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A * yA / si , iy # / x? ft nerstte FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE sre OGH BE 8.8 OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Ra or dM: CIE ET CeAWIN, EMBRACING OBSERVATIONS ON THE GEOLOGY, ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY OF THE LOWER PENINSULA. MADE TO THE GOVERNOR, DECEMBER 31, 1860. Shy Authoety. LANSING: | Sun | wn are we 2S ae vj ahs m ot Burne: 4 ary} ay at 1000 h é Ys UG SB at, \ J a THAD x ELK DEM. ; eat “0 anorT aawazo see ea oe | YiA TOs gy Le) LHOL0ON LOOLG A RG AUEMNAE AGN Ot 1g ee ee rete = = cam bet bg - ~ _ ° . 4 - . cal OL 18 Ska SORT VOR) tar OF RTA y - , ; PPR PN WO PA ae —s ENE AS OO Ie , 7 re: - \ i Soe iid cM a F ATLL WR CLG pamme )\gs ? bat wan all ek er ek Oe ee ed ee ee ee ee ee ee ~ + » U Hy hk Wy ¢ W ? ‘ + a i dy ‘ ie nah tates ital AO Raa los al PIE edd of araiart sorozt A tonal sewaeweeee - eeecenetoa’” LOSI Rath «4 ee ' i _— ———— —— — ~ REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. To His Excellency Moses Wisner, Governor of the State of Michigan: I have the honor to submit herewith, the Report required of me by the terms of the Legislative act, approved February 15, 1859, and entitled “An act to finish the Geological Survey of the State.” This Report is intended to set forth the progress of the geological survey during the years 1859 and 1860. Allow me, in communicating this Report, to acknowledge the many personal kindnesses received at your hands, and the ap- preciative interest which you havé always manifested in the progress of the work. Whatever useful results may be here embodied, are due in no small degree to your connexion with the origin and energetic prosecution of the survey. I have the honor to be, Your most obedient servant, A. WINCHELL, State Geologist. Ann Arbor, December 31, 1860. ervule 3 i Neen F bene bes bec s mnpgnderth ‘to dalek edi Xo nee Io botivpor sraqast odf sitar iidea ot soceuibead Ot euodst hovnggn ie avitelatgodl edt 16 aemat d to yoru laoknolos ty act hia ob doar ak * rd aarraorg odb dhotiow od Dobuobni at hoqoll end OI8L fas 062al woe oft gaia yovioe eiyeie adh sobelwoavas at roqoit ably pnitaclens cath at Sr W se oft fos ahead soy, 43. baviacor avaeoababl als nt hatecticnss: agewls oved aoe ionbw seonoted 9 sion od ynnt elisans Ipleem torehed W abow oft we ifiw noixeditoa +07 of sorgeh fautg og ai ont Gray orig off 6 apdodsaouy sieyinge eail od of soand odd aved I dnvorisa bnotbede saan ute ¥ LIMO MEW OK Jaigolos sol | Ri - O88L J8 sadasoott INTRODUCTION. SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF GEOLOGY IN MICHIGAN. Before entering upon the consideration of the subjects strictly belonging to this Report, a brief notice of what has heretofore been done in developing the Geology of Michigan, will undoubt- edly be acceptable to the people of our State. The explorations and discoveries of the Jesuit Missionaries, prosecuted for many years along the borders of the great Lakes, may be passed over as too remotely connected with the history of Geology in Michigan, to justify their introduction into the present report. The record of the wonderful labors and suffer- ings of these early christian missionaries, may be found embod- ied in the numerous volumes of a work entitled, ‘“ Relations de ce que s’est passe de plus remarquable aux Missions des peres de la compagnie de Jesus, enla Nouvelle France.”* A con- densed sketch derived from this source, is given in Foster and Whitney’s “ Report on the Geology and Topography of a portion of the Lake Superior Land District, in the State of Michigan, Part I.” The existence of copper in considerable quantity, upon the shores of Lake Superior, had all along attracted the attention of the Missionaries. The first mention made of the occurrence ef this metal is found in the Relation for 1659-60. The first mining enterprise of which we have any account, was superin- %A copy of this remarkable and rare old work is in the possession of Judge Campbell, Prof, @ Law in the University. Other sources of information relative to this period are “Travels ¢ the Jesuits into various parts of the world,” &&. Vol. Il., London, 1762. ‘“‘ Early Jesuit, in North America,” by Rev. William Iagraham Kipp ; New York, 1847, ‘‘ Lettres et curieuses,” &c. Tome premier, pp. 637-818, Paris, 1846. For a knowledge of works, lam indebted to Prof. White. Much. farther information be found in the de la Nouvetle France,’’ and “‘ Thevenot’s Relations de divers Voyages Curigux,’’ @nd “ Recueil de Voyages,’ Paris, 1681. 6 REPORT OF THE tended by Alexander Henry, near the forks of the Ontonagon river, in 1771. The exjlorations of Alexander McKenzie, commenced in 1789, extended over a portion of the shores of Lake Superior, and thence north-west, over, the country whose waters flow into the Arctic ocean. In the account of his travels he speaks of the occurrence of “ virgin copper” on’ the south shore of the lake. In the year 1800, during the presidency of the elder Adams, Congress passed a resolution,* providing for the employment of an agent for the purpose of collecting information relative to. the, ‘‘Copper Mines” on the south shore of Lake Superior ; but it does not appear that this resolution was ever put in execution. ae In 1819, General Cass, under the authority of the Secretary of War, directed an exploring expedition which passed along the Southern shore of Lake Superior,} and crossed over to the Mississippi. This expedition had among its principal objects, that of investigating the north-western copper mines ; and was accompanied by Mr. H.R. Schoolcraft in the capacity of mineral ogist and geologist. His observations are recorded in his “ Nar- rative Journal of Travels from Detroit, north-west,” &c., pub- lished in 1821. | In the spring of 1823, Major Long, acting under the orders of the War Department, and accompanied by several scientific gentlemen, started on an expedition, the object of which was to explore the river St. Peters and the country situated on the northern boundary of the United States, between the Red River of Hudson’s Bay, and Lake Superior. In returning, they coasted along the north shore of this Lake. | In 1831 an expedition was sent out by the United States goy- ernment, under the command of Mr. Schoolcraft, for the purpose of ascertaining the sources of the Mississippi river. Dr. Doug- las Houghton was attached to this party, and he subsequently ~ *Laws of the United States, Vol. IIl., p. 403. z ¥ Journal of the Expedition of General Cass. STATE aie" -~Sueaae 7 speaks of the aid afforded by we “ibadtations made at this timo in tracing the fragments of copper to their place in the rock. Nothing further was attempted at elucidating the mineral resources of any portion of the territory, until the admission of Michigan into the Union in 1836, when the government at once proceeded to the organization of a general, systematic survey. The original act forthe organization of the geological survey of the State was approved by Gov. Mason, February 23d, 1837.* ‘It provided for a geological, zoological, botanical and topo- graphical survey. Under this act the following corps of officers was appointed.t © Douglas Houghton, Geologist. Abram Sager, Principal Assistant, in charge of Botanical and Zoological Departments. S. W. Higgins, Topographer and Draughtsman. Columbus C. Douglas, Sub-Assistant. Bela Hubbard, Sub-Assistant. William P. Smith, Sub-Assistant in charge of Mechanical Zoology. Messrs. Douglas and Hubbard, during the following years, were First Assistants. On the 26th of January, 1838, Dr. Houghton presented his First Annual Report, a document of 37 pages, in which, after -alluding to the topography of the State, he notices the several geological features of the Lower Peninsula under the following heads : “" Upper Sandrock of the Peninsula,” “ Gray Limestone,” «“ Lower Sandstone or Graywack Group,” “Gypsum,” “ Brine Springs,” “ Clay,” “Sand,” “ Marl,” “Bog Iron Ore,” “ Mineral Springs.” Several pages are devoted to the Brine Springs, and numerous interesting analyses of the saline waters of Michigan are for the first time published. On the 22d of March the G>vernor approved a new act, re- organizing the survey in more comprehensive terms, and with more detailed provisions.¢ . a Journal 1897, p. 189. Bor the Act, see ‘‘ Laws of Michigan,” 1837, p. 14 {oy ews’ 1 1887-8, p. 119. 8 REPORT OF THE About the same date, acts were passed for the incorporation of the “Clinton Salt Works,” and for the improvement of the. State Salt Springs.””* January 1, 1839, Dr. Houghton presented a special “ Report in relation to Salt Springs,”} and on the 28th of the same month, a Report on Iron Ore in Branch County.j, The same day the Legislature passed an “ Act relative to Salt Springs.” ‘ On the 4th of February, 1839, Dr. Houghton presented his “Second Annual Report.”§ This document, of 153pp., was made up as follows: 1. Grotoey, by Dr. Houghton, 39 pp. ‘ Norruern Part oF THE Pentnsuta.” “Topography and General Character,” “Rocks,” “Ter- tiary Clays,” ‘ Shell Marl,” “ Gypsum,” “ Change of Elevation in. the Waters of the Great Lakes. SovurHern Part or THE PENINSULA, “ Coal,” “ Salt Springs and State Salt Lands.” 2. Zootocy, by Dr. Abram Sager, 15 pp. A systematic cata- logue of the animals of the State, as far as observed. 3. Borany, by Dr. John Wright, 29 pp. an aye ARES, 4 et once : agavane thiskgploay ong gittisteqmon W piste sit)" x! Taottherg bas toolaseaoo & af thoitwolld Tyity +t H ; i es pelt sowed NY the ext} to re newnogieg aft peat gare) od? aioition off reegoe aaiser ite bins » : ee A TS iy Sey Oe eae Sy O1 BE YO e OMet Tata So. te Het f wy f t : , : 4 _ re aah if} Somer ey ey . j *hases Hos wae) he ‘ >? wv Now See get « . { - ‘ Fi pica P a 1 > x? ie TES Pye Gay Fee Pee ES LIES PH “eh “ 7 . ; ‘ aw . , Ti; ~The” Peery ie oe et fy ht Ves . ie ‘oa Fees # TOMB a OUT TRUCE Sas SQ Tate tad : A? Tes ae eee sh i Se eis td A? Gone ees WP Wes Sahay, Br roRy Bb hei Sevowon’ & 4 3 eit Huitiey od #6 tower ne ay toy, weet! Fee eae x arate ak ad re a (Pe He ‘ hot’ ca Sliabaat aid ao Pulbeae <* “FTA Layeyy rats ora ft SLY Oe Britis t PART a GEOLOGY. Ws os OS VOTO * 2% x ~ = “4 . 4 ~ ‘ . . * > ‘ - > Yas ‘ + > * 1 i ao oe #5 ae : = CHAPTER I. ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY, AND PLAN OF OPERATIONS, On the receipt of my commission, dated March 9th, 1859, designating me to take the charge of the work provided for by the “Act to Finish the Geological Survey of the State,” approved February 15, 1859, 1 met you, by request, for the purpose of consultation upon a plan of operations adapted to the circumstances then existing. Besides the act just referred to, a joint resolution had been previously passed, making an appropriation for the “publication of Dr. Houghton’s Notes.” An examination of such sources of information as were acces- sible, had shown, however, at the time of our interview, that there were no ‘‘notes” made by Dr. Houghton or his assistants which had not already been reported from, either by the ob- servers themselves, or in the manner provided for by Dr. Houghton’s administrators, except the field notes upon four townships in the Upper Peninsula, which were lost at the time of the melancholy occurrence which terminated the original survey. It resulted, that the only further use which could be made of the “notes” referred to in the resolution, would be to work them up into a detailed report upon the geology of the State, as understood twenty years ago, before the geology of New York, Canada, and the Northwest, had contributed such important aids to the proper understanding of the geology of our own State. While such a publication as thig would be but a just tribute to the men who had labored and suffered for years in this great work, it was not deemed compatible with the interest of the State, nor conducive to the advancement of science, to prosecute the publication of Dr. Houghton’s “notes” in all the details of a final report, and immediately follow it with another report, already provided for, which should com- 22 REPORT OF THE ' plete the elucidation of our geology, and adapt it in all respects to our present wants and the present state of the science. This view seemed the more consistent, since any adequate report a upon our geology could not fail to do justice to the names of those who were the pioneers in Michigan geology. After the interval which had elapsed since the date of the explorations made in the Lower Peninsula of the State, it was obvious that a great multitude of facts must have come: to light, calculated to have a bearing upon any final conclusions’ as to the geological succession of our strata. New natural exposures of the underlying rocks, had been discovered, new ~ quarries had been opened, the working of coal and gypsum had’ actually commenced on a successful scale, and especially were. new opportunities presented for the collection of fossils—the” language in which geological records are written. It seemed necessary, therefore, to undertake the same thing which had been undertaken by Massachusetts, by South Carolinia, Tennés-*' see, and other States. The ground was to be gone over again, ! for; the; purpose of posting up our collection of facts; Thew Lower Peninsula, as being least understood, was to receive the» first. reconnoissance. Detailed examinations were to be made, | only with reference to settling the geographical distribution of’ the coal, and resolving other questions of immediate economical importance. The report which follows, will show I trust; a‘ satisfactory degree of success in making these determinations.’ The geological observers, in the progress of their work, were” to embrace favorable opportunities for the collection of zoologi- - cal and botanical specimens; and the zoological observers were ” to make note of all geological data which came in their way. In; pursuance of the plan agreed upon, I made an excur+ sion on the first of April to the Maumee river, where, by the * enlightened liberality of Mr. George Clark, the proprietor of + several fishing stations on the rivers and lakes, I was enabled to secure two or three barrels of specimens of the various spe-’: cies of fish, and other aquatic animals common to south eastern! — Michigan andnorthern Ohio. At the same time; Dr. Manly Miles,” STATE GEOLOGIST 23. who had been designated to take special charge of the depart- ment of Zoology, descended the Saginaw river to its mouth, in company with a young man who was subsequently employed during the season as taxidermist and general assistant. About the middle of May, the necessary preparations having been completed, I entered upon the field work of the season, by com- mencing a geological survey of the county of Monroe. In this part of the work 1 was accompanied by Messrs. A. D. White and Lewis Spalding, two students of the University, who volun. teered their assistance for the mere payment of their traveling expenses. Mr. White continued in the service of the survey during the season, and was again employed the present season, Iam happy here to testify to the faithful, able and obliging manner in which he has co-operated in the execution of all my plans. After the completion of our observations in Monroe county, our reconnoissance was extended through Jackson, Hillsdale, Lenawee, Branch and Calhoun counties. Having familiarized ‘myself ,with the character of the Coal Formation in the vicinity of Jackson, and traced its limits to the east and west of the city, 1 had no hesitation in pronouncing upon the non-existance of. coal at. Jonesville, or in Hillsdale county. I subsequently had the opportunity to discourage the explorations for coal in the vicinity of Albion, misguided to the same extent as those of Hillsdale,county. Similar duties, always unpleasant, and often met by ingratitude and incredulity, have had to be performed in ‘scores of other places. The observations made at Jackson, Woodyille, Barry, Albion, Marshall, Battle Creek, Union City, Jonesville and Hillsdale, have proved exceedingly instructive, as will be shown in the ultimate publication of the details of the survey. The south-western part of the State promising to be less pro- ductive of useful observations, Mr. White was instructed to trayerse the counties of St. Joseph, Cass, Berrien, Van Buren and Kalamazoo, along designated lines, while I entered upon . the examination of the regions bordering upon the lines of | 24 REPORT OF THE public conveyance. Our party of two, was thus converted into two parties, each attending, more or less, to all the departments of the survey. In the beginning of autumn, we met by appoint- ment, at Grand Haven, and proceeded over the country to Grand Rapids. Here I made an examination of the geological rela tions of the gypsum and salt, and announced, as is believed, for the first time, the true. geological position of those important products. Here Mr. White was detained severa. weeks by an intermittent, contracted from exposure at Grand Haven. In > the mean time, however, he succeeded in making several excur- sions into the northern part of Kent county. Towards the — last of October, I returned to Grand Rapids, and after complet- ing my geological observations, communicated, by request, to James Scribner, Esq., in writing, my conclusions as to the geology of the Grand River Valley, and the depth at which the brine horizon would be found to lie. I stated that the source of the brine was from the shales of the gypseous group, near its base; and that I had no evidence of the existence of stronger brine at any greater depth in the formations which outcrop in the southern part of the State. I said that though the under- lying formations are all somewhat saliferous, they are not strongly so, but that there are fissures and powerful currents of water at certain points, which would render extremely unprom- ising the search for salt below the gypsum formation. I recall these declarations at this time, for the purpose of vindicating the reliability of geological inductions, however unfavorable to individual or local interests and prejudices. From Grand Rapids,I proceeded to a cursory examinition of the coal of Shiawassee county, and the brine of Saginaw county, while Mr. White proceeded through Barry, Eaton and Jackson counties, to Ann Arbor. I found the salt boring at East Saginaw progressing successfully under the enlightened management of Dr. Lathrop, one of the best geologists in our State, who had stimulated this enterprise as an inference from purely geological data. My observations upon the’ outcrops of the rocks which this boring was penctrating, enabled me te STATE GEOLOGIST. 25 predict with considerable confidence the depth at which the salt bearing rocks of Grand Rapids would be reached. The subsequent result very happily justified my judgment, and we are enabled to Ly to look upon one of the leading enterprises of the State as the direct offspring of theoretical geology. Dr. Miles, after spending some time on the Flint und Saginaw rivers, visited the numerous lakes and*streams of Oakland, Livingston, Genesee, Lapeer and Washtenaw counties, and to- ward the close of the season paid a visit to the western part of the State. He was accompanied during most of the season by Mr. Dodge, of Flint, and for a few weeks by Dr. Jewell, of Ann Arbor. While in the vicinity of Flushing, in Genesee county, he collected valuable observations and specimens from the outcrop of the coal series; and these have been communicated, with proper diagrams, to this department. In December, I entered upon a comparative examination of Michigan and Ohio gypsum. A chemical analysis of each was made, at my request, by Prof. L. R. Fisk, of the Agricultural College; and at the instance of C. A. Trowbridge, Esq., of De- troit, | drew up a paper on the subject, which was placed in his hands. In the month of February, 1860, I paid a visit, by request, to the salt works at Grand Rapids. I cellected information, and explained the indications, in the light of the geological observa- tions which I had made in the southern part of the State ; and while there, delivered a public lecture upon the subject of Salt and its Geological Relations. About the first of-March, 1 drew up a paper embracing a brief exhibit of the geology of the southern peninsula, and a condensed statement of the borings at various localities for salt, This was transmitted to Dr. Potter, the Superintendent of the salt operations at East Saginaw, for the purpose of informing the company which he represented, as to the geological position which their salt boring had reached, and what might be ex- pected as the consequence of continuing to greater depths. For 4 ae REPORT OF THE this communication, the company returned me a very polite res-_ olution of thanks, with a request for permission to make the | communication public. | ; On the 9th of April, I transmitted to you, an Informal ‘Bees on the progress and results of the survey, which, while not called for by the terms of the Act, was intended as an acknowl- _edgement of the enlightened interest which you had all along manifested in the progress of this work. Before the close of March, I had commenced preparations for — the field work of 1860. Qn consultation with Dr. Miles, it had , been agreed to unite the geological and zeological parties, and thus incur the expense of but a single outfit. The principal part of the season’s business was to be upon and near the shores of the great Lakes. In these situations, where natural sections are always presented down to the surface of the water, — rock exposures are much more frequent than in the interior. : By determining the points on each side of the Peninsula, where the various formations intercept the lake shores, there is little difficulty in tracing approximately the lines of outcrop acress the State. 7 It was intended to prosecute, before the season was sufii-_ ciently advanced for safe navigation in small boats upon the lakes, an examination of the valies of the Cass and Tittiba-.. wassee rivers. Reports which had been rife during the previous season, of discoveries of coal, lead, iron, and “volcanic” rocks © and “craters,” in the vicinity of the Cass river, excited the hope ‘ that some unexpected developments might accrue from a scien | tific examination of that region; while on the other hand it was — hoped that the ascent of the Tittibawassee would result ‘in | some revelations as te the nature and limits of the coal and salt formations. On the 18th of May, Dr. Miles and Mr. White _ set out upon the exploration ef the Cass, but the anticipated , survey of the Tittibawassee, by myself, was prevented by, extreme family affliction, and death, occurring on the very day that I had designated for my departure. | : Finding that a suitable boat could not be procured in the —_~ —~ — ae aa STATE, GEOLOGIST. :2T lewer part of the State without great sacrifices, 1 visited the Sault, inthe last of May, and purchased, at a great saving, a Mackinaw boat, which proved to answer our purpose perfectly, Early in June, the surveying corps made a rendezvous at Hast Saginaw. Besides Dr. Miles and myself, the party consisted of Mr. White, Mr. N. H. Winchell, who had been engaged as botanical assistant, and two voyageurs, who had been seq@ured at the Sault. After carefully exploring the whole ceast, from the mouth of the Saginaw river to the vicinity of White Rock, the party returned and entered upon the examination of the west coast of the Bay and Lake, which was continued to Mack- inac. After an examination of this and the neighboring islands we coasted along eastward to Drummond’s Island, which, at this time and subsequently, was completely circumnavigatec We proceeded thence to the Bruce and Wellington, mines, and thence to the Sault. Here my plan of operations called me to another part of the State; and as Dr. Miles, who had left the party at Thunder Bay on the 4th of July, did not rejoin it at the Sault, Mr. White led the explorations for the remainder of the season. His instructions took him back to the islands at. the head of Lake Huron, and thence to Mackinac. At. this. place Dr. Miles rejoined the party, Thence they coasted along as far as Northport, on the south side of Grand Traverse Bay, following all the indentations of the coast, and entering all the small lakes accessible by navigable streams. From this point the party returned home. In August I made an excursion to Cleveland and the Cuya- hega Falls, for the purpose of procuring data with which to compare my observations upon the coal measures and other perplexing strata im our own State, In September, I made, by request, a special examination of the coal measures located in the vicinity of the Detroit and Milwaukie railway, in Shiawassee county, and transmitted. the results of my observations to W. K, Muir, Esq., Superintendent, I subsequently reyisited Grand Rapids, and made examina- tions of some portions of lonia, Clinton and Ingham counties, | 28 REPORT OF THE Deeming that a-popular exhibition at the State Fair of the economical results of the survey, thus far attained, would con- duce to the diffusion of information relative to our resources, and the awakening of increased interest in the survey, I made for this purpose a selection from such specimens as had been at that time unpacked, and drew up, on a large scale, an outline map ofthe geology of the State to accompany the specimens in the exhibition. This undertaking appeared to be highly ap- preciated, the vicinity of the collection being continually crowded with interested observers and inquirers. The appre- ciative notices of the press were also of a very gratifying character. I have reason to believe that the exhibiticn, though very hastily got together, and very incomplete, was productive of considerable good. In September, 1859, I issued a circular addressed to Ceunty Surveyors, and ethers throughout the State, the ebject of which was to procure reports from competent persons, on the topo- graphy of the various eounties; the localities of rocks and min- -erals ; the nature of the soil; the distribution of timber, &c. Several responses were promptly made to this circular, and I feel confirmed in the opinion that the county surveyors or former surveyors of the State, or in case they will not act, the private surveyors and engineers of the various counties, have it in their power to contribute to the prosecution of the geological survey, some of the most valuable information. Localities of rock exposure must almost always come to the knowledge of the linear surveyor, and, by communicating this knowledge te the geologist, great expense and delay may be saved, in tray- ersing territory barren of geological indications. I would take this opportunity to urge upon surveyors and others, the im- portance of the service they are thus able to render to the geol- ogist, with very little extra trouble to themselves. The only communications actually received to this time in response to the above circular, are the following : 1. Kent county, and the region west and north-west. By John Ball, of Grand Rapids. OS a p> alia a ee oe oA, * STATE GEOLOGIST. 29° 2. The valley of the Au Sauble river. By 8. Pettibone, of Ann Arbor. 3. Brownstown, Wayne ceunty. By B. F. Woodruff, of Brownstown. Several other communications are promised, and supposed to be in progress. The unpacking and labeling of the immense numbers of geo- logical specimens required to illustrate the geology of all parts of the State, and complete the suites of duplicates called for by the Act establishing the survey, forms no inconsiderable share ef the mechanical labor imposed upon the geologist The locality of cach individual specimen must be preserved from the time it is broken from the rock, through all the vicissi- tudes ef bagging, transportation by hand, boxing, transporta- tion by public conveyanee, and unpacking; and not only this, for where a cliff presents two or more strata successively su- perimposed, it is essential for the geologist to know what fossils or other specimens are afforded by each stratum. Allusion is here made to the subject, for the purpose of explaining thus early, the system of permanent labels which has been adopted. Every locality visited by the geological surveyors is desig- nated by a separate number. These locality-numbers form a series reaching from the beginning to the end of the survey. In a book of localities provided for the purpose, the precise locality corresponding to each number is stated in full, to which are added the name of the owner of the land, (when known, ) the formation exposed, the fossils found, and remarks. On every specimen collected is stuck a small oval piece of yellow paper on which is written the number designating the locality, which, in this way, is sure to be made an inseparable part of the specimen. The successive strata at any locality are designated by the letters of the alphabet, in all cases be- ginning at the lowest stratum. The specimens collected during the past season have filled over a hundred boxes, and when it is known that each box con- tains from fifty to one hundred specimens, some idea may be 30 REPORT OF THE formed of the amount of manipulation required for the perma- nent and effectual labeling of the specimens. The subsequent study of the specimens is still an additional labor. Besides the keeping of the book of localities, every observer keeps a minute account of all his observations, written in a field book on the occasion, while the objects are before him and all their relations are fresh in his mind. Such inferences as the State of facts is calculated to suggest, are put down at the same time. Thus, though subsequent observations may materially modify or reverse these conclusions, they at all times possess the value of being the impression made upon the judgment, with all the observed facts vividly before the mind, All these notes are, at the end of the season, transcribed in order, in a Note Book kept for the purpose. The third book kept is intended to show the geology of each township of the State. Under the several counties are arranged the townships in alphabetical order; and opposite the name of each, are references to every locality visited init. Turning to these localities in the Note Book, all that has been learned ef the township is at once before the eye. Still another book is provided for memoranda, historical data, office work, &c. Thus, by this extensive and minute system of records and references, everything which has been done or learned is at all times immediately accessible ; and no casualty to the geological corps, could result in losses as serious as when a large part of the data are left till the close of the survey, in the custody of individual memories. The limited provision made for the prosecution of the survey, has rendered it impossible to engage the services of a chemist and mineralogist. The work of a geological survey—not inclu- ding the zoology, botany, meteorology, and other researches generally attached to it—embraces field observations, cellec- tion of specimens, paleontolegy, mineralogy and chemistry ; and it is seldom that a single person is competent to do requi- site justice to all these departments. It is always desirable, therefore, to attach to the survey some suitable person to devote — STATE GEOLOGIST. ay | “himself to the chemical examination of minerals, rocks, ores, ‘soils, mineral waters, &c. This part of our survey has thus far ~ been neglected. A few atialyses have been made at my re- “quest, by Prof. L. R. Fisk, of the Agricultural College, by which - that institution became connected with the survey, before the appointment of Dr. Miles to the chair of Zoology. By my ar- rangement with Prof. Fisk, he has not as yet received any com- pensation for his services, having agreed to await the action of the Legislature, in reference to further provision for the survey. Immediately on the organization of the survey, I took steps to ascertain whether gome portion of the scientific investiga- tions might not be completed by experts of this and other States, who would, in many cases, expect no further compensa- * tion for their services than the opportunity of looking over our ' specimens, with permission to retain for their own cabinets, duplicates of such species as might prove to be novel or pecu- liar. I have accordingly.had the satisfaction ef being assured that different specialists stand ready to take up the different orders of our insects, and to furnish catalogues as soen as the specimens are placed in their hands. The same is true of some ‘branches of the paleontology. Dr. H. A. Prout, of ‘St. Louis, ‘is already at work upon our Bryozoa, an important elass of fossil mollusca very abundant in the limestones of Thunder “Bay and Little ‘I'raverse Bay. Prof. Hall, the paleontolegist of ‘New York, has also afforded me many valuable suggestions, on the identification of our fossils, and the parallelism of forma- ‘tions. “Dr. J. S. Newberry, of Ohio, who has already rendered ‘me valuable assistance, stands ready to undertake the investi- gation of our fossil Flora. Capt. Meade has agreed te place at ty service such maps, charts and observations of the lake survey, as may be needed in the preparation of a chapter on the Hydrography of the State; and Prof. Henry, the Secretary ~ of the Smithsonian Institution, offers copies of such ebservations ~ taken for that Institution, as may be requisite for a chapter on “eur meteorology. ‘ 32 REPURT OF THE Very many private citizens, besides the surveyors before referred to, have already communicated most valuable informa” tion on various points, which will be incorporated into my final report. Mr. James 8. Lawson, of Disco, Oakland county, has furnished a description of an ancient lake terrace which is found traversing that part of the State; and I would be glad to commeud this example to others who have the opportunity to make observations upon such phenomena. Mr. A. O. Currier, of Grand Rapids, has aided me materially in arriving at a knowledge of the succession of strata pene- trated in the salt borings of that place He has further pro- vided me with a printed catalogue of the mollusca of the Grand River Valley, accempanied by a nearly complete suite of specimens Mr. Martin Metcalf, of the same place, has likewise, in his correspondence, furnished me with impertant notes on the salt borings, and critical remarks on the parallelism of strata. I am indebted to Dr. DeCamp, ef the same place, for a fine collection of geodes frem the Grand Rapids limestone, and for fossils; and to Prof. E. Danforth for the loan of his collection of fossils from this and otl er States. . Dr. G) A. Lathrop, of East Saginaw, has centributed impor- tant aid in the carefully preserved series of borings taken from the first salt well at that place; in specimens and suggestions bearing upor the geolegy of the vicinity of Saginaw Bay; in facts and statistics illustrating the salt manufacture in the State, and by the loan of a suite ef fossils To Dr. H. C. Potter, superintendent of the salt works at Hast Saginaw, I am similarly indeb:ed for important facts connected with the salt manufacture at that place. Salas Mr. Henry D. Post, of Holland, Ottawa county, has furnished me with observations on the outcrops of the Marshall sandstone in his vicinity. | Hon I. P. Christiancy, ef Monroe, has sent the survey some interesting fossil remains from the Monroe limestone; and also statistics relative to the products of his quarries in the town- STATE GEOLOGIST. 33 ship of London, near Dundee, Mr. W. P. Christiancy also con- tributed some instructive specimens. Thomas Crawford, Esq., of Detroit, has laid me under many obligations for polished specimens of marble from his quarry near Presque Isle; as also for some unique fossils from the same. Mr. M. B. Hess, of East Saginaw, has supplied some desirable altitudes from the vicinity of Saginaw. Thomas Frazer, Esq., of the Mich. C. R. R. office, in Detroit, has communiated the altitudes of the principal stations along the line of that road. Superintendent W. K. Muir has furnished a list of altitudes of all the stations along the Detroit and Milwaukie railway, ac- companied by other valuable observations. Chief Engineer, John B. Frothingham, of Toledo, has also promised to supply me with altitudes along the Michigan South- ern Railroad. It is hoped that such statistics will be further communicated by Engineers, and others, to whom they are ac- cessible. I am indebted to the late John Farmer for a copy of the large edition of his unequaled map of the State, and to Benjamin Fowle, Esq., for a mounted map of Hillsdale county. Mr. John Holcroft, Superintendent of the Woodville Coal Mine, furnished me with numerous data, and other facilities, while investigating the coal formation of Jackson county. Mr. C. E. Hovey, Superintendent of the Eagle Plaster Co., of Grand Rapids, provided me with a liberal quantity of samples of the crude and manufactured gypsum, including some orna- mental vases. Capt Malden, keeper of the light house at Thunder Bay Isl- and, furnished me with some interesting specimens from the Huron Group. We is now engaged in a series of meteorological and tidal observations of great importance. Iam under obligations to very many of our citizens for ac- companying me on my explorations, and conveying me to local- 5 34 REPORT OF THE ities of interest, among whom, in addition to names already introduced, I may mention Hon. L. H. Parsons and Alexander McArthur, Esq., of Corunna; Benjamin O. Williams, Esq., of Owosso; Adam L. Roof, Esq., Lyons; James Scribner and J. W. Windsor, Esqs., Grand Rapids; H. S. Clubb, Grand Haven; William Walker, Jackson; Mr. W. N. Carpenter, Detroit; CH. Whittemore, Tawas City; J. K. Lockwood and Mr. Mel- ville, Alpena; the sons of Thomas Crawford, Presque Isle coun- ty; James Francis, Drummond’s Island; Commissioner 8. P. Mead, Sault; Langdon Hubbard, Willow Creek; J. V. Carmer, Napoleon; John Manning, London; Prof. L. R. Fisk, Lansing. Boxes of specimens have been transmitted by C. D. Randall, Esq., Coldwater ; Hon. L. H. Parsons, Corunna ; J. H. Holcroft, Woodville ; Wm. 8. Sizer, Esq »Jackson ; W. S. Brown, Grand Ledge; Dr. G. A. Lathrop, East Saginaw; Hon. I. P. Chris- tiancy, Monroe; Francis Crawford, Esq., Detroit. During the first season of the survey, the work was materially aided by the free passes granted to Dr. Miles and myself over the Michigan Southern, the Central and the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroads. The latter road voluntarily tendered the same ap- preciative acknowledgement of the importance of our labors during the present season; and I am happy here to allude to the great courtesy that has at all times been exhibited by its officers. . I should not forget to acknowledge the indebtedness of the survey to the newspaper press of the State, for numerous notices of a friendly character, calculated to awaken and increase the popular interest in the work. Among the notices which have met my eye, I am pleased to mention those of the Michigan Ar- gus and State News, Ann Arbor ; the Commercial, Monroe ; Pat- riot, Jackson ; Clarion, Grand Haven; Herald, Mackinac; T7ri- bune, Advertiser, Free Press and Farmer, Detroit; Enquirer, Eagle and Great Western Journal, Grand Rapids ; Legister, Hol- land ; Courier, East Saginaw; Republican, Lansing; Citizen, Flint ; Gazette, Pontiac. It would be impracticable to enumerate all the acts of hospi- STATE GEOLOGIST. 35 tality received from our citizens; and it would be almost super- fluous to say that we have been everywhere received with a welcome, and furnished with every possible facility in further- ance of our labors. I cannot suffer the opportunity to pass without warning our citizens against lending too credulous an ear to the representa- tions of the self-styled “geologists,” itinerating amongst us, Traveling under the cloak of science, they take pains to keep out of the way of those who would detect ‘the imposition; and instead of informing themselves truly of the geological struc- ture of the State, prowl around the frontiers ef civilization, and live upon the falsely excited hopes of a people too ready to believe that every gravel hill conceals a mine of wealth. This class of men lead their deluded followers over mounds of drift materials, they explore clay banks, they dredge the lakes, and if perchance a stray nodule of kidney ore is found, they proclaim the discovery of a mine of hematite; a piece of black shale turns up, and the country is rich in coal; they discover a green streak upon a fragment of limestone, and lo! copper is promised to be forthcoming in unlimited quantities. I have seen too much of this scientific quackery to allude to it with forbearance. Let the people bear it in mind, that it is not every man who styles himself a geologist who is worthy of being trusted in a geological opinion. The questions which these men attempt to decide, are the very ones most difficult for an acknowledged expert to pronounce upon. They are the last conclusions of a getferal and scientific survey. How can a stranger drop down in our State, without a line of knowledge of our peculiar geol- ogy, and be at once a safe adviser in important mining or quar- rying enterprises. Even the man well versed in general geology may often be at fault among our formations; but most of the class of persons referred to, possess neither local nor general information. It seems unnecessary to multiply words upon the subject. Trust no “geologist” or “professor” whose creden- tials are not known; none who clothe their actions with an air of mystery, and hint at things which they do not plainly state, 36 REPORT OF THE who make large pledges with small security for their perform- ance, and have no visible means of support but what their splendid promises draw from a succession of dupes. i The act establishing the survey provides for the distribution of duplicate specimens to the University, the Agricultural Col- lege, and such other public institutions as the Governor may designate. Under these provisions, the following institutions have been designated as depositories of suites of specimens, viz.: BY LEGISLATIVE ACT. 1. The University, Ann Arbor. 2. The Agricultural College, Lansing. - BY EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENT. . Mechanic’s Society, Detroit. . Scientific Institute, Flint. . Lyceum of Natural History, Grand Rapids. . Young Men’s Literary Association, Kalamazoo. To OF Rm CO . Young Men’s Society, Detroit. 8. Young Men’s Christian Association, Library and Reading Room, Adrian. 9. The Normal School, Ypszanti. Such an extended distribution of the specimens of the sur- vey must necessarily awaken a very general interest in the energetic prosecution of the work, and the creditable elabora- tion of the final results. It is quite obvious, however, that this requirement multiplies the physical labors of the field geol- gist, who is often called upon to carry many pounds of stones for miles, over rocky and slippery beaches, or through tangled cedar forests, in an unending conflict with musquitoes and flies, under circumstances calculated to excite commiseration. By thus increasing the amount of field work, it delays the comple- tion of the survey. Still, there can be no doubt that the in- terests of the State will be best subserved by the plan proposed, even should its exgcution necessitate the outfit of a special party of collectors. - a STATE GEOLOGIST 81 During the year 1859 no special attention was devoted to the Botany of the State, for the reason that the flora of the dis- tricts then under survey was already pretty well understood. All species before unobserved, all peculiarities, and some local floras were, however, noted. In the explorations of the present season, it was deemed desirable to attach a special botanical assistant to the party. Combining the observations made during the past two seasons, with notes key t by myself for several years past, 1 am able to present, with the aid of the University Herbarium, and Wright’s Catalogue, heretofore pub- lished, a pretty complete list of the indigenous plants of the Lower Peninsula. It has not been deemed advisable to attempt to catalogue the plants of the Upper Peninsula, as the list would necessarily be defective, and it is hoped that the oppor- tunity will be presented for completing it, next season. For focal information respecting many of our plants, I am indebted to Miss Mary Clark, of Ann Arbor. For information respecting the progress and state of the zoological survey, I would refer you to the Report of the State Zoologist. The question is often asked when the survey will be comple- ted. Itis obvious that the answer to this question will depend entirely upon the action of the Legislature, in providing for a more or less thorough execution of the work; and upon the number of persons kept inthe field. Acontinuance of the same provisions which have been made for the past two years, would enable us to extend the survey over the whole territory of the State, in the manner in which it has been commenced, and to furnish the final report ready for publication in three years more. It would be much better, however, to increase the number of sur- veying parties somewhat, with the view of effecting a more de- tailed examination of the unsettled portions of the State, as ’ well as the districts which lie along the probable outcrops of those formations which possess considerable economical impor- tance. It will not be necessary to multiply the zoological obser- vations to the same extent as the geological. It is not nec- 38 REPORT OF THE ¥ essary to identify each species of animals at every point within the limits of its general distribution ; while, for the determina- tion of the limits of the formations, this very minuteress is indis- pensable.. Moreover, the roving habits of animals bring a large proportion of them under the notice of an observer who does not go out of his own township, while rocks must be visited in their places. It may not be amiss to state with reference to the _ nature of zoological field work, that a single industrious collec- tor, employed at small compensation, would be able in one sea- son to accumulate large stores of specimens from the remoter portions of our State. The same remark is true of botany. The elaboration of the materials thus collected must, of course, be confided to the ablest hands. - It will remain for the legislature to decide upon what scale the prosecution of the survey shall be continued. I cherish the hope, however, that provision may te made for the creditable completion of the field work, within the space of two or three years. So far as the geological work is concerned, I deem it desirable to have parties engaged, during the next season, upon the exploration of the following districts: Ist. A party upon the south shore of Lake Superior; 2d. A party upon the shores of Lake Michigan, as far as un- explored; 8d. A party,in the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula. — The personnel required for such a prosecution of the work, besides the geologist in charge of the survey, would be as follows: One Chemist and Mineralogist; One Draughtsman; Two Assistants, capable of leading parties; Three Sub-Assistants; Six Laborers and Boatmen. Zoological and Botanical Collectors could be attached to the parties thus organized, with little additional expense. I desire to close this chapter of my report with an appeal to all of our citizens to co-operate with the state Geologist in ev- i : : c 4 : STATE GEOLOGIST. 39 ery possible way Every specimen or item of information will be thankfully received. Proprietors and managers of important enterprises, liave. in some instances, greatly mistaken their true interests, in failing to furiish the data sought for, even by re- peated applications. No authority is considered more reliable than a State Geological Report, on the value and extent of the mineral rescurces of a particular locality or district; and the interests of proprietors of mineral locations, require them to see that every evidence of the value and productiveness of their locations is placed in the possession of the State Geologist. Moreover, isolated facts or specimens calculated to throw light upon the occurrence of any rock or mineral, in any paft of the State, especially those parts not yet explored, will always prove of interest, and, in some cases, may constitute critical data for deciding questions in doubt. It will be seen, therefore, that two general classes of infor- “mation are desired. 1. Facts calculated to contribute to our knowledge of the characters and distribution of our rocks, with their included minerals. 2. Statistics showing the condition of all mining enterprises and their productiveness. This class of information embraces every species of manufacture from the mineral substances of ‘our State, as bricks, tiles, pottery, earthen ware, pipes, fire- bricks, concrete, moulding sand, glass, fluxes, land plaster, calcined plaster, alabaster ornaments, salt, its impurities, mar- ble, quarry stones, quick-lime, water-lime, grindstones, hones, coal, precious stones, iron, copper, lead and other metals. When the geological department is made the common depos- itory of all such information, the way will be opened to such a presentation to the world of our multifarious sources of wealth as will constitute the strongest possible attraction for settle ment, enterprise and capital. , CHAPTER. II, DEPOSITION, DISTURBANCE AND DENUDATION OF STRATA—GENERAL PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE NORTHWEST. The geological series in our State is very complete from the horizon of the oldest known rocks, to the top of the Carbonifer- ous System. From this point to the Glacial Drift, the formations observed in other parts of the county are, as far as investiga- tions have extended, entirely wanting. All that portion of the Michigan series lying above the Niagara Group, is found within the limits of the Lower Peninsula; while the Niagara Group and all rocks below, are confined to the Upper Peninsula and the islands at the head of Lake Huron The rocks of the Upper Peninsula not having as yet come under the observation of the present survey, it is not deemed necessary to refer to them at the present time, any further than to show their connection with the geology of the contiguous districts. In order to convey a clear idea of the superposition and lines of outcrop of our different rocks, it will be desirable to offer a few words on tle general conformation of the strata of the Northwest. Although the stratified rocks of the country suc- ceed each other in regular ascending order, it must not be sup- posed that these strata always occupy a horizontal position, that they are necessarily continuous between distant points, or that any given stratum is always actually overlain by those strata which belong higher in the series. The sediments frem which these rocks were formed, were ‘seldom deposited in per- fectly horizontal sea bottoms, but to facilitate our explanation, we may suppose that they were. We will suppose, also, that one series of sediments was deposited upon another for the space of many ages, and forming a thickness of several thou- : \ 42 REPORT OF THE sand feet. We have thus the materials for several geological formations, each with its own mineral characters, and em- bracing the organic debris which characterized its own age. Through some appropriate agency these sediments beceme solidified. But at length some movements begin to be expe- rienced by the solid crust of the earth, and our horizontal strata begin to be elevated in one place and depressed in another. Here is a dome shaped bulge, and there is a long ridge, rising in some of its parts above the surface of the sea. Successive disturbances increase the inequalities, and at length our level sea-floor presents all the irregularities of a carpet carelessly thrown down. By degrees the general uplift of the sea bottom has made an extensive addition to the continent. Thus far we suppose each successive layer of rock to be con- tinuous over every ridge and through every valley. But now we must consider the effect of denuding forces—those forces. which move over the surface, and plane down the inequalities. Whether these results are attributable to the action of the atmosphere, frost, glaciers, powerful currents of an invading sea, floating icebergs, or to all of these agencies combined, or i in succession, cannot here be considered. It is sufficient to know that such forces have acted, and that all the original ele- vations have been more or less worn down, and the rubbish produced strewn over the general surface, tending still further to obliterate its unevenness. Consider what would be the effect of paring off the summits of the ridges and domes of up- raised strata. The uppermost layer would be sliced through, and the second in order would come in sight. Then the wear- ing would continue till the second layer would be cut through, and the third would appear. So, in some cases, the denudation has continued, till thousands of feet of strata have been pared off, and the underlying granite has been exposed; and then this. has been planed down some hundreds of feet. Glance now at the cut edges of the strata. The lowest rock reached will be found in the center of tue dome, or along the central axis of the ridge. If it is a dome, the overlying strata dip in all direc- STATE GEOLOGIST. 43. tions from the center. If it isa ridge, they dip to the right and left of the axis. This ridge may have been planed down to the general level of the country. If this is the case, we shall then, in passing from the central line either to the right or left, pass continually from lower to higher rocks, withour changing our elevation. We ascend stratigraphically, but not topographi- cally. . This ridge may not pursue a straight course. It may finally bend round, and proceed in a direction parallel with itself. It -is obvious then, that the strata between the two portions or branches of the ridge, form trough-shaped depressions. In many cases all the edges of the over-lying strata are turned up, and they rest in a dish shaped depression. When the irregularity of the original elevations is considered, it is obvi- ous that the outcropping edge of any stratum, when traced along over the surface of the earth may pursue a very tortuous course, or strike. It is also obvious that the width of the stra-. tum at the surface will be more, if the surface cuts it very obliquely, less, if the surface cuts it nearly at right angles. This depends, in other words, upon the amount of the dip; so that a thick formation, by being nearly vertical, may occupy a very narrow belt of country; while a thin one, by being nearly horizontal, may occupy a belt several miles in width. All this is familiarly illustrated by the lines of the “grain” of a smoothly planed board, especially if slightly gnarly or knotty. The knots may represent the granite, while the layers of wood surrounding it—here apparently thin, because cut nearly at right angles, there spreading out, bocause cut more obliquely, kere running in a straight line, and there tracing a. zigzag path—may represent the layers of rock, occupying a geological position above the granite. These explanatory observations are here admitted, in the hope of obviating some difficulties almost always experienced by persons unversed in geology, in forming general concep- tions of the geological structure of a particular region. The wide interval between the Alleghany and the Rocky 44 REPORT OF THE mountains was once an ocean bed, over which were strewn the various sediments that have formed the groups of rocks, which stretch with more or less regularity from one end of this area to the other. Geological agencies have left this ocean floor in an undulating position; and subsequent denudation of the higher points, has worn many holes through the upper layers of rock, where they have been pushed up inte exposed atti- tudes. The city of Cincinnati stands upon a dome of older strata, which have been uncovered by the planing off of the higher beds. The strata dip in every direction from this vicin- ity. Toward the north, howeyer, the dip is least, and some- thing of a ridge extends towards the common corner of Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. It bifurcates, however, before reaching that point, and the east branch runs up to Monroe county, crosses Jake Erie and subsides in Canada West; while the west branch passes across northern Indiana and Illinois, to the head of Lake Michigan, and thence north-westward, A ridge extends through Canada, along a line nearly parallel with the St. Lawrence, to the region north of Lake Ontario, and thence trends northwest around the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. The rocks around the shores of Lake Huron dip south-west and south, away from this ancient axis of elevation. | It appears, therefore, that the Lower Peninsula of Michigan is surrounded on all sides by ancient axes of elevation; and even if the surrounding regions do not in all cases actually . occupy a higher level, we must expect to find the strata dip- ping from all sides toward the centre. Each rocky stratum of the Lower Peninsula is, therefore, dish shaped. All together, they form a nest of dishes. The highest strata are near the centre of the peninsula; and passing from this point in any direction, we travel successively over the out-cropping edges of older and older strata. The irregularities in the shape of these dishes, will be pointed out in the sequel. The southern part of the Upper Peninsula is covered by the lower members of the southward dipping series, whose upper STATE GEOLOGIST. 45 members are found in the Lower Peninsula, and whose axis of elevation lies north of the great lakes. At Marquette, Keewe- naw Point, the Porcupine Mountains, and other localities, how- ever, we find accessory axis of elevation, giving rise to dips in various directions, which will be explained on some future occa- sion. Lake Superior occupies a valley between the elevations on the north and south shores, while the other lakes rest in troughs, which bave been excavated nearly along the outcrop- ing edges of some of the softer formations. On the south, a basin similar to that of lower Michigan, occupies the southern part of Illinois; while, passing east from Sandusky, in Ohio, we begin to step over the north-western limits of another one, which reaches to the Alleghanies, and in the other direction stretches from New York to Alabama. Still further west, an- other basin rests, with its northern border in Iowa, and its southern in Missouri. A knowledge of these great undulations in the wide-spread strata of the north-west, and of the effects of denudation of the crests of the elevations, will aid materially, in connection with the descriptions which follow, in giving definite ideas of the geological structure underlying any particular portion of our State. 44 REPORT OF THE mountains was once an ocean bed, over which were strewn the various sediments that have formed the groups of rocks, which stretch with more or less regularity from one end of this area to the other. Geological agencies have left this ocean floor in an undulating position; and subsequent denudation of the higher points, has worn many holes through the upper layers of rock, where they have been pushed up inte exposed atti- tudes. The city of Cincinnati stands upon a dome of older strata, which have been uncovered by the planing off of the higher beds. The strata dip in every direction from this vicin- ity. Toward the north, howeyer, the dip is least, and some- thing of a ridge extends towards the common corner of Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. It bifurcates, however, before reaching that point, and the east branch runs up to Monroe county, crosses Lake Erie and subsides in Canada West; while the west branch passes across northern Indiana and Illinois, to the head of Lake Michigan, and thence north-westward. A ridge extends through Canada, along a line nearly parallel with the St. Lawrence, to the region north of Lake Ontario, and thence trends north west around the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. The rocks around the shores of Lake Huron dip south-west and south, away from this ancient axis of elevation. . It appears, therefore, that the Lower Peninsula of Michigan is surrounded on all sides by ancient axes of elevation; and even if the surrounding regions do not in all cases actually . occupy a higher level, we must expect to find the strata dip- ping from all sides toward the centre. Each rocky stratum of the Lower Peninsula is, therefore, dish shaped. All together, they form a nest of dishes. The highest strata are near the centre of the peninsula; and passing from this point in any direction, we travel successively over the out-cropping edges of older and older strata. The irregularities in the shape of these dishes, will be pointed out in the sequel. The southern part of the Upper Peninsula is covered by the lower members of the southward dipping series, whose upper STATE GEOLOGIST. 