantic Ocean.

A figure of the skeleton of the existing F. tabaccaria is given >
Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pi. xxxv. fig. 1 (wrongly label e
Aulostoma chinense).

Fistularia koenigi, Agassiz.

1830-42. Fistularia koenigii, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. >
pi. xxxv. fig. 5.

1859. Fistularia koenigii, G. vom Rath, Zeitschr. deutsch. geo •
vol. xi. p. 124, pi. v. fig. 2.

1886. Fistularia koenigi, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer. & .une
sekief, (Denkscbr. schweiz. Pal. Ges. vol. xiii.), p- 92.

Type. Imperfect head and abdominal region ; British Museuim
An imperfectly known species, attaining a length of about 1 ’•
Cranial roof with three finely denticulated longitudinal ridges, t m
median the largest ; opercular apparatus ornamented with radial in n
series of minute tubercles, and ridge of preoperculum with a
of conspicuous denticles. Vertebrae about 74 in total number, o
which 30 are caudal; length of fused anterior vertebrae appro*1
mately one fifth of the column. Dorsal and anal fins with H 01
12 rays ; two elongated median caudal rays.

Form. Sf Loc. Oligocene : Glarus, Switzerland.

P- 9236. Type specimen, in counterpart, described and figured by
Agassiz, loc. cit. ; Engi. Old Collection

P. 1975 a. Obscure remains of head and anterior vertebrae, labelled
by Agassiz and mentioned loc. cit. ; Engi. Egerton 0

P- 1975, P. 4000. Scattered remains of small specimen, in counte

part ; Engi. The cranial roof is shown.

Egerton 4' Enniskillen Colls.

FISTULA RIID.E.

375

Fistularia longirostris (Blainville).

1796. Esox belone, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. xviii. pi. v. fig. 2
(err ore).

1818. Flsox longirnstris , II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 341.

1835. Fistularia temiirostris, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 291 (name
only).

1839-42. Fistularia fenuirostris, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 280,
pl- xxxv. fig. 4.

1876. Fistularia tenuirostris, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. voL iii. p. 181.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.

A very small species, attaining a length of about 0'2. Im-
perfectly known, but anterior fused vertebra; considered by Agassiz
to be relatively shorter than in the other known species. Dorsal
bn with 12 or 13 rays, anal fin with at least 9 or 10 (according to
Eassani).

Form. <)- Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Vorona.

Not represented in the Collection.

Genus AULOSTOMA, Laeepede.

[Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. v. 1803, p. 357.]

Teeth very minute, only on mandible and vomer. Vertebra;
about 50 to 65 in total number, at least half being caudal. Inter-
muscular bones very numerous and long. Pectoral fins on flank ;
mfraclavicles not much extended; small pelvic fins remote; a series
of very slender, small free spines in front of dorsal fin, which
is remote ; anal fin similar to soft dorsal ; caudal fin rhombic,
Without elongated ray. Scales small and ctenoid.

Existing species distributed like those of Fistularia.

Aulostoma bolcense (Blainville).

1796. Fistularia chinensis, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. xvi. pl. v.
fig- 1 (errors).

1818. Fistularia Mcensis , H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 340.

1835. Aulostoma bolcense, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 291 (name
only).

1839-42. Aulostoma bolcense, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 282,

_ pl. xxxv. figs. 2, 3.

1876. Aulostoma bolcense, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. iii. p. 181.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.

376

ACTIN0PTERYG1I.

A small species, attaining a length of about 018. Length of
head with opercular apparatus somewhat less than half that of the
trunk from the pectoral arch to the haso of the caudal fin. Vertebrae
about 50 in number. Pelvic fins inserted nearer to the anal
than to the pectorals ; dorsal and anal fins comparatively short-
based, apparently with not more than 17 and 15 rays respectively ;
anal arising nearer to the caudal than to the pelvic fins.

I'orm. Loc. Upper Eocene: Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P- 1976, P. 4119. Imperfect small specimen, in counterpart,
showing most of the principal characters of the genus and
species ; wrongly labelled Fistularia tenuirostris by
Agassiz. Egerton 6f Enniskillen Colls.

The following species, known only by a fragment, has also been
ascribed to this genus, but is not represented in the Collection : ■

Aulostoma liccitce, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sei. Geol. vol. xi. art. no. 3
(1880), p. 33. — Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily. [Head,
&c.]

Genus UROSPHEN, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1844, p. 284.]

Teeth minute. Vertebrae between 50 and 60 in number. Anal
fin similar and opposed to remote soft dorsal ; caudal fin relatively
very large. Scales absent.

Urosphen dubia (Blainville).

1796. Fistularia tabacaria, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p- exxx.
pi. xxix. fig. 4 (errors).

1818. Fistularia dubia, II. I). de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hxst. A*1 •
vol. xxvii. p. 341.

1835. Urosphen fist u laris, L. Agassiz, Neues .Tahrb.p. 293 (name onl} )■

1839-42. Urosphen fistularia, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. >
pi. xxxv. fig. 6.

1876. Urosphen fistularia, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. I'0, •
vol. iii. p. 182.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-45, the head in
such a specimen measuring O' 135, the vertebral column 0'199, ®n
the caudal fin 0'118 in length. Dorsal and anal fins probabl) vlt
about 20 rays.

Form. <Sf Log. Upper Eoceno : Monte Bolca, near \ erona.

Not represented in the Collection.

CENTRISCIM.

377

Family CENTRISCIDzE.

Trunk laterally compressed, and irregularly oblong or deepened ;
snout much produced into a tube, and small toothless mouth
terminal. Gills pectinated ; opercular apparatus complete. Some
anterior vertebrae usually elongated, those of the abdominal region
and some anterior caudals with large transverse processes. Pelvic
fins without spine but with 5 or 6 divided rays; an enlarged spine
and usually other small spines in front of the dorsal tin ; anal fin
Without anterior spine, opposed to the soft dorsal ; caudal fin
distinct. Skin with a partial bony armour and also with small
scales.

These are small marine fishes, very widely distributed.

Synopsis of Genera.

Caudal region relatively large ; few dorsal spines,
the second excessively enlarged; pelvic fins
considerably behind pectorals ; bony plates
dorsaUy and ventrally and flanks covered

with small scales Centriscus (Recent).

Caudal region relatively large ; pelvic fins partly
beneath pectorals ; bony plates dorsallv, not
ventrally, but flanks covered with small

scales Hhampliosus (p. 377).

Caudal region relatively very small ; pelvic fins
reduced, considerably behind pectorals ; dorsal
and ventral bony dermal armour extensive,
but no scales Amphisile (p. 378).

Isolated spines from the Lower Pliocene of Orciano, Tuscany, are
'■'scribed to Centriscus under the name of C. toni by It. Lawley,
^uovi Studi Pesei, etc., Colline Toscane (1876), p- 79.

Genus RHAMPHOSUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1S44, p. 270.]

Trunk only moderately deepened ; caudal region relatively large,
with about *14 vertebra. Pelvic fins well-developed and far
foi wards, partly beneath the pectorals ; caudal fin rounded. Bony
Piates dorsally in abdominal region to support the large spine, but
110 ventral armour ; small rough scales covering flanks.

Rhamphosus aculeattis (Blainville).

I '96. Uranoscopus rostrum^ G. S. Aolta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. xxii.
pi. v. fig. 4.

1796. Centriscus , G. S. Volta, ibid. pi. lxxv. fig. 1 (errors) .

378

ACrorOPTERTGII.

1818. Centrums aculentus, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet, d Ilist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 339.

1835. Rhamphosus aculeatus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jaln'b. p. 291 (name
only) .

1839-42. Rhamphosus aculeatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. 1V-
p. 270, pi. xxxii. fig. 7.

1888. Rhamphosus aculeatus, L. Vaillant, Exped. Scient. Travailleur
et Talisman — Poissons, p. 339.

1898. Rhamphosus aculeatus, F. Bassani, Palreontogr. Italica, vol. 1U-
p. 82, pi. ix. fig. 4.

Type. Imperfect fish; Museum of Natural History, Paris.

The type species, attaining a length of about O’ 12. Proportions
somewhat uncertain owing to imperfection of few known specimens ,
but snout extremely attenuated, the length of tho head with optr
cular apparatus probably equalling that of the trunk from t <
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin, also about equalling t 10
length of the dorsal fin-spine, which hears posterior denticulation. ■
Probably 8 abdominal vertebrae, and 14 caudals. Dorsal and anal tins
equal and directly opposed, each with 9 rays. Scales very minute.
Form. 6f Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P. 5125. Small specimen wanting caudal fin and with dorsal spin0
imperfect. Purchased, IS®

Rhamphosus biserratus, Bassani.

1876. Rhamphosus biserraltis, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sc
Nat. vol. v. p. 151, pi. ii. fig. 3.

Type. Imperfect fish : Geological Museum, University of 1 adun.
Bather larger than the type species, with comparatively s 01
and stout spine, the length of this apparently not greater than
depth of the trunk at its insertion.

Form. 4' Loc. Upper Eocene: Monte Bolca.

Not represented in the Collection.

Genus AMPHISILE (Klein), Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1.817, p. 350.]

Trunk oblong and much laterally compressed, with very
caudal region curved downwards. About 6 large and elonga
abdominal vertebra, 14 very small caudals. Pelvic fins ru
mentary, weU behind tho pectorals ; caudal fin rounded. ®0IV
plates dorsally and ventrally in abdominal region, the dorsal arm°u
intimately connected with the endoskcleton ; no scales.

Existing species of this genus occur in the shallow seas of t
tropics from the eastern coast of Africa to China.

CENTHISCIDJE. — SOLENOSTOM ATTD.2!!.

379

Amphisile heinrichi, Heckel.

1850. AmphUyle heinrichi, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wisa.,
^ math.-naturw. Cl. vol. i. p. 224, pi. xxii.

1870. Amphysik heinrichii, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Gdol. France, [2]
vol. xxvii. p. 400, pi. ix. figs. 1-3.

Type. Imperfect fish.

A species attaining a length of about 0-05. Length of head with
opercular apparatus nearly equalling the length of the dorsal shield
behind the operculum ; maximum depth of trunk slightly exceeding
°ne quarter of the same measure. Operculum and suboperculum
nearly equal in size, the former ornamented with radiating striae.
Anal fin with 13 or 14 rays. Dermal armour finely tuberculated ;
the posterior terminal spine longitudinally ribbed and slightly
shorter than its pedicle.

Form. Loc. Oligoceno : Krakowiza, near Imwald, Galicia ;
Vienna 1 ; Hammerstein, Baden * ; Fldrsheim, Bhein-Hessen ; Miil-
hausen, Alsaco3; Froidefontaine.

*042, P. 8788. Four fragmentary specimens, one being in
counterpart ; Fldrsheim, Rhein-Hessen.

Purchased, 1893, 1898.

An imperfectly known species, not represented in the Collection,
bas also been described as follows : —

Amphisile longirostris, L. Agassiz, Feues Jahrb. 1835, p. 295
(name only), and Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1844), p. 275.
Centriscas velitaris, G. S. Yolta, Ittiolit. \ eronese (1796),
pi. lxiii. fig. 2 ( errore ). Centriscus longirostris, H. D. de
Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Fat. vol. xxvii. (1818),
p. 339. — Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near \ erona.
[Imperfect fish ; unknown.]

Family SOLENOSTOMATIDzE.

Trunk more or less elongated ; snout much produced into a tube,
and small toothless mouth terminal. Gills tufted, in form of
rounded lobes ; opercular apparatus reduced to operculum and very
few branchiostegal rays ; gill-opening wide. Two dorsal fins, the

1 E. Suess, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol.liv. pt. i. (1806)

H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. 1863, p. 449.

Schimper, L’Institut, vol. xxvii. (1859), p. 193.

380

ACTINOrTERYGII.

anterior spinous ; paired fins, anal and caudal fins always present.
Trunk encased in rings of bony plates ; no scales.

The existing Solenosloma inhabits the Indian Ocean.

Synopsis of Genera.

Trunk much compressed, somewhat dilated ;

pelvic fins opposite anterior dorsal .... Solenosloma (Recent).

Trunk more elongated, not dilated ; pelvic ..

tins in advance of anterior dorsal ...... Solenorhynchus (p.

Genus SOLENORHYNCHUS, Heckel.

[Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. 1854, p. I-1’-]

Trunk extremely elongated and slender ; caudal region relati' ely
short. Pelvic fins in advance of anterior dorsal ; posterior dorsu
and anal fins similar and directly opposed; caudal fin very larg®»
not forked. Trunk encircled completely in the bony dermal ricDs-

Solenorhynchus elegans, Heckel.

18o4. Solenorhynchus elegans , J. .T. Heckel, loc. cit. p. 125. j.

1868. Solenorhynchus elegans, Kner & Steindachner, Denksc r.

Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. p. 31, pi. v. fig- !•

1874. Solenorhynchus elegans, A. de Zigno, Mem. R. Istit. ^ene ’
vol. xviii. p. 297, pi. x. fig. 5.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Royal Court Museum, Vienna.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0*1. Head
opercular apparatus occupying about one quarter of the total
of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Pelvic fins beneath >
16th body-ring ; anterior dorsal fin with 5 spines, arising be
21st ring ; posterior dorsal and anal larger, with 17 rays, separa c ^
from anterior dorsal by 12 rings ; caudal fin with 1 2 rays. A
36 body-rings in the abdominal, 9 in the caudal region, pro'” 01
with few small and delicate spines.

Form. 4- Loc. Upper Eocene: Monte Postale, N. Italy.

Not represented in the Collection.

Family SYNGNATHIDiE.

Trunk more or less elongated; snout much produced into a tube,
and small toothless mouth terminal. Gills tufted, in form °
rounded lobes ; opercular apparatus reduced to operculum ; S’
opening very small. Pelvic fins absent; one soft dorsal fin 5

8TNGNATHID33, 381

Pectoral, anal, and caudal fins variable. Trunk more or less
encased in rings of bony plates ; no scales.

Small coast fishes living among seaweeds in temperate and
tropical regions, swimming chiefly by pecidiar motion of dorsal fin.

Synopsis of Genera with Extinct Representatives.

All with axis of head in continuation of that of trunk ; with caudal fin
and non-prehensile tail.

Trunk much elongated ; dermal armour incom-

plete, probably absent on caudal region .... Pseudosyngnathus
trunk much elongated : dermal armour complete ; [(p. 381 ).

clavicular arch not rigid at lower end ; anal

fin minute Siphonosloma

As Siphonostoma, but clavicular arch rigid at [(p. 382).

lower end Syngnathus (p. 382).

Trunk only moderately elongated ; dermal armour

complete ; all median tins well developed . . Calamostoma

[(p. 383).

Genus PSEUDOSYNGNATHUS, Kner & Steindachner.
[Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. 1863, p. 28.]

Trunk much elongated, not dilated. Pectoral fins present ;
dorsal fin small and very remote ; caudal fin small, truncated
behind. Dermal armour apparently incomplete, perhaps wanting
0n the caudal region.

According to Kner and Steindachner, the form and disposition of
the supports of the dorsal fin suggest that its rays had not the
peculiar power of motion observed among existing Syngnathid*.

Pseudosyngnathus opisthopterus (Agassiz).

1796- Syngnathus typhle, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. ccxxxix.
pi. lviii. fig, 1 (errore). , .

1818. Syngnathus typhle, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Is at.

vol. xxvii. p. 339 (errore).

1833-44. Syngnathus opisthopterus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. i.
P- 18, pt. ii. p. 276.

t°63. Pseudosyngnathus opisthopterus , Kner & Steindachner, Denkschr.
k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. p. 29, pi. vi. fig. 1.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-35. \ ertebrae

aPparently between 55 and 60 in number. Dorsal fin just within
hinder quarter of back, with 8 or 9 rays; caudal fin with 13 or

382

ACTINOPTERYGII.

14 rays. Lateral scutes in abdominal region marked with fine
longitudinal strife.

Form. <$f Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Yerona.

Not represented in the Collection.

Genus SIPHONOSTOMA, Kaup.

[Catal. Lophobr. Pish. Brit. Mus. 1856, p. 48.]

Trunk much elongated, not dilated. Clavicular arch not rigidly
fixed at lower end. Pectoral and caudal fins well-developed ,
dorsal flu not much extended ; anal fin minute. Dermal armour
complete; dorsal edges of tail not continuous with dorsal edges
of trunk, but passing on each side into ridge of lateral line.

Existing species occur on the European coasts.

• Siphonostoma albyi, Sauvago.

1870. Syngnathus albyi, II. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv. art.
no. 7. p. 3.

18/ 3. Siphonostoma albyi, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Gtiol. vol. iv. art.
no. 1. p. 81, fig. 42.

1896. Siphonostoma albyi, I. Bonomi, Iti vista Ital. Paleont. vol. u.
p. 204.

Type. Imperfect fish.

A species attaining a length of about 0‘25. Length of head with
opercular apparatus about one fifth of the total length of the fish-
Dorsal fin with about 38 rays ; caudal fin with 12 lays. Derma
rings apparently 18 or 19 in the abdominal, 34 in the cauda
region ; the scutes with a smooth longitudinal ridge and m&rke
with regular vertical lines of large tubercles. (Sauvage.)

The generic determination of this fish is uncertain.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Miocene : Licata, Sicily ; Mondaino, Pr0'
vince of Forli, Italy.

P. 1977. Very imperfect specimen; Licata. Egerton Coll-

Siphonostoma caslellii is an undefined name given to a fish from
the Upper Miocene of Gabbro, Tuscany, by G. Capellini, Mem. B.
Accad. Lincei [3] vol. ii. disp. i. (1878), p. 285.

Genus SYNGNATHUS (Artedi), Linnccus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 336.]

Essentially similar to Siphonostoma, but clavicular arch rigidly
fixed at lower end.

STNOXATHIDm.

383

Imperfectly known extinct species are referred to this genus
under the following names, but are not represented in the

Collection : —

Syngnathus ajjtnig, D. G. Kramberger, Had Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 99, pi. iii. fig. 4. — Upper Miocene
(Sarmatian); Dolje, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Geological
Museum, University of Agram.]

Syngnathus bolcensis, A. de Zigno, Mem. R. Istit. Yeneto,
vol. xxiii. (1887), p. 24, fig. 6. — Upper Eocene ; Monte
Bolca, near Verona. [Imperfect fish ; Zigno Collection,
University of Padua.]

Syngnathus heckeli, A. de Zigno, loc. cit. vol. xviii. (1874), p. 295,
pi. x. fig. 4. — Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca, near Verona.
[Imperfect fish ; Zigno Collection, University of Padua.]

Syngnathus helmsi, F. Steindaehner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xl. (1860), p. 571, pL iii. — Upper
Miocene (Sarmatian); Radoboj, Croatia. [Imperfect
fishes ; Court Museum, Vienna.]

Genus CALAMOSTOMA, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. i. 1833, p. 18.]

Trunk moderately elongated, not dilated. Pectoral fins feeble ;
dorsal, anal, and caudal fins well-developed ; caudal fin rounded,
'With few rays. Dermal armour complete.

Calamostoma breviculum (Blainville).

1790. Pegasus natans, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. \eronese, p. xxi. pi. v.
fig. 3 (errors).

1818. Sgngnathus breviculus, II. D. de Blainville, ?souv. Diet, dflist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 339.

1833-44, Calamostoma breviculum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii.
pt. i. p. 18, pt. ii. p. 276, pi. lxxiv. fig. 1.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0 •/. Length of
head with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding two thirds of
length from pectoral arch to base of caudal fin. Five longitudinal
series of scutes on flank ; no external ornament.

Form. <5f Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near 1 erona.

T. 9430. Well-preserved specimen, wanting dorsal fin ; Monte Bolca.

A few long rays at middle of ventral border represent
either a pelvic or an anal fin, probably the latter.

History unknown.

384

A.CTINOPTERYGII.

Suborder IX. A CANTH OP TERYGII.

Yertebral contra always complete constricted cylinders, none
modified or coalesced. Supraoccipital extending forwards between
the reduced parietals ; squamosal rudimentary and fused with t in
large pterotic ; premaxilla always excluding maxilla from uPl,el"
border of mouth ; mandible simple, each ramus consisting of 110
more than two elements (dentary and articulo-angular). Pectora
arch suspended from cranium ; precoracoid arch absent ; no infi a
clavicular plates; pectoral fin with not more than four or nu
basals. Pelvic fin-supports in contact with clavicle, and fins thus
thoracic or jugular ; each pelvic fin usually with an anterior 8PI,)®
and five (rarely six to eight) articulated and divided rays.
and anal fins usually more or less spinous anteriorly. In the livu'n
forms : — air-bladder closed, without pneumatic duct, in the adn j
(physoclistous) ; optic nerves decussating; intestine without spin1
valve.

Division A. BERYCIFORMES.

Pelvic fins thoracic, usually with more than five articulated rjl"'
in addition to the spine. No bony stay between circumorbita
ring and preoperculum.

Synopsis of Families.

Head with extensive superficial cavities for
mucus ; premaxillae protractile ; lateral

line conspicuous Berycid;e (p. 384).

Head with superficial cavities for mucus;

premaxilloe not protractile; lateral line ...

inconspicuous ArHREDODERiDiE (p- H )•

Head without superficial cavities for mucus ;
premnxillse protractile ; lateral line in-
conspicuous Cyttid,® (p. 417).

Family BERYCID^.

Head-bones more or less ridged, thus forming extensive car itn
which are filled with mucus in the living fish; premaxill® Pr0
tractile, and dentition usually feoble. Branchiostegal rays 7 or
in number. Vertebrco from 24 to 30 in number; the posterior
abdominal centra with downwardly bent transverse processe
elvic fins (unless rudimentary) with one spine and more than fi' e

bertcim;.

385

articulated rays ; dorsal and anal fins with anterior spines, which
are usually not so numerous as the articulated rays. Squamation
more or less regular and continuous, sometimes with a few enlarged
acutes ; lateral line conspicuous.

All the known Berycidae are marine, and most of the existing
genera live at considerable depths, while many are typical members
the deep-sea fauna.

Synopsis of Extinct Genera and Genera represented by Extinct

f' Dorsal fin undivided.

A- With few crowded spines in front..

Vertebrae 10+14; anal fin much ex-
tended ; scales ctenoid, none enlarged .
Vertebral 12+16 or 18; anal fin short-
based ; scales ctenoid, enlarged along

lateral line

Vertebrae 12+14; anal fin moderately
extended ; scales thin and cycloid, none

enlarged

Vertebr® 12+16 or 18; anal fin ex-
tended ; scales small, thick, and
ctenoid, none enlarged. .............

D- With anterior spines more or less spaced.
Dorsal fin-spines 5 to 9, anal 3 to 5 ;

scales large and ctenoid

Dorsal fin-spines 14, anal 7 ; scales small

and cycloid

Dorsal fin-spines about 12, anal 4 ; scales

thin and ctenoid

D Spinous portion of dorsal fin separated from
articulated portion.

Preoperculum merely serrated, without

spine

Preoperculum with large spine at angle .

Beryx (p. 385).

Sphenocephalus (p. 387).

Acroyaster (p. 388).

Pycnoeterinx (p. 391).

Iloplopteryx (p. 396).
Dinopteryx (p. 406).
Homonotus (p. 407).

Myripristis (p. 410).
Holocentrum (p. 412).

Genus BERYX (Artedi), Cuvier.

[ltcgne Animal, ed. 2, vol. if. 1829, p. 151.]

1 runk laterally compressed, but not much deepened ; abdomen
flattened, not carinated. Frontal region of skull deeply ridged for
mucus-cavities ; cleft of mouth oblique, and jaws with very minute
teeth ; orbit much enlarged ; preoperculum without spine, only
finely serrated. Vertebr® about 10 in the abdominal, 14 in the
caudal region. Pelvic fins with one spine and / or more articulated
part iv. 2 c

ACTINOPTERYGII.

386

rays, inserted more or less directly beneath the origin of the
pectorals. Dorsal fin almost or ccmipletely in advance of the anal,
very few of its anterior rays in form of slender spines which are
crowded ; anal fin considerably extended, with four spines ; caudal
fin deeply cleft. Scales ctenoid, of moderate size, none enlarged
or thickened ; small scales extending over the opercular apparatus,
head, and base of the median fins.

A figure of the skeleton of the existing Beryx deeaductylus is
given by A. Gunther, Itcp. Deep-Sea Fishes, ‘ Challenger’ Reports,
Zool. vol. xxii. pi. vi.

No extinct species of this genus are known with certainly,
although numerous fragmentary fossils have been ascribed to it.
The supposed species recorded in the following list are not gene-
rically determinable and are not represented in the Collection :

Beryx dalmaticus, F. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. (1882), p. 262, pi. x. fig. 1. Beryx
lesinensis, F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlvii. pt. i. (1863), p. 128, pi- '•
tig. 1; F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Not.
vol. vii. (1880), p. 12, pi. B. fig. 2. — Cretaceous ; Capo
Sesto, near Sebenieo, Dalmatia. [Imperfect fish ; I'11'
porial Geological Survey, Vienna.]

Beryx dinolepidolus , G. Fischer de Waldheim, Bull. Soc. Imp-
Nat. Moscou, 1841, p. 465, pi. viii. — Upper Cretaceous ;
Govt. Voronej, Russia. [Portion of trunk.]

Beryx insculptus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. vol. *i.
(1869), p. 240, and Vert. Cret. Form. West (Rep. U-*"’-
Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii. 1875), pi. lii. fig. 4. — Green-
sand no. 5 ; New Jersoy. [Portion of trunk.]

Beryx multidentatus, A. Stewart, Kansas Univ. Quart. [A] vol. vii.
(1898), p. 196. — Upper Cretaceous; Kansas. [Indeter-
minable mandible and maxilla, referred to Anogn
evolutus by F. B. Loomis, Palseontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900),
p. 257 ; University of Kansas.]

Benjx subovatus, F. Bassani, loc.cit. (1882), p. 226, pi. viii. fig- 4-
— Cretaceous ; Isle of Lesina, Dalmatia. [Imperfect fi»b ;
Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna.]

Beryx valenciennesi, E. Hebert," Mem. Soc. Geol. France, [2]
vol. v. (1855), p. 349, pi. xxvii. fig. 2. — Upper Senonian ,
Meudon, France. [Imperfect fish, wanting greater part
of fins.]

BEKYCin.H.

387

Genus SPHENOCEPHALUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1838, p. 4.]

Trunk elongated and laterally compressed. Cleft of mouth little
oblique, and jaws with very minute teeth. External bones more or
less ornamented with rows of tubercles. Vertebra about 12 in the
abdominal, 16 to 18 in the caudal region. Pelvic fins with one
large, longitudinally ridged spine and 7 soft rays, which are both
articulated and divided; these fins inserted slightly behind the
origin of the pectoral pair. Dorsal and anal fins about as long as
^eep, each with 4 stout, longitudinally ridged spines gradually
increasing in length, and closely pressed together; caudal fin
moderately cleft. Scales ctenoid, of moderate size, more or less
ornamented with granulations ; one series enlarged along the course
°f the lateral line.

Sphenocephalus fissicaudus, Agassiz.

1848-39. Sphenocephalus fissicaudus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv.
Pp. 4, 129, pi. xvii. figs. 3-5.

1858. Sphenocephalus Jissicaudus, W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. x. p. 253.

1863. Sphenocephalus fissicaudus , W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr.
vol. xi. p. 17, pi. iii. fig. 2.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth
°f the trunk and contained somewhat less than twice in the length
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin
with 10 or 11 divided rays, completely in advance of the anal,
which comprises 9 similar rays.

The squamation noted in the generic diagnosis has not been
clearly observed in this species.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous : W estphalia.

P- 9059. Imperfect large fish originally about 0'23 in length;

Baumberg. Purchased, 1899 .

P. 8772-74. Three imperfect specimens, the first unusually large
and much distorted by crushing ; Baumberg.

Purchased , 1897.

P- 3932. Imperfect fish about 0-12 in length, also distorted ;

Baumberg. Enniskillen Coll.

2c 2

388

ACTINOPTERYGII.

P. 2100. Fish of nearly similar size and proportions apparently of
this species, but, if so, with dorsal and anal tins incom-
plete behiud ; Sendenhorat. Egerton Coll.

Sphenocephalus cataphr actus, W. von dor March.

1863. Sphenocephalus cataphractus, W. von der Marck, Palwontogr.
vol. xi. p. 18, pi. iii. fig. 1, pi. vii. figs. 3-5.

Type. Nearly comploto fish ; Academy of Munster.

A slightly smaller species than the typo, with relatively larger
head, length of head with opercular apparatus considerably ex-
ceeding the maximum depth of the trunk, and contained one and a
half times in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the
caudal fin. Dorsal fin with 9 divided rays ; anal fin arising oppo-
site tho fifth or sixth of these rays, also comprising 9 divided rajs.
Scales of lateral line about twice as deep as broad, two or three
times as deep as those immediately below them.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.

35039, P. 3824. Characteristic specimen, in counterpart ; Sendcn-
horst. Purchased, 1860, if Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2100 a. Fine specimen, displaying ornamented bead and scales
in impression ; Sendenhorst. Egerton Coll.

P. 3824 a. Imperfect fish, deepened by distortion ; Sendenhorst.

Enniskillen Coll.

Genus ACROGASTER, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1838, p. 5.]

Syn. Acanlhiphoria, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Akad. vol. X' >•

1896, p. 46.

Trunk much deepened and laterally compressed. Cleft of mouth
large and oblique, and jaws with very minute teeth ; prcoperculmn
with a few stout spines round the posterior border of its 1°" cl
portion. Vertebrae about 12 in the abdominal, 14 in the cauda
region. Pelvic fins arising below the origin of the pectorals, wit i
one stout spine and (i or 7 divided rays. Dorsal fin occupying from
a third to half of the back, with from 3 to 5 small slender spines
and 10 to 14 stout divided rays ; anal fin only slightly loss ex
tended, with 3 or 4 small stout spines and 9 to 11 well-space ,
stout, divided rays ; caudal fin deeply cleft. Scales thin, apparently
cycloid, none thickened or enlarged along tho dorsal or ventra
borders.

BERYCID.E.

389

Acrogaster parvus, Agassiz.

1838-39. Acrogaster parvus, L. Agassiz, Pois3. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 5, 134,

] PL/Vii- %•!(?% 2).

O0°. Acrogaster parvus, W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Gtes. vol. x. p. 232.

18b3. Acrogaster minutus, W. von der Marck, Palseontogr. vol. xi.

P- -3, pi. vii. fig. 1. [Imperfect fish ; Academy of Munster.]

1863. Acrogaster parvus, VV. von der Marck, ibid. p. 23.

Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.

-The type species, imperfectly known by two distorted specimens
about 0-06 in length. Maximum depth of trunk less than its
length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin, and
about three times as great as the width of the caudal pedicle.

orsal fin with 5 spines and 10 divided rays, the distance between
Jts hinder end and the caudal fin equal to the length of its own
base-line ; anal fin with 3 or 4 spines and 10 divided rays, arising
opposite the middle of the dorsal fin, and the length of its base-line
nearly equal to that of the latter fin.

IV . von der Marck considers that the scales are enlarged along
tbe course of the lateral line. He also regards the second and
arger specimen, provisionally ascribed by Agassiz to this species, as
truly representing a distinct form. He erroneously applies the
name A. parvus to the latter.

Torrn. A Aoc. Upper Cretaceous : Baumberg, Westphalia.

Not represented in the Collection.

Acrogaster brevicostatus, W. von der Marck.

1863. Acrogaster brevicostatus, W. von der Marck, Palasontogr. vol. xi.

P' 24, pi. vii. fig. 2.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Academy of Munster.

species attaining a length of about 0-l. Maximum depth of
trunk slightly less than its length, and about four times as great as
the width of the caudal pedicle. Dorsal fin with 3 spines and 14
divided rays, the distance between its hinder end and the caudal
fin equalling about half the length of its own base-line ; anal fin
probably with 3 spines and 11 divided rays, arising opposite the
middle of the dorsal fin, and the length of its base-line approximately
equal to that of the latter fin.

Form. A Poe. Upper Cretaceous : Sendenhorst, Westphalia.

Not represented in the Collection.

390

ACTINOrTEKYGll.

Acrogaster heckeli (Pictet).

1850. Pycnosterinx kecketii, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. F5>
pi. ii. figs. 1, 2.

1866. Pycnosterinx heckelii, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss.

Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 40, pi. iii. figs. 3, 4.

1887. Pycnosterinx heckelii, J . W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [-]
vol. iii. p. 532 (? pi. xxvii. fig. 1).

rype. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum.

A speeies attaining a length of about 0-08. Length of head with
opercular apparatus not exceeding the depth of the abdominal region
below the vertebral column. Maximum depth of trunk about equal
to its length, and about four times as great as the width of the
caudal pedicle. Dorsal fin with 3 spines and 14 divided rays, the
distance between its hinder end and the caudal fin equalling about
half the length of its own base-line ; anal fin with 3 spines and
9 or 10 divided rays, less extended than the dorsal and arising
opposite the middle of the latter.

Form, cj- Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

47373, 49570-72, P. 6181. Five typical specimens displaying all
the characters of the genus and species. Lewis Coll.

46531, 47378, 47813, 48117. Four small specimens, the fourth
showing traces of the lateral line without thickened or
enlarged scales. Lewis Coll .

P. 1955 Fish about 0-07 in length, with displaced upper jaw.

Egerton Coll.

P- 1954. Very small specimen. Egerton Coll-

P. 4154-55. Two imperfect specimens, the first displaying a pelvic
fin. Enniskillen Coll.

Acrogaster daviesi (Davis).

(?) 1850. Pagellus libanicus, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 1 L
pl. i. figs. 2, 3 (named P. ovalis on plate). [Imperfect fish ,
Geneva Museum.]

1887. Pycnosterinx daviesii, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [-]
vol. iii. p. 537, pl. xxix. fig. 2.

(?) 1887. Pagellus libanicus, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 507.

1895. Acanthophoria libanica, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Aka
vol. xvi. p. 46, pl. viii. fig. 1.

1898. “ Pagellus libanicus A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
[7] vol. ii. p. 488.

BERYCID^E.

391

Type. Nearly complete fish; British Museum.

A species attaining a length of about 0'12. Length of head with
opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding the depth of the abdominal
region below the vertebral column. Maximum depth of trunk con-
siderably less than its length, but four times as great os the width
of the caudal pedicle. Fins as in A. heckdi.

The so-called genus Acanthophoria is based on a specimen sup-
posed by Kramberger to be specifically identical with the imperfect
fishes originally named Page this libanicus by Pictet.

Form. 4- Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

49582. Type specimen described and figured by Davis, loc. cit.

There can scarcely have been more than 2(i vertebra, and
of these only 14 are to be reckoned as caudal. Three
slender spines and 14 divided rays are clearly indicated in
the dorsal fin ; the spine in front of the pelvic fin is shown
to be shorter than the divided rays which follow. 1 cry
large gill-rakers are displayed on one of the branchial
arches. Lewis Coll.

48130, 49581, 49585. Three good specimens, the first showing a
rudimentary fourth spine at the origin of the anal fin,
and apparently 6 divided rays in one of the pelvic fins.

Lewis Coll.

46530, 47370-72, 47379, 48121, 48132. Seven more imperfect,
distorted specimens ; the third showing the impression of
a rudimentary fourth spine at the origin of the dorsal fin.

Lewis Coll.

1953 a. P. 4155 a. Imperfect small specimen, in counterpart.

Egerton Sg Enniskillen Colls.

48120. Still smaller distorted specimen, probably of this species.

Lewis Coll.

Genus PYCNOSTERINX, Heckel.

[In ltussegger's lteisen, vol. ii. pt. iii. Its49, p. 337.]

Syn. Imoyaster, O, G. Costa, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Napoli, vol. ii. 1657,

p. 102.

Trunk more or less deepened and laterally compressed. Cleft of
mouth large and little oblique, and jaws with very minute teeth ;
preoperculum without spines. Vertebrae about 12 in the abdominal,
16 to 18 in the caudal region. Pelvic fins arising below the origin

392

ACTINOPTERYGII.

of the pectorals. Dorsal fin considerably extended, occupying
nearly half the length of the back, with from 5 to 8 stout spines,
gradually increasing in length, and closely pressed together ; anal
fin also much extended and more or less completely opposed to the
dorsal, with 3 or 4 stout spines, gradually increasing in length, and
closely pressed together ; caudal fin deeply cleft. Scales small and
thick, feebly ctenoid, extending over the cheek and ithe bases of
the dorsal and anal fins ; no ridge-scales, and none modified along
the course of the lateral line.

This genus is provisionally placed in the Berycidw, the number
of the pelvic fin-rays not yet having been exactly ascertained.

Pycnosterinx russeggeri, Heckcl.

1849. Pycnosterinx russeggeri, J. J. Heckel, in Russegger’s Reisen,
vol. ii. pt. iii. p. 388, pi. xxiii. fig. 1.

1850. Pycnosterinx dorsalis, F. J. I’ietet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban,

p. 17, pi. ii. fig. 8. [Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum.] ..

1857. Beryx niger, O. G. Costa, Mem. It. Accad. Sci, Napoli, vol. ».
p. 100, pi. ii. fig. 1 (named Beryx ater in expl. of plate, p. 1 1-d'
[Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Naples.]

1806. Pycnosterinx dorsalis, Pictet & Humbert, Nonv. Rech. 1 111
Foss. Mt. Lilian, p. 41.

I860. Pycnosterinx russeggerii, Pictet & Humbert, ibid. p. 41.

1866. Pycnosterinx -niger, I’ietet & Humbert, ibid. p. 43.

1887 . Pycnosterinx russeggerii , J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iii. p. 633.

1887. Pycnosterinx dorsalis, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 533, pi- xrv111'
fig. 2 a (non fig. 2).

1887, Pycnosterinx niger, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 534.

1887. Hommotus pulcher, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 519, pi. xxv. fig-
[Distorted fish ; Edinburgh Museum.]

1898. Pycnosterinx dorsalis, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hln •
[7] vol. ii. p. 489.

1899. Pycnosterinx russeggeri, A. S. Woodward, loc.cit. vol. iv. p-

Type. Imperfect fish.

The typo species, attaining a length of about O'l. Length o
head with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk, which is contained two and a half times in the
total length of the fish to the base of tho caudal fin ; caudal pcdic e
very slender, its width scarcely exceeding one quarter of the
maximum depth. Dorsal fin with 5 longitudinally ribbed spines
and about 18 divided rays, arising approximately at the midd e
point between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal tin ,

anal fin much less extended, with a rudimentary spine at the

BERYCIDJ!.

393

origin, 3 longitudinally ribbed spines and 14 divided rays, arising
opposite the middle of the dorsal fin.

A careful study of the specimens enumerated below suggests that
*he supposed differences between the various named forms here
included in P. russegqeri are due to imperfections in tho preservation
°f the specimens. The shape of the fish and the arrangement of its
dorsal and anal fins conduce to very variable distortion ; while the
longitudinal ribbing of the fin-spines frequently affords a false
impression of their number.

Form, Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

47820, 49579. Two fine large specimens exhibiting the principal
characters of the genus and species. Lewis Coll.

9143. Large specimen.

Presented by A. S. Woodward, Esq., 1900.

figurod bv Davis, loc. cit. pi. xxvm.

Lewis Coll.

49577. Imperfect specimen
fig. 2 a.

46399, 46541, 47375, 47818, 49576. Five imperfect and distorted
small specimens, the second in counterpart. Lewis Coll.

1953 b. Small well-preserved fish, partly in impression.

Eyerton Coll .

Pycnosterinx discoides, HeckeL
1849. Pycnosterinx discoides , J. J. Heckel, in Russeggers Rei.en,
vol. ii. pt. iii. p. .340, pi. xxiii. fig. 3. T

I80O. Pycnosterinx disco ides, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. • 1 an>

p. 14. .p .

1866. Pycnosterinx discoides, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Po
Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 38, pi. iii. figs. 1, 2. G

1887. Pycnosterinx discoides, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iii. p. 632, pi. xxvii. fig. 3. ...... ,

1887. Pycnosterinx dorsalis, J. W. Davis, ibid. pi. xxvm. fig. - (err ore).

Type. Imperfect fish. T , f

A deep-bodied species, about as large as the tjpe. enB
head with opercular apparatus considerably less than the maximum
depth of the trunk, which much exceeds one half the total leng.
of the fish to the base of the caudal fin ; width of caudal pedicle
equalling one quarter of the maximum depth. Fins as in the type
species, except that the dorsal and anal each comprise one or two
additional divided rays, while the anal may arise slightly further
forwards.

It seems probable that the imperfect fish from Sahel Alma in the

394

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Naples University Museum, described as the type specimen of
Jmogaster auratus by 0. G. Costa (Mem. It. Accad. Sci. Napoli,
vol. ii. 1857, p. 103, pi. i. fig. 2), is referable to Pycnosterinx
discoides. According to F. Bassani (communicated MS.), bbo
specimen exhibits about 26 vertebra;, of which 16 are caudal.
Ihe dorsal fin comprises 5 spines and about 23 divided rays, the
anal fin 2 or 3 spines and about 18 rays. The scales are too
imperfectly preserved to decide whether or not they are ctenoid.

l'orm. <Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

4760. Fine specimen about 0-095 in length, apparently vei v
little distorted, and exhibiting the true proportions of this
species. Lewis Coll .

49578. Another fine specimen, slightly distorted, so that the mouth
is opened and the pelvic and anal fins are displaced
backwards ; figured by Davis, loc. cit. pi. xxviii. fig- -■ as
P. dorsalis. Lewis Coll.

47811-12, 48114, 48118, 49573, P. 4851. Six specimens, more or
less imperfect, shortened and deepened by distortion.

Lewis Coll.

P. 1955 a, P. 4156. Two small specimens shortened and deepened
by distortion. Egerton Sf EnnisJcillen Colls .

Pycnosterinx gracilis, Davis.

1887. Pycnosterinx gracilis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [-]
vol. iii. p. 539, pi. xxix. fig. 1.

'Pype. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

A rather elongated species, attaining a length of about 0'L>.
Length of head v ith opercular apparatus about equal to the
maximum depth of the trunk, which is contained two and a half
times in the total length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin ;
caudal pedicle as in the type species. Dorsal fin with 5 slightly
ribbed spines and about 24 divided rays ; anal fin not much less
extended, with 4 slightly ribbed spines and 18 or 19 divided rays,
arising opposite the foremost divided rays of the dorsal fin.

Porm. 4’ Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

48131. Type specimen described and figured by Davis, loc. cit.

Minute teeth are observable on the extended premaxilla
and on the dentary. The preoperculum is very narrow, as
usual, and not larger than the operculum. The trunk is
obliquely distorted, so that the dorsal fin is crushed

BERYCID.22.

395

backwards. Though the vertebral column is imperfectly
shown, it is evident that there cannot have been less than
12 vertebne in the abdominal, and 17 or 18 vertebrae in
the caudal region. The dorsal fin clearly exhibits 5 spines
and 24 divided rays; while the anal has 4 imperfectly
preserved spines and 18 divided rays. Lewis Coll,

9440. More imperfect specimen displaying the dorsal and anal
fins, with scales extending over their basal portion.

Lewis Coll.

48133. Another more imperfect specimen. Lewis Coll.

Pycnosterinx dubius, Davis.

1887. Pycnosterinx dubius, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p, 540, pi. xxix. fig. 3.

Type- Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

A deep-bodied species about as large as the type. Length of
bead with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth
°1 the trunk, which is contained rather more than twice in the
total length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin
occupying nearly half the length of the back, with 7 or 8 longi-
tudinally ribbed spines and about 21 divided rays; anal fin
somewhat less extended, with 4 longitudinally ribbed spines and
1 6 divided rays, arising opposite the foremost divided ray of the
d°rsal fin.

Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

48129. Type specimen described and figured by Davis, loc. cit.

There are only 7 spines in the dorsal fin. Lewis Coll.

46543. Obliquely distorted specimen displaying the median fins,
the dorsal with 8 spines. Lewis Coll.

The following species, which are not represented in the Collection,
are not satisfactorily known : —

Pycnosterinx elonyatus, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. l’oiss.
Foss. Mt. Liban (1866), p. 42, pi. iii- figs. 5, 6 ; J. W.
Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii. (1887), p. 537,
pi. xxvii. fig. 6.— Upper Cretaceous ; Sahel Alma. [Im-
perfect fish ; Geneva Museum.]

Pycnosterinx latus, J. W. Davis, loc. cit. 1887, p. 534, pi. xxvii.
fig. 2.— Ibid. [Fragmentary fish of indeterminable genus ;
Edinburgh Museum of Science & Art.]

306

ACTIN OPTERYG II •

Genus HOPLOPTERYX, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1838, p. 4.]

Trunk much deepened and laterally compressed. Frontal region
of skull deeply ridged for mucus-cavities ; cleft of mouth little
oblique, and jaws with very miuute teeth ; orbit small or of modi
rate size ; preoperculum without spine, only serrated. 1 ertebric
about 10 in the abdominal, 14 in the caudal region. Pelvic h,is
arising below or somewhat behind the origin of the pectorals,
with one stout spine and 7 or 8 divided rays. Dorsal fin 11111 c 1
extended, its anterior half consisting of 5 to 9 stout spines, not
closely pressed together ; anal fin comparatively short, with 3 to •>
stout spines, not closely pressed together; caudal fin more or lcsS
deeply cleft. Seales ctenoid, rather large, rarely ornamented w it i
granulations, and none much enlarged or thickened ; lateral Inn
forming a conspicuous discontinuous ridge.

Hoplopteryx antiquus, Agassiz.

A

1838-39. Hoplopteryx antiques, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. PP- ’
131, pi. xvii. figs. 6-8. ,

1868. Hoploptei-yx antiquue, W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutse
geol. Ges. vol. x. p. 252.

1863. Hoplopteryx anliquus, var. minor , W. von der Marck, Palseontogr-
vol. xi. p. 13, pi. i. fig. 4 .f

1863. Hoplopteryx antiquus, var. major, W. vo<n der Marck, loc. ci
vol. xi. p. 14, pi. ii. fig. 1.

1885. Hoplopteryx mitiquus, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xxXI'
p. 243.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.

The type species, attaining a length of about 03, but usual v
smaller. Length of head with opercular apparatus nearly equal to
the maximum depth of the trunk, and contained about one and a
half times in the length from tho pectoral arch to the base of th°
caudal fin. Origin of pelvic fins opposite to that of the dorsa ,
which occupies ono half the length of the back (measured fr°®
occiput to caudal fin), comprising 6 ribbed spines and 11 divide1
rays ; anal fin with 4 similar spines, gradually increasing in leng ■ *’
and 9 or 10 divided rays, terminating behind slightly beyond t 0
dorsal.

Form. S( Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.

There is no typical example of this species in the Collection, bu ,
as observed by W. von der Marck (loc. cit. 18851, the small f°rIU

BERYCIM’.

397

represented by the following specimen may be only an immature
stage of the same : —

8771. Fragmentary remains of head and abdominal region of a
small fish, resembling the form described by W. von der
Marck, Paheontogr. vol. xi. (1863), p. 15, pi. i. figs. 5, 6,
under the name of Hoplopteryx gibbus ; Baumberg.

Purchased, 1897.

Hoplopteryx zippei (Agassiz).

1834. Beryx zippei , L. Agassiz, Verhandl. Ges. vaterliind. Mus.
Bohmen, p. 08.

1838-39. Beryx zippei, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 4, 120,
pi. xv. fig. 2.

1845. Beryx zippei, A. E. Reuss, Verstein. biihm. Kreideform. pt. i.
p. 11, p). i., pi. ii. fig. 1.

18^8. Beryx zippei, A. Fritsch, Kept. u. Fische biihm. Kreideform.
p. 41, woodc. fig. 62, pi. v. fig. I. ■

1887. Hoplopteryx zippei, 3. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. ifi. p. 514.

type. Imperfect fish ; Royal Bohemian Museum, Prague.

An incompletely known species, closely resembling the preceding
ln f°rm and proportions, but supposed to comprise only 5 spines in
Ihe dorsal fin, which terminates opposite the posterior end of
the anal.

Form. S( Lor. Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) : Bohemia.

9006. Imperfect specimen 'r Pliinerkalk, Weissenberg, near
Prague. Purchased, 1899.

47497. Plaster cast of well-preserved specimen ; Pliinerkalk,
Bohemia. Presented by Prof. Anton tritsch, 18/6.

Hoplopteryx lewesiensis (Mantell).

[Plate XVI. fig. 4. Text-figure 13.]

1822. Zeus lewesiensis, G. A. Mantell, Foss. S. Downs, p. 234,
pis. xxxv., xxx vi.

1835-39. Beryx ornatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. loss., Feuill. p. 5o, and
vol. iv. p. 115, pi. xiv a. pi. xiv b. figs. 1, 2, pi. xivc. figs. 1, 3-6
( non fig. 2), pi. xiv d (exc. fig. 2).

I860. Beryx ornatus, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 371, pi. xxxvi.
figs. 1, 3, pi. xxxiv. figs. 4 a, 4 c.

1888. Hoplopteryx lewesiensis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. X. p. 327.

Type. Imperfect fish : British Museum.

398 ACTINOPTERYGII.

BERTCIDJ3.

399

A species attaining a length of about 0-3. Length of head with
opercular apparatus considerably less than the maximum depth of
the trunk, which nearly equals the length from the hinder margin
of the clavicle to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin occupying
nearly one half of the back, comprising 6 very stout, longitudinally-
ribbed spines and 8 to 10 divided rays, the length of the longest
spine almost equalling one third the depth of the trunk at its
insertion ; anal fin with 7 or 8 divided rays preceded by 3 or 4
very stout spines, which gradually increase to a length about
equalling that of the longest dorsal. Scales very finely and
delicately pectinated ; the lateral line traversing about the ninth
longitudinal series from the ventral border.

In the fossils from the English Chalk recorded below, the super-
ficial layer of the external bones and scales is frequently destroyed,
at least in part, producing an accidental smoothness.

Form, cj- Loc. Turonian and Senonian : Sussex, Surrey, and
Kent \

4014-15. Type specimen in counterpart, described and figured by
Mantell, op. cit. p. 234, pi. xxxv. fig. 2, pi. xxxvi., and
by Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 110, pi. xiv d. fig. 1 ; Upper Chalk,
Lewes. There are clearly four anal fin-spines, of which
the two foremost are very small and short. Mantell Coll,

4030-31. Pine specimen in counterpart, figured by Agassiz, ton i.

cit. pi. xiv a ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.

4016. More imperfect fish, figured by Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. xiv l>.

figs. 1, 2; Lewes. Mantell Coll.

4008. Small specimen, figured by Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. xiv c. fig. 1 ;

Lewes. Mantell Coll.

4027. Imperfect small caudal region, figured by Agassiz, torn. cit.

pi. xiv d. fig. 3 ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.

4011, -12, -19, -21, -26, -46, -48, 4105, 09, 4242. Thirteen more
or less fragmentary specimens; Lewes. No. 4019 shows
8 branchiostegal rays. Mantell Coll,

^5781. Head and imperfect trunk, the head figured by Dixon,
op. cit. pi. xxxiv. fig. 1 ; Sussex. Tubercles are shown

1 Fragments from the Turonian of Bohemia and Saxony, too imperfect for
specific determination, are also ascribed to this species by A. E. Eeuss, Verstein.
bohm. Kreideform. pt. i. (1845), p. 12, pi. ii. fig- 2, pi. xii. figs. 1,2; A. Eritsch,
^pt. u. Fische bbhm. Kreideform. (1878), p. 43, pi. v. figs. 2, 3.

400

ACTINOrTEUVGIT.

on the ridges of the cranial roof ; and the hinder border
of the post-temporal is pectinated. Dixon Coll .

25827. Imperfect small fish, figured by Dixon, op. cit. pb xxxvi.

fig. 1 ; Sussex. Dixon Coll.

25839. Imperfect trunk, figured by Dixon, op. cit. pi. xxxvi. fig. 3 >
Sussex. Dixon Coll.

25841, 25863, 25869, 25905, 25907, 25912-13, 25915-16,
25918-19. Nine fragmentary specimens, two being in
counterpart ; Sussex. Dixon Coll.

49862-63, 49870-71. Four imperfect specimens, the first displaying
the greater part of the vertebral column and part of
a pectoral fin ; Upper Chalk, Lewes. Capvon Coll.

P. 1948, -a, -b. One fragmentary small fish, a block containing two
imperfect small fishes, and a large head ; Sussex.

Egerton Coll.

P. 3977. Small head and fragment of abdominal region ; Sussex.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5420. Fine head, with some anterior scales, shown of the
natural size in PI. XVI. fig. 4; Lewes. The cranium
exhibits some of the deep cavities between the tuher-
culated or pectinated ridges on its roof. The proportions
of the orbit are clear, the greater part of the cheek being
covered by a chain of suborbitad plates (s.o.). The orbital
margin (c.o.) of each of these plates is everted and tuber-
culated, while the lower margin, immediately above the
maxilla, is distinctly serrated ; the middle part ot the
plates is quite smooth, and' forms a deep channel for the
reception of the slime-apparatus. The mandibular sus-
pensorium is nearly vertical, the gape of the mouth
extending just behind the eye. The long, slender pre-
maxilla ( pmx .) boars traces of clustered minute teeth
throughout its length ; and the maxilla pmx.) im-
mediately above it is quite smooth, with a triangular
expansion behind. A largo supramaxilla (s.mx.) 13
ornamented with tuberculated ridges on its outer face,
and is excavated in front as if for the reception of a
smaller anterior supramaxilla. The dentary (d.) beais
numerous, clustered, minute blunt teeth, like those of the
premaxilla; its outer face is deeply channelled below for
the slime-canal, and the longitudinal ridge above the

BERTCIM).

401

channel is tuberculated. The angular ( cig .) has a similar
conformation, hut its tuberculated ridge is widened into an
extensive radiately-ornamented area. The preoperculum
(p.op.) also exhibits a deep groove for the slime-canal,
and is not much expanded at the angle. The other
opercular bones display their characteristic rugose orna-
ment. The deep and narrow operculum (op.) is produced
into two short and broad spines at its hinder margin, the
upper being connected by a strong ridge with the point of
suspension. The suboperculum (a. op.) is relatively small,
with a large anterior ascending process. The inter-
operculum ( i.op .) is of remarkable extent. The upper
expanded portion of the clavicle is more finely and closely
ornamented than the opercular apparatus. The large and
deep anterior scales are broken and displaced.

Presented by P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.

5421-23. Four fragments ; Lewes.

Presented by P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.

^189. Head and anterior scales; Southover, Lewes.

Presented by J. S. Valentine, Esq., 1894.

6462-64. Four fragmentary small specimens, two displaying a
small and delicate supraoccipital crest ; probably from
Sussex. BccJclcs Coll .

49868. Portion of large trunk ; Lewes. Capron Coll.

49865-67, 49872 49888 Five fragmentary small specimens; Upper
Chalk, near Guildford. CaPron ColL

^ ' 288-9. Three imperfect fishes, two displaying a considerable part
of the dorsal fin ; probably from Kent.

Presented by the Earl of Dude, 1881.

P. 9441. Fine distorted specimen ; Rochester. Purchased.

23017. Remains of small head and trunk ; Dover.

Purchased, 1848.

41104-05. Two imperfect heads, the first associated with some
flank-scales ; Lower Chalk, Hailing, Kent.

Purchased, 1868.

85712. Fine specimen, displaying the greater part of the paired
and dorsal fins; Rochester. The pectoral fin consists
part rv. 2d

402

ACTINOFXEEYG1I.

of 10 or 11 very delicate rays. The dorsal exhibits the
remarkably stout supports for the six anterior spines.

Purchased, i860.

42063. Large head ; Warne’s Place, Rochester. Purchased, 1870.

41692. Scattered remains of head, including premaxillsc ; Lower
Chalk, Burham, Kent. Toulmin Smith Coll .

49036, 49043. Imperfect small fish and distorted large fish ; pro-
bably from Burham. The first specimen exhibits i
articulated rays in the anal fin ; the second has 9 branchi-
ostegal rays. Mrs. Smith's Coll.

44836. Imperfect fish with parts of paired fins and anal fin-spines ,
English Chalk. Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 187d.

49037. Head; probably from Burham. The cranium is well shown,
and seems to diSer from that of Beryx decadactylus in its
relatively larger ethmoidal region. The division of the
suborbitals into three plates is exhibited on the right ,
and there is a small distinct anterior supramaxilla.

Mrs. Smith’s Coll.

49042. Imperfect dentary bones, apparently the specimen figured
by Dixon, op. cit. pi. xxxiv. figs. 4a, 4c ; probably from
Burham. Mrs. Smith’s Coll.

49033-35, 49038-41, 49059, 49110. Nine fragmentary specimens ;

probably from Burham. Mrs. Smith’s l oil.

P.1948. Two imperfect specimens ; Kent. Egerton Coll.

P. 3978. Imperfect fish ; Kent. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 4842. Imperfect small fish, somewhat distorted ; Lower Chalk,
Kent. Purchased, 1885.

P. 5687-94, P. 5697-98. Ten specimens, more or less fragmentary ;

Lower Chalk, Cuxton, Kent. Harford Coll.

P- 6047. Imperfect fish ; Cuxton.

Presented by F. Harford, Esq., 1889.

P. 6533. Three fragmentary specimens ; Lower Chalk, Blue Bell
Hill, Burham. Presented by S. J. Hawkins, Esq., 1891.

34062. Imperfect small fish in flint ; English Chalk. Purchased.

berycid^.

403

47249, 47300. Three fragmentary remains of a small fish, perhaps
of this species ; Lower Chalk, Dover. Gardner Coll.

P< 7394. Similar small head ; Lower Chalk, Folkestone.

Purchased, 1885.

p- 9442. Imperfect head, &c. ; English Chalk. History unknown.

36917. Remains of fish 0-08 in length, doubtfully young of this
species; Rochester. Purchased, 18G

Hoplopteryx superbus (Dixon).

1850. Beryx superbus, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. ^72, pi. xxxvi.

fig. 6.

1887. Hoplopteryx superbus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 614.

1888. Hoplopteryx superbus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geo . - ssoc.
vol. x. p. 328.

Type. Imperfect trunk ; British Museum.

A species attaining a length of about 0-45, with fins apparently
similar to those of H. lewesiensis but the trunk slightly more elon-
gated and the scales relatively larger than in the latter species.
Scales very thick and completely ornamented in their exposed
Portion with rug® and pectinations which radiate to the hinder
pectinated border ; lateral line traversing about the sixth longi-
tudinal series from the ventral border.

Form. Sp Loc. Turonian and Senonian : Sussex and Kent.

25959. Type specimen figured one half natural size by Dixon, op.

cit., in counterpart; Lower Chalk, Southeram, near Lewes.

Dixon Coll.

4005, 4007. Two fragments ; Lewes. Mantel1 Coll.

P- 3979-80. Large trunk with well-preserved squamation, and a
fragmentary specimen ; Sussex. Enniskillen o

P- 9153. Slab of chalk with remains of several small specimens;

Sussex. One specimen exhibits traces of clustered minute
teeth on the vomer and palatines, as in Beryx. lhe
pelvic fins are shown to consist of one spine and seven
articulated rays. The ventral aspect of the body is
flattened as far back as these tins, and is then compressed
to an acute edge. BeMe* ColL

49869. Fragment of squamation ; Brighton. Capron Coll.

404

ACTINOPTERTCM.

P. 7653. Portion of trunk; English Chalk. Purchased, 189t>.

32340-41. Imperfect fish about 0-3 in length showing proportions
of trunk, also two fragments ; near Maidstone.

Purchased, 18a7.

33486, 39431. Two large imperfect specimens in association, and
a detached trunk ; Kent. One of the two specimens
displays the head, which seems to have been identical
with that of H. lewesiensis.

Purchased, 1858, and Bowerbanlc Coll .

33129. Imperfect small head and anterior part of trunk ; Kent.

Purchased, 185/.

Hoplopteryx lundensis, Davis.

1890. Hoplopteryx lundensis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2j
vol. iv. p. 417, pi. xliii. figs. 1-3.

Type. Imperfect fish; University Geological Museum, Lund.

An elongated species, attaining a length of about 0'25. Longth
of head with opercular apparatus exceeding the maximum depth of
trunk, which is contained twice in the longth from the clavicle to
the base of the eaudal fin. Dorsal fin occupying more than half
the length of the back, with about 9 stout spines and 8 to 10
divided rays ; anal fin with 3 stout spines.

Form. § Lac. Upper Cretaceous (Danian): Limhamn, Scania.

Not represented in the Collection.

Hoplopteryx lewisi (Davis).

1887. Pycnosterinx leioisit, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [-’]
vol. iii. p. 535, pi. xxvii. fig. 5.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

A small, deep-bodied species about 0'1 in length, the maximum
depth of the trunk approximately equalling its length from the
pectoral arch to tho baso of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin apparently
occupying slightly more than half tho longth of the back, with 8
nearly smooth spines and 8 very stout divided rays, the length of
the longest spine less than half the depth of the trunk at its
insertion ; anal fin with 4 nearly smooth spines, gradually increasing
in length backwards, followed by 8 very stout divided rays, this fin
arising opposite the foremost divided ray of the dorsal. Scales
feebly serrated.

BEETCIM.

405

Form. S[ Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.

4758. Type specimen described and figured by Davis, loc. cit.
Impressions of the maxilla and the lower end of the
preoperculum exhibit a radiating ornamentation. The
vertebrae are stout, and 13 or 14 may be reckoned as
caudal. A pelvic fin exhibits one long spine and the
bases of six divided rays. The characters of the dorsal
and anal fins are mentioned in the above diagnosis. I he
caudal fin, with very stout rays, is clearly forked. The
feeble serrations of the scales are especially distinct in
the abdominal region. Lewis Coll.

P- 94. Fragmentary distorted specimen.
I*- 8689. Imperfect fish.

Lewis Coll.
Purchased, 1897.

Hoplopteryx syriacus (Pictet & Humbert).

I860. Bery.v syriacus, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss. Foss.

Mt. Liban, p. 28, pi. L . . .

1887. Hoplopteryx syriacus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. - J
voL iii. p. 514.

Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Geneva Museum.

-4. species attaining a length of about 0‘15. Length of head with
opercular apparatus considerably less than the maximum depth
of the trunk, and contained about one and a half times in the length
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin
occupying one half of the back, comprising 8 very stout, longi-
tudinally-ribbed spines and about 12 divided rays, the length of the
longest spine equalling half the depth of the trunk at its insertion ;
anal fin with 5 very stout spines, which gradually increase to a
length equalling that of the longest dorsal, arising opposite the
foremost divided ray of the dorsal. Serrations of scales very deep
and fine.

Form, Loc. Upper Cretaceous: Mount Lebanon, Syria.

43553. Imperfect fish, apparently not distorted, displaying the 8
dorsal spines and good impressions of the 5 anal spines ;
Sahel Alma. Lewis Co11-

46507, 48108, 48109. Three fragments of trunk, the last two dis-
playing remains of the 5 anal spines ; Sahel Alma.

Lewis Coll.

40 G

ACTINOPTEKTGH.

Hoplopteryx stachei (Jvramberger).

1895. Beryx stachei , I). G. Ivramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. xvi. p. 43, pi. i. figs. 3, 4.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Trieste Museum.

A small species attaining a length of about O’l, much resembling
IT. syriacus but with more extended dorsal fin, which comprises 9
large spines and about 12 divided rays. Number of vertebrae stated
to be 24, but more indicated in tho figure of the typo specimen.

Form. Sf Loc. Cretaceous : Comen, Istria.

Not represented in the Collection.

The following specimen may perhaps represent an undetermined
species of Hoplopteryx : —

48122. Fragmentary fish with tuberculatcd large scales ; Upper
Cretaceous, Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon. Lewis Coll-

The following species are not represented in the Collection and
are very doubtfully determined : —

Hoplopteryx minor , J. W. Davis, Trans, ltoy. Dublin Soc. I -J
vol. iv. (1890), p. 421, pi. xlv. figs. 3, 4. — Upper Cretaceous
(Danian) ; Limhamn, Scania. [Fragmentary fish ; Roj al
State Museum, Stockholm.]

Hoplopteryx ohlongus , J. W. Davis, loc. cit. [2] vol. iii. (1880*
p. 515, pi. xxv. fig. 1. — Upper Cretaceous; Sahel Alma,
Mt. Lebanon. [Imperfect fish ; Edinburgh Museum of
Science & Art.]

Remains apparently of Hoplopteryx occur also in the Chalk of
the Dept. Somme, France {Beryx, I’. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Frang.
1852, Poiss. Foss. p. 6, pi. lxx. figs. 1, 2).

Genus DINOPTERYX, novum.

Trunk elongate-ovoid and laterally compressed. Cleft of mouth
little oblique, and teeth minute ; preoperculum without spine.
^ ertebrse about 15 in the abdominal, 15 in the caudal region.
Pelvic fin-spine very stout and large. Dorsal fin much extended,
occupying tho greater portion of the back, with about 14 stout
spines, nearly similar in length, not closely pressed together ; anal
fin comparatively short, with about 7 stout spines not closely pressed
together ; caudal fin deeply cleft. Scales cycloid and smooth, rather
small, none much enlarged or thickened.

BERTCIDJE.

407

The pelvic fins being incompletely known, the systematic position
of this fish is somewhat uncertain. The arrangement of the median
fins exhibits considerable resemblance to that observed in the
existing Teuthis.

Dinopteryx spinosus (Davis).

1887. Iloplopteryx spinosus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.

[2] vol. iii. p. 516, pi. xxviii. fig. 1.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0’15. Length of
head with opercular apparatus exceeding the maximum depth of tho
trunk and contained about one and a quarter times in the length
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. The stout fin-
spines ornamented with conspicuous longitudinal ridges. Dorsal
fin arising over the hinder border of the operculum, its anterior
portion of 14 spines three times as much extended as its hinder
portion of about 9 articulated and divided rays ; the foremost five
or six spines slightly bent, the others quite straight. Anal fin
arising opposite the last dorsal spine, its anterior portion of 7 spines
as much extended as its hinder portion of about 9 articulated and
divided rays ; the foremost anal spines rather shorter and more
curved than the following spines. Caudal pedicle very short and
slender.

Form, <$/■ Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

P- 4761. Type specimen described and figured by Davis, loc. cit.

p. 516, pi. xxviii. fig. 1. Lewis Coll.

48128. Second specimen noticed by Davis, loc. cit. p. 518. The
characteristic toothless maxilla is conspicuous, and there
are traces of minute teeth in the mandible. The large
pelvic fin-spine is shown in impression ; and some of the
scales are well preserved. Lewis Coll.

46536. Another characteristic specimen, showing impression of
ridged pelvic fin-spine and traces of the succeeding articu-
lated rays. Lewis CoU-

Genus HOMONOTUS, Dixon.

[Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 372.]

An imperfectly known genus, with the trunk much deepened and
laterally compressed. Dorsal fin much extended, its anterior
portion comprising at least 12 long and slender spines, which are

408

actinopterygii.

not pressed closely together ; anal fin with four large spines gradu-
ally increasing in length backwards. Scales ctenoid, remarkably
delicate, none enlarged or thickened.

Homonotus dorsalis, Dixon.

1 850. Ilomonotus dorsalis, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 372, pi. xxxv.
fig. 2.

1888. Ilomonotus dorsalis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 329.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Brighton Museum.

The typo species, probably attaining a length of about O’ 15.
Length of head with opercular apparatus less than the maximum
depth of tho trunk and exceeding half its length from the pectoral
arch to tho base of the caudal fin. Dorsal margin much arched,
the dorsal fin arising at the highest point, nearly midway between
the tip of tho snout and the base of the caudal fin. The 12
dorsal fin-spines feebly furrowed, and the length of some at least
equalling half the depth of the trunk at their insertion ; the hinder
part of tho dorsal fin comprising probably 10 articulated and divided
rays. Anal fin with smaller and stouter smooth spines than the
dorsal, arising opposite the hinder end of the spinous portion of the
latter. Serrations of scales small and inconspicuous.

Form. S( Loe. Scnonian : S.E. England.

43264. Imperfect fish, in counterpart, with tho head-bones and
squamation much fractured ; Upper Chalk, Bromley,
Kent. Purchased, 1871

33230. Remains of fish about 0-14 in length ; Upper Chalk, North-
fleet, Kent. Purchased, 1854.

P. 1952 a. Remains of head and trunk about 0-11 in length ; Kent.

Eijerton Coll.

P. 7651. Fragmentary trunk, with pelvic fin showing 6 or 7 rays
in addition to the spine ; English Chalk.

Purchased, 1895.

P. 9443. Remains of small trunk, with spines of the dorsal and
anal fins ; English Chalk. History unknown.

39074. Fragmentary remains, showing some caudal vertebrae and
portions of the pelvic, dorsal, and anal fins ; Upper Chalk,
Gravesend. Bowerbank Coll.

P. 5682. Imperfect small trunk, in counterpart ; (?) Grays, Essex.

Harford Coll.

BERYCID.35.

409

43575. Imperfect caudal region ; Upper Chalk, Bromley.

Purchased, 1872.

P- 1952. Imperfect caudal region, displaying part of dorsal and
anal fins ; Mailing, Kent. Egerton Coll.

P- 315. Very small distorted specimen, showing imporfect median
fins and ctenoid scales ; Westwell, Charing, Kent.

Harris Coll.

25910. Remains of small fish, with dorsal fin-spines; Sussex.

Dixon Coll.

28393. Imperfect distorted small fish, apparently of this species,
figured as Beryx ornatus by Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. yol. v.
pi. xiv c. fig. 2; Lewes. Mantdl Coll.

The following specimens from the English Chalk are not deter
mined, but seem to belong to fishes related to some of the preceding

genera:

49073-75. Fine head and two fragmentary specimens, much re-
sembling the head of Hoplopteryx but more coarsely
ornamented ; Kent. Mr*‘ SmUh * ColL

39071. Similar smaller head ; Lower Chalk, near Maidstone.

Bowerbank Coll.

P- 5700. More fragmentary similar head, displa}ing rostrum,
upper jaw, and cheek-plates ; Kent. Harfor o

498 86. Fragmentary similar head and anterior scales ; Lower
Chalk, Dorking. CaPron Cdl'

P- 387. Fragmentary similar head with portion of trunk ; English
Chalk. ' Presented by the Earl of Dude, 1881.

4004. Fragments of similar head with anterior vertebrse, figuied by
Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pi. xiv d. fig. un^®r ^ 0
name of Beryx ornatus ; Lewes. Manlell Coll.

P- 5701. SmaU head ; Kent. Sarford C°lL

p- 3982. Large distorted fish, with unusually broad tuberculated

rim of circumorbital plates; Kent. Enniskillen Coll.

39076. Ornamented head of unusual form, with operculum produced

into one large broad spine; Bromley, Kent.

Bowerbank Coll.

Numerous otoliths from the Gault of Folkestone also seem to
belong to the Cretaceous Berycoids. Most of these specimens are
^umbered 47213 and contained in the Gardner Coll.

410

ACTIXOPTEKYGII.

Genus MYRIPRISTIS, Cuvier.

[Begne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 150.]

Trunk more or less elongated and laterally compressed. Frontal
region of skull gently rounded, not ridged ; cleft of mouth small,
mandible prominent, and teeth minute. Opercular bones serrated :
operculum pointed or produced into a spine behind ; preoperculum
without spine. Vertebrae 10-12 in the abdominal, about 15 in tbo
caudal region. Pelvic fins with one spine and 7 divided rays,
arising somewhat behind the origin of the pectorals. Dorsal fin
much extended, almost or completely divided into two halves, the
foremost spinous ; anal fin not much extended, with 4 spines ;
caudal fin deeply cloft. Scales large and ctenoid, more or less
uniform, extending over the cheeks and oporcular apparatus.

A figure of tho skull of this genus is given by Agassiz, Poiss.
Foss. vol. iv. pi. B. fig. 2. The oxisting species live at tho surface
of tropical seas.

Myripristis leptacanthus, Agassiz.

1700. Perea formosa, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veron. p. lxxx.pl- xvn.
fig. 2 (err ore),

1818. “ Perea formosa," II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet, d’llist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 347.

1838-39. Myripristis leptacanthus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv.
__ PP- r>> HI, pi. xv. fig. 4.

1876. Myripristis leptacanthus, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent.
Sci. Nat. vol. iii. p. 176.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.

A species attaining a length of about 0T5. Length of head with
opercular apparatus very slightly exceeding the maximum depth of
the trunk, which is contained three times in tho total length to the
base of the caudal fin. Operculum not produced behind into a spine.
Spinous portion of dorsal fin, with 15 or 16 remarkably slender
spines, more than twice as much oxtendod as the soft portion, which
comprises about 15 divided rays ; anal fin more extended than the
soft dorsal, the 4 spines gradually increasing in size, and followed
by about 18 divided rays. Serrations of scales uniform.

Form. <j- Loc. Upper Eocene: Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P. 1940, P. 3937. Fine specimen, in counterpart, displaying all the
fins. Eyerton <Sf Enniskillen Colls .

P. 1940 a, P. 3937 a. Good smaller specimen, in counterpart.

Egerton <$• Enniskillen Colls.

beri'cid.t:.

411

E. 1940 b, P. 3937 b. Slab with two imperfect fractured specimens,
in counterpart, one displaying operculum.

Egerton 4' Enniskillen Colls.

E. 1940 c, d. Two good specimens, the second labelled by Agassiz.

Egerton Coll.

E- 4284. Fish 0-15 in length. Enniskillen Coll.

I*. 5134. More imperfect largor specimen, with scales and fin-rays
partially scattered. Presented by Mrs. M. E. Fort, 1880.

13454, 21404^05. Three specimens, the third being counterpart
slabs showing two small fishes. Purchased, 184/ .

ZZ, 1 (Cracherode Catal.). Imperfect small fish, in counterpart.

Cracherode Bequest.

E- 9444. Two small fishes on slab.

Purchased-.

E. 1940 e, P. 3937 c, d. Three very small specimens, labelled by
Agassiz. Egerton $ Enniskillen Colls.

1941. Very small specimen. Egerton Col,.

E- 1943. Fish 0-038 in length, probably of this species.

Egerton Coll.

Myripristis homopterygius, Agassiz.

1796. Polyntmus quinquarius, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veron. p. cliii.

pi. xxxvi. small figs, (errore).

1796. Perea, G. S. Volta, ibid. pi. lxxii. fig. 4 (errore).

1834. Myripristis homopterygius, L. Agassiz, Verhandl. Ges. vater an
Mus. Bohmen, p. 06 (name only).

1833-39. Myripristis homopteryyius, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Fos3. vol. iv.
pp. 5, 112, pi. xv. fig. 3.

T'jpe. Imperfect fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.
Essentially identical with M. leptacanthus, but described as
exhibiting stouter dorsal fin-spineB, the head relatively longer, an
the scales shorter in proportion to their depth.

Form. 4- Loc. Upper Eocene: Monte Bolca, near Verona.

44866. Fine specimen 0-125 in length, in counterpart.

Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.

^5952. Smaller, more imperfect specimen, labelled b\ Agassiz.

Dixon Coll.

412

ACTINOPTEKYGIT.

P. 1939, P.1942, P. 3936 b, P. 3938. Two fine specimens in
counterpart, and a more imperfect fish, all labelled by
Agassiz. Egerton <$f Enniskillen Colls .

P. 9445. Fish 0‘09 in length, in counterpart. Purchased.

P. 1939 a, P. 3936 a. Two small specimens from the Gazola
Collection. Egerton Sf Enniskillen Colls.

P. 5135. Two imperfect small specimens.

Presented by Mrs. M. E. Fort, 18bh.

The following specimens are too imporfoct for determination, but

the first was referred to Myripristis by Agassiz : —

P- 644-a. Two imperfect heads with opercular apparatus, the first
intended to bo tho typo specimen of Myripristis toliapicas,
Agassiz, recorded by namo only in ltep. Brit. Assoc. 1844
(1845), p. 307 ; London Clay, Sheppey. The incomplete
cranium in the second specimen seems to be quito different
from that of Myripristis. Egerton Coll.

Genus HOLOCENTRUM (Artedi), Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 150.]

Trunk moro or less elongated and laterally compressed. Frontal
region of skull gently rounded, not ridged; cleft of mouth small,
mandible not prominent, and teeth minute. Opercular bones and
suborbitals serrated; operculum with two spines; angle of pre"
operculum produced into spine. Vertebra; 10 or 1 1 in the abdominal,
15 or 16 in the caudal region. Pelvic fins with ono spine and
7 divided rays, arising behind the origin of the pectorals. Dorsal
fin much extended, divided into two portions, the foremost spinous ,
anal fin not much extended, with 4 spines, of which tho third is
relatively stout and long ; caudal fin deeply cleft. Scales large and
ctenoid, more or less uniform.

A figure of the skeleton of an existing species of this genus is
given by Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pi. B. fig. 1. The existing
species live at tho surface of tropical seas.

Holocentrum macrocephalum , Blainville.

1796. Holocentrus sogo , G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veron. p. ccx. pi. fi- fig'

( errore ).

1796. Ch&todon saxatilis, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cclxv. pi. lxiv. fig- 1
(errore).

BERYCIDJ5.

413

1796. Chatodon, G. S. Volta, ibid. pi. lxxii. fig. 1 (err ore).

1818. Holocentrus macrocephalus, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet.
d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 349.

1818. Chatodon saxatilis, H. U. de Blainville, ibid. p. 353 ( errore ).
1834-36. Holocentrum pygeeum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv, pp. 6,
107, pi. xiv. [Imperfect fisli ; Carlsruhe Museum.]

Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

A species attaining a length of about 0-15. length of head with
opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth of the
trunk and contained one and a half times in the length from the
Pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Opercular apparatus
conspicuously ornamented with irregular ridges and tubercles ;
Preoperoular spine very short; upper opercular spine largo and
broad, lower spine comparatively insignificant. Dorsal fin with 1 1
ribbed spines and 11 or 12 divided rays, the latter portion com-
paratively doep hut less than half as much extended as the former
portion ; anal fin with 4 ribbed spines and 8 or 9 divided rays, the
fourth spine very slender, the stout third spine only feebly ribbed
and as long as the longest dorsal spines, of which the length
scarcely equals half the depth of the trunk at their insertion.
Scales very delicately serrated.

■Form. Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near \ erona.

1925, P. 3981. Fine large specimen, in counterpart, labelled
Holocentrum pygoeum by Agassiz, displaying the fins and
the large opercular spine. Egerton if Enniskillen Colls.

**• 1925 a, P. 3981a. Smaller, more imperfect specimen, in counter-
part. Egerton if Enniskillen Colls.

1925 b-d. Three small specimens. Egerton Coll.

!*• 3981 b. Imperfect small specimen. Enniskillen Coll.

35203-04. Two more fragmentary small specimens, the second
displaying the operculum chiefly in impression and a
detached preoperculum. Purchased, 1861.

Holocentrum melitense* A. S. Woodward.

1887. Holocentrum melitense, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iv.
p. 357.

Type. Imperfect fish, wanting head : British Museum.

An imperfectly known species, attaining a length of about 0-35.
Maximum depth of trunk contained somewhat less than one and a

414

ACTINOPTERYGII.

half times in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the
caudal tin. Dorsal fin-spines apparently shorter and scales re-
latively larger than in the preceding species. Serrations of scales
very fine.

Form, cj" Loc. Miocene : Malta.

P. 5310. Type specimen, described loc. cit. Purchased, 1887.

The following extinct species is not represented in the Col-
lection : —

Ilolocentrum pygmexum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1835-39))
pp. 0, 47, 109, pi. xv. fig. 1. — Upper Eocene ; Monte
Bolca. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Nature
History.]

Otoliths apparently of this family, not represented in the Collection,
have been described as follows : —

Otolithus ( Hoplostethus ) ingens, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 117. 0. (Apogonidarum)

ingens, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xxxvi. (1884), P- 55 )
pi. xii. figs. 1-3. — Lower Oligocene; Lattorf and Eg0'”'

Ololithus ( Hoplostethus ) laciniatus, E. Koken, loc. cit . lb >
p. 117, fig. 10. 0. ( Apogonidarum ) laciniatus, E. Koken,

Abh. phys. Cl. k. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen, vol. xsxii. (1885),
p. 115, pi. v. fig. 26. — Lower Eocene ; Copenhagen. __

Ololithus (Hoplostethus) lawleyi, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p- H ’
pi. ix. fig. 2. — Pliocene ; Orciano, Tuscany.

Otolithus (Hoplostethus) nettelbladti, E. Koken, loc. cit. 189 ,
p. 116, pi. ix. fig. 6. — Upper Oligoceno; Sternberg.

