IH>4l mm. UXWr: - ifignljgji;;: ; Ivh^ /:3 ■A^^ ^^i^ CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. VOLUME I. LONDON": FEINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1874. 6'^S' CATALOGUE OF THE ACCIPITRES, OR DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY. IN THE ^ MUs|7 <^ 7^ COLLECTION i^AL H\3i> OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. nt R. BOWDLER SHARPE. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1874. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, rl/EET STREET. PEEFACE. This volume contains a complete account of all the species of Diurnal Birds of Prey known at present, 377 in number, of which only about twenty-five are desiderata in the Collection of the British Museum. In the year 1848, when the Catalogue of Accipitres prepared by the late Mr. George Robert Gray was published by order of the Trustees, 198 species were contained in the Museum. This Catalogue has been prepared by Mr. R. B. Sharpe, one of the Senior Assistants in the Department of Zoology. J. E. GRAY. British Museum, June 1, 1874, INTRODUCTION. The total number of species of Diurnal Birds of Prey at present known amounts to 377. Of these, about 23 are doubtful or problematical ; and of the remaining 354, 326 are represented in the collection of the British Museum. The total number of specimens enumerated in this volume amounts to 2466. Of the numerous acquisitions by which the collection has recently been enriched, the following are the most important : — 1. The complete collection of Mr. Wallace, which was secured last year by the Trustees, and supplied a considerable number of desi- derata, besides completing the series of many Moluccan species. 2. The coUection of Birds of Prey of John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., including the series of Falcons described and figured by him in the ' Birds of Great Britain.' 3. The entire collection of birds formed by Major J. Hayes Lloyd in Kattiawar, and pi'esented by him to the Museum. 4. A large collection of South-Afiican birds, presented by John llocke, Esq. 5. A series of many fine specimens of some of the rarer European Birds of Prey, presented by Baron A. von Hiigel. 6. The collection of Eagles made by Dr. Strader in the district of the Southern Ural and adjacent parts. The list of desiderata has also been considerably decreased by presents from the following gentlemen : — Professor Schlegel, Dr. Westerman, Captain Shelley, Mr. W. "Wilson Saunders, Viscount Walden, Messrs. Henry Ausell, A. Bouvier, Howard Saunders, W. T. Blanford, J. H. Gurney, Captain Unwin, Professor Newton, and the Rev. Chancellor Augustus Morgan. yiii INTEODTTCTION. The special thanks of the Author for valuable assistance and loan of specimens are due to the Marquis of Huntly, Prof. Peters, Dr. Otto Finsch, Dr. Cabanis, Prof. Barboza du Bocage, Dr. Dubois, Count Salvadori, Messrs. Salvin and Godman, G. GiUett, H. E. Dresser, Basil Brooke, and Canon Tristram. It remains only to explain the affixes to the names of the persons from whom the specimens were obtained. "[P.]" means "Pre- sented by;" «[C.]" = "CoUected by;" »[E.]"=" Obtained by exchange." R. B. SHARPE. British Museum, June 1, 1874. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Suborder FALCONES. Fain. VuLTURiD^. Page 1 . Viiltur, Briss 2 1. monaclius, L 3 2. Gyps, Sav..., 4 1. fulvus, G7n 5 a. fulvus, Gm 5 ^. hispaniolensis, Shm^ie 6 y. fulvescens, Hume. ... 7 2. himalayensis. Hume. ... 8 3. kolbi, i)aW.' 8 4. nieppelli, Brehm 9 6. indicus. Scop 10 6. pallescens, Hume 11 3. Pseudogyps, Skarpe 11 1. bengalensi.s, G7n 11 2. africanus, Salvad 12 4. Otogj'ps, Gray 13 1. auricularis, Daud. ... * 13 2. calvus, Scop 14 5. Lopbogyps, Sharpe 15 1. occipitalis, Buivh 15 6. Neopbron, Savign 16 1. percnopterus, L 17 2. ginginiauus, Lath 18 3. pileatus, Burch 18 4. monacbus, Temm 19 7. Sarcorbampbus, 2)M»jer«7. . 20 1. grypbus, L 20 2. sequatorialis, Sharpe. ... 21 8. Catbai-tes, III. 22 1. papa, Z 22 9. Catbaristes, V. 23 1. atratus, Bartr 24 10. (Enops, Sharpe 25 1. aura, L 25 2. pemigra, Sharpe 26 3. falklandica, Sharpe .... 27 4. urubitinga, Pek 28 5. califomiana, Shaw .... 28 Fam. Falconid^. Subfaui. P0LYBORIN.S;. 11. Polyboru.s, V. f 1 1. tbarus, Mol. 31 2. cberiway, Jacq 33 12. Ibycter, V. 34 1. ater, V. 35 2. americanus, Bodd. .... 35 3. megalopterus, Meyeii . . 36 4. albigularis, Gould 37 5. carunculatus, Des Mxirs 38 6. australis, Gm 38 7. cbimacbima, V. 39 8. cbimango, V. 41 13. Cariama, Briss 42 1. cristata, L 42 2. bmmeisteri, HartL .... 43 14. Sei-pentarius, Ctiv 44 1. secretarius, Scop - 45 Subfam. Accipitrin.S!. 15. Polyboroides, Smith 47 1. radiatus, Scop 48 2. typicus, Smith 48 16. Circus, Lacep 50 1. cyaneus, L 52 2. budsonius, L 55 3. cinereus, V. 56 4. spilonotus, iawp 58 5. maiUardi, Verr 59 6. maurus, Temm 60 7. melanoleucus, Fmst. . . 61 8. maculosus, V. 62 9. assimilis, J. 4- S. 63 10. pygargus, L 64 11. macrurus, Gm 67 12. aerugiuosus, L 69 13. ranivorus, Daud 71 14. goiddi, Bp 72 15. raacroscelis, A. Newt. . . 73 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 17. Micrastur, Gray 74 1. semitorciuatiis, V 75 2. miraudoUei, Schl 76 3. ruficollis, V. 76 4. gilvicoUis, V. 78 5. guerilla, Cass 79 6. zonothorax, Cab 79 7. castanilius, Bp 80 18. Geranospizias, Kaup .... 80 1. Cffirulescens, V. 81 2. niger, Du Bus 82 19. Urotriorchis, Sharpe .... 83 1. macrurus, Hartl. 83 20. Erythrociiema, Shatpe. ... 84 1. uniciucta, Temm 85 21. Melierax, Gray 86 1. canorus, Bisl. 87 2. poliopterus, Cah 88 3. polyzonus, Rupp 88 4. gabar, Daud. 89 5. niger, B. Sf V. 91 6. inetabates, Heiigl 92 22. Astur, Lacep 92 1. palumbarius, L 95 2. hensti, Sch 97 3. atricapillus, Wih 97 4. tachiro, Daud. 99 a. tachiro, Daud. 99 /3. macroscelides, Hartl, 100 6. toussenelii, Verr 101 6. triuotatus, Bp 101 7. muelleri, Wall. 102 8. hiogaster, 3MI. Sf Schl. 104 9. sylvestris, Wall. 104 10. triyirgatus, Temm 105 11. griseiceps, Schl 106 12. brutus, Poll. 107 13. tibialis, Verr 108 14. badius, Gm 109 a. badius, Gm 109 ^. poliopsis, Hume .... 110 y. brevipes, Severtz Ill h. sphenunis, Biipj} 112 €. polyzonoides, Stnifk . . 113 15. soloensis, Lath 114 16. cuculoides, Temm 115 17. franciscae. Smith 116 18. poliocephalus. Gray. . . . 117 19. cinereus, V. 117 20. novse-bollandise, G'>«. . . 118 a. novse-hollandiae, Gm. 118 /3. leucosomus, Sharpe . . 119 21. haplochrous, Sclater . ... 119 22. albigidaris, Gray 120 23. poliogaster, Tetnm 120 24. pectoralis, Bp 121 Page 25. rufitorques, Peale 121 26. gTiseigularis, Gray .... 122 a. griaeogularis, Gray . . 122 j3. henicogi-ammus, Gray 124 27. torquatus, Temm 125 28. approximans, V. Sj- H.. . 126 29. cruentus, Gotdd 127 30. wallacii, Sliarpe 128 23. Nisoides,Po//(;« 129 1. nioreli, Pollen 129 24. Accipiter, Bi-iss 130 1. nisus, L 132 2. fuscus, 6-'m 135 3. cooperi, Bp 137 4. tiuus, Lath 139 5. minuUus, Daud 140 a. miauUus, Daud 140 j3. erytbropus, Hartl. . . 141 6. cirrhocepbalus, V. .... 141 7. madagascariensis, Vei-r. 143 8. collaris, Sclater 144 9. rubricoUis, Wall 144 10. erytbraucben. Gray .... 145 11. rbodogaster, Schl 145 12. sulaensis, Schl. 146 13. erytbrocnemis, Sclater. . 147 14. cbionogaster, Kaup .... 148 15. rufiventris. Smith 148 16. Tentralis, Sclater 149 17. bartlaubii, Verr 150 18. \-irgatu8, Temm 150 19. guttatus, V. 152 20. pileatus, Temm 153 21. bicolor, V. 154 22. cbilensis. Ph. fy L 155 23. melanoleucus, Smith . . 156 Subfam. Buteonin^. 25. Urospizias, Sharpe 159 1. radiatus, Lath 159 25*. Heterospizias, Sharpe . . 160 1. ineridionalis, Lath 160 26. Tacbytriorchis, Kaup .... 161 1. albicaudatus, V. 162 2. abbreviatus, Cah 163 27. Buteo, V. 164 1. melanoleucus, V. 168 2. galapagensis, Gotdd .... 170 3. poliosomus, Q. &c G 171 4. erj-tbronotus, King .... 172 5. jakal, Daud 173 6. augur, Riipp 175 7. auguralis, Salvad. 175 8. ferox, Gm 176 9. desertorum, Daud. .... 179 10. pluniipes, Hodgs 180 SYSTEMATIC INDKX. Page 11. hemilasius, T. S,- S. 182 12. bracln-pt^rus, Pelz 183 13. obsoletus, Gm 184 14. vulgaris, Leach 180 IG. borealis, Gm 188 a. borealis, Gm 188 /}. montanus, A'utt 189 10. harlani, Audub 191 1". lineatus, Gm 191 18. latissinms, Wils 193 28. .\rcbibuteo, Brehm 19-5 1 . lagopus, Gm 196 2. sancti johannis, ^wi. .. 197 8. strophiatus, Hodgs 199 4. ferrugineus, Lkht 199 29. Buteola, Sharpe 201 1. brachyura, V. 201 80. Asturina, V. 202 1. nitida, Zn^A 203 2. plagiata, Schl 204 8. ruficauda, Sd. S; Sah. . . 205 4. pucherani, J. >§• E. Ven: 205 5. magnirostris, Gm 207 6. nattereri, Sd. S,- Sidv. . . 208 7. leucorrhoa, Q.Sf G 209 31. Busarellus, Lafr 210 1. nigricoUis, L^ CATALOGUE r* 7 L-^ ' OF BIRDS. -♦- Order I. ACCIPITRES. Bill short, strong, stout at the base, the culmen strongly curved, the direction of the tip perpendicular. Feet strong, armed with powerful talons of an elon- gated conical shape, curved, sharp, and rather smooth. Talons capable of being bent under the feet, the inner one stronger than the others and more curved. Cf. Sundevall, Av. Tent. p. 102 (1873). Synopsis of Suborders. a. "With no facial disk ; plumage compact ; nostrils generally not concealed by bristles. a'. Outer toe not reversible FALCONES. 6'. Outer toe reversible PAKDIONES. 6. "With a facial disk ; plumage soft and fluffy ; nos- trils usually hidden by stiff bristles STRIGES. Suborder FALCONES. Outer toe not reversible ; toes devoid of feathers ; eyes placed laterally in the head ; cere, as a rule, not hidden by bristles, generally soft and fleshy, but often horny. Synopsis of Families. a. Head naked, or clothed with down ; no true feathers on crown of head Volturidffi, p. 2. 6. Head covered with feathers ; trite feathers always present on croivn of head FalconidaB, p. 30. VOL. 1. t 0 B VTTLTFEID^. Family VULTURIUiE. Head and neck more or less bare, or only clothed with short stubby down ; never any true feathers on crown of head. a. Nostrils not perforated. . . . Snhfam. VIJLTVRINM, p. 2. h. Nostrils witliout bonv septum, perforated. &ihfam. SARCORHAMPHINJE, p. 20. Subfam.I. VULTURIN^ (OLD-WORLD VULTURES). Kei) to the Genera. a. Nostrils rounded ' 1. Vultub, p. 2. b. Nostrils perpendicular, rather oval in shape. a". Tarsus shorter than middle toe*. a"'. Fourteen tail-feathers 2. Gyps, p. 4. h'". Twelve tail-feathers 3. Pseudogyps, p. 11. b". Tarsus longer than middle toe. c'". Head bare, with fleshy folds and a neck- lappet 4. Otogyps, p. 13. d'". Head covered with down, forming an occipital ridge ; no neck -lappet. ... 5. Lophogyps, p. 15. c. Nostrils horizontal 6. Neophron, p. 10. 1. VULTUR. Vultur, Briss. Orn. i. p. 4.53 (17uO) V. monaclius. ^gypius, Sarigmj, Syd. Ois. cVEgijpte, p. 236 (1808) . . V. monachus. Polypteryx, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) V. monachus. Bill of J'ulfur monachus. Bniiye. All countries bordering the Mediterranean ; eastwards to India and China. * The unwieldy scutellation of the foot in Vultures rendering it almost im- possible to obtain precise measurements, the generic characters have been drawn from the- skeleton 1. VUlItTB. g 1. Vultur monachus. i^e Vautour noir, Bnss. torn. cit. p. 4.57 (1760) l^e \ autoiir d'Arabie, 7i/-/*-«. to;«. cit. Suppl. p. 29 (1700) lis : ^r- -/f'ri ^ "'e ^^"'- f "•^•- P- 1 (1840)1' i^;,. C'JL;,. i. jf ll JPJ; S2^fi^^^t^J^a^^'^-^^^'p-^o9 Ai-abiau Vulture, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 8 (1781) tinereous ^'ulture, Z«<^. Gen. Sijn. i. p. 14 (1781) Black ^ ulture, Lath. Gen. Sijn. i. p. 10 ( ] 781 ) f p 7T"n«m ■• V"- ' P.l^' L- Jf^^ i ^'^^^- «• "^''^^^ ^-''^'-^• V.P' ? ?r . (1810) ; 7>;hw. Ar««. -^^ o/'-E^'/A 1. p. 7 (18GG). ' ' Le Lhincou, Levai'll. Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 12 (1799) ^ ultur chiucou, Baud Traite, ii. p. 12 (1800, ex Levaill.). \ u tur vulgaris, Baud. torn. at. p. 17 (1800). _\ ultur arrianus, Baud. torn. cit. p. 18 (1800) a^of^'^.^«"f ?f'«- f P; 17 (1800); X/./,^. Verz. Doubl. p. 62 (l^.:;.J) Vieill. et Oudart, Gal. Ois i ti 4 nl 1 l^fi')K\ »^i roff. Benlschl. p. 9 (1831). ^^ ' ^ ^ ^^^ ' ^'■'^^"'' ^gypius niger, &i;(V/;.y, .S;y*-<. Ois. d'Eg,,pte, p. 237 (1809) Gyps cinereus^^. Comp. List B. Eur.'^-N.km. p. 2 (1838) • Reus 4- Bias. Tf irb. Eur. p. 133 (1840) (.j-ooo;, jiej/s. ^gypius ciuereus, Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Europ. p. 17 (1842) Polypteryx anereus, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) • Blulh Ann. N. H. xui. p. 115 (1844). k-^o-±*; , /J/y//j, Adult Entirely black, with chocolate -brown reflections • crop- patch black ; head covered with thick velvety down, collectino to- sTI's of ? ''''^'^' and forming there a conspicuous p'atch ; d7wn on sides of face more bri«tly, especiaUy on the lores abov'e the eve and on the cheeks the down is rather more silky, and produced in a coiipleof elongated tufts ; aU the rest of the Ld and neck both behind and laterally is bare, of a Hvid flesh-colour in lilV ch n covered with bristly down, becoming scantier on the throa mi the lower part of which is a small projecting tuft of feathei. bill black feet yellowish ; iris dark brown*. Total length abou 42 inSieV culmen 3-3, wing about 30, tarsus 4. ' B 2 VULTUEID-aS. Venj old. Much paler than the foregoing, of a light brown colour ; breast-feathors and those of the raff fulvescent at their tips, giving a somewhat streaked appearance ; beak much mixed with yellowish, the lower mandible especially*. Hub. The same as that of the genus. a. Ad. sk. Se-ville, Spain. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. Specimen figured iu Dresser's 'Birds of Europe.' b. Ad. St. Xanthus. Sh- C. Fellowes [P.]. e. Ad. st. N.E. Afiica, Frankfort Museum. d,e. Ad.st Nepal. B. 11. Hodgson, Esq. /. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, ff. Ad. sk. Ningpo, China. R. Swinhoe, h. Ad. et, Purchased. auseum. json, Esq. [P.] fson, Esq. [P.J. 3, Esq. [C.]. 2. GYPS. Gyps, Samgny, Syst. Ois. d' Egyi^te, ^. 231 (1809) Type. G. fulvus. Bill of Gypi fulvus. Range. The whole of Africa, except the forest regions of the west coast ; all the countries bordering the Mediterranean ; E. Europe as high as 59° ; eastwards through Persia to India, and thence into Siam and down the Malayan peninsula. Key to the Species. a. Height of bill along anterior margin of cere equal to cere itself. a'. Feathers of lower back and rump centred with a pale shaft-stripe. a". Under wing-coverts ashy or tawny rufous . . fulvus, p. 5, b". Under wiug-coverts white. a'". Largest ; under surface nearly white, the shaft-streaks obsoletely indicated. . . . himalayensis, p. 8. work: — Mr. J. H. Gurney, Prof. Newton, Messrs. Blanford, Jesse, Heuglin, Ayres, Jerdon, Swinhoe, Dresser, Cassin, Cones, Andersson, and others, but perhaps more especially to the recent works of Mr. A. O. Hume, where this very important feature of ornithology is treated in the most complete manner possible. * This stage, which was erroneously described as the young in Dresser's ' Birds of Europe,' is really the plumage of a yery old bird, as I am informed by Major Irby, who has studied the living birds in their wild state. Z. GTP9. O b'". Smallest ; under surface entirely creamy white kolbi, p. 8. b'. Feathers of lower back and rump not paler- centred, brown with broad fulvous tips .... ruepijclli, p. 9. b. Cere exceeding in length the height of bill ; lower back and rump whitish, with a faint margin of pale brown on each feather indicus, p. 10. After a lengthened study of the Griifon Vultures I have come to the conclusion that there are only five distinguishable species. O. indicus is at once separated by its unusually hare head and thin bill ; but the remaining species are more difficult to define. O. riieppelU when fully adult is unmistakable, hut when young more nearly resembles the other Griffons. G. Icolhi is characterized by its light and almost uniform coloration, and looks much more distinct when seen alive side by side with the true G. ftdvus ; and G. hhncdayensis is a large edition of G. kolbi, but is further remark- able for its brown-coloured young. The true G. ftdvus (that is to say, the bird best agreeing with Albin's plate on which Gmelin founded his species) seems to be the Vulture from Eastern Europe, extending westwards as far as Sardinia ; for the types of G. occiden- talis, Schl., which I saw recently in the Leiden Museum, agree with the Dalmatian specimens. In Spain and Algeria, however, the Griffons are smaller and more rufous, and approach the Indian birds which Mr. Hume has named G. fulvescens. Taking, therefore, the three birds mentioned as subspecies of one well-marked form, we can separate them as follows . — a. Crop-patch dark brown. a'. General colour pale ashy fulvus. b'. General colour rufesceut fulvescens. b. Crop-patch tawny, like rest of plumage hispauiolensi^. Amidst the variations of plumage, however, it appears to me to be difheult to draw an exact lino between these three subspecies. 1. Gyps fulvus. The \'ulture, Alhiii, N. II. Birds, iii. p. 1, pi. 1 (1740). Le Vuutour fauvo, Briss. Oni. i. p. 402 (1700). Le Percuoptere, Buf. PI. Enl. i. pi. 420 (1770). Le Gritibn, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. i. p. 158, pi. v. (1770) Le Vautour, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. i. pi. v. (1770, plate only). Fulvous Vulture, Lath. Gen. Si/n. i. pt. 1, p. 17 (1781). Vultur fulvu.s, Gin. S. N. i. p. 240 (1788, e.v Lath.) ; Temm. Man. i. p. 7 (1820) ; Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 1 (18.37) ; Schl. ti. Susein. Vog. Eur. p. 12, pis. 3, 3rt (18.39) ; Naum. Voq. Dmtschl. xiii. Taf. 338 (ISCO) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 190 (1870) ; Finsch 4'- Hartl. Vbtj. Odafr. p. 31 (1870). Vultur percnopterus, Shaw ^- Nodder, Nat. 3Iisc. iv. pi. 141 (1793). ^'ldtur trencalos, Bechst. Naturr/. Deutscld. ii. p. 491 (1805). Gyps vulgaris, Sav. Stjst. Ois. iVEgypte, p. 232 (1809). Vultur leucocephalu.s, Meyer u. Wolf, Taschcnb. i. p. 7 (1810). Vultur persicus, Ball. Zooyr. Rosso-As. i. p. 377 (1811). Vultur vulgaris, Bonti. et'Vieill. Enc. Mith. iii. p. 1170 (1823). 6 VTJLTURID^. Vultur albicollis, Lindermayer, Isis, 1843, p. 320 {ex Brehm). Gypa fulvus, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. G (1844) ; Cuss. Cat. Vult. Phil. 'Mus. p. 2 (1849) ; Bp. I'onsp. i. p. 10 (1850) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 2, Taf. 1. fig. 3 (1858); Peh. Verh. z.-b. JFien, 18(32, p. 129; Be Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 345 { 1805) ; Gray, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 2 (18G9); Salvad. Faun, d'ltal. Ucc. p. 2 (1871); Neikon, ed. Yan-eWs Brit. B. p. 1 (1871) ; Shelhn/, B. of Eqypt, p. 210 (1872) ; Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 83 (1872). Vultur fulvus occidentalis, Schl. liev. Grit. p. xii (1844) ; id. 3Iiis. P.- B. Vult. p. 6 (18(>2). Gyps occidentalis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 10 (1850) ; Salvad. Ucc. Sardegn. ■p. 14 (1864); Degl. i>,- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. p. 11 (18(37); Fritsch, Vtig. Eur. p. 3 (1870). Gyps albieoUis, Brehm, Kaum. i. Ileft iii. p. 23 (1851). Vultur iegyptius, Licht. Nomencl. Ao. p. 1 (1854). Vultur kolbii, Erhard, Kaum. 1858, p. 16. Vultur fulvus orientalis, Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Vult. p. 6 (1862). Adult. Euff white ; upper parts ashy fulvous, the interscapulars with obsolete whitish shaft-stripes, some of them darker brown, giving a mottled appearance, others shaded with grey ; wing-coverts a little paler than the back, shaded with ashy, greater series dark brown at base, edged and broadly tipped with creamy white ; lower back and rump dark brown, the feathers centred with fulvous ; upper tail-coverts pale ochraceous buff; quills and tail black, with a slight brownish shade, the outer secondaries broadly edged with ashy, the inner ones tipped with ochraceous buff ; crop-patch brown ; under surface of body pale creamy brown, with very narrow whitish shaft- stripes ; cere bluish black ; biU yellowish white horn-colour ; feet lead-colour ; iiis reddish orauge. Total length about 40 inches, culmen 3-7, wing about 29, tail 12, tarsus (in skeleton) 4-4, middle toe 4-9. Hah. Eastern Europe, from below 59° N. lat. in the Ural as far westward as Sardinia, sometimes ranging into the central portions ; accidental in the British Islands ; (?) N.E. Africa. a. Ad. sk. South Hungary. Baron A. von Hiigel [P.]. b. Ad. St. Dalmatia. Purchased. r. Ad. St. Athens. _ C. W. L. Merfin, Esq. [P.]. d. Ad. St. [South Africa?] Pm-chased. e. Skeleton. Zoological Society. Subsp. a. Gyps Mspaniolensis, nob. A'ultur fulvus, Naum. Fog. Deutschl. i. p. 102, Taf. 2 (1822) ; Wer7ier, Atlas, liapaces, pi. 2 (1827); Schl. u. Susem. Vog. Eur. p. 12, pi. 2 (1839) ; Dubois, Ois. d'Eur. pis. 2, 3 (1862). Vultur chassefiente, Biipp. N. W. Vog. p. 47 (1835). Vultur kolbii, Carst. Naum. ii. Heft i. p. 76 (1852). ? Vultur fidvus occidentalis, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 1 (1869). Adult. Above ashy fawn-colour, with a slight greyish shade near the base of the feathers, the median wing-coverts paler and more fulvescent towards the tips, greater series dark brown, shading into ashy and thence into fulvous at the tips ; rump and upper tail- GYPS. coverts rufous fawn-colour, with whitish shaft-stripes ; quills and tail black, the latter as well as the secondaries somewhat shaded with brown ; ruff of lanceolate feathers, whitish, with fawn-coloured margins ; crop-patch rufous fawn-colour, as also the rest of the under surface, each feather plainly streaked down the centre with whitish. Total length about 37 inches, culmen 3-.5, wing 27, tail 12-5, tarsus (in skin) about 4-3, middle toe about 4-8. Hah. Spain and Northern Africa, ranging far into the interior ; (?) N.E. Africa. Ohs. The Griffon Vulture of X.E. Africa still requires identifica- tion ; and I have not been able to examine specimens. The bird procured by Major Denham in Central Africa, and still preserved in the Museum, appears to me to belong to the rufous race of Algeria and Spain ; on the other hand Mr. E. C. Taylor teUs me that he never saw the slightest difference between the Gyps of Egypt and the ordinary Griffon of the other countries of S.E. Europe ; but he col- lected no specimens. If Dr. von Heuglm's identification be correct, the bird from N.E. Africa may be the true G. fulvus ; or, again, both races may occur there, the one coming from the north, the other from the west. On this subject see Von Heuglin's recent re- marks (Nachtr. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 1). Ad. sk. Southern Spain. K. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.]. a, b. Ad. St. Europe. Pui-chased c. Ad. St. Central Africa. Major Denham [P.]. d. Sternum. Piu'chased. Subsp. /3. Gyps ftilvescens. Gyps fulvus, Jerclon, B. Lid. i. p. 8 (1862). Gjqjs ftdvescens, Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 356; ul. Rough Notes, i. p. 1-5 (1869); Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 158; Jerdon, Ibis, 1871, p. 235; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 149. Adult. Above rufous ashy, the iuterscapulary region rather darker and browner, the wing-coverts paler and more decidedly washed with ash-colour ; lower back and rump brown, with distinct central streaks of fulvous white, the upper tail-coverts more clearly rufes- cent ; quills brownish black, the primaries distinctly shaded with ashy grey, the secondaries externally washed and tipped with rufous ashy ; tail black, the feathers shaded with brown on their margins ; head rather thickly clothed with yellowish-white down, a little more scanty on the neck, round the hinder part of which is a thick ruff of white feathers ; crop-patch dark brown ; rest of under surface fulvous brown, with distinct whitish central stripes, the under wing- coverts somewhat darker. Total length about 40 inches, culmen 3-7, wing 30, tail 12-5, tarsus 5-2. Young. Ruff composed of lanceolate feathers, brown, mesially streaked with whitish ; plumage paler than in the adults, all the feathers plainly streaked with fulvous, the under surface verj^ di- stinctly striped. Hab. Sindh, N.W. Provinces, and Himalayas in India. 8 VtJLTUEID^. a. Juv. St. India. J. II. Reeves, Esq. [P.J. . " q. fP. P. P. P. b, c. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. d. Skeleton. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. €,f. Skulls. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. ff. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 2. Gyps liimalayeiisis. Vultur iudicus, Tcmin. PL Cut. i. pi. 26 (1824) ; Grai/, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 3. Gyps indic-us, Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 4G8. Vuitui- fulvus iudicus, Schl. 3Lis. P.-B. Viilt. p. 7 (1862). Otogyps fulvus, Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 194. Gvps himalayensis, Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 14 (1869) ; Jerdon, Ibis, '1871, p. 235. Gyps uivicola, Severtzow, Turkest. Jevotn. p. Ill, pi. vii. (1873). Adult. General colour pale creamy -whitish, with a little browner shade on the interscapulary region ; lower back white, shading into pale creamy fawn-colour on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing- coverts a little paler and more creamy than the back, greater series dark brown, externally washed with ashy and tipped with fulvous ; quUls black, the secondaries brownish, the innermost inclining to ful- vous towards the tip ; tail black, with a brownish shade ; ruff round the neck whitish, the feathers rather filamentous ; under surface pale creamy white, the flank-feathers and under tail-coverts washed with pale fawn-colour, giving the appearance of very pale whitish streaks, these, however, being nearly obsolete on the under surface ; crop- patch whitish fawn-colour ; cere pale brown ; biU very pale horny green, dusky at tip ; legs dingy greenish gTey or white. Total length about 42 inches, cubnen 3-6; wing 31, tail 15, tarsus 4-8, middle toe 5'4. Toung. Totally different from the adult, and resembling that of G. indicus or Fs. benrjaJensis. Entii-e plumage dark chocolate-brown, with central streaks of paler brown, those on the ruff and under sur- face being lighter, more fulvesceut, and consequently more distinct. Hah. Himalayas from Cabool to Bootan ; Turkestan. a. Juv. st. India. Zoological Society. h. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, E'sq. [P.]. ' e, d. Imm. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 3. Gyps kolbl. ( Plate I.) Le Chasse-fiente, Levnill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 44, pi. 10 (1799). Vultur kolbii, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 15 (1800, e.v Levaill.) ; Lath. Lid. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. 1 (1801). Vultm- fulvus. Smith, 8. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 11 (1830). Vultur indicus, Cass. Cat. 'Vidt. Phil 3Ius. p. 2 (1849). Gvps kolbii, Pp. Consp. i. p. 10(1850); Pek. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, 'p. 129; Gray, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 2 (1869) ; Soiiza, Cat. Lisb. Mus. p. 30 ( 1869) ; Gio-neii in Anderss. B. Dam. L. p. 5 (1871). Gyps fulvus, Gtirneii, Ibis, 1859, pp. 235, 236 ; Layard, B. of S. Afr. "p. 6 (1867) ; Gimieij, Ibis, 1868, p. 463; Ai/res, Ibis, 1869, p. 286; Layard, Ibis. 1860, p. 68. Vultur fulvus kolbei, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 7 (1862). 2. QTPg. 9 Adult. Down on head and neck more scanty than in 6. fulvus ; upper parts pale fulvous, some of the interscapulars dark brown, giving a mottled appearance, others shaded with grey ; wing-coverts pale fulvous, shaded with ashy, greater series dark brown at base, edged and broadly tipped with creamy buff ; lower back and rump dark brown on the margins of the feathers, the centre fulvous ; upper tail-coverts clear fulvous ; quills and tail black, with a slight brown- ish shade, inner secondaries broadly edged and tipped with ashy buff ; crop-patch pale brown ; rest of under surface of body pale creamy white, without any shaft-stripes ; cere livid ; bill horn-colour, j^aler on the culmen ; legs and feet livid blue, with shades of dirty green ; claws black ; iris light bi'own or reddish hazel. Total length about 36 inches, culmen 3'5, wing 2-7, tail 10, tarsus about 4-2, middle toe 4-S. Young. Head and neck with even less down on it than the adult : upper surface a little more tawny, and more mottled with dark brown ; under surface pale creamy white, with pale brownish margins to the breast -feathers, scarcely, however, producing a striped appearance. Hah. South Africa, to the Zambesi on the east, and to Damara Land on the west coast, but more sparingly in the latter country. a. Ad. st. Orange River, S. Africa. M. Verreaux [C.]. b. Juv. st. Cape of Good Hope. South-African Museum. 4. Gjrps nieppelli. Vultiur kolbii, Cretzschm. Atlas EiipiJ. Vofj. p. 47, t. 32 (1826, nee DaucL). Gyps fulvus, Riipp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 9 (1845). Gvps vulgaris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 10 (1860) ; Hwsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. 'Mm. E. I. C. p. 4 (1854) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 7 (1867, 7iec Sav.). Vuliur riippellii, Brehm, Naum. 1852, Heft' 3, p. 44 (descr. oriq.); Ilvmil. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. p. 5 (18C9j ; Finsch u. Hartl. Vog. Ost- afr. p. 33, note (1870). Gyps niagnificus, MM. Beitr. Orn. Afr. t. 5 (1854) ; id. J.f. 0. 1854, p. 386. Gyps riippellii, Bonap. Rev. et Maq. de Zool. 1854, p. 530 ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 1-30; Brehm, Reis. Hubesch, p. 240 (180.3); Antin. Cat. Ucc. p. 3 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 2 (1869) ; Blanf. Geol. S)- Zool. Abyss, p. 285 (1870) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. L. p. 5 (1871). Vultur fulvus riippelli, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 7 (1862). Nearhj adult. Down on head golden yellow : ruff yellowish white ; interscapular and scapular feathers dark brown, with a conspicuous crescentic edgiug of fulvous w^hite ; wing-coverts creamy white, the brown bases showing plainly on the median and greater series, the latter conspicuously tipped with creamy white, as also are the inner secondaries ; quiUs black, primaries washed with chocolate-brown ; lower back and rump dark brown, narrowly edged with creamy white, the upper tail-coverts more broadly; tail black, slightly shaded with chocolate-brown ; crop-patch deep chocolate-brown ; under surface dull creamy buff, some of the flank-feathers showing the brown bases ; under wLng-coverts dark bro\\Ti, with cream- 10 TTTLTUKIDJi. coloured tips ; bill deep orange, inclining to greenish horn-colour on edge of upper and on the whole of lower mandible ; cere black ; feet black ; iris nearly black. Total length about 4U inches, culmen 'SS, wing 25-5, tail 11, tarsus about 4*7, middle too 5-3. Hab. N.E. Africa generally; S. Africa, jS^atal on the east and Ovampo Land on the west coast. a. 2 St. Angollala, Shoa, Oct. 1842 (Harris). Secretary of State for India [P.]. b. J sk. Angollala, Shoa, Oct. 1842 (Harris). Secretary of State for India'rP.]. c. d sk. Angollala, Shoa, Oct. 1842 (Harris). Hon. E. I. Co. [P.]. 5. Gyps indicus. Le Grand Vautom- des ludes, Sonn. Voi/. Ind. Or. ii. p. 183, pi. lOo (1782). Vultm- iudiciis. Scop. Del. Faun.ct Flor. In.-oibr. ii. p. 85 (1786, exSonn.). Indian ^'ulture, Lath. Gen. Si/ii. Suppl. p. (3 (1787). Vultur teniiiceps, Hodf/s. in J. E. Graifs Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844). Gyps tenuirostris, G. It. Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 6, pi. 3 (1844, ex Hodgs. Icon.^: id. Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 4; J. E. Gray, Cat. Mamm. i<>' Birds Hodqs. p. 38 (1846) : Cass. Cat. Vvlt. Phil. Miis. p. 2 (1849); Grail, Cat'. Mamm. ^-c. Hodqs. p. 16 (1863). Gvps i'udicus, Bhith, Cat. B.' Mas. As. Soc. Benq. p. 33 (1849) ; ~Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E. I. Co. i. p. 4 (1854) ; StricJd. Orti.' Si/n. p. 10 (1855) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. i. p. 9 (1802) ; Grai/, Cat. Mamm. S^-c. Hodqs. p. 16 (1863); Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. Norw. Mas. p. 74 (1864) : Gratj, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 2 (1869). Nearhj adult. Head bare, long and slender ; ruff dark brown, the feathers niesially streaked with fulvous ; upper surface of body dark brown, all the feathers streaked down the centre with fulvous, the wing-coverts a little paler with more distinct streaks ; lower back and rump creamy white, the feathers washed with brown on their edges ; qiiills and tail black, the latter as well as the secondaries slightly washed with brown ; crop-patch brown ; under surface light brown, the feathers broadly streaked with creamy Avhite, the thighs, abdomen, and under tail-coverts decidedly paler ; under wing-coverts whitish, the small marginal ones dark brown with creamy-white shaft-stripes ; bill dark horn-brown, yellowish on culmen and towards the tip; feet dusky cinereous ; irides bro^^^l. Total length about 536 inches, culmen 3-7o, wing 24, tail 11, tarsus about 4-5, middle toe 5-5. Young. Head with scattered white down ; upper surface, including lower back and rump, with distinct fulvous edgings and more or less distinct shaft-stripes ; entire under surface dark brown with very broad cream-coloured median streaks to the feathers. Cf. Hume, Kovgh No1es, i. p. 25. Hah. Indian peninsula, Burmah, Siam, and Malayan peninsula. fl, h. Juv. st. India. c. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. Type of G. teniiiceps and G. tenuirostris. d. Ad. sk. India. Colonel Cobbe [C.]. 3. PSEtTDOGYPS. II I have not had an opportunity of examiniug the foUowinn- species: — ""'"o 6. Gyps pallescens. Gyps indicus, JIume, Ruuqh Notes, i. p. 21 (1869) Cxjps pallescens, Rmne, Utr. F. i. p. 150 (1873). " I have some reasons for believin- that the Subhimalavan Thiu- Mled ^ ulture, which seems always to breed on trees (Hod-son's (?.^e,Hac.^. as his drawings clearly prove), at aU times apparently a darker bird, is distinct from our ' plains ' species, which always breeds on clills, the adult of which is very pale. If this be so, then It remains to make certain whether Scopoli's name of indicus really apphes to our bird, which is apparently doubtful. If not, the bfrd described by me wdl need a name, and may perhaps stand as G pallescens, nobis." (Hume, I. c.) -^ i i ''o ^^ If the difference between these Thin-billed Vultures should turn out to be of specific vahie, the bird here described by Mr Hume must surely be the true Vrdiur indicus, as far as Sonnerat's descrip- tion and figure will aUow us to determine, and the Himalayan bird will stand as G. tenmrostris, Hodgs. 3. PSEUDOGYPS. Pseudogyps, Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. p. 133 (1873). Type. Ps. bengalensis. Range. Indian peninsula and Malacca; i\.E. Africa, Senegal. Key to the Sjiecies. Black : crop-patch black i , ■ , , 1. Pseudogyps bengalensis. Bengal Vulture, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 1, p. 19 pll (1781) lilt ur bengalensis, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 24.5 (1788) • J E Grau Ill^nd. Zool. pi. 1.5. fig. 1 (1830); hd. 3/^. P^.'/'/ult ^8 Vultur leucocephalus, var. /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 3 (1790) Le Changouu, Levadl. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 50, pi. 11( 17.J9) ^' ^ ultur changouu, Baud. Trade, ii. p. 14 (IbOO, ex LemiUX Lhangoun \ ulture, Lath. Gen. S,/n. Suppl. ii. p. 1.3 (1801) ^ ultur indus. Less, in Belamj. Voij. Zool. p. 211 (1834) Gyps bengalensis, G. R. Gnu,, Gm. of B. i. p. 6 (1844) • 0„,, Cm Vl ■ 7^;' ^ '^-c ^' ^^^""'''^ "'^- ^- -'^"*- ^- I- ^o- i- P- 4 (1854) • ?: 2 (i8b^T '-^ '^' '• p- ^^ ^^^^-^' ^'"y' ^''«^^-^- «/^. i' Pseudogyps bengalensis, Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. p. 133 (1873). 12 VCLTTTRID^. Adult. Head and neck bare, with a few dull brown bristles on crown and nape ; ruft' white, rather scanty ; upper surface of body black, the wing-coverts somewhat tinged with brown ; lower back and rump white ; upper tail-coverts black, some of them white ex- ternally ; quills and tail black, the secondaries externally washed with greyish brown ; crop-patch black ; under surface of body deep chocolate-brown, almost black, streaked with narrow shaft- stripes of fulvous ; under Aviug-coverts white, those adjoining the carpal margin black ; cere horny black ; upper mandible greyish white, bluish grey at tip ; lower mandible dusky, inclining to duU lead-colour at the base. Total length about 30 inches, culmen 3-1, wing 23-5, tail 11, tarsus 4-2, middle toe 4-7. Young. General colour above chocolate-brown, some of the feathers slightly paler-mai-gined, especially on the wing-coverts ; lower back, rump, ami upper tail-coverts rather paler, with fulvous shaft-stripes ; wings and tail as in adult, but the grey shade on secondaries more dingy ; head and neck covered with white stubby down, more scanty on sides of face, which are for the most pai-t bare ; croji-patch deep fulvous brown : ruff composed of lanceolate feathers, white with fulvous-brown margins ; under surface of body pale russet, with obsolete narrow whitish shaft-svripes, with here and there a feather of darker brown showing ; under wing-coverts darker brown, striped like the breast. Hub. Indian peninsula, eastward to Assam and Burmah ; Ma- layan peninsula to Penang. a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. b, c, d. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. e. Ad. St. India. Dr. Eoyle [P.]. /. Ad. St. India. g. Juv. st. India. South-African Museum. /(. Skeleton. Zoological Societv. K 2. Pseudogyps afiricanus. Gyps bengaleusis, RUpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 9 (1845). Vultur bengalensis, Brehm, J. f. O. 1855, p. 486 ; Hmgl. J. f. O. 1864, p. 241. Tultur moschatus. Wilrtt. Naum. 1857, p. 4-32 (descr. nulla) ; Hmgl. J.f. O. 18(37, p.' 290. Gyps indicus, Hartl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 97. Gvps tenuirostris, Antin. Cat. Descr. Ucc. p. 5 (1865) ; id. J. f. O. "1866, p. 116. G^-ps africauus, Salvad. Not. Stor. R. Accad. Turin. 7 Mav, 1865, p. 133; Heu(/l. J. f. 0. 1867, p. 199; Hume, Rough Xotei, i. p. 31 (1869) ; Jer'd. Ibis, 1871, p. 2.36. Gyps moschatus, Sulrad. nt supra. Yiiltur leuconotus africauus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 6 (1869); id. Nachtr. p. iii. Pseudogyps moschatus, Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. p. 133 (1873). Adult. General colour deep brown, some of the feathers on the back and wing-coverts blackish brown ; lower back and rump pure white ; upper tail-coverts brown, some inclining to blackish ; quiUs 4. oToeTPS. 13 and tail black, the secondaries with an external ashy-grey shade ; ruff white, rather scanty ; crop-patch brown ; rest of under surface pale brown with very narrow yellowish-white shaft-lines ; bill horn-black, the culmen yellowish ; feet dusky plumbeous ; iris umber-brown. Total length about 30 inches, culmen 3'2, wing about 22, tail 9, tarsus about 4-5, middle toe 5. Immature female. Fulvous brown, the secondaries lighter and more ashy ; quills and tail blackish brown, the former externally shaded with greyish ; lower back and rump white ; upper tail- coverts brown, terminally washed with fulvous white ; crop-patch brown ; rest of under surface brown, paler and more fulvescent in centre of body, the feathers with pale fulvous-white central streaks, very indistinct. Total length 34 inches, culmen 3-15, wing 24-5, tail 11-5, tarsus 3-5. Hab. North-eastern Afi'ica, from Khartoum southwards to Abyssinia and upper White-Nile district ; Senegambia on the west coast. a. (S ad. St. Africa. Dr. Lidth de Jeude. b. 2 jun. sk. Senegal (Marche). M. Bouvier [E.]. 4. OTOGTPS. Type. Otogyps, Gray, List of Genera of B. 1841, p. 2 0. auricularis. Hemigyps, Hoclgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) . . 0. calvus. Bange. Southern and North-eastern Africa, apparently absent on the west coast. India generally and Siam. Key to the Sjjedes. a. Larger : brown ; inner face of thighs feathered .... aurindai-is, p. 13. h. Smaller : black ; inner face of thighs bare calvus, p. 14. 1. Otogyps auricularis *. L'Oricou, Levaillant, Ois. d'Afr. i.p. 36, pi. 9 (1799). Vidtur auricularis, I)aud. Traite, ii. p. 10 (1800, ex LevaiU.) ; Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 13 (1829) ; Less. Traite, p. 22 (1831) ; £j}. Consp. i. p. 10 (1850); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 126; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 9 (1862) ; Gurney, Cat. Bapt. B. p. 57 (1864) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 676 ; Anlin. Cat. Descr. L'cc. p. 6 (1865) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 8 (1869.) Yultur auriculatus, Shaic, Gen. Zoo/, vii. p. 24, pi. 10(1809). Vultur tracheliotus, Wolf, Abbild. naturg. Gegenst. pi. 5 (1816). Vultur Ee^ypius, Temni. PI. Col. i. pi. 407 (1826, plate o?ily) ; Biipp. N. Wirb. Vdg. p. 47 (1835). "S'ultur imperialis, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 426 (1827). Vultur nubicus, H. Smith in Griffith's An. Kingd. i. p. 164, pi. — (1829) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 10 (1850). Otosryps auriculari?, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 6 (1844) ; Cass. Cat. Vult. Phil. Mus. p. 1 (1849) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. * The N.E -African bird bas not such large wattles, and is considered by Bome to be a distinct species. 14 TtrLTURIDJE. E. I. Co. i. p. 3 (1854); Sfrickl. Ont. Si/n. p. 8 (1855); Jaub. <§• Barth. Mich. Oni. i. p. 21 (1859) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 127; Brc'hm, Seise n. Habesch, p. 246 (1863); Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 5 (1867) ; Grat/, Huml-l. of B. i. p. 2 (1869) ; Blanf. Geol. Sf Zool. of Abyss, p. 286 (1870) ; Gurnexj in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 2 (18?2) ; Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 210 (1872). Adult. Above brown, a little paler on the margins of the feathers ; quills and tail blackish : secondaries washed with chocolate-brown, the inner ones paler, margined like the back ; crop-patch brown ; under surface of body thickly clothed with white down, the feathers lanceolate, brown with paler edgings ; under wing- and tail-coverts brown, the latter somewhat more rounded in shape ; head and neck entirely bare, with folds on the hinder neck ; above the eye and on the throat a few hair-like bristles, and a few downy bristles round the ear-oiifice ; on the lower part of neck some short downy brown feathers, below which a ruff of brown plumes encircles the hinder neck, the lateral ones somewhat elongated and pendent, but not joining underneath ; cere lavender-grey ; bill deep yellow, brownish near the base ; feet lavender-grey ; iris deep brown. Total length 45 inches, culmen 5, wing 30, tail 14, tarsus 5-3, and middle toe 4-9 in skeleton. Young. Similar to the adult, but the margins to the feathers rather paler and more distinct ; a little more down on the head, and the down clothing the lower surface of the body inclining to fulvous. Hah. Southern and Xorth-eastern Afiica into Egypt ; occasional in Southern Europe. a. Ad. sk. Egypt. J. Bm-ton, Esq. [P.]. 6. Juv.st. Shoa (-ffflr77s). Hon. E. I. Company [P.]. c, d. Sk. Abyssinia {Harris) Secretaiy of State for India [P.]. e. Ad. St. Africa. Dr. Lidtli de Jeude. f. Juv. st. South Africa. South-African Museum. 2. Otogyps calvus. Vautour roval de Pondicherry, Sonn. Voy. Ind. Or. ii. p. 182, pi. 104 (1"82). " Vultur calvus, Scop. Del. Faun, et Flor. Lisi^br. ii. p. 85 (1/86, ex Soim.) ; Schl. Mtis. P.-B. ^'ult. p. 8 (1862) ; Pek. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 128 ; Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. p. 56 (1864) ; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 8 (1869). Vultur pondicerianus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 7 (1790); Daud. Ann. 3Ius. i. p. 286, pi. XX. (1802) ; Temtn. PL Col. i. pi. 2 (1820) ; Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 15. fig. 2 (1830) ; Less. Traite, p. 23 (1831). Otogyps calvus, G. R. Gray, Gen. ofB. i. p. 4 (1844) ; J. E. Gray, Cat. Mamm. 8i B. Nep. Hodgs. p. 38 (1846) ; Cass. Cat. Vult. Phil. Mus. p. 1 (1849) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. Beng. p. .32 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 10 (1850) ; Horsf. % Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 2 (1854) ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. 'de Zool. 1854, p. 531 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 8 (1855) ; Gordd, B. of Asia, pt. xii. (1800) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. i. p. 7 (1862) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Nep. Hodgs. p. 16 (1863). Otog\-ps pondicerianus, Blyth, Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 115 (1844). Hem'igvps pondicerianus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844). Gyps calvus, Bhjth, Ibis, 1866, p. 233; Home, Ibis, 1871, p. 112. 5. LOPHOGtPS. 15 Adult. Glossy black, inclining to brown on lower back and rump, some of the scapulars also washed with brown ; quills black with white shafts, shading into brownish towards the tips ; the primaries washed with grey near the base, the secondaries "whity brown, blackish towards their tips ; tail black, shaded with brown, the shafts brownish ; crop-patch black ; a conspicuous circlet of Avhite down across the breast, and a patch just above the thigh -joint ; under surface of body deep black ; inner face of thighs bare ; round the neck a small rufl' of black plumes, somewhat impending on each side of the breast, so as to overshadow the two bare patches which are conspicuous on each side of the chest ; bill horn-black : feet dull red : iris redcUsh brown. Total length about 31 inches, culmen 2-5, wing 2-4-5, tail 11, tarsus 4-1, middle toe 3-8 (in skeleton). ►■ Young. Pale brown, without any indication of grey on any part of the wings ; imder surface also pale brown, the white downy pec- toral ruff not developed to any extent ; head covered with whitish down above, becoming brown towards the nape and round the ear-orifice ; neck-lappet almost as much developed as in the adults. Hah. India generally, eastwards to Siam. a. Ad. sk. India. Colonel Cobbe [C.]. b. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. c. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. d. Ad. st. Incha. 5. LOPHOGYFS. Type. Lophogyps, Bp, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 531 .... L. occipitalis. Range, North-eastern Africa and Southern Africa ; probably the whole of the eastern side of the continent ; on the western side only occurring in Senegal. 1. Lophogyps occipitalis. Abyssinian Vulture, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. i. p. 31 (1821). Vultur occipitalis, Burch. Trav. ii. p. 329 (1824, descr. orig.) ; Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 13 (1824); Cretzschm. in Bilpp. At/, p. 35, t. 22 (1826); Smith, S. Afr. Q. Joimi. i. p. 15 (1829); Riipp. N. W. Vog. p. 43 (1835) ; 'Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 5 (1844); Cass. Cat. Vult. Phil. Mus. p. 1 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 11 (1850) ; Schl. Mtcs. P.-B.Yvilt. p. 8 (1862); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. l2Q;Brehm, Reis. Habesch,Y>. 243 (1863) ; Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. p. 65 (1864) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 5 (1867) ; Fimch u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 33 (1870) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. of Dam. Ld. p. 4 (1872). Vultur galericulatus, Less. Traite, p. 23 (1831) ; Pucher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 208. Vultur eulophus, Ehr. in Mus. Berol. ; Licht. Xomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 1 (1854). Lophogyps occipitalis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 531. Vultur chincou (jiec Daitd.), Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 7 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 2 (1869) ; Sharpe, Lbis, 1870, pp. 422, 588. Adult. Crown of head covered with dense white down, collecting into a ridge on the occiput, more thinly distributed on the hinder 16 VULTURID^. neck ; sides of face more or less bare, with thiu downy white hair or white down on tlie sides of face and throat ; lower neck bare all round ; ruff dark brown, not meeting underneath or impending on the breast ; general plumage above and below blackish brown, the lower back and rump much paler brown ; median and greater wing- coverts margined more or less with whitish, more conspicuous on the former ; quills and tail black, the latter glossed with brown, the secondaries grej'ish brown on the outer webs, whitish on the inner ones, the inner secondaries pure white, those adjoining the back of the same colour as the latter ; crop-patch white ; abdomen, thighs, and under taU-coverts pure white ; under wing-coverts brown, the lower ones white at the tip ; bill blood-red, black at tip, blue at base ; feet flesh-colour ; iris umber-brown. Total length 32 inches, cul- men 3-55, wing 26-5, tail 12-2, tarsus 4-9, middle toe 4-4. Toimg. Paler brown, with dark brown feathers everywhere ap- pearing ; the down on the head, crop-patch, white wing-feathers, and abdomen tinged here and there with brownish. Hab. The same as that of the genus. a. Imm. sk. Abyssinia. Frankfort Museum. b. Ad. St. Kurrichaine, S. Afi-ica. M. Ven-eaux. 6. NEOPHRON. ^ Neophron, Savif/ni/,Si/st. Ois. d'Egijiyte, p. 238 (1808) N. percnopterus. Percnopterus, Ra/inesqite, Analyse, p. 69 N. percnopterus. Necrosyrtes, Gloger, Hanclb. Naturg. p. 236 (1842);. N. monachus. Gypiscus, Sundev. Av. Tent. p."110"(1873) '. N. pileatus. Bill of Neophron percnopterus. Range. Occasionally in Northern Europe. Found in all the coun- tries bordering the Mediterranean and Red Seas, and occurs also in Southern Africa, extending to Persia and the countries fringing the Persian Gulf to the peninsula of India, over the whole of which it is distributed. Key to the Species, a. White ; fore part of chest bare. a'. Larger; bill horn-brown; wings reaching to tail percnopterus, p. 17. b'. Smaller; bill yellow; wings not reaching to tail ginginianus, p. 18. b. Chocolate-brown ; a fur-like chest-patch. 6. NEOPHRON. 17 c'. Larger ; neck-hackles evenly encircling the neck pUeatus, p. 18. (. 2 ad. sk. Zoulla, Jan. 20, 1868. i. 2 imm. sk. Senafe, June 13, 1868. Baron Laugier de Chartrouse. Baron Laugier de Chartrouse. Baron Laugier de Chartrouse. Canon Tristram [C.]. 5 St. ad. sk. Angollala, Shoa. AngoUaLa, Shoa. /, 7)1. Skeleton. n. Skeleton. 0. Skeleton. ;;. Sternum. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [CI W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. [Cf. Blanford, ;. c.l Sir W. C. Hams [C.]. Sir W. C. Harris [C.]. [Cf. Horsf. & Moore, /.o.] Purchased. Zoological Society. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 2. Neophron ginginianus. Vautoiu- de Gingi, Sonn. Voxj. Ind. Or. ii. p. 184 (1782). Gingi Vulture, Lath. Gen. Spi, Siippl. p. 7 (1787) ; id. Gen. Hist. B. i. p. 27, pi. 5 (1821). Vultur ginginianus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 7 (1790) ; Daud. Traiti, ii. p. 20 (1800) ; Bmm. et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1169 (1823). Neophron percnopterus, Blyth, Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 115 (1844) ; Hor.tf. 6f 3Ioore, Cat. B. Mas. E. I. Co. i. p. 6 (1854) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. i. p. 12 (1862) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 43 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 236. Neophron ginginianus, Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 233 ; TytJer, Ibis, 1866, p. 194 ; Gray, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 4 (1869) ; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 31 (1869). Exactly similar to the foregoing, but smaller ; bill yellow ; wings not reaching to the tail. Total length about 21 inches, culmen 2*9, wing 15"5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-4. Hah. Indian peninsula ; probably coexistent with N. percnopterus in N.W. India. Ad. St. Imm. St. India. Major-General T. Hardwicke [P.]. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [C] 3. Neophron pileatus. Vultur pileatus, Burchell, Trav. ii. p. 195 (1824). Neophron carunculatus. Smith, S. Afr. Q. Jotirn. i. p. 17 (1829). Neophron pileatus. Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 3 (1844) ; Cass. Cat. VuU. Phil. Mm. p. 3 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 11 (1850) ; Schl. Mus. P.- I 6. NEOPHRON. 19 B. Vult. p. 5 (1862) ; Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. p. 53 (1864, pt) j Layard, B. S.Afr. p. 4 (1867) ; Ch-ay, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 4 (1869) ; Finsch II. Harti. Vo(j. Odafr. p. 35 (1870J j Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 2 (1872). Adult. Chocolate-brown ; quills and tail black ; crown of bead, sides of face, throat, and fore neck bare, of a purple colour in Hfo ; eyelashes and bristles on the lores black ; whole of hind neck up to the occiput covered with thick fluffy down, of a whitish colour tinged with brown; a patch ou the lower throat and the neck- hackles dark brown ; crop-patch pale creamy brown, encircled on the upper and lower margins by conspicuous patches of white down ; inner face of thighs also covered with white down ; bill greenish black towards the base, dark horn-colour near the tip ; feet greenish blue, claws black ; iris dark brown. Total length about 26 inches, culmen 2'7, wing 20, tail lO'S, tarsus about 3-7. Young. Very similar to adult, but having the down on the hind neck entirely dark brown and extending more on to the crown of the head ; crop-patch and inner face of thighs dark brown, the white down so conspicuous in the adults being absent ; head sparsely sprinkled with black down, collecting towards the nape. Hah. South Africa. a. Ad. st. South Africa. South-African Museum. b. Jiiv. st. South Africa. South-African Museum, e. Pull. st. South Africa. South-African Museum. 4. Neophron monachus. Cathartes monachus, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 222 (1823); Haiti. J.f. O. 1855, p. 360. Percnopterus monachus, Staph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 7 (1826). Percnopterus niger. Less. Traite, p. 29 (1831). Neophron monachus, Jard. i^- Selhy, III. Orn. i., text to pi. 33 (c. 1835). Necrosyrtes monachus, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 236 (1842). Neophron pileatus, Hartl. Beitr. Orn. W. Afr. p. 14 (1852) ; Horsf. 4- Moore, Cat. B. Mns. H. I. Co. i. p. 8 (1854); Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. pp. 1, 269 (1857) ; Peh. Verh.z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 133; ScJd. Mns. P.-B. Vult. p. 5 (1862) ; Brehm, Reise n. Habesch, p. 234 (1863) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 15 (1869); Blanf Geol. ^ Zool. Abyss. p. 287 (1870) ; Finsc/i, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 200 (1870). Advlt. Similar to N. pileatus, but smaller, with a longer and more attenuated bill ; the feathers of the neck ascending somewhat towards the nape. Total length 24 inches, culmen 3, wing 18-5, tail 10, tarsus about 3"3. Young. Diifers from adult exactly as in H. pileatm. Hah. North-eastern and Western Africa. J. G. Children, Esq. [P.]. Dr. Baikie [C.]. Sir W. C. Harris [CI. Sir W. C. Harris [C.]. W.T.Blanford,Esq.[C.]. [Cy. Blanf. Z.c] c 2 a. Ad. St. West Africa. b. Juv. sk. River Niger. c. 6 St. Ankober. d. cJ juv. sk. Efat, April 1842, e. $ sk. Zoidla. f. Skeleton. 20 VULTTJRID-E. Subfamily II. SARCORHAMPHINiE (NEW- WORLD VULTURES). Key to the Genera. a. Head with an erect fleshy caruncle; wings more than twice length of tail, rounded, the secondaries and primaries about equal. a'. Outer toe (.3-2) ahout equal to inner toe 7. Sabcorhamphus, p. 20. 6'. Outer toe (3-0) longer than inner toe (2-5) 8. Cathabtes, p. 22. b. Head naked, with no erect caruncle ; tail more than half the length of wings, which are pointed, the primaries always exceeding the secondaries in length. c'. Tail square ; distance between tips of secondaries and tips of primaries less than tarsus 9. Cathabistes, p. 23. d'. Tail rounded ; distance between tips of secondaries and tips of primaries more than tarsus 10. CEnops, p. 25. 7. SARCORHAMPHTJS. ^ Sarcoramphus, Dumeril, Zool. Ami. p. 32 (1806) S. gryphus. Gryphus, Bona^y. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 530 S. gryphus. Range. The western coast of South America and the eastern coast to 41° S. lat. Key to the Species. a. Larger; black, with grey on the wings; biU with a white apex gryphm,y. 20, b. Smaller ; aU brown ; bill brownish black .... cequatorialis, p. 21. 1. Sarcorhamphus gryphus*. Le Condor, Sriss. Orn. i. p. 473 (1760). Vultur gryphus, Linn. S. K i. p. 121 (1766) ; Iltimb. 4- Bonjyl. Obs. Zool. p." 26, pi. viii. (1811). Vultiu magellanicus, Shmv, Mus. Lever, i. p. 1, pi. 1 (1792). Vultur condor, Shaw, Gen. Zool. i. p. 2, pis. 2, 3, 4 (1809). Gypagus grj ffus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxvi. p. 450 (1819). Cathartes gTyphus, Temm. PI. Col. i. pis. 133, 408, 494 (1823) ; Bonap. Am. Orn.'iv. p. 1, pi. xxii. (1833) ; Nitzsch, Pteryl. p. 71 (1840); Schl. Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 1 (1862). Gypagus condor, Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. p. 11 (1825). * The Condor from Chili and the Straits of Magellan is always a much finer bird, with more distinct and larger wattles. When we know more of these birds, it may proye to be a distinct species, in which ca.se it must be called Sareorham- phus inagellaniciis. 7. SAECOEHAMPHTTS. 21 Sarcoramphus gry]3liu9, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. C (1826) ; Darw. Vmj. Beatjle, p. 1 (1841) ; Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 4 (1844) ; Cass. Cat. Vult. Mm. Philad. p. 4 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 9 (1850) ; Biha, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, v. (2) p. 128 (1853) ; Strickl Orn. St/n. p. 4 (1855) ; Cass. U. S. Asfr. Exp. p. 172 (1855) ; id. B. Calif. p. 60 (1856); Btinn. Reis. La Plata, ii. p. 433 (1801); Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. None. Miis. p. 37 (1864). Sarcoramphus condor, Less. Traite, p. 25 (1831) ; Tschudi Sf Cab. F. P. Aves, p. 59 (184;j) ; Gay, Faun. Chil. Zool. i. p. 194, pi. 1 (1847). Giyplius cuntur, Bp. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 530. Sarcoramphus papa, Ctmningham, Str. Magell. pp. 114, 303 (1871). Adult male. Glossy black ; median and greater wing-coverts, as well as the inner primaries and all the secondaries, externally mar- gined with ashy white, the latter moi'e broadly, so that the whole of the outer web and the greater part of the inner one is entirely ashy white with a narrow black edging at the tip ; round the neck a raff of soft white down ; head and neck all round as well as the centre of the chest bare, the former sparsely covered with brownish down of a tolerably stiff character ; head wattled, with a large caruncle ; neck crinkled ; throat with a wattled appendage ; chest vnih. a pendent wattle ; bill horn -brown at base, apical half ivory- white ; feet black, slightlj' tinged vnih. grey ; iris pale brown. Total length about 38 inches, culmen from anterior point of caruncle 2-7, wing about 29, tail about 14, tarsus in skeleton 4-5, middle toe in skeleton 5'5. Adult female. Smaller than the male, with no caruncles on the head or neck ; iris carbuncle-red. Hah. S. America ; Chilian Andes, ranging on the east coast to the Rio Negro (Darwin), and on the west coast to Ecuador {Orton). a. cJ ad. St. S. America. J. Gould, Esq. h. $ ad. St. S. America. c. 2 ad. sk. S. America. G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. [P.]. d. Pull. St. Hatched in Zool. Gardens {cf P. Z. S. 1846, p. 44). e. Skeleton. 2. Sarcorhamphus aequatorialis. Vultur griphiis, Eydoux 1^- Soideyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool. p. 75 ; Atlas, Ois. pi. 2 (1841). Sarcorhamphus giyphus, Orton, Ann, N. H. (4) viii. p. 185 (1871). Smaller than S. grj/phus ; entirely brown in plumage ; bill blackish. Hah. Ecuador; Quito (Or?o»0 ; ? Columbia ( Tr?/o^<). The paper by Professor Orton (/. c.) gives additional weight to the opinion that there is a second species of Condor. The specimen figured by Eydoux and Souleyet seems to belong to the smaller spe- cies, which is distinctly stated, in the paper above referred to, to be not the young of -S. gryplms. A specimen was living in the spring of 1873 in the Zoological Gardens at Amsterdam, apparently fully adidt, with a perfectly formed erect wattle, but brown in colour all over. 22 VULTUEID^. 8. CATHARTES. „ Type. Cathartes, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av. p. 236 (1811) . . C. papa. Gypagus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 21 (1816) C. papa. Gj'parchus, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 235 (1842) C. papa. Range. S. America, from Brazil (a little below 20° S. lat.), north- wards to Mexico ; Trinidad. 1. Cathartes papa*. The King of the Vultures, Edic. N. H. Birds, i. p. 2 (1743). Le Roi des Vautom-s, Briss. Oni. i. p. 470, pi. xxx^-i. (1760). Vultur papa, Linn. S. N. i. p. 122 (1766) ; Daud. Traite, ii. p. 9, pi. 1 (1800). L'Urubii, ou Roi des Vautours de Cayenne, Buff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 428 (1770). Le Roi des Yautoiu-s varie, Levadl. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 59, pi. 13 (1799). Cathartes papa, Illiqer, Prodr. p. 236 (1811) ; Spi.v, Av. Bras. p. 1, tab. 1 (1824) ; 3/a.r. Beitr. hi. p. 56 (1830) ; Xutt. Man. i. p. 39 (1840) ; Nitz.sch, Pten/l. p. 72 (1840) ; Schl. Mas. P.-B.\ult. p. 1 (1862). Gypagus papa, Vieill. JV. Diet, xxxvi. p. 456 (1819) ; Vieill. et OudaH, Gal. des Ois. i. p. 11, pi. 3 (1825). Sarcorhamphus papa, Oray^ Gen. of B. i. p. 4 (1844) ; Cass. Cat. Vtdt. Phil. Mm. p. 4 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 9 (1850) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 28 (1855) ; Cass. B. Calif, p. 61 (1855) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 1 (1866) ; Coues, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1866, p. 49 ; Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 1 (1871). Gj'parchus papa, Sol. ^- Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 214 ; Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. Noriv. Mm. p. 35 (1864). Adult male. Head and neck hare, the sides of the face, and espe- cially the region of the ear, much crinkled ; in front of the nostril an erect fleshy caruncle ; fore part of head covered -with greyish black hairy bristles ; on each side of the lower mandible and under the eye a profusion of black hair-Uke bristles running into a line below the auricular region ; another broad line "of black bristles running from the hinder part of each eye, uniting on the occiput, and there separating on each side of the nuchal caruncle ; no distinct niff; round the neck the feathers deep slaty grey, meeting on the fore neck, inclining to black on the hind neck ; interscapulary re- gion, scapulars, lesser and median wing-coverts cream-colour, almost amounting to pale fawn ; greater wing-coverts black, rather broadly margined externally with ashy brown ; inner secondaries quite black, with somewhat of a greenish tinge ; lower back and rump, upper * Cathartes sacer. Vultur sacra, Barfr. Trav. N. # S. Carol. SfC. p. 150 (1791). Sarcoramphus sacer, Cass. B. Calif, p. 59 (1855). This species, not met with Bince Bartram's time, still remains undiseoTered. It is closely allied to C. papa, from which it appears to differ chiefly in its ichife tail. No bird answering to Bartram's description has been found in the locality. (6/. ,Ulen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. .313, 1871.) 9. CATHiRISTES. 23 tail-coverts, and entire tail black ; chest bare ; rest of the under surface white, more or less tinged -sdth cream-colour ; biU yellowish horn-colour, dark brown at base ; feet black, tinged with grey ; iris pure white. Total length 27 inches, culmen from anterior edge of caruncle 24, wing 19-5, taU 10, tarsus in skeleton 3-65, middle toe in skeleton 3'8. Young female. Black, with obsolete brownish margins to the feathers, more distinct on the wing-coverts ; plumes round the neek also black ; under surface of the body white ; upper neck bare aU round, as also the centre of the throat ; no folds of skin on side of face ; crown (except a bare patch on the hinder part) and sides of the face, as well as a line running down the nape, covered with bristly hair, greyish in colour, but black on the latter; over the nostril a small single upright caruncle ; iris yellowish grey. Hah. The same as that of the genus. a. d ad. sk. b. (S ad. St. c. 2 inuu- St. d. Head. e. Skeleton. f. Skeleton. >. Skiill. ft. Sternum. S. America. Mexico. British Guiana. E. Amazon. The Earl of Derby [P.]. Purchased. . Sir R. Schomburgk [P.]. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. Purchased. Zool. Society of London. Admiral Sir E. Belcher [P.]. 9. CATHAEISTES. Type. Catharista, Vieill. Analyse, p. 21 (1816) C. atratus. Cathartes, Gh-ai/, Gen. of B. i. p. 4 (1844, nee lUig.), et auct. recent. Coragyps, Bp. Rev. et Miig. de Zool. 1854, p. 530 C. atratus. Wing of Ciitharistes atratus. Range. The whole of South America as far as 40° S. lat., scarcely so far on the western coast; the whole of Central America, extend- ing through the southern and eastern United States nearly up to the 40th parallel, but not seen on the Pacific coast. 24 VTTLTURID^. 1. Catharistes atratus *. Vautour du Bresil, Buff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 187 (1770). Vultur atratus, Bartram, Trav. N. Sr S. Carol. 4-c. p. 289 (1791) ; Wils. Am. Oni. ix. p. 104, pi. Ixxv. tig. 2 (1814). Vultur aura, Daiid. TraiU, ii. p. 19 (1800, 7iec L.). Iribii, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 19 (1802). Vultur urubu, rieiU. Ois. (TArn. Sept. pi. 11 (1807). Catharista urubu, Vieill. N. Did. xii. p. 401 (1817). Catbartes fcteus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 6.3 (1823, ex Illiger, Mus. Berol.) ; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. Abtb. i. p. .58 (1830) ; Grnij, Gen. ofB. i. p. 4 (1844) ; Tschudi^- Cab. F. P. Vog. p. 15 (1845); Cab. in Schomb. Reis. iii. p. 742 (1848) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wieti, 1862, p. 131 ; id. Reise Nov. Vog. p. 3 (1865) ; id. Orn. Bras. p. 1 (1867) ; Zeot. Ois. Trinid. p. 2 (1866). Catbartes aura, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 2 (1824, nee L.). Percnopterus urubu, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 7 (1826). Catbartes lu-ubu, Less. TraiU, p. 27 (1831) ; D'Orb. Vmj. Am. Mer p. 31, pi. 1. figs. 1, 2 (1835) ; Gay, Faun. Chil. Zool. p. 200 (1847) Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 32 (1855). Catbartes atratus, Siv. ^ Rich. Faun. B.-A. Birds, p. 6 (1831) ; Aud. B. Atn. fol. pi. cvi. et ed. 8vo, i. p. 17, pi. 3 (1839) ; Bp. Consp. i, p. 9 (1850) : Bibra, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, v. p. 128 (1853) ; Cass. U. S. Astr. F.rp. p. 173 (1855) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 2 (1865) Cass. B. Calif, p. 58 (1855) ; id. V. S. Fxpl. Rvp. p. 85 (1858) Scl. 8r Salv. ibis, 1859, p. 213 ; Cass. B. N. Am. p. 5 (1860) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 2 (1862) ; Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. p. 47 (1864) Baird, Ibis, 1868, p. 274 ; Cunningh. Str. Magell. p. 248 (1871) Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 318 (1871) ; Scl. i//, facies. t What the Turkey Vulture of Trinidad (Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 2, 1866) may be I do not know ; but it is not improbably the true (E. aura, which may range VOL. I, D 2(; VrLTURID-?:. id et Oud. Gal. Ois. Catharista nura, Vieill. Anahjsc, p. '2'2 (1816) i. p. 16, pi. 4 (1825) ; Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 3 (1869). Cathartes aura, IlUq. Prodi: p. 236 ( 1811 ) ; Tiff. Zoo!. Jouni. ii. p. 284 (1826) ; Sw. ^- itich. F. Bor.-Am. p. 4 (1831) ; And. B. Am. fol. pi. cli. et ed. 8vo, i. p. 15, pi. 2 (1839); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 4 (1844); Gosse, B. Jam. p. 9 (1847); Cass. Cat. Viilt. Fhil. Mm. p. 5 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 9 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Si/ii. p. 1 (1855) ; Cas.s. B. Calif, p. 57 (1855) ; 3Iax. J. f. 0. 1856, p. 119; Cass, in BairdS B. X. Am. p. 4 (1860); ScM. Mas. R-B. Viiit. p. 3(1862); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 132; Gmiiey, Cat. Rapt. B. Koriv. Mas. p. 42 (1864); Herr. Nut. Mex. i. p. 17 (1870) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 310 (1871). Cathartes ruficoUis, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 2 (1824). Percnopterus aura, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 7 (1826). Cathartes urbicola. Des Mars, liev. et May. de Zool. 1853, p. 153. Cathax'tes ricordi, Des Mars, at sitpra. Cathartes septentrionalis, Wied, J.-f. O. 1856, p. 119. Catharista burroviapa, Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. p. 133 (1873, err.). Adult. Black, with a bluish-purple gloss, the feathers more or ess brown towards their edges ; quills dark brown, the secondaries paler, shafts of primaries brown above, white underneath ; tail brownish black ; under surface of the body a little darker than the upper ; crop-patch bare ; head and neck bare, in life bright red ; bill very pale yellow ; legs and feet pale yellowish white ; iris brown. Total length about 30 inches, culmen 2-55, wing 21-7, tail 11-5, tarsiis 2-9. Hah. North America from about 49° K". lat. on the west coast, and Xew Brunswick on the east ; southwards to Honduras ; S. America ; Chili ; ? Brazil. a, h. Ad. st. c. Ad. St. d. Ad. sk. e. 5 juv. sk. /. Sk. g. Yar. st. h, i. Juv. sk. A:. cJ ad. sk. /, m. 2 ad. sk. n. Sternum of sp. g. o. Skeleton. p. Skeleton. J. J. Audubon, Esq. E. Doubledav, Esq. [P.]. Lord Odo Russell [P.]. N. America. N. America. N. America. 1 Salt-Spring Island,! ^^ ^yall [P.]. I \ ancouver island. ( j l j West side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.] Mountains. Jamaica. Mexico. Santiago, Chili. Andes of Chili. P. H. Gosse, Esq. (C. bnrro- viaiia, Sharpe, I. c. err.). Purchased. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.]. E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.]. P. H. Gosse, Esq. Zoological Society. Purchased. 