45 members are found in the Lower Peninsula, and whose axis of elevation lies north of the great lakes. At Marquette, Keewe- naw Point, the Porcupine Mountains, and other localities, how- ever, we find accessory axis of elevation, giving rise to dips in various directions, which will be explained on some future occa- sion. Lake Superior occupies a valley between the elevations on the north and south shores, while the other lakes rest in troughs, which bave been excavated nearly along the outcrop- ing edges of some of the softer formations. On the south, a basin similar to that of lower Michigan, occupies the southern part of Illinois; while, passing east from Sandusky, in Ohio, we begin to step over the north-western limits of another one, which reaches to the Alleghanies, and in the other direction stretches from New York to Alabama. Still further west, an- other basin rests, with its northern border in Iowa, and its southern in Missouri. A knowledge of these great undulations in the wide-spread strata of the north-west, and of the effects of denudation of the crests of the elevations, will aid materially, in connection with the descriptions which follow, in giving definite ideas of the geological structure underlying any particular portion of our State. ; _e CHAPTER III. GENERAL SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF MICHIGAN, AND ITS CONNECTION WITH SURROUNDING DISTRICTS. The rocks which constitute the solid crust of our earth may be arranged into great groups according to the following plan: STRATIFIED. Fossiliferous. Azoic, or unfossiliferous. UnstratiFIeD. Volcanic, as lava, trap, &c. Plutonic, or Granitic, as granite, syenite, &c. Geologically speaking, the Fossiliferous strata are higher than the Azoic, while the place of the Plutonic is generally be- low the Azoic; and the relative antiquity of these three classes of rocks is represented by this order of superposition. The volcanic rocks have burst up through the other rocks at various periods, and the same is to some extent true of the Plutonic— some hew granites appearing to have been formed since the granitic substratum of the Azoic rocks wasformed. The Upper Peninsula furnishes us with abundant examples of all these classes of rocks. After devoting a few words to the unstrati- fied rocks, we shall proceed to speak of the stratified, as nearly as possible, in chronological order, beginning with the oldest, I.—PLUTONIC GROUP. A belt of granitic rocks comes down from the northwest into northern Wisconsin, and encroaches a few miles over the Mich- igan boundary line between Montreal river and Lac Vieux Desert. At the surface this is separated by a belt of Azoic rocks from another mass of granite, which is probably a contin- uation of the first, and which begins near the head waters of the Sturgeon river, and extends east, gradually widening, until it occupies the region a few miles back from the lake coast, all the way from the Huron river to Presque Isle, at which two 48 REPORT OF THE points it abuts upon the coast, reappearing again in the Huron islands on the west, and Granite Island on the east. Another granitic boss rises up in the district south of the Iron Region, and covers about twelve townships, and still others, on a small scale, are found east of the mouth of the Machigamig river. The rock throughout these exposures is seldom a true granite, being composed mostly of feldspar and quartz, with occasional intermixtures of mica in small quantity. Hornblende sometimes replaces the mica, and the rock becomes syenite. The plutonic rocks on tLe south shore of Lake Superior, appear to have been upheaved after or towards the close of the Azoic period. IL—VOLCANIC GROUP. A range of volcanic rocks extends from the extremity of Keweenaw Point to Montreal river, running nearly parallel with the lake coast, and having a width varying from two to eight miles. About twelve miles east of Montreal river the belt suddenly widens to about fifteen miles, sending a spur off on the south side toward the southern extremity of Agogebiec lake. Another spur sets off north to the Porcupine Mountains. To the east of Portage lake this belt is in reality two belts— the “northern” one consisting of interstratified masses of amygdaloid, conglomerate and coarse sandstone; the “south- ern,” or “Bohemian” range being a mass of crystalline trap. About a mile north of the northern range, another narrow belt curves round parallel with the coast from a point opposite Manitou Island, to the eastern point of Sand Bay. The belt called the Northern Range contains the larger number of copper locations. These rocks were erupted during the period of the Lake Superior Sandstone. A contemporaneous range forms the basis of Isle Royal.* III.— THE AZOIC SYSTEM. An immense thickness of unfossiliferous strata is interposed between the crystalline rocks just referred to, andthe Lake Su- perior sandstone. These, in the Upper Peninsula, commence at # For information concerning the rocks of Lake Superior, see Foster and Whitney’s Report. f i , STATE GEOLOGIST. 49° and near the mouth of Chocolate river, and extend westward to join another belt begitming a few miles south of Huron river. The first belt in the neighborhood of the Machigamig river, suddenly expands towards the south, so that on the State boundary the Azoic belt stretches from beyond Lac Vieux De-— sert to Chippewa Island, in the Menomonee river. It extends thence westward through Wisconsin and to the sources of the Mississippi. The rocks of this system consist in Michigan of talcose, chloritic and silicious slates, quartz, and beds of marble. The silicious slate, becomes, near Marquette, a novaculite, from which hones have been manufactured. In this system are found the specular and magnetic iron ores of Lake Superior, as well as of Pilot Knob, and perhaps the Iron Mountain, in Missouri, the Adirondacks of New York, and other localities. This series of rocks attains an enormous thickness on the northern shores of Lakes Superior and Huron; and Sir Wm. Logan, the Director of - the Canadian Geological Survey, has decided that they consti- tute two great systems, unconformable with each other, the upper of which he styles the Huronian series and the lower the Laurentian.* The Bruce, Wellington, and neighboring mines, are located in these rocks, and are worked for the ores of cop- per; while the Lake Superior mines are located in veins which belong to the age of the trap, and are worked for native copper, IV.—FOSSILIFEROUS STRATA. I.— LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM. 1.—Lake Superior Sandstone. The reddish, yellowish, grayish or mottled sandstone, found along the south shore of Lake Superior has, by different wri- ters, been assigned to different geological periods; but the weight of authority is decidedly in favor of placing it at the base of the Palzozoic series, and on the horizon of the Potsdam Sandstone of New York. Further examinations will undoubt- * Report 1852-3, p. 8; 1856, p. 11. 50 REPORT OF THE: | edly result in the discovery of data which will settle beyond cavil this long mooted question. The examinations of the past season have found this sand- stone in place at the Falls of the St. Mary’s river, where it has a measured thickness of at least 18 feet. It is here thin bed- ded, moderately coherent, reddish and blotched with gray, or grayish blotched with red. It presents evidence of having been deposited on an uneven sea bottom, and in shallow water. We find local undulations, and very distinct ripple marks. Onsome of the surfaces are obscure traces of Alge. On some specimens from the Montreal river, not less than three species of fossil plants have been discovered ; “sun cracks” are also frequent. This sandstone is believed to underlie the whole of Sugar Isl- and, and the northern extremity of Sailor Encampment Island. On the Canada shore, opposite the Neebish Rapids, an altered sandstone is found, which apparently belongs to the same for- mation. It is of a light gray color blotched with reddish-pur- ple spots, and having a rapid dip 8. 55° W. It is intersected by nearly vertical divisioxal planes, running at right angles to the dip. Near the northwestern extremity of St. Joseph’s Isl- and, a quartzose sandstone appears, striped and banded with red'along lines which appear to mark the original planes of © stratification. A little further east, rock is again seen resem- bling that at the Neebish Rapids, and having a dip of 20° toward S. 55° W. On the south-east shore of the bay which indents the northern extremity of St. Joseph’s island, a jaspery conglomeratic sandstone is seen, rising in small rounded knobs, possessing a general reddish color, and being destitute of obvi- ous stratification. The small islands at the southern angle of the channel which separates Campement d’Ours from St. Joseph’s Island, are formed by the same rock. It will hereafter be seen that these quartzose and conglomeratic sandstones occur in close proximity to fossiliferous limestones. Quartz rock is next seen on Sulphur Island, north of Drummond’s. It is slightly clouded with reddish spots, and occurs in beds from three to six feet thick, with shaly partings. It immediately underlies a lime-. q f | 3 7 » * j STATE GEOLOGIST. 51 stone containing fossils in a perfect state of preservation, A conglomerate alSo occurs here, made up of rounded masses of quartz, ranging from the size of a pea to boulders many tons in weight, all cemented together by a silicious limestone, not altered, but appearing as if deposited amongst the interstices and open spaces of a pile of stones and gravel. The solid quartzose character of the rock on St. Joseph’s and Sulphur Islands, so unlike the conglomerate and altered sand- stone of Lake Superior, seems to suggest the idea of its being azoic, and it is so colored on Foster and Whitney’s map, where, nevertheless, it is made to appear like a prolonga- tion of the Potsdam sandstone of Sugar Island. The gradual transition, however, from the unaltered sandstone of the Sault, to the altered sandstone of Neebish Rapids and the extrem- ity of St. Joseph’s Island, the quartzose sandstone and jas-* pery conglomerate of the shore west of Campement d’Ours, and the quartz and conglomerate of Sulphur Island, fa- vors the idea of the equivalency of the sandstone and quartz- ose rocks. The superposition of fossiliferous limestone, at Sulphur Island (probably the Chazy limestone) immediately upon the quartzite, favors the same inference, inasmuch as there is no probabiilty that the sandstone would not be inter- posed at this place between the Chazy and the azoic rocks. Moreover, the influence of the igneous disturbances which have taken place at the Bruce mines and along the Canadian shore but a few miles distant, furnish sufficient cause for the alteration suggested. The Canadian geologists have frequently recognized the Potsdam sandstone in a similar condition. 2.—Caleiferous Sandstone. Though this formation, as just stated, is not recognized to the east and south of St. Mary’s Falls, it is thought best to em- brace it in the enumeration, since it is represented as playing an important part in the geology of the country west of St. - Mary’s river. 52 REPORT OF THE 3.— Trenton Group. The gray silicious limestone seen resting on quartz on Sul- phur Island, north of Drummond’s, is regarded as the lowest fossiliferous limestone within the limits which have come under observation. On the south-and south east sides of Copper Bay, in Montreal Channel, is observed a series of limestones sup- posed to belong but a short distance higher up. The following fossils have been recognized from the extensive collections made along this shore. I have not the time at present to classify them stratigraphically ; nor would such particularity ferred to their localities: At 158, Rhynchonella plena. At 760, in fragments on the beach, Subulites elongatus, Cy- : | comport with the scope of the present report. They are re- pricardites ventricosus, Murchisonia bicincta. At 762 A.=d. in the Synoptical Table, next chapter, hyn- chonella plena, Rhynchonella altilis, Strophomena (n. sp.) At T63—=162 F.=upper part of 170 D., Schizocrinus, Lepteena sublenta, Subulites elongatus, Cypricardites ventricosus, Pluroto- maria subconica, Rhynchonella plena, Asaphus gigas. At 7641762 B., Strophomena camerata. At 766, (not in place) Rhynchonella plena, Tetradvum cellu losum. At 769, the north-eastern extremity of the headland on the south-east side of Copper Bay, Leperditia fabulites, Lepteena sub” tenta, Dalmannites cailicephalus, Ambonychia amygdalina, Stropho, mena plicifera, Cypricardites (sp?), Asaphus gigas, Orthoceras anellum (2?) Pleurotomaria subconica, Illenus, Subuliles n. sp, Cypricardites ventricosa, Murchisonia, (sp ?) Orthis bellirugosa, QO. trisenaria. At T71, Strophomena filitexta, Receptaculites At 785, Rhynchonella plena, Orthis (resembling O. pectinella, but distinct). i ; At 786, Streptelasma corniculum.* . *The region from which the foregoing fossils were obtained, is colored on Foster and Whitney’s map, as lying along the northern margin of the Calciferous Sandstone belt. For identifications of species lam under great obligations to Prof. Hall. STATE GEOLOGIST. ae The Trenton Group of rocks forms a belt about four miles wide, extending west-northwest across St. Joseph’s Island, re- appearing in the high bluffs opposite Little Sailor Encamp- ment Island, and extending thence across the middle of Great Sailor Encampment Island. From here it stretches west in a gradually widening belt, which, bending round to the south- west, lies with its southern border on the west shore of Little Bay de Noquet and Green Bay, whence it continues across Wisconsin into northern Illinois. 4.—Hudson River Group. On the north side of Drummond’s Island are found some highly argillaceous limestones abounding in the fossils charac- teristic of the Hudson River Group of New York. These are first seen about three miles west of Pirate Harbor, and extend thence around the coast to the point of land north of the bay which indents the north-west side of the island, thus occupying a belt about three miles wide. A large proportion of the fos- sils seen are Bryozoa, which have not yet been studied. Che- teetes. lycoperdon is exceedingly abundant. Favistella stellata occurs in prodigious masses and great numbers, (at 781, 786, 788.) -At 781 (A) is an Ambonychia not yet identified. The ar- gillaceous strata are about fifteen feet thick, and underlain by a bluish gray, subcrystalline limestone, of which three feet were observed. This group forms a belt about four miles wide across St. Joseph’s Island, a little south of the middle, then, intercepting ‘the southern extremity of Great Sailor Encampment Island, stretches westward along the south side of the region covered by the Trenton Group, and occupies the space between Big and Little Bays de Noquet. Passing under the whole length of Green Bay, it reappears at the southern extremity, and continues in the direction of Winnebago and Horicon lakes, in Wisconsin. All round the circuit which is thus traced, the dip of the formation carries it under the lower peninsula of Michigan. It does not emerge on the southern side of the peninsula, being overlain by the four groups next described, but dips down REPORT OF THE again beneath the carboniferous basin of Ohio, on the one hand, and of Indiana on the other. At Cincinnati is another swell, from the summit of which the overlying formations have been denuded, and here the Hudson River Group again appears. Like most of the other groups of the Palzeozoic System, it has through- out the northern and north western States, a very ae geo- graphical development. I1.—UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM. : 5.—Clinton Group. At the eastern extremity of Drummond’s Island, the lower 32 feet of Dickinson’s quarry constitute the upper portion of the Clinton Group of New York. It is an argillo-caleareous lime- stone, fine grained and very evenly bedded, in layers from two to three feet thick, having a very gradual dip toward the south. In color it is nearly white, some layers having an ashen hue. The rock presents to the eye every appearance of a most beat- tiful and desirable building stone, remarkably easy of access and eligibly situated for quarrying. In November, 1859, the company organized for working the quarry got out a large quantity of fine blocks for building purposes. Severely cold weather arrested their operations, and on the return of Spring, the fine blocks quarried out were found considerably shattered, apparently by the action of the frost. This effect was undoubt- edly due to the sudden freezing of the stone while yet contain- ing a large amount of quarry water. Whether a rock containing so large a per centage of argillaceous matter would not, under any circumstances, prove too absorbent and retentive of moist- ure, to stand in exposed situations in our severe climate, remains yet to be ascertained; but I have some hope, that if quarried in early summer, and left to dry before the approach of frost, it might be found durable. , As a lithographic stone, whatever its qualities for building purposes, I believe some of the layers will answer well, when polished ; the surface, to the naked eye, is quite free from imper- fections, and under a glass some portions are so homogeneous ; STATE GEOLOGIST. 55 as to seem made from an earthy impalpable powder. I have not had the opportunity, however, to submit any samples to the inspection of a competent: lithographer, which alone would decide the value of the rock for this purpose. Rocks lower in the group are seen outcropping successively along the shore of the island, from Dickinson’s quarry to Pirate Harbor, which, as before stated, is not more than three miles, nearly along the strike of the formation, from the first appear- ance of rocks of the Hudson River Group. The formation re- appears on the northwestern side of the island at Brown’s and Seaman’s quarries (790 and 796). An experimental quarry of the ship canal company was opened in this vicinity in the upper part of the group (792), but was sutsequently aban- doned. The same rocks are seen at numerous points as far south as the neighborhood of the old British Fort, the northern extremity of the point of land at the west end of the island being of the Clinton Group. The rocks of this group contain few fossils, but among our collections I recognize the Avicula, Murchisonia and Cythérina (Leperditia?), referred to by Prof. Hall. The latter, particu- larly, is characteristic at all the localities, and throughout the whole vertical range of the formation. At Dickinson’s quarry, some arenaceous layers are seen above the Clinton rocks from four to six inches thick, somewhat blotched with red, and strongly ripple-marked. The resemblance to the Medina sand- stone is so strong that one expects next moment to find Lingula cuneafa in it, but careful search has revealed no organic remains. This group cuts across the southern part of St. Joseph’s Island, and passes on in the direction of the southern shore of Munnusco Bay. 6.—Niagara Group. The principal part of the promontory known as Marblehead at the eastern extremity of Drummond’s Island, is composed of the Niagara limestone, so called by the New York geologists, 56 REPORT OF THE from its occurrence on the Niagara river. It reaches here an elevation of nearly 100 feet above the lake, and dipping southward sinks beneath the water on the south shore of the island. This assemblage of strata embraces a band five feet thick of highly arenaceous limestone, at bottom, overlain by seven feet of a hard, gray crystalline limestone, which furnishes an excellent quality of quicklime. This is overlain by forpy- " five feet of a rough, crystalline, geodiferous limestone, followed upward by eight feet of broken thin-bedded limestone, and six feet of rough vesicular limestone. The white, massive, marble. like, magnesian limestone, twenty feet thick, occupying the south shore of the island, is still higher ; and the series is com- pleted by about six feet of thin bedded brown limestone, abounding in Favosites niagarensis, Halysites escharoides, Helio- lites spinipora, &c. The thicker masses are eminently charac- terized by Pentameri, while not one has been found in the Clin- ton Group. The total observed and measured thickness of these rocks does not exceed one hundred feet, and it is doubtful whether the dip of the strata across Drummond’s Island would give them a calculated thickness much greater. The rocks which emerge from the water on the south side, preserve a gentle and pretty uniform rise to the top of the escarpment at Marblehead, and west of there. Only the uppermost, thin- bedded layers seen on the south shore, are wanting at Marble- head. - The economical qualities of this limestone, so far as I am. aware, have not been reliably tested. The large per centage of carbonate of magnesia contained in the heavier beds, renders them a pretty well characterized dolomite. According to the researches of Vicat, this proportion of carbonate of magnesia, mixed with about 40 parts of carbonate of hme, possesses hydraulic properties; and only a few hundredths of clay are required to be added, to produce the strongest hydraulic cement. It is not at all unlikely that somewhere upon the shores of Drummond’s Island a good hydraulie limestone may be foun compounded by the hand of nature. STATE GEOLOGIST. 51 At several points on the south shore of the island, the thick strata above the Pentamerus beds, appear well calculated for architectural uses. The rock is highly crystalline, hard and white, with occasional stripes and blotches of a rose color, and can be conveniently procured in blocks of any required size. It is not at all unlikely that quarries may be opened which will furnish a stone sufficiently homogeneous to be used for orna- mental purposes. For rough, substantial masonry, there is no rock in our State which js more worthy of attention; and when once developed, there will be no building stone of equal excel- lence half as accessible to our people. This group of rocks occupies the southern portion of the Manitoulin chain of islands to the east and south east of Drum- mond’s, underlying the peninsula between Georgian Bay and ~ Lakg Huron, and stretching thence to Hamilton, in Canada West, crossing the Niagara river betwecn Grand Islaid and Lake Ontario, and forming at Lockport, in New York, the quarry stone which has been sent a thousaud miles to build the steps at the St. Mary’s Ship Canal. Toward the west the Niagara Group occupies the whole shore as far as Point Detour of Lake Michigan, except the promontory, west of Mackinac. Continuing south-west, it forms the Potawotomie Islands, and the peninsula between Green Bay and Lake Michigan, the coast of which it does not leave until it reaches the neighborhood of Evanston, near Chi- cago. 7.—Onondaga Salt Group. On the eastrside of Little St. Martin’s Island, north of Mack- inac, is seen at the surface of the water a mass of gypseous mottled clay, constituting the lowest beds of the Onondaga Salt Group of New York. On the main land west of Mackinac the clays again appear, and in the vicinity of Little Pt. aux Chene they are seen inclosing numerous masses of aggregated crys- tals of brown and gray gypsum. From the latter locality sev- eral ship loads were at one time sent eff, but the business was 58 REPORT OF THE interrupted by the death of one of the proprietors, and has not since been resumed. At a higher level, we find at the base of Mackinac, Round and Bois Blanc Islands, as well as at Sitting Rabbit on the main land west, a fine, ash colored argillaceous limestone, con- taining abundant acicular crystals, and becoming in the lower part banded with darker streaks of aluminous matter, and resembling the water limestone of this group in New York. Above this, at the west end of Bois Blanc Island, are found three feet of calcareous clay or marl; while still higher and immediately underlying the rocks of the next group, occurs at all the above localities, a fine-grained, brown limestone. No fossils have been discovered in this group, in the northern part ‘of the State. i From the region just referred to, this belt of rocks passes under the bed of Lake Huron, reappearing on the Canada shore ketween the river Au Sauble and Douglass Point. It thence extends to Galt, in Canada West, and crosses the Niagara river south of Grand Island. On the west, it passes in a simi- lar manner under the bed of Lake Michigan, and barely makes an outcrop in the vicinity of Milwaukee, whence it has not been certainly distinguished from the associated limestones of the Clinton, Niagara and Helderberg groups, the entire assem- blage being commonly known as the “Cliff Limestone.” -No other outcrop of rocks of this group has heretofore been known in our State. I have now, however, to announce the existence of the Onondaga Salt Group in Monroe county, in the south-eastern corner of Michigan. My attention was first at- tracted by the peculiar character of the limestones at Mont- gomery’s quarry, in the south part of the township of Ida. At this place I found the characteristic acicular crystals in great abundance, in a light, thin-bedded, fine-grained, argillaceous limestone; and discovered also, some beds of the brownish banded argillaceous rock forming the water-limestone of the group. At this place occur the only fossils yet detected in the » 5 STATE GEOLOGIST. 59 group in this State. They consist of a turrited gasteropod (Laxonema Boydii?) and an obscure Cyathophylloid coral. The group was again recognized at the head of Ottawa Lake, in the south-western part of the county, and again at numer- ous points in the bed of Otter Creek, in the eastern part of the county. The deepest of the Plumb Creek quarries, two miles south of Monroe, have penetrated the same formation and re- vealed marked and satisfactory characters. Since making the above observations, | have been informed of the discovery of gypsum at Sylvania, in Ohio, just beyond the State line, and am led to regard this as confirmatory evi- dence of the distinct existence of this group in the southeastern part of our State. It might not be foo much to allege that the gypsum exported from Sandusky, probably holds a position in the same geological horizon. The economical importance of the Onondaga Salt Group of rocks is very great. It is the source of all the salt and gyp- sum of the State of New York, and supplies at Galt, in Canada West, a beatiful stone for building purposes. In our own State it has been already shown to contain gypsum in workable quantities on the shores of the Upper Peninsula, near Little Pt. au Chene. The occurrence of gypsum at Sandusky and Sylvania, in Ohio, justifies the search for it in Monroe county. The localities most favorable for.exploration are those already mentioned, viz.: the deepest excavations at Montgomery’s quarry, the Plumb Creek quarries, those at the head of Ottawa Lake, and the gorges of Otter Creek. Some indications likewise exist, of the saliferous character of this formation, in Michigan. Occasional salt springs occur _ in Monroe county, far beyond the outcrop of the saliferous sand- stones of the center of the State. The fost noteworthy of these is 4} miles south of the Raisinville quarries, in the township of Ida. An Artesian well sunk at Detroit in 1829-30, after passing through 130 feet of unsolidified materials, and 120 feet of compact limestone, passed 2 feet of gypsum con- / taining salt. On the opposite s:de of the State, according to 60 REPORT OF THE information furnished by Dr. Miles, is a strong and copious salt spring, located upon Harbor Island in the west arm of Grand Traverse Bay. This is now overflowed by the waters ot the lake, but tradition says that the Indians formerly manufactured salt at this place, when the water was several feet lower. It ap- pers quite possible, therefore, that borings which should pene- trate this group of rocks might be rewarded by a profitable supply of brine. One other suggestion may be made in connection with the economy of this group. The brown and banded argillaceous limestone, which, in Monroe county, generally occurs in the deeper parts of the quariies, may, on trial, be found to produce a valuable water lime. The trial, if never made, should, by all means, be undertaken. Even should this experiment fail, the hydraulic character imparted to the quicklime manufactured from this rock, or from rock with which this is mixed, must add materially to the cementing properties of the lime, provided it is used with reference to the peculiar nature of hydraulic cements. III.—DEVONIAN SYSTEM. 8.—Upper Helderberg Group. In the lower part of the cliffs known as Chimney Rock and Lover’s Leap, on the west side of Mackinac Island, is seen a cherty and agatiferous conglomerate, irregularly disposed, but pretty persistent. On the main land west, close to the water’s edge, and beneath the brecciated mass, presently referred to, is found a better characterized conglomerate, a few feet in thick- ness. These beds, occupying the place of the Oriskany Sand- stone of New York, and corresponding to it in lithological characters, as seen at some of its exposures, may not improb- ably be regarded as representing that formation. The uncer- tainty of the identification, however, prevents me from giving it a distinct place in the enumeration of our strata. Above this curious conglomerate, rises one of the most remarkable masses of rock to be seen in this or any State. ‘ STATE GEOLOGIST. 61 The well characterized limestones of the Upper Helderberg Group, to the thickness of 250 feet, exist in a confusedly brec- ciated condition. The individual fragments of the mass are angular and seem to have been but little moved from their original places. It appears as if the whole formation had been shattered by sudden vibrations and unequal uplifts, and after- wards a thin calcareous mud poured over the broken mass, per- colating through all the interstices, and re-cementing the frag- ments. 4 This is the general physical character of the mass; but in many places the original lines of stratification can be traced, and individual layers of the formation can be seen dipping at varions angles and in all directions, sometimes exhibiting abrupt flexures, and not unfrequently a complete downthrow of 15 or 20 feet. These phenomena were particularly noticed at the cliff known as Robinson’s Folly. In the highest part of the island, back ot Old Fort Holmes, — the formation is, much less brecciated, and exhibits an oolitic character, as first observed in the township of Bedford, in Monroe county. The principal part of Round and Bois Blanc Islands is composed of the brecciated mass. It forms the promontory west of Mackinac, which, on the north side, sinks © abruptly to the low outcrop of the Onondaga Salt Group, stretching across from the Hare’s Back to Little Pt. au Chene. It issseen again in the vicinity of Old Mackinac, but it evidently diminishes in thickness toward the south, The elevated limestone region constituting the northern por- tion of the peninsula, consists of the higher members of the Upper Helderberg Group, which gradually subsides toward the ‘south, and in the southern part of Cheboygan county, as nearly as can be judged, sinks beneath the shaly limestones of the Hamilton Group. The strike of the formation determines the trend of the coast of Lake Huron, although the limestone bar- riers to the lake are generally, at the present day, situated some distance back from the immediate shore. A few miles north-west of Adam’s Point, at Crawford’s marble quarry, the 62 REPORT OF THE higher members of the series abut upon the shore in a cliff about seventy-five feet high. At the base we find four feet of brown calcareous sandstone which is assumed to be next in order above the oolitic beds of Mackinac Island. From this point, the outcrop of the formation is traced in a ridge passing between Grand and Long Lakes, in Presque Isle county, and abutting upon the shore again at a point nearly opposite Mid- ‘dle Island. This island is made up of fragments of the lime- stone. Gradually subsiding toward the south, the formation at Thunder Bay Island rises barely to the surface of the water. ‘On the east side of the island, in the vicinity of the light-house, it is seen forming vertical cliffs beneath the surface of the water. In calm weather, upon a sunny day, the view of these ‘subaqueous precipices is truly impressive. Dark gorges, gloomy ‘caverns and perpendicular walls are seen dimly lit by the dimin- ishing light, until darkness cuts oft the view, and the plummet: feels its way to the depth of ninety‘feet, amongst the shadows of the ruins of an ancient ocean stream. Passing hence under the bed of the lake, the formation emerges on the Canadian shore, between Douglass Point and Benson’s Creek. It passes thence in a broad belt to the shore of Lake Erie, which it eccu- pies between Buffalo and Long Point. Dipping toward the south- avest beneath a trough of newer rocks, it appears again upon the northern shore of the lake between Point aux Pins and the Detroit river, and passing into south-eastern Michigan, it arches over, forming the anticlinal axis whose denudation has uncoy- ered the Onondaga Salt Group. From this axis it dips north, ‘south-east and south-west, passing beneath three distinct coal “basins. At the exposures of tnis group of rocks in the southern part of the State, we find its thickness very considerably diminished. The conglomerate, supposed to revresent the Oriskany sand- ‘stone, has not been recognized. The thick brecciated mass is not distinctly identifiable, though at Pt. aux Peaux and Stony Pt., the formation is much broken up. Still the paleontological characters of the rock seem rather to ally it with that part of STATE GEOLOGIST. 63 the formation seen at Thunder Bay Island. The oolitic portion seen at the summit of Mackinac Island is recognized at several points in Monroe county, while the arenaceous strata of Craw- ford’s quarry are repeated in a beautiful white sand, derived from the disintegration of the rock in Raisinville, 8 miles from Monroe. The whole thickness of the formation in Monroe county cannot be over 50 or 60 feet from the oolitic beds to the Onondaga Salt Group, while at Mackinac the same strata attain a thickness of 275 feet. . To the west of Mackinac, the Helderberg limestones are found underlying the numerous islands near the foot of Lake Michigan, and forming the highlands seen a few miles back from the coast of the Peninsula, as far as Little Traverse Bay. At the head of this bay, they are scen forming cliffs along the shore. The highest beds are thick, light, argillo-calcareous, reg- ularly stratified, abounding in Brachiopods, geodes and long cylindrical cavities. At some points these beds are made up of a large dome shaped coral, similar to those seen at Thunder Bay Island. A calcareo-argillaceous, shaly layer, of a dark gray color, one or two feet thick, separates these upper beds from a pale buff, argillo-calcareous, thick bedded, fissile mass, 4 feet thick, which is underlain by 3} feet of a light dingy gray argillo-calcareous, porous, geodiferous mass, breaking with a very uneven fracture. Still lower we find 6 feet of light argii- laceous, fine grained limestone, resembling that of the Clinton Group. We next come to a light buff limestone, much shat- tered, destitute of fossils, 6 feet thick, apparently representing the brecciated mass about Mackinac. Finally, at the lowest points, is seen a light buff limestome, banded with argillaceous matter, and resembling the highest beds of the Onondaga Salt Group. The Helderberg limestones of Michigan are well stocked with fossil remains, which are found not only in place, but scat- tered with the drift to all parts of the State Probably three- fifths of all the fossils picked up from the surface of the Lower Peninsula—except in the immediate vicinity of the outcrop of 64 REPORT OF THE other fossiliferous strata—belong to this group; while more than another fifth belong to the Hamilton Group. But little has yet been done toward the identification of the numerous species, in consequence of the long expected, but long delayed, appear- ance of Prof. Hall’s third volume on the Paleontology of New York. The highest members of the formation in Monroe county, contain numerous ichthyodorulites and other traces of fishes, the most perfect of which have been furnished by Judge Chris- tiancy, from his quarry near Dundee. A finely preserved spine from this locality, exhibits the generic characters of New- berry’s Macheracanthus* except that it is solid throughout. I have also a traditional account of a pair of powerfully armed fish jaws. The same quarry contains an abundance of beauti-— fully preserved Zentaculites, showing the telescopic structure of the shell; a large encrinital stem, and a Gomphoceras (n. sp.), which is found again in the highest beds of the formation at Crawford’s quarry, beyond Presque Isle. A little lower down, in the borders of the oolitic beds, we find a Rhynchonella (n. sp.). At Stony Pt. and Pt. aux Peaux, the formation is much shattered, and embraces large concretionary masses several feet in diameter, which easily separate in concentric layers. A similar structure was afterwards seen at Thunder Bay Island, forming domes twelve anda-half feet in diameter, rising up through the rocky floor of the island. Here, however, a distinct coralline structure was discovered, which has led to the conviction that the structure at Stony Point, is also organic. Numerous trilobites occur in the rocks at Monguagon, in Wayne county, among which Phacops bufo is conspicuous. ‘iwo or three species of Huomphalus were seen at Middle Island, and a very large Euomphaloid shell six or eight inches across, has been ot tained from the west end of Lake Erie. From Mackinac, besides Phacops bufo, Proetus (sp?) and the other forms noticed by Prof. Hall,f Ihave detected only a Cyathophyiloid coral. From Little Traverse Bay, I have Spirit # << Fossil Fishes from the Devonian Rocks of Chio,” in Bulletin of the National Institute, Jan. 26, 1857. {Foster & Whitney’s Report, Vol. II, p. 166. STATE GEOLOGIST. 65 Ser gregaria, Merista, Cyrtia, (n. sp.) Acervularia Davidsont (from the limestones separating the Helderberg and Hamilton Groups, ) and numerous other fossils. From other parts of the State, this group has furnished a Bellerophon, (n. sp.) Spirifer acuminatus, (cultrijugatus,) Syringopora, Chonetes, Productusy Atrypa reticularis, Slrophomena rugosa, Spirifer duodenaria, Strophomena hemispherica, Atrypa (n. sp.), Spirifer (peculiar for plication in mesial sinus) Strophodonta (n. sp.) Meristella, ( N. bf Regents Rep. 1859,) and many other forms. The formation is extensively intersected by divisional planes; and even in those portions not belonging to the brecciated mass at Mackinac, is apt tobe considerably broken up. The open character of the rock permits the escape of numerous copious springs of fresh water, and occasionally gives rise to the sud- den disappearance of streams and lakes. Various accounts are current, in Monroe county, of subterranean communications from lake to lake, and even between Lake Erie and the western part of the county. I heard it repeatedly stated, that at cer- tain seasons of the year, Ottawa Lake passes off by some subterranean outlet, causing the death of all the fish which remain, but that, on the refilling of the lake, the water is always accompanied by a fresh stock of fish. In, Mr. James Cummins’ quarry, about five miles, in a right line, north-east of Ottawa Lake, the rock is described as cavernous and full of sink holes; and what is remarkable, is the fact that this quarry is always filled with water when the lake is high, and empty when it is low; and whenever the quarry is full, it contains bass and dog- fish of the common species of that region. The curious, suture-like structure so often referred to by other geologists, is frequently met with ip Michigan—two con- secutive layers of rock being studded, on their contact surfaces with tooth-like or prism-like processes which fit into correspond- ing pits on the opposite surface. A thin film of black bituminous matter generally prevents a perfect contact of the contiguous surfaces. Sometimes these processes are so little developed, 9 66 REPORT OF THE that the lime of contact is merely zigzag, or truly suture-like, while in other cases they become elongated prisms. The same. structure was long ago noted in the same formation, in Ohio, by Dr. Locke.* In New York it is found in the Niagara Lime- stone, the Waterlime Greup, and some of the higher rocks.+ These forms were termed by Prof. Eaton, Lignilites, from their resemblance to woody fibre. In consequence of Mr. Vanuxem’s suggestion,{ that this structure might. be owing to sulphate of magnesia, Dr. Beck subjected to analysis a specimen from the Niagara Limestone, and detected about 21 per cent. of carbon- ate of magnesia.§ The limestones of this group are generally somewhat bitu- minous, giving a brownish color and a fetid odor to the rock, — The bitumen at Christiancy’s quarry in Monroe county, is so abundant as to exude in the form of an oil, and float upon the surface of the water. The bituminous exudation is very marked — in the Helderberg limestones of Northern Illinois. Black, bitu- minous, Shaly partings frequently occur between the strata in the upper part of the group. Considerable hornstone appears in the formation at Raisin- ville, in Monroe county, and also at Little Traverse Bay. Cu- rious cherty concretions are very common. These sometimes take the form of a perfect sphere, or ellipsoid of revolution, or a gourd, and generally reveal at the centre, traces of some or- ganic substance. These characters are supposed to appertain to the “corniferous” or upper portion of the group. At Brest, Stony Point, Pt. aux Peaux, and some other localities, the bro- ken strata abound in Strontianite, Dog Tooth Spar and Rhomb Spar. At Brest, Amethyst is found in limited quantity. Some of the cherty nodules or pebbles at Mackinac, pass to the char- acter of chalcedony and well marked agate. The economical importance of this group of rocks is very great. They are everywhere useful for quicklime, and when *Report of Geological Survey, Ohio, 1838, p. 230. Hall, Geological Report, IV District, N. Y., p. 95. port, Ill District, for 1838, p. 271. Beck, Mineralogy of N. Y., p. 69. STATE GEOLOGIST, 67. not too remote from settlements, are everywhere burned for this purpose. Monroe county has long been celebrated for the abundance and good quality of its lime, At Christiancy’s quarry, about 10,000 bushels are annually produced. The Plumb Creek quarries, below Monroe, furnish a much larger quantity. At Raisinville, where the outcrop of the limestone covers about 200 acres, are 13 kilns, with a capacity of 8,540 bushels. Supposing that these kilns burn, on an average, once in three weeks, the total amount of lime produced is 145,180 bushels per year. Lime is manufactured at numerous other points in the county. According to statistics on hand, the aver- age cost of the lime at the kilns is about 5 cents per bughel. It-is sold for 12} cents at the kilns. Supposing the Plumb Creek quarries to produce 100,000 bushels annually, and all other kilns in the county 50,000 bushels, we have an aggregate of 295,000 bushels, which at 12} cents a bushel amounts to the considerable sum of $36,875. This lime is generally pur- chased by the farmers, who, carry it in wagons to the surround- ing country, for a distance of 30 miles. It is generally sold by them for 25 cents a bushel, making a profit to them of $36,875 which is likewise retained in the county. The aggregate an- nual addition to the wealth of the county, therefore, from the manufacture of lime alone, is $73,750.* For architectural purposes, some portions of the Helderberg limestones seem to be extremely well adapted. The sills, caps and water table manufactured at Christiancy’s quarry, haye a reputation of many years standing. They may be seen in the court house in Monroe, in the new hotel, in all the new block of stores en Washington street south of the city hall, in Wing and Johnson’s banking office, and three stores in Monroe street, There is no stone which stands the weather better. They seem even to improve under the influence of exposure. The distance. _of the quarry from the railroad has, however, prevented these stones from coming into general use. During 1859, twelve *The scope of this report does not permit further details, though the materials are on hand. They will be introduced into the final report, together with practical suggestions in reference to selecting and burning the stone, and improving the quality of the lime. 68 REPORT OF THE hundred feet of caps, window sills and water table were work- ed out, and about two hundred feet of door sills. About one hundred and twenty cords of rough stone are annually sold for building purposes. At Crawford’s quarry, on the shore ef Lake Huron, about eighteen miles beyond Presque Isle, this limestone presents characters which create the hope of very interesting develop- ments. The roek here is compact, fine-grained and handsomely clouded by the unequal distribution of the bituminous matter, — so that polished surfaces of the general mass present quite an elegant appearance. The large dome-shaped coral, however, spoken of as occurring at Thunder Bay Island and Little Tra- verse Bay, produces in the stone at this quarry a very beautiful effect. The undulating concentric laminae, when cut by right planes, and the surfaces polished, exhibit a beautiful agate-like structure, the effect of which is greatly heightened by the cor- alline disposition of the calcareous matter, and the varied dis- tribution of the bituminous color. Should it be proved that this sort of rock can be procured in samples sufficiently large, the -Lake Huron marble will take its place by the side of the most highly esteemed varieties. The agricultural capabilities of the district underlain by this group of rocks is very great. The whole of the elevated lime- stone region north of the line joining Thunder and Little Traverse Bays, is capable of supporting a dense population. The contrast noticed in passing from the arenaceous soils of the Marshall and Napoleon Groups, to the calcareous soils of the Helderberg Group, is very striking. The islands of Bois Blanc and Mackinac, but especially the former, are covered with a growth of timber, which, except the addition of a few scat- tered Conifere, is a perfect reproduction of the forests of Monroe county, and Northern Ohio. The same might have been said’of the plateau upon the Niagara limestone, extending west from Centralia, on Drummond’s Isiand. I saw here the beech, black birch, sugar maple, and other trees growing to . an enormous size. One birch measured .10 feet in circumfer- “es, T STATE GEOLOGIST. ~ 968 ence. Mr. Francis showed me here excellent crops of Indian _eorn, potatoes and oats. 9.—Hamilton Group. On the east side of Thunder Bay Island, the rocks of the Helderberg Group are seen overlain by a black bituminous limestone, abounding in Atrypa reticularis, and numerous other Brachiopods allied to the types of this group. The locality furnishes, also, two or three species of trilobites, a Favosites, a large coral allied to Acervularia and some fish remains, The rock breaks in every direction, and abounds in partings of dark ‘shaly matter. : The same beds are again seen at Carter’s quarry, two or three miles above the mouth of Thunder Bay river, and here it contains the same fossils. Itis seen again on the south shore of Little Traverse Bay, replete with Brachiopods and Bryozoa, and is here eighteen feet thick. It is overlain by two feet of dark chocolate colored, compact, argillaceous limestone, much shat- tered, and abounding in Cyathophylloids and other corals, which, in turn, is surmounted by 14 feet of a limestone varying from calcareous and crystalline to argillaceous, in beds from 2 to 24 inches thick. The whole series is completed by 6,inches of black shale. The exact order of superposition of all the rocks constituting the Hamilton Group, has nowhere been observed. The bluff at Partridge Point, in Thunder Bay, is believed to come in next above the bituminous limestone of the localities just cited. The rock here is at bottom, a bluish, highly argillaceous limestone, with shaly interlaminations, the whole wonderfully stocked with the remains of Bryozoa and not a few encrinital stems, No calices of Encrinites, however, could be found, except two Pentremites picked up along the beach, and one Cyathocrinoid found in place. Above these beds, which are but five feet thick, occurs a@ mass of blue shale, six feet thick, calcareous in places, and irregularly interstratified with blue, argillaceous limestone. It contains Bryozoa, Cyathophyllidae and Trilobites , 70 REPORT OF THE 7 Still higher, is a massive limestone, below, filled with ‘Bryozoa, Encrinites and Brachiopods, above, little fossiliferous, the whole, with interlaminations of clay. At the upper rapids of Thunder Bay river, still a different but entirely detached section was observed, and it is, as yet, impos- sible to collocate it with the others. The same must be said of the isolated exposure at the lower rapids. At the upper rapids (N. E. dof S. W. 4, sec. 7, T. 31 N., 8 E.,) on the south side of the river, limestone is seen in a bluff 15 feet high, dipping E. S. E., about 5°. The whole section exposed is 25 feet, made up as follows, from above:* 8, Limestone, bluish, flaggy,.......... n>. ims cat ee fs. 1. Limestone, dark gray, highly crystalline, thick bedded, with Favosites, aie wat Bal 90'S 6 ele dilate Aan ol ko 1S en ott. 6. Limestone, dark bluish, very fine grained, hard, com- pact and heavy, with a few reddish streaks and spots, and some encrinital stems and shells, and a few crys- tals of spar interspersed, with occasional seams of the same in the form of dog tooth spar. Would make an excellent building stone, and probably would re- Geive.2 Tne DOMET, 6-4 a..4:-fom ngs cassia oop an we)eigs 010/05 1419)9.0'4 on sinids 50.5 11 ft. The higher beds are worked on the grounds into excellent window sills and water-tables, which sell for 28 cents per linear foot. I saw some fine floated and moulded stone steps and door-sills, selling for 37} cts. a square foot. The rough stene costs 25 cts. a perch at the quarries, or 50 cents a perch of 1600_ lbs. on board cars. The charges for freight are two cents a hundred to Jackson, four cents to Adrain, ten cents to Monroe. The quarries at this place furnished the cut stone for the new Union School building in Monroe, also for the City Hall at that place, and the Union School House at Tecumseh. A fine store of this stone, with smooth front, has been erected at Hillsdale. Some base this stone are sufficiently clean and sharp to , ‘ 90 REPORT OF THE answer the requisites of a coarse grindstone, and some years ago this manufacture had attained here a considerable degree of importance. | The Napoleon sandstone outcrops at numerous other locali- ties in the south part of Jackson county, and further northwest. Being entirely destitute of fossils, it is not easy to distinguish it from the sandstones above, and the unfossiliferous portions of the sandstones below. The most northern exposure yet ex- amined on the southern slope of the State, is in the right bank of the Grand River about a mile above Grandville, in Kent county. In all the borings for salt which have passed through the Napoleon sandstone it has been found separated from the Mar- shall Group by a bed of clay. This, at the State salt well, was 14 feet thick; at Lyon’s well, 9; at Butterworth’s, 10; at Scrib- ner’s, 10; at the Indian Creek well, 15; at Windsor’s, 10; at Hast Saginaw, 64 feet. The thickness of the overlying sand- stones is pretty uniformly about one hundred feet. The Napoleon sandstone bears considerable resemblance to the conglomerate of Ohio, as seen in the gorge of the Cuyahoga, at the falls; but it contains no pebbles, and occupies a position, moreover, below the carboniferous limestone. As a distinct formation, therefore, it has no satisfactory equivalent in sur-’ rounding States; and there is no reason, except its negative paleontological characters, for separating it from the Marshall Group. The uniformity in the petrographic character of the sandstones of Huron county, has already been alluded to. _ Should it hereafter appear that the separating shale which lies between the Marshall and Napoleon Groups of the southern part of the State is wanting in the north, we shall be obliged to regard the one hundred and nine feet of sandstone passed in the deep well at East Saginaw as representing both these groups, diminished to the thickness of one of them; while the shale beneath, penetrated to the depth of 64 feet, must be re- garded as the commencement of the argillaceous portion of the Huron Group. Such a thinning of strata toward the north STATE GEOLOGIST. 91 would, however, constitute a reversal of the general law of our strata, and I have consequently been induced for the present to regard the shale reached in the Saginaw deep well as the thick- ened separating shale lying between the Napoleon and Mar- shall Groups. 13.—Miehigan Salt Group. The Napoleon sandstone, exposed along the right bank of the Grand River a mile or two above Grandville, in Kent county (S. E. } sec. 7, Wyoming), near the residence of Mr. Davidson, is succeeded upwards by a remarkable series of saliferous shales and intercalated beds of eypsum and magnesian lime- stone, attaining a maximum observed thickness of 184 feet. The lower portion of this formation outcrops in an extensive salt marsh?on sec 3, T.6 N., 12 West (Wyoming, Kent county). This is the locality of the State salt well, near Grand Rapids. Nearly opposite, on the north side of the river, in a bluff rising 60 or 80 feet above the water, are located extensive gypsum quarries. At the quarry known as McReynolds & Stewart’s, I observed the following section: 19. Loam, variable in thickness. 18. Clay, yellowish and plastic,..................- 3 ft. PS? secre tc e elias ctect octet a cot occas 3 ft. 16. “ Plaster rock ”—a series ol irregularly alterna- ting layers of arenaceous limestone and shale, inclosing many masses of reddish gypsum,.... 5 ft. 15. Limestone, argillo-arenaceous (called ‘flint,”).. 4 in. 14. Shale, blue, thinly laminated, pretty uniform,.... 4 ft. 6 in. ewe ater Lumentone,”: . 4 empinesyaemmsis 3% abrels 8 in. EE EDS a es ee ay Pa 1 ft. CMC MMOMMMM cadclosstccsetdvcacccesscee 10 in. eT. FUSE. POUR MT SU Se ae. 3 ft. 9. “ Plaster rock,” composed of plaster, with some EE Pe ne ey Oe, ee ee 2 ft ne oo nae cas aude s SaBie ck ep sce ss 3 ft 1. Water limestone, (which in Hovey’s quarry was found to pass into gypsum,).............66. 2 ft. Re RI eR iin ols we phe os tepeibies anne b 3 ft. ee aah ass pga hah cape * °°) © 6 ft oe ee Oe ey anol va ye 9 in. -® Gypeum, ... sve dre. Peevees tO un oe eee 13 ft. 6 in. 92 REPORT OF THE EMSkealelsretes tb. ig Iagrycay ¢..0 Oe 2 ft. 1. Limestone and gypsum, more than............ 4 ft DOGS, ws - hs s = ae ee wees 6 oe ee te Ee 57 ft. T in The following is the section at Hovey & Co.’s plates quarry © within a few rods of the last: 16.:, Loam, eke now date sek vive. cis oe 6 ft. BDL OGY SUBST OO) ole BEBO es? Ju. AOS Oe 3 ft. 14:0 Water limestone”: :). ovsclgy. cows «oa click. ee 1 ft. ea Lr” Ake aE eR RMS of A a teaeell er ia cp ihe eae 4 ft. 12. SY PSII). ws Was on he Sie Bei en as ae 10 in. Rel ©) 0 Chappelle ees dle teed 8, sched fhe on 1 ft. 3 in. 10. Water limestone ard clay in thin. layers,....... 2 ft. Be PUA, eek att: beweateee CLeeee ee ee 3 it. Be Gypsum, oA Pr ee ee 1 ft 6in Ms OUG, |. 2:0 as Sat chls ek tes» alte ee 4 Re ee 3 ft. 6: Water dimestone, /{ ) Joo °7. 81 2.42.3. 6 298 me iit 10 in 5. penadle. IY nae. digw- dias odade» adi -ko eieoet ae 4 ft 2s. Gopnik, gs ee Sa 6 ft. pC ee). oh kits s 56 bons TS (avtinaeie Jy Ce 1 ft. 3 in St ey POU, ee ot no cents e tke ail, 13 ft. 1. Gypsum, hard, rather dark colored, through which the excavations have not yet extended. —_—— Teataal x. winie io-js o ainiee Scns wo SER RU, A, 44 ft. 8 in. In establishing a parallelism between these two sections, it is probable that we must regard Nos. 1 and 2, (Hovey,) as the equivalent of No.3, (McReynolds;) No.3 (H.)—4 (McR.) &c.; No. 18, (H.) corresponding to 14 (McR.); 14 (H.) to 16 (McR.); 15 (H.) to 18 (McR.); so that the beds 15 and 17, (McR.) find no equivalents in Hovey’s quarry. | The 13 feet bed of gypsum is a pure and solid mass. At top it is reddish, veined with the bluish color of the shale; below, it becomes more bluish as a mass. At the center the fracture and lustre remind one of hornstone, the mineral being trans- lucent, fine grained, compact and homogeneous. From this to the bottom of the bed, is a mottled and clouded gypsum of a coarsely fibrous structure. The shales of McReynolds & Stewart’s quarry are said to —_ STATE GEOLOGIST. 93. effloresce with common salt in dry weather and furnish a favor- ite “lick” for cattle. The roof of McReynolds & Stewart’s quarry dips N. W., about one foot in twenty. The dip in Hovey’s quarry is very slight, N. 10° E. By connecting these observations with those made in boring the State salt well on the opposite side of the river, we arrive at an approximation to the whole thickness of the group, thus: Section measured at McR. & S.’s quarry,.............. 58 ft. From bettom of quarry to alluvial flat by river’s edge,.. 50 ft. Allowance for dip of fermation;.................5.... 15 ft. Thickness of alluvium at salt well,...............:.... 40 ft. Residual thickness of salt strata in well,.............. 21 ft. EE eral Ge hes, 0 ean alain oehn EHEC os. Ses Ks Hi - 184 ft This series of rocks is penetrated in all the borings for salt, at Grand Rapids and that vicinity. It is found passing up- wards through a few feet of calcareous sandstone, into the well characterized carboniferous limestone. The thickness of the group in Lyon’s salt well, was found to be 171 ft.; in Butter- worth’s, 157 ft.; in Scribner’s, 153 ft.; in the Indian Creek well, (Ball’s) 133 ft.; in Windsor’s, 184 ft.; and it was penetrated 100 feet in Powers & Martin’s well. In Jackson county it is found to be 49 feet thick. In Kent county, the Michigan Salt Group is undoubtedly the source of the supply of brine, though the strength remains un- diminished, as a matter of necessity, while the boring is con- tinued in the underlying Napoleon sandstone, until a stream of fresh water is struck, which, rising up, materially dilutes the brine ‘ On the opposite side of the State, this group outcrops on the shore of Tawas Bay (Ottawa Bay), on the west side of Sagi- naw Bay. Two miles beyond White Stone Pt., Bay county, T. 20 N., 7 E., isa bluff about 19 feet high, known as “ Plaster Bluff,” at which the following section was observed: 94 REPORT OF THE H. Clayey subsoil. . G. Limestone, thin-bedded, resembling E.,.............. 4 ft. F. Sand, light greenish, with some ferruginous streaks— scarcely at all cemented—having lamine dipping mortiy 45°))..¢ dd Gh Gd)... Ue 4 ft. #. Limestone, thin-bedded, with lenticular structure and undulating laminee—streaked with dark, efflorerces with a salt having a cool and somewhat bitter taste, resembling epsom salts): 040 00.00 Hae 3 ft. D. Sandstone, greenish-gray, friable—the lower half brewer ‘andharder, 2. ioc u's 34's 2a mcns'e we 2 ft. . Gypsum, massive, white, hard, in small masses im- pressed. in the upper part’ of Bi... wees. te eds B. Limestone, brown, glistening, hard, with streaks of ereen, 2 Pe Sl MES okies, ae Beale ae a 8 in. A. Sandstone, bluish or greenish, moderately hard, with concretionary masses harder and more brown,,..... 3 ft. The dip seems to be from this point both north and south. The strata, E, become in places highly ferruginous, and ex- hibit a tufaceous structure, which is prebably a recent change © in the rock. In other places it becomes a true breccia, with angular fragments of a brown limestone, held together by a tufaceous cement. Small stalactites are forming in places where the rock overhangs. About 20 rods south from the main bluff, a blue clay is seen at the water’s edge, in place of D, the strata, E, being com- mingled with the subsoil. The layer, B, is not very persistent, being sometimes quite sandy, and passing into A. The gypsum is in places imbedded in the blue sandstone A, in belts. To the north of the main section, the limestones, E, become more arenaceous, and the sandstones, D, become shaly and in- crease to 4 feet, while the upper part of Ais blue clay. The sand, F, becomes 5 feet. The amount of gypsum increases making a varying bed from six to twelve inches thick. A sec- ond gypsum layer appears in A, thicker than the other. It is unlikely that a bluff of materials embracing so much «soluble matter, has remained exposed to the aetion of the STATE GEOLOGIST. 