Otolithus (Hoplostethus) ostiolatus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 189 ,
p. 116, pi. ix. figs. 4, 5. — Middle Oligocene ; Wal
bockelheim. r

Otolithus (Hoplostethus) pisanus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 1 a>
pi. ix. fig. 1. — Pliocene; Orciano.

Ololithus (Monocentris) hospes, E. Koken, foe. cit. 1891, p-

0. (Apogonidarum) hospes, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xl. (1888),
p. 278, pi. xviii. fig. 15. — Lower Tertiary ; Jackson Itiver,
Mississippi.

Otolithus (Monocentris) integer, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, P- ’
fig. 13. 0. (Apogonidarum) integer, E. Koken, loc. ci •

1885, p. 114, pi. v. fig. 27.— Lower Eocene; Copen-
hagen.

BERYCIDJ2.

415

Otolithus ( Monocentris ) subrotundus , E. Koken, Joe. cit. 1891,
p. 118, fig. 12. 0. (Apogonidarum) subrotundus , E. Koken,
he. cit. 1884, p. 552, pi. xii. figs. 4, 5. — Lower Oligoeene;
Lattorf, Westeregeln.

Otolithus ( Berycidarum ) debilis, geron, parvulus, negleclus, and
rhenanus, E. Koken, he. cit. 1891, pp. 120-123, pi. v.
figs. 3, 10, pi. viii. fig. 5, pi. ix. figs. 7, 8, pi. x. figs. 4, 5,
16 — Oligoeene and Lower Miocene ; Germany.

Otolithus ( Berycidarum ) supracretaceus, E. Koken, Palmontogr.
vol. xxxviii. (1891), p. 39, fig. 3. — Upper Cretaceous ;
Siegsdorf, Bavaria.

Indeterminable fragments possibly of Berycoids, from the
nronian of Bohemia, now in the Royal Bohemian Museum, Prague,
are ^‘scribed as follows : —

ElectroUpis horrida, A. Fritsch, Archiv naturw. Landesdurehf.
Bcihmen, vol. ix. no. 1 (1893), p. 72, fig. 45. [Type
_ species. Scales.]

Spinacites radiatus, A. Fritsch, ibid. p. 72, fig. 46. [Type species.
Fin-spine.]

,^le specimens described as follows have also been referred to
e Herycidae, but they are too imperfect for precise systematic

determination

Eobopterus pectinatus, I). G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. A kad.
vol. xvi. (1895), p. 45, pi. viii. fig. 5. — Cretaceous ; Comen,
Istria. [Type species. Imperfect small abdominal
region ; Trieste Museum.]

-1 tucrolepi# ehngatus, W. von der Marck, Palceontogr. vol. xi.
(1863), p. 16, pi. xii. fig. 2. — Upper Cretaceous; Sen-
denhorst, Westphalia. [Type species. Imperfect fish ;
Academy of Munster.]

Eristigtnys macrophthalmus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835,
p. 299 (name only), and Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1839), p. 136
(no figure published). Chcztodon striatus, G. S. Volta,
Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. xcii. pi. xx. fig. 2 (errore),
Chcetodon substriatus, II. D. de Blainvillc, Nouv. Diet,
d Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. (1818), p. 352. — Upper Eocene;
Monte Bolca. [Type species. Imperfect fish; Paris
Museum of Natural History.]

416

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Family APHREDODERIDJ5.

American freshwater fishes, essentially similar to the Berycidffi,
hut with premaxillse not protractile, no distinct lateral line, and t he
vent very far forward. Each pelvic bone forked.

No extinct members of this familyare represented in the Collection,
but the following genera and spocies have been described from
American freshwater formations : —

Arnphiplaga hrachyptera, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Territ. vol. iii. (1877), p. 812, and Vert. Tert. Form. West,
Book I. (ltep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 1884),
p. 84, pi. xii.' fig. 4. — Eocene (Green River Shales) ; Twin
Creek, Wyoming. [The typo species. Imperfect trunk ;
National Museum, Washington.]

Erismatopterus endlichi, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1877, p. 811, and
op. cit. 1884, p. 82, pi. xii. fig. 5. — Eocene (Green River

Shales); Wyoming. [Imperfect fish ; National Museum,
Washington.]

Erismatopterus levatus, E. 1). Cope, Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Territ. 1870 (1871), p. 428, and op. cit. 1884, p. 80,
pi. ix. figs. 6, 7. Cyprinodon levatus, E. D. Cope, 1 roc;
Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi. (1870), p. 382.— Ibid. [Ditto.]
Erismatopterus rieJcseckeri, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1870, p. 427, and
op. cit. 1884, p. 81, pi. vi. fig. 2. — Ibid. [Tho type

species. Ditto.]

Triehophanes copei, Osborn, Scott, & Speir, Falroont. Rep. Prince-
ton Sci. Exped. 1877 (1878), p. 98. — Lower Tertiary ,
Florissant, South Park, Colorado.

Triehophanes foliarum, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iv. (1878), p. 73, and op. cit. 1884, p. 753, pi. lix-
fig. 4. — Lower Tertiary ; Florissant, Colorado. [Imper-
fect fish ; National Museum, Washington.]

Triehophanes Mans, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xu-
(1872), p. 480, and Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
1872 (1873), p. 642, and op. cit. 1884, p. 753, ph 11X-
fig. 3. — Lower Tertiary; Osino, Nevada. [The type
species. Ditto.]

The following genus, with two species, is supposed to represent
an extinct family AsiNEorim®, closely related to the Aphredoderidm
but having the pelvic bones not forked : —

APHREDODERIDiE. CYTTID^?.

417

Asineops paudradiatus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iii. (1877), p. 813, and op. cit. 1884, p. 87, pi. xiv.
fig. 1. — Eocene (Green River Shales); Twin Creek,
Wyoming. [Imperfect fish ; National Museum, Wash-
ington.]

Asineops sqwamifrons, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xi. (1870), p. 381, and Ann. Rep. U.S. Gool. Surv.
Territ. 1870 (1871), p. 426, and op. cit. 1884, p. 85,
pi. ix. fig. 5, pi. xi. Asineops viridensis, E. D. Cope,
Ann. Rep. 1870 (1871), p. 426. — Eocene (Green River
Shales); Green River, Wyoming. [The type species.
Ditto.]

Family CYTTIDiF.

Head without superficial cavities for mucus ; premaxilloc pro-
tractile, and dentition feeble. Branchiostegal rays / or 8 in
number. Vertebra: about 30 in number ; the posterior abdominal
centra with downwardly bent, transverse processes. Pelvic fins with
°ue spine and moro than five articulated rays ; dorsal and anal fins
extended, the former at least with anterior spines, which are not
80 numerous as the articulated rays. Sguamation either irregulai,
very fine, or absent, often comprising only a few scutes ; lateral line

inconspicuous.

There do not appear to bo any fossils in the Collection referable
this family.

A distorted fish, with incomplete pelvic fins, too imperfect for
Precise determination, has been compared with the existing genus
^ yttus and described as follows : —

Cyttoides glaronensis, A. Wcttstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glarner-
schief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palmont. Ges. vol. xiii. 1886),
p. 91, pi. viii. fig. 5.— Oligocene ; Glarus. [Imperfect
distorted fish ; Glarus Museum.]

Extinct species of the existing genus Zeus are also imperfectly
known as follows : —

'Zeus benoisti, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, &c., Colline Toscane
(1876), p. 65, pi. iv. fig. 5.— Lower Pliocene ; Orciano,
Tuscany. [Dermal plate.]

Zeus hoernesi, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi.
(1891), p. 86, pi. i. figs. 2, 4-7, pi. vi. figs. 1, 2.— Upper
Oligocene ; Tiiffer, Steiermark. [Fragmentary fish.]
pari iv. 2 E

418

ACTINOPTEKYGII.

Zeus pliocenicus, 11. Lawley, op. cit. p. 65, pi. iv. figs. 4, 6. — ■
Lower Pliocene ; Oreiano. [Dermal plate.]

Zeus robustus, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. p. 88, pi. i. figs. 1, 3, 8,
pi. vi. fig. 3, and Djela Jugoslav. Akad. vol. xvi. (1895),
p. 62, pi. xii. fig. 1. — Upper Oligocene: Tiiffer. [Frag-
mentary fish.]

Indeterminable fragments of fishes from the Upper Miocene of
Licata, Sicily, are named Zeus licatm by H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci.
Nat. [5] vol. xiv. (1870), art. no. 7, p. 7, and Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv.
(1873), art. no. 1, p. 147, figs. 43, 44.

Division B. SCOMBEIFORMES.

Pelvic fins thoracic, never with more than five articulated rays in
addition to the spine, rarely without spine but more than five
articulated rays. Dorsal and anal fin-spines eithor very few or
comparatively feeble. Caudal pedicle much contracted. No bony
stay between circumorbital ring and preoperculum.

Synopsis of Families represented by Extinct Oenera or Species.

I. Snout not produced.

Few crowded spines in front of
much-extended dorsal fin ; ver-
tebras 28 to 40 in total number.

Spinous portion of dorsal fin much
less extended than articulated
portion; vertebras 24 (10+14)
in total number, rarely one
more or less

Spinous portion of dorsal fin more
extended than articulated por-
tion ; vertebras 30 to 160 in
total number

II. Snout produced into olongated ros-

trum.

Skeleton very delicate ; vertebrae
60 to 60 in total number ; pelvic
fins complete

Skeleton very robust ; rostrum
formed by premaxilloe ; vertebrae
24 to 26 in total number ; pelvic
fins reduced or wanting

Strom ATEinjE (p. 419)

Carangidj® (p. 426).

SCOMBRlniE (p. 461).

Paljeorhynchidje (p. 482).

XipiiiidA'I (p. 490).

STR0MATBID2B.

419

Family STROMATEIDiE.

Snout not produced into an elongated rostrum ; premaxillae
sometimes protractile ; dentition feeble. Vertebrae between 28 and
111 number ; the posterior abdominal centra with downwardly -
er't transverse processes. Pelvic fins, when present, thoracic, with
one spine and five articulated rays ; dorsal and anal fins much
extended, each with few crowded anterior spines gradually increasing
>n length to foremost articulated ray, which is longest. Scales very
smaH and regular, usually extending over the cheek and bases of
Ae median fins ; lateral lino conspicuous. In the existing forms : —
air-bladder usually absent ; oesophagus pierced and armed with
numerous horny, barbed gill-rakers.

Pelagic and littoral fishes very widely distributed in tropical and
temperate regions.

Ihe three extinct genera recorded below are only provisionally
placed in this family.

Genus OMOSOMA, Costa.

[Mem. It. Accad. Sci. Napoli, vol. ii. 1857, p. 106.]

Cleft of mouth small, only slightly oblique, and jaws with very
minute teeth. Vertebra: about 12 in the abdominal, 16 to 18 in
ne caudal region. Postclavicle much elongated and slender,
reaching ventral border ; pelvic fins slightly behind the pectorals ;
Oorsal and anal fins acuminate in front, with very few, moderately
8t°ut, anterior spines, gradually lengthening and closely pressed
together; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales small, smooth, and
eycloid, apparently longer than deep, extending over the opercular
apparatus, head, and base of dorsal and anal fins.

Omosoma sahel-almae) Costa.

18o7. Omosoma sach-el alvue, O. G. Costa, Mem. K. Accad. Sci. Napoli,
vol. ii. p. 106, pi. i. fig. 1.

1887. Omosoma sah-eUalmce , J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 643, pi. xxv. fig. 5.

1887. Imogaster auratus, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 541, pi. xxviii. fig. 3
(errors).

Type. Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Naples.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-1. Length of head
Wlth opercular apparatus equal to maximum depth of trunk and
ono third total length of fish to fork of tail. Dorsal fin with about

2e 2

420

ACTINOPTERYGII.

35, anal with not more than 30 articulated rays ; each probably with
four anterior spines.

According to Bassani (communicated MS.), tho type spocimen
exhibits about 36 articulated rays in the dorsal fin and not less than
27 in the anal fin. The number of spines is uncertain.

Form, Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

49583, P. 4862. Two distorted large specimens, the first with
traces of ova, the second erroneously referred by Davis
loc. tit. to I. moy aster auralus. In tho second, there seem
to he four anterior spines distinguishable both in tho
dorsal and anal fin. Lewis Coll.

49580. Fine specimen, apparently showing natural proportions of

fish. Minute teeth are seen on the premaxilla.

Lewis Coll .

48082. Imperfect specimen on slab with other fish-remains.

Lewis Coll.

47392, 47817, 48126, 49584. Four imperfect specimens, the fourth

largest and displaying the jaws with minute teeth.

Lewis Coll.

Omosoma intermedium, sp. nov.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.

A small species, attaining a length of about 0-07. Length "
head with opercular apparatus considerably less than maximum
depth of trunk, and contained twice in length from pectoral arch to
base of caudal fin ; maximum depth of trunk less than its leng
Fins as in the type species.

Form. <5* Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

48112. Type specimen about 0‘07 in length. The cleft of the mout i
is indicated below and in front of tho very large orbit,
and the head is clearly covered with scales. The vertebras
are distinctly 12 in the abdominal, 18 in the caudal region ,
the ribs are stout, not reaching the ventral border. There
are fragments of the paired fins, and the choractei istic
median fins are well preserved. Traces of stout free fin
supports arc seen, as usual, in advance of tho dorsal n-
The lateral lino is arched like the back. Tho scales are
quite smooth. Lewis Co

48113, 49587. Two distorted small specimens. Lewis Coll.

47374. Imperfect trunk, comparatively large. Lewis Coll .

STROM ATEID.E.

421

Omosoma pulchellum (Davis).

1887. Microdon (?) jtulchellus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iii, p. 501, pi. xxiv. fig. 8.

Type. Small distorted fish; Edinburgh Museum of Science and
Art.

A deep-bodied species, attaining a length of about 0-07. Maxi-
mum depth of trunk equal to its length from pectoral arch to base
caudal fin. Fins as in the type species.

Torm. A Loc. Upper Cretaceous ; Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

48115. Fine specimen, originally about 0-065 in length.

Lewis Ooll.

48119-a, 49575. Three imperfect and distorted specimens.

Lewis Coll.

The generic determination of the following species is uncertain :

Omosoma mo Mister i, W. von der Marck, Paloeontogr. vol. xxxi.
(1885), p. 245, pi. xxii. fig. 1.— Upper Cretaceous ; Baum-
berg, Westphalia. [Imperfect fish ; Academy of Miinster.]

Genus PLATYCORMUS, W. von der Marck.

[Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. x. 1858, p. 251.]

Cleft of month oblique, and jaws with very minute teeth. Ver-
teVae about 14 in the abdominal, 20 in the caudal region. Post-
clavicle much elongated and slender, reaching ventral border ;
Pelvic fins with small spine, not directly below but somewhat
behind the pectoral pair ; dorsal and anal fins acuminate in front,
each with a few very Btout anterior spines, gradually lengthening
atlfl closely pressed together ; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales
ctenoid, of moderate size, more or less ornamented with granula-
fions, and extending over the opercular apparatus, head, and base
°f the median fins; no enlarged or thickened scales even on the
ventral border of the trunk.

Platycormus germanus (Agassiz).

1837-39. Beryx germanus , L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 121,
pl. xiv e.

1858. Platycormus germanus, W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. x. p. 251.

1803. Platycormus germanus , W. von der Marck, Palseoutogr. vol. xi.

p. 20, pl. i. fjgg. l_3.

422

ACTINOPTERYGir.

1863. Platycormus oblongus , W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xi. P- 2 i
pi. i. tip;. 7. [Nearly complete fish ; Academy of Munster.]

1868. Platycormus oblongus, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xv. p. '
1886. Platyco?mus germanus, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xxxi.
p. 244.

Type. Nearly complete fish; lionn University Museum and
British Museum.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0‘25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeding halt the
maximum depth of the trunk, and the latter measure nearl)
equalling the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the cauda
fin. Pelvic fins comprising a relatively short spine, one simple ia>
closely articulated distally, and four rays both articulated an
divided distally ; dorsal fiu arising in advance of the anal 11
extending as far backwards as the latter to the base of the shoi
caudal pedicle ; dorsal fin with seven stout, sharply-ridged spines,
the seventh about two thirds as long as the next ray, which is t R'
longest, simple but closely articulated distally, and followed by fr0I,[
22 to 26 gradually shortening rays, both divided and articulate
distally; anal fin much less elevated than the dorsal, with
similar spines, one simple articulated ray, and from 1 8 to 22 divu e
rays. Scales very finely and uniformly granulated and serrated.

The differences between the two forms distinguished by W • V<|1
der Marck seem to be due entirely to accidents in preservation.

Form. & Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.

P. 506. Counterpart of type specimen in the Museum of tho
University of Bonn, described and figured by Agassiz,
loc. cit. ; labelled “ gewonnen auf’m Baumbcrg, 181 J-

Eyerton

Coll-

P. 3976. Pine fish, chiefly in impression, apparently counterpart o
the specimen figured by W. von der Marck, loc. cit. < ’

pi. i. fig. 1 ; Sendenhorst. The finely-ribbed spines m
advance of the dorsal fin are especially well display <•'< ,
and there seems to bo an impression of a short, do iC‘
spine at the base of the foremost articulated but undiv i c
ray of the pelvic fin. The fine granulations and serrations

of tho scales are distinctly shown in impression.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3976 a. Smaller impression, equally fine ; Sendenhorst.

five soft rays of tho pelvic fin are distinct, the foremc
being only articulated distally, not divided. The squama
tion is also well shown. Enniskillen 0

STROMATEIM.

423

35033. Another fine fish about 0'18 in length, displaying all the
fins except the pectorals, but the anterior dorsal spines
apparently abraded ; Sendenhorst. The dorsal and anal
fins exhibit the unusual number of 20 and 23 divided rays
respectively. The caudal pedicle is apparently shortened
by crushing. Purchased, 1860.

35032. More imperfect specimen ; Sendenhorst. Purchased, 1860.

P- 1944. Imperfect trunk, with remains of branchial arches bearing
large gill-rakers ; Sendenhorst. Eyerton Coll.

T- 2113. Imperfect and partially scattered remains of a large fish ;

Sendenhorst. Eyerton Coll.

35009. Equally imperfect large specimen ; Sendenhorst.

Purchased, 1860.

The following species is not yet precisely definable, and is not

represented in the Collection : —

Platycormus yibbosus, W. von der Marck, Verhandl. naturh.
Yereins preuss. Itheinlande u. Westfalens, 1873, Corresp.
p. 62, and Palaeontogr. vol. xxxi. (1885), p. 244, pi. xxi.
fig. 1. — Upper Cretaceous ; Baumberg, Westphalia.
[Imperfect fish, wanting caudal fin ; Schliiter Collection,
Bonn.]

Genus BERYCOPSIS, Dixon.

[Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 372.]

Syn. (?) Stenostoma, F. Dixon, ibid. 1850, p. 373.

An imperfectly known genus, not yet satisfactorily distinguished
from Platycormus. Pelvic fin-spine comparatively larger than in
the latter genus. Circumorbital plates small, except the foremost
(antorbital), which is much expanded. Scales more or less feebly
rugose and crenulated, scarcely' ctenoid.

Berycopsis elegans, Dixon.

1850. Berycopsis elegans , F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. o7_, pi. xxxv.
fig. 8.

1888. Berycopsis elegans, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 328.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Brighton Museum.

424

ACTINOPTERYGII.

The type species, probably attaining a length of about 0-3.
Length of head with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding two
thirds the maximum depth of the trunk, which nearly equals the
length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal
fin with 6 short and stout spines, which are nearly smooth ; anal
fin arising much nearer to the pectorals than to the caudal.
External head-bones and scales very feebly rugose, the latter some'
times quite smooth ; nearly 30 scales in each transverse series in
the abdominal region.

Form. 4’ hoc. Senonian and Turonian : Sussex and Kent.

25881. Fine small specimen, about 0-15 in length, showing the
head, the origin of the dorsal and anal fins, traces of
the pectoral and caudal fins, some caudal vertebrae and
scales ; Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll-

P. 6465.

Larger imperfect fish ; probably from Sussex. f
characteristic head is shown, and thore are indications o
30 vertebrae, of which at least 12 are abdominal, fln-
pe.ctoral fin is proved to have been very small, with trom
10 to 12 rays; and there are three delicate anal fin-
supports as far back as the 7th and 8th vertebrae from tlm
end of the tail. . Beckles Col ■

4:037, 4305. Fragmentary head and trunk, and a small piece °f
squamation ; Chalk, Lewes. An ossified sclerotic an
some rays of tho dorsal fin are exhibited. Mantell Co

P. 3931, P. 4294. Fragment of small, and fragment of large head
and trunk ; Chalk, Sussex. Enniskillen Col •

37751. Large head with abdominal region much fractured, bnt
displaying some of tho flank-scales ; Chalk, near Mai -
stone. Purchased, 1863

49053. llemains of opercular apparatus and trunk, showing ver-
tebras, clavicle, anterior part of dorsal fin, and smooth
squamation ; Chalk, Kent. Mrs. Smith's Col ■

P. 1951. Two fragmentary specimens, one showing the top of the
cranium ; Chalk, Kent, Ejerton Coll

P. 5683. Uemains of head and abdominal region, displaying seapu
lar arch and part of squamation ; Lower Chalk, Durham,
Kent. Harford Coll

STROMATEIDiE. CARANGIDJ2.

425

P- 5696. Fine large head ; Cuxton, Kent. The occipital portion of
the cranium is lost, but the characteristic cheek-plates and
jaws are well preserved, with the opercular apparatus,
pectoral arch, and remains of five anterior vertebra;. The
external bones are very finely rugose, and the operculum
is almost completely covered with scales. Harford Coll.

P- 6049. Smaller head, pectoral arch, and scales ; Chalk, Kent.
Rugose scales are shown to cover the cheek.

Presented by F. Harford , Esq., 1889.

The following specimens seem to represent undetermined species

of Berycojms : —

25886. Imperfect small fish describe?} and figured as the type
specimen of Stenostoma pulchella by F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex
(1850), p. 373, pi. xxx vi. fig. 2; Chalk, Steyning, Sussex.
The cheek-plates, maxilla, and supramaxilla seem to be
those of Berycopsis, and the scales extend over the oper-
culum. The dorsal fin-supports prove that the fin arose
far forwards. The scales are small, rather thick and
finely pectinated, not clearly serrated. Dixon Coll.

R- 5686. Large head and trunk with finely pectinated scales ;

Chalk, Cuxton, Kent. Harford Coll.

The so-called Beryeopsis lindstromi (J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy.
^ublin Soc. [2] vol. iv. 1890, p.422, pi. xliv.), from the Upper
Cretaceous of Limhamn, Scania, is based on a generically indeter-
minable portion of trunk in the Royal State Museum, Stockholm.

Family CARANGIDJL

Snout not produced into an elongated rostrum ; dentition feeble
or absent. Vertebra 10 in the abdominal, 14 (very' rarely 13 or
15) in the caudal region ; the posterior abdominal centra usually
■with downwardly bent transverse processes. Pelvic fins, when
present, thoracic, with one spine and not more than five articulated
rays 5 spinous portion of dorsal and anal fins much less extended
than articulated portion. Scales small or absent; lateral line
conspicuous, sometimes armoured with enlarged scales or bony
scutes.

426

actinoptekygii.

Synopsis of Extinct Genera and Genera represented by
Extinct Species.

I. Irunk deepened, and extended dorsal fin con-
tinuous.

1 aired fins small ; dorsal fin deep in front ;
anal fin about half as much extended as
dorsal ; caudal fin forked ; thickened

ventral ridge-scales Aipichthys (p. 427).

1 elvic fins very large ; dorsal fin excessively
deepened in front ; anal fin much ex-
tended, low and fringe-like ; caudal fin
slightly forked ; no enlarged scales .... Semiophorus (p. 43 )•
Paired fins moderate ; dorsal and anal tins
much deepened in 'front ; caudal fin
rounded or truncate ; no enlarged

scales Platax (p- 432).

Paired fins small ; dorsal and anal fins not
much elevatod, about equally extended ;

caudal fin rounded ; no enlarged scales. . Amphistium (p- 43 )•
Pelvic fins with 2 or :i much-elongated rays ;
few anterior dorsal fin-rays much elon-
gated ; anal fin low and fringe-like ;
caudal fin rounded or truncated ; no

enlarged scales Vomeropsis (p- 43f>h

One pelvic fin-ray excessively elongated ;
dorsal and anal fins low and about equally
extended ; caudal fin truncated or slightly
forked ; no scales Mene (p. 437).

II. Trunk elongate-fusiform, and spinous portion
of dorsal fin separate.

Teeth minute ; preoperbulum not serrated ;
posterior dorsal and anal fins of equal
extent, latter with 2 free spines ; caudal
fin forked ; scales enlarged along lateral

line Caranx (p. 441).

Apparently as Caranx, but no scales Arduous (p. 442).

As Caranx, but anal fin shorter than pos-
terior dorsal, and no enlarged scales. . . . Seriola (p. 444).
Teeth larger ; anal fin less extended than

posterior dorsal and its anterior spines .

not free ; no enlarged scales Caranyopsis (p- 44 )•

Preoperculum serrated ; anal tin less extended
than posterior dorsal ; no enlarged
scales Ductor (p. 448).

CAKANG1D-®.

427

Genus AIPICHTHYS, Steindachner.

[Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxxviii.

1860, p. 763.]

Trunk much deepened, and head short and deep, with a large
supraoccipital crest. Eye rather small ; cleft of mouth oblique
and wide, the gape extending to the hinder border of the orbit ;
maxilla expanded behind ; teeth minute but numerous. Pelvic fins
inserted directly below the pectorals, somewhat larger than the
latter; dorsal fin much elevated and extending along nearly the
^hole of the back, with 2 to 4 very short and rather stout anterior
spines ; anal fin comparatively low, opposed to the hinder half of
the dorsal, with 3 or 4 short and stout anterior spines ; caudal fin
deeply forked. Scales thin and small, except a series of ventral
ndge-scales on the short abdominal region.

Aipichthys pretiosus, Steindachner.

I860. Aipichtys pretiosus, F. Steindachner, loc. cit. p. /63, pi. i. fig. 1-

1882. Aipichthys pretiosus , F. Bassaru, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. p. 262.

1896. Aipichthys pretiosus, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. xvi. p. 46, pi. ii. fig. 3.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-09. Maximum
depth of trunk equalling four fifths of total length of fish to base of
caudal fin; length of head with opercular apparatus about half
that of vertebral column. Dorsal fin with 3 spines and about 30
articulated rays, of which the fourth is excessively elongated, its
length at least equalling the depth of the trunk at its insertion ,
anal fin with 3 spines and about 19 articulated rays.

The type specimen does not exhibit any distinct evidence of more
than 10 vertebra) in the abdominal rogion.

Form. Loc. Cretaceous : Comen, Istria ; Isle of Lesina, Dal-
matia.

Not represented in the Collection.

Aipichthys velifer, sp. nov.

1887. Plata* minor , J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii.
pi. xxv. fig. 7 (errore).

Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.

A species about as largo as the type, of similar proportions.

428

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Rays of pelvic fins, when adpressed, extending beyond the anal
spines ; dorsal fin with ,‘3 or 4 spines and 22 or 23 articulated rays,
of which a few are excessively elongated anteriorly, the length
of the longest at least equalling the depth of the trunk at its
insertion ; anal fin with 4 spines and about 18 articulated rays,
extending backwards for the length of two vertebra behind the
dorsal fin.

Form, cf- Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.

P. 4743. Type specimen, very imperfectly figured by Davis loc. cit.

and erroneously ascribed by him to tho so-called Plata®
minor. The sharply-pointed supraoccipital crest is con-
spicuous, and the comparatively small eye is indicated
by a black slain. The cleft of the mouth is shown to be
very oblique, and the maxilla is cloarly expanded behind.
Ten branehiostegal rays are preserved in position below the
smooth opercular apparatus. 10 abdominal and 1 4 caudal
vertebrae can bo counted. The pectoral fin is small, com-
posed of very delicate rays ; a long, slender postclavicle
extends backwards and downwards beneath it to tho
ventral border. The comparatively stout rays of the
pelvic fins are adpressed to tho ventral border and overlap
the anal spines. Four or five anterior articulated rays of
tho dorsal fin are excessively elongated, forming a peak
in the front part of the fin, which rapidly becomes quite
low in its hinder half. The low anal fin, with at least 3
gradually lengthening stout spines and 1 8 articulated rays,
extends backwards for the length of two vertebra; behind
the dorsal fin. The middle rays of tho caudal fin are very
short and rather sparse ; this fin being deeply forked
and with sharply-pointed lobes. The scales are not
distinct. Lewis Coll .

P- 4744. Fine large specimen, displaying most of the principal
characters of the genus and species, but with elevated
portion of the dorsal fin destroyed. Lewis Coll .

49486, P. 85. Two small distorted specimens. • Lewis Coll .

Aipichthys minor (Pictet).

1850. Platax minor, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 19, pi-
_ %• 4.

1866. Platax minor, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss. Foss. Mt.
• Liban, p. 48, pi. iv. figs. 1-3.

CARANGIDJ3.

429

1887. Platax brevis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii.
p. 524, pi. xxv. fig. 4. [Distorted fish ; Edinburgh Museum of
Science and Art.]

Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum.

A species nearly as large as the type, with the trunk slightly
deeper in proportion to its length. Pelvic fins when adpressed just
reaching the anal spines ; dorsal fin with 2 or 3 spines and 29 or
30 articulated rays, the length of the longest anterior rays not ex-
ceeding half the depth of the trunk at their insertion ; anal fin with
3 8Plnes and 1 9 articulated rays, not extending backwards beyond
the dorsal fin.

The type specimen of the so-called Platax brevis is evidently
somewhat shortened and deepened by distortion.

Form, tj- Lot. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.

81. Pine specimen showing most of the principal characters of
the genus and species. Lewis Coll.

P* 6000. Distorted specimen showing displaced ventral ridge-scales.

Lewis Coll.

p- 6183. Small fish displaying all the fins and teeth in the pre-
maxilla. Lewis Coll.

49484-85, P. 82. Three imperfect distorted specimens.

Lewis Coll.

p- 8691. Small distorted fish. • Purchased, 1897.

Aipichthys nuchalis (Dixon).

1850. Mtcrodon nuchalis, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 369, pi. xxxii.

fig- 7.

1887. Platax (?) nuchalis , A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [5]
vol. xx. p. 342.

Type. Portion of head and trunk ; British Museum.

A species known only by' the unique type specimen, smaller than
A. preiiosus and apparently with more delicate vertebral column,
but not yet definable.

Form. <)• Loc. Senonian : Sussex.

25770. Type specimen, described and figured loc. cit. ; Chalk,
Washington, Sussex. Dixon Coll.

430

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Genus SEMIOPHORUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1838, p. 14.]

Trunk oblong, somewhat deepened, and head relatively large,
without prominent supraoccipital crest. Eye large; cleft of mouth
small, the gape not extending behind the anterior border of the
orhit; maxilla expanded behind; teeth minute or absent. Pectoral
fins small ; pelvic fins very large and inserted in advance of the
latter ; dorsal fin extending along the whole of the back, pressed
forwards over the head, with a few short anterior spines, its anterior
portion excessively elevated, its hinder portion low and fringe-like;
anal fin much extended, low and fringe-like ; caudal fin widely
expanded but only slightly forked. Scales thin and small, none
enlarged, some extending over the bases of the median fins.

Semiophorus velifer (Volta).

1790. Kurtux velifer, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. xxvii. ph v)1,
figs. 1, 2 ( non fig. 3).

1818. Chee/odon velifer, II. 11. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 355.

1835. Semiophorus velifer, L. Agassiz, Neues Jalirb. p. 301 (name
only).

1838-42. Semiophorus velifer, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp- l^i
219, pi. xxxvii a.

1859. Semiophorm velifer, A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Pliotogr. Annn.
Foss. Agr. Veron. p. 27, pi. vi.

1876. Semiophorus velifer, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. iii. p. 179.

(?) 1878. Semiophorus gigas, A. de Zigno, Mem. R. Istit. Veneto,
vol. xx. p. 448, pi. xv. [Imperfect fish ; Zigno Collection,
University of Padua.]

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.

Tho type species, attaining a length of about 0-18. Length of
head with opercular apparatus considerably less than tho maximum
depth, and contained three times in tho total length of the fish
(including caudal fin). Pelvic fins when adpressed not reaching the
caudal fin ; dorsal fin with about 5 small antorior spines and from
50 to 55 articulated rays, the elevation of tho anterior half of the
fin somewhat less than twice the depth of tho trunk at its insertion ;
anal fin with one or two small anterior spines and from 25 to 30
articulated rays, its extent slightly more than half that of the
dorsal.

Ihe proportions of the dorsal and pelvic fins vary in different
specimens according to tho state of preservation, though perhaps

CARANGID^.

431

also due in part to original individual variations. The type speci-
men of the so-called Semiophorus gigas is probably imperfect at
the extremities of the dorsal and pelvic fins.

Form. § Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, noar Verona.

I1- 2088, P. 3945. Two large imperfect specimens, partially restored,
labelled by Agassiz, and the second in counterpart.

Egerton 4' Enniskillen Colls.

21373. Pine specimen O' 095 in length, in counterpart. One pelvic
fin is folded, the other expanded, the former thus appearing
pointed distally, while the latter has a comparatively broad
and rounded end.

Presented by Chambers Hall, Esq., 1847.

Semiophorus velicans (Blainville).

1796. Kurtus velifer, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, pi. vii. fig. 3.

1818. Cheetodon velicans, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 355,

1835. Semiophorus velicans, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 301 (name
only).

1837-42. Semiophorus velicans, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv.
pp. 14, 222, pi. xxxvii.

1874. Semiophorus massalongianus, A. de Zigno, Mem. It. Istit.
Veneto, vol. xviii. p. 292, pi. x. fig. 2. [Imperfect fish ; Zigno
Collection, University of Padua.]

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.
A smaller species than the type, with slightly more elevated dorsal
fin, and the pelvic fins when adpressed reaching beyond the base of
the caudal fin.

Form. Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

!*• 1967. Imperfect partially restored specimen. Egerton Coll.

The following species has also been distinguished, but is not
represented in the Collection : —

Semiophorus parmdus, W. Szajnocha, Pamiet. Wydz. matem.-
przyr. Akad. Umiejet. Krakow, vol. xii. (1886), p. 109,
pi. iv. fig. 1. — Upper Eocene ■ Monte Bolca, nearAerona.
[Nearly complete fish ; Geological Museum, Lniversity of
Cracow.]

generically indeterminable fragment has also been described as

follows :

Semiophorus schaerbeeki, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy.

432

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Belg. [3] vol. i. (1881), p. 119, with plate. — Middle Eocene
(Bruxellian) ; Schaorbook, near Brussels. [Fragments of
trunk with median fins ; Royal Museum of Natural
History, Brussels.]

Genus PLATAX, Cuvier.

[Rogne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 334.]

Irunk much deepened, and head short and deep, with a large
supraoccipital crest. Eye very large ; cleft of mouth small, the
gape not extending behind the anterior border of the orbit,
relatively small maxilla expanded behind ; teeth in prcmaxilla and
dentary setiform and clustered, those of the outer scries largest and
notched at the apex. Pelvic fins inserted directly below the pec-
torals, somewhat larger than the latter; dorsal fin much elevated
and extending along nearly the whole of the back, with 3 to 7 short
anterior spines ; anal fin also considerably elevated, with 3 short
anterior spines ; caudal fin rounded or only slightly forked. Scales
thin and small, none enlarged, some extending over the bases of
the median fins.

Existing species occur in the Indian Ocean and the western part
of the Pacific Ocean.

Platax woodward!, Agassiz.

1833. Figures by S. Woodward, Geol. Norfolk, pi. iii. tigs. 31-33.

1842-44. Platax woodwardii, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p- 250,
pi. xix. fig. 3.

1882. Platax woodwardii, E. T. Newton, Vert. Forest Bed (Mem. Geol.
Surv.), p. 122, pi. xix. figs. 1-3.

1891. Platax woodwardi, E. T. Newton, Vert. Pliocene Deposits,
Britain (Mem. Geol. Surv.), p. 89.

Type. Detached bones, thickened by hyperostosis.

An indeterminable large species known only by detached bones,
most of which are thickened by hyperostosis.

Form, cj- Loc. Lower Pliocene (lied and Coralline Crags) : Suffolk.
Upper Pliocene (Norwich Crag, Weybourn Crag, and Forest Bed) :
Norfolk and Suffolk.

301-3, 305 6, 308, 312, 317-8, 321, 323, 327. Numerous thickened
bones of different forms, some polished to show structure ,
Crag, Norfolk and Suffolk. Purchased, 183/.

23200. Four vertebral centra ; Crag, Norfolk.

Presented by S. P. Woodward, Fs'l-

carixgjm:.

433

40525-26. Vertebral centra and thickened clavicles and other

hones; Crag, Norfolk. Purchased, 1867 .

^•1981. Similar remains, including so-called “butterfly hone”;

Crag, Norfolk. Egerton Coll.

£• 8992, P. 8995-98, P. 8998. Similar remains ; Norwich Crag,
Southwold, Suffolk. Presented hy Lady Prestwick , 1896.

P- 8024. Two thickened clavicles ; Norwich Crag, Easton Bavent,
Suffolk. Purchased, 1897.

£• 7381. Thickened hone. Prestwick Coll.

p- 8704-07. P. 8736. Numerous similar thickened bones, including
so-called “ butterfly bone ” figured by Newton, op. cit.
1882, pi. xix. fig. 2 ; Forest Bed Series, near Cromer,
Norfolk. Savin Co11-

Detached bones from the Lower Pliocene (Crag) of Antwerp,
similarly thickened by hyperostosis, have been named Platax costatus,
I ■ cuneus, P. pileum, and P. physeteroide, by P. J. ^ an Beneden,
Dull. Acad. ltoy. Belg. [3] vol. i. (1881), pp. 119-125, figs. 1-5.

Extinct species of this genus have also been described as follows,
l)ut are not represented in the Collection : —

Platax papilio, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 292, and Poiss.
Foss. vol. iv. (1835-42), p. 245, pi. xlii. Chatodon papilio,
6. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. cxiv. pi. xxvi.
fig. 1, and H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. (1818), p. 355.— Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca,
near Verona. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural
History.]

Platax pinnatiformif : Chcetodon ? pinnatifornm, H. D. de Blain-
ville, loc. cit. 1818, p. 351. Platax, Cuvier & Valenciennes,
Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. vii. (1831), p. 239. Chcetodon pin-
na tus, G. S. Volta, op. cit. 1796, p. xiii. pi. iv. (err ore).
Platax altissimus, L. Agassiz, loc. cit. 1835, p. 291, and
op. cit. vol. iv. (1839-42), p. 249, pi. xU.— Ibid. [Ditto.]
Platax plinianus, A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Photogr. Anim.

Foss. Agr. Veron. (1859), p. 29, pi. v. Ibid.

Platax subvesper tilio : Chcetodon subvesperlilio, H. D. de Blainville,
loc. cit. 1818, p. 352. Chcetodon vespertilio, G. S. Volta,
op. cit. 1796, p. xxv. pi. vi. (errors). Platax macro-
pteryyius, L. Agassiz, loc. cit. 1835, p. 291, and op. cit.
vol. iv. (1839-42), p. 247, pi. xli a.— Ibid. [Ditto.]

434

actinopierygii.

The so-called Platax (?) colchicus from the Lower Tertiary of the
Caucasus (Simonovich, Batzevich, and Sorokin, Material. Cool.
Kavkaza, 1875, p. 102, pis. i.-iii.) docs not belong to this genus,
and cannot be satisfactorily determined from tho published
description and figure.

Genus AMPHISTIUM, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. 1844, p. 44.]

Trunk much deepened, and head short and deep, with rather
large supraoecipital crest. Eye largo ; cleft of mouth of moderate
size and directed upwards ; teeth minute or absent. Paired fm*
small, the pelvic pair inserted in advance of the pectorals ; dorsa
fin not much elevated, extending along the greater part of the back,
with .1 or 4 feeble anterior spines ; anal fin almost or quite as mac j
extended as tho dorsal, with 3 or 4 feeble anterior spines ; caudal
fin rounded. Scales very small, none enlarged or thickened.

Amphistium paradoxum, Agassiz.

1790. Pleuronectes platrssa, G. S. Volta, I Unlit. Veronese, p. dxxix-
pi. xliv. fig. 1 (err ore),

1818 . Pleuronectes platessa, H. D. do Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist,
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 357 ( errore ).

1835. Amphistium paradoxum, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 294 (nanu
only).

1834-44. Amphistium paradoxum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pi • *•
p. 44, pi. xiii.

'I lipe. Nearly complete fish ; Museum of Natural History, 1 ;ir's‘
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-2. Length ot
head with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding half the
maximum dopth of the trunk, which is contained twice or slightly
less in the total length to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal ant
anal fins gently rounded and equally olovatod, each with from 21 to
23 stout, articulated and divided rays.

Form, cj- Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona ; Mont-
martre, near Paris.

P. 1982. Fine largo specimen, wanting extremity of caudal Hn ’
Monte Bolca. The articulation of the mandible is bencat 1
the orhit, and the upturned mouth bears traces of rninu
teeth. Tho operculum is quite smooth. The cau a
portion of the vertebral column is nearly straight, but
very short abdominal portion curves sharply upwar

CARANGIDiE.

435

The hinder neural spines in the abdominal region curve
forwards in their upper portion. The slender postclavicle
does not reach the ventral border. The very small scales
are well shown. Egerton Coll.

■P- 3940. Impression of slightly more elongated fish, 0-175 in length;

Montmartre. Enniskillen Coll.

The so-called Amphistium bozziamm (Massalongo, MS.) from
Monto liolca, is considered to bo identical with A. paradoxum by
Hellotti (see Massalongo, Spec. Photogr. Anim. Foss. Agr. Veron.
1859, p. 37, pi. xiii. fig. 2), but regarded as a distinct species by
A. de Zigno (Mem. E. Istit. Yeneto, vol. xxiii. 1887, p. 14).

The following species are not represented in the Collection, and
not belong to this genus, the first probably not to the family
Carangid® : —

Amphigtium dubium, F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Yapoli [2]
vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 85, pi. xiii. fig. 1.— Lower
Miocene ; Chiavon, Vicentin, N. Italy. [Imperfect small
fish ; Town Museum, Verona.]

Amphistium longipenne, A. de Zigno, Mem. R. Istit. Yeneto,
vol. xxiii. (1887), p. 12, fig. 1.— Upper Eocene ; Monte
Bolca, near Verona. [Immature fish, probably Platax ;
Gazola Collection, Verona.]

Genus VOMEROPSIS, Heckel.

[Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. 1854, p. 135.]
Trunk irregularly fusiform, somewhat deepened ; head relatively
large and distorted, the small mouth being directed upwards ; a
very large supraoccipital crest, continued forwards beyond the orbit.
Teeth minute. Pectoral fins well developed ; pelvic fins with two
or three rays much elongated, inserted in advance of the pectorals ;
dorsal fin extending along the greater part of the back, with very
feeble anterior spines, the foremost few articulated rays much
elongated, the others low and fringe-like ; anal fin about as much
extended as the dorsal, with very feeble anterior spines, low and
fringe-like ; caudal fin slightly rounded or truncated. Foremost
anal fin-support much expanded at its lower end. Scales cycloid, of
Moderate size, none enlarged or thickened.

The pelvic fin-rays in this genus are very finely divided, as
shown by a specimen described below (no. P. 1990). Kner and
kteiudachner were thus probably misled in their determination of
8 or 9 rays in the pelvic fins of V. tlon^atus.

2 f 2

436

ACTINOPIERYGir.

Vomeropsis longispinus (Agassiz).

1796. Zeus vomer, Q. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, pi. xxxv. fig- 3
(errors).

1796. Zeus triurus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. clxxxi. pi. xliv. fig. 2 ( errore )•
1836-44. Vomer lonyisiiinus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss, vol.v. pt. i- PP-
28, pis. v., vi.

1854. Vomeropsis longispinus , J. J. Ileckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. W 1S3-'
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. p. 135.

Type. Imperfect, partly distorted fish ; Museum of Natural
History, Paris.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'2. Length of
head with opercular apparatus slightly less than maximum depth of
trunk, which is contained twice in the total length to the base of
the caudal fin. Pectoral fin with about 13 rays ; dorsal fin with
nearly 40 rays, of which the foremost 2 or 3 are rudimentary spines;
anal fin slightly more extended than the dorsal, arising just in
advance of the latter, with about 30 rays, of which the foremost
1 or 2 are rudimentary spines ; caudal fin slightly rounded.

Form, tj- hoc. Upper Eocene: Monte Bolca, near Verona.

36200. Imperfect large specimen with traces of scales.

Purchased, 1861.

P. 1990. Fine small specimen, in counterpart, labelled by Agassiz.

The head is well shown, with its great supraoccipital
crest, small upturned mouth, and traces of minute teeth.
There are about 8 branchiostegal rays. The vertebra; are
evidently 10 + 14 in number; the centra are much con-
stricted, and some show a single sharp lateral keel ; the
hinder four or five neural spines in the abdominal region
curve forwards at their upper end. The clavicle is slender
and sigmoidally bent, with a long rod-like postclavicle
extending to the ventral border of the fish. The coracoid
extends downwards to the clavicular symphysis by a
falciform process from its postoro-inferior angle. The
pelvic fin-support is somewhat expanded, forked an-
teriorly, and is in contact with the clavicle at the two
extremities of this bifurcation. The anterior spine of
the pelvic fin is very small ; the length of the two (or
possibly three) next rays equals at least half the depth of
the- trunk at their insertion; while both theso and the
succeeding diminutive rays are finely divided distally. Tho
rays of the dorsal and anal fins are not very satisfactorily
displayed, but all except two or three anterior rudimentary

CARANGID.E.

437

spines must have been at least articulated, if not also
divided distally. The length of the foremost articulated
dorsal fin-rays, as preserved, equals the depth of the trunk
at their insertion ; but the fin rapidly diminishes to a low
fringe behind. The foremost dorsal fin-support has an
anterior expansion, and there are two free fin-supports
between this and the occipital crest. None of the anal
fin-rays are elongated. The caudal fin is slightly rounded
behind. Egerton Coll.

Vomeropsis elongatus, Heckel.

1854. Vomeropsis elongatus, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. p. 134.

1862. Vomeropsis elongatus , Kner & Steindachner, Denkschr. k. Akad.
Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. p. 24, pi. iv.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Zigno Collection, University of Padua.
Closely resembling the type species, but more elongated. Length
head with opercular apparatus about equalling maximum depth
of trunk, which is less than half total length of fish to base of
caudal fin.

Form. <J- Loc. Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca.

^ ot represented in the Collection.

Vomeropsis valenciennesi, Bassani.

1876. V imeropsis valenciennii, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
b'at. vol. v. p. 148, pi. ii. fig. 2.

Type. Is early complete fish; Geological Museum, University of
Padua.

comparatively small, deep-bodied species. Maximum depth of
ri h at least equalling two thirds the total length of the fish to
the base of the caudal fin.

Form. Sf Z,oc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca.

Not represented in the Collection.

Genus MENE, Lacepede.

[Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. v. 1803, p. 4/9.]

Syn. Gasteronemus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. 1833, p. 17.
Trunk much deepened and laterally compressed, with prominent
abdomen ; head relatively large and distorted, the small mouth
hong directed upwards ; maxilla with a large rounded expansion
behind ; a very large supraoccipital crest. Teeth minute, only on

Mene rhombeus ; restoration, about
one half nat. size.

a., first anal fin-support; br„ branebi-
ostegal rays ; cl., clavicle ; co., coracoid ;
d., dentary ; i.op., interoperculum ;
mx., maxilla ; occ., occipital crest ; op.,
operculum ; orb., orbit , pel., post-
clavicle ; plv., pelvic fin-support ;
pmx., premaxilla ; p.op., preopercu-
lum ; s.op , suboperculum ; u.hy., uro-
hval.

CARANGID.S.

439

margin of jaws. Pectoral fins well developed ; pelvic fins minute,
except foremost articulated ray, which is thickened and greatly
elongated ; dorsal fin extending along the greater part of the back,
with few feeble anterior spines, acuminate iu front but otherwise
low and fringe-like ; anal fin at least as much extended as the
dorsal, without spines, but the rays very short and expanded ; caudal
fin widely expanded, truncated or slightly excavated behind. Scales

absent.

The only known existing species occurs in the seas of the Last
Indies. The generic identity of the so-called Gasteronemus with
Meat was pointed out by J. Muller, Zcitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
rol. ii. (1850), p. 66. The relationship of the type species was
also observed by de Blainville, Nouv. Diet, d Hist. Nat. vol. xxiii.
(1818), p. 356.

Mene rhombeus (\olta).

[Text-figure 14.]

L96. Seotnber rhombeus, G. S. A olta, Ittiolit. A eronese, p. Ixxxiv.

pL xviii. . . XT

1818. Zeus rhombeus, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. is .
vol. xxvii. p. 356. _

183.3. Gasteronemus rhombeus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss, vo v. p *•
p. 20, pi. ii.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.

The type species of the so-called genus Gasteronemus, attaining a .
length of about 0 25. Head with opercular apparatus occupying
slightly more than one third of the total length to the base of the
caudal fin; dorsal border of trunk gently arched, ventral border
sharply bent at the insertion of the pelvic fins ; maximum depth of
trunk exceeding its length from the pectoral arch to the base of the
caudal fin. Length of enlarged pelvic fin-ray at least equalling the
total length of the fish ; dorsal fin with about 3 feeble anterior spines
und 40 articulated rays ; anal fin with 30 articulated, expan e
rays ; caudal fin scarcely forked.

Form. (j- Lac. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Arerona.

44868. Large specimen, in counterpart, displaying the maxilla and
premaxilla. Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1S73.

2086, P. 4479. Fine specimen 0-2 in length, in counterpart.

Egerton if EnnislciUen Colls.

19944 a. AA’ell-preserved specimen 0'18 in length, with enlarged
pelvic fin-rays also O' 18 in length. The rudimentary pelvic
fin-rays and spine are distinguishable. Purchased, 1846.

440

ACTINOPTEKYGII.

P. 2446. More imperfect specimen 0T85 in length, showing anterior
spine and rudimentary articulated rays of pelvic fin. As
in the previous specimens, t he slender, rod-like postclavu-le,
extending downwards to the ventral border of the fish,
hears a narrow wing along its hinder margin. Purchased.

P. 5130. Two good specimens. Presented by Mrs. M. E. Fort, 1886.

P- 2085. Another specimen 0-185 in length, in counterpart. Some
calcifications evidently belong to the slime-canal extending
from the occiput to the origin of the dorsal fin.

Egerton Coll .

P. 4135. Smaller specimen, also showing the calcifications for the
slime-canal extending from the occiput to tho origin of
the dorsal fin. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 9447. Much-fractured specimen about 0-105 in length.

Purchased.

ZZ. 3 (Cracherode Catal.). Smaller specimen, imperfect dorsally.

Cracherode Bequest.

23110 a. Imperfect and distorted immature specimen, in counter-
part. Purchased , 1848.

Mene oblongus (Agassi/.).

1833. Gasteronemus oblmgus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i-
p. 22, pi. i.

Tape. Nearly complete fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.

Closely resembling M. rhombeus, but more elongated, and ventral
border more gently curved, not bent at the insertion of the pelvic
fins. Maximum depth of trunk not exceeding its length from the
pectoral arch to the baso of the caudal fin.

dorm, t)- Loo. Upper JSocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P- 4134. Imperfect fish 0-21 in length. The calcifications along
the slime-canal between tho occiput and the origin of
the dorsal fin are distinct. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2087. Smaller specimen. The dentated sutures between the
plates at the lower end of the anal fin-supports are shown
in impression. Egerton Coll.

A very small immature fish has also been described under the
following name : —

CA RANCID.*:.

44 L

Mene oMonga, var. jmsilla, F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli
[2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 78, pi. xiv. fig. 5.— Lower
Miocene ; Chiavon, Vicentin. [Imperfect small fish ;
Geological Museum, University of Pad ua.]

Genus CARANX, Cuvier.

, [Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 314.]

Trunk laterally compressed, more or less elongated, regularly
fusiform, with much constricted caudal pedicle. Head large, with
low supraoccipital crest, extending forwards between the orbits ;
eye very large ; mouth small or of moderate size, with very minute
teeth; maxilla expanded behind, with a supramaxilla; preopcr-
culum not serrated ; about 7 branchiostegal rays. Paired fins small,
thf pectorals falciform ; an anterior dorsal fin of about 8 feeble
spines, closely followed by a more extended dorsal of articulated
rays ; anal fin opposed to the posterior dorsal and of equal extent,
preceded by two short and separate anal spinos ; caudal fin forked.
Scales thin and small, thickened or enlarged at least along the
caudal portion of the lateral line; lateral line arched in front,
straight behind.

Numerous species of Caranx are common in tropical and tem-
perate seas. No extinct species are represented in the Collection,
Jut the following have been described on the evidence of imperfect

specimens :

Caranx earangopsis, J. J. Heckel, Jahrb. k. k. gcol. Reichs-
anst. vol. iii. pt. ii. (1852), p. 161; F. Steindacbner,
Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wise., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxxvii.
(1859), p. 685, pi. v. figs. 2-12, pis. vi., vii.—
Upper Miocene ; Hemals, near Vienna. [ Detached bones,
several thickened by hyperostosis ; Court Museum,
Vienna.]

Caranx gracilis, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 128, pi. xxvii. figs. 2-4, and
Rad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi. (1891), p- 82. Upper
Miocene; Radoboj, Podsused, Vrabce, & Dolje, Croatia.
Upper Oligocene; Sagor and Trifail, Croatia. [Nearly
complete fish ; University Geological Museum, Agram.]

Caranx haueri, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1882, p. 126, pi. xxvi.
figs. 3, 4, pi. xxvii. fig. 1.— Upper Miocene : Podsused,
Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; University Geological Museum,
Agram.]

442

ACTINOPTERYUII.

Caranx longipinnatm, 1). G. Krambcrger, loc. cit. 1882, p. 128,
pi. xxiv. figs. 7, 8. — Ibid. [Nearly complete fish; 1 nl"
versity Geological Museum, Agram.]

Caranx ovalis, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math-'
naturw. Cl. voL xi. (1854), p. 329, and Denkschr. k.
Akad. Wise., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xix. pt. i. (18G1 ),
p. 63 ; Kner & Steindackner, ibid. vol. xxi. (1863), P-
pi. vii. fig. 1 ; F. Bassani, Atti It. Accad. Sci. Napoli [-]
vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 80. — Lower Miocene; Chiavon,
Vicentin, N. Italy. [Imperfect fish ; Court Museum,
Vienna.]

Caranx rigidicaudus, J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. 1854, p. 330, am
loc. cit. 1861, p. 66 ; Kner & Steindackner, loc. cit. 186.3,
p. 32, pi. vii. fig. 2 ; F. Bassani, loc. cit. 1889, p. 80-
ibid. [Imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]

Genus ARCH^US, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. 1844, p. 49.]

Syn. Pleionemus, L. Agassiz, ibid. 1844, p. 52 (name only).

Archceoides, G. vom Rath, Zeitschr. deutsek. geol. Ges. vol. xi.
1859, p. 112.

A genus not yet clearly distinguished from Caranx , but no
squamation observablo in known specimens.

Archaeus glarisianus, Agassiz.

1 843-44. Archceus glarisianus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt.
p. 49, pi. xxviii. fig. 3.

(P) 1844. Vomer priscus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 31 (name only).

1844. j Pleionemus macrospondylus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 52 (name only)-
[Fragment ; British Museum.]

1859. Archceoides longicostatm, G. vom Rath, Zeitschr. deutsch. ge°h
Ges. vol. xi. p. 113, pi. iii. fig. 3. [Imperfect fish; Geologies
Museum, University of Bonn.]

1880. Archceus ylaronensis, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glar-
nersebief. (Denkschr. schweiz. I’al scout. Ges. vol. xiii.), p- 84.

1886. Archceoides macrurus, A. Wettstein, ibid. p. 86, pi. vii. fig3- 1 ’

11. [Nearly complete fish; Museum of Winterthur.]

1886. Archceoides longicostalus, A. Wettstein, ibid. p. 86.

Type. Fragmentary distorted fish ; Geological Museum, P°l)
technicum, Zurich.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0’15. Length of
head with opercular apparatus equalling maximum depth of trunk,

CAHANGID.32.

443

which is contained three times in the total length of the fish to tho
base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 8 spines, the
longest apparently exceeding in length any of the articulated dorsal
raJ8 ; posterior dorsal with 23 to 25 articulated rays ; anal fin
" ith 21 to 23 articulated rays.

Most of the known specimens of this species are much distorted
in various directions.

Form. <)• Loc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.

P- 5944. Two imperfect specimens not much distorted, labelled
Archceoides glaronensis by Wettstein. One distinct y
exhibits 14 caudal vertebr®, and in the same specimen

the two separate anal spines are conspicuous.

1 Purchased, 1889.

P- 1998, P. 3944, P. 4519. Two imperfect specimens, obliquely

distorted, in counterpart : Engi, Glarus.

Egerton 4' EnnisJciuen Colls.

33960. Imperfect specimen showing vertebral column and
and anal fins. Presented by Miss Elizabeth Wame,

33976-77. Fractured and distorted small specimen, in counterpart.

Presented by Miss Elizabeth Wame, 18o9.

P- 449. Imperfect trunk probably of this species, labelled as in
tended to be the type specimen of Pleionemus macrospon-
dylus, Agassiz; Engi. Egerton Coll.

P- 1991, P. 4521. Much-deepened trunk with median fins, in
counterpart, resembling the deepened specimens ascribe
to Archceoides macrurus by Wettstein, loc., cit. pi. vn.
figs. 9, 1 1, and labelled “ Vomer priscus, Ag.,” by Egerton ;
Engi. Egerton $ Enniskillen Colls.

P- 1991 a, P. 1992, P. 4521 a. Two more imperfect similarly deep-
ened specimens, one being in counterpart ; Engi.

Egerton Sf Enniskillen Colls .

36089. More imperfect deepened specimen, in counterpart, 1 bitten
berg, Glarus. ***»* 1861*

The imperfect and distorted specimen described as follows, is not

determinable :

Archceus brevis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. (1843-44),
p. 50, pi. xxviii. fig. 2. Archceoides longus, A. Wettstein,
Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glarnerschief. (1886), p. 86.
Oligocene; Glarus.

444

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Genus SERIOLA, Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 315.]

As Caran.v, but pectoral fins relatively small, anal shorter th‘in
posterior dorsal, and no- enlarged or thickened scales along lid01 a
line.

Existing species in nearly all temperate and tropical seas.

Seriola prisca (Agassiz).

1796. Scomber pelagicus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. lxxiv. pi- x' l’

( errors ).

1706. Corypheena, G. S. Volta, ibid. pi. lxviii. ( errors ).

1818. Scomber pelagicus ?, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet, d 1
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 346.

1835. Licit ia prisca, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 292 (name only). ^
1834-44. Liehia prisca, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i- P- ’ ’
pis. xi., xi a.

1854. Seriola prisca, J. J. Ileekel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. V iss-i n'a* *’
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. p. 136.

1876. Liehia prisca, F. Bassaui, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. feci. Na
vol. iii. p. 184.

J'ype. Nearly complete fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.

A species attaining a length of about 0-4. Length of head With
opercular apparatus equalling maximum depth of trunk and some
what less than one third the total length of the fish to the base o
the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 8 spines, tho second to
fourth about as long as the longest articulated dorsal rays ; posterior
dorsal with one short spine and about 30 articulated rays; ana
fin with about 20 articulated rays7 directly opposed to the hindc
two thirds of the posterior dorsal. Scales very small.

Form, cj- Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P. 1983, P. 4140. Fine large specimen, in counterpart.

Egerton cj- Enniskillen Colls.

P. 9448. More imperfect smaller specimen. Purchased.

21409. Fine specimen 0-28 in length, the head a little elongat‘d
by crushing. Purchased, 18 < ■

P. 1983 a. Fish about 0-25 in length, slightly deepened by crushing-

Egerton CoU.

21428. Fragmentary large specimen, in counterpart.

Purchased, 184/.

Purchased.

P. S449-50. Two small specimens, in counterpart.

CARANGIM).

445

Seriola lata, HeckeL

^~0b. Scomber cordyla, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veron. p. cxxi. pi. xxviii.
(error e).

] ■ 54. Seriola lata , J. J. Ileckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. p. 136.

F/Pe. Nearly complete fish; Zigno Collection, University of
-l adua.

& comparatively robust species. Length of bead with opercular
apparatus considerably less than maximum depth of trunk, which
's contained about two and a half times in the total length of the
h to the base of the caudal fin.

F°rm. tj- Loc. Upper Eocene: Monte Bolca, near Verona.

*983b, P. 4139. Imperfect fish in counterpart, labelled Lichia
prisca by Agassiz. Eyerton cj' Enniskillen Colls.

Seriola analis (Agassiz).

L90. Scomber, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, pi. Ixix. fig. 1 (err ore).

. I'otynemus, G. S. Volta, ibid. pi. lxxv. fig. 3 (err ore).

183o. Carangopsis analis, L. Agassiz, Xeues Jabrb. p. 304 (name only).
1843-44. Carangopsis analis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.

P- 42, pi. ix. fig. 1.

Lichia analis, C. G. Giebel, Fauna d. Vorwelt, Fische, p. 76.

type. Imperfect fish : Palaeontological Museum, Munich.

A comparatively small and slender species. Length of head with
°Percular apparatus exceeding maximum depth of trunk, which is
contained about three and a half to four times in the total length
° the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Fins as in type species,
exr ept anal slightly longer, apparently with 22 articulated rays.
Form,. <5f Loc. Upper Eocene: Monte Bolca, near Verona.

^"3 c. Fragmentary specimen 0-175 in length, showing minute
teeth in premaxilla and dentary. Eyerton Coll.

’ Similar specimen, somewhat distorted. Purchased.

P' 1983 d- Fish 0-115 in length, labelled u Lichia prisca— jeune,Ag.'’
by Agassiz. Eyerton Coll.

The following species may also perhaps belong to this genus, but
are insufficiently known and are not represented in the Collection : —
Lichia lata, F. Bassani, Atti It. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. iii.
(1889), no. 6, p. 84, pi. x. — Lower Miocene ; Chiavon,
Vicentin. [Imperfect fish ; Piovene Collec'ion, Lonedo.]

446

ACTINOPTERYGir.

Lichia stoppanii, F. Bassani, ibid. p. 82, pi. ix. fig. 2. — Ihw-
[Ditto.]

The following names relate to generically indeterminable frag'
ments : —

Lichia alta, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi.
(1891), p. 82, pi. v. fig. 3. — Upper Oligocene; I’rifuih
Croatia. [Caudal portion of fish ; Imperial Geologica
Survey, Vienna.]

Lichia secunda, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. v. (1880),
p. 96, pi. iii. figs. 9, 10. — Middle Oligocene (Lignite) .
Sieblos, Bavaria. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum,
Univ. Wurzburg.]

The so-called Seriola beaumonti (F. de Botella, Descrip. Geol.
Murcia y Albacete, 1868, pi. xi. fig. 2), from Lorca, Spain, is not
recognisably described or figured.

Genus CARANGOPSIS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. 1844, p. 39.]

As Caranx, but with larger teeth, no enlarged or thickened scales
along lateral line, anal fin shorter than posterior dorsal, and ana
fin-spines insignificant, not separate from the fin.

Carangopsis brevis (Blainville).

1796. 1'olymmvA quinquarius, G. S. [Volt a, Ittiolit. Veronese, P- c^‘l
pi. xxxvi. ( errorc ).

1818. Mugil brevis, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet, d’llist. Nat. vol-
xxvii. p. 344.

1835. Carangopsis latior, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 293 (name only)’

1843-44. Carangopsis latior, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. P- 4 ’
pi. ix. fig. 2.

1876. Carangopsis latior, F. Bassani, Atti Snc. Veneto-Trent. •
Nat. vol. iii. p. 185.

Type. Imperfect distorted fish; Museum of Natural History,
Paris.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0’25. Length
head with opercular apparatus about equal to maximum depth 0

trunk, and contained three times in total length to base of can
n * - - - - - - • --what

fin

Anterior dorsal fin with 8 spines, the second to fifth somev
longer than any articulated dorsal rays ; posterior dorsal with one
short spine and 20 or 21 articulated and divided rays ; anal fin wit i

CARANGID2E.

447

2 short spines and 16 to 18 articulated and divided rays, directly

opposed to the hinder two thirds of the posterior dorsal.

Form, if Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Yerona.

25965*. Large specimen, displaying closely arranged conical teeth.

The hinder end of the anal fin seems to have lost two or
three rays. Dixon Coll.

I1- 9452. More imperfect large specimen. The dent ary and pre-
maxilla, bearing conical teeth, are remarkably stout.

Purchased.

35676. Smaller fish, displaying the dorsal and anal fins. Ten verte-
bra are clearly shown in the abdominal, apparently only
13 in the caudal region. Bean Coll.

1984, P. 4130 a. Fine small specimen, in counterpart.

Egerton § Enniskillen Colls •

!*■ 1986. Imperfect trunk, labelled Carangopsis latior by Agassiz.

Egerton Coll.

Carangopsis dorsalisj Agassiz.

U96. Sciena undecitnalis, Q. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p.
pi. liii. fig. 1 ( errore ).

1818. Scuena undecimalis P, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 348.

1835. Carangopsis dorsalis , L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. o01

ccxvii.

d’Hist.

(name

only).

1834—44. Carangopsis dorsalis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss, v ol. v. pt. i.
p. 41, pi. viii.

Type. Imperfect fish; Museum of Natural History, Paris.

Length of head with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding
maximum depth of trunk, which is contained four times in the total
length to the base of the caudal fin ; anal fin with 14 or 15 articu-
lated rays. Otherwise resembling the type species.

Form, if Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

1985, P. 4130, P 4132 Three good specimens, from 015 to 0-19
in length, in counterpart. No. P. 4130 is labelled by
Agassiz. Egerton Sf Enniskillen Colls.

890-91. Well-preserved specimen, in counterpart, elongated by
distortion. The preoperculum seems to exhibit a few
serrations on its lower limb. Purchased.

36031. Imperfect specimen deepened by distortion.

Purchased, 1861.

448

ACTINOPIEKTGII.

43448. Head and trunk, wanting end of tail.

Presented by Kenneth Murchison, Esq., 18'*"

The undefined name Caranyopsis maximus was given by Agassi/.
(Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 292)'to a fish from Monte Bolca in the
Paris Museum, originally referred to Scomber ylaucus by G. S. Volta,
Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. xxxvii. pi. xxi.

Hie so-called Caranyopsis lanceolatus (F. Bassani, Atti hoc.
Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vcl. v. 1876, p. 153, and I’alacont. Italics,
vol. iii. 1898, p. 77, pi. viii. fig. 1), founded on a fish from Monte
Bolea in the Geological Museum, University of Padua, does not
belong to the family Carangidso. It may represent a species of
Myripristis,

Genus DUCTOR, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. 1844, p. 53.]

Trunk much elongated but fusiform. Head much elongated, and
supraoccipital crest insignificant ; eye large ; mouth small nnd teeth
minute ; prooperculum with fine radiating markings and apparently
serrated ; branchiostegal rays 7 or 8, relatively large. Paired
fins small ; an anterior dorsal fin of 0 or 7 feeble spines, closely
followed by a more extended dorsal of articulated rays; anal fin less
extended than posterior dorsal, probably with two small feeble spines
in front : caudal fin small. Scales very small and uniform, all
antero-posteriorly elongated ; lateral lino not observable.

Ductor leptosomus, Agassiz.

1796. Callionymus vestenee, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cxl.
pi. xxxii. fig. 2 ( errore ).

1790. Gobius smyrnensis, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccxli. pi. lviii. fig- “
(errore).

1818. “ Callionymus vestenee,” II. 13. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 359.

1818. “ Gubins smyrnensis II. D. de Blainville, ibid. p. 358.

1834. Ductor leptosomus, L. Agassiz, Verhandl. Ges. vaterliind. Mus.
Bohmen, p. 06 (name only).

1835. Ductor leptosomus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 293 (name only).

1834-44. Ductor leptosomus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p- ”■>,

pi. xii.

1876. Ductor leptosomus, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. 8ci.
Nat. vol. iii. p. 184.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.

The typo species attaining a length of about 0-2. Length of head
with opercular apparatus about twico as great as maximum depth

CARANGID.35.

449

of trunk, and contained slightly more than three times in the total
length to the base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 6
spines, the length of the longest about equal to that of the longest
articulated dorsal ray ; posterior dorsal with 16 articulated rays ;
anal fin probably with 2 small spines and 14 articulated rays.

Form.. 4- Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P- 1987, P. 4133. Large specimen, in counterpart.

Egerton Sf Enniskillen Colls.

4133 a. Smaller specimen. Enniskillen Coll.

21410. Similar but distorted specimen, in counterpart.

Purchased, 1847.

1987 a, b, P. 4503. Two small distorted specimens, one being
in counterpart and labelled by Agassiz.

Egerton 4' Enniskillen Colls.

13448, 19011, 28436. Three small imperfect specimens.

Purchased, 1836, 1844, 1853.

The following specimen may possibly represent an unknown
member of the Carangidm, but it is too incomplete for determination :

28760. Imperfect head, noticed and figured under the name ot
Peratuhthys antiquitatis by C. Koenig, Icon. Foss. Sect.
1,1825), p. 4, figs. 79, 79* ; London Clay, Sheppey. From
collection of Archibald Robertson, Sheerness.

Purchased, 1853.

The following extinct genera and species have also been referred
to Carangida?, but are not represented in the Collection:

Acanthonemus bertrandi, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
(1834), p. 27.— Upper Oligocene ; Schio, Vicentin. [Im-
perfect fish.] . .

Acanthonemus subaureus : Chcetodon subaureus, H. D. de Blainville,
Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. (1818), p. 354. Zeus
gallus and Chcetodon aureus, G. S. 1 olta, Ittiolit. Veronese
(1796), pp. lxxxvii., ccxii., pi. xix., pi. li- fig- 3 (erroie)..
Acanthonemus filamentosus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v.
pt. i. (1834), p. 25, pis. iii., iv.— Upper Eocene ; Monte
Bolca. [The type species. Imperfect fish ; I aris Museum
of Natural History.]

Bathysoma lutkeni, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iv. (1890), p. 424, pi. xlvi.— Upper Cretaceous ; Lim-

2 a

pari iv

450

ACTINOPTERVGII.

hamn, Scania. [Fragmentary fish ; Royal Zoological
Museum, Copenhagen. Very imperfcotly known, and
number of vertebrae not exactly ascertained.]

Carangodes cephalus, J. ,T. Heck el, Ilenkschr. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. pt. i. (1850), p. 262, pL xii-
figs. 1-4. — Upper Eoceno ; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect fish ;
Geological Museum, University of Padua. Excluded from
Carangidas, as defined, by more numerous vertebrae

(15 + 17).]

Desmichthys daubrei, H. E. Sauvagc, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3]
vol. vi. (1878), p. 634, pi. xiii. fig. 1. — Tertiary; Bouches-
du-Rhone. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural
History.]

Parequula albyi , H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. xi. (1880),
art. no. 3, p. 25, fig. 1. — Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily*
[Indeterminable imperfect fish; Paris Museum of Natural
History.]

Pseudovomer minutus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. vol. iv. (1873), art.
no. 1, p. 153, fig. 14. Argyreiosus minutus, H. E. Sauvage,
Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv. (1870), art. no. 7, p. 10. — Ibid*
[Ditto. If 16 caudal vertebras are present, as described,
this fish is excluded from the Carangid®.]

The following extinct genus and species is undefined : —

Acanthonemopsis capellinii, Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat.

Proc.-Verb. vol. i. (1878), p. xix. — Upper Miocene :
Gabbro, Tuscany.

Unsatisfactorily determined extinct species of existing genera
have also been described as follows : —

Equulu sc'dlce, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1 873), art.
no. 1, p. 156, fig. 90. — Upper Miocone ; Licata, Sicily*
[Imperfect distorted fish.]

Trachynotus tenuiceps, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 293, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. (1834-44), p. 36, pi- V*I-
Chat oi ton rhomboules, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese
(1 796), p. clxii. pi. xxxix. fig. 3 (errors). — Upper Eocene ;
Monte Bolca. [Imperfect fish.]

AnncJus brevirostris, L. Agassiz, loc. cit. 1835, p. 292, and op. cit-
vol. iv. (1835-42), p. 236, pi. xxxviii. Chcetodon cun-
escens, G. S. Volta, op. cit. 1796, pi. xxvi. fig. 2 (errore).
— Ibid. [Ditto.]

Aanclus eoccenus, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Franc. (1852), Poiss.

CARANGfIDiE. SCOMBKID.E.

451

Toss. p. 8, pi. lxxii. figs. 3-5, and woodc. — Middle Eocene
(Calcaire Grossier) ; Paris. [Generically indeterminable
imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]

othing is known of the so-called Vomer parvulus (L. Agassiz,
Poiss. Eoss. vol. v. pt. i. 1844, p. 31) from the Upper Cretaceous of
Mt. Lebanon.

The following otolith is supposed to belong to a member of this
family :

Otolitlmg ( Carangiclarum ) americanus, E. Koken, Zeitschr.
deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xl. (1888), p. 277, pi. xvii. figs.
1—3. — Lower Tertiary; Vicksburg & Jackson River,
Mississippi.

The existing genus Echeneis, with the anterior dorsal fin modified
!nto ar> adhesive disk, is usually placed with the Seombridae ; but
'f is represented by an extinct species in the Oligocene slates of
Canton Glarus, Switzerland, which is remarkable as exhibiting
10 abdominal and 13 caudal vertebrae. This fish is known
only by one specimen in the Berne Museum, which has the disk
narrower and a little further back than in the typical Echeneis. It

Ascribed as Echeneis glaronensis by A. Wettstein, Fisehfauna
ertiaer. Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schwciz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.
^86)> p. 82, pi. vii. fig. 10, and is discussed by R. Storms, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. [6] vol. ii. (1888), p. 73. The new generic name
pisthomyzon is proposed for it by E. D. Cope, Amer. Nat. vol. xxiii
(1889), p. 355.

Family SCOMBRIDAE.

8n°nt not produced into an elongated rostrum ; no supramaxillse
gape wide, and teeth conical, forming a more or less powerful
dentition. Vertebra; from 28 to 160 in total number; centra of
abdominal region with transverse processes in fusiform types, but
Without these processes in the more elongate types. Pelvic fins,
.en present, thoracic, with one spine and not more than five
articulated rays ; spinous portion of dorsal fin more extended than
‘riiculated portion ; usually' finlets behind dorsal and anal fins.
Scales small or absent, and no bony scutes ; lateral line distinct.

All the existing members of this family are marine, most of them
e’ng pelagic, some characteristic of the deep sea. In outward
8haPe and the development of the median fins, the genera are as

2a 2

452

AOTIlfOPTEKYGII.

varied as those of the existing Isospondylous family Mormyrid®.
The more elongated and degenerate types are those inhabiting great
depths.

All the known fossil Scombrid® occur in marine deposits.

Synopsis of Extinct Genera and Genera represented by
Extinct Species.

I. Trunk fusiform.

A. Two dorsal fins close together.

Posterior dorsal and anal fins much ex-
tended, perhaps without finlets . . Isurichthys (p. 453).
Posterior dorsal and anal fins short and

deep, with 8 to 12 finlets Thynnus (p. 454).

[Skull resembling that of Thynnus,
but deeper in proportion to its

width Eothynnus (p. 457).]

B. Two dorsal fins well separated.

Teeth very small and conical ; about 30
vertebra} ; caudal pedicle without
lateral keel ; paired fins small ; no

enlarged pectoral scales Scomber (p. 459).

As Scomber, but with nearly 40 verte- .

brae and larger pectoral fins .... Palimphyes (p. 460).
[Skull resembling that of Scomber, but

with larger teeth Scombrinus (p. 461).]

As Scomber , but caudal pedicle with
lateral keel and pectoral scales

enlarged Auxis (p. 463).

Marginal teeth large and laterally com-
pressed, in single series ; caudal
pedicle with cartilaginous lateral

keel Cybium (p. 465).

[Skull resembling that of Cybium, but
shorter and without median fron-
tal crest Eoccelopoma (p. 470).]

[Jaws as in Cybium, but teeth round or

ovoid in section Sphyrcenodtis (p. 473).]

[Jaws as in Sphyreenodus, but small
teeth on dentary outside series of

large teeth Scombramphodon

II. Trunk much elongated. (p. 474).]

Paired fins small ; finlets behind dorsal

and anal fins Thyrsitocephalus

Pelvic fins rudimentary ; dorsal fins (p. J?6).

continuous ; no dorsal or anal
finlets Lepidopus (p. 477).

1 G. A. Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898 (1899), p. 780.

SCOMBRIDjE.

453

Genus ISURICHTHYS, nom. nov.

Syn. Isurus, L. Agassiz (non Rafinesque, 1810), Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
1844, p. 51.

Trunk deeply fusiform, the much-contracted caudal pedicle
apparently without bony keel. Teeth probably minute. Vertebra:
about 30 in number, the centra much constricted, apparently with
t"'° lateral pits separated by a longitudinal ridge; all ha:mal arches
simple. Paired fins apparently small ; dorsal fins scarcely separated,
the anterior consisting of about 8 to 10 spines ; posterior dorsal
and anal fins considerably extended, perhaps without finlets;
caudal fin deeply forked. [Scales unknown.]

Isarichthys macrurus (Agassiz).

1837. Isurus macrurus , Sir P. Egerton, Catal. Foss. Fish (name
0Dly)-

1842-44. Isurus macrurus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 51,
pl. xxi. figs. 3, 4.

1886. Isurus macrurus , A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glamer-
schief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 90, pl. vii.
figs. 1-6.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'15. Proportions
uncertain, but length of head with opercular apparatus probably
about equalling maximum depth of trunk and one third total length
of fish to base of caudal fin. Vertebra) 12 in the abdominal, 16 in
the caudal region. Anterior dorsal fiu consisting of S spines,
Posterior dorsal of 16 to 18 well-spaced articulated rays ; anal fin
with 15 or 16 articulated rays.

All known specimens are imperfect and considerably distorted.
Form. J/- hoc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.

T- 453, P. 3999. Type specimen, in counterpart, described and

figured by Agassiz, loc. eit. ; Engi.

Egerton 4' Enniskillen Colls.

36088. Larger, obliquely-distorted specimen, in counterpart ;

Plattenberg. Purchased, 1861.

41820. Well-preserved caudal region ; Engi. Purchased, 1869.

Isurichthys orientalis, sp. nov.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.

Apparently a smaller and more slender species than the type.

454

ACTINOPIEKYGII.

Length of head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeding
maximum depth of trunk, but equalling one third total length of
fish to base of caudal fin. Vertebrae 14 in the abdominal, 16 in the
caudal region. Anterior dorsal fin consisting of 10 slender spines,
the posterior fin of about 20 rays, the first perhaps a spine ; anal
fin with 2 or 3 feeble spines and about 20 articulated rays.

Form. Sf Loc. Tertiary : Persia.

P. 7130. Type specimen in compact limestone, partly obscured by
oxide of manganese ; Shushter, Persia. The orbit is
shown to he very large, and the mouth rather small, with
minute, closely-set teeth. The oporculuin is rounded, and
there are 7 branchiostegal rays. The pectoral fins aie
small and low on the flank; the pelvic fins, with one
slender spine and 5 articulated rays, are inserted slightly
further back. The forked tail is well shown. There
are no indications of scales.

Presented by Alfred Holland, Esq., l^ll-

Genus THYNNUS, Cuvier.

[Regno Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 313.]

Syn. Orcynus, G. Cuvier, ibid. 1817, p. 314.

Trunk very robust and elongate-fusiform ; slender caudal
pedicle, with strong median lateral keel formed by bony ridge on
vertebral centra. Median pair of fossae for anterior extension of
lateral muscles of trunk produced forwards over frontal bones and
separated by median frontal ridge continuing the large supra-
occipital crest ; lateral pair of fossae also producod half-way over
frontals. Teeth small and conical, and in single series on margin
of jaws, minute and clustered on vomer and palatines. Vertebrae
about 40 in number, the centra constricted, with two lateral pit8
separated by a longitudinal ridge ; all haemal arches simple-
Pectoral fins elongate, hut not extending boyond origin of anal ,
pelvic fins small ; dorsal fins scarcely separated, the anterior con-
sisting of 12 to 15 spines; posterior dorsal and anal fins small hut
elevated, similar and opposite, followed by 8 to 12 detached finlets ,
caudal fin deeply forked, with slender lobes. Scales very small,
Uniformly covering the trunk, except in the pectoral region, where
they are somewhat enlarged and compacted.