2. QEnops pemigra*. Cathartes aura, ? Tiled, Beitr. Katun/. Brasil. iii. Abth. 1, p. 64 ( 18.30); nOrb. Voy. Am. Mer. Zool. p. 38, pi. 1. figs. 3, 4 (1835) ; Tschudi ^- Cab. F. P., Voy. p. 16 (1845) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 30 (1855) ; into Venezuela and Guiana, in the same way tliat Polyborus cheriway does, being replaced from Amazonia southwards as a resident by (E. pemigra. * Excellent critical notes on the Turkey Vultures will be found from the pen of Mr. J. A. Allen (Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 311 ), in which lie points out that 10. CEXOPS. 27 Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 1 ( 18G7) ; Scl. ^- *«/i\ P. Z. S. 18(37, p. 988 ; iid. NomencJ. Av. Neotr. p. 123 (1873). Cathartes iota, Cass. U. S. Expl. E.vp. p. 83, pi. 1 (18o8). Cathartes urubitinga, Scl. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 18(J7, p. 589. Adult. Entirely black, with purplish reflections ; shafts of quills and tail-feathers brown above, white below, the lower surface of both ashy browu, much paler than the upper ; head yellow ; iris u'liite. Total length 25 inches, culmcn 2-75, wing 19-75, tail 11, tarsus 2-5. Hab. Guiana, Amazonia, and Peru. a. Ad. sk. North side of River Amazon. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. b. Juv. sk. Arequipa, Peru, July 30, 1867. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.J. 3. CEnops falMandica. (Plate II. fig. 1.) Cathartes aura, Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 149 ; Cimninqh. Ibis, 1868, p. 494 ; Scl. S,- Salv. Ibis, 18C9, p. 284 ; Ctmninrjh. 'Str. of Magell. p. .355 (1871). Catharista falklandica, Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. p. 133 (1873). Adult. Black, with a blue gloss, some of the wing-coverts and inner secondaries inclining to brownish ; median wing-coverts and secondaries very distinctly shaded with whitish ashy ; quills brown, slightly paler externally, shafts brown above, white beneath ; tail brown, with a slight greenish gloss near the base, the under surface paler and inclining to ashy white ; crop-patch bare ; under surface of body black, with a slight greenish gloss ; head and neck bare, pink in life ; no distinct ruff, but the feathers of the neck slightly impending on the crop ; iris brown ; feet pink. Total length about 29 inches, culmen 3-1, wing about 19-2, tail lO'S, tarsus 2'6*. Hah. Palkland Islands. a. Ad. St. Berkeley Sound, F. I. Antarctic Expedition. Type of species. b. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedition. Cassin described CEnops iota at one time as smaller, and at another as larger than Q?. aura. The specimen figured by Cassin as ffi. iota (Molina) is the small black species of Amazonia and Peru, here named ffi. jjernigra. He does not mention that a Chilian specimen is figured; and as Turkey Vultures were collected in many localities by tlie expedition, it is probable that the bird figured was not from Chili. All the specimens I have seen from the latter country seem identical with C. aura of N. America ; but D'Orbigny's coloured plate illustrates a bird distinct from that species, and doubtless my Q^lnops pcrnigra. The ordinary Vulture of Western Brazil still remains unidentified by me ; but should it be the same as the Amazonian bird, the species may have to be called CEnops ruficoUis (Spix). My birds' heads, however, are so distinctly yellow that I cannot believe in their identity with Spis's species. They are also rather smaller than the Turkey Vulture of N. America, and always of a deeper black colour, as is shown by Cassin's excellent figiu'e (/. c). Mr. Allen, moreover, states that the Brazilian bird is identical with tlie Chilian. I examined a bird from Surinam in the Leiden Museum, and believe it to be identical with CE. perniyra, and not with CE. aura. It measured 26 inches in length, and had the wing 21. Another from Brazil (Jso. 5 of SchlegeFs Cat.) was 24'5 inches long, and measured 20o in the wing. * There can be little doubt that this species is quite distinct from CE. aura, wliich it resembles much in plumage, but is distinguished bv the grey on the D 2 28 VULTXIBIDJ!;. 4. (Enops urubitinga*. (Plate II. fig. 2.) Yellow-necked CaiTion-Crow, Bony an, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 54. Cathartes urubitinga, Pelz. SUz. Akad. Wien, xliv. p. 7 (1861, ex Naft. 3IS.); id. Verh. z.-b. irk-n, 1862, p. 133; ScJd. Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 4 (1862) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 225; Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. Koriu. 3Im. p. 46 (1864) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 1 (1871) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Ncotr. p. 123 (1873). Cathartes aura. Scl. ^- Scdv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 753, et 1873, p. 301. Catharista urubitinga, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 3 (1869). Adult. Black, the feathers of the neck ascending to the nape tri- angularly ; shafts to primaries above and below white ; head orange in life. Total length about 25 inches, culmen 2-75, wing 19, tail 10, tarsus 2-7 1. Hah. S. America, from Brazil northwards to Surinam and British Guiana. a. Ad. St. Surinam. Soc. " Natura Artis Magistra," Amsterdam [P.]. b. Ad. sk. Chyavetas, E. Peru. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.]. 5. (Enops calif orniana. Vultur californianus, Sliaw &,■ Nodder, Nat. Misc. ix. p. 1, pi. 301 ( 1797 ) ; Vieill. N. Did. xxxvi. p. 450 (1819)_. Vultur columbianiis, Ord, in Gidhries Geogr. ii. p. 315 (1815). Cathartes californianus, llanz. Elem. Orn. vii. p. 23 (1823) ; And. B. wings. It is about the size of that species, tlio largest specimen of true ffi". aura in the collection being one from North America, presented by Lord Odo Eussell, and measvu-ing as follows — total length about 29 inches, wing 19-8, tail 11-3, tarsus 27 ; with this the aboTe measurements should be compared. * In the 'Annals' for February 1873, I was inclined to unite this species with (Eiicrps hurroviana of Cassin, and suggested that a specimen in the national collection from Jamaica might be that species ; but Mr. Elliot, who has described and figured the type (/. c), and who thus knows the species, assures me that the Jamaican bird can be nothing but ffi. mira. Dr. Sclater also tells me that he examined the type specimen in Philadelphia, and believes that (E. hurroviana is only a small (E. aura ; and Mr. Elliot does not give much credit to it as a species. The latter gentleman makes no mention of the shafts of the quills in his description ; and as this is (with the orange head) the character of (E. uru- bitinga, it seems best to keep the two species separate until such time as a comparison of actual specimens shall dissipate the uncertainty. Mr. Allen (Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 312) also regards the species as based upon an " un- usually small specimen " of (E. aura. The synonymy is as follows : — QCnOPS BURROVIANl. Cathartes hurrovknus, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. ii. p. 212 (1845) ; id. Cat. Vult. Philad. Mus. p. 5 (1849) ; id. B. Calif, p. 59 (1855) ; id. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 84 (1858) ; id. in Baird's B. N. Am. p. 6 (I860) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 3 ; Scl. # Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 213 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 322 ; Elli4}t, B. A'. Am. ii. pi. xxvi. (1866). Catharista hurroviana, Gra^, Hand-l. B. i, p. 3 (1869) ; Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. p. 133 (1873). t Measurements of a pair in the Leiden Museum : — $ . Total length 22-5 inches, culm. 2-3, wing 20, tail 102, tarsus 2-45. $ . Total length 22 inches, wing 20, tarsus 24. 10. (EN0P8, 29 Am. fol. iv. pi. 42G, et 8vo ed. i. p. 12, pi. 1 (1839) ; Grai/ 8)- Mitch. Gen. of B. i. p. 4, pi. 2 (1844); Cass. Cat. Vult. Phil. Mus. p. 4 (1849) ; Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av. p. 9 (1850) ; A. S. Taylor, Zoul. ]8oo, p. 4632 ; Strickl. Om. Syri. p. 3 (1855) ; Cass. B. Calif, p. 58 (1855); Schl. Hand/. Dierk. i. p. 170, Vog. pi. 1. fig. 8 (1857) ; Cass. B. N. Am. i. p. 5 (1860) ; Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 278, pis. 8, 9 ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bus, Cultures, p. 2 (1862); Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. Norw. Mus. p. 39 (1864) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 366 ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 496 (1870). Cathai-tes vultm-inus, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 31 (1824). Sarcorhamphus californianus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 6 (1826) ; Sw. S,- Rich. F. Bor.-Am. p. 1 (1831) ; Lic?if. Abh. Berlin Akad. 1838, tab. 1. Catharista californiana, Gray, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 3 (1809), Adult. Entire head and neck bare, in life orange-yellow and red, excepting a few bristles on the forehead, extending to the base of the beak and in front of the eye ; general colour black, all the feathers margined with brown, the rump less distinctly ; a few inter- scapulary plumes shaded with ashy grey ; inner greater wing-coverts and secondaries broadly margined externally with buffy white ; outer secondaries shaded with grey ; quills and tail black ; round the neck a ruff of lanceolate feathers ; a bare patch on the breast ; under sur- face of body brownish black ; the breast-feathers lanceolate like those of the ruff ; bill yellowish ; feet bluish black ; iris carmine. Total length about 40 inches, culmen from anterior point of nostril 3-4, wing about 30, tail 15-5, tarsus 4-3, middle toe 5-3. Young. Similar to adult, but the brown edgings to the upper plumage a little paler and more conspicuous ; the grey shade on secondaries very indistinct, and whitish wing-bar absent ; head and neck sparsely covered with woolly brown down ; feathers of the ruff and breast not so distinctly lanceolate ; bill entirely horn-brown, inclining to whitish towards the tips ; iris hazel. Hab. Western side of North America ; California and Oregon ; seldom north of the river Columbia. rt.Ad.sk. California. A. Menzies,Esq. [P.]. Type of the species figured by Shaw and Temminck. i. Ad. St. Monterey, Cal.(7'ay/or). J. H. Gurney, Esq. [E.l. c. Jut. St. Monterey, Cal. (T«)/^or). J. H. Gurney, Esq. [E.]. d. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 30 FALCONID^. Family FALCONIDtE. Crown of head alwa5's clothed with feathers, though the sides of the face are often more or less bare. a. Both outer and inner toe connected to middle toe by basal interdigital membrane . . POLYBORINjE,^.&0. h. Outer toe only connected to middle toe by in- terdigital membrane. a'. Tibia and tarsus to all intents equal in length, the difference between them not so great as length of hind claw. ACCIPITRIN^,^AQ. b'. Tibia much longer than tarsus, always exceeding it by more than length of hind claw. a". Hmder aspect of tarsus scaled BUTEONIN^, p. 158. i". Hinder aspect of tarsus reticulate. a'". Commissiu;e of bill simply fes- tooned AQUILINJE, p. 225. b'". Commissure of bill distinctly toothed ■. FALCONINjE, p. 350. Subfamily III. POLYBORIN^. All the toes connected near the base by interdigital membrane ; sides of face for the most part bare. The members of this subfamily are chiefly American, and are rather Gallinaceous in their habits, thus approaching the Turkey Vultures, with which they are closely associated by Professor Sun- devall (Av. Tent. pp. 109-111). Several subgenera are included within the genus Ihycter, but are treated here as of subordinate rank in the face of the instability of the characters and the gradual gradation of one form towards another. The same idea was once entertained by Dr. Kaup (Arch. f. Naturg. vol. xvii. 1850, p. 41) before he had " given up subgenera, and had raised all subgenera established by him to the dignity of genera" (P. Z. S. 1867, p. 169). Key to the Genera. a. Middle tail-feathers not elongated. «'. Nostrils oval 11. Polyborus, p. 31. b'. Nostrils round 12. Ibycteb, p. 34. b. Middle tail-feathers extremely elongated ; head with elongated plumes. n'. Nostrils vertical ovals ; forehead with erect crest 13. Oabiama, p. 42. b'. Nostrils perpendicular ovals; forehead not crested 14. Sehpentabius, p. 44. 1 1 . rOLTBOEUS. 31 11. POLYBORUS. „ Tvpe. Polyborus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 22 (1816) P. tharus. Caracara, Less. Traite, p. 34 (1831) P. tharus. Bill of Poli/borus tharus. Range. The whole of Southern and Central America, extending into the southern provinces of North America. Key to the Species. a. Lower back and rump brown, barred with white .... tharm, p. 31. b. Lower back and rump uniform dark brown cheritmy, p. 33. 1. Polyborus tharus *. Le Busard du BresU, Briss. Orn. i. p. 40-5 (1700). Falco tharus, Molina, Snrjc/io St. Nat. C7u7. p. 264(1782). Falco plancus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 2.57 (1788). Falco bvasiliensis, Gm. S. X. i. p. 262 (1788) ; Ma.v. Beitr. iii. p. 190 (1830). Vultur cheriway, Lath. Incl. Orn. i. p. 8 (1790). Vultur plancus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 8 (1790). Falco cheriwav, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 00 (1823). Polyborus brasilieusis, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 320 (1824) ; Siuains. Zool. Illustr. ser. 2, pi. 2 (1832) ; Bp. Consp. i. p^ 13 (1850) ; Peh. Verh. s.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 137 ; Schl. Mas. P.-B. Polybori, p. 2 (1862, pt.) ; Belz. Orn. Bras. ^.m?j{l8:\). Polyborus vulgaris, Sjn.r, Av. Bras. i. p. 3, pi. 1 (1824) ; Vieill Gal. Ois. i. p. 23, pi. 7 (1825) ; Less. Traite, p. 34 (1831) ; B'Orb. Voy. Am. Mericl, Zool. p. 55 (1835); Tschudi, Faun. Peruana, xy. 77 (1845) ; Burtn. Th. Bras. ii. p. 41 (1856). Circaetus brasiliensis, C'tiv. Peyne An.i. p. 328(1829). Pandion caracara, G. R. Gray, hi Griff, ed. C'uv. An. Kinqd. vi. p. 235 (1829). * Brown's " Tawny Vulture " has been considered by some ornithologists to be a Folyborus. The figure is not recognizable ; but if the locality, " Falkland Islands," is correct, it is probably the young of Ibycfer aujitralis, as Polyborus does not occ^ur there. The synonymy is as follows : — Tawny Vulture, Brown. III. Zool. pi. 1 (1766). Falco anibustus, Gm. S.N. i. p. 252 (1788, ex Brown). Vultur ambustus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 8(1790). Gypaetus ambustus, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 26 (1800). Spizaetus ambustus, Bonn, ef Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1254 (1823). Polyborus ambustus, Sfrirkl. Orn. Si/n. p. 19(1855). 32 FALCOXIB^. Caracara vulgaris, Less. Traits, p. 34 ( 1831 ). Aquila cheriway, Mej/en, Beiir. p. G6 (1834). Polyboi-us thai-us, Stnckl. Oni. Si/n. p. 18 (1855) ; Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. Norm. Mus. p. 17 (1864) ; Grai/, Hand-l. i. p. 17 (1864) ; Scl. 8f Salt: Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 123 (1873). Nestling. Covered vdih. down of ca dull white colour, through which the feathers which arc appearing arc of a sepia-brown colour, with pale rufous margins. Young. Crown of head dark brown, with dull rufous tips to some of the feathers ; sides of face tawny buff, with slight indications of black bristles on the lores, checks, and under the eye ; upper surface of body light brown, the feathers streaked down the centre with yellowish white, widening out towards the apex of the feather, the rump-feathers irregularly streaked and barred with the same, the stripes on the sides of the neck inclining to tawny ; primaries dark brown. ; secondaries lighter brown, like the back, tipped with yel- lowish white ; primaries whitish for two thirds of their length, freckled and vermiculated with brown above, uniform yellowish white underneath, the shafts whitish ; tail yellowish white, with about fourteen conspicuous cross bands, and having a very broad sub- terminal bar of brown, somewhat tinged with rufous ; ixnder sur- face of body dusky brown, with distinct central streaks of yellowish white to all the feathers, broader on the breast, and narrower on the throat and flanks ; thighs and vent-feathers duU rufous brown, with scarcely any indication of central stripes ; under tail-coverts dull whitish ; under wing-coverts brown, the outer ones somewhat washed with rufous. Total length 26 inches, culmen 2-1, wing 17-9, tail 11-3, tarsus 3-8. Adult. Above blackish brown, the secondaries more inclining to brown, with paler edges ; crown of head crested, blackish brown in colour ; sides of face and neck all round huffy white, with more or less distinct black bars ; entire back, including rump and upper tail-coverts, dark brown, with narrow whitish cross bars ; tail buffy white, with a very broad blackish-brown band at the tip, and more or less distinct brown bars across the lower part of the tail, more pronounced on outer feathers ; quills as described in young bird, but the whitish colour not so extended on primaries ; throat pure buffy white, like sides of face ; fore neck and breast white, with distinct blackish cross bars ; under surface of body blackish brown, the feathers of the lower breast with narrow whitish margins ; under wing-coverts and thigh-feathers nearly uniform dark brown ; under taU-coverts buffy white, with narrow brown cross bars ; bare crop-patch yeUow ; cere and bare space round eye carmine-red, tinged with yeUow ; bill dark horn -blue ; feet yellow ; iris brown. Total length 22 inches, culmen 2-05, wing 15-5, tail 9-5, tar- sus 3-8. Hah. The whole of South America, from Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia as far north as 20° S. lat. on the west, and the Amazon on the eastern side. 11. poLYiiintus. [i'S a. Juv. St. South America. b. .Juv. St. South America. SirW. Burnett and AdmiralP'itzroy [P.] c. Pull. St. South America. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral Fitzroy[P ' d. Juv.sk. .South America. SirW.Buruettand AdmiralFitzroyl P. e. Ad. sk. Hermit Island. The Admiralty [P.]. /. Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty IP.]. ff. Ad. sk. Island of Mexiana. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C. h. Juv. sk. Island of Mexiaua. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C. i. Ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro. JJr. Wucherer [C.]. k. Skeleton. Purchased. /. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 2. Polyborus cheriway. Falco cheriwa.y,Jacq. Beitr. p. 17, tab. 4 (1784). Polyborus brasiliensis, Amlub. B. Am. fol. pi. lUl et ed. 8vo, i. p. 21, pi. 4 (1839) ; Allen, Bull. Ilarv. Coll. ii. p. 337 (1871). Polyborus cheriway. Cab. in Schonib. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 741 (1848). Polyborus tharus, Cass. B. Calif, p. 113 (1855): id. in Batrd's B.N. v4m. p. 45 (1860). Polyborus auduboni, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 18G5, p. 2 ; Baird in Cooper, B. Calif, i. p. 492 (1871) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1871, p. 357 ; Scl. ^- Salv. Noniencl. Av. Neotr. p. 123 (1873).' Polyborus tharus, var. auduboni, Coues, Key, p. 220 (1872). Adult female. Upper surface black, the lower back and rump in- cluded ; the upper tail-coverts white with remains of a few narrow blackish cross bars ; hind neck and interscapulary region crossed with creamy buff bars, giving a very distinctly waved appearance ; wings black, the greater coverts and outer margin of secondaries somewhat shaded with brownish ; primaries white at base, freckled and barred with dusky brown for the greater part of their extent, the inner web whitish below, with faint indications of dusky cross bars ; tail creamy buff, crossed with thirteen or fourteen cross bars of dusky black, the terminal third entirely black, forming a very broad band across the end of the feather ; ear-coverts, sides of neck, and fore neck uniform creamy buff, the upper breast crossed with black bars ; remainder of breast and thighs black ; the abdomen and under tail- coverts creamy buff, a few bars of this colour extending up on to the black of the lower breast ; under wing-covcrts black ; cere, loral spaces, and cheeks bright red ; bill pale bluish, edged with yeUow; feet yellow; iris dark brown. Total length 23 inches culmen 2-25, wing 16-5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-4. Adult male. Similar to, but a little smaller than, the female Total length 23 inches, wing 15-8, tail 9, tarsus 3-4. Young. Above dark brown washed with paler brown, the lower back and rump uniform with rest of back ; upper tail-coverts white, very slightly mottled with brown ; tail marked as in adult, but the' bars brown instead of black; feathers of interscapulary region broadly margined and streaked along the shaft with buffj' white ; wings brown, the innermost secondaries and a few of the greater coverts tipped with huffy white, primaries white mottled with\rown bars near the base ; sides of face, throat, fore nock, abdomen and VOL. I. J. 34 FALCONIDJi. under tail-coyerts creamy white ; rest of under surface brown, with huffy white margins to the feathers ; the upper breast-feathers broadly streaked with buffy white down the centre. Hah. The extreme southern States of North America, adjoining the Gulf of Mexico, and including California and Florida, thence throughout Central America into Southern America, through Co- lumbia to Ecuador on the west, and into Guiana on the east coast ; Cuba, Trinidad. a. Ad. St. British Guiana. Sir R. ScLomburffk [P.]. h. Ad. St. Island of Puna. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.]. f. Juy. sk. ? d. Ad. sk. Valencia, Venezuela. A, Goering, Esq. [C.]. 12. IBYCTER*. Tyiie. Ibycter, VieHl. Analyse, p. 22 (1816) I. americanus. Daptrius, Vieill. Anali/se, p. 22 (1816) I. ater. Gymnops, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 11 (1824) I. ater. Milvago, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 12 (1824) I. chimachima. PhalcobiBnus, Lafr. in UOrb. Did. iii. p. 161 (1843) I. megalopterus. Senex, J. E. Gray in Jard. 4" Selby, III. Orn. n. s. pi. 24 (18.39) I. australis. Aetriorchis, Katip, Classif. Siiug. u. Vog. p. 124 (1844) I. australis. Helotriorchis, Reich. Av. Syst. Nat. pi. xcviii. (1850) I. australis. Bill of Ibycter ater. Range. The entire continent of South America with Tierra del * Ibycter gymxocephalus. Ibycter gymnocephalus, B' Orbigny, Voy. Am. Merid. Zool. p. 50(1835) ; Strickl. Orn. tiyn. p. 24 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 5 (1869). H(0}. Coohabamba, Bolivia. A species of which examples were only seen but never procured by D'Orbigny ; so that no type is in existence. Ibyctee fasciatus. Gymnops fasciatus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 10, pi. 4 (1824). Circaetus fasciatus, Cuv. Beync An. i. p. 338 (1828). Pandion fasciatus, Gray in Griffith ed. Cuv. Birds, i. p. 41 (1829). Pandion strigilatus. Gray, torn. cit. p. 42 (1829). Caracara fasciatus, Less. Traite, p. 35 (18.31). Ibycter fasciatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 9 (1844); StricH. Orn. Syn. p. 23 (1855); Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 5(1869). Hab. Jurua river, Brazil (Spix). Unrecognized since Spis's time. If distinct, it must be closely allied to /. ater, but has the base of the tail much more extensively white with broad blacli bar.s. 12. IBYCTER. 35 Fuego and the Falkland Islands, extending into Central America as far north as Guatemala and Hondiu-as. Key to the Species. a. Thighs hlack ater, p. 35. b. Thighs white. a'. Tail black americanus, p. 35. v. Tail tipped with white. a". Throat and chest black megalopterus, p. 36. h". Throat and chest white alhigidark, p. 37. c". Throat and chest white, spotted with black . carunciilatus, p. 38. c. Thighs bright tawny rufous australis, p. 38. d. Thighs ochraceous butf. c'. Under surface of body, including under wing- coverts, ochraceous buff chimachima, p. 39. d. Under surface of body brownish ochre, with dark brown shaft-stripes ; under wing-coverts dark rufous brown chimango, p. 41. 1. Ibycter ater. Daptrius ater, Vieill. Analyse, p. 22 (1816) ; Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336 (1824) ; Vieill. ^- Oud. Gal. Ois. pi. 5 (1825) ; Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 742 (1848). Falco aterrimus, Temm. PI. Col i. pis. 37, 342 (1823). Gymnops atenimus, Sjn.v, Av. Bras. i. p. 11 (1824). Cu'caetus aten-imus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 328 (1828). Daptrius aterrimus, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 75 (1828). Ibycter ater, Sw. Classif. B. ii. p. 209 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 9, pi. 5. fig. 1 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 12 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 23 (1855) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 135 ; Schl. Mus. P.- B. Polybori, p. 7 (1862) ; Gurney, Cat. Bapt. B. None. Mus. p. 29 (1864) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 392 (1871) ; Scl. 8,- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 122 (1873). Milvago aten-imus, Burm. TJi. Bras. ii. p. 39 (1856). Adult. Entirely black with greenish reflections, excepting a white band across the base of the tail ; cere and sides of face bare and of a red colour. Total length 16-5 inches, culmen 1'45, wing 12-7, tail 8, tarsus 2-05. Hah. The whole of the Amazon district, reaching into Ecuador on the west, into British Guiana on the north, and extending along Eastern Brazil as far as 30° S. lat. a. Ad. St. S. America. Mr. Leadbeater. b. Ad. St. S. America. c. Ad. sk. Para. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C], d. Skeleton. Purchased. e. Sternum. Zoological Society. 2. Ibycter americanus. Aigle d'Amerique, Buff. PL Enl. i. pi. 417. Red-throated Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 97 (1781). Falco americanus, Bodd. Tabl. PL EnL p. 25 (1783). Falco aquilinus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 280 (1788). e2 36 FALC0NID2E. Falco formosus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 38 ("1790). Falco nudicoUis, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 79 (1800). Circaetus aquilinus, Cuv. Rvrpie An. i. p. 317 (1817). Gymnops aquilinus, AS)j/.r, Av. Bras. i. p. 11 (1824). Ibycter aquilinus, Viq. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336 (1824); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 9 (1844) ; Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 742 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 12 (1850). Polyborus aquilinus, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 88 (1828). Ibvcter ameiicanus, Gray, Gen. B. App. p. 1 (1849) ; Strickl. Orti. 'Syji. p. 22 (1855) ; Schl. Mvs. P.-B. Polvbori, p. 9 (1802) ; Pek. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 134 ; id. Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 392 (1871) ; Gurney, Cat. liapt. B. Nuriv. Mus. p. 29 (1864) ; *S'e/. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Ai\ Ncotr. p. 122 (1873). Milvago nudicollis, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 37 (1856). Ibycter formosus, I'elz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 134 ; id. Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 392 (1871) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 122 (1873). Adult male. Black, with steel-green reflections and sometimes slightly shaded with ashy grey ; ear-covorts decidedly shaded with ashy grey ; entire abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white ; bare space before the eye and throat deep red; cere blue; man- dibles yellow ; iris deep red. Total length 19-5 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 13'6, tail 9-2, tarsus 2. Female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 24 inches, wing 15-5, tarsus 2-3 *. Hah. The whole of Amazonia, Ecuador, and Columbia, reaching to the southward along eastern Brazil as far south as the Tropic of Ca])ricorn, and ranging along the western coast of Central America to Guatemala and Honduras. a. (5 ad. st. S. America. Purchased. b. $ ad. St. S. America. Purchased. e. cj ad. sk. Guayaquil. G. Barclay, Esq. [P." . d. S ad. sk. Para. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C."' e. § ad. sk. Veragua. M. E. Arce [G.]. 3. Ibycter megalopterus. Aquila megaloptera, Meyen, Beitr. p. 64, pi. 7 (1834). Phalcobjenus montanus, If Orb. Toy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 51, pi. 2 (1835). Milvago montanus, Dartv. Voy. Beayle, Birds, p. 13 (1841) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 135. Milvago megalopterus, Banvin, Voy. Bear/Ie, Birds, p. 13 (1841); Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 30 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 21 (1855) ; Grat/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 6 (1869) : Scl. &■ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 122 (1873). Polvborus megalopterus. Cab. Sf Tschudi, Favn. Peruana, pp. 16, 78 (1845) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Polybori, p. 4 (1872). Phalcobffinus megalopterus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 13 (1850) ; Gurnet/, Cat. Rapt. B. Norw. Mus. p. 24 (1864). * Von Pelzeln's I. formosus (ex Lath.) is surely nothing but the female of J. americanus, witness sexed specimens in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman. I 12. IBYCTER. 37 Ivago crassirostris, Pels. Sits. Akad. Wien, xliv. p. 7 (18G1)- id Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 136. ' Young. Above rufous browu, with distinct ochraceous-bufF tips to most of the feathers of the upper surface, a little less distinct on the wing-coverts ; head more decidedly rufous, with longitudinal fulvous tips ; under surface of body uniform dull rufous brown, the lower abdomen and thighs broadly mottled with pale fulvous, the under tail-coverts almost entirely of the latter colour ; quills dark brown, inclining to greyish on the outer margin of the primaries, the primary coverts and primaries conspicuously white on the inner web and less so on the outer, the latter margined and the former spotted with brown ; upper tail-coverts very long, creamy white, barred with brown on inner web ; tail dull rufous brown, dull ochre on the inner web, inclining to white towards the tips of the feathers, many of the feathers mottled with rufous brown near the base ; under wing-coverts rufous brown, tipped with fulvous, the greater ones dull ochre margined with brown. Total length 22 inches, culmen 1-65, wing 15-1, tail 8-5, tarsus 3-05. Adult. Head crested, the feathers of the crown recurved ; upper surface glossy black, with greenish reflections ; primaries black ; secondaries shaded with chocolate-brown ; all the quills tipped with ashy white ; upper tail-coverts white ; tail black, white at base, and broadly tipped with the same ; sides of face and neck and under- parts as far as the lower breast black ; abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white, the flanks somewhat mixed with black, which extends some way from the breast ; under wing-coverts white, as also the small plumes along the bend of the wing ; cere and lores bare and yellow ; bill yellow, horn-blue at base of both mandibles ; cere and bare space round eye bright orange ; feet orange-yellow ; iris brown. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 14-6, tail 8-5, tarsus 1-6. Hah. Pacific side of the Andes in Chih, Bolivia, and Peru. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. ]\lr. P. Brydges [CI. C. Crawley, Esq. [P.]. Zoological Society. Zoological Society. Henry \Miitely, Esq., Jun. [C. Henry Whitely, Esq., Jun. fP.' Henry Whitely, Esq., Jun. [P. Henry Whitely, Esq., Jun. "P. 4. Ibycter albigularis. Polybonis albogularis, Gonld, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 9. Milvago albogularis, Darioin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 13, pi. 1 (1841); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 22 (1855); Scl. Ibis, 1861, p. 23; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 5 (1869); Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl. At: Neotr. p. 122 (1873). Not quite adult (type). Above brownish black, with several rufous- a. Ad. sk. Cordillera of Chili. b. Juv. sk. Chili. c. Juv. sk. Chili. d. Ad. St. Chili. e. Juv. st. Chili. /• Juv. sk. Arequipa, July 11, 1867 9- Ad. sk. Tinta, July 27, 1868. h. S ad. sk. Tinta, June 28, 1869. i. S juv. sk. Tinta, June 28, 1869. k. Skeleton. 38 FALCONIDJE. brown feathers on the sides of the neck (the remains of young plu- mage) ; feathers of crown slightly recurved ; all the qiiiUs tipped with white ; iipper tail-coverts white ; tail brown, white at base and at tip ; under surface of body entirely white, with one black plume on the throat, and the sides of the body irregularly marked with black, which occupies the most part of the inner and a great deal of the outer web of the feathers ; under wing-coverts white ; pri- maries white at immediate base, with broad black bars. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-65, wing 15'6, tail 9'3, tarsus 3"1. Hah. Patagonia. a. 5 st. Santa Cruz, Patagonia. C. Darwin, Esq. [C.]. Type of species. 5. Ibycter carunculatus. Phalcobpenus carunculatus, Des Murs, Mev. et Mag. de Zonl. 1853, p. 154: Giirney, Cat. Rapt. B. Norio. Mus. p. 25 (1864). Milvago megalopterus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 555 (nee Meyoi). Milvago carunculatus, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 81 ; id. Ibis, 1861, p. 19, pi. 1 ; Grai/, Hand-l. i. p. 5 (1869) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nometicl. Av. Neotr. p. 122 (1873). Adult. Above glossy black, the feathers of the head recui-ved ; rump and upper tail-coverts pure white ; quills black ; both prima- ries and secondaries broadly tipped with white ; tail black, with a broad terminal band of white ; entire breast black, each feather with a large tear-shaped drop of white along the centre ; under tail- coverts, vent, and thighs pure white, as also are the under wing- coverts and axiUaries ; bare skin of face and throat wrinkled and deep orange -colour, as also the cere ; irides hazel. Total length 19-5 inches, culmen 2, wing 15"5, tail 8*8, tarsus 3*2. Hah. Highlands of Ecuador and New Granada. a. Ad. sk. Ecuador. K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.] 6. Ibycter australis. Statenland Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 40 (1781). Falco austi-alis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 259 (1788). Morphnus novae zealandise. Cm. Reqne An. i. p. 318 (1817). Falco novEe zealandite, Temm. Pi: Col. i. pis. 192, 224 (1823). Polyborus nova; zealandiae, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336 (1824) ; Dar- loin, Journ. T'oy. Adv. 4' Beagle, p. 66 (1839). Circaetus novse zealandise, Ciiv. Regne An. i. p. 328 (1829). Circaetus antarcticus, Less. Traitc, p. 49 (1831). Polyborus brasiliensis. King, Voy. Beagle, i. p. 532 (1839). Senex australis, /. E. Gray in Jardine (^- Selhy, III. Orn. n. s. pi. 24 (1839) ; Gumey, Cat. Rapt. B. Nario. Mus. p. 20 (1864). Milvago leucurus, Darwin, Vuy. Beagle, Birds, p. 15 (1841, ex Forst.^ ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 5 (1869). Vultur plancus, Furst. Descr. Anim, p. 321 (1844). Aeti'iorchis novse zealandise, Kaup, Classif. Sdugeth. u. Vog. p. 124 (1844). Milvago australis, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 30 ; StricM. Orn. Syn. p. 21 (1855); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 150; Pek. Verh. z.-b. iVien, 1862, p. 136; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 122 (1873). 