95 atmosphere and the lake, without undergoing important changes from its original character. Especially are we unable to decide from this exposure, as to the whole probable thickness of the gypseous deposites. The waves of Lake Huron have for ages been breaking against the exposed edges of the strata, and the gypsum has necessarily been dissolved out to a considerable distance back from the shore. In confirmation of this inference I found at Plaster Point, one mile north of the north line of Bay county, numerous “sink holes,” as if produced by the subsi- dence of the overlying beds, after the dissolving out of the gypsum. Some of these are eight feet deep. Water is stand- ing in them, probably at the level of the lake. The sides are steep, exactly as if the recks had sunken. In one place a sink is seen pursuing an irregular course for several reds, toward the lake, and the whole appearance is exactly such as is pro- duced by the falling in of the roof of a miner’s “drift.” Off this point, in calm water, the bed of the lake is seen to bea mass of pure white gypsum—the same, undoubtedly, which rises above the surface at Plaster Bluff half-a mile further north. The land, back from the shore of Tawas Bay, rises in a suc- cession of ridges running parallel with the lake. About 12 miles back, in the vicinity of the Au Gris river, the country becomes very broken, resembling that upon Grand River in the vicinity of the gypsum quarries. At the residence of Sherman Wheeler, 44 miles south of Tawas City, one of the parallel ridges has attained an elevation of 40 feet, and the acclivity facing the lake presents a slope of 30° with the horizon. This ridge is said to increase in height as far north as the Tawas River. Mr. Wheeler informed me that no explorations had ever been made in this bluff, except to a limited extent by Mr Challis. Strata were found, called clay by Mr. Wheeler, though the specimen shown me was the brown limestone of the Michi- gan Salt Group, as seen at Plaster Bluff. The green streaks in it were pronounced by Mr. Challis to be indications of the proximity of copper. Coal was also prophesied in this ridge. Arriving at Tawas City, I obtained some further information 96 REPORT OF THE from Mr. C. H. Whittemore. He says that a“slate rock” can be seen off White Stone Pt., extending out a mile from shore into 12 to 18 feet of water. He has traced this north to the neighborhood of Wheeler’s (630), where it approaches within’ 8 or 10 feet of the surface, and disappears beneath the sand. Mr. Whittemore has bored 30 feet at Tawas City, to strike it, but thinks he has not succeeded. “It appears like a blue rock. Challis says it is iron ore””’ Mr. Whittemore bored 24 feet in the pure clay at the foot of the bluff, back of Wheeler’s. He bored in several other places, including the top of the bluff, and found nothing but soft clay. It will be noticed that the statements of Mr. Whittemore are at variance with those of» Mr. Wheeler. In the present state of the case, while it is ob- vious that gypsum occurs in considerable quantity along the shore of Tawas Bay, it is necessary that borings should be carefully made in several places, under the direction of a compe- tent geologist—by which I do not mean one of those who search in the Michigan Salt Group for coal, iron and copper. The rocks of the Sait Group should be found gradually ris- ing toward the north along the shore of Tawas Bay. The gradual rise of the ridge, back of Wheeler’s, conforms to this condition. If this is the case, the gypsum of Plaster Bluff and Whitestone Pt., should be found in this ridge.. The limestone shown by Wheeler as taken from the ridge by Challis, belongs to one of the beds exposed at Plaster Bluff. In spite, therefore, of the negative results said to be obtained by Mr. Whittemore, I cannot resist the conviction that adequate explorations along this shore would be amply rewarded. A short distance south of Tawas City, this ridge is cut through by Dead Creek, which has very high banks. Though no rocks are seen in place, numerous angular fragments are said to occur. In town 28, range 7, on the Ottawa river, are some hills 200 feet high, cut through by the river. * The region between the head of Tawas Bay and Kent county, has not yet been geologically explored. It is likely that nu- merous valuable facts could be gleaned from the notes of the ~ STATE GEOLOGIST. 917 linear surveyors. Mr. Wm. B. Hess, of Kast Saginaw, has in his custody maps and notes of resurveys, copies of which I had hoped to procure, but the limited means at’ my disposal have not been sufficient to enable me to incur the expense of copy- ing them In the mean time there is little doubt that the rocks of the Michigan Salt Group outcrop in a broad belt arching northward from Tawas Bay through Ogemaw, Roscommon, Missaukee, Wexford, Lake and Newaygo counties. The inter- ests of the State demand that explorations be made across this region at as early a day as possible. If the indications observ- ed, be found verified, this resource will prove of incalculable value to the central counties of the peninsula, at present cut off from all ready communication with other parts of the State. On the east side of Saginaw Bay some clays were seen at the mouth of Pigeon river, in Huron county, which very much re- semble those of the Salt Group; and as this is about the place for the formation to strike the main land again, after crossing the bay, there are reasons for undertaking some more thorough explorations in that vicinity. Indications also exist of the occurrence of the formation in Tuscola county. It is likely, however, that the group thins out toward the south and nearly disappears through Lapeer, Oakland, Washtenaw, Jackson and Eaton counties, thus furnishing another illustration of the thickening of our formations toward the north. The salt springs at Saline, in Washtenaw county, and at various points in Jack- son, may possibly issue from the attenuated representative of the group; but Iam more inclined to: think that these waters, like similar ones in Branch, Oakland, and the northern part of Huron county, are supplied by the various formations outcrop- ing at these localities. Borings for salt have shown the Napo- leon and Marshall sandstones to be saliferous, while at Saginaw, water from the coal measures stood at 1° of the Salometer in the upper part, and increased to 14° before reaching the Parma Sandstone. It is important to bear in mind that the occurrence of a brine spring proves nothing mort than that there is salt somewhere in the State. 13 98 | REPORT OF THE Comminuted carbonaceous matter is found in considerable abundance in some of the shales of the Salt®Group. Besides this, no organic traces have been discovered. 14.— Carboniferous Limestone. The best known outcrop of this formation is at Grand Rapids, in Kent county, where the Grand River experiences a fall of about 18 feet in the space of two miles. The rock here ex- hibits gentle undulations, but the resultant dip is slightly toward the northeast. It occurs in generally thin, irregular beds, which are considerably broken up, and embrace frequent part- ings of argillaceous and bituminous matter. In composition, it is eenerally eminently calcareous, but in the lower portion, | arenaceous matter gradually gains preponderance ; and belts and patches of the same material are irregularly distributed through the formation. In the upper part of the exposure here, is a belt, 5 feet thick, of red, ferruginous, arenaceous limestone. The thickness of the formation below this is dl feet, while the thickness above, at this point, is unknown, though it is probably less than that below. The portion of the formation below the ferruginous stratum, contains numerous geodes, filled with brown ard white dog-tooth spar, brown pearl spar, rhombic, calcareous spar, selenite, anhydrite, aragonite, pyrites, &c. ' From Grand Rapids, the formation has been traced north through Ada and Cannon, in Kent county, and to the rapids of the Muskegon, in Newaygo county. South of Grand Rapids, it is followed through Walker, Paris and Gaines, in Kent county, to Bellevue, in Eaton county, and thence by numerous out- crops to Parma, Sandstone, Spring Arber, Summit, and Leoni, in Jackson county. The S. W. 3 of S. E. 1, sec. 13, Summit, is believed to be the most southern well-characterized exposure of this formation. It occurs in a quarry belonging to Michael Shoemaker. The section exposed here is about 14 feet, as follows: STATE GEOLOGIST. : 99 D. Sandstone, red, calcareous, highly shattered, breaking into cuneiform fragments, with conchoidal surfaces, IE) LOOMING 5 «3a 6.31444 ditisaie s Laslele Om eae 5 ft. C, Limestone, highly ferruginous, brecciated in places, containing nodules of chert. Passes upward into D.4 ft. B. Limestone, quite arenaceous, brecciated, shattered, with thin layers which are sandy and greenish; the’ whole exterior of some of the blocks covered with a thick, loose coating of the same material ; upper surface undulating, but smoothed as if by aqueous action, before the superior layers were deposited,...2 ft. A. Limestone, compact, crystalline, silicious, bluish gray, with some crystals of dog-tooth spar. Exposed,...3 ft. The stratum D, is the parting layer between the upper and lower portions of the formation. The characters of this bed are exceedingly uniform at all the outcrops on the south and ‘west sides of the geological basin. At the quarry of C. Roberts, 5S. E. } N. W. } sec. 11, Spring Arbor, is found a section similar to the preceding: D. Sandstone, fertuginous, highly calcareous, breaking with cunoidal fracture. C. Limestone, bluish-gray, hard crystalline, thick-bedded, of excellent quality, containing small crystal-lined geodes,..... L aistaceie bs tihten AOilwW. diael. ueias'se ¢ 5 ft B. Limestone, ragged, arenaceous, with irregular seams and blotches of greenish sandstone, 4.............. a. It A. Limestone, fine-grained, hard, bluish,............... 2 ft. This formation outcreps on sections 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31 and 32, in the township of Bellevue, Eaton county. From the various quarries in the vicinity of the village, the following succession of strata was made out: G. Limestone, thick-bedded, calcareous, ............... 3 ft. F. Limestone, yellow, silicious,.................++++-- 2 ft. E. Limestone, massive, destitute of fossils,..........-. 6 ft. D. Belt filled with a cxspitose Cyathophylloid,......... 6 in, C. Limestone, thick-bedded, containing Allorisma and a large coiled shell (not seen). B. Limestone, blue, compact, hard, thick-bedded, contain- ing geodes, ' A. Sandstone, bluish-gray. From Leoni, in Jackson county, no actual outcrop of this 7 — le —S ll 98 | REPORT OF THE Comminuted carbonaceous matter is found in considerable abundance in some of the shales of the Salt®Group. Besides this, no organic traces have been discovered. 14.— Carboniferous Limestone. The best known outcrop of this formation is at Grand Rapids, in Kent county, where the Grand River experiences a fall of about 18 feet in the space of two miles. The rock here ex- hibits gentle undulations, but the resultant dip is slightly toward the northeast. It occurs in generally thin, irregular beds, which are considerably broken up, and embrace frequent part- ings of argillaceous and bituminous matter. In composition, it is eenerally eminently calcareous, but in the lower portion, arenaceous matter gradually gains preponderance ; and belts and patches of the same material are irregularly distributed through the formation. In the upper part of the exposure here, is a belt, 5 feet thick, of red, ferruginous, arenaceous limestone. The thickness of the formation below this is 41 feet, while the thickness above, at this point, is unknown, though it is probably less than that below. The portion of the formation below the ferruginous stratum, contains numerous geodes, filled with brown ard white dog-tooth spar, brown pearl spar, rhombic, calcareous spar, selenite, anhydrite, aragonite, pyrites, &c. From Grand Rapids, the formation has been traced north through Ada and Cannon, in Kent county, and to the rapids of the Muskegon, in Newaygo county. South of Grand Rapids, it is followed through Walker, Paris and Gaines, in Kent county, to Bellevue, in Eaton county, and thence by numerous out- crops to Parma, Sandstone, Spring Arber, Summit, and Leoni, in Jackson county. The 8S. W. 4 of 58. E. 4, sec. 13, Summit, is believed to be the most southern well-characterized exposure of this formation. It occurs in a quarry belonging to Michael Shoemaker. The section exposed here is about 14 feet, as follows: STATE GEOLOGIST. ; 99 D. Sandstone, red, calcareous, highly shattered, breaking into cuneiform fragments, with conchoidal surfaces, GI Et EP a Oe Pa 5 ft. C, Limestone, highly ferruginous, brecciated in places, containing nodules of chert. Passes upward into D.4 ft. B. Limestone, quite arenaceous, brecciuted, shattered, with thin layers which are sandy and greenish; the’ whole exterior of some of the blocks covered with a thick,.loose coating of the same material ; upper surface undulating, but smoothed as if by aqueous action, before the superior layers were deposited,...2 ft. A. Limestone, compact, crystalline, silicious, bluish gray, with some crystals of dog-tooth spar. Exposed,...3 ft. The stratum D., is the parting layer between the upper and lower portions of the formation. The characters of this bed are exceedingly uniform at all the outcrops on the south and ‘west sides of the geological basin. At the quarry of C. Roberts, 5S. E. } N. W. } sec. 11, Spring Arbor, is found a section similar to the preceding: D. Sandstone, ferruginous, highly calcareous, breaking with cunoidal fracture. C. Limestone, bluish-gray, hard crystalline, thick-bedded, of excellent tn containing small crystal-lined SEED a) 0% arinirlad-&) tb soe MOISw. cpiids Vohaa'es 5 ft B. Limestone, ragged, arenaceous, with irregular seams and blotches of greenish sandstone, thE a A ME oat IN 2 ft. A. Limestone, fine-grained, hard, bluish, a SO Pe Pees 2 ft. This formation outcreps on sections 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31 and 32, in the township of Bellevue, Eaton county. From the various quarries in the vicinity of the village, the following succession of strata was made out: G, Limestone, thick-bedded, calcareous, ............... 3. ft. FP. Lamestone, yellow, silicious,... 0... 2.22... 22 eres es: 2 ft. E. Limestone, massive, destitute ef fossils,............ 6 ft. D. Belt filled with a cxspitose Cyathophylloid,......... 6 in, C. Limestone, thick-bedded, containing Allorisma and a large coiled shell (not seen). B. Limestone, blue, pompset, hard, thick-bedded, contain- ing geodes, & Sandatone, bluish-gray. From Leoni, in Jackson county, no actual outcrop of this 100 ikea REPORT OF THE formation is known, until reaching Tuscola county. On the S. E. } sec. 16, T. 12 N., 9 E., are found numerous fragments of a compact, blue, non-fossiliferous limestone, which has been quite extensively employed for burning. Rock is also felt in the bed of Cass River, at this place.* On the S. W. 4 sec. 22, T. 16 N., 9 EK. (Sebewaing), Tuscola county, are found abundant fragments of the lower arenaceous member of the Carboniferous limestone, containing an Allo- risma. -Further north, on the N. W. isec. 18, T.16N.,9E., half a mile above the mouth of Cheboyong Creck, is a distinet outcrop of an arenaceous, yellowish limestone, containing nu- merous specimens of Allorisma clavata, and other species iden-— tical with the one found at Grand Rapids and Bellevue. In this sandstone occurs a thin layer, highly calcareous and ex- ceedingly tough. The next outcrop occurs at the northern extremity of Stone Island (Shung-woi gue), in Saginaw Bay. The rock rises but four or five feet above the water, and is generally much brecciated. It is for the most part calcareous, but exhibits bands and patches of. an arenaceous character; and the beach is strewn with fragments apparently thrown up from a greater depth, which seem to belong to the arenaceous strata exposed at Cheboyong Creek. Allorisma occurs here, and geodes are not unfrequent. The lower arenaceous layers appear again on North Island (Ash-qua-guin dai-gue). On the south side of Wild Fowl Bay, is a characteristic out crop of the formation, extending along nearly the whole shore. The dip is very slight toward the south-east. The greatest actual exposure is only four feet, but the rock undoubtedly rises in the bank to the height of 15 feet above the water. The following stratigraphical characters were noted: | F, Limestone, argillaceous, cherty, perforated extensively DER. SUP UTLGODOTG, «5 sea cabs gun oie mice Non ei eed one 10 in. K. Limestone, compact, bluish, weathering white,....... 1 ft. * About the forks of the Cass, above and below, are found numerous fragments of a lime stone of quite different character, and some kind of rock is felt with a pole in the bed of the stream. ‘The limestone is dark argillaceous, and occasionally arenaceous This is ‘the pipe- stone from which the Indians of this vicinity cut their pipes. It hag ‘somewhat the ap pearance of a hydraulic limestone. STATE GEOLOGIST. 101 D. Limestone, arenaceous, with nodules of chert. Seen "dipping into the water 10 rods west,.....-........ 4 in. C. Limestone, dark, calcareous, with bituminous (flinty?) streaks and laminee—intersected by broad cracks which have been subsequently filled with material I 5G CCUE CME DOS «CLAS. FOS CU TREE TCS 10 in. B. Limestone, yellowish, highly arenaceous, thin bedded, rather incoherent, the lower one-fourth curiously band- ed with lighter and darker streaks,................ 1} ft. A. Limestone, arenaceous, highly shattered and recement- ed. ° The flint nodules in the layer D, are bluish, of a fine, homo- geneous structure and strike fire with steel, with great readi- ness. They exist in large quantity. Should there be a demand for such an article, Wild Fow] Bay could furnish an abundant supply. The layer E, would furnish a superior building material. The layers D, E and F, will make excellent lime, and the ele- , vation above the water, especially if the: rock enters into the formation of the high bank along here, would fully justify the opening of a quarry. From this point the formation crosses Saginaw Bay, and next appears on the Charity Islands. The rock is seen under water for a long distance south-west of Little Charity Island. It out- - crops along the northern, western and southern shores, consist- ing of one or two layers 12 to 15 mches thick. It abounds in the Syringopora, before referred to, and contains some concre- tions of a cherty nature. It is replete with traces of organic remains, but nothing is well preserved or identifiable, save some Bryozoa and Cyathophyllide. The formation outcrops more extensively on the north side of Great Charity Island, where it rises about five feet above the water, and presents the following section: 0. Limestone, areno-calcareous, containing Bryozoa, Cyath- Cseneenmnn. umormemed, .25'3', Fea. es ols 10 in. B. Limestone, with cherty nodules,...............064.. 10 in, A. Sandstone, calcareous, obliquely laminated,......... 4 ft, Some portions of A are well characterized sandstone, of a ’ * eS. —— 102 REPORT OF THE whitish or grayish color. The laminz extend from top to bottom of the mass, dipping north-west at an angle of about 45°, They are quite undulating and even contorted, and the whole mass shows something of a rude concretionary structure. The formation strikes the main land at Point au Gres, The rock here, in spite of the name, is a limestone. That part of the outcrop above the water consists of three layers, each about 15 inches thick. The upper layer is, in places, quite arena- ceous, but is more solid than the rock at Cheboyong creek, It contains stains of greenish matter and irregularly cylingrical, somewhat concretionary, bodies, considerably colored. Here occurs the Syringopora which occupies the top of the section at Wild Fowl Bay. This layer is separated from the next by two or three inches of laminated, argillo-calcareous sandstone. The middle layer is more purely calcareous, but contains _ some sand, Here I saw an Acervularia, a Syringopora, a Cy- athophylloid, and the remains of a bony body, whose impression left pits regularly disposed upon the rock. The lower layer abounds in concretionary cherty nodules, perforating the rock in every direction, often appearing, when broken at the surface of the stratum, like plugs driven into the rock. These nodules are less flinty than those seen at Wild Fowl Bay. A large Producius was picked up on the beach. Between this point and Newaygo county, no definite informa- tien has yet been collected respecting this formation. We know from the surveyors’ notes, that limestone outcrops at various points, but I have seen no specimens, and its geologi- cal characters are in doubt. The thickness of this formation is much greater on the west- ern (and probably northern) borders of the basin, than on the southern. Itis 51 feet thick at Scribner’s well at Grand Rapids, and the whole thickness in this vicinity is probably not less than 70 feet. It is found 65 feet thick in the salt wells of East Saginaw. As this calcareous member of the Carboniferous system pos- STATE GEOLOGIST. 103 sesses great economical and scientific interest, I have thought best to enter into a greater amount of local and stratigraphical detail than I have done in respect tothe other groups. For the determination of the parallelism between this formation and the carboniferous limestones of the North-west, lithological con- siderations become the more impertant, from the great scarcity of fossils in our formation, and the entire absence of those forms which furnish the means of certain identification in In- diana, Illinois, Missouri and other States. From the account which has been given, there is obvous diffi- culty in identifying our limestone with any of the groups that have been established by the researches of Owen, Hall, Swal- low, Worthen, McChesney and others. Little attention has yet been given to fossil remains, but the following notes of species thus far observed, may be here recorded: Notes on the Fossils of the Carboniferous Limestone of Michigan. [The numbers prefixed refer to the University Catalogue. ] POLYPI. 237. Lithostrotion mammillare, Edwards and Haime. The specimens agree entirely with figures and descriptions by Hall (Iowa Rep.) and Owen (Geol. lowa, Wisconsin, &c.). Localities—Grand Rapids and boulders in that vicinity. * 250. Lithostrotion (Lithodendron) langiconicum? Phillips. This abundant, generally distributed, luxuriantly cespitose and branching Cyathophylloid, presents externally the non- striated appearance of D.longiconicum, while it has the oval columella of JZ. sociale, Phillips. It is less straight than either of these species, and not improbably constitutes”a dis- tinct type. Localities—Grand Rapids, Bellevue, Great Charity Island, Pt. au Gres. 252. Cyathophyllum fungites,”"De Koninck. These specimens considerably resemble Turbinolia fungites, Fleming, (Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, Pl. III, Fig. 23.) They _ are less broad than the figure of De Koninck, (Animaux Foss. de Belg. Pl! D, Fig. 2,) but agree well with Owen's figure of the same, (lowa, &c., Table IV, Fig. 4.) The last named is reported from the Keokuk rapids. REPORT OF THE ’ Localities—\-*ind Rapids, Stene Island, (Saginaw Bay.) 253. Cyathophylium, sp? More expanded than the preceding, and more irregular in its outline. Locality—Grand Rapids. 251. Caryophyllia duplicata, Martin. Agreement very good. ; Locality—Great Charity Island. 249. Acervularia, sp? | The obscure styliform elevation in the cup ef this large coral strikes the eye at first as belonging to a Dithostrotion, but after careful examination, I am convinced that the coral pos- sesses no columella As far as its characters can be inspec- ted, it does not differ from Strombodes, as restricted by Pictet. It has the general aspect, however, of an Acervularia, and only differs in having the transverse floors more numerous in the visceral chamber. ex, Locality—Pt. au Gres. 248. Syringopora, sp? Tubes small; much geniculated and with numerous oblique connecting tubes or bars as large as the main tubes. A very characteristic fossil, but very obscure. | Localities—Grand Rapids, Pt. au Gres, Wild Fowl Bay, Great and Little Charity Islands. e ECHINODERMATA. 236. Archeocidaris. Remains of spines only, which more resemble Hall’s figures of A. Agassizii, (Burlington Limestone,) and A. Keokuk, (Keokuk Limestone,) than any others accessible to me. Locality—Grand Rapids. BRYOZOA. 238. Fenestella membranacea (?), Phillips. Very closely related to Gorgonia (helepora) membranacea, Phillips and DeKoniuck. The fenestrules, however, are but little longer than broad. Locality—Grand Rapids. 339. Fenestella, sp.? ’ Similar to the preceding, but the fenestrules are nore elonga- ted and less quadangular. A distinct, sharp keel runs along the ray between the two rows of cellules. The form and disposition of the cellules is a miniature representation of STATE GEOLOGIST. 105 the fenestrules. This species is scarcely distinguishable from specimens collected from the St. Louis limestone, two and a-half miles west from Charbonicre, on the Missouri River. It must bear considerable resemblance to F’. patula, McCoy. Locality—Grand Rapids. 241. Fenestella, sp.? The rays are very natrow and flexuous between the lines of small roundish fenestrules. No cellules have been seen. Locality—Grand Rapids. 240. Polypora, sp? Allied to P. Shumardii, Prout, (Trans. Acad. St. Louis, I, p. 271), a Devonian species The cellules are exceedingly mi- nute and indistinct, though I imagine the Specimen shows the reverse side Locality—Grand Rapids. 242. Cladopora (?) sp? Prof. Hall’s characterization of this genus, (Pal. of N. Y., I, 137,) does not disagree with these specimens. Locality—Grand Rapids. 243. Cladopora, sp? The cellules are promiscuously ‘arranged upon a flattened, branching axis. Locality—Great Charity Island. 244. Coscinium (?) Fenestrules quincuncially disposed on a flattened branching axis, which is minutely porous. Locality—Great Charity Island. 245. Monticulipora (?) sp? (Rhinopora, Hall.) Minute, polygonal, crowded, rayless pores or cells, irregularly studing the surface of a compressed, lobated, subspheroidal mass. ‘ Locality— Grand Raptds. 247. Ptilodyctia(?) sp? (Stictopora, Hall.) A branched, nearly terete stem, with pores apparently on all sides. Locality—Grand Rapids. BRACHIOPODA. 207. Productus Altonensis, Norwood and Pratten, (Journal Acad. Nat. Sci, Phil. [2] III, 7,) Agrees very well. It bears some resemblance to P. costatus Sowerby, Var, Hall, (lowa Rep. p. 712,) but it is hardly 14 ‘ a 106 REPORT OF THE broad enough for this variety, and has no mesial sinus though apparently flattened. It also resembles P. costatus, Sow. (DeKoninck, Carbon Foss. Belg. p. 164,) but it is not broad enough nor does it exhibit any granulations. The striation of some specimens is exceedingly like that of P. comoides, Sow. (Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, Pl. VI, Fig. 4,) P. Altonensis is from the upper portion of the Carboniferous limestone, (St. Louis timestone of Hall.) ° Locality—Grand Rapids. | ; 208. Productug pileiformis, MeChesney (New Pal. Foss. p. 40). It bears some resemblance to P. ovatus, Hall, but the strize are too fine. It differs in the same way from P. Altonensis, and is, besides, broader than that species. From P. tenutcos- tus, Hall, it differs from the mode of increase of the striz which is by intercalation instead of bifurcation. The con- centric ruge, moreover, are not sufficiently conspicuous. P. pileiformis is from the Kaskaskia Limestone. Locality—Ferris’ limekiln, 2 miles north of Jackson. 209. Productus. This was thought by Prof. McChesney, (without making di- rect comparison) to be his P. fasciculatus (Op. cit. p. 38). Tt does not, however, agree sufficiently well. It has some resemblance to P. Cora, D’Orbigny, as figured by Owen (Op. cit. Table IV, Fig. 1), but my specimen ex- hibits seven or eight ribs raised higher than the intervening ones. The surface is covered by fine undulating concentric strie, and when exfoliated, shows numerous punctate de- pressions beneath. The spine bases are very scattered on the ventral valve. Locality—Unknown. Supposed to be with preceding. 210. Productus Wilberanus (?), McChesney. The agreement is moderately good, but the concentric striz or ruge are not generally distributed. This species comes from the coal measures of Charboniere, Mo. It differs frem P. scabriusculus, DeKoninck, (Op cit., Pl. IX., Fig. 5,) by the irregular disposition of the pustules. Locality—Unknown. Supposed to be with the preceeding, 211. Productus, sp? , A delicate species much too finely striated for P elegans, Nor- wood and Pratten, and somewhat too much so for P. Altonen- sis, while it is too regularly and coarsely striate for P. pilet- formis. Locality—Stone Island, in Saginaw Bay. \ —o ~ STATE GEOLOGIST. 107 212, Productus, sp? A species destitute of radiating strie or ribs. The ventral valve shews five or six varices or lines of growth; the dor- sal, (if it is the same species) more than this. The surface is punctate. It is allied to P. gryphoides DeKoninck, (Op. cit. p. 182, Pl. IX., Fig. 1, but not.to the other figures. ) Locality—Grand Rapids. 318. Productus, sp ? Considerably resembles in form and size, P. muricatus, Nor-. wood and Pratten, from the coal measures, but the radiating tibs are too fine. It is somewhat like DeKoninck’s figure of P. costatus, (P| VIIL., Fig. 3,) Sut is not sinuated. It closely corresponds with P. cosfatus from the coal measures, 9 miles north of St. Louis, Mo., except in not being sinuated, and in the less conspicuous character ef the concentric ruge. Locality—Grand Rapids. : 214. Productus, sp? Has the form of the last, but the radiating striae are much finer and the concentric folds little conspicuous. Locality—Grand Rapids. 215. Orthis umbraculum (?) von Buch. Allied to O. robusta, Hall, (Op. cit. 113.) Resembles O. wm- braculum as figured by DeKoninck, (Op. cit. p. 223,) from carboniferous limestone, but better as figured by Owen, (Op. - eit., Tab. V., Fig. 11.) It exceedingly resembles this species as figured by Hall in Stansbury’s Report, (PI. III, Fig. 6.) Locality—Grand Rapids. 216. Orthis(?) sp? A single flat valve with slender auriculate appendages ex- tending the hinge line to nearly the greatest width of the shell. ~~ Locality—Grand Rapids. 232. Orthis, sp? A single dorsal valve more finely striate than the preceding. Locality—Stone Island, in Saginaw Bay. 217. Athyris subquadrata, Hall, (lowa Rep., 703.) This species is from the Kaskaskia limestone. Locality—Grand Rapids. 218. Athyris sublamellosa, Hall, (lowa Rep., p. 702.) Agrees pretty well, but the shell is not more than one-third the dimensions of Hall’s, and is proportionally a little thinner. This species is from the Kaskaskia limestone. ———— 108 REPORT OF THE Locality—Unknown. Supposed to be with the last. 219. Athyris, sp? j Considerably resembles Terebratula rhomboidea. Phillips. Also has some affinities with McChesney’s A. obmaxima from the Keokuk limestone Locality—Grand Rapids. 220. Athyris Roysii (?) DeKoninck. Closely related to smooth specimens of this species. (Op. cit., Pl. XX, Fig. 1) Locality—Grand Rapids. 221. Athyris, sp? Py Locality—Grand Rapids. 222. Athyris, sp ? Locality—Grand Rapids. 223. Athyris, sp? Locality—Grand Rapids. 925. Athyris? sp? Bears considerable relationship to Terebratula Roysu, var, Le- veille, (DeKoninck, Pl. XXI, Fig. 1,) but it is somewhat broader and more quadrate. It resembles A. obvia McChes- ney, (p. 81,) but differs in having its two valves equally ° convex, and in its faint radiating lines. It is less sinuate than A. differentius, McChesney. Localities—Grand Rapids, Pt. au Gres. 229. Athyris? sp? Locality—Ferrts’ limekiln, 2 miles north of Jackson. 924. Terebratula sacculus, var. hastata (*) DeKoninck. — Locality—Grand Rapids. ? 226 Terebratula subretzizforma (?) McChesney. | It is broader proportionally than this species from the Kas-— kaskia limestone, but otherwise it agrees closely. The cor- respondence is also very good with T. subéilita, Hall, (Stans- bury’s Rep., p. 409,) but our shell is smaller. It is smaller, thinner and less deeply sinuated than specimens of TZ. subii- lita, Hall, from the coal measures of La Salle, Ill. Locality—Grand Rapids. 227. Terebratula, sp? Locality—Grand Rapids. 998. Terebratula, sp? — Locality—Grand Rapids. ' — ? ’ STATE GEOLOGIST. 109 233. Terebratula, sp? ' , Locality—Stone Island in Saginaw Bay. 235. Atrypa, sp? Large, very gibbous, with numerous radiating ribs. Locality—Pt. au Gres. 234. Spirifer Keokuk, var, Hall. The general aspect is of this variety.. The principal points are as follows: The valves are nearly equally convex; the mesial sinus of the dorsal valve is abruptly elevated, but * instead of being divided into four distinct plications, presents but two, which are distinctly marked. The ventral valve has a sinus, simple at its origin, but soon divided by a dis- tinct plication, and in some specimens by two lateral ones. Surface on each side of the mesial fold and sinus marked by about 8 plications, thetwo adjacent to the mesial sinus and elevation originating from a single one near the apex. No striw are secn on the surface. : | The variety above is from the St. Louis limestone. Our shell bears also a close relation to S. rotundalus var. planata, DeKoninck (PI. XIV, Fig. 2, and XVII, Fig. 4) It is, however, a little more transverse than these figures, ap- proaching in outline S. acuticostatus, DeKoninck. Locality—Grand Rapids. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 201. Allorisma clavata, McChesney. The “flattened or slightly concave space extending like a sinus from the beak to the base” of the shell is scarcely per- ceptible in my specimens. From the Kaskaskia Limestone. Locality—Cheboyong Creek, Tuscola county. 202. Allorisma, sp? Bears some resemblance to A. sinuata, McChesney, from the Kaskaskia Limestone, but differs thus: Not prolonged poste- _ riorly, nor extremely gibbous; beaks less than one third the length of the shell back from the anterior extremity; ventral margin but very slightly sinuate, and surfaces of valves scarcely depressed; concentric ridges not very strong In form and makings it resembles Lithodomus Jenkinsoni, McCoy, (Brit. Pal. Rocks and Foss. Pl. 3 F. Fig. 2). Localities—Grand Rapids, Stone Island, Great Charity Island. 203. Allorisma, sp.? Allied to A. sulcata, Fleming (King, Permian Fossils, Pl. XX. Fig 5), “from carboniferous shales, Redesdale, Northumber- 110 REPORT OF THE land.” I cannot, however, detect any radiating pimples. This form also resembles A. regularis (Owen, Rep. lowa, &c., Tab. V. Fig. 18). Localities—Grand Rapids, Cheboyong Creek. 204. Allorisma, sp? The umbones almost overhang the anterior extremity. Localities—Grand Rapids, Cheboyong Creek. | 206. Allorisma, sp? Very eibbous, umbones sharp, incurved, overhanging the anterior extremity. Localities—Grand Rapids, Cheboyong Creek. 205. Nucula? sp? Perhaps an Allorisma or Myalina; very obscure. Locality—Grand Rapids. 231. Nucula? sp? Locality—Cheboyong Creek. 230. Myalina lamellosa (?), DeKoninck. , The beak is rather too much recurved, and the surface teo smooth, for this species. It has some resemblance to WV. Swallovi, McChesney (Op. cit., p. 57), from the coal measures. Locality—Grand Rapids. _ GASTEROPODA. Remains of Euomphaloid casts have been found at Grand Rapids. Very complete coiled shells have been met with - at Bellevue, in Eaton county, but I have not been fortunate enough to secure any. TRILOBITES. 254. Phillipsia, sp ? . Fragments of tails, resembling P. Brogniarti, Fischer (De Kon. Op. cit., Pl. LUI pe ie Locality—Grand Rapids. 255. Phillipsia, sp? . Fragments of two tuberculated tails. Localities--Grand Rapids. From Great Charity Island is fa portion of a head which may belong to the same species. FISHES. Remains of spines and Psammodus-like teeth have been met with at various localities. — = =~ ; ; STATE GEOLOGIST. il Of the fifty-five species discriminated in the foregoing list, only sixteen have been even doubtfully identified with species hitherto described. Of these sixteen, twelve only are known to the writer to occur in the carboniferous rocks of the Western States, and are distributed as follows: In the Coal Measures: Productus Wilberanus (? ). In the Kaskaskia Limestone: Productus pileiformis, Athyris subquadrata, A sublamellosa Terebratula subretzieeforma (?) Allo- risma clavata. | In the St. Louis Limestone: Lithostrotion mammillare, Pro- ductus Altonensis, Spirifer Keokuk, var. Aliso the Fenestella, No. 239. In the Keokuk Limestone: Cyathophyllum fungites (? ) In the Carboniferous Limestone generally: Orthis wmbracu- tum. * In the present state of our knowledge, it would be prema- ture to attempt to identify the Carboniferous Limestone of Michigan with any of the group of Illinois and neighboring States. Attention may, however, be directed to the following points: ; 1. No indications of Archimedes have been detected in the formation. 2. Very few indications of Encrinites have been discovered. 3. The probable identification of five species, with forms be- longing to the Kaskaskia Limestone, affords a pretty strong indication that at least some parts of our formation lie in the horizon of the very top of the general series. _ 4. The identification of four species with forms from the St Louis Limestone, foreshadows a strong affinity with that part of the system. The brecciated character of many portions of _ the rock, points, if anywhere, to the same relationship. * 5. The ferruginous, arenaceous stratum, occurring in the midst of the formation, may easily mark the boundary line be- tween the twe successive epochs last mentioned ; although, at nt, it is impossible to say whether the distribution of the ssils conforms with such a separation. 7 a ——— Se 112 REPORT OF THE 6. The arenaceous character of the lower part of the forma- tion, becoming on the Charity Islands, a thick mass of yellow- ish sandstene; the blotches and disseminated particles of | greenish matter found here ; the frequent shaly partings of the strata ; certain ‘‘vermicular ramifications” upon the bedding ates all recall the characters of the upper part of the Warsaw Limestone. 7. At the same time, the portion below the ferruginous are- naceous bed abounds in geodes filled with crystals of cale spar, dog-tooth spar, pearl spar, selenite, anhydrite, pyrites, &c., which recall the ‘Geode Bed,” below the Warsaw Limestone. | Whether our formation possesses real affinities with all the groups from the “geode bed” to the Kaskaskia limestone, is an interesting question which probably we shall yet be able to resolve. Such a result would not be surprising. The various groups of the Silurian and Devonian Systems, stretching through a vertical thickness of many thousand feet in New York and Pennsylvania, are all faithfully represented within the space of as mahy hundred feet in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan ; and we are prepared to foresee that our situation, similarly, upon the borders of the great carboniferous sea, has resulted in an attenuated representation of the various groups of the carboniferous limestone, which towards the south-west thickens up to some thousands of feet. 15.—Parma Sandstone. In the townships of Parma, Sandstone and Springport, 1m Jackson county, is found a white, or slightly yellowish, quartz ose, glistening sandstone, containing occasional traces of ter- restrial vegetation, On the line between sections 18 and 19, in the township of Sandstone, this rock is seen succeeding upwards to the furruginous bed of the Carboniferous limestone, On the N. W. 1 of N. W. J, sec. 29, at the quarry of Mrs. Titus, the sandstone presents a characteristic exposure. The rock is light-colored, thick-bedded, firmly cemented and appears to furnish an excellent article for building purposes. It presents STATE GEOLOGIST. 113 the remarkable dip of 45° SSW, with vertical divisional planes running parallel with the strike. The rock is occasionally stained with iron, is of medium fineness and gljstcns in the sun, - from the glassy clearness of the quartzose grains. For caps and sills it is apparently superior to the Napoleon sandstone. This quarry occurs upon aridge clevafed about 35 feet above the limestone, which is exposed over an area of a square mile, beginning a few rods further west. It has every appearance of a violent uplift, but the undisturbed position of the underlying limestone seems incdmpatible with this supposition, and we are forced to conclude that the apparent dip of the formation is nothing more than a very illusory example of oblique lamination. At the N. E. } of S. W. 1, sec. 18, Parma, near where the © highway crosses Rice creek, this sandstone affords a Calamite. At the S. W. } of N. E. 4, sec. 19, Parma, it has been quarried by Mr. L. H. Fisk. The rock is nearly white, sometimes vary- ing to a light straw color; and in some places is quite full of small white quartzose pebbles. pecttncies 4 ft. ETE eh ear TSE Sa os See 6 in, PTEUGG GL WELGR, sc lose sate tcccccecccscuces 10 in. A short distance west of here the section is sech to be ex- tended upwards by the superposition of 7 inches of sandstone and five feet of an overlying shale. The bed of the river here is covered by a somewhat undulating and shattered gray sand- stone which is considerably quarricd for building. Ata point on the N. E. }, section 35, Flushing, a sandstone was seen to attain a thickness of about 12 feet, in an excavation made by Mr. Niles. On the N. E. } of S. W. }, section 22, Flushing, a shaft was sunk on the farm of A. J. Brown, of which the following account was obtained: ee er er eee 14 ft, Sandstone, below, bluish, gritty,..................000- 8 ft. re Bee y Vee et CR Cee ara oe Ql in. “Horseback claystone,” (Blackband?)................. 2 ft. ED KACIDOY FON, CFO. okt. Ser o sinlemwnviv oink’s oa oe 2 ft. es ete oe ie os ou ae w.44c\6/é « on.n60.a0.ue0.s 5 ft. I OEE D gs Pc. Sass he we cewcscesdebeve 3 ft. RD Bis, THOU. UA EEA OUTTA oe 4 ft. “Black hard stone,” combustible,............00eee0e-- 4 ft. Nn oa 8 Wi a ia ans 6 on ee ome Ps wate ced 2 ft. EE PREETI, ed d'e w'cle vac c'ad'ea ccepsccnae a0 2 ft. YN RAST it Pg he Unknown. ORO tiie Bits ebtidioc CUES RRE St vin wth oss Uh 3 ft. eta 5 2 Fee ee a ena pene Unknown. “ Coalblaze” with bands of iron ore,.............se0s- 11 ft. A small hole was bored from this point to the depth of 13 fect in the !ast named material, making the total depth attained 83 feet. The work seems to have been directed by “ Prof. Challis.” The shaft is now filled with salt water. 120 REPORT OF THE Coal crops out at numerous places in the vicinity. It is said sometimes to show a thickness of two or three fect at the out- crop, but soon thins out. | | Mr. Patton, on the east side of the river, near the south line of section 22, has made an excavation for coal and found a seam 18 inches thick which is tolerably hard. The sandstone taken from the quarry above Flushing, is a pale, bluish rock, abounding in scales of white mica, ferrugin- ous streaks, pyrites, carbonaceous streaks and curls, and much oblique lamination. What is quite remarkable, I saw in a block of this stone, in the vault of the Bank in Flint, a long club of fibrous talcose slate, a mineral said to occur in consid- erable abundance. This rock does not answer to the characters of the Woodville sandstone at any point where its identity is undoubted, and I am induced to regard it as a sandstone in cluded in the coal measures. If itis so, this is the only instance within my knowledge where any of the included sandstones have attained sufficient development to be worked. It is likely, however, that the gray, homogenous, fine, gritty, faintly-banded sandstone, found within a mile or two of the city of Lansing, will be found to hold the same position. Sandstone, not unlikely the Woodville sandstone, is found outcropping in the township of Montrose, on the borders of Saginaw county. The next observed point in the boundary line of the coal field is near the village of Tuscola, in Tuscola county. On the S. W. 3 Sec. 29, T. 11 N. 9 E., a seam of coal crops out in the bank of the Cass river. Numerous fragments of an arenaceous fire-clay, filled with Stigmaria roots, are strewn about. Some shales occur here, in which is found a Lingula. According to information recently received from Dr. G. A. Lathrop, to whom I am under great obligations for his free co-operation in my researches, a shaft has been sunk on the north side of the river, with the following results: Ola fen eatie sade l eo teh che Bee ee y lee 14 fi. — STATE GEOLOGIST. 121 ECOL, . lire-clays and sandstones. ..\./.... 05+ ee Kan oe bee 23 ft A. Shale, clay, sandstone and thin seams of coal,....... 50 fi. The shales of the coal measures are well stocked with the remains of the terrestrial vegetation. Fern leaves, in a beauti- ful state of preservation, are sometimes found in the black band. But few marine fossils occur, and these have been already noted. 17.— Woodville Sandstone. Some account of this formation has necessarily been embraced in the description already given of the Coal Measures, and I shall add but few observations. Wherever it is not denuded, it is the capping stone of the coal measures. It is a friable, .rather coarse, quartzose sandstone, stained to a variable extent with oxyd of iron. At Jackson, the rock is nearly white, and has been used in the manufacture of fine glass; at Corunna it’ is pale buff, and embraces abundant rich nodules of kidney iron ore, which, on the disintegration of the rock, are left in the soil; .at Owosso it is flesh colored; near Lyons, in Jonia county, it is —" STATE GEOLOGIST. 127 ‘etriped and mottled with red, or even of a uniformly brick red Color. It varies equally in hardness, being sometimes suffi- ciently solid for grindstones and building stones. The State Prison is built of a rock supposed to be this. The material for the coun{y offices at Ionia was also derived from the same source. z This rock embraces numerous comminuted remains of vegeta- tion, and some well preserved stems of Calamites and Lepido- dendron. Although I have treated separately of the Parma Sandstone, "the Coal Measures, and the Woodville Sandstone, there is no doubt that they all belong strictly to one geological epoch, and constitute what, in a more extended sense, may be designated the coal measures. This remark, however, is somewhat more applicable to the Woodville than the Parma Sandstone. 18.—Superficial Materials. No traces have yet been discovered in the Lower Peninsula, of any of the geological formations intervening between the Goal Measures and the Boulder Drift. Drift materials are strewn over nearly the entire surface, and constitute a very serious obstacle in the way of the investigation of our geology. A large number of facts and observations is on hand as data for the discussion of this formation, but it will be necessary to content ourselves with a few general remarks. Numerous evidences exist of the movement of heavy bodies -over the underlying rocks, previously to their burial by the Drift. Wherever considerable surfaces are found exposed, they are secn smoothed and striated in the manner usually attributed to drift agency. The most remarkable examples are secn upon the Helderberg limestone at Brest, Stony Pt., and Pt. aux Peaux At Stony Pt., the surface of the limestone has been denuded of soil by the action of the waves, over an area of several acres. | ‘The whole surface is level, smooth and floor-like, and covered ‘with a set of striw running in perfectly parallel lines N. 60° W. : Ono deep groove is scen belonging to this set The most 128 REPORT OF THE remarkable feature seen here, however, is the occurrence of two parallel grooves crossing the first set and bearing N. 60° Kk. These grooves are 4 ft. 64 inches apart, 13 inches deep, 9 inches wide, and 25 feet long, issuing from under the cover of diluvial materials, and terminating at the point to which tho waves have broken away the rock. The first impression which irresistibly forces itself upon the mind, is the conviction that a loaded wagon has been driven over the surface while in a yield- ing condition; and a couple of grooves parallel to these, seen for a part of the distance like the tracks of the second pair of wheels, greatly confirms the illusion. The Island of Mackinac shows the most indubitable eviden- ces of the former prevalence of the water, to the height of 250 feet above the present level of the lake; and there has been an unbroken continuance of the same kind of aqueous action from that time during the gradual subsidence of the waters to their present condition. No break can be detected in the evidences of this action from the present water-line upward for 30, 50 or 160 fect, and even up to the level of the grottoes excavated in the brecciated materials of “Sugar Loaf,” the level of “Skull Cave” and the “ Devil’s Kitchen.” | While we state the fact, however, of the continuity of the action during all this period, it is not intended to allege that the water of the lakes, as such, has ever stood at the level of the summit of Sugar Loaf. Nor do we speak upon the question whether these changes have been caused by the subsidence of the lakes, or the uplift of the island and adjacent promontories. It is true that the facts presented bear upon these and other interesting questions, but we must forego any discussion of them.* #Abnun lant evilences are furnished along the shores of Lake Huron, of the unbroken con- tinuity of the action of thos> physical forces which have transported and assorted the mate- rials of the Drift. From the shingle beach form2d by th» violence of the last gale, we trace a seri’s of beaches anil terraces, gradually risiag as we recede from the shore, and becoming more an! more covered with th+ linchons and mould and forest growths which denot:; antiquity, until, in som> cases, the phenomena of shore action blend with tho features which characteriz» the glacial drift. These observations tally so well with tho views of Pictet oa the continuity of the Diluvian ani Molern Epochs, as established by pusoatologicul evidences, that 1 cianot forb:ar referriag the reater to ap article of his which falls ualer my notic: as this report is goi1g throigh the press. Soe Bibliothequs Universellze de Geneve, Vol. VILL, p. 255. Also, Silliman’s Journal, [2] XXL, 846. STATE GEOLOGIST. . {29 Upon the smooth and striated surfaces of the rocks, has been drought. an immense deposite of waterworn and comminuted materials, derived from the breaking up and disintegration of ~ \pre-existing strata. We generally—almost aniversally—find the face of the rock overspread with a confused mixture of blue a8 clay and azoic and plutonic boulders and pebbles. These coarse materials are often arranged in rude courses which havea curved or irregular dip, and may often be secn outcropping on a hill-side, or even upon the plain.. At East Saginaw these mav terials are 90 to 100 feet below the surface. At Detroit they Tie 130 feet below the surface, Through the interior of the State they are found outercpping at irregular intervals, produc- ing occasional patches of ground principally noteworthy for their cobble stones. A field was noticed in the southern part of Jackson county in which, by measurement, the average dis- tance between adjacent stones was only four inches. This _ small field had already furnished many hundred cords of these ~ ptones; but every plowing scemed to favor the development of “anew crop. Strange to say, this and similar lands are found to produce excellent crops of wheat. . Great use is made of these cobble stones for purposes of pav- ing in the cities, a use for which their great hardness and ‘toughness renders them eminently fit. Mineralogically, ‘they consist mostly of rounded fragments’ of syenite, greenstone, vitreous and jaspery sandstones, and hornblendic, talcose, and - serpentinous rocks of the azoic series. Above ‘the boulder bed we find a deposite of argillaceous - and arenaceous materials more distinctly stratified and assorted, vas if by the action of eddying waters. So far as I have ob- served, the lake ridges and terraces are worked in these mate- ' Tials, Here we find buried, numerous tree trunks, generally of , the White Cedar, many of which may be seen projecting from the bank which overhangs Lake Huron, near Fort Gratiot, and ~~ at numerous other points on the lakes. >) The materials of this assorted drift.are not so exclusively of ‘extreme mot origin as those of the boulder drift, _ Perhaps sid! au 132 REPORT OF THE behold, at the present day, these changes in all stages of progress. ost ‘The beaver and the muskrat may exert some agency in the inundation and drainage of lands, but a few observations upon the borders of our lakes will suffice to show that they,are by no means the principal agents. The beds of marl and peat thus accumulated comaiaats almost exhaustless repositories of nutritive matter for the recuperation of the hill-side soils, that have been exhausted of. their soluble ingredients by the leaching rains, and an improvident system of farming. A consideration of the manner of preparing and applying these materials would be exceedingly interesting: but must be postponed for a final report. Imbedded in these accumulations of marl and peat, are found the remains of the Hlephant, Mastodon and Lik, the two former of which are now extinct from the continent, and the latter is only seen rarely in the remoter portions of the State. A frag- ment of a molar of the Mastodon was found by Dr. Miles at Green Oak, in Livingston county. A perfect molar of an ele phant has been exhumed in ditching in the northern part of Jackson county. Other remains occur in Macomb county. , By far the most interesting discovery has been made by Mr. G. M. Shattuck, in the township of Plymouth, in Wayne county. Mr. Shattuck here exhumed nearly an entire set of teeth of a Mas- todon, including a piece of one of the tusks several feet i in length. Some of these remains were in too friable a condition to be preserved, and others were injured by the injudicious handling of visitors. I have only had the opportunity as yet, of seeing five teeth. These prove to be the molar tecth from . the lower jaw of Mastodon giganteus, three being from the left side and two from the right. The anterior one from the left side, is the single permanent premolar, and the posterior two, like the two on the right side, are the first and second true molars—the third, which is the largest of all, not appear ‘ing to. have been developed at the time of the animal’s death. These teeth are all in a beautiful state of preservation, still retaining - i ‘ STATE GEOLOGIST. 133 : their glossy enamel, and most of the fangs which belong to molar teeth. The tubercles of the crowns of the teeth were but little worn, showing, together with the absence of the third _ or largest true molar, that the animal had scarcely attained full maturity. The dimensions of the teeth were not extraordinary for proboscideans, being from two inches to four or five inches in - entero-posterior diameter along the crowns, while the third mo- lar of an adult Mastodon ranges from 7} to 8} inches in the same dimension. These interesting relics of a former age aad a former population, are retained in the hands of their discov- erer. It is greatly to be hoped that he will not allow them to become scattered or destroyed. «_. During the progress of the former survey, a large vertebra was discovered in the western part of the State which wag recognized at the time as the caudal vertebra of a whale, by Prof. Sager, then State Zoologist. we © o-- 2 4 »* 2 ip acme eit a 18% * eer ak sai stato a et geolad doidvw ent ‘ed? to. teonr 5: ie ‘oTdw Heated Yo sarworsicests tons Snide gti To sondaca: alt dibecslioignhin , i 4 a fut bostatia vieorsde Iund fasting ost ret met MEY its auarn ddobias!i jlo .coidstpentl Ygeddnlar® ropodob geddat ows meort erp prec ad). alishve vaya ott giola eyocmabet : . gah at again fod §T ctodh ao gnex shane / hea ojo: tostiol a: td aoifsaygsiteoso}ai soot Dona etdowif vieds lo abaadadtai boaiator: ve. okt of sche: walla sort: Livy aime hagod od nd eh Sy, , A i HORA = cs iomeiaee feeder: vr WH Auer sla “ee ape. hei \ vg? are! LY ae ee Ril os - i i oe : qbaerayen +0 a it. adie: ‘ares a. iesclebillaliaa to peren Ry “aw sdoidwy. stealt. off An daeqi widow sail at B wi aladw 6 Jo, adoitey: lnbson dines oom, ¢ eer Shia ti ones “5 ty ec TEA Fe ai STE ‘ ns nL Fig? er i “Y t ay ’ i h ‘ +79 ae tiem f¢ iets: mies ‘ Girth: is ‘ - i , Taaty tis2 ts have bere eel Bees ry + ' , te, A ta 4 aaah) rat at Was vain a. ’ iy > é 40% - ‘ i a y i. iN * ; 3! e7) ~ COyLRe ve ’ ie " o ws » 8 7 . Joof Piymourt, in hag 4 ° te d pet ] + ne ed , . - ¥ y . G nena aa Coled oh of) epee GE. : y ty al ohay ir i? 4 ey | 4 ty* y ik {3 i f ¥ \ J . Ln ro y 2 tae * “ " . Lk eae ae ret, wan 2 , we ee Miadtnelon ghyaitte thy, tages kan ee we 4 Red < ae fad Te” ee One ‘tou 5 ‘ ‘ ; t iyi ma. os y Ve a * .*) be ms RAs 3 ve UG ce Sead " i ¢ F P oat ute” kote woe VLA Best and ¥ lasek. | : Sear eT. 15 it, aot | 39. taw | whe & a ary reel Cromer ar LV, General Observations—Table of Geological Formations Many interesting considerations present themselves on a general review of the geology of the peninsula. From the Lake Superior Sandstone to the close of the Helderberg period, our State seems to have had a common history with Canada West, and the States on both sides of us. The same groups of rocks are traced uninterruptedly from New York across the peninsula of Canada to Michigan, and even to the Mississippi river, pre- serving throughout that whole extent as great a degree of paleontological identity as could be expected of faunas stretch- ing over so many degrees of the earth’s surface, It is true, as has been long since shown by Prof. Hall, that nearly every member of the Silurian and lower Devonian systems, thins gradually in its westward prolongation, loses somewhat of its arenaceous or argillaceous character, and becomes at the west much more calcareous—changes which have generally been regarded as proving the origin of the materials of those groups to have been at the east. It is interesting to observe, however, notwithstanding this westward attenuation, how completely we are able to recognize all the essential features of the New York System in our own State. From the close of the Helderberg period, on the contrary, Michigan has had a history to some extent peculiar. The rocks of the Hamilton group can indeed be traced almost con- tinuously from New York into our own State, but the paleon- tological characters are found materially changed, and the Strata are more argillaceous. The Portage Group, of New York, supposing it to be represented by our Huron group, has teceived great accessions of argillaceous matter, and seems to have been deposited under circumstances more unfavorable to 1 » 136 REPORT OF THE the existence of animal life The Chemung Group, supposed to be represented by our Marshall Group, has been traced uninter- ruptedly into Ohio, where it becomes almost non-fossiliferous. The Marshall Group is totally isolated from rocks of the same age anywhere beyond the limits of our peninsula; and though the sandstones bear some physical resemblance to those of the Chemung Group, of Ohio and New York, our formation tontains little or no argillaceous matter; its fauna is remarkably iich, and its species are nearly all peculiar. The Napoleon Group, ' if correctly separated from the Marshall Group, has no distinct equivalent in surrounding States; and its entire destitution of. organic remains will cause its true geological relations to remain in doubt. | If anything were wanting to show that the geological column in Michigan has been built up asa distinct and independent structure, the existence of the eypseous or Michigan Salt Group, supplies the deficiency. But even further than this, no obvious parallelism has yet been traced between the overlying carbonifercus limestone, and the groups of this system further west. The indications already pointed out, however, lead to the conjecture that our limestone was accumulating during sev- eral of the epochs into which geologists have divided this period, though the isolation of our sea has resulted in little correspondence of organic remains. The paucity of rock-pro- ducing materials seems to have continued through the epoch of the coal—our measures not attaining one-twentieth the thick- ness of the same rocks in Ohio. The evidences lead us to the conviction that the Ohio and Michigan coal basins were never continuous, and that the waters did not flow over the separating ridge between the close of the Helderberg period and the Drift. It cannot be denied, however, that, supposing the carboniferous sea to have been a general one, the remoteness and comparative isolation of the Michigan bay, furnished occasion for great con- trasts in stratigraphical, lithological and paleontological characters. One other class of facts must be referred to, which weigh in i a ——— tert. De «al _— STATE GEOLOGIST. 