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a

A CATALOGUE

OF THE

mIRDS OF INDIANA.

WITH

KEYS AND: DESCRIPTIONS

OF THE

GROUPS OF GREALEST INTEREST sO 20 he
HORTICULTU RISE.

BY

ALEMBERT W. BRAYTON, B.S, -M. D.

Q 4 G ‘
elie aaa

7
De sie; / ing ae

VOu sla ft; ile ere eek TED te .:
oe lot i oer fe is Cty Py eas: 25

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POV ALA

BIRDS OF INDIANA.

PREPARATORY LETTER TO THE SECRETARY.

INDIANAPOLIS, IND., January 23, 1880.
Mr. W. H. Ragan:

DEAR SiR—In the letter of Mr. Sylvester Johnson, President of the Indiana
Horticultural Society, submitting the transactions and proceedings of the Sixteenth
Annual Session to the Governor of the State, occurs the following paragraph on
the relations of birds, trees and insects to each other and to the horticulturist :

‘‘An abundant supply of timber, especially of evergreens, furnishing, as it does,
the natural home and breeding places of many of our feathered friends, would of
itself greatly increase and encourage this source of relief to the horticulturist,
while many of our worst insect enemies have been driven, by the destruction of
their natural forest homes, to take refuge in our orchards. But the birds must be
encouraged and protected, while insects, as arule, must be destroyed. They should
not, however, be slayed indiscriminately, as many of our best friends are amongst
the tiny creatures of the insect world, while there are a very few exceptions to the
general friendly character of the feathered tribes. These facts,-:therefore, bring us
to a consideration of the importance of a knowledge of the kindred sciences of
ornithology and entomology, which it has been the aim of this Society at all times
to encourage and foster as of vital importance to the horticulturist, and to which
we would now call your attention as subjects worthy of legal attention.”

The above sets the case in its true light, and when requested to prepare a paper
on the birds of the State, to take the place of the somewhat rambling notes on
the collection of Indiana songsters that I exhibited at the Dublin meeting of the
Association, I thought it best to give this paper some substantial form, so that it
might, at least, serve as a basis for future work, and also a practical hand-book, a
key to the birds of the State, so arranged that any person of ordinary intelligence
may find the names and brief descriptions of the more common species.

This view met with the hearty approval and encouragement of the President and
Secretary, and while the keys and descriptions of the higher groups and the brief
diognosis of the species given, render this part of the proceedings somewhat bulky,
it is not out of proportion to the subject discussed. Indiana has over three hun-
dred birds, either resident or transient. Of these, keys and specific descriptions
are supplied for nearly two-thirds. The diognosis of the species of swimming and
wading birds is not inserted, as these are not of such immediate interest to the
class in whose hands this report will fall. Lists of these groups are, however, ap-
pended. A future worker may record and describe them. Little has been said

90

as to the ‘‘Birds Injurious to Agriculture.’’ Such useless lists disfigure too many
agricultural and horticultural reports. The fact is we do not know enough regard-
ing the food and habits of individual species to determine what birds, if any, may
be ruthlessly destroyed, and probably all legislation as to birds should be frotective.
To discriminate in favor of some species is to attempt to right the balance of
nature’s forces. Not until such workers as Gentry, of Philadelphia, and Prof.
Forbes, of Bloomington, Ill., have pronounced upon the contents of the stomachs
of our species at large will we have any basis for thorough legislation.

In the preparation of this list I have made free use of Dr. D. S. Jordan’s
‘“Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States.” This little book is
the vade mecum of the student of our fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals, and its
arrangement and verbiage, as reduced from Dr. Coues’ ‘‘Key to North American
Birds,” has been freely followed. Dr. Coues’ ‘‘Birds of the Northwest,” and
<‘Birds of the Colorado Valley” have furnished many apt quotations in his charm-
ing and often racy style, which I have inserted because of their intrinsic value,
and because they are at present buried in generally inaccessible government reports.
Thoreau and Burroughs, the well-known poet-naturalists, have furnished their
happy thoughts. and even the grave Emersonian muse has been solicited, as
well as the professional poets, for I deem it well that we look to the dzva-thought,
and not to his claw and stomach alone.

To my friend and former pupil in Natural History, and my after teacher in Orni-
thology, Mr, E. W. Nelson, U. S. A., St. Michaels, Alaska, I am under especial
obligations for the notes in his list of ‘‘ Birds of North-eastern Illinois (Bulletin of
the Essex Institute), which Dr. Coues pithily characterizes as ‘‘a thoroughly good
list, annotated of three hundred and sixteen species and several varieties.”’ The
birds about Chicago are essentially those of North-western Indiana. For the
South-eastern part of the State, we have F. W. Langdon’s List of the ‘‘ Birds of
the Vicinity of Cincinnati.’’ I have supplied a few notes for the central region of
the State, while the south-west corner of the State has furnished no local list,
although such an one would doubtless add several species not included here.

Finally, as an apology for errors and omissions that may be in this list, to the
naturalist I would say that it has been prepared on only two weeks’ notice, and
that while the writer has been daily engaged in professional duties.

Very respectfully submitted,
ALEMBERT W. BRAYTON, M. D.,

Teacher Natural History Indianapolis High School, Professor Chemistry and Toxt-
cology Central College Physicians and Surgeons, Indianapoles, Ind,

CILAUS SS ANTES

‘(THE BIRDS.)

Birds are warm-blooded, air-breathing vertebrates, with a covering of feathers;
a complete double circulation; the two front limbs (wings) adapted for flying or
swimming, the two back limbs (legs) adapted for walking or swimming; respira-
tion by lungs, which are connected with air cavities in various parts of the body. —
Birds are born from eggs, which are fertilized within the body, and hatched exter-
nally, either by incubation or heat of the sun; the shell is limy, hard and brittle.

More might be said, but the obvious mark is this: Bzrds are the only animals
which have feathers.

The classification of birds is unsettled. Existing birds are so closely related
they might properly be placed in one order, called by Professor Gill Eurhipzdura.
Professor Huxley unites all birds having (usually) the power of flight and a verti-
cal ridge or keel on the breast-bone in one order, the Carznate (birds with a keeled
sternum); the birds having a smooth or raft-like breast-bone, as the ostrich, rhea,
emu, cassowary, the small afteryx of New Zealand, and those “giants of feather-
dom,” the huge species of diornis, are placed by the same author in order Ratite.
The extinct Archeopteryx, found fossil in the lithographic slates of Solenhofen,
Bavaria—a reptile-like bird, having teeth, claws on its wings, and a lizard-like tail
longer than the body, forms a third natural order, the Sazruve (lizard-like birds).

The term ‘‘order,” as generally used in Ornithology, is applied to nearly a score
of variously related groups of birds and does not imply such fundamental differ-
ences of structure as those pointed out above, nor, indeed, such differences as exist
between the ‘‘orders”’ of reptiles and fishes.

For convenience in identification, we insert here an artificial key to the

ORDERS OF INDIANA BIRDS.

*Toes 3; twoin front, one back. (Three-toed Woodpeckers). : Picarie, B.
**Toes 3; all in front. (Snipe, plover.) é . 5 . 3 Limicole, F.
*=*Toes 4; two in front, two behind.

Bill cered and hooked. (Parrots.) : 0 Psittact, B. B.
Bill lengthened; no cere or hook. (Woodpeckers.) . fécarie, B.

#*%% Toes 4; three in front, one behind.

I. Toes not webbed at all.
a, Hind toe on a level with front toes.

4, Nose holes under a soft, tumid membrane; head small; tarsus reticulate
behind. (Pigeons and doves.) 3 . : 5 9 Columbe D.

92

66, Bill hooked and cered ; claws sharp and strong. (Owls, hawks, eagles and

vultures.) . 5 : : 0 Raptores, C.
666. Bill slender ; maiiest Re all bards. (Humming-birds.) . fzcarie, B.
6666. Claw of hind toe as long as claw of middle toe; wing coverts few, in
two rows. (Mostly small birds.) : 9 . ao. PAURTES, 221.

aa. Hind toe above the others, and usually shorter.
c. Mouth wide and deep, reaching below the eyes. (Whippoorwill and
night-hawks.) : : : . . A epi, 15
cc. Bill lengthened, mouth not ara ana deep.
d, First wing feather notched, or else about as long as second.

° Limicole, F.
dd, First wing feather not notched, much shorter than second, (Cranes
and rails.) é . 4 ‘5 ‘ Alectorides, Hi,

II. Outer and middle toe grown tapether for half their length. (Kingfisher.)
Picaria, B.
III. Toes joined at the base only by evident movable webbing. (Some falcons,
whippoorwills, and doves may be found here.)
é. Hind toe on a level with the rest, and the leg (tibiz) naked below. (Herons
and storks.) . 4 : FTerodiones, G.
ce. Hind toe not level wal ihe rest, and ceually the shortest; bill stout, nos-
trils scaled or feathered. (Turkeys, grouse, and eee Galline, E.
IV. Toes lobate, bordered on the sides by plain or scalloped membranes.
fj. Tail rudimentary ; set far back. (Loons and grebes.) Pygopodes, L
ff. Tail perfect ; a horny frontil shield. (Coots and gallinules.)
Alectorides, H.
ff. Tail developed; forehead without frontal plate. (Phalaropes.)
Limcole, F.
VY. Toes palmate; three front toes full-webbed. .
g- Bill curved up; legs long. (Avocets). s : : Limicole, F.
gg. Billlamellate, flattish mostly, and the tip with a decurved nail. (Ducks,
geese, and swans). : : é 4 5 Lamellirostres, I.
ggg. Wings long and pointed; tail well developed. (Gulls and terns. )
Longipennes, K.
VI. Toes totipalmate; all four full-webbed. (Pelicans and cormorants. )
Steganopodes, J.

ORDER A. PASSERES.

(Passerine Birds.)

These comprise the great majority of all birds. They represent the ‘‘ highest
grade of development and the most complex organization of the class; their high
physical irritability is codrdinate with the rapidity of their respiration and circula-
tion; they consume the most oxygen, and live the fastest of all birds.”

The toes are 4; fitted for perching; the claw of back toe is as long or longer
than claw of middle toe; joints of toes are respectively 2, 3, 4, 5, from the first to
the fourth; wing coverts few, chiefly in two series.. Tail feathers 12; primaries 9
or 10. Musical organs well developed. Young reared in the nest and fed by the
parents.

93

FAMILIES OF PASSERES.

I. OSCINES. Each side of tarsus (long bone above toes) covered with a plate,
meeting its fellow in a sharp ridge behind; musical apparatus highly devel-
oped. (All passeres except fly-catchers.)

*Primaries 10; the first short or spurious.

TScales of tarsus forming a continuous covering (2. ¢., booted) ; corners of mouth
with bristles.
a. Middle toe free from inner toe; medium-sized birds, not over six inches ;

wings rather short; no blue. (Thrushes, robins, cat-birds.) Turdte, T.
aa. Same as above, een with long, Bas wings, and birds with blue. (Blue
birds.) 4 2 ; . Saxicolide Ll,
aaa. Middle and inner toes R nected at Base cael not five inches long.
(Ringlets, ) é : . sSylviide, IIT.

TT Tarsus scutellate in Fone (ek is, Bet a Ee eulae a vertical series of broad-
plates in front).
4. Nostrils concealed by tufts of bristly feathers.
c. First primary more than half the length of second; large birds over
eight inches long. (Crows and jays.) . : : Corvide, XVIII,
cc. First primary not more than half the length of second; length less than
eight inches; bill as long as head; wings pointed, longer than tail.

(Nuthatches.) . : : ; a wale, 1%,
ccc. Same as ce., only with Dill shorter than head: wings about = tail.
(Titmice.) : : . ‘ ni leennelea, JY,

46. Nostrils exposed; not peeing arth feathers
d, Biil notched near tip; often hooked.
é. Tail longer than wings; general color gray, or ashy-brown.
jf. Bill stout, compressed, notched, toothed and hooked at tip; large.
length 8 to 9. (Shrikes, butcher birds.) 3 Lanude, XV.
#7. Bill more slender, not notched or hooked; length 8 to 10. (Thrushes.)
Turdide, T.
iif. Bill very slender; length 4 to 5. (Gnat-catchers.) Syluade, ITT,
ee. Tail shorter than wings; color olivaceous; bill stout, notched and
hooked; length 4% to 6%. (Vireos, greenlets.) . ‘treontde, XIV,
dd, Bill not at all notched.
g. Rictus with bristles; quills not barred; tail longer than wings; length,

gormore, (Brownthrush.) . ¢ 6 j j Turdide, TI,
gg. No rictal bristles; wings and tail equal and barred; small brown
birds. (Wrens.) . j f Troglodytide, VII,

ggg. No rictal bristles; tail feathers dae and sharp, not barred; bill long,
decurved ; length 5 to 6. (Creeper.) . 9 ; Centhiide, VI,
== Primaries 9; the first about as long as second.

ft Bill flat, triangular; as wide at base as long; mouth wide and deep for catching
insects; wings long and pointed. (Swallows.) . 6 fTirundinide, XT,
tt Bill stout and conic; plumage brilliant, chiefly red in male, yellow in female.
(Tanagers.) ; : ; : : Tungaride, XT.
TiBill conic; stout at feet cutane eaies of thie bill with an angle near the

base (z. ¢., ‘‘corners of the mouth drawn downward’’).
h. Bill shorter than the head; usually with a notch at tip. (Comprises \% of
all our birds. Sparrows.) : ° : é : fringillide, XVI,

94

hh. Bill conic, about as long as head (except in the bobolink and cowbird); no
notch at tip, or bristles at rictus. (Orioles and blackbirds.)
Icteride, XVII,
TLTTBill not as above; cutting edges straight, or gently curved.
z. Head crested; tail tipped with yellow; secondaries with red horny tips.

( Waxwings.) : : : . : . 5 Ampelide, XIII.
z. Nostrils bristly feathered; tarsus with Seales behind; hind claw long and
straight. (Horned lark.) : : : : . Alaudide, VIII.

zz. No crest; nostrils exposed.
j. Hind claw twice as long as middle claw; hind toe longer than middle toe
and claw. ( Wagtails.) 5 5 ¢ Motacillide, IX.
jj. Hind claw not twice as long as middle Bn
2. Bill stout, notched, abruptly hooked at tip; general color olivaceous.

(Greenlets, vireos.) . 0 : : Vireonide, XVI,
kk. Bill various, notched or not, little if at all, hooked; colors often bril-
liant; small birds. (Warblers.) . é 0 Syluicolide, X.

iT CLAMATORES. Outside of tarsus covered with a series of plates lapping
entirely around in front and behind to meet in a groove on the inner side; bill
broad, flattened and hooked; rictal bristles numerous; primaries 10. ( Fly-
catchers.) : : : : . ‘ : : : Tyrannide, XTX.

FAMILY I. TURDID.

(The Thrushes.)

A large family of 200 or more species, of which we have eight. Most are
remarkable songsters. The food is insects and soft fruits.

Primaries 10, the first short or spurious; bill long, usually with a little notch
near the tip; the rictus with bristles well developed in most of our species; tarsus
in typical species ‘* booted,” z. ¢., the plates on the bone above the toes are grown
into a continuous envelope.

There are three sub-families, of which Indiana has two— 7urdine, the Typical
Thrushes, with the tarsus booted, first primary spurious, and wings longer than
tail. All sing well, and some of them are vocalists of the first order.

Their nests are rather rude—the robin’s is plastered with mud. They lay: four
to six bluish or greenish eggs, either plain or speckled. The second sub-family
Mimine, mocking thrushes, have the tarsas scutellate, the first primary about an
inch long, and the tail longer than the wings. They are plainly dressed birds, but
have a brilliant and varied song. All are American.

TYPICAL THRUSHES. (Turdine.)

HYVLOCICHLA,. Baird. Wood Thrushes.

1. H. MUSTELINA (Gm.) Bd. Wood thrush. Cinnamon brown, brighrest on
the head, becoming olive on the rump; breast with large dusky spots; our
largest and best known thrush. L.8; W. 4%. Comes to Central Indiana the
last of April; nests the middle of May, and leaves in early September.

95

2. H. PALLASI (Cab.) Bd. Hermit Thrush. This thrush is olive brown above,
becoming rufuous on the rump and tail; breast with dusky spots. L. 7; W. 3%.
An abundant spring and fall migrant. April 1 to May 10, and September 2oth to
even November.

With Swainson’s thrush and Alice’s thrush, it frequents the shrubbery in vacant
lots in Chicago during both migrations. (Nelson.) But the English sparrows.
were not very abundant at Chicago at that time. I have seen this thrush in the
parks of Indianapolis during the spring migration.

John Burroughs (Birds and Poets, page 46) speaks of the wood thrush and her-
mit thrush as the most melodious of our songsters; ‘‘ birds whose strains, more
than any others, express harmony and serenity.”

3. H. SWAINSONI (Cab.) Bd. Oltve-Backed Thrush. Uniform olive above ;
large dusky olive spots on breast and throat ; breast and sides of head buffy-tinted ;.
a plain buffy ring about the eye. L. 71%; W. 4. An abundant migrant; a rare
summer resident in the north of the State.

4. H. ALICIA. Bd. Alice Thrush. (Alice Kennicot.) Like Swainsoni, only
without ring or buffy cheeks—probably a variety.

Of its song Nelson says: ‘‘I have rarely heard this species sing except during
damp, gloomy days in spring when trees and bushes were dripping with a fine misty
rain. On such occasions I have been greeted by the clear metallic notes of this
thrush rising clear and strong, filling the air with a sweet, indescribable melody,
and then dying away in measured cadence until the last notes are scarcely distin-
guishable. As tbe first strain ends, the song is reéchoed by hidden musicians on
every hand until every tree seemed to give forth the wierd music.”

5. H. FUSCESCENS, (Steph.) Bd. Zommy Thrush. Walson’s Thrush. Veery.
Uniform tawny above; breast and throat washed with pinkish or brownish yellow,
and marked with small indistinct brownish spots. L. 7%; W. 5%; T. 4%.

TURDUS LINNALUS, Robins.

6. TURDUS MIGRATORIUS L. ROBIN. American Redbreast. Olive gray ;
head and tail blackish; throat white with black streaks; under parts chestnut
brown. L. 934; W. 5%; T. 5%. This common summer resident arrives the last
of February in large flocks. They commence their rough-and-tumble, mud-lined
nests the middle of April, and some continue nesting all summer. They leave in
October and early November; some few may stay through the winter in the
southern part of the State.

MOCKING THRUSHES. (Mimzne.)
HARPORHYNCHUS. Cabanis. Mocking Thrushes.

7. H. RUFUS (L.) Cab. Brown Thrush, Brown Thrasher, Sandy Mocking
Zird. Cinnamon red above; spotted thickly below; bill long and nearly straight. ©
A common summer resident; comes in April, nests in low trees, or at the base of
saplings and bushes in the middle of May, and is off in September. A brilliant
tree-top performer in early spring.

MIMUS. Boie. Mocking Birds.

8. M. POLYGLOTTUS, (L.) Boie. Mocking Bird. Ashy brown above; wings
blackish, with white wing bars; tail dark, outer feathers white. As with other

96

thrushes the sexes are similar. L.9%; W. 4%; T. 5. Often the common shrike
is mistaken for this bird; the colors and flight are quite similar, but the short-
hooked bill of the butcher bird is distinctive at a glance.

A very rare summer resident in Indiana. Dr. Hoy records six nests from the
vicinity of Racine, Wisconsin. The bird is a world-renowned songster—the night-
ingale of America. It is a common bird in towns South, as free and familiar as
the robin is with us, and in a state of freedom has a song of its own infinitely rich
and various, and even more notable than its wonderful power of mimicry; ‘‘ when
its love passion is upon it the serious and even grand side of its character comes
out.”

Both sides of its nature—the garrulous buffoon and serious lover—are portrayed
in Wilde’s exquisite sonnet :

TO THE MOCKING-BIRD.

Winged mimic of the woods! thou motley fool,
Who shall thy gay buffoonery describe ?
Thine ever-ready notes of ridicule
Pursue thy fellows still with jest and gibe.
Wit—sophist—songster—Garrick of thy tribe,
Thou sportive satirist of Nature’s school,
To thee the palm of scoffing we ascribe,
Arch scoffer, and mad Abbot of Misrule!
For such thou art by day—but all night long
Thou pour’st a soft, sweet, pensive, solemn strain,
As if thou did’st in this, thy moonlight song,
Like to the melancholy Jacques, complain,
Musing on falsehood, violence and wrong,
Aud sighing for thy motley coat again.

Mr. Edward Palmer, of Indianapolis, reports a mocking-bird nesting near the
city in 1876.
GALEOSCOPTES. Cabanis. Cat-birds.

g. G. CAROLINENSIS. (L.) Cab. Catdzrd, Dark slate; crown and tail
black; crissum brownish chestnut. L. 834; W. 334; T. 4. Well-known summer
resident. Nests on the main streets of Indianapolis. Comes April last, and leaves
in September.

FAMILY II. SAXICOLIDZ:.
(The Bluebirds.)

Like the thrushes, only with a longer and more pointed wing, reaching, when
folded, beyond the middle of the short tail. Tarsus ‘‘booted;” first primary
spurious; 12 genera and a hundred species, mostly old-world birds. 3 in U.S.;
ours, and two Western species.

STALIA. Swainson. Bluebirds.

to. S. SIALIS (L.) Common blucbird. Bright blue above. ‘‘The bluebird car-
ries the sky on his back.”” (Thoreau.) The throat and breast reddish brown; female

OG

}
duller; young spotted. L.63/; W.4; T.3. Itis useless to say anything of this well-
known bird. The children, even, can tell you all about it.

His first note in early spring, as he goes ‘‘shifting his light load of song from
post to post along the cheerless fence,” is as positive and welcome to the ear as the
first dandelion to the eye. Some stay all winter, if mild, in parties of five to ten.
They pair as early as February, and bring forth two or three broods during the
spring and summer—the male taking care of the first brood while the female is
busy with the second. Bluebirds nest, unlike the thrushes, in holes, and lay uni-
colored eggs; they are readily semi-domesticated, like the swallows, house wren,
and house sparrow, living in boxes and gourds. A pair in my yard drove the
house sparrows from a box, and were themselves dispossessed by the purple martin.
Their melodious warbling song, sweet and charming, is inseparable from the spring-
time, ‘‘ Like the sunshine of the days when the year is young, and Nature seems
to pause to gather strength for her intended triumphs, this melting music of the
bluebird is full of delicious languor and dremy voluptuousness, suggesting the pos-
sibilities of all things and expressing the realities of none. It is a promise and a
pledge of the future, like the unconscious yearning of a maiden for what she
knows not.” E “ : 5 is : dj 4 4 ‘ Dr. Coues.

AUN EES Te Saal Dat.
(The kKinglets.)

Primaries 10, the first short, scarcely spurious; bill curved, notched, decurved
at tip. Rictal bristles evident; nostrils oval, overhung. A large family of 600
species in the Old World, where they take the place of our warblers. The Euro-
pean nightingale belongs here. North America has three kinglets (genus Regulus),
known by the booted tarsus and wings longer than tail; there are three gnat-
catchers (genus Poloptila), known by the scutellate tarsus, and tail longer than

wings.
REGULUS. Cuvier. <Kzinglets.

ir. R. SATRAPA. Licht. Golden-crowned Kinglet. Olivaceous; crown yel-
low, black-bordered, and with orange red in the center in male. Abundant,
migrant, going over Indiana all of April, and back again through October.

12, R.CALENDULA. Licht. Rudby-crowned Kinglet. This species is much
like the other; crown with a scarlet patch (a little lamp; hence ca/endula) in both
sexes. A little scamp, everywhere in woods while migrating. It is several days
behind the golden-crown, and as many days in advance of it wn the fall. Both
species are in length about 4; W 24%; T.13{. The golden-crown is a winter
resident in Southern Indiana. Both have a sweet little song, besides a constant
squeak when bug-hunting. Both are common little birds, but so small and so little
with us that few Indiana people have ever seen them.

7—Hort. Soc.

98

POLIOPTILA. Sclater. Ganatcatchers.

13. P. CHRULA. (L.) Sclater. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Clear ashy blue,
whitish below; male with sides of head and crown black, outer tail feathers white.
T. 43g; W. 2; T. 214. A sprightly bird with a squeaky voice, ‘‘like a mouse
with the toothache,” but a fine singer, for all that. A common migrant in May
and September; also, nesting in our heavy timber. Shot usually from the tops of
tall dead trees. The nest is a beauty, only, if at all, excelled by the humming-bird’s,
It is a truncated cone, large for the bird, felted inside with spider’s web and thistle
down, a deep and purse-like cavity contracted at top, and containing usually five
half-inch eggs, white, with lilac and red speckles and dashes. Like the humming-
bird’s, the outer walls are done with stucco-work of lichens, which perfect its
beauty, and give it the look of a natural excrescence on the limb.

IDV OUGNS IDWS IRA RO Owed,
(The Titmice.)

Small birds, under 7 inches; restless, noisy, much like jays: scarcely migratory.
Species 75 or more, in both continents. About 10 species in N. A., 3 in Indiana.
At once known by the Io primaries, the first much shorter than second; wings
rounded, not longer than the rounded tail; tarsus scutellate, not longer than
middle toe and claw. Toes soldered at base, palm-like beneath. Genus Zop-
hopanes is crested, chiefly lead-gray, paler below. Genus /arus is not crested;
crown, chin and throat black or brown.

LOPHOPHANES. Kaup. Tufted Titmice.

14. L. BICOLOR, (L.) Bonaparte. TZujfted Trtmouse. Forehead alone black ;
whitish below; sides reddish. L. 614; W. 314; T. 314. In every southern woods ;
remarkable for its loud, ringing notes. Rare in northern Indiana; only a few
straggling parties rambling north from the wooded central and southern regions,
where it is one of the characteristic species.