The typical existing species is pelagic and attains gigantic

proportions.

SCOMBBIDiE.

455

Thynnus thynnus (Linnaeus).

17.58. Scomber thynnus, Linnaeus, Sy.it. Nat. ed. 10, p. 297.

31. Thynnus vulgaris, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.
T°b viii. p. 58, pi. ccx.

00. Thynnus thynnus, A. Gunther, Catal. Fishes B. M. vol. ii.
P- 362.

1890-91. Thynnus thynnus, E. T. Newton, Geol. .Mag. [3] vol. vii.
p. 2(4, & Vert. Pliocene Deposits, Britain (Mem. Geol. Surv.),
P- 91, pi. ix. fig. 8.

TVPe. Recent fish.

The type species, attaining a length of 3 to 4 metres. Length of
ead with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding maximum depth
^ trunk, which is contained about four times in total length of fish.

ertebrse 16 in abdominal, 23 in caudal region. Pectoral fins,
when adpressed, nearly reaching end of anterior dorsal, which
comprises 14 spines ; posterior dorsal with 1 spine, 13 articulated
I**8’ and 9 finlets ; anal fin with 2 spines, 12 articulated rays, and
8 finlets.

Form. § Toe. Pleistocene (Forest Bed Series): Norfolk.

873, . Abdominal vertebra described and figured by E. T. Newton,
loc. cit. ; Forest Bed, East Itunton. Savin Coll.

36168-69. Two larger vertebral centra ; Hasbro’. Layton Coll.

Thynnus scaldisi. Storms.

1890. Thynnus (Orcynus) scaldisii, 11. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Gdol.
v°f iii. Mem. p. 175, pi, vii. figs. 17-23.

890. Thynnus scalclisiensis, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
[6] vol. v. p. 294.

1891 . Thynnus scaldiensis, E. T. Newton, Vert. Pliocene Deposits
Britain (Mem. Geol. Surv.), p. 90.

Fype. \ ertebnc ; Brussels Museum.

.... 8ljmewhat smaller than the type species, known only by vertebrae.
6 cen^ra behind the 30th are longer in proportion to their width
ai1 in the latter species.

Form. <$• 2,oc. Lower Pliocene : Antwerp ; Suffolk.

®4f>3. Caudal vertobra, described by A. S. V oodward, loc. cit. ;
Coralline Crag, Aldborough, Suffolk.

Presented by Searles V. Wood, Esq.

**• 5583. Smaller caudal vertebra, described ibid. ; Coralline Crag,
Suffolk. Harford Coll.

456

ACTIUOPTEEYGII.

Thynnus lanceolatus (Agassiz).

1796. Scomber alatunya, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cxxiii.
pi. xxix. fig. 1 ( errore ).

1796. Salnio cyprinoides, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccxiv. pi. lii.

1818. Clupea cyprmoides, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p, 643.

1818. Scomber altalunya, II. D. de Blainville, ibid. p. 345 (errore).

1835. Orcynus lanceolatus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 293.

1835-44. Orcymus lanceolatus , L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. '•

P- 59, pi. xxiii.

1870. Orcynus lanceolatus, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. iii. p. 183.

1889. Thynntts lanceolatus, R. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Gfiol. vol. in-
Mdm. p. 178.

Type. Imperfect fish; Paris Museum of Natural History.

A comparatively small species, with the caudal region more
elongated and slender than in T. thynnus. Vertebrae 14 in the
abdominal, 22 in the caudal region. Pectoral fins relatively large,
when adpressed reaching beyond end of anterior dorsal; postcrioi
dorsal with 12 or 13 rays, arising at middle point between end of
snout and base of caudal fin ; anal fin with 2 spines and 6 articulated
rays, slightly behind the origin of the posterior dorsal : 12 dorsal
and anal finlets.

Form, if Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P. 3946. Imperfect fish 022 in length, partly distorted.

Egerton Coll.

The extinct species described under the following names also
seem to belong to this genus, but are not represented in the
Collection : —

Orcynus Jcomposchi, 11. G. Kramborger, Verhandl. k. k. geol-
Reichsanst. 1882, p. 29 (narao only), and Rad Jugoslav.
Akad. vol. lxxii. (1885), p. 48, pi. iii. fig. 1, and tk>c.
Hist. Nat. Croatica, vol. i. (1886), p. 135. — Upp®r
Oligocene ; Trifail, Steiermark. [Imperfect trunk ; Uni"
versity Geological Museum, A gram.]

Orcynus latior, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 294, and Poiss.
Foss. vol. v. pt. i. (1835-44), p. 60, pi. xxiv. Scomber
orcynus, G. 8. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. ccxxvi.
pi. Iv. fig. 2. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect
fish; Paris Museum of Natural History.]

Orcynus medius, F. Bassani, Atti It. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. iii-
(1889), no. 6, p. 74, pi. ix. fig. 1.— Lower Miocene :

EC0MBRIDJ2.

457

Cilia von, Yicentin. [Imperfect fish; Piovene Coll.,
Lonedo.]

The fragmentary fossils described under the following names do
not appear to belong to this genus : —

Thynnus angustus, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv.
(1870), art. no. 7, p. 6, and Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. 144, fig. 21. Auxis (?), D. G. Kramberger,
Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.-ITngarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 118.
— Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily.

Thynnus bolcensxs, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 305, and
Poiss. Foss. voL v. pt. i. (1844), p. 5/ (uudescribed).
Scomber thynnus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796),
p. cxix. pi. xxvii. (error s'). — Upper Eocone; Monte Bolca.
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
thynnus (?) pro.vimus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cil. 1870, p. 7, and
1873, p. 14G, fig. 24.— Upper Miocene; Licata. [Portion
of trank.]

Genus EOTHYNNUS, novum.

8yn. Ccelocephalus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. 1844, p. 139
(name only) \

A genus known only by the head, which is essentially identical
with that of Thynnus, but seems to be deeper in proportion to its
width. Teeth on margin of jaws very small and clustered in more
than one series.

Eothynnus salmoneuSj sp. nov.

1844-44. Caslocephalus salmoneus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii.
p. 139, and Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844, p. 308 (name only).

Type. Imperfect cranium ; British Museum.

The type species, with head and opercular apparatus sometimes
nearly 0-25 in length. Width of cranium at occiput about two
thirds maximum depth of head. Maximum depth of operculum
ahout twice its greatest width.

Form. 4- Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay): London Basin.

P- 623. Very imperfect cranium, labelled by Egerton as intended to be
the type specimen of this species ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.

287 57. Large head, with some anterior vertebrae much like those
of Thynnus ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1853.

1 This generic name has been employed for an existing Macrurid by Gilbert
& Cramer, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. six. (1897), p. 422.

458

ACTINOPTKRYGII.

19114. Smaller head, less distorted, showing most of the principal
characters ; Sheppey. The three anterior vortobral centra
are shown in position.

Presented by Rev. F. W. Hope, 1845.

P. 1750. Imperfect head, partly decaying, showing the jaws and
the bases of the clustered minute teeth on the premaxillse ;
Sheppey. Egerton Coll .

There seem to be no satisfactory characters by which the
following specimens, from the London Clay of Sheppey, can be
generically separated from Eothynnus : —

38900. Imperfect head with opercular apparatus, deeper than in
E. salmoneus, Bowerbctnk Coll.

P. 629. Small imperfect head, similarly deepened, marked by
Egerton as intended to be the type specimen of Rhonchus
carangoules, Agassiz (named in list in ltep. Brit. Assoc.
1844 [1845], p. 308) \ Egerton Coll.

P- 9454. Hinder part of similar small head. Egerton Coll.

P. 1744. Hinder portion of larger head with remains of opercular
apparatus, marked “ Rhonchus n.s.” by Egerton.

Egerton Coll.

35057. Hinder portion of similar head with opercular apparatus.

Purchased, 1861.

P. 628. Hinder portion of cranium, apparently with crests worn
away, marked by Egerton as intended to be the type
specimen of Phalacrus cybioides, Agassiz (named in list
in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 [1845], p. 308). Egerton Coll.

To Eothynnus may also probably be referred the vertebra; from the
London Clay of Sheppey in the Royal College of Surgeons, named
Thynnus toliapicus, R. Owen, Catal. Foss, ltept. & Pisces (1854),
p. 174, no. 697. The following are similar specimens : —

36117. Three terminal caudal vertebrcc ; London Clay, Sheppey.

Purchased, 1861.

38885. Three caudal vertebrae ; Sheppey. Bowerbanlc Coll.

P. 4300 a, P. 4301. Three caudal vertebra; ; Sheppey.

Enniskillen Coll.

' Apparently the same as a specimen in the Royal College of Surgeons,
named Cariniccps compressus, R. Owon, Catal. Foss. Rept. & Pisces (1854),
p. 165, no. 663.

SC0MBKIDJ3.

459

Genus SCOMBER (Artedi), Linmeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 297.]

Trunk elongate-fusiform; the slender caudal pedicle without
median lateral keel. Teeth small and conical, on margin of jaws,
v°mer, and palatines; gill-rakers long, slender, and numerous.
Vertebrae about 14 in the abdominal, 10 or 17 in the caudal region ;
fhe centra much constricted, but without lateral pits ; all h;emal
arches simple. Pectoral and pelvic tins small ; dorsal tins widely
separated, the anterior consisting of 9 to 12 spines simply articulated
^rith their supports; posterior dorsal and anal tins small, similar,
and opposite, followed by 5 to 9 detached finlets ; caudal fin deeply
forked. Scales very small, uniformly covering the trunk, scarcely
if at all enlarged in the pectoral region.

Recent species are very widely distributed in temperate and
tropical seas.

The following extinct species have also been referred to this
&enus, but there are no examples in the Collection :

Scomber antiquus, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. W iss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xix. pt. i. (1861), p. 74, pi. viii. fig. 11.
(?) Scomber cfr. antiquus, F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci.
Napoli [2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 76, pi. xi. fig. 2, and
Atti K. Istit. Yeneto [7] vol. iii. (1892;, pp. 1034, 1038.—
Middle Miocene ; Margarethen, near Vienna. (?) Lower
Miocene ; Chiavon, Novale, & Salcedo, \ icentin, N. Italj .
[Imperfect fish ; Lyceum, Oedenburg.]

Scomber planovatus : Thynnus planovatus, I). G. Kramberger,
Djela Jugoslav. Akad. vol. xvi. (1895), p. 63, pi. xi.
fig. 2. — Upper Oligocene ; Trifail, Steiermark. [Imperfect
fish ; Zilli Museum.]

Scomber prigcus, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont Oesterr.-
Ungams, vol. ii. (1882). p. 119, pi. xxiv. fig. 3.— Upper
Miocene ; Podsused, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; University
Geological Museum, Agram.]

Scomber (Auxin) sarmaticus, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav.
Akad. vol. cvi. (1891), p. 112, pi. viii. fig. 1.— Upper
Miocene; Podsused and Dolje, Croatia. [Opercular bones,
&c. ; University Geological Museum, Agram.]

Scomber steindachneri, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 119. Scomber sujedanus ,
F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. M iss., math.-naturw.

460

ACTINOPIEKYGII.

Cl. yoI. xxxviii. (1860), p. 776, pi. ii. — Upper Miocene ;
Kadoboj, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Court Museum,
Vienna.]

Genus PALIMPHYES, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. yd. v. pt. i. 1844, p. 46.]

As Scomber, but caudal pedicle stouter, pectoral fins relatively
large, and vertebras slightly more numerous.

Palimphyes elongatus (Blainvillo).

1756. Figure by G. W. Knorr, Samml. Merckwiirdigk. Natur, pt. 1-
pi xxi. fig. 1.

1818. Clupra elonyata, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 815,

1836-44. Palimphyes lonyus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i- P- ^ ’
pi. xix.

1836 44. Palimphyes brevis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 47, pi xx., pi xx1,
figs. 1, 2. [Distorted fish ; British M uaeum.]

1 843-44. Palimphyes latus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 48, pi. xxviii. tig- L
[Distorted fish ; Geological Museum, Zurich.]

1847-48. Palimphyes gracilis, C. G. Giebel, Neues J ahrb. 1847, p. ('07>
and Fauna d. Vorw., Fische, p. 70. [Distorted fish ; Geological
Museum, University of Halle.]

1847-48. Palimphyes crassus, C. G. Giebol, ibid. p. 666, and ibid.
p. 71. [Ditto.]

1886. Palimphyes glaronensis, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (Donkschr. scliweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol xiii.)> P*

pi ii. figs. 1-6. [Distorted fish; Geological Museum, Zurich.]

dgpe. Distorted fish ; Geological Museum, Zurich.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'4. Proportions
uncertain, but length of head with opercular apparatus equalling
about half that of the vertebral column. Vertebra; 16 in the
abdominal, 22 in the caudal region. Pectoral fins, whon adprossed,
reaching the beginning of the caudal region ; anterior dorsal fin
consisting of 10 spines ; posterior dorsal and anal fins with about
20 articulated rays, of which an uncertain number are detached
finlets.

Nearly all the known specimens of this species are much distorted,
and it seems probable that Wettstein is correct in proposing the
synonymy given above.

Form. Loc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.

P. 1994, P. 4128-29. Three imperfect specimens apparently elon-

SCOMBRIDiE.

461

gated by distortion ; Engi. Two are labelled “ Palim-
phyes longus, Ag.,” by Agassiz.

Egerton fy Enniskillen Colls.

p- 1993 a, P. 4127. Type specimen of so-called Palimphyes brevis,
in counterpart, figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. pi. xxi.
figs. 1, 2; Engi. The fish is evidently shortened by
crushing. Egerton Enniskillen Colls.

36090. Specimen about 0-15 in length, apparently shortened and
deepened by crushing ; Plattenberg, near Matt.

Purchased, 1861.

33947. Imperfect specimen shortened by distortion.

Presented by Miss Elizabeth Warne, 1859.

P- 4952. Trunk of fish shortened by distortion ; Plattenberg.

Presented by John Edward Lee, Esq., 1885.

P' 1993. Scattered remains; Engi. Egerton Coll.

P- 5945. Scattered remains, labelled “ Palimphyes glaronensis ,
Wettst.” by Wettstein. Purchased, 1889.

Genus SCOMBRINUS, novum.

[ex Agassiz MS., Hep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 308.]

An imperfectly known genus founded on the skull, which is
essentially identical with that of Scomber, but with larger teeth.
Frontal bones flattened and rugose, the flattened area tapering
backwards mesially to a point meeting the crest of the supraoccipital ;
loss® for lateral muscles of trunk not extending forwards much
beyond the hinder margin of the frontals. Teeth on margin of
jaws rather large, stout, conical, and well-spaced, not much laterally
compressed. Scales small and smooth, not much enlarged in the
Pectoral region.

Scombrinus nuchalis, sp. nov.

1845. Scombrinus nuchalis, L. Agassiz, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844, p. 308
(name only).

Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.

The type species, with head and opercular apparatus attaining a
length of about 0-12, but usually smaller. Length of cranium
equalling somewhat less than twice its maximum width ; fossae on
cranial roof for lateral muscles extending forwards to the middle of
tbe cranium above the middle of the orbit ; maximum depth of

402 .

ACTINOPIERYGII.

mandible at least one third its length ; superficial rugosity on
cranial roof and dentary fine and delicate. Teoth modorately stout,
quite smooth, with apices slightly incurved.

-form. <Sj Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.

P. 4148. Very fragmentary small head with opercular apparatus,
labelled as intended to be the type specimen ; Sheppey.
The jaws with teeth aro not shown. Enniskillen Coll .

38919. Fragmentary head and abdominal region, showing scales
with parts of the antorior dorsal and pelvic fins ; Sheppey.

Bowerbanlc Coll-

P. 356 a. Two more imperfect specimens displaying anterior squam-
ation, some of the scales extending over the operculum ;
Sheppey. Purchased , 1881.

P. 9455. Fine comparatively large head with opercular apparatus,
displaying teeth ; Sheppey. Purchased.

P. 9456. Two smaller imperfect heads, showing teeth ; Sheppey.

Purchased-

P. 7524. Imperfect head with opercular apparatus; Sheppey.

Caleb Evans Coll-

40204. Fragmentary head ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1 867.

P. 9457. Smaller fragmentary head ; Sheppey. Purchased.

43117. Imperfect small head, displaying opercular bones ; Primrose
Hill, London. Wetherell Coll.

P. 1742. Five fragmentary specimens ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll-

P- 4147. Three fragmentary specimens ; Sheppey.

Enniskillen Coll-

24614. Hinder half of cranium ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1850.

Scombrinus macropomus (Agassiz).

1835. Cybium macropomum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feuill. P- 42
(name only).

1839-44. Cybium macropomum , L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt-
p. 62, pi. xxvi. figs. 1-3.

1854. Cybium macropomum, It. Owen, Catal. Foss. Rept. & Pisces
Mus. Roy. Coll. Surg. p. 161.

Hype. Imperfect head ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.

A species known only by the head with opercular apparatus,

SCOMBfUD^.

463

which attains a length of about 0’2. Length of cranium equalling
twice its maximum width ; fossae on cranial roof for lateral muscles
n°t extending forwards beyond hinder border of orbit ; maximum
depth of mandible less than one third its length ; superficial rugosity
°n cranial roof and dentary comparatively coarse. Teeth well
spaced, not very variable in size.

Form. <$(■ Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.

4145. Fine head, considerably larger than the type specimen ;
Sheppey. Enniskillen Coll.

I1- 4144. Abraded large head, labelled by Agassiz ; Sheppey.

Enniskillen Coll.

28758. Head, wanting occipital region ; Sheppey.

Purchased , 1853.

1/56. Imperfect rostrum of smaller skull ; Sheppey.

Egerton Coll.

37759. Cranium ; Sheppey. Saull Coll.

38920, 38943. Two imperfect crania : Sheppey. Bowerbank Coll.
166. Cranium, broken across middle ; Sheppey.

Purchased , 1880.

28713, 28759. Three imperfect occipital halves of cranium;

Sheppey, Purchased, 18o3«

43107 . Similar specimen ; Sheppey. Wether ell Coll.

!*• 9480. Similar specimen ; Sheppey. Enniskillen Coll.

1757. Two more imperfect crania; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.

7382. Fragmentary hinder portion of cranium, derived from
London Clay ; lied Crag, Waldringfield, Suffolk.

Prestwick Coll.

8985. Similar specimen ; Coralline Crag, Sutton, Suffolk.

Presented by Lady Prestwieh, 1896.

Genus AUXIS, Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 199.]

Trunk elongate-fusiform ; the slender caudal pedicle with strong
median lateral keel. Teeth minute and conical on margin of jaws,
n°ne on palatines, rare on vomer ; gill-rakers long, slender, and
numerous. Vertebrae 30 to 40 in total number ; the centra much

464

ACTISrOPTEETGII.

constricted, with one lateral pit ; base of haemal arches in hinder
abdominal region a small trellis-work. Pectoral and pelvic fins
small ; dorsal fins widely separated, the anterior consisting of 10 f°
16 spines, most of which are clasped by the enlarged U-shaped upper
end of a shortened support 1 ; posterior dorsal and anal fins small,
similar, and opposite, followed by 5 to 8 detached linlets ; caudal fin
deeply forked. Small scales only on anterior part of trunk, those of
pectoral region somewhat enlarged and compacted.

One existing species in Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Indian
Oceans.

Auxis (?) propterygius (Agassiz).

1796. Scomber pelamis, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. lxvi. ph X1V'
fig. 2 (errore).

1796. Scomber trachurus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. exxv. pi. xxix. fig- -f
(errore).

1796. Ophusephalus striatus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cxciii. pi. xlviii- fig- 1
(errore).

1796. Labrux bifasciatus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cciv. pi. 1. fig- 1 (errore).

1818. Scomber pelamis (?), II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 345.

1818. Scomber trachurus, II. D. de Blainville, ibid. p. 345.

1818. Labrus bifasciatus (“ ? une des espfices de scombres ”), II- D-
Blainville, ibid. p. 351.

1835. Thynnus propterygius , L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 292 (name
_<>nl.v).

1835-44. Thynnus propterygius, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt-
p. 65, pi. xxvii.

1876. Thynnus propterygius, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sc1'
Nat. vol. iii. p. 183.

1882. Thynnus propterygius (? = Auxis), I). G. Kramberger, Beitr.
Pnliiont. OesteiT.-Ungarns, vol. ii. p. 118.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Natural History1, Paris.

An imperfectly known species attaining a length of about 0'25.
Length of head with opercular apparatus contained about three and
a third times, maximum dqith of trunk approximately five times
in the total length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebral
30 in total number. Posterior dorsal and anal fins with about 12
articulated rays, followed by 7 finlots.

Form. <$• Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P. 4137. Small specimen 0-1 in length, probably young of this
species. The enlarged scales in the pectoral region are

1 See Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr. -Ungaros, vol. ii. (1882), p- 117>
% 1.

8C0MBRIM.

465

distinct. Immaturity is indicated by the radiating ridges
and serrations on the preoperculum. Ennislcillen Coll.

The following species have also been founded on imperfect fossils,
but are not represented in the Collection : —

Auxis croaticm, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 121, pi. xxv. fig. 1.— Upper
Miocene ; Radoboj, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; University
Geological Museum, Agram.]

Auxis minor, I). G. Kramberger, loc.cit. 1882, p. 123, pi. xxiv.
figs. 5, 6.— Ibid. [Imperfect trunk ; Imperial Geological
Survey, Vienna.]

Auxis stiriacus, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Akad. vol. xvi.
(1895), p. 64, pi. xi. fig. 4, pi. xii. fig. 2.— Oligocene ;
St. Georgen, near Zilli, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Zilli
Museum.]

Auxis thynnoides, D. G. Kramberger, loc.cit. 1882, p. 125,
pi. xxvi. figs. 1, 2. — Upper Miocene; Podsused, Croatia.
[Imperfect trunk, in counterpart ; Imperial Geological
Survey, Vienna, and University Geological Museum,
Agram.]

Auxis vrabceensis, D. G. Kramberger, loc.cit. 1882, p. 122, pi. xxiv.
fig. 4. — Upper Miocene ; Vrabce, Croatia. [Imperfect
trunk ; University Geological Museum, Agram.]

Genus CYBIUM, Cuvier.

[Itegne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 199.]

Syn. Scomberodon, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg. [2]
vol. xx.xi. 1871, p. 504.

Trunk elongate-fusiform ; the slender caudal pedicle with strong
Median lateral keel formed by cartilaginous ridge on vertebral
centra. Median pair of fossaj for anterior extension of lateral
Muscles of trunk produced forwards over frontal bones and separated
fiy median frontal ridge continuing the supraoccipital ridge. Teeth
°n margin of jaws large, conical, and laterally compressed, with
°Pposite sharp edges ; minute teeth on vomer and palatines ; gill-
rakers few. Vertebral centra constricted, with two lateral pits
separated by a longitudinal ridge ; all hsemal arches simple. 1 aired
™8 small ; dorsal fins well separated, the anterior consisting of
^ to 18 feeble spines ; posterior dorsal and anal fins small but
elevated, similar and opposite, followed by 7 to 10 detached finlets ;
caudal fin deeply forked, with slender lobes. Scales very small
fart iv. 2 H

466

ACT1N0PTF.RYGIT.

and uniform or rudimentary, scarcely enlarged or compacted in the
pectoral region.

The existing species are large fishes of the tropical Atlantic and
Indian Oceans.

Cybium speciosum, Agassiz.

1796. Scomber speciosus, O. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. clxix. pi. xli-
(err ore).

1818. Scomber speciosus (?), H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 340.

1835. Cybmm speciosum, L. Agassiz, Neues .falirb. p. 293.

1835-44. Cybmm speciomm, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 01 >

pi. XXV.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.

A small species, attaining a length of about 0'35. Length of
head with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding maximum
depth of trunk, and slightly less than one third the total length of
the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Teeth slender. Vertebra;
15 in tho abdominal, 15 in the caudal region. Posterior dorsal
and anal fins apparently with 10 articulated rays followed by
8 finlets.

This imperfectly known species differs remarkably from the
existing C. macula/, um in tho number of vertebra;, the latter having
45. ^ Tho number of vertebrae is not recorded in other species.
form, Sp Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P. 1989, P. 4136. Small specimen, in counterpart.

Egerton Sp Enniskillen Colls.

Cylbium bleekeri (Winkler).

1876. Enchodus bleekeri, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iv.
p. 43, pi. ii. figs. 24, 25.

1891. Cybium (P) sp., A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. viii.
p. 109.

1892. Cybium bleekeri, R. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige G6ol. vol. vi. Mem.
p- 3, pi. i.

Type. Teeth.

A large imperfectly known species, with skull about O' 16 ,n
length. Teeth broad and much laterally compressed, nearly uniform
in size in premaxilla. Anterior end of premaxilla shaped as in
C. excelsum (fig. 15 a) ; dentary more contracted at symphysis.
Form. Sp Loc. Middlo Eocene : Belgium.

P. 5923. Six teeth ; Bruxellian, Woluwo St. Lambert, Brussels.

Presented by Monsieur A. Houzeau de Lehaie, 1889.

SCOMBRTDiE.

467

Cybium excelsum, sp. nov.

[Text-figure 15.]

Type. Remains of head ; British Museum.

A very large, imperfectly known species, with skull nearly 0-4 in
length. Teeth broad and much laterally compressed, not very
variable in size, those of front portion of promaxilla scarcely smaller
than the anterior mandibular teoth. Anterior end of premaxilla
more deepened and less attenuated than in the next species ; the
wholo premaxilla probably longer in proportion to its depth than
ln the Eocene Cybium bleekeri.

Form,. <$- Loc. Upper Eocene (Barton Clay) : Barton Cliff, Hamp-
shire.

1528. Associated remains of head and vertebral column in very
friable condition. This is the type specimen, and was
discovered by Barbara. Marchioness of Hastings, in Barton
Cliff. So far as it can be compared, the skull resembles
that of Cybium. Both premaxillae are imperfectly pre-
served, and that of the right side is shown from the outer
aspect, of two thirds the natural size, in fig. 15 a. The
left dentary bone is more fragmentary, but its symphysial
end, shown in fig. 15 b, bears two teeth. The centrum of
the first vertebra is distinguishable, and portions of other
typical centra occur among the remains. Egerlon Coll.

Cybium bartonense, sp. nov.

[Text-figure 16.]

Type. Portions of jaws ; British Museum.

A very large species known only by the jaws, with mandible
about 0-45 in length. Teeth broad and much laterally compressed,
those of front portion of premaxilla considerably smaller than the
anterior mandibular teeth. Anterior end of premaxilla less
deepened and more attenuated than in C. excelsum and C. bleekeri.
Symphysial end of mandible relatively deeper than in C. bleekeri
and C. lingulatum.

Form. £f Loc. Upper Eocene (Barton Clay): Barton Cliff and
Sigh Cliff, Hampshire.

E. 53. Associated remains of jaws and two anterior vertebrae, the
type specimen near Christchurch, Hampshire. The
anterior end of the right premaxilla is shown of two
thirds the natural size, from the outer aspect, in fig. 16 a,

2 h 2

SC0MBRIDJ3.

469

This is associated with a hinder portion of premaxilla and
parts of the two dentaries, that of the left side nearly
complete but with teeth broken away.

Presented by Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., 1880.

3958. Imperfect right mandibular ramus, showing many of the
teeth ; Barton Cliff. Enniskillen Coll.

37315. Anterior portion of left dentary, with teeth, shown of two
thirds the natural size, from the inner aspect, in fig. 16 b :
High Cliff. This is probably the specimen noticed by
Hollo & Storms, Zool. Anzeig. 1888, p. 266.

Purchased , 1863.

4545. Imperfect small left premaxilla ; Barton Cliff.

Enniskillen Coll.

T- 1531. Anterior half of small left dentary ; Barton Cliff.

Egerton Coll.

38882. Anterior end of small left dentary ; Barton Cliff.

Daniels Coll.

Cybium lingulatum (Meyer).

1846. Sphyrcenodus lingulatus, II. von Meyer, Neues Jabrb. p. o97
(name only).

1851. Sphyrcenodus lingulatus , II. von Meyer, Palaeontogr. vol. i. p. -80,
pi. xxxiii. fig. 14.

1892. Cybium, R. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige G<$ol. vol. vi. M6m. p. 13.
Type. Imperfect dentary.

A large species with broad, much-compressed teeth ; known only
bF the dentary bone, which is more contracted at the symphysis
than that of the two preceding species.

Form. <$- Loc. Middle Oligocene: Hesse Darmstadt.

P- 3959. Much-abraded anterior half of dentary, with bases of
teeth ; marked “ Dr. Kaup,” but locality not recorded.

Enniskillen Coll.

The following specimen may also be a fragment of a premaxilla
of Cybium, but is too imperfect for determination :

25819. Type specimen of Sphyrcenodus tenuis, F. Dixon, Geol.

Sussex (1850), p. 112, pi. xi. fig. 24 (misprinted S. gracilis,
p. 205) ; Middle Eocene, Bracklesham, Sussex.

Dixon Coll.

470

ACIINOPTERTGII.

Fragments probably of this genus have also been described
under the following names : —

Cybium bottii : Sphyrcenodus bottii, G. Capellini, Mem. Accad. Sci.
Istit. Bologna, [3] vol. ix. (1878), p. 250, pi. iii. figs- 1"
8. — Middle Miocene : Lecce. [Premaxilla and dontary ;
Provincial Museum, Lecce.]

Cybium dumonli, Dollo & Storms, Zool. Anzeig. 1888, p. 267.
Scomberodon dumonti, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad.
Boy. Belg. [2] vol. xxxi. (1871), p. 504, pi. iii. — Middle
Oligocene (ltupelian) ; Boom, Antwerp.

Cybium partschi, G. von Munster, Beitr. Petrefaet. pt. vii. (1846),
p. 25, pi. iii. fig. 1. — Middle Miocene; Inzersdorf,
Vienna. [Jaws ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]

Cybium proosti, B. Storms, Bevue Quest. Sci. [2] vol. xii. (1897),
p. 244, figs. 1-3. — Middle Eocene (Iiruxellian) ; Marau-
sart, Waterloo. [Jaws and vertebrae ; Boyal Museum of
Natural History, Brussels.]

The name Cybium tenue was proposed by Agassiz (Neues Jabrb.
1835, p. 305) for an undescribed fish from the Uppor Eocene of
Monte Bolca. An undetermined species has also been recorded
from corresponding strata at Monte Postale (E. Bassani, Atti B.
Accad. Sci. Napoli, ser. 2, vol. iii. 1889, no. 6, p. 77).

Genus EOCCELOPOMA, novum.

Syn. Coclopoma, L. Agassiz ( non Adams, 1867), Bep. Brit. Assoc.
1844 (1845), p. 307 (name only).

A genus known only by the head. Cranium rather short and
broad ; fossae for lateral muscles of trunk extending forwards much
beyond the hinder margin of the frontals to a point above the
middle of the orbit; frontals nearly as broad as long, marked with
rugosity laterally, sharply depressed mesially just in front of the
posterior fossse, and the hinder part of their median suture at the
anterior end of tho low supraoccipital ridge gaping to form a small
vacuity. Teeth on margin of jaws rather large, stout, conical, and
well-spaced, not much laterally compressed ; minute teeth on
vomer.

Eocoelopoma colei, Bp. nov.

1845. Cwlopoma colei, L. Agassiz, Bep. Brit. Assoc. 1844, p. 307
(name only).

Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.

The type species, with head and opercular apparatus probably

SC0MBRID*.

471

attaining a length of about 0-3, but usually smaller. Head slightly
longer than deep ; inner pair of postero-superior fossae on cranium
somewhat expanded in front, extending half the length of the
cranium. Bones of opercular apparatus marked with irregular,
radiating, rounded wrinkles or ridges.

Form, (J‘ hoc. Bower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.

P* 623 a. Imperfect head with opercular apparatus, about 0*16 in
length, marked by Egerton as intended to be the type
specimen of this species ; Sheppey. The irregular
wrinkling on all the opercular bones is well shown.

Egerton Coll.

P* 1753. M ore imperfect similar head, partly decaying, labelled by
Egerton ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.

35687. Equally small imperfect head, showing jaws; Sheppey.

Purchased, 1859.

28856. Large head, showing jaws ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1854

38916. Cranium 0*095 in length, with foremost vertebral centrum
fused with basioccipital ; Sheppey. The parasphenoid is
partly broken away, exposing a large basicranial canal.
The vomer bears minute teeth arranged in a small,
median, longitudinally-extended patch. Bowerbank Coll.

I1- 1755. More imperfect larger cranium ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.

1698 a. Smaller cranium, showing minute teeth on edge of
palatine bone ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.

P* 1698b. Imperfect head, partly decaying, displaying mandible;

Sheppey. E9erU>n ColL

39445. More imperfect decaying head ; Sheppey. Bowerbank Coll.

P* 9481. Pyritised and partly decaying larger specimen ; Sheppey.

Enniskillen Coll,

39221. Fine head 0*17 in length from hinder border of quadrate to
tip of premaxilla ; Sheppey. The premaxill® are less
produced in front of the cranium than in Cybium and
Acanthocybium. Bowerbank Coll.

P- 159. Imperfect large cranium ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1880.

28624. Imperfect larger cranium ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1853.

33305. More imperfect large cranium ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1858.

472

ACTINOPTERYGII.

28855. Imperfect large head, with some anterior vertebrae, pr(>'
bably of this species ; Sheppey. The anterior vertebral
centra are not longer than deep, not much constricted,
and scarcely marked by lateral pits. Purchased, 1854.

P. 9458. Imperfect cranium 023 in length, probably of this species ,
Sheppey. The basioccipital region is comparatively short
and broad. Egerlon Coll.

P. 9459. Slightly’ smaller imperfect cranium, probably of tins
species ; Sheppey. Purchased.

Eocoelopoma curvatum, Owen.

1845. Caslnpoma lave, L. Agassiz, Rep. lirit. Assoc. 1844, p. 307 (name
only).

1854. Ceelopoma curvatum, R. Owen, Catal. Foss. Rept. & Pisces Mas.
Roy. Coll. Surg. p. 162.

rype. Imperfect head ; Royal College of Surgeons, London.

A much smaller species than the type, with opercular bones

quite smooth.

Form. 4' Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.

P. 1751. Imperfect pyritised head, partly decaying, labelled by7
Agassiz and marked by Egerton as intended to be the
type specimen of C. lave ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.

P. 1752. More fragmentary specimen, labelled by Agassiz ; Sheppey •

Egerton Coll.

P. 1698 C. Fragmentary head ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.

P. 1698 d. Imperfect head, showing parts of jaws and smooth
opercular apparatus ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.

P. 1698 e-h. Imperfect cranium, small head, and two fragments of
occiput ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll-

P. 4151-52, P. 9482. Four imperfect heads; Sheppey.

Enniskillen Coll.

28499. Imperfect pyritised head ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1853.

43126. Large fragmentary head ; Hampstead Tunnel.

Welherell Coll.

44877. Small specimen showing jaws ; Sheppey7.

Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 18,3.

P.9460. Imperfect small head ; Sheppey7. Purchased.

scombridj:.

473

24613. Cranium probably of this species, with large patch of
vomerine teeth transversely expanded ; Sheppey.

Purchased, 1850.

38922-23. Two other crania, the first showing normal vomerine
teeth, the second very imperfect ; Sheppey.

Bowerbank Coll.

Genus SPHYR51NODUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. 1844, p. 98.]

An extinct genus comprising large species known only by portions
°f skull and dentition. Teeth large and conical, not laterally
compressed, in single series on margin of jaws [and on palatine bone,
according to Dollo and Storms].

The dentition is more powerful and the premaxilla; are relativel}
larger than in the existing genus Pelamys.

Sphyreenodus priscus* Agassiz.

1841. Sphyrcenodus priscus ( Dictyodus ), R. Owen, Odontogr. p. 129,
pi. liv.

1839-44. Sphyramodus priscus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss, vo . v. pt. l.

p. 98, pi. xxvi. figs. 4-6. .

1890. Dictyodus priscus, Woodward & Sherborn, Catal. Bnt. loss.
Vert. p. 64.

Type. Jaws and associated remains ; British Museum.

The type species, with mandible attaining a length of 0 16.
Jaws much elongated, the maximum depth of the mandibular
ramus contained about four times in its length. Teeth plicated at
the base, slightly incurved at the apex, remarkably uniform in
size.

harm, df Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay): London Basin.

P- 3957. Type specimen, described and figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. ;

Sheppey. Only obscure fragments of the cranium are
shown. Enniskillen Coll.

An undescribed species of Sphyrcenodus also occurs in the Middle
Gligocene of Boom, near Antwerp ( Dictyodus rupeliensis, Dollo &
Storms, Zool. Anzeig. 1888, p. 266).

The generic name Dictyodus, Owen (Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1838
[1839], Trans. Sect. p. 142), was considered as a synonym of
Sphyrcenodus by Owen, Odontogr. (1841), expl. pi. liv.; but it
seems to have been based on some fragmentary jaws in the Royal

474

ACT1N0PTERYGII.

College of Surgeons, which were subsequently named Dictyodus
destructor, Owen (Catal. Foss, llept. & Pisces Mus. Roy. Coll. Sing.
1854, p. 1(51). These specimens exhibit large, low and broad teeth,
much laterally compressed, and vertically striated at the base, and
are too imperfect for satisfactory determination. The following
specimen may perhaps belong to this genus and species : —

36166. Imperfect jaws, each exhibiting a single scries of the
characteristic large teeth flanked externally with a row
of very small but similar teeth ; London Clay, Shoppoy-

Purchased, i860.

Genus SCOMBRAMPHODON, novum.

Syn. Amphodon, 11. Storms (non Amphodus, Peters, 1872), Ann. Soe.

G6ol. Belg. vol. xiii. 1887, Mlira. p. 265.

An extinct genus known only by portions of skull, dentition,
and vertebrie. Marginal teeth large and conical, not laterally
compressed, in single series on premaxilla, in less regular series on
dentary, which bears a supplementary external row of compara-
tively small teeth ; minute clustered teeth on palatine. Dontary
bone rapidly deepening behind the contracted but thickened
symphysis. Vertebral centra not longer than deep, with two
lateral pits.

Scombramphodon benedeni. Storms.

1887. Amphodon benedeni, R. Storms, Ann. Soc. Gtiol. Belg. vol. xWo
M<5m. p. 205, pi. iv.

Type. Associated portions of skull and vertebrae.

The type species, with mandible probably about 0T5 in lengt •
Large teeth strongly plicated at base, not much incurved at apex »
those of dentary in a regular series, firmly fixed in rather deep
sockets.

Form. <$• Loc. Middle Oligocene (Rupelian) : Rupclmondc,

Belgium.

Not represented in the Collection.

Scombramphodon curvidens, Storms.

1887. Amphodon curvidens, It. Storms, Ann. Soc. Gcol. Belg. vol. xiii.,
Mi$m. p. 266, pi. v.

Type. Associated portions of dontary and premaxilla.

Large teeth of dentary more incurved than in the typo species

scombrim:.

475

and loss deeply implanted at the base ; small outer teeth forming a
cluster at the mandibular symphysis.

Form. $ Loc. Middle Oligocene (Rupelian) : Rupelmonde,

Belgium.

Not represented in the Collection.

Scombramphodon crassidens, sp. nov.

1844. Sphyrccnodus crassidens, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.

p. 99 (name only). , _ , . _

1890. Dictyodus (?) crassidens , Woodward & Sherborn, a . n .

Foss. Vert. p. 64 (name only).

Type. Fragments of jaws ; British Museum.

Apparently closely similar to S. curvidens, but the apices of the
teeth less incurved, and the teeth on the anterior half of the
dentary less regularly arranged.

Form. <$■ Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.

B- 1779. Abraded fragments of jaws in matrix showing the large
teeth with plicated bases, labelled by Agassiz an
intended to be the type specimen of this species ; Sheppej .

Eyerton Coll.

P- 158. Fragmentary head ; Sheppey. The cranium seems to have
considerably resembled that of Scomber and Scombrinus,
but is deeper and more laterally compressed. The pre-
maxilla is long and slender, not much expanded in front.
It bears a single series of large teeth, which are deeply
plicated in their basal half and not incurved at the apex.
The hinder portion of the right dentary exhibits traces
of the outer series of small teeth. Purchase ,

38945. Anterior half of left dentary, showing bases of teeth, rather
irregular in arrangement, clustered on the symp jsis ,

Sheppey. Each tooth has a very small pulp-cavity.

11 ' Jiowerbank Coll.

B- 1780. Hinder portion of small left dentary and premaxilla ;

Sheppey. The bases of the two scries of mandibular

. J , Eyerton Coll.

teeth are shown. J

28755. Imperfect small head, doubtfully of this species ; Sheppey

Purchased , 1853.

38907. Smaller imperfect head, doubtfully of this species.

Bowerbank Coll.

476

ACTINOPTERYGII,

The following specimens are not specifically determined : — •

P. 5205. Fragment of left dontary, rather stout and large, showing
bases of teeth ; London Clay, Sheppey. Gardner Coll-

25740. Anterior end of small right dentary; Middle Eocene,
Brackleshatn Bay. Dixon Coll-

The indefinable Scombroid genus Stereodus (R. Owen, Geol. Mag.
v°l. i*. 1865, p. 147), from the Miocene of Malta, has smooth,
round teeth much like those of Scombramphodon. The largo type
species, Stereodus melilensis (R. Owen, loc. cit., and J. H. Cooke,
Geol. Mag. [3] vol. viii. 1891, p. 546), is represented in the Col-
lection by the following specimens, all from the yellow limestone of
Malta and Gozo : —

P. 3903. Imperfect base of caudal fin. Enniskillen toll-

P. 6207. Terminal caudal vertebrae and remains of caudal fin-rays.

Each vertobra in advance of the hypural exhibits two
lateral pits separated by a roundod median longitudinal
ridge. Presented by Sir John Murray, K.C.B- , 1899.

P. 6207 a. Nearly similar spocimcn, but having two very short and
deep vertebral centra, without median lateral ridge, im-
mediately in front of hypural.

Presented by Sir John Murray, K.C.B-, 1896.

P- 343. Nearly similar specimen, hut three last ridged caudal
vertebral centra relatively shorter and deeper.

Purchased, 1881*

P- 7537. Various remains of end of tail and caudal fin-rays.

Presented by P. T. Godsal, Esq., 1895.

The fragment of jaw from the Middle Oligocene of Flonhcim, in
the Mayence Basin, named Sphyrcenodus conoideus by H. von Me}cr
(Neues Jahrb. 1846, p. 597, and I’ahnontogr. vol. i. 1851, p. -181,
pi. xxxiii. fig. 13), closely resembles the so-called Stereodus.

Genus THYRSITOCEPHALUS, G. vom Rath.
[Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xi. 1859, p. 114.]

Trunk elongated and laterally compressed. Orbit relatively
small ; mandible prominent; teeth few and large, smallost in Iront
of the jaws. Vertebrae about 54 in number, nearly half bein0
abdominal ; ribs small. Paired fins small ; dorsal fins scarcely

SCOHBRID^:.

477

separated, the anterior -with more than 20 spines, arising above the
paired fins; posterior dorsal and anal fins of equal extent, and
followed by about 20 finlets ; caudal fin deeply forked. [Scales
Unknown.]

An extinct Oligocene genus.

Thyrsitocephalus alpinus, G. vom Rath.

1859. Thyrsitocephalus alpinus , G. vom Rath, loc. cit. p. 114, pi. iii.
fig. 4.

1886. Thyrsitocephalus alpinus, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 70.

■Typt- Nearly complete fish; Geological Museum, L Diversity of
Bonn.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'16. Length of
head with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding maximum depth
°f trunk, and contained five times in total length of fish. Teeth
recurved, about 12 in each jaw. Anterior dorsal fin with 22 or 23
spines, posterior dorsal with 10 articulated rays, anal fin with 10
°r 12 articulated rays.

Form. S[ Loc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus. Switzerland.

B ot represented in the Collection.

Genus LEPIDOPUS, Gouan.

[Hist. Nat. Poiss. 1770, p. 185.]

syn. A nenchelum, H. D. de Hlainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. 1818, p. 314.

Lepidopides, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. i. pt. i. 1850, p. 239.

Trunk laterally compressed and excessively elongated. Orbit
large ; mouth large and mandible prominent ; marginal dentition
Powerful, a few teeth much enlarged, recurved, and barbed. From
00 to 110 vertebne, none with transverse processes. Pectoral fins
WeH developed, but pelvic fins rudimentary ; dorsal fin continuous
and nearly uniform in elevation along the whole length of the back ;
numerous rudimentary anal fin-spines; no finlets; caudal fiD
deeply forked. Scales absent.

Pelagic and deep-sea fishes of wide range.

Lepidopus glarisianus (Blainville).

1708. Figure by J. J. Scheuchzer, Pise. Querelfe et Vindicise, pi. ii.

1818. Anenchelum glarisianum, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet.
d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 314.

1834. Anenchelum glarisianum , L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p, 302.

478

ACTINOPTEETGir.

1834. Anenclielum latum, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 302 (name only).

1834. Anenchelum isopleurum, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 302 (name only)’
1834. Anenchelum heteropleurum , L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 302 (name on y •
1842—44. Anenchelum tjlarisianum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pi- *•
p. 70, pi. xxxvii. figs. 1, 2.

1842-44. Anenchelum isopleurum, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 71, pi- xxxvii-
fig. 3. [Immature distorted fish ; British Museum.] __

1842-44. Anenchelum dorsale, 1,. Agassiz, ibid. p. 72, pi. xxxvii. fig- ’
pi. xxxvii a. figs. 1, 2. [Fragmentary distorted specimen ; Butis
Museum.]

1842-44. Anenchelum heteropleurum, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 73, pi- xxxvii
fig. 8. [Distorted large fish ; British Museum.]

1842-44. Anenchelum latum, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 74, pi. xxxvi. L 111
perfect anterior half of fish ; Zurich Museum.]

(P) 1844. Anenchelum loni/ipenne, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 74 (name on y ^
(?) 1847-48. Anenchelum breviceps, C. G. Giebel, Neues Jahrb. - ‘ ’
p. 665, and Fauna d. Vorw., Fische, p. 80. [Imperfect distoi
fish ; University Geological Museum, Halle.]

1859. Anenchelum latum, G. vom Rath, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. "BS‘
vol. xi. p. 122, pi. iii. fig. 6, pi. iv.

1859. Anenchelum dorsale, G. vom Rath, ibid. p. 122, pi- hi- fin’ ' _
1859. Anenchelum glarisianum, G. vom Rath, ibid. p. 122, pi- hi-
1859. Anenchelum heteropleurum, G. vom Rath, ibid. p. 123.

(?) 1859. Anenchelum breviceps, G. vom Rath, ibid. p. 12.!.

1859. Anenchelum isopleurum, G. vom Rath, ibid. p. 123.

1886. Ijepidopus glaronensis, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertis'
Glarnerschief. (Ilenkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xm-ji
p. 42, pi. v. figs. 1, 3, 5, 9, 10, pi. vi. figs. 1, 3, 5-8.

Type. Imperfect fish. ^

A slender species attaining a length of over one metre. Ton,,
of head with oporcular apparatus contained eight times, maxim'11'1
depth of trunk about ninotcen times in the total length of the fis 1
to the base of the caudal fin. About 12 teeth on the margin o
each jaw above and below; one enlarged at anterior end of pre
maxilla ; those of middle of dentary twice as high as those in rl,11__
and behind ; the largest more or less recurved. Vertebrae 32 to • «
in the abdominal, 72 to 75 in tko caudal region. 1’ectoral fins un
usually large, the length of the two lowest rays equalling twice t m
depth of the trunk ; dorsal fin arising above first vertebra, tormina
ting over sixth from caudal fin, and its anterior 10 or 12 rajs ^
longest; anal fin terminating opposite end of dorsal; caudal
larger than in the existing species.

This is the type species of Anenchelum. The known examp *
are very variously distorted, and it is difficult to determine 1
exact proportions.

Form. S[ Loc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.

SCOMBRIDJE.

479

451, P. 3996, P. 501, P. 3995. Small fish and large caudal
region, in counterpart, much elongated by distortion,
described and figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. 1842-44, as
belonging to this species ; Engi.

Egerton 6f Enniskillen Colls.

P- 442. Bent and distorted small specimen, described and figured
by Agassiz, ibid., as the type of Anenchelum isopleurum ;
Engi. Egerton Coll.

P. 3993. Larger specimen noticed by Agassiz, ibid. p. 72, as Anen-
chelum isopleurum ; Engi. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3998. Type specimen of Anenchelum dorsals, figured by Agassiz,
ibid. pi. xxxvii a. fig. 2 ; Engi. The teeth are obscured
by matrix and iuaccurately drawn in the figure.

Enniskillen Coll.

P- 502, P. 3990. Type specimen of Anenchelum heteropleurum , in
counterpart, described and figured by Agassiz, ibid. ; Engi.
The teeth are inaccurately shown, being obscured by
matrix. Egerton S( Enniskillen Colls.

418°3, 41805-06, 41809 11, 41813. Remains of seven large fishes,
well divested of matrix ; Engi. Purchased. 1869.

41804, 41808, 41812. Similar remains of three smaller fishes ;
Engi. Purchased, 1869.

7848. Caudal region ; Engi. Mantell Coll .

33936, 33942, 33945 46, 33950-51, 33954, 33968-71, 33982,
33985. Eight imperfect specimens, six being in counter-
part ; Engi. Presented by Miss Elizabeth lYurne, 1859.

36086—87. Small specimen and portion of another fish bent behind
the head, both in counterpart ; Plattenberg.

Purchased, 1861.

P. 5214. Caudal region ; Plattenberg.

Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq . , 1885.

P- 1706, P. 1708-09, P. 2067-68, P. 3991-92, P. 3997. Various
distorted portions of large specimens ; Engi.

Egerton Sf Enniskillen Colls.

41807. Immature fish ; Engi. Purchased, 1869.

P- 1711—12. Three immature fishes, the third about 0'1 in length ;

Engi. Egerton Coll.

P. 3994. Another immature fish ; Engi. Enniskillen Coll.

480

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Lepidopus brevicauda (vom Rath).

1869. Anenchelum brevicauda, G. vom Rath, Zeitschr. deuttch. geol.
Ges. vol. xi. p. 124, pi. v. fig. 1.

1886. Lepidopus brevicauda, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glar-
nerschief. (Denkschr. Schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 43,
pi. v. figs. 2, 7, 8, pi. vi. fig. 4.

Type. Imperfect fish ; University Geological Museum, Bonn.

A small species attaining a length of about 0'5. Maximum
depth of trunk contained about fifteen times in length of vertebral
column. Teeth apparently more numerous than in L. glarisianus.
Vertebrae about 36 in the abdominal, 53 in the caudal region.
Length of longest pectoral fin-rays not exceeding depth of trunk ;
dorsal and anal fins low.

Form. Sf Loc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.

Not represented in the Collection.

Lepidopus albyi, Sauvage.

1870. Lepidopus albyi, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [6] vol. xiv.
art. no. 7, p. 6.

1873. Lepidopus albyi, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Gdol. vol. iv.
art. no. 1, p. 123, fig. 26.

Type. Imperfect fish.

A small species, apparently not more than 0-3 in length. Length
of head with opercular apparatus contained about seven times,
maximum depth of trunk about sixteen times in total length of fish.
Vertebrae 35 in the abdominal, 58 in the caudal region. Pectoral
fins small.

Form. $ Loc. Upper Miocene : Licata, Sicily.

P. 1705. Fragmentary remains of head and abdominal region.

Egerton Coll-

The following extinct species have also been described, but there
are no examples in the Collection : —

Lepidopus anc/uis, H. E. Sanvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5J vol. xiv.
(1870), art. no. 7, p. 6, and Ann. Sci. Gdol. vol. iv.
(1873), p. 128, fig. 27 ; I. Bonomi, ltivista Ital. Paleont.
vol. ii. (1896), p. 232. — Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily,
and Mondaino, Prov. Forli, Italy. [Small fish.]

Lepidopus carpathicus, D. G. Kramberger, Palaeontogr. vol. xxvi.
(1879), p. 57, pi. xvi. fig. 1. — Lower Oligocene ; Baschka,
Galicia. [Fragment of caudal region ; Palaeontological
Museum, Munich.]

SCOMBBIDiE.

48V

Lepidopus dubius, D. G. Kramberger, loe. cit. 1879, p. 55, pi. xiv.
fig. 1. Lepidopides dubius, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k.
Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. i. (1850), pt. i.
p. 241 ; F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. vii. (1880), p. 76- Lepidopides brevispondylus,
J. J. Heckel, he. cit. 1850, p. 241, pi. xxvii.— Lower
Oligocene: Baschka, Galicia; Maunitz, Moravia; andOfen,
Hungary. [Portion of trunk; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Lepidopus leptospondylus, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 18/ 9, p. o/ .
Lepidopides leptospondylus, J. J. Heckel, he. cit. 1850,
p. 240, pi. xxii.— Lower Oligocene : Galicia and Moravia.
[Fragments ; Court Museum, Vienna (in part).]

Lepidopus mener/hinii is an undefined name for a fossil fish from
the Upper Miocene of Gabbro, Tuscany (do Bosniaski, Atti Soc.
Tosc. — Proc.-Verb. vol. i. 1878, p. six.).

Barbed teeth like those of Lepidopus have also been described
from the Oligocene of Alsace (A. Andreae, Mitth. geol. Landesanst.
Elsass-Lothr. vol. iii. 1890, p. 108, figs. 3, 4) ; from the Miocene of
Saucat.s, Gironde ( Trichiurides mioccenus, E. Delfortrie, Actes cc.
Einn. Bordeaux, vol. xxxi. 1876, p. 32, figs. 1— 5)i and from
Pliocene of Sardinia ( Thyrsites lovisaloi, F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad.
Sci. Napoli, [2] vol. iv. 1891, no. 3, p. 54, pi. i. fig- 5. P1- >'•
% 23).

The following extinct genera and species also appear "to belon^,
tbis family, but are not satisfactorily definable. Except per aps
the two first-mentioned species, which are unrecognisab e, none are
represented in the Collection : —

Acropoma alta, R. Owen, Catal. Foss. Rept. & Pisces, Hus. R .
Coll. Surg. 1854, p. 164, no. 661.— London Clay ; Sheppey.
[Fragmentary head ; Royal College of Surgeons, on °
Eucynodus hunteri, R. Owen, ibid. p. 160, no. • 1

[Ditto.] . _ , . , .

Hemithyrgiteg alatus, TI. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. eo .

(1873), art. no. 1, p. 136, figs. 37 f

alatus, H.E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xi . ( 7 ),

art. no. 7, p. 10.— Upper Miocene; Licata, Sicily. [Im-

perfect fish.] . Q7Q 1 ^

Hemithyrsites armatus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. at. 18 /d, p. DM,
fig. 36. Acanthonotos armatus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. at.

1870, p. 9. Ibid. [Type species, also of Acanthonotos,

Sauvage 1870, non Acanthonotus, Bloch-Schneid. 1801.
Imperfect fish.]

part iv. B i

482

ACTING PTF.R YOU.

Hemiihyrsites licala?, H. E. Sauvage, he. cit. 1873, p. 139.
Acanthonotos licala, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1870, p. 10.
— Ibid. [Fragments.]

Megalolepis baschcaensis , D. G. Kramberger, Paheontogr. vol. xxvi.
(1879), p. 61, pi. xvi. fig. 3. — Lower Oligocene; Baschka,
Galicia. [Type species. Imperfect fish ; Palaeontological
Museum, Munich.]

Megalolepis latus, D. G. Kramberger, ibid. p. 62, pi. xvi. fig. 2.
— Ibid. [Imperfect fish ; Palaeontological Museum,
Munich.]

lrichiuricbthys incertus, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv.
(1873), art. no. 1, p. 130, fig. 28. — Upper Miocene;
Licata, Sicily. [Imperfect caudal region.]

Xiphopterus falcatus, I. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 295, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. (1844), p. 77. Esox falcatus,
G. S. V olta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. ccxxxvii. pi. lvii*
— Upper Eocene; Monte llolca. [Fragmentary fish;
Paris Museum of Natural History.]

Unsatisfactory fragments of jaws and other bones have also been
referred to supposed extinct species of the existing genus Pelamys
as follows : —

Pelamys adunca, It. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, &c.. Colli ne
Toscane (1876), p. 64, pi. v. fig. 6.— Lower Pliocene ;
Orciano, Tuscany.

Pelamys robusta, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Hoy. Bclg. [2]
vol. xxxi. (1871), p. 512.— Middle Oligocene (Rupelian) ;
Basele, Belgium.

An otolith, not represented in the Collection, has been described
as follows i —

Otolithvs {Scombridarvm) thynnoides ,E. Koken, Zeitscbr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 130, pi. x. fig. 10.— Middle
Oligocene ; Waldbockelheim.

Family PALiEORHYNCHIDiE.

1 runk much elongated and laterally compressed. Snout much
produced; mandibular suspensorium inclined sharply forwards, but
gape of mouth wide ; teeth minute or absent. Vertebra; 50 to 66
in number ; ribs completely encircling the abdominal cavity ;

PAL.a50RHTXCHID.3E.

483

neural and haemal spines with a thin laminar expansion on the
hinder border. Pectoral fins small ; pelvic fins large ; dorsal and
anal fins much extended, the greater part consisting of feeble
spines; caudal fin distinct and well developed. Scales thin and
cycloid, or absent.

An imperfectly known extinct family, inhabiting the seas of the
Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene periods. The precise constitution
of the cranial rostrum is undetermined.

Synopsis of Genera.

Jaws of equal length ; dorsal fin-spines as *

numerous as vertebra below them PaUeorhynchus (p. 483).

Mandible about half as long as rostrum ; dorsal
fin-spines much more numerous than ver-
tebra below them Eemirhynchus (p. 488).

Genus PALffiORHYNCHUS, H. D. de Blainville.

[Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. 1818, p. 3-14.]

Articulation of mandible beneath anterior border of orbit, and
slender jaws nearly of equal length; teeth apparently absent;
preoperculum large and triangular, ornamented with numerous
radiating grooves ; operculum quadrangular. Vertebra about 2o
in the abdominal, 35 in the caudal region. Pectoral fins small and
delicate; pelvic fins large, directly beneath the pectorals, each with
6 rays ; dorsal fin extending almost the whole length of the back,
its spines consisting of imperfectly-fused right and left halves, and
as numerous as the vertebra below them ; anal fin also veiy cx
tensive, the greater part consisting of spines resembling those of the
dorsal ; caudal fin forked. Dorsal and anal fin-spines supported by
email fan-shaped bones, which are strengthened by three radiatinD
ribs, the shortest extending along the margin of the trunk, the
others diverging towards the vertebral axis. Scales small au

ovoid.

Palaeorhyncbus glarisianus, Blainville.

[Text-figure 17.]

1716. Figure bv J. J. Scheuchzer, Mus. diluvianum, pi. ix. fig. 6.

1818. PaUeorhynchum ylarisianum, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet.
d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 314.

1834. PaUeorhynchum ylarisianum , L. Agassiz, ISeues Jahrb. p. o03.

1842-44. PaUeorhynchum ylarisianum} L. Agassiz, 1 oiss. I1 oss. vol. v.
pt. i. p. 81, pi. xxxiv.

484 actinoptekygii

FALJEORH YNCHIDJ5,

485

1842-44. Potato rhjnch um latum L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 82, pi., xxxii.
fis. 2, pis. xxxv., xxxvi. [Distorted fish ; British Museum.]

i 842-44. Palteorkynehum medium', L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 84, pi. xxxiii.
[Fragmentary fish ; Zurich Museum.]

1886. Palceorh yncb us glaronensis, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 73,
pl ii. figs. 14-10.

Type. Imperfect fish.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'8. Complete
length of head with opercular apparatus little less than one half
that of the vertebral column -r maximum depth of trunk contained
about 14 times in total length of fish. Neural and haemal spines
°f vertebrae straight and vertical in anterior part of caudal region.
Nearly 50 dorsal fin-spines, the length of the longest about equalling
that of 10 vertebra ; 15 to 18 short divided rays in the hinder part
°f the dorsal fin ; anal fin with about 35 spines and 32 divided rays,
the spines gradually increasing in length to the middle of the fin
where they are longer than the dorsal spines.

•Almost all the known fossilised examples of this species are con-
siderably distorted, and it is difficult to determine the exact pro-
portions of the fish. The accompanying restoration (fig. 17) seems
to be approximately correct.

1'orm. ,(• Poe. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.

1713. Head with abdominal region, described and figured as
belonging to this species by Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 81,
pl. xxxiv. fig. 1 ; Engi. Some of the elongated rays of
both pelvic fins are shown. Egerton Coll.

T- 503, P. 4123. Type specimen of the so-called Palaorhynchum
latum , in counterpart, figured by Agassiz, tom. cit.
pl. xxxii. fig. 2 ; Engi. The skeleton, which is deepened
by distortion, is much obscured by matrix, the false
appearance of a large crest on the head in the figure being
due to this circumstance. A lithographed plate of this
specimen was published by the Earl of Enniskillen (when
Lord Cole) in 1820. Eyerton $ Enniskillen Colls.

^1814. Fine specimen 0‘8 in length, but a little elongated by
crushing • Engi. There are remains both of pectoral and
pelvic fins ; and three of the pelvic fin-rays preserved
seem to bifurcate distally. The separation of the two
halves of the dorsal fin-spines is distinct.

Purchased, 1869.

1 These specific names were first published without definition in Egerton’s
Catal- Foss. Fish, 1837.

486

ACTINOPTERYGIT.

P. 2070. Imperfect fish shortened and deepened by distortion, also
showing the separation of the two halves of the dorsal
and anal fin-spines ; Engi. Egerton Coll.

P. 4125. Another large distorted specimen, labelled P. glarisianum
by Agassiz ; Engi. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1715. Small fish labelled P. medium by Agassiz, apparently
noticed, tom. eit. p. 84 ; Engi. Egerton Coll.

36085. Remains of another small fish, in counterpart; Plattenberg.

Purchased, 1861

41815-16, —18. Imperfect small fish and two fragments, w’ell dis-
engaged from matrix, displaying parts of head, preopercula,
and median fins; Engi. Purchased , 1869.

P. 4523. Imperfect small slender specimen, labelled Paloeorhynchwn
gracile, Egerton ; Engi. Enniskillen Coll.

42812. Another small imperfect specimen. Van Breda Coll.

P. 1714, P. 1716 17, P. 4126, P. 4307. Various fragments, some
labelled by Agassiz ; Engi. Egerton A Enniskillen Colls-

Palaeorhynchus longirostris, Agassiz.

1842-44. Paleeorhynchum longirostre, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. t.
pt. i. p. 79, pi. xxxiv a. fig. 3.

1880. Palceorhynchus longirostris, A. Wettsteiu, Fischfauna Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.),p- 75.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

The largest known species, attaining a length of about 1 ">■

bkeleton stouter than in tho type species ; neural and hsemal spines

of vertebrae gently arched backwards in anterior part of caudal

region ; total number of vertebrae about 55.

Form. A Loc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.

P. 456, P. 4124. Type specimen, in counterpart, described and
figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. ; Engi.

Egerton A Ennislcillen Colls.

41817. Remains of head and abdominal region of larger fish ; Engi.

Purchased, I860.

PALjEORHSTNUHIDJ!.

487

Palaeorhynchus zitteli (Kramberger).

1879. Hem irhynchus zitteli, D. G. Kramberger, I’alseontogr. vol. xxvi.
p. 69, pi. xv. fig. 1.

1886. PaUeurhynchu* zitteli, A. Wettstein, Fiscbfauna Tertiaer. Glar-
nerscbief. p. 72.

1888. Paleeorhynchu* zitteli, K. A. von Zittel, Handb. Palffiont. vol. iii.
p. 601, fig. 3J2.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.

An imperfectly known species closely resembling the type, but
apparently a little deeper in proportion to its length.

The type specimen is important as showing the laminar expan-
sions of the vertebral arches and fin-supports.

Form. dj- Loc. Lower Oligocene : Uajc/.a, Galicia.

*Tot represented in the Collection.

Fragmentarv specimens of species not represented in the Collec-
tion have also been described as follows: —

Pnlceorhynchus deschmanni, D. G. Kramberger, Had Jugoslav .
Akad. vol. Ixxii. (1885), p. 41, pi. i., pi iii. fig- 3< a,ld
Hoc. Hist. Nat. Croatica, vol. i. (1886), p. 134.— Upper
Oligocene ; Sagor, Croatia. [Portion of trunk.]
Palatorhynchus gigantem, A. Wagner, Sitzungsb. k. bay. Akad.
Wiss. 1860, p. 52.— Upper Oligocene; Siegsdorf, near
Traunstein, Bavaria, [imperfect fish ; Palaeontological
Museum, Munich.] ^ .

Pnlceorhynchus ctr. glaronensis, F. Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci.
Napoli [2] vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 98, pi. xv. fig. 2.
Lower Miocene; Chiavon, Vicentin. [Imperfect fish.
Piovene Collection, Lonedo.]

Pcthxorhynckus riedli, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. xvi. (1895), p. 61, pi. xi. fig. 1.— Upper Oligocene ;
Trifail, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Zilli Museum.]

PaJceorhynchus is also known from the Oligocene of Buehsweilt r
and Froidefontaine in Alsace (F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad.
^ iss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. liv. pt. i. 1866, p. 150). ^

The following fragmentary specimens from the London Clay of
Sheppey closely resemble the corresponding parts of Paleeorhynehus
nnd cannot yet be generieally distinguished :

P- 646-7. Two imperfect crania, one being 0-085 in length, labelled
by Egerton as intended to be the type specimens of Ptycho-
cephalus radiatus, Agassiz, recorded- by name only in

488

ACT1N0PTERYGII.

Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. (1844), p. 139, and llep. Brit.
Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 307. Egerton Coll.

P. 1741. Similar cranium with mandibular suspensorium, and frag-
ments of mandible and opercular apparatus. Egerton Coll.

33136, 35692. Two imperfect crania. Purchased, 1858-59.

Genus HEMIRHYNCHUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. 1844, p. 87.]

Syn. Homorhynchus, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg. [2]
vol. xxxv. 1873, p. 210.

Head as in Palceorhynchus, but slender rostrum about twice as
long as mandible. Vertebrae about 25 in the abdominal, 28 in the
caudal region. Pectoral fins small and delicate ; pelvic fins larger ;
dorsal fin extending almost the whole length of the back, its rays
about twice as numerous as the vortebr® ; anal fin also very ex-
tensive, with rays much moro numerous than the vertebrae ; caudal
fin forked. Dorsal and anal fin -supports as in Palceorhynchus.

Hemirhynchus deshayesi, Agassiz.

183!). Histiophorus deshayes, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pi. XX X .
1844. Hemirhynchus deshayes, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i-

p. 88.

1852. Hemirhynchus deshayes, P. Gervais, Zool. & Pal. Frau?., Poiss.
Foss. p. 7, pi. lxxi. figs. 2, 3.

Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Paris Museum of Natural
History.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'45. Maximum
depth of trunk contained about eight times in length from pectoral
arch to base of caudal fin.

Snout incomplete in known specimens.

Eorm. Loo. Middle Eocene (Calcaire Grossier) : Paris.

Not represented in the Collection.

Hemirhynchus colei (Agassiz).

1842-44. Palaorhynchum egertoni ', L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v.

pt. i. p. 80, pi. xxxiv a. fig. 1. [Imperfect fish ; British Museum.]
1842-44. Palceorhynchum colei1, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 85, pi. xxxii.
fig- 1.

-These) specific names were firBt published without definition in Egerton’s
Catal. Foss. Fish, 1837.

PAL-EORHTNCHID-35.

489

1 849-44. Palreorhynchum microspondylum 1 , L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 85,
pi. xxxiv a. fig. 2. [Distorted trunk ; British Museum.]

1886. Hemirhynchus colei, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glarner-
schief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii. J, p. 78.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

A species attaining a length of about O'G. Head depressed, its
maximum depth about two thirds that of the trunk ; length from
end of snout to anterior border of orbit equalling nearly one quarter
of total length of fish to base of caudal fin ; mandible not quite half
as long as rostrum. Length of longest dorsal fin-spines less than
half as great as depth of trunk at their insertion ; soft dorsal fin
beginning at eleventh vertebra, soft anal at fourteenth vertebra
from caudal fin.

Form. Sf Loc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.

P- 4122. Type specimen described and figured by Agassiz, he. cd. ,
Engi. The skeleton is much obscured by matrix, and the
remains in the abdominal region cannot be satisfactorily
interpreted. The rays apparently of the pelvic fins are
inaccurately multiplied and extended in the drawing.

Enniskillen Coll.

P- 455, P. 4120. Type specimen of the so-called PaUrorhynchum
egertoni, in counterpart, described and figured by Agassiz,
loc. cit. ; Engi. The skeleton is much obscured by matrix,
and the so-called “ two singular plates of oval form ”
supporting the caudal fin, are merely the artist’s interpre-
tation of a film of slate. So far as the obscurity of the
specimen permits judgment, it seems that the soft dorsa
and anal fins had the same extent as in U. colei ; and
there is no evidence that the supports ot the dorsal fin

spines differed from those in this species.

Erjerion Ennislctllsyi Colls,

P- 504, P. 4121. Type specimen of the so-called PaUrorhynchum

microspondylum, in counterpart, described and fi„ured by

Agassiz, loc. cit. ; Engi. It » an imperfect trunk

shortened and deepened by distortion.

Eyerton <$' Enniskillen Colls.

33943—44. Imperfect trunk in counterpart ; Engi.

Presented by Miss Elizabeth Warns , 1859.

40178. Imperfect hinder portion of small trunk; EDgi.

Purchased , 1866.

490

ACTINOPTERIGII.

The end of the tail of an undetermined species of Hemirhynchus
has also been described as follows : —

HomorhyncJius bruxelliensis, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy.
Bolg. [2] vol. xxxv. (1873), p. 210, with plate. Palceo-
rliynchum bruxelliense, H. Le Hon, Prelim. Mem. Poiss.
'I’ert. Belg. (1871), p. 14 (name only). — Middle Eocene
(Bruxellian) ; Brussels.

Family XIPHIIDiE.

Trunk fusiform, with much-contracted caudal pedicle and large,
forked caudal fin ; skeleton very robust. Premaxillee produced into
an elongated rostrum and fused together towards their anterior
extremity ; dentition feeble or absent. Vertebras 24 to 26
number, about half being caudal; the centra firmly united, and the
neural and hmmal spines expanded into laminae. Pectoral fins ot
moderate size; pelvic fins with less than 5 articulated rays, or
entirely absent ; dorsal fin much extended, with few anterior spines,
a small posterior portion sometimes separated; anal fin also ex-
tended, sometimes with small separate posterior portion. Squama-
tion more or less discontinuous or absent. Air-bladder large.

“ Sword-fishes ” are common in all tropical and subtropical seas,

and three genera are distinguished as follows

Rostrum rounded in section; teeth minute, persistent ;
pelvic fins witli 2 or 6 rays ; dorsal fin much elevated,

undivided ; scales present iristiophorus-

Rostrum rounded in section ; teeth minute, persistent ;
pelvic fins a single spine; dorsal fin not deeper than

trunk, divided in adult ; scales present Tetvciptm *1*'

Rostrum much depressed, a flattened blade; teeth absent
in adult; pelvic tins absent; dorsal tin much elevated,
usually divided in adult; scales absent in adult X iphias.

The know'n fossils are too imperfect to be referred with certain')
to their respective genera. Most of them probably belong to
1 fistiophorus or Tetrapturus ; but at least ono gonus from the
Eocene is distinguished from tho existing members of the faroil)
by the form of tho cranial roof and tho duplication of each nutritive
canal in the premaxillas ( Xiph ioi hynch as).

Genus XIPHIORHYNCHUS, Van Beneden.

[Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg. (2) vol. xxxi. 1871, p. 499.]

Syn. (?) Ommatolampes, G. Fischer de Waldheim, Ommatolampes et
Trachelacanthus, 1851, p. 4.

XIPHITDJ5.

491

Roof of cranium gently and regularly convex, the fossae for the
forward production of the lateral muscles of the trunk very slightly
extended over the occipital border ; rostrum rounded in section, and
each premaxilla traversed by two principal longitudinal nutritive
canals, one above the other. Teeth minute and clustered.

This genus is only definitely known by the skull, but typical
Xiphioid vertebras occur in the same formations as the fossils
referred to it.

Xiphiorhynchus elegans, V an Beneden.

IdiT. Xiphiorhynchus elegans, P. J. Ian Beneden, Bull. Acad.

Belg. [2] vol. xxxi. p. 499, pi. ii. fig8- 3, 4.

Type. Rostrum ; Abbey of Affligem, Mclle, near Ghent.

The type species, known only by the rostrum, about 0 2 in length
by 0-03 in width at the base, lustrum rather depressed, twice as
broad as deep near the base.

Form. $ hoc. Middle Eocene (Bruxellian) : Belgium.

Xot represented in the Collection.

Xiphiorhynchus priscus (Agassiz).

[Plate XIX. figs. 1, 2. Text-figure 18, no. 1.]

(?) 1829. Chelonia railiata, G. Fischer, Nouv. Mena. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, vol. i. p. 297, pi. xx. fig. 2. [Portion of skull ; Geological
Museum, University of Moscow.]

1834. Tetraptw'us1 L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 30* *.

1889-44. Tetrapterus priscus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. l.
P- 91, pi. xxxi. , „ . „

(?) 1851. Ommatolampes eichwaldi, G. Fischer de Waldheim, Omm*-
tolampes et Trachelacanthus, p. 3, pL i. [= Chelonia raduita ,
1829].

1869. Histiophorus priscus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Ilist.
vol. xii. p. 310.

Type. Imperfect skull ; Museum of Natural History, I aris.

Rather larger than the type species, with a less depressed rostrum,
which is al ways more than half as deep as broad.

In physical characters the type specimen of the so-called Omma-
tolampeg is identical with the fossils from the London Clay of
Sheppey. It is said to have been obtained from Siberia, but in the
original description (1829) the exact locality and circumstances of
its discovery are stated to be unknown.

-Form. Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay): London Basin.

492

ACTINOPTERYGII.

28711. Imperfect anterior portion of cranium, wanting rostrum,
shown of the natural size from the upper and left lateral
aspects in PI. XIX. figs. 1, 1 a ; Sheppey. The bones
exhibit a coarsely fibrous texture. The greater portion of
the left frontal (/r.) is seen, with a fragment of that of
the right side. In front of these there occurs a median
element ( etli .), which seems to be a membrane-bone on
the ethmoidal region rather than the mcsethmoid itself.
Another median pair of bones, evidently long and narrow,
finite at the base of the rostrum, are doubtless to be
interpreted as nasals (na.). The position of the orbit is
marked by remains of the ossified sclerotic ( scl .). Shortly
in advance of this a trace of the prefrontal (ectethmoid)
projects through the matrix on the left sido (pr.f.) , while
its follow is still better exposed on the right. The
maxilla (m«.) is preserved on both sides, and its upper
expansion is articulated with the antero-external border
of the frontal, besides being almost or fiuite in contact
with the ethmoidal plate, and distinctly in contact with
the hinder part of the outer border of the nasal. The
rod-like backward extension of the maxilla beneath the
orbit is shown on the right side, though it is broken away
from the main part of the bone, ltemains of the pre-
maxilla, which is much smoother than the other bones,
are seen on both sides. Part of this element occurs in its
natural position on the left (jimx.) ■ while the fragments
on the right show that it bore clustered minute teeth
(fig. 1 b ) and completely excluded the maxilla from the
gape. Purchased, 1853.

32387. Ilinder half of cranium in hard nodule, exposing the cranial
roof, which is shown of the natural size in PI. XIX.
fig- 2 ; Sheppey. The two pairs of fossae for the forward
extension of the lateral muscles of the trunk arc very
small and restricted to the occipital border. The roof is
gently and regularly convex. The supraoccipital (s.oec.)
is large and extends forwards to the frontals ; it is a little
expanded in front, and boars a small median vertical crest
bohind. Its postero-external angle is in contact with the
epiotic (ep.o.), which is large and prominent but only
preserved on the right side. The parietals (pa.) are long
and narrow bones extending nearly as far forwards as the
supraoccipital ; they are flanked by an equally long and
narrow pair of squamosals ( sq .). The otic region beneath

XIPH1W.E.

493

the latter is evidently well ossified, and the postfrontal or
sphenotic (pt.f.) is seen on both sides. The frontal bones
(/r.) are incomplete anteriorly. All the bones have the
peculiar squamous and radiating texture, well represented
in the figure. Purchased, 1857.

36133. Two imperfect rostra, one shown in outline in fig. 18, no. 1
(p. 496), the other in three transverse sections, fig. 18,
nos. 1 a, h, ci Sheppey. The proximal transverse section
of the second specimen (no. 1 a) exhibits incomplete
fusion of the premaxillae, and a large median cavity with
which the upper pair of premaxillary canals are confluent.
The next transverse section (no. 1 h), which corresponds
approximately with the line marked h in no. 1, shows the
premaxillac fused and the central cavity small, with two
pairs of nutritive premaxillary canals. Ihe third trans-

verse section (no. 1 c) has the canals, but not the central
cavity Purchased, 1861.

38921. Small hinder portion of cranium, doubtfully referred to
young of this species ; Sheppey. Bow erhank Coll.

Tho following Xiphioid vertebral centra probably belong to this

genus, some perhaps to this species : —

38887-88. Four specimens ; London Clay, Sheppey.

Bowerbanlc Coll.

F* 4301. Two large abdominal vertebral centra associated in matrix ;

Sheppey EixTtisJcxttcti Coll •

39444. Three imperfect large caudals, associated in matrix ;

Sheppey. Bowerbanlc Coll.

F- 165. Small abdominal vertebral centrum ; Sheppey.

Purchased, 1880

30530. Small caudal ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1855.

32389. Two very small centra ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1857.

F. 5441 a. Imperfect caudal centrum ; Bracklesham Beds, Brackles-
ham, Sussex. Presented by P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.

Ihe following imperfect Xiphioid rostra are not generically

determined : —

F- 1765. Portion of depressed and much-elongated rostrum, showing
one central canal ; London Clay, Sheppey. Egerton Coll.

494

ACTINOPTERYGII.

P. 4300. Another slender flattened rostrum, smaller and showing
two longitudinal canals ; London Clay, Sheppey.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 9483. Acuminate end of flattened rostrum ; London Clay,
Sheppey. History unknown.

Genus ACESTRUS, novum.

[ex Agassiz MS., Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 308.]

A genus known only by the hinder portion of the cranium,
considered by Agassiz to belong to a fish of the family Xiphiid*.
Cranium flattened and depressed, the sides of the roof slightly
sloping downwards and outwards ; the three pairs of fossa' for the
forward production of the lateral muscles of the trunk extending to
the irontals, which are large and ornamented with conspicuous
radiating smooth ridges.

Acestrus ornatus, sp. nov.

[Plate XIX. fig. 3.]

1845. Acestrus ornatus, L. Agassiz, loc. cit. p. 308 (name only).

Type. Hinder fragment of cranium; British Museum.

The type species, with cranium as much as 0-075 in diameter at
occiput. Special characters of roof shown in the figure.

korm. Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.

P. 627. Abraded fragment of hinder part of cranium, labelled by
Agassiz and marked by Egerton as intended to be the
type specimen ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.

P- 1739. Larger specimen, well preserved but partly pyritised,
shown from above of the natural size in PI. XIX. fig- 3 ;
Sheppey. The epioties (e.p.o.) are relatively largo and
prominent ; the exposed ornamented portions of the
supraoccipital (s. occ.), parietals {pa.), and squamosal*
(sq.) are comparatively small. The ornamentation of the
large Irontals (fr.) is well shown. The postfrontal or
sphenotic projects outwards a little on each side.

Egerton Coll.

P. 1739 a. Imperfect hinder half of very small skull ; Sheppey.

Egerton Coll.

XIPHIID.E.

495

Genus HISTIOPHORUS, Lace'pede.

[Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. iii. 1802, p. 374 (htiophorus).}

The fossils provisionally ascribed to this genus are fragments of
rostrum, named only for convenience of reference. Each pre-
roaxilla is traversed by one principal longitudinal nutritive canal,
which disappears towards the extremity of the bone.

Histiophorus eocaenicus, sp. nov.

[Text-figure 18, no. 2.]

Type. Rostrum ; British Museum.

Rostrum rather short and stout, depressed oval in transverse
section, its outlines shown in fig. 18, no. 2. Premaxilhe firmly
fused distally and nutritive canals soon obliterated.

Torm. Imc. Middle Eocene : Bracklesham Bay.

25744. Type specimen, vertically crushed iu its anterior half, its
outline shown from above and in transverse section of one
third nat. size in fig. 18, nos. 2, 2a. The nasal bones are
large, and the rostrum is already quite solid at the point
marked a, where the transverse section 2a has been cut.
The surface of the bone seems to have been quite smooth.

Dixon Coll.

Histiophorus rotundus, sp. nov.

[Text-figure 18, no. 3.]

Type. Rostrum ; British Museum.

Nostrum very short and stout, not much depressed, its outlines
8Wn in fig. is, no. 3. .

Form. £ Jjoc. Tertiary Phosphate Beds : South Carolina, U.S.A.

®799. Type specimen, shown in outline from above and in
transverse section, of one third nat. size, in fig. 18, nos.
3, 3a; Cooper River, Charleston. The premaxili® are
completely fused together, and the outer face, as preserve ,
is rugose." Presented by Thomas Boyle, Esq., 1898.

Fossil rostra have also been ascribed to this genus under the
following names :

Histiophorus antiquus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist,
vol. xii. (1869), p. 310. Xiphias antiquus, J. Leidy,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. vii. (1856), p. 397.
Eocene Greensand ; Burlington Co., New Jersey.

Histiophorus parvulus, 0. C. Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci.
1869 (1870), p. 227.— Eocene ; New Jersey.

496

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Fig. 18.

Outlines of Rostra of Extinct Xiphiidse.

1. Xiphiorhynchus priscus ; upper aspect and transverse sections (1

one half nat. size.— London Clay ; Sheppey.

2. Histiophoms eocanicus ; upper aspect and transverse section (2 a), one tlnr

nat. size. — Middle Eocene; Bracklesham.

3. Histiopkorus rotundus ; upper aspect and transverso section, one third nat.

size. — Tertiary Phosphates ; South Carolina.

/

XIPHIIDJ!.

497

Eistiophorus robustus, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1869, p. 310. Xiphias
robustus, J. Leidy, in F. S. Holmes, Post-Plioc. Foss.
S. Carolina (1860), p. 119, pi. xxvii. figs. 3-5. — Tertiary
Phosphate Beds ; South Carolina.

Histiophorus homalorhamphus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat.
Hist. vol. xii. (1869), p. 310. — Eocene ; Squankum, N. J.

The fossil rostra described as follows arc not clearly distinguish-
able from those of Histiophorus : —

Brachyrhynchus solidus, P. J. Tan Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy.
Belg. [2] vol. xxxi. (1871), p. 498, pi. ii. figs. 5-7.
— Middle Eocene (Bruxellian) ; Ghent, Belgium. [Abbey
of Afiligem, Molle, near Ghent.]

Eraehyrhynchus teretirostris , P. J. Tan Beneden, ibid. p. 495,
pi. i., pi. ii. figs. 1, 2 ; (?) G. Capellini, Mem. Accad. Sci.
Istit. Bologna [3] vol. ix. (1878), p. 255, pi. iii. figs. 9,
10. Encheiziphius teretirostris, L. Rutimeyer, Terhandl.
naturf. Ges. Basel, pt. 1 (1857), p. 561.— Pliocene ; Mont-
pellier, Southern France, and Antwerp, Belgium. (?) Mio-
cene ; Lecce, Italy. [Type species. Natural History
Museum, Soleure.]

Erachyrhynchus van-benedensis, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci,
etc., Colline Toscane (1876), p. 70. Lower Pliocene,
Orciano, Tuscany.

Embalorhynchus kinnei, O. C. Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv.
Sci. 1869 (1870), p. 228.— Eocene ; Squankum, N. J.

The base of a rostrum, not yet described, from the Lower Plio-
cene of Orciano, Tuscany, is named Xiphias delfortriei by R. Lawley,
°P- dt. 1876, p. 67.

Division C. PERCIF0RMES.

I ectoral fins with hourglass-shaped basals, which are longer than
road ; pelvic fins thoracic, with one spine and four or five articulated
a}s- Dorsal fin-rays well-developed, and anal usuallj with two
°5 more Powerful spines. No bony stay between circumorbital
ring and preoperculum.

Synopsis of Families represented, by Extinct Genera or Species.

I. Lower pharyngeal bone9 very rarely fused
together.

Teeth small and conical, some on inner
bones ; spinous dorsal usually as much
part iv. 2 k

498

ACTINOPTEKTGII.

extended as articulated dorsal ; anal
usually with 1 to 3, rarely with 5 to 7
spines Pekcim: (p. 498).

As Percidse, but only marginal cutting-

teeth, and anal with 0 or 7 spines .... Teuthididje (p. 523).

As Percidaj, but marginal teeth prehensile or

cutting and molariform Spahid.® (p. 524).

Teeth conical and only marginal ; spinous
dorsal much less extended than articu-
lated dorsal, which is longer than anal ;
anal with 1 or 2 spines Scltenidab (p. 538).

II. Lower pharyngeal bones fused together
( Pharyngognathi).

Nostril double on each side ; vertebrae with-
out transverse processes Labiudaj (p. 539).

Nostril single on each side; most abdominal

vertebrae with transverse processes. . . . Chromidje (p. 654).

Family PERCID^E.

Teeth small and conical, usually extending over inner bones of
mouth ; preoperculum serrated. Lower pharyngeal bones nearly
always separate. Spinous portion of dorsal fin usually at least as
much extended as articulated portion ; anal fin usually with 1
to 3, rarely 5 to 7 Bpines, nearly equal and opposite to the hinder
dorsal fin.

Marine and freshwater fishes universally distributed in temperate
and tropical regions.

For figures of skulls and notes on the osteology of the Pereidae,
see G. A. Boulonger, Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the
British Museum, ed. 2, vol. i. (1895).

Synopsis of Extinct Genera and Genera represented by Extinct
Species in the Collection.

I. Three anal fin-spines.

Vertebra; 10 + 14; dorsal fin continuous,
the two parts nearly equal ; caudal
rounded Prelates (p. 499).

V ertebrse 10 + 13 ; dorsal fin continuous,
hinder part comparatively small ;
caudal slightly forked Acanus (p. 500).

Vertebra 12 +13; spine at angle of pre-
operculum ; one spine at hinder edge of
operculum ; two dorsal fins ; caudal
rounded or slightly forked Lates (p. 502).

PEBCID-®.

499

As Lates, but no preopercular spine Cyclopoma (p. 504).

Vertebrae 10 + 14 ; no preopercular spine ;

two dorsal fins ; caudal forked Smerdis (p. 506).

Vertebrae 12 + IS; no preopercular spine ;
two feeble spines at hinder edge of
operculum ; two dorsal fins ; caudal
truncated or slightly forked ........ Labrax (p. 509).

Vertebrae 14 or 15 + 18 to 20: no pre-
opercular spine ; one opercular spine ;
two dorsal fins; caudal truncated or
slightly forked Percichthys (p. 514).

Vertebrae 10 to 12 + 16 to 18; no pre-
opercular spine ; two dorsal fins ;
caudal forked Properca (p. 514).

Two anal fin-spines ; two dorsal fins.

Vertebras 10 or 11 + 14 or 15; operculum

rounded Mioplosus (p. 517).

V ertebr® 21 +20 or 21 ; one spine at hinder

edge of operculum Perea (p. 518).

Genus PROLATES, Priem.

[Bull. Soc. Geol. France, (3) vol. xxvii. 1899, p. 252.]

Syn. Pseudolates, F. Priem (non Macleay, 1877), loe. cit. rol. xxvi.

1898, p. 408.

Trunk laterally compressed and deeply fusiform. Articulation
mandible not behind middle of orbit ; anterior suborbital
" ith deep pectinations ; ascending limb of preoperculum with
fine pectinations, lower limb with larger, spaced, slender spines,
nil retrorse ; operculum with one spine. Vertebrae 10 or 11
In abdominal, 14 in caudal region. Dorsal fin apparent)}
continuous, with 8 or 9 smooth spines and about 10 articulated
raJ8; anal tin with 3 stout spines and about 7 articulated ra}s ,
caudal fin rounded. Scales small and very finely serrated ; lateral
line conspicuous and arched like the back.

An extinct Cretaceous genus.

Prolate s heberti (Gervais).

1852. Lotts heberti, P. Uervais, Zool. et Pal. Fran?., Poiss. Foss. p. 3.

1883. Late, heberti, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3] yoI.

xi. p. 481, pi, xiii. fig. 2. .

1890. Lates heberti, A. Gaudry, Enchainem. Monde Animal, Foss,

Second, p. 162, fig. 260.

1898. Pseudolates heberti, F. Priem, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3] vol.

xxvi. p. 405, pi. x. figs. 7, 8, pi. xi- fig. !•

1899. Prelates heberti, F. Priem, loe. cit. vol. xxvii. p. 252.

2k 2

500

ACTINOPTERYGIl.

Type. Imperfect fish.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0T5. Length of
head with opercular apparatus equalling about three quarters of
the maximum depth of the trunk and one third of tho total length
of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Fourth to sixth dorsal
spines longest ; second anal spine largest and stoutest, equalling
the third dorsal spine.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Montian) : Mont Aime, Marne.

28291. About 15 specimens, large and small, showing all the
principal characters of the genus and species.

Purchased , 1851.

P. 1914. Fine small specimen, displaying the serration of the
anterior suborbital and preoperculum, also the delicate
pectoral fin. Egerton CoV.

Genus ACANUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. yoI. iv. 1838, p. 4'.]

Trunk laterally compressed and deeply fusiform. Articulation
of mandible not behind middle of orbit; preoperculum finely
pectinated. Vertebra; 10 in tho abdominal, 13 in the caudal
region. Dorsal fin continuous, with 10 very large ribbed spines
and about 12 comparatively small articulated rays ; anal fin with
3 large ribbed spines and about 13 articulated rays ; caudal fin
truncated or slightly forked. [Scales unknown.]

An extinct Oligocene genus.

Acanus spinosus (Blainville).

1818. Zeus spinosus, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol.
xxvii. p. 317.

1838-39. Acanus ovalis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 5, >

pi. xvi. fig. 1 . [Imperfect distorted fish ; Carlsruhe Museum ]

(?) 1838-39. Acanus minor, L. Agassiz, ibid. pp. 6, 127, ph xv‘-
[Fragmentary fish ; Berne Museum.]

1886. Acanus longispina, A. Wettsteiu, Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glarner
Bchief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p- *>o, pb 1U-
figs. 1, 2, 3, 9.

Type. Imperfect distorted fish. j.

The typo species, attaining a longth of about 0'5. Depth o
trunk at end of abdominal region about equal to length ot can; ,l
vertebra. Of tho dorsal fin-spines only tho two foremost smaller

1 This name first appeared without definition in Neuc9 Jalirb. 1834, P- 3®'

PERCID2E.

501

than the others, which are nearly equal in size ; pelvic and third
anal fin-spines as long as the hiuderraost dorsal spine.

Form, if Loc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.

1956, P. 3934. Fragmentary fish in counterpart, displaying the
characteristic anal fin-spines, erroneously labelled Acanus
oblongus by Agassiz and apparently noticed tom. oil.
p. 126 ; Engi. Egerlon if Enniskillen Colls.

Acaims regleysianus (Blainville).

1618. Zens regleysianus , H. 1). de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. dHist. A at,
vol. xxvii. p. 316.

1818. Zeus platessa, H. D. de Blainville, ibid. p. 317. [Imperfect fish ;
dim Brongniart Collection.]

1838-39. Acanus regley , L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 5, 125,
pi. xvi. fig. 2.

1838-39. Acanus oblongux, L. Agassiz, ibid. pp. 5, 126, pi. xvi. fig. 3.

[Imperfect fish ; Neuehatel Museum.]

1838-39. Acanus arcuatus, L. Agassiz, ibid. pp. 5, 127. [Imperfect
fish ; British Museum.]

1886. Acanus regley , A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glamer-
schief. p. 65, pi. iii. figs. 4, 7.

Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; oiim ltegley Collection.

Esually smaller than the type species, with relatively deeper
trunk and smaller spines. The three foremost dorsal fin-spines
shorter than those following ; pelvic and anal spines shorter than
those of the dorsal fin.

Form, if Loc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.

!*• 3933. Type specimen of so-called Acanus arcuatus, briefly
described by Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 127 ; Engi. >

Enniskillen Coll.

33966. Imperfect deepened trunk, displaying large pelvic fin-spine ;

Engi. Presented by Hiss Elizabeth Warns, 1859.

I*. 3935. Imperfect deepened specimen ; Engi. Enniskillen Coll.

4950. Another deepened specimen ; Plattenberg.

Presented by John Edward Lee, Esq., 188o.

The following species have also been recognised, but are not
represented in the Collection

(?) Acanus aquispina, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (1886), p. 67. Acanus obloiu/us, G. vom
Rath, Zeitschr. deutsch, geol. Ges. vol. xi. (1859),

502

ACTINOPTERYG1I.

p. Ill, pi. iii. fig. 1 (? err ore).— Oligocene ; Canton Glarus,
Switzerland. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, Uni-
versity of Bonn.]

Acanus gracilis, G. vom Rath, loc. eit. 1859, p. 112, pi. iii. fi|t- - ’•
A. Wettstein, loc. cit. 1886, p. 66, pi. viii. fig. 9.— Ibid.
[Ditto.]

Genus LATES, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

[Hist. Nat. Poissons, vol. ii. 1828, p. 88.]

Head and trunk laterally compressed. Mouth large and protrac-
tile, with bands of villiform teeth on tho premaxilla, dentary,
vomer, palatine, and cctopterygoid ; supramaxillapresent; suborbitals
reduced and serrated. Upper limb of preoperculum serrated, lower
limb with few large spines (some antrorse), and angle with a strong
spine ; operculum with one spine behind ; seven branchiostegal
rays. Vertebra; 12 in the abdominal, 13 in the caudal region;
some hinder ribs borne by transverse processes. Two dorsal fins
subequal in extent and connected at the base, the anterior with /
or 8 spines, the posterior with one spine and 10 to 12 articulated
rays ; anal fin small, with 3 spines and 8 or 9 articulated rays ;
caudal fin rounded or slightly forked. Scales large or of moderate
size, finely denticulated, extending partly over the head, also partly
enshoathing the dorsal and anal fins. Lateral line complete, ex-
tending over the caudal fin.

The existing species of Laics inhabit the freshwaters of tropical
Africa, and the mouths of rivers and coasts of south-eastern Asia
and northern Australia.

Lates gracilis, Agassiz.

1790. Holocentrus calcarifer, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. lxxxii-
pi. xvii. fig. 3 (err ore).

1796. Lutianus ephippium, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccxxxv. pi. lvi- fig-
( errore ).

1833-34. Lates gracilis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 25, pi- **'•

1833-34. Lates gibbus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 27, pi. iv. [Distorted fish-]

1833-34. Lates not ecus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 29, pi. v. [Imperfect dis
torted fish ; Paheontologieal Museum, Munich.]

1876. Lates gracilis, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nft •
vol. iii. p. 174.

1876. Lates gibbus, F. Bassani, ibid. p. 174.

Type. Well-preserved fish ; Paris Museum of Natural 1 listen .

A species attaining a length of about 0'25. Length of hea

PERCID^.

503

with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth of the
trunk, which slightly exceeds one third the total length to the base
°f the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 7 spines, posterior dorsal
" ‘th 1 spine and 12 articulated rays, the third spine being stoutest
and longest, its length somewhat exceeding half the depth of the
trunk at its insertion ; anal fin with 3 spines and 8 articulated
ra>'8, the spines being relatively short, the second stouter than the
third but of equal length.

Form. § hoc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, N. Italy.

3918. Well-preserved fish labelled by Agassiz, displaying all the
fins except the pectorals. Enniskillen Coll.

2095, P. 3918 a. More imperfect larger specimen, in counter-
part, showing serrated suborbital plate.

Egerton 4' Enniskillen Colls.

19007. Imperfect distorted large specimen. Purchased, 1845.

1913. Imperfect fish displaying fins, preopercular spines, and
seven branchiostegal rays. Egerton Coll.

P- 9461. Smaller specimen, in counterpart.

Presented by the Earl of Aylesford, 184/.

1913 a, P. 3918 b. Imperfect fish deepened by distortion,
labelled “ Lutes gracilis, Ag.” by Agassiz.

Egerton $ Enniskillen Colls .

^7225. More imperfect small specimen, similarly distorted.

Purchased, 1863.

1913 b, P. 3918 C. Fragmentary remains of fish about 0-12 in
length, in counterpart. Egerton & Enniskillen Colls.

The following extinct species, not represented in the Collection,
avo also been referred to this genus : —

^tes macropterus, F. Bassani, Atti E. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol.
iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 51, pi. iv. fig. 5.— Lower Miocene ;
Chiavon, Vicentin. [Imperfect trunk ; Zigno Collection,
University Geological Museum, Padua.]

Lates macrurus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1833-34), p. 29,
pi. vi.— Middle Eocene (Calcaire Grossior) ; Sevres, Paris.
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History'.]

Lates partschi, ,T. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1856), pt. i. p. 265, pi. xv. fig. 1.—
Middle Miocene; Breitenbrunn, Vienna. [Fragmentary
fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]

504

ACTINOPTEEYGII.

Genus CYCLOPOMA, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1833, p. 17.]

Scarcely distinguishable from Latex, but preoperculum without
spine at angle, its serrations gradually increasing in size downwaids
and the lowest and largest directed forwards.

The species of this supposed extinct genus are referred to Latee
by P. Bleeker, Archiv. Necrland. vol. xi. (1876), p. 263.

Cyclop oma gigas, Agassiz.

1796. Labrus turdus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. ccii. pi. x^x'

( errore ).

1796. Scorpcena, G. S. Volta, ibid. pi. lxxiv.

1833. Cyclopoma yiyas, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 18, pi* 11 •

Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'5. Length o
head with opercular apparatus about equal to maximum depth 0
trunk and contained four times in total length of fish. Posterior
dorsal fin with 1 spine and 10 articulated rays, anal fin with •
spines and 8 articulated rays.

Form. <$• Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, N. Italy.

P. 9462. Very large specimen, in fragments, in counterpart.

History unknown.

P. 2093, P. 4278. More fragmentary specimen, 0‘40 in length, in
counterpart. Eyerton Enniskillen Colls-

A stouter fish, with larger head, not represented in the Collection,
has also been described as follows : —

Cyclopoma spinosum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1833),
p. 20, pi. i. Scorpcena scrofa, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit.
Veronese (1796), p. cxlv. pi. xxxiv. (errore). — Upp°r
Eocene; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect fish; Paris Museum
of Natural History.]

Cyclopoma (?) micracanthum (Agassiz).

1796. Holocentrus maculatus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. ccxxxiv.
pi. lvi. fig. 3 (errore).

1796. Amia indica. G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cxlix. pi. xxxv.fig. 4 (errors)-
1818. Amia indica, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet, d’llist. Nat. ' 0 •
xxvii. p. 347.

r qO

1835. Smerdis micracanthus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p- ,J >
pi. viii. figs. 1, 2.

I>EEtCID-E.

505

1836. Pules medim, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 93, pi. xiii. fig. 4. [Imperfect
fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]

Type. Imperfect fish ; olirn Hartmann Coll., Giippingen.

A very small species, attaining a length of about 0*1. Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth
of the trunk and slightly exceeding one third of the total length to
the base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 7 or 8 spines,
posterior dorsal with 1 spine and 8 or 9 articulated rays, the anterior
origin as far from the occiput as the termination from the caudal
ho ; the second to fourth dorsal spines about equal in size, their
length not exceeding one half the depth of the trunk at their
insertion, and scarcely exceeding that of some of the divided rays.
Anal fin with 3 spines and 6 articulated rays, less than the posterior
dorsal in extent ; the second anal spine stoutest, but not longer than
the third.

Several examples of this species show the preoperculum charac-
teristic of Cychpoma, quite different from that of Smerdis.

Form. Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P- 1924, P. 3917. Imperfect large fish, in counterpart, labelled
Dales medim by Egerton. Egerton if Enniskillen Colls.

36202. Slightly smaller imperfect specimen, deepened by distortion.

Purchased, 1861.

P. 1926, P. £903-04. Five good specimens, most of them labelled

by Agassiz, two in counterpart. _

Egerton if Enniskillen Colls.

P- 8955. Fine specimen 0‘063 in length, in counterpart.

1 Castelli Coll.

13466. Two similar specimens, in counterpart

The following specimens from Monte Bolca seem to be immature
individuals of this species, but are regarded as a distinct form, Smerdis
Pygtncem , by Agassiz, tom. cit. 1836, p. 53, pi. viii. figs. 3, 4 .

P. 1927 a, b. The two type specimens of S.pygmams, described and
figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. Egerton Cull.

P- 1927, P. 3905. Five specimens, two being labelled by Agassiz.

Egerton if Enniskillen Colls.

37222-24. Three specimens. Purchased, 1863.

P- 290. Specimen in counterpart.

Transferred from AIus. Practical Geology, 1880.

506

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Genus SMERDIS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. yoI. iv. 1833, p. 32.]

An extinct genus closely resembling Lales, but with two or three
fewer divided rays in the dorsal and anal fins, and the caudal fin
forked. Preoperculum with gently rounded angle ; its serrations
largest at the angle, rapidly decreasing both upwards and forwards,
and all retrorse on the lower limb. Vertebrae 10 in the abdominal,
14 in the caudal region.

Smerdis minutus (Blainvillo).

1818. I’erca minuta, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 870.

1836. Smerdis minutus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 89, 54,
pi. viii. figs. 6, 6.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

Tho type species, attaining a length of. about 007. Length ot
head with opercular apparatus somewhat less than the maximum
depth of the trunk, which equals about one third of the total length
to the base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 7 spines,
posterior dorsal with 1 spine and 9 articulated rays, its termi-
nation further from the caudal fin than its origin from the occiput ;
the second dorsal spine much the largest, its length nearly equal-
ling the depth of the trunk at its insertion, the following five
spines gradually decreasing in length. Anal fin with 3 spines and
7 articulated rays, about equal to the posterior dorsal in extent ;
the second anal spine much stouter and slightly longer than the
third. Caudal fin considerably forked.

Form, cj- Loc. Lower Oligocone : Aix-en-Provence.1

21529. Three specimens, one distorted. Purchased, 1847-

28401-03. Three fine specimens. Mantett Coll-

P. 1929-30. Three distorted typical specimens, and three immature
fishes. One shows the small retrorso serrations on the
lower limb of the preoperculum. Ejerton Cod.

1 Distorted fragmentary specimens from the Lower Miocene of Unterkirchberg
near Ulm, Wiirtemberg, are referred to this species by H. von Meyer,
X’alffiontogr. vol. ii. (1851), p. 109, pi. xvi. figs. 1-4. It is also recorded from
the Lower Miocene of Chiavon, N. Italy, by J. J. Heckel (Sitzungsb. k. Akad.
41 iss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. 1854, p. 327), and F. Bassani (Atti K, Accad.
Sci. Napoli [2] vol. iii. 1889, no. 6, p. 55).

PERCIDiE.

507

!*• 3907. Five specimens, four being labelled by Agassiz.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 9463. Fine specimen 0-045 in length. Purchased.

8064. Fish deepened by distortion. History unknown.

43437, -a. Five specimens, the largest especially well preserved.
No. 43437 a exhibits the characteristic preoperculum.

Presented by Kenneth Murchison , Esq., 1872.

21419 a-c. Three small specimens. Purchased, 184/.

32486-88. Three small specimens. Tenon Coll.

Smerdis formosus, Meyer.

1848. Smerdis formosws, II. von Meyer, Neues Jalirb. p. 783,

1851. Smerdis formosus, II. von Meyer, Palasontogr. vol. ii. p. HO,
pl- xvi. fig. 5.

Type. Imperfect fishes.

An imperfectly known small species, about O’Oo in length. Closely
resembling S. minutus, but with length of head and opercular
apparatus slightly exceeding maximum depth of trunk, which is
comparatively slender : second anal spine not much larger than the
third.

Form. Loc. Lower Miocene : Wiirtemberg.

35510-11. Two fine specimens; Unterkirchberg, near Llm. The
second shows small retrorse serrations on the lower limb
of the preoperculum. Purchased, 1860.

P 3908-09. Four specimens ; Unterkirchberg. Enniskillen Coll.

35512, 35519. Two imperfect immature specimens; Unterkirchberg.

Purchased, 1860.

Smerdis macrurus, Agassiz.

1835. Smerdis macrurus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 57, pl. vii.
1880. Smerdis macrurus , II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol.l ranee [3]
vol. viii. p. 441, pl. xii. figs. 4, 5.

'Type. Imperfect fish. . .

The largest known species, comparatively slender, attaining a
length of about 0-2. Length of head with opercular apparatus
slightly exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk, which is
contained between three and four times in the total length to the
base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with / spines, posterior

508

actinopterygii.

dorsal with 1 spine and 9 articulated rays, its anterior origin about
as iar from the occiput as its termination from the caudal fin ; the
second to seventh dorsal spines gradually diminishing in size back-
wards and the length of the second considerably less than the
depth of the trunk at its insertion. Anal fin with 3 spines and
7 articulated rays, its extent slightly less than that of the posterior
dorsal ; second anal spine very little exceeding the third in size.
Caudal fin considerably forked.

Form. <j- Loo. Lower Miocene and Upper Oligocene : France.

P. 6005-06. Two large specimens, 0175 and 013 in length
respectively ; Les Vachcros, Basses Alpes.

Pur chased, 1SS9.

P. 313-14. Numerous specimens, variously imperfect and distorted,
the largest about 02 in length ; Cereste, Basses Alpes.

Purchased, 1881 .

28498. Seven imperfect specimens ; Apt, Vaucluse. Bravard Coll-
21529 a. Imperfect small fish ; Apt. Purchased, 181

P. 294. Small specimen ; St. Saturnin, Apt.

Transferred from Mus. Practical Geology, 1880.

The following species have also been referred to this genus, but
are not represented in the Collection : —

Smerdis aduncus, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., matk.-
naturw. Cl. vol. si. (1854), p. 326 ; F. Bassani, Atti B-
Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 54, ph '•
fig. 1. — Lower Miocene ; Chiavon, N. Italy. [Imperfect
fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]

Smerdis analis, J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. (1854), p. 325 ; F. Bassani,
loc. cit. (1889), p. 54. — Lower Miocene ; Chiavon. [I®
perfect fish; Court Museum, Vienna.]

Smerdis budensis, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math,
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. pt. i. (1856), p. 264, pi. xi. figs- 1(,>
17. — Miocene; Blocksborg, Iiuda-I’esth.1 [Ditto.]

Smerdis elongatusfl. von Meyer, Palaeontogr. vol. ii. (1851), p. 1 4®’
pi. xvi. fig. 6. — Lower Miocene ; Unterkirchberg, near
Ulm, Wiirtemberg. [Imperfect small fish.]

Smerdis latior, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1836), P- ° ’

The fish from the Cretaceous of Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon, now in
Tubingen Museum, referred to this species by Quenstedt (Ilandb. Petrel11
ed. 3, 1883, p. 378, pi. xxx. fig. 1 ), seems to the present writer to be a Pycnosterin x.

PERCID.E.

509

pi. viii. fig. 8. — Form. & loc. unknown. [Indeterminable
distorted specimen.]

Smerdig rhoensis, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. v.
(1880), p. 92, pi. iii. figs. 5, 6. — Lower Miocene (Lignite);
Bhoen. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, Univ.
Wurzburg.]

Smerdig sandbergeri, T. C. Winkler, loc. cit. (1880), p. 89, pi. iii.
figs. 1, 2. — Middle Oligocene (Lignite); Sieblos and
Eisgraben, Bavaria. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum,
Univ. Wurzburg.]

Smerdig sauvagei , C. Brongniart, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie [3]
vol. iv. (1 880), p. 350, pi. iii. Smerdig sp., H. E. Sauvage,
Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse, vol. viii. (1874), p. 186,
pi. i. figs. 2, 3. — Lower Miocene (Lignite) ; Menat, Puy-de-
Dome. [Imperfect fish, referred to S. aduncug by F.
Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci. Napoli (2) vol. iii. 1889, no. 6,
p. 54.]

Smerdig sieblogensis, T. C. Winkler, loc. cit. (1880), p. 91, pi. in.
figs. 3, 4.— Middle Oligocene (Lignite) ; Sieblos, Bavaria.
[Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, Univ. Wurzburg.]

Smerdig taramellii, F. Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2]
vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 56, pi. v. figs. 2, 3.— Lower
Miocene ; Chiavon. [Imperfect fish ; Zigno Collection,
Univ. Padua.]

Smerdig ventralis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1836), p. 58,
pi. viii. fig. 7. Cyprinodon ?, G. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ed. 2,
vol. iii. (1822), p. 346, pi. lxxvi. fig. 14. Perea cyprino-
don ?, H. D.de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.Nat. vol. xxvii.
(1818), p. 375.— Upper Eocene (Gypsum) ; Montmartre,
Paris.

Indeterminable fragments of a small fish from the Lower Eocene
°f Belgium are also named Smerdig heergengis by T. C. Winkler,
Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. ii. (1869), p. 301, pi. xxxviii. figs. 3-7.

Genus LABRAX, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

[Hist. Nat. Poissons, vol. ii. 1828, p. 55.]

S.vn. Platacanthus, G. Fischer de Waldheim, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.

Moscou, vol. xxiii. 1850, pt. i. p. 280.

Supramaxilla absent ; suborbitals not serrated ; prcoperculum
merely serrated without spine at angle, and operculum with two
feeble spines behind. Vertebra 12 in abdominal, 13 in caudal

510

ACTINOPTERYGII.

region. Anterior dorsal fin with 8 to 10 spines, posterior dorsal
with 1 spine and 11 to 14 articulated rays; anal fin with 3 spines
and 8 to 12 articulated rays ; caudal fin more or less forked.

The existing species of Labrax occur on the coasts of the North
Atlantic and Mediterranean, and in the freshwater of North
America.

Labrax ubinoi (Fischer de Waldheim).

1850. PI at acanthus ubinoi , Q. Fischer de Waldheim, Bull. Soc. Imp-
Nat. Moscou, vol. xxiii. pt. i. p. 286, pi. vi.

1803. Labrax /teckelii, F. Steindacliuer, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Whs.,
math.-nuturw. Cl. vol. xlvii. pt. i. p. 140, pi. iii. [Imperfect fish;
Court Museum, Vienna.]

Type. Fragmentary head, &c.

The type species of the Bo-called Flatacanthus, attaining a length
of about 0'45. Length of head with opercular apparatus equalling
maximum depth of trunk and contained about three and a halt times
in the total length to the base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal
fin with 9 spines, posterior dorsal with 1 spine and 13 articulated
rays, the fifth dorsal spine being the longest ; anal fin probably
with 3 spines and 12 articulated rays, the second anal spine being
shorter but Btouter than the third.

Form. 4’ Loc. Tertiary : Euboea, Greece.

P. 8948. Fine specimen about 042 in length, fractured across the
anterior abdominal region. Purchased, 1898.

P. 3911. Another fine large specimen, wanting the caudal fin,
bearing the MS. name “ Perea Forbesi, Ag.”

Enniskillen Coll-

P- 1921-22. Two more imperfect specimens, the second showing the
hinder part of the cranial roof. Eyerton Coll-

P. 2018. Impression of skeleton probably of this species, obtained
by Hear- Admiral T. Spratt “ from a freshwater deposit
at Koumi, Euboea. Apparently tbe specimen referred to
by Spratt, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. iii. (1847), P- (,!*-

Eyerton Coll.

Labrax schizurus, Agassiz.

1830. Labrax schhurus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 89, pi x111-
figs.2, 3.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Musoum of Natural History.

PERCID.E.

511

A slender species, attaining a length of about 0'15. Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth
°f the trunk, which is contained four times in the total length to the
base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 9 spines, posterior
dorsal with 1 spine and 11 articulated rays, its anterior origin
slightly nearer to the occiput than its termination to the base of the
caudal fin ; dorsal spines slender, the fourth the longest. Anal fan
with 3 spines and 1 2 articulated rays opposed to the posterior dorsal,
and its spines very slender.. Caudal fin considerably forked.

Form, cj- Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, A. Italj.

3895. Imperfect large specimen, labelled by Agassiz.

Enniskillen Coll.

21407. Slab with four specimens about 0'09 in length.

Purchased, 1847.

P. 9479. Fish 0-08 in length, in counterpart. Dixon Coll.

44875. Fine specimen 0’095 in length, in counterpart.

Presented by Benjamin Briyht, Esq., 1873.

1912. Two small specimens labelled by Agassiz. Eyerton Coll.

Labrax oeningensis, nom. nov.

1823. Perea lucioperca, J. F. Kruger, Gesch. d. Urwelt, voL ii. p. (348
(err ore).

1832. Perea lepidota, L. Agassiz, Neues Jabrb. p. 136.

1836. Perea lepidota, L. Agassiz, Foiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. < 5, pi. x.

1880. Properea lepidota, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. G5ol. France [3]
voL viii. p. 452. . r .

1895. Properea lepidota , F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. bci. * apo L" J
vol. vii, no. 7, p. 2, tig. 1.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Carlsruhe and British Museums.

A robust species, attaining a length of about 0'5. Length of head
With opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth of
the trunk, which is contained a little more than three times in the
length to the base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with
9 spines, posterior dorsal with 1 spine and 14 articulated rays, the
third to fifth spines being longest and thickest ; anal fin with
3 spines and 9 articulated rays, the second spine as stout as the
third but slightly shorter.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden ; Murlo, Prov.
Siena, Italy.

512

ACTIXOrTEKYGII.

P. 2005. Counterpart of type specimen, described by Agassiz, Joe.

cit. There is no clear evidence of moro than 3 anal spines.

Egerton Coll.

P. 9464. Imperfect larger fish in counterpart, deepened by distortion
in the abdominal region. The vertebral column is shown
to have comprised not more than 25 vertebra), of which 1 5
or 14 are caudal. Purchased.

The so-called Perea moguntina (H. von Meyer, Ncues Jahrb. 1846,
p. 476, and Palaxmtogr. vol. vii. 1859, p. 22, pi. iii. figs. 2—13),
known only by detached bones from the freshwater Upper Oligocene
of the Mayonce Basin, is probably also referable to Labrax, and is
represented in the Collection by the following fragments : —

P. 1919, P. 3914. Two small slabs with dotachcd bones, including
the operculum; Mayeuce. Egerton Enniskillen Colls.

The following extinct species have also been referred to Labrax ,
but are not represented in the Collection : —

Labrax bosniensis, F. Siebenrock, Wissensch. Mitth. Bosn. n.
Hercegov. vol. vii. (1900), p. 687, pi. xii. fig. 2. — Upper
Tertiary ; near Sarajevo, Bosnia. [Imperfect fish >
Sarajevo Museum.]

Labrax delheuli, It. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. vii. (1893),
Mom. p. 170, pi. vii. — Middle Oligocene ; Stecndorp, no n
Ituppelmonde, Belgium. [Portion of trunk; Delink
Collection.]

Labrax elongatus , D. G. Krambergcr, Yorhandl. k. k. geol. Reichs-
anst. 1882, p. 28 (name only), and Rad Jugoslav. Aka .
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 74, pi. v. figs. 1, 2. — Upper Oligocene ,
Trifail, Styria. [Imperfect fish ; Imperial Geologit a
Survey, Vienna.]

Labrax intermedins , D. G. Krambcrger, Beitr. Paliiont. Ocsterr.-
Ungams, vol. ii. (1882), p. 100, pi. xxii. fig. 6. Perea (cf.
angusta, Ag.), F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. S< i.
Nat. vol. vii. (1880), p. 88. — Upper Miocene; Radoboj,
Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]

Labrax latus, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi.
(1891), p. 71, pi. iv. fig. 1.— Upper Oligoceno ; Fohnsdorf,
Styria. [Imperfect fish.]

Labrax (?) lepidotus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1836), p-

pi. xiii. fig. 1. — Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca. [Fragmcn
tary fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]

PF.RCID.E.

513

Labrax hngiceps, F. Siebenrock, loc. cit. 1900, p. 685, pi. xii.
fig. 1. — Upper Tertiary ; near Sarajevo. [Imperfect fish ;
Sarajevo Museum.]

Labrax major, L. Agassiz, op. cit. vol. iv. p. 87, pi. xii. ; P. Ger-
vais, Zool. et Pal. Framj. (1852), Poiss. Foss. p. 7, pi. lxxi.
fig. 1. — Middle Eocene (Calcaire Grossier) ; Passy, Paris.
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Labrax tnojsisovicsi , D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 73, pi. iv. fig. 2.— Upper Oligocene ;
Trifail, Styria. [Fragmentary fish ; Imperial Geological
Survey, Vienna.]

Labrax multipinnatus,D. G. Kramberger, Beit r. Paliiont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 99, pi. xxiii. fig. 2.— Upper
Miocene ; Nedelja, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Geological
Museum, Agram.]

Labrax neumayri, D. G. Kramberger, ibid . (1882), p. 07, pi. xxii.
fig. 5. — Upper Miocene ; Dolje, Croatia.' [Imperfect fish ;
Geological Museum, Agram.]

Labrax sagorensis, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad. vol.
cvi. (1891), p. 77, pi. iv. figs. 3, 4. Latest sagorensis, F.
Siebenrock, loc. cit. 1900, p. 685.— Upper Oligocene;
Sagor, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum,
University of Vienna.]

Labrax steindachneri, F. Siebenrock, loc. cit. 1900, p. 689,pl.xiii.
fig. 3.— Upper Tertiary ; near Sarajevo. [Imperfect fish ;
Court Museum, Vienna.]

Labrax stiriacus , D. G. Kramberger, Verhandl. k. k. geol. Reichs-
anst. 1882, p. 28, and Rad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi.
(1891), p. 77. Sen-anus (?) stiriacus, F. Rolle, Sitzungsb.
k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxx. (1858), p. 21,
pl. i. fig. 1.— Upper Oligocene ; Sagor, Croatia. [Imper-
fect fish ; Geological Museum, Iniversity of \ienna.]

The imperfect trunk described as follows, also probably belongs
to a species of Labrax : —

perca alshcimensis, H. von Meyer, Pateontogr. vol. vii. (1859).
p. 19, pl. iii. fig. 1.— Upper Oligocene ; Alsheim, near
Mayence.

1 Somewhat similar fish from Lower Miocene of Chiavon, V icentin, also
described by F. Bassani, Atti R. Acead. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6,

P- 52, pl. y. fig 6

9

L

pART iv.

514

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Genus PERCICHTHYS, Girard.

[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1854, p. 197.]

Head and trunk laterally compressed. Mouth protractile, with
minute teeth on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, and palatine ; supra-
maxilla present. Prcoperculum with serrations, those on lower
limb antrorse ; operculum with one spine behind ; six or seven
branchiostegal rays. Vertebrae 14 or 15 in the abdominal, 18 to 20
in the caudal region. Two dorsal fins, the anterior with 8 to 1 1
spines, the posterior with 1 or 2 spines and 10 to 13 articulated
rays ; anal tin with 3 spines and 8 to 1 0 articulated rays ; caudal
tin truncate or slightly forked. Lateral line complete.

A South-American freshwater genus found in Chili and
Argentina.

Percichthys antiquus, A. S. Woodward.

1898. Percichthys antiquus, A. S. Woodward, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol.
iii. p. 08, tigs. 6,7.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Senekenbcrg Museum, Frankfurt.

A species attaining a length of about 0T2. Maximum depth of
trunk about equalling length of head with opercular apparatus,
which is contained three and a half times in total length of
Dorsal fins with 11 spines and 9 or 10 articulated rays; anal fin
with 3 spines and 8 or 9 articulated rays.

Form. S[ Loc. Tertiary Lignite : Taubate, Province of San Taulo,
Brazil. ,

P. 9011. Dorsal portion of trunk, described and figured, loc. at.

p. 08, fig. 7. By exchange, 1S98.

Genus PROPERCA, Sauvage.

[Bull. Soc. Geol. France (3) vol. viii. (1880), p. 452.]

Head and trunk laterally compressed. Mouth large, and all
teeth minute. Preoperculum gently rounded and serrated, without
spine at angle. Vertebral 10 to 12 in the abdominal, 10 to ‘n
the caudal region. Anterior dorsal fin more extended than the
posterior dorsal, the two probably connected at the base ; anterior
dorsal with 9 spines, posterior dorsal with 1 spine and 9 to 12 arti-
culated rays; anal fin small, with 3 spines and 8 to 10 articulated
rays ; caudal fin forked. Scales large or of moderate size, finely

denticulated.

TERCIDiE.

515

Properca angusta (Agassiz).

1834. Perea elongata, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 383.

1836. Perea angrnta, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 79, pi. xi.

1874. Perea angusta, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse,
vol. viii. p. 183.

1880. Properca angrnta, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3]
vol. viii. p. 452.

type. Imperfect fish ; olim Brongniart Collection.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-2. Length of
head with opercular apparatus much exceeding the maximum depth
°f the trunk, which is contained nearly four times in the total length
to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal spines gradually increasing in
length to the fourth, thence diminishing ; but the length of the
longest spine considerably less than the depth of the trunk at its
insertion and less than the length of the longest divided ray of the
posterior dorsal fin. Anal spines very stout ; the second not much
larger than the third, but all considerably shorter than the succeeding
divided rays.

Form. § Loc. Lower Miocene (Lignite): Puy-de-D6me, I ranee .

27736. Fine specimen 0-175 in length, and five fragments ; ^anat-

Croizet Coll.

1920, P. 3913. Portions of two larger specimens ; Menat.

Egerton 4' Enniskillen Colls

27(36 a. Six immature specimens ; Menat. Croizet Coll.

1918. Immature specimen ; Menat. Egerton toll.

Properca beaumonti (Agassiz).

1834. Perea beaumonti, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 383.

1836. Perea beaumentii, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 81, ph xi a.

1873. Perea ( Percichthys ) beaumonti, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. G4ol.
France [3] vol. i. p. 388.

1880. Properca beaumontii, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [• J
vol. viii. p. 452.

type. Imperfect fish ; School of Mines, Paris.

A comparatively robust species, attaining a length of about 0 -.
length of head with opercular apparatus not exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk, which is contained about three times in the total
length to the base of the caudal fin.

1 Thu species is also recorded from the Upper Miocene of Radoboj, Croatia,
hy P. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. vii. (1880), p. 88.

2 L 2

ACTINOPTEKrGII.

r, 1 o

Form. 4' Loc. Lower Oligocene : Aix-en-Provence.

P. 1916. Small imperfect fish, labelled by Agassiz as belonging to
this species. Egerton Coll-

Properca (?) prisca (Agassiz).

1844. Zeus pritcus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Poss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 32, pi. xh'iii-
fig. 4. [Imperfect trunk ; Breslau Museum.]

1844. Perea nrasehista, A. E. Iteuss, Geogu. Skizzen aus Bohmen,
vol. ii. p. 25!).

1851. Perea uraschista, II. von Meyer, Pahoontogr. vol. ii. p. 67, pi- x'-
figs. 1-3.

1885. Plectropomn urascMsta, D. G. Kramberger, Bad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. Ixxii. p. 38, pi. ii. fig. 1, pi. v. fig. 2.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Royal Bohemian Museum, Prague.

A comparatively robust small species, attaining a length of about
0'15, Length of head with opercular apparatus slightly less than
maximum depth of trunk, which considerably exceeds one third the
length of fish to base of caudal fin. Fourth dorsal fin-spine longest,
the third twice as long as the first.

The two dorsal fins are not so clearly separated in this species as
in the typical P. angusta, and the tenth or hindermost spine has not
been observed.

Form. 4' Loc. Lower Miocene (Semi-opal) : Bohemia.

21412 b. Distorted head and trunk, wanting end of caudal region,
in counterpart ; Kutschlin. Purchased, 1847-

P- 1917. Imperfect trunk; labelled as from Luschitz.

Egerton Coll-

The following specimen probably represents an undetermined
species of Properca : —

P. 3910. Robust fish about 0’05 in length, somewhat distorted ;
Middle Oligocene (Lignite), Sieblos, Bavaria.

Enniskillen Coll-

The following are undetermined Percoids with three anal
spines : —

P. 1928, P. 3903. Slender fish 0-07 in length, in counterpart ;

Upper Eocene, Monto Bolca. The preoperculum has
antrorso serrations on the lower limb. Vertebr® appa-
rently 10 + 14. Anterior dorsal fin with 9 spines,
the third especially elevated and those behind rapidly

PERCID.E.

517

decreasing in length ; posterior dorsal relatively low, with
short spine and 8 articulated rays ; anal with 3 short
spines and 7 articulated rays ; caudal fin forked. Scales
very small. Egerton 4' Enniskillen Colls.

P- 3912. Nearly similar Percoid 0-105 in length, with 11 articulated
rays in posterior dorsal and 8 articulated rays in anal
fin, and caudal fin rounded; Lower Oligocene, Aix-en-
Provence. Enniskillen Coll.

Genus MIOPLOSUS, Cope.

[Bull. U.S. GeoL Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 1877, p. S13.J

Prunk laterally compressed and elongate-fusiform. Articulation
’’f mandible beneath hinder border of orbit, and all teeth very
small ; ascending limb of preoperculum smooth, lower limb coarsely-
serrated ; operculum rounded, without spines. \ ertebrae 10 or 1 i
■n abdominal, 14 or 15 in caudal region. Two dorsal fins, the
anterior with 9 spines, the posterior with 1 spine and 12 to 14
articulated rays ; anal fin with 2 spines and 10 to 14 articulated
fays ; caudal fin slightly forked. Scales finely serrated.

An extinct North-American freshwater Eocene genus.

Mioplosus labracoides, Cope.

1877. Mioplosus labracoides, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Ternt.
vol. iii. p. 814.

1884. Mioplosus labracoides , E. D. Cope, \ ert. Pert. Form. W est,
Book I. (Hep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii.), p. 89, pi. xn.

fig- 1.

S' ype. Nearly complete fish; National Museum, Washington.

•f be type species, attaining a length of about 0-35. Maximum depth
trunk about equalling length of head with opercular apparatus,
and contained four times in total length of fish. Third dorsal fin-
spine longest ; 12 articulated rays in dorsal, 14 in anal fin.

Eo>-m. 4- Loc. Eocene (Green ltiver Shales) : Wyoming, U.S. A.

p- 5217. Slightly- distorted specimen 0-25 in length.

Presented by Lord Avebury, 1886.

P- 7492. Larger, more distorted specimen. Purchased, 1895.

The following species, all except the fourth from the Green ltiver
Shales of Wyoming, have also been distinguished, but only dificr
rery slightly from the type species : —

518

ACTJNOrTEHYGII.

Mioplosus abbreviatus, E. ]). Cope, loc. cit. 1877, p. 814, and
op. cit. ] 884, p. 88.

Mioplosus beani, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1877, p. 810, and op. dt.
1884, p. 91, pi. xii. fig. 2.

Mioplosus lontjus , E. 1). Cope, loc. cit. 1877, p. 815, and op. cit .
1884, p. 90, pi. xii. fig. 3.

Mioplosus multiclent atus, E. D Cope, Amer. Nat. vol. xxv. (1891),
p. 657. — Lower Tertiary (?) ; Bee Hills, South Dakota.
Mioplosus sauvageanus, E. D. Cope, op. cit. 1884, p. 92.

Genus PERCA (Artedi), Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 289.]

Trunk laterally compressed and elongate-fusiform. Mouth largo
and protractile, and all teeth very small ; preoporculum with
serrations, those of lower limb antrorse ; operculum with one spine ;
seven brauchiostegal rays. Vertebra; 21 in the abdominal, 20 or
-I in the caudal region. Two dorsal fins, the anterior with 12 to
10 spines, the posterior with 2 or 3 spines and 12 to 15 articulated
rays ; anal fin with 2 spines and 8 to 10 articulated rays ; caudal
fin slightly forked. Scales small and lateral line complete.

Existing in the fresh waters of the Northern hemisphere, and not
known to be represented by any extinct species.

The following specimens are referable to the typical Perea
fluviatilis, Linn. : —

P. 8738. Freoperculum described and figured by E. T. Newton,
Vert. Forest Bed (Mem. Geol. Surv. 1882), p. 120,
pi. xviii. fig. 1 ; Forest Bed Series (Upper Freshwater
Bed), West ltunton, Norfolk. Savin Coll.

P. 8734-35. Maxilla; and scales ; West ltunton. Savin Coll.

The fishes described as follows are not represented in the Col-
lection, and their systematic position is uncertain : —

Perea ( Smerdis ?) lorenti, H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. 1845,
p. 456, and Palaeontogr. vol. i. (1847), p. 105, pi. xii.
fig. 3. (?) Ichthyolite* , Sir P. Egerton, Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc. vol. x. (1854), p. 374, pi. xiii. — Lower Tertiary ;
Mokattam Hills, Cairo, Egypt. [Imperfect fish ; Mann-
heim Museum.]

Perea macracantha, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Tcyler, vol. v.
(1880), p. 94, pi. iii. figs. 7, 8. — Middle Oligocenc;

rERCIDJE.

519

Sieblos, Bavaria. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum,
University of Wiirzburg.J

The following indeterminable fragmentary remains from the Lower
Eocene (London Clay) of Sheppey, Kent, also seem to belong to
genera of the family Percidce : —

P- 642. Hinder half of cranium labelled by Agassiz as intended to
be the type specimen of Cceloperca latifrons, recorded by

name only in ltep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 307.

Egerton Coll.

P- 648. Three fragmentary small heads labelled by Anassiz as
intended to be the type specimens of Podocephalxis nitidus,
recorded by name only, loc. cit. p. 307. Egerton Coll.

P- 1743, P. 3920. Four fragmentary specimens ascribed to Podo-
cephalus by Egerton. Egerton $ Enniskillen Colls.

P- 643. Imperfect head labelled by Agassiz as intended to be the
typo specimen of B rachygnathus tenuiceps, recor e >y
name only, loc. cit. p. 307. Egerton o

36135. Similar head, better preserved. This fossil appears to be
generically and specifically identical with that in the
Royal Collego of Surgeons named Scianuru* longior by
If." Owen, Catal. Foss. Kept. & Pisces, Mus. Boy. Coll.
Surg. (1854), p. 171, no. 683. Purchased, 1861.

P. 1698 b. Fragmentary smaller head, &c. Egerton Coll.

P- 639. Fragmentary remains of head labelled by Agassiz as
intended to bo the type specimen of Percostoma angvsta,
recorded by name only, loc. cit. p. 307. Egerton Coll.

32388. Head of the same form as that in the Royal College of
Surgeons named Planesox vorax by Owen, Catal. Foss.
Rept. & Pisces, Mus. Royr. Coll. Surg. (1854), p. 9,
no g-g Purchased, 1857.

41319. Imperfect smaller nearly similar head. Purchased, 1869.
P. 1698 x. Hinder portion of nearly similar head. Egerton Coll.

The following genera and species, not represented in the Col-
lection, are too imperfectly known for discussion, but most of them
seem to represent extinct Percoids : —

Oligoplarchus tq ua mipinnis, E. D. Cope, Amer. Nat. vol. xxv.

520

actixoptebygii.

(1891), p. 050. — Lower Tertiary (?) ; I tee Hills, South
Dakota, U.S.A. [Imperfect fish.]

] achygaster polyspondylus, C. G. Giebel, Fauna der Vorw., Fische
(1848), p. 22. — Oligocene ; Canton Glarus, Switzerland.
[Distorted fish.]

?J achygaster spinosus , C. G. Giebel, Neucs Jahrb. 1847, p. 667,
and op. cit. p. 22. — Ibid. [Type species. Ditto.]

1 aralales bleicheri, 11. E. Sauvnge, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3]
vol. xi. (1883), p. 485, pi. xi. figs. 1, 2. — Oligocene ;
Rouffach, Alsace. [Imperfect fish.]

Paraperca provincial is, II. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. [3] vol. iii. (1875),
p. 639, pi. xxiii. fig. 2. — Lower Oligocene; Aix-en-
Provence. [Imperfect fish, perhaps Cottoid ; Paris
Museum of Natural History.]

Perea ( Sandroserrus ) reboulii, P. Gorvais, Zool. et Pal. Franc.
(1852), Poiss. Foss. p. 8, pi. lxxiii. fig. 1. — Pliocene ;
Pezenas, Herault. [Imperfect fish ; University of Mont-
pellier.]

Platylates rupeliensis, It. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. >■
(1887), Mem. p. Ill, pi. vi. — Middlo Oligocene (Kupe-
lian) ; Rumpst, near Boom, Antwerp. [Imperfect trunk ;
Brussels Museum.]

Plioplarchiu septemspinosus, E. D. Cope, Amer. Nat. vol. xxiii.
(1889), p. 620. — Tertiary ; John Day ltivcr, Oregon.
[Imperfect fish.]

Plioplarchus sexspinosus, E. D. Cope, Amor. Journ. Sci. [3]
vol. xxv. (1883), p. 416, and Yert. Tert. Form. West,
Book I. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii- 1884),
p. 729. — Tertiary ; W. Dakota. [Imperfect trunk.]
Plioplarchus white i, E.D. Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p. 414, and op. cit-
1884, p. 728, pi. xxiv o. fig. 1.— Ibid. [The type species.
Imperfect fish.]

Podocys minutus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1838-39),
pp. 5, 135, pi. xvi. fig. 5; A. Wettstein, Fischfauna
lertiaer. Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schwciz. Palaeont.
Ges. vol. xiii. 1886), p. 69, pi. viii. fig. 8.— Oligocene ;
Canton Glarus, Switzerland. [Imperfect fish ; Zurich
Museum.]

The following extinct species have also been referred to existing
genera of Percidse, but are not represented in the Collection : —

Anthias bassanii, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi.
(1891), p. 77. Anthias cfr. stiriacus, F. Bassani, Atti

I'ERCID.-E.

521

R. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 61,
jd. vi. fig. 1.— Lower Miocene ; Chiavon, Vicentin. [Im-
perfect fish ; Piovene Coll., Loncdo.]

■Apoffon Jcramberjeri, F. Bassani, loc. cit. 1889, p. o 9, pi. v. fig. 4.
— Ibid. [Ditto.]

-Apoijon macrolepis, It. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. x.
(1897), Mem. p. 220, pi. v. figs. 3-7.— Upper Eocene;

Wemtnel and Neder-over-Heembeek, Bnissels. [Im-
perfect head and remains of trunk.]

■A pogon spinosus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1836-37),
p. 65, pi. ix. figs. 2-4. I/olocmtrus lanceolatus, G. S.
Volta,’ Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. ccxxxii. pi. lvi. fig. 2
( errore). — U pper Eocene; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect

fish; Paris Museum of Natural Histon .]

Duks Umnopterus, L. Agassiz, tom. cil- 1834-36, p. 91. pi. xxi. ;
F. Bassani, Atti Soe. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. in.
(1876), p. 175. Selena plumierii, G. 8. Volta, op. cit.
1 796, p. clxxxv. pL xlv. fig. 2 (errore).— Ibid. [Ditto.]
Enoplosus pygopterug, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1836-3/, p. 62, pi. ix.
fig. 1; F. Bassaui, loc. cit. 1876, p. 175. Scomber
iynobilis, G. S. Volta, op. cit. 1/96, pi. x'v. fig. 1 (er/ ore).

— Ibid. [Ditto.]

Lucioperca skorpili, D. G. Kramberger, Bad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 125, pi. viii. figs. 4-8.— Pleistocene (.);
Sofia, Bulgaria. [Detached bones.]

Sen-anus altus, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Ocsterr.-
TJngarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 1(,1, pi. xxiii. D PP°r
Miocene; Agram, Croatia. [Imperfect fish; Geological
Museum, Univ. Agram.]

Serranus dubivg, I). G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 13--, P-

pi. xxviii. fig. 5.— Upper Miocene; Podsused. Croatia.
[Fragment ; Geological Museum, Univ. Agram.

Serranus aracilispinis, F. Siebenrock, Wissenscb. Mitth. Bosn. u.
flercegov. vol. vii. (1900), p. 691, pi. xiii. fig. • PPer

Tertiary; near Sarajevo, Bosnia. [Imperfect fish; Sara-
jevo Museum.] , ,, , ....

Serranus pentacanthus, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. M iss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xix. pt. i. (1861) p. 68, pL vni.
fig. 8. — Middle Miocene ; Margaretheu, A mnna. [Frag-
ment of head, &c.] .

Serranus rudis, F. Bassani, loc. cit. 1889, p. 63, p . vi. g. .

Lower Miocene; Chiavon. [Imperfect fish; Piovene

Coll.]

522

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Serranus rugosus, J. J. Hcckol, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 137. Founded on Serranu a
ventralis, Agassiz (in part), Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pi. xxiii !>•
(upper fig.). — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect
fish.]

Serranus stiriacus, D. G. Krambergcr, Djela Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. xvi. (1895), p. 60, pi. x. fig. 3. — Upper Oligoeene ;
Tiiffer, Steiermark. [Imperfect trunk.]

Serranus validus, I). G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1895, p. 59, pi- x-
fig. 2— Ibid. [Ditto.]

Serranus wemmeliensis, It. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. x.
(1897), Mem. p. 210, pi. v. figs. 1, 2. — Upper Eocene ,
Neder-over-Heembcek, Brussels. [Head, &c.]

Otoliths from the Oligoceno and Miocene of Germany have also
been referred to Percoid fishes under the names of Otolithus
( Serranus ) noetlingi, 0. ( Serranus ) distinct ns, 0. ( Percidarum )
varians, 0. (P.) plebejus, 0. (P.) frequens, 0. ( P .) mqualis, and
0. (P.) moguntinus (E. Koken, Zeitsehr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
vol. xliii. 1891, pp. 124-128, pi. viii. figs. 1, 4, pi. x. figs. 1> 2).

An otolith from the Forest Bed, West ltunton, Norfolk, now in
the Museum of Practical Geology, is supposed to belong to the
existing Acerina vulgaris (E. T. Newton, Vert. Forest Bed — Mem.
Geol. Surv. 1882 — p. 121, pi. xviii. fig. 9).

The following extinct species, imperfectly defined and not repre-
sented in the Collection, are referred chiefly to existing genera
intermediate between the Percidce and Sparidm : —

Ctenodentex laekeniensis, It. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. x.
(1896), Mem. p. 199, pi. iii., pi. iv. figs. 3-6. — Pent ex
laekeniensis, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. ltoy. Belg.
[2] vol. xxxiv. (1872), p. 423, with plate. — Upper Eocene
(Wemmolian) ; Belgium. [Type species of Ctenodentex.
Imperfect fish ; Brussels Museum.]

Dentex crassispinus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1839),
p. 147. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca, near Verona.
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]

Dentex faujasi, I,. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1839, p. 150. Coryphtsna,
F’aujas St. Fond, Ann. Museum, vol. i. (1802), p. 35'>-
— Middlo Eocene (Calcaire Grossier) ; Nanterre, Paris-
[Fragmentary fish.]

Dentex leptacantlius, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1839, p. 144, pi. xxvi.
— Upper Eoceno ; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect fish ; Paris
Museum of Natural History.]

PERCID.E. TEUTHIDID J5.

523

Pcntex microdon, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1839, p. 146, pi. xxvii.
fig. 2. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect fish ;
Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]

Dentex muensteri, G. Meneghini, Ann. Univ. Tosc. vol. viii. pt. ii.
(1866), p. 19, with plate.— Lower Pliocene; Volterrano,
Tuscany. [Jaws, &c. ; University of Pisa.] 1
Pcntex gardiniensis, 11. Lovisato, Itendic. It. Accad. Lincei [5]
vol. v. pt. ii. (1896), p. 78 (name only). — Miocene; Sar-
dinia. [Teeth ; University of Cagliari.]

Deiitex ventralig , L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1839, p. 150. Upper
Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect fish ; ohm Hibbert
Collection.]

Otolithus ( Dentex ) nobilis, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
vol. xliii. (1891), p. 124, pi. viii. fig. 8.— I pper Oligocene ;
Germany. [Otolith.]

0 err eg massalonr/oi, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. V iss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 327 ; F. Bassani, Atti
R. Accad. Sei. Napoli [2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 58,
pi. xiii. fig. 2.— Lower Miocene; Chiavon, Vicentin.
[Imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]

Pelates quindecimalis, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1834-36, p. 95,
pi. xxii. ; F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. iii. (1876), p. 175.— Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca.

[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]

Pristipoma furcalum, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1839, p. 177, pi. xxxix.
fig. 1.— Ibid. [Ditto.]

Sparogoma ovalig, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3]
vol. xi. (1883), p. 487, pi. xiii. fig- 3— Lower Oligocene ;
Aix-en-Provence. [Type species of Sparosoma, Sauvage.
1883, non Sparisoma, Swainson, 1839. Imperfect fish ;
School of Mines, Paris.]

Family TEUTHIDIDHS.

As Percidse, but ODly cutting teeth on margin of jaw ; each pelvic
fin with an outer and inner spine ; anal fin with 6 or 7 spines.

°ne genus ( Teuthig , Linn.) with numerous species in the Indo-
Pacific Ocean, and an allied extinct genus with one species which is
not represented in the Collection : —

1 Two fragments of mandible and two vertebrae from the Lower Pliocene of
Orciano, may perhaps represent this species (47031. Purchased, 1875).

524

actixopterygii.

Archasoteuihis glaronensit, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tcrtiaer.
Olarnerschiof. (Denkschr. schweiz. Pal. Ges. vol. xiii.
1880), p. 07, pi. viii. iig. 11. — Oligoceno ; Canton Glarus,
Switzerland. [Imperfect fish with 12 dorsal and 6 anal
fin-spines ; Basle Museum.]

Family SPA11ID/E.

As Percida2, but dentition of premaxilla and dentary specialised,
so that there is either a sharply cutting margin or a prehensile or
cutting margin with inner molariform teeth ; palate toothless or
with rudimentary dentition.

In the existing fauna, these are marine fishes found on all
temperate and tropical coasts.

Synopsis of Extinct Genera and Genera represented

by Extinct Species.

Single series of stout, obtusely-conical teeth,

with minute similar teeth within Sparnudus (p. 524).

Incisiform front teeth, and two or more series

of molariform hinder teeth Sargus (p. 529).

Very broad incisiform teeth in front Triyonodon (p. 531).

Minute clustered front teeth, with few enlarged
canines, and two or more series of molari-
form hinder teeth Payellus (p. 532).

Conical prehensile front teeth, and two series of

molariform hinder teeth Payrus (p. 533).

As Payrus, but three or more series of molari-
form hinder teeth, usually irregular Chrysophrys (p. 5.31).

Genus SPARNODUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1838, p. 10.]

Syn. Scuenurus, L. Agassiz, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 295.

A singlo series of stout obtusely-conical teeth on the margin of
the jaws, longest at the symphysis, gradually becoming very short
behind; a few irregular, minute, obtusely-conical teeth within.
Preoperculum pectinated and very finely serrated. Dorsal fin with
10 spines, anal fin with 3 spines. Scales large or of moderate size,
not serrated but very finely rugose in their exposed portion, ex-
tending over the operculum and cheek, and forming a sheath at the
base of the dorsal and anal fins.

An Upper Eocene and Lower Miocene genus.

SPARIDJE.

525

Sparnodus macrophthalmuS} Agassiz.

1796. Sjiarus macrophthalmus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. ecxlvii.
pi. lx. fig. 2 (err ore).

1 796. Cyprimes, G. S. Volta, ibid. pi. lxxiii.

1796. Spans dente.r, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. lxii. pi. xiii. fig. 1 (errnre).

1796. Spa rug saryus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. lxxvi. pi. xvii. fig. 1 (errnre).

1796. Spams erythrinus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccxlix. pi. lx. fig. 3
( errore ).

1818. Spams vulgaris, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Xat.
vol. xxvii. p. 349.

1835. Sparnodus macrophthalmus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jalirb. p. 300
(name only).

1835. Sparnodus ovalis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 300 (name only).

18.35. Sparnodus altirelis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 300 (name only).

1835. Sparnodus micracanthus, Ij. Agassiz, ibid. p. 300 (name only).

1839. Sparnodus macrophthalmus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. l oss. vol. iv.
p. 158, pi. xxviii. fig. 3. .

1839. Sparnodus ovalis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 161, pi. xxix. fig. 2. [Im-
perfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History, j

1839. Sparnodus altirelis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 102, pi. xxix. fig. 3.
[Ditto.]

1839. Sparnodus micracanthus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 164, pi. xx\ iii. fig. 2,
pi. xxix. fig. 1. [Ditto.] _

1886. Sparnodus lethriniformis, W. Szajnocha, Pamiet. Wydz. matem.-
przyr. Akad. Umiejet. Krakow, vol. xii. p. 300, p). i. fig- 1. Im-
perfect fish ; University Geological Museum, Cracow.]

1876. Sparnodus ovalis, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. iii. p. 177.

1876. Sparnodus micracanthus, F. Bassani, ibid. p. 177.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0'3. Irunk very
stout, its maximum depth equalling three times that of the caudal
pedicle and exceeding the length of the head with opercular
apparatus, which occupies slightly more than one third of the total
length to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin with 10, anal fin
"’ith 8 or 9 articulated rays.

Form. <j- Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

44867, 44870-72. Three specimens in counterpart, the second
measuring 0’27 in length, and the third shortened and
deepened by distortion. No. 4486/ displays the fine
serrations of the preoperculum, and shows the scales
extending over the cheek.

Presented by Benjamin Brirjlit, Esq., 1873.

526

-ACT-INOrTEllYGII.

P. 1963. Fine specimen 0-24 in length, labelled by Agassiz and
apparently referred to in Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 160.

Egerton Coll.

21394. line specimen 0-22 in length, in counterpart.

Purchased, 1847.

13448,-50, 19944, 21426, 21529 a. Four smaller specimens, three
being in counterpart. Purchased.

p- 1936, P. 1965, P. 2090, P. 3898-99, P. 3928 29, P. 4235.

Eight small specimens, three being in counterpart.

Egerton df Enniskillen Colls.

Sparnodus elongatus, Agassiz.

1790. Perea rndula ?, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. exxxiv. pi. xxxi-
fig. 1 (errore).

1796. Spams chromis, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cxxxviii. pi. xxxii. fig. 1
(errore).

1796. Spams salpa, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccxxx. pi. lvi. fig. 1 (errore).
1835. Sparnodus elongatus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 300 (name
only).

1835, Serranus ventralis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 293 (name only).

1839. Serranus ventralis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 101.
pi. xxiii h. (lower figure). [Imperfect fish; Paris Museum of
Natural History.]

1839. Sparnodus elongatus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 105, pi. xxviii. fig- !•

Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

Trunk somewhat less deepened and head relatively smaller than
in the type species, otherwise similar.

Form. <Sf hoc. Upper Eocene: Monte Bolca.

P. 1900, P. 3901. Fine specimen about 0-2 in length, in counter-
part. Eyerton df Enniskillen Colls.

P. 1937-38, P. 2091, P. 3897, P. 3900, P. 3926. Four specimens
in counterpart, the largest 0‘22 in length and labelled by
Agassiz. Egerton <$* Enniskillen Colls.

37220. Imperfect fish in counterpart, about 0-21 in length.

Purchased, 1863.

P. 6855. Imperfect smaller fish, in counterpart. Purchased, 1893.

SPARID.E.

527

Sparnodus microstomus (Agassiz).

1796. Spams brama, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. clxxxvii. pl.xlv.
fig. 3 (errors).

1818. Sparus brama = Spams vulgaris, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet.
d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 350.

1835. Serranus microstomus , L. Agassiz, Neue9 Jahrb. p. 299 (name
only).

1835. Serranus occipitalis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 300 (name only).

1835. Dentex breviceps , L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 300 (name only).

1839. Serranus microstomus , L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 100,
pl. xxiii a.

1839. Serranus occipitalis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 102, pl. xxiii. [Im-
perfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]

1839. Dentex breviceps, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 149, pl. xxvii. figs. 3, 4.
[Imperfect fish ; Paleontological Museum, Munich.]

Type. Imperfect fish; Paris Museum of Natural History.

A smaller species than the type, of similar general proportions,
hut frontal profile apparently steeper, scales smaller, articulated
dorsal fin-rays 12, articulated anal fin-rays 10 in number.

Form. Sp Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca.

13452-53, 21425, 21529. Three specimens in counterpart, the first
very imperfect. Purchased.

P- 1935. Two small specimens. Egerton Coll.

p- 3898, P. 3902. Two small specimens, the first labelled Serranus

microstomus, the second Dentex breviceps by Agassiz.

Enniskillen Coll .

p 1966. Imperfect fish 0-175 in length, doubtfully of this species.

Egerton Coll.

Sparnodus bowerbanki (Agassiz).

1845. Sritenvrus bowerbanki , L. Agassiz, Hep. I3rit. Assoc. 1844,
p. 295, pl. xl.

1846. Scicenurus crassior, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 307 (name only).

(?) 1854. Scicenurus brevier, H. Owen, Catal. Foss. Rept. & Pisces,
Mus. Roy. Coll. Surg. p. 171, no. 681. [Fragmentary head.]

Type. Fragment of head and trunk; British Museum.

The tvpe species of the so-called Scicenurus, knoun only by
fragments, larger than the preceding species, with the antericr
suborbital and prcoperculum more coarsely and prominently
crimped.

528

iCl'lNOPTEKVGII.

In the restoration published by Agassiz, the pelvic and anal fin9

are too far forwards.

Form. 4‘ Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.

P. 650. Four fragmentary examples of head and trunk, labelled bj
Agassiz andEgerton as intended to bo the type specimens .
Shoppoy. Egerton Cod-

23404. Large portion of head and trunk, much pyritised ; Sheppcj •

Purchased , 1849-

39342, 39441, 39768. Three imperfect heads with anterior squa-
mation ; Shcppey. In the first specimen the oral face ot
the premaxilla displays the bases of attachment for one
row of large marginal teeth and two or three irregular
rows of minute inner teeth. Boiverbank Co

P- 9465. Similar specimen, displaying the preoperculum with 6s
characteristic plication and very fine serration ; Sheppcj-
The base of the right pectoral fin is preserved.

Purchased-

5073 c. Domains of head ; Sheppey.

25707. Another head ; Sheppoy. Dixon Coll-

28713. Another head ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1853.

P. 649. Imperfect head labelled as intended to be the type specimen
of Scicenurus crassior, Agassiz ; Sheppey. Egerton Cy

P.4515. Heads and other fragments, one labelled Sciisnwrits
crassior by Agassiz. Ennisl'illen Cod-

P. 9466. Fragment showing somo anterior vertebral centra >
Sheppey. Purchase1- •

Tho following specieB have also been ascribed to this genus, but

are not represented in the Collection : —

Sparnodus inflatus , D. G. Ivrnmberger, Had Jugoslav. Aknd.
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 80, pi. v. fig. 4. — Upper Oligocene .
Trifail, Styria. [Imperfect trunk ; Imperial Geologic-1
Survey, Vienna.]

Sparnodus intermedius, F. Bassani, Atti It. Accad. Sci. Napo 1
[2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 67, pi. vii. fig. 2. — Lowtr
Miocene ; Chiavon, Vicentin. [Imperfect fish ; I’ioveno
Collection, Lonedo.]

Spamodus moloni , F. Bassani, ibid. p. 66, pi. vii. fig- 1- ^'u ’

[Ditto.]

8PAR1D.E.

529

Genus S ARGUS (Klein), Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 272.]

A single series of chisel-shaped teeth on the margin of the jaws
at the symphysis, and two or more series of rounded molariform
teeth behind. Preoperculum not serrated. Dorsal fin with 10 to
13 spines. Scales of moderate size, very finely serrated, extending
over the operculum and cheek.

Common on the coasts of the warmer seas.

Sargus oranensis, sp. nov.

type- Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.

Length of head with opercular apparatus somewhat less than tho
maximum depth of the trunk, and contained twice in the length
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Incisitorra
teeth rather narrow. Dorsal fin with 12 or 13 spines and 10 or 11
articulated rays ; anal fin with 3 spines and 12 articulated rays.

Form. Loc. Upper Miocene : Oran, Algeria.

P- 9484. Type specimen 0-21 in total length. Some of the front
teeth and molariform teeth are shown ; and scales are
observed to extend over tho cheek. Ibe pectoral fins arc
imperfect and displaced ; and the number of rays in tho
dorsal and anal fins can only be ascertained by countin0
the supports. The bifurcated caudal fin is well shown.

Purchased , 1853.

Sargus laticonuSj Davis.

1888. Sargus la t icon as, J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iv. p. 43, pi. vii. figs. 3-6 (P fig. 7, non fig. 8).

Type. Tooth ; Canterbury Museum, New Zealand.

A species known only by front teeth, which are deep and narrow,
rather stout, spatulate, incurved and tapering at the apex.

Form. Sf Loc. Lower Tertiary (Oamaru Formation): New Zealand.

P- 2311. Some typical teeth from the Oamaru Beds.

By exchange , 1876.

P- 7831. About 30 typical teeth from the Oamaru Beds.

Davis Coll.

Fossil incisiform teeth of the characteristic shape have also been
described as follows : —

i'Attr iv. 9 >i

530

ACTINOPTEKTGII.

Sargus aquitanicus, E. Delfortrie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
vol. xxix. (1873), p. 85, pi, i. fig. 8. — Miocene ; Dept.
Gironde.

Sargius armatus, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Prang. (1852), Poiss.
Foss, p, 5, pi. lxix. figs. 1-8, 11-13. — Eocene; Dept.
Aude.

Sargus heberti , F. Eassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. A at.
vol. vi. (1879), p. 50, pi. v. fig. 15.— Middle Miocene;
Gahard, llle-et-Vilaiue.

Sargus incisivus , P. Gervais, op. cit. p. 5, pi. lxix. figs. 14, 16 ;
F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. vi.
(1879), p. 48, pi. v. figs. 9-12 ; H. E. Sauvage, Mem. Soc.
Sci. Nat. Saonc-et-Loire, vol. iv. (1882), p. 94, pi. '•
figs. 7-9 ; G. de Alessandri, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino
[2] vol. xlv. (1896), p. 289, pi. i. fig. 28 ; L. Segucnza,
Boll. Soc. Geol. Ilal. vol. xix. (1900), p. 515, pi. vi.
figs. 38, 39. Scams baltringensis, J. Probst, V? urtt.
Jahresh. vol. xxx. (1874), p. 282 (in part), pi. »“•
figs. 8, 9 (non figs. 7, 10, 11). (?) Splicerodus lejeanianus,

M. Rouault, Comptes ltcndus, vol. xlvii. (1858), p. 190. •
Miocene ; France, Wiirtemberg, Italy, and Sicily.

Sargus jomnitanus, A. Valenciennes, Ann. Sci. Nat. [3] vol. I
(1844), p. 103, pi. i. fig. 1. — Upper Miocene; Algeria.
Sargus rusuccuritanus, A. Valenciennes, ibid. p. 103, pi. '■
figs. 2, 3.— Ibid.

Sargus sitifensis, A. Valenciennes, ibid. p. 103, pi. i. fig- 4.
Ibid.

The fossils named as follows are not generieally determinable : ■

Sargus anthropodon, H. Le Hon, Prelim. Mem. Poiss. Tort. Bolg-
(1871), p. 14 (name only). — Eocene; Belgium.

Sargus baraldii, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci etc. Colline
Toscane (1876), p. 57. — Pliocene; Tuscany. [Imperfect
jaw.]

Sargus cavannai, It. Lawley, ibid. p. 57, pi. v. fig. 1.— D''d-
[Ditto.]

Sargus cuvieri, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1839), P- 1^®
[no fig. published], Sparus, G. Cuvier. Ossem. loss,
ed. 2 (1822), vol. iii. p. 338, pi. lxxvi. figs. 16, 1/*'
Upper Eocene (Gypsum); Montmartre, Paris. [Frag"
ment of trunk.]

8rAKIDJ3.

531

Genus TRIGONODON, Sismonda.

[Hem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino (2) vol. x. 1849, p. 25.]

A genus known only by the front teeth, which are trenchant like
those of Sargus but much broader and perhaps only in one pair.

Trigonodon oweni, Sismonda.

1849. Trigonodon oweni, E. Sismonda, loc. cit. p. 25, pi. i. figs. 14-16.
1858. Sargus sioni, M. Rouault, Comptes liendus, vol. xlvii. p. 100.

1874. Scarus baltringensis, J. Probst, Wurtt. Jahresh. vol. xxx. p. 282
.Cm part), pi. iii. figs. 10, 11 (non figs. 7-9).

1875. Sargus sioni, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. G6ol. France [3] vol. iii.
P- 632, pi. xxii. figs. 3, 4.

18/9. Sargus sioni, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. vi.
p. 49, pi. v. figs. 13, 14.

882. Sargus sioni , H. E. Sauvage, Mdm. Soc. Sci. Nat. Saone-et-Loire,
vol. iv. p. 63.

1890. Scants oweni, F. Sacco, Bell. Soc. Geol. Ital. vol. ix. p. 296.

1895. Sargus ( Trigonodon ) oweni, F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci.

Napoli [2] vol. vii. no. 7, p. 6, fig. 3. . .

1896. Sargus oweni, G. de Alessandri, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino [2J

vol. xlv. p. 289, pi. i. fig. 27. , .

1897. Trigonodon tnoeni, G. de Alessandri, Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat.
n- 3. vol. vi. no. 1, p. 25.

rype. Worn tooth.

The type species, with a rather stout cutting-tooth, which is high
111 front, becoming rapidly low behind, and not serrated or crimped
on the trenchant border, but sometimes with slight vertical folds at
the base of its inner face.

Form. Loc. Miocene : Italy, Wiirtemberg, and Brittany.
Pliocene : Tuscany.

P- 9467. Tooth 0-017 in length, not much worn ; locality unknown.

History unknown.

P- 5525. Plaster casts of two teeth ; Pliocene, Tuscany.

Presented by Prof. G. Capellini, 1888.

Trigonodon serratus (Gervais).

1852. Sargus ? serratus, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Franf., Poiss. Foss.
P- 2, pi. lxvii. tig. 7 (non fig. 8).

1891. Trigonodon serratus, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. viii.
p. 109, pi. iii. fig. 6.

Type. Anterior tooth.

2m 2

532

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Trenchant border of crown nearly parallel to basal margin,
prominently and delicately crimped when unworn. A smaller and
much thinner tooth than that of the type species.

Form, if Loc. Lower Eocene: France. Middle Eocene: Belgium.

P. 5926 a. Partially abraded tooth, figured by A. 8. Woodward,
loc. cit. ; Bruxellian, Woluwe St. Lambert, Brussels.

Presented by Monsieur A. IJouzeau de LeJiaie , 1889.

P- 5926. Larger, more -worn specimen ; Woluwe St. Lambert.

Presented by Monsieur A. llovzeau de Lehaie, 1889-

Another form of tooth, apparently of this genus, from the Eocene
of tli (i ] unjab, has been named Capitodus indicus by It. Lydekkcr,
ltec. Geol. Surv. India, vol.xiii. (1880), p.61, and Palacont. Indies,
ser. x. vol. Hi. (1886), p. 245, pi. xxxv. fig. 1 1 .

Stouter teeth, more deeply crimped but otherwise niuc i
resembling those named 2'riyonodon, have also been described as
follows : —

S tephanodvs splendens, K. A. von Zittel, Handb. Palaeont. vol. in.
(1888), p. 298, fig. 310.— Upper Cretaceous; Dachel
Oasis, Sahara. [Type species of Stephanodus , Zitte ,
non StepJmnodon , Meyer, 1847. Tooth ; Palaeontological
Museum, Munich.]

Genus PAGELLUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

[Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. vi. 1830, p. 109.]

Anterior teeth aeutcly conical, minute and clustered, with f,A'r
arge canines ; hinder teeth rounded and molariform, in ^ ° ^
more series. Prcoperculum fimbriated, not serrated. Dorsal 0"
with 11 to 13 spines. Scales of moderate size, finely serrated, ex-
tending over the operculum and cheek, and forming a sheath at the
base of the dorsal fin.