137 the same direction. They constitute evidences that the mate- tials for our upper Devonian and carboniferous rocks have been derived from the north, The Helderberg limestenes are 350 feet thick at Mackinac, and not more than 60 feet thick in Mon- roe county. The Hamilton Group, so well developed in Thun- der and Little Traverse Bays, is not recognized in the southern part of the State. The Huron Group with its gritstones and flagstones at Pt. aux Barques, contains only two strata of flagstone at Grand Rapids. The conglomerate at the base of the Marshall Group, at Pt. aux Barques, is recognized at none of the southern outcrops. The pebbles seattered through the Marshall and Napoleon Groups in Huron county, ure entirely wanting in Jackson and Calhoun counties; whilc, on the .con- trary, extensive patches of the Marshall sandstone are found finely cemented by calcareous matter at Batile Creek, Jonesville and other southern points. | “ If our later paleozoic rocks are cutirely isolated from those of adjoining regions; if their lithuiogical characters are differ- ent; if their organic contents are peculiar; if their materials have been received from another direction; what prevents us from saying that Michigan has had a little geological history of her own, that her boundaries were marked out many thousand years ago—in short, that she was the very first of the States to take her place in this great and imperishable Union. One other remark is suggested by this review of our rocks. The geology of Michigan discloses little connection between the Carboniferous Limestone and the Coal Measures; while the transition to Devonian rocks is imperceptible. I see no reason for drawing the broad lines which separate great systems, between the Marshall and Napoleon groups, or between the _ Napoleon group and the Carboniferous limestone. On the contrary, I see this limestone characterized by a peculiar, per- sistent, marine fauna, while the Parma Sandstone, the Coal Measures and the Woodville Sandstone, were accumulated in sallow waters near shores, or even in marshes; and are char- . 18 138 REPORT OF THE acterized, from bottom to top, by evidences of the proximity and abundance of terrestrial vegetation. These contrasts hold throughout the country, and in all countries. Whatever marine remains are found in the coal measures, belong to species dis- tinct from those in the Carboniferous Limestone; and if the generic distinctions are not complete, the organic facies of one © is vegetable and terrestrial; that of the other, animal and marine. Downward the types of the lower Carboniferous rocks lescend into the upper Devonian—some carboniferous species, and numerous carboniferous types, even reaching the Hamilton group. Observations in Michigan suggest rather to draw the broad systematic lines below the Hamilton group, and between the Carboniferous Limestone and the Coal Measures. SYOPTICAL VIEW OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE LOWER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN. V.—QUATERNARY SYSTEM. (c) Soil—Peat, Marl, Calcareous Tufa, Bog Iron ore, Ochre Beds. (6) Lake and river terraces, and other phenomena of altered drift; Lignite beds of lakes Michigan and Superior; Bur ied tree trunks. (a) Boulder Drift; Diluvial strie. i IV.—CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 16. Woodville Sandstone, 79 feet; Jackson, Woodville, Barry, Shiawassee county; Lyons; Tuscola county, &c. 15. Coal Measures, 123 ft.; consisting of (e) Bituminous shales and clays, 40 ft. (d) Black band, passing into black limestone, 2 ff. (c) Bituminous ‘and Cannel coal in one or more seams, with aggregate thickness of 3 to 11 ft. (b) Fire-clay and Sandstone, 23 {t. (a) Shale, Clay, Sandstone and thin seams of coal, 50 ft. 14. Parma Sandstone, 105 ft.; Jackson county and salt borings at Saginaw. 13. Carboniferous Limestone, 66 feet: (c) Upper, 10 ft.; Grand Rapids, Bellevue, Parma, Spring Arbor, Wild Fowl Bay, Charity Islands, Pt. au Gres. (b) Middle, or Red Layer, 5 feet; Grand Rapids, Bellevue, Sandstone, Spring Arbor. STATE GEOLOGIST. 139 (a) Lower, 51 feet: seen at most of the above localities. Becomes arenaceous below. 12. Michigan Salt Group, 184 feet: (ec) Carbonaceous and argillaceous shale,*gypseous and pyri- tous marls. See BAR oF (6) Shales, marl, magnesian and silicious limestone, and thick beds of gypsum. The shales impregnated with salt. pena wah at, (a) Saliferous shales and alternating arenaceous limestones, ‘11. Napoleon Group, 123 feet: (@) Shaly micaceous sandstone, 15 feet. yigsy. 5. POPPY FR (c) Napoleon sandstone, 78 fect, highly saliferous in many localities; Napoleon, Grandville, Rush lake, Pt. aux Barques. a ant bs (6) Shaly micaceous sanditone, "15 feet: Salt Borinigl: (a) Clay or shale, 15 feet, [more than 64 feet at East Sagi- naw (?) | IIl.—DEVONIAN SYSTEM. 10. Marshall Group, (Chemung,) 159 feet: (c) Reddish, yellowish and greenish sandstones, 147 feet: | Marshall, Jonesville, Hillsdale, Battle Creek, Holland, Pt. aux Barques. cot (6) Shaly micaceous sandstone, 10 feet: Jonesville, &c. (a) Conglomerate, 2 ft.: Grindstone Quarries, Pt. aux Barques. 9. Huron Group, (Portage), 224 feet: (d) Fine bluish gritstones, 14 feet: Pt aux Barques. (c). Shales, limestones and flagstones, 18 feet. The Kidney Tron clays of Branch county are supposed to belong here. Shore of Lake Huron, below Pt aux Barques; Branch, Calhoun, Kalamazoo and Lenawee counties. (b) Green shale, 10 feet: Grand Traverse Bay. (a) Black bituminous shale, 20 feet: Sulphur Island, Squaw Pt., Grand Traverse Bay. 8. Hamilton Group, 55 feet; (c) Crystalline limestone, with included lenticular clayey masses, 23 feet: Partridge Pt., Little Traverse Bay. (6) Argillaceous limestones, eminently fossiliferous, with al- ternating shales, 17 ft.: Partridge Pt., Little Traverse Bay. (a) Black bituminous limestone, 15 feet: Carter’s quarry, poss Alpena; Thunder Bay Island, Little Traverse ay us Upper Helderberg Group, 354 feet: 140 | REPORT OF THE (e) Brown, bituminous limestone, 75 feet: Monroe, Presque Isle and Emmet counties. (d) Arenaceous limestone, 4 feet: Monroe county, Crawford’s quarry. (c) Qolitic limestone, 25 feet: Bedford, Raisinville, &c., Mon- roe county; Mackinac. (6) Brecciated limestone, 250 feet: Stony Pt., Pt. aux Peaux, Mackinac and vicinity. (a) Conglomerate, cherty, and sometimes agatiferous, 3 feet: Mackinac, Sitting Rabbit. II.—UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM, 6. Onondaga Salt Group, 37 feet: (d@) Chocolate colored limestone, 10 feet: Monrce county, Mackinac. (c) Calcareous clay, 3 feet: Bois Blanc. (6) Fine, ash colored, argillaceous limestone, with acicular crystals, 14 feet: Monroe county, at Montgomery’s quarry, Ida; Otter Creek and. Plumb Creek quarries; Mackinac; Round and Bois Blanc islands. (a) Variegated, gypseous marls, with imbedded masses of gypsum, 10 feet: St. Martin’s islands; Little Pt. au Chene. 5. Niagara Group, 97 feet: (g) Thin-bedded brown limestone, 6 feet: south side Drum- mond’s Island. (f) White, massive, crystalline limestone, 20 feet: south and southeast sides Drummond’s Island; coast west of Detour. (e) Rough, vesicular limestone, 6 feet: east end of Drum- mond’s Island. (d) Limestone, in thin broken layers, 8 feet: Ibid, (c) Limestone, geodiferous, rough, crystalline, 45 feet: Ibid. (5) Limestone, hard, gray, crystalline, 7 feet: Ibid. (a) Arenaceous limestone, 5 feet: Ibid. 4, Clinton Group, 51 feet: (c) Argillo-calcareous limestone, very light Sage and evenly bedded, 14 ft.: E. and W. ends of Drummond's Island. (b) Argillo-calcareous limestone, dark, containing geodes and gashes, 3 feet: N. 4. side Drummond’s Island. (a) Alternations of argillaceous, bituminous and calcareous limestones, 34 feet: Ibid. STATE GEOLOGIST. 141 I.—LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM. 8. Hudson River Group, (observed,) 18 feet: Argillaceous limestone, filled with fossils in the upper part, 15 feet: N. side Drummond’s Island. Bluish-gray subcrystalline limestone, (observed,) 3 feet. 2 Trenton Group, 32 feet: (e) Dark blue, subcrystalline limestone, with 3 feet of dark- green areno-calcareous shale above, 7 feet; North side Drummond’s and St. Joseph’s Islands. d) Dull-gray limestone, hard, silicious, 2 feet. Ibid. c) Blue, argillaceous limestone, 9 feet: Ibid. b) Limestone, dark, bluish-gray, with partings of green shale, 12 feet: Ibid. (a) Limesione, gray, silicious, resting on quartz, 2 feet: Sul- phur Island, north of Drummond’s. 1, Lake Superior Sandstone, (Potsdam), at the Sault, 18 feet. Total observed thickness of the Paleozoic rocks, 1,725 feet. Actual thickness probably 2,500 feet. po ite) Heresy bi stot 8h (ica nse reqqs od}, a. aliwatt ditive hallityomotanail amos é) dso «htals bethoomaaniabin A: oat toot § gaa ae Sth dene aniiberdeegiodsi« COTE fe sii conten, 3 tate OAR eR ie Aras “Wo oat illite Bi ish anisbas egal’ orld abia gaol, sy tout i oe oa. ahi, erronig sho) a: ra Ty realy ap paca a VGEE MS ote Aas, be ag fii et TOroa a, "ata nts 6S rite Ae S ve h ‘Saat, asoee Santarciliesouotllts yr ol oo ty eyrityeq: Diner pgaegainiolds spacrecly “oudisornink | eae. bidh stool $1, otal ® -fpe’ =) oot Ssireyp nd ane he Boao» MED nr 8. ) oe (25 Or 2 (ata oS Auvd Gecee stain Sab sea bade Anot BL frist sdf ts (mn mharet) saitebane- sorroqad ona dost C8T 1 indoors niaabarla"l. a dt. to, anonaaidy, Sorstalo tate OB sr ryote, 08 7 sesabiihes eta anemeln CTs , tiaes AM Lebel ik. Fhe sie Urea ag a aks “? : Te ‘eis 28 Te i Pe eaie ’ ny Erie, wath, fhe ed. Dia } feat: Re Marine isha” Dies, : yr. . WitH—GNN, BY POs, lie «Be rye wel’ eet yee LA ais Ts Ly it a. a . i. a | Wy on xt a ar ‘ Me ve , t ee Se a me hat » Ae Nor (5. La iv HM = Oy iM ew >e P 4 ° i - ‘ 2. ~~ 1 "yy 7 en, % Yee > " ) "* [’* i = “ ' ; - ) . . ' LA —F ee | i tart rit ’ : rt?7 au, Ub s J 4 P wr * ro) aaa ss a - aii r4 i Rs ara Sula Be Tei aa : > a ’ peak sine : . mie » 4 a7 va Ae “ > r ‘ shy Ste® ‘tus r. in \ ' gts Pheakenss Con dey, cumtedivisy Mic: he ie . Piles i p NEES j Th eis Leia : Fa yikes .: eshte a a] ’ ba : my > 4 Pa} ¥ Sunt) Yee a cnt 4 ‘ ree 4 ‘ i OM SE Rs wh f ' aA a4 “a ke é j ‘ b j (A . i CHAPTER V. Tables of deep borings in the State, with an exhibition of their Geology. References have frequently been made to borings that have been executed in our State, in search of salt, coal or other val- uable products; and isolated facts, obtained by such borings, have, in many instances, been incorporated into the preceding chapters. In the present chapter, I present connected and com- plete statements of the kind of rocks passed through, in most of the deep borings of our State. It has not been thought best to present these records in all their details; I have, therefore, greatly condensed them, taking care, however, to mention every important change in the strata, The first column in all the tables shows the depth of the well at the upper part of the stratum named in the last column. The second column shows the thickness of the stratum. When the several strata which constitute a formation er group, are passed, a line is drawn across the second column, and the total thickness of the forma- tion or group is entered opposite, in the third column. The table at the end is a summary of the whole. I.—Arrestan WeE x at Dernoir. [During the years 1829-30, the Hydraulic Company, with a view of supplying this city with spring water, commenced und completed, (although without gaining the object intended,) an artesian well, near that point where Wayne Street intersects Fort Street. This point is elevated 36 feet above the level of the surface of Detroit river. The work was conducted under the direction of A. E. Hathon. In the North-western Journal for April 21, 1830, an article was published from the pen of that gentleman, of which the following is an abstract of the strata and depth, in the words of the article to which allusion is made:”—Dr. Houghton’s Notes. } 144 REPORT OF THE At a3 . : I s Depth Pae|s S83 DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &c. 0 =e hal RS a2 Bs" | Ft. | Ft. | Ft 0 10 ‘¢ Common Alluvion.”? 10; 118 ‘Plaster Clay.”? [‘* Marly.’’—Houghton.] 128 2 ‘* Common beach sand, with coarse gravel.” 13 j : 180} 120 ‘** Compact limestone.”? [Probably Helderberg and Onondagasalt group together.— W.] a 250 2 “Gypsum and Salt.”’ 3 : 252 8 ‘¢ Compact Lime.” [Probably Niagara limestone.—W.] , 260 2 II].—Srare Satt Wet, Granp Rapips. Oondensed f tions. i Sec. 3, T. 6. N., 12 W. rom the records kept under Dr. Houghton’s direc- Bored in 1841-2: 4M |[2e At Ds 9 S | wn | cst ae 21S s Ss DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &c. 18) ~~. = = SS : Jan [35° Kt. | Ft., |, Ft. 0 40 Alluvial, &c., 5-6 feet clay, thin sand and gravel. 40 40 7 “Clay;’? Gypsum 6% feet. 47 1 oe Very hard rock, supposed to be hornstone.’’ : 45 13 “Clay” and “ slate” alternate ly, with 1-3 in. “hard rock,” several 21 times reeurring in the lower 4 feet. 61; 109 “Sand rock,” **hard.” At 68 feet, @ spring, water brackish, cavity 3 in. sandrock continuing; s softer, with numerous cavities; brine airepthent ug; rock harder at 104’ ft. 170 9 “ Mixture of clay and sand—quite hard.”’ 179 5 “¢ Clay slate.” 123 184 101 Hard sandrock, 19 ft.; cavities, water very salt; ‘‘soft sandrock?? at 204-244 ft.; very hard at 245- 246; soft, 247-278. At 265 _—, brine overflowing profusely, and increasing to 284 feet. 285 2, ‘cBlue clay.” 287 20| ‘‘Common sandrock.’’ 307 2A ‘¢ Ash colored clay and sandrock,”’ “ about equal parts.” 331 12 “¢Sandrock, quite hard.”? at 159 343; 1380] 180|‘¢Clayrock.’? Water doubled at 361, and somewhat stronger.= From / 417-421 very soft like blue clay, then a few black gravel stones, than shale. a | “ Clayrock.’? Continuing. | — ena = > = STATE GEOLOGIST. M5 TIL.—Lyon’s Sarr Wett, Grayp Rarmws, near Bridge St. Bridge, commenced January, 1840, and finished Dec. 25th, 1842, con- densed from records kept under the direction of Hon. Lucius DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &c. Limerock, lower 9 feet geodiferous. « Yellow sandrock.”? (Probably lower arenaceous beds of the lime- 1 stone.] « Blue Clay.”’ ** Coarse, reddish sandrock.”’ Argillaceous beds, interstratified with gypseous deposits “Very hard , sharp-gritted, bluish sandrock.’’ At 76 feet, fresh spring. ** Clayrock. + « First indications of salt.” Argillaceous beds, sometimes ‘‘ sandy,’’ [pyritous grains,) sometimes gy pseous. ‘“* Hard sandrock.’’ [These layers are also called ‘‘ waterlime.’’] Clayrock. 171 Sandrock, varying from “‘ dark”’ and “‘ hard,” to ‘‘ white’’ and “ soft,’’ (199 feet) ; dark blue (216); coarse, loose and reddish = Cavity of 6 inches, and great spring of water at 26414 feet. ** Clayrock, intermixed with fine particles of sand.”’ 118 Sandrock, varying between “ hard,” “ coarse’ and “ loose.’’ ‘*¢Clay and sandrock of about equal parts.”’ ** Sandrock, coarse, loose —of about an ash color.”’ ** Clay and sandrock of about equal parts.’’ ** Coarse, loose sandrock ;’’ water doubled, and salter. aad “cc * Clayrock. ”» Sandrock. 214 Clayrock. One foot of sandrock at 495 feet. Clayrock continuing. Temp. of water in well 5034 Fah. 19 146 REPORT OF THE ITV —Scrisner’s Sart WELL, NEAR THE RarroaD Depot, Granp Rapips. Bored in 1859-60. Notes furnished by James Scrib- ner, Esq. At {32 .|38. Depth |PAZ|258 DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &c. of if ale@= ee Bs | m= SPS. Ft. Ft. | Ft. o| 51 [ms portion of the Carboniferous Limestone below the ‘‘ Red Layer.”’ 51 1 "| shale, compact. 52 2 Hard blue limestone, called here ‘‘ Waterlime.”’ 54 19 Argillaceous strata with occasional beds of limerock, and coarse and fine grained layers of sandstone, from 1 to 5 feet in "thickness. eed 183 66 Argillaceous rocks, somewhat harder. First indications of salt. The whole series saliferous, gypsiferous and pyritiferous. Occasional layers of sandstone and limestone. 199 5 Highly ferruginous and pyritous rock, exceedingly hard. + 204 54 Sandrock, porous, with salt water. 258 7 Sandrock. ~ 315 10 Clay. 121 825 55 65)|Sandrock. 380. Sandrock continuing. « STATE GEOLOGIST. 447 / % V.—Powrnrs and Marrtin’s Sarr Wei. Grand Rapids, half mile ~ -N.W.-. from Scribner’s Well. Samples of the boring’s were furnished fur examination by Mr. A. O. Currier. DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &e. | Interven- ing Thick- | ness. Thickness of Forma- tions it, orm mS a rs o Ai 7 “| Superficial materials. Limestone, light grayish buff, fine grained, with small disseminated crystals of spar Red, arenaceous limestone, passing above and below into the gray limestone. Limestone, gray above, then somewhat pyritiferous, with alternating 40} = shaly layers. Toward the bottom, becoming arenaceous, and in places cherty. Shale, black and carbonaceous, with grains of pyrites; becoming more arenaceous below. Clay, light celored, effervescing. Clay, light, with nodules ot pyrites, and some streaks of a ne pul- verulent substance, which effervesces. Shale, dark greenish, somewhat indurated. Clay, ‘unctuous, pyrilous, arenaceous. Shaly grit, dark, carbonaceous. Fire-clay, with streaks of snowy gypsum. Shale, pyritous, arenaceous, gypsiferous—sometimes greenish. Shale, filled with grit. Shale, with angular fragments of chert and streaks of gypsum. Lower portion highly gypseous, and then dark brown. Shale, abounding in quartzose sand. Between 131-5 feet, highly gyp- seous. - Sandstone, dark, shaly, very fine. Shale, with gypsumand sand. First saltwater. Below this, alternating , 100 clay and shale, both abounding in grit. Siliceous limestone, very hard. Salometer 100°, the supply being half galion per minute. It is not thought that any brine was obtained below 138 feet. _ o shoe Be & BEossan ae ~ wo 148 REPORT OF THE ViI.—Borrerwortn’s Sarr Went, Grand Rapids, at his Foundry. Notes furnished by R. E. Butterworth, Esq. Bored in 1860. lnierven- Sling Thick- rp! At Tepth of ness. Ft. Thickness 3 q. 58 DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &o. a] —_— = ° Ft. | Limestone, 12 ft.; soft sandrock, 5 ft.; limerock, 1 ft.; clay slate, 1 ft. ; limerock, hard, 5 ft. = Calcareous sandrock, soft. . Clay, 7 ft.; shale, 8 ft., fresh water; limestone and clay alternately, 15 feet. ‘“¢ Brown, hard limestone,”’ filled with spar. First salt. Varying argillaceous strata, all saliferous, with occasional beds of gyp- sum. Very hard limerock, with gypsum. Argillaceous strata, with much gypsum. Brine 91 gal. to bushel of salt. (Butterworth). At 146 ft. brine 5°, Beaume, temp. 50° Fah. Limerock and gypsum. 157}: : Sandrock, bluish-gray. Water increasing. Sandrock, gray. Water suddenly gushing up at the rate of 350 gallons . per minute. Sandrock, argillaceous. Dividing shale. Sal. 20° to 26°. 119 Sandstone with shaly partings. Sal. 20° to 26°. 128 Alternating shales and flagstones. Same continuing. Yo STATE GEOLOGIST. 149 Vil—Satr Wewt or Ixptax Mu Creek Sarr Co. Grand Rap- ids, 25 rods N. of Powers and Martin’s. Bored in 1860. Notes furnished by Ball, Clay & Co. 4 84. ag S55 DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &c. ein. © . £ |S Gravel, sand, &c , with 4 inches clay at bottom. [This well seems to 81; have struck a fissure in the limestone, or a place where the lime- stone had been entirely denuded. ] Gypsum, white. Clay and shale. Hard rock. Clay, generally soft. At 128 wee first brine. ' Hard sandrock. ’ Clay. Coarse gravel ( Ob Fine gravel. ‘ossibly the gravel, so called, consisted of grains and nodules of aero disseminated through the clay, as in Powers & Martin’s well.) **Sandrock,’’ extremely hard. [Supposed to be the bottom of Powers & Martin’s well. } Gypsum and Clay. ‘** Black sandrock.”’ m ‘Hard sandrock.’’ [These are probably the “ ‘ Waterlime”’ layers. ] Sandrock, soft. pe flowing 10 gallons per minute, at 19° Sal. At 295 feet, Sal Clay and shale sandrock. Black Iron-sand. sandrock. alt Streaks of clay and sandrock. Clay. Discharge of water, 135 gallons per minute. 150 REPORT OF THE VIIL—J. W.* Wrxpsor’s Sart WeLL near Granp Rapms. Lo- cality—fraction No. 1, Sec. 12, T. 17 N., 12 W. Notes fur- nished by Mr. Windsor’s Superintendent of oper atone Well bored in 1860. At oS G/B a : Depth |26 #|25 2 DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &c. of |3 ,Als ss as les be co be eo ky co 0 43 Superficial. 43 43 21 Limestone. 8 in. clay and gravel at 53 ft. Drill went down rapidly 15 21 inches, at 57 ft. 64 8 Dark shale, with blue below, underlain by 8 in. hard limestone. 72 4) sandstone, very hard, yellow and gray. 76 12 Shale, ®ypsum and clay. 88 1 Sandstone. 89 10 Clay, shale and gypsum. 99 9 Greenish clay and shales, with black streaks. 108 24 Gypsum, es with shale of varying hardness, and occasionally greenis 132 20 Blackish-blue shale. < 152 a Gypsum. : 156 10 Black shale. First brine at 164 feet 166 13 Gypseous clay, very salt, underlain by black, salt shale, alternating with gypsum. 179 + Black, Very hard rock. 183 57 Dark flinty beds, interlaminated with clay and gypsum. Shale below. 20 8 very mii pyritiferous rock, with gypseous clays. 184 aegee 248 79 Sandrock. * Brine 16° at 259 ft.—20° at 278 ft.—17° at 319 ft. 327 22 Clay and sandrock, followed by clay, with some very hard streaks. 101 Sal. 26°. 349 74 Sandrock, white. Sal. 31° at 391 ft. The overflow, 24°. 423 28 Argillaceous sandrock, fine. Brine remaining the same. 97 ie WeeF |Same continuing. Discharge of water about 35 gallons per minute. ry STATE GEOLOGIST. . 151 IX.—Deer Borie ror Coat. S. W. } N. W. 4 Sec. 36, Sand- _. stene, Jackson county. Notes made mostly from samples preserved by John Holcroft, Esq. Greatly condensed. J " n . at [23/22 . | Depth |ER E/E 56 DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &e. a tea 0 t Superficial materials. _ ad ° ad a ~ rs Sandstone, varying from nearly white to yellow and ochreous, mostly 24; ~=incoherent. Limestone, siliceous, (3 feet,) followed by ochreous sandstone, argilla- ceous sandstone (3 feet), calciferous sandstone with greenish streaks (2 feet), cherty limestone (2 feet), all which might come under carboniferous limestone. 48 15 paren, light, becoming argillaceous, micaceous, with partings of e 58 Limestone, brownish, siliceous, with green blotches (4 in.); shale, blu- 32} ish dark (8 in.); limestone arenaceous (9 in.); hornstone (1 in.) Argillaceous strata, not effervescing, with thin bands of micaceous, ar- gillaceous sandstone, ending with 9 feet of unctuous clay. Sandstone, with a few pebbles (8 feet); followed by alternating shale and ironstone. ps Chert, (6 feet); shale, with pyrites (1 foot). Sandstone, bluish-white, quartzose—a powerful water-course at 127 feet, and another at 156 feet. In the lower half, less uniform, by turns colored ,‘argillaceous, effervescing, coarser. rit Clay, coarsely arenaceous, then finer. Arenaceons strata, with occasional thin argillaceous partings; powerful : ir eee at 269 feet and 278 feet; ending in a very hard sand- ~ o Sandrock continuing. X.—Hiwearn’s Artesian Wei, Jackson. Notes furnished by , William Walker. 2 at |33. : : é Depth cee B58 DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &c. ah" sS | Sa Fs | Ft. | Fe. | Ft. : Fs 0 18 Sandstone, (with some overlying soil).. 18 6 ‘* Light colored slate.’’ Ss micaceous sandstone ¥) pay 4 Sandstone, with kidney ; q 28 Shale, black, bituminous. + ae Bitaminovs coal. > 47 Shale, containing ironstone above, and becoming fire-clay at bottom. ? 63 Alternations of fine and “‘ eherty’’ sandstone, with blue and light color- ed ‘‘ slate,’’ which may have been a fine argillaceous sandstone. ; g Sandstone, varying from coarse to fine. 4 101 Water. j i 101 Sandstone. Sandstone continuing. 152 > REPORT OF THE 7 XI.—East Sacinaw Sarr Co.’s Wexis. About ? mile north-east from the center of town, on the river, nearly” epposite Carrol- ton. Condensed from records kept by G. A. t.athrop, M. D. Bored in 1859-60. ‘ rv) m a At 132/88, Pepe FR ele es DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &o. 18) a Ape =2 les | Ft “7 e 0 92 © Sele and Drift materials. Salometer 1°. 92 79 "|Brown sandstone, with angular grains. Temp. 47°; Salometer 2°. 171 40 *| shates, first dark, then light. 211 23 Sandstone, (highly arenaceous Fire-clay ?] and 3 or 4 ft. of Coal. 234 12 Shales, below, dark, bituminous. 7246 10 Sandstone with thin seams of Coal. 256 38 Shales. Temp. 50°, Sal. 14°. Discharge 80 gallons per minute. 294) 105 . White sandstone. 399 65 Limestone, embracing 6 beds of ‘‘ sandstone,’”’ from 6 in. to 2 ft. thick, (the uppermost 53 ft.), and terminating in an arenaceous limestone with shaly matter. 464 3 Shales. 467 20 Sandstone. Sal. 26°. 487 29 Shales. 516 43 Shales, with intercalated sandstones 6 in.—2 ft. thick. Sal. 44°-60°. 559 10 Fine blue sandstone. [‘‘ Waterlime’”’?] Sal. 64° at 568 ft. 569 15 . |Dark shales. 584 11 Fine blue sandstone, [‘‘ Waterlime’’ ?] 314 ft. shale at 59034 ft. 595 3 Grayish, coarser sandstone, with angular grains. 598 7 Dark shales. 605 15 Sandstone, hard, becoming micaceous—at 610 ft. calcareous. 620 7 Dark shales. 627 6 Limestone, hard, brown. 633} 109 Sandstone 669 Bottom of first well. 742 42 Red shale. 784 1 Blue shale. . . 785 18 Red shale. $03 3 Blue shale. 173 806 [Bottom of second well. 153 STATE GEOLOGIST. ‘paddois Suy10q eq e10;0q poyerjouod sea 3 qorqa 0} qIdep eq) A[do ynq ‘aoyuMI0} Sutpuodse.i109 a1 JO SSOUHOY? [0707 ONT MOTS JOU Soop AjITCOO] TOws IOJ MOALT sequinu yse] ONL ‘SOUOISPULS Off} WOJS poysInFupystp st opeys Zuyjavd ony ‘dnoip aoajoden 641 JO ssouyeryy oq) Furars uy» 908 aH | 7 wae BR lvep__ °°" [loot ‘| “ss-"stlemen |<: ° -*106F Let Tles9 dd cece ; TU le ade RB abd Se eh dd eeeses ‘s(VIOL weewewe www eee ll ew ee ee leew wwe ee ewe ee lw www eet ew eee fe eee lee eee ww wee fl ee ee ee wow we ew lf we we eee lw ee eee we eee LH EH reer eee eH ‘dnoay wivsug Terres Ce eee eee eee Cee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee ee ee es ee ee eo teeereeeeeeesCdnoug gras BSepuoNC eee weele teow li ewe wwe leew wert pee ee eee we ee eet ioe ee ee toe e eer i ne ew ee tower eet i ower eet oe eee et lee eeeel oe ewer lee eeee lore eee lee ee eee eer eee eee ee ~“dnoiy Zioqsoppoy on deste é0cddll caeeuy|evcdackret Rin calcldccea||. > vevehe cup cab] oc citys [Spee till ecdacdi vc boeel lec sane] cogs ob) vaweth] | F 3 | F = z = 3 = =) ry 3 5 z s 4 5 2 o = oS = i oe g | The Se a or 5 | F Le | ° ° . ° J z B | « 8 @ 2 B eB z ‘SNOLLVNUOS < “34 ‘spidvy ‘spidvy {spt “spd ‘spidey “spt avulvs |! duy puvip’|| puvip = || ast ‘9 supanyy || -dvy pursy | ‘9 ‘smo || pp : wea _*8,408pay MA _ | i: % Aun) ‘treet uv si0Mod || ‘8, Joug{408 tong 8, U0 SLINIOd SOOTUVA LY SNOLLVNUOM JO Hid®¥d GNV SSAUNMOINL AHL YNIMOHS Eeiat vio . 20 REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 154 , . ‘poddoys Zuts0q 944 o10sary poyvsjoued svm 41 GoIM 07 TIdop oyy A[UO 4nq ‘uoryeUTIOJ Sutpuodso1100 oY) Jo SSOMYOIT} [¥}07 OF} MOS Jou soop AjITeoo] YOu JoJ WOATT JOQuINU 4svI OU, "SOUOJSPULS OY} WOIJ poystnsuljstp st opeys Suyzavd oy} ‘dnowy uosodey oy jo SSOUMOIY) OY} SULAIS UT x * 692 [-*** [oor “68 [ere ‘loos | wee ists ae : “Toe l seer[[oeeeee[ouee| [rreeee| ~ = aw i fe 2] io @) qidag : ‘SSO OLE, : “‘SSOUNOIYL ‘SSoUMoIyL, ‘SSOUHOIYL ‘SNOILVNUOA s Ba08 “owe “TOM Ss. nIRqaiy *OT[LAPOO AA ivou ‘Zul -10q_ dan || : ; P "AUD B[OOSNY, Aig £eg UO}pO.LIeO aeuuing © | “WLoLOT, ge ew SINIOd SQOIUVA LV SNOILVNYOT JO Hida GNV SSHaNMOIHL SHL PNLMOHS oS A Ae a ae Cipmar LER Vi. ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY. It is undoubtedly contemplated, that in the presentation of a final report upon our geology, prominence shall be given to the economical materials furnished by the earth’s crust, embracing an explanation of the principles concerned in searching for them, plain practical rules of procedure, the best methods of extracting, purifying and preparing thera, and the uses to which they may be applied. . In the preceding descriptions of our formations, I have, in many cases, made allusion to the uses to which the various rocks and mineral products of the Lower Peninsula seem to be well adapted; and as a general statement, I do not deem it best to do anything more than this in the present report. In regard to the leading mineral interests of the Lower Peninsula, however, it may be expected that I should furnish, even in a report of progress, a greater amount of data for the practical guidance of those interested. For the purpose of presenting a view of the variety of our mineral resources, I subjoin the following table: CLASSIFIED LIST of Products of the Economic Geology of the State of Michigan, and of subjects connected with their description. I. Meratuc Ores. 1. Ores of Iron. a. Iron Pyrites. J. Spathic Iron Ore. b. Mispickel. g- Manufactured Iron. c. Magnetite. h Associated Minerals. d. Hematite. 2. Copper and its Ores. Specular. a. Native Copper. Micaceous. b. Copper Pyrites. ‘ Red. ¢c. Erubescite. Red Ocher. d. Gray Copper Ore. Red Chalk. e. Chrysocolla. JasperyjClay Iron. J. Copper in process of Manufacture. 156 REPORT OF THE Clay Iron Stone. g. Associated Minerals. - Lenticular Iron Ore. 3. Silver and its associates. e. Limonite. 4. Lead and its associates. Brown Hematite. 5. Other Metallic Ores. Yellow Ocher. 6. Fluxes used in the reduction of Ores. Yellow Clay Iron Stone. Bog Iron Ore. TI. Coat. 1. Bituminous Coals. 4. Cokes. 2. Cannel Coals. 5. Gas. 8. Associates of Coal. Ill. BUILDING STONES. 1. Syenite and Granite. 4. Gypsum. 2. Sandstones. 5. Marble. “3. Limestones. IV. MATERIALS FOR CEMENTS. 1. Quicklime. , 3. Gypsum. 2. Waterlime. VY. MATERIALS FOR ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES. 1. Gypsum. 8. Chrysocolla. 2. Marble. 4. Agate, &c. VI. MATERIALS For PAINTS. 1. Ocher. 3. Ferruginous shales. 2. Manganese. Vil. Gypsum. 1. As a fertilizer. 8. Eor architectural purposes. ‘2. As a cement. 4. For ornamental purposes. VI. Sarr. 1. Geological relations. 4. Sections of Boxgings. 2. Brine. 5. Statistics and Calculations. 3. Salt. IX. Crays. 1. For Fire-bricks. 3. For Pottery. 2. For common Bricks, Tiles, &c. 4. For Pipes. X. SAND AND GRAVEL. 1. For Mortar. 4 For Bricks and Walls. | 2. For Glass. 5. Stationer’s Sand. 3. For Moulding. XI. GRITSTONES. 1. Materials for Grindstones. 3. Materials for Hones and Oilstones. 2. Materials for Whetstones. mS STATE GEOLOGIST. 157. XU. Lrrmoerarnic Sronss. XU. MaTerrats ror Roaps AND WALKS. XIV. Sors. XV. MATERIALS POR IMPROVING THE Sot. 1. Gypsum. 4. Brine. 2. Marl. 5. Sand. , 3. Peat. 6. Clay. XVI. WELLS AND SPRINGS. 1, Common Wells and Springs. 3. Mineral Waters. 3. Artesian Wells. Most of the materials embraced in the above enumeration are of the very best quality; and when the union of capital and intelligence shall have brought our resources to such a. degree of development as they admit, Michigan will be seen to stand among the leading States in point of mineral wealth. COAL. Many facts have already been stated which have a direct economical bearing upon the search for coal. A few sugges- tions may here be added: | 1. The occurrence of fragments of coal in the soil, or in ex- cavations for wells, does not prove the existence of a coal seam- within many miles, as the outcropping edges of all the rocks. have been broken up, and the fragments distributed toward the south. 2. In the examination of loose fragments, it may be remem- bered that the nearer we approach the outcrep of the solid: seam, the more abundant the fragments become, especially the finer ones, while at the same time they are less equally distribu- ted through the soil. 8. The eecurrence of an extensive nest of fragments may ~ result from the destruction of a former small outlier of the coal basin, and may be detached many miles from the principal beam. : 4, When an outcrep is actually found, it will frequently be seen to dip away from the coal basin, as if bent down at the margin. The miner should not be misled by this peripheral. dip. : 158 REPORT OF THE 5. Such seam will be found, generally, thinner than at points nearer the center of the basin. 6. The coal will be found much changed and deteriorated by the action of the elements. The quality will be found to be improved at increased distances from the surface. T. The structure of our measures is such that it is useless to dig or bore anywhere to a greater depth than thirty feet below any seam of coal two feet thick. All the rest, if any, will be embraced within that distance. 8. It should be remembered that there are black shales below the coal as well as above. 9. It should also be remembered that the overlying (Wood- jille) sandstone is not easily distinguished from the underlying (Parma) sandstone, while these two sandstones are essentially distinct—sometimes 123 feet apart, and sometimes, on the bor- ders of the coal basin, only 15 feet apart. 10. At any point favorably situated in other respects, lying a few miles within the circuit which has been traced out, pro- ductive coal seams may be confidently sought for. 11. The great practical difficulty in working them will be found in their situation below the general level of the sur- rounding surface, so that the shafts and drifts will contain water. By using good judgment, however, locations can be selected sufficiently high to obviate any serious annoyances from this source. 12. Care must be exercised against being misled by the black bituminous shales of the northern part of the peninsula, They burn freely, and closely resemble the coal shales; but they lie five hundred feet below any seam of coal. The qualities of our coals have not yet been scientifically tested. It should be done.- The following, the only chemical analysis in my possession, is said to have been procured in New York, by Mr. Hayden, of Jackson, upon a specimen of can- nel coal, from the shaft of the Jackson City Co.: STATE GEOLOGIST. 159 ” Analysis of Cannel Coal from Jackson. | ey Sk SUL RA. SUSU IAM. OA det . 45 oMolatile matter, .. jy .Wve cece eee cee eee eee e ee. we 49 betes) 27. weed betas, ad... ede cued, al, alae 2 IDE 5 ciahivd. RP ANBDRIEIGS. GIO. UB Ee en. POO BMI IM 2 REC a cae COU Hd as PN JO, OPIS 2 100 * Of the bituminous coals, several qualities may be easily dis- tinguished by inspection. Some samples, too carelessly quar- ried, retain a considerable quantity of pyrites, which, on heat- ing, gives off its sulphur, which becomes an annoyance in domestic use, aud a positive detriment for mechanical purposes. Other samples, taken at points near the outcrop, possess little solidity, aud present, to some extent, the appearance of mineral charcoal. These samples, besides their liability to contain sul- phur, possess little durability in combustion, and but low heat- producing propertics, Still other samples, taken from the more solid portions of the seam, present a degree of lustre, hardness, homogeneity and purity, which entitle them to a place in the very first rank of bituminots coals It is evident that our coals ought to be judged from the character of these deeper-seated portions of the seam. Coal has been mined at several points in the vicinity of Jack- son, At Woodville and Barry, the work has been prosecuted with great energy and perseverance. At the latter place, drifts have been carried in from the outcrop. Iam informed by Mr. Penny, one of the wirectors of the company, that they are now. taking out about five hundred tons of coal per month, and that it sells readily at the following prices : Prices of Stevens’ Ridge Coal, per ton. “ COARSE. NUT. SLACK. Delivered on M. C. R. R. Cars, $2 50 ...... $2 00 ......$0,70 . “ MB Boe — 8, -- 8-00 --etenxs--8-60-. 550% 1 30 | on se to order in Jackson, 3 50...... S00 wiswar 1 50 “ at the mine, 9 IS reed. O05). 2.0: 1 50 o 160 REPORT OF THE This coal is said to burn very freely in stoves and grate’, an! to be free from “clinker.” The “Nut Coal” and “sereen- ings” are excellent for making steam, and are used quite exten- sively by blacksmiths. The gas-producing properties of the. coal are good According to a certificate of John Murray, Su- perintendent of the Jackson City Gas Co., an extract, taken at random from the Register of the works, proves this coal to pro- duce, on an average, 3.83 cubic feet of gas per pound of coal; and as the records were kept while the retorts were in a leaky condition, Mr. Loomis, one of the Directors of the Gas Company, certifies that the real production of gas was not less than 4.20 cubic feet. per pound of coal. The gas is very rich—a fact of as much importance as the quantity produced—having from 25. to 50 per cent. more illuminating power than that made from “Willow Bank,” and some other Ohio coals. The quantity of lime necessary for purifying the gas, is about two bushels per ton of coal. The yield of coke is said to be about forty bushels per ton of coal, and is of a good quality. With proper ovens, it can be coked to advantage. . According to information from P. E. Demill, Esq., Superin- tendent of the Detroit Gas Light Co., 6850 lbs.-of coal “from Jackson Co.” produced 29,400 cubic feet of good illuminating gas, showing a yield of 4.29 feet to the pound of coal. He also obtained from the same quantity thirty bushels of coke,* weighing twenty-nine lbs. to the bushel, the standard weight being thirty-two Ibs. tothe bushel. This experiment was made in 1857, at a time when the quality of the coal taken out would be likely to yield a lighter coke than the coal at present obtained. At Woodville, a shaft was sunk about 90 feet, and chambers have been excavated in various directions from the bottom of the shaft. A large quantity of coal has already been taken out. *[ cannot avoid thinking Mr. Demill means to say thirty bushels per ton of coal used. Mr. Holcroft certifies that he gets forty bushels per ton. It may be added that thirty to forty bushels per ton of coal is the usual yield of coke from the English gas-producing coals (Clegg on Coal Gas, p. 121, &c.) ‘The amount of coke is inversely as the amount of gas. STATE GEOLOGIST. 161 The Woodville mine was first opened in 1857. It proved, on working, to be located within a small basin about 500 feet in diameter, the rise of the coal to the outer edge being about eleven feet. Within this basin the coal is intersected by nu- merous faulis, which cause a deterioration of its quality for several feet on each ‘side. On extending the working of the mine, however, beyond the rim of the basin, the seam of coal is found to bave greater regularity, compactness and purity. In consequence of the peculiar locality'of the mine, the company have been obliged to deliver a grade of coal somewhat impure, but the present workings are bringing out an article of improved quality. The coal of this mine is used with success both for domestic and steam purposes. It ignites freely in an open grate, emits a cheerful flame, and produces as much heat as any other bitu- minous coal. It is used for heating the Insane Asylum at Kal- amazoo. It is also declared to be a superior article for gener- ating steam. The screenings and refuse are used for engine fuel at the mine, and are taken by blacksmiths for their use to the distance of twenty miles north and south of the railroad. This coal makes a good coke for locomotives, malt houses, &c., but for want of facilities for making it in large quantities, the coke has not yet been tested in furnaces for the manufac- ture of iron. There can be no doubt that for gas purposes this coal would be found similar to the Stevens’ Ridge coal. I am under obligations to Jobn Holcroft, Esq., for particular information respecting this locality. Mr. Alexander McArthur has taken large quantities of sur- face coal from an outcrop near Corunna. This coal has long been in request for blacksmithing purposes. Recently Messrs. Frazer and Stanton have sunk a shaft at a point where the coal lies several feet from the surface, and below the thinned pro- longation of the Woodville sandstone. Accounts state that they are now daily sending several tons to the Detroit market, The gas producing properties of the Corunna coal were also 21 162 REPORT OF THE tested by the Detroit Gas Light Company, in 1857; but as any coal taken out at that time, necessarily came from the immed ate outcrop of the seam, the result of the trial would throw no light on the permanent qualities of t: e seam. lt is obvious that Michigan has a very great interest in the development of this resource. Her furests are rapidly receding before the axe, and the demand for coal is yearly increasing, The amount of cval introduced intu Detroit from Cleveland and Erie during the present year is stated to be about 26,000 tons ; and this has not equaled the demand, The consumption, never- theless, in consequence of the supply held over from last year, has been 333 per cent. greater than fur 1859. This amount, at- $5 per ton, gives $130,000 as our annual tribute to the coal mines of Ohio and Pennsylvania, through the Detroit market alone. MATERIALS FOR PAINTS, Ochre beds are found in Jackson county, embraced in the Woodville Sandstone. At several localities, ochreous deposites from springs have been found existing in such quantity as to justify attempts at establishing a business. The N. E. } of Sec. 21, Sharon, Wash- tenaw county, on the land of J. Townsend, is one productive locality. The deposite covers about 16 square rods, and is seven feet deep*® Another deposite covers three acres. Au extensive deposite of a black substance, supposed to be oxyd of manganese, occurs on the same farm, at the depth of two feet beneath a bed of peat. It is 14 inches thick, and covers an area of two or three acres. Mr. I. D. Gale, of Grass Lake, has used this paint quite extensively on carriages. Feriuginvus and chocolate coloured shales occur at numerous localities in the coal measures, and might unduubtedly be made to afford a good mineral paint. A paint of this kind has been uscd for outside work at Lansing, and has stood well fur two years. _ =” STATE GEOLOGIST. 1¢3 GYPSUM, So much has already been said of the geographical and geo- logical position of the gypsum of our State, that 1 only add a few memoranda, The following analyses were performed, at my request, by Prof. L. R. Fisk, of the Agricultural College: Grand Rapids Gy psun? Ohio Gypsum. Te acess ckesteCencecnacest 20.8445 20.8631 TS ie a AS EB Trace, 0235 Alumina and Oxyd of Iron,............ 5354 7626 Sulphuric acid,....... Be ree, PPh 46.2257 45.8303 is Saat dw ented dars «Sap ssn BB. C3886 31.5628 eee, LEO. kor .4808 eee Pees .t 2115 =. 2676 GE Gud ob WOW <0 ebui'de Bb aa ccaternjean « .0140 .0944 ak i a .00T8 .UUa0 Ga caesdheddciy cca i ve ho OF 99.8774 99.4093 “The above statement does not exhibit at a glance, the com- parative purity of the two products; we therefore calculate the fulluwing further results: Grand Rapids. = Ohio. Rerun Bove, Psicto 2 MTA. 32.0385 31.5628 Salphuric acid required for this,......... 45.7696 45.0897 Waiter required for these two,........... 20.5962 20.2903 Total hydrous gypsum,............. Yo.4045 = YO. v4.3 Excess of sulphuric acid,:............6. 4561 7406 ee ES GE PO LEE " 2483 .5728 Other constitucnts, ...........--.e0+s-, -T68T 1.531 motmt'as Before) 65. oo. OS Ae 99.8774 99 4uu3 Tt thas appears that the sample of Grand Rapids. gypsum analyzed, contained only 1.5957 parts in 100, of impurities, and the Ohio gypsum only 3.0572. Of these impurities, how- ever, the sulphuric acid, potash and soda, are at least equally valuable with pure gypsum. These ingredients amount to -6816 in the Grand Rapids sampl:, and 1.1026 in the Ohio sample, leaving for the residual, worthless constituents of the former .9141 per cent. and of the latter 1.9546 per cent. yy? 3 ; 164 , REPORT OF THE The following analysis is said to have been made by Dr. 8, P. Duffield, of Detroit: Grand Rapids. Ohio, Whalter, vive dedt ola agp. dogines Ls 8853 19.00 20.70» RIGIC, sss cs bane ir crs a nea ie ss 32.67. 32, 2a Sulphurie acid, i See, eee Py 44.44 45.95 Opganic’matter and logs,. 2 nwo lee 3.89 1,03 — 100.00 100.00: Here, on the contrary, the Ohio gypsum contains the most sulphuric acid. It appears, however, that the quantity stated — for the Grand Rapids sample, is not sutlicient to neutralize the lime by 2.23. By unfair selection of samples, such analyses may be made to show anything. The gypsum as it finds its way to the mar- | ket is a mixture of different grades. The only true test would be an analysis of average samples taken direct from the mar- ket, not picked for the occasion. The samples sent Prof. Fisk were nearly the best of each. It is but justice to say, how- ever, that a large proportion of the Giand Rapids gypsum, is. equally fine with the specimen analyzed. 1 have been unable to ascertain the extent of the plaster business at Grand Rapids during the past year. While this report is passing through the press, I am furnished by Mr, Freeman Godfrey with some interesting facts relative to the operations of a new company, and I desire to stimulate other companies to a greater attention to their true interests, by making the following brief mention of the “Florence Plaster Mills,” near Grand Rapids. Last October Mr. Godfrey purchased 103 acres of land upom Plaster Creek, upon the south side of Grand River, and at once began extensive preparations for the quarrying and grinding of gypsum. At present the mill which has been erected is turning out 40. tons of ground plaster per day, and Mr. Godfrey intends . putting in another run of stone next summer, and erecting & building for the manufacture of stucco. The quarry is situated . in close proximity to the mill. The plaster is reached by strip- STATE GEOLOGIST. 165 ping, 15 000 cubic yards having been’ already excavated, and 1,200 tons of plaster taken out from a bed 12 feet thick. At the present time from 60 to 100 tons are quarried per day. The amounts of gypsum received at Detroit during the past year are as follows: Tons eee ee ee a 6,030 SF POROAMBEET jiids bie 00 dielen ee wes “Sib. Bai cea biodiea’s 4,661 Te NE Ce. ei adh on keg nek 4g bee Oy 50 4.9 10,691 Unless gypsum should be discovered in Monroe county, the region along the Southern railroad will continue to be supplied fiom Ohio; but the greater portion of the State will soon be supplied with gypsum of our own production. SALT. The manufacture of salt is rapidly assuming a great degree of importance to our State. If the geological indications on which I found my opinions are not fallacious, we have the most magnificent saliferous basin upon the continent, east of the Mississippi. As might be expected, too, the strength of the brine is proportioned to the extent of the basin. _ 1 omit any historical notices of the rise and development of this interest from the time when the State commenced legisla- ting on this subject, in 1836, down to the present. Many of the disappointments heretofore experienced, might have been avoid- ed by au observance of such practical suggestions as are sub- joined: } 1. The occurrence of a salt spring is a fact of no conse- quence whatever, except in connection with all the other geo- logical facts. 2. Brine is found issuing at the outcrops of the coal measures, ‘the Gypseous Group, the Napoleon Group, the Marshall Group and the Onondaga Salt Group. In Ohio, it also issues from the Coal Conglomerate, the Hamilton Group and the Hudson River Group. | 8. Ouly two of these groaps will be found, in our State, to ? 166 REPORT OF THE produce brine of sufficient strength for manufacturing purposes; aida piew.t only the Gypseous Group is known to do this, ~~ 4° Befure deciding on the indications of a salt spring, thefe fore, it is necessary to know from what geological formation if issues. Here the elaborate investigation of the order and dis- tribution of our st. ata, finds one of its applications. 5. Before the origin of the brine can be known, we must as- certain whether it fluws out horizontally at an outcrop, or rises vertically through fissures in strata overlying the salt rock. A fundamental mistake, committed in the early explorations for salt, grew out of the assumption that the brine of our springs generally rises through fissures, and may be sought by boring in the vicinity of the springs. é 6. Most of our springs issue at outcrops of ‘saliferous strata; so that the moment we begin to bore in such situations, we find — ourselves beneath the source of the salt. 7. The source of the salt must be sought-by traveling from the spring toward the center of the basin, when, by boring down, the brine may be expected in increased strength aud quantity. 8. Our saliferous basin extends nai Grand Rapids to Sanilac county, and an unknown distance toward the north. Within this basin, the area covered by the Coal Measures may be taken as the area underlain by saliferous strata of maximum produc- tiveness. : A great deal of enterprise has been manifested in the estab- lishment of the salt manufacture at Grand Rapids, and a fair degree of success may yet be anticipated. This location is, however, within three or four miles of the outcrop of the salife- rous strata, and I have all along thought and stated that the prospects were less encouraging than they would be farther within the basin. The salt bearing strata lie here about 200 feet from the surface; but those who have been engaged in this enterprise have been loth to shake off the old illusion that the great reservoir of the salt lies at the depth of six or eight hun- dred feet. They have, therefore, in nearly every case, persisted * STATE GEOLOGIST. 167 in going down after the “lower salt rock” So far as I know, the uniform result has ceen a failure; though these explorations have added much to vur knowledye of the geology of the State. It will be understood, nevertheless, that by boring sufficiently deep, the Onondaga salt group would be reached, and strong brine might rise to the surface. Tuis formativn lies about 350 feet beluw the bottom of Lyon’s well. | A company whose efforts were guided by James Scribner, Esq , engaged in the first practical attempt to resuscitate the salt manufacture at Grand Rapids. A well was commenced Aug. 12th, 1859, and finished Oct 14th, being 257 feet deep, and extending 56 feet into the Napoleon group. The well at this time was discharging abuut 200 gallous of water per min- ate, of such strength that, according to Mr. Scribner, 224 gal- Jons would produce a bushel of salt. A sample of the brine taken at this time was analyzed by Prof. Fisk, with the follow- ing result: . , Specific gravity ............. pare aus fp. 1.01752 EE LT ee er 2.33385 per cent. er Merc. occ ecers ates ant bas ss 0.00145 « - RNS, FUROR 30. SOI 8. 0.00473 « oe MergaiP facies A /'elle. olin ile le chobe (ale aiet aiele 402 BD. BB. Batterwonte. ctv as «on on 500 4. ludian Mill Creek Salt Manufacturing Co., (Powers & Martin, }¢ 3.0 (2.2288 BBS Bee ge Soe 450 B:, ds) WoW indeenisé lias ssa onan bl. ooceruene eee 446 Bie li Sega dake Ce Ce aa .... 402 II.—WELLS ON THE SAGINAW RIVER. Depth. Outlay Estimated ~- Feet. to Jan. 1, to June L. 7. East Saginaw Salt Manufacturing Co., (KE. Saginaw,) Ist well,.... 669 $25,000 $40,000 Bika, 20 weld 5 Ae de ou ie ea 806 9. Saginaw City Salt edie als Co, (Saginaw City, J) o...e e 600 9.000 12.500 ki. Ward, Curtis & ins (Carrolton,). 560 7,000 10,000 12 EK. Lite'ifield & Co., us 6380 4,000 10,000 3. G. A. Lathrop & Co “(Commencing.) 5,000 10000 14, Portsmouth Co., (Portsmouth,). . ; Ot 7,500 12500 15. Bay City Salt Manufacturing ‘ae | CRAY OMT Dia alt ide lenis Gaels 542 8,000 2,500 16. New York Salt Mannfacturing Co., (East Saginaw,) oo 060.002. (Commencing. ) 17. Saginaw and Buena Vista Salt Cv., “ It is proposed to continue the boring in Taylor’s well, at The East Saginaw Co. are manufacturing 40 to 50 barrels of salt per day, and on getting their second arch of kettles in ope ration expect to produce about 100 barrels per day. This : “Company have received the diploma of the New York State) t Agricultural Society, and the prize medal from the Mechanic’s 5 Iustitute of Chicago.” The Saginaw City Co. have 60. kettles on hand, and are pro- j ceeding with vigor. : It cannot be denied that the prospects of the ultimate success -of the salt manufacture in Michigan are exceedingly encourags STATE GEOLOGIST 175 ing. Aside from the unparalleled strength of the brine of the Saginaw valley, the position, surrounded by forests, which must cheapen to the last degree the cost of barrels ‘and fuel, and upon the immediate shore of navigable waters stretching from Oswego to Chicago, is such as to enable us to compete success- fully with any other source of supply to the western and north-. western States. _As to the actual cost of producing a barrel of salt at either of the points at which the manufacture has been commenced, I am not in possession of the data to enable me to speak defi- nitely. At Saginaw, as 1 am authentically informed, wood of mixed quality, (ie. “hard” and “soft,”) can be delivered for $1 38 per cord. At Syracuse, experiments have shown that one cord of haid wood will preduce, in blocks of 50 or 60 ket- tles, an average of about 53 bushels of salt. Assuming, as is done at Syracuse, that two cords of hard wood are worth three of soft, the cost of hard wood at Saginaw should be $1 656. Reckoning 53 bushels to a cord of wood, this would make the fuel cost at Saginaw $0 031 per bushel, or $0 155 per barrel of salt. If one vlock of ketiles is capable of producing but 40 barrels of salt per day, and the services of six men, at $1 00 per day, are required to attend them, the element of labor enter- ing into the cust of a barrel is $0 15. At Syracuse barrels cost 25 cents each, and I see no reason why they cannot be produced fur much less than this at Saginaw. I am informed, however, that the lowest bids offered are 27 cents per barrel. It is admitted, however, that this is for a superior article. At the works of the East Saginaw company, where it is stated 40 barrels per day are now manufactured, it is reliably announced that not more than $25,000 have been expended in boring two wells, the largest and deepest of which has not yet come into use. Assuming that one half this sum bas been expended in boring the well now in use, and that capital is worth 10 per cent, the anuual interest on the investment is $1,250, or $4 156 Pet day, o: $0 104 per barrel of salt produced, Should the wear aud tear of fixtures and apparatus amvunt to 5 per cent. 176 REPORT OF THE. more, this item would add $0 052 to the cost per barrel. The cost of packing is stated to be 2$ cents per barrel at Syracuse, and it could not be greater at Saginaw. Bringing together now these various items, we find the cost of a barrel of salt at Saginaw to stand as follows: ) Fuel, hard and soft equally mixed,.............. ooee 8) 1565 Labor of six men, at $1 00 ‘per day,..:. .....5>. ee 0 150 Barrel ef ‘superior ‘quality, 22.22. 0 i... ee 0 270 PRGR HII 28) OPTS A RRS 0 0 ee 0 025 Interest at 10 per cent. on $12,500,.................. 0 104. Wear and jearat 5 percents. 5 sds aie’ y's cco bee 0 052. SR BR a ig Sets cat ate cae $0 758 Aside from the cost of superintendence and incidentals, it does not appear how the above aggregate can be materially 4 increased when the business is once fairly established. At the same time it must be admitted that it is rather early in the history of the enterprise to venture upon calculations as to the ultimate minimum cost of the manufacture. As an existing fact it should be borne in mind that, aside from the greater expense attending the commencement of any manufacture, and | that which is always incident to manufacturing on a small scale, the chlorid of calcium which exists in considerable quan tity in all our brines, will materially enhance the cost of pro duction until some cheap method is discovered of eliminating it by chemical precipitation. With whatever confidence, there fore, we may speak of the ultimate prosperity of this manufac ture in our State, it should not be forgotten that the enterprise is still in its infancy; and, in view of the powerful competition arrayed against it, sull needs the fostering care of the goverm ment to a liberal extent. : ' ‘] Whether sueh. liberality ought to extend to a continuance of 7 the existing bounty en the manufacture of salt, depends upon i various considerations, which the legislature alone will be com | petent to estimate as a whole. In the meantime it may not be y| ‘ > amiss to offer the following suggestions, derived from geological - | data. I purposely ignore the questions whether it is morally’ * tien Miuin STATE GEOLOGIST. 1717 honest to discontinue the bounty at the present juncture, and whether the State is pecuniarily able to continue any bounty, as these are not geological questions: 1. Whatever may be the state of the salt enterprise at Sagi- naw, the business is not established at any other point. 2. Though we believe strong brine may be procured through- out the center of the State, this belief is purely a geological inference. The public interest would be vastly promoted by bringing this theory to the test of experiment. 3. Even supposing it certain that the Michigan Salt Group will prove productive throughout the center of the State, there is still another vast salt basin which has never been explored, within our limits. This is situated about 800 or 900 feet below the other basin, and literally underlies the entire peninsula, Its margin rises to the surface at Mackinac on the north, Mil- waukee on the west, Sylvania, Ohio, and Monroe county, Mich., on the south, and Galt, in Canada West, on the east. It is the source of all the brine worked at Syracuse and vicinity, in the State of New York. ‘There are some indications that the great basin formed by these rocks in Michigan is also filled with brine. Suppose this to be the case. The result would be that every county in the peninsula might become a salt producing county. If itis not desirable to restrict the benefits of the establishment of this manufacture, the State has an interest in stimulating the exploration of these lower rocks. The offer of a bounty would cost the State nothing unless the attempt should prove successful. If successful, the payment of the bounty would prove one of the best investments the State ever made. 4. Should it not, after all, appear to be good policy to stimu- late researches by the effer of bounties, there are still other methods by which the spirit of enterprise now awakened may be seconded, unless indeed all idea of public encouragement to | the development of our State resources is to be entirely aban- doned. *The discovery of some economical means for the sepa- ration of the chlorid of calcium, which constitutes the principal 23 178 REPORT OF THE difficulty in the working of our brine, is an object which ought not to be left to the chances of private enterprise. The policy recognized, and the experience gained in all similar cases in the history of the past, both advise the setting apart of a spe- cial sum as a proffered reward for successful discovery in this direction. Such reward should be open to universal competi- tion. If success were not attained, no expense would accrue to the State. If success were reached, millions of dollars would be added in a day to the wealth of our people. I must be pardoned for making the following further sugges- tion: | If the State of Michigan contains a population of 750,000, the total annual consumption of salt, estimating at the rate of 45 lbs. per capita, is about 602,000 bushels, or 120,420 barrels. During the past year the average price of salt delivered in De- troit has been about $1 50 per barrel. At this rate the annual contribution.of Michigan to the business of other States (ex- cept the small amount paid for freight on salt carried in Michi- gan vessels) is $180,630. Every political economist must re- cognize the desirableness of retaining this expenditure within our own State. The amount which the State could afford to expend to effect this object would be the annual interest of the money of which the State is thus deprived of the use. That money is the whole amount of the profit to the manufacturer . and dealer until the commodity reaches our own borders. Having presented as extended a statement as seems imme- diately necessary, of the local details connected with the salt enterprise in our State, it may be useful, in view of the general interest felt in this new branch of industry, to append some general and comparative statements for the purposes of reference and comparison. As the addition of common salt to pure water increases its weight, bulk for bulk, it follows that the strength of any brine may be known by comparing its weight with that of the same bulk of pure water. This comparative weight is its specific gravity. The most exact method ‘of ascertaining the specific eo * eS ee ea STATE GEOLOGIST. — gravity of brine is by weighing a given bulk of it with a deli- cate balance. The most convenient method, however, is by means of a hydrometer, and this is sufficiently accurate for most practical purposes. A hydrometer is.an instrument gen- erally made of giass, in the shape of a tube closed at both ends with a large bulb blown in it, and a weight attached at the lower end. The tube is’ graduated above the bulb, in such a manner that when the instrument is placed in pure water it sinks to a mark designated 0, and when placed in a liquid heavier than water, it sinks to some mark below the first, against which is the figure which designates the true specific gravity of the fluid. In Beawme’s hydrometer, which is the one most used for general purposes, the figures en the scale do not designate the specific gravity directly. The scale is graduated from 0 to some arbitrary point which reads 30° or 40°—the intervening space being equally, or nearly equally, divided, so that the specific gravity can only be knewn from it by a calculation, | , The hydrometer, however, which is most convenient for ex- periments with brine, is the one which marks 0° when immersed in pure water, and 100° when immersed in saturated brine. This. instrument is called a salometer. The number of degrees indicated upon the salometer, therefore, is the per centage of saturation possessed by the brine. We may speak of 25° on the salometer or 25 per cent. of saturation. It must be distinctly understood, that 25 per cent. of satura- tion does not mean that 25 per cent. of the brine is composed of salt. Twenty-five per cent. of salt produces 100 per cent. of saturation—and this happens to be 25° on Beaume’s hydrom- eter. It is apparent, therefore, that the specific gravity of a brine, the readings of the hydrometer and salometer, and the per cent» age of salt. are all different expressions for the same thing, ‘ which may also be expressed by the number of gallons of brine required for a bushel of salt of 56 lbs. As it is often desirable to convert these expressions into each other, Ihave calculated ‘ a 180 - REPORT OF THE the subjoined table which, it is believed, will be found useful, and sufficiently accurate. It must be borne in mind that the calculations are based up- on the supposition that the brine contains no foreign constitu- ents; but as all natural brines do contain varying amounts of ' foreign constituents, it follows, first, that the total amount of solid matter does not bear the same ratio to the density, as if the brine were pure; and secondly, that the amount of salt may be quite a different thing from the amount of solid constituents, which alonc determines the density or specific gravity. It must also be borne in mind that brines of the same strength possesses different densities depending upon their | temperature—the density rapidly diminishing as the tempera- ture rises. It is consequently necessary to experiment on brines at a uniform or standard temperature. The ordinary standard temperature for hydrometrical operations is 60 de- grees, Fahrenheit’s thermometer, but the standard temperature at the Onandoga salines, is 52°, that being the natural tem- perature of the brine as it issues from the well. As the natural temperature of Michigan brines, obtained from ordinary depths, would be nearly the same, 52° might have been adopted as the standard in the following calculations. The results, however, would not have been practically different from those given. Constants, useful for reference, a portion of which are de- duced from the subjoined calculation, and others the data upon which the calculation is based: IySpeécific gravity of pure water!) 