PARUS. ULinneus. Chickadees.

15. P. ATRICAPILLUS, (L.) TZetmouse. Black-Capped Chickadee. CGrayish
ash; wings and tail plain, with whitish edgings; crown, neck, nape, chin and
throat black. L. 5; W. 2%; T. 2%. Resident north, but more abundant in winter
and during the migrations, when it may reach even to the south of the State. The
variety carolznensts, Carolina chickadee, is a rare summer visitant in the pine woods
of Lake county, but a resident of central and southern Indiana.

Roaming in flocks of a dozen or so, with the tufted titmouse, they form a notable
feature of our avian-fauna.

They are hardy, active, social birds—in winter no less than in summer “ merrily
singing their chick-a-dee-dee,’’ ‘‘defiers of both frost and heat,’ and, continues
Burroughs, ‘‘diligent searchers after truth in the shape of eggs and larve of
insects.”? Emerson’s poem, ‘‘The Titmouse,’ shows the points of this bird both

99

as hero and philosopher, and must be acceptable to poet and naturalist, as also to
the horticulturist, whose business brings him into such immediate relations with
the birds, and so I introduce a part of it here:

‘Up, and away for life! be fleet !

The frost-king ties my fumbling feet,
Sings in mny ears, my hands are stones,
Curdles the blood to the marble bones,
Tugs at the heart-strings, numbs the sense,
And hems in life with narrowing fence.
Well in this broad bed lie and sleep,
The punctual stars will vigil keep;

: Embalmed by purifying cold,
The winds shall sing their dead-march old;
The snow is no ignoble shroud,
The moon thy mourner, and the cloud.

‘‘Softly—but this way fate was pointing,
»*Twas coming fast to such anointing,
When piped a tiny voice hard by,

Gay and polite, a cheerful cry,
Chick-chickadeedee! saucy note,

Out of sound heart and merry throat,
As if it said, ‘ Good day, good sir,
Fine afternoon, old passenger !
Happy to meet you in these places,
Where January brings few faces.’

“*Here was this atom in full breath,
Hurling defiance at vast death ;
This scrap of valor, just for play,
Fronts the north wind in waistcoat gray,
As if to shame my weak behavior ;
I greeted loud my little savior,

“You pet! what dost here? and what for?
At this pinch, wee San Salvador !
What fire burns in that little chest,
So frolic, stout and self-possessed ??
Henceforth'I wear no stripe but thine;
Ashes and jet all hues outshine.
Why are not diamonds black and gray ?
And I affirm the spacious north
Exists to draw thy virtues forth.
I think no virtue goes with size;
The reason of all cowardice
Is, that men are overgrown,
And, to be valiant, must come down
To the titmouse dimension.

**T think old Cesar must have heard
In Northern Gaul my dauntless bird,
And, echoed in some frosty wold,
Borrowed thy battle numbers bold.
And I will write our annals new,
And thank thee for a better clew.
I, who dreamed not when I came here
To find the antidote of fear,
Now hear thee say in Roman key,
Pean! venti, vidi, vici.’’

100

FAMILY V.—SITTIDZ.

(The Nuthatches. )

Ten primaries; the first spurious. Wings long and pointed, much longer than
the broad soft tail. Bull notched, slender, straight, about head. Scutellate tarsus,
shorter than middle toe and claw. Body depressed; plumage lax. Active, nimble
little birds, running up and down trees, hanging in every way, the head down as
often as up. Species twenty-five to thirty, in most parts of the world.

a

SITT'TA,. Linn. LWVuthatches.

16. S. CAROLINENSIS. White-Belled Nuthatch. ‘* Sap Sucker. (Not the
‘¢sap-sucking woodpecker.”’) Ashy blue above, white below; crissum rusty brown ;
crown and nape black in male; L. 51%4; W. 3%; T. 2. A well-known resident.

17. S. CANADENSIS, L. Red-Bellied Nuthatch. Smaller; rusty brown be-
low. Crown in male glossy black ; in female, blue; in both with white and black
stripes at the border. A rare summer resident north, and irregular winter resident
south. I have seen them often about Indianapolis in the fall, but rarely in the
spring. More northerly than the Carolina nuthatch; a pretty bird.

FAMILY VI. CERTHIIDA.

First primary short. Bill slender, long as head, decurved; no notch or bristles.
Claws all long and curved. Wings about equal tail. Tail-feathers almost as stiff
and sharp as the woodpecker’s, and used in climbing, the same way. Habits like
nuthatches. Voice small and fine.

CERTHIA, Linn. Brown Creepers.

18 C. FAMILIARIS. Linn. Srown Creeper. Dark brown; much barred
and streaked; rump clear tawny. L. 5%; W. 234; T. 234. A curious little bird,
known at once by its tail.

A winter resident throughout the State. Comes from the north October 1, and
stays until May. Runs spirally around the tree from the ground up. Also ‘‘ hunts
spiders on the rough brick walls of houses.” (E. W. Nelson, Chicago.)

FAMILY VII. TROGLODYTIDZ.

(The Wrens.)

Primaries 10; the first short. Wings rounded=— tail. Bill usually slender, long,
unnotched. Nostrils oval, without bristles, overhung by a scale-like membrane.

101

Ours are all little brown birds, usually with the quills barred. One hundred or
more, chiefly of Tropical America.

‘‘Our species are sprightly, fearless and impudent little creatures, apt to show
bad temper when they fancy themselves aggrieved by cats or by people, or any-
thing else that is big or unpleasant to them; they quarrel a good deal, and, are
particularly. spiteful towards martins and swallows, whose homes they often invade
and occupy. Their song is bright and hearty, and they are fond of their own
music; when disturbed at it they make a great ado with noisy scolding. Part of
them live in reedy swamps and marshes, where they hang astonishingly big globu-
lar nests with a little hole on one side, on tufts of rushes, and lay six or eight dark
colored eggs; the others nest anywhere.”’ (Dr. Cones.) All are insect eaters, and
most of them migratory.

THRVOTHORUS. Vieillot. Mocking Wrens.

19. T. LUDOVICIANUS. Bonap. Carolina Wren. Clear reddish brown,
brightest on rump; tawny below. L. 6; W. 214; T. 2144. A rare summer visitor
north, but in Central and Southern Indiana its remarkable song is heard through-
out the year. It is much like, but far sweeter than the song of the cardinal red-
bird, Nests anywhere; in sheds, stumps, culverts, sparrow-boxes, etc., and rears
two or three broods in a season. Eggs usually five. One of the sweetest wild
birds.

20. T. BEWICKII, (Avd.) Bon. Bemdck’s Wren. Grayish brown; two mid-
dle tail feathers barred; L. 6; tail longer than wings. A rare summer resident.
A pair reared young in an arbor roof in a vacant lot in Chicago, 1876. (Nelson.)
Has been seen in Marion county. Has been taken at Brookville, Ind., by Mr. E.
R. Quick. Its habits are essentially the same as the preceding. I saw it abun-
dantly in Kentucky. It is indifferent to the presence of man.

TROGLODYTES. Vieillot. Wrens.

21. T. AADON. Vieill. Mouse Wren. Brown; bright behind; rusty below;
everywhere waved with darker brown; tail about=wings; L. 5; W. 2; T. 2; com-
mon; very variable. Comes in May and leaves in September, where found. Some
towns. it does not favor with its presence and song. Few in Indianapolis, but com-
mon in the suburbs. It is not a ‘‘house wren” entirely; it is found nesting in
fields, thickets, and even forests, as well as in coat-sleeves, pockets, pump holes,
skull of an ox, nest of another bird, boxes and gourds put up for bluebirds and
martins; in a box in Dr. Kennicott’s chaise, from which they were driven as often
as he made a visit, while the old hat Audubon drew has become, as Dr. Cones
remarks, historic.

They often use from a peck to a bushel of sticks and trash in reducing the aper-
ture by which they enter their nest to the proper size. Inside this pile of stuff is
a compact, cup-like nest built of soft material. - They are sweet singers, and right
at our door too, and should always be encouraged.

ANORTHURA, Rennie. Winter Wrens.

22. A. TROGLODYTES, (L.) Cones. Winter Wren. Variety hyemalis is
resident from November to March south, and is reported by Nelson as late as May
I about Chicago, This is our least wren; L. 4; W. 124; T. 2. It is deep brown,

102

waved with dusky; tail shorter than wings; the belly, wings and tail are strongly
barred. It is ashy wren, a sweet singer, and is oftener heard than seen.

CISTOTHORUS. Cabonis. Marsh Wrens.

‘23. C. STELLARIS. Cabonis. Short-billed Marsh Wren. Dark brown; head
and back darker; entire upper parts with white streaks; L. 4%. Summer resident
in suitable places. Probably regarded as rare because of their shy ways and inac-
cessible habitat.

24. C. PALUSTRIS. (Wilson) Baird. Long-Billed Marsh Wren. Bill slender,
as long as head; a white superciliary line; general color clear brown, with a black
patch containing white streaks; crown blackish; rump brown; L. 5. Observed
by Mr. Langdon near Cincinnati in spring. The nests are found in the reedy
swamps about the Kankakee river marshes in great numbers. They are placed in
the midst of tall rushes, or clumps of wild rice, and are firmly attached about
two feet above the surface to several surrounding stalks. ‘‘ While the female is
incubating, the male is constantly employed upon the construction of several un-
finished nests, until often a pair may boast the possession of a dozen unoccupied
tenements.”’ (J/Ve/sov.)

AUN OU IO WIUU Sb ON DIL Ds be
(The Larks.)

Tarsus scutellate in front and behind (a character singular among oscine birds).
Bill short; nostrils hidden by tufts of feathers. First primary short or wanting.
Hind claw very long and nearly straight. Inner secondaries elongated. A group
of one hundred species, mostly Old World birds, among them the famous European
sky-lark.

EREMOPHILA. Boie. Horned Larks.

25. E. ALPESTRIS. Boie. Shove Lark. Pinkish brown, thickly streaked ;
a little tuft of black feathers, lke the *‘horns”’ of owls, over each ear; a crescent
on breast and strip under eye black; white below ; chin, throat, and line over eye
more or less yellow; female with less black; winter birds grayish, markings more
obscures) ius 7340; Wie 44; ee

There are two varieties of this species in the northern part of the State. Variety
leucoloema, is permanently resident, bringing forth fully fledged young in May; the
male takes care of these, and the female resumes her work on a second set of eggs.
When the second brood can follow, the double family wanders at its will through
fall and winter, until the breeding season, when they disband. This variety is the
larger, and has no yellow on the head, except a slight throat tinge; the black
markings are smaller than in typical a/gestris ; this latter arrives in October with the
Lapland longspurs, and in April goes back with them to its northern breeding
grounds.

In the winter of 1878-9, the horned larks appeared in flocks of two hundred or
more, with the great snow of January; they were accompanied with a few snow
birds (P. nivalis.) I have found the young in early May; they frequent open fields
and roads. The horned lark is a pleasant singer, and is far from being either shy
or timid,

103

FAMILY IX. MOTACILLIDZ.
( Wagtails. )

Primaries 9; first about—second ; inner secondaries enlarged, the longest about
= to the primaries in closed wing. Bill shorter than head, very slender, straight,
acute, notched at tip, Feet large, fitted for walking, hind claw long; nostrils ex-
posed. A group of about 100 Old World species. Most of them are terrestrial.
They have a habit of moving the tail up and down, as if ‘‘ balancing themselves
on unsteady footing,” hence are called <‘ Wagtails.”

ANTHUS. Beehstein. Tvztlarks.

26. A. LUDOUICIANUS. (Gm.) Licht. Arown Lark, Titlark, Pipit. Dark
brown, slightly streaked; superciliary line and under parts buffy ; breast and sides
streaked ; outer tail feathers more or less white.

Migrant in November and March about Cincinnati. (Zangdon.) Arrives in
Northern Indiana about May 15, the breeding plumage just forming; it goes on
north in a few days, and returns in October. (Welsoz.)

The Missouri skylark, a bird much like in habits, it is said, to the European sky-
lark, is a near relative of our brown lark.

FAMILY X. SYLVICORDZ.

(The Warblers.)

Primaries 9; bill usually slender, notched or not. Commissure not with an angle
as in Fringillide, nor toothed in the middle as in our Zanagride. Hind toe not
long and straight, as in the two preceding families; the gape not broad and deep,
as in swallows.

Our warblers are small birds; most less than six inches and many less than five.
The rictus is usually bristled, The colors are usually brilliant and variegated, but
the sexes are unlike, and the variations due to age and season are so great the study
of the species is often difficult.

The family comprises a hundred or more species, mainly North American. All
are insectivorous and migratory. Many are pleasing songsters, but none are re-
markably so.

The group is known by negative rather than by positive characters. There are
three well marked sub-families, based mainly on characters of the bill.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF WARBLERS.

I. SYLVICOLINA. True Warblers. These have the bill slender, not hooked,
as high as wide at base, usually with short bristles or none. Wings longer
than tail, except in Geothlyp~is. Length 6% or less.

* Tail feathers, some or all of them blotched with white.

164

TRictus with evident bristles.
{Tarsus not shorter than middle toe and claw; entirely black and white,
streaked. : : : - . : ; : Mnzotilla, 1.
itTarsus not shorter than middle toe and pe
a. Hind toe decidedly longer than its claw; bill acute, scarcely notched ;
bluish, throat and middle of back with yellow. 5 Parula, 2
Bill very acute, notched, perceptibly decurved, so that the gonys is
slightly concave, rump and under parts chiefly yellow. ertssoglossa, 6.
aaa. Warblers without above characters. : . . Dendraca, 7.
TTRictus without evident bristles.
6. Whole head and neck bright yellow, bill notched, half inch or more long.
Protonotarza, 3.
66. Whole head and neck not yellow; bill acute, not notched nor bristled,

less than half an inch long. . : : Flelminthophaga, 5.
=*Tail feathers yellow on inner webs; outer webs dusky ; plumage chiefly yel-
low. . - . > : : 3 Dendreca, 7.

*==T ail feathers all anietibeds ; same color on both webs.
c. Conspicuously streaked below; head plain or with two black stripes ; legs
long. ‘ : . . : : é : 3 : Sezurus, 8.
‘cc. Not streaked below.

ad, Wings about as long as tail; chiefly prac below ; crown of male black or
ashy; legs strong. a = . Geothlypis, 10.

dd, Wings decidedly longer than ail
é. Bill not notched, half inch or more long; head plain or with four
black stripes. ‘ . . : : Lelminthophaga, 4

ee. Bill less than half an inch long.

fj. Bill notched; wings more than 2%; crown plain or with black.
Oporornts, 9.

ff. Bill not notched or bristled, very acute; wings less than 2%; crown

plain or witha bright yellow spot. : : flelminthophaga, 5.
ICTERINE. Charts. Bill rather stout, not notched, hooked nor bristled; tail
longer than wings; length, 7 to 8. ; : . . : Lcterta, V1.

SETOPHAGINA. Fly-Catching Warblers. Bill depressed, broader at base than
high, notched and somewhat hooked, with strong rictal bristles half the length of
bills; wings longer than tail; length 5% or less.

a, Bill fully twice as long as wide at base; tail feathers unmarked or blotched

with white. ; : - . Myzodioctes, 12.
aa. Bill scarcely twice as (eng as W ide at bate; Bis marked with orange or yel-
low. : 5 : : : : - . . : Setophaga, 13.

1. MNIOTILTA,. Vieillot. Creeping Warblers.

27. M. VARIA, (L.) Vieill. Black and White Creeper. Entirely black and
white, streaked; crown with a broad white stripe; white wing bars; female grayer;
L. 5; W. 234; T. 214. Summer resident south; not uncommon north. A neat
bird, with some of the habits of the nuthatch,.

2. PARULA. Bonaparte. Blue Vellow-backed Warblers.

28. P. AMERICANA, (L.) Bon. Clear ashy blue; back with large golden-
green patch.; yellow below; belly white; white wing bars; female obscurely
marked; L. 434. North an abundant migrant, breeding rarely.

105

3. PROVTONOTARIA, Baird. Golden Swamp Warblers.

29. P. CITREA. (Bodd.) Bd. Front and lower parts brilliant yellow; back,
wings, etc., olivaceous; billlong; L.5%; W. 3; T. 21g. A rare summer visitant
north; much commoner in the Wabash valley. This is one of the most beautiful
warblers. ;

4. HELMITHERUS. Rafinesque. Swamp Warblers.

30. H. VERMIVOROUS. Worm-eating Swamp Warbler. Olive green; head
yellowish, with four black stripes; buffy below. Female similar. A very rare
visitant north; probably resident south.

5. HELMINTHOPHAGA. Cabanis. Worm Eating Warblers.

31. H. CHRYSOPTERA. Blue, Golden-Winged Warbler. Ashy blue; fore-
head, crown and wing bars bright yellow; throat and broad stripe through eye
black ; white below; female duller; L.5; W. 21%; G. 214. A beautiful species ;
comparatively rare; migrant through the State.

32. H. PINUS. (L.) Bd. SBlue-Winged Yellow Warbler. Olive yellow;
crown and under parts bright yellow; wing bars whitish; loral stripe black; sexes
alike; L. 4%; W.214; 7.2. Tail feathers like the above conspicuously blotched
with white. A common summer resident in Southeastern Indiana. A handsome
bird like a miniature Protonotaria,

33. H. CELATA, (Lay.) Bd. Ovrange-Crowned Warbler. Olive green, never
ashy on head; orange brown crown patch, concealed more or less; greenish yellow
below ; female duller; L. 434; W. 214; T. 2. A common migrant frequenting
bushy hillsides and borders of woods. (JVe/soz.)

34. H. PEREGRINA. (Wils.) Cab. Tennessee Warbler. Olive green; no
crown patch ; white or whitish yellow below; L. 41%; W. 234; T. 134. Common
migrant north. I have taken it in Marion county May 15. Nelson notes that
like several other species of warblers which frequent the tops of the trees in spring
it is found much lower in fall.

35- H. RUFICAPILLA. (Wils.) Bd. Mashville Warbler. Olive green, ashy
on head and neck ;-crown patch bright chestnut; bright yellow below; female
duller, crown patch obscure. This, like the two preceding species, has no white
blotches on the tail feathers. L. 424; W.2%; T. 2. Migrant; not common near
Cincinnati. (Langdon.) Very common migrant in Lake county, and also a rare
resident. (JVelson.) I have taken it in May near Indianapolis.

Note.—Besides the above five eastern species there are five western forms of this interesting genus.
All build on, or just above, the ground, forming rather coarse and bulky nests. They are not given
to worm eating exclusively (as the generic name suggests), but eat insects of various kinds. ‘ ‘Their

notes are few, odd and not very musical, pitched in a high key and delivered ina slender, wiry tone.”’
; (Dr. Cones.)

6. PERISSOGLOSSA.: Baird. Fringed-Tongue Warblers.

36. P. TIGRINA. (Gm.) Bd. Cape May Warbler. Olivaceous above with
darker streaks ; rump and sides of neck bright yellow ; yellow below, much streaked
with black; crown black or nearly so; ear coverts orange brown; a white wing
patch ; female duller, with no black or reddish about the head. L. 514; W. 2343
T. 2. A fine warbler removed from the genus Dendroeca, because of the peculiar

106

structure of the tongue. A very common migrant ; in tree tops in spring; on its
return voyage found almost anywhere in company with Dendroeca palmarun, whose
fall habits and movements it closely resembles.

7. DENDRGCA. Gray. Wood Warblers.

This large genus has about thirty little bright-colored warblers, all American,
and very abundant in the United States during the migrations. They are difficult
to identify, unless in full plumage. Length usually five or six inches. The tail
feathers are always blotched with white or yellow; the bill is but moderately
pointed, notched and with evident bristles at the rictus. They nest in trees or
bushes, with rare exceptions. The eggs are white and spotted. Their generic
name signifies a ‘* tree tenant,” and the numerous species are conspicuous ornaments
of our forest scenes. In the south they pass the winter; some in the West Indies,
some in Mexico, and many even in Central and South America. As the advancing
sun stirs to life the insect world, they pass across the United States, most of them
to British America; their movements, as regular and periodical as the opening of
flowers, so that one may almost tell the day of the month by the coming of the
successive species; flying, as most warblers do, in the night, feeding in the early
morning and evening, resting at noonday, and then pushing on; unless stopped by
the busy collector to whom these little sprites so various in color, according to age,
sex, and season, are an annual prize. Thousands fall a prey to the mere collector
and milliner, or dealer in bird skins; the thoughtful and less greedy naturalist finds
ample scope for his time and abilities in studying their habits and hunting their
homes, of which too little is even yet known.

The accompanying key to the species is taken from the wade-mecum of the ama-
teur student of American birds, Dr. Elliot Coues’ Key to North American
species. The better way for the student is, however, to satisfy himself first that the
bird is a warbler, and then read the successive species until the one is found that
tallies with the bird in hand.

DIAGNOSTIC MARKS OF WOOD WARBLERS IN ANY PLUMAGE,

A white spot at base of primaries. : : : : : . Cerulescens.
Wings and tail dusky, edged with yellow. : : . c . LEStWUa.
Wing bars and belly yellow. : : : . Discolor.
Wing bars white and tail spots oblique at snd of two outer al feathers Ce
wnUS.
Wing bars brownish; tail spots square at end of two outer feathers only.
Patmarum.
Wing bars not evident (?); whole under parts yellow; back with no greenish.
Kirtland.
Tail spots at end of nearly all the feathers and no definite yellow anywhere.
Cerulea.
Tail spots at middle of nearly all the feathers; rump and belly yellow. Maczlosa.
Rump, sides of breast (usually) and crown with yellow; throat white. Coronata.
Throat definitely yellow; belly white; back with no greenish. . Dominica.
Throat, breast and sides black, or with black traces; sides of head with diffuse
yellow ; outer tail feathers white-edged externally. . . é : Virens.
With none of the foregoing special marks; then it is : Striata or Castanea.
Throat yellow or orange; crown with at least a trace of a yellow or orange spot,
and outer tail feathers white-edged externally. : - ; Blackournie.

Wing bars yellow and belly pure white. . : ° . - Pennsylvanica.

10/

37. D. AASTIVA. (Gm.) Bd. Summer Warbler. Golden Warbler. Chiefly
golden yellow; back olive yellow; orange brown streaks on breast and sides;
female similar, scarcely streaked. L. 51%; W. 2%; T. 214. Anabundant summer
resident from late April until September.

One of the few birds which refuses to incubate the alien eggs of the cow bunting
(Molothrus ater). ‘It frequently constructs a two-story nest, leaving the bunting’s
eggs in the cellar; and at least one instance is recorded of the repetition of this
laborious and disagreeable work, resulting in a three-story nest, some seven inches
deep, with a cow-bird’s egg in each of the twolower compartments. She deserved
better of fate than that her house should at last be despoiled by a naturalist. This
was a summer yellow bird, to whom the price of passing thus into history must
have seemed hard.” (Dvr. Cowes.) The only species ranging regularly across the
continent. The summer warbler is a confiding bird, an agreeable singer, fond of
man’s presence, nesting in orchards, yards, and even in crowded streets of towns.
In Kentucky I have heard it called the flax bird.

38. D. CAXRULESCENS. (L.) Bd. Slack-throated Blue Warbler. Rich
gray blue; a few dusky streaks on back; throat, sides of head, neck and sides of
body pure black, otherwise pure white below; female dull olive greenish, obscurely
marked, known by the blotch on the primaries, L. 5%; W. 234; T. 214. An
elegantly colored species, not uncommon in woodlands during the spring and fall
migrations.

39. D. CORONATA, (L.) Gray. Myrtle Warbler. YVellow-rumped Warbler.
Bluish ash above, streaked with black; white below, with blackish streaks; four
yellow spots, the crown, rump, and each side of breast: females and young brown-
ish, with less yellow on head and breast. An exceedingly abundant and hardy
migrant, breeding in the West Indies and even in Alaska. Seen everywhere, in
flocks, often associating with troops of sparrows. The earliest migrant.

40. D. MACULATA. (Gm.) Bd. Magnolia Warbler, Back black with olive
skirtings; rump yellow; head clear ash; a white stripe behind eye; sides of head
black; under parts (except the white crissum) rich yellow, with black streaks con-
fluent on breast. Female similar, but with less black, and more olive. L. 5; W..
24%; T. 2. A very abundant and brilliant little migrant, common in woodlands.

41. D. CASRULEA. (Wils.) Bd. Cerulean Warbler. Bright blue with black
streaks ; white below; breast and sides with bluish lines. Female not streaked,,
greenish above, slightly yellowish below. L. 4%; W. 2%; T. 2. A regular but
rare migrant and resident north. In Central and Southern Indiana it is a more
common summer resident, and very abundant during migrations. A dainty species,.
often with the blue gray gnatcatcher in high tree tops.

42. D. PENNSYLVANICA. (L.) Bd. Chestnut Sided Warbler. Blackish
above, much streaked; crown clean yellow; black patch above eye; pure white
below ; a line of bright chestnut streaks along side; wing patch yellowish. Female
similar, but with less chestnut and black. L.5; W. 2%; T. 2%. A common
migrant, easily recognized. Breeds sparingly in the North of the State.

43. D. STRIATA. (Forst.) Bd. Slack-Poll Warbler. Whole crown pure
black; black and olivaceous, almost everywhere streaked. Female more olivaceous.
L. 534; W. 3; T. 2%. Common; the last to migrate. ‘‘ When the biack-polls.
appear in force the collecting season is about over.’”’ (Coues.)