Existing in the Mediterranean and on the eastern shores of the
Atlantic.

There are no fossils in the Collection certainly referable to this
f,enus, and those described as follows arc not generically determin
able : —

Otolithus ( Pacjelli ) elegantulus, E. Ivoken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol-
Ges. vol. xl. (1888), p. 279, pi. xvii. figs. 5, 6.— Lower
Tertiary ; Jackson Itiver, Mississippi. [Otolith.]

SPARID-32.

533

Pagellus aquitanicus, E. Delfortrie, Act.es Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
vol. xxix. (1873), p. 84, pi. i. fig. 7. — Miocene; Dept.
Gironde. [Teeth.]

Pagellus lejplosteus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1839), p. 154
(no fig.); Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Bech. Poiss. Foss.
Mt. Liban (1866), p. 50. — Form. & loc. unknown. [Im-
perfect fish; olim Zurich Museum.]

Pagellus mu-rodon, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 300 (name
only), and Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1839), p. 152, pi. xxvii.
fig. 1.— Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca, near Verona. [Im-
perfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]

Pagellus stenoura, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sei Geol. vol. iv. (18,3),
art. no. 1, p. 118, figs. 15, 15 a.— Upper Miocene ; Licata,
Sicily. [Imperfect trunk; Paris Museum of Natural
History.]

Pagellus de stefanil and Pagellus peruzzii are undefined names
Riven to fishes from the Upper Mioceue of Gabbro, Tuscany
(6e Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat.— Proc.- Verb. vol. i. 1878,
P- xix).

Genus PAGRUS, Cuvier.

[Begne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 272.]

Stout conical prehensile teeth at the symphysis of the jaws, and
two series of large rounded molariform teeth behind. I’reoperculum
not serrated. Dorsal fin with 12 (rarely 11) spines. Scales of
moderate size, very finely serrated, extending over the operculum
®nd cheek, and forming a sheath at the base of the dorsal fin.

Almost cosmopolitan on existing coasts.

There do not appear to be any recognisable remains of extinct
forms of this genus in the Collection, but various fossils have been
described as follows

Pagrus meneghinii, F. Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2]
vol. i'ii. (1889), no. 6, p. 69, pi. xv. fig. 1.— Lower
Miocene; Chiavon, Vicentin. [Imperfect fish; Piovene
Collection, Lonedo.]

Pagrus oudrianvs, E. Delfortrie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
vol. xxix. (1873), p. 83, pi. i. fig. 5.— Pliocene ; Dept.
Gironde. [Portion of jaw.]

Pagrus jfileatus, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Boy. Belg.
[3] vol. i. (1881), p. 125.— Pliocene Crag; Antwerp.
[Hyperostoses.]

Pagrus priscus, It. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw.

534

ACTINOPTEBYGII.

Cl. vol. xlv. pt, i. (1862), p. 495, pi. ii. fig. 3.— Middle
Miocene ; Margarethen, Vienna. [Dorsal half of trunk ,
Court Museum, Vienna.]

Pagnis torus, P. J. Van Beneden, Joe. cit. 1881, p. 125. — Pliocene
Crag ; Antwerp. [Hyperostoses.]

Pagrus sp., W. Dames, Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin,
1890, p. 162, woode. — Recent Deposit: Melbourne,

Australia. [Skull; Geological Museum, Univ. Breslau.]

Genus CHRYSOPHRYS, Cuvier.

[ltegno Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 181.]

As Pagnis, but molariform teeth in three or more series, usually
irregular.

Almost cosmopolitan on existing coasts.

This genus is not represented in the Collection by any specifically
determinable fossil remains, and the extinct forms described as
follows aro not very satisfactorily determined : —

Chrysophrys brusimi, D. G. Krambcrger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 107, pi. xxii fig. 7.—
Miocene ; Podsuscd, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Geologic11
Museum, University of Agram.] ,

Chrysophrys hertlei, D. G. Krambeiger, Verhandl. k. k. Sc0
Rcichsanst. 1882, p. 29 (name only), and Rad Jugoslav.
Akad. vol. cvi. (1891), p. 81, pi. vii. fig. 1- ^l,'f,r

Oligocene ; Trifail, Styria. [Fragment of head and tiun
Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna.] _r.

Chrysophrys lawleyi, P. Gervais, Journ. do Zool. vol. iv. (l8/«lb
p. 517, pi. xvii. Sphcerodus cinctus, It. Uawlcy (si ‘ 01 ] '
Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. vol. ii. (1876), p. 61, pk ”•
(reprinted by Gervais, loc. cit.). — Pliocene; 5 olterrano,
Tuscany. [Associated upper and lower jaws.] _

Chrysophrys scaccMi, F. Bassani, Atti It. Accad. Sci. Napoli [ -J
vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 72, pi. xii. — Lower Miocene*
Chiavon, Viccntin. [Nearly completo fish ; Piovene 0
lection, Loncdo.] ,

Chrysophrys zignoi, F. Bassani, ibid. p. 71, pi- viii. figs. 1 *

Atti R. Istit. Veneto [7] vol. iii. (1892), p. 1032.— Ib,d-
[Imperfoct small fish ; Zigno Collection, Univ. Padua.]

Most of the following detached teeth probably belong to Chrys0
phrys, but some may be referable to other genera of the family •

SPAP.IDJE.

535

B- 8720. Three molariform teeth ; Weybourn Crag, East Runton.

Savin Coil.

45968. Prehensile tooth ; Red Crag, Voodbridge, Suffolk.

Purchased, 1876.

B* <098. Two prehensile teeth and fragment of jaw ; Red Crag,
Boyton, Suffolk. Purchased, 1894.

B- 8988. Four prehensile teeth; Red Crag, M aldringfield, Suffolk.

These and the preceding specimens resemble teeth from
the Crag referred to an undetermined species of Chry-
sophrys by E. T. Newton, Vert. Pliocene Dep. Britain

(Mem. GeoL Surv. 1891), p. 88, pi. x. tigs. 1-3.

Presented by Lady Prestuiich, 1890.

24194. Numerous teeth of the form named Sphoerodus cinctus by
Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt- ii* (1839—44), p* 2 4,
pi. lxxiii. figs. 68-70'; Miocene, Las Palmas, Grand
Canary. Presented by Sir Charles Lyell, Bart.

23818. Similar molariform teeth ; Miocene, Isle of Gozo.

Presented by Prof. A. Leith Adams, 186_.

B. 1693. Similar teeth ; Miocene, Malta. Eyerton Coll.

23385. Similar teeth, like those ascribed to Chrysophrys cincta by
Sauvage, loc. cit and apparently of the form name
Sphoerodus keryomardivs by M. Rouault, Comptes Rendus,
vol. xlvii. (1858), p. 100; Middle Miocene, St. Juvat,
near Dinan. Purchased, 18o3.

B. 9468. Similar but larger molariform tooth, labelled by Munster

as being Sphcerodus annularis, Ag., from Ceylon.

° Enniskillen Coll.

B- 9469. Numerous teeth of the form named Sphcrrodas

by Munster, Beitr. Petrefact. pt. vii. (1846), p. 3 ; Middle
Miocene, Neudorfl-a.-d.-March, Vienna.

B. 1681-82, P. 4663. Similar teeth ; Neudorfl.

Eyerton 4‘ Enniskillen Colls.

B. 1690. Two minute molariform teeth, of the form named Sphct-
rodu8 mjamcpus by Munster, op. cit. pt. v. (Irt4i), p. ,
pi. vi. fig. 4; Tertiary, Vienna. Eyerton Coll.

1 Chrysophrys cincta, H. E. Sauvage, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. S™t- Loire,
vol. iv. (1882), p. 61, pi. i. figs. 1-6. See especially F. Bassam, Atti R. Accad.
Sci. Napoli [2] vol. iv. (1891), no. 3, p. 49, pi. ii. figs. 2-9.

536

-ACTINOrTERYGII.

P. 1695. Two minute prehensile teeth of the form named Capitodus
angustm by Munster, op. cit. pt. v. (1842), p. 68, pi. xv.
fig. 8 ; Tertiary, Vienna. Egerton Coll.

P. 1684, P. 1694. Prehensile teetli of the form named Capitodus
Iruncatus by Munster, op. cit. pt. v. (1842), p. 67, pi. Ti.
figs. 13, 14; Middle Miocene, Neudorfl. Egerton Coll.

P. 1683. Prehensile tooth of tho form named SpTicerodus sub-
truncatus by Miinster, op. cit. pt. vii. (1846), p. 4, pi. ii*
fig. 0 ; Tertiary, Vienna. Egerton Coll.

P. 1685. Two molariform teeth of the form named SpTicerodus
clepressus by Agassiz, op. cit. vol. ii. pt. ii. (1839-44),
p. 213, pi. lxxiii. figs. 3-10 ; Miocene, Salzburg, Austria.

Egerton Coll.

P. 9470. Molariform teeth of the form named Spnroides molassicus
by F. A. Quenstedt, Handb. 1‘etrefact. (1852), p. 248,
pi. xix. figs. 7-14, and J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxx.
(1874), p. 289, pi. iii. figs. 12-15 ; Middle Miocene
(Molasse), Baltringen, Wiirtemberg. Purchased.

35828. Similar teeth and prehensile teeth. Pur chased, I860.

P. 1689. Small teeth of the form named Sphcerodus lens by Agassiz,
op. cit. vol. ii. pt. ii. (1839-44), p. 212, pi. lxxiii. figs- 22-
61 ; Oligocene, Osnabriick. Egerton Coll.

P. 1686, P . 4664. Four imperfect molariform teeth of the form
named Sphcerodus discus by Agassiz, op. cit. vol. ii. pt- 11-
(1839-44), p. 214, pi. lxxiii. figs. 62-67; Tertian’,
Algarves, Portugal. Egerton Enniskillen Colls.

lhe following indeterminable specimen is supposed to represent a

Sparoid fish : —

P- 645. Fragmentary and partly pyritised head with abdominal
region, labelled by Agassiz as intended to be the typ°
specimen of Calopomus porosus, recorded by name only in
Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 307; London Cla)’>
Sheppey. Egerton Coll.

^ arious indeterminable fossil teeth have also been referred to

Sparidm under the following names : —

Asinui jugleri, C. G. Giebel, Fauna d. Vorw., Fische (1848),
p. 184. Radamas jugleri, G. von Munster, Beitr. Petrofact.

8PARID-35.

537

pt. vii. (1846), pp. 11, 28, pi. i. fig. 6— Middle Miocene ;
Neudbrfl-a.-d. -March, Vienna. [The type species of
Asima .]

Hoops i /if /as, It. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc. Colline Toscane
(i876), p. 54.— Pliocene ; Tuscany.

Cantharus urcianensis , It. Lawley, ibid. p. 54, pi. i. fig. 6.
Pliocene ; Orciano, Tuscany.

Capitodus dubiut, G. von Munster, Beitr. Petrefact. pt. vii. (1840),
p. 17, pi. ii. figs. 10-16.— Tertiary ; Vienna Basin.
Capitodus (?) interruptus, G. von Miinster, ibid. p. lb, pi. i. fig. 3.

— Ibid.

Chrysoplirys agassizi, E. Sismonda, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino,
[2] vol. x. (1849), p. 15, pi- ii. figs. 44-49.— Pliocene ;
Astigiano.

Chrysoplirys arsrnaritana , A. Valenciennes, Ann. Sci. Nat. [3]
vol. i. (1844), p. 103, pi. i. fig- 6.— Upper Miocene;
Algeria.

Chrysoplirys hennii, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg.

[2] vol. xxxi. (1871), p. 503.— Pliocene ; Ant werp.
Chrysoplirys miocenica, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. vi. (1879), p. 47, pi. v. figs. 1-8.— Middlo
Miocene ; Gahard, Ille-ct-Yilaine.

Lobodus pedemontanus , 0. G. Costa, Ann. Accad. Aspir. ^sat. [3]
vol. V. (1866), p. 81, pi. i. figs. 1-5; F. Bassani, Atti
R. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. ix. (1899), no. 13, p. 41,
pi. iii. figs. 42-53. — Upper Eocene ; Gassiuo, Piedmont.
Sparoides robustus, 3. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxx. (1874),
p. 294, pi. iii. figs. 22-25.— Middle Miocene ; Baltringcn,
Wiirtemberg.

Sparoidcs spharicus, J. Probst, ibid. p. 295, pi. iii. figs- 26-31.—
Ibid.

Sparoidrs tenuis, J. Probst, ibid. p. 292, pi. iii. figs. 20, 21.—
Ibid.

Hparoides umbonatus, J. Probst, ibid. p. 291, pi. iii. figs. 16-19.
— Ibid.

Spharodus conicvs, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. ii. (1839-
44), p. 215, pi. Ixiii. fig. 82.— Tertiary ; Ceylon.
Sphcerodus insignis, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg.

[2] vol. xxxi. (1871), p. 503.— Pliocene ; Antwerp.
Sphcerodus intermedins, G. G. Gemmellaro, Atti Accad. Gioenia
Sci. Nat. [2] vol. xiii. (1857), p. 291, pi. l. fig. 2.—
Pliocene ; Prosr. Caltanisetta, Sicily.

Sphcerodus ocuhts-serpentis , L. Agassiz, op, cit. vol. ii. pt. ii.

53S

ACTlSOPTERVGir.

(1839-44), p. 215, pi. lxxiii. figs. 20, 21. — Form, and loc.
unknown.

SpTiarodus parvus, L. Agassiz, op. cit. vol. ii. pt. ii. (1839-44),
p. 213, pi. lxxiii. figs. 11-18. — Oligocene ; Cassel and
Weinheim.

Sphmrodus truncatus, L. Agassiz, op. cit. vol. ii. pt. ii. (1839—44),
p. 215, pi. lxxiii. fig. 19. — Oligoccno; Osnabriiek.

Splicerodus wiechmctimi , T. C. Winkler, Arcliiv Vercins Fr. Natur-
gcseh. Mecklenburg, vol. xxix. (1875), p. 121, pi. in-
figs. 13-10. — Upper Oligocene ; Sternberg, Mecklenburg.

Otoliths from the Oligocene of Germany have been referred to
undetermined genera of this family under the names of Otolithvs
( Sparidarum ) gregarius and 0. (S.) soellingensis (E. Koken, Zeitschi .
deutseh. gcol. Ges. vol. xxxvi. 1884, p.‘55G, pi. xii. fig. 11, and
loc. cit. vol. xliii. 1891, pp. 128, 144, pi. vii. figs. 7, 8). Another
form from the Lower Tertiary of the Jackson River, Mississippi,
is named 0. (S.) insuetus (E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xl. 1888, p. 280,
pi. xvii. fig. 9).

Family SCIiENID/E.

Ilead-bones more or less hollowed for well-developed slime-canal
S)stem; teeth conical and only on margin of jaws; lower
pharyngoal bones usually separate. Spinous portion of dorsal fin
much less extended than articulated portion ; anal fin short-based,
with 1 or 2 spines.

Littoral fishes of tropical and sub-tropical regions, sometimes
entering freshwaters. Not satisfactorily known among fossils, but
supposed to be represented by the following extinct species, of
which there are no remains in the Collection :

Pogonias multidentatus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist-
vol. xii. (1809), p. 310.— Miocene ; Westmoreland Co.,
Virginia. [Upper pharyngeal.]

Umbrina pecchiolii, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc. Colli'10
Toscane (1870), p. 78, pi. v. fig. 5. — Lower Pliocene;
Tuscany. [Otoliths and teeth.]

Otolithus (Scicenidarum) claybornenxis , decipiens, eporefci n '•
gemma, intermedins, radians, and similis, E. Koken,
Zeitschr. deutseh. geol. Ges. vol. xl. (1888), pp. 280-281',
pi. xviii. figs. 16, 17, pi. xix. figs. 1-11, 13, 14.— Lower
Tertiary ; Alabama and Mississippi. [Otoliths.]

SCI.F.NTD.T:. LABRID-F.

539

Gloliihus ( Corvina ) gibberuhis ; Otolithus (Scitend) ampins, hol-
saticus, irregularis, kirchbergensis, meridionalis, obtusus,
and speciosus; Otolithiu (Scicenidarum) elongatus, insignia,
and ovatus, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xxxvi. (1884), pp. 554,
555, pi. xi. fig. 7, pi. xii. figs. 6-8, and vol. xliii. (1891),
pp. 107-112, with figs. — Oligocene and Miocene; Germany.
[Otoliths.]

Family LABRID^E,

^ arial opening double on each side. Marginal teeth prehensile;
vomer and palatines toothless ; lower pharyngeal bones (rarely also
uPper pharyngeals) fused together. Spinous portion of dorsal fin
at least as much extended as articulated portion ; anal fin with 2
n spines, nearly equal to and opposite to the hinder dorsal fin.
Scales usually cycloid, rarely feebly ctenoid.

Littoral marine fishes with thick lips, almost universally

distributed.

Synopsis of Extinct Genera f Genera represented
by Extinct Species.

Lower pharyngeal triangular, with tritoral
teeth having only one successor at a
time beneath each Labrus (p. 539).

Pharyngeal teeth small, not tritoral Julis (p. 541).

Lower pharyngeal as in Labrus, but pile
of successional teeth beneath each
functional tooth Lahrorlon (p. 541).

Lower pharyngeal leaf-shaped, with large
tritoral teeth, middle the largest, each
with pile of successional teeth 1'hyUodus (p. 546).

As Phyllodus, but pharyngeal teeth nearly

uniform Egertonia (p. 550).

Pharyngeals with layer of ganodentine,

no teeth Plalylamus (p. 551).

Pharyngeals with large ovoid teeth of

coarse vasodentine Pseuiospharodon (p. 552).

Genus LABRUS (Artedi), Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 282.]

Snout pointed ; trunk oblong and laterally compressed. Marginal
teeth conical and in single series ; pharyngeal teeth tritoral and
closely arranged, each with one successor at a time beneath it ; lower

540

ACTIKOPTKRYGII.

pharyngeal bone triangular, and upper pharyngeals not fused
together. Preoperculum serrated in young, smooth in adult.

\ ertebne about 35 to 40 in number, nearly half being abdominal.
Dorsal fin much extended, with more than 20 rays, of which at
least 13 are spinous ; anal fin with 3 spines ; caudal fin rounded.
Scales of moderate size, not serrated, extending over the opercular
apparatus and cheek.

Existing species range along the coasts of the temperate regions
of Europe and Africa. The only fossil in the Collection referable to
this genus is the following : —

P- 5526. Imperfect lower pharyngeal bone, rather large and
massive, recorded by Woodward & Sherborn, Catal. Brit.
Boss. Vert. (1890), p. 108 ; lied Crag, Suffolk.

Purchased, 1888.

The following imperfectly known extinct species have been
referred to this genus and to Crenilabrus, but the systematic
position of all except the first is very doubtful : —

Labrus agassizi, J. J. Heckel, Denksehr. k. Akad. Wiss., matb.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. pt. i. (1856), p 268, pi. xv. figs. 2-4 ;
F. Bassani, Atti It. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. iii. (1889))
no. 6, p. 47, pi. iv. fig. 2. Notre us agassizii, G. von
Miinster, Beitr. I'etrefact. pt. vii. (1846), p. 27, pi. »’•
fig. 2. Julia agassizii or Julis mueuateri, It. Kner,
Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. pt. i-
(1862), p. 487. — Middle Miocene ; Margarethen, Vienna.
Lower Mioceno ; Chiavon, Yicentin, N. Italy. [Imperfect
fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]

Labrus ibbetsoni, L. Agassiz, I’oiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. (1844),
p. 116 (undescribed). — Miocene (Molasse) ; Switzerland.
[Lower pharyngeal.]

Labrus parvulus, J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. 1856, p. 271, pi. xv. fig. 5. —
Middle Miocene ; Margarethen, Vienna. [Imperfect
small fish, probably not Labroid (It. Kner, Sitzungsb. k.
Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. pt. i. 1862,
p. 487).]

Labrus priscus, It. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc. Collino
Toscane (1876), p. 71. — Lower Pliocene ; Spedaletto,
Tuscany. [Upper pharyngeal.]

Labrus valenciennesi, L. Agassiz, Ncues Jalirb. 1835, p. 293,
and Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. (1839-44), p. 116, pi. xxxix-
fig. 2 (lettered Labrus microdon). Labrus merula, G. 8.

LABEID-E.

541

Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. civ. pi. xxxvii.
(errors). — Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca, near Verona.
[Imperfect fish, not Labrus according to Heckel, loc. cit.
p. 269 ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]

Labrus ( Crenilabrus ) woodwardi, D. G. Kramberger, Had
Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi. (1891), p. 119, pi. ii. fig. 4. —
Upper Miocene ; Dolje, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Geo-
logical Museum, University of Agram.]

Crenilabrus szajnochre , A. de Zigno, Mem. R. Istit. Veneto,
vol. xxiii. (1887), p. 17, fig. 3. — Upper Eocene; Monte
Bolca. [Imperfect fish ; Zigno Coll., University of Padua.]

Genus JULIS, Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 261.]

Much resembling Labrus, but fewer vertebra, only eight dorsal
fin-spines, and scales scarcely if at all extending over opercular
apparatus and cheek. Pharyngeal teeth not tritoral.

Existing in Mediterranean and warmer seas. Supposed to be
represented by the following extinct species, of which there are no
specimens in the Collection : —

’Lulls sigismundi, R. liner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. pt. i. (1862), p. 488, pi. i. fig. 1. —
Middle Miocene (Leithakalk) ; Margarethen, Vienna.
[Imperfect fish ; University Geological Museum, Vienna.]

Genus LABRODON, Gcrvais.

[Mem. Acad. Montpellier, Sect. Sci. vol. iii. 18.>7, p. 515.]

Syn. Nummopalatus, M. Rouault, Comptes Rendus, vol. xlvii. 1858,
p. 101.

Diaphyodus, K. E. Schafhautl, Sud-bayerns Leth. Geogn. 1863
p. 2-16.

PharyngodopUut, I. Cocchi, Ann. R. Mus. Fis. Firenze [2] vob i.
1860, p. 123

An extinct genus, known only by the pharyngeals, which
resemble those of Laltrus, but exhibit a pile of successional teeth
beneath each functional tooth.

1 Separate copies of the memoir by Cocchi, entitled “ Monograda dei Pharyngo-
dopilidie," were distributed by the author in 1 thl.

542

ACTINOPTEEYGII.

Labrodon superbus (Cocchi).

1866. Pharyngodopilus super but*, I. Cocchi, Ann. R. Mus. Fis. Firenze
[2] vol. i. p. 136, pi. iv. fig. 16.

Type. Lower pharyngeal dentition.

Lower pharyngeal dentition nearly twice as broad as long,
produced to a sharp median point in front ; teeth rounded, none
elongated. Width of lower pharyngeal dentition about 0'06.

Form. if Loc. Lower Pliocene : Tuscany.

P. 8968. Upper pharyngeal dentition, probably of this species ;
Orciano. CustelU Coll .

Labrodon canariensis (Cocchi).

1866. Pharyngodopilus canariensis, I. Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 134, ph JV<

fig. 6.

1866. Phan/ngodopilus africanus, I. Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 132, ph 1V>
figs. 7, 8. [Pharyngeal dentition ; Rritish Museum.]

1882. Labrodon africanus, II. E. Sauvage, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Snone-
et^Loire, vol. iv. p. 74.

1801. Nvmmopalatus africanus, Rothpletz & Simonelli, Zeitschr.
deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xlii. p. 726.

Type. Upper pharyngeal dentition ; British Museum.

Very small; upper pharyngeal dentition with only one relatively
large inner tooth, bounded by small teeth ; lower pharyngeal
dentition about 0015 to 002 in width, with posterior row ol teeth
relatively largest and antero-postcriorly elongated.

Form, (j- Lot. Miocene : Grand Canary.

P. 9471. Type specimen ; probably from Las Palmas.

History unknown.

P. 9472. Type specimens of so-called P. africanus, being upper anil
lower pharyngeal dentition, described and figured loc. cit. ,
said to be from West coast of Africa, but probably from
Las Palmas. History unknown.

P. 9473. Slightly larger lower pharyngeal dentition, probably fiom
Las Palmas, noticed by Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 134.

History unknown.

The following specimens are not specifically determined : —

40339. Fragment of small dentition ; Lower Eocene, Dulwich,
London. Purchased, 1867.

LABRID^.

543

T- 2312. Fragment of larger dentition; Otatara Formation, New
Zealand. By exchange, 1876.

^£995. Lower pharyngeal dentition ; Tertiary, Coquimbo, Chili.

Presented by C. J. Lambert , Esq., 1878.

The following species, not represented in the Collection, have
also been recognised : —

Labrodon bazini, H. E. Sauvage, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Saone-et-
Loire, voL iv. (1882), p. 75. Nummopalatus bazini, H.
E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [8] vol. iii. ( 1 875),
p. 625, pi. xxii. fig. 16. -Miocene; Quiou, near Eennes.
[Upper pharyngeaL]

Labrodon belgicus : Nummopalatus belgicus , A. Daimeries, Ann.
Soc. Boy. Malacol. Belg. [4] vol. vii. (1892), Bull. p. xv.—
Upper Eocene (Laekenian); St. Gilles, Brussels.

Labrodon bourgeoisi, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 76.
Pharyngodopilus bourgeoisi, I. Cocchi, Ann. B. Mus. Fis.
Firenze [2] vol. i. (1866), p. 135, pi. iv. fig. 5. Nummo-
palatus bourgeoisi, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 18/5, p. 62b,
pi. xxii. fig. 18, pi. xxiii. fig. 6. Pharyngodopilus abbas,
I. Cocchi, loc. cit. 1866, p. 136, pi. iv. fig. 4. Nummo-
palatus abbas, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875, p. 627.
— Miocene ; Touraine and Maine-et-Loire. [Upper pha-
ryngeal.]

Labrodon britannus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 72. Nummo-
palatus brikinnus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875, p. 627,
pi. xxiii. fig. 11.— Miocene; Brittany. [Lower pharyn-
geal.]

Labrodon carolinensis : Odtuv carolinensis, J. Leidv, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. vii. 1856, p. 396. Pharyngodopilus
carolinensis, J. Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2]
vol. viii. (1877), p. 256, pi. xxxiv. figs. 19-24.— Tertiary
Phosphate Beds; Ashley ltiver, South Carolina. [Lower
pharyngeal.]

Labrodon chantrei, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 68, pi. ii. fig. 6.
Nummopalatus chantrei, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875,
p. 618, pi. xxiii. fig. 10.— Miocene; Bordeaux and Bennes.
[Lower pharyngeal ; Lyons Museum.]

Labrodon cocchii, H. E. Sauvage, loc, cit. 1882, p. 75. Nummo-
palatus cocchii, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875, p. 623,
pi. xxii. fig. 10. — Miocene ; La Chausserie, near Bennes.
[Upper pharyngeal.]

544

actinopteeygii.

Labrodon crassus: Pharynyodopilus crassus , I. Cocchi, loc. fit.
1856, p. 143, pi. iy. fig. i4( pi. v. gg. pi. vi. fig. 5. —
Pliocene ; Tuscany. [Lower pharyngeal ; Pisa Museum.]
Labrodon dilatatus : Pharynyodopilus dilatatus, I. Cocchi,

Joe. cit. 1866, p. 141, pi. v. figs. 1, 2, 8, pi. vi. fig. 4. —
Ibid. [Ditto.]

Labrodon eelwardsi : Nummopalatus edwardsius, M. llouault,
Comptes ltendus, vol. xlvii. (1858), p. 101. — Miocene;
Brittany. [Type species of Nummopalatus. ]
abrodon gaudryi : Nummopalatus gaudryi , H. E. Sauvagc,

loc. cit. 1875, p. 619, pi. xxii. figs. 5, 6. — Miocene ; Dax,
Gironde. [Lower pharyngeal ; Paris Museum of Natural
History.]

Labrodon haueri, H. E. Sauvage, loe. cit. 1882, p. 66, pi. »•
figs. / , 8 ; L. Seguenza, Boll. Soc. Gcol. Ital. vol. xix. (1900),
p. 512, pi. vi. fig. 9. Phyllodus liaueri, G. von Munster,
Beitr. Petrefact. pt. vii. (1846), p. 6, pi. i. fig- 1‘
Nummopalatus haueri, 11. E. Sauvage, he. cit. 1875, p. 621,
pi. xxii. fig. I9i pi. xxiii. figs. 4, 5. — Mioceno ; Vienna
Basin, Italy, Sicily, and Brittany. [Upper pharyngeal ;
Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]

Labrodon heterodon, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 73.
Lummopalatus heterodon, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875,
p. 629, pi. xxii. figs. 11-13, pi. xxiii. figs. 7, 8. — Miocene ;
near Henries, and Dax, Gironde. [Upper pharyngeal.]
Labrodon mult idem, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 74 :
L. Seguenza, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. vol. xix. (1900), p. 613,
pi. vi. fig. 8. Phyllodus multidens, G. von Munster,
Beitr. Petrefact. pt. vii. (1846), p. 7, pi. i. fig- 5-
J hyllodus subdepressus, G. von Munster, ibid. p. 9, pi- '■
fig. 7. Pharynyodopilus multidens, I. Cocchi, loc. cit. I860,
p. 127, pi. iv. figs. 9-12. Nummopalatus midtidens, H-
E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875, p. 629, pi. xxiii. fig. 9; K. A.
von Zittel, Handb. Palmont. vol. iii. (1888), p. 289,
fig. 299. — Miocene ; Vienna Basin, Brittany, Turin and
Sicily. [Lower pharyngeal; Palaeontological Museum,
Munich.]

Labrodon pavimentatum, P. Gervais, Mem. Acad. Montpellier,
Sect. Sci. vol. iii. (1857), p. 515, pi. v. fig. 6, and Zool
et Pal. Franrj. ed. 2 (1859), p. 512, with woodc. ; H. E-
Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 69, pi. ii. fig. 5. Nummo-
palatus pavimentatus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1 875, p. 61
pi. xxiii. fig. 3. Pharyngodopilus alsinensis, I. Cocchi,

LA BRIDGE.

545

he. cit. 1866, p. 138, pi. iv. fig. 15, pi. v. figs. 3, 4, 9, 10 ;
I’. Yinassa de Regny, Rivista Ital. Paleont. vol. v. (1899),
p. 84, pi. ii. fig, 19. Labrodon alsinensig, H. E. Sauvage,
foe. cit. 1882, p. 70, pi. ii. figs. 2-4.— Pliocene ; Horault
and Tuscany. Miocene; La Chausserie, near Rennes.
[The type species. Lower pharyngeal ; University
Museum, Montpellier.]

d^abrodon polyodon, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. / 1 .
Nummopalatus pohjodon, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875,
p. 629. Spluerod'us pohjodon, E. Sisraoada, Menu It.
Aecad. Sci. Torino [2] vol. x. (1846), p. 19, pi. i. figs. 5-7.
Pharyngodopilus polyodon,!. Cocchi, loc. cit. 1806, p. 125,
pi. iv. fig. 3. — Miocene ; Turin and Brittany. [Type
species of Pharyngodopilus. Lower pharyngeal ; Turin
Museum.]

Labrodon quenstedli : Nummopalatus quenstedti, H. E. Sauvage,
loc. cit. 1875, p. 623. Pharyngodopilus quensteilti,
J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxx. (1874), p. 2/8,
pi. iii. figs. 1, 2. Pharyngodopilus haueri, I. Cocchi,
loc. cit. 1866, p. 131, pi. iv. fig. 13 (errore).— Miocene ;
Vienna Basin, Wiirtemberg, and Brittany. [Lower
pharyngeal.]

Labrodon rhedonum, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. i5. Nummo
palatus rhedonum, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875, p. 624,
pi. xxii. fig. 17.— Miocene; Brittany. [Upper pharyngeal.]

Labrodon sacheri, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. / 2. Aummo-
pmlatus gacheri, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875, p. 6,4,
pi. xxii. figs. 7-9.— Miocene ; near Rennes. [Upper
pharyngeal.]

Labrodon sauvaqei: Nummopalatus sauvagei, C. H. Leriche, Ann.
Soc. Geol. Xord, vol. xxix. (1901), p. 177, pi. i. fig- 2.
Lower Eocene ; Cuis, Epemay, Marne. [Upper pharyn-
geal ; University of Lille.]

Labrodon sellce: Pharyngodopilus seUce, I. Cocchi, loc. cit. 1866,
p. 145, pi. v. fig. 11.— Miocene; Pianosa. [Lower
pharyngeal ; Florence Museum. '

Labrodon soldanii : Pharyngodopilus soldanii, I. Cocchi, he. cit.
1866, p. 146, pi. v. fig. 6, pi. Vi. fig. 6. Spharodus
aradasii, G. G. Gemmellaro, Atti Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat.
[2] vol. xiii. (1857), p. 289, pi. i. fig- L pi- vi. fig. 1.
Pliocene ; Tuscany and Sicily. [Upper pharyngeal.]

Labrodon trapezoulalis : Nummopalatus trapezoidalis, C. H.
Leriche, loc. cit. 1901, p. 178, pi. i. figs. 3-5.— Lower

PART IV. 2 N

546

ACTIN' OPTERY GIT .

Eocene ; Cuis. [Upper pharyngeal ; University of
Lille.]

Labrodon trigonella : Diaphyodus trigonella, Iv. E. Schafhautl,
Sud-bayerns Letb. Geogn. (1863), p. 246, pi. lxv c.
fig. 15. — Upper Eocene; Bavaria. [The type species of
Diaphyodus. Uppor pharyngeal dentition.]

Ihe tooth from the Upper Eocene of Bavaria named Diaphyodus
ovalis by Schafhautl (op. tit. p. 247, pi. Ixiv. fig. 3), seems to belong
to Phjllodus.

Genus PHYLLODUS, Agassiz '.

[Poiss. Eoss. vol. ii. pt. ii. 1844, p. 238.]

An extinct genus, known only by the pharyngeal dentition, which
is compact, tritoral, and leaf-shaped, and exhibits a pile of
successional teeth beneath each functional tooth ; middle teeth
much larger than marginal teeth. Uppor pharyngeal bones
apparently fused together like the lower pharyngeals.

Phyllodus toliapicus, Agassiz.

1839-44. Phyllodus toliapicus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. »•
p. 239, pi. Ixix a. figs. 1-3.

1841. Phyllodus toliapicus, It. Owen, Odontogr. p. 138, pi. xliv. fig- -■
1866. Phyllodus toliapicus, 1. Cocchi, Ann. R. Mus. Fis. Firenze [2]
vol. i. p. 104, pi. ii. figs. 8, 9, 15.

Type. Convex (upper) pharyngeal plate ; Oxford Museum.

The typo species, with pharyngeal dental plate attaining an
antero-postcrior length of about 0-045. Four principal median
teeth not much broader than long; surrounding teeth small and
numerous.

Form, t)" Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.

21618. Fine convex (upper) plate ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1850.

38815. More imperfect specimen, noticed by Cocchi, loc. tit. p. 105 ;

Sheppey. Bowerbanlc Coll-

P. 3981-62. Four imperfect specimens, one (of concave or lower
plate) described and figured by Cocchi, loc. tit. p. 106,
pi. ii. fig. 9 ; Sheppey. Ennisldllen Coll .

1 The subgeneric name Paraphyllodus has been proposed for those pharyngeal
plates of this genus in which the rather small median teeth are surrounded by
numerous rows of lateral teeth (H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Gfeol. France [3]
vol. iii. 1875, p. 615).

LABRID.E.

547

1907. Portion of concave (lower) plate; Sheppey.

Egerton Coll.

169. Fragment; Sheppey. Purchased, 1880.

27614. Fragment provisionally referred to this species by Cocchi,
loc. cit. pi. ii. fig. 15; Red Crag, Suffolk (derived from
London Clay). Purchased, 1852.

The pharyngeal dental plates of Pligllodus occurring in the
London Clay are very variable in the relative proportions of the
teeth, and have received many specific names. The following is an
illustrative series : —

T. 590. Imperfect convex (upper) pharyngeal plate, resembling the
specimen in the Oxford Museum which is described and
figured as Phyllodus planus by Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii.
pt. ii. (1839-44), p. 239, pi. lxix a. figs. 4, 5 : Sheppey.
This specimen is described and figured by Cocchi, Ann. It.

Mus. Fis. Firenze [2] vol. L (1866), p. 95, pi. i. fig. 4.

Egerton Coll.

41720. Nearly similar specimen ; Sheppey. Toulmin Smith Coll.

38816. Fine convex (upper) plate, noticed by Agassiz, tom. cit.

p. 240, as belonging to the same species as a specimen in

Fig. 19.

Phyllodus polyodus ; upper pharyngeal dentition, nat. size.

the Oxford Museum described and figured as Phyllodus
polyodus, Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 240, pi. lxix a. figs. 6, 7 ,
Sheppey. Bouierbanh Coll.

591, Larger, narrower specimen referred to P. polyodus by Cocchi,
loc cit. p. 107, pi. iii. fig- 8 ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.

2x2

548

ACTINOPTERYGII.

35770, -a. Two similar specimens, the first shown of nat. size in
accompanying fig. 19 ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1860.

P. 1909. Half of nearly similar plate; Sheppey. Eger ton Cold.

43104. Small but nearly similar plate ; Sheppey. Wether ell Coll-

P- 3164. Imperfect concave (lower) plate described and figured by
Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 99, pi. ii. fig. 1, and referred to
Phyllodus marginalia, Agassiz (tom. cit. p. 240, pi. Fxix <l'
figs. 8, 9), which is founded on a specimen in the Oxford
Museum ; Sheppey. Enniskillen Coll-

P. 589. Imperfect convex (upper) plate described and figured by
Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 112, pi. iii. fig. 7, as the type specimen
of Phyllodus irregularis, which is mentioned by Agassiz,
tom. cit. p. 241 (name only); Sheppey. Egerton Coll-

38820. l'ragment referred to the sumo species by Cocchi, loc. cit.

p. 112 ; Sheppey. Bowerbank Coll.

P. 3968. Imperfect concave (lower) plate, the typo specimen named
Phyllodus medius by Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 241, described
and figured by Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 114, pi. ii. 6g- 10 ;
Sheppey. Enniskillen Coll-

38810. Imperfect upper (convex) plate referred to P. medius by
Cocchi, loc. cit. pi. ii. fig. 14 ; Sheppey. Bowerbank Coll-

P. 3989. Another specimen referred to P. medius by Cocchi, loc- cit-
p. 115, pi. ii. fig. 11 ; Sheppey. Enniskillen Coll-

P. 1908. Portion of upper (convex) plate described and figured as
P. medius by Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 115, pi. ii. fig. 12 ; Sheppey-

Egerton Coll-

41719. More nearly complete similar plate Sheppey.

Toulmin Smith Coll-

38807. Fine convex (upper) plate described and figured by Cocchi,
loc. cit. p. 109, pi. iii. fig. 2, and referred to Phyllodus
petiolatus, Owen (Catal. Foss. Kept. & Pisces, Mas. Boy-
Coll. Surg. 1854, no. 675), which is founded on a Bpeci
men in the Itoyal College of Surgeons (also figured in
Owen’s Odontogr. 1841, pi. xlvii. figs. 1, 2); Shepp®}-

Bowerbank Coll-

38813. Smaller specimen of same form described and figured b}
Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 109, pi. iii. fig. 5 ; Sheppey.

Bowerbank Coll-

LABRID.55.

549

3960. Another specimen described and figured as belonging to
the same species by Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 109, pi. iii. fig. 0 ;
Sheppey. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3963. Imperfect convex (upper) plate, the type specimen of
Phyllodus colei, Cocchi, loc. tit. p. 91 , pi. i. fig. 1 ; Sheppey.

Enniskillen Coll.

24618 a. Middle of plate, the type specimen of Phyllodus hexa-
yonalis, Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 92, pi. i. fig. 3 ; Sheppey.

Purchased, 1850.

P. 588. Fragment referred to same species by Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 92,
pi. i. fig. 2 ; lied Crag, Suffolk (derived from London Clay).

Egerton Coll.

I*. 9474. Convex (upper) plate, the type specimen of Phyllodus
speciosus, Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 96, pi. i. fig. 6 ; Sheppey.

History unknown.

3965. Concave (lower) plate referred to the same species by
Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 97, pi. i. fig. 7 ; Red Crag, Suffolk
(derived from London Clay). Enniskillen Coll

27614 a, 30538. Two imperfect specimens referred to the samo
species by Cocchi, loc. tit. p. 97, pi. i. fig. 8, pi. ii. fig. 6 ;
Red Crag, Sutton, Suffolk (derived from London Clay).

Purchased, 1852.

38818—19. Two imperfect large specimens, nearly similar to I.

speciosus ; Sheppey. Bowerbank Coll.

36565. Half another nearly similar plate; Red Crag, Sutton, Suffolk
(derived from London Clay). Purchased, 1853.

38808-09. Imperfect convex (upper) and concave (lower) plates,
the type specimens of Phyllodus bowerbanki, Cocchi, loc.
tit. p. 100, pi. ii. figs. 2, 3 ; Sheppey. Bowerbank Coll.

38812. Imperfect plate, the type specimen of Phyllodus secundarius,
Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 102, pi. ii. fig. 7 ; Sheppey.

Bowerbank Coll.

41903. Another specimen referred to the same species by Cocchi,
loc. cit. p. 103, pi. vi. fig. 3 ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1870.

38811. Imperfect concave (lower) plate, the type specimen of
Phyllodus submedius, Cocchi, loc. cit.]). 118, pi. ii. fig. 13 ;
Sheppey. Bowerbank Coll.

550

ACTINOPTEEYGII.

P. 3966. Two fragments of the same form, one noticed by Cocchi
loc. cit. p. 119; Sheppey. Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 3967. Fine concave (lower) dental plato of the same form ,
Sheppey. Ennislcillen Coll.

33304. Imperfect convex (upper) plate ; Sheppey.

Purchased, 18o8.

The following species have also been named, but are not repre-
sented in the Collection : —

Pliyllodus curvidens, 0. C. Marsh, Proc. Amor. Assoc. Adv. Sci.
1869 (1870), p. 229. — Miocene ; Shiloh, Cumberland Co.,
N.J. [Portion of pharyngeal dentition.]

Pliyllodus dehorrei, T. C. AVinkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. i' •
(1876), p. 28, pi. ii. figs. 14-18.— Middle Eocene;
Brussels. [Fragments ; Teyler Museum, Haarlem.]

Pliyllodus elegans, 0. C. Marsh, loc. cit. 1870, p. 228.— Eocene
Greensand ; Farmingdale, N.J. [Pharyngeal dentition ,
Yale University Museum.]

Pliyllodus gervaisi, I. Cocchi, loc. cit. 1866, p. 121. Phyllodus,
P. Gervais, Zool. et. Pal. Franc;. (1852), Poiss. Foss. p. 5,
pi. lxviii. figs. 30, 31.— Lower Eocene; Paris Basin.
[Imperfect pharyngeal dentition.]

The so-called Pliyllodus cretaceus (A. E. Reuss, Gcogn. Ski we
aus Bohmen, vol. ii. 1844, p. 222, and Verstein. bohin. Kreideform.
1846, p. 11, pi. iv. figs. 62, 63, pi. xii. fig. 16), from the Upper
Cretaceous of Bohemia, Phyllodus umhonatus (Munster, Beitr.
Petrefact. pt. vii. 1846, p. 10, pi. i. fig. 8), and Phyllodus
depressus (Munster, ibid. p. 10), from the Miocene of Vienna, are
founded on gcnerically indeterminablo tooth, probably not referable
to Labridoe.

The following are merely names for fossils from the Lower
Eocene of Cuise-Lamottc, Oise : — Phyllodus cluvali, P- inconstans,
P. latidens, and P. levesquei (Pomel, in L. Graves, Essai Topogr-
geognost. Oise, 1847, p. 588).

Genus EGERTONIA, Cocchi.

[Ann. 11. Mus. Fis. Firenze (2) vol. i. 1866, p. 121.]

A genus known only by the pharyngeal dentition, which
sembles that of Phyllodus but has the middle teeth scarcely if et
larger than the marginal teeth.

re-

LABKID.I:.

551

Egertonia isodonta, Cocchi.

18G6. Etjertonia isodonta, I. Cocchi, foe. cit. p. 122, pi. iv. figs. 1, 2.

Type. Convex (upper) pharyngeal dentition ; British Museum,
type species, with all pharyngeal teeth hemispherical, and
the dental plate measuring as much as O' 025 antero-posteriorly.
Form., tj- Loc . Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.

38814. Type specimen, figured he. cit. pi. iv. fig. 2 ; Sheppey.

Bowerbanlc Coll.

587. Concave (lower) pharyngeal dental plate, described and
figured loc. cit. p. 123, pL iv. fig. 1 ; Sheppey.

Egerton Coll.

28713 a. More imperfect specimen ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1853.

Ihe following species has also been described, but is not repre-
sented in the Collection : —

Egertonia gosseleii, C. H. Leriche, Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord, vol. xxix.
(1901), p. 175, pi. i. fig. 1.— Lower Eocene ; Cuis, Epernay,
Marne. [Upper pharyngeal dentition ; University of
Lille.]

Genus PLATYL-ffiMUS, Dixon.

[Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 205.]

An extinct genus, known only by the pharyngeals, each nearly
or completely covered by a crushing plate, which consists of coarse
'•ascular dentine invested with a very thin layer of ganodentiue.
L pper pharyngeal bones separate.

Platylaenaus colei, Dixon.

1850. PUitylannus colei, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 205, pi. xii. figs.
11-13, pi. x. fig. 23.

Type. Lower pharyngeal ; British Museum.

The type species, with triangular lower pharyngeal somewhat
more than two thirds as long as broad. Upper pharyngeal dental
plate slightly concave.

Form. Loc. Middle Eocene : Sussex.

25692. Lower pharyngeal dental plate, figured by Dixon, op. cit.

pi. xii. fig. 12, to be regarded as the type specimen ;
Braeklesham Beds, Brackleshara, Sussex. Dixon Coll.

ACTIKOPTERYGII.

552

25693, 25718. Lower pharyngeal and left upper pharyngeal, figured
ibid. figs. 13, 11 ; Bracklesham. Dixon Colt.

38821-23. Three abraded upper pharyngeal teeth, the first figured
ibid. pi. x. fig. 23 ; Bracklesham. Bowerbank Col ■

25694. Fragments; Bracklesham. Dixon toll.

I*. 1772, P. 3970. Fragments; Bracklesham.

Eijerton Sf Enniskillen Colls.

Genus PSEUDOSPHJERODON, Noetling.

[Abh. gcol. Spccialk. 1’reussen u. Thiiring. Staaten, vol. vl-
pt. iii. 1885, p. 102.]

An extinct genus, possibly Labroid, known only by remains of
the pharyngeal dentition. Pharyngeals bearing one or few large,
rounded or irregularly ovoid, crushing teeth, which consist of coarse
vasodentino invested with a thin layer of ganodentine. l ppcr
pharyngeal bones separate.

Pseudosphserodon hilgendorfi, Noetling.

188.">. Pseudospharodon hilyendorji , F. Noetling, loc. pit. p. 104, ph
figs. 1-8.

Type. Pharyngeal teeth; Prussian Geological Survey, Berlin,
ihe typo species, known only by irregularly ovoid, sometimes
nearly triangular teeth, which are smooth and tumid, often slight }
plicated at the sides.

Form. Sf Loc. Middlo Eocene: Samland, Prussia; Hampshire Basin.

P. 3752. Eight upper pharyngeal, bearing one tooth ; Bracklesham
Beds, Bracklesham, Sussex. Enniskillen Co

30888. Large worn tooth, measuring 0 038 in longest diameter, and
showing suceessional tooth directly beneath it ; Bramshaw,
Wiltshire. Purchased, 1850.

The following indeterminable specimen is supposed to represent
an extinct genus and species of this family : —

P. 626. Fragment of hinder portion of cranium labelled by Agassis
as intended to bo the type specimen of Auchenilabrvs
frontalis, recorded by name only in Eop. Brit. Assoc.

1844 (1845), p. 308 ; London Clav, Sheppey.

Egerton Coll-

LABRID.E.

553

Portions of dentition, apparently Labroid but not represented in
the Collection, have also been described as follows : —

Crommyodus irreyularis, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xi. (1870), p. 243. Phacodvs irregularis, E. D. Cope,
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. (1869), p. 311.—
Miocene; Shiloh, Cumberland Co., ^ew Jersey, U.S.A.
[Type species ; also of Phacodus, Cope non Dixon.]

Protautoya conidens, J. Leidy, Contrib. Extinct Vert. Fauna W.
Territ. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. i. 1873), p. 346,
pi. xxxii. figs. 56, 57. Tautoya ( Protautoya ) conidens,
J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1873, p. 15.
Miocene ; Richmond, Virginia. [The type species. Pre-
maxilla.]

Protautoya lonyidens, G. de Alessandri, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino,
vol. xxxi. (1896), p. 729, pi. i. fig- 11— Upper Tertiary ;
Parana, Argentine Republic. [Tooth ; Geological Museum,
Turin.] ,

Stylo das lebescontei, H. E. Sauvage, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Saone-et-
Loire, vol. iv. (1882), p. 77, pi. ii- fig- 12.— Miocene;
Brittany. [The type species, founded on upper pharyngeal.]

Paurinichthys rniocenicus, I. Cocchi, Ann. R. Mus. Fis. Firenze
[2] vol. i. (1866), p. 152, pi. vi. fig. 10. Scarm rniocenicus,
G. Miehelotti, Rev. et Mag. Zool. vol. xiii. (1861), p. 35o,
pi. x. fig. 3.— Miocene ; Turin. [The type species, founded
on lower pharyngeal.]

Taurinichthys sacheri, H.E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3]
vol. iii. (1875), p. 631, pi. xxii. fig. 20, and loc. at. 1882,
p. 79, pi. ii. figs. 10, 11.— Miocene ; Brittany. [Portion
of upper pharyngeal.]

Also an unnamed pharyngeal from the Miocene of Brittany (H.
E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol France [3] vol. xi. 1883, p. 490, pi. xin
fig- 15).

The fragment of jaw described as follows may perhaps represent
the existing genus Scarus : —

Scarus suevicus, 3. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxx. (1874),
p- 281, pi. iii. fig. 6.— Miocene ; Baltringen, Wurtemberg"

Nothing is known of the so-called Scarus tetrodon, Pomel (L
Graves, Essai Topogr. geognost. Oise, 1847, p- 586), from Lower
Eocene, Cuise-Lamotte, Oise.

554

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Family CIIROMID/E.

Narial opening singlo on each side, and scales usually ctenoid,
otherwise as Labridie.

tropical and subtropical freshwater fishes, very numerous and
varied in the existing fauna but scarcely known among fossils.
Only one extinct genus is recognised.

Genus PRISCACARA, Cope.

[Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 1877, p. 816.]

Teeth on margin of jaws minute and simply conical ; similar
teeth on vomer ; upper and lower pharyngeal bones closely studded
with short, sessile, conical teeth. Preoperculum serrated ; apparently
eight hranchiostegal rays. Spinous portion of dorsal fin more
extended than soft portion; anal fin with three spines; caudal tin
rounded. Scales ctenoid, and lateral line conspicuous.

An Eocene American freshwater genus, differing from all existing
genera (according to Cope) in the possession of vomerine teeth.

Priscacara serrata, Cope.

1877. Priscacara serrata, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iii. p. 810.

1884. Priscacara serrata, E. I). Cope, Vert. Tert.Form. West, Book. I.
(Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii.), p. 93, pi. xiii. fig. 1.

Type. Imperfect fish ; National Museum, Washington.

The typo species, attaining a length of about 0 ‘25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained about three times, maxi-
mum depth of trunk about twice in total length of fish to base of
caudal fin. Vertebra 9 in the abdominal, 14 in the caudal region.
Dorsal fin with 10 spines and 11 or 12 articulatod rays, anal with
3 spines and 10 articulated rays.

Form. hoc. Eocene (Greon ltiver Shales) : Twin Creek,

Wyoming, U.S.A.

P. 5927, P. 6022. Two good specimens.

Presented by T. A. lliclcard. Esq., 1889.

P. 1915. Imperfect fish, probably of this species. Eyerton Coll.

Priscacara clivosa, Cope.

1878. Priscacara clivosa, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iy. p. 76.

CIIROMID^).

555

1884. Priscacara clivom, E. D. Cope, Vert. Tert. Form. West, Book I.
p. 96, pi. xiii. fig. 3.

Type. Imperfect fish ; National Museum, Washington.

More elongated than the type species, maximum depth of trunk
contained somewhat more than twice in total length to base of
caudal fin. Profile very steep in front of origin of dorsal fin.

-The specimens enumerated below as probably referable to this
species, seem to exhibit 9 vertebrae in the abdominal, lo in the
caudal region.

Form.# Loc. Eocene (Green River Shales): Twin Creek, V yoming,

U.S.A.

P. 5938. Imperfect specimen apparently of this species, with incom-
plete soft dorsal and anal fins.

Presented by T. A. Ridcard, Esp, 1889.

P. 6187, P. 7494. Two fine specimens. Purchased, 1890, 1895.

P- 7493. Two small specimens on one slab. Purchased, 1895.

The following species have also been distinguished, but are not
represented in the Collection : —

Priscacara cypha, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. yol iii.
(1877), p. 817, and Vert. Tert. Form. West, Book I. (1884),
p. 94, pi. xiii. fig- 2.— Eocene (Green River Shales);
Wyoming, U.S.A. [Imperfect fish; National Museum,

Washington.] ,

Priscacara Hops, E. D. Cope, loc. dt. 18/7, p. 8 , an op. ci

1884, p. 97, pi. xiv. figs. 2, 3.— Ibid. [Ditto ]

Priscacara orti/yrion, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geo . > ui v. cm
vol. iv. (1878), p. 74, and op. cit. 1884, p. 04, pi. xiv.
fig. 5. — Ibid. [Ditto.]

Priscacara pealei, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1878, p. >5, and op, . at.

1884, p. 96, pi. viii. fig. 4, pi. xiv. fig. 4.— Ibid. [Ditto.]
Priscacara testudinaria, E. D. Cope, op. cit. ' _> P- ’ P ‘ l'
fig. 7. — Lower Eocene; Manti, Utah. [Portion of trunk.]

Remains apparently of the existing tropical American genus
A cam have been recorded from a freshwater Tertiary Lignite at
Taubate, in the Province of San Paulo, Brazil, by A. S. Moodward,
Dev. Mus. Paulista, vol. iii. (1898), p. 69-

The marine family of Pomacentridje, with skeleton not distin-
guishable from that of the Chromid®, is supposed to be represented

556

actinopterygii.

by the extinct genus Odonteus with the following species, of which
there are no remains in tho Collection : —

Odonteus pygmcms, A. deZigno, Mem. It. Istit. Vencto, vol. xviii.
(1874), p. 291, pi. x. tig. 1-; F. Bassani, Palseont. Italics,
vol. iii. (1898), p. 83, pi. ix. tig. 5. — Upper Eocene ; Monte
Bolca, near Verona. [Imperfect fish; Zigno Coll., Uni-
versity of Padua.]

Odonteus sparoides , L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1839), p. 1 ‘

pi. xxxix. fig. 2; F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent.
Sci. Nat. vol. iii. (1876), p. 176. Odonteus sparoides, var.
depressus, F. Bassani, Palieont. Italica, vol. iii. (1898),
p. 83, pi. viii. fig. 2. — Ibid. [The type species. Imper-
fect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]

Odonteus aft. sparoides, F. Bassani, Atti It. Accad. Sci. Ts apoli
[2] vol. iii, (1889), no. 6, p. 94, pi. xiii. fig. 3. — Lower
Miocene; Chiavon, Vicentin. [Imperfect fish; Piovcne
Coll., Lonedo.]

Division D. CH2ET0D0NTIF0RMES.

As Perciformes, but brain-caso very short, and facial region of
skull much produced, with terminal small mouth. Specialisation
resulting in degeneration of fins and shortening of vertebral axis.

Synopsis of Families represented by Extinct Genera or Species.

I. Fins normal, the dorsal spines well-developed.

Maxilla separate from premaxilla .... Cimctodontid® (p. 556).
Maxilla fused with premaxilla Acronurid® (p. 562).

II. Fins reduced, the dorsal spines rarely more than 3, usually absent

(Plectognathi).

Maxilla fused with premaxilla, but

marginal teeth distinct Balistid® (p. 565).

Maxilla fused with premaxilla, and no
distinct marginal teeth Gymnodontid® (p. 570).

Family CIIiETODONTIDiE.

Trunk deepened, with scales more or less densely covering arti-
culated portions of median fins. Maxilla separate from prcmaxilla ;
teeth minute and clustered. Vertebrae 9 or 10 in abdominal, 13 oi
14 in caudal region. Anal fin with 3 or 4 spines. Scales small or
minute, more or less ctenoid.

Carnivorous fishes chiefly occurring in tropical seas in the neigh-

CH-STTODONTIILE..

557

bourhood of coral reefs. A few genera seem to date back to the
early part of the Tertiary period, when they ranged further north
than at the present day. Only two extinct genera, Pygceus and
Froantigonia, are provisionally placed here.

Genus PYGiEtJS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1838, p. 16.]

An imperfectly known extinct genus, with spinous portion both
of dorsal and anal fin as much extended as articulated portion.
Dorsal fin continuous and occupying nearly the whole of the back,
gently rising in front, as gently falling behind ; anal fin with 8 or
6 spines, similar to dorsal but less extended.

The genus is supposed to be related to the Aphredoderidee by
Cope (Vert. Tert,. Form. West, 1884, p. 85), but no known speci-
men clearly exhibits more than 5 articulated rays in the pelvic
fins.

Pygseus coleanus, Agassiz.

1838-42. Pygceus coleanus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 16*.

256, pi. xliv. fig. 5. __ rT ,. . n ,

1838-42. Pygceus egertoni, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 2o7. [Imperfect fish ;

British Museum.] rr,. , . , ,

1838-42. Pygceus gibbus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 2->7. [Distorted fish ;

British Museum.]

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

A small species about 0-04 in length. Maximum depth of trunk
somewhat less than its length from pectoral arch to base of caudal
fin ; length of head with opercular apparatus contained twice in
same length of trunk. Dorsal fin with 14 spines and 15 articu-
lated rays, the latter not longer than the former; anal fin with
9 spines and 11 articulated rays.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near A erona.

P. 551 x, P. 3921. Type specimen in counterpart, exhibiting all the

characters mentioned in the specific diagnosis.

Egerton Enniskillen Colls.

P. 3923. Smaller well-preserved fish. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1978. Type specimen of so-called Pygceus egertoni, apparently
differing from the preceding specimens only in its state of

Eqerton Coll .

preservation. 9

1 An allied species from the Lower Miocene of Ohiavon, Vicentin is de-
scribed by F. Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. m. (1889), no. b,
p. 90, pi. xiv. figs. 1, 2.

558

actinopterygii.

41994. Imperfect small fish. Purchased, 1870.

P. 498, P. 3922. Imperfect fish in counterpart, shortened by dis-
tortion, described by Agassiz as the type specimen of tbo
so-called Pygae us gihhus. Egerlon Enniskillen Colls.

The following species, which are not represented in the Collection,
have also been ascribed to this genus, but they are very imperfectly
known : —

Pygams dorsalis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 302, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1838-42). pp. 16*, 255, pi. xliv.

1- — Ipper Eocene; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect fish;
Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]

Pijgwus gigas, L. Agassiz, loc. cit. 1835, p. 302, and tom. cit.
1838-44, pp. 16, 252, pi. xx. Spams holcanus, 0. S.
Yolta, Ittiolit. Veronese ( 1796), p. eexliii. pi. lix. Lahrus
punctatus , (i . 8. \olta, ibid. p. clxxxix. pi. xlvi. (error*') .
Labrus rectifrons and L. punctatus, H. D. de Blainville,
Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol.xxvii. (1818), p. 351.— Ibid.
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Pygceus nobilis, L. Agassiz, loc. cit. 1835, p. 302, and tom. cit.
1833-42, pp. 17, 253, pi. xliv. figs. 6, 7. Cluetodon
(anus, G. 8. \olta, op. cit. 1796, p. cclxx. pi. lxv. fig. 1

(enore). Ibid. [Imperfect fish; Palaeontological Museum,

Munich.]

Pggceus nuchalis, L. Agassiz, loc. cit. 1835, p. 302, and tom. cit.

1838-44, pp. 16*, 255, pi. xliv. fig. 2.— Ibid. [Ditto.]
Eygceus oblongus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1838-44, pp. 16*, 254,
pi. xliv. figs. 3, 4. — Ibid. [Imperfect fish.]

Pygceus zignoi, F. Bassani, Atti li. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2]
vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 93, pi. xvii. — Lower Miocene;
Chiavon, Vicentin. [Imperfect fish; Zigno Coll., Uni-
versity of Padua.]

Genus PI? O ANTI GO NT A, Kramberger.

[Beitr. Palaont. Oestcrr.-Ungarns, vol. ii. 1882, p. 130.]

Syn. Metoponichthys, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1882, p. 104.

An imperfectly known extinct genus comprising small species
with large head and snout not much produced. Preoperculum
with small spines at angle, and supraclavicle serrated. Spinous
portion of dorsal fin much more elevated and extended than
articulated portion ; pelvic fin-spino very large, accompanied by 5
articulated rays. Scales thin, bearing few spinous tubercles.

CHiETODONTIDiE.

559

The following species have been described but are not repre-
sented in the Collection : —

Proantigonia longirostra, D. G. Eramberger, Had Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. (1891), p. HO. Metoponichthys longirostris ,
D. G. Eramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.-Ungarns,
vol. ii. (1882), p. 104, pi. xxiv. fig. 1. — Upper Miocene ;
Dolje, Croatia. [Type species of Metoponichthys. Im-
perfect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Agram.]

Proantigonia octacantha , D. G. Eramberger, loc. cit. 1891, p. Ill,
pi. ii. fig. 1. Metoponichthys octacanthus, D. G. Eram-
berger, loc. cit. 1882, p. 100, pi. xxiv. fig. 2. — Ibid. [Ditto.]

Proantigonia radobojana, D. G. Eramberger, loc. cit. 1882, p. 131,
pi. xxvii. figs. 5, 6. — Upper Miocene ; Radoboj, Croatia.
[Type species. Ditto.]

Proantigonia steindachneri, D. G. Eramberger, loc. cit. 1882,
p. 132, pi. xxvii. fig. 7, and loc. cit. 1891, p. Ill, pi. ii.
fig. 2 (scale only). — Ibid. [Ditto.]

Genus EPHIPPUS, Cuvier.

[Itegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 335.]

Snout short, with upper profile parabolic owing to hyperostosis
of cranial roof ; no palatine or vomerine teeth ; preoperculum finely
serrated but without spine. Pectoral fins small, not falciform;
dorsal fin deeply notched between spinous and articulated portions,
the former not scaly but comprising 8 or 9 spines, of which the
m>ddle are the- longest ; 3 anal fin-spines ; caudal fin truncate or
slightly emarginate. Scales small and regularly arranged.

Existing in the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

Ephippus rhombus (Blainville).

1796. Chcetodon mesoleucus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. xli. pi. x.
fig. 1 ( errore ).

1796. Chcetodon chirurgus , G. S. Volta, ibid. p. clxxvii. pi. xliii.
(errore).

1818. Chcetodon chirtirgus, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 853.

1818. Chcetodon rhombus, H. D. de Blainville, ibid. p. 353.

1823. Chcetodon rhomboides, J. F. Kruger, Gesch. Urwelt, pt. ii.
p. 671.

1842-44. Ephippus longipennis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 15,
225, pi. xl. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural Ilistorv.]

1859. Ephippus longipennis, A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Photogr.
Anim. Foss. Agr. Veron. p. 34, pi. ix.

560

actinopteeygii.

1876. Ephippus longipennis, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. iii. p. 179.

1886. Ephippus longipennis, W. Szajnocha, Pamiet. Wydz. matem.-
przyr. Akad. Umiejet. Krakow, vol. xii. p. 108, pis. ii., iii.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

A species attaining a length of about 0-25. Maximum depth of
trunk about equal to length from pectoral arch to base of caudal
fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 8 spines, the fifth to seventh longest,
all more slender at apex than in recent species; posterior dorsal
with 1 spine and 18 to 20 articulated rays ; anal fin with 16 arti-
culated rays in addition to the 3 spines.

Form. <$f Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P. 2092, P. 3925. Fine specimen, in counterpart, showing ova in
abdominal cavity as noticed by Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v.
pt. ii. p. 76. Eger ton 6f Enniskillen Colls.

P. 9475. Smaller, more imperfect specimen, in counterpart.

History unknown .

The following extinct species have also been described but are
not represented in the Collection : —

Ephippus nicolisi, F. Bassani, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. vol.

(1888), p. 279, with plate. — Middle Eocene; Val Sor-
dina, near Lonigo, Verona. [Imperfect fish ; Nicolis Coll.,
Verona.]

Ephippus oblongus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 292, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1839-44), pp. 15, 228, pi. xxxix.
fig. 3. Chaztodon asper, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese
(1796), p. xc. pi. xx. fig. 1. Chcrtodon suhstrialus, H. fi-
de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. (1818),
p. 352. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect fish ;
Paris Museum of Natural History.]

Extinct species, not represented in the Collection, have also been
referred to existing genera of Chaetodontida; as follows : —

Chatodon hoeferi, D. G.Kramberger, Tijela Jugoslav. Akad. vol. xvi.
(1895), p. 60, and Soc. Hist. Nat. Croatica, vol. x-
(1898), p. 30, pi. ii. fig. 2, pi. iii. — Upper Oligocene;
Tiiffer, Steiermark. [Imperfect fish ; Academy of Mines,
Leoben.]

Chaztodon pseudorhombus, P. Gorvais, Zool. et Pal. Frang. (1852),
Poiss. Foss. p. 9, pi. lxxiii. fig. 2 ( Chaztodon rhombus on
plate). — Pliocene; Montpellier. [Generically indetermin-
able imperfect trunk.]

CH^TODONTID^B.

561

Holacanthus microcephalus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iy. (1839-
42), p. 243, pi. xxxi. figs. 1, 2. — Middle Eocene ; Chsitil-
lon, near Bagneux. [Gencrically indeterminable imperfect
fish ; School of Mines, Paris.]

Holacanthus piovenorum, F. Bassani, Atti K. Accad. Sci. Napoli
[2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 89, pi. xviii. fig. 2. — Lower
Miocene ; Chiavon, Vicentin. [Imperfect fish ; Piovene
Coll., Lonedo.]

Pomacanthus subarcuatus , L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 291,
and Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1842-44), p. 241, pi. xix. fig. 2.
Chcetodon arcuatus, G. S. I olta, Ittiolit. V eronese (1 1 96),
p. xxxi. pi. viii. fig. 1 (errors). Chcstodon subarcuatus ,
H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii.
(1818), p. 352— Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca. [Im-
perfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Scatophagus affinis, F. Bassani, loc. cit. 1889, p. 88, pi. xvi.
fig. 3, and Atti R. Istit. Veneto [7] vol. iii. (1892),
p. 1035.— Lower Miocene; Chiavon. [Imperfect fish;
Piovene Coll., Lonedo.]

Scatophagus capellinii , F. Bassani, loc. cit. 1889, p. 86, pi. xvi.
figs. 1, 2. — Ibid. [Ditto.]

Scatophagus frontalis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 291, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1839-42), p. 231, pi. xxxix. fig. 4;
A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Photogr. Anim. Foss. Agr.
Veron. (1859), p. 32, pi. viii. Chceiodon argus , G. S.
Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. xliv. pi. x. fig. 2
(errore) ; Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. hat. Poiss. vol. vii.
(1831), p. 145 (errore). — Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca.
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Toxotes antiquus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 302, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1835-42), pp. 16*, 264, pi. xliii.
Scioena jaculatrix, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. \ eroneso (1796),
p. clxxxiii. pi. xlv. fig. 1 (errore). Lutjanus ephippium,
H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii.
(1818), p. 347 (ei-rore).— Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca.
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]

The following imperfectly known extinct genus and species is
also sometimes placed here, but its systematic position is quite

uncertain : —

Macrostoma altum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1839-44),
pp. 15, 260, pi. xxx.— Middle Eocene ; Hauterive, Paris.
[Imperfect fish; olirn Begley Collection.]
part iv.

2 o

562

ACTINOPTEKYGII.

Family ACRONUllID^.

Trunk deepened. Maxilla fused with, premaxilla ; incisiform
teeth in single series. Vertebrae 9 or 10 in abdominal, 13 or 14
in caudal region. Pelvic bones firmly united ; anal fin with 2 or 3
spines. Scales minute, more or less ctenoid or spinous.

Herbivorous, perhaps partly carnivorous, fishes common in tropical
seas in the neighbourhood of coral reefs. Throe extinct genera
probably belong to this family, while the existing Acanihurus and
Naseus seem to date back to the Eocene period, when they ranged
far north into the present temperate zone.

Synopsis of Extinct Genera and Genera represented by
Extinct Species.

I. No lateral caudal spines ; spinous portion

of dorsal fin more developed than articu-
lated portion.

Scales stellate

Scales with thickened hinder border bear-
ing few stout spines

II. Lateral caudal spines ; spinous portion of

dorsal fin less developed than articulated
portion.

One erectile caudal spine

One to three (usually two) non-erectile
caudal spines

Aulorhamphus (p- 562).
Apostasis (p. 563).

Acanthurns (p. 563).

Naseus (p. 564).

Genus AULORHAMPHUS, A. de Zigno.

[Mem. It. Istit. Veneto, vol. xxiii. 1887, p. 19.]

Syn. Calamostoma , F. Steindachner (non Agassiz, 1833), Sitzungsb- k.

Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlvii. 1863, pt. i. ]'• 133-

An extinct genus comprising small species with much-produced
snout. Spinous portion of dorsal fin much more developed than
articulated portion. Scales stellate ; no caudal spines.

The following species have been described but are not repre
sented in the Collection : —

Aulorhamphus bolcensis, A. de Zigno, Mem. It. Istit. Veneto,
vol. xxiii. (1887), p. 20, fig. 4. Calamostoma bolcensis,
F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw.
Cl. vol. xlvii. (1863), pt. i. p. 133, pi. i. figs- 2, 3. Upj?er
Eocene ; Monte Bolca, near Verona. [The type species-
imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]

ACKONURID.®,

563

Aulorhamphus canossoc : Acanthurus canossce, J. J. Heckel,
Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. pt. i.
(1856), p. 258, pi. xii. figs. 6, 7 ; A. B. Massalongo,
Specimen Photogr. Anim. Foss. Agr. Veron. (1859), p. 25,
pi. vii. fig. 2. Calamostoma canossce, F. Steindachner,
foe. cit. 1863, p. 133. — Ibid. [Imperfect fish ; Court

Museum, Vienna.]

Aulorhamphus capellinii, A. de Zigno, loc. cit. 1887, p. 23, fig. 5.
—Ibid. [Imperfect fish; Zigno Coll., University of
Padua.]

Genus APOSTASIS, Kramberger.

[Rad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi. 1891, p. 104.]

An imperfectly known extinct genus, comprising small species
■with snout not much produced and teeth simply conical. Pre-
operculum serrated. Spinous portion of dorsal fin more developed
than articulated portion. Scales with thickened hinder border
bearing few stout spines ; no caudal spines.

The following species have been described but are not represented
in the Collection : —

Apostasis croatica, 1). G. Krambergor, ltad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 106, pi. iii. fig. 1. Acanus croaticus,
D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. vol. lxxii. (1885), p. 60.—
Upper Miocene; Podsused, Croatia. [Tho type species,
supposed to have 6 or 7 articulated rays in pelvic fins but
uncertain. Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, Univer-
sity of Agram.]

Apostasis sturi, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. vol. cvi. (1891), p. 106.
Acanus sturi , D. G. Kramberger, Jahrb. k. k. geol. Reichs-
anst. vol. xxx. (1880), p. 566, pi. viii. fig. 1. — Middle
Oligocene ; Wurzenegg, near Prassberg, Steiermark.

Genus ACANTHURUS, Forskal.

[Descr. Anim. 1775, p. 59.]

Teeth lobate and denticulated. Spinous portion of dorsal fin less
extended than articulated portion; anal fin with 3 spines. All
scales minute and ctenoid, sometimes spiny; one erectile spine on
each side of the caudal pedicle.

The skeleton of Acanthurus triostegus is described by A. Gunther,
Catal. Fishes B. M. vol. iii. (1861), p. 327.

2o 2

564

ACTIXOPTERYGII.

There do not appear to be any fossil remains of species referable
to this existing genus in the Collection, but the following have been
described : —

Acanthurus dtwali, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Prang. (1852), Poiss.
Poss. p. 8, pi. lxxii. figs. 1, 2. — Middle Eoceno (Calcaire
Grossier) ; Paris. [Genetically indeterminable imperfect
fish.]

Acanthurus haueri, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1846, p. 471.
Iguana (?) haueri, H. von Meyer, in Munster, Beitr.
Petrefact. pt. v. (1842), p. 33, pi. vi. fig. 12— Tertiary ;
Vienna. [Teeth.]

Acanthurus uvalis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Poss. vol. iv. (1838-44),
pp. 13, 210, pi. xix. fig. 1. — Upper Eoceno ; Monte Bolca.
[Imperfect fish ; Bristol Museum.]

Acanthurus tenuis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 293, and
Poiss. Poss. vol. iv. (1838-42), pp. 13. 208, pi. xxxvi.
fig. 1. Chcetodon lineatus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese
(1796), p. cxxxvi. pi. xxxi. fig. 2 ( errore ); H. D. de
Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. (1818),
p. 354. — Ibid. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural
History.]

The so-called Acanthurus gaudryi (A. de Zigno, Atti R. Istit.
Veneto, vol. xxiii. 1887, p. 14, fig. 2), and Acanthurus gazolce
(A. B. Massalongo, Specimon I’hotogr. Anim. Poss. Agr. Veron.
1859, p. 26, pi. vii. fig. 1) from Monte Bolca, do not belong to this
genus and are probably Chaetodontidao.

Genus NASEUS (Commerson), Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 224.]

Teeth denticulated. Spinous portion of dorsal fin less extended
than articulated portion ; anal fin with 2 spines. Scales shagreen-
like ; one to three (usually two) non-erectile spines on each side of
the caudal pedicle.

The skeleton of the existing Naseus hrevirostris is described by
A. Gunther, Catal. Pishes B. M. vol. iii. (1861), p. 349.

Naseus rectifrons, Agassiz.

1796. Chcetodon triosteffus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cxliii-
pi. xxxiii. (errore).

1818. Chcetodon trioslegus, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 354.

ACRONURIDjE. RALISTID.JE.

565

1838-42. Naseus reetifrons, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp 13,
213, pi. xxxvi. fig. 3.

1859. Naseus reetifrons , A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Photogr. Anim.

Foss. Agr. Veron. p. 22, pi. xii. fig. 1.

1876. Naseus reetifrons, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. iii. p. 178.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

A species attaining a length of about 0'2o. Maximum depth of
trunk not much less than length from pectoral arch to base of
caudal fin. Dorsal fin with 6 spines and 30 to 35 articulated rays ;
anal fin with about 24 articulated rays besides the two spines.
Form, tj- Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolea, near Verona.

41890. Imperfect fish, 0-2 in length. Purchased, 1870.

21393. Fragments of largor specimen. Purchased, 1847.

43490. Small specimen 0-05 in length, in counterpart, probably

young of this species.

Presented by F. G. Beckford, Esq., 1872.

The following extinct spocies has also been described but is not
represented in the Collection : —

Naseus nuchalis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 292, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1838-42), pp. 13, 212, pi. xxxvi.
fig. 2. Chastodon nigricans, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese
(1796), p. c. pi. xxii. fig. 1.— Upper Eocene; Monte
Bolea. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural
History.]

Family BALISTIDiE.

Trunk deepened. Maxilla fused with premaxilla; few large
incisiform teeth in single or double series. Vertebra 7 to 9 in
abdominal, 10 to 14 in caudal region. Fins more or less reduced,
spines being always absent in the anal fin ; pelvic bones firmly
united. Skin with minute tubercles or bony plates.

Small littoral fishes, chiefly of tropical regions.

Synopsis of Extinct Genera and Genera represented by
Extinct Species.

I. With minute dermal tubercles.

Six or seven laige dorsal spines ; pos-
terior dorsal and anal small .... Spinacanthus (p. 566).

566

ACTINOPTEKYGII.

About four dorsal spines, the foremost
only large; posterior dorsal and
anal fins low but extended ; pair

of pelvic fin-spines Acanthopleurus (p. 566).

About three dorsal spines, the foremost
only large ; posterior dorsal and
anal fins low but extended; no

pelvic fins Acanthoderma (p. 568).

II. With polygonal dermal plates.

No spinous dorsal or pelvic fins ; der-
mal plates forming rigid armour . Ostracion (p. 669).

Genus SPINACANTHUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. 1844, p. 107.]

Syn. Protobalistum, A. de Zigno (e.r Massalongo, MS.), Mem. Soc. Ital.

Sei. [3] vol. vi. no. 4, 1885, p. 3.

Teeth very stout, apparently in single series. Pectoral fins
delicate ; [pelvic fins unknown ; ] six or seven very largo dorsal
spines in spaced series extending from above the eye along more
than half of the dorsal border, gradually decreasing in size
backwards; posterior dorsal and anal fins relatively small and
short-based ; caudal fin rounded. Dermal tubercles minute.

This extinct genus is known only by two imperfect specimens
from the l pper Eocene of Monte liolca, near Yeroua; the first
being in the Paris Museum of Natural History, described and
figured by Agassiz (Poiss. Eoss. vol. v. pt. i. 1839-44, p. 107,
pi. xxxix. fig. 1) under the name of Spinaeanthus blennioides ; the
second in the Yerona Museum, described and figured by A. de
Zigno (Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci. [3] vol. vi. no. 4, 1885, p. 4, figs. 1, 2)
under the name of Protobalistum imperiale. The first specimen
differs from the second in exhibiting serrations on the anterior
dorsal spine. It was originally ascribed in error to Blennius
ocellaris by G. S. Yolta (Ittiolit. Yoronese, 1796, p. lxiv. pi.
fig. 2), and subsequently named Blennius cuneiformis by H. D. de
Blainville (Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. 1818, p. 359).
The second specimen was originally recorded under the name of
Ostracion imperials by A. B. Massalongo (Neues Jahrb. 185 1 ,
p. 775).

Genus ACANTHOPLEURUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. ii. 1844, p. 253.]

A supposed extinct genus, not yet clearly distinguished from the
existing Triacanthus. [Teeth unknown.] [Pectoral fins unknown ; ]

BALISTIDJ3.

567

pelvic fins represented by a pair of stout, moveable spines ; one
large dorsal spine, followed by about threo very small and com-
paratively slender spines ; posterior dorsal and anal fins low but
considerably extended; caudal fin rounded. Dermal tubercles small
and shagreen-like.

The uame Acanthopleurus was preoccupied by Acanthopleura,
Guilding, in 18119, but may be retained until the extinct species
placed here are satisfactorily known.

Acanthopleurus serratus, Agassiz.

1842. Pleuracanthus serratus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pi. Ixxv.
figs. 1,2.

1844. Acanthopleurus serratus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. pt. ii. p. 25.3.

1844. Acanthopleurus brevis, L. Agassiz (ex Egerton, MS.), tom. cit.
pt. ii. p. 253 (name only).

1859. Acanthopleurus brevis, G. vom Hath, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
vol. xi. p. 131, pi. v. fig. 4.

1859. Acanthopleurus serratus, G. vom Rath, ibid. p. 1 32, pi. v. fig. 5.
1886. Acanthopleurus serratus, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna lertiaer.
Glamerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Gos. vol. xiii.), p. 47,
pi. viii. figs. 1-4.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

The type species, attaining a length of about (PI 2. Maximum
depth of trunk contained about three times in length of vertebral
column, which comprises 19 vertebrae. Anterior dorsal spine
nearly straight, tuborculated, its length about equal to maximum
depth of trunk; posterior dorsal fin arising at middle point of
back ; pelvic spines tuborculated, as long as anterior dorsal spine.
Form. Loc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.

P. 454, P. 3974. Type specimen in counterpart, described and
figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. ; Engi. The fossil is much
elongated by distortion. Egerton 4' Enniskillen Colls.

P- 1893, P. 4522. Three imperfect specimens, one being in counter-
part ; Engi. Egerton dp Enniskillen Colls.