0. 00.002. DR 1. 2. Specific gravity of common salt, according to Ure, Zo GO 2, QS (MCA Ye ae il ik de eeu a 2.125 D,. Opeciic Pravity of Saturated OTIMC,.. .-. <6 .smee Ree 1.205 4. According to Ure, 100 parts of water dissolve, at 625° Fah., 35.88 parts of salt. 5. One bushel of salt=9.3 gallons, wine measure; dis- solves in 16.8 gallons of water, making, without allowing for condensation, 26.1 gallons of brine. 6. One hundred volumes of the constituents of a satura- ted solution of salt, become, by condensation, @ little less than 96 volumes, (Ure.) STATE GEOLOGIST. 181 7. One cubic foot of saturated brine weighs 85 lbs. 8. One bushel of salt weighs 56 Ibs. 9. One wine pint contains 26 625 cubic inches. : 10. One wine pint of distilled water weighs 7288.975 grains. ll. Every .001 variation in specific gravity corresponds to about .25 gallon of brine required for a bushel of salt. 12. One degree of ‘Beaume=4° Salometer, approximately. 13. Specific gravity= va 162—vey. Beaume. 14. Gallons of brine to a bushel of salt — 4.454, Let s—per centage of salt in any brine, g==specific gravity of the brine, B—its density, by Beaume’s hydrometer, S—its percentage of saturation, by the Salometer, G—number of gallons required for 1 bu. of salt, Then the value of each of these quantities may be expressed in terms of each of the others, as shown by the following twenty equations :* 2603 .88 1. G=——_—_—- — 4. 454 When &=0, Goo 8 677.008 3. eT — 4.454 “6 B=0, C0 670.218 — 4.454 es 8=0, Goo 4.454 4. G=——— “ g=l, G—=o g—l As the stundard bushel of salt weighs 56 Ibs., 5600 —=-pounds of brino required for 1 bu. of salt. 8 And since one gallon of distilled water weighs 8.355 Ibs., 5600 670.257 8.355 ¢5 gs But the value of s, or the per centage of salt in the brine, may be expressed in terms of the specific gravity of the brine. For, the specific gravity of the brine is its weight divided by the weight of the same bulk of water. Making: no allowance for condensation of the ag- gregate volume of the constituents, this would be 100 G g' Se weescceg ence sreccsss Secseb been essessenedescdcesdvocders - (2) i 8 w-- 2.125 In which w is the per centage of water in the brine, and 2.125 is the mean specific gravity of salt. Bot experiment shows that some degree of condensation always takes plage; and it seems obvious that the amount of this condensation must be a direct function of the per centage of saitio the solution. The data at command, however, do not seem to be consist- cot with this theory nor with each other. Accorv ing to Dr. Ure, 100 measures of the constituents of a saturated solution, make a little less than 96 measures of the brine; and this brine contains 25.5 per cent. of salt. Now, as the specific gravity of this saturated solution is, by the same authority, 1.1962, we may cal- ulate what would have been the specific gravity without condensation. This would bo 1.205 -|- 96 100 1.1563 182 a REPORT OF THE 2603.88 5. S—=—————_ oc G—0co 3 S—o G -|- 4.454 6. S=3.846 B One 5 (3 £=—=3.885 s i s=0, S—po 585.516 8. S=585.516 — « go-1, So 8 677.008 9. B-—__— “ Guw, Bo G-|- 4.454 10. B=.268S “ Os Bo 11. B=1.01s f c s=0, Bo 152 12: B416e “ go1, B=o g 670.218 } 13. s—=——___—_ (t G= , S=0 G-|- 4.454 But knowing the mean specific gravity of salt to be 2.125, we may also calculate the spe-. cific gravity of the saturated solution (without allowance for condensation) from the per centage of salt, by means of formula (2). This gives \ decile g’/=1.1560 ; It is evident, therefore, that Dr. Ure’s value of the condensation is too great, or else his per centage of salt in satur ted brine is too great. But that per centage is less than given by most other authorities, while by my own experiments upon commercial salt, it amounts to 26.595. Again, according to the experiments of MM. Francoeur and Dulong, when a brine con- tains 10° per cent. of salt, its specific gravity is 1.0735; and when it contains 15 per cent., it is 1.1094. Now if we assume 10 for the per centage of salt in Eq. (1), we get g'=1.0559, instead of 1.0735. If we assume 15 for the per centage of salt, g/=1.0862, instead of 1.1094. The increased specific gravity due to condensation in the first case, is .0186—.186 per cent. of 10, the per centage of salt. In the second case, it is .0232—.155 per cent. of 15, the per centage of salt. Further, in the case of saturated brine, it is .049-=.191 per cent. of 25.5, the per centage of salt. The first and last values are sufficientiy consonant, but not so the second. The mean of the first and last is .188 per cent. Assuming this g—g! -|- .00186 s Substituting the value of g/ from Eq. (2), we might thence deduce s in terms of g. © Another view may be taken of this subject. It is evident that we may regard all the con- densation as taking place in the salt ; and the result will be the same if we imagine it to take place before the solution. We may then proceed to calculate what value of the specific gravity of the sait would be requisite in order\to produce, without further condensation, a brine of a given specific gravity, and containing a given per centage of salt. If in (2) we make g’/=1.0785, w=90, s—10 and 2.125—x, we get x=3.186. If in (2) we make g’—1.094, w—85, s—15, and put x for,2.125, we get x=2.919. If again we make g/—=1.205, w—74.5, s=25.5, x=—=2.838. These results are but little accordant ; and show that the condensation is not proportional to the per centage of salt, or else that errors exist in the data. The mean of the three values is 2.981. If now in Eq. (2) we substitute 2.981 for 2.125, g’ ought to become g, when we should have 100 100 150.478 ¢=-—_—__—_— djais.ae\e sinlais etel elalra’ :ere,oyieiaLale v eretamrata » (3) 8 s , 150.478—s w-|-——- 100—s-|- 2.981 2.981 Whence, also, 150.478 g=—=150.478 NN 5/6 dP. 6S ins 6 6 Mini S16 & BAS DUO) © @\e 90 6 e188 OG 00 010 6a ee ele vine eae es aeee (4) £ ; | ; ; STATE GEOLOGIST. 183 14. S=.257S8 ‘SO, SanO ‘ 15. s==.99 B Band, SanO 150.478 i 16. s—150.478 — ‘geal, S==0 ~ 4.454 Vv. 40% -|-1 “ Gano , g=1 585.516 18. g=——_—___—_ Seu, gaol 585.516 —8 152 1%. ¢ « Bao, gl 152 —B 150.478 ‘ B==0, §=—1 150.478 —s Further, the number of grains of salt in a wine pint is 10968.268 $ Salt 685.516 —S From these formule the following table has been calculated : And substituting this value of s in Eq. (1), 670.257 4.454 eee ere eee ee ereee ee ee (5) 150.473 g — 150.478 g—1 Itis often desirable to know G in terms of the degrees of Beaume’s scale. This value may be obtained from the equation 152 __ aa Se eged 152 — B McCulloch, Rep. on Sugar and Hydrometers, p. 71) in which B represents the degrees of me’s hydrometer expressive of the density of the brine. Substituting this value of gin (5), weget - 677.008 — 4.454, +e ee eee ee ee ee es (6) Since 26° Beaume, or 100° of the salometer, marks saturated brine, it appears that one degree of Beaume equals 3.846 of the salometer; or, putting S for the reading of the salometer B=.26S And substituting this value of B in (6), we get ’ G a ES ae Oe ae ee eee ee 13. 04.. 155004 oo 468.087) From which may be calculated a table giving the number of gallons of brine required for gue bushel of salt, at every degree of the centigrade salometer. Although, owing to the inconsistency of the data employed, the foregoing formul2 can ve only approximate results, they may be sufficiently accurate for practical purposes; and ce a table has been based upon them. 184 REPORT OF THE TABLE giving a comparison of different expressions for the strength of Brine from zero to saturation. CO He AS DOO AD ONO ODIO WAH TOR OWI AN ATWOROANOUNONRPHOSCHHADl c ; ne | 3 | Sie Sa 5 ; is 3 S 22 - 3} oa ee ae =| ~ ie - © = a ‘e! 2 E] g | 22] 52] E-} 22/2] 2 | 22] 67] 8 | ee mi 8 Si A = or ot 8 le 1 eee 0 0 | 1.000 0 O |fnfinise.|| 51! 13.26). 1.095] 13.11) 1047, 46. 1| 25| 1.002| 0.26 iol 2599 | 2} 13.52| 1.097] 13.36] 1070} 45. 2 52] 1.003) 0.5] 38] 1297 3] 13.78] 1.100; 18.62) 1092) 44. 8 78] 1.005} 0.77 56| 863 54] 14.04] 1.102} 13.85] 91115} 43 4} 1.04] 1.007) 1.03 5] 647 55] 14.30] 1.104] 14.13). 4137). 42 5} 1.8¢} 1.009] 1.25 4] 516 5€} 14.56] 1.106) 14.39] 160] 42. 6] 1.56] 1.010] 1.54 114] 430 57} 14.82] 1.103] 14.66] 1185] 41 7] 1.82] .1.012| 1.86 133| 363 5s} 25.03] 1.110] 14.91] 1206] 40 8| 2.03} 1.014) 2.06; 152) 321 59{ 15.34) 1.112) 15.16}, 1223; 39 9/ 2.34] 1.016] 2.31] 171] 285 60} 15.60] 1.114] 15.42) 1252] 38 10} 26.) 1017) 2.57) 191) 256 61] 15.86] 1.116} 15.6] | 1276} 383. 11] 2.86} 1.019} 2.83} 210] 232 62} 16.12} 1.15] 15.93} © 1299} 37. 12) 3.12] 1.021] 3.08} 229] 213 3] 16.38| 1.121] 16.19] 1322] 36. 13} 3.33] 1.023] 3.34] 249]. 196 64| 16.64; 1.128] 16 45] 1846] 36. 14) 3.64] 1.025) 3.60! 269; 182 65] 16.90) 1.125] 16.70; 1370) 35. 15} 3.90] 1.026} 3.85 283] 169 66] 17.16} 1.127] 16.96] 1398} 35 16] 4.16] 1202s} 4.11 308] 158 67| 17.42] 1.129} 17.22] 1417} “34. 17| 4.42} 1.030} 4.37} 323] 149 6:| 17.683} 1.131] 17.45] 1441) 33. 48} 4.65! 1.032} 4.63) 348] 140 69| 17.94] 1.183] 17.73] 1465) 38. 19} 4.94] 1.0 4.88 368] 153 70] 18.20{ 1.136] 17.99} 1439] 32. 20; 5.20; 1.035) 5.14) 388) 126 71) 18.46) 1.135] 18.25] 1613) 32. 21] 5.46] 1.037) 5.40} 403] 120 72| 18.72] 1.140} 18.50] 1533] 81. 22) 5.72} 1.039) 5.65) 423) 114 73| 13.98] 1.142] 18.76] 1562) 31. 23{ 5.95] 1.041] 5.91] 445} 109 74| 19.24) 1.144] 19.02} 1587] 30. 24) 6.24} 1.043] 6.17] 469) 104 75| 19.50) 1.147) 1927} 1611] 30. 25] 6.50} 1.045| 6.42; 489] 99.7|] 76| 19:76] 1.149] 19.53} 1636) 29. 26] 6.76] 1.046; 6.68) 610; 95.7)| 77] 20.02) 1.151) 19.79] 1661] 29. 27| 7.02} 1.048] 6.94] 530] | 92.0]| 73} 20.28] 1.154) 20.05) 1686] 28. 28} 7.23} 1.050] 7.20) 551/ 89.5] 79] 20.54] 1.156] 20.30} 1710] 28. 29] 7.54] 1.052} 7.45] 572) 85.3}| 80} 20.80) 12158} 20.56] 1736) 23. 30] 7.86] 1.054) 7.71] 592) 82.3]) 81] 21.06] 1.160} 20.82) 1761) 27 31] 8.06] 1.056{ 7.97{ 613] 79.5]! 82| 21.32] 1.163} 21.07| 1786] 27 32) 8.32] 1.058] 8.22) 634) 76.9)] 83] 21.58] 1.165) 21.33) 1811] 26. 33] 8.58] 1.059] 8.48] 655) 74.5]| 84] 21.84] 1.167] 2159] 1837) 26 34| 8.84] 1.061] 8.74] 676] 72.1|| 85] 22.10) 1.170) 21.84] 1862] 26. 35| 9.10] 1.063] 899] 697] 69.9] 86] 22.36] 1.172] 22.10) 1888} 25. 36] 9.36] 1.065} 9.25 719] 67.9]| 87] 22.62] 1.175} 22.86] .1914) 25. 37] 9.62} 1.067} 9.51 740| 65.9|] 85] 22.83] 1.177] 22.62) 1940) 25. 38] 9.88] 1.069} 9.77 761} 64.1/{ 89) 23.14] 1.179] 22.87} 1966; 24 39} 10.14] 1.071] 10.02 783} 62.2]| 90] 23.40] 1.182} 23.13] 1992! 24. 40} 10.40} 1.073} 10.23 804] 60.€]] 91] 23.66] 1.184] 23.39] 2018}. 24. 41; 10.66] 1.075} 10.54 826] 59.1]/ 9-| 23.92] 1.186] 28.64) 2045] 23. 42} 10.92} 1.077] 10.739 848] 57.6]{ 98] 24.18] 1.189} 23.90] 2072) 23. 43| 11.15} 1.079} 11.05 869] 56.1]| 94] 24.44] 1.191] 24.16] 2093} 23. 44) 11.44) 1.031) 11.31 891{ 54.7|| 95] 24.70} 1.194) 24.41) 2124 23. 45| 11.70] 1.083] 11.56 a13| 53.4]| 96] 24.96] 1.196] 24.67] 2151} 22. 46] 11.96] 1.035] 11.82]. 935) 52.2]] 97| 25.22] 1.198] 24.93] 2173} 22. A7| 12.22; 1.037} 11.03] 957] 50.91| 93) 25.48] 1.201] 25.19) 2205] 22 48] 12.48) 1.039] 12.34 979] 49.8}| 99} 25.74] 1.203] 25.44) 2232) 21. 49] 12.74] 1.091) 12.59] 1002) 48.7}| 100} 26.00] 1.205] 25.70} 2259] 21 50}: 93.00), 4.003] 12.85] 1024] 5 476]fx....|......'.]..2000-]--+ eas fee From this table the properties aii capabilities of any brine ‘may be ascertained by knowing its strength as shown by the -salometer. Suppose for instance the salometer shows 53 de- grees. The table shows at a glance that this corresponds to 13.78 degrees of Beaume’s hydrometer, a specific gravity of 1.100 and a per centage of 13.62; while a wine pint of the ‘brine would furnish 1092 g:a'ns of solid residue, and 44.7 gal- ae : STATE GEOLOGIST. 185 lons would produce a bushel. Or suppose the strength of a brine is expressed, as in Dr. Beck’s Report, by giving its spe- cific gravity, and we wish to compare the strength as thus stated, with that of another brine given in degrees of the sa- lometer, or the number of grains in a pint, &c. We look in the column of “specific gravity” in the foregoing table and find the number which agrees nearest with the given one, then on the same horizontal line we have all the synonymous expres- sions for the same strength, and if is seen at once whether the brine with which we wish to make the comparison is stronger or weaker. Or suppose, thirdly, that a land owner desires to know the comparative strength of a brine spring on his premi- ses, while he possesses no instrument for taking specific gravity. Let him evaporate a wine pint and weigh the residue, or take it to the apothecary to weigh; then the number of grains, found in the 5th column of the table, will show bim all the equivalent expressions. In making use of this table it must be remembered that it will prove accurate only for pure so/utions of salt. In this State the chlorid of calcium which exists to some extent in our brines will cause the table to make a showing a little too favorable. As the per centage of impurities is a variable quantity, it was impossible to make allowance for them in the table. Though we cannot therefore construct a table practically accurate, it was not thought best to discard all attempts ata table. As long as it is thonglt desirable to use the salometer, it seems to me to be a matter of convenience to have at hand the ready means for converting its reading into the equivalent expres- sions. This want has been felt by myself, and 1 have no doubt many others will find the table useful. 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Bo|lse| sel be bs Ee =o PO! a G2, eo o> mF Bx OQ fa oa oa wo lor » © ; + & co 5 ot pS oS =m) 2.3 =S 4c SHUVNAY ANV SALLIMOHLAV Soleo tee les joe tc -b4l os he 2 om = “ANTUE er) oO Bs De et a Pp. Be a i) =1 279 2. | fet & : : : : e| te | #| 68 ‘SANIUA SOOIUVA FO SUSATVNV dO WIAVIL 186 STATE GEOLOGIST. 187 ¢ Dr. Houghton in his report of 1838, gave the results of analyses of 20 different brine springs from our State, two of which have been reproduced in the table. Of these springs, three were situated upon the Tittabawassee river, in Midland county, seven near the Grand river, two near the source of navigation of Maple river, in Gratiot county, two near the Maple river, in Clinton county, and one near the Saline river, in Washtenaw county. The solid constituents of these brines contained from 58 to 87 per cent. of pure salt, the general range being 70 to 86 per cent. The purest brine was found on section 24, T. 15 N., 1 W., Midland county, on the the Tittaba- wasse river, half a mile above the méuth of Salt river. The following table will also prove useful for general refer- ence: » 188 ; REPORT OF THE TABLE Showing the number of bushels of Salt made at the Onon- daga Salt Springs, New York, since June 20th, 1791, which ts the dale of the first leases of lots. DATE. BUSHELS. DATE. BUSHELS. POT ewe atk Deus oy peg 4 |TeeO:. i. 1,291,280 TTOS eR ee ee So-gocliesn to ae 1.435,446 VTOOLOAURG . AD AMTIAITESI OY. C700 ee 4,514,037 LBOOL suet td «tip nrtrem b DD, ODDS BAe"... witery seas eae 1,652,985 ho, U8 BPR ir peeps et 62,000 | T3388 oe 6.0 -0'd ete 1,838,646 ROUT eee eset Sveti ns i FO.OOUlTRat oho se. see 1,943,252 1BOBIBO! PAW eT eal 90/000) 1885.78. 00.44 2g 2.209.867 hSOAIC} ods bb arts oe LOO DOO TBEG OXE 5. . to ee See 1,912,858 TSO) ).... a cuee pies See bet OT Thad, «sie a eh Re 2,167 287 LEOG fcc wes orem: ee. LOZ OTC eaete wet ea 2,017,033 TOULS core ee ewe PGS 4481859 2", Slr eee 2,864 718 TNSS Ly eancecneoteeereeie toe 319,61611840 20024 +e eee 2.622 305 1BPOe SE Pe ate ee TOS S8284e oes 2... oe eee 3,340,769 TDR onceoptectetpeieenena tors ADO DOD G42 0. ois sewer 2,29 ,903 Se Oy Beam g 5 2 oS ae a 200, CO0( 1845 02.5 2022 eee 3,127,500 BS MD eicialieninere Jb Seating eae, 3915011] 844 Sede o'er qeha enna 4,008,554 1d Ss. PRR Seiten ale ZIG OOO BED 25 os ve a ee 3,762,358 BE UE i cecariend- Eovinscineel Gab 295, 000)1 BAG cots cw Srese oom 3,838,851 1685 >. . Sea eter B22 0aHPeaT oul St. oe fee 3,991,355 RSUG Backer aiernneeeucmurte DAS BPO BB 4 co ane re eine 4,737,126 L607 2. eee Rae £08; 60511849 4 e205 Bee 22+» 9,083,369 LAS) ciau tae eee APD AVI BO. Linme dt wiles oe vie Ayame so LEAS Sos ORTH eee ee 526, OADM BOR Ss OES we ona eee 4,614,117 DE cis n, wis, cn ooa te cele es of: UU Whos 1° Sa Re ex 4,922,833 Lard. MeeeOn eae te PISO] PBIS Sai. g Sales Qa 5,404,524 WBS Fo iin ace hice ee AST OO ZV GOS Sof cine Meera 5,803,347 eae ee atts ee eis ee N2G GBR BOD. JS. aren comets 6,082,885 Ped a. O's eee tne ot ME 057-4 Peta) See ea ee Pe Lh ORI 1d BOON Baten top ail ey ae 4 312,126 LO, ae ee a BI MAS RSS: oi: 2 cee cee 7,033 219 Ao ee te, «snd 5 Se eee 983 4012850 5.3. cs.uies Coie 6,894 272 POZO Went pass a .1,160,888]1860 bs Seta ld wisote alana 5,593,447 Gt aki. sa Pic oe valet Ramee Geakioe Or ake ee 130,73 0a9 _—_—_— —_—_— STATE GEOLOGIST. 189) The following is an approximate statement of the amount of salt manufactured in the United States during the year 1859: Bushels. Massachusetts, (mostly in vats along the shore,). * 15,000 Onondaga salt works, N. Y.,......... ewe Sh snd 6,894,000 Pennsylvania, (Alleghany and Kiskiminetas rivers,) 1,000,000 Virginia, (Kanawha and King’s works,)........... 1,900,000 Moenmicky, (Googe Creek,).... 0.2.2... 0... eee ee 300,000 Ohio, (Muskingum and Hocking rivers,)........... 1,500,000 Ohio, (Pomeroy and West Columbia,)............. 2,500,000 EES a a en ae 5,000 Das cect esabasecceegveedarbee tac. 20,000 POPC CTT. cree cece trode eee Wek 100,000 NEE ee | ee ae ae ee 14,234,000 Foreign salt imported into the U. 5S. for the year end- BUG BUUT,. 5c bo. UUs osc cheeses et © » - 17,165,000 Foreign and domestic salt,............+..-. 31,399,000 Export of domestic ealt,.........cecesceees 576,000 7 PEMEIPUOR ST Cre temece ar euecss 131,000 707,000 Annual consumption of salt in U.S.,........ 30,692,000 Which for each individual amounts to,............... 521 lbs. SE ee 25 the tis ahd eva Maes = 0.0 6005 bac e ke ees 15,“ Receipts of salt at Detroit for two years: ELA lob. 5s un cath, 5.2, 4 eis.blea<;0,0, 3 0.01 0.0(8, shyt By 52,203 bbls. BOP eE 26.n cue Aralel.odt 000,53 dwactwew silts eusis 58,212 + Receipts and shipments of salt at Chicago for seven years: Receipts, bbls. Ship’ts, bbls. Semis 0)29 does Pea Ure. FA eM 92.907 59338 | SE eee ee 86,309 38,785 telat ope vevegeds <2 Mee ight heed: Se 176,526 91,534 So Rea I ay At A Se ae Fe 170.633 -107,993 POOP UN TR 184,834 82,601 MM de mibawen whtles nae. (ona casts 209,746 90,918 gigi yee elvan 333.988 191,279 | RS ae ANY, Poreet 316,897 250,467 er Ot) SeReIae eee: a 4 lel Beer g4 £- 223.018 164,409 190 REPORT OF THE Of the shipments for 1859 and 1860, the following amounts were returned to Michigan: 1859. 1860. By Mich: CR. By et pale ee: 4,507 bbls. 2,478 bbls. By Which? S.-R: Rus cores M.. 5253 « 2960 « Total, Lesides shipments by lake,... 9,760 bbls. 4,738 bbls.. About one-third of the fine salt blocks at Onondaga, N. Y., are worked with coal, which is furnished from Pennsylvania at $3,00 per ton. The use of coal has reduced the price of hard wood at the works from five and six dollars per cord, to $3 50. The latter sum corresponds to $2 33 for “soft” wood, and $2 92 for “mixed” wood. ‘The price of barrels is at present about 26 cents. The prime cost of a barrel of salt (280 lbs.) at On ondaga is stated to be 953 cents. At Kanawha it is 874 cents. The solar salt manufacture was carried on at Onondaga in 1858, by 28 different parties, using an aggregate of 30,786 covers, and occupying 8,403,840 square feet, or nearly 193 acres of surface. In 1860 the whole number of covers has in- creased to 36,302, occupying more than 207 acres of surface. The fine salt manufacture was carried on in 1858 by 104 sep- arate parties, who used an aggregate of 312 blocks and 16,434 kettles. No additions have been made to the close of 1860. The aggregate value of the solar works, at $40 MAGE SUPITION fH alas al eh vincug hte epacack ee eRe Ree $1,452,080 That of the fine salt works at $4,000 the block, is,.. 1,240,000 Total*capital in ‘salt mranulacture,.. 22.2.2... 024 $2 692,080 About 21 per cent. of all the salt manufactured at Onondaga is solar salt. This, it will be seen, requires a larger outlay of capital than the 79 per cent. of fine salt. The cost of manu- facture of the coarse salt is, however, less, so that while one of the elements of the prime cost of coarse salt is greater another is less than the corresponding one for fine salt.* The total annual produce of salt in the United Kingdom, is *For nearly all my information relative to the salt manufacture at Onondaga, I have dep -nded upon the Annual Reports of the Superintendent, for which I am indebted to Supt. V. W. Smith, and Prof. Geo. H. Cook. STATE GEOLOGIST. 191 1,462,045 tous, which, at 2,000 lbs. per ton, amounts to §2,215,893 bushels. The total exports and their value for three years, are as follows: a ee 630,154 tons, valued at £268,857 ot ect peerage 145,513 «976,242 a (ona, ane 651,766“ “939.969 The principal salt producing districts in England are Cheshire and Worcestersnire. It is mostly manufactured from rock salt. At Northwich, in the former county, the bed of salt is not less than 60 feet thick, a mile long, and 1,300 yards broad. Salt is extensively manulaciured trom sea-water on the shores of the Mediterranean, in the south France, and on the western coast. At the saline of Berre the evaporating surfaces cover an area of 815 English acres, and the annual manufacture is 20,000,000 kilograms (2,205 ibs. each), or 787,500 bushels. The saline of Baynas yields annually 20,000 tons (757,500 bushels), 1,550 tons sulphate of soda (Glauber’s salt), worth 30 francs the ton, and 200 tons of chlorid potassium, worth 360 francs the ton. The total manufacture of salt, in France, in 1847, was as follows: Tons. Salt marshes of the Mediterranean,................. 263.000 ME hs CES so: diss Syiwie s's Ko hve, di . 231,000 TA GCL D TOMO. do oivinhess'y:n sieasibstiny= bin 4 oat aps 76,000 570,000 © This amount, reckoning 1,000 kilogrammes to the ton, is equal to 22,443,750 bushels, and gives occupation to 16,650 workmen.* Sea water is extensively evaporated by the Biscayans, on the shores of Spain and Portugal. The salines of the lagoons of Venice cover an area of about 1,630 English acres. The salt mines of Central Europe have been celebrated for ages. Those of Vieliczka and Bochnia in Galicia, are well known. They be- @For much valuable information on the manufacture of salt, especially in France, see a “On the extraction of salt from sea-water,’’ by T. S. Hunt, in Canada Geological Re- port for 1555, republished in Silliman’s Journal, Vol. XXV [2] 361, way, 1858. Also Report of Prof. Geo. H. Cook, in Superintendent’s Report ot Onondaga Salt Springs, transmitted to tho Legislature in 1853. 192 REPORT OF THE long to the extensive saliferous tract lying along both sides of the Carpathians, and embracing the mines of Wallachia, Tran- sylvania, Galicia, Upper Hungary, Upper Austria, Styria, Salz- berg and the Tyrol. >. The total amount of salt annually produced by three of the leading nations of the earth, is as follows: Great DMtaimes ei ss Seer tS. 52,215,893 bushels, Frandendt Se ao: ede are . eee ee, 22,443,750 - United States,....... igahye’ sted: ieiece.s + 14,234 000g 88,893,643 « Besides the use of salt for mechanical and agricultural pur- poses, It enters largely as an article of food into the consump- tion of all classes of people; and it seems, like water and many other natural products, to have been provided with special reference to the physiological constitution of man. Itis equally eought by the lower animals, especially the Ruminantia and Pachydermata. Bees, even, are fond of sipping it from a state of solution. Mungo Park says* that in the interior of Africa “the greatest of all luxuries is salt. It would appear strange to a Kuropean to see a child suck a piece of rock salt as if it were sugar. This, however, I have frequently seen; although in the inland parts, the poorer class of inhabitants are so very rarely indulged with this precious article, that to say a man eats salt with his victuals, is the same as saying he is a rich man. I have myself suffered great inconvenience from the scarcity of this article. The long use of vegetable food creates 80 painful a longing for salt, that no words can sufficiently describe it.” Burchell states} that he sometimes had to send 90 milesdor a gallon of salt, The consumption of this article for food increases in the direct ratio of the average refinement of a people, or of the world. We can therefore see no limit to the demand. This will continue to increase most rapidsy in those regions where population and improvement are making most progress. In this respect, no part of the world will compare with the great Travels, Vol. I., p. 280. } Travels ia 8. Africa. STATE GEOLOGIST. 193 Northwest. When, in addition, it is remembered that salt has long been used in some countries as an improver of the soil, and that recent researches* have shown it to be well adapted ‘or this purpose, there is no reason to fear that the manufacture can ever be overdone. There are no evidences that the rapidly increasing supply of Onondaga salt has pepe: affected the price for the period of 40 years. Such being the facts, the vast geographical extent of the salt basin of Michigan, together with the extraordinary strength of the brine, furnish strong reasons to anticipate that at no distant day Michigan will be the leading salt-producing State of the Union; and a judicious public policy will be shaped with reference to forwarding this result. PEAT, LIGNITE AND OTHER BITUMINOUS DEPOSITES. Allusion has been made in a former part of this report, to the, existence of numerous deposites of Peat, scattered over the surface of the Lower Peninsula. This substance is composed almost entirely of vegetable matter, which is the distinguishing characteristic of the luxuriant soils of the “prairie” States. Properly commingled, therefore, with our warm gravelly soils, . the result would be a union of the exceliencies of two soils quite distinct from each other. Impressed with a vague idea ‘ of the agricultural value of peat, the farmer has not unfrequent- . ly strewn it in a crude state upon his fields and been disap- pointed at the temperarily injurious effects produced. It must be remembered, however, that peat is vegetable matter in a tate ef partial decomposition; and if it were not actually in- jurious in this state, it could be of no use, as plants assimilate enly inorganic or disorganized matter. But partially decom- posed vegetable matter is made up to a great extent of various vegetable acids which impart a sourness to the soil, and prove a positive injury to crops. Obviously, therefore, the decompo- sition of the peat must be completed before it is suitable as an application to the soil. Various means are recommended for * Yale Agricultural Lectures, p. 181. 25 194 | REPORT OF THE this purpose by writers on scientific agriculture, but as it is not my intention here to enlarge upon this subject, I only allude to two. “ First of all, the peat or muck should be thrown out and left where it can be exposed to the process of alternate soaking and drying, and if possible also to the action of frost. Secondly, it may be mixed with lime, which, as an alkaline agent, will neutralize the acidity, and at the same time facili- tate decomposition. When thus mixed, it is much more prompt- ly prepared for use. The lime for this purpose has not to be quarried from a distant ledge and burnedinakiin. Nature has placed it in the form of marl, in immediate juxtaposition with the peat which needs its agency. Indeed the farmer can in many cases load his cart with the mixed deposits without even moving his team from their tracks. I hardly know a more’ striking adaptation of natural means for the accomplishment of a necessary object. The porous nature of our soils suffers their soluble constituents to be carried away to the lower levels, where peat and marl are accumulating, and where the growths of ages unknown, have been adding a thousand fold to the nutritive elements brought down from the soils of the con- tiguous hill slopes. These depositorics of agricultural force, a good economy will not fail to appreciate and apply to the recu- peration of declining, wheat lands. While, however, the application of peat as a fertilizer to the soil is its most obvious use in a purely agricultural region, it cannot be said that this is its principal, or even its most im- portant application. Though in a country like our own, covered with primitive forests, the value of peat as a fucl is almost un- known, the amount consumed in older countries is truly enor- mous. The bogs of Ircland are estimaied to occupy 2,830,000 acres. Two million acres, at an average depth of nine feet, assuming peat to be but one-sixth the value of coal, will furnish an amount of frel equal to 470,000,000 tons of coal, worth thir- teen hundred millions of dollars. For the purposes of ordinary fucl, the raw peat is prepared by subjecting it between cloths, ) | | STATE GEOLOGIST. 195 _to the pressure of a powerful hydraulic press. This condenses _ it to one-third of its original volume, and three-fifths of its orig- inal weight, through loss of moisture. At the large peat bog near Liancourt, on the Northern Railway, nineteen leagues north,of Paris, the peat after having been thoroughly mixed and worked together, is moulded under great pressure into small bricks, which, when dried, are heavier than water. ‘lhe moulded peat is worth in Paris 20 francs the ton of 1,000 kilogrammes, (2;204 pounds avoirdupois.) The amount raised at this bog annually is 10,000 to 12,000 tons. At Rheims 14,000 tons are annually produced. A peat bog in the vicinity of New York city, six feet deep and forty acres in extent, is stated by Prof. Mather to have yielded a fuel which retailed for $4 50 per cord, realizing $4,500 per acre, a little more than a third of which was expenses. For mechanical, and not unusually for domestic purposes, the dried peat is first converted into a coke or charcoal, of which it yields from 40 to 42 per cent. Peat charcoal sells in Paris for about the same price as wood charcoal, or 13 francs the 100 kilogrammes—the relative prices of wood or peat charcoal, mineral coal and wood, being as the numbers 13, 4}, 43 respect- ively. This proportion would of course vary with the relative abundance of peat, wood and mineral coal, in any country. Peat coke occupies about the same space, weight for weight, as ordinary coke, and only half that of charcoal, having a spe cific gravity of 1.040, that of charcoal from hard’ woods aver- aging 0.505. For heating purposes, 7 tons of peat cuke are equivalent to 6 tons of good coal coke. For the manufacture and working of*iron, peat coke is pronounced decidedly supe- rior to charcoal, both in consequence of its greater heating property and its production of a superior quality of iron. It is extensively employed in preference to any other fucl in many of the furnaces of France, Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Bohcmia and Sweden. For steam producing purposes, compressed peat has been proved at least equal to any other fuel. A factitious ¢ al is prepared from peat by the Dublin Steam Navigation Com- 196 REPORT OF THE pany, 10 cwts. of which generate the same steam power as 174 cwts. of pit coal. Peat is very extensively employed on the steamers which ply in the waters in and about Ireland, and even upon the river Shannon, in the midst of a coal bearing country. Some of the prepared peats of France are also said to be economically Sp ic aie for stationary steam engines, and even for locomotives. The uses to which peat has’ been profitably applied do not stop even here. A company exists at Kilberny, in Ireland, hav- ing a factory in operation in which they produce from peat, Tar, Paraffine, Oil, Naphtha, Sulphate of Ammonia, and a Gas, the combustion of which is applied to the manufacture of Iron. The most thorough and extensive manufacture of these pro- ducts, however, seems to be effected by Messrs. Babonneau & Co., at Paris. According to Mr. Armand, the skillful chemist of this establishment, good peat yields, on an average, about 40 per cent. of charcoal, 15 to 18 per cent. of crude oil contain- ing paraffine, 36 per cent. of water containing carbonate, acetate and sulphydrate of ammonia, and a little wood spirit, besides Td per cent. ef inflammable gases and loss. The ammonia is equal to 2 per cent. of sal ammoniac. The oil, by distillation, is separated into a light oil or naphtha which is burned for illumi- nation, in lamps of a peculiar construction, and a heavy, less volatile portion which is used for lubricating machinery, or is mingled with fat oils for burning in ordinary lamps. There is obtained besides, a portion of solid bitumen or pitch amounting to 4 or 5 per cent. of the dried peat. The paraffine, which is dissolved in the oils, is separated by exposing them to cold, and is afterwards purified. The yield of this product is 2 or 3 per cent. of the peat. When pure, it is a white, fusible crystalline solid, devoid of taste or smell, much resembling spermaceti in appearance, and like it employed in the manufacture of candles. The price of paraffine in France is a little more than one franc per pound. The gas evolved during the distillation of peat may be em- ployed, as at Kilberry, in Ireland, for the purposes of heating, | STATE GEOLOGIST. 197 or it may be mixed with the gas obtained by the decomposition, at a high temperature, of the crude oil from peat. In this way an illuminating gas is obtained which has three and four-tenths times the illuminating power of coal gas, while the yield is equal to that from coal. | The solid bitumen resulting from the distillation of peat may be employed like asphalt in the preparation of mastic for paving. Even the crude peat, by being mixed after drying with 10 to 15 per cent. of coal tar, and boiled for several hours, dissolves into a viscid liquid, which, when cooled, is solid, and resembles asphalt. The crude residues from the rectification of the oil of peat are burned in proper apparatus, and furnish abundance of lampblack. For the production of gunpowder, many varieties of peat are superior to the charcoal of dogwood and alder.* The reader, perhaps, will hardly-deem it credible that so great a variety of commercial products is obtained from a substance so common and so little valued as the “muck” with which our “swamps” are filled. As all such doubts arise from ignorance of the properties of peat, I present below. a convenient synopsis of the products and uses of this substance : 1. Crude peat as a fertilizer for the soil. 2. Prepared peat and peat-coke as fuel. (a) For domestic and ordinary heating purposes. (6) For the generation of steam. (c) For the manufacture and working of metafs. . Peat for the manufacture of gunpowder. . Peat or bitumen from peat for paving purposes. . Crude oil for purposes of lubrication, illumination and gas-making. . Petroleum for burning in lamps. . Paraffine for the manufacture of candles. . Light, inflammable gas for heating. . lllaminating gas of superior quality. 10. Lampblack, The value of peat for any or all of the above purposes will obviously depend upon its freedom from earthly deposites. In . © WO-T orm Co * For valuable information on the subject of Peat, the readeris referred to ‘‘ Taylor’s Sta- tistics of Coal,” and T. S. Hunt's Chemical Reports, , in the Canada Geological Reports for 198 REPORT OF THE those cascs where a bog has grown with the growth and decay of Sphagnum, or other bog mosses, the peat is often composed of almost pure vegetable matter. In other cases, where the bog has been periodically inundated, as around the margins of some lakes and ponds, more or less of earthly sediment will be found mixed with the peaty materials. A large proportion of our principal peat bogs, however, will compare favorably in purity with those in foreign countries, to which I have already alluded. It will of course be inferred that the bed of lignite which I have described as occurring on the shore of Grand Traverse Bay, possesses all. the capabilities of ordinary peat. Should athe spontaneous flow of petroleum from the rocks ever be ma- terially diminished, the same product may be very cheaply dis- tilled, as is done in foreign countries, from lignite and peat as well as from coal. ' Although it might be better to ‘speak of Rock Oils or Petro- leum under a distinct head, still the subject is here naturally introduced, and I proceed to append the few remarks which 1 have to offer on this subject. : The distillation of bituminous shales and mineral bitumens is carried on to a ~ eat extent both in England and on the con- tinent. To this class of matters belong the so-called Boghead and cannel coals, as well as the bituminous minerals of various parts of France and Switzerland. Here belongs the black bitu- minous shale of Canada West, and Thunder and Grand Traverse Bays in this State, which will undoubtedly prove uncommonly rich in bituminous matter. Indeed, the abundant spontaneous distillation from shales of the same age, which has supplied the oil wells of Pennsylvania and Ohio, is an evidetce that the products of artificial distillation would prove correspondingly rich. These substances yield, in general, the same products as peat. The amount of paraffine, however, is said to be less, and the residue left from distillation is, unlike that from peat, com- paratively worthless. A yield of five per cent of bituminous matter qualifies the shales in France to be economically worked. The yield of our shales has never been accurately ascertained, “i STATE GEOLOGIST. 199 and I have no means at my disposal for the determination of these important questions. Shales thus bituminized have an existence in our State, about which there can be no question. I have elsewhere expressed the hope that they will yet be found to yield a spontaneous flow of Petroleum like those of neighboring districts. The belt of country along which experiments might be made extends from Wayne county to Port Huron, and from Thunder to Grand Traverse Bay. The geological relations and the’ surface indi- cations are such, especially along the southern belt, that a few borings would be fully justified. A few years ago, as I am in- formed by Mr. F. P. Bouteller, a boring for water was under- taken beneath a saw mill in the township of Greenfield, Wayne } county. After the drill has passed through a bed of bluish shale at the depth of 70 or 80 feet, it was suddenly wrested from the hands of the workmen by the violent escape of a fetid gas which threw up water and sand to the height of several fect. By accident, the stream of gas was ignited, and sent a column of flame to the roof of the mill, which had to be re- moved. All efforts to entinguish it proved futile for several ours, when the furnace pipe was placed over the well to guide the flame. This, to the great relief of the owner, had the effect of smothering the fire, Grateful for bis escape, he effectually closed the door against any further eruption of the nether fires by promptly filling the hole with stones well rammed down; and has stontly persisted in refusing to allow any further ex- periments of this dangerous character upon his premises. Sim- ilar phenomena have been witnessed at various points along the shores of the St. Clair river and lake, Inflammable gas is the product of the distillation of petro- Jenm, and it is not improbable that by extending explorations below the horizon of the gas, the reservoir of oil would be reached. WELLS AND SPRINGS. The late successful boring of several artesian wells in the * 200 REPORT OF THE southern part ef the State, has created a very general desire te know to what extent artesian borings would prove successful in other parts of the State. Several unsuccessful borings have been made at points where the werk has been directed rather by empiricism than by any adequate knowledge of the exist- ence of such a geological structure as could furnish reasonable grounds for the expectation of success From what has already been stated of the general conforma- tion of the strata underlying the Lower Peninsula, the accumu- lation and retention of vast reservoirs of water in these great peninsular dishes, will appear obvious and necessary. Rains falling upon the surface percolate downwards until the water reaches an impervious stratum along which it flows till it reaches the lowest depression of that stratum, somewhere be- neath the center of the State, and some hundreds of feet from the surface. The water-bearing strata are, therefore, porous sandstone, immediately underlain and overlain by impervious strata of anu argillaciots or calcareous character. Hach porous sandstone stratum thus underlain and overlain throughout our whole series, becomes in this manner surcharged with water admitted at its outcrop. It is obvious, now, that by boring down at any point within the circuit of the outcrop of a water- bearing stratum, until that stratum is pierced, the water will rise through the hole to a point on a level’ with the rim of the basin which holds the water. If the place of boring is lower than that point, the water will rise to the surface and overflow; if higher, it will not. ¥ In consequence of the general rise of the surface ef the penin- sula from the lake shores toward the interior, the outcrops of the strata occur, as a general rule, at lower levels than the points within the basins which they form; and artesian wells cannot be a thing of general occurrence. In the southern part of Jackson, and the northern part of Hillsdale counties, how ever, the sandstones of the Napoleon and Marshall Groups out- cop at levels considerably higher than the general elevation of the peninsula, and it is likely that the impediments to a free * STATE GEOLOGIST. 201 circulation of the water, in these strata, prevent it from sinking, in these elevated sections, to the level of the lowest portions of the basin in remote parts of the State. As a consequence, arte- sian borings might prove successful throughout the southern half of Jackson county, and the eastern portion of Calhoun, if continued down to the bottom of either ef these groups. It must not be supposed, however, that the artesian wells of Jackson are supplied from this source. If I have succeeded in the identification of the rocks in that vicinity, these wells are supplied from the Parma Sandstone. Albion is outside of the rim of this formatien, and the wells there have to be continued down to the bottom of the Napoleon Sandstone. Marshall is outside of the rim of this, and rests just upon tlie rim of the outcropping Marshall Group; and hence I should not expect that the contained waters would rise to the surface. The arte- sian (salt) wells of Grand Rapids are snppiied from the Napo- leon Group, the water being salted from the group immediately above. The wells at Saginaw issue from the same sandstones, and are salted in the same way. In the southern part of Jack- son and northern part of Hillsdale counties, where the streams have cut through these rocks, the contained waters rush out in extended chains of most beautiful and copious springs of pure water. Adrian is located upon the argillaceous strata of the Huron Group, and the first water-bearing stratum which would be reached is included in the Monroe limestones, perhaps 250 feet below. But the surface slopes gradually toward Lake Erie, so that the hydrostatic pressure would not be adequate to an artesian overflow. Ann Arbor is supposed to lie within the rim of the Marshall and Napoleon sandstones, but the consider- able elevation of this place precludes all expectation of an overflow. The artesian wells at Toledo do not reach the solid rock at all, though this has been unsuccessfully explored to a _ considerable depth. The alluvial deposites, which are here of great depth, are made up of alternating sandy and argillaceous beds, which slope gradually toward the bed of the lake, and of 26 * 202 REPORT OF THE course outcrop successively on the higher levels, several miles back from the lake shore. These, like the more solid water- bearing strata, carry the water from the surface along imper- vious floorsguntil it passes under the city, and finds its way into the artesian borings. From what has been said of the occurrence of outlying patches, or small detached basins of carboniferous rocks, and the gently undulating character of the whole system, it will at once be inferred that besides the great basins just alluded to as reservoirs of water, there must be numerous smaller local basins. The indications seem to justify the conclusion that the wells at Jackson are supplied from a lotal basin. It appears, therefore, that a reliable opinion on the prospect of success at any particular point involves not only a knowledge of the gen- eral conformation of the rocks, but also an acquaintance with the special geology of the region in question. In those portions of Calhoun, Jackson and Hillsdale counties which are situated over the outcrops of the Napoleon and Mar- shall sandstones, very many of the common wells terminate in these rocks, and from them derive their supply of water. Nearly all the wells of the Lower Peninsula, however, derive their supply from the sands of the Drift. The materials of the upper portion of this formation have been, by geological agen- cies, considerably assorted, so that beds of arenacevus mate- rials alternate with beds of argillaceous materials, as in the underlying rocks. There is, however, no general stratification of these deposites Every bed of sand is comparatively local. No general parallelism can be traced among them. The argil- laceous layers of the drift may be compared to a pile of wooden bowls thrown confusedly together—the interspaces being filled with sand. At one point, a well will be found to be within the rim of a given bowl, while at a very short distance from that, "an excavation would prove to be outside of the same basin and would have to be carried perhaps to a much greater depth be- fore reaching the bottom of the basin which underlies. On the University grounds, wells are sunk 70 to 80 feet before reach- Se —————— | STATE GEOLOGIST. O08: ing water, while at the Obscrvatory, which is 42 feet higher, the water rises within six feet of the surface. The latter well is obviously supplied from a local basin which occupies a higher level. The purity and salubrity of well and spring water, in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, are generally very great. An analysis of the water from the well on the north side of the University campus, was made by T. C. McNeill, A. B., of the ‘Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, with the following result: Depth of well, 70 feet 8 inches. Temperature of water, 50° Fah. Free carbonic acid in 100 parts, .015598. Solid constituents: Carbonate’ of lime,..o...5. cee. eee ret re: Ww Set wre rcberes 0.017800: CERO Oe 8 MeBNOGi Rg o/6.0 1934 «0:46 2is a slone camnciness 0.006058 EE SE ses oats ocak 04s $804.0 4s oh 4p ane 0.000290 Renee GP BOGTOM, 10°. Says sete cee ewe rie = 0.000448 ee POSE. 0400860T Uasbottte ebssods, oc). iw wih 0.072520 Omura we memnCeIwIar cso. 20525. DS TORRE IN, 0.034760 NE ee ee ee rer 0.010450 CD OT Ge Ese a... Sch ei bieg «ess +» 0.028260 ol Re a re Es aa Feit: Coun e eC Rees. 0.002370 gO 0.039190 Carbonate of iron,...... 1 a a ra 0.001020 ROU. Jeb ee TREE dws Gv pE EU deecctecses 0.199570 904. ~ | REPORT OF THE The water of Detroit river at the same time contained the following constituents: Sulphate of potagea,sic ow. 02008 beaii.. Jerk 0.000283 Sulphate of godla).. i... .eitens oe «<5 oe 0.000750 Phosphate of limes... ac. samp tate las ss oc sk eee 0.003110 POUALINA, os = oa wide « sid aes SR ee aaa oo Oe 0.001050 Sifiéa,. SPIIA. YP9Y CIE eee ee tiered Sia Se 0.000500 Carbonate jak, litters suits ce. Peaeie dt goad Asha See 0.003300 Carbonate al. JOM ca, eng sabi pee oes oe 0.000814 Pe oe ee ee ee See ee ee eee 0.009807 By far the most important mineral waters of the Lower Pe- ninsula are those charged with chlorid of sodium. The ferru- ginous sandstones of the lower part of the State, give origin, however, to numereus springs which are strongly chalybeate, while the bituminous rocks of the Huron and Upper Helderberg groups, become the source of strongly sulphureous waters. No formal investigations have been made of any of these springs. The following analysis, however, by Mr. McNeill, be- fore quoted, was made upon the water of a spring issuing upon the land of Solomon Mann, Esq., Ann Arbor: Temperature, 50° Fah. ; Specitic gravity, 1.001. Constituents of the solid matter: Cargonae (OF TIME... skew oe stick ce te bat eee 0.022800 Carbonate ofo marnesias 9.0, Via & eee Holi 0.008936 Capbonate OF Aan) *.,.. 35 elowt ace x asad 3 A ease ae © ote 0.000468 Chloride: af sadium, S..chh/eu ke os eee be eee Be 0.000488 loMige at EOUIUM, 230°. .So.cu.ccens oe eee beeen trace. Sulpnascsar Wud ago Fs JU Se ee aS: 0.000971 Carbonate wr Beda... £. Gedurlane ie bere deelds ob onoeee 0.000042 Sulabahel ok potash; .:..)).4. bose aes oe ee 0.000531 SO CUE NUE cia orn aye acon je sie yaie ee eRe ads oe en 0.001200 OPsatieMGAtvel, oo... j. oni, + Ee 5+ © cg eee en DEMING R yas... Ses Moe es 8s Cees se 0.037936 Free and partially combined carbonic acid,........ .028500 The quantity of iron in this water is greater than that in the chalybeate waters of Bath, England, and Karlsbad and Teplitz, STATE GEOLOGIST. 205 in Bohemia, though the total solid constituents are considerably less, The sulphur springs of the southern portion of the State are exceedingly numerous, ‘and I shall take the space in the présent report to allude particularly to only two. A very remarkable spring occurs on section 22 (7), in the township of Erie, Monroe county. It is situated within the marsh which borders the lake, about one mile from the lake shore and four miles seuth-east from Vienna. The spri.g has to be reached by boat. It is found occupying a conical depres- sion, about 200 feet in diameter and 45 feet deep. Some time before reaching the spot the sulphureous odor can be detected, when the wind is favorable. At the distance of 30 rods the water of the bayou has a sulphuretted taste, and a whitish de- posite can be seen on the stems of aquatic vegetation. At the time of my visit the rim of the basin was 18 inches under water, but later in the season the water subsides, and the rim is con- ‘verted into a fine walk around the pool. Under these circum. stances the flow of water from the spring forms a stream 10 feet wide and 3 feet deep, with a considera!le current. Another interesting locality is found on the south side of the Raisin river, nearly opposite the Raisinville lime quarries, in Monroe county. Here is a chain of sulphur springs on the land of Robert Talford. On approaching the locality sulphuretted fames are very distinctly perceived. The water boils up in very copious quantities at more than half a dozen points within the area of a quarter of an acre. ore Pe MUO, | inl), aemmnatcnnatiedt a6 Se: aS Re 565 Deen iver af Deteoit o) c c ists. sls heeenes 568 Base of old Capitol at Detroit,.............. * 1s} 596 RY GION, oc eas oops rch eaethlas bale 80 658 West line, Wayne county,...............-5-- 13 716 pS ER ER SR ER ny ee Se 136 713 SE EET OTA TFET SE 16s 746 em reroor Mtatiem ws8 - 625 26st bok dsnda-w.. 193 wei University buildings, Ann Arbor,} (by level fron: tA a eee ee 298| 876 Observatory, Ann Arbor, (by level from depot,)| 34° 918 Seen Wy aalemaw Co., .. > <3 sass nwack 2 $b sioe% 239] 8s1T Scio, S Pasu cau went At) eankat «A 25i 828 Dexter, ae eo os ohh EMT ns iG ORE 28] 859 Chelsea, “ oie FEA ta en re 338| 916 West line Washtenaw Co., on railroad,....... 437} 1015 Francisco Station, Jackson Co.,.............-- 44+] 1024 Grass Lake “ ~: Age cree ee 41];| 989 Leoni, “: (Phe “4 979 * Heights of points along M.C. R. R., unless otherwise designated, have been communt- Gated by Thos. Frazor, Esq., of the Central Office, Detruit. ¢ The corrected mean of the Barometer at the University, for 9 mos., ending Feb., 1855, Was 29.047 inches, which corresponds to an altitude of 809 fect, while the height of the pace of observation was supposed to be 891 fect. 7* 208 REPORT OF THE LOCALITIES. Lake Hu ron. i Michigan-Center, Jackson Cos . 2)... 62 2c Uetee 363 Jackson, OS et os ss ee 400 Barry, ek hl ee ae 362 wipion, Calhoun. UG. sal. + cies Peele ss ss ppb 365 Kalamazoo river, Albion, Calhoun Co. , (Higgins, ; 351 Half Way House, Wayne Co., 54 Head of Spectacle Lake, Calhoun Co., bg 373 Rice Creek, near Marshall, a + 4 280 Honey Creek, Washtenaw Co., : 26 Huron river, Ypsilanti, “ “ 100 Huron river, Dexter, “ a 232 Sandstone Creek, Jackson Co., ‘: 347 Outlet of Gillett’s Lake, “ as 354 Outlet of Grass Lake, “ + ali W. end of Prairie Ronde, Kalamazoo Co., “ 278 Kalamazoo R., sec. 35, Augusta, . = 187] — . Kalamazoo, ‘ ‘ 154 Crossing M.S. & N.1.R.R.,at St. Joseph R., St Joseph Co., (Higgins, ) Sc pslloadcecuencaatete 138 asia St Joseph R., sec. 35, Mattison, Branch Bey Sh (crc) 1: a SMe Reema aatad ne San eee yaa ae) rr a Bank. of L. Michigan, New Buffalo;Berrien Co., (Higgins, ) ne aie ei eile ©. 0 ete gele a, lel\ @)e\te teller wires (a wos tele 0 Bank of Galien R., 10 miles EK. of New Buffalo, Berrien Co, (Higgins, Jederegns sees eee ; St. Joseph R., at Bertrand, Ber’n Co., (Higgins, ) 53 Paw Paw R., Lafayette village, Van Buren Co., a dy Oa Op Ra Ce ee ee ee a 106 Bush Creek, near Mason, Van B’rn Co., (Higgins, ) : Stony Creek, “crossing Northern R. k.,” Ionia Co., (Higgins, eRe SE eT ee i Mouth of Maple River, Tonia Co., (Higgins, ) 56 N. branch Raisin R., Lenawee Co. tf 276 Hasler’s Creek, Lapeer Co.,” mr 265 Head of Belle R., “ ‘f 5 414 Flint River, Lapeer, Lapeer ©o., a 238 Shiawassee R., Owosso, Shiawassee Co., “ 145 Village of Newberry, St Clair Co., ‘f 284 Head of Mill Creek, « at ve 36% Pontiac "Oakland :Go., ss itcg bec e ve ee ew ctnes 336 Bass R. crossing, ‘‘ Northern R. R.,” Ottawa Co., (HiggIDS,). .. » «+ arsish AA Waalais valk Bom gah ai 56 Crossing Southern R. R., 4m. W. of Monroe, | (HIPSINS,) +... - 2+ + + on eee les shad nem D1 | ; STATE GEOLOGIST. LOCALITIES. ass R., I. 11 N.,5 E., 1 tt. above Saginaw R. at East Saginaw, (M. B. Hess,) supposing the river falls 1 ft. from there to the Bay,...... 2 Birch Run, T. 10 N.,5 &., (M. B. Heas, ) MWA SUT 26 Pine Run, T. 9 N., 6 E., M hain qoenk al 105 Summit bet. Flint and Pine rivers, in T. 9 N., 7 . mateM. B.. Hees boda.) 21 canwisow de .2 90 227 Flint river, T. 7 N., 7 E., (M. B. Hess,)........ 121 Detroit Station, Detroit & Mil. R.,*........... te dass Royal Oak, Oakland ©o.,........6.0.0..4.... 79 Birmingham, a “, ncveeuh Ug EL) .Z vO 190 Pontiac, a int lowal. Jools wl..4 349 Drayton Plains, Oakland Oo,, eB uw n c Be gd A 381 Waterford, od ie See Te 404 Clarkston, “ ee Ee eee 415 i es | «- 440 Springfield; “ MEA wil Sows dwt BA J 438 Davisburgh, a | Ee | eee 370 Holly, ae 1G vat doen Podoth. | 340 Fentonville, Genesee Co.,.........0.2...0005. 330 Linden, as ‘“obh.veedel wd -aviwd.2% 291 Gaines, es 8, sh lad ati Asds . ba disc 267 Vernon, Shiawassee Co,.......... ae 181 Corunna, as finalel, 0. ok}. c.iqaan. 185 Owosso, es 6; sued Ai. bos andes’ ) <2 154 OSE Fe a 146 EE so. S. ae ie ied's hhh wae hos» oe = 177 Dallas, RR oe sons eee ee 157 pmererane@n NOMA 170.5) i). 8 xe 153 Muir, LS a Oe pitas aye | 67 Ionia, aoe eee 3 OE Re oF ~ 60 Saranac, (Bosten,) Ionia Co.,............ neti 50 RE OE CM cs... Wes wsu's ou vcmlecw sa ecinhe 48 Ada, A Ok eae ska We A oie 8 75 _Lamphier’s Creek, (crossing, only,) Kent Co.,... 200 pageand Rapids, Kent Coys... 2... 0 oe isenen: 54 renee O0.,...+- tlh onidnere « 9] OPEV Fy seni airs Sl. Ie «bh geds tenn « 54 Nunica, PS Saar.” CU 45 “UR (o) i kr oe ere we Py 4 VOM Te ea tin ds vc Us cece seeUi 4 Mean height of Lower Peninsula, (Higgins,). .. 160 * For heights of points along the D. & M. R., I am indebted to Superintendent W. K. Muir. 27 210 REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. Abov LOCALITIES. Lake Hu ron Lakes Huron and Michigan, ages ) athe seme bees: | Lake} Ontarrojd) gaiaoqgaim (een Con eee Sliding bank, entrance to Hammond’s Bay, Lake | fidrdin’ Gialt 616, ) cgore Lc 6 a 17 "Bluff at Marble Quarry, E. end Diummond’s I,.. 9% Fort Mackinag, (Hipgins,) #09. a) se. 2 aay ues Holmes, Mackinac I., (Higgins,)...... 219 HY by Barometer, July, 1860,... a “ « by Geological level, July, 1860 318 “ “ accor ding to Foster & Whitney. 315 Bobtaeses Holly: (Eigging) o345056. Ore eee 128 fo 5 al re ae get 127 Blut? ase Round L, sc 147 Summit of Sugar Loaf, é t ts 284 Chimney Rock, eS a ut. re 13] Lover’s Leap, , a a e 14) Top of arch at Arched Rock, by Geol. level, J uly, | IGE, 5. ive ota teea Ash's G toveedi sae nice ae erarrmere 140 Top of arch at Arched Rock, by Barometer,.... 13> To highest summit of Arched Rock, by level,... 149 Top of Buttress facing the lake at do. “ ... Principal Plateau of Mackinac island ae a on eS Se 2 a ae Upper Plateau of . Be 294 Summit of St. Joseph I, (T.N. idibedvoeth:) : 400 Lake Superior, (Foster and Whitney.) Leona Above LOCALITIES, Lake Su ‘ . Pie Island, N. shore L. Sup., (Heater e Whitney, ) 04 McKay’s Mountain, 000 Thunder Cape, ts 1350 St. Ignace, (osreanerrs a ‘so Les Petits Ecrits, ss 850 Pic Island, * T6U Michipicoten Island, ' 800 Gros Cap, (estimated, ) és ; Highest Point Porcupine Mts., ‘a 1380 Mt. Houghton near head of Keweenaw Point, (Peeter 6 -Whitney; inet eo outs eo 884 Grand Sable, L. 5., (iraneueeeee ee Sk ae | spor Pt. Iroquois, “ 08) seats 350 PART IL. ZOOLOGY. ial - ; t “4 ae 5 = j ~ . 