44. D. BLACKBURNIA, (Gm.) Bd. Ovsange-Throated Warbler. Black

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above with whitish streaks; crown patch, sides of neck and whole throat brilliant
orange or flame color; female similar, but olive and bright yellow instead of black
and orange; L. 51%4; W. 234; G. 2%. The most brilliant species and one of the
commonest during the migrations. The males precede the females a week or more,
It is famed for the delicacy of its coloring, the beauty of which has attracted even —
the milliners, so that in the spring of 1875.1 remember it was not uncommon as a
part of the ornithological collections with which certain Chicago belles adorned
their headwear.

45. D. DOMINICA. (L.) Bd. Yellow- Throated Warblers. Ashy blue; throat
bright yellow ; belly white; cheeks black; superciliary line white or yellowish in
front; L.5; W. 237; T. 214. A common summer resident about Indianapolis ;
rare visitant about Chicago. (Velson.) Also about Cincinnati. (ZLamgdon.) The
above relates to variety albzlora.

46. D. KIRTLANDI.. Bd. Dr. XKirtland’s Warbler. Ashy blue above; yel-
low and streaked below; lores black; L.5%; W. 234; T. 224. “Of the known
specimens, four in number, three were taken in Ohio and one at sea between the
Bahamas and Cuba. Supposed to have been seen in Wisconsin. (Racine, Hoy.)”
(Dr. Coues.) Not given here as a bird of Indiana, but because of the interest at-
taching to the species.

47. D. DISCOLOR. (Vieill.) Bd. Pyratrze Warbler. Olive yellow: back
with a patch of red spots; forehead, superciliary line, wing bars and under parts
bright yellow ; streaked below; sides of head with black; femalesimilar. L. 434;
W. 214; T. 2. A rare visitant and an elegant species. In evergreen thickets and
oak barrens oftener than on prairies.

48. D. UIRENS. (Gm.) Bd. Slack-Throated Green Warbler. Clear yellow
olive ; sides of head rich yellow; whole throat and breast jet black, this color ex-
tending along the sides; otherwise whitish below; L.5; W.2%; T. 244. A
common migrant ; a few are known to breed about Chicago. One of the few-——30
‘to 4o—little birds sometimes blown across the Atlantic to Europe.

49. D. PINUS. (Wils.) Bd. Pine Creeping Warbler. Yellow olive above;
under parts and superciliary line yellow; no sharp markings anywhere; female
‘more grayish; L. 5; W. 224. Abundant in evergreen forests. Nelson found both
old and young in the pine barrens, Lake county, where they undoubtedly breed
regularly. <A sociable bird, not confined to the pine regions, but associating with
the palm warbler, and with it in April and May feeding in open fields, ‘‘ mixing
with titmice, kinglets and nathatches, the whole throng gaily and amicably flitting
through the shady woods, scrambling incessantly on and all around the branches of
the trees in eager, restless quest of their minute insect food.” (Dr. Cowes.)

50. D. PALMARUM. (Gm.) Bd. falm Warbler. Brownish olive above,
somewhat streaked; rump brighter; crown bright chestnut, superciliary line and
under parts yellow, with brown streaks; no wing bars, female similar; L. 5; W.
224; T. 214. Abundant migrant; rather terrestrial; not as bright colored as most
of its congeners. They have a grasshoppery song, and go jetting their tails up
and down like the wagtails, build their nests on the ground near some swampy
thicket, and on the whole seem to have ideas of their own as unlike other wood
warblers as their plain dress and earthy ways.

SEIURUS. Swainson. Water Thrushes.
Gilg Se AUROCAPILLUS. (L.) Sw. Golden-crowned Wagtail. Oven-Bird.

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Bright olive green, white below, sharply spotted on breast and sides like thrushes ;
crown orange brown, with two black stripes; L. 6144; W. 3; T. 2%. An abun-
dant migrant, and common resident in suitable places. This and the two next are
terrestrial warblers, warbling like titlarks, and spotted like thrushes, with both of
which they have been classed. Their vocal powers are preéminent.

This species is noted for its loud ringing song and curious nest built on the
ground and roofed over; hence named ‘‘oven bird.”

52. S. NAIVIUS. Coues. Water Thrush. Water Wagtadl. Olive broww
above; pale yellowish beneath, thickly spotted with the color of the back; a yel-
low superciliary line; bill half inch long; feet dark; L. 6; W. 3; T. 244. An
abundant migrant; some remain to breed in secluded woods. (J(Ve/son.) ‘‘One of
our liveliest singers, beginning with a sudden, almost startling burst of melody
that rings as clear as if the joyous bird had found a long lost mate, and then keeps
falling till the slightest breath of air may blow the rest away.”

53- S. MOTACILLA, (Vieill.) Bon. Large-4illed Water Thrush. Same gen-
eral color as last, but white or pale buffy below, and less sharply spotted; bill
much larger, about 34 inch; bird larger; L. 63, W. 344; T. 244. A summer resi-
dent, prefering dark woods or dense undergrowth in wet patches,

OPORORNIS. Baird. Nemble Warblers.

54. O. AGILIS, (Wils.) Bd. Connecticut Warbler. Olive green, ashy on head ;
throat and breast brownish ash; otherwise yellow below; not sharply marked; in
fall more olivaceous; L. 534; W.3; T. 214. Hundreds of this species are
taken in New England in the fall, while it is rarely seen in the spring, as it appears
to migrate inland up the Mississippi valley. A shy, strong-voiced migrant, rather
common in the vicinity of Chicago. (JVe/son.)

55- O. FORMOSUS, (Wils.) Bd. Kentucky Warbler. Clear olive green, bright:
yellow below; crown and sides of head and neck black, with a yellow superciliary
stripe, which bends around the eye behind; L. 534; W. 3; T. 214. A rare vis-
itant north; resident near Cincinnati, (Langdon); song much like that of the:
Maryland yellow-throat, and both very sweet singers. :

GEOTHVPLIS. Cabanis. Ground Warblers.

56. G. TRICHAS, (L.) Cab. Muryland Yellow Throat. Olive green; fore-.
head and broad mask on sides of head and neck jet black bordered with clear ash ;
under parts yellow; female obscurely marked without black mask and with less
yellow; L. 414; W. 214; T. 214. A handsome warbler. I have seen it rise toa
height of a hundred feet and descend, singing, to a tree in an open field; its usual’
haunt is in thickets near swamps and streams.

57. G. PHILADELPHIA, (Wils.) Bd. Mourning Warbler. Bright olive ;
clear yellow below ; head ashy; throat and breast black, the feathers usually ashy-
skirted as though the bird wore crape (hence ‘‘ mourning warbler ”’) ; when not in
full plumage, both sexes resemble O. agzlis, except that the tail is as long as the
wings; L. 5%; T. and W. 2%. Not common; migrant; comes with the wild-
crab blossoms.

ICTERTA. Vieillot. Véellow-breasted Chats.

58. I. VIRENS. (L.) Bd. Olive green; throat and breast bright yellow;
belly abruptly white; lores black; a white superciliary line; wings and tail plain ;.

110

tarsus almost booted. L. 714; W. 314; T. 314. A quaint, restless songster, only
excelled by the mocking bird in the variety and volubility of its notes. Common
summer resident south; rarer north. Eats soft fruits as well as insects.

MVIODIETES. Audubon. fly-catching Warblers.

59. M. MITRATUS. (Gm.) Aud. Hooded Fly-catching Warbler. Bright
yellow alive ; crown and neck all round jet black, enclosing a broad golden mask ;
under parts from the breast bright yellow ; tail with white blotches; female olive
instead of black; L. 5; W. 234; T. 214. Migrant; Nelson quotes it as a rare
summer resident about Chicago. ‘‘Breeds throughout its range.”? (Coues.) This
and the three following are very expert in taking insects on the wing, having the
broad, flat bill and rictal bristles of the clammatorial fly-catchers (Zyvannzde), from
which they are readily known by their oscine tarsus, and nine primaries.

60. M. PUSILLUS. (Wils.) Bon. Green Llack-capped Fly-catching Warbler.
Clear yellow olive; crown glossy black; forehead, lores, sides of head and entire.
under parts bright yellow; wings and tail unblotched; female with less black; L.
434; W. 2%; T. 244. Common migrant.

61. M. CANADENSIS. (L.) Aud. Canada F-ly-catching Warbler. Bluish
ash; crown speckled with black; under parts clear yellow, except the white cris-
sum ; lores black, continuous with black under the eye, and this passing as a chain
of black streaks down the side of the neck and encircling the breast like a neck-
lace; wings and tail plain; female similar, with less black; L. 514; W. 234; T.
2%. An abundant woodland species, and one of the handsomest of warblers.
Migrant.

SETOPHAGA. Swainson. Redstarts.

62. S. RUTICILLA. (L.) Sw. Black; sides of breast and large blotches on
wings and tail orange red; belly white, reddish tinged. Female olive, similarly
marked with reddish yellow. L. 54%; W. 216; T. 2%. An abundant migrant,
and common summer resident about Chicago. A handsome fly catcher; getting
his full suit of black, white and orange in his third year, as is indicated by the
three sets of males observed in any vernal migration; those, like the female, with-
out black or orange (first year); those, like the female, irregularly patched with
pure black and with increased yellow (second year); and the perfectly dressed
males nearly three years old. (Cowes.) Mr. Gentry found many species of beetles,
plant lice, cut-worms, etc., in their stomachs—the beetles and cut-worms indicating
ground habits, Hesays: ‘*We must admit that the redstart is not only a good
hunter, but a voracious and indiscriminate feeder, ‘like some other beauties we
know of.”

FAMILY XI. TANAGRID/.
(The Tanagers. )

Primaries 9 ; bill conical (sometimes depressed or attenuated); the culmen curved ;
cutting edges not much inflected, sometimes toothed, notched or serrated; tarsus
scutellate. Legs short; claws long; colors usually brilliant. Three hundred or

Tet

more species, widely various, found mainly in the warmer parts of America. Some
are slender-billed and wartler-like; others have stout conical bills and stand close
to finches.

Our single genus has a stout sparrow-like bill, notched at the tip and toothed
near the middle of the upper mandible. They are frugivorous and insectivorous,
and hence migratory in the United States. They live in woods, lay four or five
dark, speckled eggs, nest in trees and are fair songsters. The seasonal and sexual
differences in color are extreme. Dr. Coues makes them the text for a brief but
vigorous onslaught upon the present custom of adorning wearing apparel with
natural history collections, so pointed that I introduce it here: ‘‘ These birds are
famed for the beauty and variety of their coloration, being among those most fre-
quently exhibited in the show-cases of the bird-stuffers and milliners, as well as on
the head-wear of fashionable ladies, who have degenerated into walking advertise-
ments of wretched taxidermy, in their rage for barbaric ornamentation of their
persons. The style used to be to wear plumes selected for their beauty of colora-
tion or their gracefulness of shape, but the itch of savagery has broken out with
aggravated symptoms, to be satisfied with nothing short of an ornithological
museum. I once counted the feathers of no less than fifteen different kinds of
birds on the dress of an Indian squaw; but then her alleged husband had one
necklace of grizzly bear’s claws, and another of human finger-tips; and circum-
stances alter cases, you know. It seemed to me less singular than the case of
another woman whom I examined with some care shortly afterward, on whose
bosom rested a gilt-tipped tiger’s claw, from whose ears depended two claws of
the same animal, in whose hair nestled the greater part of the external anatomy of
the bird known as the shitepoke, and to whose loins a live poodle dog was tied by
along blue string. Such a toilet, I think, would be far more effective with the
rouge and lily-white in streaks, instead of layers, and a fish-bone through the nose.
It is not that the tanagers are not highly ornamental, but that they are sometimes
out of place.”’

PVRONGA. Vieillot. five Tanagers.

63. P. RUBRA. (L. Vieillot.) Scarlet Tanager. Male brilliant scarlet wings ;
and tail black; female clear green, clear greenish yellow below; L. 744; W.
4; T. 3. A common spring and fall migrant; a few remain to breed. A well
known bird, once seen never forgotten. The tanager flies through the green foliage
- as though it would ignite the leaves, says Thoreau. ‘‘I hold this bird,” says Dr.
Coues, ‘‘in particular, almost superstitious recollection, as being the very first of
all the feathered tribe to stir within me those emotions that have never ceased to
stimulate and gratify my love for birds. More years have passed than I care to
remember since a little child was strolling through an orchard one bright morning
in June, filled with mute wonder at beauties felt, but neither questioned nor under-
stood. A shout from an older companion, ‘ There goes a scarlet tanager!’ and the
child was straining eager, wistful eyes after something that had flashed upon his
senses for a moment as if from another world, it seemed so bright, so beautiful, so
strange. ‘What is a scarlet tanager?’ mused the child, whose consciousness had
flown with the wonderful apparition on wings of ecstacy; but the bees hummed on,
the scent of flowers floated by, the sunbeam passed across the greegsward, and
there was no reply, nothing but the echo of a mute appeal to nature, stirring the
very depths with aninward thrill. That night the vision came again in dreamland,
where the strangest things are truest and known the best; the child was startled

112

by a ball of fire and fanned to rest again by a sable wing. The wax was soft then,
and the impress grew indellible. Nor would I blur it if I could, not though the
flight of years has borne sad answers to reiterated questionings—not though the
wings of hope are tipped with lead and brush the very earth instead of soaring in
scented sunlight.”” We certainly owe a great deal to the scarlet tanager, if it only
led Dr. Coues, this prince of later ornithologists, to the study of American birds.
Audubon and Wilson took fire in the same way, the latter from the red-headed
woodpecker, which so kindled his enthusiasm that from the day he saw 1t his hfe was
turned to the study of birds.

64. P. ASSTIVA. (L.) Vieill. Stemmer Redbird. Male bright rose red through-
out; wings a little dusky ; female dull brownish olive, dull yellowish below. Size
of last. A rare summer visitant north; I have not taken it about Indianapolis; a
not rare summer resident in the southern part of the State.

FAMILY XII. HIRUNDINIDZ:.

(The Swallows.)

Bill ‘‘ fissirostral,”’.z. e., short, broad, triangular, depressed; the gape wide and
deep, reaching to opposite the eyes. Wings very long and pointed ; the first pri-
mary usually the longest, and twice as long as the last; secondaries very short.
tail more or less forked; feet weak; tarsus scutellate; plumage compact, and
more or less lustrous. A very natural family of about one hundred birds, uni-
versally distributed. All are strong on the wing, insectivorous, and as a rule,
migratory.

Of all birds swallows are best known and most welcome; recognized in every
literature, ‘‘cherished witnesses of peace and plenty in the homestead, dazzling orna-
ments of busy thoroughfare.”

The complete history of the family may be found in Dr. Coue’s ‘* Birds of the
Colorado Valley,” 1878, from which the following key to the seven North Ameri-
can species is transcribed :

KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN SWALLOWS.

1. Tail deeply forficate with linear lateral feathers; lustrous steel blue above ;
rufous below. : : : : : - : ; Hirundo erythrogaster.
2. Tail simply emarginate; lustrous green; beneath white. TZachyctneta bzcolor.
3. Tail simply emarginate; opaque velvety green ; beneath white.
Tachycineta thalassina.
4. Tail nearly even; lustrous steel blue; rump rufous. Petrochelidsn lunifrous.
5. Torsus with tuft of feathers below; lustreless gray ; below white.
‘ Cotyle riparia.
6. Outer edge of first primary serrate; lustreless brownish; paler below.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis.
7. Bill very stout, curved; male entirely lustrous blue-black. Progne purpurea.

.

113

AIRUNDO. Linneus. Szadllows.

65. H. ERYTHROGASTRA. Coues. 4arn Swallow. Lustrous steel blue
pale chestnut below; throat and forehead deep chestnut; an imperfect steel blue
collar; tail very deeply forked; L. 7; W. 5; T. 44g. Breeding in colonies about
barns. Nests in pellets of mud in layers, with hay between. Often an extra plat-
form is made close to the nest as a roosting place for the parents.

TACHYCINETA, Cabanis.

66. T. BICOLOR. (Vieill.) Coues. Whzte-dellied Swallow. Lustrous green;
pure white below; female duller; L. 6144; W. 5; T. 22g. Abundant about water;

nests in holes in trees and stumps, rarely in boxes; uses no mud, 7. ¢halasstna is
a western species.

PETROCHELIDON. Cabanis.

67. P. LUNIFRONS. (Say.) Cab. Cuff Swallow. Lave Swallow. Lustrous
steel blue; forehead, sides of head, throat and rump of various shades of chestnut ;
a blue spot on breast; belly whitish; L. 5%; W. 4%; T. 214. An abundant mi-
grant and resident. It formerly nested in cliffs, but now under the eaves of barns‘
dwellings, etc. The nests are made of pellets of mud or clay rolled into shape in
the swallow’s mouth. The nest is cup shaped, or even retort shape, with an elon.
gated neck. They take to eaves for protection. ‘‘The birds’ instinct—say, rather,
reason—teaches them to come in out of the rain.”

COTMEE, Baie.

Goan Go LEAR VAC (Ie) bales ba7cz Swallow. Sand Martin. Dark gray,
not iridescent ; white below; a brown shade across the breast; L. 434; W. 4; T. 2.
An abundant summer resident; nesting in holes in sand banks. A cosmopolite ;
found in Europe, Asia, Africa and America.

STELGIDOPTERVX. Baird.

69. S. SERRIPENNIS. (Aud.) Bd. Rough-winged Swallow. Brownish
gray; outer web of first primary more or less saw-like, with a series of minute
recurved hooks, which are weaker in the female. L. 74%; W. 6; T. 3144. A
summer resident, common south and central; rare visitant to Northern Indiana.
Nests like the preceding. which it resembles superficially, in holes in river banks,
and even in knotholes and stone walls. They rarely dig holes for their nest, pre-
ferring those already formed.

It is interesting to note that this species, like all of its tribe, except the bank swal-
low, which still retains its primitive habits, makes use of holes in masonry for its
nests, thus paying its compliment to human civilization.

PROGNE. Baie.

7o. PROGNE SUBIS. (L.) Bd. Purple Martin, Lustrous blue-black through-
out; female duller, whitish and streaky below; bill stout, almost hooked. L. 7%;
W.6; T. 314. Avery common summer resident; arrives early in April; goes south
the first of September. No American bird is better known. Where it can find no
boxes it nests in hollow trees or the holes made by woodpeckers. They drive the

8—Hort. Soc.

114

bluebird and English sparrow from their boxes in short order. Like many other
birds, the same pair often returns to the same nest year after year, finding their old
homes with unerring precision after migrations of thousands of miles. Like all
swallows, the present species is a great insect eater, destroying incalculable num-
bers, including many injurious species. They should be preserved in the interests
of farmers and fruit growers, not wantonly destroyed, though a tempting target to
the marksman. ‘‘ Weedless taking of any life ts a crime against Nature. We may
well pause at this, even if no spark of sentiment should kindle indignation at the
thought of cutting short such useful, bright and joyous life. Things both useful
and beautiful are not so common that we can afford to sacrifice them in vain. The
rowdy boys and all the crew of tramps and potters of the gun who shoot swallows
for sport may be seriously admonished that these birds are worth more to society
than their idle, vicious selves.”” (Dvr. Cowes.)

FAMILY XIII. AMPELID/.
(The Wax Wings.)

Primaries 10; bill stout, triangular, depressed, decidedly notched and hooked,
with the gape wide. Nostrils overhung by membrane covered with bristly feath-
ers. Tarsus short, with the side plates more or less decided; lateral toes nearly
equal.

The sub-family, Amfeline, tonstitutes a single genus of three species. All are
crested, soft plumaged birds of a handsome common drab color; the ends of the
secondaries, and sometimes the tail feathers, are tipped with horny appendage.
looking like red sealing wax. The tail is short and square, much shorter than the
long wings and yellow tipped in our species. The Waxwings are migratory and
gregarious, eating insects and soft fruits. Their voices are weak and wheezy, and
they can scarcely be regarded as songsters.

AMPELIS, Linneus. Waxwings

71. A. GARRULUS. (L.) Bohemian Waxwing. General color, silky ashy
brown, with a red tinge; front and side of head with purplish cinnamon; a black
band across forehead around head; throat black; crissum chestnut red; two broad
white wing bars. L. 71%; W. 4%; T. 3. .A beautiful bird found in Northern
America, Europe and Asia. An irregular winter resident in the vicinity of Chicago,
sometimes in large flocks feeding upon the juniper berries near Lake Michigan.

72. A.CEDRORUM. (Vieill.) Bd. Cedar Bird. Cherry Bird. Southern wax-
wing. Like the above, but smaller and less cinnamon tinged, chin black ; strip across
face black, bordered above by whitish ; belly yellowish; crissum white; no wing bars
L. 6%; W. 334; T. 2%4. Common; irregular migrant ; often in large flocks in winter
about cedar trees; have seen them in January in flocksin Indianapolis. Not in good
favor with fruit growers,as they eat cherries and small fruits, but thisis more than made
up by the insects they destroy, and, as Dr. Coues remarks, their indiscriminate
slaughter necessarily turns a well-poised balance in favor of insect. pests, and by so
much against the true interests of agriculture.

115

EAM DENG XGVe VLR EON ED Az:

Primaries 10; bill shorter than head, stout, compressed, decidedly notched and
hooked. Rictus with bristles. Nostrils exposed, overhung with a scale. Tarsus
scutellate; toes soldered at base for the whole length of the basal joint of middle
toe, which is united with the basal joint of the inner and the two basal joints of
the outer.

A family of sixty or seventy small olivaceous American birds. Coloration
blended and varying little with age or sex. All are insect-eaters, and many are
remarkable songsters. They are agile, plucky little birds; shrikes on a small scale.
The nest is thin, neat, and compact, pensile from the fork of a twig, with white
spotted eggs. Oufs fallin the genus Vzvea of Vieillot, with general characters as
given above.

73. WIREO OLIVACEOUS, V. Rea-Eyed Vireo. Greenlet. Olive green, crown
ashy, edged with blackish; a white superciliary line; white below, somewhat olive
shaded; eyes red; L.6; W. 3144; T. 2%. A common summer resident, and an
energetic and jolly songster.

74. V. PHILADELPHICUS. Cassin. Brotherly Love. Greenlet. Dark olive
green, ashy on crown; no black lines cn head; a whitish superciliary line; below
faintly yellowish, fading to white on throat; L. 43; W. 224; T. 214. Migrant;
not uncommon in the northern part of the State, though usually recorded as a rare
species.

75. WV. GILVUS. Bp. Warbhng Vireo. Colors as in the preceding, but the
spurious quill evident. A common summer resident and an exquisite songster.

Mr. T. G. Gentry, of Philadelphia, who has paid especial attention to the food
of our birds, finds that this vireo feeds mainly upon dipterous and lepidopterous
insects, the larve of many of which are the worst pests of the farmer and fruit-
grower. Strangely enough they usually nest in tall trees in parks, lawns, orchards
and city shade trees, commonly fifty to one hundred feet from the ground, free from
all enemies except the parasitic cowbird.

‘¢ Their song is a tender, gentle strain, with just a touch of sadness, borne on
the same breath that wafts to us the perfume of April’s early blossoms; and these
are all the sweeter for the instillation of such song. From the poplar, that glances
both silver and green as its tremulous verdure is stirred—from the grand old halls
of the stately, splendid, flowering liriodendron—from the canopied shade-weaving
elm, and the redolent depths of the magnolia, issues all summer long the same ex.
quisite refrain, while the singers glide through their hermitage unseen.”’

76. V. FLOUIFROUS. Vieill. Vellow-Throaved Vireo. Rich olive green
above, becoming ashy on rump; bright yellow below; belly white; superciliary
line and arbital ring yellow; L. 537; W. 3; T. 2. Common migrant and not rare
resident ; a brightly colored species.

77. V. SOLATARIUS, Vieill. A4iuve- Headed or Solitary Greenlet. Bright olive
green; crown and sides of head bluish ash; stripe to and around eye white; a
dusky line below it; white below, sometimes washed with pale yellow. L. 5%;
W. 3; T. 2144. A stout, handsome greenlet, nesting along the borders of forests
and unfrequented roads, preferring the red cedar and red maple. The young are
fed on the larvz of the geometrid moths which infest our trees; flies, gnats, gall-
flies and other insect. pests form a varied bill of fare. Mr. Gentry’s notes on the
nidification of this species are full of interest.

116

78. V. NOUEBAROCENSIS. Vieill. Whzte-Eyed Vireo. Bright olive green;
white below; sides and crissum bright yellow; pale wing bars; stripe from bill to
and around eye yellow; eyes white; L. 5; W. 214; T. 214. A sprightly bird, un-
like the preceding, nesting in thickets; aloud and varied song. Its white eyes
distinguish it from all other wrens. Wilson also called it the ‘‘politician,” because
of its fondness for newspaper scraps. Like its relatives, it is a fell destroyer of
noxious insects, feeding eagerly on the destructive canker worm (Srvewer), and in
Nebraska feeding on the still more destructive locusts, tearing them to pieces for its
young. (/vof, Aughey.) To it, as to other vireos, the horticulturist and farmer
owe a lasting debt of gratitude because of the immense number of noxious larve,
diptera, plantlice, cutworms, etc., they daily devour.

BANE NG XGV ER AUNGEIID ZB
(The Shrikes.)

Primaries 10, the first short (rarely wanting); bill hawk-like, very strong, the
upper maudible toothed and abruptly hooked at the tip; both maudibles distinctly
notched. Wungs short, rounded. Taillong. Tarsus scutellate on the outside as
well as in front. Sexes alike. About one hundred species found in most parts of
the world, remarkable for their energy and pugnacity. They are quarrelsome
among themselves and tyranize over weaker species. They are carnivorous, feed.
ing on such insects, small birds and quadrupeds as they can capture, even dashing
on caged birds and pursuing other species at the cost of their own lives. Their
most notable and inexplicable habit is that of impaling their prey on sharp thorns,
as the osage, wild apple and honey locust, and leaving it sticking there. This

” and while many ingenfous theo-

habit has given them the name of ‘‘butcher bird,
ries have been suggested as to the purpose of these shambles none are entirely sat-
isfactory. Of nearly a dozen species composing Co//urio, there are but two Ameri-
can species. These have the rictus with bristles, the nostrils concealed by bristly
tufts, and the colors black, white and gray. At first blush they resemble the
mocking bird in color and action, but a glance at the bill soon settles the diagnosis.