P. 1892. Imperfect impression of small fish, intended to be the
type specimen of A. brevis ; Engi. Egerton Coll.

P- 524. Another imperfect impression. Purchased, 183 / .

The following oxtinct species, which is not represented in the
Collection, also appears to belong to Acanthopleurus : —

Frotobalistum omboni, A. de Zigno, Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci. [3] vol.

568

ACT IN OPTERYGII.

vi. no. 4 (1885), p. 5, figs. 3-5. — Upper Eocene ; Monte
Bolca. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, University
of Padua.]

Genus ACANTHODERMA, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. ii. 1844, p. 251.]

A supposed extinct genus, not yet clearly distinguished from the
existing Balistes. [Teeth unknown.] Pectoral fins very small ; large
pelvic hone without fins or spine ; one large dorsal spine, followed
by about two very small and comparatively slender spines ; posterior
dorsal and anal fins low and much extended ; caudal fin rounded.
Dorsal tubercles small and shagreen-like, apparently none en-
larged.

The name Acanthoderma was preoccupied by Cantraine in 1835,
but may be retained until the extinct species placed here is satis-
factorily known.

Acanthoderma spinosum, Agassiz.

1842-44. Acanthoderma spinosu?n, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii- pt. 11 ■
p. 252, pi. lxxv. fig. 4.

1842-44. Acanthoderma ovale, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. pt. ii. p. 251 ,
pi. lxxv. fig. 3. [Distorted fish ; Neuchatel Museum.]

1879. Acanthoderma orbiculatum , O. Ileer, Urwelt d. Schweiz, ed. -,
p. 257, with fig. [Distorted fish ; Glams Museum.]

1886. Acanthoderma spinosum, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer.
Glamersehief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), P-

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-12. Maximum
depth of trunk equalling length of vertebral column, which seems
to comprise 1 7 vertebra;. Large dorsal spine with a row of large
tubercles along its anterior border, partly ribbed, partly tuberculated
on its aides. Posterior dorsal fin occupying half of back, with 20
to 25 rays : anal fin shorter and apparently with fewer rays.

Form, df Loc. Oligocone : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.

P. 500, P. 3973. Imperfect type specimen, in counterpart, de-
scribed and figured by Agassiz, loc. cit.; Engi. There are
indications of one or perhaps two very small spines
behind the large dorsal spine.

Eyerton § Enniskillen Colls.

1819. Scattered but well-preserved remains of fish; Engi. A

BALISTIDiE.

569

few short, delicate rays may perhaps represent the pec-
toral fin ; while appearances suggest that there are two
short spines immediately behind the large dorsal spine.

Purchased, 1869.

Genus OSTRACION, Linnseus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 330.]

Teeth much elongated, in single series. Vertebrae reduced to 14.
Pectoral fins small, and pelvic pair absent; no dorsal spines, the
posterior dorsal and anal fins small and opposed ; caudal fin rounded.
Greater portion of trunk encased in firmly-united polygonal bony
plates.

The following small extinct species, not represented in the
Collection, seems to belong to this genus : —

Ostracion micrurus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. (1833-44),
pt. i. p. 17, pt. ii. p. 263, pi. lxxiv. figs. 4, 5. Ostracion
lurritus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1790), p. clxxii.
pL xlii. fig. 1 (err ore). Cyclopterus lutnpus, G. S. \olta,
op. cit. p. cclxxii. pi. Lev. fig. 2 (err ore). Balistes dubius,
H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii.
(1818), p. 337.— Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca. [Im-
perfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]

The so-called Ostracion oblonr/us from Monte Bolca (A. de Zigno,
Mem. It. Istit. Veneto, vol. xvi'ii. 1874, p. 294, pi. x. fig. 3) does
not appear to belong to this genus.

The following teeth seem to belong to a member of the
Palistidse :

P- 6316. Three stout incisiform teeth, bluntly pointed ; Tertiary,
St. Croix, Trinidad.

Presented by li. J. Lechmere Guppy, Esq., 1891.

A more slender form of tooth, not represented in the Collection,
has been named thus : —

Balistes caifassii, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc. Colline
Toscane (1876), p. 76, pi. i. fig- 7. — Lower Pliocene;
Oroiano, Tuscany’.

The following undetermined teeth have been compared with
the pharyngeal teeth of Balistes by W. Dames (Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. xxxv. 1883, p. 660), who has also described nearly
similar teeth from the Oligocene of the Vicentin, Italy, under the

570

ACTINOPTERYGII.

name of Ancistrodon vicentinus (loc. tit. 1883, p. 667, pi. xix.
fig. 10)':—

P. 5925. Five teeth of the form named Corcix fissuratus by 1-
C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iii. (1874), p. 300,
pi. vii. fig. 4, and ibid. vol. iv. (1876), p. 27, pi. ii. fig8-
12; Middle Eocene, Woluwe St. Lambert, Brussels.
Noticed as Ancistrodon fissuratus by A. S. Woodward,
Geol. Mag. [3] vol. viii. (1891), p. 108, and identified by
Dames with Sargus ? armatus (P. Gervais, Zool. ot l’al.
Frang. 1852, Poiss. Foss. p. 5, pi. lxix. figs. 9, 10) from
the French Eocene ; recorded by Dames (loc. tit. 1883,
p. 664, pi. xix. fig. 2) as Ancistrodon armatus.

Presented by Monsieur A. Houzeau de Lehaie, 18SJ-

The name GlyptocepJialus radiatus is proposod by Agassiz (Poiss.
Foss. vol. ii. pt. ii. 1844, p. 264) for the tuborculated skull of a
supposed member of the Balistidic from the London Clay of Sheppey,
said to have been placed in the British Museum by Kbnig and
labelled by him Ephippus owenii. This is the head of a Siluroid
fish already described above (p. 330) as Bucklandium diluvii.

Family GYMNODONTIDiE.

Trunk deepened. Maxilla fused with premaxilla; no separate
teeth, but often dental plates imbedded in the bone of the jaw,
these continually replaced by vertical successors. Vertebral usually
much reduced. No spines in dorsal or anal fins. Skin usually
with small spines or spinous bony plates, sometimes naked.

Chiefly tropical and sub-tropical marine fishes, most of them
surface-dwellers and capable of inflating their body by filling the
distensible oesophagus with air. A few Tetrodonts live in large
rivers. No clearly recognisable extinct genera arc known.

Synopsis of Genera represented by Extinct Species.

I. Caudal region normal.

Each jaw with median suture at sym-
physis, and only marginal dental
plates ; small dermal spines without
expanded root Tetrodon (p. 571).

Each jaw fused at symphysis ; marginal
and inner dental plates ; dermal

See also Part III. p. 283.

GYMNODONTIDJS.

571

spines with two horizontally-ex-

tended roots Diodon (p. 571).

II. Caudal region aborted.

Both jaws fused at symphysis, and no

dental plates . . Orthagoriscus (p. 676).

Genus TETRODON, Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. od. 10, 1758, p. 332 (7'etraodon).]

Each jaw with median suture at symphysis, the sharp edge
strengthened with dental plates. Separate caudal fin. Dermal
spines small or absent, always without expanded root.

The following specimens seem to be jaws of undetermined species
of this genus : —

P. 6130. Imperfect ramus of jaw ; Miocene, Mt. San Giuseppe,
Cagliari, Sardinia.

Presented ly Prof. D. Lovisato, 1889.

47033. Two rami; Lower Pliocene, Orciano, Tuscany.

Purchased, 1875.

P. 5524. Plaster casts of two rami; Pliocene, N. Italy.

Presented hy Prof. O. Capellini, 1888.

Extinct species, not represented in the Collection, have also been
described as follows : —

Tetrodon lawleyi, A. Carraroli, Rivista Ital. Paleont. vol. iii.
(1897), fasc. 3, p. 26, pi. i. figs. 6, 7.— Pliocene; Piacentin.
[Jaws.]

Tetrodon pygmeeus, A. de Zigno, Mem. 11. Istit. V eneto, vol. xxiii.
(1887), p. 27, fig. 8. — Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca.
[Very small fish; Zigno Coll., University of Padua.]
Tetrodon scillce, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc. Collino
Toscane (1876), p. 80, pi. iii. fig. 3 (wrongly identified
with Diodon scillce, Ag.). — Pliocene ; Tuscany. [Jaws.]

Genus DIODON, Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 334.]

Syn. Megalurites, O. G. Costa, Atti Accad. Pontan. vol. v. 1850, p. 370.
Enneodon, J. J. Heckel (i non Prangner, 1845), Sitzungsb. k. Akad.

Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. 1854, p. 127.

Heptadiodon, H. G. Bronn, Leth. Geogn. ed. 3, vol. iii. 1855,
p. 677.

572

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Gymnodus, E. Delfortrie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xxviu.
1871, p.232.

Progymnodon, W. Dames, Sitzungsb. k. preuss. Akad. Wiss.,.
pliys.-math. Cl. pt. i. 1883, p. 148.

Each jaw fused at symphysis ; each with small dental plates
round the margin and a symmetrical pair of more or less oblique
piles of plates closely pressed together within. Separate caudal
fin. Dermal spines erectile, each with two horizontally-extended

roots.

Diodon erinaceus, Agassiz.

1844. Diodon erinaceus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Poss. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 274.
1859. Diodon erinaceus, A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Photogr. Aniffl.

Foss. Agr. Veron. p. 21, pi. xii. fig. 2.

1876, Diodon erinaceus, E. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. iii. p. 189.

Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.

A small species, attaining a length of about O'l . Not precisely
definable, but dermal spines small and rather sparse, most com-
paratively short and stout.

Form. 6f Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P. 3873. Type specimen, exposed from ventral aspect. The den
tition is much obscured, and no fins are seen except part
of the caudal. The largest and most slender spines are

at the sides of the middle of the trunk. ,

Enniskillen Co U.

Diodon scillse, Agassiz.

[Text-figure 20.]

1844. Diodon scillce, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. ii. p- 274.

1850. Megalurites nitidum, 0. G. Costa, Atti Accad. Pontan. vol. v.
p. 370, pi. x. figs. 1-4.

1873. Diodon scillce, G. Guiscardi, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli, vol. v .
no. 10, with plate.

1879. Diodon, A. L. Adams, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxv.
p. 529.

1889. Diodon scillce, A. Portis, Boll. R. Comit. Geol. Ital. vol. xx.
p. 356.

Type. Inner dental plates ; British Museum.

A large species known only by the inner dental plates, which are
of the form represented in the accompanying fig. 20. At eas
20 plates in complete pile. Type species of so-called Megalurites,

GYMNODONTIDiE.

573

based on inner dental plates in Geological Museum, University of
Naples.

Form, <J- Loc. Miocene : Italy, Sicily, and Malta.

Fig. 20.

Diodon scilla ; inner dental plates,
inner aspect, nat. size.

3874. The type specimen labelled by Agassiz, being the inner
dental plates, shown of the natural size, from the inner
aspect, in fig. 20 : Malta. Enniskillen Coll.

F. 3874 a. Two moro imperfect specimens, one being only half the
pile of plates ; Malta. Enniskillen Coll.

36815. Fragments of larger dental plates, doubtfully of this species ;

Isle of Gozo. Presented by Dr. A. Leith Adams, 1862.

Diodon sigma, Martin.

1883. Diodon sigma, Iv. Martin, Samml. Geol. Reichsmus. Leiden [1]
vol. iii. p. I6j pi. i. fig. 5.

1891. Diodon sigma, Rothpletz & Simonelli, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xiii. p. 726, pi. xxxvi. fig. 1.

Type. Inner dental plates ; Leyden Museum.

Inner dental plates much like those of D. scillce, hut inner face of
Pile apparently less flattened, more rounded from side to side.

Form. Loc. Miocene : Java ; Canary Islands.

F- 9476. Well-preserved dental pile and a fragment; Las Palmas,
Grand Canary. Presented by Sir Charles Lyell, Bart ,

Diodon vetus, Leidy.

1855. Diodon vetus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. vii.
p. 397.

1875. Diodon antiquus, E. D. Cope, in W. C. Kerr, Rep. Geol. Surv.
N. Carolina, vol. i. Append, p. 31.

1877. Diodon vetus, J. Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] vol. viii.
p. 255, pi. xxxiv. figs. 15-18.

Type. Imperfect jaw ; National Museum, Washington.

574

ACTINOPTERYGII.

A small species known only by the jaw. Marginal dental plates
in contact, forming continuous series. About 10 superposed plates
in complete inner pile.

Form. Sc Loc. Tertiary Phosphate Beds: South Carolina. Miocene:
North Carolina.

P. 8607. Portion of inner dental plates ; Phosphate Beds, South
Carolina. Slatter Coll.

The following specimens referable to Diodon are not specifically
determined : —

36819. Imperfect fish about 0'12 in length, with spines fewer and

P. 1910-11. Imperfect inner dental plates ; Eocene, Clark Co.,
Alabama, U.S.A. Egerton Coll.

P. 4792. Base of very large inner pile of dental plates, which are
less broad in proportion to length than those of D. scillce ;
Miocene, Malta.

Presented bg Sir Richard Owen , K.C.B., 1884.

The following extinct species have also been described on imperfect
evidence, but are not represented in the Collection : —

Diodon acanthodes, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Soi. Nat. [5] vol. xiv.
(1870), art. no. 7, p. 4, and Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art.no. 1, p. 91, figs. 70-72. — Upper Miocene; Licata,
Sicily. [Imperfect fish, including jaws.]

Diodon corsicanus, A. l’ortis, Boll. R. Comit. Geol. Ital. vol. xx.
(1889), p. 379. Phyllodus corsicanus, A. Locard, 1 aunc
Terr. Tert. Moy. Corse (1877), p. 11, pi- i. figs- 1’ “•
Miocene ; Corsica. [Dental plates.]

Diodon foleyi, R. Lydekker, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xiin
(1880), p. 60, and Palacont. Ind. ser. x. vol. iii. (1886),
p. 257, pi. xxxv. fig. 10. — Eocene ; Isle of Ramri, Arakan,
India. [Dental plates].

Diodon gigantodus, A. Portis, loc. cit. 1889, p. 358, pi x. figs. 1, 2-
— Upper Eocene; Castcl Madama, near Tivoli. [Dental
plates ; University of Rome.]

Diodon heptadiodon, A. Portis, loc. cit. 1889, p. 364. Enneodon
echinus , J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 127, and Denkschr. k-
Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xix. (1861), p. 76,

larger than in D. erinaceus ;
Algeria.

Upper Miocene, Oran,
Purchased , 1853.

GYMNonovrinj;.

575

pi. viii. fig. 13. Heptadioilon echinus, H. G. Bronn, Leth.
Geogn. ed. 3, vol. iii. (1855), p. 677. — Upper Eocene;
Monte Postale, X. Italy. [Type species of so-called
Enneodon or Heptadiodon, showing no clear differences
from Diodon. Imperfect fish ; Zigno Coll., University of
Padua.]

Diodon heterodon, A. Portis, loc. cit. 1889, p. 363. Gymnodws
diodon, E. Delfortrie, Actcs Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol.
xx viii, (1871), p. 233, pi. xii. fig. 54, Gymnodus
heterodon, E. Delfortrie, ibid. p. 234, pi. xii. fig. 57.—
Upper Miocene ; Gironde, Eranco. [Type species of so-
called Gymnodus. Jaw.]

Diodon hilgendorfi, A. Portis, loe. cit. 1889, p. 364. Progymnodon
hilgendorfi, W. Dames, Sitzungsb. k. preuss. Akad. Wise.,
phys.-math. Cl. pt. i. 1883, p. 148, pi. iii. fig. 13.
Lower Tertiary ; Birket-el-Qurun, Egypt. [Type species
of so-called Progymnodon, with anterior dental plates in
close contact with inner plates. Dental plates ; Boyal
Museum of Natural History, Berlin.]

Diodon incertus, E. Bassani, Atti 11. Acead. Sci. Aapoli [2]
vol. ix. (1899), no. 13, p. 34, pi. iii. figs. 66-68. Phylhdus
incertus , G. Michelotti, Rev. et Mag. /ool. vol. xiii.
(1861), p. 355. Diodon rovasendcc, A. Portis, loc. cit.
1889, p. 371, pi- x. figs. 9-13.— Upper Eocene; Pied-
mont. [Dental plates.]

Diodon italicus, G. de Alessandri, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino [2]
vol. xlv. (1896), p. 286, pi. i. fig. 23, and Mem. Soc. Ital.
Sci. Nat. n. s. vol. vi. (1897), no. 1, p. 27, pi. i. fig- 5-
Middle Miocene; S. Bartolomeo, Piedmont. [Dental
plates ; Rovasenda CoBeetion.]

Diodon meristodus, A. Portis, loc. cit. 1889, p. 365, pi. x. figs.

3, 4.— Upper Eocene ; Gassino, Piedmont. [Dental plates.]
Diodon monsegurensis, A. Portis, loc. cit. 1889, p. 363. Gymno-
dus monsegurensis, E. Delfortrie, Actes Soc. Linn.
Bordeaux, vol. xxviii. (1871), p. 236, pi. xii. fig. 64.
Lower Miocene ; Gironde, Erance. [Imperfect jaw.]
Diodon platyodus, A. Portis, loc. cit. 1889, p. 307, pi. x. figs. 5-8.
—Middle Oligocene ; North Italy. [Dental plates;
University of Rome.]

Diodon stenodus, A. Portis, loc. cit. 1889, p. 376, pi. x. figs. 14, 15.

— Lower Miocene ; Turin. [Ditto.]

Diodon lenuispinus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Eoss. vol. ii. (1833-44),
pt. i. p. 17, pt. ii. p. 273, pi. Ixxiv. figs. 2, 3. Tetrodon

576

ACXINOPTEETGIl.

hispidus, G. S. Yolta, Ittiolit. Veronese, 1796, p. xxxv.
pi. viii. fig. 3 ( errore ). Tetrodon honckenii, G. S. Yolta,
ibid. p. xxxiii. pi. viii. fig. 2 (errore). — Upper Eocene ;
Monte Bolca. [Imperfect small fish, probably not showing
pelvic fins ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]

Genus ORTHAGORISCUS, Bloch & Schneider.

[Syst. Iehthyol. 1801, p. 510 ( Orthragoriscus ).]

Trunk much laterally compressed, truncate behind. Each jaw
fused at symphysis, without dental plates. Dorsal and anal fins
acuminate in front, meeting round the atrophied tail. No dermal
armour.

The species of this genus attain a very large size, and are
almost unknown among fossils.

The undescribed Orthagoriscus clielonopsis (P. J.Van Beneden, Bull.
Acad. Boy. Belg. [3] vol. vi. 1883, p. 133), from the Pliocene Crag
of Antwerp, is represented by large typical jaws in the Brussels
Museum. The so-called jaw of Orthagoriscus recorded from the
Sussex Chalk by F. Dixon (Geol. Sussex, 1 850, p. xiii. pi. xxxii.
figs. 3, 4) seems to be a Cholonian dentary bono (A. S. Woodward,
Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x. 1888, p. 276).

The following specimen probably belongs to this genus : —

P.9088. Portion of typical jaw; Patagonian Formation, Chubut,
Argentine Republic. Purchased, 1899.

Division E. SC0RP.ENIF0RMES.

Pectoral fins with much extended base on flank ; pelvic fins
thoracic, never with more than five articulated rays in addition to
the spine. One bone of the eireumorbital ring modified into a bony
stay between it and the armoured preoperculum.

Synopsis of Families represented by Extinct Genera or Species.

I. Post-temporal bone free, and supraclavicle
normal.

Abdominal vertebra with transverse processes
bearing ribs ; 3 anal fin-spines ; scaly or

naked Scobp^nid^! (p. 577).

Vertebral transverse processes not bearing the

ribs ; no anal fin-spines ; scaly or naked . Cottidvk (p. 580).

SCORPJ5NID2E.

577

II. Post-temporal almost or completely fused
with cranial roof, and supraclavicle dis-
placed backwards so that post-temporal
and clavicle are in contact.

V ertebral transverse processes short or absent ;
no anal fin-spines ; scaly or only with
bony plates along- lateral line - . . . . TnrGLiM: (p. 585).

Family SCORPiENID/E.

Head more or less armed with spines ; mouth large and terminal,
with minute teeth. Vertebrae 24 to 31 in total number, those of
abdominal region with transverse processes supporting ribs. Post-
temporal bone free from cranium, and supraclaviclo normal.
Large pectoral fins with pelvic fins directly beneath ; dorsal fin
much extended, with 8 to 16 strong spines ; anal fin with 3 spines.
Trunk covered with a regular squamation or naked.

These are marine fishes of wide distribution and varied habit.
Five supposed extinct genera are known by unsatisfactory frag-
ments, but only one of them is represented in the Collection.

A figure of the skeleton of the existing Scorpwna is given by
Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pi. L, fig. 2.

Genus AMPHERISTUS, Kiinig.

[leones Foss. Sect. 1825, pi. xv. fig. 190 (undefined).]

Syn. Goniognathus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. 1844, p. 63
(name only).

An apparently extinct genus, known only by remains of the
head, vertebral column, and scales. Orbit very large ; interorbital
portion of cranial roof concave, with a pair of small prominences
above the hinder part of the orbital rim ; only two pairs of short
longitudinal ridges on the postorbital portion of the frontal region,
forming an incomplete W ; lower border of mandible sharply bent
inwards. Prcoperculum with 5 broad spines ; suborbital stay
probably very stout. Vertebrae probably about 24 in total number.

Ampheristus toliapicus, Konig.

[Text-figure 21.]

1825. Ampheristus toliapicus, C. Konig, op. cit. pi. xv. fig. 190.

1844. Goniognathus maxiUans, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 63 (name only).

1844. Goniognathus coryphccnoides, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 63 (name
only).

PART iv. 2 P

578

ACTINOPTERYGII.

Type. Hinder half of cranium ; British Museum.

The type species, with skull about 0'1 in length and O' 05 in
maximum width. Two upper prcopercular spines inconspicuous.

Form, ij- Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : Sheppey, Kent.

P. 9432. Well-preserved postorbital portion of cranium, the type
specimen figured by Kdnig. The two median frontal
ridges are shown. Old Collection.

35719. Remains of head displaying the right preoperculum, which
is shown, nat. size, in the accompanying fig. 21 a. The

Fig. 21.

Amptieristm toliapicus-, right preoperculuin, outer aspect (A), and binder
portion of cranium, upper aspect (B), nat. size, epo., epiotic ; /•> facettes ,
fr., frontal ; orb., orbit ; pto., pterotic ; s.occ., eupraoccipital ; x., equa
mosal (?) ; 1-4, ridges.

lowermost spine is broken, and the upper end of the bone
is incomplete. A ridge and facette (/) indicate the
attachment of the bony suborbital stay. Purchased, 1800-

P. 630. Fragmentary head and three anterior vertebral, labelled by
Agassiz and Egerton as intended to be the type spccimi n
of Oonioynathus coryphasnoid.es. Egerton Col .

35718. Imperfect head. Purchased, I860.

P. 9433-35. Three imperfect heads, one showing 8 pairs ot
branchiostegal rays. History unknown.

38899. Remains of head. Bowerbank Coll.

P. 4143, P. 4540. Five imperfect specimens, the first showing tb c
frontal ridges, as represented in the accompany

RCORPiENirUE.

579

fig. 21 b. The extended low supraoccipital spine is seen
behind, and the supraoccipital (s.ooe.) is observed to extend
forwards between the hinder ends of the frontals Xf> '•)•
Tho incomplete W formed by the postorbital frontal ridges
(2, 3) is distinct; and the small supraorbital prominence
(4) is seen on the left side. Enniskillen Coll.

P- 1698, P. 1759. Three imperfect specimens. Egerton Coll.

38912. Portion of skull and greater part of vertebral column. The
hinder abdominal vertebra; bear large, laminar, down-
wardly-directed transverse processes. Bowerbank Coll.

The following supposed extinct species of this family, not repre-
sented in the Collection, have been referred to existing genera

Scorpcmia minima, D. G. Kramberger, Eeitr. I’aliiont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 110, pi. xxii. fig. 2. Upper
Miocene; Dolje, Croatia. [Imperfect fish; Geological
Museum, University of Agram.]

iScorpo-na pilari, I). G. Kramberger, loc. at. 1882, p. 109, pi. xxii.
fig. 1. — Upper Miocene ; ltadoboj, Croatia. [Imperfect
fish ; Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna.]

Scorpatna. prior, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xix. (1861), pt. i. p. 72, pi. x. fig. 10.
Middle Miocene (Leithakalk) ; Vienna. [Imperfect fish ;
Court Museum, Vienna.]

Scorpcena tessieri, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. l,p. 114, fig. 69. — Upper Miocene ; Oran, Algeria.
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]

Sebaslodes (?) rosce, C. H. Eigenmaun, Zoe, vol. i. (1890), p. 16,
with fig. — Tertiary; Port Harford, California. [Pre-
operculum.]

The following extinct genera and species, which are not repre-
sented in the Collection, are supposed to be related to Seorpcena : —

Ctenopoma jemelka, J. J. Hockcl, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1856), pt. i. p. 272, pi. xv. figs. 6-9.
Pijgams jemelka, J. J. Heckel, Neues Jahrb. 1849, p. 500
(name only). — Middle Miocene ; near Oedenburg, Vienna.
[The type species. Imperfect fish ; dim Jemelka Coll.,
Oedenburg.]

Eistiocephalus bassanii, A. de Zigno, Mem. R. Istit. Veneto,
vol. xxiii. (1887), p. 31, fig. 9.— Upper Eocene ; Monte

2r 2

580

ACTINOPTBUTGir.

Bolca, near Verona. [Imperfect fish ; Zigno Coll., Uni-
versity of Padua.]

Scorpannoides popovicii, F. Pricm, Bull. Soc. Gcol. France [3 ]
vol. xxvii. (18991, p. 248, pi. ii. figs. 27-30.— Eocene ;
Valea Casolor, Jalomitza, ltoumania. [Imperfect fish.]

Scorpcenopterus siluridens, F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad-
Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxxvii. (1859), p. 694,
pis. ii.— iv., pi. v. fig. 1. — Upper Miocene; Hernals,
Vienna. [The type species. Detached bones ; Court
Museum, Vienna.]

Family COTTIDiE.

Head usually broad and depressed, with narrow interorbital
region ; mouth terminal, with minute teeth. Vertebrae 24 to 50
in total number, most of those of abdominal region with small
transverse processes, but ribs attached to centra behind these.
Post-temporal bone free from cranium, and supraclavicle normal.
Largo pectoral fins, with pelvic fins directly beneath ; extended
dorsal fin usually subdivided into two parts, the anterior consisting
of 6 to 18 slender spines ; anal fin without spines. Trunk covere
with a regular squamation or small prickles or naked.

Small littoral fishes, almost universally distributed, sometimes
occurring in freshwater. The only two known extinct genera have
a regular squamation.

Descriptions and figures of the skeleton of existing Cottidae are
given by C. Girard, ‘ A Monograph of the Cottoids, Smithson .
Contrib. vol. iii. art. no. 3 (1850).

Genus EOCOTTUS, novum.

Preoperculum with large antrorse spines on lower limb. Vertebrae
about 10 in the abdominal, 14 in the caudal region. Pectoral fins
very dolicate ; pelvic fins relatively large, with one slender spine
and 5 articulated rays ; dorsal fins continuous, the anterior portion
comprising about 8 relatively short spines ; anal fin with 8 to
rays ; caudal fin rounded. Small scales completely covering trunk.

An extinct genus known only by one species from the marine
Upper Eocene of Italy. According to Heckel (Sitzungsb. k. Aka1 •
Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. ii. 1850, p. 148), this species r
closely related to Callipteryx ; but it is distinguished from t ia^
genus by the presence of scales and the short and stout form
the neural arches in the abdominal region.

COTflDJI.

581

Eocottus veronensis (Volta).

1 “06. Gobius barbatus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. xlviii. pi. xi.

%. 1.

1796. Gobius veronensis, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. li, pi. xi. fig. 2.

1818. Gobius veronensis, H. J). de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 358.

1835. Gobius macrourus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 291 (name only).

1838-39. Gobius macrurus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 12, 203,
pi xxxiv. figs. 3,4.

1876. Gobius macrurus, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. iii. p. 180.

Fyjpe. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

Ihe type species, attaining a length of about 0 '2. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained slightly more than three
times, maximum depth of trunk about five times in total length to
base of caudal fin. Posterior portion of dorsal fin with about 10
articulated rays ; anal fin directly opposed to latter, with 8 or 9
articulated rays ; caudal fin sharply rounded, about twice as long
as deep.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Eocene: Monte Bolca, near Verona.

1968, P. 3947. Fine specimen, in counterpart. The head is
much crushed, but the inferior spines of the preoperculum
are well shown. There are clearly only 10 abdominal
and 14 caudal vertebrae ; the former with very short and
stout neural arches and with robust transverse processes
overlapped by short and stout ribs. There are traces of
the delicate pectorals, and all the other fins are well
preserved. The caudal fin is supported by five expanded
haemal arches, the uppermost the largest. The scales are
seen and exhibit fine radiating markings in their covered
portion, but their hinder margin is not clearly observable.
The lateral line is conspicuous.

Eyerton $ Enniskillen CoUs.

Genus LEPIDOCOTTUS, Sauvage.

[Bull. Soc. Geol. France (3) vol. iii. 1875, p. 637.]

As Cottus, but with fewer vertebrae, and trunk regularly covered
with ctenoid scales.

An Oligocene and Miocene European genus, probably freshwater.

582

ACTIXOPTERYGIT.

Lepidocottus aries (Agassiz).

1839. Cottus aries, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 186.

1875. Lepidocottus aries, II. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. p. 637, pi. x * ! 1 ! '
fig. 1.

Type. Imperfect fish.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0*1 2. LeDgtb of
head with opercular apparatus equalling half that of the trunk
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Preoperculur.i
with 4 subequal spines ; 5 branchiostegal rays. Vertebrae 10 1 * 111
the abdominal, 16 in the caudal region. Dorsal spines 6, articulated
rays 9 in number ; anal fin with 11 rays, arising slightly in advance
of the posterior dorsal.

Form. £( Loc. Lower Oligocene : Aix-en-Provence, France '•

P. 1971. Fine specimen 0-11 in length, depressed in front half, sidi
view in caudal region. The two foremost rays of the anal
fin are obscured or wanting. The ctenoid scales, with
radiating markings on their covered portion, are well
shown. Egerton Coll .

43439. Four small specimens.

Presented by Kenneth Murchison, Esq., 18/ — *

Lepidocottus brevis (Agassiz).

1832. Cottus brevis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 137.

1839. Cottus brevis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 185, ph xxxu‘
figs. 2-4.

1861. Poecilia oeningensis, T. C. Winkler, De3cript. Poiss. Foss.
d’Oeningen (Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. .«v-
no. 2), p. 61, pi. iv. fig. 16. [Imperfect fish ; British Museum-]

(?) 1891. Cobim brevis, D. G. Kramberger, Had Jugoslav. Akad. vo .
cvi. p. 95, pi. vii. fig. 3.

1898. Poecilia oenit>gensis= Cottus brevis, A. S. Woodward, Geol.

[4] vol. v. p. 392.

Type. Imperfect fish : olim Lavater Coll., Zurich.

A slender species attaining a length of about 0*06, possi > )
sometimes much larger. Length of head with opercular apparatir
equalling nearly twice maximum depth of trunk and halt its leno
from pectoral arch to base of caudal fin. Vertebrae 12 in to
abdominal, 16 in the caudal region. Dorsal spines 6, articu a c<

1 Imperfect fishes from the Lower Miocene of Chiavon, Viceatin, l|avt ‘ .

been referred to this species by F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napo *

vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 49, pi. iv. figs. 3, 4.

COTTIP J5.

583

rays 12 in number ; anal fin with 9 rays, arising slightly behind
origin of posterior dorsal.

Form. 4" Loe. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden. (?) Lower
Miocene : Eibiswald, Styria.

42779. Type specimen of so-called Poecilia oeningensis in counter-
part, described by A. S. Woodward, loc. cil.

Van Breda Coll.

42778, 42780-81. Three good specimens, the first being in counter-
part, noticed by A. S. Woodward, loc. cit.

Van Breda Coll.

P- 1972, P. 4533. Imperfect small specimens labelled by Agassiz,
and described by him, tom. cit. p. 186.

Egerton Sf Enniskillen Colls.

35529,36119. Three imperfect small specimens. Purchased, 1859 .

42802. Imperfect small specimen, in counterpart. Van Breda Coll.

The following specimen seems to be the caudal region of a large
scaly Cottoid, and it may possibly represent a gigantic individual of
Bepidocottus brevis : —

P. 3871. Type spocimen of Cyclurus minor, Agassiz, described and
figured in Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. (1839), p. 45, pi. liii.
fig. 1 ; Uppor Miocene, Oeningen. The median fins are
distorted by crushing, and the articulations of the rays
seem to he closer together than in the normal small
specimens of L. brevis. Enniskillen Coll.

Lepidocottus papyraceus (Agassiz).

1832. Cottus papyraceus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 137.

1839. Cottus papyraceus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. voL iv. p. 187,
pi. xxxii. fig. 1.

1875. Lepidocottus papyraceus, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. G6ol. France,
[3] voL iii. p. 637.

Type. Imperfect fish ; olim Bronn Coll., Heidelberg.

A stouter species than the preceding, attaining a length of about
0-07. Vertebra 8 in the abdominal, 18 in the caudal region.
Dorsal spines 6, articulated rays 10 in number; anal fin with
9 ray 8.

Form. Loc. Upper Oligocene : Monte Viale, near Vicenza. Also
recorded by Agassiz from Upper Miocene of Sinigaglia and Melilli.

584

ACTINOPTEEYGII.

38148-49. Two distorted specimens, the first showing vertebrae and
median fins, the second scales : Lignite, Monte Viale.

Purchased, 1864.

49336. Impression of skeleton ; Lignite, Monte Viale.

Presented by A. W. Waters, Esq., 18/8.

P. 1973,. P. 4534. Two imperfect distorted specimens; Lignite,
Monte Viale. Egerton & Enniskillen Colls.

Lepidocottus multipinnatus (Meyer).

1848. Gobius multipinnatus, H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. p. 783.

(?) 1851. Gobius (?) conicus, H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. p. 80.

1851. Cuttm (?) multipinnatus, H„ von Meyer, Palsoontogr. vol. n.
p. 106, pi. xvii. fig. 1.

1851. Coitus brevis (?), II. von Meyer, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 107, pi. xv*'
figs. 7-10.

1856. Gobius (?), II. von Meyer, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 27, pi. i. fig- 6.
Type. Imperfect fish.

Much resembling L. brevis, but dorsal fin with 13 or 14 articu-
lated rays and anal fin with 12 rays.

Form. £$• Loc. Lower Miocene : Wiirtemberg.

35513-14, 35518. Three specimens, one being depressed and dis-
torted ; Unterkirchberg, near Ulm. Purchased, I860.

35752-53. Two fragmentary specimens ; Unterkirchberg.

Purchased, i860.

The following spocies has also been described, but is not repre-
sented in the Collection : —

Lepidocottus elongatus, F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli,
[2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 50, pi. v. fig. 5.— Lower
Miocene; Chiavon, Vicentin. [Imperfect fish; Piovent
Coll., Lonedo.]

Some other small Tertiary fishes referred to Gobius probably
belong to Lepidocottus. Among these may be mentioned the so
called Gobius elatus, oblongus, and viennensis from the Upper Miocene
of Hemals, Vienna (F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xl. 1860, pp. 561-565, pi. i. figs. 2-4, pi- »•
fig. 1); also Gobius pullus from the Upper Miocene of Dolje an
Podsused, Croatia (D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.
Ungarns, vol. ii. 1882, p. 133, pi. xxv. figs. 2, 2 a).

COTTIDjE, TRIGLIDjE.

585

Genus COTTUS (Artedi), Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 264.]

Head feebly armed ; preoperculum more or less spiny ; 6
branchiostegal rays. Vertebra; about 30 to 35 in number, more
than half being caudal. Pelvic fins with one small spine and four
articulated rays ; dorsal fins separate, the first with 6 to 10 slender
spines; anal fin with 9 to 20 rays; caudal fin rounded. Scales
absent, but minute prickles sometimes present.

Characteristic of the freshwaters and shores of northern tem-
perate regions.

There do not appear to be any fossils in the Collection referable
to this genus. Remains of the existing Arctic species, Coitus
uncinatus, Reinhardt, have been recorded from nodules in Pleisto-
cene Clay, Green’s Creek, Ottawa, Canada (J. W. Dawson, Canad.
Record Sci. vol. iv. 1890, p. 86). Detached bones of the existing
Coitus quadricomis, Linn., var. relicta, Lilljeborg, have also been
identified from the Pleistocene of Skattmansb, Upland, Sweden
(A. G. Nathorst, Geol. Foren. Stockholm Fbrhandl. vol. xv. 1893,
P- 569, figs. 8, 9, 12, 13).

1 he names Cottus cryptotremus, divaricatus, hypoceras, and
pontifex are given to preopercula supposed to represent four extinct
species from Freshwater Tertiary deposits in Idaho and Oregon,
U.S.A. (E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1883, pp. 162-164).
Nothing is known of the undescribed Cottus horridus (J. J. Heckel,
NeuesJahrb. 1849, p. 499) from Vieliczka, Galicia.

An otolith from the Lower Tertiary of the Jackson River,
Mississippi, has been referred to a member of this family under the
name of Otolithus (Collidarum) suhatus (E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. xl. 1888, p. 287, pi. xviii. fig. 12).

Family TRIGLIDiE.

Suborbitals enlarged and covering cheek ; mouth terminal, with
minute teeth. Abdominal vertebra; with transverse processes very
short or absent. Post-temporal bone fused with cranium, and supra-
clavicle displaced backwards so that the post-temporal and clavicle
are in contact. Pectoral fins laterally placed and expanded, with
pelvic fins directly beneath ; spinous dorsal less extended than soft
dorsal, which is similar to the spineless anal. Squamation regular,
and no bony scutes except along lateral line.

586

A CTINOPTERYGir.

Widely distributed marine fishes, almost unknown among fossils.
A figure of the skeleton of the existing Trigla is given by Agassiz,
Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pi. F.

Ihero appear to ho no remains of members of this family among
the fossils in the Collection, but various fragments of supposed
extinct species of Trigla have been named as follows : —

Trigla infausta, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math--
naturw. Cl. vol. xix. (1861), pt. i. p. 70, pi. ix. fig. 9.—
Middle Miocene (Leithakalk) ; Vienna. [Imperfect head
and abdominal region.]

Trigla licatce, H. R. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv. (1870).
art. no. 7, p. 12, and Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. Ill, fig. 1, and ibid. vol. xi. (1380),
art. no. 3, p. 21, fig. 8. — Upper Miocene ; Licata. [lm'
perfect fish.]

Trigla nardii, de Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. — Proe.-Aerb-
vol. i. (1878), p. xix (name only). — Upper Miocene,
Gabbro, Tuscany.

Trigla simonellii, I. Bonomi, Rivista Ital. Paleont. vol. ii. (1890),
p. 234, pi. v. fig. 10. — Upper Miocene; Mondaino, Fio'-
Forll, Italy. [Fragmentary small fish, indeterminable.]

C

Fragments of ornamented bones more or less resembling those o
Triglida) have also received the following names : —

Dactyloplerus pliocenicus, R. Law Icy, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc-,
Colline Toscane (1876), p. 61. — Lower Pliocene; Orcian°,
Tuscany. [Undescribed, but bones said to be perfect'
identical with those of existing D. volitans.']

Peristedion urcianensis, R. Lawley, ibid. p. 63. — Ibid.

Trigloides alata, It. Lawley, ibid. p. 63. — Upper Miocene ,
Gabbro, Tuscany.

Trigloides dejardini, P. J. Van Benoden, Bull. Acad. Roy. ”‘
[2] vol. xxxi. (1871), p. 501, pi. ii. figs. 9, H (”or
fig. 13) ; R. Lawley, op. cit. 1876, p. 62.— Lower Plio-
cene ; Belgium and Tuscany. [Type species of so-ca et
Trigloides

Trigloides insignis, R. Lawley, op. cit. 1876, p. 62. -Lowe
Pliocene ; Volterrano, Tuscany.

Trigloides van benedensis, R. Lawley, ibid. p. 62. ■ 0

Pliocene ; S. Luce, near Orciano.

Otoliths from the Lower Tertiary of the Jackson River, Miss

TRIGI.TM3. — GOBIIDiE.

587

sippi, have been named Ololithus (Triglot) cor (it. Koken, Zeitschr.
deutseh. gcol. Ges. vol. xl. 1888, p. 287, pi. xviii. fig. 10). Others
from the Oligocene of Germany have been named Ololithus ( Trigla )
ellipticus, 0. ( Trigla ) adjunctns, 0. ( Peristedion ) personatus, and
0. (? Agonus) primus (E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xliii. 1891, pp. 130-
1-32, pi. x. figs. 6, 9 ; also loc. cit. vol. xxxvi. 1884, p. 555, pi. xii.
figs. 9, 10).

The following extinct genera and species, not represented in tho
Collection, have been compared with Trigliduc, but are too imper-
fectly known for systematic determination : —

Podopteryx alhyi, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. xi. (1880),
art. no. 3, p. 17, figs. 5, 6.— Upper Miocene; Licata,
Sicily. [The type species. Imperfect fish.]

Podoptcryx bosniaski , H. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 19, fig. t • Ibid.
[Imperfect fish.]

No extinct members of the aberrant family of Cycloptkhidje are
known, but remains of the existing Cyclopterus lumpus, Linn.,
have been found in nodules in Glacial Clay in Green s Creek,
Ottawa, Canada (J. W. Dawson, Canad. Nat. n. s. vol. vi. 1872,
p. 403).

Division F. G0BIIF0RMES.

Pectoral fins with much extended base on flank ; pelvic fins
thoracic or jugular, never with more than five articulated rays in
addition to the spine, often modified. Dorsal fin-spines few, usually
flexible, sometimes absent ; anal fin with one or two feeble spines
or none. No bony stay between circumorbital ring and preoper-
culum.

Synopsis of Families represented by Extinct Genera or Species.

All abdominal vertebrae with large transverse

processes supporting ribs Gobim.® (p. 58/).

Abdominal vertebrae without transverse pro-

Teachinid^: (p. 589).

Family GOBIIDiE.

Elongated fishes with stout caudal pedicle. Gill-opening
reduced. All abdominal vertebrae with large transverse processes
supporting ribs. Pelvic fins variously modified, often united into a

588

ACTINOPTERYGII.

disk ; posterior dorsal and anal fins equal and opposite, more
extended than the anterior spinous dorsal.

Small fishes almost universally distributed on the coasts ot
temperate and tropical seas, sometimes occurring also in freshwater.

There appear to be no fossil remains in the Collection referable to
this family, and very little evidence of extinct species has been
discovered. Imperfect fossils have been described as follows : —

Callionymus macrocephalus, D. G. Krambcrger, Beitr. Palaont.
Oesterr.-Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 134, pi. xxv. tig. 3.
Upper Miocene ; liadoboj, Croatia. [Imperfect fish
exhibiting the characteristic branched preopercular spine ot
the existing Callionymus-, University Geological Museum,
Agram.]

Otolithus ( Oobiidarum ) dispar, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 133, pi. x. fig. 12. — Miocene;
Frankfurt. [Otolith.]

Otolithus (Gobius) francofurtunus, E. Koken, ibid. p. 132, pi. vi.
fig. 7. — Lower Miocene ; Frankfurt, Eckenheim, Ginheim,
and Bornheim. Middle Miocene ; Portsteich. [Otolith.]

Otolithus ( Gohius ) vicinalis, E. Koken, ibid. p. 133, fig. 21.
Miocene ; Unterfeld and Oberfeld. [Otolith.]

Gobius bassanii, G. lobini, G. maximus, and G. pemzzii are
merely names for undetermined fishes from the Upper Miocene ot
Gabbro, Tuscany (de Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. — Proc.-
Verb. vol. i. 1878-79, pp. xix, lv).

The so-called Gobius leptosomus and (1. macroaclus (D. G. Kram-
berger, Palseontogr. vol. xxvi. 1879, pp. 63-65, pi. xvi. figs. 4, ®)»
from the Lower Oligocene of Galicia, are too imperfectly known
for certain reference to this systematic position. The same remark
applies to Gobius microcephalus, which was only doubtfully placed
here by Agassiz (Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1839, p. 204, pi. xxxiv. fig- -)>
and is probably a Blennioid though not satisfactorily determinable.
The last species is represented in the Collection by the following
specimen : —

44873. Typical specimen of the so-called Gobius microcephalus,
Agassiz, in counterpart ; Upper Eocene, Monte Bolca,
near Verona. The dorsal fin is continuous, with about
18 rays. The pelvic fins are rather large.

Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 18/3.

TRACHINID.S.

589

Family TRACHINID/E.

As Gobiidae, but gill-opening wide, pelvic fins never united, and
most of the abdominal vertebrae without transverse processes.

Small fishes living at the bottom on nearly all coasts, some-
times ranging into the deep sea. There are no extinct genera of
importance.

Genus CALLIPTERYX, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1838, p. 12.]

Eye apparently lateral ; teeth minute and clustered. Vertebrae
10 in the abdominal, 14 in the caudal region. Dorsal fins con-
tinuous, the anterior portion comprising about 9 very short spines ;
anal fin less extended than posterior dorsal ; caudal fin rounded.
Scales very small or absent.

An extinct genus known only by two species from the marine
U pper Eocene of Italy.

Callipteryx speciosus, Agassiz.

1796. Oadus merluccius, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. Ixxii. pi. xv.
(errore).

1835. Callipteryx speciosus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 293 (name only).

1838-42. Callipteryx speciosus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 12,
196, pi. xxxiii. fig. 1.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-7. Maximum
depth of trunk much exceeding half length of head with opercular
apparatus, which is contained less than four times in the total
length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin.

Form. <Sf Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

Not represented in the Collection.

Callipteryx recticaudus, Agassiz.

1796. Triyla lyra, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cxxxi. pi. xxx.
(errore).

1835. Callipteryx recticaudus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 300 (name
only).

1838—42. Callipteryx recticaudus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 12,
198, pi. xxxiii. fig. 2.

Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

A smaller and more slender species than the type, attaining a

'590

ACTIN’OPTKRYGII.

length of about 0445. Maximum depth of trunk about half the
length of the head with opercular apparatus, which is contained
between three and a half and four times in the total length of the
iish to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin with 8 very short and
stout, finely striated spines, then a more slender and slightly longer
spine, then 30 articulated and divided rays, most of which are at
least twice as long as the spines ; anal fin with one or two feeble
small spines and 20 articulated and divided rays, the fin terminating
behind opposite the end of the dorsal.

Form. 6[ Loo. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca.

P. 9477. Fine specimen 0-25 in length, in counterpart, with crushed
and imperfect head hut otherwise displaying all the
principal generic and specific characters.

History unknown.

The following extinct species have been ascribed to the existing
genus Trachinus, hut are not represented in the Collection : —

Trachinus dracunculus, J. J. Deckel, Ncues Jahrb. 1849, p. 500
(name only) ; D. 0. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. Ill, pi. xxii. figs. 3, 4.
Upper Miocene; lladoboj, Croatia. [Imperfect fish;
Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna.]

Otolithus ( Trachini ) laevigatug, E. Kokcn, Zeitschr. deutsch. ge°l-
Ges. vol. xl. (1888), p. 286, pi. xviii. figs. 13, 14. — Lower
Tertiary; Jackson Kiver, Mississippi. [Otolith.]

Otolithus ( Trachini ) mutabilis, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xliii. (1891 ),
p. 112. Otolithus hiscissus , E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xxxvi.
(1884), p. 553, pi. xi. fig. 9.— Middle and Upper Oligocene;
Germany. [Otolith.]

Otolithus ( Trachini ) seelandicus, E. Koken, Abh. phys. Cl. k. Ges.
Wiss. Gottingen, vol. xxxii. (1885), p. 115, pi. v. fig- 25,
and Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p- *
figs. 8, 9. — Lower Eocene ; Copenhagen. [Otolith.]
Otolithus ( Trachini ) verus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 1 13, I>1- x"
figs. 13, 14. — Upper Oligocene; Cassel. [Otolith.]

Supposed fragments of skull of tho existing genus Uranoscopus,
from the Lower Pliocene of Orciano, Tuscany, are named Uranoscopus
peruzzii by 11. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc., Colline Toscano
(1876), p. 64.

The following imperfectly known extinct genera and species have
also been referred to the Trachinidoe, but arc not represented in the
Collection : —

TRACHINID^. BLOCHIIDiE.

591

Pseudoeleginmalbyi, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. 164, fig. 13. — Upper Miocene • Licata, Sicily.
[Imperfect fish.]

1 rachinopsis iberica, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France T3]
vol. iii. (1875), p. 641, pi. xxiv. — Lower Pliocene (?) ;
Lorca, Murcia, Spain. [Imperfect fish.]

Pseudoeleginus intermedius , P. jonas , and P. majori are merely
names for undetermined fishes from the Upper Miocene of Gabbro,
luscany (de Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. — Proc.-Verb. vol. i.
1878, p. xix).

The aberrant family of Lornnn.R seems to date back to the
Eocene period, but is not represented by any fossils in the Collection.
The extinct species described as follows seems to be rightly placed
here: —

Lophius brachysomus , L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 292,
and Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. (1839-44), p. 114, pi. xl.
Lophius piscatorius, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796),
pi. xlii. fig. 3 {errors). Loricaria plecostomus, G. S. Volta,
ibid. pi. xx. fig. 4 {err ore). — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca.
[Imperfect fish; Paris Museum of Natural History.]

The name Lophius patayonicvs has been given to undescribod
teeth from the supposed Cretaceous of Patagonia (F. Ameghino,
Sinops. Geol.-Paleont. — Suplem. 1899, p. 10).

Division G. BLENNIIFORMES.

Pectoral fins with much extended-baso on flank ; pelvic fins j ugular,
reduced or absent. Dorsal fin-spines numerous but usually flexible.
No bony stay between circumorbital ring and preoperculum.

Synopsis of Families represented by Extinct Genera.

Bony scutes on trunk ; snout produced Blochiid^e (p. 591).

No bony scutes; snout not produced Bi/enniid.® (p. 595).

Family BLOCHIID^E.

Elongated fishes with slender caudal pedicle ; snout much pro-
duced; mandibular suspensorium nearly vertical and gape very
wide. Abdominal vertebrae without transverse processes, but
bearing small ribs. Dorsal fin consisting only of flexible spines
and occupying nearly the whole of the back ; anal fin also much
extended ; caudal fin more or less expanded. A covering of bony
scutes.

Known only by one genus of Eocene age.

592 ACTINOPTKRIGII.

Fig. 22.

A.

Blochius longirostris ; restoration of skeleton, about one sixth nat. size, with (A) portion of squamation, nat. 6ize.

BLOCHIIDiE.

593

Genus BLOCHIUS, Volta.

[Itfciolit. Veronese, 1796, p. liii.J

Rostrum very slender, projecting far in advance of the mandible,
which articulates beneath tho hinder end of the cranium ; rami of
mandible probably fused at symphysis ; teeth minute or absent.
Vertebrae about 12 in the abdominal, 12 in the caudal region ; the
centra much elongated and constricted, imperfectly ossified. Pectoral
fins small ; [pelvic pair supposed to be present, but, if so, relatively
small and jugular]; caudal fin slightly forked. Bony scutes
diamond-shaped, slightly overlapping, completely and regularly
covering the trunk and partly extending over the opercular appa-
ratus and cheeks ; two longitudinal series of scutes somewhat
enlarged on each flank.

So far as can be determined from the fractured specimens in the
Collection, the remarkably elongated rostrum of this genus bears
much resemblance to the supposed dermal spines from the Upper
Eocene named Ccdorhynchus (see Part II. p. 120). When suffici-
ently well-preserved rostra of the typical Blochius are available for
microscopical examination, it will be interesting to compare the
structure with that of Ccelorhynchus, and also with that of the
apparently Chimmroid spines from the Cretaceous which commonly
bear the same name.

Blochius longirostris, Volta.

[Text-figure 22.]

1796. Blochius longirostris, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. liii.
pis. xii., Ixx.

1843-44. Blochius longirostris, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. ii.
p. 255, pi. xliv.

1887. Blochius macropterus, A. de Zigno, Mem. R. Istit. Veneto, vol,
xxiii. p. 25, fig. 7. [Imperfect fish with incomplete rostrum ; Zigno
Coll., University of Padua.]

Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

The type species, attaining a length of about a metre. Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to that of the vertebral
column ; maximum depth of trunk contained about nine times in
the same measurement. Dorsal fin-spines about 50 in number,
the length of the longest apparently not exceeding the maximum
depth of trunk ; anal fin with about 25 rays, arising slightly nearer
to the caudal fin than to the pectoral pair. Dermal scutes very

part iv. 2 Q

594

ACTIN0PTERY8II.

feebly crimped or smooth, the upper enlarged flank-series smaller
than the lower enlarged flank-series.

Form. Sf Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P. 4141. Fine specimen about 0-77 in length, deepened by distor-
tion at the back of the head, which is figured by Agassiz,
tom. cit. pi. xliv. fig. 1. The hinder part of the cranium
is crushed upwards, while the mandible is displaced
downwards, so that both its slender rami are seen from
beneath. The mandible does not appear to have extende
much further forwards than the base of the rostrum.
Small scutes are seen to extend over the opercular appa-
ratus ; and the ossified sclerotic is partly preserved, lhe
pectoral fins are displaced but both shown as indicated in
Agassiz’s figure ; the lowermost exhibiting three of its basa
bones in position. Comparatively small and delicate rays
in front of the pectorals may represent pelvic fins, but it
is uncertain whether these are not merely branchiostcg
rays. The dorsal fin-spines have the appearance o
extending forwards over the head merely in consequence
of the displacement of parts just described. Tho depth o
the abdominal region in the fossil must also be less than
was actually the case during life. Enniskillen Co

P. 4142. More imperfect and distorted larger specimen, showing t o
mandiblo as before, and the parts of the cranium muc
scattered. Immediately in front of the frontals, the
fractured base of the rostrum seems to consist of a pan 0
tubes pressed together like those of the so-called Ccelo
rhynchus. A longitudinal series of rather large perforations
penetrating tho dense armour of the hinder part of the tai ,
appears to mark the course of the lateral line.

Enniskillen Coll-

19940. Fine small fish, distorted like the preceding specimens at
the back of tho head and in the abdominal region. T'lC
slender mandible is seen to extend not much further
forwards than the base of the rostrum ; and the delicate
suspensorium is displaced between it and the cranium.
Small scutes extend over the triangular operculum an
perhaps over part of the cheek. The haemal arches ot nios
of the vertebrae are observable, and used in the accom
panying restoration (fig. 22). The median fins and derma
scutes are also well preserved ; the enlarged flank-scu e-

BLOCHITDA BLENXIIDiE.

595

of the upper series being slightly smaller than those of
the lower series. Purchased , 1846.

*• 2089. Caudal region and other fragments of a small specimen.

There are traces of scutes on the cheek. Egerton Coll.

Family BLENNIID2E.

Elongated fishes with stout caudal pedicle ; snout not produced.
Most of the abdominal vertebrae with downwardly directed transverse
processes bearing the small ribs. Dorsal fin occupying nearly the
whole of the back, often subdivided ; anal fin also much extended ;
caudal fin rounded or tapering. Scales small or absent, and no bony
scutes.

Marine fishes living at the bottom near almost all coasts, and a
few freshwater species. Scarcely known among fossils, but repre-
sented by at least one extinct genus allied to Cristiceps, and perhaps
by another ( Oncolepis ) of doubtful affinities.

Genus PTERYGOCEPHALUS, Agassi*.

[Poiss. Eoss. vol. iv. 1839, p. 190.]

Head short and orbit very large ; mouth small, with conical teeth.

\ ertebrse about 10 in the abdominal, 14 in the caudal region. Dorsal
fin very deep, the foremost large spine displaced forwards above the
head but the fin otherwise continuous. Squamation well developed
and continuous, each scale with a longitudinal keel, and the keels
forming regular lines along the trunk.

An Eocene genus, erroneously identified with Cristiceps 1 by
J- Miiller, Is cues Jahrb. 1853, p. 123.

Pterygocephalus paradoxus, Agassiz.

1796. Lahrus malapterus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. ccxxviii.
pi. lv. fig. 3 (errore) .

1818. Lahrus malapterus, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 351.

1835. Pteryyocephalus paradoxus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 295
(name only).

1839. Pterygocephalus paradoxus , L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv.
p. 191, pi. xxxii. figs. 5, 6.

1876. Cristiceps paradoxus, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. iii. p. 178.

1 Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. xi. (1836), p. 402.

2q2

596

ACTINOPTEKYGIl.

Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

The type species, attaining a length of about 005. Length of head
with opercular apparatus equalling maximum depth of trunk and
somewhat less than one third total length of fish to base of caudal
fin. Separate dorsal fin-spine about twice as long as the next, the
length of which slightly exceeds depth of trunk at its insertion;
continuous dorsal fin with 9 spines and 9 articulated rays ; anal fin
with 3 spines and 7 articulated rays.

Form. 4' Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

P. 653. Fine specimen 0-025 in length, noticed by Agassiz, op. cif-
vol. iv. p. 192. Eyerton Coll.

P. 652, P. 3948. More imperfect larger specimen, in counterpart,
showing characteristic squamation.

Egerton 4" Enniskillen Colls.

As noticed by Agassiz, the following fragmentary specimens bear
some resomblance to the skull of the existing genus Anarrhichas, but
they exhibit too many differences to be definitely ascribed to the
family Blenniidse : —

P. 620. Imperfoct occipital portion of cranium, with remains of
opercular apparatus, mandibular suspensorium, and arti-
cular end of mandible, intended to be the type specimen of
Laparus alticeps, Agassiz, recorded by name only in Bep-
Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 308 ; London Clay, Sheppey.
The hinder portion of the dentary bone shows the bases o
a single close series of very small teeth. Egerton Coll.

P. 6479. Less incomplete head of larger fish apparently of same
species ; London Clay, Sheppey. The jaws are imperfect,
and the dentition is not seen. The opercular apparatus is
much larger than in Anarrhichas. Beclcles C oil ,

P. 9478. Occipital portions of two nearly similar crania ; London
Clay, Sheppey. Egerton Col ■

A tooth apparently of the existing Anarrhichas lupus, from the
Coralline Crag of Gedgravo, Suffolk (Museum of Practical Geolog} )r
is described by E. T. Newton, Vert. Pliocene Hep. Britain (Mem-
Geol. Surv. 1891), p. 91, pi. x. fig. 4.

The following extinct species, not represented in the Collection,
have been referred to existing genera of this family : —

Blennius fossilis, D. G. Kramberger, Bad Jugoslav. Akad. vol.

BLENNIIDJ3. 0 ADIDAE.

597

cvi. (1891), p. 113, pi. iii. fig. 3. — Upper Miocene ; Dolje,
Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, University
of Agram.]

Clinus yraeilis, F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xxxvii. (1859), p. 675, pi. i. figs. 1-3. —
Upper Miocene ; Hernals, Vienna. [Imperfect fish ;
Court Museum, Vienna.]

The following extinct genus and species, which is not represented
in the Collection, probably belongs to the Blenniid®, but is too
imperfectly known for exact determination : —

Oneolepis isseli, F. Bassani, Palaeont. Italics, vol. iii. (1898), p. 79,
pi. ix. figs. 1, 2. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [Imper-
fect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Genoa.]

Nothing is known of the undescribed teeth from the Pliocene of
Belgium, recorded under the name of Palanarrhichag crassus, H. Le
Hon, Prelim. Mem. Poiss. Tert. Belg. (1871), p. 10.

Suborder X. ANA CANTHINI.

Vertebral centra always complete constricted cylinders, none
coalesced. Supraoccipital extending forwards between the reduced
parietals ; squamosal rudimentary and fused with the large pterotic ;
mandible simple, each ramus consisting only of two elements
(dentary and articulo-angular). No spinous fin-rays. Pectoral arch
suspended from the cranium ; precoracoid arch absent ; infra-
clavicular plates absent ; pectoral fin with not more than four or
five basals. Pelvic fins, when present, thoracic or jugular. In the
living forms : — air-bladder, when present, not connected with the
oesophagus by a duct in the adult (physoclistous) ; optic nerves
decussating ; intestine without spiral valve ; reproductive organs
with efferent ducts.

No important extinct representatives of this suborder are known.
All are normal members of the existing families, Gadid® and
Pleuronectid®.

Family GrADID-ZE.

Trunk more or less elongate, and head bilaterally symmetrical.
Mouth large and terminal; premaxilla excluding maxilla from
gape ; cheek-plates much reduced ; gill-openings very wide. Ab-
dominal vertebr® with transverse processes ; ribs comparatively

598

ACTINOPTEKYGII.

small. Both paired fins present, usually well-developed. Dorsal
fin occupying nearly the whole of the back, simple or more or less
subdivided into two or three parts ; one or two anal fins ; caudal
fin separate, or if united with other median fins, the dorsal with a
separate anterior portion. Scales small and cycloid. In the recent
forms : — air-bladder and pyloric appendages usually present ; pseudo-
branchi® absent, or glandular and rudimentary.

This family dates hack to the Upper Eocene, but only one extinct
genus is recognisable. The “ cod-fishes ” and their allies of the
present day chiefly inhabit the seas of the north temperate and
arctic regions, often descending to great depths. Only one genus
(Lota, Cuvier) occurs in freshwaters.

A figure of the skeleton of Lola is published by Agassiz, Poiss.
Foss. vol. v. pi. H. A detailed description of the osteology of Oadus
asglejinus is given by II. St. John Brooks, Proc. Boy. Dublin Soe.
n. s. vol. iv. (1884), pp. 166-1.96, pis. v.-ix.

Genus NEMOPTERYX, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. 1844, p. 75.]

Syn. Palceogadus, G. vom Bath, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xi.

1859, p. 126.

Palceobrosmius, G. vom Bath, ibid. p. 130.

Trunk elongated and laterally compressed, slightly tapering
behind. Margin of jaws with a single spaced series of large,
recurved, pointed teeth. Pectoral fins much enlarged ; pelvic tins
small. Dorsal fin almost or completely subdivided into three
acuminate portions, anal fin into two similar portions ; caudal fin
separate, truncated or rounded behind.

Nemopteryx troscheli (vom Bath).

1836. Cyclurus era-inis, P. M. G. Egerton, Phil. Mag. vol. viii. P- dd
(name only). . .

1836. Cyclurus nemopteryx, P. M. G. Egerton, ibid. p. 368 (name on y)-
1842-43. Nemopteryx crassus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. p
pp. 6, 75, pi. xxii. [Distorted fish ; British Museum.]

1842-43. Nemopteryx elongatus, L. Agassiz, ibid. pp. 6, 76, pi-
[Distorted fish ; British Museum.]

1859. Palceogadus troschelii, G. vom Rath, Zeitschr. deutsch. geo .
vol. xi. p. 126, pi. v. fig. 3.

1859. Palceobrosmius elongatus, G. vom Rath, ibid. p. 130.

1886. Nemopteryx troscheli, A. Wettstein, Fisclifauna d. Tertiaer. 1 a
nerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Pal. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 69, p • 1V •

GADLD^E.

599

Type. Slightly distorted fish ; Geological Museum, University
of Bonn.

The type species, attaining a length of about 0-45. Length of
head with opercular apparatus probably exceeding twice the maxi-
mum depth of the trunk and contained about twice in the length
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebras
approximately 45 in number. Pectoral fins with about 17 rays.
Anterior portion of dorsal fin with about 13 rays, the middle
portion with 16 more closely arranged rays ; anterior portion of
anal fin with 18 rays.

Form, <J* Loc. Oligocene : Glarus, Switzerland.

P. 457, P. 2987. Type specimen of Nemopteryx crassus, in counter-
part, described and figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. ; Engi.

Egerton Sf Enniskillen Colls.

P. 458-9, P. 3989. Type specimens of Nemoptery.v elongatus, one
in counterpart, described and figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. ;
Engi. Egerton 4' Enniskillen Colls.

P. 2988. Pine specimen, bent at the end of the abdominal region
hut not much distorted ; Engi. Enniskillen Coll.

33952-53. Imperfect elongate specimen, in counterpart ; Engi.

Presented by Miss Elizabeth Wame, 1859.

P. 9428. Immature fish, probably of this species, in counterpart.

History unknown.

Genus GADUS (Artedi), Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 251.]

Syn. Morrh.ua , L. Oken, Isis, 1817, p. 1182.

Trunk elongated and laterally compressed, tapering behind.
Margin of jaws and vomer with small clustered teeth, not varying
much in size ; palatine toothless. Chin with barbel. Paired fins of
moderate size. Dorsal fin completely subdivided into three portions,
anal fin into two portions ; caudal fin separate, truncated or
slightly excavated behind. Scales very small and dense.

The following fossils belong to existing or unsatisfactorily defined
species : —

P. 5255. Nodule containing very small fish ; Glacial or Post-
Glacial Clay, Bindalen, Norway.

Presented by Henry Tryon, Esq., 1887.

600

ACTINOPTERYGII.

P. 8724-25. Maxilla and parasphenoid noticed by E. T. Newton,
Vert. Forest Bed (Mem. Geol. Surv. 1882), p. 128;
Forest Bed, Overstrand and Mundesley. Savin Coil-
'S. 8722-23, P. 8726. Various fragments; Forest Bed Series, near
Cromer. Savin Coll.

P. 9485. Various fragments, noticed by E. T. Nowton, op. cit. p. 127 ;
Forest Bed, Bacton. Green Coll.

39171. Imperfect otolith of the form named Gadus psewdaglifinos
by E. T. Newton, Vert. Pliocene Dep. Brit. (Mem. Geol.
Surv. 1891), p. 94, pi. x. figs. 6, 7, the type specimen
being in the Museum of Practical Geology; Red Crag,
Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex. Boioerbanlc Coll.

40377. Similar otoliths ; Coralline Crag, Sudbourn, Suffolk.

Daniels Coll.

P. 9231. Imperfect similar otolith ; Coralline Crag, Broom Hill,
near Orford, Suffolk.

Presented by II. JV. Burrows , Esq., 1898.

P. 9232. Otolith apparently of Gadus luscus, Linn., as described by
E. T. Newton, op. cit. 1891, p. 94, pi. x. fig. 8 ; Coralline
Crag, Broom Hill.

Presented by H. W. Burrows , Esq., 1898.
P. 9233. Similar otoliths ; Suffolk Crag. John Brown Coll.

P. 9234. Three otoliths apparently of a variety of Gadus merlanyus,
Linn. ( Merlanyus vulgaris , Fleming), named Otolithus
( Merlangus ) vulgaris, var. suffollcensis by E. Koken,
Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 90, pi. v
fig. 5 ; Suffolk Crag. John Brown Coll.

39171 a. Small otoliths of the form ascribed to Gadus elegans,
Koken1, by E. T. Newton, op. cit. 1891, p. 96, pi- x*
fig, 16; Red Crag, Walton-on-the-Naze. Bow erbank Coll.

39171b. Miscellaneous otoliths ; Red Crag, Walton-on-the-Naze.

Boioerbanlc Coll.

1 This species is described as Otolitlius ( Gadidarmn ) elegans by E. Koken,
Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xxxvi. (1884), p. 542, pi. xi. figs. 2, 4 (non •’),
also ibid. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 93, pi. iv. figs. 1, 2, pi. v. fig. 6. It is said to
range from the Middle Oligocene to the Pliocene of Western Europe, lo it
probably belongs the otolith wrongly described as Trig hides dejardinii by
P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Boy. Belg. [2] vol. xxxi. (1871), p- 501, pi-
%. 13.

GADID.33.

601

Otoliths of the existing species Gadus morrhua, Linn., G.minutus,
Linn., G. virens, Linn., and G. pollachius, Linn., are also described
from the English Pliocene Crags by E. T. Newton, op. cit. 1891,
pp. 93-96, pi. x. figs. 5, 9-11, 13-15.

The following imperfectly defined species all seem to belong to
this genus, but are not represented in the Collection : —

Morrhua ceglefinoides, Kner & Steindachner, Denkschr. k. Akad.
Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. (1863), p. 34, pi. v.
fig. 2; D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 65. — Tipper Miocene ;
Podsused, Croatia. [Imperfect fish : Zoological Museum,
University of Vienna.]

Morrhua externa, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. lxxii. (1885), p. 51, pi. v. fig. 3, and Soc. Hist. Nat.
Croatica, vol. i. (1886), p. 135.— Upper Miocene;
Szakadat, Siebenbiirgen. [Imperfect distorted fish ;
Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna.]

Morrhua lanceolata , I). G. Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 67, pi. xiii. fig. 5.— Upper
Miocene ; Podsused. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum,
University of Agram.]

Morrhua macropterygia, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1883, p. 05,
pi. xiii. fig. 6. — Upper Miocene ; Dolje, Croatia.
[Ditto.]

Morrhua minima, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. lxxii. (1885), p. 63, and ibid. vol. cvi. (1891), p. 104,
pi. vii. fig. 5. — Upper Miocene ; Podsused. [Ditto.]

Morrhua szagadatensis, E. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlvii. pt. i. (1863), p. 139, pi. ii.
fig. 3. — Upper Miocene ; Szakadat, Siebenbiirgen. | Im-
perfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]

Gadus latior and G. stoppanii are undefined names for fishes
from the supposed Upper Miocene of Cutro, Calabria (Bosniaski,
Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat.— Proc.-Verb. vol. i. 1879, p. Ixxxii).

The so-called Gadus pohjnemus (G. Fischer de Waldheim, Nouv.
Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou [2] vol. i. 1829, p. 298, pi. xxi. fig. 1)
is an indeterminable fragment from limestone on the river Miasse,
Govt. Orenburg, Russia.

Indeterminable teeth, and also otoliths, from the Lower Pliocene
of Orciano and Siena, Tuscany, have been referred to the existing
genus Merluccius, Cuvier, under the name of M. bosniaslcii by

602

ACTIN'OI’XKIIYGU.

R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc., Colline Toscane (1876), p. 81,
pi. i. fig. 15.

The existing genera Pliyds, Bloch & Schneider, and Strinsia ,
Rafinesque, are not definitely known to have extinct representa-
tives ; but two fragments are provisionally ascribed to them as
follows : —

Pliycis snessi, P. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xl. (1860), p. 566, pi. ii. fig. 2. Brosmius,
J. J. Heckel, Jahrb. k.-k. geol. Reichsanst. vol. ii. (1851),
p. 157. — Lower Pliocene; Inzersdorf, Vienna. [Caudal
region ; Court Museum, Vienna.]

Strinsia alata, F. Steindachner, loc. cit. vol. xxxviii. (1859),
p. 771, pi. i. fig. 2. — Upper Miocene ; Szakadat, Sieben-
biirgen. [Head, etc. ; Court Museum, Vienna.]

Genus BROSMIUS, Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 334.]

Trunk elongated and laterally compressed, tapering behind.
Margin of jaws, vomer, and palatines with small clustered teeth,
some of the vomerine and palatine teeth enlarged. Chin with
barbel. Paired fins of moderate size. Dorsal and anal fins
undivided ; caudal fin separate, rounded behind. Scales very
small.

Only one existing species in north temperate seas.

No remains of extinct species are preserved in the Collection, but
the following have been described : —

Brosmius elongatus, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 69, pi. xiv. fig. 2, and Rad
Jugoslav. Akad. vol. lxxii. (1885), p. 63. — Upper Miocene ;
Dolje, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum,
University of Agram.]

Brosmim fuchsianus , D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1883, p. 68,
pi. xiii. fig. 4. — Upper Miocene ; Podsused, Croatia.

.[Ditt°'] • o M

Brosmius strossmayeri, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1883, p. ■l9>

pi. xiv. fig. 1. — Upper Miocene (?) ; Beocin, Croatia.
[Ditto.]

Brosmius suseclanus, R. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xlviii. pt. i. (1863), p. 145, pi. iii- fig- ** ’
D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1883, p. 68. — Upper Miocene,
Podsused. [Imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]

GADID-33.

603

The following generically indeterminable fragments also seem to

belong to a member of the family Gadidm : —

P. 625. Imperfect cranium intended by Agassiz to be the type
specimen of Merlinus cristatus , but not described; London
Clay, Sheppey. The name is published in Rep. Brit.
Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 308. Egerton Coll.

P. 1738. Seven imperfect crania and associated remains, ono spe-
cimen marked as intended by Agassiz to be the type of
Hhinocejjhalus planiceps, but not described ; London Clay,
Sheppey. The name is published loe. cit. p. 294.

Egerton Coll.

P. 4513. Seven similar imperfect specimens; Sheppey.

Enniskillen Coll.

38909-11, 38944. Pour more satisfactorily preserved similar skulls ;

Sheppey. Bowerbardc Coll.

43106. Small similar skull ; Sheppey. Wetherell Coll.

47985. Fine similar skull ; Sheppey.

Presented by the Hon. Egbert Marsham, 1877.

P. 9429. Another similar skull ; Sheppey. Purchased.

P. 4920. Pine head ; Sheppey. Dawson Coll.

P. 356 a. Small similar skull ; Sheppey. Purchased , 1881.

41723. Fragment with some anterior vertebra ; Sheppey.

Toulmin Smith Coll.

Otoliths of supposed extinct species of Gadidse have also been

described as follows : —

Otolithus ( Oadidarum ) acutangulus, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. xxxvi. (1884), p. 546, pi. xi. fig. 13. — Lower
Oligocene; Lattorf.

Otolithus ( Oadidarum ) elevatus, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xl. (1888),
p. 290, pi. xviii. figs. 4, 5. — Lower Tertiary ; Clayborne,
Alabama.

Otolithus (Oadidarum) latisulcalus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1884,
p. 545, pi. xi. fig. 5. O. ( Baniceps ) latmdcatus, E. Koken,
loc. cit. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 86, pi. iv. fig. 4, pi. iii. fig. 2.—
Oligocene; Germany. Miocene; Antwerp,

Otolithus ( Oadidarum) meyeri, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1888, p. 289,
pi. xviii. figs. 8, 9. — Lower Tertiary ; Jackson River,
Mississippi.

604

ACTINOPTIORYGII.

Otolithus ( Oadidarum ) mucronatus, E. Koken, loc. dt. 1888,
p. J!) 0, pi. xvii. figs. 10, 11. — Lower Tertiary; Clayborne,
Alabama.

Otolithus ( Gadidarum ) planus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1884, p. 545,
pi. xi. fig. 12. — Middle and Upper Oligocene ; Sollingen,
Gasficl, Luithorst, and Waldbockelheim.

Otolithus ( Oadidarum ) ponderosus, E. Koken, Abh. phys. Cl. k.
ties. Wiss. Gottingen, vol. xxxii. (1885), p. 113, pi. v.
fi?- 24, and loc. cit. 1891, p. 90, figs. 4, 5. — Lower Eocene ;
Copenhagen.

Otolithus ( Gadus ) simplex, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 91, pi. iii-
fig. 6. 0. ( Gadidarum ) depans, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1884,
pi. xi. fig. 3 (errors), — Middle Oligocene to Pliocene ;
Germany and Crag of Suffolk.

Otolithus (Gadus) spectabilis, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 94,
pi. iii. figs. 3, 4. — Miocene ; Holstein.

Otolithus (Gadus) tenuis, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 92, pi. iv.
figs. 3, 6. — Miocene; Bordeaux and Baden.

Otolithus (Gacli) tuherculosus, E. Koken, Zeitschr. doutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xxxvi. (1884), p. 540, pi. xi. fig. 1. 0. (Raniceps)
tuherculosus, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 88. —
Middle Oligocene ; Siildorf and Magdeburg.

Otolithus (Gadus) venustug, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 91, pi. v.
figs. 2, 3. — Miocene ; Holstein.

Otolithus (Merlanyus) coc/natus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 89,
pi. iii. fig. 5, pi. v. fig. 1.— Ibid.

Otolithus (Merlanyus) spatulatus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891,
p. 89, pi. ii. figs. 6, 7, 10. — Upper Oligocene ; Stern-
berg.

Otolithus (Mcrluccius) attenuatus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 84,
pi. ii. figs. 1, 2. — Upper Oligocene; Sternberg, Freden,
Cassel.

Otolithus (Merlucdus) balticus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1885, p. 113,
pi. v. figs. 22, 23, and loc. cit. 1891, p. 83, fig. 2.— Lower
Eoocne ; Copenhagen.

Otolithus (Merluccius) emaryinatus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1884, p.547,
pi. xi. fig. 6, and loc. cit. 1891, p. 84, pi. ii. figs. 8, 9. —
Middle and Upper Oligocene ; Germany.

Otolithus (Merluccius) miocenicus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 85,
pi. v. fig. 4. — Miocene ; Holstein.

Otolithus (Merluccius) oblusus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 85,
pi. ii. figs. 3-5. — Upper Oligocene ; Sternberg.

Otolithus (Morrhua)faba, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 95. O. (Gadi)

GADIDJ3.

605

faba, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1884, p. 541, pi. xi. fig. 8. — Middle
Oligocene ; Hermsdorf.

Otolithus ( Morrhua ) latus, E. Kokei i . loc. cit. 1891, p. 95, pi. x.
figs. 7, 8. — Miocene ; Liineburg.

Otolithus ( Morrhua ) soellingensis, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 94,
pi. iii. fig. 1. — Middle Oligocene; Sollingon.

Some of the species from Lattorf are represented in the Collection
by a small series of otoliths numbered 40505-07. Purchased.

There are also various undetermined otoliths of Gadidae from the
Pliocene of Orciano (Tuscany) and Antibes (France).

The Oiuiidiid.e are unknown among fossils, except perhaps by one
imperfect skeleton and several otoliths, which have been described
as follows and are not represented in the Collection : —

Ophidium voltianum , A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Photogr. Anim.
Foss. Agr. Yeron. (1859), p. 39, pi. xi.— Upper Eocene;
Monte Bolca.

Otolithus ( Fierasfer ) nuntius, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 99, pi. vi. fig. 2.— Middle
Oligocene; Sollingen.

Otolithus ( Fierasfer ) posterus, E. Koken, ibid. p. 100, pi. vi.
fig. 6. — Upper Oligocene; Cassel, Kl. Freden. (?) Miocene
of Austria.

Otolithus (Ophidiidarum) boettgeri, difformis, hilgendorfi, hybridus,
marchicus, obotritus, occultvs, and saxonicus, E. Koken,
ibid. pp. 100-105, pi. i. figs. 5-7, pi. v. figs. 7-9, 14,
pi. vi. figs. 1, 5, pi. x. figs. 17-19.— Oligocene; Germany.
The species difformis was previously named Otolithus
( Oadidarum ) difformis, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xxxvi.
(1884), p. 547, pi. xi. fig. 11. Several varieties are
recognised.

The specimen described as follows is too imperfect for exact
determination : —

Brotula (?) longipinnata , D. G. Kramberger, J ahrb. k.-k. geol.
Eeichsanst. vol. xxx. (1880), p. 570, pi. viii. fig. 6. —
Tertiary ; Nikolschitz, Moravia. [Imperfect fish ; Im-
perial Geological Survey, Vienna.]

The Macrueid.e are also unknown among fossils, except perhaps
by the otoliths. Here may be placed the following : —

7034 a. Three otoliths of the form named Otolithus ( Macrurus )■

606

ACTIXOPTERTGII.

prtxctirsor, E. Koken, Joe. cit. 1891, p. 96, fig. 6; Pliocene,
Orciano, near Pisa, Tuscany. Purchased, 1875.

Other supposed otoliths of this family, not represented in the
Collection, are described as follows : —

Otolithus ( Macruridarum ) bavaricus, E. Koken, Palaeontogr.
vol. xxxviii. (1891), p. 37, fig. 1. — Upper Cretaceous;
Siegsdorf, Bavaria.

Otolif, Juts ( Macruridarum ) singularis, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 98, pi. vi. fig. 9. — Lower
Oligocene ; Lattorf.

Family PLEURONECTIDiE.

Trunk deepened, much laterally compressed and flattened, the
fishes always resting on one side when adult. Skull unsym-
metrically developed, and both eyes in the adult situated on the
one sido which is always coloured and turned upwards when at rest.
Premaxilla excluding maxilla from gape. Abdominal region very
short. Paired fins small, often un symmetrically developed, and one
or more sometimes absent. Dorsal and anal fins much extended,
not subdivided. In the recent forms : — gills four ; pseudobranchue
well developed ; air-bladdor absent.