5 a pe mei - a ©- + a “he | a i ’ , id 4 = 7 an Ee: aut . ‘? = + es i « *, 7 . “ ; = 2 Ee lc ; ad » < : se ey a7 is > ia Ca s by - 7 218 % TELAS ee . , - _ ‘a ‘ hy sce tek r: ar Caen ae | ee ki : , y,? , ‘ ** J ’ ¥ ‘ ® s * F, ab \ ’ ' a's hr ‘ 2s ; ' a —. T -ear ¥ Past ub . ‘. , ae j # ‘ 2 a2 \? : Bs f ae e Daf : é . ’ * 2 g- nt " L Ot! BD és 2 7 a) ‘ at od > hy teal ry rT a] } 77 ’ ‘ a a CHAPTER VIII. REPORT OF THE STATE ZOOLOGIST. Lansing, Mich., Dec. 20th, 1860. To Pror A. Wincnett, State Geologist: Sm—I have the honor to transmit the following report of pro- gress made in the Zoological department of the Natural History Survey of the State, during the past two years. . Owing to the limited appropriation made by the Legislature for the purpose of recommencing the Geological Survey of the State, and the.desirableness of prosecuting the explorations in _ the Geological department with as effective a force as possible, I have been unable, as you are well aware, to devote but a part of my time to investigations in the department assigned me in the organization of the Geological corps. The Zoological collections already made comprise such speci- _ mens as could be readily obtained without the sacrifice of much time, or detracting materially from the efficient progress of the — Geological reconnoissance. Very much remains to be done before an approximation to a complete knowledge of our fauna ean be obtained. From the nature of the subjects of investigation in this de- partment, it is difficult, in a limited space, to give a satisfactory account of the exact progress of the work, or even to embody the results accomplished when so much remains unfinished. The subjvined catalogue of the species known to inhabit our State, will, perh_ps, best present an outline of the labor already performed; and at the same time furnish desirable information in regard to the geographical range of species. 214 REPORT OF THE In addition to the list here presented there are large numbers of specimens that remain to be identified and described, which will materially increase the number of known species in th State. Wed : The fishes, insects, and crustaceans have not been worked up and for that reason have been omitted from the catalogue. It may not be out of place in this connection to make a brief statement of the aims to be kept in view, and the results which may be expected to follow from the earnest prosecution of the study of the Zoology of our State. From the intimate and important relations existing between man and the various branches of the Animal Kingdom, he is particularly interested in becoming acquainted with the forms, structure, metamorphoses, habits, and dispositions of the ani- mate beings which surround him. He would tls be better fit- - ted to act intelligently in availing himself of the berefits to be derived from those species that are capable of improvement by domestication, and at the same time be enabled to successfully maintain that influence and control over the economy of inferior organizations which his superior physical and mental develope- meut, as well as interests, require of him. Dependent upon the animal kingdom, as he is toa great extent, for many of the comforts and luxuries of life, it would seem that the importance of a thorough investigation of the laws which govern this mag- nificent creation of living beings, and their relations to man’s well-being and interests cannot be too highly estimated. In the present advanced state of the abstract sciences, every ‘branch of inquiry or investigation, no matter how trivial or unimportant it may in itself appear,’tends direcily to develop results that are of practical application in the varied pu.suits of life. Many illustrations of this fact might be adduced, and will undoubtedly present themselves to the minds of those who are familiar with the history of the useful arts. 1 will, however, cite but a single instance. a a i A STATE ZOOLOGIST. 215 When it became known that sealing-wax, amber, and other resinous bodies, on being rubbed would attract pith-balls and other light substances, the discovery was looked upon as unim- portant and trifling, and no one thought the knowledge capable of being made available for any practical purpose; yet from this small beginning the science of electricity has been devel- oped, which, in its practical applications in the arts, no one ‘in the present age would venture to set a limit. From the appli- cation of the principles of this science we are indebted for the increased facilities in the art of printing, by the process of elec- trotyping, improvements in the art of gilding, as well as for that wonder of the age, the magnetic telegraph, that brings by its network of wires the most remote places into almost instan- taneous communication. The so-called trifling experiments of philosophers, considered by many as beneath the attention of intelligent beings, have brought forth fruit abundantly, the influence of which on the world’s progress can hardly be estimated. Thus, in every department of knowledge, practical results are constantly presenting themselves as the inevitable conse- quence of progress in the purely abstract investigations of science. An accurate scientific knowledge of the appearance, food, development, and mode of existence, of the various animal forms we are brought in contact with in our every day pursuits, as well as their varied relations to the vegetable and inorganic kingdoms of nature, is indispensable if we would derive prac- tical benefit from the different classes of the animal kingdom and render them subservient to our prosperity and happiness. Such knowledge to the agriculturalist would indeed be found of incalculable advantagé; it would enable him to protect, as far as possible, the many species that confer direct benctits by furnishing various useful products, and to encourage the devel- opment of those that assist in protecting his erops, by preying on noxious forms, and thus preventing their inordinate increase, and at the sume time he would be better prepared to adopt suit- ‘ 216 REPORT OF THE able measures for destroying and keeping in check those that by their depredations on his forest trees and grasses Sasi most formidable enemies and the pests of civilization. The army of weevils, Hessian flies, midges, c :inch bugs, and cut worms attacking his wheat and other cereals, the numerous — species of borers, curculios, locusts, and moths so destructive to his fruit and forest trees, all poiut to his interest in becoming \better acquainted with the economy of nature, and studying more Closely’ the varied phenomena presented by organic beings, The intimate relations of Zoology to the other departments of science, might be cited as an incentive to a more general dis- semination and increase uf the knowledge of organic beings. Geology derives important aid in its investigations from the application of the principles of Zoology; indeed, the rapid pro- gress of the science of Geology at the present time is owing to the accurate investigations of the relations existing between the organic forms at present inhabiting our globe, and those fossil remains that are the index of the faunas and floras of past ages. It :s in fact in consequence of the aid furnished by the kin-- dred sciences of Botany and Zoology that modern Geology has attained her proudest achievements. _ In the State of New York alone hundreds of thousand of dol- lars have been expended in explorations for coal, when an ex- ~ amination of a few shells that abound in her rocks, would have shown that the entire geological formations of the State were below the coal bearing series of racks, and that expl.rations for that mineral would consequently be fruitless. In an educational point of view, a systematic knowledge of the animals inhabiting our State, their habits and relations to man and the surrounding world, Would furnish a fund of mate- rials for reflection and study, which, as a means of mental cul- ture and developement, is capable of attaining a high rank among the studies considered essential in our institutions of learning, to a successful training of the intellec* al powers. At the present time, when a knowledge of the principles of STATE ZOOLOGIST. 217 Natural History is considered indispensable to a finished educa- tion, the want of Museums in our State where the materials for the prosecution of this most interesting branch of study may be accessible to every one, is severely felt. To supply this want, complete collections of the plants and animals of our State should be made so as fully to illustrate their systematic relations and affinities of struciure, due prom- inence being given in their arrangement to the exhibition in a suitable manner of those species that are of benefit to the agriculturalist, as well as those that from their habits are contin- ually warring against his interests by committing ravages that it is an object to keep within due bounds. Aside from all this, the study of nature has a still higher sig- nificance than can be measured by any merely practical or = cuniary advantages accruing from its prosecution. As the material expressions of the ideas of the Creator, the Supreme Intelligence of the Universe, the world of organic be- ings which He has created for man’s contempl&tion and im- provement, is certainly worthy the careful consideration of the ~ highest faculties of the human mind. In conclusion, I would make this public acknowledgment of my indebtedness to a number of scientific gentlemen for their disinterested assistance and encouragement, and to the public generally for the many acts of kindness shown to myself and party, during the progress of the survey. M. MILES, Slate Zovlogist. 28 Come ile bondaiulea shaiiaaanete i biawoinp ues on aabanirrind deck ait onnaler, WGI, 540. ol cherie et mene Mbudn 1. dosed Dabeprtai, Janu wid a oe ys he etre taet Wickert i: ne Rie aii. ae hi whepalia:, 8) 2h eadg raddoteredid irr ‘am gtaviartst at .wilsl am A oh An, Fs Meipetge ese wfbtics F , eta pire ts added te "eet shag fax: Sasaat digit plagig, rn & mf sta ldidemana ty r Stitiaus ee ao Heh) ab “er : . se : > a ‘ 9 , OL? of sty te Ant Sete. neue: PGS. Peak) 10) Tedte “CCLT teach srpiach iets nigh banter) waite, spate tl alow aia e tide aoe ves Bij hwte be Reh vi apigefainny ck Ch: Panae ee e obese saab adil ry, eink, gah a win aout gist iitn GReddy apmed aie. Tee Parte ade. vishs Hae ca pe teva wig SOE SS uF for pseia meen eb iad Risk HIER Ty le, SON TE Rao, comand ad? asteoiu. edt ho antDS 1 AN” Tod tye: WIRES GEO ‘ein re glitetia trdhione worihh Was R ‘fed tah fer omnes “aah th ‘dob bate ely Paget ave Ny'sicas. cat Seieaensiaaoiel é é “gdb to © Balse's igen in isthe eo ad? vihiraw yloleisen as 10 ‘fein ‘gonrtest ids, Bee Agi 35, tarou am! ee otis eas ibe *bv Sahn Ae: bie, A ana pedi, iO} | mernghasn :Ofititsiay, de, von! sites “OF pavabe ney: ‘ wnt Wi Re OAg <5 fcc yl Ses ‘2 an BT st: + foawad shtedninne, oe * fae Heaye..at wrod wmeahail io ata wwagindt syth - " Nav ie abe bo gaoryuges wigs Pete Tine tf : - \ fe. \ F) tess 7 . LA: JA. : y 2 i - is) Y ie. Frary : + wm ows i h% es tl Se és ’ 43 *. , at ‘ if te r 5 i rine ' Day ‘ i © f -' ' 2 ’ i} A) : ; c a M4 %6 “4 ha Ft i 4 \ ¥ We . we ¢ / c “ ¥ = ; ‘ (Aves ' bul er oi as c . 2 ’ * 4 A CATALOGUE OF THE MAMMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES AND MOLLUSKS, OF MICHIGAN, BY M. MiLES, M. D., STATE ZOOLOGIST. CLASS MAMMALIA, UNGUICULATA. ORVER CHEILROPTERA. FAMILY VESPERTIRIONIDAE., 1. Vespertilio Noveboracensis, Lines —New York Bat. 2. os fuscus, P. de B. ° 3. subulatus, Say.—Brown Bat. 4. “4 phaiops, Zemm. 5. a Caroli, se ORDER RAPACTA. SUB ORDER INSECTIVORA. FAMILY SORICIDAE. Sub Family Soricine. 6.- Blarina talpoides, Gray —Slrew. FAMILY TALPIDAE. %. Scalops aquaticis, Fisch —Comthon Mole. &. . argentatus, Aud. & Bach.— Silvery Mole. *9. Condylura cristata, sU/:ger —Star-Nosed Mole. ° SUB-ORDER CARNIVORA. FAMILY FELIDAR, 10 Lynx rafus, Raf —W iid Cat. ll. “ Canandensis, Raf—Lynx. 220 REPORT OF THE FAMILY CANIDAR. Sub Family Lupinae. 12. Canis occidentalis, var. griseo-albus, Bd.—Wolf. 13. “ latrans, Say.—Praine Wolf. Sub Family Vulpinae. 14. Vulpes fulvus, Rich—Red Fox. 15. « Virginianus, DeKay.—Gray Fox. . FAMILY MUSTELIDAE. Sub-Family Martinae. *16. Mustela Penantii, Hral.—Fisher. aa i - Americana, ZJurton.—Pine Marten. 18. Putorius cicognanti, Bd.—Brown Weasel. 19, “ Noveboracensis, DeKay,—White Weasel. 20. af vison, Rich.—Mink. *21. Gulo luscus, Sabine.-W olverine. Sub-Family Lutrinae. 22. Lutra Canadensis, Sab.—Otter. Sub Family Melinae. 23. Mephitis mephitica, Bd. - Skunk. 24. Taxidea Americana, Bd —Badger. FAMILY URSIDAE. 25. Procyon lotor, Storr—Raccoon. 26. Ursus Americanus, Pallas.—Black Bear. . ORDER MARSUPIATA. FAMILY DIDELPHIDAE. *27. Didelphys Virginiana, Shaw.—Opossum. ORDER RODENTIA. FAMILY SCIURIDAE. Sub-Family Sciurinae. 28. Sciurus Ludovicianus, Custis—Fox Squirrel. 29. “ Carolinensis, Gm.—Gray and Black Squirrels. ? ee | —— , j i STATE ZOOLOGIST. 221 30. Sciurus Hudsonius, Pallas—Red Squirrel. 81. Pteromys volucella, Des —F lying Squirrel. $2. Tamias striatus, Baird —Chipmunk. *33. Spermophilus tridecem-lineatus, Aud. & Bach.—Striped Prairie Squirrel. 34. Arctomys monax, Gm —Woodchuck. Sub-Family Caslorinae. *35. Castor Canadensis, Kuhl.—Beaver. FAMILY MURIDAE. Sub-Family Dipodinae. 36. Jaculus Hudsonius, Bd —Jumping Mouse. : Sub-Family Murinae. 37. Mus musculus, Linn.—Common Mouse. 38. Hesperomys leucopus, Wag.—Deer Mouse. 39. Y Michiganensis, Wagner.—Prairie Mouse. Sub-Family Arvicolinae. 40. Arvicola riparia, Ord.—Meadow Mouse. 41. Fiber zibethicus, Cuv— Muskrat. FAMILY HYSTRICIDAE. 42. Erethizon dorsatus, /. Cuv.—Porcupine. «9. C. cristata. The star nosed mole appears to be a very rare species within the limits of this State. Ihave seen but a single specimen. 216 and *17. N. Pennantii,and M. Americana. The Fisher and Pine Martin undoubtedly have . place im our fauna, but I have not had an opportunity of examining specimens -other than hunter’s skins as found in market. . *21. G. luscys. The Wolverine is seldom found in the Lower Peninsula, having been nearly exterminated. : 527. D. Virginiana. Asingle specimen of the Opossum was killed in Genesee county last season. The species is, however, frequently seen in the southern part of the State. 333. S. tridecem-lineatus. The striped Prairie Squirrel is very common in the southern _. counties, but bas not been known in the central parts of the State until within afew years past. It is gradually extending its range northward, where the timber has been removed and the land brought under cultivation. 335. C. Canadensis. At no very remote period the Beaver was found throughout the State ag is shown by the numerous remains of their dams in localities that are now deserted by them. At present their range is confined to the northern part of the Lower Pe- nipsula, where they are found in abundance on the head waters of nearly every stream running into Lake Huron. At Alpena several hundred skins are annually brought in from Thunder Bay river and its tributaries. 222 ‘ REPORT OF THE ORDER RUMINANTIA. FAMILY CERVIDAE. *45. Alce Americanus, Jardine-—Moose. *46. Rangifer caribou, dud. & Bach—Caribou. 47. Cervus Canadensis, Hral.t lk. 48, ‘«- Virginianus, Bodd.—Deer. FAMILY LEPORIDAE., 43. Lepus Americanus, Hral.—Northern Hare. 44, ‘“ sylvaticus, Bach.—Gray Rabbit. CLASS AVES. ORDER RAPTORES. FAMILY VULTURIDAE. 1. Cathartes aura, Z/liger—Turkey Buzzard. . FAMILY FALCONIDAE. Sub-Family Falconinae. 2. Falco anatum, Bon.—Duck Hawk. 3. “ columbarius, Linn.—Pigeon Hawk. 4, “ gparverius, Linn.—Sparrow Hawk. Sub-Family Accipitrinae. 5. Accipiter Cooperii, Bon —Cooper’s Hawk. 6. " fuscus, Gmel.—Sha p-shinned Hawk. Sub-Family Buteoninae. . f Buteo borealis, Gmel.—Red-tailed Hawk. 8. ‘ Hneatus, Gmel —Red-shouldered Hawk. x45. A. Americanus. The Moose is seldom seen within the limits of the State. Hunters in- form me that it is still occasionally taken, but it is rapidly disappearing from its former haunts. x46. R. Caribou. The Caribou extends its southern range to the Upper Peninsula, where it is occasionally taken by hunters. %47. C. Canadensis. The Elk is found in abundance in the counties of Huron and Sanilae about the head waters of the Cass River. The unrelenting pursuit of hunters by means of the rifle and trap pens will soon exterminate it, unless means are taken to prevent an indiscrimate slaughter at all seasons of the year. : 25. 26. 27. 28. 29 30. STATE ZOOLOGIST. 223: . Buteo Pennsylvanicus, Wilson’ “ Swainsoni, Bonap.—Swainson’s Buzzard. . Archibuteo lagopus, Geml—Rough-legged Hawk. és Sancti-Johannis, Gmel—Black Hawk. Sub-Family Milvinae. ‘ . Circus Hudsonius, Linn.—Marsh Hawk. Sub Family Aquilinae. . Haliaetus Washingtonii, A4ud.—Washington Eagle. ws leucocephalus, Zinn.—Bald Eagle. . Pandion Carolinensis, Gmel.—Fish Hawk. FAMILY STRIGIDAE. Sub-Family Buboninae. . Bubo Virginianus, Gmel_—Great Horned Owl. - . Scops Asio, Linn.—Mottled Owl. . Otus Wilsonianus, Lesson.—Long-eared Owl. . Brachyotus Cassinii, Brewer—Short-eard Owl.. Sub-Family Syrninae. | . Syrnium nebulosum, Foster—Barred Owl. . Nyctale Acadica,—Screech Owl. Sub-Family Nycteininae. . Nyctea nivea, Daudin —Snowy Owl. . Surnia ulula, Zinn—Hawk Owl. ORDER SCANSORES. FAMILY CUCULIDAR. Coccygus Americanus, Bonap.—Yellow-billed Cuckoo.. “ erythrophthalmus, Bonap.—Black-billed “ FAMILY PICIDAE, Sub-Family Picinae. Picus villosus, Linn —Hairy Wood-pecker. «pubescens, Linn.—Downy Wood-pecker. Sphyrapicus varius, Bd —Yellow-bellied Wood-pecker.. Hylatomus pileatus, Bd.—Log Cock. 224 REPORT OF THE 31. Centurus Carolinus, Bon.—Red-bellied Wood-pecker. 32. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Sw.—-Red headed Wood- pecker. 33. Colaptes auratus, Sw.—F licker. ORDER INSESSORES. SUB-ORDER STRISORES. FAMILY TROCHILIDAE. 34. Trochilus colubris, Zinn.—Humming Bird. FAMILY CYPSELIDAE. 35. Chaetura pelasgia, Steph_—Chimney Swallow. FAMILY CAPRIMULGIDAE. Sub-Family Caprimulginae. 36. Antrostomus vociferus, Bon.—W hippoorwill. 36. Chordeiles popetue, Bd.—Night Hawk. SUB ORDER CLAMATORES. FAMILY ALCEDINIDAE. 38. Ceryle aleyon, Boie.—King fisher. FAMILY COLOPTERIDAE. Sub-Family Tyranninae. 39. Tyrannus Carolinensis, Bd.—King Bird. 40. Myiarchus crinitus, Cab.—Great crested Flycatcher. 41. Sayornis fuscus, Bd.—Pewee Fly-catcher. *41.5 « Sayus, Baird—Says Fly-catcher. 42. Contopus borealis, Bd.—Olive-sided Fly catcher. 43. fs virens, Cab— Wood Pewee. 44, Empidonax Traillii, Bd.—Traill’s Fly-catcher. © 45. ig acadicus, Bd.—Little Pewee. __ *45,° “ flaviventris, Bd —Yellow-bellied Fly-catcher. SUB-ORDER OSCINES. FAMILY TURDIDAE. Sub-Family, Turdinae. 46 Turdus mustelinus, Gmel—Wood Thrush. 746." 47. 48 49. 50. 73. 74. STATE ZOOLOGIST. 225 Turdus Pallasii, Cab.—Hermit Thrush. « —migratorius, Linn.—Robin. Sialia sialis, Bd.—Blue Bird. Sub-Family Regulinae. Regulus calendula, Licht—Ruby- crowned Wren. “ satrapa, Licht—Golden crested os FAMILY SYLVICOLIDAE. Sub-Family Motacillinae. . Anthus Ludovicianus, Licht—Tit Lark. Sub-Family Sylvicolinae. . Mniotilta varia, Vieill—Black and White Creeper. Parula Americana, Bon.—Blae Yellow-backed Warbler, | . Geothlypis trichas, Cab—Maryland Yellow-throat. . Helminthophaga chrysoptera, Cab.—Golden-winged War- bler. . Helminthophaga ruficapilla, Bd —Nashville Warbler. . Seiurus aurocapillus, Sw.—Golden crowned Thrush. “ Noveboracensis, Nutall.—W ater Thrush. " Ludovicianus, Bon. . Dendroica virens, Bd.—Black-throated Green Warbler. at Canadensis, Bd.—Black-throated Blue “ . coronata, Gray.—Yellow-rumped 5 a“ Blackburniae, Bd —Blackburnian a ec castanea, Bd.—Bay-breasted e “ pinus, Bd —Pine-creeping, a“ e Pennsylvanica, Bd.--Chestnut-sided “ se aestiva, Bd.—Summer Yellow Bird. se maculosa, Bd —Black and Yellow Warbler. a tigrina, Bd—Cape May Warbler. a discolor, Bd.—Prairie a Myiodioctes mitratus, Aud—Hooded Warbler. ae pusillus, Bonap.—Green Black cap Fly-catcher. S Canadensis, Aud.—Canada Fly-catcher. Setophaga ruticilla, Sw—Red Start. 29 226 89. 90. 90° 91. 92. 93. 93.* REPORT OF THE Sub-Family Tanagrinae. . Pyranga rubra, Vieill —Scarlet Tanager. FAMILY HIRUNDINIDAE. Sub-Family Hirundininae. . Hirundo horreorum, Barton.—Barn Swallow. « Tunifrons, Say.—Cliff Swallow. - bicolor, View/—White-bellied Swallow. . Cotyle riparia, Bote—Bank Swallow. ““ serripennis, Bonap.—Rough-winged Swallow. . Progne purpurea, Bote.-—Purple Martin. FAMILY BOMBYCILLIDAE. . Ampelis garrulus, Zinn—Bohemian Wax-wing. " cedrorum, Bd.—Cedar Bird. FAMILY LANIIDAE. Sub-Family Lanvinae. . Collyrio borealis, Bd—Butcher Bird. “ excubitoroides, Bd —White-rumped Shrike. Sub-Family Vireoninae. . Vireo olivaceus, Vieill—Red-eyed Vireo. “ Noveboracensis, Bonap.—White-eyed Vireo. “ flavifrons, Viewl/.—Yellow-throated Vireo. FAMILY LIOTRICHIDAE. Sub-Family Miminae Mimus Carolinensis, Gray.—Cat Bird. Harporhynchus rufus, Cab—Brown Thrush. Sub-Family Troglodytinae. Thriothorus Ludovicianus, Bonap.—Great Carolina Wren, Cistothorus palustris, Cab—Long-billed Marsh Wren. Troglodytes aedon, Vieill—House Wren. - hyemalis, View?—Winter Wren. ae Americanus, Aud—Wood Wren. STATE ZOOLOGIST. 227 FAMILY CERTHIADAE. 94. Certhia Americana, Bonap.—American Creeper. 95. Sitta Carolinensis, @mel—White-bellied Nuthatch. 96. “ Canadensis, Linn.—Red-bellied Nuthatch. FAMILY PARIDAE. Sub-Family Polioptilinae. 97. Polioptila caerulea, Scl—Blue-Gray Fly-catcher. Sub-Family Parinae. 98. Parus atricapillus, Linn.—Black cap Titmouse. “98". “ Carolinensis, Aud —Carolina se FAMILY ALAUDIDAE. 99 Eremophila cornuta, Boie-—Shore Lark. FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE. Sub-Family Coccothraustinae. *69*. Carpodacus purpureus, Gray.—Purple Finch. 100 Chrysomitris trisfis, Bon —Yellow Bird. *100* “ pinus, Bon.—Pine Finch 101 Curvirostra Americana, Wilson—Red Cross bill. 102 of leucoptera, Wilson—White-winged Crossbill, 103 Aegiothus linaria, Cab.—Lesser Red Poll. 104 ™ canescens, Cab—Mealy Red Poll. 105 Piectrophanes nivalis, Meyer—Snow Bunting. Sub-Family Spizellinae. 106. Passerculus Savanna, Bonap—Savannah Sparrow. 107. Poocetes gramineus, ?d.—Grass Finch. 108. Chondestes grammaca, Ponop.—Lark Finch. 109. Zonotrichia leucophrys, Sw —White-crowned Sparrow. 110. a albicollis, Bonap—White-throated “ «110.* Junco Oregonus, Scl.—Oregon Snow Bird. lll. “ hyemalis, Sclater—Snow Bird. 112. Spizella monticola, Bd.—Tree Sparrow. 113. « pusilla, Bonap—Field « 228 REPORT OF THE 114. Spizella socialis, Bonap.—Chipping Sparrow. 115. Melospiza melodia, Bd.—Song ee 116. . palustris, Bd.—Swamp m Sub-Family Spizinae. 117. Euspiza Americana, Bonap.—Black-throated Bunting. 118. Guiraca Ludoviciana, Sw.—Rose-breasted Grosbeak. *118.* “ melanocephala, Sw.—Black-headed “« 119, Cyanospiza cyanea, Bd.—Indigo Bird. 120. Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Viei//—Chewink. FAMILY ICTERIDAE. Sub-Family Agelainae. 121. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Sw.—Boblink. 122. Molothrus pecoris, Sw.—Cow Blackbird. 123. Agelaius phceniceus, Vieill—Red-winged Blackbird. 124. Sturnella magna, Sw.—Meadow Lark. Sub-Family Icterinae. 125. Icterus spurius, Bonop.—Orchard Oriole. 126. ‘¢ Baltimore, Daud.—Baltimere Oriole. Sub-Family Quiscalinae. 127. Scolecophagus ferrugineus, Sw.—Rusty Grakle. 128. Quiscalus versicolor, Viewl—Crow Blackbird. EAMILY CORVIDAE. Sub Family Corvinae. 129. Corvus carnivorus, Part.—Raven. SO. 17 8 Americanus, Aud.—Crow. Sub-Family Garrulinae. 131. Cyanura cristatus, Sw.—Blue Jay. 132. Perisoreus Canadensis, Bonap.—Canada Jay. ORDER RASORES. SUB-ORDER COLUMBAE. FAMILY COLUMBIDAE. Sub-Family Columbinae. 133. Ectopistes migratoria, Sw—Wild Pigeon. STATE ZOOLOGIST. Sub-Family Zenaidinae. 134. Zenaidura Carolinensis, Bonap.—Mourning Dove. SUB-ORDER GALLINAE.* FAMILY PHASIANIDAE, Sub-Family Meleagrinae. 135. Meleagris gallopavo, Linn.—Wild Turkey. FAMILY TETRAONIDAE. 136. Tetrao Canadensis, Linn.—Canada Grouse. 137. Cupidonia cupido, Bd.—Prairie Chicken. 138. Bonasa umbellus, Sleph._—Ruffed Grouse, Partridge. FAMILY PERDICIDAE, 139. Ortyx Virginianus, Bonap.—Quail. ORDER GRALLATORES. SUB-ORDER HERODIONES. FAMILY GRUIDAE, *139.*Grus Canadensis, Temm.—Sand-hill Crane. a FAMILY ARDEIDAE. 140. Ardea Herodias, Linn.—Blue Heron. 141. Ardetta exilis, Gray —Least Bittern. 142. Botaurus lentiginosus, Steph.—Bittern. 143. Butorides virescens, Bonap.—Green Heron. 144. Nyctiardea gardeni, Bd.—Night Heron. SUB-ORDER GRALLAE. FAMILY CHARADRIDAE. 145. Charadrius Virginicus, Borck—Golden Plover. 146. Aegialitis vociferus, Cassin.—Kill-deer. 147. ¥ semipalmatus, Bon.—King Plover. 148. Squatarola Helvetica, Cuv.—Black-bellied Plover, FAMILY HAEMATOPODIDAE, 149. Strepsilas interpres, 7//.—Turnstone. FAMILY SCOLOPACIDAR, 150. Philohela minor, Gray.—W oodcock. 229 230 _ - REPORT OF THE 151. Gallinago Wilsonii, Bonap.—Wilson’s Snipe. 152. Macrorhamphus griseus, Leach.—Red-breasted Snipe. 153. Tringa canutus, Linn—Robin Snipe. 154. “ maculata, Vieill—Jack Snipe. 155. “ Wilsonii, Nuétall—Least Sandpiper. a5 Bonaparti, Sch. _156. Ereunetes petrificatus, 7//—Semipalmated Sandpiper. *156.° Micropalama himantopus, Bd.—Stilt o: Sub-Family Totaninae. » 157. Gambetta melanoleuca, Bon.—Tell Tale. 158. a? flavipes, Bon.—Yellow Legs. 159. Rhyacophilus solitarius, Bonap.—sSolitary Sandpiper. 160. Tringoides macularius, Gray.—Spotted = 161. Actiturus Bartramius, Bonap.—fField Plover. 162. Limosa fedoa, Ord.—Marbled Godwit. Sub-Family Rallinae. 163. Rallus Virginianus, Zinn.—Virginia Rail. 164. Porzana Carolina, Vieill]——Sora Rail. 165. - Noveboracensis, Bd.—Yellow Rail. 166. Fulica Americana, Gm.—Coot. *167. Gallinula galeata, Ronap.—Florida Gallinule. ORDER NATATORES. SUB-ORDER ANSERES. FAMILY ANATIDAE. Sub-Family Cygninae. 168. Cygnus Americanus, Sharpless.—Swan. Sub-Family Anserinae. 169. Anser hyperboreus, Pallas——Snow Goose. 170. Bernicla Canadensis, Bote—Canada “ Sub-Family Anatinae. 171. Anas boschas, Zinn.—Mallard. 172. “ obscura, Gm—Dusky Duck. 173. Dafila acuta, Jenyns.——Pintail Duck. STATE ZOOLOGIST. 231 174. Nettion Carolinensis, 2d —Green winged Teal. 175. Querquedula discors, Steph—Bluc-winged “ 176. Spatula clypeata, Bote—Spoonbill. 177. Chaulelasmus streperus, Gray—Gadwall; Gray Duck. 178. Mareca Americana, Sleph.—Baldpate; Widgeon. 179. Aix sponsa, Boie—Wood Duck. Sub Family Fuligulinae. 180. Fulix marila, Bd.—Scaup Duck 181. “ ~~ collaris, Bd—Ring-necked Duck. 182. Aythya Americana, Bon.—Red head. _ * vallisneria, Bon.—Canvas-back. 184. Bucephala Americana, 2d.—Golden Eye; Whistle Wing. 185. as albeola, Bd.—Butter Ball. 186. Harelda glacialis, Leach.—Old Wife. 187. Oidemia bimaculata, 2d—Huron Scoter. Sub Family Hrismaturinae. 188. Erismatura rubida, Bonap—Ruddy Duck. Sub-Family Merginae. 189. Mergus Americanus, Cassin.—Sheldrake. J serrator, Linn.—Red-breasted Merganser. 191. Lophodytes cucullatus, Reich—looded “ SUB-ORDER GAVIAE. FAMILY LARIDAE. Sub-Family Larinae. 192. Larus glaucus, Brunn.—Glaucous Gull. 193.. “ argentatus, Prunn.—Herring “ ¥10. B. Swainsoni. I am indebted to my friend Dr. Daniel Clark, of Flint, for an opportunity of examining a specimen of this rare buzzard, which was shot in Genesee county last summer, and is now preserved in the museum of the Flint Scientific Institute. 341.8 Sayornis Sayus, Bd. On the authority of Rev. Charles Fox, who shot a specimen at ¢ Owosso, Shiawassee county, July, 1853 The species in the catalogue marked ‘ ®’ were obtained at Gross Isle, Wayne Co., by Prof. Fox, and are given on his authority. *167. G. galeata. This gallinule is frequently seen in the southern parts of the State. I] have seen several specimens as far north as Saginaw Bay, and am informed by Mr. John. Sharp, at the Saginaw Light-house, that it breeds in the marshes at the mouth of Sagl- baw River. 239 REPORT OF THE 194. Larus Delawarensis, Ord —Ring-billed Gull. 195. Chroicocepha'us atricilla, Linn —Laughing Gull. 196. _ Philadelphia, Lawrence —Bonaparte’s Gull. Sub-Family Sterninae. 197. Sterna Wilsoni, Bonop.—Wilson’s Tern. “197% “ | frenata, Gambel—Least - *198. Hydrochelidon plumbea, Lawrence—Black Tern. FAMILY COLYSIBIDAE. Sub-Family Colymbinae. 199. Colymbus torquatus, Brunn.—Loon. Sub Family Podicipinae. 200. Podiceps griseigena, Gray—Red-necked Grebe. 201. * cristatus, Lath.—Crested 66 202. g: cornutus, Lath --Horned " 203. Podilymbus podiceps, Lawrence.—Pied-bill « CLASS FP Tita: ORDER TESTUDINATA. SUB-ORDER AMYDAE. FAMILY TRIONYCHIDAE, *], Amyda mutica, Fitz. *2. Aspidonectes spinifer, 4g —Soft-shelled Turtle. FAMILY CHELYDROIDAE. 3. Chelydra serpentina, Sechw.—Snapping Turtle. FAMILY CINOSTERNOIDAE. *4, Ozotheca odorata, Ag. 5. Thyrosternum Peunsylvanicum, Ag.—Musk Turtle. FAMILY EMYDOIDAE. %. Grantemys geographica, Ag. *x198. H. plumbea. I shot severai spec meus of this beautiful tern last June, on the shore of Saginaw Bay. From the number of individuals in that vicinity I supposed it to be breeding there. STATE ZOOLOGIST. 233 7. Graptemys LeSueurii, Ag. *8. Chrysemys marginata, Aq. 9. Emys Meleagris, Ag. “10. Nanemys guttata Ag. ORDER OPHIDIA. FAMILY CROTALIDAE. 11. Crotalophorus tergeminus, Holb,—Massasauga. FAMILY COLUBRIDAE. *12. Eutaenia saurita, B. & G.—Striped Snake. 13. * sirtalis, B & G.—Garter Snake. 14. Nerodia sipedon, B. d G.—Water Snake. 15. « — Agassizii, B. & G. 16. Regina leberis, B. é G.—Striped Water Snake. "17. Heterodon platyrhinos, Latr—Blowing Viper. *18. Scotophis vulpinus, B. & G. 19. Ophibolus eximius, B. & G.— Milk Snake. 20. Bascanion constrictor, B. d& G—Black Snake. 21. - Foxii, B. & G. 22. Chlorosoma vernalis, B. & G.—Green Snake. 23. Diadophis punctatus, B. d G.—Ring-necked Snake. 24. Storeria Dekayi, B. & G. , 25. “ _ occipito maculata, B. & G. *1. A. mutica. This species seems to be comparatively rare. I have seen but a few speci- mens which would indicate that its range is confined to the southern parts of the State. *2. A. spinifer. The common soft shell turtle is found throughout the southern half of the Lower Peninsula. It is frequently met with as far north as Genesee county, and in the streams of the eastern, as well as the western slope of the State. #4. 0. odorata. The carapace of a small turtle obtained in Oakland county I have referred to this species, but as the specimen is imperfect I may be incorrect in including the Species in our fauna. «8. C. marginata. This is the most abundant species of the Testudinata in our State. It was formerly confounded with C. picta, but was separated by Prof. Agassis in his contribu- tions to the Natural History of the United States. I am not aware that the latter spe - cies is found in Michigan. : #10. N. guttata. Four specimens of this beautiful species have been collected within the two years. One in Genesee county, one from Saginaw Bay, and the others from Oak- land county. On comparison with a specimen from Massachusetts, they appear to be identical, the only difference noticed being the darker color of the plastron in the Mich- igan epecimens. 30 234 REPORT OF THE CLASS BATRACHIA. ORDER ANURA. FAMILY BUFONIDAE. 26. Bufo Americanus, LeConte. FAMILY HYLADAE. 27. Acris crepitans, Bd. 28, Hyla versicolor, LeConte. 29. 4 Pickeringii, Holl. *30. Helocetes triseriatus, Bd. FAMILY RANIDAE, 31. Rana Catesbiana, Shaw.—Bull Frog. 32. ‘ fontinalis, LeConte——Spring Frog. 33. “ pipiens, Gmel.Shad Frog. 34. “ palustris, LeConte.—Pickerel Frog. 39. “ sylvatica, LeConte-—Wood Frog. ORDER URODELA. ATRETODERA. FAMILY AMBYSTOMIDAE. 36. Ambystoma punctatum, Bd. 37. *38. x12. E. saurita. a luridum, Bd. “a laterale, Hall. This well-marked species is comparatively rare. I have seen but three or rer x17. x18. four specimens that have been collected within the limits of the State. H. platyrhinos. I have not seen this species, but give it a place in our fauna on the authority of Prof. A. Sager, the able Zoologist of the former Geological corps, to whom J am indebted for many acts of kindness and encouragement. . S. vulpinus. The only specimens of this species collected are from the vicinity of Sagi- naw Bay, where it is found in abundance. Although perfectly harmless. it has the unfounded reputation, in that locality, of being venomous and is therefore much dreaded. . H. triseriatus. Iam not acquainted with this species, but give it a place in the cata- logue on the authority of Prof. Baird. . A. laterale. An immature specimen from Saginaw Bay, I have referred to this species. . P. erythronota. This is a common and widely distributed species, being found through- out the State as far north as Lake Superior. . Ihave several undetermined specimens of Necturus, some of which will probably prove to be N. maculatus. +. - ee Se ol perspectiva, Say. “ profunda, Say. « pulchella, Miller. « Sayu, Binney. « solitaria, Say. ‘ striatella, Anth. “ thyroides, Say. “tridentata, Say. Bulimus marginatus, Say. Achatina lubrica, Dull. Succinea campestris, Say. avara, Say. “ ovalis, Say. o vermetus, Say. i obliqua, Say. Pupa pentodon, Say. « armifera, Say. “ contracta, Say. Vertigo Gouldu, Binn. « ovata, Say. «“ gimplex, Gid. FAMILY AURICULIDAE. Carychium exiguum, Say. FAMILY LIMNEIDAE. . Planorbis armifera, Say. - bicarinatus, Say. " campauulatus, Say. a deflectus, Say. ” exacuius, Say. te lentus, Say. * parvus, Say. STATE ZOOLOGIST. 56. Planorbis trivolvis, Say. *5T. truncatus, Nobis. 58. Physa heterostropha, Say. 59. 60. 61. « elongata, Say. a Hildrethiana, Lea. vinosa, Gid. 62. Limnea appressa, Say. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 10. 71. 72. 13. 14. 15. 76. 11. 78. 19. 80. $1. 82. 83. 84. *85, 86. 87. 88. columella, Say. caperata, Say. desidiosa, Say. elodes, Say. gracilis, Say. jugularis, Say. modicellus, Say. reflexa, Hald. umbilicata, Adams. umbrosa, Say. pallida, Adams. Ancylus fuscus, Adams. paralellus, Hald. tardus, Say. FAMILY MELANITADAE. Melania Virginica, Say. depygis, Say. Niagarensis, Lea. neglecta, Anth. livescens, Menka. pulchella, Anth. FAMILY PALUDINIDAE Valvata sincera, Say. “ ae tricarinata, Say. humeralis, Say. Paludina decisa, Say. “ee integra, Say. iscgona, Say. 23T 238 REPORT OF THE x89. Paludina obesa, Lewes. a ponderosa, Say. , 91. “ rufa, Hald. 92. Amnicola grana, Gould. 93. : lapidaria, Say. 94. “s pallida, Hald. CLASS ACEPHALA. SIPHONIDA. FAMILY CYCLADIDAE. 95. Spheerium occidentale, Prime. 96. “ partumeia, Say. 97. “ce ~~ solidulum, Prime. x2. H. alternata. This seems to be the most widely distributed mollusk In the State, being found everywhere as far north as Lake Superior. x14. H. hydrophyla. I am indebted for this species to Mr. O. A. Currier, of Grand Rapids, who has made extensive collections in the Grand River Valley, and has a valuable cabinet of native shells to which he has given me free access, thus materially facilitat- ing my labors in this departmeut. x29. H. pulchella. Mr. Albert D. White, who has rendered me valuable assistance in collect- ing Zoological specimens, has furnished a suite of the Helicidae from Ann Arbor, con- taining this species. It is found there in abundance. x52. P. deflectus. This species is added to the catalogue on the authority of Mr. Currier. x67. P. truncatus, nobis. Shell sub-orbicular, color light chestnut ; the right side deeply umbilicated, the concavity bordered by an obtuse carina; the volutionsseen from this side are scarcely more than two; left side truncated, presenting a flat surface extend. ing across all the whorls, the suture being marked by a minute raised line, which likewise extends around the edge of the truncation; the space between the volutions of this raised line, as well as the entire body of the shell, is beautifully marked with delicate longitudinal lines, which are crossed by the minute, raised, transverse lines of growth; the longitudinal lines are scarcely distinguishable without the aid of a micro- scope; whorls on left side four or five; aperture ovate, widest on the right side, which extends beyond the general plane of that side of the shell;,the lip on the left side is straight for a short distance from the body whorl, and in a line with the truncated plane, at the outer edge of which it forms an angle, marked on the inner surface by a slight groove, corresponding to the raised line separating the whorls on the outside; lip thin, slightly thickened by a bluish-white callus, bordered on the inner edge by a purplish band; the longitudinal lines, as well as the transverse lines of growth, are distinctly seen within the aperture. Measurements, .6—.35. Hab. Saginaw Bay. In afew specimens the growth of the whorls has not been in the same plane, leaving a slightly projecting turreted spire on the left side. x85. V. humeralis. Grand River. Mr. Currier’s cabinet. x89. P. obesa. Grand River Valley. Cabinet of Mr. Currier. STATE ZOOLOGIST. 98. Spherium striatinum, Lam. 99. ss sulcatum, Zam. 100. Pisidium abditum, Jald. 101. compressum, Prime. 102. ventricosum, Prime. 103. Virginicum, Bot. ASIPHONIDA. FAMILY UNIONIDAE. 104. Unio alatus, Say. 105. “ asperrimus, Lea. 106. “ bullatus, Raf 107. “ coccineus, Hild. 108. “ complanatus, Lea. 109. “ coelatus, Con. "110. “ cariosus, Say. lll. “ circulus, Lea. 112. “ ellipsis, Lea.’ 113. “ elegans, Lea. 114. “ gibbosus, Bar. 115. “ gracilis, Bar. “116. “ glans, Lea. 117. “ Hildrethianus, Lea. 118. “ iris, Lea. 119. “ lapillus, Say 120. “* levissimus, Lea. *121. “ Juteolus, Lam. 122. “ ligamentinus, Lam. 123. “ multiradiatus, Lea. 124. “ Novi-Eboraci, Lea. 125. “ nasutus, Say. 126. “ occidens, Lea. 127. “ plicatus, Say. 128. “ perplexus, Lea. 129. “ penitus, Con. 130. “ pressus, Lea. 239 240 REPORT OF THE 131. Unio phaseolus, Hild. 132. “ rectus, Lam. 133. “ rubiginosus, Lea. *134. “ lepresus, Nobis. 135. <“ subrotundus, Lea. 136. ‘“ Schoolcraftensis, Lea. 137. “ spatulata, Lea. 138. ‘“ subovatus, Lea. 139. <“ tenuissimus, Lea. 140. “ trigonus, Lea. 141. “ triangularis, Bar. 142. “* undulatus, Bar. 143. “ verrucosus, Bar. 144. ‘“ ventricosus, Bar. 145. Alasmodon rugosa, Bar. 146. a marginata, Say. 147. x deltoides, Lea. 148, Anodonta Benedictii, Lea. 149. “3 cataracta, Say. 150. A edentula, Lea. x110. U. cariosus. I give this species on the authority of Prof. Sager. ‘ x116. U. glans. This shell was found in the Clinton River, at Pontiac, Oakland county, by Mr. John A. McNiel, an enthusifstic and indefatigable collector of shelis, residing at Grand Rapids. x121. U. luteolus. This bivalve presents a great variety in form and appearance, and is found in every part of the State. Among the collections are several well marked varieties that may prove to be distinct species on further examination. *134. U. leprosus,nobis. Shell, thick, oblong, transverse, very inequilateral, compressed to wards the basal margin; posterior extremity rounded, nearer the basal than the dor- sal margin; anterior extremity sub-truncate; beaks slightly elevated; anterior lunule distinct, extending between the beaks; umbona] slope rounded, prominent; basal and hinge margins nearly parallel; epidermis reddish brown, somewhat roughened by the lines of growth; cardinal teeth massive, prominent; lateral teeth long, elevated, slightly eurved; nacre white iridescent, with dark blotches towards the beaks, rough- ened by numerous pearlaceous tubercles; anterior cicatrices large, deep; posterior cicatrices large, confluent, slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices deeply impressed, sit- uated in the shallow cavity of the beaks. Diam. 1.56. Length, 2.65. Breadth, 6, Hab. Huron River Livingston county. x148. There are undoubtedly several additional species of the genus Anodonta, in the col- lections already made, which have not been determined, some of which may prove to be undescribed. I am indebted to Mr. Currier’s cabinet for several species in - the eaialogue of this genus. STATE ZOOLOGIST. 151. Anodonta fluviatilis, Lea. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 31 Ferrussaciana, Lea. Footiana, Lea. imbecilis, Say. modesta, Lea. ovata, Lea. plana, Lea. pallida, Anth. Pepiniana, Lea. Shafferiana, Lea. subcylindracea, Lea. 241 Fe » vi’ { j js ” iy * - s ¥ i ’ Cah siesta, id: aT) mg eae hein oe Sv eat af y Vale’ wud a ip A Sy ia | | Toh 8 ‘an tet ai ace oO “tv Ty . psd seston i pee .. bee ilivadart, 4 ; ane ae ateshout ay pa, shiva: “psd nantes “lick, ebiliney ook ansindqot oad ecairtiad? ( | ¢ ; : z * _ » gel caoetbailyodsa . »* ro ' i] f > ‘ a ‘ad ‘Bary - } 1) ~ 2 : ie) ps 4.3 Shae ‘ ; - 4 ‘ ey ft iw { j ' € “ F ,\ _ - *) ‘ ' is : : r 5 ° i , i ee x’ e Sire etd ec, nb, Siter 7) é t } i Asy ae. uJ . wn 6 » 85 MoS . 4 * ot Pil = . pegw hid ; . Vilvieee Ft raf a i . / + 2 My “uf Se eid — et } wes ed | Ia S ‘ s ad rom J er itn Liege re é any fo ay. SA ive ~ tales, aaed ' iy" ‘ coh 4 4 : , | 1. wg Ey Tis iol tae oie tebe 7 “_ yy) ET W f i "Hy ‘ Bey . ne PRS vie lye AyntrOeng@s ’ ay, " vom } Vas aa ply db r eel at 4 ry a wt Pere rrr BOTANY. - a : 4 . ¥ a . v4! _ \ — " . - . ri rs ? 2 - " / 4 - » = 7 \ - * * . . a) - = a i. . * = a : . . * ‘ al o a ¢ ’ 2a a . 4 , 7c . wae ri A : i ’ | Peds Ral F -- : - a ' ’ % re ' ' ' 4 f (us : ‘ =" — / a - * vw \ * < id , j Peck 1 t ‘ . ¥ al 5 et i. d 1 Po ee yi a » . , é i i ' , Ls i , wt! ‘ ‘ a 4 ‘\ a ¥ s a Pa i _ t: / ; , A t : + f . . Pa ah 7 F L t . i i. ‘ a ft ft TI HK. Zi 7 Bee il. CHAPTER IX. CATALOGUE OF PHA NOGAMOUS AND ACROGENOUS PLANTS FOUND GROWING WILD IN THE LOWER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN AND THE ISLANDS @4T THE HEAD OF LAKE HURON. During the season of 1859, no special botanical assistant was connected wit the survey. As the work of 1860, was to ex- tend into portions of the State less known to the botanist, Mr. N. H. Winchell was selected to accompany the exploring party in the special capacity of botanical collector and assistant, and the following catalogue has been drawn up by his hands. The fullowing are the sources from which the materials for this catalogue have been derived: 1. The observations of the geological parties in 1859 and 1860. = 2. The catalogue published by Dr. Wright in the Geological Report of 1888. 3. The University Herbarium which contains many plants collected after the publication of Dr. Wright’s Calalogue. A list of these plants was made out at my request, and the whole collection arranged by Mr. E. E. Baldwin. 4. The catalogue prepared by W. D. Whitney, of plants ob- served in the Lake Superior Land District, and published in Foster and Whitney’s Report, vol. ii. 5. The notes of Miss Mary Clark, of Ann Arbor, an entbusi- astic botanist and collector from various parts of the State. 6. A collection of plants made in the neighborhood of Fort Gratiot, near the foot of Lake Huron, by Mr. E. P. Austin, As- sistant on the Coast Survey of the lakes. 246 REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 7. Observations made by the writer during several years past in the vicinity of Ann Arbor. 8. A very few species have been admitted on the authority of Gray’s Manual of Botany. The catalogue shows, except in the case of very common plants, every locality where each species was noted, and, affixed to this, the date, provided the plant was seen in flower. Such plants as are common to this list and Dr. Wright’s, have their localities designated, in a general way, by initials correspond- ing to the four quarters of the Lower Penin8ula, thus: “S. E., (Wright),”. “«S. W., (Wright),” &c. All other localities are definitely stated, and the authority, if other than our own ob- servations, follows in parenthesis. The corrections of nomen: clature within the space of 20 years have converted many of Dr. Wright’s names into synonyms, which are made to follow the modern name thus: Hepatica triloba, Chaix, (H. Ameri _ cana— W. ) For the purpose of convenient reference, as well as economiz- ing space, the common names of most of the species have been placed in the left hand margin opposite the scientific names. ' LIST OF PLANTS. RANUNCULACES, Virgin's Bower. Clematis virginiana, L. (C. virginica—W.) Many Cleft. Anemone. Long Fruited Anemone. Tall Anemone. Pennsylvanian Anemone. Wind Flower. Round Lobed Hepatica. Sharp Lobed Hepatica. Rue Anemone. Early Meadow Rue. Meadow Rue. White Water- Crowfoot. Yellow Water- Crowfoot. Spearwort. Creeping Spear- wort. Emmet Co.; Ann Arbor, (Wright.) Anemone multifida, DC. Mouth Saginaw River, 14 June; Mackinac. Anemone cvlindrica, Gray. Ann Arbor; Pigeon R., 18 June. Anemone virginiana, L. Drummond’s I.; Ann Arbor, (Wright); Ft. Gratiot, (Austin). Anemone Pennsylvanica, L. (A. acontifolia.— W.) Shore Saginaw B.; Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot. Anemone nemoroesa, L. Ann Arbor, very common; Ft. Gratiot. Hepatica triloba, Chaix. (H. americana.— W,) Ann Arbor; very common. Hepatica acutiloba, DC. Ann Arbor, very common; S. W. (Wright.) Thalictrum anemonoides, Michx. Ann Arbor. Thalictrum dioicum, L. Ann Arbor. Thalictrum Cornnti, L. Ann Arbor; Stone I. , Saginaw B.; Sulphur I., north of Drummond’s; FP. Gratiot. Ranunculus aquatilis, L. var. divaricatus. Ann Arbor; Middle I., Lake Huron, 9 July; Ft. Gratiot. Ranunculus Purshii, Richards. (var. fluviatilis— Univ. Herb.) Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot. Ranunculus Flammula, L. var. reptans St: Mary’s R., 31 July; S. E. (Univ. Herb ); L. of Lilies, (Afies Clark.) Ranunculus rhomboideus, Goldie. “ Prairies, Michigan,’’ (Gray.) . 248 Small Flowered Crowfoot. Cursed Crowfoot. Hooked Crow- foot. Bristly Crowfoot. Early Crowfoot. Creeping Crow- foot. Buttercups. Marsh Marigold. Spreading Globe- Three leaved Goldthread. Wild Columbine. Tall Larkspur. Orangeroot. Red Baneberry. White Baneberry & Cohosh. Black Snakeroot. Tulip-tres, Common Papaw. Canadian Moon- seed. REPORT OF THE Ranunclus abortivus, L. Ann Arbor, common; Stone I., Saginaw Bay; Ft. Gratiot. var. micranthus. Ann Arbor; Drummond’s I. Ranunculus sceleratus, L. Ann Arbor; St. Helena I., L. Mich., 10 Aug.; Ft. Gratiot. Ranunculus recurvatus, Poir. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot. Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus, L. 8. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark.) Ranunculus fascicularis, Muhl. Ann Arbor, common. Ranunculus repens, L. Ann Arbor; Pigeon R., 18 June. Ranunculus acris, L. Mackinac, 19 July; Saut St. Marie, abundant as well as at Mackinac; Ft. Gratiot. Catha palustris, L. Ann Arbor, Sturgeon Pt., L. Huron; very large, deeply crenate leaves. Trollius laxus, Salisb. “* Deep swamps, Mich.’’ (Gray.) Coptis trifolia, Salisb. 8. E. (Wright); Mont Lake, (Miss Clark.) Aquilegia Canadensis, L. Ann Arbor; shore of Saginaw B.; Drummond’s I.; Ft. Gratiot. Delphinium exaltatum, Ait. ‘‘ Rich soil,’”? (Gray.) Hydrastis Canadensis, L. Ann Arbor, (Wright.) Actaea spicata, L. var.rubra, Michx. (A. rubra— W.) Shore of Saginaw Bay ; Drummond’s i Ann Arbor; (Miss Clark). var. alba, Michx. (A. alba.— W.) Ann Arbor; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich. Cimcifuga racemosa, Ell. S. E. (Univ. Herb). MAGNOLIACEA. Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. Ann Arbor. ANONACEZ. Asimina triloba, Dunal. Monroe Co.; Farmington ; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). MENISPERMACEZ. Menispermum Canadense, L S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). PTOI IOY. Bee Water-shield. Sweet-scented Water-Lily. Yellow Pond Lily Spatter-dock. Yellow Pond Lily Spatter-dock. Pitcher-plant. Blood-root. STATE GEOLOGIST. 249 BERBERIDACES. Caulophyllum thalictroides, Michx. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Podophyllum peltatum, L. Ann Arbor, very common; shore of Saginaw Bay; Ft. Gratiot. Jeffersonia diphylla, Pers. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). CABOMBACE. Brasenia peltata, Pursh. 8. E. (Univ. Herb). NYMPH-EACES. Nymphea odorata, Ait. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot. Nuphar advena, Ait. Saginaw B., common,15 June; St. Mary’s R., jn flower July 81; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark); F. Gratiot. Nuphar Kalmiana, Pursh, Saginaw B., 15 June; S. W. (Wright). SARRACENIACE.2. Sarracenia purpureg, L. Ann Arbor; near “‘ sitting rabbit,’’ 17 Aug. PAPAVERACE. Sanguinaria Canadensis, L. Ann Arbor; St. Joseph’s I. FURMARIACEAE. Adlumia cirrhosa, Raf. Middle J., L. Haron, 9 July; Grand Rapids, (Miss Clark). Dicentra Cucullaria, DC. Detroit, (Austin). © Dicentra Canadensis, DC. Cape Ipperwash, C. W., (Austin). Will undoubtedly be found within our limits. Corydalis aurea, Willd. Middle I., L. Huron, 9 July; Drummond’s I, 23 July. Corydalis glanca, Pursh. Sanilac, (Austin); Drummond’s IJ., 23 July, has the spur and lower part of corolla pale red, and the upper part, with the tips of the petals, con ; less common than the preceding, both preferring the vicin- ty of new 32 250 Water cress. Marsh cress. Lake cress. Horseradish. Toothwort, Pep- per root. Toothwort, Pep- per-root. Spring cress. Cuckoo-flower. Common Bitter cress. Rock cress. Rock cress. Rock cress. Sickle pod. Tower mustard. Winter cress, Yellow rocket. REPORT OF THE CRUCIFERA. Nasturtium officinale, R. Br. Northfield, Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Nasturtium palustre, DC. Ann Arbor; shore of Saginaw Bay. Nasturtium amphibium, R. Br. S. Michigan, (Wright). Nasturtium lacustre, Gray. (N. natans—W.) S. E. (Univ. Herb). Nasturtium Armoracia, Fries. Ann Arbor; Pigeon river, 18 June. Dentaria diphylla, L. Ann Arbor. Dentaria laciniata, Muhl. Ann Arbor; N. E. (Univ. Herb). Cardamine rhomboidea, DC. Ann Arbor. yar. purpurea, Torr. Ann Arbor. Cardamine pratensis, L. Ann Arbor; 8. W. (Wright); Livingston Co., (Miss Clark). Cardamine hirsuta. L. St. Helena I., L. Mich.,20 Aug.; 8. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). var. Virginica, Michx. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Arabis lyrata, L. Sand Pt. Saginaw B.,17 June; S. E. (Wright); Mont Lake, (Miss Clark), The specimens seen at Sand Pt. were the variety (Sisymbrium ara- bidotdes, Hook.) peculiar to ‘‘ Upper Michigan and northward.” Arabis hirsuta, Scop. (A. saqittata— W.) Middle I., L. Huron, 8 July; 8S. E. (Wright). Arabis levigata, NC. Alpena; S. Michigan, (Wright). Arabis Canadensis, L. S. E. (Wright). Turritis glabra, L. Gros cap, L. Mich., 18 Aug. Turritis stricta, Graham. Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June. Turritis brachycarpa, Torr. & Gray. Ann Arbor; Alpena; Ft. Gratiot, (Gray). Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br. Thunder B. Is.; St. Helena I.. L. Mich., in blossom here 20 Aug., as it was at Thunder B. July 7th. Hedge Mustard. Tansy Mustard. White Mustard. Field Mustard, Charlock. Black Mustird. Whitlow-grass. Whitlow-grass. Wild pepper- grass. Shepherd’s purse American sea- rocket. Roun‘ -leaved Violet. Sweet White Violet. , Common Blue, Violet. Hand-leaf Violet. Arrow-leaved Violet. Bird-foot Violet. Long-spurred Violet. Dog Violet. STATE GEOLOGIST. Sisymbrium officinale, Scep. Ann Arbor. Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. Shore of L. Mich. ? Sinapis alba, L. Ann Arbor. Sinapis arvensis, L, Ann Arbor. Sinapis nigra, L. Ann Arbor. Draba arabisans, Michx. “Upper Michigan,’’ (Gray). Draba nemorosa, L. Fi. Gratiot, (Gray). Lepidium Virginieum, L. Ann Arbor; Saginaw Bay, 14 June. Lepidium ‘ntermedium, Gray. N. W. (Gray). Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Ann Arbor; Saut St. Marie, 30 July. Abundant cverwhere. Cakile Americana, Nutt. 251 Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., 18 Aug. ; frequently seen on sandy beaches; rare- ly seen with both joints of ‘the pod containixg a perfect seed. CAPPARIDACE 2, Polanisia graveolens, Raf. & Michigan, (Wright). VIOLACES, Viola rotundifolia, Michx. Sugar Island. Viola blanda, Willd. Ann Arbor; North shore L. Mich. Viola cucullata, Ait. Ann Arbor; Saginaw B.; Drummond’s I.; Ft. Gratiot. var. palmata, , Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Viola sagittata, Ait. (V. ovata—W.) Ann Arbor; Detroit, (Miss Clark). Viola pedata, L. Anp Arbor. Viola rostrata, Pursh. Ann Arbor, common in May. Vi a Muhlenbergii, Torr. Ann Arbor. 252 Pale violet. Canada Violet. Downy Yellow Violet. Frostweed. Hudsonia. Pin-weed. Round-leaved Sundew. Grass of Parnas- sus. Grass of Parnas- sus. Giant St. Johns- wort. Shrubby St. Johns-wort. Common. St. Johns-wort. — REPORT OF THE Viola striata, Ait. Ann Arbor. j Viola Canadensis, L. | Ann Arbor; Emmet Co., 26 Aug. Viola puvescens, Ait. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Emmet Co.; common. var. erlocarpa, Nutt. Ann Arbor; Emmet Co.; common. CISTACEZ, , Helianthemum Canadense, Michx. Ann Arbor; Mouth Saginaw R., 14 June. Hudsonia tomentosa, Nutt. S. Michigan, (Univ. Herb). Lechea major, Michx. S. Mich., (Wright). DROSERACEA. Drosera rotundifolia, L. Mouth Saginaw R.; Saut St. Marie, 28 July. Drosera longifolia, L. 8. Michigan, (Wright). PARNASSIACE, Parnassia palustris, L. Ann Arbor; Drummond’s I., 22 July, none of the leaves heart-shaped, though the sterile filaments were about 9. Parnassia Caroliniana, Michx. (P. Americana—W.) North shore of L. Mich., 17 Aug.; S. Mich. (Wright). HYPERICACE. Hypericum pyramidatum, Ait. (H. Acyroides——W.) S. Mich. (Wright); Ft. Gratiot. Hypericum Kalmianum, L. Ft. Gratiot, Gros Cap, L. Mich., 18 Aug.; Port Huron, ‘‘ marshy margin of river,’’ (Miss Clark); S. Mich. (Wright). } . ° a Hypericum prolificum, L. Drummond’s I., 22 July ; S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor. Hypericum corymbosum, Muhl. (ZH. punctatum—W.) Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot, S. Mich. (Wright). Hypericum perforatum, L. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Hypericum ellipticum, Hook. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Hypericum mutilum, L. (4. parviflorum.— W.) S. W. (Wright); “Elmwood,” (Miss Clark). Marsh St. John’s- wort. Marsh St. John’s- wort. Common Soap- wort, Bounc- ing Bet. Cow-Herb. Starry Campion. —" Catch- Wild Pink. Sleepy Catchfiy. Corn-Cockle. Sandwort. Stitchwort. Long-stalked Stitchwort. Mouse-ear Chick- weed. Field Chickweed. STATE GEOLOGIST 253. Hypericum Canadense, L. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Sulphur I., north of Drummond’s, 8 Aug.; 8. W. (Wright). Elodea Virginica, Nutt. (Hypericum Virginicum-- W.) S. Michigan, (Wright). Elodea petiolata, Pursh. Grosse Isle, (Miss Clark). CARYOPHYLLACE 2. Saponaria officinalis, L. Ann Arbor, S. Michigan, (Wright). Vaccaria vulgaris, Host. (Saponaria vaccaria— W.), S. Michigan, (Wright). Silene stellata, Ait. S. Michigan, (Wright). Silene Virginica, L. S. Mich. (Univ. Hesb). Silene Pennsylvanica, Michx. Mont Lake, (Miss Clark). Silene antirrhina, L. Mouth of Saginaw River, 14 June ; S. E. (Wright). Silene noctiflora, L. Port Huron, (Miss Clark). Agrostemma Githago, L. Ann Arbor. Alsine Michauxii, Fenzl. (Arenaria stricta—W.) S. Mich. (Wright). Arenaria serpyllifolia, L. Ann Arbor ; Mackinac, 19 July, common. Meehringia lateriflora, L. ( Arenaria lateriflora— W.) 8. Mich. (Wright). Stellaria media, Smith. Ft. Gratiot, S. Mich. (Wright). Stellaria longifolia, Muhl. Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Bruce Mine, Ca., 26 July. Stellaria longipes, Goldie. Gros Cap, L. Mich., 18 Aug., abundant in pure sand. Cerastinm vulgatum, L. Ann Arbor ; Mackinac, 19 July. Cerastium arvense, L. 8. Michigan, (Univ. Herb.) Larger Mouse-car Cerastum viscosum, L, Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Willow-Creek, 20 June. 254 ‘Corn Spurrey. Forked Chick- weed. Carpet-weed. Common Purs- lane. Spring Beauty. Common Mallow. Velvet-Leaf. Bladder Ketmia. Basswood, Lin- den. Wild Flax. Larger Yellow Flax. Common Flax. Violet Wood- Sorrel. Yellow Wood- sorrel. REPORT OF THE Spergula arvensis, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Anychia dichotoma, Michx. S. W. (Wright). Mollugo verticillata, L. Ft. Gratiot ; S. Mich. (Wright). PORTULACACE. Portulaca oleracea, L. Ann Arbor; common. Claytonia Virginica, L. Ann Arbor; Mackinac, (Whitney). MALVACE. Malva rotundifolia, L. Ann Arbor. Abutilon Avicennae, Gaertn. Ann Arbor. : Hibiscus Trionum, L. Ann Arbor. TILIACEZ. Tilia Americana, L. (7. glabra.— W ) Ann Arbor; Drummond’s I.; Emmet Co.; Antrim Co.; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich. The Basswood is of frequent occurrence throughout the Southern Peninsula, nowhere forming, however, a considerable por- tion of the forest growth. It is most common along the inland lakes of Emmet and Antrim counties, whefe it attains a large size, comparing favorably with the surrounding Elms, Beaches and Birches, in the beauty of its foliage andsymmetry of its trunk. LINACEZ. Linum Virginianum, L. S. Mich., (Wright). Linum Boottii, Planchon. 8. Michigan, (Univ. Herb). Linum usitatissimum, L. S. Mich., (Wright). z OXALIDACEZ. Oxalis violacea, L. 8. E. (Univ. Herb). Oxalis stricta, L. Ann Arbor. Oxalis corniculata, L. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.) STATE GEOLOGIST. 255 GERANIACES. Wild Cranesbill. Geranium maculatum, L. Ann Arbor, common ; 8. shore of Saginaw B.,common. * Carolina Cranes- Geranium Carolinianuin, L = Drummond's L.; Alcona Co.,1 July. Occurs sparingly throughout the northern counties. Herb Robert. Geranium Robertianum, L. Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June ; S. Mich. (Wright); Middle I., L. Huron ; Drummond's 1; Mackinac. Mure common than the preceding. BALSAMINACEA, Pale Touch-me- Tmpatiens pallida, Nutt. ‘ Bruce Mine, Ca., 27 July ; S. E. (Wright); Sugar I., abundant, 1 Aug. ee gee Impatiens fulva, Nutt. y Ann Arbor; Sugar J.,31 July; Branch L., Antrim Co. The prevailing Species. RUTACEX. Northern Prickly ‘Ash, Toothache Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B. aris dl Trefol; Ptelea trifoliata, L. f erage S. Mich., (Wright). ANACARDIACES. . Shaghorn Su- —s- Rhus tvphina, L. Ann Arbor; Stone J., Saginaw B., 16 June; Emmet Co.; Grand Traverse Co.; S. W. (Wright). Smooth Sumach. Rhus glabra, L. Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B.; N. shore of L. Mich.; S. W. (Wright). Dwarf Sumach. Rhus copalina, L, S. W. (Wright); Detroit, (Miss Clark). Poison Sumach > ats ' or Dogwood, hus venenata, DC. S. Mich. (Wright). Poison Ivy. Rhus Toxicodendron, L. Poison Oak. Ann Arbor ; Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June; common in the countics oe on L Huron ; Sault St. Marie, common ; less common on Mich. Rhus radicans, I. Bear Creek, Emmet Co.; 8. E. (Wright). Fragrant Sumach Rhus aromatica, Ait. Dover, (Miss Clark). VITACEZ. SummerGrape. Vitis wstivalis, Michx. Ann Arbor; 8. Mich. (Wright). 256 REPORT OF THE Winter or Frost Vitis cordifolia, Michx. Grape. Virginian Creep- er. Buckthorn. New Jersey Tea. Wax-work. Climbing Bitter- sweet. Burning-Bush. Waahoo. Strawberry Bush American Blad- der-nut. Fetid or Ohio Buc .eye. Striped Maple. Mountain Maple. Sugar Maple. Black Sugar Maple. White or Silver Maple. Red or Swamp Maple. Ash-leaved Ma- ple, Box-Elder. Ann Arbor ; eneaca? sI.; Stone I., Saginaw B.; Sand dunes of Em- met Co. , its vines cover ing the surface of the sand in abundance, " var riparia, ( V. riparia— W.) S. E. (Wright). Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. Charity Is., Sag. B., 27 June ; Ann Arbor. RHAMNACEZ Rhamnus alnifolius, L’Her. (2. franguloideus— W.) S. E. (Wright). Ceanothus Americanus, L. Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Sand Pt. , Saginaw B., 17 June ; Emmet Co. CELASTRACE. Celastrus scandens, L. Ann Arbor ; 8S. W. (Wright). Kuonymus atropurpureus, Jacq. S. E. (Wright). EKnonymus Americanus, L. var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. (E. obovatus— W.) 8. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). SAPINDACEZ. e Staphylea trifolia, L S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Aesculus glabra, Wild. S. Michigan, (Wright). Acer Pennusylvanicum, L. Alcona Co., (most southern known limit of its range in the State); common at False Presqu’ Isle, and northward, a small slender tree, the largest specimens seen measuring 5 inches in diameter, 3 feet from the surface. Acer spicatum, Lam. ees Alcona Co,,1 July; False Presqu’ Isle, common, and northward. This is the ‘prevailing species on the’ high lands of Drummond’s, St. Joseph’s and Sugar Islands; smaller than the last. Acer saccharinum, Wang. Ann Arbor; Mackinac, common, but the only species seen on the isl- and!; Emmet, Antrim and Leelanaw counties, forming here a con- spicuous and important portion of the forest timber. Common throughout the State. var. nigrum, (A. nigrum.— W.) Ann Arbor. Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart. (4. ertocarpum.— W.) Ann Arbor. Acer rubrum, bl. Ann Arbor; Bruce Mine, Ca.; Branch L., Antrim Co. plata aceroides, Moench. S. Mich., (Univ. Herb). ~ STATE GEOLOGIST. — 257 POLYGALACES. a wort. Polygala sanguinea, L. (P. purpurea.— W.) 8. W. (Wright); Ano Arbor, (Miss Clark). Milkwort, Polygala cruciata, L. S. Mich., (Wright). Polygala verticillata, L. Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright). Seneca Snake = Polygala Senega, L. Ann Arbor ; shore of Saginaw B.; Drummond’s I.; Sugar I.; Sault Ste : Marie ; ‘North shore of L. Mich. Polygala polygama, Walt. Ft. Gratiot ; S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.) wine =Polygala paucifolia, Willd. —— Ano Arbor ; Drummond’s I. var. alba. Kights. S. Mich. (Wright). LEGUMINOS2. Wild Lapine. = [Lupinus perennis, L. Ann Arbor ; mouth of Saginaw R. Red Clover. Trifolinm pratense, L. Ann Arbor ; Pigeon river, I$ June ; Presqu’ Isle ; ‘Drammond’sL.; Grand Traverse Co, Common every where. White Clover. =‘ Trifolium repens, L. Ann Arbor; Bois Blanc I., 15 July; Saut St. Marie; Emmet Co., wood- lands. Sweet Clover, MMelilotus alba, Lam. ae en Ann Arbor; Pine L., Emmet Co., 23 Aug. Lead Plant. Amorpha canescens, Nutt. ’ Western Michigan. Common Locust, Robinia Pseudacacia, L. ap Saas Ann Arbor; Mackinac, in cultivation. — Tephrosia Virginiana, Pers. 8. W. (Wright); Livingston Co. , (Miss Clark). ‘Milk-Vetch. Astragalus Canadensis, L. Ann Arbor; Belle river, (Miss Clark); 8. W. (Wright). Tick Trefoil. Desmodium nudiflorum, DC. 8. Mich., (Wright). Tick Trefoil. Desmodium acuminatum, DC. 8. Mich., (Wright). Tick Trefoll. Desmodium pauciflorum, DC, Mont Lake, (Miss Clark). Tick Trefoil. Desmodium rotundifolium, DC. S. Mich. (Wright). 33 258 Tick Trefoil. Tick Trefoil. Tick Trefoil. Tick Trefoil. Tick Trefoil. Tick Trefoil. Bush Trefoil: Lick Trefoil. Tick Trefoil. Tick Trefoil. Tick Trefoil. Bush Clover. Slender Lespe- deza. Bush Clover. Bush Clover. Bush Clover. Vetch, Tare. Vetch. REPORT OF THE “ Desmodium, canescens, DC.?” S. W. (Wright). , Desmodium cuspidatum, Torr. & Gray. (D. bracteo- _ sum—W.) S. Mich. (Wright). Desmodium laevigatum, DC. S. Mich. (Wright). Desmodium Dillenii, Darlingt. (D. Marylandicum— W.) S. W. [Wright); Mont L. (Miss Clark). i Desmodium paniculatum, DC. i S. Mich. (Wright). Desmodium strictum, DC. S. Mich. (Wright). Desmodium Canadense, DC. Ann Arbor; Mont Lake, (Miss Clark). Desmodium sessilifolium, Torr. & Gray. S. Mich., (Univ. Herb). Desmodium rigidum, DC. Ann Arbor; S. W. (Univ. Herb). Desmodium ciliare, DC. S. Mich., (Wright). Desmodium Marilandicum, Boott. (D. obtusum— W.) 8. Mich., (Wright). Lespedeza violacea, Pers. 8. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). var. angustifolia. (L. reticulata.— W.) 8. W. (Wright). Lespedeza repens, Torr. & Gray. (‘‘ ZL prostrata?”— W.) S. Mich., (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Lespedeza Stuvei, Nutt. 8. Mich. (Uniy. Herb). Lespedeza hirta, Ell. (L. polystachia— W.) S. W. (Wright). Lespedeza capitata, Michx. S. W. (Wright); Mont Lake, (Miss Clark). var. angustifolia. (L. sngucieine WO S. W. (Wright). Vicia Cracea, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Vicia Caroliniana, Walt. Ann Arbor, common. | Ground-nut. Hog Pea-nut. Wild Indigo. STATE GEOLOGIST. 259 Vicia Americana, Muh. Ann Arbor ; W. Mich. (Miss Clark). Lath@rus maritimns, Bigelow. , Pt. au Sable, Saginaw B.,17 June; shore of L. Huron, common ; Lit. St. Martin’s J.; 8S. W. (Univ. Herb.); Sand dunes of Emmet Co. Lathyrus veuosus, Mubl. Ann Arbor. Lathyrus ochroleucus, Hook. Ann Arbor ; Pte au Chapeau, Saginaw B.,18 June. Among the settlers this species is called Indian Pea. Lathyrus palustris, L. Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Bay City, common ; Psaganin, 26 June; Drum- mond’s I., 26 July ; Branch L., Antrim Co. var. myrtifolius. (L. myrtifolaus— W.) Ft. Gratiot ; Alpena Co., 6 July ; Lit. St. Martin’s 1.; S. Mich. (Wright). Phaseolus diversifolius, Pers. S. Mich. (Wright). Apios tuberosa, Moench. S. Mich. (Wright). Amphicarpaea monoiea, Nutt. S. W. (Wright). Baptisia tinctoria, R. Br. Ann Arbor. Baptisia leucantha, Torr. & Gray. (B. alba.—W.) Calboun County. Baptisia leucophea, Nutt. 8. Mich., (Torr. & Gr.) Cercis Canadensis, L, ‘ Ann Arbor. , Cassia Marilandiea, L. Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright). Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. Ann Arbor. Gleditschia triacautltos, L. Ann Arbor. ROSACEX. Prunus Americana, Marshall. Ann Arbor; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich. Prunus pumila, L. (P. depressa—W.) Sand Point, Saginaw B.; shore of L. Huron to Drummond’s L., (at Middle ¥. 5 feet bigh, branching diffusely from the base); Gros Cap, L. Mich.; very abundant on the sand dunes of Emmet Co.; and southward the shore of L. Mich. The fruit is a black, medium sized cherry ; favor much like the choke-cherry, less astringent, but more bitder. 260 Wild Red Cherry. Choke Cherry. Wild Black Cherry. Nine-Bark. Common Mead- ow-sweet. Hardhack, Steeple-bush. Queen of the Prairie. Bowman’s Root. Common Agri- mony. Small-Flowering Agrimony. Canadian Burnet. Avyens. Large-leayed Avens. Woter or Purple Avens. Barren Straw- berry. Cinquefoil. REPURT OF THE Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. False Presqu’ Isle ; Drummond’s I., very common; Sugar I.; Emmet Co.; S. E. (Wright). Small tree rarely exceeding 15 ft. in height. * Prunus Virginiana, L. (P. obovata— W.) Ann Arbor; Sand Point, , Saginaw B.; False Presqu’ Isle; shore of L. Mich. , Emme tand Antrim counties, abundant ; N. shore of L. Mich. Prunus serotina, Ehrhart. Ann Arbor ; Presqu’ Isle; Emmet Co. Frequently attains the size of ‘a fine large tree.”? The largest specimens seen occur in Shiawas- see Co., where it is an abundant forest tree. Spireea opulifolia, L. Ann Arbor; Thunder B. Is., 7 July; Lit. St. Martin’s I.; Drummond’si.; common; Elk Rapids, Antrim Co., common; its Clusters of whité flowers, or red winged pods, making it one of the most attractive shrubs of the forest. Spirea salicifolia, L. Ann Arbor; Alpena Co. ,6 July; Drummond’s L; Bruce Mine, Ca.; & Mich. (Wr ight). Less common than the last. Spireea tomentosa, Lb. 8. W. (Wright); Mont Lake, (Miss Clark). Spirea lobata, Murr. S. Mich. (Wright). Gillenia trifoliata, Meoench. 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Agrimonia Eupatoria, L. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., 18 Aug. Agrimonia parviflora, Ait. Detroit, (Miss Clark). Sanguisorba Canadensis, L. 8. Michigan, (Wright). Geum album, Gmelin. Shore of Saginaw B., 26 June ; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., 18 Auge Geum Virginianum, L. Ann Arbor ; Tt. Gratiot. Geum macrophyltlum, Willd. Ft. Gratiot? (Austin.) Ait. Ft. Gratiot ; Bois Blanc I.; Geum strictum, Ann Arbor ; Ottawa, Iosco Co. Geum rivale, L. Ann Arbor ; . Mackinaw ; : Lit. St. Martin’s I. Waldsteinia fragarioides, Tratt. Livingston Co., 14 May; &. Mich. (Univ. Herb.) Potentilla Norvegica, L. Grass Island, Thunder Bay, 8 July ; Drummond’s T., common, 24 Jaly : Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). STATE GEOLOGIST. 261 yo Potentilla Canadensis, L. foil, : Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Mouth of Saginaw R., 14 Junc; Mouth Sebawa- ing R., Tuscola Co. \ geet Gaave- Potentilla argentea, L. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Potentilla arguta, Pursh. Gros Cap, L. Mich., 18 Aug.; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Silver-woed. Potentilla Anserina, L. Mouth of Sebawaing R., 14 June; shore of L. Huron, very common; Drummond’s J.; Bruce Mine, Ca. ; 8S. W. (Wright). Shrubby Cinque- Potentilla fruticosa, L. Ann Arbor; Thunder Bay Is.; Drummond’s I.; common on sandy and ‘ gravelly shores as well as near marshes, sometimes 434 ft. in hight. Uareh Five- Potentilla palustris, Scop. (P. Comarum—W. = Ft. Gratiot ; Sault Ste Maric, 28 July ; Traverse City ; S. E. (Wright). Strawberry. Fragaria Virginiana, Ehrhart. Ann Arbor ; S. shore of Saginaw B.,13 June ; Drummond’s L.; Traverse City. More common than the next, except northward. Strawberry. Fragaria vesca, L. Ann Arbor ; Middle I., L. Huron ; Huron Co.; Mackinac. Dalibarda. Dalibarda repens, L. [D. fragaroides (violaeoides )— W Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Porple Flowering Rubus odoratus, L. ery. Ft. Gratiot ; Thunder Bay J., 7 July ; Presqu’ Isle, abundant, 12 July ; White Flowering Rubus Nutkanus, Mocino. Raspberry. Tbunder Bay Is., 7 July ; Presqu’ Isle, 12 July. Earlier out of blossom than the last. Dwarf Raspberry Rubus triflorus, Richardson. [R#. saxatilis (var. Can- adensis )— W.}] Ann Arbor ; Lit. St. Martin’s I., very abundant, trailing stems long and slender, covering the ground in shade of forests. Wild Red Rasp- Rubus strigosus, Michx. Middle J., L. Huron; Thunder Bay Is., abundant; Bois Blanc I.; Sugar I, very abundant and very prolific; Emmet Co. ; Mont Lake, (Miss Clark). Very common especially where the ground has been burn- 4 over. Thefruit is largely manufactured into ‘“‘raspberry jam” which is sent to all parts of the United States and to the W. Ludies. Biack Raspberry, Rubus occidentalis, L. Thimbleberry. ‘dae As Bie ; Common or High Rubus villosus, Ait. _— Ann Arbor; Middle I., L. Huron; Drummond’s I.; Emmet, Antrim and Grand Traverse counties, abundant. var frondosus. (2. frondosus——W.) Traverse City; S. E. (Wright). Low Blackberry, Rubus Canadensis, L. Sand Pt., Saginaw B.; Sant St. Marie; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark)- Less common than tho 22. villosus; 8. E. (Wright). 262 Running Swamp Blackberry. Low-bush Black- berry. Sand Blaskberry. Climbing or Prai- rie Rose. Swamp Rose. Dwarf Wild-Rose. Early Wild-Rose. Sweet-Brier. Scarlet-fruited Thorn. Black or Pear Thorn. Cockspur Thorn. Crab-Apple. Choke-berry. American Moun- tain-Ash. June berry. Shad-bush, Service-berry. REPORT OF THE Rubus hispidus, L. ? OM Squaw Pt , Thunder B.; Mont Lake, (Miss Clark); 8. Mich. (Univ. Herd). Rubus trivialis, Michx. S. Mich. (Wright); Mont Lake, (Miss Clark). Identification questionable. Rubus cuneifolius, Pursh. (S.) Mieh. (Miss Clark). Rosa setigera, Michx. Jackson Co.; Gross Isle, (Miss Clark). Rosa Carolina, L. St. Joseph’s I., 27 July ; Ann Arbor. Rosa lucida, Ehrhart. Ann Arbor ; Drummond’s I.; Sault Ste Marie. var. parvitlura, (Hhrhart). (&. parviflora—W.) Sand Pt., Saginaw B.; 8. Mich. (Wright). Rosa blanda, Ait. Ft. Gratiot ; 8S. shore of Saginaw B.; Drummond’s I.; St. Joseph’s 1., abundant, often forming the principal part of the shrubbery on high, rocky soil, or along gravelly beaches ; Mackinac ; Emmet Co.; Traverse City. The most frequent representative of this genus. Rosa rubiginesa, L. Anh Arbor; Mackinac, abundant, 19 July. Crategus coccinea, L. Ann Arbor; Stone J., Saginaw B., 16 June. Crategus tomentosa, L. Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June. var. pyrifolia. Saut St. Marie; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). var. punctata. ( U punetata.—— W.) Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B. var mollis. Ann Arbor. Crategus Crus-galli, L.- Ann Arbor. Pyrus coronaria, L. Ann Arbor. Pyrus. arbutifolia, L. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Saut St. Marie. \ var. elanocarpa. (P. melanocarpa.— W.) Ann Arbor. Pyrus Americana, DC. St. Joseph I. Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. & Gr. Ann Arbor; St. Joseph’s I.; Northport; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich. var. Butryapium, (A. Botryapiwm.— W.) Mackinac. E var. oblongifolia. 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb). é » Spiked Loose- Great Willow- Herb. Common Eve- ning-Primrose. Sundrops. Gaura. Seed-box. - STATE GEOLOGIST — 263 var, rotundifolia, (A. ovalis—W.) S. Mich. (Wright). var. almifolia, Presqu’ Isle. var, oligocarpa, (A sanguinea— W.) S. Mich, (Wright). LYTHRACE. Ammannia humilis, Michx. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.) ; Lythrum alatum, Pursh. 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb.) Lythrum Salicaria, L. ®& Mich. (Wright). Nesea verticillata, H. B. K. (Decodon verticillatum = W. S. Mich. mts he Gross Isle, (Miss Clark). ONAGRACES. Epilobium angustifolinm, L. Ft. Gratiot ; Alcona Co.,1 July ; Thunder Bay, common ; Drummond’s i common ; Bruce Mine, Cal, common, a single specimen was found with white flowers ; L. Sup.; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich. A very com- mon and conspicuous herb, northward, especially where the ground has been burned over or cleared for settlement. Epilobium palustre, L. Var. lineare. (Z. lineare— W.) Saut St. Marie. Epilohium molle, Torr. 8. Mich. (Wright). Epilobium coloratum, Muhl. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Middle I.,L. Huron, 8 July; Saut St. Marte, common; Pt, au Chene, L. Mich. 19 Aug. ; "Traverse City. (Enothera biennis, L. Ann Arbor; Thunder Bay Is. ,3 July; Sugar I., common; Mackinac; Green R. , Emmet Co. ; Ss. W. (Wright). var. muricata, (GZ. muricata.— W.) S. W. (Wright). (Enothera fruticosa, L. Ann Arbor. (Enothera pumila, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Gaura biennis, L. S. Mich. (Wright). . Ludwigia alternifolia, L. S. W. (Wright). False Loosestrife. Ludwigia polycarpa, Short & Peter. Swamps, Michigan, (Dr. Pitcher). 264 REPORT OF THE Water Purslane. [udwigia palustris, Ell. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.) 8 Enchanter’s Circeea Lutetiana, L. ana: Ft. Gratiot ; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., 18 Aug.; Pine Lake, Emmet Co., 28 Aug. Found in moist, cold woodlands, not common. Circeea alpina, I, Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; St. Joseph’s I., 2 Aug. Water Milfoil. =Myriophvilum verticillatum, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Mare’s-tail. Hippuris vulgaris, L. S. Mich. (Wright). GROSSULACE. - WildGooseberry. Ribes Cynosbati, LL. Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B.; Drummona’s t. Smooth Wild __ Ribes hirtellum. Michx. ag 2 Mackinac; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark); Sitting Rabbit. Smooth Wild Ribes rotundifoliam, Michx. (7, triflorum —W. ) agoteligg St. Jos2ph’s J.; Sitting Rabbit; S. Mich. (Wright). The last two specics of gooseberry were s2en at sitting Rabbit growing within threo feet of each other, ia a beach compos>1 of fragm -nts of lim stone, very prolific. Thoagh the form:r speci-:s is g ‘norally cultivated the latter is preferable, the fruit being larger, with a pleasant targ in place of the flat sweetness of the form:r, ani the branches less thorny. Its branches are sprealing or procumbent; those of the former erect and rigil. By this diffsrence they are easily distin- guished at a distance. : . . - Swamp Goose- Ribes lacustre, Poir. Bee Drummond’s I.; Sitting Rabbit; Grand Traverse Co. Fetid Currant. Ribes prostratum, L’Her. St. Joseph's I. Wild Black Cur- Ribes floridum, L’Her. Seapine Stone I., Saginaw B.; St. Joseph’s J.; S. Mich. (Wright). Red Currant. Ribes rubrum, L. Ann Arbor. CUCURBITACES., Wild Balsam- = Echinocystis lobata, Torr. & Gr. (Mormordica echi- apple. nata— W_) S. Mich. (Wright). CRASSULACEZ. Ditch Stonecrop. Penthorum sedvides, L. Ann Arbor. SAXIFRAGACEZX. Swamp Saxifrage Saxifraga Pennsyivanica, L, Anp Arbor. — STATE GEOLOGIST. — Heuchera Americana, L. Ann Arbor. Mitro-wort, jy Mite . diphyHs, L. Mitro-wort, Mitella nuda, L. (JL. cordifolia——W.) jie Pt. aux Barques, L. Huron, 21 June; Drummond’s L; Clark). ¥also Mitro-wort. Tjarella cordifolia, L. Pittsfield, (Miss ’ : Ft. Gratiot; S. shoro of Saginaw Bay; Bear Crock, Emmet Co., very . -abundant; Branch Lake, Antrim Co., 30 Aug. Golden Saxifrage- Chrysosplenium Americanum, Schwein. S. W. (Wright). HAMAMELACE. Witch-Hazel. § Hamamelis Virginica, ° Ann Arbor; Mackinac; Traverse City; S. W. (Wright). UMBELLIFER&. rs > Yanga Hydrocotyle Americana, L. Saut St. Marie, 30 July; Ann Atbor, (Miss Clark}. Marsh Penny- = Hydrocotyle umbellata, 1. re S. W. (Wright). Sanicle, Black Sanicula Canadensis, |.. Snakeroot. Ann Arbor. Sanicle, Black 7 ser ener Sanicula Marilandica, L. Ft. Gratiot; shore of Saginaw B., commoa; Drummond's L; ; Pt. au Chene, L. Michigan; S. Mich. (Wright). 7 make-Mas- Eryngium yuccefolium, Michx. (2. aguaticum—W.) Snakeroo S. W. (Wright). Polyteenia Nuttallii, DC. S. Mich. (Wright). Cow Parsnip. Heracleum lanatum, Michx. Ann Arbor ; Stone I, Saginaw B., 16 June; Port Hope, Huron Co., abundant and wery largo ; St. Helena i, L. Mich. Common Pars- Pastinaca sativa, L. Pp. Ann Arbor ; Bois Blanc I. Cowbane. —W ) 8. Mich. (Wright). Archemora rigida, DC. var. ambigua, (A. ambigua Archangelica. = Achangelica hirsuta, Torr. & Gr. (Angelica trigui- nala.—W.) Emmet Co.; 8. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Great Angelica. = Archangelica atropurpurea, Hoe. (Anoiie alro- purpurea.—W. ) Ann Arbor. 34 266 Meadow Parsnip. Meadow Parsnip. Meadow Parsnip. Alexanders. Spotted Cowbane Musquash-root. Water-Parsnip. Water-Parsnip. Honewort. Smoother Sweet Cicely. Hairy Sweet Cicely. Poison Hemlock. Harbinger of Spring. Spikenard. Bristly Sarsapar- illa, Wild Elder. Wild Sarsaparilla Dwarf Ginseng, Ground-nut. REPORT OF THE Thaspium barbinode, Nutt. S. W. (Wright). ' Thaspium aureum, Nutt. 4 Ann Arbor, rather common; S. shore of Saginaw Bay, common; ~~ . 4 mond’s I. var. apterum. (Zizia aurea.—W.) . 8. Mich. (Wright). Thaspiun trifoliatum, Gray, var. apterum, Torr. & Gr. (Zizia cordata. —W.) S. W. (Wright). Zizia integerrima, DC. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich.; Mackinac, (Miss Clark). Cicuta maculata, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Cicuta bulbifera, L. Ann Arbor; Grand Traverse Co.; Port Huron, (Miss Clark). Sium lineare, Michx. S. Mich., (Univ. Herb). : Sium angustifolium, L. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Stum latifolium of Wright’s Catalogue neree. ably one of these species. Cryptotenia Canadensis, DC. Ann Arbor. Osmorhiza longistylis, DC. Ann Arbor; Charity Is., 27 June; Pt au Chene, L. Mich, Osmorhiza brevistylis, DC. Ft. Gratiot; shore of Saginaw Bay, 26 June; Pt. au Chene, L. ery Ann Arbor. The prevailing species. Conium maculatum, L. Mackinac, common. Erigenia bulbcsa, Nutt. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). ARALIACEZ. Aralia racemosa, bL. Ann Arbor; Sugar I.,31 July; Mackinac, (Miss Clark). Not common. Aralia hispida, Michx. Sturgeon Pt., L. Huron, 30 June, common; Drummond’s I.; Pt. an Chene. L. Mich.; Emmet Co.; Port Huron, (Sis Clark). ; Aralia nudicaulis, L. ‘ Ann Arbor; Pt. au Sable, Sag. Bay , 16 Jame} Drummonda’s I.; St. Joseph’s it Very common. - Aralia quinquefolia, Gray. (Panax quinquefolium. a= Wida) | ton’ S..W. (Wright); Saut St. Marie, and Ann Arbor, (Miss Cltrk). ' Aralia trifolia, Gray. (Panasx trifolium—_wW.) Ann Arbor. —L———— Twin flower. Wolf-berry. Snowberry. Yellow Honey- __ suckle. Small Honey- suckle. Hairy Honey- suckle. Fly Honeysuckle. Bush Honey- Suckle. Feyer-wort. STATE GEOLOGIST. © 267 CORNACE.. Cornus Canadensis, L. Ft. Gratiot; S. shore of Saginaw B., 18 June; Drummond’s I., common; Sugar I.; St. Helena I.; kimmet Co., common; Leclanaw Co.; Pitts- fleld, (iss Clark). Very common and widely diffused, northward. Cornus florida, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Cornus circinata, L’ Her. False Presvw’ Isle, L. Huron, 11 July; S. Mich. ( Wright). Cornus sericea, L. ~ Ann Arbor. Cornus stolonifera, Michx. Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June; Sand dunes of Ottawa Co., 30 Aug.; Ann Arbor. Cornus paniculata, L’Her. «inn Arbor; Stone 1., Saginaw Bay., 16 June; Bear Creek, Emmet Co. > Cornus alternifolia, L. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Little Traverse Bay. Nyssa multiflora, Wang. Ann Arbor; Bloomfield, Oakland Co. CAPRIFOLIACE®. Linnea borealis, Gronov. Pt. au Chapeau, Saginaw Bay,18 June; shores of Lakes Huron and Michigan, very abundant. Symphoricarpus occidentalis, R. Br. Fort Gratiot, (Austin). Symphoricarpus racemosus, Michx. Pt. au Chapeau, Sag. Bay, 18 June; Alpena Co. Lonicera flava, Sinis. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Lonicera parviflora, Lam. Drummond’s I., common. var. Douglassil. Ann Arbor; Pt. aux Barqnes, L. Huron, 19 June; Drummond’s I. Lonicera hirsuta, Eaton Charity Is., Saginaw Bay, 27 June; Drummond’s I., common: Pt. au Chene, L. Mich. Lonicera ciliata, Mull. (Hylosteum ciliatum.—W.) Sugar Island. Diervilla trifida, Moench. (D. Canadensis.—W.) Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Pt. au Barques, L. Huron, 19 June; shore of L. Huron, very common; St. Helena I.; Emmet, Antrim and Leelanaw counties, very common; Sugar I. , abundant. Triosteum perfoliatum, L. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot. 268 REPORT OF THE ‘Common Elder. Sambucus Canadensis, L. Ann Arbor; Sanilac Co. Red-berried El- Sambucus pubens, Michx. (S. pubescens.— W.) ar Ann Arbor; Bois Blanc J.; Drummond’s J.; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich.; Traverse City. More common northward than the last. “Sweet Viburnum. Viburnum Lentago, L. Bpaenl & Ann Arbor; Ft. Grkint. ASV og oT a wool, Dock- Downy art Viburnum pulescens, Pursh. Mackie. Ann Arbor. Maple-leaved Viburnum acerifol inm, L. ow-wood. aici Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; S. shore of Saginaw Bay, 28 June; Mission Pt., Grand Traverse Co.’ Cranberry-‘tree. Viburnum Opulus, L(V. oxrycoceus.— W.) Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot: shore of Saginaw Bay; St. Joseph’s J. ; ; Branch Lake, Antrim Co., abundant along the marshy margin of the river. ‘ RUBIACEAE. y Cleavers, Goose- Galium Aparine, I. serkasg Saut St. Marie; S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Rough Bed-straw Galium asprellum, Michx. Saut St. Marie, 29 July, growing rankly in the thickets near the river. One specimen measured 5 ft. 6 in. in hight, climbing and leaning on shrubs; Ann Arbor. Galium concinnum, Torr. & Gr. Ann Arbor. Small Bed-straw. Galium trifidum, LL. Ann Arbor; 8. shore of Saginaw Bay; Saut St. Marie, 29 July. var. tinctorium, (G. dinctorium.— W ) S. shore of Saginaw Bay, common; §. Mich., (Wright). var. lanitoliuim, (G. « cbLusum.— W.) 8. Mich., (Wright). Sweet scented (Galium triflorum, Michx. Benetrayy. Willow river, shore of Sag. Bay, 20 June, common; Bruce Mine, Ca., 27 July; St. Helena JI.; Ann Arbor, Miss Clark). Very common throughout the northern portions of thé State. Galium pilosum, Aif. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark); S. Mich., (Univ. Herb.) Wild Liquorice. QGalium circeesans, Miclix. Ann Arbor; Kt. Gratiot. Wild Liquorice. Galium lanceolatum, Torr. S. Mich. (Wright). Northern Bol- = =Galium borcale, lL ei Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; S. shore of Saginaw Bay. Battoa-bush. = Gephalanthus occidentalis, L. Ann Arbor. Partridge-berry. Mitchella repens, I). Ft. Gratiot; Emmet Co., common; &. W. (Wright); Pittsfield, (Miss Clark). . EE a a ee Lamb-Lettice. Wild Tease). Tron-weed. Iron-weed. Kuhnia. Joe-Pye Weed Trumpet-Weed. Upland Bonesct. Toroughwort, Boneset. STATE GEOLOGIST. 269° Oldenlandia purpurea. Ann Arbor. var. longifolia. §. Mich. » (Univ. Herb); Dover, (Miss Clark). var. cilidlata, (4. citiocata— W.) 8. Michigan, (Wright). VALERIANACE. Valeriana sybatica, Richards. Ann Arbor. Valeriana edulis, Nutt. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Fedia radiata; Michx. Low grounds and moist flelds, (Dr. Pitcher). DIPSACEAR, Dipsacus sylvestris, Mill. Ann Arbor. COMPOSITA. Vernonia Noveboracensis, Willd. 8. Michigan, (Wright). Vernonia fasciculata, Michx. 8. W. (Univ. Herb). Liatris squarrosa, Willd. Ann Arbor. Liatris cylindracea, Michx. 8. Mich., (Wright). Liatris scariosa, Willd. Ann Arbor. Liatris spicata, Willd. S. W. (Wright). Liatris pyenostachya, Michx. Mont Lake, (Miss Clark). ? Kubnia eupatorioides, L. 8. Mich. (Wright). Eupatorium purpureum, L, Ann Arbor; Drummond's I; Bruce Mine, Ca., common; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich.; Mission Point; Saut St. Marie, common ; Branch Lake, An- trim Co. , abundant. var. maculatum, (2 amoenum.— W.) S. Mich. (Wright). - Enpatorium sessilifolium, L. S. Mich., (Wright). Eupatorium perfoliatum, L. Ann Arbor; Drummond’s I., 22 July. 270 White Snake- Toot. Mist flower. Sweet Colts-foot. Colts-foot. Corymbed Aster. Large Leaved Aster. Silky Aster. Lax Leaved Aster. Spreading Aster. Smooth Aster. Azure Aster. Wavy Aster. ! Heart Leaved Aster. Arrow Leaved Aster. -Heath-like Aster. Many Flowered Aster. Tradescant’s Aster. Dwarf Aster. Simple Aster. ~ Thin Leaved Aster. REPORT OF THE Eupatorium ageratoides, L. —_ Ann Arbor. Conoclinium ccelestinum, DC. “« Rich soil,”? (Gray). 1 Nardosmia palmata, Hook. Lake Huron, (Nuttall). Tussilago Farfara, L. Saut St. Marie, (Whitney). Aster corymbosus, Ait. S. Mich. (Wright). Aster macrophyllus, L. S. W. (Univ. Herb). Aster sericeus, Vent. S. Michigan, (Wright). Aster laxifolius, Nees. L. Huron, (Dr. Pitcher.) Aster patens, Ait. var. phlogifolius. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Aster levis, L. _Ann Arbor. var. levigatus, Ann Arbor. Aster azureus, Lindl. S. W. (Univ. Herb); Fort Gratiot, (Dr. Pitcher); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark.) i ‘ Aster undulatus, L. (“ A: diversifolius ?”—W.) S. Michigan, (Wright). ‘ Aster cordifolius, L. (A. paniculatus.— W.) Ann Arbor; Drummond’s I., common; Emmet Co. Aster sagittifolius, Willd. Ann Arbor; St. Joseph’s I., 5-Aug.; S. W. (Univ. Herb). Aster ericoides, L. Drummond’s I., 9 Aug.; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Aster multiflorus, Ait. Ann Arbor, 26 Sept., very common. Aster Tradescanti, L. Ann Arbor. Aster miser, L., Ait. Bear Creek, Emmet Co., 24 Aug.; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Aster simplex, Willd. Leelanaw Co. Aster tenuifolius, L. Emmet Co., 3 Sept. STATE GEOLOGIST. 271 Flesh colored §=Aster carneus, Nees. Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., 18 Aug. Tong Leaved =» Aster longifolius, Lam. (A. laaus.— W.) Ann Arbor. New England = Aster Nove-Anglie, L. , Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Aster Sharp Leaved §=Aster acuminatus, Michx. iets “S. Michigan,?’’ (Wright). Lofty Aster. Aster prealtus, Poir. (“ A. salicifolius, ?”— W. ) Sternutative Aster Horse-weed , S. Mich., (Wright). As this species is not embraced in Gray’s Manual, , Wright’ s determination may be regarded as exceedingly doubtful. Aster piarmicoides, Torr. & Gray. Drummond’s 1., 10 Aug.; S. E. (Univ. Herb). Erigeron Canadense, L. Batter-weed. Ann Arbor; Drummond’s I.; Saut St. Marie; Leelanaw Co.; Mackinac; Port Huron, (Miss Clark); 8. W. (Wright). Very common every- where. Robin’s Plantain. Erjeeron bellidifolium, Muhl. Ann Arbor. ce ae Erigeron Philadelphicum, L. Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June; Drummond’s I., 25 July. Daisy Fleabane, Erigeron annuum, Pers. (£. heterophyllum.— W.) Ann Arbor. Daisy Fleabane. Frjoeron strigosum, Mubl. Ann Arbor; §. shore of Sag. Bay, 21 June; Drummond’s I., 9 Aug. Golden rod. Solidago bicolor, L. Gros Cap, L. Mich.,18 Aug. Rare. var. concolor. Pt. au Chene, L. Mich.; Drummond’s I., common; Sugar I., very com- mon; Alcona Co. Solidago latifolia, L. Ann Arbor. Solidago cwsia, L. (S. awillaris and flexicaulis. Ann Arbor, zi Bear Creek, Emmet Co., 24 Aug.; Traverse City ; j Northport. Common in the ‘sandy soil of Emmet, Antrim, Gran Traverse and Leelanaw counties. Solidago puberula, Nutt. Presqu’ Isle Co., 13 July, growing in a sandy beach ; St. Joseph’s I., 8 Aug., growing among other herbs and shrubs, in a gravelly soil, a few rods from the water. Solidago stricta, Ait. Drummond’s I. Solidago speciosa, Nutt. Anp Arbor. var. angustata. Ann Arbor. 4 272 Elecampane. Leaf-cup. Yellow Leaf-cup. Rosin-weed, Compass-plant. Prairie-dock. REPORT OF THE Solidago rigida, L. : Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright.) Solidago Ohioensis, Riddell. Drummond’s I., 9 Aug. Solidago Riddeilii, Frank. Emmet Co., 3 Sept.; S. W. (Univ. Herb). Solidago Houghtonii, Torr & Gr. Drummond’s I., 25 July, plant sometimes 2 ft. in height, with a com- pound corymb of 150 flowerheads. Solidago patula, Muhl. Ann Arbor. Solidugo arguta, Ait. Ann Arbor. var. juncea, (S. uncea— W.) 8. Mich., (Wright). var. scabrella. ' Ann Arbor. Solidago altissima, L. Ann Arbor. Solidago ulmifolia, Muhl. S. W. (Univ. Herb). Solidago nemoralis, Ait. Ann Arbor; Drummond’sI.; N. W. (Univ. Herb). Solidago serotina, Ait. 8. Mich. (Wright). Solidage Canadensis, L. Ann Arbor; Drummond’s ].. 25 July, common; Saut St. Marie; Emmet Co. , comman; Northport, common; 8. W. (Wright). Solidago serotina, Ait. 8. Mich. (Wright). Solidago lanceolata, L. Drummond’s IJ., 25 July; Pine Lake, 30 Aug.; S. W. (Wright). Inula Helenium, L. S. Michigan, (Wright). Polymnia Canadensis, L. 8. Mich. (Wright). Polymnia Uvedalia, L. 8. Mich., (Wright). Silphium laciniatum, L. (S. gummiferum— W.) S. Mich., (Wright). Silphium terebinthinaceum, L. Ann Arbor ; 8. W. (Wright). ee 1 oe Ver Siphium integrifolium, Mich. S. W. (Univ. Herb). Cup-plant. Great Ragweed. Roman Worm- wood, Hogweed Bicter-weed. Cockiebur. Clutbur. Ox~yo. Paorple Cone- flower. Cone-flower. Cone-flower. Cone-flower. Conce-flower. Sunflower. Sanflower. Eunflower. ‘Sanflower, STATE GEOLOGIST. Silphium perfoliatum, L. S. Mich. (Weight). Ambrosia trifida, L. &. Mich. (Wright); Gross Isle, 3 Aug. (Miss Clark.) 273 Ambrosia artemisiefolia, L. (A. elatior—W.) Ann Arbor; very common. Xanthium strumarium, L, S. Mich. (Wright). ver, echinatum, 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Hi: liopsis levis, Pers, Ann Arbor; 8. W. (Wright). var, Svabra. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Echinacea purpurea, Moench. (Rudbeckia purparea —_W.) S. W. (Univ. Herb). Rud eckia laciniata, L. Bear Creek, Emmet Co., 24 Aug.; S. W. (Wright); Northfield, (ifise Clark,. Rudbeckia speciosa, Wender. Ann Arbor. Rudbeckia fulgida, Ait. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Rudbeckia hirta, L. Ann Arbor; Pt. au Chapeau, Saginaw Bay, 18 June; Drummond's I Lepachys pinnata, Torr & Gr. (Rudbeckia =< W.) 8. Mich. (Wright). Helianthns rigidns Desf. Ann Arbor, 6 ft. in height. Helianthus occidentalis, Riddell. 8. W. (Univ. Herb.) pinnata. Helianthus giganteus, L. (ZZ. giganteus and alltis- simus— W.) Ann Arbor. Helianthus divaricatus, L. Ann Arbor. Heliantlns hirsutns. Raf. Ann Arbor, 26 Sept.; S. W. (Univ. Herb). Telianthns strumosus, L. §. Mich. (Wright). Helianthns tracheliifolius, Wild. 35 S. Mich. (Wright). 274 Sunflower. Sunflower. Actinomeris. Ticksced Sun- flower. Tall Coreopsis. Common Beggar- ticks. Swamp Beggar- ticks. Bur-Marigol 1. Bur-Marigold. Water Marigold. Sneez2-weed. Common May- weed. Yarrow, Milfoil. Ox-eye Daisy. Cammon Tansy. Canaia Worm- wood. REPORT OF THE \ Helianthus decapetalus, iu. (Z. frondosus—W.) S. Michigan, (Wright). Helianthus doronicoides, Lam. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Actinomeris squarrosa, Nutt. S. Mich. (Wright). Coreopsis trichosperma, Michx. S. Mich. (Wright). Coreopsis aristosa, Michx. S. Michigan, (Univ. Herb). Coreopsis tripteris, L. S. Mich. (Wright). : _ Coreopsis palmata, Nutt. 8. Mich. (Wright). Coreopsis lanceolata, I.. L. Huron, 29 June; Dummond’s I.; Traverse City. Bidens frondosa, L. Ann Arbor; Northport, 11 Sept. Bidens connata, Muh. (B petiolata—W.) S. Mich. (Wright). Bidens cernna, L. S. Mich. (Wrizht). Bidens chrysanthemoides, Michx. Ann Arbor; Traverse City. Bidens Beckii, Torr. S. Mich. (Wright). . Heleninm autumnale, L. Ann Arbor. Maruta Cotula, DC. Ann Arbor; Saut St. Marie; Emmet Co.; Northport. Very common everywhere. Achillea Millefolium, L. Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw Bay; Drummond’s I.; Saut St. Mario. Common. Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam. Sand Pt., Saginaw Bay, 18 June; Bois Blanc I. Tanacetum vulgare, L. Ann Arbor. Tanacetum Huronense, Nutt. Sand dunes of Emmet €o., common. Artemisia Canadensis, Michx. ; Sand dunes of Ottawa Co., 30 Aug.; Sand dunes of Emmet Co., 25 Aug. Drummond’s I. a Si 2 ‘STATE GEOLOGIST. 275 Preggera Mes: Artemisia Ludoviciana, Nuit. var, gnaplalodes. (Univ. Herb). Everlasting. Gnaphalinm decurrens, lves. Saut St. Marie, (Whitney). — Ever- Gnaphalium polycephalum, Michx. S- Ann Arbor. Low-Cudweed. = Gnaphalium uliginosum, L. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot, (Miss Clark). “Peuy Evers Antennaria margaritacea, R. Rr. ‘ Mackinac, 19 July. Piantainteaved = Antennaria plantaginifolia, Hook. (@naphalium Everlasting. I + plantagineum—- W.) Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B. Fireweed. Erechthites hieracifolia, Raf. Senecio hieracifolius —W.) Leelanaw Co., 10 Sept.; S Mich. (Wright). Common, especially in the vicinity of recent clearings after the ground has been burned over, whence it receives its popular name. ere A: Plan- Cacalia atriplicifolia, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Tuberous Indian Cacalia tuberosa, Mutt. Eianteia. S. Mich. (Wright). Cacalia suaveolens, L. Lodi, (Miss Clark). Common Ground- Senecio vulgaris, L. S. W. (Wright). Stawwel Seriteio aureus, L. ThaCove, L. Huron, 1 July; 8. Mich. (Uniy. Herb). var. obovatus. Ann Arbor. ~ var. Balsamitae. (Senecio Balsamitae—W ) Middle I., L. Huron, 1 July; Drummond’s I., common; S. Michigan (Wright). Throughout the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Mich., this variety is very common. mmoa Thistle. Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop. (Cnicus lanceolatus— W.) | Ann Arbor, common ; Mackinac. Cirsinm Pitcheri, Torr. & G. (Caicus Piicheri—W.) Sand Pt. Saginaw B.,17 June ; Emmet Co. Sandy shores. Cirsiam undulatum, Spreng. Drummond’s I.; 21 July. Cirsium discolor, Spreng. (Onicus discolor— W.) S. Mich. (Wright). Swamp Thistle. Cirsium muticnm, Michx. (Cnicus glutinosus—W.) Bruce Mine, Ca., 26 July ; Drummond’s L; Emmet Co.; 8S. Michigan (Wright). 276 - Pasture Thistle. Canada Thistle. Burdock. Succory, Cichory. Dwarf Dandelion. Cynthia. Canada Hawk- weed. Rough Hawk- weed. Long-bearded Hawkweed. Hairy Hawk- weed. Rattlesnake- weed. Panicled Hawk- weed. White Lettuce. Tall White Let- tuce. Dandelion. Wild Lettuce. REPORT OF THE’ , Cirsium pumiinm, Spreng. (Cnicus odoratus— W.) Drummond's I.? 21 July ; 8S. W. (Wright). Cirs um arvense, Scep. Detroit, abundant ; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Lappa major. Gertn. (Arctium Loppa—W.) Ann Arbor ; Huron Co.; 8. W. (Wright); Mackinac. Cichorium Intybus, L. Detroit, (Miss Clark). Krigia Virginiea, Willd. Psagrin, Bay Co., 26 June, rich, swampy soil; ‘‘ Rockaway,’ (Afiss Clark). Cynthia Virginica, Don. (Krigia amplexicaulis— W.) : Ann Arbor. common ; Ft. Gratiot ; Pt. aux Gres, L. Huron. Hieracinm Canadense, Michx. (H. Kalmii—W.) Saut St. Maric, 30 July ; Sand dunes of Emmet Co., 21 Aug. Hieracium scabrum, Mich. (H. martanum— W. Ann Arbor; £and dunes of Emmet Co., 21 Aug.; §. Mich. (Wright); Port Huron, (Miss Clark). Hieracinm longipilum, Torr. (1. Scouleri— W.) Traverse City, 9 Sept.; S. W. (Wright). Hieracinm Gronovil, L. S. W. (Wright). Hieracinm venosum, L. . Aun Arbor ; Ft» Gratiot ; Pigeon River, Sag. B.,18 June; Grand Tray erse Bay. Hieracium paniculatum, L. 8. Mich. (Wright). ~~ -Nabalus albus, Hook. is Aun Arbor; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., 18 Aug. var, Serpentaria, (Prenanthes Serpentaria— W.) Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright). 7. Nabalus altissimus, Hook. Ann Arbor. Nabalus racemosus, Hook. (Prenanthes racemosa-— W.) Shore of L. Mich., near Sitting Rabbit; S. W. (Wright). Taraxacum Dens leonis, Desf. (Leontodon Tarare cum-—— W.) Ann Arbor; Saginaw Bay; Saut St. Marie; S. W. (Wright). Lactnea elongata, Muhl. 8. W. (Wright). ite var, sunguinea, Big]. (L. sanguinca-—W.) S. W. (Wright). a Fals> Bluo Let- buce. §piny-lravet dSow-Thistle. Cardinal Flow2r. Great Lobelia. EXroball. Marsh Bollflower. Tall Boliflower. Yenus’s Looking- glass. Biue Tangle, Dangieberry. Black Huckle- berry. 8mall Cranberry. Common Am-rl- can Cranberry. Dwarf Blacberry STATE GEOLOGIST. 217 Mulgedinm lencophaenm, DC. Ft. Gratiot; St. Joseph's I., common along St. Mary’s River. Sonchns asper, Vill. (S. oleraceus, var. asper—W.) S. E. (Weight). . LOBELIACES, Lobelia eardinalis, T. Ano Arbor ; Bear Creek, Emmet Co., 24 Aug. Lobelia syphilitica, L. Ann Arbor ; Branch Lake, Antrim Co., 30 Aug. Lobelia spicata, Lam. (L. Clay/oniana— W ) Ann Arbor ; Ft Gratiot ; mouth of Saginaw R., 24 June ; Thundor Bay; Drummond’s f. Lobelia Kalmii, I. Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Drummond's t , 25 July ; S. W. (Wright). CAMPANULACES. Campanula rotundifolia, L. Ann Arbor. Ft. Gratiot. var. linifolia. ¥ Ann Arbor ; S. shore of Saginaw Bay, common. This is a vory delicate a2i pretty sp cies, occurring constantly and in every variety of Situation. At Saginaw Buy it was in bioom in the middle of June, and was still abuudantly ia blossom Aug. 10:b, at Grand Traverse Bay. Campanula aparinoides, Pnrsh. (C. erinoides—W.) St. Mary’s River, 31 July; S. Mich. (Wright). . Campanula Americana, L. Ann Arbor. . Specularia perfoliata, A. DC. 8. E. (Univ. Herb). . ERICACES Gaylnssacia frondosa, Torr. & Gr. Ann Arbor. Gaylussacia resinosa, Torr. & Gr. (Vaccinium re- sinosum— W ) - Ann Arbor; Grand Traverse Co. Vaccinium Oxycoccus, L. Anu Arbor. Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ait. (Oxrycoecus macrocar- pus— W.) Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright). Vaccininm Pennsylvanicum; Lam. Ann Arbor; St. Joseph's I., northern part. Abundant along the Canada Shore of St. Mary's R., prodncing abundance of fruit in the (Wright), boliows ani crevices of metamorphic rocks; 8. Mich. right). 278 Canada Blue- berry. Low Blueberry. Common Swamp Blueberry. Creeping Snow- berry. Bearberry. Trailing Arbutus, Ground Laurel. Aromatic Win- tergreen. Leather-leaf. Wild Rosemary. Sheep Laurel, Lambkill. Swamp Laurel. Labrador Tea. Round-leavyed Pyrola. Shin-leaf. £mall Pyrola. REPORT OF THE Vaccinium Canadense, Kalm. Sitting rabbit ; S. E. (wright). Vaccinum vacillans, Solander. St. Joseph’s I.; common in Emmet, Antrim, Grand Traverse and Lee naw counties. §. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Vaccinium corymbosum, L. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Chiogenes hispidula, Torr. & Gr. (Gaultheria hisp> dula— W.) S. Mich., (Wright). Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. (Arbutus Uve- ursi— W.) Shores of L. Huron everywhere, very common ; S. Mich. (Wright). Epigeea repens, L. ' E. (Wright). Gaultheria procumbens, L. Monroe Co.; Ottawa Co.; shores of L. Huron, very common ; shore of L. Mich. , Emmet, to ‘Leelanaw Co. ,common ; S. W. (Wright); Mont Lake, (Miss Clark). Cassandra calyculata, Don. (Andromeda calyculata’ —W.) Livingston Co.; Shore of L. Mich., Emmet Co.; Drummond’s I.; (Wright). Andromeda polifolia, L. S. Mich. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). A shrub not distinguish- able from this was seen at the mouth of Saginaw R., June 14, with corolla dark purple, awn wanting, pedicels dark brown 1% in. long from bracts. S. Mich. Kalmia angustifolia, L. 2 Tawas City, 29 June, exquisitely beautiful and very abundant; Thunder Bay , common. Kalmia glauca, Ait. S. Mich. (Wright). Ledum latifolium, Ait. Gros Cap., L. Mich. Pyrola rotundifolia, L. Ft. Gratiot; Pt. au Pain Sacre’ 19 June; St. Joseph’s I., Little St. Mar” tin’s I.; Drummond’s I. , common; S. Mich. (Wright). | yar asarifolia. The Cove, L. Huron, 1 July. Pyrola elliptica, Nu't. Ann Arbor; The Cove, L. Huron; Druammond’sI.; St. Joseph 1.; ; Grand Traverse Co. Pyrola chlorantha, Swartz. Ft. Gratiot. One-sided Pyrola Pyrola secunda, L. Ft. Gratiot ; the Cove, L. Huron ; St. he crm to Drummond’s I.; &. W. _ (Wright). Black Alder, Winterbe. ry. Mountain Holly. Common Plan- tain. Ribgrass, Ripple-. grass, English Plantain. Bird’s eye Prim- rose. Chick-Winter- green. « Loosestrife. STATE GEOLOGIST. 279 Moneses uniflora, Gray. Ft. Gratiot ; Little St. Martin's I., 17 July, sweet scented. Chimaphila umbellata, Nutt. (Pyrola umbellata— W Ft. nah L. Huron, Alcona Co.; L. Sup.; 8. Mich. (Wright). Pterospora Andromedea, Nutt. Sitting Rabbit, 17 Aug. Monotropa uniflora, L. Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Sitting rabbit. Monotropa Hypopitys, L. Ft. Gratiot, (Austin). AQUIFOLIACE, Ilex verticillata, Gray. (Prinos verticillatus— W.) S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Nemopanthes Canadensis, DC. 8. Mich. (Wright). PLANTAGINACES, Plantago major, L. Ann Arbor; Saut Ste Marie; Mackinac. Plantago-cordata, Lam. Tuscola Co.; . Mich. (Wright). Plantago lanceolata, L. Ann Arbor. PRIMULACER, Primula farinosa, L. Drmmond’s I. Primula Mistassinica, Michx. S. E. (Univ. Herb). Trientalis Americana, Pursh. Ft. Gratiot; Pt. aux Barques, Sag. B., 21 June; St. Joseph’s I.; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Lysimachia stricta. Ait. Ft. Gratiot; Saut St. Maric, 28 July; S. Mich. (Wright). Lysimachia quadrifolia, L. Ann Arbor. Lysimachia ciliata, L. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot. Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt. var. hybrida, (L. hybrida— W.) S. W. (Wright). Lysimachia longifolia, Pursh, (L. revoluta— W.) Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot. 280 . REPORT OF THE : é ark a ‘ ‘ Tafts1 Loose? == Naumburgia thyrsifl ra. Reich. (L. Cipitata—W.) + Ann Arbor; Drummoni’s I., common ia swampy svil; Sturgoon Pt., 30 June. Common Pimper Anagallis arvensis, L. -: Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Water Pimper. ~Samolus Valerandi, DL. eas ay ee Lodi, (Miss Clark). var. Americans. N. W. (Univ. Herb.) LENTIBULACE, Greator Bladder- Utricularia vulgaris, 1. (UO macrorhiza—W.) e S. Mich. (Wright); Capo Ipperwash, C. W. (Austin). Smuller Bladder- Utricularia minor, L. (VU. gibda—W.) wort. Ann Arbor. Utricclaria intermedia, Hayne. ' Ann Arbor. Parple Bladder- Utricularia purpurea, Walt. sls S. Mich. (Wright). Horned Bladder- Utricula:ia cornnta, Michx. pl Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., 13 Aug.; S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). OROBANCHACES, , ill ie Conopholis Americana, Wallroth. (Orobanche Americana—— W Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; S. W. (Wright). One-flowored = Aphyllon.uniflorum, Torr. & Gr. (Orobanche unt Jlora— W. ) 8. E. (Wright). SCROPHULARIACEA. Common Mullein. Verbascum Thapsns, Ih. False Presqu’ Isle, L. Haron, 11 July; Grass Lake; Ann Arbor, common; Ft. Gratiot. Moth Mallein. = Verbascum Blatturia, L. festa ’ S. Mich. (Wright). Wild Toad-Flax. Linaria Canadensis, Spreng. ee eS §. shore Saginaw B., 17 June. Toad-Flax, But- Yjinaria vulgaris, Mill. iS sa Ann Arbor. Figwort. Scrophularia nodosa, L. (S. Marilandca and len- cvolata— W.) Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright). Oollinsia. Collinsia verna, Nutt. Ann Arbor ; 8. W. (Wright); N. E. (Univ. Horb). Turtle-heat, Gnako-bead. BArd-tonguo, Ponstemva. Monkey-Flowor. Xo rkey-Flower. Monkey -Flowor. Wodge Hyssop. Fals> Pimpernel. Synthyris. Am>rican Brook- lime. - Culver’s-root, Culver’s Physic. Water Speedwell. Marsh Spoedwell. Common Speed- well. Alpino Speed- well. Thym>-leaved = Veronica peregrina, L. STATE GEOLOGIST. 281 Chelone glabra, L. Ano Arbor; “Nobis” R., Ly Croix, Emmot Oo.; 5. W. (Wright). Its loaves vary from 3g ia. to 13g iaches ia diametor. Pentstemon pubescens, Solauder. Ann Arbor, common. i Mimulus ringem®, L. Ann Arbor; 8. W. (Wright). Mimulus alatus, Ait. S. W. (Wright). Mimulus Jamesii, Torr. Mackinac, 17 July, abandant noar the cool spring at ths bas» of * Rob- j.svu’s Folly ;” St. HsivnaJ., St -aits of Mackin we, 20 Aag., aban Jant ia wet, ricu, low marsacs. Tao plant is not aways ‘ smooth,” beiag som :times pubescent on tho calyx, peduncles aul lower side of the lsav s. Both at Mackiauc and st. Helena L it was ia com- pany with Veronica Amzricana, Schweinit:. Gratigla Virginiana, L. ' S. Mich. ies, Ilerb). Ilysanthes gratioloides, Benth. ( Lindernia allenu- ata and dilatata—W.) 8. Mich. (Wright); Port Huron, (Miss Clark). Synthyris Houghtoniana, Benth. High prairies and hills, S. Mich. (Wright). Veronica Americana, Schweinitz. (V. Beccabunga Ann Arbor ; the Cove, L. Huron, 16 July ; Mackinac. Cumin Veronica Virginica, L. Ann Arbor. Veronica Anagallis, L. An Arbor ; S..W. (Wright). Veronica scutellata, L. Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot. Veronica officinalis, L. Ann Arbor. Veronica alpina, L. . Saut St. Marie, 23 May. Veronica serpyllifolia, L. Ann Arbor; Bruce Mine, Ca., 26 July. Ann Arbor, common. ~ Veronica arvensis, L. Ann Arbor, common. Buchnera Americana, L. S. W. (Wright); Mont Lake (Miss Clark). : 36 ‘ 282 Purple Gerardia. Slender Gerardia. Downy False- Foxglove. Smooth False- Foxglove. Scarlet Painted- cup. Lousewort, Wood Betony. Cow-wheat. Water Willow. Vervain. Blue Vervain. Nettle-leaved or White Veryain. “4 REPORT OF THE Gerardia purpurea, L. S. Mich. (Wright); Mackinac, (Whitney). Gerardia aspera, Dong. Sitting rabbit, 17 Aug, common; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., abundant fh sandy mar shes. Gerardia tenuifolia, Vall. Ann Arbor. Gerardia flava, L. partly. 8. Mich. (Wright). Gerardia quercifolia, Pursh, (G. glauca—W.) 8. W. (Wright); Mont Lake, Livingston Co., (Miss Clark). Gerardia pedicularia L. ’ Traverse City, 9 Sept.; Ann Arbor. Gerardia auriculata, Michx. 8. W. (Wright). Castilleia coccinea, Spreng. (Huchroma coccinee—_ : W.) Ann Arbor, common; Ft. Gratiot; Mouth Saginaw R ,a variety with yellow practs instead of scarlet, 13 June; Mackinac; Drummond’s I; Saut St. Marie. Pedicularis Canadensis, L. Ann Arbor, common; False Presqtt Isle, L. Huron; SugarI.; 8. W- (Wright). Pedicularis lanceolata, Michx (P. pallida—W.) Ann Arbar; S. W. (Wright). . Melampyrum Americanum, Michx. ¢ Ft. Gratiot; False Presqu’ Isle, L. Huron, 11 July; Drummond@’s I. Bs common; L. Sup.; Mont Lake, (Miss Clark). ACANTHACE. Dianthera Americana, L. Ann Arbor. Dipteracanthus ciliosus, Nees. S. Mich. (Wright). ' Dipteracanthus strepens, Nees. (Ruellia strepens— ae W.) 3 S. Mich. (Wright). * VERBENACE, . . Verbena angustifolia, Michx. | S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). ’ Verbena hastata, L. Bay City, 12 June ; Bruce Mine, Ca., 25 July ; Mackinac ; Ann Arbor. Verbena urticifolia, L. Ann Arbor. : 7 Wild Mint. Bugleweed. Water Hore- hound. Calaminth. American Penny- al. Horse Balm, Rich-weed, Btone- Root. Oswego Tea, Bee Balm. Wild Bergamot. Horse-mint. STATE GEOLOGIST. 283 Phryma Leptostachya, L. Pt. au Chene, 18 Aug.; S. Mich. (Wright). LABIATS. Teucrium Canadense, L. Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright). Mentha Piperita, L. Ann Arbor ; S. W. (Wright). Mentha Canadensis, L. (Mf. borealis— W.) Ann Arbor ; Broce Mine, Ca. , 26 July ; Drummond’s I.; SugarI. Com- mon about the shores of L. Haron. Lycopus Virginicus, L. Ann Arbor ; Bruce Mine, Ca., 25 July ; Pte Ste Ignace, common, corolla has five almost equal lobes, probably owing to the large upper’ lobe being 2-cleft, anJ often a small additional calyx tooth between the mee of the regular ones. pa Europeus, L. 8. Mich. (Wright). var, stlnuatus, Drummond’s I. , 22 July. ey oe officinalis, L. W. (Univ. Herb). Pycnanthemum lanceolatum, Pursh. (P. Virginicum —W.) S. Mich. (Wright). Pycnanthemum linifolium, Pursh. Ann Arbor, moist woods and exsiccated swamps. Calamintha glabella,-Benth. var. Nuttallii. Drummond’s I., 22 July, in crevices of limestone rocks, very common. This plant has a strong sivor like the American Pennyroyal, for which it is often mistaken, especially by the settlers throughout the northern lake shores where the true American Pennyroyal has bot}as yet, been found; 8. E. (Wright). Calamintha Clinopodium, Benth. Ft. Gratiot. , Hedeoma pulegioides, Pers. S. Mich. (Wright). Hedeoma hispida, Pursh. (?) Middle I., L. Huron, 9 July. Col insonia Canadensis, L. Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright); Elmwood, Detroit,( Miss Clark). Monarda didyma, L. Ft. Gratiot, (Austin). Monarda fistulosa; L. (I. allophylla— W.) ame wrestje eee Co., 22 Aug., common in sandy soil; S. Mich Monarda punctata, L. 8. Mich. (Wright). 284 Blephitia. ~Giant Hyssop. - Cat-mint, ~ Cataip. False Dragon ead. _ Heal-all, Self-heal. Skullcap. Mad-dog Skull- cap. Horehound. Hemp-nettle. Red Hemp-nettle. Hedge-nettle. REPORT OF THE. 7 Blephilia ciliata, Raf. Alpena Co. (?) 6 July, having four perfect stamens and two strongly awned teetu on tus lower lip of the calyx; Aan Arbor; Saut sé. Maurie. Blephilia hirsuta, Benth. S. Mich. (Wright). Lophanthus nepetoides, Benth. (Hyssopus nepeto- ide-— VW.) S. W. (Wright); Grosse Isle, (Miss Clark). Lophanthus scrophular‘efolins, Benth. (Hyssopus scrophularice/olius— W.) S. Mich. Wright). Nepeta Cataria, LL. Ann Arbor; Drummond’s i, 9 Aug. Physostegia Virginiana, Benth. (Dracocephalum Virginianum— W.) Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright). Brunella vulgaris, L. (Prunella vulgaris— W.) Ann Arbor, common; Alpena, 6 July; Drummond’s I.,a varicty with white corolia; Saut St. Marie. Scutellaria versicolor, Nutt. (S. cordifolia—W.) S. Mich. (Wright). Sentellaria pilosa, Michx. S. W. (Univ. Herb). Scutellaria integrifolia, L. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Scutellaria parvula, Michx. (S. ambigua—W.) S. Mich. (Wright). Scutellaria galericulata. T.. Ann Arbor ; Bay Co., common, 27 June; Port Huron, (Miss Clark). Scutellaria lateriflora. I. Sulphur I., (north of Drummond’s,) 8 Aug., common ; Ann Arbor. Marrubinm vulzare, L. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Galeopsis Tetrahit, T.. Mackinac, 19 July, common ; Sugar J., very abundant, but it was no- ticed that the upper lip off the co-olla is not e.tire but almost always with three or four tecth at its apex; and that the three lobes of the low ’r lip are similar, the mildle one a little larger,— alloval; 8S. E. (Wright,. ; Galeopsis Lodannum. L Ft. Gratiot ; Saut St. Marie. Stachys palustris. L var. aspera, (8. aspera—W.) S. W. (Weight); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Stachys hyssopifulia, Michx. S. Mich. (Wright). STATE GEOLOGIST. 285. Motherwort Leonurus Cardinea, I. ~ Pine Lake, Emmet Co. ,"29 Aug.; Ann Arbor. BORRAGINACES, —" Com- = =Symphvtum officinale, L. a Ann Arbor ; Port Austin, Huron Co. Corn Gromwell. Lithospermum arvense, L. Ann Arbor. Common Grom- Lithospermum officinale, L. Mackinac, 16 July ; 8. Mich. (Wright). Lithospermum latifolium, Michx. 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Hairy Puccoon. = J, jthospermnm hirtum, Lehm. Sand Pt., Saginaw B.,17 June, abundant ; Monroe Co., (Miss Clark); ; Ft. Gratiot. Hoary Puccoon. JT, ithospermum canescens, Lehm. (Balschia canescens —W,) Ann Arbor, commor. a Forget-me- Myosotis verna, Nutt. Ann Arbor, (Dr. Lord). Btick-sced. Echinospermum Lappula, Lehm. Ann Arbor; Mackinac, 18 July. Hound’s tongue. Qyyoglossuin officinale, L. Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot. Wild Comfrey. = Cynoglossum Virginicum, L. (C amplericaule—W.), Ft. Gratiot ; ; Presqu’ Isle, L. Huron ; &. Mich. (Wright). Beggar’s Lice, = Cynoglossum Morrisoni, DC. Anno Arbor. HYDROPHYLLACESX, Waterleaf. Hydrophyllum Virginicum, L. Ann Arbor. Hydrophvllnm Canadense, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Hairy Waterleaf. Tydrophyllum appendiculatum, Michx. Ann Arbor; §. W. (Wright). POLEMONIACER, wid Sweet Wil- Phlox maculata, L. Rich woods and riverbanks, (Gray). Carolina Phlox. Phlox Carolina. L. §. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Hairy Phlox. Phlox pilosa, L. Ann Arbor. ‘236 REPORT OF THE Divaricate Phlox. Phlox divaricata, L. Ann Arbor. - Ground or Moss’ Phlox subulata, L. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). CONVOLYULACE. “Wild Potato-vine ray ¢ 4 r Man-of-the-earth. Ipon@a-paleane M: yer. eindwieee: Convolvulus arvensis, L. Ann Arbor. Hedge Bindweed. Calystegia sepium, R. Br. Ft. Gratiot ; 8S. W. (Wright); Gross Isle, (Miss Clark). var. repens. S. shore of Saginzw B., 14 June. ‘Low Bindweed. Qalystegia spithamea, Pursh. Stone L,, Saginaw Bay, 16 June ; 8. E. (Wright). 2 Dodder. Cuscuta Gronovii, Willd. (C. Americana—W.) 8. W. (Wright). Cuscnta glomerata, Choisy. Moist prairies, (Gray). SOLANACEZ. Bittersweet. Solanum Dulcamara, L. Ann Arbor ; Pine Lake, 29 Aug. Common Night- Solanum nigrum, L. , Ann Arbor ; Sugar I., 31 July ; S. Mich. (Wright). Ground Cherry. Physalis pubescens, L. (P. obscura—W.) Ann Arbor. Ground Cherry. “Physalis wigcosa,. ly. Ann Arbor ; Drummond’s I., 23 July. Apple of Peru. Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn. Ann Arbor. ; Black Henbane. Hyoscyamus niger, L. . Ft. Gratiot ; Mackinac, 19 July, abundant. Stramonium. Datura Stramonium, L. (D Tatula—W.) Ann Arbor. Wild Tobacco. Nicotiana rustica, L. Emmet Co., 25 Aug., cultivated by the Indians. GENTIANACEA. American Cen- © Sabbatia angularis, Pursh. fi S. Mich. (Wright). ‘ American‘Co- = Frasera Carolinensis, Walt. fee Jackson Co. and westward ; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark), Spurred Gentian. Fivo-flowored Gentian. Fringod Gentian. Smaller Fringod Gentian. Straw Colored Gentian. Whitish Gentian. Closed Gentian. Soapwort Gon- liao. &crow-stem. Buckbean. Indian Hemp. Milkweed, Bilkweed.” Poko Milkweod. Parplo Milkwoed. STATE GEOLOGIST. 287 Halenia deflexa, Griseb. Middle I., L. Haron, 9 Jaly ; Drummond’s L.; St. Helena I., common. Ss. EL (Univ. Herb). Gentiaya quinqueflora, L. Ann Arbor. E var. occidentalis. Ann Arbor. Gentiana crinita, Froel. ‘ Aun Arbor ; Mackinac, (Whitney). Gentiana detonsa, Fries. Ann Arbor ; Drummond’s I., 13 Aug.; Pt. au Cheno, L. Mich. Gentiana ochroleuca, Froel. Mont Lake, (Miss Clark). Gentiana alba, Muhl. Ann Arbor ; 8. W. (Univ. Herb). Gentiana Andrewsii, Griseb. 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Gentiana Saponaria, L. S. Mich. (Wright). var. linearis. Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., 19 Aug., sandy swamps. Gentiana puberula, Michx. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Bartonia tenella, Muhl. (Centaurella es iy W. 8. W. Menyanthes trifoliata, L. Ann Arbor; S. Mich. (Wright). APOCYNACE&. Apocynum androsemifolium, L. Ann Arbor ; The Cove, L. Huron, 1 July ; St. Joseph’s I. Apocynum cannabinum, L. var. glaberrimum. Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot. var. pubescens, DC. Ft. Gratiot ; Charity I., 27 June. var. hvpericutolium. (A. hypericifolium— VW.) §. Mich. (Wright). " ASCLEPIADACES, Asclepias Cornuti, Decaisne. (A. Syriaca—W.) Ann Arbor ; Charity, Is., 27 Jane; Sand dunes, Emmet Co. Asclepias phytolaccoides, Pursh. Ann Arbor, very short pedicels except the terminal one; Ft. Gratiot. Asclepias purpurascens, L. Ann Arbor. 288 Varicgated Milk- weed. Four-leaved Milk- weed. Swamp Milkweed Butterfly-weed, Pleurisy-root. Whoried Milk- weed. Green Milkweed. White Ash. Red Ash. Green Ash. Black Ash, Water Ash. _Blue Ash. Wild Ginger. Poke, Scoke, Gar- get, Pigeon- herry. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. REPORT OF THE Asclepias variegata, L. Ann Arbor. Asclepias quadrifolia, Jacq. Ann Arbor. 1 Asclepias incarnata. L. Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot ; Grand Traverse Co.; S. W. (Wright). Asclepias tuberosa, L. Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot. Asclepias verticillata, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Acerates viridiflora, Ell. (Asclepias lanceolata==We) Ft. Gratiot ; S. W. Mich. (Wright). . OLEACE. Fraxinus Americana, L. (#. acuminata — W.) Ann Arbor ; Drummond’s I.; Fmmet Co. Common in the Southern Ps ninsula, but apparently Icss frequent northward. Fraxinus pubescens, L. Drummond’s I.; 8. Mich. (Wright). Comparatively rare. - Fraxinus viridis, Michx, f. Ann Arbor. ‘ Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam. Ann Arbor; Sugar I., common; Pine Lake; S. W. (Wright). Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michx. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). The wood of the Ash is highly esteemed for its strength and suppleness, cape the first and last speci.s above, The White Ash is most common and most .extensively used, its an- nual growths being least Jiable to separate into layers. It is much preferable for oars, being light as well as tough when seasoned. If is also extensively used by fishermen for hoops and staves, but for this the Black Ash is aiways preferred frcm the greater ease with which its layers are separated. ‘the Black Ash is asmaller tree, and is generally found in the vicinity of swamps or along streams. The value of its timber ig increased by the rapidity of its growth. Itis tovgher and mor@ elastic than the White Ash, but less durable upon exposure to the vicissitudes of moisture and dryness. North of the Straits of Mack- inac this is the prevailing speciis. The Blue Ash is found only in the southern part of the State. Its timber is prized equally with that of the White Ash, for which it is substituted in many of its _uses. The Red Ash is ’a smaller tree and furnishes less valuable timber. ARISTOLOCHIACEZ, Asarum Canadense, L. Ann Arbor. PHYTOLACCACE. ae . decandra, L. S. Mich. (Wright). CHENOPODIACES. Chenopodium hybridum, L. Ann Arbor; Drummona’s I.; Mackinac. Lamb's aa Pigweed Jerusalem Oak, Feather Gera- nium. Mexican Tea. Strawberry Blite > Green Amaranth, Pigweed. Prince’s Feather. Pigweed. Prince’s Feather. Water Persicaria. Lady’s Thomb. Smartweed. Wild Smartweed. STATE GEOLOGIST. 289 Chenopodium album, L. Ann Arbor; St. Joseph’s I. Chenopodium Botrys, L. Ann Arbor ; 8. W. (Wright.) Chenopodium ambrosioides, L. 8. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Misa ¢ Clark). PW tee! “Chenopodium rubrum, L.” S. Mich. (Wright). (Probably a synonym of fone of the preceding species. ] BJitum capitatum, L. Pt. aux Barques, L. Huron, 20 June; Drummond’s I.; Emmet Co. Com- mon about the shores of lakes Huron and Michigan. AMARANTACE. Amarantus hybridus, L. Ann Arbor. Amarantus hypochondriacus,, L. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Amarantus retroflexus, L. Ann Arbor. Amarantus albus, L. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Montelia tamariscina, Gray. 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb). | Acnida cannabina, L. 8. Mich. (Wright). POLYGONACE. Polygonum orientale, L. Ann Arbor. Polygonum amphibium, L. Ft. Gratiot ; Saginaw Bay, 16 June. var. aquaticum, L. Ann Arbor ; St. Mary’s R. 1 Aug.; Mont Lake, (Miss Clark). Polygonum nodosum, Pers. var. incarnatum. Ann Arbor. Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, L. 8. Mich. (Wright). Polygonum Persicaria, L. Ann Arbor. Polygonum Hydropiper, L. Ann Arbor. ’ Polygonum acre, H. B. K. (P. punctatum—W.) Ann Arbor; Mackinac, (Miss Clark).®ye 37 290 Mild Water-pep- “per. Knotgrass, Goosegrass, Door-weed. Slender Knot- grass. Jointweed. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. Black Bindweed. / Climbing False Buckwheat. Buckwheat. Swamp Dock. Tall Dock. Willow Dock. Great Water Dock. Bitter Dock. Curled Dock. Bloody-vined Dock. Field or Horse «, Sorrel. REPORT OF THE Polygonum hydropiper — Michx. (P. mite—W.) S. Mich., (Wright). Polygonum aviculare, L. Ann Arbor; Bruce Mine, Ca., 26 July. var. erectum, Roth. Ann Arbor. Polygonum tenue, Michx. S. Mich. (Wright). Polygonum articulatum, L. Traverse City, 8 Sept., beaaeine to blossom, abundant. Polygonum Virginianum, L. Ann Arbor ; 8. W.. (Wright). Polygonum arifolium, L. Gros Cap, L. Mich., 18 Aug.; 8. Mich. (Wright). Polygonum sagittatum, L. Saut St. Marie 31 July; 8. Mich. (Wright). Polygonum Convolvulus, L. S. W. (Wright). Polygonum cilinode, Michx. Drummond’s I., common; Huron Co., 20 June; Saut St. Marie. Polygonum dumetorum, L. (P. scandens— W.) Ann Arbor; Mackinac, (Miss Clark). - Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench. (Polygonum Fa- gopyrum— W.) Ann Arbor. Rumex verticillatus, L. (R. Brittanica— W.) Ann Arbor; Islands of Thunder Bay, 7 July; S. W. (Wright). Rumex altissimus, Wood. Saut St. Marie, 29 July. Rumex salicifolius, Wein mann, Hook. Villa Cross, Emmet Co., 22 Aug. Rumex Hydrolapathum, Hudson, var. American- um, Gray. Bruce Mine, Ca., 26 July; 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Rumex obtusifolius, L. Saut St. Marie, 29 July; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Rumex crispus, L. Ann Arbor; Saut St. Marie, 29 July. Commonest species of dock. Rumex sangianeus, L. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). ale Rumex Acetosella, L. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Saginaw B.; Drummonda’s I.; Mackinac. mon. Com- Spice-bush, B:-njamin- -bush, Wild Alispicoe. Leatherwood, ‘Mooso-wood. Bastard Toad- flax. Lizard’s Tail. Mercury. Slippery or Red kim. j . American or Whites Elm. * Corky White Eim. STATE GEOLOGIST. 291 - LAURACES. . Sassafras officinale, Nees. (Laurus Sassafras— W.) Ann Arbor. Benzoin odoriferum, Nees. (Laurus Benzoin—W.) S. Mich. (Wright); Ann Arbor. THY MELEACES. Direa palustris, L. Ann Arbor. ELUAGNACES. Shepherdia Canadensis, Nutt. Ann Arbor; Drummond’s I., common abont rocky shores. SANTALACE, Comandra umbellata, Nutt. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Sand Pt , Saginaw Bay,18 June,common. C. livida occurs at Cove x, % Huron. SAURURACE. © Saururus cernuus, L. S. Mich. (Wright). EUPHORBIACE. Euphorbia polygonifolia, L. 8. Mich. (Wright); Fort Gratiot. Euphorbia maculata, L. Ann Arbor; 8S. W. (Wright); Grosse Isle, (Miss Clark); Ft. Gratiot. Euphorbia corollata, L. Ann Arbor. Euphorbia commutata, Eng|m. . Ann Arbor. Acalypha Virginica, L. Ann Arbor; 8. Mich. (Wright). URTICACEX, Ulmus fulva, Michx. ~ Ann Arbor; Emmet Co.; Branch Lake, Antrim Co. Less common than the next.. Ulmus Americana, L. Ann Arbor; Drummond'sJ.; Sugar J., large and common in the low Jands of this island; Antrim Co.; Saut St. Marie, several fine native specimens stand east of the town near the river. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. 4 Ann Arbor, in aswamp about a mile south of thecity. | The kim prefers low grounds and rich sois. It is especially flourishing at the head of Branch Lake, Antrim Co., where the Red and the White Elm were found growing large and promiscuously together, the latter, however, excelling iu size. 292 Sugarberry. Hackberry. « Tall wild Nettle. Great Stinging Neitle. Wood Nettle. Richweed, Clearweed. Plane, Sycamore. » Butternut. Black Walnut. Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory. Thick Shell-bark Hickory. Small-fruited Hickory. Pignut, Broom Hickory. Bitter-nut, Swamp Hickory. Bur-Oak. e White Oak. REPORT OF THE Celtis occidentalis, L. Grosse Isle, (Miss Clark). var. crassifolia, (C. crasstfolia—W. ) S. W. (Wright). Urtica gracilis, Ait. Ann Arbor; Saut St. Marie, 29 July. Urtica dioica, L. Gros Cap, L. Mich., 18 Aug.; 8. W. (Wright). Laportea Canadensis, Gaudich. ( Urtica Canadensis —W.) Ann Arbor; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., 18 Aug. ; Pine Lake; Lodi, (Miss Clark). Pilea pumila, Gray. ( Urlica pumila— W.) S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Boehmeria cylindrica, Willd. ( Urtica capitata—W. ) S. W. (Wright). Jannabis sativa, L. Ann Arbor; 8. W. (Wright); Mackinac, (Miss Clark). Humulus Lupulus, L. Ann Arbor. Platanus occidentalis, L. Ann Arbor. JUGLANDACE A. Juglans cinerea, L. Ann Arbor. Juglans nigra, L. i Ann Arbor. Generally throughout the southern part of the Peninsula. Carya alba, Nutt. Ann Arbor, &c., common. Carya sulcata, Nutt. Ann Arbor, &c., common. Carya microcarpa, Nutt. Ann Arbor. Carya glabra, Torr. Ann Arbor, common, Carya amara, Nutt. Ann Arbor. This genus is abundantly represented in Southern Mich- igan. CUPULIFER. Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. Ann Arbor ; 8. W. (Wright). Common. Quercus alba, L. Ann Arbor; Grand Traverse Bay. Common throughout the southern peninsula. ; . STATE GEOLOGIST. 293 Swamp White _ Quercus Prinus, L. ~_-yar. discolor, Michx. (Q. bicolor—W. ) Ann Arbor. ee Chestnut Quercus Castanea, Willd. , Ann Arbor. Chinquapin or 5 ae a Sart Oheat- Quercus prinoides, Willd. nut Oak. Ann Arbor. f ag Shingle Quercus imbricaria, Michx. 7 Ann Arbor. Quereitronor Quercus tinctoria, Bartram. Black Oak, Yel- Ys Arbor low-barked Oak . Soarlet Oak. Quercus coccinea, Wang. Ann Arbor; Traverse City. Red Oak. Quercus rubra, L. Drummond’s I.; Sugar I., common; Emmet Oo., in the northern part of this county attains the largest size seen, growing in sandy soil in the valleys of the sand dunes, and producing fruit in great abund- ance. One tree measured 8 feet in circumference, 3 feet above the surface. The lee side of these dunes is covered more or less with trees and shrubs of the general character of the flora of the region, imbedded in the sand sometimes half their height. Swamp Spanish, Quercus palustris, Du Roi. a } Ann Arbor. The oak family is abundantly represented in the southern peninsula, forming a great part of the forest timber. Still the im- mediate shore of L. Huron from Bay county to the Straits of Mack- inac is apparently entirely destitute of oaks. Thence northward along St. Mary’s river Q. rubra is the only species, which is quite common but never attains a large size. Southward this species is of rarer occurrence, but is replaced by other and more valuable species. At Traverse City Q. alba and Q. coccinea make their most northern appearance as far as observed. There they are about equally frequent, growing in a sandy soil, sometimes in patches surrounded by the pines and more or less dispersed amongst them the former forming a large and shapely trunk, the latter being a smaller, but well proportioned tree. South of this the species mul- tiply both in numbers and frequency of occurrence. Chestnut. Castanea vesca, L. Monroe Co. Not common in the southern peninsula. American Beech. Fagus ferruginea, Ait. (7. sylvatica—W. ) y Ann Arbor; Mackinac, common, bpt so reduced in size as to be of little value; Drummond's I.; shore of L. Mich., from the Straits of Mack- inac to Northport, the beech here forming a very large and yalu- able part of the forest growth. Here were seen the largest and most perfect specimens. In the southern counties it is 7 mon, and furnishes excellent fuel. very com Wild Hazelnut. (Corylus Americana, Walt. Ann Arbor; Mackinac. Beaked Hazelnut. Qorylus rostrata, Ait. . St. Joseph’s I.; Drummond's I. Hornbean, Blue ; ; sche a Carpinus Americana, Michx. Iron-wood. -—«»«- Aum Arbor. ' Hop-Hornbean, Qstrya Virginica, Willd. pai : pit} PA Drommond’s 1.; Emmet Co. , common. 294 Bayberry, Wax-Myrtle. Sweet fern. Paper Birch, Canoe Birch. Yellow Birch. Cherry Birch, Sweet or Black Birch. Low Birch. Speckled or Hoary Alder. Smooth Alder, Hoary Willow. Low Bush Wil- low. Glaucous Willow. Silky-headed Willow. Silky-leaved Willow. Petioled Willow. REPORT OF THE MYRICACEA. Myrica cerifera, L. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.) Comptonia asplenifolia, Ait. Alpena; Traverse City; Ottawa Co.; Oakland Co., (Miss Clark); 8. Mich (Wright). BETULACE-2A. F Betula papyracea, Ait. Gravelly Pt., L. Huron; False Presqu’ Isle, L. Huron; Drummond’s1.; Sugar L.; : Emmet Co. This isa very common tree throughout the lake shores, growing in the most unfavorable situations, but seldom forming a large trunk. It isapt to spring up as second growth where the forest has been destroyed by fire. There is a variety (?) known as ‘“‘ red birch”’ by the Indians and Half-Breeds, with pale reddish bark much more brittle than the ordinary. Betula excelsa, Ait. Ann Arbor; Pt. aux Barques, L. Huron; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich.; Emmet — Co. ; - Drummond’ sI. Less common that the preceding, but often grows toa large tree. One specimen in Antrim Co. hada circum- ference of 11 ft. 4 in., four feet above the ground. Betula lenta, L. Drummond’s I., only seen at this place, but attains a monstrous size, one specimen measuring 10 feet in circumference. This is a valu- able tree, and it is unfortunate that so little is found in the State. Betula pumila, L. (B. glandulosa— W.) S. E. (Wright). Alnus incana, Willd. Shores of L. Huron; Drummond’s I., common; Saut St. Marie, and along the banks of St. Mary’s river, abundant. Alnus serrulata, Ait. Traverse City; 8. Mich. (Wright). SALICACEA. Salix candida, Willd. Ann Arbor; Drummond’s I.; north shore of Little L. George, very abundant, growiag in the shallow margin of the lake. Salix humilis, Marshall. Drummonda’s I. Salix discolor, Muhl. Ann Arbor; Drummond’s I.; Pine Lake, Emmet Co., abundant along the margin of the lake, occasionally reaching the size of a small tree. One tree measured 6 4% inches in diameter a foot from the surface. Salix eriocephala, Michx. Ann Arbor; Drummond’s I. Salix sericea, Marshall. Ann Arbor? Drummond’s I. Salix petiolaris, Smith. Saut St. Marie; S. E. (Univ. Herb). Heart-leaved Willow. Narrow-leaved W A Long-beaked Willow. Brittle Willow. Black Willow. Shining Willow. Balm of Gilead. Lombardy Pop- lar. STATE GEOLOGIST. 295 Salix cordata, Muhl. Grand Traverse Co. Salix angustata, Pursh. Ann Arbor. Salix rostrata, R'chardson. Aan Arbor; St. Joseph’s I.; 8. E. (Univ. Herb). A common species. Salix fragilis, L. Ann Arbor. Salix nigra, Marshall. Ann Arbor. Salix lucida, Muhl. Drummond’s L.; S. E. (Univ. Herb). Salix longifolia, Muhl. 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb.) Salix pedicellaris, Pursh. ; Drummond’s I.; S. E. (Univ. Herb). . Salix Babylonica, L. Cultivated in many places for ornament. Barely spontaneous. - Populus tremuloides, Michx. Ann Arbor; Sand Pt., Saginaw B.; Drummond’s I.; Sugar I., this and the next were growing abundant, large and promiscuously to- gether; Antrim Co. This is vne of the most common trees about the lake shores, seldom attaining, however,a large size. It often springs up abundantly with Betula papyracea in exposed situations where the forest growth has been prostrated by fire or tempest. Populus grandidentata, Michx. ae 2 ree Ann Arbor; Sand Pt., Saginaw Bay; Sugar I.; Antrim Co.” This isa rarer but more valuable tree than the last. They are often found in company, but this was never known to accept an exposed or unfavorable situation for the sake of such company; while the former often intrudes upon soil and situations chosen by the latter. This often forms a large tree with a naked, smooth and dingy yel- low trunk expanding its brawny and conspicuous limbs at a height of 50 feet. Populns heterophylla, L. 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb.) Populus monilifera, Ait. (P. Canadensis— W.) Ann Arbor. Populus balsamifera, L. Thunder Bay, L. Huron; L. Mich.,common- This isa common tree in low lands about the borders of rivers and swamps. It is very common on Drummond’s I., but it is of little economical value, its height seldom reaching 30 feet, while its usual size is about fifteen. var. candicans. (2. candicans— W. ) This is common in cultivation, but rare ina wild state. Buta single Hse was seen which wasa large tree standing near the lake a few miles north of Elk Rapids, Antrim Co. ’ ae a b : —) we lol Populus dilatata, Ait. _— Ann Arbor, in cultivation, and at many other localities, sparingly nat- uralized. Probably the largest specimens of this tree in the State are on the site of “(Old British Fort’? near the mouth of &t. Mary’s R., on Drummond’s I. 296 - REPORT OF THE CONIFERZ. Gray or Northern Pinus Banksiana, Lambert. Scrub Pine. Sand Pt. Saginaw Bay,and northward along the shore of L. Huron, not common. Red Pine. Pinus resinosa, Ait. Pt. au Chapeau, Sag. B., northward along the shore of L. Huron, Drum- mond’s J., and the shore of L. Mich., both on the Upper and Lower Peninsula,common. This is improperly called ‘“‘ Norway Pine’’ by the lumbermen. ‘ Pitch Pine. Pinus rigida, Miller. S. Mich. (Wright). White Pine. Pinus Strobus, L. Abundant in the valley of the Saginaw R. and its branches; shore of L. Huron; Drummona’s L.; Sugar I., huge solitary specimens of the Species were seen overtopping the surrounding forest, generally large but not.abundant; Shore of L. Mich. to Traverse City; Otta- wa Co., &c. Of the Pines, the last is most valuable and most abundant. In the valley of the Saginaw river, within 21 miles of its mouth there are fifty steam saw mills which are employed upon the logs of this species principally, and within the space of three miles there may be seen no less than 21 mills. These logs are ‘ poled” down the river and its branches from the pine lands through which they flow. Also on the south shore of Saginaw B., and at Pigeon River, Pinnebog, Port Austin and Willow River, Huron Co., the lumber business is extensively carried on. Also northward, along the shore of L. Huron, wherever there are facilities for transport- ing the logs by means of the small streams, mills have been erect- ed for the manufacture of lumber. Along the northern shore, the “¢ Norway Pine’’ becomes frequent. At Elk Rapids and Traverse City, P. resinosa is more extensively sawed, which furnishes less valuable lumber for general purposes, though very suitable for — flooring. This is generally found in sandy soil on level tracts form- ing ‘‘ Pine plains,’’ the trees having tall, straight andnaked trunks, « and presenting a beautiful orchard-like appearance. The shore of L. Michigan produces the white and red pine in about equal abun- dance, nowhere forming exclusive forests, but rather standing alone or in small clusters in the midst of surrounding Beeches, Maples and Hemlocks. P. Banksiana is asmall irregular tree of little value, preferring the most exposed and barren situations. Balsam Fir. Abies balsamea, Marshall. Shores and islands of L. Huron, very common; St. Mary’s river and ‘ shore of L. Mich., everywhere common. This is the prevailing species of the genus; and next to the Arbor Vite, is the most fre- quent of the family Conifere A. Canadensis prefers higher land among the beeches, large poplars and birches, more inland; while this occupies the lower, more recent drift, nearer the lake. Often it isseen growing at the base of a ledge of rocks, while At the summit and further inland A. Canadensis grows large and abundant. Smallfruited or Abies Fraseri, Pursh. ouble Balsa : Fir. N. W. (Univ. Herb). Hemlock Spruce. Abies Canadensis, Michx. Shore of L. Huron, but not common, from Huron county northward, Drummond’s I.; Emmet and Antrim counties. Nowhere is this species known'to excel the large and majestic growth which it at- tains on the shores of L. Mich.,in Antrim county. Indeed, with this exception, it was rarely met with during the entire season. It is found also in Ottawa, Kent and Allegan counties. Black, or Double Abies nigra, Poir. Seas Whitmore Lake, Washtenaw Co.; The Cove, L. Huron; Drummond’s L.; common; Sugar I.; shore of L. Mich., less common. STATE GEOLOGIST. | 297 White, or Single Abies alba, Michx. . ; Drummond’s I., common; Sugar and St. Joseph's Is.; Shore of L. Mich., P rare. The black spruce is more widely diffused over the State than the white, but the white predominates in the northern districts. larch, Tama- Larix Americana, Michx, (Pinus pendula— W.) “ Ann Arbor; False Presqu’ Isle, L. Huron; Drummond’s I.; Sugar L, abundant and very large, rising to the hight of 100 feet or more, witha circumference of six and a half feet, two feet above the ground. Swampy lands at the head of Branch Lake, Antrim Co., very large. This is a commofi tree in low, marshy land, and often mingles with the white cedar in the well known “ cedar swamps.’’ | Arbor Vite, Thuja occidentalis, L. be cox : The most striking and hardy tree of the forest, growing in all situa- tions, with its roots immersed in water, and on the most barren and inaccessible heights. In low and level tracts it often forms extensive ‘‘cedar swamps.’’ It may always be seen about the shore of an inland lake or the margin of a river, its dense foliage or dry scraggy limbs projecting over the water. It is generally a tree about 25 ft. in height, but sometimes grows to a mon- strous size on high lands where there is soil sufficient to sustain it. % The largest specimens seen were growing in the sandy soil of Em- met Co., in higher situations than is usual for the tree. One speci- men among others scattered through the forest composed mostly of beeches and hemiocks, had a diameter of 4 ft. 2 in. four feet from the ground. It is of slow growth, and requires centuries to attain such dimensions. Its wood has the greatest durability and is much used for fence posts, while its bark furnisbes thatching for the wigwam of the Indian and the cabin of the settler; S. Michigan (Wright). On Drummond’s Island were seen willows 25 to 30 years old, growing above the prostrate trunks of the white cedar, still remaining in a perfect state of preservation. In other cases it is equally sound beneath peat bogs, or buried 30 feet under “* modi- fied drift,’ where it must have lain for ages. ‘ Jufiper.. Juniperus communis, L . Ann Arbor; Pt. aux Barques, L. Huron; False Presqu’ Isle, L. Huron; ® Old Ft. Mackinac, Emmet Co. Common about the lake shores. — Juniperus Virginiana, L. Ann Arbor; Thunder Bay Is. ; N. W. (Univ. Herb); 8S. Mich. (Wright). var. humilis, Hook. False Presqu’ Isle, with trailing stems 25 ft. long; Sand dunes, Emmet Co. , abundant. American Yew Taxus baccata, L. var. Canadensis, Gray. 9 anal Middle I., L. Huron, very abundant; Drummond’s I., common; L. Mich. Common throughout the northern counties, especially in the shade of evergreens, a declining, one-sided shrub, having a luxuriant dark-green foliage and presenting a beautiful appearance where it covers the surface, but vicing with the White Cedar in forming a most persistent obstruction to the progress of the pedestrian. ARACE®. indian Turnip. Arjsema triphyllum, Torr. (Arum triphyllum— W.) Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Northport. Green Dragon, Ariseema Dracontium, Schott. Dragon-root. ice bie ‘ Arrow Arum. Peltandra Virginica, Raf. (Rensselaeria Virginica —W. S. Mich. pat tt Water Arum. (alla palustris, L. Ann Arbor ; 8. W. (Wright). 38 Bie. 298 REPORT OF THE Skunk Cabbage. Symplocarpus foetidus, Salisb. (Ictodes foctidus— Ann Arbor; Northport. en Acorus Calamus, L. : Quanecussee, Tuscola Co.; Bruce Mine, Ca. TYPHACEA. Cat-tail Flag. Typha latifolia, L. Ann Arbor, common; Saginaw B., common; Saut St. Marie. saad Sparganium eurycarpum, n. sp. Englm. Ann Arbor; Saginaw Bay, 14 June. Burreed. = Sparganium ramosum, Hudson, S. Mich. (Wright); Ft. Gratiot. Bare Sparganium simplex, Hudson. (S. Americanum— W.) . Ft. Gratiot; Saginaw Bay, 14 June; 8S. E. (Wright). LEMNACEZ. . Duckweed,_ Lemna trisulca, L. ; ‘ S. E. (Wright). Duckweed. Lemna minor, L. 8. W. (Univ. Herb); Northfield, Washtenaw Co., (Miss Clark). Dackayeed: Lemna polyrhiza, L. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). - NAIADACEZ. PONGES Gs Potamogeton pectinatus, L. 8. Mich. (Wright). Pondweed. Potamogeton pauciflorus, Pursh. 8. E. (Univ. Herb). Pongyyeed, Potamogeton perfoliatus, L. 8. Mich., (Wright). sheen <3 Potamogeton prelongus, Walf. Saginaw Bay, 16 June; (Univ. Herb). —— Potamogeton lucens, L. S. Mich., (Wright). var. ? fluitans. S. E. (Univ. Herb) Pondweed. Patamogeton natans, L. 8. Mich., (Wright). , Pondweed. Potamogeton heterophyllus, Schreber. 8. Mich. (Wright). ALISMACE. Arrow-grass. Triglochin palustre, L, S. W. (Wright). é Arrow-grass. Scheuchzeria. Water Plantain. Arrow-head. Arrow-head. Waterweed. Tape grass, Eel grass. Showy Orchis. Naked-gland Orchis. Large Round- leayol Orchis. Smaller two- leaved Orchis. Bracted Green Orchis. Northern Green Orchis. STATE GEOLOGIST. 299 Triglochin maritimum, L, 8. Mich., (Wright). var. elatum. False Presqu’ Isle, L. Huron, 11 July, common; Drummond’s L.; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Scheuchzeria palustris, L. S. W. (Wright). Alisma Plantago, L. var. Americanum, Gray. (A. Plantago— W.) Ann Arbor’; S. W. (Wright). Sagittaria variabilis, Engelm. ‘* Psaganing,’’ Bay Co., 26 June; Ann Arbor. var, diversifolia, 8. Mich., (Univ. Herb). var. -angustifolia. Elk Rapids, Antrim Co. Sagittaria heterophylla, Pursh. EIJK Rapids, Antrim Co. Sagittaria pusilla, Nutt. 8. W. (Univ. Herb). HYDROCHARIDACE2. Anacharis Canadensis, Planchon. 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Vallisneria spiralis, L. Ann Arbor. ORCHIDACEZ. Orchis spectabilis, L. Ann Arbor. Near the light-house at the moyth of Saginaw river isa variety with light purple lip, interruptedly streaked and mottled with dark purple. In bloom, 14 June. Gymnadenia tridentata, Lindl. (Habenaria triden- tata— W.) 8. W. (Wright). Platanthera orbiculata, Lindl. (Habenaria orbicu- lata— W. ) Ft. Gratiot; False Presqu’ Isle, L. Huron, 11 July; Drummond’s I. ; Saut Ste Marie, (Miss Clark). Rare. Platanthera Hookeri, Lindl. 8. E. (Univ. Herb). Platanthera bracteata, Torr. (Habenaria bracteata— W. Ann Asi. Emmet Co. Platanth*ra hyperborea, Lindl. (Habenaria huron- ensis— W. ) Ann ronal Squaw Pt., Thunder Bay,6 July; Northport; S. W. (Wright). mmon. 300 REPORT OF THE Northern White Platanthera dilatata, Lindl. } Drummond’s I., 22 July; S. E. (Univ. Herb). Yellowish Orchis Platanthera flava, Gray. (Habenaria herbiola—W.) Ann Arbor; 8. W. (Wright). Yellow Fringed Platanthera ciliaris, Lindl. (Habenaria ciliaris— W.) * Ann Arbor. White Fringed ~~ Platanthera blepharigllottis, Lindl. rchis. : a. S. Mich., (Univ. Herb). . Western Orchis. Platanthera leucophea, Nutt. Ann Arbor. Ragged Orchis. Platanthera lacera, Gray. (Habenaria psycodes, partly— W.) Ann Arbor. Small Purple Pay aod oe Platanthera psycodes, Gray. (Habenaria psycodes, partly, H. grandiflora and fimbriata— W. ) Fi. Gratiot; Drummond’s I., 22 July; S. W. (Wright). Large Purple Platanthera fimbriata, Lindl. ee Fringed-Orchis. ““ ‘wiford, Oakland Co.; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). P. obtusata occurs at ; Cove I., L. Huron, (Austin). agri Goodyera repens, R. Br. ; Antrim Co., 3 Sept., common in the shade of woods. Rattlesnake 2 ee. Goodyera pubescens, R. Br. Ann Arbor. Ladies’ Tresses. Spiranthes gracilis, Big. , S. W. (Wright). Ladies’ Tresses. Spiranthes latifolia, Torr. in Lindl. Drnmmond’s I., common; S. E. (Univ. Herb). Ladies’ Tresses. Spiranthes cernua, Richard. Ann Arbor. Arethusa. Arethusa bulbosa, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Pogonia. Pogonia ophioglossoides, Nutt. S. W. (Wright). Pogonia. Pogonia pendula, Lindl. ( Zriphora pendula—W.) S. W. (Wright). Calepepo: Calopogon pulchellus, R. Br. | Ann Arbor; Mouth Saginaw R., 24 June; S. Mich. (Wright). ele Calypso borealis, Salisb. Forty-mile point, Presqu’ Isle Co. Crane-Fly Orchis. Tipularia discolor, Nutt. ‘ N. Mich. (Dr. Cooley). Adder’s-Mouth. Microstylis ophioglossoides, Nutt. S. W. (Wright). aay Coral-root Coral-root. Coral-root. Coral-root. Putty-root, - Adam-and-Eve. Larger Yellow Lady’s Slipper. Small White Lady’s Slipper. Showy Lady’s Slipper. Smaller Yellow Lady’s Slipper. Stemless Lady’s Slipper. Star-grass. Colic-root, Star-grass. Larger Blue Flag. Lake Dwarf Iris. Bine-Eyed Grass. 4 STATE GEOLOGIST 301 Microstylis monophyllos, Lindl. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Liparis liliifolia, Richard. (Malaris liliifolia— W.) S. W. (Wright). Corallorhiza innata, R. Br. (C. verna— W.) 8. E. (Wright). Corallorhiza multiflora, Nutt. Pt, aux Barques, Huron Co., 20 June; St. Martin’s I., 17 July; S. W. (Wright). Corallorhiza odontorhiza, Nutt. Rich woods, (Gray.) Corallorhiza Macreei, Gray. Mackinac, (C. G. Loring, Jr., and Whitney). Aplectrum hyemale, Nutt. 8. E. (Univ. Herb). Cypripedium pubescens, Willd. Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June; Drummond's I. Cypripedium parviflorum, Salisb. Ann Arbor. Cypripedium candidum, Muhl. Ann Arbor. Cypripedium spectabile, Swartz. Ann Arbor; Tawas Bay, 28 June. Cypripedium acaule, Ait. Ann Arbor; Grand Rapids, (Miss Clark). C. arietinum octurs at Cape Ipperwash, C. W., a few miles from Port Huron. AMARYLLIDACE. Hypoxys erecta, L. Ann Arbor, common; Ft. Gratiot; shores of Sag. B., common. HEMODORACEE. Aletris farinosa, L. | S. E. (Wright). IRIDACE. Iris versicolor, L. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Saginaw Bay, common; Mackinac. Common all over the Southern Peninsula. Iris lacustris, Nutt. Bois Blanc J.; Mackinac; Drummond’s I.; Old Fort Mackinac. Sisyrinchium Burmudiana, L. Ann Arbor, very common; Ft. Gratiot; shores of Saginaw Bay 14 June.. common. var. anceps, (S. anceps— W.) &. W. (Wright). 302 Wild Yam-root. Common Green- brier. Carrion Flower. Nodding Trilli- um, Wake Robin. Purple Trillium, Birthroot. Large White Trillium. Painted Trillium. Indian Cucum- ber-root. Smaller Solo- mon’s Seal. ~ Great Solomon’s Seal. False Spikenard. x REPORT OF THE, DIOSCORACEZ. Dioscorea villosa, L. S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor. SMILACE. Smilax rotundifolia, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Smilax hispida, Muhl. Ann Arbor. Smilax herbacea, L. Ann Arbor. var. pulverulenta, (S. peduncularis— W.) S. Mich. (Wright). Smilax tamnifolia, Michx. Ann Arbor. Trillium cernuum, L. S. Mich., (Wright) .- Trillium erectum, L. Ann Arbor. var. album. Ann Arbor. Trillium grandiflorum, Salisb. Ann Arbor; Drummond’s]. A variety occurs at Ann Arbor with flow- ers tetramerous throughout. Trillium erythrocarpum, Michx. S. Mich. (Wright). Medeola Virginica, L. (Gyromia Virginica— W.) Alcona Co., 1 July; S. Mich. (Wright). LILIACEA. Polygonatum biflorum, EI. Ann Arbor. Polygonatum giganteum, Dietrich. ( Convallaria multiflora—W. ) Ann Arbor. Smilacina racemosa, Desf. Ann Arbor; Drummona’s I. smilacina stellata, Desf. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Sand dunes, Ottawa Co., 80 Aug., but 3-seed- ed!; Huron Co. Smilacina trifolia, Desf. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Smilacina bifolia, Ker Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot. Common everywhere. Wid Lock. Wild Onion. Wild Moadow’ Garlic. Wild Orango-red we Wild Yellow Lily. Turk’s cap Lily. Yellow Adder’s tongue. La rge-fowered Bellwort. Sessile-leaved Bellwort. Twistod-stalk. Twistod-stalk. Zygadene. False asphodel. Wood-rush. Wood-rusb. 7 STATE GEOLOGIST. ~ 303 Clintonia borealis, Raf. Common in shady, molet woods throughout the seethern counties of the peninsula. Allium tricoccum, Ait. St. Martin's I., 17 July; S. W. (Wright). Allium cernuum, Roth. S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Allium Canadense, Kalm. Ann Arbor; 8. shore of Saginaw Bay, 14 June; S. Mich. (Wright). Lilium Philadelphicum, L. Ann deaf Ft. Gratiot; Stone I., Saginaw B.,16 June; The Cove, L. uron Lilium Canadense, L. . Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Stargeon Pt., L. Huron, 30 June. Lilium superbum, L. Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). Erythronium Americanum, Smith. Ann Arbor. MELANTHACE. Uvularia grandiflora, Smith. Ann Arbor. Uvularia sessifolia, L. S. E. (Wright). Streptopus amplexifolius DC. Ft. Gratiot; St. Joseph’s I. Streptopus roseus, Michx. Drummond’s I ; Sugar I. Zygadenus glaucus, Nutt. (Melanthium glaucum— S. W. (Wright). Tofieldia gintinosa, Willd. False Presqu’ Isle, L. Huron, 11 July; Drummond’s L JUNCACES, Luzula pilosa, Willd. (Wright). Luznla eompestris, DC. Ann Arbor. Juncus effusus, L. 8. E. (Wright). Junens filiformis, L. Saginaw Bay, 15 June. Juncus Baltiens, Willd. Drummond's J., 25 July; Pine Lake, Emmet Co.; Leelanaw Co.; a we (Wright). ‘Sandy shores, common. 304 REPURT OF THE Rush. Juncus setaceus, Rostk. Sulphur I., north of Drummond’s; S. Mich. (Wright). sia Juncus paradoxus, E. Meyer. (J. polycephalus— W. ) s. Michigan, (Wright). — Juncus acuminatus, Michx. S. Mich. (Wright). oy 5s Juncus articulatus, L. ° Drummonda’s I., 22 July; ‘Grand Traverse Bay = arm), abundant. 7 neh. Juncus nodosus, L. Drummona’s I., 25 July; Grand Traverse Bay (E. arm), abundant. saad Juncus marginatus, Rostk. ‘ _ §. Mich., (Univ. Herb) Rush. Juncus tenuis, Willd. Sturgeon Pt., L. Huron; S. Mich. (Uniy. Herb). Rush. Juncus bufonius, L. 8. E. (Wright). PONTEDERIACEZ. Pickerel-weed. Pontederia cordata, L. Ann Arbor. Water Star grass. Schollera graminea, Willd. S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor , (Miss Clark). Day-flower. Commelyna Tat oad: Be. angustifolia— W. a S. W. (Wright). Common Spider "Tradescantia: V ineimica, ili. wer. Ann Arbor. XYRIDACES. ee Xyris bulbosa, Kunth. ' S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). ERIOCAULONACE. ee sore Eriocaulon septangulare, Withering. (EH. pelluci- dum— W. ) S.W. (Wright). % CYPERACEE. pend Cyperus diandrus, Torr. Aun Arbor. var. castaneus. ; S. E. (Univ. Herb). Cyperus flavescens, L. . S. Mich. (Wright). Cyperus strigosus, L. S. W. (Wright). eteceth STATE GEOLOGIST. 805 “Cyperus phymatodes, Muhl.?” S. W. (Wright). Cyperus filiculmis, Vall. (C. mariscoides— W.) &. Mich. (Wright). Dulichium spathaceum, Pers. 8. Mich. (Wright). *Hemicarpa subsquarrosa, Nees. (Scirpus subsquar- rosa— W. 8. W. (Wright). Eleocharis equisetoides, Torr. (Scirpus equisetoides — W. : 8. E. wakes. Eleocharis quadrangulata, R. Br. 8. Mich. (Gray). Eleocharis obtusa, Shultes. (Scirpus capitatus— W.) 8. E. (Wright). Eleocharis palustris, R. Br. (Scirpus palustris— W.) Sturgeon Pt., L. Huron; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich.; 8. Mich. (Wright). Eleocharis rostellata, Torr. Drummond’s I., 22 July» Eleocharis intermedia, Schultes, Grand Traverse Bay. " Eleocharis tenuis, Schultes. (Scirpus tenuis-— W.) S. E. (Wright). Eleocharis compressa, Sullivant. Branch L., Emmet Co. Eleocharis acicularis, R. Br. (Scirpus acicularis— W. 8. W. str ng Scirpus subterminalis, Torr. 8. Michigan, (Wright). Scirpus pungens, Vahl. (S. Americanus— W.) Pt. au Chene, L. Mich. ,19 Aug.; Grand Traverse Bay; S. Mich. (Wright). Ecirpus Torreyi, Olney. Borders of ponds, (Gray). ' Scirpus lacustris, L. (S. lacustris and acutus—W.) Saginaw B., common; Pine Lake, Fmmet Co.,abuncéant; &S. F. (Wright). This species is extensively used by the Indians to make mats. It is cut late in summer just as the fruitis ripening. In Pine Lake it tee very large, the culm sometimes being 12 ft. or more in length. Scirpus debilis, Pursh. Low banks of streams, (Gray). 39 306 REPORT OF THE |! -SeaCubrush. Scirpus maritimus, L. (S. macrostachyos—W.) §. Mich., (Wright). River Club-rush. Scirpus fluviatilis, Gray. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). —— Scirpus sylvaticus, L. var. atrovirens. 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb). : —— Scirpus polyphyllus, Vahl. (S. brunneus—W.) 8. Mich. (Wright). Bulrush. Scirpus lineatus, Michx. = S. Mich. (Wright). } Weol-Erass. Scirpus Eriophorum, Michx. (S. Firtephorio== WE Ss. 'W. (Univ. Herb). Sheathed Cotton- Kriophorum vaginatum, L, peed 8. Mich. , (Univ. Herb). . . . . . . . . Virginian Cotten Eriophorum Virginicum, L. Soe S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Many aneed Eriophor um polystachyon, L. ere es S. Mich. (Wright). Var. latifolium. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). > Graceful Cotton Eriophorum gracile, Koch. (Z. angustifolium—W.) grass. S. Mich. (Wright). a Fimbristylis spadicea, Vahl. (Scirpus spadiceus— W. Ss. W. sr A Fimbristylis autumnalis, Roem. & Shult. (Scirpus autumnalis—W.) S. Michigan, (Wright). » \ Fimbristylis capillaris, Gray. (Scirpus capillaris— W.) “a 8. Michigan, (Wright). . Umbrellagrass. Wyirena squarrosa, Michx. S. Mich. (Wright). Beak-rush. Rhynchospora alba, Vahl. S. W. (Wright); N. E. (Univ. Herb). Beak-rash. Rhynchospora capillacea, Torr. Bogs and river banks, (Gray). a Rhynchospora glomerata, Vahl. * §. Mich., (Wright). Twig-rush. Cladium mariscoides, Torr, (Schoenus mariscoides—_ W.) S. Mich. (Wright). SSS 4 ! STATE GEOLOGIST. 307 Scleria triglomerata, Michx. S. Mich., (Wright). Scleria verticillata, Muhl. Swamps, (Cooley). Carex yynocrates, Wormskiold. N. E. and N. W., (Univ. Herb). Carex scirpoidea, Michx. N. E. (Univ. Herb). Carex polytrichoides, Muhl. 8. Mich. (Wright); N. W. (Univ. Herb). Carex bromoides, Scbk. Antrim Co.; S. E. (Wright). Carex Sartwellii, Dew. 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Cates teretiuscula, Good. 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Carex decomposita, Muhl. (C. paniculata— W.?) S. Mich. (Wright). Carex vulpinoidea, Michx. (C, setacea— W.) Sturgeon Pt., L. Huron; S. Mich. (Wright). Carex stipata, Muhl.« S. Mich. (Wright). Carex cephalophora, Mubl. 8. E. (Wright). Carex rosea, Schk. Ann Arbor. Carex tenella, Schk. (C. dispermia—W.) S. E. (Wright). Carex trisperma, Dew. _ Ww right). Cutie canescens, L. (C. curta—W.) 8. Mich. (Wright). Carex Deweyana, Schw. §. Mich. (Wright). Carex stellnlata, Good. Sturgeon Pt., L. Huron; S. E. (Wright). var, sterilis. 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Carex scoparia, Schk. 8. E. (Univ. Herb). Carex lagopedioides, Schk. 8. Mich. (Wright). var. cristata, (C. cristata—W.) & Mich. (Wright). 308 | REPORT OF THE ! Carex festucacea, Schk. 8. Mich. (Wright). var. tenera, (C. tenera— W.) . §. Mich. (Wright). Carex straminea, Schk. S. Mich. (Wright). Carex vulgaris, Fries. (C. caespitosa— W.) S. Mich. (Wright). Carex stricta, Lam. (C. acuta— W.) , . 8. Mich. (Wright). Carex aquatilis, Wahl. Near Sitting rabbit, 18 Aug.; S. E. (Wright). . Carex crinita, Lam. Ann Arbor; Sturgeon Pt., L. Huron; S. Mich. (Wright) Carex limosa, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Carex Buxbaumii, Wabl. \ 8. E. (Univ. Herb). Carex aurea, Nutt. 8. E. (Wright). Carex tetanica, Schk. $8. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Carex Crawei, Dew. N. Mich. (Bull). Carex granularis, Muhl. Drummond@’s I., 25 July; 8. E. (Wright). Carex conoidea, Schk. S. E. (Wright). - . Carex grisea, Wahl. var. mutica. Drummonda’s I., 25 July. Carex Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Sitting rabbit. Carex formosa, Dew. S. Mich. (Wright). Carex gracillima, Schk. 8. E. (Wright). Carex virescens, Muhl. 8. Mich. (Wright). . Carex plantaginea, Lam. (C. anceps—W. ?} S. Mich. (Wright). Carex laxiflora, Lam. 8. Mich., (Wright). STATE GEOLOGIST. | - 809 Carex eburnea, Booth. (@ alba, var. setifolia— W.) Drummond's I., 28 July; L. Mich., Emmet Co.;S. W. (Wright). Carex pedunculata, Muhl. (C. lupulina—.) 8. Mich, (Wright). Carex Nove-Anglie, Schw. (C. collecta, nigro-mar- ginata— W.) S. E. (Wright). if var. Kinimonsu. Grand Traverse Bay. Carex Pennsylvanica, Lam. (C. marginata—W.) . Ann Arbor. “Carex varia, Muhl. ?” 8. Mich. (Wright). Carex pubescens, Muh. 8. Mich. (Wright). Carex miliacea, Muhl. 8. Mich. (Wright). Carex scabrata, Schw. 8. Mich. (Wright). Carex arctata, Boott. (C. sylvatica— W.) 8. Mich. (Wright). Carex flava, L. Emmet Co.; 8. E. (Wright). Carex (deri, Ehrh. Drummond’s I., 25 July. Carex filiformis, Gmelin. 8. Mich. (Wright). Carex languinosa, Michx. 8. E. (Univ. Herb). : Carex lacustris, Willa. 8. Mich. (Wright). Carex aristata. Lake shores and river-banks, (Univ. Herb). Carex trichocarpa, Muhl. 8. Mich. (Wright). Carex comosa, Boott. 8. Mich. (Uhiv. Herb). Carex psendo-cyperus, L. 8. Mich. (Wright). : Carex hystricina, Willd. 8. E. (Univ. Herb). Carex tentacnlata, Muhl, Antrim Co.; 8. Mich. (Wright). 310 Rice Cut-grass. White-grass. / Indian Rice, Water Oats. Floating Foxtail. Timothy, Herd’s-grass. Thin-Grass. e Hair-Grass. REPORT OF THE ra Carex intumescens, Rudge. N. W. (Univ. Herb.) pee Carex folliculata, L. (C. folliculata and xanthophy- sa— W.) S. Mich. (Wright). ' Carex lupulina, Muhl. Ann Arbor. Carex-squarrosa, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Carex retrosa, Schw. 8. Mich. (Wright). Carex.ampullacea, Good. Bear Creek, Emmet Co.; S. Mich. (Wright). var. utriculata. 8. E. (Univ. Herb). Carex cylindrica, Schw. §. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Carex bullata, Schk. S. Mich. (Wright). Carex digosperma, Michx. Oakland Co. (Prof. Williams.) GRAMINES. . Leersia oryzoides, Swartz. S. Mich. (Wright). Leersia Virginica, Willd. S. Mich. (Wright). Zizania aquatica, L. (Wright). Alopecurus geniculatus, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Phleum pratense, .L. Meadows, common. Sporobolus cryptandrus, Gray. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Sporobolus serotinus, Gray.’ Sandy wet places, (Gray). Agrostis perennans, Tuckerm. (Trichodium seab- rum— W.) 8. Mich. (Wright). Agrostis scabra, Willd, (Zrichodium laxiflorum— 8. Mich. (Wright). , Drop-seed Grass. Drop-seed Grass. Nimble Will. Blue Joint-Grass. u Reed Bent-grass. Mountain Rice. STATE GEOLOGIST. 311 Agrostis canina, L. Ann Arbor. Agrostis vulgaris, With. Ann Arbor. Agrostis alba, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Cinna arundinacea, L. S. W. Mich. (Wright). 5 Muhlenbergia sobolifer ra, Gray. Open rocky woods; Mich. (Gray). * Muhlenbergia giomeretn, Trin. (Polypogon racemo- sus— W. 8. W. (Wright). Muhlenbergia Mexicana, Trin. (Agrostis lateriflora — W. S. Mich. aes Muhlenbergia Willdenovii, Trin. (Agrostis tenus- Jlora— W.) S. Michigan, (Wright). Muhlenbergia diffusa, Schreber. 8. Mich. (Wright). Brachyelytrum aristatum, Beauv. 8. Mich. (Wright). Calamagrostis Canadensis, Beauv. (Arundo Cana- densis— W.) Pt. au Chene, L. Mich.; S. E. (Wright). Calamagrostis coarctata, Torr. (Ar undo coarctata— —W.) 8. Mich., (Wright). Calamagrostis longifolia, Hook. Pt. au Sy L. Mich. 19 Aug.; Antrim Co., common;] 8. W. (Univ. Herb). Calamagrostis arenaria, Roth. Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., 19 Aug. Oryzopsis melanocarpa, Muhl. (Piptatherum ni- grum— W.) S. Mich. (Wright). ,Oryzopsis asperifolia, Michx. S. Mich. (Wright). Oryzopsis Canadensis, Torr. (Mili _ eg , — (Milium pungens W) Black Oat Grass. Stipa avenacea, L. S. W. (Wright). 312 REPORT OF THE Porcupine Grass. Stipa spartea, Trin. (S. juncea— W.) Fresh-Water Cord-Grass. Muskit-grass. Wire-grass. Tall Red-Top. Dupontia. Diarrhena. Keeleria. Rattlesnake- Grass. Reed Meadow- Grass. Zovw Spear-Grass. s. Mich., (Wright). Aristida stricta, Michx. S. Mich., (Wright). [Deubtful.} Aristida purpurascens. 8. Mich., (Univ. Herb) Spartina cynosuroides, Willd. 8. Mich., (Wright). Bouteloua curtipendula, Gray. (Atheropogon aplu- divides W.) S. Mich. (Wright). Elusine Indica, Gaertn. S. Mich. (Wright). Tricuspis seslerioides, Torr. S. W. (Wright). Dupontia Cooleyi, Gray. Washington, Macomb Co., (Gray). Diarrhena Americana, Beauy. 8. Mich. (Wright). Keoeleria cristata, Pers. S. E. (Wright). Katonia obtusata, Gray. (Keleria truncata—W.) 8. E. (Wright). Eatonia Pennsylvanica, Gray. (Keleria Pa vanica— W.) S. Mich. (Wright). . Gls ceria Canadensis. S. W. (Univ. Herb.) Glvceria elongata, Trin. ‘ Wet woods, (Gray.) Glyceria nervata, Trin. (Poa nervata—W.) S. Mich. (Wright). Glyceria aquatica, Smith. (Poa ayuatica, var. Amer: icana— W.) S. Mich., (Wright). Glyceria fluitans, R. Br. 8. Mich. (Wright). Poa annua, L. Ann Arbor ; S. E. (Wright). . Poa debilis, Torr S. Michigan, (Univ. Herb). Poa sylvestris, Gray. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). al False Red-Top, Fowl! Meadow Grass. Rough Meadow Grass. Groen, or Com- mon Meadow Grass. Bluoe-Grass, Wire-Grass. Cheat, Chess. Wild Chess. STATE GEOLOGIST. 313 Poa serotina Ehrh. Little Traverse Bay, 24 Aug.; S. Mich. (Wright). Poa nemoralis, L. S. Mich., (Wright). Poa trivialis, L. §. Mich. (Wright). Poa pratensis, L. S. E. (Wright). Poa compressa, L. Ann Arbor. . Kragrostis reptans, Nees. (Poa reptans— W.) 8. Mich. (Wright). : Eragrostis powoides, (Poa eragrostis— W.) Ann Arbor, Eragrostis capillaris, Nees. (Poa capil/aris and hir- suta— W ) S. Mich. (Wright). Eragrostis pectinacea, Gray. ‘ Poa hirsuta— VW.) 8. Mich. (Wright). var. spectabilis, §. Mich., (Univ. Herb). Festuca tenella, Willd. S. Mich. (Wright). Festuca ovina, Gray. var. duriuscula. (F. durtuscula— W.) 8. Mich. (Wright). Festuca nutans, Willd. 8. E. (Wright). Bromus secalinus, L. Ann Arbor; Fields, Grand Travyorse Co. Bromus Kalmii, Gray. (2. cilialus—W.) 8. E. (Wright). Bromus ciliatus, L. Charlevoix, Fmmet Co.; &. Mich. (Wright). var. purgans, (B. Purgans—W.) Phragmites communis, Trin. 8. Mich. (Wright). Lolium tremulentum, L. S. Michigan, (Wright). Triticum repens, L. 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Triticum caninum, L, (Agropyron caninum—- W.) 8. Mich. (Univ. Herb). 40 314 Bottle-brush Grass. Hair-Grass. Wild Oats. Trisetum. Oat. Vanilla, or Sene- ca-Grass. Reed Canary- Grass. Millet-grass. Panic-Grass Crab-Grass, Finger-Grass. REPORT OF THE Triticum dasystachyum, Gray. N. W. (Univ. Herb). Elymus Virginicus, L. 8. E. (Wright). Elymus Canadensis, L. Drummond’s I., 24 July; Antrim Co., common; §. E. (Wright). var. elaucifolius. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). , Klymus striatus, Willd. var. villosus. (£. villosus— W.) S. Mich.’ (Wright). Elymus mollis, Trin. : Shore of L. Huron, (Gray). Gymnostichum Hystrix, Schreb. (Elymus Hystrix —W. Ann Arbor ; 2 Mich. (Wright). Aira ceespitosa, L. : S. Mich. (Wright). Danthonia spicata, Beauy. 8. Mich. (Wright). Trisetum subspicatum, Beauv., var. molle, Gray. N. E. (Univ. Herb). Avena striata, Michx. (Trisetum purpurascens— W.) S. E. (Wright). Hierochloa borealis, Roem. & Schultes. S. E. (Univ. Herb). Phalaris arundinacea, L. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.) Milium effusum, L. S. E. (Wright). Panicum filiforme, L. (Digitaria filiformis—W.) S. W. (Wright). Panicum glabrum, Gaudin. 2 Ann Arbor. _ Panicum sanguinale, L. (Digitaria sanguinale— IV, } Ann Arbor. Panicum capillare, L. Ann Arbor; Mission Point, Grand Traverse Co. Panicum virgatum, L. ! S. Mich. (Wright). | Panicum latifolium, L. “* ~ $. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Barnyard-Grass. Foxtail. Green Foxtail, Bottle-Grass. Beard-Grass. Horsetail Scouring Rash. Meadow Horse- tail. Wood Horsetail. Swamp Horse- tail. Shave-Grasz. STATE GEOLOGIST. 315 Panicum dichotomum, L. (P. nitidum and pubes- cens— W.) Grand Traverse Co,; S. Mich. (Wright). Panicum Crus-galli, L. Ann Arbor. Panicum nervosum, Mull. 8. Mich. (Wright). [A synonym?) Setaria glauca, Beauv. Ann Arbor. Setaria viridis, Beauv. Ann Arbor; Emmet Co., growing in flelds with the following. Setaria Italica, Kunth. Emmet Co., cultivated by the Indians as Millet. . Cenchrus tribuloides, L. (C. echinatus, var. tribu- loides— W.) 8. W. (Wright). Andropogon furcatus, Muhl. 8. Mich. (Wright). Andropogon scoparius, Michx. Antrim Co., common; S. E. and S. W. (Wright). Andropogon Virginicus, L. S. Mich. (Wright). Sorghum nutans, Gray. (Andropogon nutans— W.) §. Mich. (Univ. Herb.) EQUISETACE. Equisetum arvense, L. Ann Arbor; Bruce Mine, Ca.; Drummond’s J., abundant, in sandy soil. Equisetum pratense, Ehrh. Ann Arbor; Pine Lake, Emmet Co. ; Equisetum sylvaticum, L. Drummond’s I. Equisetum limosum, L. Ann Arbor ; §. E. (Wright). Equisetum hyemale, L. Ann Arbor; Drummond’s I., very abundant in sandy soil; Branch Lake, Antrim Co., very abundant, growing in the marshy margin of the river near its mouth. Equisetum variegatum, Schleicher. Drummond’s I.; 8. E. (Univ. Herb). Equisetum scirpoides, Michx. Shore of Lake Michigan, Emmet Co. FILICES. Polypodium vulgare, L. Drummond’s I. 316 | REPORT OF THE Ostrich Fern. = Struthiopteris Germanica, Willd. Ann Arbor. ee Allosorus gracilis, Presl. Louse Island. ~oiaeiciecay Allosorus atropurpureus, Gray. N. E. (Univ. Herb). ConmonEreke, Phere sql in Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Drummond’s I.; Emmet Co.; Traverse City; Ottawa Co.; 8. Mich. (Wright). Common. Sig eae Adiantum pedatum, L. Ann Arbor: Ft. Gratiot; Emmet Co., rich woods, common; S. Mich. (Wright). Woodwardia. Woodwardia Virginica, Willd. S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.) “=pleenwort. Asplenium Rnuta-muraria, L, N. E. (Univ. Herb). *Spleenwort. Asplenium Trichomanes, L, ~ _N.E. (Univ. Herb). “Spleenwort. Asplenium angustifolium, Michx. S. W. (Wright). ‘Silvery Spleen. ~Asplenium thelypteroides, Miclix. , Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; S. Mich. (Wright). “Spleenwort. Asplenium Filix-foemina, R. Br. 5 Ann Arbor; Bear Creek, Emmet Co.; S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Dicksonia punctilobula, Hook, Bear Creek, Emmet Co. Woodsia. Woodsia IIvensis, R. Br. N. E. (Univ. Herb). Bladder-Fern. Cystopteris bulbifera, Bernh. (Aspidium bulbife- rum—W ) Ann Arbor; S. E. (Wright). . ‘Bladder-Fern. = Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. Drummond’s I. Yea sib Aspidium Thelypteris, Willd. 4 ; S. Mich. (Wright). ich ing Aspidinm noveboracense, Willd. Shield-Fern. S. W. (Wright) Wood-Fern ‘dj i } um— BAe tie Aspidium spinulosum, Swartz. (A. intermedium W.) Ann Arbor; Emmet Co.; &. Mich. (Wright). var. Bootii, Gray. Ann Arbor. Aspidium cristatum, Swartz. Ann Arbor Flowering Fern. Cinnamon Fern. Ground Pine. STATE GEOLOGIST 817 Aspidium acrostichoides, Willd. Ft. Gratiot; S. Mich. (Wright). “Aspidium asplenoides, L.” 8. Mich. (Wright). Onoclea sensibilis, L. Bear Creek, Emmet Co., 24 Aug.; § W. (Wright); Ann Arbor. ‘ Osmunda regalis, L. Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot. var. spectabilis. Ann Arbor. Osmunda Claytoniana, L. (O. interrupta— W.) Ann Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot. Osmunda cinnamonea, L. Anno Arbor ; Ft. Gratiot. Botrychium lunarioides, Swartz. (B. fumarioides— W. Ft. ied 8. Mich. (Wright). Botrychium Virg’nicum, Swartz. Ft. Gratiot; Squaw Pt., Thunder Bay, 6 July; Drummond’s I., 13 Aug.;_ Emmet Co., rich woods, rather common, S. Mich. (Wright). LYCOPODIACE. Lycopodium lucidulum, Michx. Drummond’s I. , 24 July; Emmet Co.; S. E. (Wright). ~ Lycopodium inundatum, L. var. Bigelovii, Tuck. Willow River, Huron Co. , 20 June; Drummond’s L. ; Sugar I. Lycopodium annotinum, L. The Cove, L. Huron; Emmet Co. , common. Lycopodium dendroideum, Michx. Ft. Gratiot; Pt. aux Barques, Huron Co., 19 June; Sugar I., 31 July; N. - W. (Univ. Herb). , Lycopodium clavatum, L. Pt. aux Barques, Huron Co., 21 June; N. E. (Univ. Herb). Lycopodium complanatum, L. Traverse City, common in shade of pines; N. E. (Univ. Herb). Selaginella apus, Spring. Ann Arbor. This is not S. sclaginoides. ~ ~ : ee 4 ! oak @. ar a . i - ’ i q 4 . / : i) ‘ / = J y . A sds ae d y " - sy ne U * Th, rat f ‘ ci. -_ | ae Pas / : lithe at). : sail: te pr tot # ii th _ 7 Toy *. 5 . : - ee 7 * a 4 en | = Fi? a on ' : , wad 7 Ay Ce = = . e = eereere eer eeee sere ee of Upper Held. ny RE Bek . 87 of Huron Group,............... aeons Ue be an bulp cave ss copcnes ° Artesian well, at Detroit,......... 59, 76, 143 SP GUO rscccocecscacce +-..-118, 151 Artesian wells, Philosophy of, in Mich where practicable,.... 201 Mons oon 40s co2senseh cans soe> §2 PP ree pirecse 288 Athens, Calhoun Dagronevsgesddevessvede 76 Athyris sublamellosa,.. .... 2... 000 ceseus 107 — sanesnmaaee 00s Sevccomccccded sabi 107 EDT .cccvccee te eens eeeeeeeeeeeeeees . 108 PT eee 65, 69, 70 FED ye0 0s ceccce cactis © svewse vvesl - 65 Denecadsc SGESd oUNb 60 ceESe ceed 109 Au Perr Tee 95 Au etree o* 29 —_— P., Information from,....... - 245 Avex. “« Birds.”? MNO cvs ngs ancy csocceces cr cncpd -155 PaGE. Axes of elevation in the region geologi- cally connected with Mich.,........... 44 Axes of elevation in the Upper Peninsula, 45 Azoie System of rockS,.......-++ see eee 48 B. ' Baldwin, E. E., Assistance from,......... 245 Ball, Clay & Co. See ‘Indian Mill Creek at | eee ee eee ee ee ee eee ree eee eee DalaaM FE jf. eviews ee ve vcee weweccce save 296 Bangor, Van Buren Co.,........++++ be ove Barry, Jackson Co.,.......seeeeees -113, 117 See, also, ‘‘ Coal.’? prebeetwbeercvevvuserts cn ccdsus 254 Batrachia, Catalogue Of,........0+-eeee. 234 Battle Creek, Calhoun Co.,........ +++ 84, 87 Bay Co., eee eee eee eeeee Net ee eee weet 93, 14 Beaume’s Hydrometer,.........++e+++ -179 ae Monroe C0... Jc sveccecsccccses 4 , eee ee ee eee eer ee eee ere eeeerenee Saber telat... v owawywadessccesces 82 DIVE. wewvervvewons ive detesut veges BE Be gewowww wore coe rvwwesvvndebetob Bellevue, Eaton Co ‘ 98, 99 Benton, Eaton Co., Seesrervetoccesner soos AZ] Big Rapids, Mecosta C0.,......+.seeeeees 121 Billings, E., on the geology of Canada W., 79 Birch trees, eee eee eer eee eee eee Jitewedseee Birds, Catalogue of,...........+. a Notes on, eee e ew eee eee ee eeeee ** ocean Bitumen, in rocks,............ eens 66, TT FO pent... cervevevescvevvevescsecs Black, Bituminous Limestone,........... Sia: ses of... sree eee ee eee , , 77,79 geeece eer ee eee eee eene ** eee, Meeeene See, eavccccccckae OSSOM’S QUAFTY,.......0+0e00% gvecees . Bohemian Range, esccesecces eo vcee . 8 oa eeny te Eee gr el 58, 61, 68 > Pp, es 5] errr ee eeeereree * Botantoal PORE wove nvwnvnrecccvccssese Botany, neglected in 1859,.............-. 87 of information on,....... 87, 245 of the Lower Peninsula. See ‘‘Plants.’’ Boulders at bottom of Drift,...........+. Bounty on salt,..... SUNG vcdesveceerstote 176 Bou , F. P., information from,....... 199 Boynton’s Quarry,.........sseweceeeeees Jo rwwndewrdccccccvecuceces 63, 69 a ee) eee Le 76, 97 Breceiated limestone, at Mackinac, ....61, 68 in Monroe Co.,........655 9 se wees oboe 62 Brest, Monroe Co.,.......6 cece eeeeee 66, 127 Brine, its source from the gypseous rocks, 24 Analyses Of,.... 060.0000 167, 170, 171 Investigation of density of,.......... 180 Constant values relating to,.........180 Table of equivalent expressions for StrenQth: of 0. we K dis ie VN eet 334 p PAGE. Brine, Table of analyses of,............. 186 British Fort (old), Drummond's L.,-seeee 55 Brown, A. J., shaft of, at Flushing, 400 30" 119 Brown's Quarry - Drummond’s Ly siawelensie 55 TB YORDG ocinw aicicsis's we ciee rics EAT os Sc 69, 101 Burnt Cabin Pt. pialolaje ts 6)6,'6\6'e njala.s a bie a cae 2 Burt, William A., cooperating with Dr. Houghton. .... 0000 vececces cc cha aMomes 10 Butterworth’s Salt Well,....... 74, 76, 90, 93 BEADIGUICS OD, «0,000,016 wisisia\= eiejein ice 148, 168 Cc. Oalamites,.....0..0- cinysitcia ts 72, 113, 114, 117 Calciferous PAG R LONE ie ion sign (alas a wala tone 51 Caledonia Shiawassee’ ig cieratrn taste im alaralnia oe Call ccs in wees ROO Campement @Ours,. ci Potramonimesdi sense 50 Canton, ent CO nee acm cris slsienisinsiaicnie = 98 Canwright’s well, ‘Coldwater, AE eiee wT Carboniferous Limestone, “Sing eoeaa palsoan 98 distribution of,....«ta.-...... 98 et seq Geological equivalents Pf nob. 103 9 4 Palzontology Of,.....s.ses00. 103\, «ff Thickness Of,........ bwiawiee ace Se 153 Cardiumyccsccssceees oftie faites stasis ene 85 COT a iain insininnrioonte oheeisiseedel Carter QUarly. since ccses a cice coen es othe 69 Caryophyllia duplicata,. . qargah stare} - LO4 Cass River,....... BAO Corr toes 82, 89 Cheetetes “Cialis saab, oferted Dal gos, 518 53 Chalpegony,... wverceeesrrsverreucocen tee Challe tS Pret, 7 os ciara slabs ajaiptatetanaiaié 95, 119 Charity Islands, ois sa pie emieh eke eas aleteta'e 101 Chaat LiBRStON Gy, 06.5 ogee eecscey eles vinnie Ke Cheliayan C0... .00,-.:0ceesQiteeme seen. 2s 61 Cheboyong Creek, Huron Co.,....... 100, 102 Chemung Group in Mich.,...........se08 136 Cherty concretions,.. ab icant . 66 Chesaning, Saginaw o., 1.124 Chimney Rock ,....seceeecseecesecseccee be ChoG@he $6} TVET 50004900250 20 cad eee 46 Ce iinet aii aig! 65, 77, 84, & seer igonensis,. SAyaGor <= setateraniee «ee Smithit,. 109 Christiancy, ‘Hon. I. P., ; “aid received from,. - j-cai nme) 64 Chr isbiancy’ 3 Qu: wry, SOR A Iga 64, 66, 67 Cincinnati, Geological position of,..... 44, 54 Cladopora sp? EL wewinpe phic. + cae ae 105 Clark, George, aid received EID MDs acre preesie 22 Clark, Miss Mary, Botanical information PEGE crlesaie oe ie'ehe cine welsireieid:c ae 37, 245 Clif Liraesio ONG yee cr.s eer .caeia- side alae 58 CGE C0 syns ce pose seis soi eeseyeysie iss SE AS 114 Clinton Group, Lege vesqacas vasa 54, 63 CUYTERN TR. BB noe 0 010.0009 9 po 75, 80, 82, 85, 87 Coal; meported on by Dr. Houghton and assist: ADB, pve pir ere ss cc ane tenn an 89 Coal; divided into ‘‘ Upper”? and ‘‘Lower’’ by Dr. Houghton and assistants,......% 89 Goal, mis guided explorations for,..... 23, 177 in the Huron GHOMP ys I.) cite pes Jatt 74 higts on the search for,......- Suis «et 157 qualities of, ab Woodville mine,.116; 161 Ab BATT pace ensdese fg tear 117, 159 OR OT PUT AYG ageing, see nyo ho juidslg 122, 161 evidences of proximity to,...... 180, 157 prices of, at. Barry,.... ...2..% dtesb Ss 159 operations for, at Meoodvilloce, . 159, 160 Ab, COTUDDA,,, o's or:0 os ow .sie olbls'blatell 161 consumption of, in Mich.,........... 162 Coal, Cannel , analysis (| COE i 159 Coal ‘Creek, Faton GR. geblatesols Yeas tiie asi) std are 121 Coal Measures, description of in Mich. poavadd contain brine, RNG ode ND eit digns WSs 97 geographical extent OL a0 .9ie. tO ose erate 114 INDEX. PAGE. Coal Measures, goneral section of,.......12% never continuous from Ohio to Mich. 0186 thickness, (Of, 5... ..'-e meee °.0.5 a's om ee Coke, from Michigan COA) revlemis.cic -116, 161 from PeaG cee cecemee Welsa\sie'e «'5 sake Coldwater, Branch CG.,..isvete Aerie stoi -. 76, TT Conglomerate of L. Superior,. elieteinicts > ante "15 @ Sisphur Ths... 0.0000 eivisis Gypsum, at Littic Pt. au Cheno,......6++. OT atS lvania, Ohio,. ee ee 7 69 in ONTOO CO.,.+4 0 aves ee ee at Detroit,......... panagenes,e oepeece in Kent ) ee at Plaster Blaf, Bay Co.,.. ee ed 04 analyses of, eee eee 7 consumption of,.. EX. Hall, Prof. James, aid received from,..... 31 on the geological position of the Black Bituminous Slate,..........+6+ on the Cephalopod of tho Marshall Sandstone, . dnd Weil's een titeba ee Halysites escharoides,. eee ee ee ween eee enee 56 Hamilton, C. W.. Carer Hamilton ‘Group, ‘de ‘scription Of,.. so8.enep co Oe distribution’ Weer sabeanketas vise omaha ae economical importance of,. Shon ot paleontological peculiarities of. a0 ee thickness of,. By Bl ‘* Hamilton Shales, Ji A eee co's ae Hanover, Jackson ©o., Ce ey ain bn ont ee Harbor I. , Brine spring BO rcohs sp umes saree Hard Wood Pt., L. Huron,. ones sande Hare’s Back, L. ’ Michig gan. Pexyy . 61 Hayden’s Coal ae. es “118, “115 Helderberg Group. See “ Upper Helder- berg Group.’”’ RTCLsCeAes ‘SPAWIONG os cc cece cescccse . 56 Hemlock trees,.. » +00 206 Henry, Alexander, “first miner of L. "Supo- rior,. ee ee ere wm renee Henry, Prof. J., , aid offered DS. oo.4k Hess, M. B., aid received Ll See ++» 88 information in possession of, in waived . OT Hibbard’s Artesian well, statistics of,..-.161 Higgins, &.-W., State Topographer,. esermall ws Hillsdale Co... “ee rer |. Hilisdale, Hillsdale Co. os monieens tnmaieds mae History of Geology in Michigan ,.....<«.s Holeroft, John, aid received from,,...83, 161 Holland, Ottawa Co. 5 i Horigon L. » We ete on =n “eeatakee Houghton, ‘De. Douglass, explorations of, along I. Superior 35 Week» o0 at appointe sd Boundary won Ce 10 plan of, for connecting liaear and sci- entific survi SYS... odieaee emawthe steunhdlae ital disastér t0,.-*.... os) veanvers « - il Houghton, Jacob, Jr. , inform: tion ae il Hovey, C._E. -y aid "reccivod from,. > « abbott Hovey "& Co.'s plaster Quatry,.. ..0«+,-sn0: 92 Hubbard, Bola, Assistant Stato Geologist, % Hubbard, Frederick » BOOTS Of n.006> mas ee Hudson River Grodin... ool OS 1 nee ee ee 73, 16, 97 Huron Group , description 1) Capps fl > | econom\cal importance of, hones 75 geological equivalents of. anadiemtaele thickness of,. Sc cscs cath oun Huronian Series of Logan,.. sanaen eee sees REMEDY Mivencsuccbansocccces cade cae « 336 INDEX. PAGE, PAGE. Ida; Monroe Go... .09. 6 5 TR 58 | Limestone, Corniferous, (See, also, “‘ Up- Te PoE LEE 52 per Helderberg,’ 5 {Sets ete oats ENE - 1B Indian Mill Greek Salt Welk. 2. Gua. v 90, 93 Thunder and Little Traverse Bay,.... 14 Btatistios of ee. oe lk ete. 149, 169 Black Bituminous, (See, also, ‘‘ Ham- Fngeaene Go. 6. i. ise es a SOE, ee 114 ilton Group,’’)....... 15 Investigations to be undertaken by ex- D bare,”} (See, oe “Upper Helder- Me RIPUS H.'s 8% sm Matele'e ble lo'otehale’e bofals © siete wie OPE,’ Vevivs axe Joni ety fay saprssssactt: ret 114,121 | Lingula,..../.... .. 116, 117, 119, 120 Ipperwash (Cape) ;................ 71, 72, 74 Lithographic stones, . boda seeutee Cees Trom- Mountain, Moi ,..........0%.6..eceee 49 | Lithostrotion mamimillare va\d's vie ¥ ene Iron Ores, magnetic and specular, of L. longiconicum, .. -103 Superior, Wee. oe ee 49 | Little Traverse Bay,.. 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70, 17 EAN pe eis aus dail piciela pears 26,76 | Livitieeton -Co. ,......vos~w «gua eon ae 114, 421 WIACaNOl ons. rota... Sela teen criaca 115 | Localcatalogues of Plants. See ‘‘ Plants. , “Tron Region, ”” reported on by Foster and Lock, Ingham Co., Jalve'ts ve od T= ae Poe > MEUMGORES E peaciietien bbl ey sea 16 Lockport, N. ¥.,. oncepeteak saa oT el a Milage ing i yap. in Af hon 114 | Logan, Sir William, ‘on Azoic rocks, . «iio Isle Royale, ee MARS eS eh Sea eer oe 48 | Long Lake, Presqu’ Isle. CO. yp cee-deoeiee . 62 “¢ Lover’s Leap,” Mackinac,...........-. 6 © J. Lower Limerock of Houghton,.........-. 15 Jackson, Dr. C. T., U. S. Geologist of L. Lower Peninsula of Mich. » general strati- Superior, Sh Wied ses vpabipletadibayrsr Pak 15 graphical position Of,........-+01 e000 Jackson City,........ s apenrpng ela 117, 118, 126 Loxonema agape Putte eh oleae ala’ cman . 59 Jackson City Coal Co. , ER Sh ARNE HT 117 | Lucina,........ tetetee eres cee reese 85 Jackeon Co.,.....84, 90, 97, 113, 114, 120, 132 | Lyons, Tonia Co., teens oa ens 126 Jacobs, S., Jr., well Of,.... esesccsece see. 84 | Lyon’s Salt Well, . 74, 76, 90, 98 Jesuit inacionsries , explorations Gi. 6. 5 statistics of,..... ave ts eeeeeae wbestes Jewell, Dr. , Zoological Assistant,........ 25 M. Jonesville, Hillsdale Co., y: 84, 88 Mach@racanthus, ...cceerccecse oi ceaeten ee aks Machigamig R.,........ SETETIT EE BalamMar0' OU, . 1525 os coe cose sons canoe 84 | Mackinac I.,...........58, 60, 62, 64, 68, 128 Kaskaskia, Limestone in 1 a aR TE], Macumb Cane. se05 20s eee "73, 83, 132 OTERO may are ee ene eee oe 90 | Malden, Capt., aid received from,..... 3; 72 Kerr, Jno. A. , information from, jee 124 | Mammals, Catalogue of,..........- ... ako” Kettle Pt. ,C. W. See “‘Ipperwash (Cape). Je NoteS OM,.....00.00 cece nscece sna * Be Keweenaw 1 Pp ah cat fog Bie AREF ik a 48 | Manistee Co.,*. bays GNSS ae on eee . 85 ‘« Kidney Tron Formation, Ts : 13 | Manitoulin Is., = 57 ‘¢‘ Manitoulin portion ‘of Upper I Limerock, ” 15 LL. ISTO 2350 cic cinee gi natin Bp Ae RMON: 3 fae abt 8s Oe 85, 97 Marblehead, Drummond’s Bs ....00, 56 Lake Huron, Coast-trend of,,............ 61 | Marengo, Calhoun Co. PEP Lake Ridges and DOrraces; ye... secs anne 129 | Marl deposites, how produced, .. cp odds eae Lakes, Inland, origin of,............ -131 | Marshall, Calhoun Co., poe Lakes, the great, general conformation of Marshall ‘Group, description ‘of, » oi rmnieaa ae strata about,. Maaivii fete a od cio c.Sird nares Ask distribution of,..........5. wenedéies: d We distribution of. ee eee ee ee 57 Koala Well, Joncas, chichec ep quante oquet, 6 i ee ee Nori Bay ic eae oleid. edintadée é> 63 7 ee eee ee ae “kane seenee wa on Re kl tne cg Ba we Houghton’, ‘amount of jost,.. publication of,.. tee eee ee z Brera SE OS nb oe a Sk tho eee eee inne ee ee 2 87 . oO. OMIA C9.) es cece eee ees RB, BB, OT 43 3817 Oak troes,. .. eee eet ee eee et eee o290bebss ced GD Ocoana Co.,. RRR RR eee eee ee 85 Ochre Beds, .. ee eee er eeee teen verses cee LOZ Ogemaw Co.,........ Oil, Minoral. See * Petroleum. ” Old British Fort, Drummond's I.,........ 55 Old Fort Holmos, ... eee eee ee ee ee 61 Onondaga Salines,.... .......se-0s.: 188, 190 Onondaga Salt Group, description of,..... 57 geographical extent of, economical importance —< eeecee perhaps saliferous in Mich., Oolitic limestone, Mackinac L.,. in Monroe Co.,. -. 59 --69, 117 62 Organization of Burvey a ‘and Plan of "Ope- rations, . Oriskany ’Sandstono, . Ornamental Plants. ‘See « Planta. ” eee eee eeeee . .62, 84, _ 4 bellértugosa, ...----00e emmeten deh olen se trisenaria,...... - ovcesithide ba umlraculum.,. . eee . * eree ..10T sp? see eewe ef . ere een eee 52, 84 Orthoceras,....++.00.s.ss00s —— Peete ee reee sete ee te eer ee BRT... .c0, Seuss: Od Ottawa Co.,. " Ottawa Lake,... neaeies ** 84 ea sees assesses 1-699 05 Ottanes. B., .nccsccces 06 eeeeere Otter Creek. pévé 6 veuvee Mp Ott, George, information ‘from, di adapta. 123 Owosso, Shiawassee Co.,.....+.+ 122, 125, 126 FP. Paints; materials for,.........s.++essee-A68 Paraffine from peat, Parallelism of Michigan “and ‘New v York formations Adi Gheee .Anehws del Paris, Kent Co., Kdvovas Re b6 ELEN SS . Parma, SackBon CO.,..0 20 ccccces see: "98, 112 Parma Sandstone,......escceses 112, 116} 117 thickness of, Parties, Geological, Zoological and Botant- cal, Onibad $n BBG... saoevocedesabad 26 Partridge Pt., Thunder Bay,... ...69, 71, 79 Patton, Mr. , explorations of, for coal, 120 Peat, agricultural properties o MD aisccd ‘22, 193 how prepared for use,.. oo.60\e eee used for fuel,. Bis slsasis baa 4 bce for other purposes, . -- 196 Peat — how produced, , Penee 131 Pentamerus, . 66 “ Pentamerus Portion of F Upper’ Lime- rock,’” * > ** * er ee ee ee IEE oo nhc uccee tani oes onndy Petroleum, in AT abaan canes peck oeay in Oh io,. Sbdab cndbbedi eee cs -. 73, 1 in Mich., > askein Gomi tadliateeneshe geta + Shon. 199 Pettibone s. eee from,. 29 Phacops ouf>,... son coes cede ede we tae Phillipsia,........ oe «+-- 110 Physa in Modified Drift. veeeee 180 Physical Li Riedloebienkah co cvoedsenee Pigeon R. siawen oppc cose beceqdualls Ain Pilot Knob, } Mo., ceRG eco tere eceanenen Pine Lake,. cm aaeeene oc.sesnyll Pino troce,.. . . 206 i ¢0n cee dese ehuacen eau 100, "Note. pestone Pirate Harbor, Drummond’s I. eave endo ee tan Plan of operations, for 1859,. , =e Planorbis truncatus descr Plants, Catalogue of,........ “see ee i goneral remarks ee haga > ae eee ween useful tn modicin 338 N DEX. PAGE PAGE. Plants, desirable for onweiane sa wrerere aha 322. | Roscommon Co,,.... 6.00. ke acess eeee OT rt we rewe eee sooo eee g sce, SLI Pi RQUA I. , 2. cewiee cece cecewiseey doe SOPOL noxious, .. ido hte nnake noticed, on Stono I., thts = totais ee on Drummond's Be . 328 Plaster. See ‘‘ Gypsum.’’ Plaster . Bluff,. 0 698, 95, oF Plaster Pt., Sink holes’” at, wag tI 4 Bake Pleurotomaria, . Aas RSS PORTA Jee a BRU COMUE 0:0 arcicro cy ee Ure Moe cide be ae Piumb Creek Quar ries, Plutonic Group of Rocks in Mich., se WET. Plymouth, Wayne Co., serge Lotedes tins 132 PAGO eo apeians crn oye avotoiaarneroogetes, BO OES 105 Polypiferous Portion of ico Limerock,. 15 Poplar trees,. +2295 Porcupine Mis. , is MEE aa rs 808 cbodeces ccscccennaee Z. Zoologists to the State,........0.++e eens Zoological collections, from Maumee R., O., from Saginaw R.,........seeeeesseee in Oakland and contiguous counties,. in the western part of the State,,.... Zoological investigations, utility of,...... provision for, in New York,......... Zoological Report of Prof. Mile, ..00 ccece Zwano QUAKO,... 6. ccc eres ceeneeeeees Egat La 8: wedee sitsetiues ad Liat i ’ 4 Y) we & os ~ of 3 o ¥ e SET Reve QV ee ee . Hate! KY 2 Lt 4 m1. ‘ ae , pe e PM eS us ib | ae a j2 ‘ ’ , ae wd th < : _ ? * > -~ ba lal fa oa.’ , bot Ze ss an ‘ ll . ' we . 7} . ? i% ’ a : > “4 thes ry le Al A) é i - ; 4 Pe rot Joe Sd etnies t eas aa mt or ss “ ‘ fete vans 38 = | hie > i> WARE PRE ' i as : . 4 = ‘ orgs i eae AME Ihe Lat (eine get , AA, a , R F im a ¢ ac ‘ « ‘a " a *ays per aes it at _ i a ; aicuem, yor AE raT) ’ ey ' - i 7 ae. E n a i ee ‘ os? iP oo i ht 4 eer es «~~, 62 es “a “1 F 4 ; vi eat by) r : . oo, ' } are eA aa tt ha or oe!) 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