COLLURIO. Vigors. Shrikes.

79. C. BOREALIS. Baird. Gveat Northern Shrike. Clear bluish ash above;
black bars on side of head zo¢ meeting in front, interrupted by a white crescent on
under eyelid; rump and shoulders whitish; wings black, white below, waved with
blackish; L. 916; W. 414; T. 434. A rare winter resident with the snow bunting
in Marion county and south, coming with great snow and cold, as in January,
1879. In Northern Indiana it is a resident from the last of October to the last of
March, some remaining even later. In the fur countries it is also known as ‘‘White
Whisky John” from its resemblance to the Canada jay, known as the ‘‘Whisky
John” by corruption of the Indian name Weskachon. (Dr. Coues.)

80. C. LUDOVICIANUS. Bd. Common Shrike. Loggerhead Shrike. Clear
ashy blue; a whitish superciliary line; black bars on sides of head, meeting across
forehead ; no crescent on under eyelid; white below, scarcely or not dark waved ;
L. 8144; W. 4; T. 414.

NG

Two varieties are recognized—typical /udovictanus, smaller and darker than
variety excudbztorides, which is lighter on the back and rump, and is known as the
‘White-rumped shrike.” Both varieties are found in the State, the former a com-
mon resident. I took a fully fledged young one from a nest in May and reared it
on meat. It became quite tame, and when I refused it the house, would follow
me from the butcher’s and take meat from my hand. It remained in the neighbor-
hood until October, and was several times taken for an escaped mocking bird.
They kill many small birds and innocent quadrupeds, but balance the account by
destroying myriads of grasshoppers. Dr. Coues—a persistent opponent of the
European sparrow in America—contends that the shrike is entitled to our gratitude
‘for his interference’ in our behalf against the bird pest of this country,” The
shrikes killed the sparrows, and ‘‘Bostonese idiocy” killed the shrikes. ‘‘Boston
could scarcely do a wiser thing, as far as the sparrow plague is concerned, than
support a colony of shrikes.” (Z6.) But we will speak of the English sparrow
pro and con when we come to him in his turn.

FAMILY XVI. FRINGILLIDZ.

(The Finches.)

Primaries 9. Tarsus strictly oscine. Bill mostly shorter than head, robust, of a
conical form, with the line of union of the jaws angulated near base of bill; that
is, ‘‘the corners of the mouth drawn down.”? This feature is universal in the
family, and also among blackbirds, but these are known by the greater length and
slenderness of the bill.

The greatest family of birds; 500 species, throughout the world except Aus-
tralia. They comprise about one-eighth of American birds, and with the warblers,
about one-fourth of the birds of Indiana. ‘They feed mainly on seeds, but are not
averse to berries orinsects. Nearly all are songsters; some are among the sweetest.
Usually they are plainly clad, a streaky brown being the common tint; others vie
with the most brilliantly colored birds, and undergo marked changes in plumage.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF FINCHES.

~*~ Large species; more than 714.
{ Tail longer than wings.

a, Crested; red or rosy; bill large, reddish. : A E Cardinalis, 22.
aa. Not crested; black or brown, with chestnut on sides; wings and tail with

white. : c - . é : . ; 6 é Pipilo,2 .
aaa. No crest;-head black; no white on tail. . A : Zonotrichtia, 13.

+f Tail shorter than wings.
4, Bill large and stout. (‘‘ Grosbeaks.”’)
c. Black and white (male) or brown, streaked (female) ; under wing coverts
rosy or yellow. 0 : 6 Goniaphea, 19.
cc. ‘Rosy red (male) or gray, ag brownice allow on head and rump (female.)
Pinicola, 2

ccc, Bill greenish yellow, as long as tarsus; wings and tail black,

Llespertphona, 1

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66. Bill moderate or small.
d. White, with black on wings and tail; hind toe very long.
Plectrophanes, 7.
dd, Streaked above; head striped; tail about as long as wings.
Zonotrichia, 13.
* Species of medium or small size; length 714 or less.
t Mandibles long and much curved, their points crossed; colors mainly red or

olive. , Q : 6 ; : , : Loxia, 4.
tt Hind claw Grarahitieh: twice as long as Gardale saa ; colors black, white and

brown. . . : 3 : : : : : Plectrophanes.
tit With neither of the preceding combinations. ¢

é. Nowhere decidedly spotted or streaked.
jf. Blackish or ashy; belly and outer tail feathers white; bill pale and with-
out ruff. j : : . : : 5 : c . funco, 16.
ff. Yellow more or less ; base of bill with a small ruff; no blue.
Chrysomitris, 6.
fff. Chiefly or entirely blue, male; greenish or plain brown, female.
g. Length more than 6; wings with chestnut or whitish ; bill stout.
Guiraca, 20.
gg. Length 5 to 6; gonys usually with a dusky stripe. . Cyanospiza, 21.
eé. Somewhere or everywhere decidedly spotted or streaked.
A. One or more outer tail feathers partly or wholly white.
z. Hind claw long and nearly straight ; colors black and white or brown.
Plectrophanes, 7+
zz. Hind claw not specially elongated.
j. Bend of wing with chestnut ; crown and breast streaked; tail shorter
than wings. 0 : : . : ee Roaceres nO:
7. No chestnut on wing; breast Giger caceae head with black, white
and chestnut; tail nearly as long as wings. . Chondestes, 12.
hh. Tail feathers rigid, acute, almost scansorial; small, streaked marsh spar-
rows, with yellow-edged wings. . . : Ammodromus, 11.
hhh. Tail feathers more or less rounded and soft at the end; none of them
white.
&. Wings decidedly longer than tail.
7, With crimson or clear (not rusty) red; a ruff at base of bill.
m. Crown crimson; throat dusky. . ; : : Aegiothus, 5-
mm. Crown, chin, throat, and often whole plumage washed with red.
Female of Carfodacus, 3.
77, \Nith definite yellow somewhere.
2. Bases and edges of quills and tail feathers yellow; bill acute.
Chrysomitris, 6.
az. Rump sulphur yellow; bill with a small ruff... Aegtothus, 5.
nnn, Edge of wing and superciliary line, or spot, at least yellow or
yellowish ; no ruff.
o. Breast yellow; throat patch or streaks black, bill bluish.
Luspiza, 18..
oo. Breast buffy or streaked; wings less than 2%; tail feathers.
narrow. .. : 5 - : - Ammodromus, 11.
ooo. Breast streaked ; wings more than 2%; secondaries nearly as.
long as primaries. ; . : : Passerculus, Q..

1g

777, With no definite crimson nor yellow anywhere.

p. Introduced birds, not streaked below; throat black in male.

Passer, 8.
pp. Native birds, much streaked below.
g. Inner claw reaching half way to tip of middle claw; tail, wings,
etc., with much chestnut red ; wings more than 3.

Passerella, 17.
gg. Olivaceous; no black nor chestnut ; wings more than 3; sec-

ondaries not lengthened. : : Female of Carpodacus.
ggg. Inner secondaries ae about as long as primaries ;
wings less than 3. : : 0 : Passerculus, 9.

kk. Wings little if any longer than ‘oil
7. Tail feathers very slender, rather stiff and sharp pointed.
s. Sharply streaked below. 6 a é Melospiza, 15.
ss. Not streaked below (when Eanes )
7, Crown chestnut in adult (streaky in young); no yellow.
z. Tail rounded; length about 53/; wingsand tail less than 2%;
Sharply streaked above. : 6 Melospiza, 15.
uu. Tail forked; length 5 to 614; wings and tail 2% to 3.
Spizella, 12.
#, Crown not chestnut in adult; head striped; length more than 6,
Zonotrichta, 13.

1. HESPERIPHONA. Bonaparte.

81. H. VESPERTINA. Bon. Zvening Grosbeak. Olivaceous; crown, wings,
tail and tibia black; forehead and crissum yellow; bill large, yellowish; L. 8; W.
444; T. 2%. A winter visitani at irregular intervals about Chicago. (We/son.)

2) VPINTCOEA Nieilot.

82. P. ENUCLEATOR. (L.) Vieill. P2me Grosbeak. Male chiefly red;
white wing bars; female ashy gray with brownish yellow on head and rump. L.
8%; W.4%; T. 4. Nowa rare visitant north; formerly more common. (WVe/son.)

CARPUDACUS. Kauf.

83. C.PURPUREUS. Gray. Puple inch. Everywhere streaky ; male flushed
with red, most intense on the crown, eae before and behind, female olive brown
with no red; bill stout; L.6; W. 3144; T. 2%. Common winter resident north;
rare visitor south. A few remain to breed north; taken about Indianapolis in
spring, and about orchards and woods; a delightful songster.

4. LOXTA. Linn. Crossbills.

84. L. CURVIROSTRA, Var. AMERICANA. Coues. Red Crossbill,
Male brick red; wings unmarked; female brownish olive; L 6; W. 314; T. 2%.
Rare winter visitant throughout the State. Sometimes breeds zz weter in the pine-
clad mountains of the United States.

85. L. LEUCOPTERA. Gmel. White-winged Crossbill, Male rose red; white
wing bars; female brownish olive, speckled with dusky; rump yellow. Like the
preceding, an irregular winter resident. Both species were abundant about Cin-

120

4

cinnati, the winter of 1868-9. Has been seen breeding in winter. This species
is often accidental in Europe; often taken in Great Britain. They have been seen
crossing the Atlantic 600 miles off Newfoundland, before a stiff westerly breeze,
and ten or twelve were secured from the rigging of the vessel, Many of our
common land birds, following the Atlantic coast or crossing its curves, during the
autumnal migrations, at a great height from the land, are caught up in the great
belt of westerly winds, about 20° wide, having its greatest intensity about latitude
45°, and are carried, that is, such as do not perish, across the Atlantic to Europe.
Some 60 or more species of our birds have thus found their way to Europe. The
Bermudas, 700 miles off the nearest land (Cape Hatteras), are supplied mainly in
the same manner. A number of European land birds reach North America by
autumnal movement, by way of Iceland and Greenland, being caught up, in part,
by the reverse current of winds blowing from Northern Europe to Northern America,
And so we find the birds subjected to the great winds of heaven, which, like
mountain chains, forests, river courses, moisture, altitude and temperature, modify
the wnerring impulse which, acting alone, would probably lead the bird to fly due
north in the spring and south in the fall, as the sun moves north or south across
the line, with the awakening train of animal life and vegetable growth on which
the life of the bird depends ever in his rear. (See Baird on ‘‘ Distribution and
Migrations of American Birds,’”’ in American Journal of Science and Arts, vol.
xli, May, 1866.)

5. <&GIOTHUS, Cabanis. Lznnets.

86. ALE. LINARIUS. Cab. Red Poll Linnet. Crown crimson in male and fe-
male; throat, breast and rump rosy in male; streaked above; chin blackish; L.
5%; W.3; T. 2%. An abundant winter resident north; in flocks last of Octo-
ber; leaves in March.

6. CHRYVSOMITRIS. Boie. Goldfinches.

87. C. TRISTIS. Bon. Am. Goldfinch, Yellow Bird, Thistle Bird. Male rich
yellow; rump whitish ; wing bars white; adult male with black on crown, wings
and tail; female more olivaceous; fall plumage pale yellow brown, assumed the
last of October and worn until May, when its bright nuptial dress appears. A
jolly little bird; many brave the winter with us; they are well known by the chil-
dren, and by them are called the ‘‘ wild canary bird,” which is about as distinctive
as its other common names.

88. C. PINUS. Bon. ne Linmnet. Sexes alike; no black on head; plumage
streaky brown, suffused with yellow in the breeding season; smaller than the pre-
ceding. Common winter resident north. Dr. Jordan took a specimen in midsum-
mer near Indianapolis.

7. PLECTROPHANES. Meyer. Longspurs.

89. P. NIVALIS. Meyer. Snow Bunting. Snow Flake, Pure white in the
breeding season, with black on back, wings and tail; bill and feet black; bill
small; hind claw long, but curved; L. 7; W. 41g; T. 3. A beautiful bird, well
known to all ‘‘Hoosiers” from New England or the Upper Lake region, where
it is an unsuspicious bird, feeding from the door steps; readily taken in clumsy
traps, and as fond of a cold snow storm as a duck of water. They were quite
common about Indianapolis during the.extreme cold and snow of January, 1879.

go. P. LAPPONICUS. Selby. Lafland Longspur. Male with head and
throat mostly black; a chestnut collar; back black and streaky, whitish below ;
bill longer than in zzvales, without ruff; female and winter birds with less black ;
L. 6144; W. 4; T. 234. Abundant winter resident in the prairies north ; in strag-
gling flocks. October to May. Some remain until April 15, and are found in
breeding plumage, (JVe/son.)

gt. P. PICTUS, Swainson. Puznted Longspur. Male with head and upper
parts mostly black; collar and upper parts rich fawn color; legs pale; female
duller. Nelson observed this species as a common migrant on the borders of Lake
county, Ind., where even seventy-five were seen in a flock.

8. PASSER. Brisson. House Sparrows.

92. P. DOMESTICUS. Linneus. English Sparrow. Male chestnut brown
above, thickly streaked; ashy below; throat, lores and chin black; female duller
without black; feet small; length 6 inches; wing 214; tail 214. Introduced from
Europe; abundant in cities, and now also in suburbs. Cosmopolite; found in
North Africa, the Levant, Hindoostan, and Europe. Introduced in Portland, Me.,
in 1858, six birds only. Various parties brought over lots of a dozen or so, releas-
ing them in various eastern cities. The council of Boston took two hundred from
Germany in 1868 All died but twenty ; these increased to one hundred and fifty
the following summer; were fed at the public charge, and finally stocked the city.
(‘* Bostonese Idiocy,”’ as Dr. Coues calls it.)

Philadelphia imported one thousand in good condition in 1869. These scattered
about, some as far as Morristown. Their exploits in stripping cherry trees of their
bloom were not favorably welcomed. (Svewer.)

At this time the shade trees in the cities of New York, Brooklyn and Philadel-
phia were infested with the larve of measure-worms, which destroyed the foliage.
Since their introduction the worms have almost entirely disappeared. (Brewer,
Litstory of N. Am. Birds.)

In my judgment the shade trees of Indianapolis (as thrifty and clean as the aver
age in city streets, and furnishing but a poor field for the entomologist) are pre-

_served from the bark-borers by these birds, which kill the insects while on or near

the trees. At least in Chicago suburbs the same tree, the soft maple (Acer dasycar-
pum), is infested and often destroyed by worms. The English sparrow was intro-
duced to Indianapolis in 1874, mainly, I understand, through the influence of Dr.
H. Carey. Few boxes are placed for them now, and in many yards the nests are
destroyed as soon as made. They are extending to the suburbs, but are not on the
increase in the city. There is much complaint on account of the litter they make
about dwellings. They fill up water troughs and make the water dirty. They
keep other birds away more by eating their food than by fighting them.

It is not to be expected that robins, thrushes, catbirds, etc., whose young eat
forty per cent. more than their own weight daily of grubs and worms, will nest
freely in a large city where such food can not be procured, yet they nest occasion-
ally about the city yards and parks. I have counted twelve species of native
birds about University Park (centrally located) during a summer day.

The persistent enemies of the English sparrow are Dr. Coues and Mr. Gentry,
who, through the Natural History Serials and in their own works, have consist-
ently opposed the bird from the first. Mr. Gentry’s book of nearly two hundred
pages is a complete repository of knowledge regarding this species. The book is

122

written professedly agazvs¢ the naturalizing of the house sparrow in the United
States, and, falling into the hands of the editors of agricultural papers, has pretty
generally biased them against :he bird. The agricultural districts are yet to be
heard from, and so far the opposition comes from dwellers in cities rather than
from the farming population. _

The European tree sparrow, fasser montanus, distinguished by the chestnut crown
and the similarity of both sexes and the young, was introduced with the house
_ sparrow, and is abundant at St. Louis (Dr. /. C. Merrill), and perhaps other places

9. PASSERCULUS. Bonaparte.

93. P. SAVANNA. Bon. Savanna Sparrow. Sharply streaked; streaks on
back blackish ; line over eye and edge of wing yellowish; L. 5%; W. 214; T. 2.
Abundant migrant, and north a summer resident. j

10s L2OG CHEE S. Baird.

94. P. GRAMINEUS. Bd. S4ay-Winged Bunting, Grass Finch, Ground Bird.
Thickly streaked all over; slightly buffy below. L.6; W. 3; T. 2%. ‘Known at
once by the chestnut bend of wing and white outer tail feathers. His habit of
singing after sundown has suggested the name of Vesper Sparrow; the song is
charmingly described by John Burroughs in the ‘‘ Wake Robin.”

11. AMMODROMUS. Swainson. Shore Sparrows.

95. A. PASSERINUS. Baird. Yellow-Winged Sparrow. Streaked above;
feathers edged with bay ; breast buffy; wings and tail short; edge and bend of
wing and line over eye yellow; L.5; W. 224; T. 2. A timid little bird, running
like a mouse among the weeds and grass; notes sharp, grasshopper-like. A sum-
mer resident, from May to September, everywhere in fields and on prairies north ;
not so common in Central and Southern Indiana. :

96, P. HENSLOWI. Baird. Aenslow’s Bunting. Smaller and more yellow
above; breast, etc., with some sharp black streaks. Common summer resident on
the prairies from May to September. ‘‘Has a weak, squeaky song, consisting of
several sharp notes.” (elson.)

97. A. LECONTEI. Baird. LeConte’s Sparrow. This rare migrant has been
taken by Nelson at Riverdale, Illinois, near the Lake county line. It is interme-
diate between the preceding and the next; back with rufous; tail feathers sharp
and slender; breast unspotted. As in those described above, there is a light me-
dium stripe in the crown and the tail feathers, acute but not rigid.

98. A. COUDACUTUS. Var. Welsonz. Nelson’s Sharp-Tailed Finch. Bill
slender; tail feathers sharp and rather stiff; back sharply streaked; L. 5; W. 2144;
T. 134. It is with pleasure that I record this pretty finch, not uncommon in the
marshes about Lake Michigan, where it was first discovered by my friend, E. W.
Nelson, with whom I first collected and studied birds, and to whose list of Birds of
Northeastern Illinois | am mainly indebted for the notes on distribution in North.
ern Indiana.

12, CHONDESTES. Swainson.

99. C.GRAMMACA. Bonap. Lark Finch. Streaked above, ashy below;,
crown and ear coverts chestnut, blackening on forehead, with whitish median and.

123

superciliary stripes; black line through and below eye; a black line on each side
of the white throat; a black pectoral spot. L.6%; W. 3%; T. 3. A common
summer resident in the prairie region; nests on the ground ; a fine songster.

13. ZONOTRICAIA. Swainson.

too. Z. LEUCOPHRYS. Sw. White-crowned Sparrow. Streaked above, with
little chestnut ; crown with a broad white median stripe, a narrow black one and a
white one on each side of it; no yellow anywhere; throat like breast; crown rich
brown in the young. L.7; W. 314; T. 3%.

Frequenting borders of cultivated fields and hedge-rows. ‘‘He js the rarest and
most beautiful of the sparrow kind, He is crowned as some hero or victor in the
games.” (A Bird Medley—Burroughs.) Far from keing the rarest with us, though
we can agree in the many beautiful things this delightful author says of the white-
throat and his mates.

tor. Z. ALBICOLLIS. Bon. White-throated Sparrow, Much chestnut streak-
ing above; crown black, with white median and superciliary stripes; spot over
eye and edge of wing always yellow; ashy below, whitening on throat; female
duller; L. 7; W. 3; T. 3 1-5. Abundant migrant and a handsome sparrow; its
song a timid and tremulous strain.

14.. SPIZELLA, Bonaparte. Chzppys.

102. S. MONTICOLA. Bd. TZ7vee Sparrow. Streaked; crown chestnut; bill
black above, yellow below; neck, line over eye and under parts ashy gray; a dark
pectoral blotch; white wing bars; L. 614; W. 3; T. 3. An abundant and hardy
winter resident; have seen them to-day (Jan. 16), in thickets near the city.

103. S. PUSILLA. Bon. Feld Sparrow. General color of preceding but paler
and duller; bill pale; wing bands obscure; smaller. Summer resident, Often
nesting in low bushes, and found in open woods oftener than in ‘ fields.” “

104. S.SOCIALIS. Bon. Chippy, Hair Bird. Streaked above with much dull
bay; crown chestnut; bill, forehead and streak through eye black; ashy below.
Summer resident, very abundant here. Sometimes nests on the ground. A well
known little bird, holding its ground pretty weil in cities in spite of the English
sparrow. Lines its nest with hairs. ‘* If I wish for a horse-hair for my compass-
sight, I must go to the stable, but the hair-bird with her sharp eyes goes to the
road.” (TZhoreau’s Manuscript.)

105. S. PALLIDA. Bon. Clay-Colored Spurrow. Smaller than the chippy;
pale brownish yellow, streaked with black; crown grayish, with median stripe.
Nelson gives this as a rare summer resident on the borders of prairies near Chi-
cago, but I can not extend its eastern range positively into Indiana.

15. MELOSPIZA. Baird. Song Sparrows.

1o6. M. MELODIA. Bd. Song Sparrow. Much streaked above, and on
breasts and sides; crown with obscure median stripe; below white; L. 61%; W.
2%; T. 3. Resident; may be found at all seasons about Indianapolis. Their
cheery song may be heard the year round, but sweetest and oftenest in the spring.
Burroughs has noticed that these birds do not sing alike; some are decidedly orig-
inal, and occasionally one is a ‘‘ master songster’’—some Shelly or Tennyson
among his kind.

124

107. M. PALUSTRIS. Bd. Swamp Sparrow. Smaller; crown chestnut ;
wings chestnut tinged; breast with few streaks or none; tail shorter than in the
song sparrow. Not common in Marion county; in the marshes north ‘‘outnumber-
ing MZ. melodia.” (Velson.) Known by its general reddishness, and to the initi-
ated by its peculiar chirp—a few trilling, monotonous minor notes.

108. M. LINCOLNI. Bd. Lzncolw’s Finch. Everywhere thickly, narrowly
and sharply streaked; breast with a broad band of pale buffy or yellowish brown;
sides washed with the same; L.5%; W.and T. 24%. Migrant; not common.
Nelson gives it as a common migrant north, and probably nesting.

16. J/UNCO. Wagler. Snow Birds.

109. J. HYEMALIS. ‘Sel. “Blackish, or ashy; belly and one to three outer
tail feathers white; bill pale without ruff. Female more grayish. L. 614; every-
where in town and country during the migrations; many are resident from Novem-
ber to April. Have seen it on the Black Mountains in July.

17. PASSARELLA. Swainson. fox Sparrows.

110. P. ILIACA. Sw. Ashy above; overlaid and streaked with rusty red,
which becomes bright bay on rump, tail and wings; white below, with arrow-
shaped spots and streaks, numerous on breast; feet stout, with long claws; L. 7;
W. 3%; T. 3. Common in the spring and fall migrations; frequenting damp
woods and thickets. Of this bird Dr. Coues says: ‘‘What one of our fringilline
birds is so entirely pleasing as this, my favorite? Strong, shapely, vivacious, yet
gentle, silver-tongued; clad most tastefully in the richest of warm browns; and,
that nothing may be wanting to single him out from among his humble relatives, a
high-bred bird, exclusive, retiring.” }

18. LUSPIZA. Bonaparte. Slack-throated Bunting.

111. E. AMERICANA. Bon. Grayish and streaked above, wing coverts
chestnut; line over eye, maxiliary stripe, edge of wing, breast and part of belly
yellow ; throat patch black; otherwise white below. Female with little chestnut,
and only a few streaks of black; L. 637; W. 34%; T. 234. A sleek-plumaged,
handsome sparrow, with a unique but scarcely musical song ; it hops up on the fence
and grinds this song off as you pass by.

19. GONIAPHEA. Bowdich. Rose-breasted Grosbeak.

112, G. LUDOVICIANA. Bow. Male with head, nech and upper parts
mostly black, with white on rump, wings and tail; belly white; breast and under
wing coverts of an exquisite rose red; female olive brown, much streaked, with
the under wing coverts saffron yellow. L.8%; W. 4; T. 34%. -

Migrant in Marion county; Audubon found them breeding near Cincinnati;
rather common summer resident north. (Ve/soz.) One of our handsomest birds—
perhaps the handsomest, as well as a most brilliant songster. They go skipping
over the forest, usually at the tops of the high sycamores along creeks and bottoms,
stopping at times to pour forth their rich, rolling song,

125

20. .GUIRACA. Swainson. A4lue Grosbeak.

113. Mentioned only because Indiana comes within the range of this Eastern
species.

21. CYANOSPIZA. Baird. Jndigo Birds.

114. C. CYANEA. Bd. Male indigo blue, clear on head, greenish behind;
female plain warm brown, obscurely streaked ; known from other small sparrows
by a dusky line along the gonys (middle line of lower mandible). Abundant in
summer ; a dainty bird and tireless tree top songster. ;

22. CARDINALI/S. Bon. Cardinal Grosbeaks.

115. C. CYANEA. Bd. Redbird. Clear red, ashy on head; chin and fore_
head black; crest conspicuous; female ashy brown, more or less washed with red ,
L. 8%; W,. 4; T. 4%; resident abundant; through the fall and winter found in
thickets near creeks, or on borders of cornfields; ‘‘in addition to corn, various
seeds and the wild grape form a considerable portion of its food.” (ZLangdon.) A
loud whistling singer, much sought as a cage bird; the nest is easily found, as it is
low, and the male in his pride readily leads to it; the farmer’s lads get the young,
and about Indianapolis sell them for $2.00 a pair.