This family dates back to the Upper Eocene, but no extinct
genera are recognisable. In existing seas its range is cosmopolitan,
and a few forms live in freshwater.

A description of the skull of some existing Pleuronectids is
published by It. H. Traquair, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. (I860),
pp. 263-296, pis. xxix.-xxxii.

Genus RHOMBUS (Klein), Cuvier.

[Regnc Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 222.]

Mouth wide, the jaws and dentition being nearly equallj
developed on both sides ; a narrow band of villiform teeth, without
canines, on the margin of the jaws ; equally small teoth also on the
vomer hut not on the palatines. Eyes on the left sido. Gill-rakers
woll-developed, lanceolate ; seven branchiostegal rays. Abdomina
vertebra; with broad transverse processes, and very small delicate
ribs ; hasmal spines at base of caudal fin somewhat expanded, not
fused together. Both pairs of fins present, usually unsymmetrically
developed ; dorsal tin arising on the snout ; caudal flu separate,
rounded behind. Scales small or absent.

PLEUR0NECTID2E.

607

Some of these characters cannot be observed in the fossils, which
are thus only provisionally determined. The existing species
inhabit the North Atlantic and Mediterranean.

Rhombus minimus, Agassiz.

1796. Pleuronectes quadrattdus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cclx.
pi. lxiii. fig. 3 (errore).

1836. Rhombus minimus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 301 (name only).
1839-42. Rhombus minimus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 289,
pi. xxxiv. fig. 1.

1859. Rhombus minimus, A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Photogr. Anim.
Foss. Agr. Veron. (1869), p. 36, pi. xiii. fig. 1.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; Paleontological Museum, Munich.
A very small species, attaining a length of about 0*1. Length
of head with opercular apparatus contained two and a half times
in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin ;
maximum depth of trunk about tour fifths of latter measure.
Vertebra 11 or 12 in the abdominal, 20 in the caudal region.
Dorsal and anal fins deepest in their middle portion, the former
with about 65, the latter with about 45 rays ; both these fins
terminating very close to the caudal, which comprises 17 rays.
Small scales well developed, apparently cycloid.

Form. <f' Loc. Upper Eocene : N. Italy.

1657. Fine specimen, 006 in length, in counterpart ; Monte
Bolea. The head is imperfect, but the trunk and median
fins are well displayed. Appearances suggest a dense
squamation of small cycloid scales.

Presented by Chambers Hall, Esq.

P • 3971. Another good specimen broken and distorted in the
caudal region; Monte Bolea. The dorsal fin is shown
arising on the snout. The head and opercular apparatus
are tolerably -well preserved ; and the delicate pectoral fin
is seen. Some of the abdominal vertebra exhibit their
large transverse processes ; and there are remains of the
small, slender ribs. Enniskillen Coll.

Dermal tubercles resembling those of the existing Rhombus
maximus, Cuv., are recorded from the Lower Pliocene of Orciano,
Tuscany, under the name of Rhombus gentiluomoi by B. Lawley,
Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc., Colline Toscane (1876), p. 82.

The following small extinct species have also been referred
to this genus, but are not represented in the Collection : —

608

ACTINOPIEKYGII.

Rhombus dbroptery.v , H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv.
(1870), art. no. 7, p. 5, and Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. i. p. 104, fig. 4. — Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily.

Rhombus bassanianus , D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont.
Oesterr.-Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 71, pi. xiii. figs. 1,
2. — Upper Mioceno ; Dolje and Vrabee, Croatia. [Geo-
logical Museum, University of Agram.]

Rhombus fitzingeri , J. ,T. Heckel, Neues Jahrb. 1849, p. 500
(name only). — Middle Miocene; Margarethen, Vienna.
[Court Museum, Vienna.]

Rhombus heckeli, R. Kner, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., rnath.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xix. (1861), p. 75, pi. x. fig. 12 ; F.
Bassani, Atti Soc. Venoto-Tront. Sci. Nat. vol. vii. (1880),
p. 89. — Ibid. [Court Museum, Vienna.]

Rhombus ligusticus, C. Pollini, Sopra Alcuni Avanzi di Pesci
Fossili Terziari (Milan, 1889), p. 92, fig. 7. — Lower
Oligocene; Santa Giustina, Liguria. [Geological Museum,
University of Genoa.]

Rhombus parvulus, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1883, p. 72,
pi. xiii. fig. 3. — Upper Mioceno ; Dolje and Podsused,
Croatia. [Geological Museum, University of Agram.]

The undefined names Rhombus minutus, R. nardii, R. richiardii,
and R. sauvagei are given to fishes from the Upper Miocene of
Gabbro, Tuscany, by Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. — Proc.-
Verb. vol. i. (1878), p. xix, and Capellini, Mem. K. Accad. Lincei
[3] vol. ii. disp. i. (1878), p. 285. Rhombus caudatus and R. eutrensis
are also undefined names for fishes from the supposed Upper Miocene
of Cutro, Calabria (Bosniaski, ibid. vol. i. 1879, p. lxxxii).

An otolith of a form not represented in the Collection has been
described thus : —

Otolithus (? Rhombus) rhenanus, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 107, pi. v. fig. 11. — Middle
Oligocene; Waldbbekelheim.

Genus PLEURONECTES (Artedi), Linnmus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 268.]

Syn. Platessa, G. Cuvier, Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 220.

Mouth small ami unsymmetrical, with dentition more developed
on the blind than on the coloured side ; a single or double series of
small teeth on the margin of the jaws, but none on the vomer or

PLEURONBCTIDJS.

609

palatine. Eyes generally on the right side. Both pairs of fins
present, symmetrically developed ; dorsal fin arising above the eye ;
caudal fin separate, rounded behind. Scales very small or
absent.

Hange at present throughout the temperate and arctic seas of
the northern hemisphere.

1 he following specimon appears to be identical with the corre-
sponding bon i' of the existing Pleuronectes platessa, Linn.: —

P- 8739. Left maxilla, described as referable to Platessa sp. by
E. T. Newton, Vert. Forest Bed (Mem. Geol. Snrv. 1882),
p. 128; Forest Bed, Overstrand, Norfolk. Savin Coll.

An otolith described as follows, probably belongs to this genus,
but is not represented in the Collection : —

Otolithus (Platessa) sector , E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
vol. xl. (1888), p. 292, pi. xvii. figs. 14-16, and ibid.
vol. xliii. (1891), p. 105, pi. i. fig. 4. — Lower Oligocene;
Westeregeln and Osterweddingen, Germany. Also Lower
Tertiary, Alabama.

Genus SOLEA, Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 223.]

Mouth small and unsymmetrical, twisted round to the left (blind)
side ; teeth minute and villiform, confined to the left margin of the
jaws. Eyes on the right side, the upper being more or less in
advance of the lower. Abdominal vertebrae with very small trans-
verse processes and rudimentary ribs, but most of them with long
and robust haemapophyses. Both pairs of fins usually represented,
Lut often unsymmetrical and one sometimes absent ; dorsal fin
arising on the snout ; caudal fin separate, rounded behind. Scales
VerJ’ small, antero-posteriorly elongated, deeply overlapping, and
ctenoid.

Existing species occur in all temperate and tropical seas, and a
few inhabit freshwaters.

Solea kirchbergana, Meyer.

1848. Rhombus kirchberganus, H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. p. 782.

1851. Solea kirchbergana, H. von Meyer, Paloeontogr. vol. ii. p. 102,
pi. xvii. figs. 2, .3.

18-56. Solea kirchbergana, IJ. von Meyer, ibid. vol. vi. p. 25, pi. i. fig. 3.
1*83. Rhombus kirchberganus, F. A. Quenstedt, Ilandb. Petrefakt.

ed. 3, j>. .370, pi. xxix. figs. 2, 3.

PART IV. ■> K

GlU

ACTINOrTEKYGTI.

Type. Imperfect fish.

A very small species, attaining a length of about 0-08. Leri!?
of head with opercular apparatus contained four and a half ,inie^
maximum depth of trunk two and a half times in the total long
to the base of the caudal fin. Abdominal vertebrae 9, cauda

vertebrae 24 in number. Pectoral and pelvic fins present.

Dorsal

margin nearly straight in the middle, the fin comprising about o',
to 55 rays ; anal fin with about 40 rays. Squamation dense.

The otoliths of this species are described by von Meyer, lot- clt-
1856.

<$• Loc. Lower Miocene : Wiirtemberg.

Form.

33179,

36578. Fine specimen in counterpart, displaying 1
characters noted iu the specific diagnosis ; Unterkirchber0
near Ulm. The vertebral centra are broken,

and the

edges of the median fins are imperfect. The characters i
hsemapophyses of the abdominal vertebras are shown, an
one of the delicate pectoral fins, as also one of t^e
small pelvic fins, is preserved. Purchased, 1861

36178. More imperfect large specimen ; Unterkirchberg.

Purchased , loot.

35749. Smaller specimen, with well-preserved caudal fin.

comprises 18 rays ; Unterkirchberg. Purchased, L

The two undermentioned imperfect specimens represents for
essentially identical with S. kirchberyana, but exhibiting a ®
arched hack and other minor differences which are considere
indicate a distinct species named S. antiqua by H. von M ‘ 1 0 ’
Palseontogr. vol. ii. (1851), p 103, pi. xvii. figs. 4-7, an
vol. vi. (1856), p. 26, pi. i. figs. 4, 5.

P.3972. Large distorted specimen ; Unterkirchberg.

Enniskillen Coll.

35520. Imperfect specimen wanting end of tail; Unterkirchberg^
One of the otoliths is seen, and both pelvic fins are pie
served. Purchased, J8o«-

Otoliths, apparently of this genus, not represented in
Collection, have also been described as follows : —

Otolithus ( Solea ) approximate, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. g .
Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 106, pi. v. fig. 13.— Mwcen ,
Langenfelde, Holstein.

Otolithus ( Solecr ) glaber, E. Ivoken, loc.cit. vol. xl. (1888), p- -

PLEU RON ECTID.3D.

01 1

pi. xviii. fig. 3. — Lower Tertiary; Jackson River,
Mississippi.

Otolithus ( Solece ) guestfalicus, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xliii. (1891),
p. 106, pi. v. fig. 10. — Upper Oligocene ; Biinde.

Otolithus (Solea) lenticularis, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. x.xxvi. (1884),
p. 548, pi. xi. fig. 15. — Upper Oligocene ; Cassol.

Solea sauvagei, Bosniaski (Upper Miocene, Gabbro, Tuscany) is
Merely a MS. name quoted by Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. xi.
art. no. 3 (1880), p. 12.

The so-called Solea provincialis, H. E. Sauvage (Bull. Soc. Geol.
France, [3] vol. xi. 1883, p. 488, pi. xi. fig. 3), from the Lower
Oligocene of Aix-en-Provence, is not a Pleuronectid and will
Probably prove to be a Cyprinodont.

Another otolith supposed to belong to this family is described
thus : —

Otolithus ( Pleuronectidarum ) acuminatus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891,
p. 107, pi. v. fig. 12. — Middle Oligocene ; Waldbockelheiin.

INCERTrE SEDIS.

The Collection also comprises many fragmentary fish-remains
from the London Clay of Sheppey, which are at present inde-
terminable. Among these the following may be mentioned : —

F- 621. Imperfect cranium and fragments of jaws, marked by
Agassiz and Egerton as intended to be the type specimen
of Labrophagus esodnus, named only by Agassiz, Bep.
Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 308. Egerton Coll.

F- 631. Portion of small head and opercular apparatus, marked by
Agassiz and Egerton as intended to be the type specimen
of Bothrosteus minor, named only by Agassiz, loc. cit.
1844, p. 307. Egerton Coll.

F. 1764. Hinder portion of cranium labelled by Egerton as referable
to Raupygus bmhlancli, Agassiz (loc. cit. 1844, p. 308,
name only). Egerton Coll.

2 r 2

612

IJTCERTJE SEDTS.

36134. Portion of similar cranium, with vertebra.

Purchased, 1861 •

P. 619. Decaying pyritised head, marked by Egerton as intended
to be the type specimen of Pachycephalus cristatus, nanu'f
only by Agassiz, loc. cit. 1844, p. 308. Egerton Col .

P. 9582. Similar head, well preserved. Egerton Coll-

28498, 28614 a. Two similar heads, the second with part of ^'e
abdominal region. Dixon Coll. 4' Purchased , 13° ‘

30893. Two similar crania. Purchased , IS.)1’-

P. 622. Fragmentary head, marked by Agassiz and Egerton 11 s
intended to be the type specimen of Loxostomus manors,

named only by Agassiz, loc. cit. 1844, p. 308.

Egerton Coll.

Miscellaneous fish-remains of indeterminable affinities, not repre
sented in the Collection, have also received the following names .

Conosaurops boiumanni : Conosaurus bowmanni, R. M . Gibber,

Smithson. Contrib. vol. ii. art. no. 5 (1850), p. 1®» P^- u!
figs. 1-5. Conosaurops , J. Leidy, I' roc. Acad. Nat. > o .
Philad. 1868, p. 202.— Eocene: South Carolina. [T«eth^
Diplotomodon hovrificus , J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1 11 ‘

1868, p. 202. Tomodon horrificus, J. Leidy, Smithson-
Contrib. vol. xiv. art. no. 6 (1865), p. 102, pi. xx.

7-9. — Cretaceous ; Mulliea Hill, Gloucester Co., ®
Jersey. [Tooth; Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia.] ,

Gigantichthys pharao, W. Dames, Sitzungsb. Gcs. naturf. Fieun e,
Berlin, 1887, p. 137. Titankhthys pharao, W. Dames,

ibid. p. 70, with fig. — Upper Cretaceous ; Egypt. [ 00
Royal Museum of Natural History, Berlin.]

Hacquetia bolcensis, W. Szajnocha, Pamiet. Wydz. matem. P^I
Akad. Umiejet. Krakow, vol. xii. (1886) p. HRP-1
fig. 2. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca, near \ er01
[Imperfect fish ; University Geological Museum, Craco
Heterolepis, O. G. Costa, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli, vol. ii. «°-
(1865), p. 4, pi. i.— Cretaceous ; Pietraroja, Province
Benevento, Italy. [Portion of fish.]

incerm: sebis.

613

Platygeiiys rugosiis, R. Owen, Catal. Foss. Rept. & Pisces, Mus. Roy.

Coll. Surg. (1854), p. 165,no.661. — London Clay; Sheppey.
[Fragmentary head.]

Pyg acanthus altus, R. Owen, op. cit. 1854, p. 166, no. 668. —
Loudon Clay ; Sheppey. [Imperfect head.]

Toxopoma politum, R. Owen, op. cit. 1854, p. 164, no. 660. —
London Clay, Sheppey. [Imperfect head.]

Nothing is known of the fossil fish-remains from the London
Clay of Sheppey, to which the following undefined names were
applied by Agassiz, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1 844 (1845), pp. 307, 308 : —
Bothrosteus brevifrons, Bothrosteus latus, Echenus politus, Qadopsis
breviceps, Phasganus declivis, Rhipidolepis elegans, and Synophrys
hopei.

614

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

r. 42, &c. Since the present volume was in type, the University
Geological Survey of Kansas (vol. vi. pt. ii.) has published
an important memoir on the Cretaceous TeleoBtean iisbes
of Kansas by A. Stewart. Among the additional notes
on known species, may be mentioned a description an
figure of the skull of Slratodus noticed above on p- 1®8 ,
a description and figure of the imperfectly known Syll<*
mug lalifrons (see above, p. 351), from an undetermine
locality in Kansas ; and a figure of the so-called
ichthyg agilis.

P. 46. The hypural bone named Ischyrhiza (?) radiata is doubtfully
referred to Xiphias by C. R. Eastman, Maryland Ge°
Surv. — Eocene (1901), p. 112, pi. xii. fig. 8.

P. 153. Lino 3 for Lower Oligoceno read Upper Miocene. ®®t'
Kramberger, Verhandl. k.-k. geol. lteichsanst. 1 ’

p. 87.

P. 160. Add the following : —

Salmo teplitiensis, G. C. Laube, Abhaudl. naturw.-med. Ver. Lot

vol. ii. pt. iv. (1901), p. 26, pi. iv. fig. 5.— Lower Miocene ;
Teplitz, Bohemia. [Head and anterior abdominal icnio ,
Teplitz Museum.]

Thaumaturus deichmuelleri, G. C. Laube, loc. cit. p. 2\,\>-

figs. 5, 6. — Lower Miocene; Kutschlin, Bohemia. L in
perfect fish ; Deichmiiller Coll., Dresden.]

Further notes are published by Laube (loc. at. p- • <
pi. iii. fig. 1) on Thaumaturus furcatus. He descri e^
Aspius elongatus as a distinct species under the name o
Thaumaturus elongatus (loc. cit. p. 20, pi- iii- “

The so-called Thaumaturus lusatus is regarded as ^
type species of a new genus Prothgmallus (loc. cit. p- »
pi. iv. figs. 1-3) ; and the following new species 15

added : — . c 4

Prothgmallus princeps, G. C. Laube, loc. cit. p. 25, pi- ' ' ' ^

—Lower Miocene ; Kundratitz, near Lcitmeritz, Bohemi •
[Imperfect fish ; Royal Bohemian Museum, Prague.]

ADDENDA KT CORRIGENDA.

615

P. 190. Cenerically indeterminable teeth have been referred to
the so-called Phasyanodus as follows : —

Phasyanodus australis , F. Ameghino, Sinopsis Geol.-Paleont. —
Suplem. (1899), p. 10. — Cretaceous (?) ; Patagonia.

Phasyanodus yentryi, E. D. Cope, Proe. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xiv.
(1875), p. 362. — Miocene; Cumberland Co., New Jersey.

P- 277. For additional notes on Notoyoneus cuvieri, see 1. Priem,
Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [3] vol. xxviii. (1901), p. 847.

P. 289. Add the following : —

Esox destruetus, G. C. Laube, Abhandl. uaturw.-mcd. Ver. Lotos,
vol. ii. pt. iv. (1901), p. 19, pi. ii. fig. 1.— Lower Miocene,
Preschen, Bohemia. [Imperfect head; Geological Museum,
German University, Prague.]

P. 294. Add the following : —

Prolebias eyeranus, G. C. Laube, Abhandl. naturw.-med. 1 er.
Lotos, vol. ii. pt. iv. (1901), p. 28, pi. v. figs. 1, 2.—
Lower Miocene ; Franzensbad, Bohemia. [Imperfect
fish ; Geological Museum, German University, Prague,]

P rolebias pulchellus, Gr. C. Laube, loc. cit. p. 31, pi. '• figs. 3, 4
Lower Miocene ; Konigsberg-a.-E., Bohemia. [Ditto.]

P- 296. Nothing is known of the imperlect fish from the Upper
Eocene (Gypsum) of Paris, named Poecilia lametherii by
H. D. de BlainviUe, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol. xxvn-
(1818), p. 374. See F. Priem, Bull. Soc. Geol. France,
[3] vol. xxviii. (1901), p. 852.

Pp. 299-323. New Cyprinoids from the Lower Miocene of Bohemia
are described and figured by Laube (loc. cit. pp. 33-48,
pi. ii. figs. 2-5, pi. v. figs. 6, 7, pi. vii. figs. 1-3) under
the following names: — Nemacliilus tener, linen macro
pteryyin, Tinea liynitica, Gobio major, Gobio victims ,
Leuciscus fritschi, and Ghondrostoma laticauda. Notes
are also added on Tinea obtruncata, Leuciscus papyraceus,
Leuciscus brevis, Leuciscus acroyaster, Leuciscus medius,
Leuciscus colei , Chondrostoma bubalus, and Lhondrostoma
elouyata. Leuciscus stephani is described as ( hondrostoma
stephani.

f>ir>

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

P. 323. The imperfect fish from the Upper Eocene (Gypsum) of
Paris, noticed and figured by Cuvier, Osscm. Eoss. ed. 2
(1822), vol. iii. p. 348, pi. lxxvii. fig. 14, is described
under the name of Labeo ? cuvieri by F. Priem, Bull. hoc.
Geol. France, [3] vol. xxviii. (1901), p. 850, pi. xv. fig. 6.
It is considered to be perhaps identical with the so-called
Cyprinus minutus, H. I), de Blainville, Nouv. Diet.
d’Hist Nat. vol. xxvii. (1818), p. 375.

P. 330. Some fin-spines from the Lower Eocene of Cuis, Marne,
are named Silurus (?) gciudryi and Arius dutemplei by
C. H. Leriche, Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord, vol. xxix. (1901),
pp. 180, 181, pi. i. figs. 7-15.

P. 353. The specimen numbered P. 9184 is of the same species as
the fish in the Kansas University Museum regarded as the
type of Leptichthys agilis by A. Stewart, Amer. Geol.
vol. xxiv. (1899), p. 78.

P. 368. Add the following : —

Sphyrcena tyrolensis, H. von Meyer, Palseontogr. vol. x. (1863),
p. 305, pi. 1. figs. 7-11. — Lower Oligocene ; Haring,
Tyrol. [Dentary bone ; Innsbruck Museum.]

P. 473. A generieally indeterminable portion of dentary bone
from the Miocene of Cumberland Co., New Jersey, is
named Sphyrcenvdus silovianus by E. D. Cope, Proc.
Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xiv. (1875), p. 362. Sphyrcena
speciosa of Leidy is also ro-named Sphynenodus speciosut
by Cope, loc. cit. p. 362.

P. 508. Add the following : —

Smerdis Isabella, A. Gaudry, Anim. Foss. Attique (1862), p. 404,
pi. lxi. figs. 1, 2. Acanthomullus Isabella, Valenciennes,
Comptes Rendus, vol. Iii. (1861), p. 1300. — Miocene;
Koumi, Euboea. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of
Natural History. Type species of Acanthomullus.']

P. 509. For additional notes on Smerdis ventralis, see F. Priem,
Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [3] vol. xxviii. (1901), p. 856.

P.516. For a description of “ Plectropoma uraschista,” see also
G. C. Laube, Abhandl. naturw.-med. Ver. Lotos, vol. ii-
pt. iv. (1901), p. 48, pi. iii. figs. 7, 8.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

617

P- 530. A new specimen in the Geological Museum of the Sorhonne,
Paris, is ascribed to Sargus euvieri by P. Priem, Bull.
Soc. Geol. Prance, [3] vol. xxviii. (1901), p. 853, pi. xvi.
fig. 1.

P. 550. Add the following : —

PhylJodm hipparionyx , C. It. Eastman, Maryland Geol. Surv. —
Eocene (1901), p. 113. Phyllodus, J. Wyman, Amer.
Journ. Sci. [2] vol. x. (1850), p. 234, fig 9 Eocene (?);
Richmond, Virginia.

P. 560. The imperfectly known and indeterminable Acantho-
pterygian fish described as follows, has been compared
with Ephippus : —

Ephippites peissenbergensig, L. von Ammon, Geogn. Jahresh.
1900 (1901), p. 59, fig. 3.— Oligocene ; Teissenberg,
Bavaria. [Type species. Imperfect trunk ; Geological
Survey Museum, Munich.]

1 • 584. Add the following : —

LepidocoUus gracilis, G. C. Laube, Abhandl. naturw.-med. Ver.
Lotus, vol. ii. pt. iv. (1901), p. 50, pi. v. fig. 8.— Lower
Miocene ; Warnsdorf, Bohemia. [Imperfect fish ; Royal
Bohemian Museum, Prague.]

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

[AW c. — The numbers of pages on which mere incidental references occur
are printed in italics.]

Abramis, .319.
brama, 319.

Acanthias marginatus.
228.

Acanthoderma, 568.
orbiculafnm, 568.
ovale, 568.
spinosum, 568.
Acanthomullus, 616.
isabellae, 616.

Ac anthone m opsis,
450.

capellinii, 450.

Acanthonemus, 449.
bertrandi, 449.
filamentosus, 449.
subaureus, 449.

Acanthonotoe, 481.
alatus, 481.
armatus, 481.
licatre, 482.

Acanthophoria, 388.
391.

libanica, 390.

Acanthopleurua/>66.
brevis, 567.
serratus, 567.

Acanthopsis, 320.
acutus, 355.
angustus, 321.

AcANTHOPTEKYOIl, 384.

Acanthurus, 563.
c&nosste, 563.
duvali, 564.
gaudryi, 564.
gazolse, 564.
haueri, 564.
ovalis, 564.
tenuis, 564.
trios! egus, 563.

Acanus, 500.
ajquispina, 501.
areuatus, 501.
croaticus, 563.
gracilis, 502.
longispina, 500.
minor, 500.
oblongus, 501.
ovalis, 500.
regleysianus, 501.
spinosue, 500.
stnri, 563.

Acara, 555.

Acerina, 522.
vulgaris, 522.

Acestrus, 494.
ornatus, 494.

Acipenscr cretaceus, 234.

Acrodontosaurus,

37.

gardneri, 40.

Acrogaster, 388.
brevicostatus, 389.
daviesi, 390.
heckeli, 390.
minutus, 389.
parvus, 389.

Acrognathus, 243.
boops, 243.
libanicus, 244.

Ac r o gramm at olepis,

58.

steinlai, 58.

Aceonurid®, 562.

Acropoma, 481.
alta, 481.

Agonus, 587.
primas, 587.

Aipichthys, 427.
minor, 428.

Aipichthys U-ont.).
nuchalis, 429.
pretiosns, 427.
velif'er, 427-

Alausa latissima, 156.

Albula, 60.
brevis, 65.
de zignii, 65.
lata, 65.
oweni, 60.

Ai.bclid.e, 59.

Alburnus, 319.
miocaenicus, 319.
steindachneri, 319.

Alepisaurus, 189.

At.epockphaud®, 159.

Alosa, 14l>.
bohemica, 353.
crassa, 151.
elongata, 151.
nuinidica, 152.
renoui, 152.

Alosina, 159.
salmonea, 159.

Amblypharyngo-
don, 304.

Amblypterus olfersi,
27.

Amia indica, 504.

Amia lewesiensis, 217.

Amiurus, 328.
canccllatus, 328.
maconnelli, 328.

Ammodytes, 354.
tobianus, 361.

Ammodttid®, 354.

Ampheristus, 577.
toliapicus, 577-

Amphiplaga, 416.
brachyptera, 416.

620

INDEX.

Amphisile, 378.
heinrichi, 379.
longirostris, 379.
Amphistium, 434.
bozzianum, 435.
dubmm, 435.
longipenne, 435.
paradoxum, 434.
Amphodon, 474.
benedeni, 474.
eurvidenB, 474.
Amyzon, 300.
brevipinne, 300.
commune, 300.
fusiforme, 300.
men tale, 300.
panda turn, 300.
ANACASTnim, 597.
Anapterus, 257.
albyi, 257.
elongatus, 257.
macrocephalus, 258.
megistosoma, 257.
sieulus, 257.
spbekodes, 258.
toenia, 258.
Anarrhichas, 596.

lupus, 596.
Anchybopsis, 322.
latus, 322.

Ancistrodon, 570.
armatus, 570.
fi8suratus, 570.
vicentinus, 570.

Ancylostylos, 66.

gibbus, 66.

Andreiopleura, 116.
csitnia, 116.
vetustissima, 116.
Anaedopogon, 107.

tenuideng, 108.
Anenchelum, 477.
breTicauda, 480.
breviceps, 478.
dorsale, 478.
glarisianum, 477.
hetcropleuruin, 478.
isopleurum, 478.
latum, 478.
longipenne, 478.
marginatum, 228.
Anguilla, 344.
branehiostcgalis, 345.
brevicula, 342.
elegans, 345.
hakelensis, 210, 338.
interspinalis, 345.
latispina, 340.
leptoptera, 344.
multiradiata, 345.
pachyura, 345.

Anguilla ( cont .).
sahel-alime, 169.
rentralis, 341.
vulgaris, 346.
Anogmius, 71.
aratus, 72.
contractus, 71.
evolutus, 72, 886.
favirost.ris, 73.
polymierodus, 72.
Anormurus, 275.

mncrolepidotus, 277.
Anthias, 520.
bassanii, 520.
stiriaous, 520.
Apateodus, 258.
glyphodus, 258.
lanceolatus, 264.
striatus, 260.
Apateopholis, 229,
233.

laniatus, 232.
Afhrkdoderioa!, 416.
Apodes, 336.

Apogon, 521.
krambergeri, 521,
mucrolepis, 521.
spinosus, 521.

Apos tasks, 563.
croatira, 563.
sturi, 563.
Apsopelix, 353,
sauriformis, 353.
Arapaima, 74.
Archaeogadus, 212,
220.

gucatphalicus, 220.
Archaeoides, 442.
longieostatus, 442.
longus, 443.
maerurus, 442.
Archaeoteuthis,

524.

glaronensis, 524.
Archaeus, 442.
brevis, 443.
glarisianus, 442.
Argyreiosus, 450.

minutus, 450.
Arius, 330.
baroni, 334.
bartonenais, 333.
crussus, 332.
dutemplei, 616.
egertoni, 331.
germanicus, 334.
ilieringi, 333.
vangionis, 334.
Asima, 536.
jugleri, 536.

I AsiNKorime, 416.

Asineops, 417.
pauciradiatus, 417.
squamifrona, 417.
viridensis, 417.
Aspidolepis, 59.
steinlai, 59.

Aspidopleurus, 229,

230.

cataphractus, 230.
Aspius. 318.
brongniarti, 293.
column®, 319.
eenoini, 319.
elongatus, 160, 614.
fureatus, 160.
gracilis, 318.
minutus, 318.
vexillifer, 319.
Astephus, 329.
Atherina, 359.
maerocephala, 359.
minutissima, 361.
sarmatiea, 360.
vardinie, 360.
Atherinicht hys, 361.
Atiikrinid.e, 358.
Atherinoides, 361.
Atherinops, 361.
Atherinopsis, 361.
Auchenaspis, Bleeker,
330.

Auchenilabrus, 552.

frontalis, 552.
Auchenoglanis, 330.
Auliscops, 372.

sumntranus, 373.
Aulolepis, 126.
reussi, 59.
typus, 15, 16, 127.
Aulorhamphus, 562.
boleensis, 562.
canossae, 563.
capellinii, 563.
AuLORHYNCinn.E, 371.
Aulorhynchus, 372.

sumatrensis, 373.
Aulostoma, 375.
boleense, 375.
lioat«, 376.

Auxis, 4S7, 463.
eroaticus, 465.
minor, 465.
propterygius, 464.

J sarmaticus, 459.
stiriacus, 465.
thynnoides, 465
vrabceensis, 465.

5 Bagarius, 335.
gigas, 335.
yarrelli, 326, 335.

1XIIEX.

021

Bagrus aor, 327.

Balistes, 568.
caifasii, 560.
dubius, 560.

Balistidj!, 5(>5.

Barbus, 301.
fossilis, 302.
lnegarephalus. 302.
steinheiiuensis, 302.
vulgaris, 302.

Basilichthys, 361.

Bathyscma, 449.
lutkeni, 449.

Bathythrissa, 67.

Belone, 356.
acutirostris, 357, 358.
flava, 357.
tenuis, 357.

Belonostomus laniatus,
232.

Beryi-ide, 384.

Beuycifor.mes, 384.

Beryccpsis, 423.
elegans, 423.
lindstromi, 425.

Beryx, 385.
ater, 392.
dalmaticus, 386.
dinolepidotus, 386.
germanus, 421.
insculptua, 386.
lesinensis, 386.
microceplialus, 124.
tnultidentatus, 386.
niger, 392.
ornatus, 397, 409.
ovalis, 121.
polymierodus, 72.
radians, 122 l
stachei, 406.
subovatus, 386.
su])erbus, 403.
syriacus, 405.
valenciennesi, 386.
vexillifer, 120.
zippei, 397.

Blennhde, 595.

Blenniiformes, 591.

Blennius, 596.
cuneiformis, 566.
fossilis, 596.
ocellaris, 566

Bi.ormiu.n, 591.

Blochius, 593.
longirostris, 593.
macropterus, 593.

Bcopg, 537.
gigas, 537.

Bothrosteus, 613.
brevifrons, 613.
latus, 613.

Bothrosteus ( cont .).
minor, 611.

Brachygnathus, 519.
tenuiceps, 519.

Brachyspondylus,

270

cretaceuB, 270.
indicus, 326.
saropterix. 323.

Brachyrhynchus,

497.

solidus, 497-
teretirostris, 497.
vaubenedensis, 497.

Brosmius, 602.

elongatus, 602.
fuehsianus, 602.
strossmayeri, 602.
susedanus, 602.

Brctula, 605.
longipinnata, 605.

Brychaetus, 76.

tnuelleri, 76.

Bucklandium, 330.
diluvii, 330, 570.

Butyrinus, 60.

Caeus, 57.
leopoldi, 57.

Calamopleurus, 351.
anglicus, 351.

Calamostoma,

Agassiz, 383.
breviculum, 383.

Calamostoma, Stein-
da hner, 383, 562.
bolcensis, 562.
ounoss®, 563.

Callionymus, 588.
maerocepbalus, 588.
vesteme, 448.

Callipteryx, 589.
reotieuuduB, 589.
speeiosus, 589.

Calopomus, 536.
porusus, 536.

Cantharus, 537.
urcianensis, 537.

Capito, 305.

Capitodus, 323.
angustus, 536.
dubius, 537.
indicus, 532.
interruptus, 637.
aubtruncatus, 323.
trunoatus, 536.

Carangide, 425.

Carangodes, 450.
cephalus, 450.

Carangopsis, 446.
analis, 445.

Carangopsis (cont.).
brevis. 446.
dorsalis, 447.
lanceolatus, 448.
latior, 446.
maximus, 448.

Caranx, 441.
carangopsis. 441.
gracilis, 441.
haucri, 441.
longipinnatus, 442.
ovalis, 442.
rigidicaudus, 442.

Cariniceps, 458.
compressus, 458.

Catostomus, 299.

crista! ns. 300.
sboshonensis, 300.

Centrisciivs, 377.

Centriscus, 377.
aculeatus, 378.
longirostris, 379.
torn, 377.
velitaris, 379.

Chaetodon, 560.
arcuatus. 561.
argus, 561.
asper, 560.
aureus, 449.
canescens, 450.
can us, 558.
cbirurgus, 559.
hoeferi, 560.
lineattis, 564.
inesoleucus, 659.
nigricans, 565.
papilio, 433.
pinnatiformis, 433.
pinuatus, 433.
pseudorhombus, 560.
rhomboides, 450,
559.

rhombus, 559, 560.
saxatilis, 412.
striatus, 415.
subarcuatus, 561.
subuureus, 449.
substriatus, 415, 560.
subvespcrtilio, 433.
triostegus, 564.
velicans, 431.
velifer, 430.
vespertilio, 433.

Cuetodontid.e, 556.

Chetodoxtiforsies, 556.

Chanoides, 63.
macropoma 63.

Chanos, 64.
brevis, 65.
forcipatus, 65.
zignii, 65.

622 INDEX.

ClIARACINIDA!, 297.

Charitosomus, 271.
formosus, 272.
hakelensis, 274.
lineolatns, 274.
major, 272.

Chatoessus, 158.
brevis, 158.
humilis, 158.
tenuis, 158.

Chelonia radiata, 491.

Chimiera furoata, 84.

Chirocentrites, 90.
eavolini, 92.
coroninii, 91.
gracilis, 91.
libanicus, 105.
vexillifer, 92.

ClilliOCKNTRIDJt, 86.

Chirocentrus, 88.

polyodon, 88.

Chiromystus, 89.
maweoni, 90.

Chirostoma, 361.

CiiiRoTiiRn iua!, 279.

Chirothrix, 280.
guestf'alicus, 283.
levvisi, 283.
libanicus, 280.

Chondrosteus, 115.

Chondrostoma, 316.
bubalus, 310.
elongata, 316.
laticauda, 615.
miuutum, 318.
stepbani, 615.

CiiromidjE, 554.

Chrysichthys, 327.
theobaldi, 327.

Chrysophrys, 534.
agassizi, 537.
arsenaritana. 537.
brusinai, 534.
cincta, 635.
hennii, 537.
hertlei, 534.
lawleyi, 534.
miocenica, 537.
scacchii, 534.
zignoi, 534.

Cimolichthys, 221,
227.

anceps, 203.
contractus, 228.
gladiolus, 204.
lewesiensis, 221 .
lisbonensis,228.
merrilli, 228.
nepajolica, 225.
seinianceps, 228.
sulcatus, 225.

j Cladocyclus, 107.
gardneri, 108.
lewesiensis, 109.
occidentalis, 110.
strehlensis, 110.
sweeti, 111.

Clarias, 324.
falooneri, 324.

Clinus, 597.
gracilis, 597.

Clupea, 146.
alta, Leidy, 145.
aha, Steindaehner, 157.
antiqua, 138.
arcuata, 154.
altenuata, 19.
beurardi, 142.
bosniaskii, 154.
bottie, 250.
breviceps, 154.
brevis, 270.
brevissima, 140.
caudata, 154.
catopygoplera, 148.
cepbalus, 158.
ebrysosoma, 158.
crenata, 151.
eurta, 22.

cyprinoides, 63, 456.
deutex, 154.
denticiformis, 154.
doljeana, 159.
dubia, 270
ecnoini, 155.
elongata, Davis, 55.
elongata, Steindaehner,
155, 460.

engrauliformie, 155.
evolans, 133.
fontannesi, 155.
gaudryi, 138.
gervaisi, 155.
gigantea. 105.
goldfussi, 158.
gracilis, 150.
gracillima, 155.
grandisquanm, 155.
grandouii, 155.
gregaria, 155.
gucstphalica, 237.
haidingeri, 155.
beterocerca, 156.
humilis. Leidy, 144.
humilis, Meyer, 150.
inflate, 156.
intermedia, 156.
lanceolata. 150.
larteti, 141.
lata, 19, 53.
laticauda. 158.

I latissima, 156.

Clupea (eont.).
lawleyi, 158.
leptostea, 153.
lesinensis, 138.
lewisii, 17.
lorcie, 156.
lundgreni, 156.
maceki, 156.
macrocerca. 156.
macropbthalma, 135.
macropoma, 63.
megaptera, 147.
megapteryx, 156.
meletticformis, 15)6.
menegbinii, 158.
microcephala, 158.
microsoma, 157.
minima, 21/5, 246.
minuta, 149.
minutissima, 158.
mondainensis, 157.
mucronata, 157.
munenoides, 63.
numidica, 151.
ombonii, 157.
opbthalmica, 158.
opisthopteryx, 157.
polyachanthina, 155.
praesardinites, 157.
pulcbra, 56.
pusilla, 144.
sagorensis, 154, lo7.
sardinites, 152.
sardinoides, 19.
saulos, 157.
sauvagei, 158.
scbeuehzeri, 147.
sinensis, 63.
spbaerocephala, 154.
sprattus, 153.
styriaca, 157.
tenuissima, 154.
theta, 140.
thrissa, 63.
thrissoides, 63.
triuacridis, 157.
vectensis, 146.
ventrieosa, 150.
villosa, 161.
voirouensis, 138.
vukotinovici, 157.
xenophanis, 158.
zanclea, 158.

Clupeid.1!, 128.

Clupeops, 159.
insignis, 159.

Cobitis, 320.
angustus, 321.
bredai, 320.
centrochir, 320.
cephalotes, 321.

Cobitis (cowt.).
longioepB, 278.
teyleri, 321.

Cobitopsis, 351
acutus, 355.
exilis, 355.

Ccelocephalus, 457.

salmoneu8, 457.
Coelogaster, 116.
an alia, 116.

Coeloperca, 519.

latifrons, 519.

Coelopoma, 470.
colei, 470.
curvatuin, 472
laeve, 472.

Ccelorhynchus, 593.

Conger brevior, 347.

Conosaurops, 612.
bowmanni, 612.

Conosaurus, 612.

bownmnni, 612.

Corax fissuratus, 570.

Coregonus, 161.

lavaretus, 161.

Corvina gibberulus, 539.

CoTTID.E, 580.

Cottus, 585.
aries, 582.
brevis, 582, 584.
cryptotremus, 585.
divaricatus, 585.
horrid us, 585.
hypoceras, 585.
multipinnatus, 584.

papyraceus, 583.
pontifex, 585.
quadricornis, 585.
uncinatii9, 585.

Crenilabrus, 540.
szajnoctuB, 541.
woodwardi, 541.

Crommyodus, 553.
irregularis, 553.

Cristiceps, 595.

paradoxus, 595.

CltOSSOGNATIIID.E, 348.

Crossognathus, 348.

sabaudianus, 349.

Ctenodentex, 522.
laekeniensig, 522.

Ctenopoma, 579.
jemelka, 579.

Ctenothrissa, 120.
mi.-roeepbala, 124.
radians, 122.
vexillifer, 120.

Ctknothrissid.r. 119.

Cybium, 465, 466, 469.
bartonense, 467.
bleekeri, 466.

TNDF.X.

Cybium (cont.).
bottii, 470.
dumonti, 470.
excelsum, 467.
lingulatum, 469.
macropomum, 462.
maculatum, 466.
partschi, 470.
proosti, 470.
speciosum, 466.
tenue, 470.

Cycloides, 59.
ineisus, 59.

Cyclolepis, 59.
agassizi, 59.

Cycloporna, 504.
gig ; s, 504
micracanihum, 504.
spinosum, 504.

CvcLoi'TKitm.E, 587.

Cyclopterus, 587.
ltimpus, 598, 587.^

Cyclotomodon, 45.
vngraiiB, 45.

Cyclurus crassus, 598.

Cyelurus minor, 583.

Cyelurus netuopteryx,
598.

Cyprisida, 299.

Cyprinodon levatus, 416.

Cyprisodontid^bs, 289.

Cyprinus, 300.
bipunctatus, 318.
carpio, 301.
jeses, 305.
uiimitus, 616.
papyraceus, 307
priscus, 301.
squainosseus, 276.

CvTTIDiE, 417-

Cyttoides, 417.

glaronensis, 417.

Dactylopogon, 248.
grand is, 249.
parvulus, 249.

Dactylopterus, 586.
pliocenictiB, 586.
Tolirans, 586.

Dapedoglcssus, 74.
acutus, 75.
teqwipinnis, 75.
encaustus, 76.
testis, 75.

Daptinus, 111. 112.
broadheadi, 1 13
intermedium, 112.
phlebotomus, 112.

Dentex, 522.
brevicep8, 527-
crassispimis, 522.

623

Dentex ( cont .).
faujasi, 522.
laekeniensis, 522.
leptacanthus, 522.
microdon, 523.
muensteri, 523.
nobilis, 523.
sardiniensis, 523.
ventralis, 523.

Percetid.e, 171.

Dercetis, 172.
elongatuB, 184.
lirnharanensis, 173.
linguifer, 174.
reussi, 173.

8cutatus, 172.
tenuis, 181.
triqueter, 174.

Derrnatoptychus,

236, 248.

macrophthalmus. 243.

Desmichthys, 450.
daubrei, 450.

Diaphyodus, 541,

548.

oval is, 546.
trigonella, 546.

Diastichus, 322.
macrodon, 322.
parvidens, 322.
strangulatus, 322

Dictyodus, 473.
crassideus, 475.
destructor, 474.
priscus, 473.
rupeliensis, 473

Dinopteryx, 406

spinoBus, 407.

Diodon, 571.
acanthodes, 574.
antiquus, 573.
corsican us, 574.
erinaceus, 572.
foleyi, 574.
gigantodus, 574.
heptadiodon, 574.
heterodon, 575.
hilgendorfi, 575.
incertus, 575.
italicus, 575.
meristodus, 575.
monsegurensis. 575.
platyodus, 57 5.
rovasendte, 575.
scilljc, 572.
sigma, 573.
stenodus, 575.
tenuispinus, 575.
vetus. 573.

Diplomystus, 139.

altus, 145.

G24

INDEX.

Diplcmystus ( cont .).
unaiis, 1.39.
birdi, 142.
brevissimus, 140.
dental us, 139.
humilis, 144.
longicostatus, 143.
peetorosus, 140.
theta, 140.
vectensis, 146.

Diplctomodon, 612.
horrificus, 612.

Dipnolepis, 234.
jnhni, 234.

Ductor, 448.
leptosomus, 448.

Dules, 621.
medius, 505.
temnopterus, 521 .

Echeneis, 451.
glaronensis, 451.

Echenus, 613.

politus, 613.

Echidnocephalus,

163.

tenuieauduB, 163.
troscheli, 163.

Egertonia, 550.
gaultina, 73.
gosseleti, 651.
isodonta, 551.

Electrolepis, 415.
horridu, 415.

Eiorm®, 7.

Elopides, 23.
eouloni, 23.

Elopopsis, 8.
crassus, 10.
dentex. 205.
fenzli, 9.
haueri, 219.
beckeli, 10.
miorodon, 9.
ziegleri, 10.

Elops, 22.

Embalorhynchus ,

497.

kinnei, 497.

Empo, 221.
oontracta, 228.
lisbonensis, 228.
merrilli. 228.
nepaholica, 225.
semianeeps, 228.
sulcata, 225.

Encheiziphins tereti-
rostris, 497.

Enchelurus, 164.
anglicus, 167.

Enchelurus [cont.).
syriacus, 165.
villosus, 164.

Enchelyopus, 343.
tlgriuus, 343.

Ksci! ODONTI O.K, 189.

Enchodus, 190.
amicrodua, 203.
aucepa, 203.
annectons, 195.
bleekeri, 466.
calliodon, 203.
carinat.U8, 204.
oorneti, 204.
dirua, 204.
doliohus, 204.
faujaai, 196.
ferox, 204.
gladiolus, 204.
gracilia, 201.
baloeyon, 191.
lemonnieri, 198.
lewesiensis, 191, 193.
longidena, 199.
lyeodori, 204.
luacropteruB, 202.
major, 200.
marcheset til, 200.
oxytonnia, 204.
parvus, 204.
petrosus, 205.
pressidens, 205.
pulchellua, 193.
rccurvus, 201.
seniiatriatua, 205.
serratus, 203.
shumardi, 205.
subacquilateralia, 205.
tetnecus, 205.
valdeneis, 205.

Engraulis, 133.
brevipiunis, 133.
evolans, 133, 287.
lougipinnia, 133.
tenuis, 230, 285.

Enneodon, 571, 570.
echinus, 574.

Enoplophthalmus,

323.

scblumbergeri, 323.

Enoplosus, 621.
pygopterus, 521.

Ecccelopoma, 470.
colei, 470.
curvatum, 472.

Eocottus, 580.
veronensis, 681 .

Eomyrus, 340.
dolloi, 340.
latiapinus, 340.
ventral is, 341.

Eothynnus, 457.
saltnoueus, 457.

Ephippites, 617.
peissonbergensis, 617-

Ephippus, 559.
longipenni.s, 559.
nicolisi, 560.
oblongua, 560.
oweni, 570.
rhombus, 559.

Equula, 450.
seillat, 450.

Eiismatopterus, 416.

endlichi, 416.
levatus, 416.
rickseckeri, 416.

Esocelops, 46.
cavifrons, 46.

Esocidj!, 287.

Esox, 287.
belone, 375.
destructus, 615.
falcatus, 482.
lepidotu8, 288.
lewesiensis, 191.
longirostris, 375.
lucius, 288, 289, 368.
macropterua, 89.
monasleriensis, 159.
otto, 289.
ottonis, 289.
papyraceus, 289.
robustus, 288.
saurus, 361.
sphyrwna, 361, 362,
366.

spret, 362, 366.
vulpes, 153.
waltschanus, 289.

Eucynodus, 481.
buntcri, 481.

Eurygnathus,
Agassiz, 46.
cavifrons, 46.

Eurygnathus, Davis,
190.

ferox, 200.
marohesettii, 200.

Eurypholis, 207.
boissieri, 207.
freyeri, 210.
longiden8, 199.
major, 201.
sulcidens, 207.

Exocetua evolans, 133.

Exocetus exiliens, 133.

Exocoetoides, 286.
minor, 286.
tenuis, 285.

Fierasfer, 605.

I Ml IX.

625

Fierasfer (coni.).
nuntius, 605.
posterns, 605.

Fistularia, 374.
bolcensia, 375.
chinensis 375.
dubia, 376.
koenigi, 374.
longirostris. 375.
tabacaria, 376.
tenoirostris, 375.

^STLi.Aitnn.K, 373.
Fundulus, 200.

Gadjd.e, 597.
Gadopsis, 613.
breviceps, 613.

Gadus, 599.
legle.finus, 598.
elegans. 600.
faba, 604.
latior, 601.
biscua, 600.
merlangus, 600.
merluccius, 589.
minutus, 601.
morrhua, 601.
pollachius, 601.
polynetnus, 601.
pseud seglifinua, 600.
simplex, 604.
spectabilis, 604.
stoppami. 601.
tenuis, 604.
tubereulosus, 604.
xenustus, 604.
xirens, 601.

Gasteronemus, 437.
oblongus, 440.
rhombeus, 439.

Gephyrura, 296.
concent, riea, 296.

Gerres, 523.

massalongoi, 523.
Gigantichthys, 612.

pharao, 612.

Gillicus, 99, 101.
arcuatus, 101.
polymicrodus, 101.

Glossodus, Cuvier, 60.
beckeli, 73.

Glyptocephalus, 570.
radiatus, 570.

Guanas, 587.

Gobiifokmes, 587.

Gobic, 303.
analis, 304.
major, 615.
xieinus. 615.

Gobius, 5 88.

barbatua, 581.

PART IV.

Gobius (coni.).
bassanii, 588.
brevis, 582.
i conicus. *584.
elatus, 584.
francofurtanus, 588.
leptosomus, 588.
lobini, 588.
inacroactus, 588.
mucrurus, 581.
maximus, 588.
microcephalua, 588.
multi pinnatua, 584.
oblongus, 584.
peruzzii, .588.
pullus, 584.
smyrneneis, 44*8.
veronenaia, 581.
vicinal is, 588.
viennenais, 584.

GoniognathuSy 577.
corvpba'noirles, 577.
niaxillaria, 577.

Gonoriiynciu 271.

Gonorhynchus, 271.
greyi, 271.

Gymnodontiuas, 570.

Gymnodus, 572, 575.
diodon, 575.
heterodon, 575.
monsegurenais, 575.

Hacquetia, 612.
bolt-ens-is, 612.

Halec, 212.

eupterygius, 213.
guestplialicus, 220.
liaueri, 219.
laubei, 220.
microlepia, 218.
stern bergi, 212.

Halecopsis, 133.
insign is, 134.

Iscvia, 134.

Ha i.osa urid.v., 102.

Halosaurus, 102.
j Haplomi, 1.

' Hemibranchii, 309.

Hemicyclus, 59.
streblensis, 59.

Hemielopcpsis, 58.
gibbua, 58.
gracilis, 58.
suessi, 58.

Hemilampronites,

59.

steinlai, 59.

Hemiramphus, 358.
ed wards i, 358.

Hemirhynchus, 488.
colei, 488.

Hemirhynchus(c«/.).
deslmyesi, 488.
zitteli, 487.
Hemisaurida, 270.

neocomiensis, 270,
Hemithyrsites, 481.
armatus, 481.
elatus, 481.
licalie, 482.
Hemitrichas, 323.

schisticola, 323.
Heptadiodon, 571,
575 .

echinus, 574.

Heterobranchus,

325.

palaeindicus, 325.
Heterolepis. 012.
Heterctis, 74.
Hexapsephus, 322.

guentheri, 322.
Histialosa, 58.

thiollieri, 58.
Histiocephalus, 579.

biissauii, 579.
Histiophorus, 495.
aniiquus, 495.
deshayes, 488.
eocffinicus, 495.

homalorhamphus,

497.

parvulus, 497.
priacus, 491.
robustua, 497.
rotundus, 495.
Histiothrissa. 131.
crassa pinna, 132.
macrodactyla. 131.
Histiurus/ 139.
elatus, 140.
serioloides, 146.
ventricoaus, 140.
Hclacanthus, 561.
microcephalua, 561.
piove norum, 501.
Holcodon, 190. 20 J,.
lesinaensis, 219.
lycodon, 204.
Holcolepis, 11 ,20.

cretaceua, 20.

Hole centrum, 412.
cnlearifer, 602.
lanceolatum, 521.
maerooephalum, 412.
maculatum, 504.
melitense, 413.
pygaeum, 413.
pygmseum 414.
sogo, 412.

Holosteus, 270.
esocimts, 270.

2s

S2G

IXDEX.

Homonotus, 407.
dorsalis, 408.
pulelier, 392.

Homorhynchus, 488.
bruxelliensis, 490.

Hoplopteryx, 396.
antiquus, 396.
lewesiensis, 397.
lewisi, 404.
lundensis, 404.
minor, 406.
oblongus, 406.
spinosus, 407.
stachei, 406.
superbus, 403.
syriaeus, 405.
zippei, 397.

Hoplostethus, 414.
ingens, 414.
laciniatus, 414.
lawleyi, 414.
nettelbladti, 414.
ostiolatns, 414.
pieanus, 414.

Hyperlophus, 139.

Hypsodon, 37, 92.
lewesiensis, 33, 40, 45,
94, 95, 98, 109.
minor, 102.
oblongus, 26.
toliapicus, 24.

Hypsospondylus, 58.
bassanii, 58.

Hyptius, 58.
sebastiani, 58.

Ichthyodectes, 99.

aeantbicus, 107.
anaides, 100.
arouatus, 101 , 110.
eruentus, 107.
ctenodon, 100.
elegans, 103.
goodeanus, 107.
hamatus, 107.
libanicus, 105.
minor, 102.
multidentatus, 107.
oecidentalis, 101.
perniciosus, 107.
polymicrodus, 101.
prognathus, 107.
serridens, 101.
tenuidens, 104.
Ichthyotringa, 265,
26 9.

tenuivostris, 269.
Iguana (?) haueri, 564.
Imogaster, 391 .
auratus, 394, .{10.

Ischyrhiaa, 46.
antiqua, 45.
mira, 46.
radiata, 46, 6 1 4.

Ischyrocephalus,

190.

catapbraotus, 202.
gracilis, 201.
intermedius, 202.
macroptertis, 202.

Isodus, 190.

sulcatus, 199.

Istieus, 66.
gracilis, 70.
grandis, 67.
lebanonensia, 71.
nmcrocepbalus, 67, 70.
nmerocoelius, 67.
mesospondylns, <57.
microoephalus, 67.
spottii, 71 ■ .

Istiophorus, 495.

Isurichthys, 453.
macrurus, 453.
orientals, 453.

Isurus, Agassis, 453.
macrurus, 453.

Julis, 541.

agassizii, 540.
rmionsteri, 540.
sigismundi, 541.

Kurtus velifer, 430, 431.

Labeo cuvieri, 616.

Labidesthes, 361.

Labrax, 509.
bosniensis, 512.
delheidi, 512.
elongatus, 512.
heckelii, 510.
intermedins, 512.
latus, 512.
lepidotus, 512.
longiceps, 513.
major, 613.
mojsisovicsi, 513.
muitipinnatus, 513.
neumayri, 513.
oenitigensis, 511.
sagorensis, 513.
sehizurus, 510.
steindachneri, 513.
stiriacus, 513.
ubinoi, 510.

I.Aunm.K, 539.

Labrodon, 541.
africanus, 542.
alsinensis, 545.
bazini, 543.

Labrodon (coni.).
belgicus, 543.
bourgeoisi. 543.
britannus, 543.
canariensis, 542.
carol inensis, 543.
chantrei, 543.
cocci) ii, 543.
crassus, 544.
dilatatus, 544.
ed wards i, 544.
gaudryi, 544.
haueri, 544.
heterodon, 544.
multidens, 544. ^
pavimentafrum, 544.
polyodou, 54 5.
quenstedti, 545.
rhedonum, 545.
sacheri, 545.
sauvagei, 545.

Bellas, 545.
soldanii, 54* »,
BuperbuB, 542:
trapezoidalis, 54o.
trigonella, 5 43.

Labrophagus, Oil.
esocinus, 01 1.

Labrus, 539.
agassizi, 540.
bifasciatus, 404.
ibbetsoni, 540. ^
malapterus, 595.
merula, 540
microdon, 540.
parvulus, 540.
priscus, 540.
punctatus, 558.
rectifrons, 558.
tardus, 504-
valenciennesi, 540.
wood ward i, 541.

Laparus, 596.
alticeps, 590.

Lates, 502.
gibbus, 502.
gracilis, 502.
heberti, 499. __
macropterus, 50.>.
macrurus, 503.
notams, 502.
partsebi, 503.
sagorensis, 513.

Lebias, 290.
aymardi, 292.
ceplialotes, 290. _

crassicaudus, 29 o.

crassus, 296.
eisgrabensis, 294.
furcatus, 291.
gaudryi, 294.

INDIOX.

627

Lebias (con/.).
gobio, 294.
meyeri, 294.
minimus. 294.
perpusillus, 291.
tenuis, 294.
zignoi. 294.

Lepidenteron, 185.
longissimum, 185.

Lepidocottus, 581.
aries, 582.
brevis, 582.
elongatus, 584.
gracilis, 617.
multipinnatus, 584.
papyraceus, 583.

Lepidopides, 477.
brevispondylus, 481.
dubius, 481.
leptospondylus, 481.

Lepidopus, 477.
albyi, 480.
anguis, 480.
brevicauda, 480.
carpathicus, 480.
dubius, 481.
glarisianus, 477.
leptospondylus, 481.
tneneghinii, 481.

Leptecodon, 233.
rectus, 233.

Leptichthys, 616.

agilis, 616.

Leptccephalus, 346.
gracilis, 346.
medius, 347.
tainia, 346.

I.KI'TOI.KI'ID.E, 1.

Leptosomus, 244.
crassicostatus. 246.
elongatus. 245.
guestphalicus, 245.
macrourus, 245.
minimus, 24H.

Leptotrachelus, 173.
armatus. 174.
elongatus, 184.
gracilis, 180.
bakelensis, 184.
longipinnis, 187.
sagittatus, 187.
triqueter, 174, 183.
virgu latus, 187.

Leuciscus, 305.
aerogaster, 310.
aula, 311.
bosniaskii, 310.
brevicauda, 310.
brevis, 310.
bubal us, 310.
castellinensis, 311.

Leuciscus (con/.).
ceeconii, 312.
cephalon, 307.
cephalus, 309.
colei, 308.
dorsalis. 311, 312.
dunierili, 311, 312.
eibiswaldensis, 310.
elegans, 315.
eryth rophthalmus,
309.

curystomue, 311.
fritschi, 615.
gabbrensis. 311.
gibbus, 310.
gracilis, 314.
hartmanni, 314.
helveticus, 305.
heterurus, 310.
krantzi, 311.
larteti, 311.
latiusculus, 305.
leptus, 309.
lira Or, 311.
macrurus, 308.
medius, 310.
oeningensis, 305.
papyraceus, 307.
plesiopterus, 311.
polysarcus, 311.
puellaris, 311.
pusillus, 306.
racalmuti, 311.
remotus, 311.
rutilus, 309
sauvagei, 312.
sicanus, 311, 312.
stephani, 311, G15.
tarsiger, 315.
turneri, 311.
vexilliler, 311.

Leucus, 322.
condoniauus, 322.
latus, 322.

Leuresthes, 361.

Lewisia, 48.
ovalis, 53.

Lichia, 445.
alta, 446.
analis, 445.
lata, 445.
prisca,444.
sccunda. 446.
stoppanii. 446.

Lobcdus, 537.
pedemontanus, 537.

Lobcpteius, 415.
pectinatus, 415.

Isjrnnn.E, 591.

Lophius, 591.
bracbysomus, 591.

Lophius (coni.).
patagonicus, 591.
piscatorius, 591.

Loricaria, 591.
plecostomus, 591.

Loxostomus, 611.
mancus, 611.

Lucania, 290.

Lucioperca, 521.
skorpili, 521.

Lucius antediluvianus,
288.

Lutianus cpbippium,
502, 561 .

Lutodeira, 64.

Lycoptera, 1.
mncrorbyncba, 2.
middendorffi, 2.
sinensis, 3.

Lyriolepis, 59.
caucasicus, 59.

Macrolepis, 415.
elongatus, 41.').

Macrones, 327.
aor, 327.

Macrostcma, 061.

al tu m, 061.

Macrubid.f., 605.

Macrurus, 605.
precursor, 605.

Mallotus, 160.
villosus. 161.

Megalodon, 37, 92.
lewesiensis. 95.
sauroides, 95.

Megalolepis, 482.
baschcaensis, 482.
latus, 482.

Megalops, 24.
forcipatus, 65.
oblongus, 26.
prisms, 24.

Megalurites, 571.
nitidum, 572.

Megapus, 280.
guestfalicus, 283.

Megistopus, 280, 284.
guestfalicus, 283.

Meletta, 146.
crenata, 151.
doljeana, 159.
gracillima, 155.
grandisquania, 155.
beckeli, 151.
heterostoma, 152.
intermedia, 156.
longimana. 151.
parisoti, 151.
praisardinites, 157.
sahleri, 151.

G2S

Meletta {cunt.).
sardiuites, 152.
scheucbzeri, 147.
stvriaea, 157.

Meiettina, 151.

Mene, 437.
oblottgus, 440.
pusilla, 441.
rliorn belts, 439.

Menidia, 3GI.

Merlangus, fiOO.
cognatus, 604.
spatulatus, 604.
suffolkensis, 600.
vulgaris, 600.

Merlinus, 603.
cristatus, 603.

Merluccius, 601.
attenuatus, 604.
baltious, 604.
bosniaskii, 001.
emarginatus, 604.
miocenicus, 604.
obtusus, 604.

Mesogaster, 361.
cretaceus, 362.
gracilis, 254.
sphyraenoides, 362.

Metope niclithys,
558.

longirostris, 559.
octacanthus, 559.

Microccelia, 252.
granulata, 252.
fibanica, 252.

Microdou nuchalis, 429.

Microdon pulcbellue,
421.

Mioplosus, 517.
abbreviatus, 518.
beani, 518.
labracoides, 517.
longus, 518.
multidentatus, 518.
sauvageanus, 518.

Monocentris, 414.
hospes, 414.
integer, 414.
subrotundus, 415.

Monopteros gigas, 89.

Morrh.ua, 599.
a'glefinoides, 601.
extensa, 601.
faba, 604.
laneeolata, 601.
lata, 605.

macropterygia, 601.
minima, 601.
Soellingensis, 605.
szagadatensis, 60 1 .

Mosasaurus gracilis, 45.

INDEX.

Mugil, 363.
brevis, 446.
cepbalus, 364.
debilis, 365.
princeps, 364.
radobojanns, 365.

Mu«ilii>/F., 363.

Murjena estca, 347.

Murtena conger, 344.

Murama lewesiensis, 185.

Murivua inyrua. 341.

Murama ophis, 347.

M ch.kni u.r, 336.

Mylccyprinus, 322.
inflexus, 322.
kingi, 323.
longidens, 323.
robust us. 322.

Mylcpharyngcdon,

323.

Myripristis, 410.
bomopterygius, 411.
leptacantuus, 410.
toliapicus. 412.

Myrus, 340.
vulgaris, 341.

Naseus, 564.
brevirostris, 564.
nuchalis, 665.
rectifrons, 564.

Naupygus, 611.
bueklandi, 611.

Nemachilus, 320.
bredai, 320.
centrochir, 320.
cephalotes, 321.
tener, 615.
teyleri, 321.

Nematcnotus, 249.
boltir, 250.

Nemopteryx, 598.
crassus, 598.
clongatiis, 598.
troscheli, 598.

Nettastoma, 346.
bolcense, 346.

NuTACAKTHIIIJt, 168.

Notacanthus, 169.

Noticus agassizii, 540.

Nctelops, 27.
brama, 27.

Nctogoneus, 275.
cuvicri, 277, 615.
longiceps, 278,
oscultts, 275.
squamosseus, 276.

Notopterid.k, 85.

Notopterus, 86.
priuiicvtts, 86.

Nuinmopalatus, 541,

544.

abbas, 543.
africanus, 542.
baziui, 543.
belgicus, 543.
bottrgeoisi, 543.
britannus, 543.
chantrei, 543.
coccbii, 543.
edwardsius, 544.
gaudryi, 544.
haueri, 544.
lieterodon, 544.
multidens, 544.
pavimentatus, 544.
polyodon, 545.
quenstedti, 545.
rhedomtm, 645.
sacberi, 545.
sauvngei. 545.
trapezotdalis, 545.

Odax carolinensis, 543.

Odonteus, 556.
depresses, 556.
pygimeus, 556.
sparoidcs, 656.

Odontostomus, 189.

Oligobelus, 323.
arciferus, 323.
laminatus, 323.

Oligoplarchus, 519.
squamipinnis, 519.

Omiodon, 270.
cabassii, 270.

Ommatolampes,

490.

eicbwaldi, 491 .

Omosoma, 419.
intermedium, 420.
monasteri, 421.
pulcbellum, 421.
sahel-alnue, 419.

Omosudis, 189.

Oncolepis, 595.
isseli, 597.

Ol’IItDIIll/E, 605.

Ophidium, 605.
barbatum, 343, 347.
voltianum, 605.

Ol'lltOCEPIIALtD*, 369.

Ophiocephalus, 369.
striatus, 464.

Opbisurus acuticaudus,

347.

Opisthomyzon, 451.

Opisthopteryx, 253.
curtusj 254.
gracilis, 254.

INDEX.

629

°rcynus, 454.
komposchi, 456.
lanceolatus, 456.
latior, 456.

■I'ndius, 4o(i.
scald isii, 455.

Oricardinus, 4(i.
tortus, 4ti.

Orthagoriscus, 576.
chelonopsis, 576.

Osmeroides, 11.

attenuates, I'd.
belgicus, 112.
brevis, 16.
crassus, 10.
cretaeeus, 20.
divaricatus, 22.
dubius, 16.
evolutus, 72.
glarisianus, 255.
gracilis, 16.
granulates, 213.
insignis, 134.
latus, 16.
levis, 15.

lewesiensis, 11, 213.
lewisi, 17.
mantellii, 12.
tnaximus, 18.
megapterus. 132, 239.
wicrocephaius, 237.
minor, 132.
monasterii, 237, 238.
pectinolepis, 22.
polymicrodug, 72.
sardinioides. 19.
vinareosis, 21.
Osmerolepis, 59.
reticulata, 59,

Osmerus, 162.

albyi, 1(52.
cordieri, 247.
d’achiardi, 162.
glarisianus, 255.
larleti, 162.
propterygius, 162.
scarabellii, 162.
stilpnoe, 162.

Ostariophysi, 296.

OsteoglossiDjE, 73.
Osteoglossum, 74.
encaustum. 76.

Ostracion, 569.
imperialis, 566.
mierurus, 5(59.
oblongus, 569.
turritus, 569.

Otolithus, passim,
acuminatus, 611.
acutangulus, 603.
adjunctus, 587.

Otolithus (emit.),
icqualis. 522.
auiericanus, 451.
ampins, 539.
approximatus. 610.
attenuatus, (504.
talticus, 604.
bavaricus, 606.
biscisstis, 590.
baettgeri, (505.
brevior, 347-
claybornensis, 538.
cognatus, 604.
cor, 587.
crassus, 332, 334.
danicus, 3*34.
('Berycidarum) debilis,
415.

(Mugilidarum) debilis,
365.

decipiens, 538.
difformis, 605.
dispar, 588.
distinctus, 522.
elegans, 600, 004.
elegantulus, 532.
elevatus, 603.
ellipticus, 587.
elongatus, 539.
emarginatus, 604.
eporrectus, 538.
faba, 604,

tVancofurtnnus, 588.
frequens, 522.
gemma, 538.
germanicus, 334.
geron, 415.
gibberulus, 539.
glaber, 610.
gregariuf, 538.
guestfalisus, 611.
lulgendorli, 605.
holsaticus, 539.
liospes, 414.
hybrid us, 605.
ingens, 414.
insignis, 539.
insuetus, 538.
integer, 414.
intermedius, 538.
irregularis, 539.
kirebbergensis, 539.
laciniatus, 414.
hevigatus, 590.
latisulcatus, 603.
latus, 605.
lawleyi, 414.
lenticularis, 611.
marchicus, 605.
meridionalis, 539.
meyeri, 603.

Otolithus (cont.)
miocenicuB, 604.
moguntinus, 522.
mucronatus, 604.
mutabilis, 590.
neglectus, 415.
nettelbladti, 414.
nobilis, 523.
noetlingi, 522.
nuntius, 605.
obotretus, 605.
(Merluccius) obtusus,
604.

(Sciama) obtusus, 539.
occultus, 605.
ostiolatus, 414.
ovatus, 539.
parvulus, 415.
personatus, 587.
pisan us, 414.
planus, 604.
plebejus, 522.
ponderosus, 604.
poster us, 605.
precursor, 605,
primas, 587.
radians, 538.
(Berycidarum) rhe-
nanus, 415.

(? Rhombus) rhenanus,
608.

saxonicus, 605.
sector, 609.
seelandicus, 590.
(Morrliua) soellin-
gensis, 605.

(Sparidarum) soellin-
gensis, 538.
similis, 538.
simplex, 604.
singularis, 606.
spatulatius, 604.
speciosue, 539.
spectabilis, 604.
sulcatus, 585.
subrotundus, 415.
suffolkensis, 600.
supracretaceus, 415.
tenuis, 604.
testis, 158.
thynnoides, 482.
tuberculosus, 604.
vangionis, 334.
varians, 522.
venustus, 604.
rerus, 590.
yicinalis, 588.
vulgaris, 600.

Pachycephalus, 611.

cristatus, 611.

INDEX.

680

Pachygaster, 520.
polyspondylus, 520.
spinosus, 520.

Pachylebias, 294.
crassicaudus, 295.

Pachyrhizodus, 37.
basalis, 37.
caninus, 44.
curvatus, 44.
dibleyi, 38.
gardneri, 40.
glyphodus, 258.
gracilis, 45.
kingii, 42.
latimentum, 42.
leptognathus, 45.
lept.opsis, 45.
minimus, 45.
sheareri, 45.
subulidens, 43.
velox, 45.

Pachystetus gregatus,
292.

Pagellus, 532.
aquitanicus, 533.
de stefanii, 533.
elegantulus, 532.
leptosteus, 533.
libanicus, 390.
miorodon, 533.
peruzzii, 533.
stenoura, 533.

Pagrus, 533.
meneghinii, 533.
oudrianus, 533.
pileatus, 533.
priscus, 533.
torus, 534.

Palaeobrosmius, 598.
elongat.us, 598.

Palaeogadus, 598.
troschelii, 598.

Palaeolycus, 211.

dreginensis, 211.

Pa T.iEOUII YNCHID.K, 482.

Palaeorhynchus, 483.
bruxelliensis, 490.
colei, 488.
desclimanni, 487*
egertoni, 488.
giganteus, 487.
glarisianus, 483, 487 .
gracilis, 486.
latus, 485.
longirostris, 486.
medius, 485.
micro9pondylus, 489.
riedli, 487.
zitteli, 487.

Palanarrhichas, 597.

crassus, 597.

Palimphemus, 270.
auceps, 270.

Palimphyes, 460.
brevis, 460.
crassus, 460.
clongatus. 460.
glaronensis, 460.
gracilis, 460.
latus, 460.
longus, 460.

Pantopholis, 234.
dorsalis, 234.

Paralates, 520.
bleicheri, 520.

Paralepis, 257.

Paraleuciscus, 312.
ecuomi, 312.

Paranguilla, 343.
tigrina, 343.

Paraperca, 520.
provincialis, 520.

Paraphyllodus,

546*

Parascopelus, 256.
laeertosus, 256.

Parequula, 450.
albyi, 450.

Pegasus lesiniformis,
269.

Pegasus natans, 383.

Pelamys, 482.
adunca, 482.
robust a, 482.

Pelargorhynchus,

188.

blochiiformis, 188.
dereetilbrmis, 188.

Pelates, 523.
quindeciumlis, 523.

Pelycorapis, 354.
berycinus, 354.
varius, 354*

Perea, 518.
alsheimensis, 513.
beaumonti, 515.
cyprinodon, 5()9.
elougata, 515.
fluviatilis, 518.
iorbesi, 510.
formosa, 410.
lepidota, 511.
lorenti, 518.
lucioperca, 511.
macracantha, 518.
minuta, 506.
moguntina, 512.
punctata, 366.
radula, 526.
reboulii, 520.
uraschista, 516.

PjflucusocEs, 347.

Percichthys, 514.

antiquus, 514.
beaumonti, 515.

PEKCIDiE, 498.

Percifokmes, 497.

Percostoma, 519.
angustura, 519.

Peristedion, 586.
personatus, 587.
urcianens>s, 586.

Phacodus, Cope , 553.
irregularis, 553,

P h a co 1 e p i s = Rb a cole p i s .

Phalacrus, 458.
cybioides, 458.

Phareodus, 74, 76.
acutus, 76.
sericeus, 76.

Pharyngodopilus,

541, 545 .
abbas, 543.
africanus, 542.
alsinensis, 544.
bourgeoisi, 543.
canariensis, 542.
carolinensis, 543.
crassus, 544.
dilatatus, 544.
haueri, 545.
multidens, 544.
polyodon, 545.
quenstedti, 545.
selhe, 545.
soldanii, 545.
superbus, 542.

Phasganodus, 190.
anceps, 203.
australis, 615.
carinatus, 204.
dirus, 204.
gentry i, 615.
gladiolus, 204.
semistriatus, 205.

Phasganus, 613.
declivis, 613.

Pholidophorus macro-
rhynchus, 2.

Phycis, 602.
suessi, 602.

Phylactocephalus,

212, 218.
microlepis, 218.

Phyllodus, 546.
bowerbanki, 549.
colei, 549.
corsican us, 574.
cretaceus, 550.
curvidens, 550.
deborrei, 550.
depressus, 550.
duvali, 550.

INDEX.

Phyllodus ( coni .).
elegans. 5f>0. •
gervaisi, 550.
haueri, 544.
hexagonalis, 549.
hipparionyx, 617.
incertus, 575.
inconstans, 550.
irregularis, 548.
latidens, 550.
ievesquei, 550.
marginalia, 548.
medius, 548.
multidens, 544.
petiolatus, 548.
planus, 547.
polyodus, 547.
seeuudarius, 549.
specious, 549.
subdepressus, 544.
submedius, 549.
toliapicus, 546.
umbonatus, 550.

Pimelodus, 328.
antiquus, 329.
aor, 327.
sadleri, 335.

Pisodus, 60, 61.
foueardi, 73.
oweni, 60.

Plagycdus, 189.

Planesox, 519.
vorax, 519.

Platacanthus, 509.
ubinoi, 510.

Platax, 432.
altissimus, 433.
brevis, 429.
colchieus, 434.
costatus, 433.
cunens, 433.
macropterygius, 433.
minor, 427, 428.
nucbalis, 429.
papilio, 433.
physeteroide, 433.
pileum, 433.
pinnatiformis, 433.
plinianus, 433.
subvespertilio, 433.
woodwardi, 432.

Platessa, 608.
sector, 609.

Platinx, 89.
catullii, 89.
elongatus, 89.
gigas, 89.

Platops, 76.
subulidens, 76.

Platycormus, 421.
germanus, 421.

Platycormus (con/.), j
gibbostis, 423.
oblongus, 422.

Platygenys, 613.
rugosus, 613.

Platylaemus, 551.
colei, 551.

Platylates, 520.
rupebensis, 520.

Pleetropoma uraschista,
516,616.

Pleionemus, 442.
macrospondylus, 442.

Plethodus 80.
expnnsus, 81.

I’urcatus, 84.
oblongus, 83.
pentagon, 83.

Pleuracanthus serratu9,

567.

Pleuronectes, 608.
platessa. .(34. 609.
quadratulus, 607.

Pleuronuctiu.k, 606.

Plinthophorus, 221.
robustua, 229.

Plioplarchus, 520.
septemspinosus, 520.
sexspinoaus, 620.
whitei, 520.

Pcdocephalus, 519.
nitidus, 519.

Podocys, 520.
tuinulus, 520.

Podopteryx, 587.
albyi, 587.
bosniaski, 587.

Poccilia lametherii, 615.

Poeeilia oeningensis, 582.

Poecilops, 296.
breviceps, 296.

Pogonias multidentatus,
538.

Polynemus, 445.
quinquarius, 411,446.

! Pomacan.th.us, 561.
subareuatus, 561.

Pom Ac k NT a m .R, 555.

Pomaphractus, 76.
egertoni, 76, 80.

Pomognathus, 212,
SIS.

euptcrygius, 213.

Portheus, 92.
angulatus, 98.
arcuatus, 101.
australis, 97.
braebygnathus, 97.]
daviesi, 95.
gaultinus, 95.
gladius, 98.

6111

Portheus (amt.).
lestrio, 97.
lowi, 97.
mantelli, 95.
molos8us, 92.
mudgei, 97.
thaumas, 97.

Prionolepis, 229.
angustus, 230.
oataphractus, 230.
laniatus, 232.

Priscacara, 554.
clivosa, 554.
cypha, 555.
liops, 555.
oxyprion. 555.
pealei, 555.
serrata, 554.
testudinaria, 555.

Pristigenys, 415.
maorophthalmus, 415.

Pristipoma, 523.
furcatum, 523.

Proantigonia, 558.
longirostra, 559.
octacantha, 559.
radobojana, 559.
steindacbneri, 559.

Proballostomus, 296.
longulus, 296.

Prochanos, 65.
recti Irons, 65.

Progymnodon, 572,
575.

hilgendorfi, 675.

Prolates, 499.
beberti, 499.

Prolebias, 290.
brongniarti, 293.
cephalotes, 290.
crassicaudus, 295.
davidi, 4.
egeranus, 615.
furcatus, 291.
gaudryi, 294.
gobio, 294.
goreti, 293.
gregatus, 292.
meyeri, 294.
minimus, 294.
oustaleti, 293.
perpusillus, 291.
pulcbellus, 615.
stenoura, 292.

Pronotacanthus, 169.
sabel-almse, 169.

Properca, 514.
angusta, 515.
beaumonti, 515.
lepidota, 511.
prisca, 516.

INDEX.

632

Protaulopsis, 371.

bolcensis, 371.
Protautoga, 533.
conidens, 553.
longidens, 553.
Protelops, 56.
anglicus, 57.
geinitzi, 57.
Prothymallus, 614.
lusatus, 614.
princeps, 614.
Protobalistum, £66.
imperiale, 566.
omboni, 567.
Protocatostomus,
275.

constablei, 275.
Protosphyrama albensis,
115.

Protospliyrtena inflexa,
115.

Protosyngnathus,

372.

sumatrensis, 373.

Prymnetes, 116.

longiventer, 116.
Pseudeutropius, 326.

verbeeki, 326.
Pseudoberyx, 129.
bottie, 2.7.9, 130.
grandis, 130.
longispina, 250.
syriacus, 129.
Pseudoeleginus, 591.
albyi, 591.
intermedius, 591.
jonas, 591.
majori, 591.
Pseudolates, 499.

heberti, 499.
Pseudosphaercdon,
552.

hilgeudorfl, 552.

Pseudosyngnathus,

381.

opistkopterus, 381.

Pseudot hryptodus,

S5.

intermedius, 85.

Pseudovomer, 450.

minutns, 450.

Ptericephalina, 146,

153.

elougata, 158.
mae.rograstrina, 158.
Pterothrissus, 67.
Pterygocephalus,

595.

paradoxus, 595.

Ptychocephalus, 487.
radiatus, 487.

Pycnosterinx, 391.
daricsi, 390.
diseoides, 393.
dorsalis, 392, SOS.
dubius, 395.
elongatus, 395.
gracilis, 394.
heekeli, 390.
la! us, 395.
lewisi, 404.
niger, 392.
russeggeri. 392.

Pygacanthus, 613.
altus, 613.

Pygaeus, 557.
coleanus, 557.
dorsalis, 558.
egertoni, 557.
gibbus, 557.
gigas, 558.
jemelka, 579.
nobilis, 558.
nucbalis, 558.
oblongus, 558.
zignoi, 558.

Radamas, 536.
jugleri, 536.

Raniceps, 603.
latisulcatus, 603.
tubereulosus, 604.

Raphiosaurus, 37, 48.
lucius, 43.
subulidens, 43.

Rhabdofario, 160.
lacustris, 160.

Rhabdolepis, Marck,

11.

crctaceus, 20.

Rhacolepis, 29.
brama, 28.
buccalis, 30.
latus, 32.
olfersii, 28.

Rhamphognathus,

361.

paralepoides, 361.
pompilius, 361.
sphyiionoides, 362.
Terneuili, 362.

Rhamphornimia,

269.

rbinelloidea, 269.