23. PIPILO. Vieillot. TYowhee Buntings.

116. P. ERYTHROPHTHALMUS. (L.) V. Chewink, Marsh Robin. Black,
belly white; sides chestnut; outer tail feathers, primaries and inner secondaries
with white; female clear brown instead of black; L. 8%; W. 3%; T. 4. Com-
mon resident; nests on the ground in thickets. Besides its call of ‘* towhee,” they
sing a pleasant love song as early as March. It isa shy April bird, singing from
the top of a high bush or low tree, close to cover, from which it pitches out of sight
if molested. Except, perhaps, the bobolink, he is the sharpest marked of our
ground birds—black backed, bay sided and white vested. He is much oftener seen
than heard.

FAMILY XVII. ICTERIDA.

(The Blackbirds.)

Primaries 9; commissure angulated, as in the sparrow family, but the bill rarely
shorter than the head, straight or gently curved, without notch or rictal bristles ;
legs stout; tarsus strictly oscine; plumage brilliant or lustrous, black being the
predominant color, often with red or yellow; females usually different, smaller in
size, brown or streaky in the lustrous species and yellowish or dusky in the brightly
colored ones. Their notes are usually sharp, often richly melodious, and in other
cases harsh.

About 100 species in 20 genera; all are American. They are allied to the spar-
rows on one side (as the bobolink and cowbird’), and to the crows on the other
(crow blackbirds).

126

There are three sub-families: Marsh Blackbirds, Orioles, and Crow Blackbirds.

Sub-family Agelezne. Marsh Blackbirds. These are gregarious, grammivorous spe-
cies usually terrestrial and chiefly palustrine, not notable vocalists, building rude,
not hanging nests, with four to six spotted or limned eggs. Feet strong for walk-
ing or grasping swaying reeds; wings pointed, as long or longer than the tail; bill
conic, acute, shorter or little longer than head, sparrow-like in cowbird and bobo-
link.

1. DOLICHONYX. Swainson. Bobolinks.

117. D. ORYZIVORUS. Sw. Called Bobolink in Northern States, Reed Bird
in Middle States, and Azce Azrd inthe South. The male is in spring black, with
buffy neck, the rump and shoulders ashy white, and the back streaked with black
buff and ashy. The female and fall male are dull yellow birds, resembling some
sparrows, but the acute tail feathers and large size readily distinguish them in any
plumage. ‘‘In its black livery, only worn for a short time, the bobolink is dispersed
over the meadows of the northern States to breed, and is a voluble, spirited song-
ster. After the midsummer change, the reed bird or rice bird throngs the marshes
in immense flocks with the blackbirds, has simply a chirping note, feeds on the
wild oats, becomes extremely fat, and is accounted a great delicacy.” (Cozes.)

The bobolink is the pride of the prairie meadows of Northern Indiana, where it
is an abundant summer resident, arriving the last of April, and going south in its
plain brown traveling suit—Mr. and Mrs. and all the little Bob-o’-lincolns, now all
of the same color—in great flocks the last of August. Not common in Marion
county, although I have taken them as late as the last of June and am satisfied
they were breeding. For an account of the ‘‘inner life’’ of this American rival of
the English skylark, one has only to consult the sunny pages of Irving or the ex-
quisite tribute of John Burroughs in ‘‘Birds and Poets.”’ Nor have the poets
missed him, even though the song sparrow and wood thrush, the water thrush and
humming-bird, and many a meek and lonely sparrow songster have slipped through
the finest meshes of the poet’s net.

Robert of Lincoln is gaily drest,
Wearing a bright black wedding-coat;
White are his shoulders and white his crest,
Hear him call in his merry note:
Bob-o’-link, Bob-o’-link,
Spink, spank, spink;
Look what a nice new coat is mine,
Sure there never was a bird so fine.
Chee, chee, chee.

Robert of Lincoln’s Quaker wife,
Pretty and quiet, with plain brown wings;
Passing at home a patient life,
Broods in the grass while her husband sings:
Bob-o’-link, Bob-o’-link,
Spink, spank, spink;
Brood, kind creature, you need not fear
Thieves and robbers while I am here.
Chee, chee, chee. Bryant.

MOLOTHRUS. Swainson. Cow Birds.

118. M. ATER. Gray. Male iridescent black; head and neck glossy brown
female much smaller, dusky brown; male L. 8; W. 4; T. 3. Abundant summer

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resident from March to October; gregarious and polygamous; noted for its para-
sitic habits. ‘‘Like the European cuckoo, it builds no nest, laying its eggs by
stealth in the nests of various other birds, especially wrens, warblers and sparrows ;
and it appears to constitute, furthermore, a remarkable exception to the rule of
conjugal affection and fidelity among birds. A wonderful provision for the perpet-
uation of the species is seen in its instinctive selection of smaller birds as the foster
parents of its offspring; for the larger bird receives the greater share of warmth
during incubation, and the lusty young cowbird asserts its precedence in the nest ;
while the foster birds, however reluctant to incubate the strange eggs (their devices
to avoid the duty are sometimes astonishing), become assiduous in their care of the
foundlings, even to the neglect of their own young.” ( Cowes.)

The same author vividly portrays the cow-bird about to lay. ‘‘She becomes
disquieted, * * separates from the flock, and sallies forth to reconnoiter,
anxiously indeed, for her case is urgent and she has no home. How obtrusive is
the sad analogy! * * Now, however, comes her chance; there is the very nest
she wishes, and no one at home. She disappears for a few minutes, and it is
almost another bird that comes out of the bush, Mer business done and troubles
over, she chuckles her self-gratulations, rustles her plumage to adjust it trimly, and
flies back to her associates. They know what has happened, but are discreet
enough to say nothing—charity is often no less wise than kind.” (See‘pages 180-
186 of Coues’ Birds of the Northwest.)

AGELAUS. Vieillot. Red-winged Blackbirds.

119. A. PHGZNICEUS. V. Male glossy black (not iridescent); lesser wing
coverts scarlet, with buffy and paler edgings; female dusky streaked; L.9; W.
5; 1.4. Very common summer resident; in Northern Indiana it forages the
corn-field with the crow blackbird, and at night enters the large marshes to roost
in immense flocks, Neither species care for the ‘‘scare-crow” unless their numbers
are constantly decimated by the farmer’s shotgun.

XANTHOCEPHALUS. Bonaparte. Yellow-headed Blackbirds.

120. X. ICTEROCEPHALUS. Bd. Male black with white wing patch; head
and neck rich yellow; female smaller, browner, with less yellow; L. 10; W. 5;
T. 3%. A common summer resident in marshes in the prairie region. It keeps in
the great marshes and is little known; ‘‘even those living next the marshes gener-
ally think it an uncommon bird.”” (WVedson.) An odd-colored bird.

STURNELLA. Vieillot. Meadow Larks.

121. S. MAGNA. Sw. Brownish and much streaked above; chiefly yellow
below; a black crescent on breast; L. 10; W. 5; T.3%. An abundant summer
resident, a few remaining through mild winters, like the present.

A pleasing vocalist—the spirit of our spring meadows, crying in April ‘‘spring
o’ the year! spring o’ the year.”’? Burroughs.

SUB-FAMILY ICTERIN. Orioles.

Non-gregarious, insectivorous and frugivorous, strictly arboricole; of brilliant or
strikingly contrasted colors and pleasing song; making elaborately woven pensile
nests, The feet are weaker and the bill relatively longer and sharper than in the
preceding group. Seven North American species,

128

ICTERUS. Brisson. American Orioles.

122, I. BALTIMORE. ODaudin. SAaltimore Oriole (so named from Lord
Baltimore in allusion to his black coat and scarlet vest), Golden Robin, Fire Bird.
Black; bend of wing, rump, most tail feathers, and under parts from the breast
orange of varying intensity ; female duller, olivaceous and yellowish; L. 734; W.
3%; T.3. An abundant summer resident in orchards, streets, and woodland, ©
conspicuous for its bright colors, spirited song and elaborately woven hanging nest.

123. I. SPURIOUS. Bon. Orchard Oriole. Male black; rump, bend of wing,
and lower parts deep chestnut; female yellowish olive, quite small; young yellow,
with various black or chestnut traces; L. 7; W.3%; T.3. A neat bird and sweet
singer in orchards, parks, and skirts of woods; not as common here as the other. .

Sub-family Quescalzmac. Crow blackbirds. Much like the marsh blackbirds in
structure and habits, but with longer and slimmer bill, its top curved toward the
end and cutting edges inflected. They have a crow-like look; the feet are large
and strong, adapted to the ground where they walk or run, instead of leaping like
most passerine birds. They build rude, bulky nests, and at their best are scarcely
musical.

SCOLECOPHAGUS. Swainson. Rusty Blackbirds.

124. S. FERRUGINEUS. Rusty Grackle. Male glossy black and rusty in
summer; female dusky and lustreless; bill slender; L. 9%; W. 434; T. 4. A
common spring and fall migrant, frequenting the borders of streams and ponds in
large numbers.

125. S. CYANOCEPHALUS. Cab. Syvewer’s Blackbird. Black with green
lustre, head glossed with purple; female dusky; L. 10. A very rare visitant in
common with the preceding. (/Ve/son.)

QUISCALUS. Vieillot. Crow Blackbirds.

126. Q. PURPUREUS. Licht. Purple Grackle. Iridescent black; lustre on
head purplish, on body bronzy; L. 13; W. 5%; T. 514. Common summer resi-
dent throughout the State. Though a nuisance in the cornfields, it is obviously of
great service in destroying insects, but I doubt if this fact compensates for its
wicked habit, not generally known among the farmers, of destroying many un-
fledged birds, especially the young robins. It-watches the nest, and when the pa-
rents are away seizes an egg or a young one and is off. Mr. Gentry, who describes
this crow-like vice, thinks its carnivorous propensity the natural outgrowth of its
habit of sucking eggs.

FAMILY VXIIT.. CORVIDZ.
(The Crows and Jays.)

Primaries 10; the first about half as long as second; nostrils usually concealed
by tufts of bristly feathers which are branched to their tips; bill long and strong,
usually notched; commissure not angulated; tarsus oscine, its sides separated from
the plates in front by a groove either naked or filled in with small scales; voice
usually harsh and unmusical, Ravens. crows, rooks, magpies, jays and their allies.

129
SUB-FAMILY. Corvin, THE Crows.

CORVUS. Linnzus.

The crows are uniform lustrous black throughout, including the bill and feet;
the tail is much shorter than the long, pointed wings.

127. C. CORAX. L. Raven, Feathers of throat narrow and lanceolate, stif.
fened, elongated, their outlines very distinct ; LE. 25); Wi. 07; 2. 10) Phe raven’ is
rare east of the Mississippi. It frequents the sand hills along the shores of Lake
Michigan from October until spring, eating the dead fish thrown up by the lake.

128. C. AMERICANUS. Aud. Cvow. Throat feathers short, broad, obtuse,
with their necks blended; gloss of plumage purplish violet. L. 20; W. 13; T. 7.
Common resident; rarer north, breeding in the scrub pines and roaming about in
small flocks in the winter.

CYANURUS. Swainson. Blue Jays.

129. C. CRISTATUS. Sw. Blue; collar and frontlet black; grayish below;
wings and tail clear blue-barred; outer tail feathers and secondaries tipped with
white; L. 12; W. 5%; T. 534.

Very common resident. When protected, nests close to houses, and becomes
very familiar. Jays are loquacious birds, non-migratory, principally vegetarians,
eating seeds, hard fruits, and berries; they also suck eggs, despoiling many a
pretty nest.

The Canada jay and magpie may have been winter visitants at an earlier day in
the northern part of the State.

FAMILY XIX. TYRANNIDZ.,

Tarsus ‘‘clamatorial,”’ the scutella extending around its back. Primaries 10;
bill broad, triangular, depressed, abruptly hooked and notched at tip, with large
rictal bristles ; commissure nearly straight; nostril small, usually. partly concealed.
Mouth capacious; notes simple, often pleasant; changes of plumage slight; ours
mostly olivaceous.

A large family of eighty genera, and more than three species; all American and
mostly tropical. Most of them are,pre-eminently insectivorous; they are, therefore,
in our latitude migratory. May be known by their habit of standing perched upon
some prominent outpost, waiting for their prey, with the wings and tail drooped
ready for action. They dash into the air, catch the passing insect with a click of
the bill and return to the same perch and wait for another.

TYRANNUS. Cuvier. King Birds.

130. T, CAROLINENSIS. Bd. Bee Martin. Shorter than wings; crown
with concealed bright, yellowish orange crest (in adult.) Color blackish ash, white
below; L. 8%; W. 4144; T. 3%. A common summer resident from May to early ©
autumn. It has been seen to dive in the water (as kingfishers do) catching aquatic
insects.

9—Hort. Soc.

130

‘« The exquisite of the species, and the braggart of the orchard is the kingbird, a
bully that loves to strip the feathers off its more timid neighbors, like the bluebird,
that feeds on the stingless bees of the hive, the drones, and earns the reputation of
great boldness by teasing large hawks, while it gives a wide berth to little ones.”

Of its bee-eating, Dr. Coues says it ‘‘ destroys a thousand noxious insects for
every bee it eats.”

MYIARCHUS. Cabanis. Crested Flycatchers.

131. M.CRINITUS. Cab. Scarcely crested; olivaceous, yellow below, with
bright chestnut on wings and tail; T. 834; Wie 4isjodlnn 45

The ‘‘ wild Irishman ” of the flycatchers—‘‘ a sandy-complexioned or leather-col-
ored bird that prowls through the woods, uttering its harsh, uncanny note, and
waging warfare uponits fellows.’ It is also noted for the habitual use of cast-off
snake skins in the structure of its nest. (Cozes.)

SAYVYORMNIS. Bon. Pewees.

132. S. FUSCUS. Bd. Phebe-Bird. Pewit, Flycatcher. Olive brown, head
and tail darker; yellow below, more or less; bill black; L. 7; W. 344; T. 3%. A
common summer resident; one of the firstlings of the spring; readily known by
its black bill.

This is a sweet-voiced bird, beloved of the poets. Trowbridge has studied its
habits in the dark recesses of the woods it haunts, and immortalized it in a poem
which is good poetry as well as good ornithology -

The listening Dryads hushed the woods;

The boughs were thick, and thin and few

The golden ribbons fluttered through ;**

Only a little forest brook

The farthest hem of silence shook 3

When in the hollow shades I heard—

Was it a spirit or a bird ?

Or, strayed from Eden, desolate,

Some Peri calling to her mate

Whom nevermore her mate would cheer ?
‘*Pe-ri! pe-ri! peer.”

To trace it to its green retreat
I sought among the boughs in yain;
* oA

I quit the search and sat me down

Beside the brook, irresolute,

And watched a little bird in suit:

Of sombre olive soft and brown,

Perched in the maple branches, mute;

With greenish gold its nest was fringed,

Its tiny cap was ebon-tinged,

With ivory pale its wings were barred,

And its dark eyes were tender-starred.

‘Dear bird,’”’? I said, ‘‘what is thy name ??”

And thrice the mournful answer came,

So faint and far, and yet so near:
“*Pe-wee! pe-wee! peer!’

131

CONTOPUS. Cabanis. Wood Pewees.

133. C. BOREALIS, Bd. Olve-Stded Flycatcher. Olive brown, paler or yel-
lowish below; tuft of white cottony feathers on sides very conspicuous; middle
line of belly distinctly white; L. 7%. Migrant in May and September. Not
common.

134. C., VIRENS. Cab. Wood Pewee. Olive brown above; pale or yellowish
below; cottony tuft inconspicuous; lower mandible pale; wing band rusty or
whitish; L. 614.

EMPIDONAX. Cabanis. Least Flycatchers.

135. E. ACADICUS. Bd.. Small Green-crested Flycatcher. Clear olive green ;
wing bands buffy ; yellowish ring about eye; bill pale below; primaries an inch
longer than secondaries. L.6; W. 3. Summer resident; ordinarily in gloomy
woods.

136. E. TRAILLII. Bd. TZvazll’s Flycatcher. Olive brown, duller than the
preceding; bill pale below; longest primary 24 inch longer than the secondaries.
L. 534. A not common summer resident. ,

137. E.MINIMUS. Bd. Least Flycatcher. Olive gray; bill blackish below ,
longest primary but % inch longer than secondaries. L. 5; bill % inch. Common
summer resident ; prefers skirts of woods and hedge-rows.

138. E, FLAVIVENTRIS. Bd. Yellow bellied Flycatcher. Clear olive green ,
yellow below, becoming é7zght yellow on the belly; bill yellow below. L. 5%.
Common migrant about Chicago. (JVe/son.) Uncommon about Cincinnati.
(Zangdon.)

ORDER B. PICARI.
(Picarian Birds.)

This is a highly diversified group, the members of which have little in common
except their want of resembiance to other birds.

The hind toe is small, sometimes wanting, occasionally elevated ; wing coverts
larger and in more numerous series than in the passeres. Second and fourth toes
sometimes versatile; first and fourth toes with often less than the normal number
of joints. Tarsus never oscine. Nature altricial.

KEY TO FAMILIES OF PICARIAN BIRDS.

I. Two toes forward and two back (except Picoides).

a. Tail of 12 rigid acuminate feathers, of which the other pair are short and
concealed; bill stout and straight; nasal tufts usually present. (Wood
peckers.) . ; 3 : . Picide, XXV,

aa, Tail of 8 to 10 long soft eer bill decdeoed’: ; no nasal tufts. (Cuckoos.)

Cuculide, XXIV.

II. Outer and middle toes coherent; bill stout and straight, longer than head.

(Kingfishers.) . . 0 : Alcedinide, XXIII.
III. Toes not coherent, nor two henna wings long and pointed.

132.

6. Bill tenuirostral, very slender, longer than head; 6 short secondaries, (Hum-

ming-birds.) : : : c - - < Trochilide, XXII.

66. Bill with gape deep and wide, much shorter than head; secondaries more
than 6.

c. Rictal bristles present; plumage lax and variegated; length 8 or more.

(Whippoorwills, nighthawks.) : Caprimulgide, XX.

cc. No rictal bristles; plumage compact, of blended colors; tail feathers

spinous; length 6 inches or less. (Chimney Swifts.) Cypselide, XX.

PAMTEY X8xe CAPRIMULGIDay:

(The Goat Suckers.)

In these birds the bill is very short, the gape exceedingly deep and wide (‘ fissi-
rastral’’), reaching to below the eyes, and usually with prominent rictal bristles;
wings long and pointed; plumage long and loose, oval-like; feet small and weak;
tarsus short, partly feathered ; toes somewhat webbed; hind toe slightly elevated ;
chiefly insectivorous, widely diffused; 100 or more species. They lay two length-
ened, dark-colored, thickly spotted eggs on or near the ground, in stumps, etc.
The feet are so short the birds do not perch in the usual way, but sit lengthwise of
the branch or crouch on the ground. Sexes colored nearly alike; voice peculiar.

ANTROSTOMUS. Gould. Whippoorwills.

139. A. VOCIFERUS. Bon. JVighfar. Grayish; much variegated; pectoral
bar and ends of outer tail feathers white in male, tawny in female; tail rounded
and rictal bristles very long, which readily separates them from night hawks, in
which the tail is forked and the rictal bristles inconspicuous. Common summer
resident throughout the State. Its ‘‘solemn and prophetic” cry is well known; the
bird is not often seen.

CHORDEILES. Swainson, Night Hawks.

140. C. VIRGINIANUS. Bor. #zll Bat. Bilackish, variegated; a large
wing spot, bar across tail and V-shaped blotch on-throat—white in male, tawny or
obscure in female. Abundant through temperate North America, flying at all
times, though most active toward evening and in cloudy weather; they forage in
companies for insects with rapid, easy flight; in the breeding season they fall
through the air with a loud, booming cry.

FAMILY XXI. CYPSELIDZ.

(The Swifts.)

Bill fissiostral; wings long, thin and pointed; secondaries short; no rictal bris-
tles; tail feathers 10; plumage compact. In most the salivary glands are highly

133

developed, and their secretion is used as a glue in cementing the parts of the nest;
in some the entire nest is made of inspissated saliva, and forms the ‘‘edible birds’
nest”? of Eastern countries, Small birds of warm countries, closely related to the
humming bird, but having a superficial resemblance to the swallows. Genera 6 or
8; species about 50.

CHATURA, Stephens. Chimney Swallows.

141. CHATURA PELAGICA. Bd. Chimney Swift. Sooty brown; throat
paler; tail feathers with the shafts spinous, projecting beyond the plumage. L,
5%; W. 5; T. 2. An abundant summer resident from May to September last.
‘Tike the swallows, which this bird so closely resembles, not only in its form but
in its mode of flight, its food and twittering notes, it has mostly forsaken the ways
of its ancestors, who bred in hollow trees, and now places its curious openwork
nest of bits of twigs glued together inside disused chimneys.” (Cowes.)

FAMILY XXII. TROCHILIDA.

(The Humming birds.)

Bill subulate, usually longer than the head, straight or curved; tongue capable
of great protrusion; wings long and pointed; secondaries short, only 6 in number,
feet very small, with sharp claws; smallest of all birds, and among the most bril-
liantly colored ; all are American, most of them tropical; species 300 or more, in
some 75 genera; II occur north of Mexico. Noted for their gorgeous coloring,
due mainly to the iridescent glitter of their plumage. The females are duller and
usually lack the metallic sheen which forms the gorget of the male. The food is
either insects or nectar, or both. They are the most active of birds, spirited and
at times pugnacious. The nests are exquisite affairs, often pensile, but saddled
usually on a small bough, adorned and concealed by stucco work of moss or lichen,
and containing not more than two white eggs.

TROCHILUS. Lin. Ruby-Throated Humming Birds.

142. T. COLUBRIS. L. Male metallic green above; a ruby red gorget; tail
deeply forked, purplish ; female without red, the tail variegated; L. 314. Com-
mon summer resident from May to September. I have seen them in flocks of 20 to
30 on the bloom of the wild crab apple, the females separate from the males; in
1878 all were females, while on the same trees in 1879 only the males were seen.

AM TOY XOX Di CA CR DT NT Dzn:
(The Kingfishers.)

Head large; bill long, straight and strong; gape deep; wings long; tail short;
feet syndactyle. Tail feathers 12. About one hundred species, mainly in Austra-

134

lia and the tropical parts of the Old World. Their habit is to sit and watch their
prey, dart after it and seize it on the wing, and return to their perch to swallow
it. The fish-eating members of the family nest for the most part in holes in the
banks of streams.

CERYLE. Boie. Kzngyfishers.

143. C. ALCYON. Boie. Belted Kingfisher. Ashy blue above, a bluish band
across breast; white below; female with sides and band across belly chestnut; tail
barred with white; L. 13; W.6; T. 3%. Common throughout North America;
only forced south by the freezing of the waters. The oily and compact plumage
resists the water into which they dive for their food.

FAMILY XXIV. CUCULIDZ.
(The Cuckoos.)

Bill compressed, lengthened, decurved, without rictal bristles or nasal tufts.
Tail long and soft, of eight to ten feathers. Tongue not extensible. Feet zygo-
dactyle by reversion of the fourth toe. About two hundred species in various
parts of the world. The European cuckoo (C. canorus) is famous, like our cow-
bird, for forcing other birds to incubate its eggs and raise its young.

COCCYGUS. Vieillot. Asmeztcan Cuckoos.

144. C. AMERICANUS. (L.) Bon. Yellow-Bzlled Cuckoo. Olive gray or
drab. Bill yellow below; wings with much cinnamon red; middle tail feathers like
the back; outer ones black with white tips; L. 12. Common summer resident
from early May to September.

A shy, unfamiliar bird in the tops of high, open woods. The bird utters the
notes oo-koo-koo, repeated indefinitely, during the changes in the air preceding
rain, and so is known as the rain crow. Their food is mainly large winged insects,
though, like the jay and crow blackbird, they rob other birds of their eggs. The
bird sits as soon as the first egg is laid, and so the nest may contain fresh eggs,
those partly developed, others just hatched and nearly full-fledged young, (Azdo
bok.)

145. C. ERYTHROPHTHALMUS. Bd. Slack-Billed Cuckoo. Olive gray
or drab. Bill chiefly black; wings with little or no reddish; tail feathers all
brownish; slightly smaller than the preceding; L. 1133. Summer resident; not as
common as the above. Habits are substantially similar, and the two species are
confounded often by unscientific observers.

FAMILY XXV. PICID AE.
(The Woodpeckers.)

Bill stout, usually straight, with the tip truncate or acute, fitted for hammering
or boring into wood. Tongue long, flattish, barbed, capable of great protrusion,

135

adapted for securing insects (except in Sphyrapicus) ; hyoid apparatus peculiar, its
horns generally quite long, curving around the skull behind. Feet zygodactyle,
outer toe permanently reversed; hind toe present (except in Picoides) ; claws com-
pressed, sharp and strong. Tail featherr 12, rigid and acuminate, outer pair short,
concealed ; tail never forked; nasal tufts usually present.

Chiefly arboreal; all (except Sphyrapicus, which is truly a ‘‘sap-sucker’’) are
pre-eminently insectivorous, and hence they are of the greatest service to the far-
mer. Voice loud and often harsh. Colors generally bright, the male having
almost always red on the head; sexes usually slightly different. Species 250;
abundant almost everywhere.

“‘They dig insects out of trees, and so are eminently beneficial to the farmer and
fruit grower. Contrary to a general impression, their boring does not seem to
injure fruit trees, which may be riddled with holes without harmful result. The
number of noxious insects these birds destroy is simply incalculable; what little
fruit some of them steal is not to be mentioned in the same connection, and they
deserve the good will of all.” (Cowes.)

HYLOTOMUS. Baird. Black Woodcocks.

146. H. PILEATUS. Bd. Pleated Woodpecker. Conspicuously crested ;
black; white streak down neck; crest and cheek patch scarlet in male; cheeks and
front of crest black in female; L. 18; W. 9%; T. 7. Liable to ‘‘turn up” any-
where in North America in héavy timber.

PICUS. WL. Spotted Woodpeckers.

* 147. P. VILLOSUS. L. Hairy Woodpecker. Big Sapsucker. Spotted and
lengthwise streaked and banded; back black, with a long white stripe; oucer tail
feathers wholly white; a scarlet nuchal band in male only. Resident, but more
abundant in winter than in summer, in Northern Indiana.

148. P. PUBESCENS. L. Downy Woodpecker. Little Sapsucker. Much
smaller; L. 6%; outer tail feathers black and white, barred; otherwise precisely
like the preceding. Abundant in all wooded places.

SPHVRAPICUS. Baird.

149. S. VARIUS. Bd. Vellow-Belhied Woodpecker. Tongue not extensible;
the tip brushy; hyoid bones short; black and white above; black on breast;
chiefly yellowish below; white wing patch; crown red in adult; scarlet in female ;
L. 814.

This bird is an exception to the es that the woodpeckers work in the interest
of the fruit-grower. He is a true™‘sap-sucker’; the hairy. and downy wood-
peckers do not deserve the name. The yellow-bellied sap-suckers eat fruits and
insects ; they injure fruit trees by stripping off the outer bark and eating the soft
inner bark (cambium layer). There is no danger from our species, however, as it is
mainly a migrant from March to May and in October, and is not very abundant.
I have seen it oftenest in tall, damp beech woods.

CENTURUS. Swainson. Red-Bellied Woodpeckers.

150. C. CAROLINUS. Bon. Grayish; much barred above with black and
, white; crown and nape crimson in male; crown ashy in female; L. 834. A com-

136

mon summer resident in Marion county; plentiful in wooded districts; rarer north
in the prairie regions.

MELANERPES. Swainson. Red-Headed Woodpeckers.

151. M. ERYTHROCEPHALUS. Sw. Body lustrous blue black; rump,
secondaries and under parts white; head and neck grayish in young, but crimson
in both sexes when adult: L. 9. Resident through the State; abundant in sum-
mer, much less so in winter. A familiar bird in garden orchards as well as in
woods; conspicuous as a barber’s pole. It was this bird, flitting like a tri-colored
scarf in the foliage, that kindled the Scottish rhymster’s enthusiasm, so that instead
of Wilson the poet, we have Wilson the ornithologist. In the South I hear this
bird called the ‘‘woodchuck.”

COLAPTES, Swainson. Yellow-Shafted Flickers.

152. C. AURATUS. Swain. Aigh-Holer. VYarup. Golden-Winged Woodpecker.
Yellow-hammer. Head ashy, with red nuchal crescent; back olivaceous, barred
with black; rump white; below pinkish brown, shading into yellowish; a black >
crescent on breast and numerous round black spots; shafts and under surface of
quills golden yellow; male with a black maxillary patch; L. 12%. Common sum-
mer resident north; in the southern half of the State many remain through the
winter.

The yellow-hammer is scarcely a woodpecker at all in his habits of feeding, taking
to the ground with the robins, where it gets the best part of its subsistence. It is
more migratory than most of the other species, which, owing to the nature of their
food, as well as the hardy nature of the family, are pretty thoroughly localized.
The red-bellied and red-headed, as well as the present species, are irregular mi-
grants in most regions.

ORDER BB. PSITTACI.
(The Parrots. )

Bill enormously thick, cered at base, and strongly hooked. Outer toe directed
backward, as in Woodpeckers. Tongue short, fleshy; upper jaw unusually mova-
ble. Plumage often brilliant. In all warm regions; about 350 species, of which
nearly half are American. Ours fall in the family Avzde, the macaws, which are
without crest and have the tail long, weer aches or graduated.

CONURUS. Kuhl. Parroguets,

153. C. CAROLINENSIS. (L.) Kuhl. Carokna Parroquet. Green; head
and neck yellow; face red; wings variegated with blue and yellow; bill white ;
feet flesh color; L. 13; W. 7%; T. 6. Southern; formerly north to the great
lakes; but of late years has receded from even the Carolinas; it is abundant in
Florida. They are altricial, gregarious and frugivorous.

Dr. Rufus Haymond, of Franklin county, states in 1856 that they were formerly
very numerous along the White river, but had not been seen for several years.
Dr. H. M. Bannister, of Evanston, [ll., has seen it in that vicinity. Dr. Wheaton,

137

of Columbus, Ohio, admits it to his list of Ohio birds. They can not be regarded
as an Indiana bird, although they may possibly ‘‘make their appearance from the
Southwest some day when we least expect them,” as in the case of the black vul-
ture, a Southern species first recorded at Cincinnati by Mr. Langdon, although
formerly considered an Ohio bird on the authority of Audubon. On the lower St.
Johns, Fla., they are caught and slaughtered by thousands, and the species will
doubtless soon be exterminated,

ORDER C. RAPTORES.
® (The Birds of Prey.)

Bill powerful, cered at base, strongly hooked at the end. Feet never zygodacty] ;
fourth toe sometimes versatile. Primaries 10; tail feathers usually 12. Alltricial,
but the young downy at birth. Carnivorous birds, usually of large size and great
strength, found in every part of the world.

FAMILY—STRIGIDE.
(The Owls.)

Head very large; short and broad; the eyes directed to the front and witha
series of peculiar radiating feathers. Loral feathers antrorse, often long and dense ;
ear-like tufts of feathers often present. Plumage soft and lax, rendering the flight
almost noiseless; the colors are much blended and mottled. External ear large,
often with a movable flap. Outer toe versatile; claws sharp, strong and long.
Chiefly nocturnal. Sexes colored alike, female usually the larger.

A cosmopolitan family; most of the species have a wide range. Species about
150, in about 40 genera. Owls pass the day in hollow trees or dusky retreats; at .
night they come forth, and with cat-like stealth capture their prey alive—small
mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, and even fish. Aftera meal, what is not digestible—
hair, bones, feathers, etc.—is ejected from the mouth, as in most other preying
birds, in the shape of a round pellet. The nest is rude; the eggs several, white,
sub-spherical. Their lugubrious outcries, screechings and hootings, have given
them place in the literature of superstition, and they have been good game for the
poets. <‘‘Bird of the silent wing and expansive eye, grimalkin in feathers, feline,
mousing, haunting ruins and towers, and mocking the midnight stillness with thy

uncanny cry.”
When icicles hang by the wall,

And Dick the shepherd blows his wail,
And Tom bears logs into the hall,

And milk comes frozen in the pail;
When blood is nipped, and ways be foul,
Then nightly sings the staring owl,

Tu-who
Tu-whit! tu-who! a merry note,
While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.
—Love’s Labor's Lost.

138

When cats run home and light is come,
And dew is cold upon the ground,
And the far-off stream is dumb,
And the whirring sail goes round,
And the whirring sail goes round;
Alone and warming his five wits,

The white owl in the belfry sits.
—Tennyson.

KEY TO GENERA AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES.
* Tarsus naked or scant feathered, facial disk perfect; no ear tufts; iris black.

STRIX. Linneus. Barn Owls.

154. STRIX FLAMMEA. L. Var. PRATINCOLA (Bon.) Ridg. Face elon
gated; reddish or tawny, much variegated. L.17; W. 13; T. 514. Southerly; a
pair were trapped near Chicago ly my friend, Charles Smith, some years since.
(Referred to by Nelson.)

Tt Head with ear-tufts ; iris yellow.
{ Tail 24 as long as wings; over 18 inches.

BUBO. Dumreil. Great Horned Owls.

155. B. VIRGINIANUS. Bon. Black, gray and buffy, mottled and barred;
usually with a white collar; ear-tufts large; their feathers black; L. 22; W. 16;
T. 2. Abundant resident through the State; rarest north. ‘‘ Yields only to the
great gray owl in size, and to none in spirit.”

tt Tail about half the length of wings; length less than 18 inches.

a. Bill pale; length less than 12.

SCOPS. Savigny. Screech Owls.

156. S. ASIO. Bon. Red Owl, Gray Owl. Grayish, speckled and barred, or
with the grayish replaced by bright reddish; these two different styles of plumage
bearing no relation to age, sex or season; L. 10; W. 7; T. 3%. Common resi-
dent. This owl often strays into cities and becomes confused, and is easily taken
alive. The same is true of the saw-whet owl. Several of the former were thus
taken in Indianapolis in 1878.

aa. Bill dark; length more than 12 inches.

OTUS. Cuvier. aved Owls.

157. O. VULGARIS. (L.) Var. WILSONIANUS. Allen. Zong-Eaved
Owls, Ear-tufts well developed, of 8 to 12 feathers; outer primary emarginate;
much variegated; L. 15; W. 12; T. 6. Not uncommon resident. (JVe/son.)

158. O. BRACHYOTUS. Steph. Short. Zared Owl. Ear tufts inconspicuous;
two other primaries emarginate; L. 15; W.13; T. 6. Our most abundant owl.
Comes from the North in November in large numbers and ranges over the north-
ern part of the State. Remain concealed in the morning, and commences scouring
the meadows about two o’clock. (JVe/son.) Harmless and easily tamed. Quite
common in Marion county. Rare resident near Cincinnati. (Zangdon.)

{Head without evident ear tufts.
é. Tail about half as long as wings; iris yellow; length less than twelve inches.

139

NYCTALF. Brehm. Saw-Whet Owls.

159. N. ACADICA. Bon. Acadian Owl. Above chocolate brown, spotted
with white; tail with white cross bars; small; L.8; W. 5%. Not uncommon;
several species were known to be taken in the most frequented resident streets in
‘Chicago. Their owl wisdom can not solve the riddle of the town.

66. Tail two-thirds length of wing; length 18 or more.
c. Pure white, with dark markings; toes hidden by long feathers; bill black ;
iris yellow.

NYCTEA. Steph. Great Snow Owls.

160. N. SCANDIACA, Newt. Szowy Cwl. Pure white, more or less barred
with blackish; L. 23; W. 17; T. 10. Common winter resident in the vicinity of
the lake from November to April; irregularly to Indianapolis. Hunts by day. I
have seen one chase a dog about the pasture; both seemed to enjoy the sport.

cc. Grayish; much barred; complete facial disk; bill yellow.

SYRNIUM, Savigny. Barred Owls,

161. S. NEBULOSUM. Boie. Barred Owl. Iris black; toes not concealed ;
olive brown, barred with white above; belly streaked; L. 18; W. 14; T. 9. Rare
in the prairie region; rather common resident in the timbered portion of the State.

162. S. CINEREUM. Aud. Great Gray Owl. Toes concealed; iris yellow;
cinereous brown above, waved with white; belly barred; largest of our owls; L
30; W. 18; T. 12. A rare winter visitant in the north of the State. (Surnza
ulna. Bp. Vor hudsonica, Ridg., the Duy Owl or Hawk Owl, is a rare winter resi-
ident about Chicago; a brown owl much spotted and variegated, about sixteen
inches long; the most diurnal of the family, ranging abroad at all times, and the
most hawk-like of the owls.)

FAMILY FALCONID.

(The Falcons.)

Eyes lateral, eyelids with lashes, no complete facial disk; toes always naked, and
usually tarsus also; hind toe not elevated; head fully feathered ; noear tufts; base
of stout, strongly hooked bill, not hidden by feathers ; claws very strong and sharp;
plumage usually of blended colors, barred or streaked ; changes considerable ; fe-
males usually the larger. Genera fifty; species three hundred, abounding every-
where. They hold the same relatioa to birds that carnivorous beasts do to other
mammals, There are several allied groups in the family. Carrion hawks, marsh
harriers, fish hawks, kites, buzzards, hawks proper and true falcons comprise these
groups. Their mode of life necessarily renders them non-gregarious; like other
preying birds, they are not strictly migratory ; the voice is loud and harsh; the nests
vary much in the family ; the eggs are, as a rule, blotched, and not. as spherical as
those of owls. Their habits are too well known to require further description here.

140

KEY TO THE GENERA AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES OF
INDIANA HAWKS.

I. Tarsus feathered to the toes.
a, Tarsus with a narrow unfeathered strip behind, tail less than 12:

ARCHIBUTEO, Brehm. Sgutrrel Hawks.

°

163. A. LAGOPUS. (Brum.) Var. SANCTI-JOHANNIS. (Gm.) Rough-
Legged Hawk, Black Hawk, Chiefly whitish, but sometimes entirely black; L.
24; W.18; T. 10. Ashy but common migrant north from October te March,
One in the black plumage was captured alive near Chicago, and throve until the
hot days of summer, whenit succumbed. Of it Nelson says: ‘‘For noble presence
and piercing eye this bird has few equals among our falconide. The specimen
bore a striking resemblance to a golden eagle.”

aa, Tarsus entirely feathered; length of tail 12 or more:

AQUILA., Mehring. Golden Eagles,

164. A. CHRYSTUS. L. Glossy purplish brown; head and neck golden
brown; quills blackish; L. 36; W. 25; T. 16. Not uncommon during the winter ;
formerly nested throughout the State. Will feed oncarrion. A pair in December,
1874, took offense at a young hunter, Mr. T. Morris, of Englewood, IIl., and
attacked him, darting within arm’s length. He shot one dead and captured the
other alive, shooting off the primaries of one wing. The craw of the dead eagle
contained carrion.

II. Tarsus scutellate in front only.
6. Toes not webbed at all; neck feathers lanceolate, white in the adult:

HALIATUS. Savigny. Bald Eagles.

H. LEUCOCEPHALUS. (L.) Dark brown; head, neck and tail white after
the third year. Immature birds are larger than the adults; such an one was the
famous ‘‘Bird of Washington,” figured and described by Audubon as a new species.
A common North American bird; piscivorous, stealing its fish from the fish-hawk ;

‘‘otherwise notorious as the emblem of the Republic.” (D7. Cozes.) ;
Common winter resident; more abundant in spring and fall; ‘‘breeds sparingly.”
(Nelson.) It may be well to note here that there are but two eagles'in America—
this and the golden eagle.
66. Toes somewhat webbed at base,
c. Tarsus feathered half way down in front, the feathers scarcely separated
behind.

ASTUR. Uacepede. Goshawks.

165. A. PALUMBARIUS. (L.) Var. ATRICAPILLUS. Coues. Slate blue,
with white superciliary stripe; tail with four dark bars; L. 24; W. 14; T. 11. A
northern hawk, formerly a common winter resident north; now rare. President
Marcy, of Northwestern University, found them abundant about Evanston, IIl., in
the winter of 1870-71. (We/son.)
cc. Tarsus feathered less than one-third down in front, the feathers: widely sepa -

rated :

141

ACCIPITER. Brisson.

166. A. FUSCUS. Bon. Sharp-Shinned Hawk. General color dark brown;
L. 12; W. 7; T. 6. An abundant hawk during the spring and fall movements of
these birds. (/Ve/soz.)

GHA ANS COOPERI. Bon. Coopers Hawk, Chicken Hawk, Warger than the
preceding ; L. 18; W. 10; T. 8. Common summer resident, April to October.

ZT, Tarsus scutellate in front and behind.
d. Face with a slight ruff; upper tail coverts white:

CIRCUZ. Locepede. Marsh Harriers.

168. C. CYANEUS. Var. AHudsonius. (L.) Coues. Pale bluish or brown;
rump and under parts whitish; L. 18; W. 15; T. 9. Common on the marshes
and prairies north during the migrations. Rare about Cincinnati. (Langdon.)

dd. No ruff; 3 or 4 outer primaries emarginate; rump not white:

BUTEO. Cuvier. Buzzards.

169. BUTEO BOREALIS. V. Hen Hawk, Red-Tatled Buzzards. Four outer
primaries emarginate on inner web; dark brown; much barred and streaked; tail
bright chestnut red above L. 23; W, 15%; T. 8%. The most common resident
of the larger hawks north; not as common in Central Indiana as the next.

170, -BUTEO LINEATUS. Jard) | Red-shouldered Buzzard, Dark reddish-
brown, variegated; bend of wing orange brown; L. 22; W.14; T.9. Smaller than
the red tailed, although nearly as long; primaries emarginate as in above. Com-
mon during the migrations. Most of the hawks described, and others to follow,
have their main autumnal movements in late September and early October. I
have, in company with my friend E. W. Nelson, U.S. A., whose notes are so often
referred to here, watched them passing around the bend of the lake, south of Chi
cago, and as Mr. Nelson says: ‘‘A statement of the numbers which pass in a single
day, to one who has not observed them, would be received with incredulity.
Choosing a day when there is a strong south or south-west wind, the hawks com-
mence moving early in the morning, and continue flying the entire day, and so
numerously that taking a stand at a good point one would have from one to fifty
hawks in view, with but few intermissions throughout the day. Among these
occur all the migrants, but by far the greater number consist of the smaller species.”

171. BUTEO SWAINSONI. Bon. Gray, variously streaked; dark area on
throat and breast; three outer primaries emarginate; tail with narrow, dark bars ;
variable; L. 20; W. 16. Of rare occurrence north; breeds in southern Illinois.
(Nelson.)

172. BUTEO PENNSYLVANICUS. Bon. BSroad-winged Hawk. Brown above,
whitish or fulvous below, variously streaked and barred; dark cheek patches; tail
with broad dark bands and narrow pale ones, white tipped; L. 18; W. 11; T. 7.
A stout, handsome hawk, though small; summer resident; breeds. (WVedson.)
1V. Tarsus reticulate all round.

é. Upper mandible toothed ; under notched; nostrils circular.

142

FALCO. L. Falcons.

173. ©ALCO COMMUNIS. Gm. Duck Hawk. Blackish ash with paler
waves; below whitish; barred; black cheek patches. L. 16; W. 13; T. 7. Not
abundant, but generally distributed.

174. FALCO COLUMBARIUS. L. Pigeon Hawk. Ashy blue or blackish
above; variegated below; two primaries emarginate. L. 13; W. 8; T. 5.

175. FALCOSPARVERIUS. L. Sparrow Hawk. Back tawny ; wings blu-
ish and black ; seven black blotches about head; tail chestnut, with a broad black
band in male; below white or tawny. Abundant in most parts of the State. This
graceful little hawk is quite plentiful during the summer and occasionally seen in
the winter. Breeds in deserted woodpeckers’ holes in sycamore trees, usually about
forty or fifty feet from the ground. (ZLamngdon.) This bird is worthy a quotation,
and we have one ever at hand if we follow the pleasant pages of Dr. Coues in
Birds of the Northwest: ‘*‘Too small of frame, though stout-hearted enough, £
warrant, to commit depredations in the farmyard, subsisting on small insectivorous
birds, it is true, but also destroying countless field mice and noxious insects, he is
to be held a benefactor to the agriculturist. * ™ * No hawk is more abundant
in the West. Go where we may, in summer or winter, we shall before long see him
hovering over the fields, or perched, erect and motionless, on his outpost, sweeping
the ground below with keen, audacious eye. It is treacherous calm; the ardor of
the falcon grows with restraint. An unlucky sparrow flirts in yonder bush, and
gives a flippant chirp—whish ! and it is all over. Poor little rollicking sparrow !
This is no easier for you to bear because it isa ‘law of nature,’ as we say. Who
is ever quite ready for the last? What pang is taken away when the cry it extorts
is drowned in a sea of like lamentation? We theorize best before the falcon’s talon
strikes.”

ee. Claws all of same length, rounded beneath; tibial feathers close; plumage
compact, without aftershafts,

PANDION. Savigny. Ospreys,

176. P. HALIAZETUS. (L.) Sav. Osprey. Fish Hawk. Dark brown; head,
neck and under parts mostly white; feet very large; plumage oily, resisting water;
compact, imbricated. L. 24; W. 20; T. io. This remarkable hawk is not uncom-
mon during March or April, and again in September and October, along the lake
shore. It has been already mentioned as the bird which the American eagle robs
of its lawful game. On this account the generic name of the eagle was doubtless.
selected as the specific name of the osprey.

FAMILY CATHARTIDZ.
(The New World Vultures.)

Head and part of neck bare. Eyes lateral, not overhung. Ears small. Bill
lengthened, weak, and but little hooked; nostrils perforate. Wings very long and
strong, giving a strength and grace of flight scarcely excelled. Hind toe short and
elevated; front toes long, somewhat webbed, with rather weak and straightish
claws, Large turkey-like raptores, without the strength and spirit of the hawks.

(143

and owls; ‘‘voracious and indiscriminate gormandizers of carrion and animal refuse
of all sorts, hence efficient and almost indispensable scavengers in the warm coun-
tries where they abound.” (Cowes.) Two species, the condor and the California
vulture, are among the largest birds of flight in the world. All are American, the
Old World vultures (Vulturinz) being vulture-like hawks. Genera five, species.
six or eight.

RHINOGRYPHUS. Ridgway. Turkey Buzzards.

177. R. AURA. (L.) Ridg. Turkey Buzzard. Black lustrous above; skin
of head and neck red; wings very long; a tuft of bristles in front of eye. L. 30;
W. 22; T. 12. Common summer resident except in the prairie region. Protected
by State statute as a public scavenger.

CATHARISTA. Vieillot. Carrion Crows.

178. C.ATRATA. (Bart.) Gray. Carrion Crow. Uniform dull black; wings.
short; skin of neck corrugate; no bristles in front of eye. L. 24; W. 17; T. 8.
N. C. to Mexico, rarely straying northward. Included in this list as it has been
taken by Mr. Langdon near Cincinnati and seen by him on several previous occa-
sions 7 wznter in the same vicinity.

ORDER D. COLUMB.
(The Doves.)

Bill straight, compressed, the horny tip separated by a constriction from the soft
part. Nostrils opening beneath a soft turmid membrane. Hind toe usually on a
level with the rest, the others usually not webbed. Tarsus mostly scutellate in
front, elsewhere reticulate, the plates soft. Head small. Plumage soft, compact,
the feathers very loosely inserted. Altricial; monogamous.

FAMILY COLUMBID 2.
(The Doves.)

Wings long, pointed. Tail never forked, of 12 or 14 feathers; male with neck
iridescent. Species about 300, found in most regions, but most abundant in the
East Indies. Besides the following, quite a number of species occur in the South-
ern States. The common domesticated dove (Columba livida) is a fair type of the
family.

ECTOPISTES. Swainson. Passenger Pigeons.

179. E. MIGRATORIUS. (L.) Sw. Wild Pigeon. Bluish, with reddish
and violet tinges, reddish below; L. 17. N.A. abundant; gregarious. Nests in

Northern Michigan and occasionally in Northern Indiana. A well-known game
bird.

144

ZENADURA. Bonaparte. Mourning Doves.

180. Z.CAROLINENSIS. (L.) Bon. Mourning Dove. Turtle Dove. Caro-
tina Dove. Brownish olive, glossed with blue and wine color; plumage with
metallic luster. L. 12. U.S. abundant. Common summer resident from March
to October. Occasionally seen even in winter. Very gentle, sometimes breeding
in door-yards and showing no timidity, eating with the chickens, etc.

Notre.—The remaining species are of more importance to the sportsman than to the horticulturist,
and the specific diagnoses are therefore omitted.

ORDER E. GALLINZ.
(The Gallinaceous Birds.)

FAMILY MELEAGRIDA. Turkeys.

181. MELEAGRIS GALLAPAVO, L. Wild Turkey. Occasionally seen in
Marion county.

FAMILY TETRAONIDA Grouse.
182. CUPODONJA CUPIDO. Bd. Prairie Chicken. Common in the prairie

region.

183. BONASA UMBELLUS. Steph. Vartridge. Ruffled Grouse. Still found
in wooded regions. Rare.

FAMILY PERDICIDA. FPartridges.
184. ORTYX VIRGINIANUS. Bon. Qzuazl. Lob White.

ORDER F. LIMICOLZ.
(The Shore Birds.)

FAMILY CHARADRIIDM. FPlovers.

185. SQUATAROLA HELVETICA. Cuv. Slack-Bellied Plover. Spring and
fall migrant. Not common.

186. CHARADRIUS FULVUS. Var. VIRGINICUS. Coues. Golden Plo-
ver. Abundant migrant.

187. A:GIALITIS VOCIFERUS. Cass. <7l/deer Plover. Common summer
resident March to October.

188. /EGIALITIS SEMIPALMATUS. Cab. Semzpalmated Plover. Not com-
mon; migrant.

189. /EGIATILIS MELODUS. Cab. P2ping Plover. Common summer resi-
dent along the shore of Lake Michigan April to last of September.

145

FAMILY HAMATOPODIDA, Turnstones.

STREPSILAS INTERPRES. (Tim.) TZzrnstones. Common migrant along
Lake Michigan.

FAMILY RECURVIROSTRIDA.: Avocets.

190. RECURVIROSTRA AMERICANA. Gm. Avocets. A rare migrant.

191. HIMANTOPUS NIGRICOLLIS. Vieill. Stilt. Zong Shanks. An
exceedingly rare visitant. (/Ve/son.)

FAMILY PHALAROPODIDA. FPhataropes.

192. STEGANOPUS WILSONI. Coues. Wélson’s Phalarope. Common resi-
dent Northern Indiana, ‘

193. LOBIPES HYPERBOREUS. Cuv. Worthern Phalarope. Rather rare
migrant. (JVe/so7.)

194. PHALAROPUS FULICARIUS. Bon. ked Phalarofe. Exceedingly
rare during the migrations. (JVe/son.)

FAMILY SCOLOPACIDA. Snipe.