Rhamphosus, 377.
aculeatus, 377.
biserratus, 378.

Rhineastes. 329.
arcuatus, 329.
calvus, 329.
peotinatus, 329.
pcltatus, 329.

Rhineastes (cont.).
rad ulus, 330.
rhfeas, 329.
smithi, 330.

Rhinellus, 265, 269.
curtirostris, 269.
damoni, 2(58.
ferox, 267.
furcatus, 286.
laniatua, 232.
longirostris, 232.
nasalis, 269.
robustua, 268.
schilli, 269.
tenuirostris, 269.

Rhinocephalus, 603.
planiceps, 603.

Rhipidolepis, 613.
elegans, 613.

Rhodeus, 316.
edwardsi, 317.
elongatus, 316.
exoptatus, 317.
latior, 317-
magnus, 317-
oligactinius, 316.

Rhombus, 606.

abropteryx, 608.
bassanianus, 608.
caudatos, 608.
eutrensis, 608.
fitzir gori, 608,
gentiluornoi, 607.
heekeli, 608.
kirchberganus, 609.
ligusticus, 608.
minimus, 607.
minutus 608.
nardii, 668.
parvulus, 608.
rbenanus, 608.
richiardii, 608.
sauvngei, 608.

Rhonchus, 458.
carangoides, 458.

Rhynchorhinus, 342.
branchialia, 342.
major, 343.

Rita, 328.
graudiscutafca, 328.

Salmo, 159.
cyprinoides, 456.
immigratus, 160.
lewesiensis, 11.
martena, 63.
teplitiensis, 614.

Salmon i u.e, 159.

Sandroserrus reboulii,

520.

I

INDEX.

033

Sardinioides, 236.
amblyostoma, 303.
attenuatus, 241.
erassicaudus, 238.
maeropterygius, 242.
fflegapterus, 239.
microcephalus, 237.
minutus, 242.
monasteri, 11, 237.
pusillue, 240.
tenuicaudus, 242.
Sardinius, 247.
blackburnii, 248.
crassapinna, 132.
cordieri, 247.
lineatus, 248.
macrodactylus, 131.
nasutulus,*248.
percrassus, 248.
robuatus, 131.

Sargus, 529.
anthropodon, 530.
aquitanicus, 530.
armatus, 530, 570.
baraldii, 530.
eavannai, 530.
cuvieri, 530, 617.
heberti, 530.
incisirus, 530.
jonmitanus, 530.
laticonus, 529.
oranensis, 529.
oweni, 531.

resueeuritanus, 530.
serratus. 531.
sioni, 531.
sitifensis, 530.

Saurocephalus,

113.

albensh, 114.
arapahovius, 114.
audax, 92.
broadheadi, 113.
dentatus, 114.
dispar, 115.
fajumensis, 115.
inaequalis, 115.
inflexus, 115.
intermedins, 112.
lanciformis, 113.
leanus, 111.
lycodon, 204.
marginatus, 228.
monasterii, 115.
pblebotomus, 112.
pieteti, 115.
prognatbus, 107.
striatus, 260, 264.
eubstriatua, 115.
thaumas, 98.
woodwardi, 114.

PA BUT.

Saurodon, 111.
affiuia, 113.
broadheadi, 113.
conoideus, 113.
ferox, 113.

intermedins, 112.
lanciformis, 113.
leanua, 111, 221.
marginatus, 229.
pblebotomus 112.
pygmaeus, 113.
xipbirostris, 113.

Saurorhamphus, 207,

no.

freyeri, 210.

Sauropsidium, 58.
gracilicauda, 58.
laiviasimum, 58.

Scardinius dumerili, 311.

Scardinius sicanus, 311.

Scarus, 553.

baltringensis. 530, 531.
mioccnicns, 553.
oweni, 531.
suevicus, 553.
tetrodon, 553.

Scatophagus, 561.
affinis. 561.
capellinii, 561.
frontalis, 561.

Scisena, 539.
ampins, 539.
holsaticus, 539.
irregularis, 539.
jaculatrix, 561.
kirehbcrgensis, 539.
meridioualis, 539.
obtusus, 539.
plumierii, 521.
speeiosus, 539.
undeeiraalis, 447.

Soujsib^, 538.

Sciaenurus, 524, 527.
bowerbanbi, 527.
brevior, 527.
crassior, 527.
longior, 519.

Sclerognathus, 300.

Scomber, 459.
alatunga, 456.
antiquus, 459.
cordyla, 445.
glaucus, 448.
ignobilis, 521.
orcynus. 456.
pelagicus, 444.
pelamis, 464.
planovatus, 459.
prisous, 459.
vbonibeus, 439.
sirn aticus, 459.

Scomber (cont.).
speeiosus, 466.
steindackneri, 459.
sujedanus, 459.
thynnus, 455, 457.
traeburus, 464.
Scomberodon, 465.

dumonti, 470.
Scombramphodon,
474.

benedeni, 474.
erassidens, 475.
curvidens, 474.
Scombresocid,®, 356.
Scombresox, 357.
li'catae, 358.
obtusirostris, 357.
Scombeid.e, 451.

SCOJIBRtFORMES, 418.

Scombrinus, 461 .

maeropomus, 462.
nuchalis, 461.
Scombroclupea, 135.
gaudryi, 138.
macropbtbalma, 135,
269.

pinuulata, 135.
Scopf.udj!, 235.
Scopeloides, 254.
glarisianus, 255.
nicolisi, 256.

Scopelus laeertosus, 256.
Scorpaena, 577.
minima, 579.
pilari, 579.
prior, 579.
scrofa, 504.
tessieri, 579.
ScORrA'.NIDA!, 577.
ScOEPASNIFORMES, 576.
Scorpasnoides, 580.

popovicii, 580.
Scorpaenopterus,
580.

siluridens, 580.
ScYPHOPHORt, 1.

Sebastodes, 579.
roaip, 579.

Semiophorus, 430.
gigas, 430.
massalongianus, 431.
par?ulu8, 431.
schaerbeeki, 431.
velieans, 431.
velifer, 430.
Semotilus, 323.
bairdi, 323.
posticus, 323.

Seriola, 444.
analis, 445.
beaumonti, 446.

2 T

634

INDEX.

Seriola {cont.).
lata, 445.
prisea, 444.

Serranus, 521.
ali us, 521.
distinctus, 522.
dubius, 521.
gracilispinis, 521.
microstomus, 527.
noetlingi, 522.
occipitalis, 527.
pentacanthus, 521.
rudis, 521.
rugosus, 522.
8tiriaeus, 5 IS, 522.
validus, 522.
ventralis, 522, 526.
wemmeliensis, 622.

Sit.uridh, 324.

Silurus, 325.
ascita, 359.
bagres, 362.
cataphractua, 359.
catus, 133.
egertoni, 331.
gaudryi, 616.
serdicensis, 326.

Siphonostoma, 382.
albyi, 382.
castellii, 382.

Smerdis, 506.
aduncus, 508.
analis, 508.
budensis, 508.
eloDgatus, 508.
formosus, 507.
heersensis, 509.
Isabellas, 616.
latior, 508.
lorcnti, 518.
raacrurus, 507.
micraoanthus, 504.
ininutus, 506.
pygmsBus, 505.
rhoensis, 509.
sandbergeri, 509.
sauy agei, 509.
sieblosenBis, 509.
taramellii, 509.
ventralis, 509, 616.

Solea, 609.
antiqua, 610.
approximata, 610.
glaber, 610.
gueatfalica, 611.
kirehbergana, 609.
lenticularis, 611.
provincialis, 611.
sauyagei, 611.

Solenodon, 190, 204-
lesinaensis, 219.

Solenodon ( cont .).

lobopterygius, 219.
neocomiensis, 204.

Solenognathus, Pic-
tet Cf Humbert, 271,
274.

linoolntus, 274.

Solenorhynchus, 380.
elcgans, 380.

Soi.ENOSTOMATll'AS, 379.

Scricidens, 323.
baueri, 323.

Spaniodon, 48.
blondeli, 48.
brevis, 53.
electus, 48.
elongatus, 51.
hakelensis, 274.
latus, 53.
lepturus, 54.
aim us, 53.

.ScAiuiiAi, 524.

Sparisoma, 523.

Sparnodus. 524.
altivelis, 525.
bowerbanki, 527.
elongatus, 526.
inflatus, 528.
intermedius, 528.
letbriniformis, 525.
macrophthalmus, 525.
niicracanthus, 525.
microstomus, 527.
nioloui, 528.
ovalis, 525.

Sparoides, 537.
molaasicus, 536.
robustus, 537.
spha>rieus, 537.
teuuis, 537.
umbonatua, 537.

Sparcsorna, 523.
ovalis, 523.

Sparus brama, 527.
Spnrua bolcanus, 058.
Sparus chromis, 526.
Sparus dentex, 525.
Sparus erythrinus, 525.
Sparus macrophthalmus,
525

Sparus sal pa, 526.
Sparus sargus, 525.
Sparus vulgaris, 525,
527.

Spathodactylus, 98.

neocomiensis, 98.

Sphserodus, 537.
annularis, 535.
aradasii, 545.
cinctus, 534, 535.
cingulatus, 535,

Sphserodus {cont.).
conicus, 537.
depressus, 536.
discus, 536.
insignis, 537.
intermedius, 537 . _
kergomardius, 53o.
lejeanianus, 530.
lens, 536.

oculus-serpentis, 53/.
parvus, 538.
polyodon, 545.
pygmseus, 535.
subtruncatus, 536.
truncatus, 538.
wiechmanni, 538.
Sphagebranchus,

347.

formosissimus, 34/.

Sphenocephalus,

387.

cataphraotus, 388.
fissicaudus, 38/.

Sphenolepis, Agassiz,

275.

cuvieri, 277.

squamosseus, 276.
Sphyraena, 366.
amici, 369.
bolcensis, 366.
carinata, 204.
croatica, 368.
gracilis, 366.
intermedia, 367-
major, 368.
maxima, 366.
speciosa, 368, 616-
sternbergensis, 369.
suessi, 368.
tyrolensis, 616.
viennensis, 368.
wiDkleri, 369.
SPIIYRA3NID.E, 365.
Sphyrsenodus, 473.
bottii, 470.
conoideus, 476.
crassidens, 475.
gracilis, 469.
lingulatus, 467.
prisons, 473.
silovianus, 616.
speciosus, 616.
tenuis, 469.
Spinacanthus, 566.

blennioides, 566.

Spinacites, 415.

radiatus, 415.

Spinax marginatus, 228.
Squalius, 323.
arciferus, 323.
bairdi, 323.

INDEX.

635

Squalius (cont.).
laminatus, 323.
licatse, 311.
posticus, 323.
reading! , 323.

Stenostcma, 423.
pulchella, 425.

Stephancdus, 532.
splendens, 532.

Stereodus, 476.
melitensis, 476.

Stratodus, 188.
anglicns, 57.
apicalis, 189.
oxypogon, 189.

Strinsia, 602.

alata, 602.

Stromatei da:, 419.

Stylodus, 553.
lebeseontei, 553.

Sudis, 257.

Syllaemus, 350.
anglicus, 351.
latifrons, 351, 614.

•Sysonatiiid*, 380.

Syngnathus, 382.
affinis, 383.
albyi, 382.
bolcensi9, 383.
breviculus, 383.
beckeli, 383.
helmsi, 383.
opistbopterus, 381.
typhle, 381.

Syncdontis, 324.

Synophrys, 613.
hopei, 613.

Syntegmodus, 84.

altus, 84.

Tachynectes, 270.
brachypterygius,
270.

longipes, 270.
macrodactylus, 270.

Tarsichthys, 312.
elegans, 315.
tarsi ger, 315.

Taurinichthys, 553.
miocenicus, 553.
saeheri, 553.

Tautoga conidens, 553.

Telepholis, 284.

acrocepbalus, 284.
biantenuatus, 285.
tenuis, 285.

Teratichthys, 449.

antiquitatis, 449.
Tethecdus, 190.
pephredo, 205.

i Tetragonopterus,

298.

avus, 298.
ligniticus, 298.

Tetrapturus, 490.
minor, 116.
priscus, 491.

Tetrodon, 571.
bispidus, 576.
honckenii, 576.
iawleyi, 571.
pygtweus, 571.
seidsc, 571.

[ TEi.-niiniD.r., 523.

Teuthis, 523.

Thaumaturus, 160.
deichmuelleri, 614.
elongatus, 614.
furcatus, 160, 614.
lusatus, 160, 614.

Thrissopater, 32.
maguus, 33.
megalops, 35.
salmoneus, 33.

Tbrissops gracilis, 91 .

Thrissops vexilbfer, 92.

Thrissopteroides, 54.
elongatus, 54.
intermedius, 55.
latU3, 54.
puleher, 56.
tenuiceps, 55.

Thrissopterus, 89.
catullii, 89.

Thryptcdus, 82, 83,

85.

rotundus, 85.
zitteli, 85.

Thynnichthys, 303.
amblyostoma, 303.

Thynirus, 454.
anguetatus, 457.
bolcensis, 457.
lanceolatus, 456.
planovatus, 459.
propterygius, 464.
proximus, 457.
scaldisi, 455.
tbynnus, 455.
tolinpicus, 458.
vulgaris, 455.

Thyrsites, 481.
lovisatoi, 481.

Thyrsitocephalus,

476.

alpinus, 477.

Tinea, 312.
francofurtana, 316.
furcata, 312.
leptosoma, 313.
lignitiea, 615.

j Tinea (coni.).

macropterygia, 615.
magna, 312.
mieropygoptcra, 314.
obtruncata, 316.
tarsiger, 315.
valdarnensis, 315.
vulgaris, 315.

Titanichthys, Dames,
612.

pbarao, 612.

Tomodon, 612.
horrificus, 612.

Tomognathus, 116.
mordax, 117.
leiodus, 117.

Toxopoma, 613.
politum, 613.

Toxotes, 561.
antiquus, 561.

TriAcmsnj.i!, 589.

Trachinopsis, 591 .
iberica, 591.

Trachinus, 590.
dracunculus, 590.
laevigatas, 590.
mutabilis, 590.
seelandicus, 590.
verus, 590.

Trachynotus, 450.
tenuiceps, 450.

Triacanthus, 566.

Triaenaspis, 173. 187.
virgulatus, 187.

Trichiurichthys, 482.
incertas, 482.

Trichiurides, 229.
marginatus, 229.
mioc®nus, 481.

Trichophanes, 416.
copei, 416.
foliarum, 416.
bians, 416.

Trigla, 586.
adjuncta, 587.
cor, 587.
elliptica, 587.
infausta, 586.
licatffi, 586.
lyra, 589.
nardii, 586.
simonellii, 586.

Tuiglih.e, 585.

Trigloides, 586.
alata, 586.
dejardini, 586, 600.
insignis, 586
van benedensis, 586.

Trigonodon, 531 .
oweni, 531.
serratue, 631.

636

INDEX.

Tydeus, 257.
albyi, 257.
elongatus, 257 •
megistosoma, 257.
sphekodes, 258.

Umbrina, 538.
peeckiolii, 538.

Uranosccpus, 590.
peruzzii, 590.
rastrum, 377-

Urenchelys, 337.
anglicus, 339.
avus, 337.
kakelensis, 338.

Uropterina, 14G.

platyrachis, 158.

Urosphen, 376.
dubia, 376.
fistularis, 376.

Vomer longispinus, 436.

Vomer parvulus, 451.
Vomer priscus, 442.
Vomeropsis, 435.
elongatus, 437.
longispinus, 436.
valeneiennesi, 437.

Xiphactinus, 92.

audax, 92, 98.
braekygnathus, 97.
lestrio, 97.
Xiphias, 490.
aeutirostris, 357.
antiquus, 495.
delfortriei, 497.
robustus, 497.
XiriiiiD.i;, 490.
Xiphopterus, 482.

faloatus, 482.
Xiphiorhynchus,
490.

elegans, 491.

Xiphiorhynchus

( cont .).
priscus, 491.

Zanclus, 450. _
brevirostris, 450.
eocoenus, 450.

Zeus, 417.
benoisti, 417.
gallus, 449.
koernesi, 417.
lewesiensis, 397.
licatae, 418.
platessa; 501.
pliocenious, 418.
priscus, 516.
regleysianus, 501.
rkombeus, 439.
robastus, 418.
spinosus, 500.
triurus, 436.
vomer, 436.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

explanation of plates.

The specimens represented in the Plates are all preserved
in the Collection, and bear the register-numbers placed
in square brackets. Unless otherwise stated, the drawings
are of the natural size.

PLATE J.

P>g- Page

1. Brychaitus muelleri, sp. nov. ; head, left lateral and

superior (1 a) aspects, one third nat. size. — London
Clay ; Sheppey. d. Dentary. fr. Frontal. mx.

Maxilla. orb. Orbit, pa. Parietal, pmx. Pre-
maxilla. s.mce. Supramaxilla. s.o.l., s.o.2. Post-
orbitals. 1 b. Seale. [p. 3893.] 77

2. Ditto ; bead, right lateral and superior (2 a ) aspects, one

third nat. size. — Ibid. op. Operculum, p.op. Pre-
operculum. pet. Pectoral fin. sq. Squamosal. Other
letters as above. 2 b. Premaxillary tooth.

[P. 157.] 78

3. Ditto ; right mandibular ramus, one third nat. size. —

Ibid. [43020.] 79

4. Ditto ; right premaxilla, outer and oral (4 a) aspects,

one half nat. size. — Ibid. [43021.] 80

m

rrvx

B .M.FOSS. FISHES. Pt.IV.

P1a.te 1

G.M .WoodwaT-cL iel.et lith .

Newn

PLATE II.

Fig.

1. Osmeroides gracilis , Davis ; left lateral aspect. — Upper

Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon, hr. Branclii-
ostegal rays. ch. Ceratohyal. md. Mandible, op.
Operculum, qu. Quadrate, s.op. Suboperculum.

[P. 4855.]

2. Ditto ; bead, inferior aspect. — Ibid. c. Cranium.

gu. Gular plate. Other letters as above. [49548. ]

3. Osmeroides lewisi (Davis) ; left lateral aspoct, two thirds

nat. size. — Upper Cretaceous; Hakel, Mt. Lebanon,

[P. 6024.]

4. Osmeroides sardinioides (Pictet); left lateral aspect. —

Ibid. 4 a. Part of cranial roof of same specimen,
three times nat. size. fr. Frontal, pa. Parietal.
sq. Squamosal. [P. 104. |

B. M. FOSS. FISHES Pt.IW

Plate II.

4cu x 3.

- or

8. op.

(lv'\

rrocL.

G.M. Woodward deLetKth

es.

Osx aeroid..

We st , Newman

PLATE III.

Page

1 . Esocdops cavifrons, sp. nov. ; bead, left lateral and

inferior (1 a) aspects, two thirds nat. size. — London
Clay ; Sheppey. ag. Articulo-angular. hr. Branchi-
ostegal rays. d. Dentary. cept. Ectopterygoid. </"•
Qular. Tim, Hyoraandibular. mpt, Metapterygoid.
up. Operculum, p. Hyomandibular process tor oper-
culum. pt.f. Postfrontal (sphenotic). </«■ Quadrate.
s.op. Suboperculum, sy. Symplectic. | P. 1(49. ]

2. Ditto; head, superior aspect, two thirds nat. size.- Ibid.

epo. Epiotic. fr. Frontal, k.o. Suborbital. ■

Supraoecipital. xq. Squamosal. Other letters as

above. [?< 640.]

3. Megalops prixr/us, sp. nov. ; head, left lateral and superior

(3 a) aspects, one third nat. size. — Ibid. u.o. Ant-
orbital. i.o/ >. Iuteroperculum. m.v. Maxilla, p.op-
Prooperculum. prn.v. Premaxilla. scl. Sclerotic.

x. Process of maxilla. Other letters as above.

[36070.]

4. Ditto; hinder half of skull, superior aspect, two thirds

nat. size. — Ibid. pa. Parietal. Other letters as
above. IP. 6o7.]

5. Ditto; longitudinal vertical median section of occipital

portion of skull, two thirds nat. size. — Ibid, b.uic.
Basioccipital. b.xji. Basisphenoid. e.v.ucv. Exoccipilnl.
Other letters as above. 5 a. Posterior aspect, of basi-
occipital,'showing basicranial canal (b.c.). 356.]

6. Ditto ; right otic region of skull, lateral aspect, two thiids

nat. size.— Ibid. /. Facctte for hyomandibular articu-
lation. pr.o. Pro-otic. pl.o. l’terotie. Other letter,
as above. TP. 4153.]

47

24

26

26

B . M . BOSS . FISHES. Pt.. IV

Plat* III.

J»mx

CJ -M.Wood.wa.rd oLel'.et litk

PLATE IV.

Fig. Page

1. Allmla owcni (Owen); distorted head, right lateral and
superior (1 a) aspects, one third nat. size. — London
Clay ; Sheppey. ag. Artieulo-angular. hr. Branchio-
stegal rays. d. Dentary. ep.o. Epiotic. fr. Frontal.
hm. Hyomandibular. mpt. Metapterygoid. m-v.
Maxilla, op. Operculum, orb. Orbit, p.op. Pre-
operculum. pa. Parietal, pi'-f. Profrontal. Pt.f.
Postfrontal. qu. Quadrate. n.op. Suboporculum.
scl. Sclerotic, sq. Squamosal, ce. Inner hone bearing
crushing teeth. [P. 9158.]

-• Ditto : anterior end of parasphenoid (pas.) with vomer
(v.) and ethmoid (etli.), oral aspect, one half nat.
size.— Ibid. [30528.]

62

Plat e IV.

B. M. FOSS. FISHES Pt IV

vv.f.

-ebK.

"77 e st , N ewm an imp

5 op.

Cr. Wo o dward del.ctlitl;.

AYbula.

J’hrissopater marjnus, sp. nov. : distorted head, left lateral
and partly superior aspect, two thirds nat. size. — Lower
(dmlk ; Hollingbourn, Kent. a.o. Antorbital. c.o.
Circumorbitals. d. Dentary. ep.o. Epiotic. e^1-
Ethmoid, />•. Frontal, mi:. Maxilla, pu- Parietal.
pm.v. Premaxilla, s.mx. Supramaxilla. s.o. Sub-
orbital. s.occ. Snpraoccipital. sq. Squamosal.

[37981.J

Ditto ; hinder portion of skull, superior aspect.— Lower
C halk ; Kent. Letters as above. 2 a, 2 b. Two
vertebral contra of same specimen, lateral and inferior
aspects, r. Articulation for rib. [49078. |

B. M. FOSS. FISHES. Pt. IV:

Plate V.

TTbJC.

Or. M WoodvrarcL del. et.litli

Thr-i s s op ater.

West, Newman imp.

1. Scombroclupea mncrophlhalma (Heekel) ; right lateral

aspect. — Upper Cretaceous; Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.
hr. Branchioslegal rays. rh. Cerntohyal. d. Dentary-
m.v. Maxilla, op. Operculum, p.op. Preoperculum.
pm.v. Premaxilla, qu. Quadrate, s.op. Postolavicle.

[P. 4747.1

2. Clupea calopygoptera, sp. nov. ; left lateral aspect.

Upper Eocene ; Monte liolcn. [P- 3829 a. |

.5. Chanoules macropoma (Agassiz) ; left lateral aspect.

Ibid. [P. 3829 b.]

~J0 TTV&.

G M.Woodward del. etlith..

1, S corner oclvi.pea. 2,3, Glupea,.

West , Newman imp

1. 1 acJiyrhizodu8 suhulidens (Owen); right maxilla, inner

aspect.— English Chalk. [P. 1808.]

Ditto ; left dentary, outer aspect. — Lower Chalk; Hailing.
“ a- Portion of right dentary of same specimen, outer

aspect. [36635-]

•1. Spaniodon e.lonyatug, Pictet; head and anterior abdominal

region, loft lateral aspect. — Upper Cretaceous; Sahel
Alma, Mt. Lebanon, a.o. Antorbital. hr. lirancbi-
ostegal rays. d. Dentary. nix. Maxilla. p.op. P)e'
operculum, pet. Pectoral lin. [ 4807°.]

1. Thnsnopaler (?) imi/alojis, sp. nov. ; head and pectoral
arch, left lateral aspect. — Lower Chalk ; Lewes.
cl. Clavicle, i.o. Infraorbital, op. Operculum, p.cl-
I ostclavicle. p.t. Post-temporal, pm.v. Premaxilla.
*.°. Suborbital, n.op. Suboperculum, scl. Sclerotic.
Other letters as above. [49826.

B M. Foss. FISHES. Pi. IV.

Plate VH.

Mfe*,Uew»»!1 tap

& M.Wo(sairai-d Ad.etlitF.

1> 2. Pachyrhizoclas

— «,V\ f

\v \

1

PLATE VI 1L.

, Pag*'

Icliihyodecte* terridens, sp. nov. ; head and anterior abdominal
region, right lateral aspect.— Gault ; Folkestone.
d. Dentary. m.r. Maxilla, op. Operculum. p.op-
Preopereulum. pet. Pectoral fin-rays, jd- Palatine
articulation. pmx. Premaxilla. pr-f- Prefrontal
(ectethmoid). s.o. Suborbital, s.occ. Supra-occipital.
scl. Sclerotic. [P. 8633.]

/

B. If. FOSS. FISHES Ft IY

Plate VIE

pop.

CHir o c en trite s .

We8t,Nevfman imp

pm

rruac

0. "M Wo o d-war d del el nt •

PLATE IX.

Fig.

1. Clndocyclus gardneri, Agassiz; scales, outer aspect.-
Upper Cretaceous ; Ceara, Brazil. [28901 b.]

Cladocyclus lewexiensis, Agassiz ; scale, outer aspect.
Chalk; Sussex. [25861-]

«L Ditto ; scale, outer aspect. — Lower Chalk ; Durham.

[41712.]

4. Ichthyodectes elegant, Newton ; left maxilla, outer aspect.
Lower Chalk ; Upper Hailing. [P. 5645.]

•>. Ditto ; left dentary, inner aspect, found with preceding
specimen. | P. 5644. J

0. Tchthyodeetes tenuidens, sp. nov. ; head, right lateral
aspect. — Lower Chalk ; Durham, d. Dentary. mx*
M axilla, p.op. Preoperculum, pr.f. Prefrontal (ect-
ethinoid). s.o. Suhorhital. tel. Sclerotic. 1 49054. |

Page

109

110
110
102
102

104

B.M. FOSS. FISHES. Pt.IV.

Plate IX.

C^ld/Woodward del etlitk.

1-3. Cladocyclus.

West.'Ne^maai mcp.

4-6, Ichthyodecles.

1. Ctenothrissa radians (Agassi/,); left lateral aspect.

Lower Chalk; Burharn. d. Dentary. plv. Pelvic

fin. [47911-]

2. Ditto ; head and anterior abdominal region, right lateral

aspect. — Lower Chalk ; Kent. a/j. Articulo-angular.
mx. Maxilla, s.mx. Supramaxilla. Other letters as
above. [P. 4843.]

3. Ditto; head, right lateral aspect.- Ibid. i.op. Inter-

operculum. op. Operculum, p.op. Preoperculum.
pmx. Premaxilla, s.op. Suboperculum. Other letters
as above. [P. 5699.]

4. Ditto ; restored outlines of maxillary and mandibular

hones. Letters as above.

5. Ctenothrissa microcephala (Agassi/,) ; trunk, right lateral

aspect. — Lower Chalk ; Burharn. [P- 1946 a. |

6. Ditto ; imperfect fish, inferior aspect. — Ibid.

[41689.]

B.M. FOSS. FISHES Pt.IW

Plate X

mx,

G. M. Woodward deLet.lith.

West, Newman

PLATE XI.

Fig. l’age

1. Enchodus leuiesiensis (Man tell) ; anterior end ot left

dentary, outer aspect. — Upper Chalk; Bromley.

[44578. J 1{)3

2. Enchodui < ulchellus, sp. nov. ; head, left lateral aspect.

ChalK ; Kent. ag. Articulo-angular. d. Dentary .
ecpt. Eetopterygoid. lira. Hyomandibular. op. Oper-
culum. p.op. Preoperculum, pal. Palatine tooth.
pmx. Premaxilla, s.op. Suboperculum. [P.1703.] O'*

3. Ditto; right prcmaxilla, outer aspect. — Chalk ; Lewes.

[P. 5416.] ly4

4. Enchodus annectent, sp. nov. ; jaws uf left side and right

dentary (4 a), outer aspect. — English Chalk. Letters
as above. [P.9249.] I'3®

5. Ditto; right palatine, outer aspect. — Ibid. j P.5661.] ^

6. Enchodus favjagi, Agassiz ; skull, superior aspect, and

(6 a) jaws of right side, outer aspect, two thirds out-
size. ep.o. Epiotic. fr. Frontal. rax. Maxilla.

pt.o. Pterotic. s.occ. Supraoccipital. X. Inner tooth.
Other letters as above. [42976.]

7. Eurypholis hol.ssl.eri, Pictet: vertically crushed head and

anterior abdominal region, superior aspect. — Upper
Cretaceous ; Hakel, Mt. Lebanon. c.o. Circum-

orbitals. d.s. Median dorsal scutes, o. Orbit, p.ol-
Postclavicle, plv. Pelvic fim s.o. Suborbitals, Other
letters as above. [49478. J

B.M. FOSS. FISHES. Pt. IV.

Plate XI

prtrx,.

mpswI

G/M.Woodwn^d dal.fftlilh.

'. {4W

V'*. u

iP^vSSit: J

■ vyj

'

1

PLATE XII.

Fig. F»g°

1. Enchelurut si/riucux, sp. nov. ; distorted fish, right lateral

aspect. — Upper Cretaceous ; Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
br. Branchiostegal rays. pet. Pectoral tin. plv. Pel-
vic fins. [P. 5998.] 16°

2. Ditto ; right lateral and partly superior aspect. — Ibid.

op. Operculum. Other letters as above. [P. 9168.] '*’,J

<3. Enehelurtm anylicut, sp. nov. ; head and abdominal
region, partly superior, partly left lateral aspect.

Lower Chalk ; Kent (?). enpt. Entopterygoid. <th.
Ethmoid, fr. Frontal, md. Mandible, m.v. Max-
ilia. pa. Parietals. x/j. Squamosal. Other letters as
above. [P. 4249. J l'57

4. Leptoirachelus elonyatm (Agassiz) ; depressed head, upper

aspect, aud (4 «) part of impression of occipital region
of the same. — Chalk; Lewes, orb. Orbit, p.t. Post-
temporal. pmx. Premaxilla. Other letters as above.

[49793- ] 185

5. Sardinioides atteauatus, sp. nov. ; right lateral aspect, and

scale (5 a) enlarged three times. — Upper Cretaceous;
Hakel, Mt. Lebanon. [P. 8682. i

241

B. M. FOSS. FISHES. P*.N.

Plate XII.

pLv.

West, Newman imp

rrvcb-

rnji.

G.M.Woodvmrd del ethth

op.

1 3. En.cn emr us . 4? . Lep t olr aclielu. 3 . 5. Sardimoides.

pc v.

pb/.

PLATE XIII.

Pig. Tag®

1. lihinellw furcatw, Agassi/, ; loft, lateral aspect. — Upper

Cretaceous; Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon. [ P. 4762. ] -1’1’

2. Ditto; left lateral aspect. — Ibid. [49525.]

11. Apateod.us (jlyphodus (C. C. Blake) ; portion of jaws, left

lateral aspect. — Gault ; Folkestone. d. Dentary. ^
■pnuc. Premaxilla. [47204.]

4. Ditto ; anterior half of right premaxilla, inner aspect.

—Ibid. [47204 a.]

5. Ditto ; anterior portion of left dentary, outer aspect.-

Ibid. [47204 c.] *5°

6. Apateodus striatus, sp. nov. ; anterior portion ot right

premaxilla, outer aspect. — Chalk ; Kent. [49067.] “

i. Apateodus lanceolatus, sp. nov. ; anterior portion of right
premaxilla, outer aspect. — Grey Chalk ; Dover.

[39080

264

G M Woodward del etlith

1-2, Rhmell'as 3-7, Apateodus.

West , Newman imp.

PLATE XIV.

1. Apateodus striiitus, sp. nov. : distorted head, right, lateral,

left lateral (1 a), and superior (1 h) aspects. — Lower
Chalk ; Southerum, Lewes. ag. Artioulo-angular.
d. Dentary. fr. Frontal, p.op. Preoperculum. pwx.
Premaxilla, qu. Quadrate, s.occ. SupraoccipitaL
x. Fragment of hone, i., u. Enlarged teeth of pre-
maxilla. [49821*]

2. Ditto ; distorted head, right lateral, left lateral (2u), al"*

superior (2 b) aspects. — English Chalk, eth. Ethmoid.
s.o. Suborbitals. Other lettering as above.

rp. 4512.]

Pag"

2<> 1

262

CJ.M Woo<iw«trA d«l.et htK

Apateodus.

West, Newman imp .

PLATE XV.

1. Prom! acanthus mhel-almo’ (Davis) ; loft, lateral aspect.

Upper Cretaceous ; Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon, plv.

Pelvic fins. [P.4741-]

2. Ditto ; head and part of abdominal region, left lateral

aspect — Ibid. [P. 9169.] 1

3. Vharitogomus major, sp. nov. ; right lateral aspect.

Ibid. d. Dentarv. m.r. Maxilla, t. Inner teeth.

| P.9173.] 2-3

4. Charhosomws lineolutus (Pictet & Humbert) ; left lateral

aspect. — Ibid. | P.4752.]

5. Notogoneus longiceps (Meyer); left lateral aspect. — Upper

Dligoccne ; Mombach, Mayenco. [P.1820.]

B.M. FOSS. FISHES Pt.JV:

3.

Plate XV.

G . M Woodv/Jird del.et.litH.

1-2. Pronotacanthus, 3~4 Charitosomus. 5 . Notogoneus .

West, Newman imp-

PLATE XVI.

Page

Ig.

1. Nematonotus bottm (Pictet & Humbert) ; right lateral

aspect. — Upper Cretaceous ; Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.

[49562.] 2ol

2. Sordini oidespusill us, sp. nov. ; loft lateral aspect. — UpPcr ^

Cretaceous ; Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon. [48123.]

3. Ditto; left lateral aspect. — Ibid. [P- 4482.]

4. lloplopleryx lewesiensis (Man tell) ; hoad, right latoral

aspect. — Chalk; Lewes, ay. Articulo-angular. e.o.
Circumorbitals. d. Dentary. i.op. Interoperculum.
rax. Maxilla, op. Oporculum. p.op. Preoperculum.
pmx. Premaxilla. x.mx. Supramaxilla. s.o. Sub-
orbitals, s.op. Suboperculum. [P.5420.] 4

B. M. FOSS. FISHES. Pi. IV.

Hate XVI

P°P- -

■ TbX

pmx.

■ West, Newman imf-

r MY7oodward dd.etHth. TT , . ___

1- Nematonotus. 2, 3. Sardunoides. 4. op op ryx

PLATE XVII.

Fig. V>l"P

1. Tetragomopterus avus, A. 8. Woodw. ; right lateral aspect.

— Tertiary Lignite ; Taubate, San Paulo, Brazil.

[P. 9222.] 298

2. Tetragonopterus ligniticus, A. S. Woodw. : right lateral

aspect.— Ibid. ' [P. 9012.] 2"

3. Ditto: left lateral aspect. — Ibid. [P.9226.] —

4. Arias ihervngi, A. S. Woodw. ; skull, superior aspect. —

Ibid. [P. 9220.] 334

5. Perdehthys antiquus, A. S. Woodw.; dorsal portion of

trunk, right lateral aspect.— Ibid. [P. 9011.] 514

PLATE XVIII.

Pago

Fig.

1. Urenchelys avus, sp. nov. ; distorted fish, right lateral
aspect. — Upper Cretaceous ; Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.

[P. 4860. | 337

“• Ditto ; head and part of abdominal region, right lateral
aspect. — Ibid. d. Clavicle, mil. Mandible, pet.
Pectoral fin. s.occ. Supraoccipital. [P. 4751.] 33S

•5. Urmchelyg hakelensis (Davis) ; left lateral aspect. — Upper

Cretaceous ; Hakel, Mt. Lebanon. [P. 4872.] 339

4. Rhynchorhinus branchialit, sp. nov. ; head, right lateral
and superior (4 a) aspects. — London Clay ; Shoppey.
eth. Ethmoid, fr. Frontal. Inn. Hyomandibular.
mil. Mandible, pa. Parietal. gq. Squamosal, x.

Upper jaw. [P. 163.J 342

B.M. FOSS.FISHES.pt. rv.

Plate XVm .

V* st.Newr.an - imp .

G-M Woodwara dd.et.lith.

Apoaes.

PLATE XIX.

Fig.

1. Xiphiorhynchus priscus ( Agassiz); portion of skull, supe-

rior and left lateral (1 a) aspects. — London Clay ;
Sheppey. eth. Ethmoid, fr. Frontal, mx. Maxilla.
na. Nasal, pmx. Premaxilla, prf. Prefrontal (ect-
ethmoid). scl. Sclerotic. 1 b. Oral face of right pre-
maxilla. [28711-]

2. Ditto ; hinder portion of skull, superior aspect. — Ibid.

ep.o. Epiotic. fr. Frontal, pci. Parietal. /><•/•
Postfrontal (sphcnotic). s.occ. Supraoceipital. S(J-
Squamosal. [32387.]

3. Accstrun ornatus, sp. nor. ; portion of skull, superior
aspect. — Ibid. Letters as above. [P. 1739.]

Page

492

492

494

Plate XIX

FISHES Ft w

mcc

V,/©5rL(Kevvrmax

e3trus

G M Woodward

LIST OF THE CURRENT

natural history publications

OF TIIE TRUSTEES OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.

following publications can bo purchased through the
Agency of Mews. Longmans & Co., 39, Paternoster Bow ;
;]f r- Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly ; Messrs. Kegan Paul.
Irenoh, TrObner & Co., Paternoster House, Charing
Cross Ji,K, d ; and Messrs. Dulau & Co., 37, Soho Square ;
0r at the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road,
London, S. W.

Catalogue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammals,
f>irds, Reptiles, and Fishes of Nepal and Tibet. Presented
by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum. 2nd
edition. By John Edward Gray. Pp. xii., 90. [With an
account, of the Collection by Mr. Hodgson.] 1803, 12mo.
2s. 3 d.

Catalogue of the Mammalia and Birds of New Guinea in the
Collection of the British Museum. [With list of Species
ef New Guinea Birds, and those of the neighbouring
localities.] By John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S., and
George Robert Gray, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 63. Woodcuts,
tool), 8vo. Is. (Id.

R

'eP°rt on (he Zoological Collections made in the ^
pacific Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. “ Alert, 1881
xxv., 681. 54 Plates. 1884, 8vo.

Summary of the Voy
Mammalia

Aves

Reptilia, Batrachia, I
Mollusca
Echinodermata
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Cepidoptera

Alcyonaria and Spongiida

Indo-
9

tse

sees

By Dr. R. W. Coppinger.
„ 0. Thomas.

„ R. B. Sharpe.

„ A. Giinther.

„ E. A. Smith.

„ F. J. Bell.

„ E. J. Miers.

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A Monograph of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) : Physical
Features and Geology by 0. W. Andrews, B.A., B.Sc.,
F.G.8., with descriptions of tho Fauna and Flora by
numerous contributors. Pp. xv.,337: 22 plates (7 coloured),
a map, and 27 illustrations in text. [With Index.] 1900,
Byo. 20s.

MAMMALS.

Catalogue of the Pones of Mammalia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Edward Gerrard. Pp. iv., 296.
1862, 8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. viii., 137. 21 Woodcuts. 1870,
8vo. 4s.

Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate
Mammalia in the British Museum. By John Edward
Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. vii., 398. 47 Woodcuts. 1869,
8vo. 6s. 6(7.

Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the British Museum. By
John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. 2nd Edition. Pp. vii.,
402. 101 Woodcuts. 1866, 8vo. 8s.

Supplement. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c.

Pp. vi., 103. 11 Woodcuts. 1871, 8vo. 2s. Gd.

List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Depart-
ment of the British Museum. By William Henry Flower,
LL.D., F.R.S., &c. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] Pp. iv., 36. 1885, 8vo. Is. Gd.

Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia ( Pecora , Linnaeus) in the
British Museum. By John Edward Gray, 4.R.S., Ac.
Pp. viii., 102. 4 Plates. 1872, 8vo. 3s. Gd.

Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Oldfield Thomas.'
Pp. xiii., 401. 4 Coloured and 24 plain FDtes.

[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1888,
8vo. 1?. 8s.

BIRDS.

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum

Vol. VI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Cichlomorphre : Part III., containing the first portion
of the family Timeliidse (Babbling Thrushes). By

3

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum — continued.

R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 420. Woodcuts and
18 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1881, 8vo. 17.

Vol. VII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Gichlomorplue : Part IV., containing the concluding
portion of the family Timeliidse (Babbling Thrushes).
By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 698. Woodcuts and
15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1883, 8vo. 1/. 6s.

Vol. VIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Gich lomorphce : Part V., containing the families

Paridie and Laniidse (Titmice and Shrikes) ; and
GerthiomorphcB (Creepers and Nuthatches). By Hans
Gadow, M.A., Ph.D. Pp. xiii., 386. Woodcuts and
9 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1883, 8vo. 17s.

Vol. IX. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Ginnyrimorphev, containing the families Nectarmudae
and Meliphagidse (Sun Birds and Honey-eaters). By
Hans Gadow, M.A., Ph.D. Pp. xii., 310. Woodcuts
and 7 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpna-
betical Indexes.] 1884, 8vo. 14s.

Vol. X. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Fringillif,rmes : Part I., containing the families
Dicieidm, Hirundinidm, Ampelidse, Mniotiltidse, anct
Motacillidte. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiu., boy.
Woodcuts and 12 coloured Plates. [With Systema ic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 188a, 8vo. 17. Is.

Vol. XI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Fringilli formes : Part II., containing the families

Ccerebidai, Tanagridse, and Ictend®. By 1 hibp Rutle7
Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xviL, 431 [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] Woodcuts and 18
coloured Plates. 1886, 8vo. 17.

V°l- XII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perking
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Fringil/i formes : Part III., containing the tamiij
Pringiliidffi. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. *?■. y/i.
Woodcuts and 16 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 17. 8tf.

1513 A 2

4

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum — continued.
Yol. XIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Sturniformes , containing the families Artamid®,
Sturnidse, Plocekhe, and Alaudidte. Also the families
Atrichiidse and Menuridae. By R. Bowdler Sharpe.
Pp. xvi., 701. Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] ltUd,
8vo. 1/. 8s.

Vol. XIV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Oligomyodce , or the families Tyrannidse, Oxyrham-
phidse, Pipridse, Cotingidae, Phytotomidse, Philepittidae,
Pittidaa, Xenicidaa, and Eurylsemidse. By Phuip
Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xix., 494. Woodcuts
and 26 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 1/. 4s.

Vol. XV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Tracheophonce . or the families Dendrocolaptidae,
Formicariidse, Conopoplmgkhe, and Pteroptochidse.
By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp.xvu., 371.
Woodcuts and 20 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 17.

Vol. XVI. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. U pupa? and Trochili, by Osbert
Salvin. Coracice, of the families Cypselidre, Capri*
mulgidae, Podargidae, and Steatormthidae, by Ernst
Hartert. Pp. xvi., 703. Woodcuts and 14 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]

1892, 8vo. 17. 16s. „ „ .

Vol. XVII. Catalogue of the Picari® in the Collection
of the British Museum. OoraCT® (coxitin )
Halcuones, with the families Leptosomatidse, Goracndae,
Meropidce, Alcedinidae, Momotidae, Totidae and Coin a:,
by 111 Bowdler Sharpe. Bucerotes and ^ogones by
W. R. Ogilvie Grant. Pp. xi., 522. Woodcuts and 17
coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1892, 8vo. 17. 10s.

Vol. XVIII. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection
of the British Museum. Scansores, containing tne
family Picidai. By Edward Hargitt. Pp. xv., MJ-
Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 1/. os.

Vol. XIX. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. Scansores and Coccyges : con-
taining the families Rhamphastid®, Galbulid®, am
Bucconidae, by P. L. Sclater ; and the families Inui-
catoridae, Capitonidae, Cuculidas, and Musophagidae, by

4

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).

5

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum — continued.

G. E. Shelley. Pp. xii., 484 : 13 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891,
ovo. 11. 5s.

Vol. XX. Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots, in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori.
Pp. xvii., 658. Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891,
8vo. 1/. 10s.

Vol. XXI. Catalogue of the Columbse, or Pigeons, in
the Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori.
Pp. xvii., 676. 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 1/. 10s.

Vol. XXII. Catalogue of the Game Birds ( Pterocletes ,
Gallince, Opisthocomi, Hemipodu) in the Collection of
the British Museum. By W. R. Ogilvie Grant.*
Pp. xvi., 585. 8 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 1/. 6s.

Vol. XXIII. Catalogue of the Fulicarise (Rallidse and
Heliornithidffi) and Alectorides (Aramidse, kurypj'
gidse, Mesitidas, Rhinochetidae, Gruidse, I’sophndic,
and OtididaA in the Collection of the British Museum.
By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 353. ** CG OUrG,
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.)
1894, 8vo. 20s.

Vol. XXIV. Catalogue of the Limicolai in the Collection
n f fi,o Mnflemm Bv R. Bowdler Sharpe.

11. 5s.

Woodcuts and 8 coioureu x l " ,

matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1896, 8vo. u. is.

6 LIST OP PUBLICATIONS OP THE

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum — continued.

Yol. XXVII. Catalogue of the Chenomorph® (Pala-
medeas, Phoenicopteri, Anseres), Crypturi, and Hat it a;
in the Collection of the British Museum. By T.
Salvadori. Pp. xv., 636. 19 coloured Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1895, 8vo.
11. 12s.

A Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds. [Nomen-
clator Avium turn Fossilium turn Vivontium.] By R.
Bowdler Sharpe, LL.D. : —

Vol. I. Pp. xxi., 303. [With Systematic Index.]
1899, 8vo. 10s.

Yol. II. Pp. xv., 3P2. [With Systematic Index, and
an Alphabetical Index to Vols. I. and II.] 1900,
8vo. 10s.

List of the Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the
British Museum. By George Robert Gray : —

Part III., Section I. Ramphastid®. Pp. 16. [With
Index.] 1855, 12mo. G d.

Part III., Section II. Psittacidse. Pp. HO. [With
Index.] 1859, 12mo. 2s.

Part III., Sections III. and IV. Capitonidse and Picid®.
Pp. 137. [With Index.] 18G8, 12mo. Is. 6d.

Hart IV. Columb®. Pp. 73. [With Index.] 18o6,
12mo. Is. 9d.

Part V. Gallin®. Pp. iv., 120. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1867, 12rno. Is. 6d.

Catalogue of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific
Ocean in the Collection of the British Museum. j
George Robert Gray, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 72. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 8vo. Is. 6d.

Catalogue of the Collection of Birds’ Eggs in the British
Museum (Natural History) : —

Vol. I. Ratit®. Carinat® (Tinamiformes— Lariformes).
By Eugene W. Oates. Pp. xxiii., 252. 18 Coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1901, 8vo. 11. 10s.

REPTILES.

Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisb®nians
in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. viii., 80. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1841, 12mo. Is.

Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British
Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c.: —

Appendix. Pp. 28. 1872, 4to. 2s. 6d.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).

7

Part II. Emydosaurians, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphis-
b®nians. Pp. vi., 41. 25 Woodcuts. 1872, 4to.

3s. 6rf.

Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the
British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.
Pp. iv., 124. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1873,
8vo. 4s.

Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and
Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History).
New Edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. x., 311.
73 Woodcuts and 6 Plates. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1889, 8vo. 15s.

Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural His-
tory). Second Edition. By George Albert Boulenger

Vol. I. Geckonid®, Eublepharid®, Uroplatid®, Pygo-
podidse, Agamid®. Pp. xii., 436. 32 Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20s.

Vol. II. Iguanidse, Xenosaurid®, Zonurid®, Anguid®,
Anniellid®, Helodermatid®, Varanid®, Xantusiid®,
Teiidse, Ampliisbfflnid®. Pp. xiii., 497. 24 Blates.

[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885,
8vo. 20s.

Vol. III. Lacertid®, Gerrhosaurid®, Scincid®, Anelytro-
pidffi, Dibamid®, Chamroleontid®. Pp. xii., 575. 40
Plates. [With a Systematic Index and an Alphabetical
Index to the three volumes.] 1887, 8vo. 17. 6s.

Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natuial
History). By George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S.

Vol. I., containing the families Typhlopid®, Glauconiid®,
Boid®, Ilysiidffl, Uropeltid®, Xenopeltid®^ and Colu-
brid® aglyph®, part, Pp. xiii., 448 : 26 Woodcuts
and 28 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 17. Is.

Vol. II., containing the conclusion of the Colubrid®
aglyph®. Pp. xi., 382 : 25 Woodcuts and 20 Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1894.
8vo. 17s. 6(7.

Vol. III., containing the Colubrid® (Opisthoglyph® and
Proteroglvpha^), Ainblycephalid®, aJ^

Pp. xiv.. 727 : 37 Woodcuts and 2u Plates. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index to the
volumes.] 1896, 8vo. 17. 6s.

Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Gunther. Pp.xvi., 981.
[With Geographic, Systematic, and Alphabetical Indexes. J
1858, 12mo. 4s.

8

list op publications op the

BATRACHIANS.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Gunther. Pp. xvi., 160.
12 Plates. [With Systematic, Geographic, and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1858, 8vo. 6s.

FISHES.

Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Second
edition. Yol. I. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the
British Museum. Yol. I. Containing the Centrarchidae,
Percidae, and Serranidae (part). By George Albert
Boulenger, F.R.S. Pp. xix., 394. Woodcuts and 15 Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1895, 8vo.
15s.

List of the Specimens of Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Chondropterygii. By J. B. Gray.
Pp. x., 160. 2 Plates. [With Systematic and A1 phabetical
Indexes.] 1851, 12mo. 3s.

Catalogue of Fish collected and described by Laurence
Theodore Gronow, now in the British Museum. ^ Pp. via,
196. [With a Systematic Index.] 1854, 12rno. 3s. 6a.

Catalogue of Apodal Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. By Dr. Kaup. Pp. viii., 163. 11 Woodcuts and

19 Plates. 1856, 8vo. 10s.

Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish in the Collection of the
British Museum. By J. J. Kaup, Ph.D., &c. Lp- lv-> 80.
4 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. as.

MOLLUSCA.

Guide to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca in the
British Museum. Part I. By John Edward Gray, h.l .,
F.R.S., &c. Pp. xii., 230. 121 Woodcuts. 18o7, 8vo. os.

List of the Shells of the Canaries in the Collection of the
British Museum, collected by MM. Webb and Berthelot.
Described and figured by Prof. Alcide D’Orbigny in the
“ Histoire Naturello des lies Canaries.” Pp. 32. 18o4,

12mo. Is.

List of the Shells of Cuba in the Collection of the British
Museum collected by M. Ramon de la Sagra. Described
by Prof. Alcide d’Orbigny in the “ Histoire de 1 Tile de
Cuba.” Pp. 48. 1854, 12mo. Is.

List of the Shells of South America in the Collection of the
British Museum. Collected and described by M. Alcide
D’Orbigny in the “Voyage dans l’Amerique Meridionale.’
Pp. 89. 1854, 12mo. 2s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 9

Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British
Museum, collected by Frederick Reigen. Described by
Philip P, Carpenter. Pp. xvi., 552. 1857, 12mo. 8s.

List of Mollusca and Shells in the Collection of the British
Museum, collected and described by MM. Eydoux, and
Souleyet in the “Voyage autour du Monde, execute
“pendant les annees 1836 et 1837, sur la Corvette ‘La
“ Bonite,’ ” and in the “ Histoire naturelle des Mollusques
“ Pteropodes.” Par MM. P. C. A. L. Rang et Souleyet.
Pp. iv., 27. 1855, 12mo. 8 d.

Catalogue of the Phaneropneumona, or Terrestrial Operculated
Mollusca, in the Collection of the British Museum. By
Dr. L. Pfeiffer. Pp. 324. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1852, 12mo. 5s.

Catalogue of Pulmonata, or Air Breathing Mollusca, in the
Collection of the British Museum. Part I. By Dr. Louis
Pfeiffer. Pp. iv., 1 92. Woodcuts. 1855, 12mo. 2s. bd.

Catalogue of the Auriculidae, Proserpinidae, and Truncatellidas
in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Louis
Pfeiffer. Pp. iv., 150. Woodcuts. 1857, 12mo. Is. 9d.

List of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum.
By John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S., &c.

Part 1. Volutidas. Pp. 23. 1855, 12mo. bd.

Part II. Olividie. Pp. 41. 1865, 12mo. Is.

Catalogue of the Concliifera, or Bivalve Shells, in the
Collection of the British Museum. By M. Deshajes .

Part I. Veneridie, Cyprinidse, Glauconomidse, and
Petricoladie. Pp. iv., 216. 1853, 12mo. 3s.

Part II. Petri coladre (concluded); Corbiculadae. Pp.
217-292. [With an Alphabetical Index to the two
parts.] 1854, 12mo. bd.

BRACHIOPODA.

Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda or Lamp Shells in the
Collection of the British Museum. [ Issued as Catalogue
of the Mollusca, Part IV.”] Pp. iv., 128. 25 Woodcuts.

[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1853, 12mo. 3s.

POLYZOA.

Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part 111. ' Cyclostomata. By George Busk,
F.R.S. Pp. viii., 39. 38 Plates. [With a Systematic

Index.] 1875, 8vo. 5s.

10

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

CRUSTACEA.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in
the Collection of the British Museum. By C. Spence Bate,
F.R.S., &c. Pp. iv., 399. 58 Plates. [With an Alpha-

betical Index.] 1862, 8vo. 1 1. 5 s.

ARACHNIDA.

Descriptive Catalogue of the Spiders of Burma, based upon
the Collection made by Eugene W. Oates and preserved in
the British Museum. By T. Thorell. Pp. xxxvi., 406.
[With Systematic List and Alphabetical Index.] 1895,
8vo. 10s. 6 d.

MYRIOPODA.

Catalogue of the Myriapoda in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Newport, E.R.S., P.E.S., &c. Parti.
Chilopoda. Pp. iv., 96. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1856, 12mo. Is. 9 d.

INSECTS.

Coleopterous Insects.

Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum : —

Part YI. Passalidse. By Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 23.
1 Plate. [With Index.] 1852, 12mo. 8h.

Part YII. Longicornia, I. By Adam White. Pp. iv.,
174. 4 Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s. Gd.

Part VIII. Longicornia, II. By Adam W hite. I p. 237.
6 Plates. 1855, 12mo. 3s. Gd.

Part IX. Cassididae. By Charles Id. Boheman, Professor
of Natural History, Stockholm. Pp. 225. [With
Index.] 1856, 12mo. 3s.

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Coleoptera in the
Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Lycidac. By
Charles Owen Waterhouse. Pp. x., 83. 18 Coloured

Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1879, 8vo. 16s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 11

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Yernon

Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S. Pp. xvi., 234 : 1 Plate. [With

a Topographical Catalogue and an Alphabetical Index.]
1857, 8vo. 3s.

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Vernon

Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S. Pp. xiii., 648.^ [With Topo-
graphical and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1864, <8vo. 10s. 6af.

Catalogue of Halticidse in the Collection of the British
Museum. By the Rev. Hamlet Clark, M.A., F.L.S.

Physapodes and CEdipodes. Part I. Pp. xii., 301.
Frontispiece and 9 Plates. 1860, 8vo. 7s.

Catalogue of Ilispidse in the Collection of the British
Museum. By Joseph S. Baly, M.B.S., &c. Parti. Pp. x.,
172. 9 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858,

8vo. Os.

Hymenopterous Insects.

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Frederick Smith. 12mo. : —

Part I. Andrenidie and Apidse. Pp. 197. 6 Plates.
1853, 2s. Gd.

Part 11. Apidse. Pp. 199-465. 6 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1854. 6s.

Part III. Mutillidse and Pompilidae. l’p. 206. 6 Plates.
1855. 6s.

Part IV. Sphegidae, Larridte, and Orabronidse. Pp. 207-
497. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 185b.
&s.

Part V. Vespidte. Pp. 147. 6 Plates. [With an Alpha-
betical Index.] 1857. 6s.

Part VI. Formicidce. Pp. 216. 14 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1858. 6s,

Part VII. Dorylidse and Thynnidas. Pp. 76. dilates.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1859. 2s.

List of Hymenoptera, with descriptions and figures of the
Typical Specimens in the British Museum. Vol. I.,
Tenthredinidaa and Siricidae. By W. T. Kirby.
Pp. xxviii., 450. 16 Coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. \l. 18s.

12

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Dipterous Insects.

List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S.
Part VII. Supplement III. Asilidae. Pp. ii., 507-775.
1855, 12mo. 3s. Gd.

Lepidopterous Insects.

Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalsenae in the British
Museum. By Sir George F. Hampson, Bart. : —

Yol. I. Catalogue of the Syntomidae in the Collection
of the British Museum. Pp. xxi., 559 : 285 Woodcuts.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1898,
8vo. 15s.

Atlas of 17 Coloured Plates, 8vo. 15s.

Vol. II. Catalogue of the ArctiadaB (Nolinae, Litho-
sianaj) in the Collection of the British Museum.
Pp. xx., 589. 411 Woodcuts. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1900, 8vo. 18s.

Atlas of 18 Coloured Plates (xviii.-xxxv.), 8vo. 15s.

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera
in the Collection of the British Museum : —

Part Y. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp- xii., 74.
78-100 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.j
1881, 4to. 21. 10s.

Part YI. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xv., 89.
101-120 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.j
1886, 4to. 21. 4s.

Part VII. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. iv., 124.
121-138 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1889, 4to. 21.

Part VIII. The Lepidoptera Heterocera of the Nilgiri
District. By George Francis Hampson. Pp. iv., 144.
139-156 Coloured Plates. [Wiili a Systematic List.]
1891, 4to. 21.

Part IX. The Macrolepidoptera Heterocera of Ceylon.
By George Francis Hampson. Pp. v., 182. 157-176

Coloured Plates. [With a General Systematic List of
Species collected in, or recorded from, Ceylon.] 1893.
4to. 21. 2s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).

12

Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner
Butler, F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 303. 3 Plates. 1869, 8vo. 7s. M.

Specimen of a Catalogue of Lycaenidas in the British Museum.
By W. C. Hewitson. Pp. 15. 8 Coloured Plates. 1862,
4to. 11. Is.

List of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Papilionidae. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S.
Pp. 106. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s.

List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker.
12ino. : —

Part XIX. Pyralides. Pp. 799-1036. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts XVI.-XIX.J 1859, 3s. M.

Part XX. Geometrites. Pp. 1-276. 1860, 4s.

Part XXI. Pp. 277-498. 1860, 3s.

Part XXII. Pp- 499-755. 1861, 3s. M.

Part XXIII. Pp. 756-1020. 1861, 3s. 6d.

Part XXIV. Pp- 1021-1280. 1862, 3s. <6d.

Part XXV.
Part XXVI.

Pp. 1281-1477.
Pp. 1478-1796.

Alphabetical Index to Parts XX.-XXVL]

1862, 3s.

[With an
1862, 4s. 6d.

Part XXVII. Crambites and Tortricites. Pp. 1-286-
1863, 4s.

Part XXVIII. Tortricites and Tineites. Pp. 287-561.

1863, 4s.

Part XXIX. Tineites. Pp. 562-835. 1864, 4s.

Part XXX Pp- 836-1096. [With an Alpha-

betical Index to Parts XXVII.-XXX.] 1864, 4s.

Part XXXI. Supplement.

Part XXXII.

1865, 5s.

Part XXXIII.

1865, 6s.

Part XXXIV.

1865, 5s. <od.

Part XXXV.

[With an Alphabetical
XXXV.] 1866, 7s.

Pp. 1-321. 1864, 5s.

Part 2. Pp. 322-706.

Part 3. Pp. 707-1120.

Part 4. Pp. 1121—1533.

Part 5. Pp. 1534—2040.

Index to Parts XXXI-

14

LIST OP PUBLICATIONS OP THE

Neuropterous Insects.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker.
12mo. : —

Part I. Phryganides — Perlides. Pp. iv., 192. 1852,

2s. Gd.

Part II. Sialidaa — Nemopterides. Pp. ii., 193-47 6.

1853, 3s. 6d.

Part III. Termitidse — Ephemeridae. Pp. ii., 477-585.
1853, Is. Gd.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. II. Hagen.
Part I. Termitina. Pp. 34. 1858, 12m o. (id.

Orthopterous Insects.

Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. Part I. Phasmidse. By John Obadiah
Westwood, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 195. 48 Plates. [With an

Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 4to. 3 1.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Blattariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S., &c.
Pp. 239. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5s. Gd.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria [Part I.]
and Supplement to the Blattarias in the Collection ot the
British Museum. Gryllidte. Blattarias. Locustidse. By
Francis Walker, F.L.S., &c. _ Pp. 224. [With an Alpha-
betical Index.] 1869, Svo. 5s.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker,

F.L.S., &c. —

Part II. Locustidaa (continued). Pp. 225-423. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1869, Svo. 4s. Gd.

Part III. Locustidfe (continued). — Acrididse. Pp. 425-
604. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, Svo. 4s.

Part IV. Acrididse (continued). Pp. 605-809. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 6s.

Part Y. Tettigidae. — Supplement to the Catalogue of
Blattariae. — Supplement to the Catalogue of Dermaptera
Saltatoria (with remarks on the Geographical Distri-
bution of Dermaptera). Pp. 811-850; 43; 116.
[With Alphabetical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 6s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).

15

Hemipterous Insects.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Heteropterous Hemiptera in
(he Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker,
F.L.S., &c. 8vo. : —

Parti. Scutata. Pp. 240. 1867. 5s.

Part II. Scutata (continued). Pp. 241-417. 1867. 4s.

Part III. Pp. 418-599. [With an Alphabetical Index to
Parts I., II., III., and a Summary of Geographical
Distribution of the Species mentioned.] 1868. 4s. Gd.

Part IV. Pp. 211. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1871. 6s.

Part V. l'p. 202. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1872. 5s.

Part VI. Pp. 210. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1873. 5s.

Part VII. Pp. 213. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1873. 6s.

Part VIII. Pp. 220. [With Alphabetical Index. | 1873.

' [6s. Gd.

Homopterous Insects.

Just of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. Supple-
ment. Pp. ii„ 369. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858,
12mo.,4 s.Gd.

VERMES.

Catalogue of the Species of Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms,
contained in the Collection of the British Museum. By
Dr. Baird. Pp. iv., 132. 2 Plates. [With an Index of
the Animals in which the Entozoa mentioned in the
Catalogue are found, and an Index of Genera and
Species.] 1853, 12mo. 2s.

ANTHOZOA.

Catalogue of Sea-pens or Pennatulariidse in the Collection of
the British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. iv.,
40. 2 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. Is. Gd.

Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the Collection
()f the British Museum. By .1. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c.
vp. iv., 51. 14 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 3s.

Catalogue of tho Madreporarian Corals in the British
Museum (Natural History) : —

Vol. I. The Genus Madrepora. By George Brook.
Pp. xi., 212. 35 Collotype Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes, and Explanation of the
Plates.] 1893, 4to. U. 4s.

16

LIST OP PUBLICATIONS OP THE

Vol. II. The Germs Turbinaria; the Genus Astrseopora.
By Henry M. Bernard, M.A. Cantab., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Pp. iv., 106. 30 Collotype and 3 Lithographic Plates.
[With Index of Generic and Specific Names, and
Explanation of the Plates.] 1896, 4to. 18s.

Vol. III. The Genus Montipora ; the Genus Anacro-
pora. By Henry M. Bernard, M.A. Pp. vii., 192. 30
Collotype and 4 Lithographic Plates. [With Syste-
matic Index, Index of Generic and Specific Names,
and Explanation of the Plates.] 1897. 4to. 11. 4s.

BRITISH ANIMALS.

Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.
Pp. xii., 248. [With a List of Species.] 1863, 8vo. 3s. Gd.

Catalogue of British Hymenoptera in the Collection of the
British Museum. Second edition. Part. I. Andrenidae
and Apidffi. By Frederick Smith, M.E.S. New Issue.
Pp. xi., 236. 11 Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 6s.

Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera, Formicidse, and
Vespidffi in the Collection of the British Museum. By
Frederick Smith, V.P.E.S. Pp. 236. 6 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 12mo. 6s.

A Catalogue of the British Non-parasitical Worms in the
Collection of the British Museum. By George Johnston,
M.D., Edin., F.R.C.L., Ed., Ll.D., Marischal Coll., Aber-
deen, &c. Pp. 365. Woodcuts and 24 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1865, 8vo. 7s.

Catalogue of the British Echinoderms in the British Museum
(Natural History). By F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A. Pp. xvii., 202.
Woodcuts and 16 Plates (2 Coloured). [With lable of
Contents, Tables of Distribution, Alphabetical Index,
Description of the Plates, &c.] 1892, 8vo. 12s. Gd.

List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection
of the British Museum ; with Synonyma and References
to figures. 12mo. : —

Part V. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens. 2nd Edition.

Revised by H. T. Stainton and E. Shepherd. Pp. iv.,

224. 1856. Is. M.

Part VI. Hymenoptera. By F. Smith. Pp. 134. 1851. 2s.

Part VII. Mollusca, Acephala and Brachiopoda. By
Dr. J. E. Gray. Pp. iv., 167. 1851. 3s. Gd.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).

17

Part VIII. Fish. By Aclain White. Pp. xxiii., 164.
(With Index and List of Donors.) 1851. 3s. &d.

Part IX. Eggs of British Birds. By George Robert
Gray. Pp. 143. 1852. 2s. 6d.

Part XI. Anoplura, or Parasitic Insects. By H. Denny.
Pp. iv., 51. 1852. Is.

Part XII. Lepidoptera (continued). By James F.
Stephens. Pp. iv., 54. 1852. 9d.

Part XIII. Nomenclature of Ilymenoptera. By
Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 74. 1853, Is. 4 d.

Part XIV. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam
White. Pp. iv., 16. 1853, Qd.

Part XV. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. By Adam
White. Pp. iv., 42. 1853. Is.

Part XVI. Lepidoptera (completed). By II. T. Stainton.
Pp. 199. [With an Index.] 1854. 3s.

Part XVII. Nomenclature of Anoplura, Euplexoptera,
and Orthoptera. By Adam White. Pp. iv., 17.
1855. 6d.

PLANTS.

Illustrations of the Botany of Captain Cook’s Voyage Round
the World in H.M.S. “ Endeavour ” in 1768-71. By the
Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart,., K.B., P.R.S., and
Dr. Daniel Solander, F.R.S. With Determinations by
James Britten, F.L.S., Senior Assistant, Department of
Botany, British Museum : —

Part I. — Australian Plants. 101 Copper-plates [after
paintings by F. P. Nodder], with 31 pages of descrip-
tive text. 1900, fol. 25s.

Part II. — Australian Plants, Pt. II. 142 Copper-plates
(pis. 101-243) [after paintings by F. P. Nodder, James
Miller, J. F. Miller, and John Cleveley], with 41
pages of descriptive text (pp. 35-75). 1901, fol. 35 s.

Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. Friedrich
Welwitsch in 1853-61 : —

Vol. I. Dicotyledons. By William Philip Hiern, M.A.,
F.L.S., &c.

Part I. [Ranunculacese to Rhizophoracese.] Pp.
xxvi., 336. [With Portrait of Dr. Welwitsch,
Introduction, Bibliography, and Index of Genera.]
1896, 8vo. 7s. bd,

9543 JS

18

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Part II. Combretacese to Rubiaceao. Pp. 337-510.
[With Index of Genera.] 1898, 8vo. 4s.

Part III. Dipsacese to Scrophulariacese. Pp. 511—
784. [With Index of Genera.] 1898, 8vo. 5s.

Part IV. Lentibulariaceae to Ceratophylleae. Pp. 785-
1035. [With Index.] 1900, 8vo. 5s.

Yol. II., Part I. Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms.
By Alfred Barton Rendle, M.A., D.Sc. F.L.S., Assistant,
Department of Botany. Pp. 260. [With Index oi
Genera.] 1899, 8vo. 6s.

Vol. II., Part II. Cryptogamia.
Table of Errata and General
work.] 1901, 8vo. 6s.

Vascular Cryptogams

Mosses

Hepatics

Marine Algse
Freshwater Algse ...

Diatomacese

Lichenes

Fungi

Mycetozoa

Pp. 261-566. [With
Index to the whole

. By William Carruthers,
F.R.S.

. „ Antony Gepp, M.A.,

F. L.S.

. „ F. Stephani.

„ Ethel S. Barton.

„ W. West, F.L.S., and

G. S. West, B.A.

. „ Thomas Comber,
F.L.S.

. „ E. A. Wainio.

. Annie Lorrain
Smith.

. ,, Arthur Lister, F.R.S.

A Monograph of Lichens found in Britain : being a Descrip-
tive Catalogue of the Species in the Herbarium ^ ie
British Museum. By the Rev. James M Crombie, M.A.,
F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. Part I. Pp. A'iii., ol9 : <4 Woodcuts.
[With Glossary, Synopsis, Tabular Conspectus, and Index.J
1894, 8vo. 16s.

A Monograph of the Mycetozoa : being a Descripti ve Catalogue
of the Species in the Herbarium of the British Museum.
By Arthur Lister, F.L.S. Pp. 224. 78 Plates and ol

Woodcuts. [With Synopsis of Genera and List of Species,
a ad Index.] 1894, 8vo. 15s.

List of British Diatomacete in the Collection of the British
Museum. By the Rev, W. Smith, F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 55.
1859, 12mo. Is.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).

19

FOSSILS.

Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A., F.G.S. : —

Part I. Containing the Orders Primates, Chiroptera,
Insectivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia. Pp. xxx., 268.
33 Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 5s.

Part II. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder
Artiodaotyla. Pp. xxii., 324. 39 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 6s.

Part III. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborders
Perissodactyia, Toxodontia, Condylarthra, and Aiubly-
poda. Pp. xvi., 186. 30 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 4s.

Part IV. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder
Proboscidea. Pp. xxiv., 235. 32 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera
and Species, including Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 5s.

Part V. Containing the Group Tillodontia, the Orders
Sirenia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremata,
and Supplement. Pp. xxxv., 345. 55 Woodcuts.

[With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1887,
8vo. 6s.

Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A. Pp. xxvn., 308.

75 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 18J1,
8vo. 10s. 6(7.

Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British
Museum (Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A.,
F.G.S. : —

Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia,
Dinosauna, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Pro-
terosauria. Pp. xxviii., 309. 09 V oodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera
and Species, including Synonyms.] 1888, 8vo. (s. btf.

20

LIST OP PUBLICATIONS OF THK

Part II. Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and
Sauropterygia. Pp. xxi., 307. 85 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index ot Genera
and Species, including Synonyms.] 1889, 8vo. 7s. 6 d.

Part III. Containing the Order Chelonia. Pp. xviii.,
239. 53 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1889, 8vo. 7s. 6 d.

Part IV. Containing the Orders Anomodontia, Ecaudata,
Caudata, and Labyrinthodontia ; and Supplement.
Pp. xxiii., 295. 66 Woodcuts. [With Systematic

Index, Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species to the entire work.] 1890, 8vo.
7s. 6d.

Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Arthur Smith Woodward, F.G.S., F.Z.S. : —

Part I. Containing the Elasmobranchii. Pp. xlvii.,
474. 13 Woodcuts and 17 Plates. [With Alphabetical
Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.]
1889, 8vo. 21s.

Part II. Containing the Elasmobranchii (Acanthodii),
Holocephali, Ichthyodorulites, Ostracodermi, Dipnoi,
and Teleostomi (Crossopterygii and Chondrostean
Actinopterygii). Pp. xliv., 567. 58 Woodcuts and

16 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, and Systematic
Index of Genera and Species.] 1891, Svo. 21s.

Part III. Containing the Actinopterygian Teleostomi
of the Orders Chondrostei (concluded), ProtospondyU,
Aethcospondyli , and Isospondyli (inPart u'{

544. 45 Woodcuts and 18 Plates. [ W ith Alphabetical
Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.]
1895, 8vo. 21s.

Systematic List of the Edwards Collection of British Oligocene
and Eocene Mollusca in the British Museum (Natural
History), with references to the type-specimens from
similar horizons contained in other collections belonging
to the Geological Department of the Museum. By Richard
Bullen Newton, F.G.S. Pp. xxviii., 365. [With table of
Families and Genera, Bibliography, Correlation-table,
Appendix, and Alphabetical Index.] 1891, Svo. 6s.

Catalogue of Tertiary Mollusca in the Department of Geology ,
British Museum (Natural History). Part I. The Austra-
lasian Tertiary Mollusca. By George F. Harris, F.G.S., &c.
Pp. xxvi., 407. 8 Plates. [With Table of Families, Genera,
and SubGenera, and Index.] 1897, 8vo. 10s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).

21

Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum
(Natural History) : —

Parti. Containing part of the Suborder Nautiloidea, con-
sisting of the families Orthoceratidfe, Endoceratid®,
Actinoceratiche, Gomphoceratidae, Ascoceratidse,
Poterioceratidse, Cyrtoceratidae, and Supplement. By
Arthur II. Foord, F.G.S. Pp. xxxi., 344. 51 Woodcuts.
[With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1888,
8vo. 10s. 6(7.

Part II. Containing the remainder of the Suborder
Nautiloidea, consisting of the families Lituitidae,
Trochoceratidre, Nautilidas, and Supplement. By
Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S. Pp. xxviii., 407. 86 Wood-
cuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.]
1891, 8 vo. 15s.

Part III. Containing the Bactritidae, and part of the
Suborder Ammonoidea. By Arthur H. Foord, Ph.D.,
F.G.S., and George Charles Crick, A.R.S.M., F.G.S.
Pp. xxxiii., 303. 146 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index of Genera and Species, and Alphabetical Index.]
1897, 8vo. 12s. 6(7.

List of theTypes and Figured Specimens of Fossil Cephalopoda
in the British Museum (Natural History). By G. C. Crick,
F.G.S. Pp. 103. [With Index.] 1898, 8vo. 2s. 6(7.

A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms
and the Range in Time of each Genus and Order. By
Henry Woodward, F.R.S. Pp. xii., 155. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1877, 8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa in the Department of
Geology, British Museum (Natural History): —

The Jurassic Bryozoa. ByJ. W. Gregory, D.Sc., F-G.S.,
F.Z.S. Pp. [viii.,] 239 : 22 Woodcuts and 11 Plates.
TWith List of Species and Distribution, Bibliography,
Index, and Explanation of Plates.] 1896, 8vo. 10s.

The Cretaceous Bryozoa. Vol. I. By J. rJ’

D.Sc., F.G.S., F.Z.S. Pp. xiv., 457 : 64 Woodcuts
and 17 Plates. [With Index and Explanation ot
Plates.] 1899, 8vo. 16s.

22

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department of
the British Museum (Natural History), with an account ot
the morphology and systematic position of the group, and
a revision of the genera and species. By Robert Etheridge,
jivn., of the Department of Geology, British Museum
(Natural History), and P. Herbert Carpenter, D.Sc., F.R.S.,
F.L.S. (of Eton College). Pp. xv., 322. 20 Plates. [With
Preface by Dr. H. Woodward, Table of Contents, General
Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c.] 1886, 4to. 25s.

The Genera and Species of Blastoidea, with a List of the
Specimens in the British Museum (Natural History). Bj
F. A. Bather, M.A., F.G.S., of the Geological Department.
Pp. x., 70. 1 Woodcut. 1890, 8vo. 3s.

Catalogue of the Palaeozoic Plants in the Department of
Geology and Palaeontology, British Museum (Natural
History). By Robert Kidston, F.G.S. Pp. •

[With a list of works quoted, and an Index.] loo ,
8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of
Geology, British Museum (Natural Histor3T).

A. C. Seward, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., University Lecturer
in Botany and Fellow of Emanuel College, Cambridge .

Part I. The Wealden Flora. Part I. Thallophyta—
Pteridophyta. Pp. xxxviii., 179. 17 Woodcuts and

11 Plates. [With Preface by Dr. Woodward, Alp •
betical Index, Explanations of the 1 lates, Ac.J * • -
8vo. 10s.

Part II. Tile Wealden Flora. Part! II.

Pn viii 259 9 Woodcuts and 20 Hates. LV;1U*

Alphabetical' index, Explanations of the Plates, &c.]
1895, 8vo. 15s.

Part III. The Jurassic Flora. Part I. The Yorkshire
Coast. Pp. xii., 341. 53 W^dcuts and 21 Plates.
[With Preface by Dr. Woodward, Alphabetical Index,
Explanations of the Plates, &c.] 1900, 8vo. 20s.

GUIDE-BOOKS.

{To be obtained only at the Museum.)

Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia in the Department of
Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History).
Edition. Pp. 120. 57 Woodcuts and 4 Plans. Index.
1898, 8vo. 6 d.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY.) 215

Guide to the Galleries of Reptiles and Fishes in the Depart-
ment of Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History).
4th Edition. Pp. iv.,119. 101 Woodcuts. Index. 1898. 8vo.6<7.

Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries (Mollusca, Polyzoa,
Brachiopoda, Tunicata, Echinoderma, and Worms).
Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History).
New Edition. Pp. iv., 130. 125 Woodcuts, Plan, and

Indexes. 1901, 8vo. Gd.

A Guide to the Fossil Mammals and Birds in the Department
of Geology and Palaeontology in the British Museum
(Natural History). 7th Edition. [By Henry Woodward.]
Pp. xii., 103. 110 Woodcuts. [With List of Illustrations,
Table of Stratified Rocks, and Index.] 1896, 8vo. Gd.

A Guide to the Fossil Roptiles and Fishes in the Department
of Geology and Palaeontology in the British Museum
(Natural History). [By Henry Woodward.] Pp. xiv.,
129 : 165 Woodcuts. [With List of Illustrations, Table
of Stratified Rocks, and Index.] 1896, 8vo. Gd.

A Guide to the Fossil Invertebrates and Plarlts in the
Department of Geology and Palaeontology in the British
Museum (Natural History). [By Henry Woodward.]
Pp. xvi., 158. 182 Woodcuts. [With List of Illustrations,
Table of Stratified Rocks, Introduction^ and Index.] 1897,
8vo. Is.

The same, in two parts : —

Part I. Mollusca to Bryozoa. Pp. xii., 64. 107 Wood-
cuts. [With List of Illustrations, Table of Stratified
Rocks, and Introduction.] 1897, 8vo. Gd.

Part II. Insecta to Plants, &c. Pp. ix., 6 4*-158.
Woodcuts 108-182. [With List of Illustrations and
Index to the two parts.] 1897, Svo. Gd.

Guide to Sowei’by’s Models of British Fungi in the Depart-
ment of Botany, British Museum (Natural History). By
Worthington G. Smith, F.L.S. Pp. 82. 93 Woodcuts.
With Table of Diagnostic Characters, and Index.
[Second Edition.] 1898, 8vo. 4 d.

Guide to the British Mvcetozoa exhibited in the Department
of Botany, British Museum (Natural History). By Arthur
Lister, F.L.S. Pp. 42. 44 Woodcuts. Index. 1895,

8vo. 3d.

A Guide to the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum
(Natural History). [By L. Fletcher, M.A., t.R.S.] Ip. .L,
Plan, 1900, Svo. Id,

24 BRITISH MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS (NATURAL HISTORY).

The Student’s Index to the Collection of Minerals, British
Museum (Natural History). [By L. Fletcher, M.A., F.R.S.]
Pp. 34. With a Plan of the Mineral Gallery. 1899,
8vo. 2d.

An Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to
the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural
History). By L. Fletcher, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. 123.
41 Woodcuts. With Plan of the Mineral Gallery and
Index. 1897, 8vo. Gd.

An Introduction to the Study of Rocks. By L. Fletcher, M. A.,
F.R.S. Pp. 118. [With plan of the Mineral Gallery, Table
of Contents, and Index.] 1898, 8vo. Gd.

An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of
the Meteorites represented in the Collection. By L.
Fletcher, M.A., F.R.S., &c. Pp. 95. [With a Plan of the
Mineral Gallery, and an Index to the Meteorites repre-
sented in the Collection.] 1896, 8vo. Gd.

E. RAY LANKESTER,

Director.

British Museum

(Natural History),

Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.

July 20th, 1901.