195. PHILOHELA MINOR. Gray. Woodcock. Rather common summer
resident,

196. GAILINAGO WILSONI. Bon. Welson’s Snife. Abundant migrant.

197, MACROHAMPHUS GRISEUS. Leach. Red-Breasted Snipe. Rather
common migrant.

198. MICROPALAMA HIMANTOPUS.. Bd. Stelt Sandpiper. OF rare oc-
currence. (WVe/son.)

199. EREUNETES PUSILLUS. Cass. Semzpalmated Sandpiper. Very abun-
dant migrant.

200. TRINGA MINUTILLA. V. Least Sandpiper, Peep. Common migrant,
but not so numerous as the preceding.

201. TRINGA BAIRDII V. Baird's Sandpiper. An uncommon migrant in
May and August. (JVe/son.)

202. TRINGA MACULOTA V. Grass Snipe. Spring and fall migrant; often
in large flocks.

203. TRINGA BONAPARTEI, Schl. SBonaparte’s Sandpiper. Rather un-
common migrant. (JVée/son.)

204. TRINGA ALPINA. Var. AMERICANA. Cass. Red-backed Sandpiper.
Abundant migrant.

205. TRINGA CANUTUS. L. Red-breasted Sandpiper. A regular migrant,
passing north in May. This (as also T. marzt2ma, one specimen) is an inland as well
as ‘‘maritime”’ species. (Ve/son.)

206. CALIDRIS ARENARIA. L. Sanderling. pungent migrant along the
lake shore; rare central and south.

207. LIMOSA FEDOA. L. Marbled Godwit, Marlin. Migrant, not uncom-
mon about the lake.

10—Hort. Soc.

146

208. LIMOSA HUDSONICA. Sw. Audsontan Godwit, Not very rare about
the lake.

209. TOTANUS SEMIPALMATUS. Temm. Welt. Rare summer resident
on marshes and wet prairies. (JVe/son.)

210. TOTANUS MELANOLEUCUS. Gmel. Gveater Vellow-Legs. Common |
migrant and regular summer resident north, breeding about the river marshes.
(Welson.)

211. TOTANUS FLAVIPES. Gmel. Lesser Yellow-Legs. A rather common
spring and fall migrant, a few remaining to breed about the lake.

212, TOTANUS SOLITARUS. Wils. Soltary Tattler. Common migrant
spring and fall.

213. TRINGOIDES MACULARIUS. L. ‘Spotted Tattler, Spotted Sandpiper.
Teeter-Tal, Common summer resident.

214, ACTITURUS BARTRAMIUS. (Wils.) zeld Plover. Common summer
resident.

215. TRYNGITES RUFESCEUS. V. SBuff-Breasted Sandpiper. Very rare
migrant. (JVedson.)

216. NUMENIUS LONGIROSTRIS. Wils. Long-Billed Curlew. Uncom-
mon migrant and rare summer resident. (JVe/sov.)

217. NUMENIUS HUDSONICUS. Loth. /ack Curlew. Rare migrant with
the preceding.

218. NUMENIUS BOREALIS, Loth, Zsguzmaux Curlew, In wet prairies
north, migrating with the golden plover.

ORDER G. HERODIONES.
(The Herons and Storks.)

FAMILY TANTALIDA, The Ibises.

219. TANTALUS LOCULATOR. L. Wood fis. ‘‘ North to Ohio.”
(Coues.) Undoubtedly in Southern Indiana as in Illinois. .
220. IBIS FALCINELLUS, Aud. Glossy Jéés. A very rare visitant about
Chicago. (JLVelson.)
FAMILY ARDEID. The Herons.

221. ARDEA HERODIAS. L. Gveat Blue Heron. In March and Octo-
ber during the migrations.

222. ARDEA EGRETTA. Gm. Great White Egret, White Heron. Not un-
common. Summer visitant.

223. ARDEA CANDIDISSIMA. Gm. Léttle White Egret, Snowy Egret.
Not as common as the other.

224, ARDEA CARULEA. L. Zitile Blue Heron. Not uncommon in South-
ern Illinois, aud probably in Southern Indiana.

225. ARDEA VIRESCENS. L. Green Heron. ‘‘Fly-ut-the-creek.” Very
common summer resident, even breeding in orchards. (Lanzgdon.)

147

226. NYCTIARDEA GRISEA. Var. NA‘VIA. Allen. Might Heron, Qua-
Bird. Common; breeds in great numbers near Waukegan, IIll.; also in the Calu-
met marshes. (JVe/son.)

227. BOTAURUS MINOR. Boie. JSettern, (Indian Hen. Common summer
resident everywhere in marshes and sloughs north; spring and summer migrant
south.

228. ARDETTA EXILIS. Gray. Least Bettern. This beautiful species is a
common summer resident in marshes and sloughs north,

ORDER H. ALECTORIDES.
(The Cranes and Rails.)

FAMILY GRUIDA. The Cranes.
229. GRUS AMERICANUS. L. White or Whooping Crane. Rare migrant ;

formerly abundant.

230. GRUS CANADENSIS. L. Sand-Hill Crane. Formerly breeding abun-
dantly in the large marshes of the State; now rare.

FAMILY RALLIDA. The Rails.
231. RALLUS ELEGANS. Aud. zg Razl. Summer resident in the
prairies north, and occurring through the State.

232. RALLUS VIRGINIANUS. L. Véerginia Rail. Common resident north,
rarer south.

233. PORZANA CAROLINA. Cab. Carolina Rail. Exceedingly abundant
along the borders of prairie sloughs and marshes; lays 8 to 14 eggs. (JVelson.)

234. PORZANA NOVEBORACENSIS, Cass. Lzttle Yellow Ratl. Not very
rare north; arrives in May. (JVe/sov.)

234. PORZANA JAMAICENSIS. Cass. Lzttle Black Razl. Breeds in the
Calumet marshes; not very rare, (JVe/son.)

236. GALLINULA GALEATA. Licht. orida Gallinole. Abundant sum-
mer resident in marshes and the larger prairie sloughs. (JVe/son.)

237. PORPHYRIOMARTINICA, (Tenn.) Purfle Gallinule. A rare migrant
about Cincinnati. (Zangdon.) Very rare visitant. (/Velson,)

238. FULICA AMERICANA. Gmel. Coot. Mud Hen. Exceedingly abund-
ant, breeding north. Common migrant. (Langdon.)

ORDER I. LAMELLIROSTRES.
(The Anserine Birds.)

FAMILY ANATIDA. The Ducks.

239. CYGNUS BUCCINATOR. Rich. Trumpeter Swan. Far from common
during the migrations.

148

240. CYGNUS AMERICANUS. Sharp. American Swan. Rather common
during the migrations.

241. ANSER ALBIFRONS. Var. GAMBELI. Coues. White-fronted Goose.
Comes from the north in October and disperses over the State. Abundant.

242. ANSER CAIRULESCENS. L. Blue Goose. Not uncommon; often —
seen in the Chicago market. ;

243. ANSER HYPERBOREUS. Pallas. Snow Goose. Generally distributed
during the migrations throughout the State. -

244. BRANTA CANADENSIS. Var. ‘CANADENSIS. L., and

245. BRANTA CANADENSIS. Var. HUTCHINSII. Coues. Both varie-
ties are common migrants; formerly bred in the State.

246. ANAS BOSCHAS. L. JMellard. Tame Duck. Abundant migrant and
summer resident. Original of the common domestic duck; hybrids of this species
with others are described.

247. ANAS OBSCURA. Gmel. Dusky Duck, Black Duck. An uncommon
migrant with the mallard. Occasionally nests in the Calumet marshes. (J/Ve/son.)

248. DAFILA ACUTA. (L.) Pixtal Duck. Spring and fall migrant;
abundant.

CHAULELASMUS STREPERUS. Gray. Gadwall. Common migrant and
rare summer resident. (J/Ve/sov.)

249. MARECA PENELOPE. Selby. European Widgeon. Exceedingly rare
straggler. Oné shot on the Calumet marshes, April, 1876. (Ve/son.)

250. MARECA AMERICANA. Steph. Amerzcan Widgeon. Common spring
and fall migrant ; some remain to breed north. (JVedson.)

251. QUERQUEDULA CAROLINENSIS. Gm. Gveen-winged Teal. Com-
mon migrant; breeds sparingly in the Calumet marshes. (J/Ve/soz.)

252. QUERQUEDULA DISCORS. Steph. Alue-winged Teal. Migrant, and
summer resident in suitable localities; breeds in Calumet marshes. (/Ve/sov.)

253. SPATULA CLYPEATA. Linn. Soon-btll Duck. Spring and fall
migrant; breeds in the same localities as the above.

254. AIX SPONSA. Boie. Wood Duck. Summer Duck, Common spring
and fall migrant and summer resident; breeds throughout the State. Our most
beautiful duck.

155. FULIGULA MARILA. Steph. Gveater Scaup Duck. A rare migrant.

256. FULIGULA AFFINIS. Eyton. Lesser Soup Duck. Very abundant
migrant, Some remain about Lake Michigan through the year, if the winter is
mild,

257. FULIGULA COLLARIS. Don. Ring Neck Duck. Abundant migrant.
Breeds north. (.Ve/soz.)

258. FULIGULA FERINA. Sw. Var. AMERICANA. Coues. Common
migrant.

FULIGULA VALLISNERIA. Steph. Canvas-back Duck. Common migrant
with the preceding. Like others of this genus, takes to open water rather than to
the marshes.

259. BUCEPHALA CLANGULA. Gray. Golden Eye Duck. Common migrant.
Resident through the winter on Lake Michigan. (JVelson.)

149

260. BUCEPHALA ISLANDICA. Bd. Sarrow’s Golden Eye, Winter resi-
dent on Lake Michigan.

261. BUCEPHALA ALBEOLA. Sutter Ball Dipper. ‘Most abundant of the
genus. Migrant Winter resident on the lake. (J/Ve/son.)

262. HARELDA GLACIALIS. Leach. Old Wife Duck. ‘Rare winter resi-
dent on Lake Michigan. (JVedson.)

263. SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA. Leach. zder Duck. Winter resident on
Lake Michigan. Not uncommon. The king eider S. ofectadtlis, may occur on
the lake as far south as Michigan City.

264. CEDEMIA AMERICANA, Sw. Black Scoter. Winter resident on the
lake.

265. CEDEMIA FUSCA. Sw. Velvet Scoter. Wake winter resident, and fur-
ther south.

266. CGEDEMIA PERSPICILLATA. Steph. sSzzf Duck, Sea Coot. Winter
resident on the lake, and in Illinois as far south as Mt. Carmel. (JVe/son.)

277. ERISMATURA RUBIDA. Bon. Ruddy Duck. Migrant and summer
resident; breeds. (Ve/soz.)

278. MERGUS MERGANSER. L. Goosander. Common migrant; also
known as Fish Duck and Sheldrake.

279. MERGUS SERRATOR. L. Rea-Breasted Merganser. Very rare winter
resident. (/Ve/son.)

280. MERGUS CUCULLATUS. L. Hooded Merganser. Abundant migrant; ,
common winter resident on Lake Michigan; breeds sparingly. (Velson.)

ORDER J. STEGANOPODES.

(The Totipalmate Birds.)

PAMILY PELECANIDA, The Pelicans.

281. PELECANUS TRACHYRHYNCHUS. Loth. White Pelican, An oc-
casional migrant.

FAMILY PHALACROCORACID4. Cormorants.

282. GRACULUS DILOPHUS. Var. Délophus. Sw.

283. GRACULUS DILOPHUS. Var. SHloridanus. Coues. The former is a
rather uncommon migrant ; the latter is a regular summer resident in Southern I1li-
nois and as likely to occur in Indiana.

150

ORDER K. LONGIPENNES.
(The Long- Winged Swimmers.)

FAMILY LARIDA. The Gulls.

284. STERCORARIUS POMATORHINUS. V. fomarine Jaeger. A rare
winter visitant to Lake Michigan. October 9, 1876, in company with my friend,
Mr. E. W. Nelson (whose list and complete notes on the birds of Northeastern
Illinois is taken as the basis of this list for Northern Indiana), we saw a fine speci-
men of this bird flying along the lake shore near the State line.

285. LARUS GLAUCUS. Briin. Glaucous Gull, Rare winter visitant to
Lake Michigan.

286. LARUS LEUCOPTERUS. Faber. White-winged Gull, Not uncommon
winter resident on Lake Michigan.

287. LARUS MARINUS. L. Great Black-backed Gull. Winter resident on
Lake Michigan. Also seen on the Ohio. (Langdon.)

288. LARUS ARGENTATUS. Var. ARGENTATUS. Briin. LZzropfean
flerring Gull, Very rare winter visitant to Lake Michigan. One adult female
taken in Chicago harbor, March, 1876.

289. LARUS ARGENTATUS. Var. SMITHSONIANUS. Coues. American
flerring Gull. Abundant winter resident on the lake, and occurs throughout the
State.

290. LARUS DELAWARENSIS. Azng-dclled Gull. Migrant along the lake
and on the Ohio.
_ 291. LARUS ATRICILLA. L. Laughing Gull. Summer visitant. (Ridg-
way.)

292. LARUS PHILADELPHIA. Coues. SBonaparte’s Gull. Exceedingly
abundant migrant through the State.

293. XEMASABINEI. Leach. JSork- Tailed Gull. Very rare visitant to Lake
Michigan. (JVe/son.)

294. STERNA ANGLICA. Mont. Gudl-Billed Tern. Rare visitant during
summer. (JVe/son.)

295. STERNA CASPIA. Pall. Caspian Term. Visitant during the migra-
tions. Dr. Bannister has observed it at Evanston, IIll., often in winter.

296. STERNA HIRUNDO. L. Wéelson’s Tern. Abundant migrant about the
lake.
297. STERNA FORSTERI. Nutt. Forster’s Tern. With the above. Also

summer resident, breeding in small reedy lakes. ((Ve/son.}

298. STERNA SUPERCILIARIS. V. Least Tern. A rare summer visitant.
Specimen in Chicago Academy of Sciences from Calumet marshes.

299. HYDROCHELIDON LARIFORMIS. Short-Tazled Tern, Black Tern,
Abundant summer resident in large marshes and prairie sloughs.

151

ORDER L. PYGOPODES.
(The Diving Birds.)

FAMILY COLYMBIDA. The Loons.

300. COLYMBUS TORQUATUS. Briin. Loon, Great Northern Diver. Mi-
grant. Winter resident on the lake. ‘Several have been taken from White river
at Washington street bridge, Indianapolis.

301. COLYMBUS SEPTENTRIONALIS. L. Red-Throated Loon. Migrant.
Common winter resident upon Lake Michigan from late fall to early spring.

FAMILY PODICIPIDA. The Grebes.

2022 LODIGEPS ERUSWAMUSin lun Crested) (Grete, North America wa
large.”’ (Cowes.) On Lake Michigan in winter. (JVe/son.)

303. PODICEPS GRISEIGENA. Var. MOLBOLLIT. Coues. Red-Necked
Grebe. Uncommon winter resident upon Lake Michigan. (WVe/son.)

304. PODICEPS CORNUTUS. Loth. Horned Grebe. More abundant than
either of the two above. Breeds sparingly in the small lakes. (/Ve/son.)

305. PODICEPS AURITUS. L. Var. CALIFORNICUS. Coues. aved Grebe.
In winter on Lake Michigan ; several species of grebes anda number of ducks are
occasionally taken during the winter upon the hooks set several miles off shore by
the fishermen.

306. PODILYMBUS PODICEPS. (L.) Carolina Grebe. Very common sum-
mer resident from April to November. Nests along the borders of reedy sloughs,
marshes and rivers. (Ve/son.) Also known as the Hell Diver, Water-Witch and
Pied-bill Grebe.

Those marked with the degree (°) are also given in Mr. Frank W. Langdon’s ‘‘ Catalogue of the
Birds of the Vicinity of Cincinnati,’’? and form substantially a list of the Birds of South-eastern In-

diana.

ore

O.
Cre
BOs
Or
oe
Oy

°33:
°34-
°35:
°36.
°37:

152

ADDITION AT isi:

LIST OF SPECIES WHICH BREED IN NORTH-WESTERN INDIANA.

Turdus mustelinus.

‘« fuscescens.

‘© “swainsoni.

‘¢ migratorius.
Harporhynchus rufus.
Mimus polyglottus.
Galeoscoptes carolinensis.
Sialia sialis.

Polioptila czerulea.

. Parus atricapillus.
. Sitta carolinensis.

‘¢ canadensis.

. Thryothorus ludovicianus.

és bewickii.

. Troglodytes aedon.

Cistothorus stellaris.
3G palustris.
Mniotilta varia.
Helminthophaga chrysoptera.
GG ruficapilla.

. Parula americana.
. Dendrceca estiva.

oC ceerulea.

GG pennsylvanica.
GG virens.

Gc pinus.

. Seiurus aurocapillus.

‘¢ noveboracensis.
‘«¢ Judovicianus.

. Geothlypis trichas.
. Myiodioctes mitratus.

Gt canadensis.
Setophaga ruticilla.
Progne subis.
Petrochelidon lunifrons.
Hirundo horreorum.

OG bicolor.

. Stelgidopteryx serripennis ?
. Cotyle riparia.
. Vireo olivaceus.

‘¢ philadelphicus.
ss gilvus.

‘¢ flavifrons.

‘¢ noveboracensis.
cope lie

. Ampelis cedrorum.
. Collurio borealis ? ?

OC ludovicianus.

66 var. excubitoroides.

. Pyranga rubra.
. Carpodacus pupureus.

Chrysomitris tristis.
GG pinus.

. Passer domestica.

. Passerculus savanna.

. Pocecetes gramineus.

. Ammodromus henslowi.

us passerinus.
6c var. nelsoni,

. Chondestes grammaca.
. Zonotrichia albicollis.
. Spizella pusilla.

“¢ socialis.
G6 pallida.
Melospiza melodiea,
oe lincolni.
36 palustris.

Euspiza americana,

. Goniaphea ludovicianus.
. Cyanospiza cyanea.

. Cardinalis virginianus.

. Pipilo erythrophthalmus.
. Eremophila alpestris.

. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. |

°75-

CS:

Molothrus ater.

. Agelzeus phceniceus. —
. Zantho, icterocephalus.

Sturnella magna.
G6 var. neglecta.

. Icterus spurius.

‘¢ baltimore.

. Quiscalus var. zenzeus.
. Corvus americanus.
. Cyanurus cristatus.

Tyrannus carolinensis.
Myiarchus crinitus.
Sayornis fuscus.
Contopus borealis ?

ce virens.

. Empidonax vary. trailli.

66 minimus.
cc. ~ acadicus:

ac flaviventris.
. Ceryle alcyon.
. Chordeiles popetue.

KG var. henryi.

. Antrostomus vociferus.

Cheetura pelagica.

. Trochilus colubris.
. Coccygus americanus.
ce erythrophthalmus.

Picus villosus.
Picus pubescens.
Centurus carolinus.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus.

Colaptes auratus.
Otus vay. wilsonianus.
«« brachyotus.
Nyctale acadica ?
Scops asio.
Bubo virginianus.
Falco communis.
‘¢ var. columbarius.
«© sparverius.
Circus var. hudsonigis ?
Nisus fuscus.
‘¢ cooperi.
Buteo pennsylvanica.
‘¢ swainsoni.
‘« lineatus.
‘¢ borealis.
Aquila var. canadensis.

Haliztus leucocephalus.

153

°124.
mice

126,
Da
°128.
°120.
°130.
CUB hic
Seek
SB
°134.
CUBE
°136.
caLi7/e
Sg Ss
21:30;
°140.
STA
°1 42.
S143.
°144.
LAG
°146.
Are
°148.
°T49.
°150.
PSI.
°152.
°153
°154.
°155.
°156.
°157.
°158.
°159.
°160.
°161.
elO2.
(oy
°164.
°165.
°166.
°167.
°168.
°160.
LO:
Diaiiic
Nye.

Ectopistes migratorius.
Zenzedura carolinensis.
Pedicecetes phasianellus.
Cupidonia cupido.
Bonasa umbellus.
Ortyx virginianus.
Squatarola helvetica.
f¥gialitis vociferus.

a semipalmatus.

6¢ melodus.
Steganopus wilsoni.
Philohela minor.
Gallinago wilsoni.
Tringa minutilla.

‘¢ maculata.
Totanus semipalmatus.

66 melanoleucus.

ag flavipes.
Totanus solitarius.
Tringoides macularius.
Actiturus bartramius.
Numenius longirostris.
Ardea herodias.

ie egretta.

‘¢ _virescens.
Nyctiardea var. neevia.
Botaurus minor,
Ardetta exilis.

Grus americanus.
‘* canadensis.
Rallus elegans.

‘¢ _-virginianus.

‘¢ carolina.

‘¢ — noveboracensis.

‘¢ _ jamaicensis.
Gallinula galeata.
Fulica americana,
Branta canadensis.
Anas boschas.

‘* obscura.

Dafila acuta.
Chaulelasmus streperus.
Mareca americana.
Querquedula carolinensis.
OE discors.
Spatula clypeata.
Aix sponsa.
Fulix affinis.

«¢ collaris.

24.

2?

26.
© 5257 /
© 28,

. Erismatura rubida.
. Mergus serrator,

“* cucullatus.

. Sterna forsteri.

154

|

©3177. Hydrochelidon lariformis.
©1178. Colymbus torquatus.

© 179. Podiceps cornutus.

© 180. Podilymbus podiceps.

SPECIES WHICH OCCUR IN SUMMER, BUT ARE NOT KNOWN TO BREED.

. Protonotaria citrea.
. Helmitherus vermivorus.
. Dendreeca vay. albilora.

GG discolor.

. Oporornis formosus.

Pyranga cestiva.

. Hylotomus pileatus.
. Conurus carolinensis.

Strix var. pratincola.

. Syrnium nebulosum.
. Nauclerus forficatus.
. Buteo vay. calurus.

. Rhynogryphus aura.

©13. Meleagris gallopavo.
©14. Ereunetes pusillus,
14a. Tantalus loculator.
O15. Ardea candidissima.
°16. Porphyrio martinica.
O17. Graculus vay. floridanus.
O18. Larus vay. smithsonianus.
O19. ‘* delawarensis.
S201) $9 atricilla?
O21. ‘* philadelphia.
© 22. Sterna anglica.

22 ccc Oillas
O24. ‘* superciliaris.

SPECIES WHICH OCCUR ONLY DURING THE MIGRATIONS.

Turdus aliciz.
‘¢ palilasi.

. Sialia arctica.
. Regulus satrapa,

& calendula.

. Troglodytes var. hyemalis.
. Anthus ludovicianus.

Helminthopaga celata.

fs peregrina.

Perissoglossa tigrina.

. Dendrceca coronata.

36 maculosa,

SC blackburnice.
56 striata.

OY castanea.

OG czerulescens.
a palmarum.

. Oporornis agilis.
. Geothlypis philadelphia.
. Myiodioctes pusillus.

Vireo solitarius.

. Ammodromus lecontei.
. Zonotrichia leucophrys.

UG var. intermedia.
60 coronata.
ae qucrula.

Junco hyemalis.
Passerella iliaca.

© 29. Scolecophagus ferrugineus.
30. “ eyanocephalus.
31. Sayornis sayus.

© 32. Sphyropicus varius.

© 33. Pandion vay. carolinensis.

© 34. Charadrius fulvus va. virginicus.

© 35. Strepsilas interpres.

© 36. Recurvirostra americana.

© 37, Himantopus nigricollis.

© 37. Lobipes hyperboreus.

©39. Phalaropus fulicarius.

©4o0. Macrorhamphus griseus.

O41. Micropalma himantopus.

O42. Tringa bairdil,

07435) <5) bonapaxter:
44. es maritima.

O45. <‘* var, americana.

QAO, 1 canutus.

O47, Calidris arenaria,

O48. Limosa fédoa.

Die, 06 hudsonica.

Oso. Tringites rufescens.

O51. Numenius hudsonicus.

Ole2s se borealis.

© 53. Ibis falcinellus.

Os4. Cygnus buccinator.

O55. ‘* americanus.

O56. Anser var. gambeli.

156

O57. Anser var. czerulescens. © 64.
tS Saco by. Perboreus: © 65,
LON mze7alibatruss © 66.
©60. Branta bernicla. °67.
C61. ‘* canadensis var. hutchinsi. 68.
62. Mareca penelope. © 69.
© 63. Fuligula marila.

Fuligula vallisneria.

ae var. americana.
Pelecanus trachyrhynchus.
Graculus dilophus.
Xema sabinei.
Sterna hirundo.

LIST OF WINTER VISITANTS AND RESIDENTS.

O1. Myiadestes townsendi.
©2. Lophopanes bicolor.
3. Parus hudsonicus.
O4. Certhia familiaris.
5. Ampelis garrulus.
°6. Collurio borealis.
7. Hesperiphona vespertina.
8. Pinicola enucleator.
° 8a. Carpodacus pupureus.
°g. Chrysomitris tristis.
©to. Chrysomitris pinus.
©11. Loxia leucoptera.

2 ee aMericana.
°13. Agiothus linarius.
14. se canescens.

©15. Plectrophanes nivalis.

° 16. OG lapponicus.
17. or pictus.

©18. Pyrgita domestica.

©1g9. Junco hyemalis,

© 20, Spizella monticola.

°21. Eremophila alpestris.

© 22. Corvus var. carnicorus.

fo} 22 6s
24. Pica var. hudsonica.

americanus.

O25. Cyanura cristata.

26. Perisoreus canadensis.
©27. Picus villosus.
9g, EE
©29, Picoides areticus.

pubescens.

°30. Melanerpes erythrocephalus.

© 31. Strix flammea.
° 32. Otus vary. wilsonianas,
©33. ‘* brachyotus.
34. Syrinum cinereum,
© 35. Scops asio.
°36. Bubo virginianus.
© 37. Nyctea var. arctica.
° 38. Surnia vay. hudsonica.

9 39.
40.
Oat,
© 42,

43.
° 44.
° 45.
° 46.
° 47.
© 48.

Astur vaz. atricapillus.
Buteo borealis.

Aquila canadensis.
Halizetus leucocephalus.
Pedicecetes phasianellus,
Cupidonia cupido.
Bonasa umbellus.
Lagopus albus.

Ortyx virginianus.
Fuligula marila.

. Fuligula affinis.

66 collaris.
Bucephala clangula.
ce islandica,
66 albeola.

. Harelda glacialis.
. Histrionicus torquatus,

Somateria mollissima.

as spectabilis.
(Edemia americana,

66 fusca.

a perspicillata.

. Mergus merganser.

OG serrator.
OG cucullatus.
Stercorarius pomatorhinus.

. Larus glaucus.

‘¢ leucopterus.
‘¢ marinus.

‘¢ argentatus.
‘* tridactylus.

. Sterna caspia.

Colymbus torquatus.
se septentrionalis.
at arcticus.
Podiceps cristatus.
6G var. holbolli.
66 var. californicus..

s

156

SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE VICINITY OF MT. CARMEL, ILL., (GIBSON COUNTY, IND.),
RECORDED BY MR. NELSON, AND NOT GIVEN IN THE ABOVE LISTS.

1. Peuczea estivalis Cab. Bachman’s Finch. ‘‘Rather common about fences
and brush heaps.”
2. Ictinia mississippiensis Gray. Miss. Kite. ‘*Rare—in company with

Turkey Buzzards.”
3. Elanus glaucus Coues. Black-shouldered Kite. ‘*One Pair.” Ridgway.

4. Nyctherodius violaceus (L.) Yellow-crowned Night Heron.

part

“I

INDEX TO NAMES

OF

GENERA AND HIGHER CG NOU Tes:

WITH THEIR DERIVATIONS.

Norre.—In this index, names of genera are printed in ordinary type, as Dendreeca; families and

higher groups in italics, as Emydide.

printed in Roman characters.

PAGE,

Accipeter: L., a hawk, 144
Actiturus: acfazvo—to move quickly;

ouva—tail (wagtail),

146

fEgialitis: azgzaltes—pertaining to
the shore, Ae to ves, | alee
/Egiothus: azgzothos—a hedge spar-
row, . 0 120
Agelzus: age/azos—gregarious, 127
Aix: azx—a goat 148

Alaudide: ., alauda—a lark (L.,

laudo, to praise), 102

Alcedinide: L., alcedo, a anencher 133
Alectorides: alektor—a cock; etdos—
likeness, . 5 nay

Ampelis: Fei Vics aed af singing

bird, 4 ELLA
Ampelide: . 114
Anas: L., a duck, c 148

Anorthura: a—without;
ular; voua—tail,
Anser: L., a goose, Sos
Anthus: anthos—a flower, or some-

thing bright,

orthos—reg-
101
148

103

Antrostomus: antron—cavern; stoma
—mouth, 2 ; 132
Aquila: L., an eagle, 140
Archibuteo: L., chief of Husseeds 140
Ardea: L., a heron, 146
Ardede, , : 5 Wee
Ardetta: L., a little ee 5 6 My

In giving the etymology of terms, all words not otherwise des-
ignated are understood to be Greek; L. indicates Latin.

Greek words are here, for convenience,

PAGE,

Aride: from Ava, L., a macaw, 136

Astur: L., a goshawk, 140

Aves: L., birds, OE:
Bonasa: L. ., a bull, from ne ‘“‘drum-

ming,’ 144.

Botaurus: L., Ae stat, fa

the sihooramne : cA,
Branta: English, dranzt, : 148.
Bubo: L., a horned owl, . 138

Bucephala: dous—bull; kephale-head, 148
Buteo: L., a buzzard,

. I4I

Calidris: L,, a sanderling, ae
Caprimulgide: from L., Caprimuleus—-

goat-sucker, 132

Cardinalis: L., cardia : 125

Catharista; £a/hatvo—to cleanse, . 143

Ceryle: £erwlos—a kingfisher, 134

Cheetura: chazte—mane (bristle); ora
—tail,
Charadritde,
Charadrius: charadrios—a lapwing or
some other water bird,
Chaulelasmus: chaz/os—loose or gap-

133
144

. oy °

144

ing; e/asmos—a plate or blade, 148
Chondestes: chondros—groin; esthio—

to eat, 0 122
Chordeiles: pl wander; Pile

twilight, 132

Chrysomitris: see lden: mutra

cap, Se a 120

158

PAGE.
Circus: L., asacred falcon which flies
mn @Ues, 6s Ree eae LA
Cistothorus: Pica den rose; thereuo
—to seek, : 102 |
Coccygus: Lokkux—a toe: 134

Colaptes: 4o/apto—to strike with the

bill, 5 MISX6)
Collurio: Lollurion—a online (atcher 116 |
Columba: L., a dove, 143
Columba: \.., doves, 143 |
Columbide, : 143
CORP 5 6 & & : I51
Colymbus: £o/umbos—a diver, 151

Contopus: kontos—spear; pous—foot, 131

Conurus: omos—cone; oura—tail, 135 |
Corvide, 128
Corvus: L.. a raven, 129
Cotyle: #otwle—a cavity or hale:

Cupidonia: L., cufzdo—the god of

love, a0 Slay Va 144
Cyanurus: Pee inine: oura-tail, 129
Cygnus: kwknos—a swan, 148
Cypselide: L.., cypselus—a swift (kup-

sele—a cavern), . . «+ « 132
Dafila: Latin name, 148

denaron—tree; ozkeo—to

Dendroeca:
inhabit, Fae hate Gr 106
Dolichonyx: dolichos—long; onux—
CIAWER 5 Seu atrey) nomietee ol eger xetraynestZ2O
Ectopistes: e&¢ogzsteos—disposed to
depart, . 143
Elanus: e/anos—a kite, 156

Empidonax: efzs—a mosquito; axax

A}, TINGS, of 5 6 oe 131
Eremophila: eveos—desert; ine
OWE; oo “ate 96 6 102
Ereunetes: evewmefes—an inquirer,
searcher, 145 |
Erismatura: eve7s7za—a support, prop;
oura—tail, 149

Euspiza: e#—true; sfzza—a sparrow, 124

Falco: L., a falcon, 142

Falconide, 56 oe 139

Florida: Florida, one of the U.S.
where Herons abound, , 146

from L., Fringilla—a

fringillide:
finch, : 5 ARE 117
Fulica: L., a coot (sooty), 147

113 |

PAGE,

Fulix: same as Fudica, Pa 1 7/
Galeoscoptes; ga/ee—weasel; skoptes

—mocker, eaeleage 96

Galline: L., Coen Gael 144

Gallinago: ie Gallina—a kind of
wader, » 145
Gallinula: denne & Gallina, 147
Geothlypis: ge—the earth; th/upzs—
a warbler (?), 109

Goniaphea: gonos—cheeks °); ‘pias

—black, «San 124
Graculus: L., a jackdaw, from its

note—s7a, gra, 149
CUBS 5-6 147
Grus: L., a crane, 147
Guiraca: meaningless, Satis
flematopodide, . . . Sr a TRLALS
Haliaetus: “a/s—sea; eto; ea 140
Harelda: L., a herald, 149
Harporhynchus: arvge—a_ sickle;

rhunchos—a bill, -
Helminthophaga; elmzns—a worm;

95

phago—to eat, SLOSS
Helmitherus: he/mznws—a worm; ¢he-

reuo—to seek, 105
Herodias: hesodzos—a heron, 146
Herodiones, wastes 146
Hesperiphona, esperos — evening;

phoneo—to sing,
Himantopus: hime king of

119

water bird (crookshanks), . « 145
JE OL TUT, 5 Og Se 112
Hirundo: L., a swallow, 113
Hydrochelidon: mia chelt-

don—swallow, = 150
Hylocichla: Hale epee kichle—

thrush, Aon. a Cyl
Hylotomus: jae: tomos—cut-

ting, ithe 135
Ibis: name in Greek, 146
Ictinia: zé¢2nos—a kite, 146
Icteria: zkteros—a yellowish green

bird, the sight of which would

cure the jaundice (ck¢evos). Inthe

process the bird dies, , 109
NNTB, 5 0 © 125
Icterus, 128

159

PAGE. PAGE.
Junco: meaningless, . . . . . 124 CARES oo io Mb A hal Tepe)
Lantide: VL. lantus—a shrike (butch- Pandion: name in Eyitology, LA
CE ic itera ou pom ELON Pregacice. sil). Rene ae eis ok OS
artic eae ae eee 5 Ol Parla cian ok Pines Senos vo nniplOzp
Warus: Javos—a sea guil, . . . 150) Parus: L.,a titmouse, . 4 ... 08
Limicole: L., lmus—mud; colo—to Passer: L., asparrow, . . . . 12
renlnonte, | og) oe Oa ealeasserculias: Gimbal Ota assez a ete mIL22
Limosa: L., Frasers les - + 145 Passerella: dim. of Passer, . . . 124
Lobipes: lobos—lobe; pous—foot, . 145 PASSE ES Men EMU Mit mai Ni Vain aaa eae 92
Longipennes: \., longus—long; penna Pelecanaie ae ta BS EAG
—wing. . 150 | Pelecanus: pelekhan—a -vakreeiy 5 | UG)
Lophophanes: eee. iene Perdicide: V., perdix—a partridge, 144
toshow, .., -.. . - .- 98| Perissoglossa: feréssos—odd; slossa—
Loxia: Joxos—crosswise, . . . . II9Q atongue,. . Ake Meee OS
Macrorhamphus: m akvo s—large; Petrochelidon: eae uae chelt-
thamphos—bill, .s » + «145 don—a swallow, . . 113
Mniotilta: 22on—moss; 7¢2//0—to Phatacrocoractde: Dene aa ko-
TIL ge moar Mea o, aa. eg Semeken TEL —— AGATA ies Minch ayaa stata ©)
Molothrus: 7zo/os—a mass; throos—a Phalaropodide, . . . DLAs
Saline (By o 9g) 6 6 8 126 | Phalaropus: CaO ninine pous
Motacillide: L., A ee het i 103 —foot, ste 145
Myiadestes; myza—a fly; deo—to bind Philohela: Pees es pele
(EED)5 Pe eo Me eo 0 ee HBG light; (A¢@s—mud?) . . . . 145
Myiarchus: myza—a fly; arehos— Picarie: L., picus—a woodpecker, 131
CHIC Mem cml omeat ah Rett UG ON cede o Warn meetine” We muni rg) alder nln vaeh Dg
Myiodioctes: myia—a fly; dtoko—to Picoides: L., like a woodpecker, 131
Giess 5 5 6 ewe O52 ICUS mle. sanwWOOGpecker iia. iam lols
Nettion: mettzon—a Tittle dun - 148 | Pipilo: L., pzdo—to chirp, . . 125
Mareca: meaningless, . . 5 LAS) Plectrophanes: flektrvon —a spur;
Melanerpes: ae oat aes creep, 136 phaneo—to show, .. . 120
WICC ee eee AAG iE odiceps: ls Wi Zodcxr niin: ip
Meleagris: meleagras—a fowl (from LOO Cy Oe Mta ai eiies ase EGE
the hero Meleager, whose sisters YOGHEHUGE 60) 6 oho) a MBE
wept themselves into Guinea- Podilymbus: L., jpodiceps—a grebe;
Wenis) Wire, os se id Susie nyt dieiaer alia Al colymbus—a Ton! ae 151
Melospiza: melos—song; spiza—a Polioptila: polzos-— hoary; nee
SPALLOWs ie) = 1 eMpNe eee 3 feather yuu sa cua Rien 98
Mergus: L., Ser es dives eat ON lib Ocecetes: Ne boite
Micropalama: mzkros—small; palame IVES baie its 122
Palit (wel) sia) |) 9s) lo (ee eee Abe LOL hyn: Dia edi water
Numenius: zoumenda—the new moon, 146 bird, from porphurios, purple, . 147
Nyctea: xuktzos—nocturnal, . . 139 | Porzana: meaningless, . . . . 147
Nyctherodius: mwktzos — nocturnal, Progne: a daughter of Pandion, who
herodios—a heron, . . . . . 156 was changed into a swallow, . 113
Myctiandea.) © aaiiehit-Heron, ie 47) ErOtonotaria, i) a. ucuimlsnn sis!) LOS
Oporornis: ofora—early autumn Psittact: L., pstttacus—a parrot, . 136
(fruit); ovmzs—bird, . . . . 109 | Pygopodes: puge—rump; fous—foot, 151
Ortyx: ortyx—a European quail, . 144 | Pyranga: pur—fire; /anagra—tanager, III
Otus: otos—a horned owl (otos— Onenquedwlawiee wamteal yaya -malmelA'S

PAGE.

Quiscalus: gezscada—a_ vernacular
MENS. 5. sy anbeokom & 6 128
Rallide, 9 147
Rallus, L., a rail, Bale uence 147
URADLOFES lu LOD DELS sume en ts 137

Recurvirostra: L., vecurvus — re-
curved; vostrum—bill, . . 145
VRCCULUCKOSITCACE ne reyes 145
IReeanillings 1,5 eh Nohavelltes 5-5) 3 97

Saxtcolide: L., saxicola—living among

LOCKS erate Nov rely let iae tones 96
Sayornis: to Thomas Say; orzzs—a
incl Saari: iva ote eoizs ures 130
Scolecophagus: skolex—worm; phago
HS) Cl Ma Aa. oles BN 128
SS COVODUCLO Cm, al Wee ees 145
Scops: skops—a screech owl, . 38 |
Seiurus: sezo-—to wag; ouva—tall, 108
Setophaga: ses—a moth; phoga—
(WOES a Gale as tor So IIo
Sialia: sza/is—plump, 96
Sitta: sz#ée—a nuthatch, Shes 100
Stttede, eR ESRRM EP nse we 100
Spatulayewauspatulasl us) -.elienLAS
Sphyrapicus: sfphwva —a hammer ;
ptkos—a woodpecker, 135
Spizella: dim. of sfzza—a sparrow, 123
Squatarola: a vernacular name, 144
Steganopodes: steganos — webbed ;
POB ACO 6 on 8 o 149

Steganopus: s¢teganos—webbed ; fozs
——=fOOts, eibncwite Asta came hasemse gs

Stelgidopteryx: szedg?s —a kind of
scraper; pterux—wing, 113

Stercorarius: L., s¢evcas—excrement, 150

145

Sterna: L., steymo—to spread out, 150
Strepsilas: stvepso—to turn ; /aas—
SHOWS 5 MNS ee oh Se AS

160

PAGE,
SEVERAL, a Fi oa lis, ee

Strix: sé7gx—some night bird with a

sharprycry, 9): (.f/.) aati os
Sturnella: L., s¢enus—a starling, 127
Surnia: swvnza—an owl, . . . . 139
SV LULCOULA EIS (oi) Nol Totaliet) aie to LO
Syrnium: szzrnzon —an owl, Ss Sy
Tanagride: Tanagra (¢fanagra a cop-
per kettle?) ys) ium eur mL
Lantalidey ors.) ah eT
Tantalus: a mythological name, . 146
Letvaontde, va) jo ae
Thryothorus: ¢hruon—a rush; therewo
—fo seek; 0 a a) a LOL
Dotanus:) Watintunames 04 aenenLA
Tringa: L., a sandpiper, 145
Tringoides: L., ¢¢mga—a sandpiper;
otdes—like, 3a aA
Tivochzledey vi 0. cl) o.5 ee ee nS.

Trochillus: frochzlos—a small bird
(wren) said to pick the teeth of

crocodiles; >i 6 lus syn eS
Troglodytes: droglodutes — living in
CAVES Hit lel olll sb tle 9 24g Ciee meee meRE OO
Troglodyude, . a) Ilo
Tryngites: L., ¢zzga—asandpiper, 1406
LUPAIA Es 0 ee oar! tae se Oe
Murdus: ess ay t huss ees eee Sy
SBM Ua ee SHON Boe BAS:
Tyrannus: /vannos—a tyrant, 129
Vireo: L., wveo—a green finch—
(veveo—to grow green), . . . II5
Virconide, te II5
Xanthocephalns: sxanthos — yellow;
kephale—head, : 127
Zenedura: zenazda—a xenaida-dove;
oura—tall ry anon eae 144

161

GLOSSARY

SPECIEMC NAMES.

The following Glossary includes most of the specific names here mentioned, with

the exception of words formed from names of persons.

unless otherwise specified :

acadiacus: Acadian.

aedon: Gr. a nightingale.

zestivus: summer.

affinis: akin to.

agilis: agile.

albeolus : whitish,

albicollis: white-throated.

albus: white.

alcyon: halcyon—a sea bird—during
whose nesting there is always a calm.

alpestris: alpine.

americanus: American.

anglicus: English.

arcticus: arctic.

ardens: burning.

arenarius: living in sand.

argentatus: silvered.

asio: a horned owl.

ater: black.

atricapillus: black-capped.

aura: pertaining to air.

auricapillus: golden-crowned.

baltimore: to Lord Baltimore, in sport-
ive allusion to his black coat and
scarlet vest.

bernicla: a barnacle-goose.

bicolor: two-colored.

borealis: northern.

boschas: a kind of duck.

brachyotus: Gr. short-eared.

calendulus: Gr. beautiful-finned.

canadensis: Canadian.

candidissimus: most white.

11—Hort. Soc.

They are of Latin origin,

carolinesis: Carolinian.

caspus: Caspian,

castaneus: chestnut-colored.

caudacutus: sharp-tailed.

cedrorum: living among cedars.

celatus: concealed. .

chrysaetus: Gr. golden eagle.

chrysopterus: Gr. golden-winged.

citreeus: citron-colored.

clangula: a sharp bird’s-scream.

clypeata: shielded.

collaris: collared.

colubris: pertaining to a snake.

columbianus: pertaining to a ddve.

coenutus: horned.

coronatus: crowned.

crinitus: long-haired.

cristatus: crested.

cucullatus: hooded.

cupido: Cupid.

cyanocephalus: Gr. blue-headed.

dilophus: Gr. two-crested.

discolor: two-colored.

domesticus: domestic.

dominicus: from San Domingo.

egretta: Italian—an Egret.

elegans: elegant.

enucleator: one who takes the seed from
the husk.

erythropthalmus: Gr. red-eyed.

excubitoroides: like excubitor—a sen-
tinel.

familiaris: familiar.

ferrugineus: rust-colored.

flavifrons: yellow-fronted.

flavipes: yellow-footed.

flavirostris: yellow-billed.

flaviventris: yellow-bellied.

forficatus: deeply forked.

formosus: comely.

fulicarius: like a coot.

fulvyus: reddish-yellow.

fuscescens: somewhat dusky or tawny.

fuscus: dusky,

galeatus: helmeted.

gallopavo: Gallus, a cock; avo, a pea-
cock,

ganrulus; garrulous.

gilvus: pale yellow.

glacialis: icy.

gladius: a sword.

glaucus: glaucous.

grammacus: Gr. striped.

pramineus: pertaining to grass.

griseus: gray.

hallaetus: Gr. a sea-eagle.

helveticus: Swiss.

himantopus: Gr. crook-shanks,

hirundo: a swallow.

horreorum: inhabiting barns.

hudsonius: Hudsonian.

hyemalis: wintry.

iliacus: Trojan.

intermedius: intermediate.

interpres: an interpreter.

islandicus: Iceland.

jamaicensis: Jamaican.

lapponicus: pertaining to Lapland.

lariformis: shape of a gull.

leucocephalus: Gr. white-throated.

leucopterus: Gr. white-finned.

loculator: a big-talker.

longirostris: long-snouted.

ludovicianus: Louisianian.

lunifrons: crescent forehead.

macularius: spotty.

maculosus: spotted,

majalis: pertaining to May.

martimus: maritime.

martinicus: from Martinique.

meleagris: a fowl.

melodius: melodious.

162

merganser: diving-goose-

minimus: smallest.

minor: smaller.

minutillus: minute.

mississippiensis: Mississippian.

mollissimus: softest.

monticolus: living in the mountains.

mugitans: mooing, like a cow.

mustelinus: color of a weasel (foxy red.}

nzevius: with small spots.

nebulosus: cloudy.

niger: black,

noctivgans: wandering at night.

noveboracensis : New York.

obscurus: dusky.

olivaceus : olivaceous.

oryzivorus: rice-eating.

palmarum: living among palm trees.

pallidus: pale.

palumbarius: pertaining to pigeons.

palustris: living among swamps.

pelagicus : oceanic.

penelope: a widgeon; also, the wife of
Ulysses.

pennsylvanicus: Pennsylvanian.

perspicillatus: transient.

phasiaellus: a little pheasant.

philadeiphia: Gr. brotherly love.

philadelphica: Philadelphian.

phoeniceus: crimson.

pictus: painted.

pileatus: capped; crested.

pinus: pine tree.

pomatorhinus: Gr. snout operculate.

podiceps: a grebe.

procne: Gr. a swallow.

pubescens: pubescent.

purpureus: purple.

pusillus: weak.

querulus: querulous.

regius: royal.

riparius: pertaining to shores.

ruber: red.

ruficapillus: rusty-crowned.,

rufus: rusty-red.,

ruticilla: somewhat fiery red.

savanna: Savanna.

scandiacus: ascending (or
vian ?)

Scandina=

semipalmatus: semipalmate.
septentrionalis: northern.
serrator: one that saws.
serripinnis ; saw-finned.

sialis: plump.

socialis: sociable.

solitarius: solitary.

sparverius: pertaining to a sparrow.
spatula: a spatula.

spectabilis: notably handsome.
spurius: spurious.

stellaris: starry.

streperus: noisy,

subis: sudden.

sylvaticus: living in the woods.

163

torquatus: with a collar.
trachyrhynchus: Gr. rough-billed.
trichas: Gr. a kind of thrush.
tridactyius: three-clawed.
tristis: sorrowful.
troglodytes: a wren.
tyrannus: a king-bird.
umbellus: ruffed.

variatus: variegated.
villosus: hairy.

virescens: greenish.

virens: green.

virginianus; Virginian.
vociferus: loud-voiced.

American eagle,
Avocet,

Bittern,

Brant,

Blue bird,
Butcher bird,
Bunting, .
Bobolink,

Blue jay, .
Blackbirds,
Baltimore oriole,
Cormorant, .
Curlew,

Granessnes wees

Canvasback,

Cat bird, .
Gragoes, 6 6 0
Chickadee,
Chatyiciues 2 Bed,
Cedar bird, . .
Cross bill,

Chippy bird,

Crowe cies

Crow blackbird,
Canada jay,
Cuckoos, .
Chimney swift, .
Cow bird,
Cootny ue

Duck hawk, .
Doves,

Ducks,

Diver,

Egret,

Eider duck, .
Eagles,

English sparrow,
Falcons, . :
Fish hawk, .
Flicker, :
Fly-catching warbl

CISs Brel ee ey eat LO

164

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

PAGE.
140
145
147
148
96
116
120
126
129
125
ear tion aera Wake)
149

Bin GN ar yy ATl
BMP aiioes ee) PLAS)

96
100
98
109
114
119
123
129
PRisiechie oneitany ese) X05

Bg 36),

34
133
126
147
142

143 |

147
151
146

149 |

140

121 |

139 |

142
136

Fly-catchers,
Field sparrow, .
Fox sparrow,
Grouse,

Geese, yoy esi,
Gallinules,
Gulls,

Grebes,
Grassfinch,
Goosander,
Goldfinch, . .
Grosbeak,
Golden eagle,
Herons,

Hell diver,
Humming bird,
Hawk owl,
Hawks,

High holer, .
lop KS eae rent a nea
Indigo bird,
Jaeger,

Afa\yissamrceer yas
Kinglets,

King bird,
Kingfisher,
TOONS i ay acne
Lapland longspur,
Mourning dove,
Mergansers,
Meadow lark. .
Mockingbird,
Martin,
Magpie, .
Nelson’s finch,
Night hawk,

Nuthatch,
Orchard oriole,
Owls,

OMmioles, 5 0 6
Pigeon,

PAGE.

130
123
124
144
148
147
T50
151
122
149
120
119
140
146
I5I
133
139
140
136
146
125
150
129

97
129
134
151
121
144
149
127

96
133
129
122
132
100
128
137
127
143

PIOMEE Ai ee ss
Prairie chicken,
Phalaropes,
Purple finch,
Pewees,
Paroquet. .
Pelican,

Quail,
Redspolls ir
FNODIN a ye) oe

Rose-breasted grosbeak,

Rusty grackle,
Red start.
Raven, “
Rat Sef io
Stork,

Shrikes,

St, ee aha
Snipe,
Sandpipers,
Sanderling,
Swan,
Spoonbill,
Swallows,
Scarlet tanayer,
Summer redbird,
Starlings, .
Swit.
Sparrow hawk,
Snow bird,
Shore lark,
Snow bunting,

165

Swamp sparrow,
Song sparrow,
Sparrows,
Tattler,
Towhee,
VADER, 16.
Turnstone,
Terns,
Titmice, é
DMhrushes, . .
Titlark,

Tree sparrow, .
AWN 1g Fob
Turkey buzzard,
Vireos, 6
Woodcock,
Wall etree ies es
Wire ntShrre. site amiate
Widgeon,
Wagtails, . ,
Waxwings,
Warblers,

White-throated sparrow,
White-crowned sparrow,

Wood pewee,

Whippoorwill, .

Wood duck,
Woodpeckers,
Wilson’s snipe,
Water witch,
Yellow legs,

eet 0