12. IBTCTER. 39 ITjycter australis, Kaup, Arch.f. Katurg. xvi. p. 41 (1850). Polyborus australis, Bp. Comp. i. p. 13 (1850) : Schl. Mus. P.-B. Polybori, p. 3 (1862). Aetriorchis australis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 11. AduJt. Above black ; the nape and hind neck covered with lan- ceolate streaks of white, as also a few of the outer upper tail-coverts ; quiUs dark brown, very slightly tipped with whitish ; tail black, broadly tipped with white ; under surface of body black, with very distinct lanceolate whit« streaks on the throat and breast, reduced to tiny white apical spots on the feathers of the abdomen ; inner face of thighs and vent-feathers tawny; under tail-coverts black, with whitish margins ; under wing-coverts black, the outer ones externally tawny ; crop-patch lemon-yellow ; bill yellowish, bluish horn-colour at base ; cere and feet of a bright lemon-yellow ; iris dark brown. Total length 25 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 16-7, tail 11, tarsus 3'3o. Youtu/. Above smoky brown, clearer on the wings ; head and neck blackish, the sides of the latter rufous ochre, with brownish margins to the feathers ; the feathers of the crown and nape with narrow and indistinct fulvous tips ; quills brown, primaries clear ochre at base ; upper tail-coverts and tail ochraceous brown, deeper brown on the external margins ; under surface of body smoky brown, with rufous-brown centres to the breast-feathers, not very distinct ; bin horn-brown, yellowish at tip of lower mandible ; cere and feet slate-colour. Total length 24-5 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 16-5, tail 10-5, tarsus 3. Hab. Falkland Islands. «, h. Ad. st. S. America [?]. Pm-chased. c. Juv. St. Straits of Magellan [?]. The Admiraltj' [P.]. d. Juv. sk. Berkeley Sound. The Admiralty "P.]. c. Ad. St. S. Salvador Bay, E. Falkland. Antarctic Expedition. /. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedition. g. Juv. sk. Falkland Islands. Sir W. Burnett and 7. Ibyctei* cMmachima. Chimachima, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 50 (1802). Polyborus chimachima, Vieill. N. Did. v. p. 259 (1816); D'Orh. Vmj. Am. 3Ier. p. 63 (1835); Schl. Mils. P.-B. Polybori, p. 5 (1862). Falco crotophagus, Mm: Beis. Bras. i. p. 297 (1820). Falco degener, Lwht. Verz. Dotibl. p. 61 (1823). Milvago ochrocephalus, Spi.r, Av. Bra^. i. p. 12, pi. 5 (1824) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 36 (1856). Gj-mnops strigilatus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 10, pi. 4 (1824). Polyborus degener, Vig. Zool. Joiirn. i. p. 336 (1824). Haiiaetus ochrocephala, Cuv. Rcgne An. i. p. 327 (1829). Haliaetus chimachima, Less. Traite, p. 43 (1831). Milvago chimachima, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 2 (1841); Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 741 (1848) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 12 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. St/n. p. 20 (1855) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien. 1862. p. 137 ; Gm-ne>i, Cat. Rapt. B. Xorw. Mus. p. 27 (1864) ; Grag, Iland-l. B. i. p.'o 40 FALCONIIiJ;. (1869) ; Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 392 (1871) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 122 (1873). Ibycter chimacliima, Kaup, Arch. f. Naturg. vol. xvi. p. 41 (1850). Young. Above rather rufous brown, with distinct straw-coloured margins to most of the feathers of the back ; the head minutely spotted with straw-colour, and streaked more distinctly with the same on the sides of the crown, especially over the eye, where a distinct eyebrow is formed ; the hind neck more distinctly streaked with straw-colour, the sides of the neck being entirely of the latter colour, some of the feathers with brown margins ; feathers behind the eye and ear-coverts uniform brown, the latter with somewhat of a rufous tint ; fore part of cheeks and chin almost uniform yellowish white ; rest of under surface deep straw-yellow or ochre, the feathers margined with brown on the chest, causing a striped appearance ; the flanks and thigh-feathers spotted on both webs or barred across with brown ; the under tail-coverts uniform straw-yellow ; quills dark brown ; primaries externally whitish at base, freckled with brown ; all the quiUs white at base of inner web, shading into rufous, barred with dark brown, the bars on the primaries narrower ; under wing- coverts rufous-ochre, thickly barred with dark brown ; upper taU- coverts pale buffy cream-colour, ■pith indistinct remains of brown bars ; tail-feathers also cream-coloured, crossed with seven bars of dark brown somewhat washed with rufous ; the tips whitish, pre- ceded by a very broad subterminal band of dark brown. Total length 16 inches, wing 11-2, tarsus 2-05. The progress from the young to the adult stage seems to be effected by a gradual change of the feather, the brown on the head, neck, and under parts gradually disappearing, and the cream-coloured centres widening out until they occupy the whole of the feather. The brown bars on the lower part of the tail also diminish in extent and grow narrower. Adult. Above brown, Avith pale ashy brown margins to the feathers of the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts ; quills dark sepia- brown ; secondaries of the same colour as the back, aU tipped with whity brown ; primaries white at base of both webs ; head and neck all round (excepting a little streak of brown behind the eye) and entire underparts, including the under wing- and tail-coverts, white ; upper tail-coverts and tail for two thirds of its length white, the latter barred with brown, the middle feathers also somewhat frecklfcd with brown ; the terminal third of the taU blackish brown, forming a broad dark band slightly tipped with white ; feet pale yellow ; bare space round eye tinged with rose-colour ; iris whitish. Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 10-5, tail 7'2, tarsus 2. Hah. The whole of BrazU north of the Tropic of Capricorn, along the frontiers of Paraguay, not south of 28° S. lat. All Amazonia, extending through Columbia into Panama, o. Ad. sk. S. America. h. Juv. St. S. America. c. Ad. St. Bahia. Sudburv Museum. 12. IBTCTER. 41 '/. 5 jii'^' sk. Island of Mexiana. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. e. Ad.sk. Island of Mexiana. A. R. Wallace, Esq. JC.]. /. 5 juv. sk. BaiTa, Rio Negro. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. g. Ad. sk. Bogota. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. A. Ad. sk. Bay of Panama. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.]. 8. Ibycter chimango. Chimango, Azara., Apunt. i. p. 47 (1802). Polyborus chimango, Vieill. N. Diet. v. p. 260 (1816) ; Cah. 8r Tsch. Faun. Peruaii. p. 79 (1845) ; B'Orb. Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 60 (1835); ScM. Mm. P.-B. Polybori, p. 6 (1862). Haliaetus chimango, Less. Traite, Py43 (1831). Aquila pezopora, Meyen, Beitr. p. 62, pi. 6 (1834). MHvago chimango, I)ano. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 14 (1841); Gray Sf Mitch. Gen. B. i. pi. 5 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 13 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 20 (1855) ; Pek. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 136 ; Gurney, Cat. Rapt. B. Nortv. Mus. p. 26 (1864) ; Gratj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 5 (1869) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 392 (1871) ; Scl. Sf Salt: No^nencl. Av. ^ Neotr. p. 122 (1873). Milvago pezoporus, Darioin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 13 (1841) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 20 (1855). Ibycter chimango, Katip, Arch. f. Naturg. xvi. p. 41 (1850). Adult. Above rufous brown, with ashy-brown margins to the feathers, not very distinctly indicated ; head and neck more de- cidedlj' rufous, with longitudinal black centres to the feathers, giving a somewhat striped appearance ; ^ving-coverts coloured like the back ; primary coverts whitish, freckled minutely with greyish brown, with three very indistinct narrow cross lines of brown ; quills deep brown, with white shafts, and externally shaded with ashy grey; secondaries coloured like back; primaries whitish at base, externally freckled with greyish brown like the primary coverts ; inner face of quills at base buff, more rufous towards the inner ones, which are also slightly barred ; upper tail-coverts dull white ; tail ashy grey, whitish at base, minutely freckled with greyish brown and crossed with a broad subterminal band of dark brown, the tip whity brown ; frontal feathers and a narrow superciliary line ter- minating above the ear black ; sides of face and of neck brownish ochre ; the cheeks slightly streaked with black ; under surface of body brownish ochre, with distinct shaft-stripes of dark brown, and the feathers inclining to whitish ashy at tip, causing a somewhat mottled appearance ; thighs and under tail-coverts paler ochre, the latter inclining to whitish ; under wing-coverts rufous brown, barred with ochre, the greater ones entirely of the latter colour, with nar- row brown cross bars ; cere dull pink ; feet bright yellow ; iris hazel-brown. Total length 15-7 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 11-5, tail 6:7, tarsus 2-55. Young. Very similar to adult, but more rufous ; the feathers of the upper surface tipped with whitish, and tlie under surface also more distinctly mottled with the latter colour ; thighs deep rufous ochre ; quUls much as in adult, but the base of primaries and the primary coverts more coarselj* vermiculated and washed with rufous ; tail creamy buff at base, shading into rufous at tip, all very coarsely 42 FALCONID^. freckled with dark brown, except the extremities of the feathers, which do not, however, show a very distinct band. The tjT)e of Mr. Gould's M. hyperstictus is in the Museum, and is, I believe, the very old bird of this species in bleached plumage. At the same time it presents many differences from the bird which I have considered to be the adult, viz. in the breadth and purity of the white margins of the back-feathers, in the pure white primary coverts which are not freckled, but show five narrow brown cross bars, and especially in the total absence of any subterminal bar on the taU- feathers. The latter are ochraceous buff, with narrow greyish brown bars on the inner webs, broader and more vermiculated on the outer; the two centre feathers entirely covered with ashy-brown frecklings. Hah. The southern portion of the South-American continent and Tierra del Fuego, '-anging on the west coast as high as 20° S. lat. ; but in the central portions not higher than the Tropic of Capricorn, and only extending in Eastern Brazil to the districts north of E.io. a. Ad. st. S. America. b. Juv. sk. S. America. Antarctic Expedition [C.]. c. Ad. St. Maldonado. Chas. Darwin, Esq. [C.l J. Ad. St. Port Desire. Chas. Darwin, Esq. [C.]. Type of P. hyperstictus, Gould. e. c? ad. sk. Chili. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 13. CARIAMA. Cariama, Briss. Orn. v. p. 516 C. cristata. Microdactylus, Geoffr. Ann. du Mus. xiii. p. 370 (1809) C. cristata. Dicholophus, Miffer, Prodr. Syst. p. 253 (1811) .... C. cristata. Lophorhynchus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 59 (1816) C. cristata. Sariama, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 103 (1857) C. cristata. Chunga, Reich. Natiirg. Tauten, p. 159 (1860) C. burmeisteri. Chunnia, Burm. La-Plata Reis. ii. p. 508 (1861) .... C. burmeisteri. Cf. Sundev. Av. Tent. p. Ill ; Parker, Micr. Journ. 1872, p. 45. Range. South America : campos of Brazil and western provinces of Argentine Republic. Key to tlie Species. a. Larger; sandy brown; frontal plumes 3 inches in length ; no superciUary streak ; tail tipped with white cristata, p. 42. I). Smaller ; ashy grey ; frontal plumes 1 inch in length ; a distinct white superciliary streak ; tail tipped with ashy grey burmeisteri,T^.43. 1. Cariama cristata. Palamedea cristata, Linn. S. N. i. p. 232 (1766). Le Cariama, Btiff. H. N. Ois. viii. p. 172 (1783). Saria, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 101 (1805). 13. CARIAMA. 43 Microdactylus marcgravii, Geoffr. Ann. du Mus. xiii. p. 370, pi. xxvi. (1809). Dicholophus cristatus, Illiger, Prodr. p. 253 (1811) ; Tetnm. PI. Col. i. pi. 237 (1823) ; Max. Abbild. Nature/. Bras. Vog. pi. 4(c. 1825) ; id. Beitr. iv. pt. 2, p. 570 (1833) ; Btirm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 401 (1856) ; Peh. Orii. Bras. pp. 299, 455 (1871). Cariama saui'opliaga, Tieill. et Oiid. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 148, pi. cclix. (1834). Cariama cristata. Gray, Cat. Grallee, p. 73 (1844) ; id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 23 (1871) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nommcl. Av. Neotr. p. 141 (1873). Sariama cristata, B^j. Consp. ii. p. 103 (1857). Adult. Above sandy brown, minutely and indistinctly vermicu- lated with fulvous ; wing-coverts paler and more ashy grey, some- what tinged here and there with rufous, and vermiculated with numerous cross lines of ashy brown ; quills dark brown, shaded externally with ashy grey, the secondaries also washed with rufous and vermiculated on the outer web with ashy brown, the inner web tipped and crossed with four or five bars of butfy white, slightly mottled with brown ; lower back and rump dull brown, the outer upper tail-coverts ashy fulvous, vermiculated with brown ; tail black, the two centre feathers browner, all the rest broadly tipped with white, and having buffy white bases mottled with dark brown ; head and neck ashy fulvous, numerously vermiculated with blackish cross lines and tinged with rufous ; all the shaft-feathers whitish along the shafts, causing a distinctly streaked appearance ; the head ornamented with a tuft of erect plumes on the forehead, with a full and pendent crest hanging down the hinder neck ; lores whitish ; under surface of body sandy buff, the vermiculations small, and the light central streaks down each feather very apparent on the throat and breast ; the streaks much wider on the flanks and thighs, spreading over nearly the whole feather, which has only a few brown vermiculations on the margin ; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts uniform fulvous ; under wing-coverts ashy, with narrow brown ver- miculations, the greater ones fulvous, with broad transverse bars of brown ; bill cinnabar-red, paler in the young bird ; lores greyish flesh-colour ; the bare orbit bluish ; iris dark yellow, paler in the old bird. Total length 36 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 14*8, tail 13, tarsus 7*5. Ilab. Campos of Brazil and Northern Paraguay. a. Ad. St. Brazil. h A n ^t" Tiri 7il c. Ad.' St.* " Deformed [cf. GUnther, Ann.N.H.(4)x. p. 67 (1872)]. d. Skeleton. Mr. Tyler [P.]. 2. Cariama burmeisteri. Dicholophus burmeisteri, Ilartl. P. Z. S. 1800, p. 335; Sund. Av. Tent. p. Ill (1873). Chimga burmeisteri, Reich. Nuturg. Tauhen, p. 160 (1860) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 666, pi. xxxvi. ; Scl. S,- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 141 (1873). Chunnia burmeisteri, Bttrm. La-Plata Peis. ii. p. 508 (1861). Cariama burmeisteri, Grai/, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 23 (1871). 44 FAICONID-i:. Adult. General plumage ashy grey, a little browner on the back, and everywhere minutely vermiculated with dusky brown, the lower back and rump less plainly irrorated ; head with a frontal and nuchal crest, but not nearly so much developed as in C. cristata ; lores and a distinct eyebrow white ; head, neck, and breast greyer than the rest of the body, the two former more coarsely vermicu- lated ; abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts pure white ; under wing-coverts greyish like breast, and vermiculated in the same way, the lower ones barred alternately with black and white ; quills black, externally shaded with ashy grey, the inner secondaries rather browner, and vermiculated on the outer margin with brown, the inner webs marked with seven or eight white bars, on which appear slight remains of vermiculations ; upper tail-coverts and two centre tail- feathers ashy grey, with minute vermiculations, the others more coarsely mottled, and crossed towards the tip with two black bars, the subterminal one the broadest ; bill black ; feet brown ; iris reddish brown. Total length 31 inches ; culmen 2-25, wing 12-8, tail 13-5, tarsus 5*8. Hah. Provinces of Catamarca and Tucuman, in the Argentine Eepublic. a. Ad. st. Argentine Republic. Prof. Burmeister [P.]. b. Skeleton. 14. SERPENTAEIUS*. Serpentarius, Cuv. Tahl. Elhn. cVHist. Nat. p. 254 Type. (1798) S. secretarius. Secretarius, Daucl. Traite, ii. p. 29 (1800) S. secretarius. Gypogeranus, IlUger, Prodr. p. 234 (1811) S. secretarius. Ophiotheres, Vieill. Analyse, p. 59 (1816) S. secretarius. Foot of Serpentarius secretarius. * By Strickland and others the generic name of Sagittarius has been used from Vosmaer's ' Besch. Afrik. Eoofvogel ' (1769) ; but a referenoe to the work shows that Vosmaer never used the word in a generic sense at all. 14. SEEPENTAEICS. 45 Bange. The whole of Southern Africa, from Benguela on the west to the Zambesi on the east coast ; N.E. Africa, from below Khartoom southwards to the Fpper White Nile, and through the whole of Abyssinia ; W. Africa, Senegambia. 1. Serpentarius secretarius, Sagittarius, Vosm. Besckr. Afrik. Roofv. p. 1 (1769). Le Secretaire, Smin. Voy. N. Guin. pi. 50 (1776). Le Message du Cap de IBonne-Esperance, Buff. PI. Enl. viii. pi. 721 (1783). ^ ' JJ V Falco serpentarius, Miller, Various Suhj. N. H. pi. 18 a, b (1785) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 250 (1788). Otis secretarius, Sco2}. Del. Faun, et Flor. Insuhr. ii. p. 93 (1786). Yultur serpentarius, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 8 (1790). Vultiir secretarius, Shaiv, Vim. Phys. pi. 28 (1796). Le Mangeur de Serpens, Lemill. Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 25 (1799) ; Sund. Crit. om Levaill. p. 26 (1857). Secretarius reptilivorus, Datul. Traite, ii. p. 29, pi. xi. (1806). Serpentarius africanus, S/unv, Gen. Zuol. vii. p. 46, pi. 14 (1809). Gypogeranus sei-pentarius, Illiyer, Prodr. p. 234 (1811) ; B^i. C'onsp. i. p. 12 (1850) ; Hard. Orn. IV. Afr. p. 17 (1857) ; Heml. Orn. A';0.-4/>-.i. p. 78(1869). Ophiotheres cristatus, Vieill. N. Diet. xxx. p. 408 (1819) ; id. et Oud. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 151, pi. 260 (1834). Gypogeranus reptihvorus, Banz. Elem. Zool. iii. p. 50 (1823). Gypogeranus africanus, Sieph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 4 (1826) ; Dubois, Orti. Gal. pi. 55 (1839). Serpentarius cristatus, Less. Traite, p. 16, pi. 3. fig. 2 (1831). Gypogeranus capensis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 104. Gypogeranus pliilippensis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 105. Gypogeranus gambiensis, id. id supra. Serpentarius reptilivorus, Gm;/, Ltrt Gen. B. p. 6 (1840) ; Verr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 348 ; Gttrtiey, Cat. Rapt. B. None. Alvs. p. 8 (1864) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 33 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 38 (.1869). Serpentarius secretarius, Gray, Cat. Acciptr. Brit. Mus. p. 77 (1848). Sagittarius secretarius, Strickl. Orn. Sy7i.. p. 144 (1855) ; Gvrney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 34 (1872). Serpentarius orientalis, Verr. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 352. Astur secretarius, ScJd. Mus. P.-B. Astures. p. 28 (1862). Sagittarius serpentarius, Finsch u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 93 (1870). Adult. General colour delicate ashy grey, the feathers of the throat and sides of face with narrow central white shaft-streaks ; an elegant tuft of long and slightly spatulate plumes springing from occiput and nape, entirely black, or grey with a black tip ; quills entirely black, as also the primary coverts ; lower back and rump black, the feathers of the latter slightly barred with white ; upper tail-coverts white ; two centre tail-feathers elongated, clear ashy grey tipped with white, before which a black band, the remainder duller ashy grey, inclining more or less to whitish on inner web, tipped with white, and crossed with two bands of black, the subterminal one much the broadest ; breast and under wing- coverts white, slightly 46 PALCONID^. shaded with ashy ; thighs and abdomen black ; under tail-coverts white ; cere yellow ; bare space round eye orange-yellow ; feet dull flesh-colour ; iris hazel. Total length 50 inches, culmen 3, wing 25-5, tail 2'3, tarsus 13-5. Young. Coloured like the adult, but duller ; head distinctly crested ; upper wing- and upper and under tail-coverts marked with subterminal spots of dusky brown ; the black thighs and abdomen with cross lines of dusky brov.n ; iris grey. Hab. The same as that of the genus. a. Ad. St. Cape of Good Hope. Major-Gen. T. Hardwicke [P.] b. Ad. St. Cape of Good Hope. c. d juv. St. S. Afi-ica. Sir A. Smith [CI d. Ad. sk. Lake Ashangi, April 29, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C], 1868. e. Skeleton. /. Sternum. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. Subfamily IV. ACCIPITRIN^. Outer toe connected to middle toe by an interdigital membrane ; tibia and tarsus to aU intents equal in length, the diflerence between them not so great as the length of hind claw. Key to the Genera. a. Lores entirely bare, as well as the sides of the face and region of the mouth, ex- tending above the eye and over the ear- coverts 15. PoLYBOKOrDES, b. Sides of face feathered, the lores always fiu-- p. 47. nished with bristles. «'. Hinder aspect of tarsus reticulate. a". Nostrils oval, with no bony excres- cence 16. Cmcus, p. 50. b". Nostrils round, with a bony excres- cence 17. MiCBASTUB, p. 74. b'. Hinder aspect of tarsus scaled. c". Ridge of bill measured from margin of cere greater than half length of middle toe without claw. c". Commissure slightly festooned. c'"'. Outer toe veiy short, equal to two thirds of length of inner toe (without claw) ; thigh-feathers close-set, having no overhang- ing tuft of feathers 18. Gehanospizias, d"". Outer toe longer than inner toe p. 80. without claw; thighs with over- hanging tuft of plumes ; tail longer than winq 19. Frotbiorchis, p. 83. 15. POLTBOKOIDES. 47 e"". Outer toe about equal to inner toe witliout claw ; thig-hs with overhanging tuft of featliers. aa. NostrUs with bony tubercle near upper margin. aa . Feathering of tarsus extend- ingfurtherdownthanlength of middle toe (without claw) ; tarsus scaled right across, only the, hinder mar- gin of outer aspect reticu- late 20. Erythrocnema, hh' , Feathering of tarsus not ex- p. 84. tending so far dowu as length of middle toe; tarsus scaled in front, reticulate on outer aspect 21. Melierax, p. 86. hh. Nostrils oval, with no bony tubercle 22. Astuh, p. 92. d". Commissure perfectly straight .... 23. Isisoides, p. 129. /". Eidge of bni, measured from anterior margiji of cere, less than half middle toe without claw 24. Accipiter, p. 130. 15. POLYBOROIDES. „^ Type. Polyboroides, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 106 (1830) . . P. typicus. Gymnogenys, Less. Traite, p. 64 (1831) P. radiatus. Bill of Polyboroides typicus. Baiige. Africa geuerally and Madagascar. Key to the Species. a. Silver-grey, thinly barred with black below h. Dark grey, thickly barred with black below radiatus, p. 48. typicus, p. 48. 48 FALCOXID^. 1, Polyboroides radiatus. L'Autour gris a ventre ray^ de Madagascar, Sonn. Voy. Ind. p. 181, pi. 183 (1782). Vultur radiatus, Scop. Bel. Faun, et Flor. Insuhr. ii. p. 85 (1786). Madagascar Falcon, Lath. Gen. Sj/n. Suppl. p. 32 (1787). Faleo niadagascariensis, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 75 (1800). Sparvius madagascariensis, t'ieill. N. Diet. x. p. 339 (1817). Falco gymnogenys, Temni. PI. Col. i. pi. 307 (1820). Nisus gymnogenys, Cuv. R>'gn. An. i. p. 334 (1829). Gymnogenys madagascariensis, Less. Traite, p. 64 (1831). Polyboroides radiatus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 5 (1840) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 31, pi. 11. fig. 2 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 12 (1850) ; Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 21 (1861) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 161 ; Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 321. Gymnogenys radiatus, Kaup, Mus. Senek. iii. p. 260 (1845). Circaetus radiatus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 262. Polyboroides madagascariensis, Roch k^- E. Ketct. Ibis, 1862, p. 269. Nisus radiatus, Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 100 (1873). Adult male. Above silvery grey, -with a few indistinct whitish edgings to the scapulars ; quills black, with a distinct white margin at the tip, the basal portion of the inner web greyish white mottled with black, occupying more than half of the inner secondaries, so that the black forms a broad subterminal bar ; lower back and rump ashy white, barred with black ; upper tail-coverts black, broadly tipped and irregularly barred with white ; tail black, slightly mottled with white at immediate base, tipped with white and crossed with a broad white band across the middle ; thi'oat and chest silvery grey, like back ; rest of under surface white, narrowly but regularly barred across with black, the under wing- and tail-coverts uniform with breast; cere and bare skin round eye flesh-colour ; feet yellow ; iris black *. Total length 23-5 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 15-5, tail 12, tarsus 3-5. Adult female. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 16, tail 12, tarsus 4-15, middle toe 1-6 {Mus. Lugd.}. Hab. Madagascar. «. c? ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased. 2. Polyboroides typicus. Polyboroides typicus, Smith, S. Afr. Q. J. i. p. 107 (1830) ; id. III. Zool. S. Afr. pis. 81, 82 (1849) ; Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. pp. 2, 269 (1857); Cass. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1859, p. 30; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 102 ; Lnyard, B. S. Afr. p. 32 (1867) ; Gum. Ibis, 1868, p. 146 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 194 ; Finsch u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 95(1870); Boeage, Jorn. Lisb. 1873, p. 3. Serpentarius typicus, Guer. et Lafr. in Ferret et Gal. Voy. Abyss. Zool. ill. p. 181 (1847). Gymnogenys melanostictus, Licht. Nomencl. p. 5 (1854). Polyboroides radiatus, Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 143 (1855) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 153 ; id. Cat. Rapt. B. Korio. 3Ius. p. 12 (1804) ; Hem/l. Orn. JV;0.-4/r. p.76(1869). * These soft parts are taken from Grandidier, and if correctly given would form a specific difference, as the African species has the bare part of the face yellow. Mr. E. Newton, however, gives that of the Madagascar bird as yellow. Cf. the accurate remarks in Mr. Gurney 's ' Catalogue' ((i. l,")). 15. POLTBOROIDES. 49 Gymnogenys malzacii, J. 8f E. Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1855, p. 349, pi. 13. Nisus radiatus, Schl. Mm. P.-B. Astures, p. 54 (1862). Gymnogenys africanus, Heugl. J. f. O. 18(;7, p. 292. Young. General colonr brown, with rather paler margins to the feathers, which are whitish at base ; quills blackish brown ; the secondaries paler b^o^v^], like the back, the latter much mottled with white near the base ; all the quills barred across with dark brown ; tail brown, tipped with fulvous, and crossed with five bars of darker brown ; head much crested, all the feathers fulvous at their base and on their margins, brown in the centre, somewhat tinged with rufous, especially on the sides of the crown and of the neck ; forehead whitish, slightly streaked with dark brown ; a few feathers under the eye and on fore jjart of cheeks black ; throat and breast buify white, the feathers mesially streaked with dark brown and washed with sandy rufous ; the lower breast sandy rufous, with fulvous tips; the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts barred with fulvous and sandy rufous, the latter with dark brown ; under wing-coverts fulvous, mottled with rufous or rufous brown ; the lower ones brown at tips, like under surface of wing. Adult. Above dark grey, extending aU round the neck and occu- pying the entire throat and chest ; rest of the under surface, inclu- ding the under wing- and tail-coverts, crossed with rather broad alternate bars of black and white ; primaries and their coverts black, tipped with white, and inclining to ashy grey at base, more especially on the inner web, which is also somewhat freckled with brown ; secondaries grey, tipped with white, before which is a broad black bar, sometimes represented by a spot of more or less extent on the adjoining scapulars ; tail black, tipped with white, with a distinct broad bar of dull white, mottled with black about a third of its length from the tip, aud indications of a second bar about the same distance from the base ; upper tail-coverts grey ; the lower ones black, tipped with white, and crossed with other bars of white near the base ; cere and bare skin round the eye light yellow ; feet bright yellow; iris very dark brown. Total length 24-5 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 16-6, tail 11-5, tarsus 4. Adult female. Slightly larger than the male. Total length 27-5 inches, wing 19, tail 12, tarsus 4*15. Hah. "W. Africa, from Senegambia to Gaboon ; S.W. Africa, Ben- guela ; S. Africa, from the Cape Colony through Xatal to the Zam- besi ; N.E. Africa, from Senaar into Abyssinia and along the "White Nile nearly to the Equator. a. $ ad. st; South Africa. S.-A£rican Museum. Type of species. h. Juv. st. South Africa. S. -African ^Museum. c. Ad. St. South Africa. Sir Henry Ellis [P.]. d. Ad. sk. South .Africa. John Rocke, Esq. [P.]. «,/. Ad. st. West Africa. g. Ad. sk. Ashantee. John Gould, Esq. h. Ad. sk. Fantee. Captain Shelley [P.]. t. Juv, sk. Gaboon. H. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.]. VOL. I. F 50 TALCONID^. 16. CIRCUS. Type. Circus, Laci'p. M6m. de rinst. iii. p. 50l) (ISOfi) .... C. cj'aneus. Pysravg-us, Koch, Si/st. Baier. Zool. p. 127 (181G) . . C. cyaneus. Strigiceps, Bp. Scu/gio Disfr. Met. Aidm. Vertchr. p. 37 (1831) C. cyaneus. Glaucopteryx, Katip, Class. Sdug. n. Viiy. p. 113(1844) C. cineraeeus. Spizacercus, Kaup, Mus. Senchenb. iii. p. 258 (1815) C. maculosus. Spilocircus, Kmip, Isis, 1847, p. 89 C. assimilis. Pterocircus, Kaup, Arch.f. Naturq. xvi. p. 32 (1850) 0. pvgargus. Cf. Saunders, Ibis, 1873, p. 232. Head of Circus cyaneus. Range. The greater part of the Old and New Worlds, excepting the following localities, from which no Harrier has yet been recorded : — Russia and Siberia, north of 60° N. lat. ; Arctic America north of the Tropic of Cancer ; Persia and Arabia ; East Africa ; West Africa (except the Gambia and Accra district) ; S. Madagascar ; the south- ern part of the Indo-Chinese subregion ; Indo-Malayan and Austro- Malayan subregions (excepting Celebes); western and northern Australia west of 140° E. long. ; Oceania (except Vanua Levu and Viti Leru) ; S. America, Columbia, Amazonia, and north-eastern Brazil. Key to the Species. Adults : — a. Thighs uniform white. a'. Middle tail-feathers plain ashy grey. a". Throat and chest bluish ashy. a". Upper tail-coverts white. «"". Above pure bluish ashy, the throat similar cyanem S , p. 52. h"". Above greyish, the back brown- ish ash-colour ; the throat strongly mixed with the same colour hudsonitis c? , p. 55. b'". Upper tail-coverts white, banded with ashy g-rey maerurus S , V- ^'^■ h". Throat and chest white, streaked vrith black. c". Primaries banded underneath .... spilonotus S , p. 58. d'". Primaries imiform below maillardi, p. 59. c". Throat and chest entirely black imlanoleuciis cJ $ , p. 61. v. Middle tail-feathers barred macidosus c? , P- <^'2- b. Thighs white, distinctly barred across with orange rufous anereits S, P- ob. 16. CIRCUS. 51 c. Thiffhs white, with rufous streaka or spots. a'. Throat and chest ashy ffrey }n/ffargm cJ, p. 64. b'. Throat and breast streaked with browu. a". Under wing-coverts and central tail- feathers uniform gmddi ad., p. 72. b". Under wing-coverts fulvous, more or less streaked or spotted with brown ; tail-feathers banded. a". Fifth primary escalloped on outer web. n"". Tarsus 3*5 inches in length .... hudsonius § ad., p. 5.5. b"". Tai-sus 3-1-3-15 inches j ^/^'^''"''^w. $ ad., p. r.8. j cyaneus 5 ad., p. o2. c"". Tarsus 4 inches gouldi 5 fid., p. 72. b'". Outer margin of fifth primary entire. cl'". Notch in second primary an inch or more distant from tip of coverts pygargiis 5 ad., p. 64. e"". Notch in second primary nearly or quite hidden by coverts macrurus 5 ad., p. 67. cl. Thighs rufous, generally uniform or spotted or margined with white, n'. Tail uniform grey eeriiginosus cJ $ ad., b'. Tail distinctly banded. p. 69. a". Under wing-coverts white, mesially streaked with pale rufous ; breast light brown, vrith white margins, producing a streaked appearance .. ranivorm (} $ ad., p. 71. b". Under wing-coverts and breast rufous, numerously spotted with white, giving a somewhat barred appear- ance assimilis S $ ad., p. 6.3. c". Under wing-coverts black, spotted with white ; breast black, streaked with white : macidosus J , p. 62. e. Thighs black. c'. Tail banded. a". Upper tail-coverts white maurus, p. 60. b". Upper tail-coverts black pi/gargus, var., p. 64. d'. Tail uniform grey eeruguwsiis, var., p. 69. Young : — a. Outer web of fifth primary notched. a'. Chest perfectly uniform, with no sti'eaks. a". Chin or throat and centre of breast creamy buff. «'". Inner web of primaries uniform .... (erttginosus, p. 69. b'". Inner web of primaries barred or mottled with brown ranivorus, p. 71. b". Chin and throat uniform with breast and back govMi, p. 72. h'. Chest light or dark, but always distinctly streaked, r". Outer tail-feather uniform below, c'". Head whitish, with narrow black streaks a>ruginostis, p. 69. F 2 52 FALCONID^. «'". Head uniform dark brown, with slight fulvous strealjs qouUli, p. 72. d". Outer tail-feather always distinctly barred below. e". Quills uniform below, light-coloured at base of inner web, but not barred. e"". Upper tail-coverts white, with narrow brown centres cyaneus, p. 52. /"". Upper tail-coverts brown, tipped with white assimilis, p. 63. f". Quills ban-ed below. ff"". Underwing-covertsbuff or tawny with brown streaks. aa. Interspaces of quills and tail- feathers below white, the black bars contrasting strongly maiirus, p. 60. bh. Interspaces below fulvous, with brown cross bars. aa'. Breast uniform tawny hudsonius, p. 55. bh'. Breast fulvous, with brown streaks. aa". Larger ; wing 13'5-15 . , cyaneus, p. 52. hh". Smaller; wing 12'2 .... cmer«<.s, p. 56. h' ' ' '. Under wing-coverts black .... mactdosus, p. 62. b. Outer edge of fifth primary entire. a'. Notch in second primary an inch or more distant from the coverts pygargris, p. 64. ' b'. Notch in second primary nearly or quite hidden by the coverts macrurus, p. 67. 1. Circus cyaneus. The Blue Hawk, Edw. Glean, i. p. 33, pi. 225 (1758). Le Faucon a collier ( $), Brias. Orn. i. p. 345 (1760). Le Faucon de Montague cendrt?, Briss. Orn. i. p. 355 (1760). Falco cyaneus, Linn. >S. N. i. p. 126 (1766, ex Edin.) ; Montaq. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. p. 182 (1808) ; Temm. Man. d^Orn. i. p. 72 (1820) ; Wei-ner, Atlas, Bapaces, pi. 28 (1827) ; Schl. ^- Susetn. Viig. Eur. Taf. 37 (1839) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Mir. iii. p. 107 (1840); Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 94 (1843). Soubuse, Buff. PL Enl. i. pis. 443, 480 (1783). Oiseau St. Martin, Buff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 459 (1783). Falco griseus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 275 (1788, e.r Lath.). Circus gallinarius, Savign. Ois. d'Egypte, p. 264 (1810) ; Less. Traiti, p. 84 (1831). Accipiter variabilis. Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. i. p. 364 (1811). Circus variegatus, Vieill. JV. Diet. iv. p. 466 ( 1816). Pygargus dispar, Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool. p. 127 (1816). Circus segithus. Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. Sfc. Brit. Mus. pp. 9, 10 (1816). Falco strigiceps, Nilss. Orn. Suec. i. p. 21 (1817). Falco pygargus, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 391, pi. 38. figs. 2, 39 (1822). Circus cyaneus, -Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 549 ; Selby, Brit. B. i. p. 68, pi. x. (1833) ; Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 33 (1837) ; Macgill, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 366 (1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32, pi. 11. fig. 1 (1845) ; Schl. 16. CIECU8. 53 Vog. Nederl. pis. 15-17 (1854) ; Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 147 (1855) ; Heivits. Eggs Brit. B. i. p. 47 (1856) ; Smul. tSv. Fogl. pi. xxviii. figs. 1, 2 (i859) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Circi, p. 1 (1862) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 95 (1862) ; Radde, Betsen ttii Sud. v. Ost-Sibir. Zool. ii. p. 119 (1863) ; Newt. Ooth. Wolley. p. 145 (1864) ; Goidd, B. Gt. Br. pt. xii. (1867) ; Degl. 8,- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 107 (1867) ; Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 104 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 37 (18G9); Hume, Rouq'h Notes, ii, p. 293 (1870); Neu-t. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 132(1871); Salmd. Faun. Ital. ?7ee. p.24 (1871); tSu-inh.P.Z.S. 1871, p. 342; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 182 (1872) ; Schl. Mus. F.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 39 (1873). Circus pj'gargus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 41 (1826). Circus cinereus, Brehtn, Vog. Deutschl. p. 94 (1831). Buteo cyaneus, Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 89 (1835). Strigiceps pygargus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^ N. Am. p. 5 (1838). Strigiceps cyaneus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 35 (1850) ; Fritsch, Viiq. Eur. Taf. 9. fig: 6, Taf. 10. fig. 8 (1858) ; Loche, E.ipl. Alg. Ois. \. p. 90 (1867). Strigiceps nigTipennis, Brehm, Natmi. 1855, p. 269. Strigiceps pallens, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 269. Strigiceps cinereus, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 269. Young male. Distinguished from the adult female by the length of the wing, which does not reach 14 inches in length. Brown, like the latter, but always more rufous, especially underneath and about the head and neck ; facial ruff clear fulvous, streaked with dark brown ; feathers above, around, and below the eye pure white, forming a very conspicuous facial patch ; under surface of body tawny rufous, with dark brown streaks, narrower towards the abdomen ; upper tail-coverts white, with mesial streaks of rufous brown ; tail tawny rufous, ful- vous at tip, with four broad cross bands of black ; the interspaces ashy on the two central feathers only. Adult male. Above clear bluish ash-colour, paler and more silvery grey on greater wing-coverts, which are also slightly margined with whitish ; below clear bluish ashy as far as the lower breast ; the rest of the under surface pure white, including the under wing- coverts and axillary plumes ; frontal plumes and lores whitish, the facial ruff also slightly mottled with white ; secondary quills silvery grey with black shafts and an indistinct blackish subterminal band, much more distinct below ; the primaries blackish both above and below, white at base of inner web ; upper tail-coverts white ; tail ashy grey, tipped with white ; the four centre feathers entirely uni- form, with white shafts, the others more and more white on inner web, and having more or less remains of ashy bars ; cere yellow ; bill bluish black ; feet yellow ; claws black ; iris yellow. Total length 22 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 13-6-13"8, tail 8-5-9-0; tar- sus 2-9. Adult feynale. Above brown; the feathers of the crown slightly washed with rufous, with which colour the feathers are margined ; the nape and hind neck pale tawny fulvous, broadly streaked with dark brown ; scapulars and wing-coverts spotted with large oval marks of pale tawny buff ; quills brown, tipped with whitish ; the secondaries externally washed with ashy grey, barred with blackish 64 FALCONID.E. brown, showing more plainly on under surface, which is ashy white, washed with rufous on inner web ; upper tail-coverts white ; tail greyish brown, tipped with whitish, crossed with five bands of darker brown, the subterminal one much broader; the interspaces on the outer feathers pale creamy buff, more or less shaded with ashy on outer web ; frontal feathers and plumes above and below the eye ■whitish ; ear-coverts and cheeks rufous, streaked with dark brown ; facial ruff buffy white, streaked with brown ; sides of neck and under surface of body pale tawny buff, inclining to whitish on lower breast and abdomen, broadly streaked with brown, rather more narrowly on abdomen and thighs, where the streaks are washed with rufous ; iinder wing-coverts coloured like the back ; flanks and axillaries dark brown, spotted on both webs with rounded spots of creamy buff; cere greenish yellow ; bill blackish ; feet yellow ; iris reddish brown. Total length 21-5 inches, wing 15-0-15-6, tail 10-5-11-0, tarsus 3'lo. Obs. By the rufous bars on the tail a young female can be distin- guished from an old bird. In both sexes the streaks on the breast become narrower with age, though the females of English birds are more broadly streaked below, and are darker than those from Europe or India. The males are supposed to breed in the brown plumage, and do not get the blue dress tiU the second autumn, when it is assumed by a moult. Hab. Throughout Europe and Siberia, extending a little above the line of 60° N. lat., and ascending westwards from about 50° E. long, northwards to the top of Norway. Found in all countries bordering the Mediterranean, and extending in winter to N.E, Africa, N. India, and China. rt. 2 juv. St. Cxreat Britain. b. cJ ad. St. Devonshire. Colonel Montagu [P.l. c, d. S juv. St. Devonshire. Colonel Montagu [P. J. e. 2 ad. St. Norfolk. J. Scales, Esq. [P/j. f,(/- 6 2 jiv. sk. Thuringia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. "P. . h. 2 ad. sk.- R. Wolga. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. P. . i, k. S juv. st. Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. ■p. . I, m. 2 juv. St. Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. ■p. n. tS ad. St. Nepal. B. FI. Hodgson, Esq. '.1. (;, p. S juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. \ p'i- q, r. 2 juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [ p.". .s. 2 ^d. sk. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq. fP.]- — Webb, Esq. [P.]. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. i. (5 juv. sk. Shanghai. u. 2 ad. sk. Fokien. V. S ad. sk. Kultuk, May 18, 1871. Dr. Dybowski [C.]. w. Skeleton. Purchased. X, y. Sternum. s. Sternum. J. Ray, Esq. [P.]. a'. Sternum. Purchased. h'. Sternum. B. II. Hodgson, Esc !■[ p.]. 16. CIRCUS. 55 2. Circus hudsonius. The Ring-tailed Hawk, Edwards, Birds, iii. pi. 107 (1750). The Marsh Hawk, Edw. Glean, ii. pi. 2Ul. tig-. 1 (17U0). L'Eperviei- tie la 13aye de Hudson, Urtss. Orn. iSuppl. p. 18 (1760, ex Edw.). Falco hudsouius, Linn. S. N. i. p. 128 (17G6, ex Edw.). Falco fuligiuosus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 278 (1788) ; Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. 07, pi. 51. fig. 2 (i«12). Falco eiu-opogistus, Duud. Traite, ii. p. 110 (1800). Circus europogistus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 8 (l807). Circus hudsouius, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 0 (1807) ; Cass. B. Calif. p. 108 (1855); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 150 (1855); Cass, in Baird, B. N. Am. p. 38 (1800) ; Gray, Hund-l. B. i. p. 37 (1809) ; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 490 (1871) ; Ross, B. Canad. p. 0 (1871) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 118 (1873). Circus variegatus, Vieill. Ois. Am. iSept. p. 37 (1807). Circus uliginosus, Vieill. torn. cit. p. 37 (1807). Falco cyaneua, Audub. B. Am. pi. 366 (c. 1826) ; Bp. Am. Orn. ii. pi. 2 (1828). Circus cyaneus, Bp. Ami. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 33 (1828) ; Aiidtib. B. N. Am. i. p. 105, pi. xxiv. (1839) ; Allen, Btdl. Ilarv. Coll. ii. p. 331 (1871). Buteo cyaneus, var. americanus, Siv. ^ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. p. 55, pi. 29 (1831 ). Strigiceps uliginosus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. H) N. Am. p. 5 (1838). Strigiceps hudsonius, Bp. Consp. i. p. 35 (1850). Circus cyaneus hudsonicus, Schl. Mas. P.-B. Circi, p. 2 (1862) ; id. Rente, p. 48 (1873). Young. Above ashy brown with rufous margins to the feathers, especially distinct on head and hind neck, causing a streaked ap- pearance ; the wing-coverts conspicuously naargined, and marked on both webs with large spots of tawny fulvous ; quills dark brown, tipped with whitish, the primaries shaded externally with ashy grey and barred on both webs with darker brown, more distinct below, especially on the inner web, which is whitish washed with rufous near the base ; upper tail-coverts pui'e white, with remains of nar- row brown streaks on a few of the feathers ; middle tail-feathers tawny fulvous tipped with whitish and crossed with four black bars, except the central feathers, which are ashy grey with five blackish cross bars, the subterminal one alwaj-s broadest ; sides of face, facial ruff, throat, and chest deep tawny rufous with dark brown centres to the feathers, especially broad and chstinct on the latter ; rest of under surface rich tawny buff with minute mesial spots of rufous, except on the flanks and sides of body, where they form cons^iicuous mottlings ; axiUaries ashy brown with large spots of creamy bufi' on both webs ; under wing-coverts tawny butf, with small dark-brown spots and streaks. Adult male. Above dull bluish grey, darker and inclining to brownish on the head, back, and scapulars ; the nape somewhat mottled with buflPy white ; upper tail-coverts white ; lores, eyebrow, and feathers under the eye white, the ear-coverts and facial ruft' ashy grey, the latter slightly tinged with brownish ; chin whilish ; 66 FALCONID^. throat, Bides of neck, and breast dull ashy grey, the latter with a slight shade of ashy brown on the lower i)art ; rest of under surface ■white with a few very small dart-shaped rufous specks ; under wing-coverts white, the inner ones with narrow longitudinal shaft- lines ; primaries dark brown, externally shaded with ashy grey, the secondaries entirely ashy grey with a broad subterminal bar before the tip, which is narrowly white ; inner lining of wing white ; tail dull ashy grey, externally shaded with brownish, the central feathers uniform, the outer ones with five or six blackish bars ; bill horn- blue ; feet yellow ; iris yellow. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 14, tail 9, tarsus 3. Adidt female. Above brown, somewhat mottled on scapulars and wing-coverts with partially concealed spots of tawny buff, with which the latter are also margined ; head streaked with rufous, the hind neck with white ; lores and feathers under the eye whitish ; the cheeks and ear-coverts dark brown very slightly streaked with whitish ; facial ruff buffy white, streaked with dark brown ; quills brown slightly tipped with whitish, barred with dark brown, show- ing more plainly underneath, where the inner web is white, pri- maries externally shaded with ashy grey ; upper tail-coverts white with a few streaks of rufous on the outermost : tail ashy grey with five bars of dark brown, the interspaces inclining more or less to rufous or rufous white on the outer feathers ; under surface of body buffy white with broad streaks of brown on the breast, narrower and more tinged with tawny rufous on lower breast, thighs, and abdomen ; under tail-coverts with a few diamond-shaped spots of pale rufous ; under wing-coverts coloured and streaked like the breast. Total length 20 inches, wing 15, tail 10-5, tarsus 3-5. Hab. The whole of N. America below the Tropic of Cancer to Panama. «. 2 ^^- St. Repulse Bay. John Rae, Esq. [P.]. b. and having five blackish cross bands ; the rest of the feathers huffy, more or less shaded with ashj', externally 5S FALCONID^. ■white, with four blackish cross bauds changing to rufous on outer- most feathers ; lores, eyebrow, and sides of face dull whitish, streaked with dark brown ; facial ruff brown, strongly mottled with white ; sides of neck and breast brown, tlie latter conspicuously oceUated with white spots ; rest of uuder surface of body barred with orange- tawny and white, the latter in the form of large spots on both webs. Total length 20 inches, wing 14-25, tail 10, tarsus 3. Hah. South America to about 25° S. lat. on the west, and about 32° S. lat. on the east coast. a, b. S juT. sk. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Ex^ pedition. c. ^ ad. St. Falkland Islands. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral Fitzroy [P.] d. c? ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.]. e. $ ad. St. ChiU. Mr. Brydges c.i. /. c? jiiv. sk. Chm. Mr. Brydges g, h. cJ $ ad. sk. ChUi. E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.l. E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.]. i. tS jiiv. sk. CMH. k. Skeleton. Purchased. 4. Circus spilonotus. Cu'cus spilonotus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 59 ; Strickl. Orn. Syti. p. 157 (1855) ; Stomhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 21.3, pi. v., 1865, p. 230, et 1870, p. 87; Grai/, Hmul-l. B. i. p. 36 (1869); Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 342 ; Taczan. J.f. O. 1872, p. 349, Adult male. Above blackish, the nape and hind neck streaked witli white, the neck more broadly ; scapulars and wing-coverts tipped and spotted with ashy white, the least wing-coverts along the edge of the Aviug entirely white narrowly streaked with blackish ; upper tail-coverts white, with remains of ashy-brown bars ; the feathers of the lower rump blackish, spotted and barred on both webs with white ; tail silvery ash-colour, whitish at the tips and on the inner webs ; outer cubital coverts, primary coverts, and outer secondaries silvery ashy tipped with white ; the innermost secondaries brown or ashy grey barred with brown ; primaries blackish, more or less washed with ashy grey, especially on the outer web ; the secondaries white underneath, the primaries white at base of inner web ; sides of face and ear-coverts blackish ; sides of neck and facial ruff blackish, streaked with white ; under surface of body white, including the under wing- and tail-coverts ; the throat and breast streaked lon- gitudinally with black, the latter more narrowly ; legs rich chrome- yeUow, ochreous on the tarsi. Total length 20 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 15-5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-8. Adult female. Above brown slightly shaded with ashy, the dorsal feathers obsoletely margined with dull rufous ; the crown and hind neck tawny buff, paler on the neck, all the feathers raesially streaked with brown ; the scapulars and wing-coverts margined and barred with tawny or fulvous, the least wing-coverts more conspicuously margined with rufous ; quills brown, narrowly tipped with whitish, externally shaded with ashy grey, the secondaries less distinctlj-, b. S ad. sk. Philippine Islands. c. J juv. sk. Fokien, China. d. 2 ad. sk. Fokien, China. t. j" juv. sk. Dauria, May 22, 1873. 16. ciECTJs, 69 and all barred across with darker brown ; under surface of wing white, the dark bars showing very distinctly ; lower back and rump brown, the feathers distinctly tipped with pale rufous ; upper tail- coverts pure white ; tail ashy grey, tipped with fulvous and crossed with five blackish bands, the subterminal one much the broadest, the ashy grey interspaces inclining to or replaced by pale tawny on the outer feathers ; lores as well as a distinct eyebrow and ear- coverts huffy white ; sides of face and of neck, as well as the facial ruff, rufous buff streaked with dark brown ; under surface of body creamy buff, with central pointed marks of rufous brown to the feathers, more distinct on the fore neck and under wing- and tail- coverts ; flank-feathers and axiUaries rufous brown, with large rounded spots of creamy buft' on both webs ; under wing-coverts and thighs creamy buff, with irregular central streaks of rufous brown occupying the major part of the greater under wing-coverts. Total length 23 inches, wing 15%5, tail 11, tarsus 3-1. Hab. Dauria southwards through Eastern China to the Malayan peninsula and the Philippines. a. (S ad. sk. PhiUppine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C], Type of species. Zoological Societv. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. Dr. Dybowski [C.]. 5. Circus maillardi. Ch'cus melanoleucus, Hartl. Faun, Madag. p. 21 (1861). Circus maillardi, Verr. in Maill. Vile de la Reun. ii. p. 12 (1863) ; Scl. Ibis, 1863, p. 163, pi. 4, et 1864, p. 298; Schl. <5- Poll. Faun. Madaq. Ois. p. 40 (1868) ; Gitmet/, Ibis, 1869, p. 450 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 36 (1869) ; Schl. Mtis. P.-B. Eevtte Accipitr. p. 51 (1873). Young. Above deep chocolate-brown, with pale rufous edges to the feathers of the crown and wing-coverts ; nape and hind neck rufous buff, streaked with dark brown ; sides of face and of neck, as well as entire underparts, dark brown, with rufous margins to the feathers, the chin paler and more fulvous and streaked with dark brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts deep rufous, the latter brown in the centre ; upper tail-coverts rufous, the outer ones more inclining to fulvous, with dark brown centres ; tail chocolate-brown, inclining to blackish towards the tip, which is rufous ochre ; quills black, the secondaries tipped with ashy brown, lighter and more ashy below, the primaries whitish at immediate base. Total length 20 inches, wing 13-9, tarsus 3-05. {Mus. Lugd.) Adult. Above black, the nape and hind neck streaked with white ; the least wing-coverts running along the bend of wing margined with white, the outer median ones with grey ; the greater coverts clear ashy grey, with a large subterminal black mark, giving the appearance of an irregular bar ; primaries black ; secondaries ashy grey, tipped with white, and subterminally marked with black, the 60 FALCONID^. innermost uniform with the back ; the under surface of the wings blackish, with a good deal of white on inner webs of the quills, especially the median ones, but no bars ; rump blackish, with white tips to the feathers ; upper taU-eoverts white ; tail silvery ash-colour, with remains of a black subterminal band and a few- spots of the same on the outer feathers, the under surface of the taU whiter, especially on the inner webs ; sides of face and of neck entirely black, the latter streaked with white ; lower sui-face of body pure white, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries ; the throat and breast broadly streaked with black, diminishing to nar- row shaft-lines on lower breast. Total length 20 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 14-1, tail 9-3, tarsus 3-35, middle toe 1-75 {Mus. Liufd.). Hah. Reunion and Joanna Island. «. Pull. sk. Reunion. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 6. Circus maurus. Falco maiunis, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 461 (1828). Circus lalandii, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 383 (1830). Circus mam-US, Less. Traite, p. 87 (1831) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32 (1845); Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. Aves, pi. oS (1841) ; Strichl. Oni. Si/n. p. 153 (1855) ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 48 (1858) ; Luyard, ' B. S. Afr. p. 35 (1867) ; Gurney, in Amlerss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 33 (l'^^2). Strigiceps maurus, Kaup, Mus. Senck. iii. p. 258 (1845). Circus ater, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 80 (1848). Strigiceps ater, Bp. Consp. i. p. 35 (1850). Young. Above deep chocolate-brown, with broad margins of rufous buff to the feathers ; the head deep brown, the hinder part with broad rufous margins to the feathers; nape varied with white ; a distinct eyebrow, and the sides of the face huffy white, the hinder ear-coverts tinged with rufous and (as well as the cheeks) narrowly lined with brown ; behind the ear a facial ruff of brown feathers ; sides of neck and under surface of body deep ochraceous buff, the breast-feathers marked at the base with dark brown, taking the form of stripes on the flanks ; under wing-coverts coloured and marked with brown like the breast ; axillaries dark brown, with large spots of white on both webs ; primaries ashy grey, tipped with fulvous, barred across with brown, more particularly on the inner web, these bars plainer underneath where the inner web is white ; the secondaries coloured like the back, the lower surface bro^vn, with distinct bars of ashy grey; upper tail-coverts white, the lower ones slightly marked with brown ; tail black, broadly tipped with huffy white and crossed with four bars of ashy grey, the base of the tail white. Adult. General colour brownish black, decidedly browner below ; the under wing- and taU-coverts blackish like rest of under surface ; upper tail-coverts white, the lower ones subterminally spotted with black ; primary coverts blackish, barred across with ashy grey ; primaries externally ashy grey, brown at tips ; the longer primaries brown, externally silvery grey ; the secondaries brownish black like 16. CIBCUS. 61 the back, very slightly shaded with grey externally ; inner webs of all the quills below white, with a broad terminal band of brown on the secondaries, which have also remains of other bars ; tail black, tipped with duU white, and crossed with three bars of ashy grey, the im- mediate base of the tail white, as also are all the cross bars under- neath. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 13-5, tail 9-7, tarsus 2-75. Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 22 inches, wing 15, tail 10 -.5, tarsus 3-1. Ifab. South Africa. a. Pull. sk. Cape Colony. J. Verreaiix [C.J. b. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. S. African Museum. c. d. Juv. sk. Cape Colony. S. African Museum. e. Ad. sk. South Africa. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 7. Circus melanoleucus. Falco melanoleucus, Forst. Inclisch. Zool. p. 12, pi. 11 (1781). Faucon a collier des Indes, Sonn. Voij. Ind. ii. p. 182 (1782). Black-and- White Falcon, Penn. Ind. Zool. p. 33, pi. 2 (1790). Tchoug, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 133, pi. 32 (1799) ; Stmd. Crit. om Levaill. p. 27 (1857). Circus melanoleucus, Vieill. N. Bid. d'Hist. Nat. iv. p. 465 (1816) ; Less. Traite, p. 87 (1831) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32 (1845) ; Strickl. Om. Si/n. p. 154 (1855) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 98 (1862) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Circi, p. 8 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 37 (1869) ; Huyne, Rough Notes, ii. p. 307 (1870) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 34 ; Soldsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 414. Stiigiceps melanoleucus, Kaup, Mus. Senck. iii. p. 258 (1845) ; Bp Cotisp. i. p. 35 (1850). Adult male. Upper parts glossy black, the rump and upper tail- coverts white, the latter with two or three broad cross bars of black or ashy grey, the former also shaded with grey ; wing-coverts silvery grey, margined with white, with a broad "band of black feathers extending from the bend of the wing parallel with its margin and joining the median coverts, which are also black ; primaries black, the primary coverts and secondaries silver)' grey, except the inner- most, which are also black ; tail entirely silvery grey, tipped with white, below and on the inner webs white ; sides of face and neck throat, and chest glossy black ; rest of under surface, including the under wing- and taU-coverts, pure white ; bill and cere black ; feet yeUow ; iris yellow. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1, wing 14 tan 8"5, tarsus 3. Adult female. Larger than the male, and washed on the back with slaty grey. Total length 2 inches, wing 15-4, tail 10, tarsus 3-3. Hah. Eastern Asia; eastern side of Indian peninsula and Burmah- northwards to Mongolia, Amoor Land, and Northern China. a. S ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P 1 h. 2 a/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 36 (1869). Immature male. Of the general appearance of Circus cyaneus, but of a much larger size. In colour exactly resembling examples of Circus cyaneus of the same age, but having the central stripes to the feathers of the belly longer, the tail-coverts broader, and the cross bars of the wings more narrow and more brightly marked ; cere yellow; bill hom-colour, black at tip; feet yellow, claws black; iris yellow {Newton). Total length 22-75 inches, culmen 2, wing a little over 15, tail 10, tarsus 4, middle toe with claw 2-75. Hab. Madagascar. Obs. Professor Schlcgel, in his lately pubhshed ' Revue ' (p. 50), doubtfully refers this bird to C. assimilis of Australia. The latter is the only species which approaches it in length of tarsus ; but at the The Harrier from this locality, the true C. wolfi, may turn out to be distinct. 74 FALCON ID Ji. same time it is a Marsh-Harrier, wliile Professor Newton allies his species to the Hen-Harrier. 17. MICRASTUR. Brachypterus, Less. Compl. Buff. vii. p. 113 (1836, Type. nee Kiiffel) M. semitorquatus. Cariiife.\,'im. Hev. Zool. 1842, p. 378 (nee Sun- ^^j, \ M. semitorquatus. Micrastur, " Gray, List Gen. B. p. 6 (1841) M. semitorquatus. Climacocercus, Cuh. in Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. Voff. p. 98 (184-3) •^■_- • M. gilvicoUis. Eh-^Tiehomegus, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p_ 537 M. semitorquatus. Cf. Sel. iS. 1869, p. 366; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 31 (1869). Adult (type of species). Above chocolate-brown, the head a Kttle 80 FALCONIDJE. more ashy ; sides efface and of ueck and entire throat ashy brown ; wings uniform with the back ; primaries a Httle darker brown, the secondaries barred with white on the inner web, as also are the primaries near the base ; upper tail-coverts ashy brown with white cross bars ; tail blackish, narrowly tipped with white and crossed with three narrow white bands ; entire under surface of body thickly barred with black and white, including the under wing- and taH- coverts. Total length 16 inches, culmen l-Oo, wing 7-1; tail 7*1, tarsus 2-35. {Mus. Berol.) Hab. New Granada and Venezuela. 7. Micrastur castanilius. Accipiter castanilius, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 578 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 304 ; Scl. ^- Salv. E.v. Om. pi. xviii. (1867). Micrastiu: eai?tanilius, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 31 (18C9). Nisus castanilius, Giebel, ''Hies. Om. p. 263 (1872). Adult. Above slate-colour, the head lighter and more slaty blue, the ear-coverts and cheeks uniform with the crown ; throat white, shghtly varied with ashy cross bars ; centre of the body banded alternately with white and bright chestnut, some of the bars of the latter also margined with ashy grey ; entire sides of the body, in- cluding the flanks and thighs, bright chestnut ; lower abdomen and under wing- and tail-coverts white, with a few indistinct bars of ashy; quills brown, barred above with darker brown, the under surface white near the base, ashy towards the tips, against which the cross bars show plainly ; taU brown, obscurely crossed with three bands of blackish brown, tipped with white and largely spotted with white on the inner web, forming two ill-defined bars, a little more indistinct on the under surface, which is altogether Hghter ; bill black ; feet yellow, claws horn-brown. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 6"1, tail 5"5, tarsus 2"1. JIab. New Granada. a. Ad. st. S. America. Purchased. 18. GERANOSPIZIAS. Ischnosceles, StricJil. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 409 (1844, nee '^^■ Brirm.) G. caerulescens. Geranospiza, Kaup, Ids, 1847, p. 183 G. cserulescens. Geranopus, Kauji, Contr. Om. 1850, p. 65 G. caerulescens. Geranospizias, Siindev. Av. Tent. p. 107 (1873) G. cserulescens. Range. Throughout Central America from Southern Mexico to Panama, and in South America occurring in Ecuador, Guiana, and Amazonia westwards to about 70° W. long., and throughout Southern Brazil into Bolivia. Key to the Species. a. General colour slaty blue, with a few white cross bars below cmndescens, p. 81. b. Slaty black, almost entirely uniform niger, p. 82. 18. GEEANOSPIZIAS. 1. Geranospizias caerulescens. 81 X. p. 318(1817); Aplomado, Azara, Apunf. i. p. 101 (1802). Sparvius caerulescens, Vinll. X. Diet. d'Hist Nat Piicher. Her. Zool. 1850, p. 90. Falco hemidactylus, Teimn. PL Col. i. pi. .3 (1820) ; Max Beitv \\\ p. 97 (18.30). • Falco gracilis, Temm. PL CoL i. pi. 91 (1824). Astur hemidactylus, Viff. ZooL Joiini. i. p. .338 (1824). Astur gracilis, i'if/. ZooL Journ. i. p. 338 (1824). Nisus gi-acilis, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 96 (1828) ; Bunn. Th Bras ii p. 124 (18.55). "" ' Nisus hemidactylus, Less. Man. i. p. 96 (1828); BOrb Von Am Mer. p. 86 (1835) ; SchL 31m. P.-B. Astures, p. 53 (1862) Ischnosceles gracihs, StrkU.Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 409 (1844) -id Orn Syn. p. 124 (185.5). ^ > • Geranospiza gracilis Kaup, Lsis, 1847, p. 183 ; Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p 68 ; ul Gen. B. p. 28 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 30 (1850) Ischnosceles hemidactylus, HartL Lid. Azara, p. 2 ; Gray, Geti. B. Geranopus gracilis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 65; Pelz. Orn. Bras. Ischnosceles cajrulescens, StricM. Orn. Syn. p. 124 (1855) Geranopus hemidactylus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 7, ,398 (1871). Geranospizias hemidactylus, Sund. Av. Tent. p. 107 (1873). ' Tibia and foot of G. carulescens. Adult male (type of G. hemidactylus). Above slaty blue, the nape slightly mottled with white, the upper tail-coverts also spotted with white on the outer web ; sides of head and neck and entire under surface bluish grey like the back, with slight remains of whitish cross bars on the upper part of thighs and lower under tail-coverts, the rest ot the latter white at base, shading into ochraceous, with au VOL. I. „ 82 FALCOSID^. indistinct subterminal bar of blackish ; under wing-coverts slaty blue, with irregular white cross markings ; quills black, the secon- daries slatj' blue like the back, the first five primaries with a large white spot on the inner web, becoming obsoleta on the fifth ; tail ochraceous, crossed with two broad bands of black, and mottled on outer web with greyish ; on the middle tail-feather the interspaces white mottled with grey ; bill bluish, the culmen black ; legs and feet red; iris red. Total length 16-5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 9-7, tail 8, tarsus 2-8. (il/«.s-. Liujd.) Female (not quite adult, fig. in PL Col. 91). Similar to male but barred with whitish on underparts ; sides of face and throat whitish, streaked with slaty blue ; tail ochre, with three black bands, the lower one imperfect, the middle feathers fresh moulted, and, as in the old male, having the interspaces white, mottled with ashy grey. Total length 20-5 inches, wing 12-9, tail lU-2, tarsus 3-8. (Mus. Lugd.) Younrj. Upper surface pale bluish ash-colour, with remains of white transverse barring on the crown, sides of face, and lower back ; upper surface of wing crossed with numerous white transverse bars, reduced to whitish vermiculations on the secondaries, which are also rather broadly tipped with white ; quills black, with ashy grey cross bars, slightly mottled with white on inner web ; lower surface of quills black, primaries barred and secondaries vermiciilated with white on inner web ; tail ochraceous fawn, tipped with ashy white and crossed with two broad bands of black, the centre feathers having remains of a third and basal band, the median band not continuous on the two outer feathers ; throat whitish, mottled with ashy grey ; rest of under surface ashy grey, transversely banded with white, the bars very broad on the flanks and narrower on the thighs. Hab. The same as that of the genus as regards South America only. a. c? ad. St. Island of Pima. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.]. h. Vix ad. st. Buenos Ayres. Purchased. c. 2 juv. St. Bolivia. Mr. Brydges [C.]. d. (5' JUV. St. S.America. Purchased. 2. Geranospizias niger. Ischnosceles niger, Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Bru.v. xiv. p. 102 (1847) ; id. Esq. Orn. pi. 16 (1848) ; StricM. Orn. Syn. p. 125 (18oo). Geranospiza nigra, Gray, Gen. B. p. 28 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 30 (1850). Ichnoscelis aterrimus, Licht. Kotnenci Av. p. 4 (1854). Geranospiza gracilis, 6'cl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 284. Geranospiza cferulescens, Scl. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 218. Adidt. Everywhere slaty black, the remains of narrow white bars visible only on the under wing-coverts and thigh-feathers ; the under tail-coverts buff at the base and tips ; quills slaty black, the white bar on the lower surface so conspicuous in the young stage reduced to a large spot of white on the seven outer primaries, diminishing gradually in size towards the innermost of these ; tail buff', crossed with two broad bands of black, the buft-coloured median bar shaded 19. UR0TRI0RCHI9. 83 with brown on the outer feathers ; cere black ; bill black, with a yellow spot on lower mandible ; legs blood-orange ; iris bunit- sienna, the outer portion lighter-coloured. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 12-3, tail 9-8, tarsus 3-6. Hab. Central America, from Southern Mexico to Panama. a. Ad. st. Mexico. Purchased. 19. UROTRIORCHIS*. Range. "Western Africa, from the Gold Coast to Gaboon. 1. Urotriorchis macrurus. Astur macrurus, Hartl. J.f. O. 18oo, p. 353 (ex Tenim. MS. in Mus. Lugd.) ; Hartl. Oni. W.-Afr. p. 11 (1857) ; id. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 100 ; ScM. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 2o (1862); id. Ned. Tijdschr. ii. p. 155 (1864) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 29 (1869) ; Sharpe, Ibi^, 1870, p! 58, pi. iii. ; Schl. Bevue Accipitr. p. 66 (1873). Micraatur macrurus, C'a.ss. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1859, p. 33 ; Du Chaillu, Eq. Afr. p. 472 (1861). Young (type of species). General colour clear sepia-brown, the nape, hind neck, and bases of scapulars varied with white, and the upper taU-coverts barred and broadly tipped with white ; ear- coverts brown, tinged, as well as the eyebrows, with rufous ; cheeks slightly streaked with white ; quUls brown, barred with darker brown, and narrowly tipped with ochraceous white, the secondaries sHghtly margined and tinged with pale ochre on inner web, the bars plainer on under surface of wing, where the quUls are white at base, ashy white at tip ; tail ashy brown, tipped with white and crossed with five bands of dark sepia-brown, each bar rufescent and whitish on lower margin ; under surface of body white, the throat and chest with dark brown streaks, becoming oval spots on the breast and bars on the flanks and thighs ; under mng- and tail- coverts white, with a large subterminal spot of black. Total length 23-5 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 12-4, tail 14-2, tarsus 3-4, middle toe 1-9. {ill's. Lugd.) Adult female. Above slaty grey, much clearer on the head and upper back ; upper taU-coverts white ; tail very long, blackish tipped with white, and marked with four spots of white besides, scarcely amounting to incontinuous bars ; quills dark brown above, imper- ceptibly banded with blackish, the under surface paler and more ashy white, against which the bars show more strongly ; sides of face and of neck as well as the throat clear slaty grey, the chin whitish ; rest of under surface deep vinous chestnut, the under tail-coverts white ; bUl leaden black ; feet orange-yellow, claws black ; iris orange. Total length 24 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 12-1, tail 14, tarsus 3-1. Adidt male. Above blue-gre}% Hghter on the head and nape ; upper tail-coverts pure white, forming a conspicuous patch ; qinlls externally deep brownish grey, with broad obscure black bands ; • ovpa, ccttda, Tpi6pxj)s, avi$ accipUrina. h2 84 FALCONID.E. beneath a little paler grey, pure white at base, banded with brownish grey, these bands being very narrow at the base of the qnill, and gradually getting broader towards the tip of the feather ; tail very long and graduated, black above, paler blackish grey beneath, all the feathers irregularly banded and broadly tipped with white, the bauds at the base of the middle feather slightly narrower ; throat whitish ; rest of under surface of body, with the under wing-coverts, dull leaden grey ; vent and under tail-coverts white ; feathers of leg dull grey ; bill black ; feet yellow, claws black. Total length 24 inches, culnien 1-4, wing 12, tail 13, tarsus 3, middle toe 1-8, hind toe 1. Hah. The same as that of the genus. a. $ ad. sk. Denkera {Ussher). Capt. G. E. Shelley [P.]. 20. ERYTHROCNEMA*. Urubitinga, auct. recent, (ex Less. err.). Craxirex, £p. et auct. Amer. jmssim (two Gould). Bill and tarsus of Erythrocnema unicincta. Range. South America, from Chili on the western coast and the neighbourhood of Buenos Ayres on the eastern, throughout the entire continent and Central America into Texas, California, and Arizona in North America. * kpv9pbi (1799). Le Faucon chanteur, Levaill. Ois. cVAfr. i. p. 117,- pi. 27 (179'Jj; Sundev. Crit. p. 26 (1857). Falco miisicus, Daad. Traite, ii. p. 1 16 (1800 ). Chanting Falcon, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Suppl. ii. p. 40 (1802). Nisus musicus, Uuv. Regne, An. i. p. -321 (1817). Sparvius musicus, Vieill. N. Diet. (THist. Xat. x. p. 3 38 (1817). lerax musicus, Cranch, App. Tackey E.ip. Congo, p. 407 (1818j. Accipiter musicus, Vig. Zoul. Joitrn. i. p. 3-38 (1824). Nisus canorus, Less. Traite, p. 62 (1831). Astur musicus, Sw. Classif. B. ii. p. 215 (1837) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 20 (18()2). Melierax musicus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. o (1840) ; Bp. Comp. i. • p. 34 (1850); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 142 (18-55); Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 49 (1858) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 31 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 36 (1869) ; Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 26 (1872). Melierax cantans, Katip, Isis, 1847, p. 192. Melierax canorus, Finsch u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 92 (1870), Nestling. Covered with dusky down, the head ornamented with extraordinarily long and erect filamentous down. Young. Above brown, the feathers very faintly edged with paler brown, the median and greater wing-coverts paler brown than the back ; quiUs dark brown, whitish at the base and for a considerable extent, slightly freckled with brown on the white interspaces, and indistinctly barred with dark brown ; upper tail-coverts and tail white, mottled with brown ; tail brown, tipped with paler and in- distinctly barred across with blackish brown, under surface paler and more ashy white, the dark bars contrasting more plainly ; hinder part and sides of neck as well as the throat slightly varied with white, giving somewhat of a striped appearance ; chest pale brown, mottled with dark brown centres to the feathers ; rest of under surface dull rufous, barred indistinctly with greyish brown and mottled with white, the spots being more distinct and ocellated on the flanks ; under wing-coverts pale rufous, varied with white, the lower ones barred across with ashy grey ; iiis dark brown. Adult. Above bluish ash-colour, darker on the head and sides of the face ; the wing-coverts rather lighter, the greater ones whitish, more or less freckled or vermiculuted with ashy grey ; primaries black, inclining to ashy grey on the outer web ; the secondaries white, more or less minutely freckled with ashy grey ; the inner secondaries entirely grey, some of them washed with brown ; upper tail-coverts and base of tail white, the latter somewhat freckled with ashy grey ; taU greyish black above with a conspicuous white tip, the outer feather almost entirely white with remains of blackish bars, more especially on the outer web, the next feather white with 88 FALCONIDJS. broad black bars, the Avhite decreasing in extent towards the centre feathers ; lores rufous, feathers in trout of the eye black ; throat and breast entirely bluish ash-colour; rest of the under surface •white, thickly crossed ^Yith narrow wavy bars of greyish black ; Tinder wing- and tail-coverts almost entirely white, with only a few irreguLif wavy cross lines on the lower ones ; cere bright brick-red ; bill horn -colour, bright red at base ; legs and feet vermilion -red ; iris dark reddish brown. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-55, wing 14'8, tail 11, tarsus 4-4. Hah. South Africa, below 15° S. lat. a. Juv. sk. South Africa. Su- A. Smith [C.]. b. Juv. sk. South Africa. J. Rocke, Esq. [P.]. c. Juv. st. South Africa. M. J. Yerreaux [C.]. d. Ad. St. Cape Colony. Purchased. e. Pull. St. Karee River. M. J. Verreaux [C.]. f. Ad. sk. Damara Land. Sir J. Alexander [C.l. g. Juv.sk. Damara Land. Sir J. Alexander [C. J. 2. Melierax poliopterus. Melierax poliopterus, Cab. in Deckeii's Heis. iii., Voi/. p. 40 (1869) ; Finsch n. Marti. Vog. Ostafr. p. 92 (1870). Adult (type of species). Above dark slate-colour ; hind neck, sides of face, entire throat and chest, and the whole of the wings light ashy grey ; secondaries tipped with white ; primaries black, extern- ally shaded with ashy grey ; upper tail-coverts white, the exterior basal ones narrowly barred with blackish ; tail black, greyish at base of tail and tipped with white ; lower surface of tail whitish ; rest of under surface of body white, with narrow greyish black bars, the axiUaries similar ; lower under tail-coverts pure white ; under wing-coverts white, with greyish black bars, somewhat narrower than on the breast. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1"6, wing 12-8, tail 9-2, tarsus 3-75. {Mm. Berol.) Hah. Umba River, E. Africa. 3. Melierax polyzonus. Astur musicus, Vig. Ajyp. I)enh. Trav. p. 195 (1826). Falco polyzonus, Riipp. N. Wirh. p. 36, pi. 15 (1835). Astur polyzonus, Gray, Cat. Aceipitr. 1844, p. 31 ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Astures, p. 21 (1862); Hmgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 6 (1869). Melierax polyzonus, Hiipp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 12 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 34 (1850) ; StricJcl. Oni. Sgn. p. 143 ( 1855) ; Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 244; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 36 (1869); Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 208 (1870) ; id. u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 90 (1870j ; Blanf. Geol. Sf Zool. Abyss, p. 291 (1870) ; Gurtiey in Anderss. B. Dam. idp. 27 (1872). Nisus polyzonus, Ferr. et Gal. Voy. Abyss. Zool. p. 179 (1847). Melierax musicus, Horsf. 4" Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 40 (1854) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 12 (1857). Young. Above pale earthy brown ; the hind neck somewhat mottled' and streaked with whitish; ear-coverts a little darker 21. MELIEKAX. 89 brown; wing-coverts paler brown, with fulvous edgings to the feathers ; quills brown the primaries with a slight grej-ish shade externally the secondaries paler and tipped with fulvous ; the under surface of quills M-hite for the greater part of their length, wi h zigzag bars of blackish, more pronounced below than above; tail brown above, banded with blackish brown ; the feathers whitish on the inner web, increasing in extent towards the outer feathers, where it forms broad white bands ; the under surface of the tail creamy white with broad bands of brown; throat white, streaked wi h P'^le rufous: chest clouded Avith pale rufous, slightly mottled with whitish, the shafts of the feathers indicated by a dark brown hne; rest of under surface whitish, crossed with numerous bars of pale rufous, narrower on the under wing- and taU-coverts Adult male Ahoy^ light bluish slate-colour, the sides ojf the face and region of t^e eye a httle darker ; lesser ^-ing-coverts coloured like the back, the greater ones rather lighter and slightly freckled externally mth white ; primaries blackish, externdly shaded with ashy grey; he secondaries pale greyish, freckled with white; the inner secondaries entirely grey, like the back, none of the quills barred; upper tail-coverts white, crossed with numerous bars of slaty grey ; tail blackish, wliite at the immediate base and at the tips the three outermost feathers plainly crossed with four white bands the next more indistinctly, and the middle ones not at all barred ; under surface of tail whitish, the bands very distinct ; lores ^YnnM.l ; '":t^ 'i''^ '"'^^ ^''^■' '''^ °f tbe body white, minutely barred with ashy grey, scarcely less thickly on the unde^ tail-coverts, but much fewer on the under wing-covirts, which are therefore purer white; cere vermiHon ; bill horn -black, vermilion at base ; feet vermihon : ins pale umber-brown. Total length '^0-5 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 12-5, tail 9, tarsus 3-5. _ Adidt female A Httle larger than the male. Total length 21 inches, wing 13-4. " Vj.£?' ^ ^-^^ '^"^^' ^^tending right across the continent to benegambia ; once in Damara Land. h ;M' "h «l Ju''*"' ^'^°'^^^- Governor RendaU [CI. i'ldist'-^'- it-sinia. SirW.C.H.ai™ty. {: Alt iSnt ^^- ^- ^^'pp^^ tc]. ; I k f\^. ^ ^'^ f'^^; ^- Galton, Esq. {YX •/'Ju;i BogosLand. Herr Esle'r [C?].^ ''• I. Juv. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler "C 1 m. S ad sk. Amba, Samhar, W. T. Blanford; Esq. [C.l Aug. 18, 1868. ' >i L -J- "•^^^'^°""- W.T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 4- Melierax gabar. vlSn^'''^: ^''■^"'\^t ^^f'- '■ P- 136' pi- 33 (1'99). 90 FALCONID^. Sparv-ius gabar, Vieill. N. Diet. cTHist. Nat. x. p. 323 (1817). Nisus gabar, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 321(1817); Less. Traite, p. GO (1831); Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 48 (1862); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 73 (1869); Finseh u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 86 (1870); Finseh, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 207 (1870). Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 4.36; SheHei/, B. Egypt, p. 186 (1872). Accipiter erytbrorhvnchus, Sivaim. B. W. Afr. i. p. 121, et Classif. B. ii. p. 215 (18.3/-). Micronisus gabar, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 5 (1840) ; Kaup, Classif. Sciug. u. Vog. p. 119 (1844), et Cmtr. Orn. 18.50, p. 66 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 33 (1850) ; id. Rev. et Mag. 1854, p. 5,38 ; Giill, Zool. An- teckn. p. 48 (1858) ; Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 101 ; Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 306 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 35 (1869). Astur gabar, Schl. Rev. Crit. p. v (1844) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 13 (1857). Micronisus niloticus, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. Stockh. 1850, p. 132. Melierax gabar, Haiti. Ahhandl. Geb. Naturic. Hamh. 1852, p. 15 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 30 (1867) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 145, et 1869, p. 288; Anderss. B. Dam. Ld., ed. Gurney, p. 28 (1872). Accipiter sphenurus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1853, p. 215 (Juv.). Micronisus gabarinus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538. Astur micronisus, Beaum. Natim. 1856, p. 267. Micronisus gabar, var. nilotica, Heugl. Ibis, 1861, p. 74. Melierax niloticus, Gurney, Ibis, 18!;9, p. 289. Nisus niloticus, Blanf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 292 (1870). Adult male. Above ashy grey, a little darker on the sides of tha face, inclining to blackish round the eye ; wing-coverts and secon- daries ashy grey like the back, the latter plainly tipped with white ; the primaries brown, externally shaded with ashy grey, the inner ones tipped with white ; all the quills barred with blackish, these bars being more distinct on the under surface of the wing, which is ashy white, shading into pure white at the base ; rump blackish ; upper tail-coverts white, forming a broad bar across the root of the tail ; tail white at the immediate base, and tipped with the same colour, otherwise alternately banded with ashy brown and black, the black bars being four in number ; the outer feathers paler, and the ashy cross bars more or less whitish ; sides of face and neck, as well as the whole throat and chest, ashy grey ; rest of the under surface white, transversely banded with ashy grey, the bars becoming thinner and more linear on the lower flanks and thigh-feathers ; under tail- coverts white ; under wing-coverts white, banded with ashy grey like the breast ; cere reddish orange ; bill dusky horn-colour, reddish at base ; feet bright reddish orange ; iris brilliant purple *. Total length 11'5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 7-1, tail 5-9, tarsus 1-9. Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 13-6 inches, wing 8-3, tarsus 2-1. » According to Andersson. Von Heuglin gives it as scarlet. I 21. MELIEKAX. 91 Young. Brown, with rufous edgings to the feathers of the upper surface ; quills and tail tipped with white, otherwise like the adult ; crown of the head and neck much mottled with rufous ; the nape slightly streaked with white ; the ear-coverts rufous, slightly streaked with brown ; throat and chest rufous, with very distinct streaks of dark brown down the centre of the feathers ; rest of the under sur- face rufous white, narrowly banded with dark brown ; the under taU-coverts buffy white, slightly marked with rufous ; the under wing-coverts white, washed with rufous and mottled with brown ; cere, base of bill, feet, and iris yellow. Hub* Africa generally, except the west coast, from Sierra Leone to Angola. Said to occur sometimes in Southern Europe. a. (S juv. St. Latakoo, S. Africa. M. J. Ven-eaux [C.l. b. 2 ad. St. Elephant River, S. M. J. Verreaux [C.]. Africa. c. 5 juv- st- Sunday River, S. M. J. Verreaux [C.]. iVfrica. d. Juv. St. South Africa. S. -African Museum. e. (? ad. St. South Africa. Zoological Society. /. 2 ^d. sk. South Africa. g, h. (S ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi. Dr. Livingstone [C.l. V. $ ad. sk. Fifth Cataract of the F. Galton, Esq. [C.]. Nile. j. 2 i^^' sk. Kordofan, Aug. 20, Consul Petherick [CI. 1848. k. 2 f^d. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler [C], I. 2 juv- s^- Bogos Land. Hen- Esler [C.J. m. c? ad. sk. Ailat, Samhar, W, T. Blanford, Esq. [C.l. June 29, 1868. n. Sternum. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 5. Melierax niger. Sparvius niger, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1269 (182.3) ; Vieill. et Oud. Gal. des Ois. i. pi. 22 (182-5). Nisus niger, Cuv. Rigne Anim. i. p. 334 (1829) ; Less. Traite, p. 59 (1831); HeiKil. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 74(1869); Blanf. Geol. 8f Zool. Abyss, p. 293 (1870) ; Finsch n. HaHl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 89 (1870) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 207 (1870). Accipiter niger, Gould, Sgn. B. Aiistr. part 3 (1838) ; Gray, Cat. Accipt'tr. p. 37 (1844); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 113 (18-55). Falco carbonarius, Licht. Verz. Vog. Kaffernl. p. 11 (1842). Circus maurus, JRiipp. Syst. Uehers. p. 12 (1845, err.). Accipiter carbonarius, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 215. Micronisus niger, Bp. Consp. i. p. 33 (1850) ; id. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538 ; Heugl. Ibis, 1861, p. 74 ; Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 306 ; Gray, Sand-l. B. i. p. 35 (1869). Astur niger, KaHl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 14 (1857). Micronisus miltopus, Heugl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 429. Melierax niger, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 31 (1867) ; Anderss. B. Dam. Ld., ed. Gurney, p. 29 (1872). * After careful comparison, I am not able to separate the northern and southern specimens of this bird specifically. 92 FALCONID^. Adult male. Entirely black, the tail crossed with three, sometimes four, dusky irregular bars, brown a])ove, whitish beneath ; quills blackish brown, white beneath, with blackish cross bars more distinct below ; cere cinnabar-red ; bill black, the base cinuabar-red, as also the feet ; iris scarlet. Total length 11-3 inches, culmcn 0-75, wing 7'1, tail 5-4, tarsus l'7o. Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total length 13 inches, wing 8-1, tarsus 2-15. Hab. The same as that of M. gabar. a. Ad. st. South Africa. b. Ad. st. South Africa. c. Ad. sk. South Africa. South- African ]Museuni. d. Ad. sk. Damara Land. C. J. Andersson [C.]. c. S ad. sk. Kokai, Lebka, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. July 13, 1868. /. Sternum. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C]. I have not had an opportunity of examining the following spe- cies : — 6. Melierax metabates. Melierax metabates, Heuyl. Ibis, 1861, p. 72. Astm- metabates, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 63 (1869) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 36 (1869). Allied to M. polyzonus, but a little less, and differs in its more robust feet and bill, the former being yellow ; the colour of the back darker ; shoulder-feathers coloured like the back ; the outer webs of the first tail-feather banded six or seven times ; the tips of the lateral tail-feathers much more narrowly white ; the moustachial region, as well as the region of the eye and the ear-coverts, uniform with the crown ; cere and iris pale yellow. Total length of male scarcely 15 inches ; bill from front 1-25, from gape 1-3, height of biU 8-5 (? 1-5) ; wing 12 ; tail 7'5, middle toe and claw 2-4, hind toe and claw 1-7 ; tarsus 3-2 (French) inches. {Von Heuc/lin.) Hab. White Nile. This seems to me a very doubtful species, the characters brought forward by Dr. von Heughn appearing to me to be characteristic of an old bird of M. 2>oli/zonus. The difference in the proportions of the two birds may ultimately turn out to be of importance ; but I see no clearly distinguishing character at present. 22. ASTUR. ™ Type. Astur, Lacep. Mem. de Vlnst. iii. p. 505 (1801) .... A. palumbarius. Daedalion, Saii. Descr. Egypte, p. 267 (1809) A. palumbarius. Sparvius, Vieill. Analyse,^. 24 (1816) A. palumbarius. Tachyspiza, Kaup, Class. Sdug. u. Vdy. p. 116 (1844) A. soloensis. Lophospiza, id. torn. cit. p. 118 (1844) A. trivu'gatus. Leucospiza, id. torn. cit. p. 119 (1844) A. novae hoUandiae. Scelospiza, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 173 A. franciscae. 22. ASTUR. 93 Head and foot of A. palumbarms. Range. The whole of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia ; Oceania as far as the Fiji Islands ; all North America and the Brazilian sub- region of South America. Key to the Species. a. With a conspicuous line of white skirting the crown from above the hinder ear-coverts. a'. Underparts distinctly barred with greyish brown. a". Larger : tarsus much shorter in proportion ( ^ =30, 5 =3-4) ^jrt^MJHfianMS, 95. h". Smaller : tarsus much longer in proportion ( cJ =3-15, 2 =3-7) he^isti, p. 97. h'. Underparts merely freckled with ashy, not barred atricapiUus, p. 97. b. Sides of crown uniform with crown itself. c'. No red nape-band. c". Centre tail-feathers with large white spots on inner web. a'". Underneath banded tachiro, p. 99. a. Bars narrow ; head slaty brown . . tachiro, p. 99. /3. Bars broad; head bluish slaty; sides of body uniform rufous. . . . macroscelides, p. 100. h'". Underneath unifonn. fl*. Thighs clear vinous toussenelUi, p. 101. 6'. Thighs white trinvtatns, p. 101. d". Central tail-feathers ashy grey or ashy brown, with no white spots on inner web. c'". Axillaries and under sm-face rich vinous red, inclining to chestnut. c*. Larger: inner web of quills barred tnnelleri, p. 102. (f*. Smaller: innerweb of quills nearly uniform htof/aster, ^i. 104. d'". Axillaries pale salmon-rufous si/lvesiris, p. 104. e'". Axillaries pure white, huffy white, or white narrowly barred with rufous, greyish, or black, e*. Thighs white, barred with black; occipital crest distinct. 94 FALCONID>E. a'. Uniform greyish above, chest rufous trivirgatus, p. 105. 6'. Above brown, head only gi-ey ; chest white, with blackish stripes griseiceps, p. 106. /'. Thighs rufous buff, with narrow rufous bars. c'. Breast transversely barred brutus, p. 107. d^. Breast uniform in centre, above uniform blackish tibialis, p. 108. jr*. Thighs uniform white, or at most only slightly banned with rufous. e\ Breast barred hadius, p. 109. a". Much the largest ; wing nearly 9 inches in length in ^ a. brevipes, p. 111. ¥'. Smaller : wing in J not exceeding 8"5 inches in either sex. a?. Delicate salmon-rufous below. a". Larger (especially in J ) ; dark bluish gi-ey above ; upper breast always barred /3. baduis, p. 109. 6". Smaller and much clearer bluish grey. a". Upper breast becoming uniform with age. . . .y. spheiiurus, p. 112. 6". Lower surface of body broadly ban-ed with vinous red . . 8. poli- opsis, p. 110. v. Dull rufous underneath, never so clear as in the other species . . e. polyzo- noides, p. 113. /'. Breast entirely uniform (with a few faint irregular bars in A, cinereus). c^. Lower breast and upper abdomen rufescent. c^. Lower surface of body and thighs vinous chestnut ; under wing-coverts whitish, with a distinct tinge of buff soloensis, p. 114. cT. Lower surface of body pale rufous mixed with ashy ; thighs white, slightly mottled with greyish ; under wing-coverts pure white cucidoides, p. 115. d'^. Lower breast and abdomen pure white. e". Ear-coverts ashy grey, or white washed with ashy grey. c*. Tail ashy grey, c'. Sides of chest entirely uniform. a*. Upper surface entirely uniform, franciscee, p. 116. 6*. Mantle and head delicate bluish grey, paler than back poliocephalus, d?. Sides of chest with a few irregular p. 117. wavy lines cinereus, p. 117. d". Tail uniform white novce hollandii l a-. Sternum. Pm-chased. y. Sternum. Purchased. s, rt'. Skull. Dr. Giinther. 2. Astur hensti. Astur hensti, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 62 (1873). Adult female (Type of species). Above sepia-brown, the head and neck,^ as well as the interscapulary region, blackish slate-colour, with indications of whitish mottling over the eye and on the sides of the hinder 'crown ; nape varied with white ; ear-coverts blackish, like the crown ; cheeks whitish, freckled with black ; under surface of body white, everywhere thickly and broadly barred with slaty black, especially on the thighs, but the bars less distinct and less numerous on the under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axilla- ries exactly like the breast ; quills sepia-brown like the back, with indistinct bars of darker brown, a little plainer, but very irregular underneath, where the interspaces are greyish white; tail sepia^ brown, slightly tipped witli white and crossed with six irregular and not conterminous bands of blackish brown, a little plainer and paler brown underneath, where the colour is ashy white ; bill blackish horn-colour, the tooth on the upper and the base of the under mandible yellowish. Total length 23 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 13, tail 11-3, tarsus 3-7, middle toe (without claw) 2-35. {Mus. Lufjd.) Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length 19 inches, wing 11-1, tarsus S-IS. {Mus. Lugd.) Hah. Madagascar. 3. Astur atricapillus. Falco atricapillus, IVils. Am. Orn. vi. pi. o2. fig. .3 (1812). Sparvius atricapillus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. 3feth. iii. p. 1274 (1823). Ilierofalco atricapillus, Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 323 (1829) Falco regalis, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 495 (1830). Astur atricapillus. Bp. Oss. R. A. Cuv. p. 33 (1830) : Jard. &• Selbu VOL. I. / . jf, 98 ■ FALCONID-l^. 111. Orn. iii. pi. cxxi. (p. 1835); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 27 (1849); Kemp, Contr. Orn, 1850, p. 66: Up. Consp. i. p. 31 (1850); Ccm. B. Calif, p. 93 (1855) ; StricU. Orn. Syn. p. 118 (1855) ; Cass, in Bair(l,'B. N. Am. p. 15 (1800); Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 17 (1862) ; Gi-ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 29 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed Baird, p. 407 (1870) ; Neiot. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 87 (1871). Astur palumbarius (ncc Linn.), Sw. ^ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds, p. 39, pi. xxvi. (1831) ; Audub. B. Am. i. p. 95, pi. xxii. (1839). Diedalioii pictimi, Less. Traite, p. 67 (1831) ; Pucker. Rev. et Maq. de Zool. 1850, p. 211. Falco palumbarius, Aud. B. N. Am. fol. pi. 141, et Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 241 (1834). Young. Above dark brown, the feathers edged and tipped with rufous ; the head streaked with rufous, the nape mottled with white ; the eyebrow aud cheeks ochraceous buff, with narrow streaks of dark brown ; quilla brown, barred with darker brown, the secon- daries slightly tipped with whitish ; the under surface ashy white, yellowish at base, with dark brown bars, dissolving into freckles on the inner quills ; tail ashy brown, tipped with whitish, and crossed with four bands of dark brown, the basal one concealed and nearly obsolete ; under surface of body deep rufous ochre, narrowly streaked on the throat, and more broadly on the chest, with blackish brown, inclining to large heart-shaped spots on the flanks ; under wing- coverts coloirred like the breast ; the axillaries barred with dark brown. Adult. Above bluish ash-colour, the black shaft-stripes distinctly indicated, the lower upper tail-coverts tipped with white ; quills brown, barred with darker brown, the secondaries washed with bluish ash- colour ; tail brown, shaded with the same ashy colour as the back, crossed with four more or less obsolete bands of darker brown, and tipped with white ; crown of head and ear-coverts jet- black, the nape somewhat varied with white ; lores whitish ; a line from behind the eye above the ear-coverts white, narrowly streaked with blackish ; cheeks, sides of neck, and entire under surface greyish white, freckled and vermiculated with ashy brown, taking the form of irregular and ill-defined bars on the flanks, abdomen, and thighs, the black shaft-stripes very distinct on the chest ; under tail-coverts white ; tinder wing-coverts white, barred and freckled with ashy brown ; cere yellow ; bill bluish black ; legs yellow ; iris yellow. Total length 20-5 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 12-9, tail 9-5, tarsus 2-9. Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 24 inches, wing 13-9, tarsus 3'1. Hah. The whole of North America, rarer in the Southern States ; of accidental occurrence in Europe. a. 2 juv. st. N. America. h. 2 ad. St. N. America. J. Gould, Esq. c. 2 fid. sk, N. America. Mr. J. Ivrider. d. 2 jw^- sk. Repulse Bay. John Rae, Esq. [P.]. e. 2 Jiiv- 8^- British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.^ f. c? juv. sk. West side of Rocky Mormtains. .T. K. Lord, Esq. [P.' y. (^ ad. st, N.W. America. Purchased. 22. A9TT7R. 99 4. Astur tachiro. Le Tachiro, Levaill. Ois. (fAfr. i. pi. 24 (1799). Falco tachiro, Baud. Traite, li. p. 90 (1800) ; Temm. PI. Col. i. pis. 377, 420 (1827). Buteo tachiro, Vig. Zool. Juurn. i. p. 340 (1824). Nisus tachiro, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 98 (1828); Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 64 ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 638 ; Schl. 3Ius. r.-B. Asturea, p. 46 (1862); Finscli «. Ilartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 78 (1870) ; Blanf. Geol. S,- Zool. Abyss, p. 291 (1870) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Beviie Accijntr. p. 96 (1873). Nisus polYzonus, Less. Traite, p. 58 (1831) ; Pucker. Rev. et Mag. de ZooLlSoO, p. 209. Falco unduliveuter, Riipp. Neue Wirh. p. 40, Taf. 18. fig. 1 (1835). Accipiter tachiro. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 36 ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 114 (1855) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 241 ; Sol. Ibis, 1864, p. 306 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 28 (1867) ; Gumey in Atiderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 29 (1872). Nisus uuduliventer, Rupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 12 (1845) ; Schl. N. T. D. iii. p. 359 (1866) ; Iletigl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 67 (1869). Accipiter polyzonus, Des Mnrs, Icon. Orn. pi. Ixi. (1848). Micronisus tachiro. Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 48 (1858), Accipiter unduliventris, Heugl. Ibis, 1861, p. 75. Accipiter polyzonoides, Anderss. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 4 {lapm). Micronisus zonarius, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1870, p. 40. Young female. Above brown, with distinct edgings of pale rufous to the feathers ; the crown, nape, and sides of neck mottled with white, the two latter more distinctly washed with rufous ; the scapulars and secondaries also with concealed spots of white ; quills and tail light brown, margined with pale rufous and barred with darker brown, bars four in number on the tail-feathers, which are tipped with buify white ; the under surface of both wings and tail paler and more ashy grey in colour, the bars showing more distinctly ; sides of face whitish, slightly streaked with brown, the upper mar- gin of the ear- coverts entirely of the latter colour ; under surface of body creamy white, the throat with a distinct central streak of dark brown and a faint moustachial line on each side, the chest streaked with broad brown spots of an oval shape, becoming rather more barred on the flanks and thighs, much smaller on the latter, the under tail-coverts scarcely marked at all ; under wing-coverts creamy buff, vnth only a few scattered brown markings ; cere dark green ; bill black, blue at base ; feet yellow ; iris dark greenish brown. Total length 14-5 inches, wing 8-4, tarsus 2-6. Adult female. Above dark brown, inclining to slate-colour on the head and sides of face, the nape slightly mottled with white ; quills brown, barred with darker brown, more distinct underneath, where the lower surface of the quills is greyish white ; tail brown, tipped with white and crossed with tlu'ee broad bars of dark brown, the light-brown interspaces shading into Avhite on the inner web, form- ing a conspicuous spot even on the two centre feathers ; sides of face and neck uniform with the head ; under surface of body whitish, crossed with numerous broad bars of pale rufous, each bar having i2 100 t'ALCONIDJi. another contermiuous one of dusky brown ; the flanks and thighs bright rust-red, the former with slight remains of wliite cross bars ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts buflfy white, with a few indistinct rufous cross markings, the axilhiries entirely rufous ; sides of the upper chest inclining to uniform ashy brown ; cere olive- green ; bill black, bluish at base ; legs dingy chrome ; iris orange. Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 8-5, tail 7"5, tarsus 2-65. Adult male. Similar to the old female, but a little smaller. Total length 13'o inches, wing 8-5, tarsus 2-55. Jiab. Southern and North-eastern Africa, a. (5' ad. sk. South Africa. S.-Airican Museum. b. $ juv. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.l. c. Pull. St. South Africa. M. J. Verreaux [C. d. Juv. St. South Africa. M. J. Verreaux [C. e. Juv. St. Shupanga, Zambesi. Dr. J. Kirk [C.]. /. $ ad. St. Shoa. Sir W. C. Harris [0.]. ff. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 5. Subsp. a. Astur macroscelides. (Plate III.) Astur macrosceUdes, Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, pp. 354, 360 {ex Temm. 3IS.); id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 12 (1857). Accipiter zonarius, Ilar'tl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 15 (1857, ex Temm. 3IS.) ; Gray, Haml-l. B. i. p. 32 (1869) ; 'Sharpe, Ihis, 1870, p. 59. Nisus zonarius, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 47 (1862). Nisus unduli venter (pt.), Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 96 (1873). Achilt male (type of A. zonarius). Above bluish slate-colour, clearer on the head and hind neck ; ear-coverts bluish like the head, the cheeks a little lighter and more ashy ; wing-coverts darker than the back ; quills bro-wn, barred with blackish, the secondaries uniform with the back, the bars plainer underneath, the quiUs gTeyish white at base ; tail black, tipped with dull white, and crossed with three bars of ashy brown by no means distinct, the corresponding bars below ash}' white ; middle tail-feathers with three large spots of white on the inner web ; throat white, slightly mottled with bluish ash-colour ; remainder of under surface white, crossed with numerous broad bars of clear rufous, decreasing in number towards the abdo- men, the under tail-coverts pure white ; sides of breast, flanks, and thighs uniform clear rufous ; under wing-coverts pure white, with slight marks of brown on lower series. Total length 14 inches, culmen 1, wing 7'9, tail 6'7, tarsus 2-5, middle toe l-l. (Mus. Lugd.) Adult female. Similar to, but larger than, adult male. Total length 17 inches, wing 8-8, tail 8-3, tarsus 2-95, middle toe 1'3. {Mus. Lugd.) Young (type of species). Above brown, with slight rufous edgings to the wing-coverts ; head and nape slightly varied with white, as also a tolerably distinct eyebrow ; ear-coverts uniform dark brown ; cheeks white, streaked with brown, the throat white, with a central streak of blackish brown ; remainder of under surface white, the lOJ centre of the body and under tail-coverts unspotted, the breast with large ovate blackish drops, the sides of the body broadly barred with the same colour ; under wing-coverts iiniform white, with a few large spots of blackish brown on the lower ones ; (juills brown barred with darker brown, more distinctly below, where the feathers' are white at the base of the inner web, shading into greyish to- wards the tips ; tail brown above, tipped with ashy, greyish ash- colour below, crossed with five bars of blackish brown, some of the brown interspaces paler on the centre tail-feathers, but not exhi- biting white spots, which seem peculiar to the adult. (Mus. Liuid ) Hah. Giold Coast to Gaboon. a,h. S 9- ad. sk. River Danger, Gaboon. H. T. .\nsell, Esq. fP 1 c. S juv. sk. Rirer Ogowe, Gaboon M. Bouvier [E.]. {Marche et de C'o7n- piegne). Obs. Professor Schlcgel, in his late ' Eevue ' (?. c), separates A unduhventer homA.tachiro, uniting to the former the West-African A. zonanus (vel maeroscelides). I cannot separate the North-east- Afriean bird from the true A. tachiro ; but those from the Gold Coast are alwa3's much brighter blue above and more uniform rufous on the sides of the body, while those from Gaboon form a still more intensified race. 6. Astur toussenelii. (Plate VI. fig. 1.) Nisus toussenelii, Terr. Bev. et Mag. 1854, p. 538 ; /. S,- E. Verr J f. O. 1855, p. 101 ; Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 15 (1857) ; id. J. f. O. 18(31, p. 101. Accipiter toussenellii, StricJcl. Orn. Si/)i. p. 116 (1855); Cass Pr Phil. Acad. 1859, p. 31 ; Buchaillu, Eg. Afr. p. 472 ( l861) ; Grav Hand-l B. i. p. 32 (1869). -^ ■> r \ >^ y, Adxdt. Above blackish slate-colour, the head and neck clear slaty blue, paler on the sides of the face ; throat white, the lower part washed slightly with vinous ; rest of under surface, including the thighs, deep vinous salmon-colour, with slight remains of whitish cross bars on the breast ; the lower abdomen, vent, inner face of thighs and under wing- and tail-coverts white ; quills slaty black above, white at base of inner web, shading into ashy white towards the tips of the feathers, crossed with a few blackish bars ; tail black, tipped with white, greyish below, crossed with two bands of white', which also appear irregularly on the upper surface of the middle' feathers, where they occur on both webs. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1, wing 8, tail 7, tarsus 2-5. Hah. Gaboon. a. Ad. St. Gaboon. M. Verreaux. Type of the species. 7. Astur trinotatus. Accipiter trinotatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 33 (1850, ex Temm. MS. in Mm Lugd.); Strickl Orn. Sgn. ^t. 115 (1855); jrall. Ibis, 1868 n 8- Oral/, Ha>id-l. B.i.ix M {]8m). >f ^ 102 FALCONIDJE. Astur trinotatus, Bp. Rev. et Muy. de Zool. 1850, p. 490. Spajrius triuotatiis, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538. Nisus ti-iuotatus, Schl. Miis. P.-B. Astures, p. 45 (1862) ; id. Vog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 27, 65, pi. 19. figs. 1-3 (1866) ; id. Revue Accipitr. p. 90 (1873). Ers'tlirospiza trinotata, Kaiip, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 172 ; Walden, Tr. Z. k viii. p. 33 (1872). Young. Above bright ferruginous red, the head and hind neck streaked with blackish, the vrings entirely nifous, the shafts of the quills above black, and the primaries barred with black on the inner web near the base ; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the latter largely spotted with white, as in the adult, the two outer feathers more or less bright red, barred with black, which is overspreading the whole feather, showing that the change of colour in the tail is gradually assumed without a moult ; sides of the face rufous brown, streaked with black, the lores buff; under surface of body buSy white, the throat narrowly, the breast more broadly streaked with dark brown, somewhat tinged with rufous ; the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts rich buff, unstriped ; under wing-coverts yellowish buff, also extending over the base of the quills. Another young specimen in Mr. Wallace's collection has the throat and breast thickly streaked with black, which also extends over the head, and gives a mottled appearance to the interscapulary region. This bird also shows the gradual spreading of the black on the red tail, a most anomalous change of plumage, as the tail-feathers are generally changed by a direct moult in the Bii-ds of Prey. Adidt male. Above blackish slate-coloiu', inclining to clear bluish grey on the head and neck, and to pale cinereous on the sides of the face ; throat white, washed with greyish ; remainder of under surface clear vinous salmon-colour, the lower abdomen, thighs, and under wing- and tail-coverts pure white ; quills slaty black, white at base of inner web, with some bars of blackish on the under surface ; tail slaty black, slightly tipped with white, and crossed underneath with two bars of white, this being confined to the inner web ; cere above the nostrils and bill black; orbits orange-yeUow; feet deep orange-yeUow ; iris chrome-yeUow. Total length 11'5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 6-3, tail 5-5, tarsus 2. Female. Similar to the male, but shghtly larger. Total length 12 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 6-7, tail 5-8, tarsus 2. Hah. Celebes. a, b. S 2 'id- sk. Menado, N. Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C. c. c? juv. sk. Menado, N. Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 'C. d. Ad. st. Menado, N. Celebes. A. E. Wallace, Esq. C. e. 5 juv. st. Menado, N. Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. "C. f. cJ juv. sk. Makassar, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C. ff, h. (S 2 ad. sk. Celebes. J. Gould, Esq. 8. Astur muelleri. Accipiter muellei-i, Wall. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 475; id. Ibis, 1868, p. 9; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 35 (1869). 22. ASTUR. 103 Nisus cruentus, Schl. Voy. Nederl. Ind. ValJic. pi. 14. tig. 1 (1866). Accipiter griseogularis (pt.), Kai/p, P. Z. S. 18(57, p. 175. Nisus miilleri, Giebel, Orn. T/ies. p. 2G4 (1872). Nisus rufitorques (pt.), Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Aevipitr. p. 80 (1873). Yomuf. Above brown, with, pale rufous margins to the feathers, the nape and crown slaty brown, a great deal mottled with white ; the scapulars also conspicuously white at their base ; sides of face and neck, as also a distinct eyebrow, white, with distinct streaks of greyish brown ; under surface of body creamy white, the throat with a narrow median line of greyish brown, the chest with larger and more oval drops, the breast with heart-shaped spots and bars, the abdomen with dart-shaped bars : thighs barred across with pale rufous ; quills and tail above brown, with faintly indicated bars of darker brown, the under surface paler and more ashy, inclining to pale rufous towards the base of the inner web, the cross bars more distinctly indicated. Total length 18-5 inches, wing 10, tail 8-5, tarsus 2-4, middle toe (without claw) 1-4. Adult female. Above deep slaty grey more or less washed with ashy grey, the nape slightly mottled with white ; quills uniform with the back above, pale ashy below, white at the base, slightly washed with pale rufous and baiTed across with darker ash-colour ; tail deep slate-colour, with eight or nine blackish bars on the inner webs, very indistinct above and scarcely plainer on the under sur- face, which is ashy white, the bars entirely absent on the outer feather ; sides of the head and of the neck slaty grey like the head ; throat slaty grey, much mottled with white and washed with rufous ; rest of the under surface rich vinous chestnut, -with a few whitish cross bars here and there, doubtless remains of immaturity ; under wing- and tail-coverts coloured like the breast, but the white cross bars a little more distinct ; cere bright yellow ; bill black, bluish at base ; feet bright yellow. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 10-1, tail 9-3, tarsus 2*8. Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length 13-5 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 8-85, tail 7-G, tai'sus 27, middle toe 1-2. Hub. Gilolo and Morty Island. a. $ ad. sk. Gilolo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. Type of species. b. 2 juv. sk Morty Island. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. c. cJ ad. sk. Weda, Gilolo. Leiden Museum [P.]. Obs. Mr. Wallace was quite right, in m}^ opinion, to separate this bird, which is a large edition of A. hior/aster. It is, however, not strictly allied to that bird as regards its wings, which are distinctly barred on the under surface. Independently of its uniform appear- ance above, and the want of the rufous nape-band, it can always be told from A. f/riseof/ularis by its much shorter middle toe, which measures only 1-3-1 -4 inch without the claw against 1-65-1 '7 inch in the other species (females measured). 104 FALCONIDJE. 9. Astur hiogaster. Falco hiogaster, Miill. 8,- 8chl. Naturl. Gesch. p. 110 (1839-1844) ; Bp. Rev. et Mmj. de Zool. IHoO, p. 490. Accipiter hiogaster, Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 33 (1850) ; Ilomhr. /res, Ibis, 1869, p. 289 ; Gump;/ in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld., p. 38 (1872). Nisus polyzonoides, Bp. Rev. et Mar/, de Zool. 18o4, p. 538. Micronisus polyzonoides, Sd. Ibis, 1864, p. 30l5 ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 3-5 ; Socage, Joni. Acad. Lisb. 1870, p. 338. Nisus badius, Finsch ^- Hartl. Tog. Osfafr. p. 81 (1870). Adult. Above clear ashy grey, the concealed base of the scapulars white, with which the nape also is mottled ; sides of the face ashy grey like the head, but a little paler ; wing-coverts rather darker than the back, and of a deeper slate-colour ; quiUs brown, paler on the outer web. the secondaries ashy grey like the back, all the quills barred with blackish on the inner web. more plainly on the under surface, which is for the most part white ; tail ashy brown, whitish VOL. I. 5 114 FALCONID^. at tip, crossed with five bars of darker brown, nearly obsolete towards the base of the centre feathers, but very distinct on the under surface, which is whitish ; under surface of body whitish, the throat indistinctly, but all the rest of the body plainly, crossed with numerous bars of very pale rufous, narrower on the abdomen and thighs ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts similar to the breast ; bill blackish, base of upper mandible yellow, of lower one bluish black ; feet yellow ; iris bright orange. Total length 13 inches, culmeu 0-8, wing 7-65, tail 6-1, tarsus 1-8. Uab. South Africa. a. Ad. St. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. Type of species. b. Juv. St. South Africa. Earl of Derby [P.]. 16. Astur soloensis. (Plate IV, fig. 1.) Falco soloensis, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 209 (1821). Dtedalion soloensis, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 137 (1822). Falco nisus (small \m:),'Ecrffl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 278 (1822). Accipiter soloensis, Vif/. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824) ; Grat/, Gen. B. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Str'ickl. Oni. Syn. p. 107 (1855) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1802, p. 315 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 186.3, p. 207. Astur soloensis, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 94 (1828). Nisus cuculoides, Less. Man. iVOrn. i. p. 97 (1828) ; id. Traits, p. 61 (1831). Nisus minutus, Less. Traite, p. 60 (1831) ; Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 210. Tacliyspiza soloensis, Kaup, Classif. Stiug. u. Voe/. p. 117 (1844) ; id. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 63; Bp. Rev. et Mag. d'e Zool. 1854, p. 538; I\:atip, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 172 ; Walden, tr. Z. S. viii. pp. 34, 110 (1872). Micronisus soloensis, Gray, Cut. Accipitr. B. M. p. 75 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 33 (1850) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E. L Co. i. p. 38 (1854) ; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 344 ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 261 ; Peh. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 12 (1865) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 12; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 35 (1869); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. .342. Micronisus badius, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 359. Accipiter virgatus, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 264. Nisus soloensis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astm-es, p. 44 (1862) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 16 ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. Ind., Valkv. pp. 28, m, pi. 19. figs. 4-6 (1866) ; id. Revue Accipitr. p. 97 (1873). Youny. Above brown, with rufous edgings to the feathers, a little broader on the upper tail-coverts, the sides of the neck washed with rufous, the nape mottled with white ; crown blackish, an ill-defined eyebrow and fore part of the cheeks white, narrowly lined with blackish brown ; the ear-coverts brown, slightly washed with dull rufous ; throat buffy white, with a moustachial line on each, and a median streak of brown ; rest of under surface buffy white, the chest broadly streaked and the breast and flanks barred with pale rufous ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts clear buff, the lowest ones spotted with blackish ; quills dark brown, slightly tipped with whitish, very indistinctly barred above with darker brown, underneath buffy white at the base of the inner web, in- 22. .vsruit. 115 distinctly barred with dark browu, visible only on the inner webs ; tail ashy brown, whitish at tip, crossed wth five bars of darker brown, the under surface whitish ashy, the cross bars more distinct, except on the outer web, where they are almost obsolete. Adult. The adult plumage appears to be gained by a gradual mersion of the rufous stripes on the breast. Above light bluish grey, some of the feathers margined with darker grey ; sides of face and neck grey like the head, but a little more dingy ; under surface of the body pale huffy vinous, the throat, flanks, and thighs, as well as the under wing- and tail-coverts, white, with a slight greyish shade on the sides of the breast ; quills black externally, shaded with ashy grey, under surface white at base of inner web, but having no distinct bars above or below ; tail dull bluish grey above, ashy white beneath, with four or five indistinct cross bauds of dai'k brown, a little plainer underneath, but these not strictly continuous ; cere yellow ; gape and orbits yellowish ; bill black, lead-colour at base ; feet yellow ; iris yellow. Total length 11-8 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 7'9, tail 5-4, tarsus 1'9. 065. A specimen from the Philippines, nearly adult in every re- spect, is much deeper slate-colour above, and far more ruddy and vinous below, than the one described. Rab. China, from Pekin southwards throughout the Malayan peninsula and the archipelago generally to New Guinea. rt. . 1. 118 FALCONID^E. Leucospizia rayi, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 67 ; Gould, Handh. B. Austr. i. p. 38 (I860). Adult male. Above brownish ash-colour, the feathers with con- cealed spots of white near the base, the head clearer and more slaty grey ; lores, sides of the face, and neck pale ashy, varied with whitish ; under surface white, numerously but indistinctly barred with didl ashy, these bars gradually decreasing in size on the beUy and dis- appearing entirely on the abdomen, thighs, and under wing- and tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the back, the quills dark brown, secondaries externally shaded with ashy grey, the innermost pale brownish ash-colour, white at the base and on the inner web, which is barred with brownish, the quiUs barred with dark brown, more plainly underneath, where the feathers are white at the base ; tail pale brown, whitish underneath, numerously but indistinctly barred with darker brown ; cere yellowish orange ; bill black ; feet yellow, claws black ; iris yeUow. Total length 16-5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 10-25, tail 7*8, tarsus 2-7. Adult female. Larger than the male. A specimen in the collec- tion has the wing-coverts and tail tipped with whitish, and the bars on the breast, which are a little more distinct than in the preceding specimen, are mixed with brown, evidently the signs of immaturity. Total length 20 inches, wing 12-25, tarsus 2-95. A younger bird does not exhibit the whitish margins to the wing- coverts, but has the markings on the chest more elongate, these, as well as the other pectoral markings, being very broad and distinct and brownish in colour ; iris brown. Hab. New South "Wales and South Australia, extending along the entire eastern side of the continent to Cape York. Type of a. cJ innn. sk. Australia. Liimean Society [P.] A. rayi. b. cJ ad. St. New Holland. Lady Carington [P.]. c. 2 ad. sk. N.E. Australia. Purchased. d, e. cT ? ad. sk. Cape York. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 21. Astur novse hoUandise. New-HoUand "White Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 40 (1781). Falco novie hollandiie, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 264 (1788, ex Lath.). Falco albus, l]lnte, Voy. N. S. W. pi. 35 (1790). Fan- Falcon, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Suppl. ii. p. 54 (1801). Falco clarus. Lath. Lnd. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. xiii (1801). Sparvius niveus, Vieill. N. Diet. x. p. 338 (1817). Astur novas hollandise, Viff. Zool. Journ. i. p. 3-38 (1824); Gov.ld, Synops. B. Amt. pt. 3 (1888) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 27 (1849) ; Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 31 (1850) ; StrieM. Orn. Syn. p. 118 (1855) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 20 (1862) ; Gray, ^Hand-l. B. i. p. 29 (1869) ; Schl. Revue Accipif.r. p. 63 (1873). Astur albus, Jard. 4' Selby, HI. Orn. i. p. 1, pi. 1 (c. 1830). Dffidalion candidum, Less. Traite, p. 66, pi. 12. fig. 1 (1831). Falco leucaetus, Forster, Descr. An. p. 70 (1844). Leucospizia novas bollandife, Kaup, Classif. Siivy. v. Vdg. p. 119 (1844) ; id. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 67 ; Gould, Handh. B. Avstr. i. p. 38 (1865). a. 5 ad. St. b. (S juv. St. c. cJ ad. sk. d. $ ad. sk. e. ? ad. sk. 22. ASTTTR. 119 Young. Above brown, most of tbe leathers white for their basal half and pale brown at tips ; cheeks pure white and sides of neck white, only slightly mottled with pale brown ; quills brown, with pale rufous brown shafts, the primaries white at the base of the inner web, the inner secondaries white above' for the greater part of the feather ; tail pale brown, narrowly but indistinctly barred with darker brown, the shafts pale rufous brown, changing to pure white, a shade of which is also spreading on the feathers near the shaft of some of the tail-feathers, upper surface of tail dull whitish, the cross bars obsolete ; under surface pure white. Total length 16'5 inches, wing 10, tarsus 2-75. Adult male. Everywhere pure white ; cere orange-yellow ; gape bright yellow ; bill black ; legs bright yeUow ; iris pale carmine. Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 10*4, tail 8, tarsus 2-75. Adult femak'. Pure white like the male, but a little larger. Total length 20 inches, wing 12-61, tarsus 3-2. ffab. Tasmania, New South "Wales, and South Australia. Van Diemen's Land. Dr. Macbraire [P.]. Red Wallis Island. Earl of Derby [P.]. Australia. Major-Gen. Hardwicke fP.]. Australia. Sir D. Cooper, Bart. [P.]. Australia. Sir Everard Home, Bart. [P.]. Snbsp. a. Astur leucosomus. Astur novee bollandife, Schl. Vog. Ned. Ind. pp. 19, 58, pi. 11. fig. 3 (1866, nee Gm.). Adidt male. Similar to A. novce hollandice and uniformly white like that species, but very much smaller ; cere yellow ; bill black- feet citron-yellow ; iris orange-yellow. Total length 12-3 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 7-8, taQ 5-9, tarsus 2-25, middle toe 1-2. (Mm. Lugd.) Hah. New Guinea and adjacent islands. 22. Astur haplochrous. Accipiter haplochrous, Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 275, pi. viii. ; Verr. et Des Murs, Rev. et May. de Zool. 1860, p. 385 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 34 (18G9). Nisus haplochrous, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 263 (1872) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 91 (1873). Young. Above brown, the feathers margined with rufous ochre, the hind neck, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts tinged with ochra- ceous buff ; the crown slightly streaked with rufous, with a broad whitish eyebrow, narrowly streaked with dark brown ; sides of the face and neck ochraceous birff, streaked with dark brown, tinged with rufous on the ear-coverts ; under surface of the body clear ochra- ceous buff, the throat streaked with dark brown, forming a line down the centre, the breast marked with oval spots of dark browu, taking the form of arrow-shaped or linear bars on the sides of the body 120 FALCONID^. and flanks, becoming fewer in number on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; thighs pale fawn, with dart-shaped bars of dark brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries also pale fawn, the former spotted, the latter barred, with dark brown ; quills and tail brown, slightly tipped with whitish, numerously barred with dark brown, more conspicuously underneath, where the inner webs are of a pale fawn- colour. Adult. Above deep blackish slate-colour, including the sides of the head, neck, throat, and breast ; rest of the under surface white, including the under wing- and tail-coverts ; inner face of the wing and tail white, numerously barred with blackish, only seen above indistinctly on the inner web ; bill black ; feet and iris yellow. Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 9-7, tail 7-6, tarsus 2-75. Hah. New Caledonia. a. 5 ad. New Caledonia. Purchased. h. is ad. New Caledonia. Purchased. c. (S juv. sk. New Caledonia. Purchased. 23. Astur albigularis. Accipiter albogularis, Grai/, Ami. N. H. (i) v. p. 327 (1870) ; id. in Brenchley, Cruise of the ' Curaqoa^ p. 354, pi. 1 (1873). Adult. Above black, including the lores and sides of the face and of the neck ; quills and tail black, whitish at the base of the inner web, shading into ashy grey towards the tips, the latter barred with blackish on the median rectrices ; under surface entirely white, shaded with greyish (apparently remains of vermiculations) on the sides of the upper breast; under wing-coverts and axillaries white. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 10, tail 8, tarsus 2'65. Hab. Solomon Islands. a. Ad. St. Rechei-che Bay, San Chris- Julius Brenchley, Esq. [P.]. toval Island, Type of species. 24. Astur poliogaster. Falco poliogaster, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 264 (1824, ez Natterer, MS.). Astur poliogaster, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824) ; G7-ay, Oen. B. i. p. 27 (1849) ; Strickl. Om. Syn. p. 121 (1865). Nisus poliogaster, Less. Traite, p. (V2 (1831); Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 43 (1862) ; id. Revue Acciptr. p. 96 (1873). Asturina poliogastra, Kauji, Isis, 1847, p. 198, et Cotitr. Om. 1850, p. 67 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 30 (1850). Cooperastui- poliogaster, Bp. Pev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538. Accipiter poliogaster. Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 33 (1869) ; Pelz. Om. Bras. p. 8 (1871). Adult male (type of species). Above dark leaden grey, the ear- coverts and sides of the neck uniform with the crown, which is slightly darker than the back, as also are the wing-coverts ; upper tail-coverts tipped with clear ashy grey ; quills brown, with rufous 22. ASTUR. 121 brown shafts ; the secondaries leaden grey like the back, the quills barred with darker brown, these bars showing more plainly under- neath, where the lower surface of the wings is ashy white, inclining to pure white near the base of inner web ; tail black, tipped with whitish, and crossed with three narrow bars of clear ashy grey, a Kttle nifescent near the shafts ; entire under surface, including the under tail-coverts, pale grey, the throat and under wing-coverts whiter, the shafts darker, showing a hair-like stripe. Total length 17 inches, culraen 0-85, wing 9-8, tail 7-8, tarsus 2-15, middle toe 1-4. (Mus. Lucjd.) Hah. Brazil. 25. Astur pectoralis. Astur pectoralis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 490 ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 18 (1862) ; 'Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 6, 398 (1871); Schl. Reme Accipitr. p. G3 (1873). Gooperastur pectoraUs, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538. Accipiter pectoralis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 33 (1869) ; Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p.lSO (1873). Female, not quite adult. Above brown, vsdth tips of rather paler brown to the feathers of the middle back, scapulars, and secondaries ; the greater part of the wing-coverts, the interscapular region, and the lower back, rumj), and upper tail-coverts black, with white tips ; crown of head crested, pure black ; ear-coverts and sides of neck rich rufous, forming a broad collar round the back of the latter ; feathers below the eye and a faintly indicated moustachial streak black ; throat white, a central streak and a few feathers on the lower part black ; fore neck and chest rufous like the hind neck, the centre varied with black and white ; rest of under surface white, with very broad and distinct bars of jet-black on the flanks and thighs, smaller and less distinct in the centre of the body ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white like the breast, and similarly barred with black ; quills brown, barred above with darker brown, the under surface ashy white, with a few greyish black cross bars ; tail ashy brown, with four broad black bars, equally distinct on the under surface, which is ashy white ; bill horu-brown, yellowish at base ; feet yellow. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 11, tail 8-5, tarsus 2-4. {Mus. Lugd.) Hah. Brazil. 26. Astur rufitorques. Epervier Oceanian, $ , Hombr. df Jacq. Voy. Pole Sml, Atlas, pi. 2. fig. 2 (1842-53). Astur rufitorques, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp. p. 68, pi. 19 (1848) ; Hartl. Ibis, 1864, p. 232. Accipiter rufitorques, Hombr. ^- Jacq. Voy. Pole Slid, Zool. iii. p. 49 (1853) ; Cass. U. S. Eapl. Exp. p. 90, pi. 2. figs. 1, 2 (1858) ; Gray, B. Trop. Isl. Pacif. Ocean, p. 2 (1859); id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 34 (1869). 122 FALCONID^. Astiu" crueiitus, Fiiisch u. Ilurtl. Fcuuie Central-Polyn. Oni. p. 3 (1807). Nisus rufitorques, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 81 (1873)*. Young. Above clear brown, with indications of pale rufous margins to the wing-coverts and scapulars ; the hinder neck clearly rufescent, mottled with brown, and slightly varied with white ; head inclining to ashy grey ; throat dull white ; rest of under surface white, with oval drops of pale rufous, taking the form of bars on the sides of breast and flanks ; the thighs and under tail-coverts uniform pale rufous, shghtly mottled with remains of brown markings ; quiUs and tail dull brown, with more or less distinct bars of darker brown, plainer on the inner webs ; the under surface of both paler and more ashy, washed with pale rufous near the base of the inner webs. The above short description of the young bird refers to a specimen in the Museum which is beginning to show signs of adolescence, as may be seen by the ashy grey on the head and the presence of two fresh feathers on the back, which are also grey. The markings on the breast-feathers are altering in shape and turning to bars, while at the same time the stage of plumage is becoming perfected by the shooting of new feathers, as is usual in this section of the genus. Adult male. Above delicate bluish grey or dove-colour, the wings and tail uniform with the back, the primaries only a little darker and more blackish ; the under surface of both quills and tail pale ashy, almost white ; hinder part of neck delicate vinous ; sides of face ashy grey like the head, but a little paler ; throat white ; rest of under surface very pale vinous, lighter towards the abdomen and thighs and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts white. Total length 13-5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 8-1, tail 6-1, tarsus 2'2. Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger and more slate- coloured ; the neck-collar and the iinder surface deeper vinous. Total length 16-5 inches, wing 9-6, tail 7*1, tarsus 2-6. Hab. Fiji Islands. a,b. c? 2 ad. sk. Island of Matuku. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [C.]. Voyage of the 'Herald.' c. (S iuv. St. Viti Levu. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [C.]. Voyage of the 'Herald.' d. tS ad. St. Fiji Islands. e. 5 ad. St. Rewa. Julius Brenchley, Esq. [P.]. 27. Astur griseigularis. Astur griseogularis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 343. Nisus cruentus, Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Astures, p. 40 (1862) ; id. Vog. Nederl. Ind., Valkv. pi. 14. figs. 3, 4, pi. 15. figs. 1-3, pi. 16. figs. 1, 2 (1866). * Although Professor Schlegel recognizes this species by its name in the place quoted, he adds as synonyms three species which are in this work treated as distinct. These are Nos. 8, 27, and 28 of the present genus. 22. A8TUR. 123 Accipiter griseo^ularis, If 'all. P. Z. S. 186-5, p. 474 ; id. Ibis, 1868, p. 9; Gray, lland-l. B. i. p. 34 (1869). Erytlirospiza griseogularis, Kanp, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 174. Nisiis griseigularis, Giebcl, Thes. Orn. p. 263 (1872). Young male. Above dark browu with rufous edgings to the feathers, the head blacker, the nape and hind neck much mottled with white, and the bases to the interscapular feathers, as well as the scapulars and secondaries, conspicuously white ; quills and tail brown, paler at the tips, with numerous bars of darker brown, about twelve or thirteen in number on the latter, the bars much paler on the under surface of both, which is whitish ashy, washed with pale rufous near the base ; sides of face and a distinct eyebrow white, streaked with blackish brown, the ear-coverts clouded with ashy brown ; under surface of body whitish, with a streak of sepia-brown down the centre of the throat, the chest marked with oval drops of sepia-brown, the breast barred with brown, slightly tinged with rufous ; thighs whitish, broadly barred with pale rufous ; under tail-covcrts white, sparingly barred with dark brown ; under wing-coverts fulvous, with dark brown cross bars, somewhat tinged with rufous. Total length 18 inches, tail 8-8, tarsus 2'75. Adult female. Above ashy grey, the head much lighter, especially the sides of the face and throat, which are pale bluish grey ; sides and hinder part of the neck, including the interscapiilary region, light vinous chestnut ; wings blackish slate-colour, uniform pale ashy underneath, without any bars ; tail ashy brown, clearer brown on the inner web, with very faint indications of darker brown bars, underneath uniform pale ashy, without cross bars ; under surface of body clear vinous red, the chest uniform, the rest of the body with faint indications of whitish cross bars ; under wing-coverts imiform with the breast ; cere yellowish ; bill black, lead-colour at base ; feet olive or ochre-yellow. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 10-5, tail 9, tarsus 2-85. Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 9-9, tail 8-25, tarsus 2-5. Ohs. The beautiful series of this species brought home by Mr. "Wallace enables us to see how the different changes from the young plumage to the old are brought about. In the first stage the young bird resembles other Goshawks, being streaked on the chest, barred on the breast ; but in its changes it closelj- follows the example of the small Micronisi, of which this group of Hawks seem to be distant relations. Both above and below the plumage is changed partially by a moult and partially by an absolute change of feather. Many new plumes appear on the breast, showing that the next dress will be of a vinous red colour with whitish cross bars. At the same time it appears that, after the manner of Sparrowhawks and Goshawks, some of the oval drops on the chest break up into bars, which are darker and not of so clear a rufous colour as the fresh-moulted feathers. "While these changes take place below, a slight shade of vinous begins to appear on the hind neck, which, however, never shows very clearly till the bird is quite old : and as this character increases in 124 FAlCONIDiE. intensity with age, Mr. Wallace's Accipiter mueJleri, being fuUy adult, could not possibly be a specimen of A. grlselgularis which has " lost the nape-band," as Professor Kaup suggests. Hah. Batchian, Gilolo, and Ternate. a. $ ad. sk. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. Type of species. H 1 1- h. 2juT.sk. Batchian. A. R.Wallace, Esq. c. Imm. st. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq. d,e. 2 juv. sk. Gilolo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. /. Juv. "sk. Gilolo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. g. Imm. st. GUolo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. h. S ad. sk. Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq. i. (S juv. sk. Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq. Subsp. a. Astur henicogrammus. Astur henicogrammus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 343. Accipiter equatorialis, Wall P. Z. S. 1865, p. 474 ; uL Ibis, 1868, p. 10; Grai/, Hand-I. B. i. p. 34 (1869). Nisus cruentus, Schl. Tog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pi. 14. fig. 2 (1806). Erythrospiza griseogularis (pt.), Kaup, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 175. Nisus equatoriaUs, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 262 (1872). Younq (type of ^. henicor/rammus). Above brown ; all the feathers ban-ed and tipped with rufous, white at their bases and sometimes barred across the middle with white ; the hinder part of the head strongly inclining to slaty grey ; head dark brown, the feathers having white bases and being sHghtly washed with rufous ; forehead, a broad eyebrow, and sides of the face white, the latter strongly streaked with dark brown ; entire wings and tail ashy brown, banded with rufous like the back ; throat white, streaked down the centre and spotted on the lower parts with dark brown ; rest of under surface white, ban-ed on the chest with dusky brown tinged with rufous, on the breast and abdomen with clear rufous ; under wing-coverts ochraceous buff, spotted with dark brown tinged with rufous. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 8-6, tail 7'8, tarsus 2-6. Adidt. Above ashy, neck a little paler ; the wing-coverts darker and more slaty ; the primaries externally shaded with ashy grey, the secondaries entirely of the latter colour; the underside of the quills clear whitish ash-colour, deepening into ashy brown towards the tips of the feathers ; tail ashy grey, browner on the inner webs, where there are remains of obsolete bars, the under surface clear ashy ; back of the neck and upper part of interscapu- lary region pale vinous salmon-colour ; sides of face and throat pale ashy grey, with a slight salmon tinge on the latter : rest of under surface, including the under ■\^•ing-coverts and axillaries, uniform vinous salmon-colour ; cere, eyelids, and feet orange-yellow ; biLl black ; iris golden orange-yellow. Total length 14-5 inches, cul- men 1-2, wing 8-1, tail 6-8, tarsus 2-1. Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total length 16-5 inches, Aving 9-1, tail 7-35, tarsus 2-35. Hah. Molucca Islands. 22. ASTTJR. 125 a. sk. h. 2 ad. sk. r, d. S ? ad. sk. e. 5 ad. St. c? imm. sk. 2 juv. sk. h. Ad. St. E. Gilolo. Gilolo. Morty Island. Batchian. Waigiou. Waipiou. Salwatti. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. Type of species. A. R". Wallace, Esq. [C.]. Type of A. eqriaturialk. A. R. Wallace, Esq. A. R. Wallace, Esq. A. R. Wallace, Esq. A. R. Wallace, Esq. A. R. Wallace, Esq. Obs. This race or subspecies very closely resembles A. griseigu- laris, but is much smaller. The young bird is quite different, re- calling rather that of A. trinotatus. 28. Astur torquatus. Falco torquatus, Temni. PL Col. i. pi. 43 (1823). Urospizia torquatus, Kaup, Contr. Oni. 1850, p. 64 ; Up. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538. Nisus torquatus, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astui-es, p. 40 (1862); id. Vog. Nederl. Ind., Valkv. pp. 25, 63, pi. 17. figs. 1, 2, 4 (1866) ; id. Remie Accipitr. p. 91 (1873). Accipiter cruentus. Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 22. Uraspiza torquata, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 176. Accipiter torquatus, IVall. Ibis, 1868, p. 11 ; Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 34 (1809). Adult. Above greyish brown ; the head and wing-eoverts clearer slate-colour ; nape mottled with white ; hinder part of neck brick- red, shading even over the interscapulaiy region and sr-apulars ; quills dark brown, shaded externally witli slaty grey, the secondaries more conspicuously ; the under surface of the quills paler, whitish near the base, shading into clearer ashy towards the tips, with several indistinct bars of dark brown on the inner web ; tail ashy brown, slightly rufescent above, with twelve or thirteen cross bands of darker brown, more distinct underneath, where the colour is pale ashy, tinged with light rufous near the base ; the outermost feather almost unifbi-m ashy, the bars obsolete ; sides of face ashy grey, a little clearer than the crown ; throat whitish, freckled with remains of greyish cross bars ; under surface of body white, distinctly barred with clear pale rufous, the bars decreasing in width towards the abdomen ; thighs and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts white, the inner ones narrowly baiTed with pale rufous ; cere greenish yellow ; bill lead-colour ; feet orange-yellow ; iris orange- yellow. "^Total length 17 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 10-4, tail 8-2, tarsus 2"65. Hob. Timor. a. S ad. sk. h. 2 ad. sk. c, d, e. 2 juv. sk. /. 2 ad. St g. S juv. St. East Timor. East Timor. East Timor. East Timor. East Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C. A. R. Wallace, Esq. fC. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C. 126 FALCONID^. 29. Astur approximans *. Falco raiiatus, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 123 (1823, nee Lath.). Astur radiatus, Vif/ora ^- Ilorsf. Tr. Linn. Sue. xv. p. 181 (1827). Astur lasciatus, iicl. torn. cit. p. 181 (1827). Astur approximans, iid. torn. cit. p. 181 (1827) ; Gould, Syn. B. Austr. pt. 3 (1838) ; id B. Anstr. i. pi. 17 (1848) ; Stitrt, Exp. Cent): Austr. App. p. 15 (1819) ; Peh. Sitz. Akad. Wien, Ixi. p. 62 (1861) ; Gould, Handh. B. Azistr. i. p. 41 (1865). Accipiter approximans, .Strickl. Ann. N. If. xi. p. 335 (1843) ; Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 33 (1850) ; Striekl. Orn. Syn. p. Ill (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 34 (1869). Urospiza approximans, Bp. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 538. Nisus approximans, ScJd. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 42 (1862) ; id. Mevue Accipitr. p. 79 (1873). Tonne/. Above brown, the feathers edged with pale n;fous ; fore- head, eyebrow, and sides of face white, streaked with dark browu ; the nape much mixed with white ; quills and tail brown, with whitish tips, barred with numerous narrow bands of darker brown, thirteen or fourteen in number on the latter, the under sui'face of both glossy white ; the bars more indistinct near the base, which is shaded with pale rufous ; under surface of body white, with an ill- defined streak of dark brown down the throat ; the chest streaked with broad oval drops of pale rufous ; the breast and flanks broadly barred with the same colour, especially on the thighs and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts buffy white, with pale rufous cross bars ; cere, gape, and base of bill bluish lead-colour, the latter blackish at tip ; feet gamboge-yellow ; iris beautiful yellow. Adult female. Above duU ashy brown ; the hinder part of the neck didl vinous red ; quiUs uniform brown above, with a slight shade of ashy on the secondaries ; the inner webs slightly paler, with obsolete remains of darker brown bars ; the under surface of the quills ashy grey, with a pale rufous shade near the base, in- clining to dark brown towards the tips, with notches of the same colour ; tail ashy brown above, glistening white beneath, with in- distinct remains of darker bars, about fourteen in number, on the inner webs ; sides of face dark ashy brown, like the head ; throat dull white, mottled with transverse remains of ashy bars ; remainder of under surface dull rufous, barred with numerous narrow lines of whitish, each bar having a conterminous bar of ashy above and below ; under wing-coverts dull rufous, more broadly barred with fulvous ; cere greenish yellow ; bill dusky, olive-green at base, as also the gape ; feet yellow, claws black ; iris bright yellowish orange. Total length 2U inches, culmen 1-3, wing 12-25, tail 10, tarsus 3-2. * Under the title of A. approximans Mr. E. P. Ramsay makes remarks on a Goshawk from Port Denison, which lie was inclined to separate from the present species. I am not aware that any further description has been published {cf. Ibis, 1866, p. 326). yo ASTrR. 127 Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length 15 inches, wing- 10-2, tail 8-5, tarsus 3"15. Obs. The male of Astur approximans may always be told from the female of Accipiter cirrhocephalus by its long tail, which mea- sures 8 to 8"5 in the former, whereas the length of the latter never exceeds 7'2 or 7'3 inches. Along with this character will be found the slender middle toe of the Accipitcr. Uah. Eastern Australia, from Van Liemen's Land and New South Wales to a little above 20° S. lat. ; New Caledonia ; Norfolk Island. a. 5 juv. st. Australia. b. $ ad. St. Australia. Linnean Society [P-]. c. 5 juv. sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.J. Type of species. d, e. c? 5 juv. sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.]. Tvpes of A. fasciatus. f. 2 ad. sk. Australia. Lady Carington [P.]. S- cJ juv. sk. Australia. A. Cimning lam, Esq. [P.] h. $ juv. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper, Bart. [P.]. i. $ juv. sk. c5' JUV. sk. Van Diemen's Land. J. Gould, Esq. j- New South Wales. J. Goidd, Esq. k. tS ad. sk. S. AustraUa. Sir George Grev [P.]. I. S juv. sk. " The Depot, lat. 29° 40'." Port Curtis. Capt. Sturt [P.]. m $ juv. sk. Voyage of the ' Rattle snake.' n, 0. c? ad. juv. sk. Gould's Island. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.^ . P- S juv. sk. N. Australia. J. R. Elsey, Esq. y-: . 30. Astur cruentus. Astur cruentus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 113 ; id. B. Amir. i. pi. 18 (1848) ; /(/. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 4.3 (1865). Accipiter cruentus. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 2>'6 (18o0). Urospizia cruentus, Kaiip, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 65. Urospiza cruenta, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 176. Adult. Above ashy grey, with a bluish shade, especially distinct on the crown, sides of face, and wing-coverts ; nape somewhat varied with white ; sides of neck duU vinous, forming an imperfect collar round hind neck ; quills ashy grey, the primaries blacker, externally washed with ashy, all numerously barred with darker brown on inner webs ; the lower surface ashy whitish, with a pale salmon- srirfous tinge on inner web ; the bars by no means distinct near base ; tail ashy grey above, with a slight bluish shade, slightly tipped with ashy white, and crossed with fifteen or sixteen dusky bars, almost obsolete on the two central feathers; throat duU white, mottled all over with ashy brown bars ; rest of under surface dull white, crossed with numerous bars of very pale vinous, inclining to grey on the lower under wing-coverts ; cere dull yellow ; bill blue at base, black at tip ; feet pale yellow, claws black ; iris bright yellow. 128 FALCONID-E. Total length 21-5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 12-5, tail 11, tarsus 3-4. {Mus. Cantabr.) Hab. Western Australia. 31. Asturwallacii*. (Plate V.) Astur approximans, Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 12 (nee Vig. S) Horsf.). Adult male (Lombock). Above ashy brown, the head more de- cidedly greyish ; sides of the face ashy grey, paler than the crown ; sides of the neck deep vinous salmon-colour, forming an ill-defined collar round the back of the neck ; throat pale rufous, mottled with indistinct white and ashy grey cross bars ; rest of under surface rich vinous salmon -colour, with indistinct remains of white cross bars on the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts; thighs uni- form vinous salmon-colour ; under wing-coverts coloured and faintly barred like the breast, the axiUaries uniform vinous ; quills ashy brown, more or less shaded with grey, indistinctly crossed with numerous bars of darker brown, a little more distinct on the under surface, which is pale rufous at base of inner webs, shading into ashy grey at the tips ; tail-feathers uniform ashy brown above, with remains of thirteen or fourteen bars of darker brown, plainer under- neath, where the feathers are ashy white ; bill dusky, tip black ; feet yellowish ; iris brown. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 10-55, tail 8-6, tarsus 2-55. Tounrj female (Bouru). Above brown, the wing- and tail-coverts with clear rufous margins ; the nape mottled with white, the hind neck with rufous ochre ; eyebrow and sides of face and throat white, thickly streaked with dark brown ; rest of under surface white, the breast obscured with numerous large spade-shaped mark- * ASTUE, sp. Mr. Wallace's collection has a young bird from Lombock, which I cannot identify. From its rufous coloration it seems to belong to the A. trinotatus group. Young. Above rufous, the feathers creamy white at their bases, barred and centred with ashy brown ; nape slightly streaked with creamy buff; sides of face and neck entirely rufous, streaked with ashy brown, with faint indications of a buff eyebrow ; wing-coverts ashy brown, witli broad rufous margins ; quills ashy brown, narrowly margined and tipped with rufous, barred with darker brown, more plainly seen on the under surface, which is pale rufous at base of inner web, ashy grey towards the tips ; tail ashy brown, tipped with pale brown, washed externally with rufous, crossed with ten narrow bars of darker brown more distinct on the under surface, the feathers being pale rufous at base of inner web ; under surface of body creamy buff; the throat with a broad central line of greyish brown, the entire breast streaked with longitudinal markings of brown, the under tail-coverts whitish with rufous-brown spots ; thighs pale fawn-colour, spotted and barred with clear rufous ; under wing-coverts huffy fawn-colour, streaked with rufous brovra ; cere pale yellow ; bill black ; feet pale yellow; iris olive. Total length 16 inches, culmen 1, wing 8-9, tail 7-3. tarsus 1-35. This may be the young of Astur wallacii ; but the bird from Bouru is wliat I consider to be really the young of that species. 23. NI30IDE8. 129 ings of dark brown, the lower breast barred with rufous brown, the bars becoming wider apart on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, and more distinctly rufous on the thighs ; quills brown, numerously- barred with darker brown on the inner webs, becoming obsolete on the bases of the latter, which are pale rufous underneath ; tail brown, crossed with about eighteen bars of darker brown, the under surface lighter and ashy white in colour. Total length 18-5 inches, cul- men 1-15, wing 10-4, tail 8-5, tarsus 2-7. The young bird described has been considered to belong to A. torquatus by Mr. Wallace ; but its fades certainly refers it to a species allied to A. approxlmans, as does also the sequence of change in its progress towards maturity, of which evidences are beginning to appear in the Bouru specimen. I think that there can be little doubt of its being the young of A. wallacii. Hab. Lombock, Bouru. a. S ad. sk. Lombock. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C :1: b. 5 juv. sk. Bouru. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C 23. NISOILES. Type. Nisuoides, Pollen, Btill. Soc. Sc. Beim. 1866, p. 62 N. moreli Bill of Nisoides ttwreli (after Schlegel). Range. Madagascar. 1. Nisoides moreli. Nisuoides moreli, Pollen, Bull. Soc. Sc. Reiin. 1866, p. 62. Nisoides moreli, Neivton, Zool. Bee. iii. p. 73 (1867). Accipiter moreli. Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 320 ; Gurtxey, Ibis, 1870, p. 448. Nisus morelii, Schl. 4" Poll. Faun. Madag. Ois. p. 39, pi. 12. iig. 3 (1868) ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 9.5 (1873). Micronisus moreli. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 35 (1869). Young male. Above rather light brown, with remains of rufous edges on the upper surface, more distinct on the head and least wing-coverts ; nape much varied with white ; ear-coverts rufous brown ; an indistinct eyebrow and cheeks buflfy white, streaked with brown ; quills and tail much as in the adult bird, but rather paler; underneath buify white, with broad blackish markings in the centre of the throat, causing very distinct streaks, the remainder of the under surface barred with dark brown with a rufous tingo ; the bars smaller and more like spots on the chest ; wing 5-95. Adult male (type of species). Above slaty black, the nape VOL. I. I, 130 FALCONlUiE. mottled ■with white, as also the base of the scapulars ; upper taU- covcrts slightly tipped with white ; ear-coverts slaty black like head ; cheeks, lores, and an indistinct eyebrow whitish, slightly tinged with rufous and streaked with black ; quills and tail dark brown, barred with blackish brown, plainer below, where the under surface is ashy white, rufescent at the base of the inner webs ; the tail ashy brown at tip, and crossed with about eight bands, the sub- terminal one broader : under surface of body white, the throat and chest washed with rufoxis ochre, the throat mesially streaked with narrow black lines, the entire breast barred with rufous brown, narrower on the thighs, and almost disappearing on the under tail- coverts ; under wing-coverts riifous ochre, barred with blackish ; bill black ; feet yeUow, nails black ; iris pure white. Total length 11'5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 6, tail 5"3, tarsus 2, middle toe 0"98. (Mus. Luf/d.) Hah, AYest coast of Madagascar. 24. ACCIPITER. Type. Accipiter, Bnss. Orn. i. p. 310 (1760) A. nisus. Nisus, Cuv. Legons Anat. Comp. i. tabl. ois. (1799) A. nisus. lerax, Leach, Si/st. Cat. Mamm. ^c. Brit. 3Lus. p. 10 (1816) A. nisus. Hieraspiza, Kanp, Class. Saug. u. Vog. p. 116 (1844) .... A. virgatus. Cooperastui", Bp. Jtev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538 .... A. nisus. Teraspiza, Kajip, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 171 A. virgatus. Bill and foot of Accipiter nisus. Range. The four quarters of the globe, excepting Oceania, west of Australia, and New Guinea. Key to the Species. a. Thighs banded. a'. No collar round neck. o". Bars on tail not exceeding five. 24. ACCIPITEK. 131 ((!". No white spots on centre tail-fea- thers; upper tail-coverts some- times slightly margined at tip with white. «"". Cheeks and ear-coverts rufous, or ashy white tinged with rufous, rtfl. The rufous bars underneath nar- nower than the intervening white spaces nisus, p. 132. bb. The rufous bai's broader than the white interspaces. aa'. Smaller; wing in c? 7"15 inches, in $ 8'25 fuscus, p. 1.35. bb'. Larger ; wing in c? 9'3 inches, in g 10-3 cooperi, p. 187. b"". Ear-coverts greyish, like rest of crown; wing not exceeding 6"6 inches tinus, p. 139. b'"' Centi-e tail-feathers with conspicuous white spots; upper tail-coverts white minullus, p. 140. a. Larger ; darker ; more broadly baiTed below, a. eiytkrojnis, ■p. 141. /3. Smaller; more grey; bars below narrower. (3. minullus, p. 140. b". Bars on tail about 14 in number cirrhocephaliis, p. 141. c". Tail quite uniform 7naclagascariensis, p. 143. h'. White collar round neck coUaris, p. 144. b. Thighs uniform. a'. Rufous coUar round neck. fi". Larger ; imderneath grey rubricolUs, p. 144. 6". Smaller ; underneath vinous erythrauchen, p. 145. b'. No rufous collar. c". Thighs grey. c'". Ear-coverts and sides of neck grey . . rJiodogader , p. 145. d" . Ear-coverts and sides of neck rufous sulaensis, p. 146. d'. Thighs rufous or ochi-aceous. e'". Ear-coverts and breast white. /"". Thighs rufous erythroenemis, p. 147. (/'". Thighs ochraceous ckkmogaster, p. 148. f". Ear-coverts and breast rufous. h"". Larger; wing in c? 8"2 inches; in 2 9'4 i-^rfiventris, p. 148. i'". Smaller; wing in c? 7, in $ 8. . ventralis, p. 149. g'". Ear-coverts ^rey. A"". Large white spots on centre tail- feathers hartlaiibi, p. loO. I"". No white spots on centre tail- feathers. m. Breast rufous. m'. Smaller ; under wing-coverts buff; wing in c? 0-6 inches, in 5 7"4 virgatus, p. 150. n'. Larger; under wing-coverts rufous, like breast ; wing in (S 8-5 inches, J 10'5 guttatus, p. 1.52. n. Breast cinereous. l2 132 PALCONID*. 0. Breast imiform grey. o'. Under -wing-coverts deep rufous pileatus, p. 153. p'. Under wing-coverts white . . 6«co/or, p. 154. p. Breast spotted with white. . . . chilensis, p. 155. e". Thighs black melanoleucus, p. 156. 1. Accipiter nisus*. The Span-ow-Hawk, Albi'n, Nat. Hist. B. i. pi. 5 (1731). L'Epei-vier, Briss. Om. i. p. 310 (1760) ; Buff. PI. Enl. i. pis. 412, 467 (1788). L'Epervier tachet^, Briss. Om. i. p. 314 (1760). Le petit Epervier, Briss. Om. i. p. 315, pi. 30. fig. 1 (1760). Falco nisus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 1-30 (1766) ; Naum. Vog. Detdschl. i. p. 258, Taf. 19, 20 (1822) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 62 (1843) ; Schl. u. Susetn. Voff. Eur. Taf. 29 (1839). Falco minutus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 131 (1766, e.v Briss.). Falco nisus major, BeJcke?; Teutsche Om. Heft iii. pis. 1, 2 (c. 1800). Falco nisus minor, Bekker, Teutsche Om. Heft iii. pis. 3, 4, 5 (c. 1800). Dfedalion fringillarius, Savign. Ois. d'Egypte, p. 270 ( 1808). Accipiter nisus, PaU. Zooqr. Posso-As. i. p. 370 (1811) ; G)-ai/, Gen. B. i. p. 29, pi. 10. fig. 4 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850) ; Strickl. Om. Si/n. p. 104 (1855) ; Semts. Ec/ffs Brit. B. i. p. 35 (1856) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 4. figs. 3, 4, 5 (1858) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 51 (1862) ; Kewt. Ooth. WoUey. p. 79 (1864) ; Gould, B. Gt.Br. pt. v. (1865) ; Brodr. Falc. Jrti'.'pl. ii. (1865) ; DeqI. et Gerhe, Orn.Eitr. i. p. 99 (1867) ; Loch^, Expl. Sci. Ah/er. i. p. 72 (1867) ; Bettoyii, Ucc. Lomh. ii. tav. 58 (18r9) ; Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 31 (1869) ; Hume, Pough Notes, i. p. 124 (1869) ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 88 (1871) ; Salvad. Faun. Pal. Ucc. p. 15 (1871) ; Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 341 ; Sharpe ^- Dresser, B. Eur. pt. ix. (1871) ; SJ)eUey, B. Egt/pt, p. 185 (1872) ; Hnne, Strai/ F. i. p. 124 (1873). Jerax fringillarius. Leach, 8i/st. Cat. Mamm. Sj-c. Brit. Mm. p. 10 (1816). Sparvius nisus, Vieill. N. Diet. x. p. 319 (1817). Accipiter frinsillarius, Vig. Zool. Joiim. i. p. 338 (1824) ; Gotdd, B. Eur. i. pi. 18 (1837). Buteo nisus, Flem. Brit. An. i. p. 55 (1828). Nisus communis, Less. Traite, p. 58 (1831). Nisus elegans, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 86 (1831). * The present species will be found fully treated of in-Part ix. of Sharpe and Dresser's ' Birds of Europe.' There I was inclined to consider Mr. Hume's Accipiter melanoschistus a good species ; but a fiu*ther experience of Acx>ipi- trine birds induces me to think that it may be only a dark race of the ordinary Sparrow- Hawk. I say this under reserve, as I have not yet seen a specimen labelled by Mr. Hume himself and only judge by examples in the British Mu- seum andLord Walden's collection. At present, also, I believe Hodgson's A. suhtypicus to be only a common Sparrow-Hawk. Should Mr. Hume's bird be distinct, the synonymy will be as follows : — Accipiter melanoschistus. Accipiter meJanoschistus, Htime, Ibis, 1869, p. 356 ; id. Rough Notes, i. p. 128 (1869) ; Sharpe 4' Dresser, B. Eur. pt. ix. (A. nisus), p. 16 (1871). Isisua melanoschistus, Giebel, Thes. Om. p. 263 (1872). 24, ACCIPITER. 133 Nisus fringillarum, Brehni, torn. cit. p. 87 (1831). Nisus peregriuus, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 88 (1831). Falco nisosimilis, Tickell, J. A. S. B. ii. p. 571 (1833). Astur nisus, Keys. 8; Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 140 (1840) ; Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 75 (1853) ; Dubois, Ois. Bely. pis. l5, 16 ( 1854) ; Schl. Voy. Nederl. pis. 13, 14 (1854) ; Sundev. Sv. Foyl. p. 220, pi. xxviii. fig. 1 (1860). Accipiter nisosimilis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 311 (1843) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 105 (1855). Accipiter subtvpicus, Hodqs. in Gray^s Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844). Astm- major, Deyl Orn. Eur. i. p. 86 (1849). Nisus fringillarius, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 64 ; ScJd. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 28 (1862); Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 65 (1869); Schl. Remte Accipitr. p. 68 (18/'3). Nisus major, Jaub., Mots. Eur. Orn. p. 29 (1851). Nisus intercedens, Brehm, Naiim. 1855, p. 269. Nestling. Clothed -with white down ; the feathers of the back deep sepia-brown, with rufous margins ; breast fulvous fawn, the chest longitudinally streaked with brown, inclining to arrow-head mark- ings on the abdomen and to bars on the flanks. Young. Above sepia-brown, all the feathers plainly margined with rufous, more especially on the crown ; occiput and nape mottled with white ; a distinct eyebrow, cheeks, and ear-coverts white, streaked with blackish, the hinder margin of the latter brown, washed with rufous ; quills brown, inclining to ashy brown externally, the secon- daries narrowly margined and tipped with I'ufous; all the quills barred across with darker brown, more distinct on the lower surface, which is whitish ; tail ashy brown, slightly tipped with whitish, and crossed with five bars of dark brown ; under surface of body white, the throat narrowly streaked with black, the breast barred with rufous brown, or marked with spade-shaped spots of brown tinged with rufous, the flanks and thighs distinctly barred with dark brown ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts buflFy white, numerously spotted or half-barred with dark brown ; cere yellow ; bill horn-coloui", the lower mandible yellowish at base ; feet yellow ; iiis yellow. Adult male. Above bluish slate-colour, the black shafts distinct on some of the rump-feathers ; wings bluish slaty, the primaries browner and barred with darker brown, more distinct below, where the inner webs of the quills are ashj' white somewhat tinged with rufous ; tail also bluish slaty, but a little browner than the back, slightly tipped with whitish and crossed ^vith four bars of darker brown ; nape slightly mottled with white ; forehead and eyebrow slightly washed with rufous ; lores whitish ; cheeks and ear-coverts bright rufous, the upper margin of the latter slaty like the sides of the neck ; throat whitish, washed with rufous ; rest of under surface white, the breast narrowly barred across with bright rufous, some of the bars tinged with brown, becoming narrower towards the abdomen and thighs, which are nearly entii'ely white ; flanks bright rufous ; under tail- coverts white ; under wing-covei'ts and axillaries white, the former spotted, the latter barred with brown ; cere yellow ; bill dark 134 FAICONIDJ;. horn-blue, base of lower mandible yeUowish ; feet yellow ; iris orange. Total length 13 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 8-15, tail 6-3, tarsus 2'3. Adult female. Larger than the male, and paler grey above ; below barred with brown, more or less tinged with rufous in young ex- amples, but becoming slaty grey in old specimens, which also have a rufous tuft on the flanks. Total length 15-5 inches, wing 9-5, tail 7, tarsus 2"5. Hah. The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, extending in winter into Algeria, N.E. Africa, the Indian peninsula, and China. England. a. . 2 JUV- St. South Africa. M. J. VeiTeaux fC.i c d ad sk. South Africa. S.-Afiican Museum, f/. $adst South Africa. S.-African Museum. " e,f- 6 2 ad. St. Natal. J. H. Gurney, Esq. rP.l. //. d JUV. sk. Eland's Post, S.E. Africa E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. (T. Atmore). h. d juv. sk. Galungo, Loanda, Aug. 1-5, J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.l. 1869, Subsp. o. Accipiter erythi-opus. Nisus erythropus, ITarfl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 354 (ar Temm. MS. in Mus. Lugd.) ; id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 16 (1857) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 35 (1869). " Accipiter erythropus, Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 33 (1869). Adult yncde (type of species). Above blackish brown, with con- cealed white bases to the feathers of the occiput, hind neck, and scapulars ; upper tail-coverts very broadly and conspicuously white ; ear-coverts and cheeks blackish brown, very little lighter than the upper surface ; entire throat, vent, and imder tail-coverts pure white ; remainder of under surface white, barred across with blackish brown^ inclining to rafous on the sides of the chest and thighs; flanks bright rufous; under \ving-coverts (jchraceous buff, with a few blackish markings on the _ lower series; quills brown, barred with darker brown, more distinct underneath, where the inner web is for the most part ochraceous buff; tail brown, crossed with five bars of blackish brown ; the inner web largely notched with white, spots of which are apparent even on the two centre feathers ; cere and legs red ; bill horn-black. Total length 10 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 6, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-8, middle toe 1-05. {Mus. Lugd.) Hab. West Africa, Gold Coast. 6. Accipiter cirrhocephalus. New Holland SpaiTow-Hawk, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 51 (1801). Falco nisus, var., Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. xi (1801). Sparvius cii-rhocephalus, Vteill. JV. I>ict. x. p. 329 (1817). Accipiter torquatus, Vig. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 182(1827)- Gould Syn. B. Anstr. pt. 3 (1838) ; id. B. Austr. i. pi. 19 (1848) ; Bp Consp. 1. p. .33 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 45 (1865). Nisus australis, Less. Traite, p. 61 (1831). Urospiza torquata, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 181. Accipiter cin-hocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 29(1849). Accipiter melanops, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. Ill (1855). Nisus cirrhocephalus, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 38 (1862). Urospiza cirrhocephala, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 176. ] 42 falconid.t;. Young. Brown above, with rufous edgings to tlie feathers ; the nape and hind neck mottled with white, and strongly washed with rufous ; sides of the face dusky brown ; the fore part of the cheeks and an indistinct frontal line whitish, streaked with dark brown ; quills and tail brown, tipped with pale rufous, numerously barred with darker brown, more distinct on the tail, which is slightly shaded with ashy ; the under surface of the wing and taU whitish ashy, shaded with rufous near the base, the cross bars being particu- larly distinct ; under surface of body white, the throat narrowly streaked with dark brown ; the chest marked with broad oval streaks of pale rufous brown ; the breast and flanks barred with the same colour ; the cross bars on the under wing- and taU-coverts less numerous, and of a darker brown ; the flanks very broadly barred with pale rufous. Obs. The present species foUows the rule of most other Sparrow- Hawks in the changes of plumage characteristic of the progress to maturity, the longitudinal spots gradually dissolving and widening out into bars, as I have shown to be the case in the common A. v.isus (cf. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 418). Adult male. Above bluish ash-colour ; the head and wing-coverts rather darker ; the back of the neck bright vinous red ; nape slightly mottled with white, and the scapulars and secondaries with con- cealed white spots ; quills brown, externally shaded with ash-colour ; the secondaries entirely ashy grey, like the back ; all the quills very numerously banded with dark ashy brown, more distinct underneath, where the interspaces are whitish ; tail-feathers brown, strongly shaded with bluish ashy on the upper surface, which is almost entirely uniform ; the under surface paler and more whitish ashy, with very numerous bars of dark brown on the inner web ; throat buffy white, with remains of ashy transverse markings ; rest of under surface broadly barred with vinous red and ashy white ; the ashy shade on the cross bars more distinct on the flanks ; the thighs very thickly barred, but the abdomen and under tail-coverts less numerously than the breast ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries coloured like the breast ; cere and gape yellowish green ; bUl black, lead-coloured at base ; feet yellow, slightly tinged with green ; iris yellow. Total length 12-3 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 8-3, tail 6-4, tarsus 2'25. Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 14-5 inches, wing 10, tarsus 2-6. Hah. The whole of Australia. a. 5 fid. sk. Australia. Purchased. h, c, d. 5 ad. juv. st. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.]. c. S ad. st. S. Australia. C. D. E. Fortnum, Esq. [P.l. /. 2 juv. St. Adelaide, S. Aus- C. D. E. Fortmim, Esq. [P.J. tralia. g. PuU. sk. Port Lincoln, S. J. Gould, Esq. Australia. h, i. S ad. juv. sk. Interior of Aus- Captain Sturt [P.]. tralia. 24. ACCIPITER. 143 ./, k. 2 jiiv. sk. " The Depot, lat. Captain Stiu-t fP.! 29° 40'." /. $ jiiv. sk. " First Creek, lat. Captain Sturt TP. 1. 30° 50', Dec. 1844." m. d' ad. sk. "The Depot, Vic- J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.]. toria River,Oct. 1855." n. S ad. sk. Queensland. Purchased. o. Skeleton. Voyage of the ' Rattlesnake.' 7. Accipiter madagascariensis. Accipiter madagascariensis, Verr. S. Afr. Q. Journ. ii. p. 282 (1834) ; Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 35 (1844) ; £p. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850) • Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 114 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 32 (1869). Nisus madagascariensis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 64. Accipiter lantzii, Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1806, p. 353, pi 18 • Grand, op. cit. 1867, p. 320. Nisus lantzii, Schl 8,- Poll. Faun. Madag. Ois. p. 35, pi. 13 (1868) ; ScJd. Mils. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 72 (1873), Young female. Above brown, with distinct ochraceous margins to feathers of upper surface, inclining to rufous on the least wing- coverts ; crown brown in centre, with rufous margins to the feathers ; the superciliary line and the hind neck ochre, with a rufous tinge and with brown centres to the feathers, causing a slightly streaked appearance ; the nape mottled with white ; quills brown, barred with darker brown, more distinct underneath, where the inner web is whitish ashy at base ; secondaries brown, like the back, with four distinct external bars, tipped with ochraceous buff and nar- rowly margined with the same externally ; tail ashy brown, tipped with whitish and crossed with six bars of darker brown, plainer on under surface, which is ashy white ; ear-coverts rufescent ; cheeks white, narrowly streaked with dark brown ; throat white, with a few streaks of dark brown down the centre ; remainder of under surface white, with broad oval drops of pale rufous brown on the breast, rounder on the abdomen and thighs, and developing into bars on the flanks ; under taU-coverts white, with a few irregular brown spots ; under M'ing-coverts ochraceous white, with brown spots like breast. Total length 13-8 inches, wing 8-7, tail 7-3 ; tarsus 2-35 ; middle toe 1-65. (3hts. Lwjd.) Adult female. Above blackish brown, slightly washed with slate- colour, the latter shade more distinct on the head and hind neck, especially the latter ; car-coverts greyish black ; the lower margins, as well as the cheeks, whitish, narrowly streaked with black ; quills and tail perfectly uniform blackish brown above, with bars of whitish ash-colour underneath, not very distinct, but plainer towards the base; under surface of body white, thickly barred with greyish black ; the under wing-coverts uniform with the breast ; a few narrow streaks of greyish black on the throat ; under tail-coverts pure white ; tarsi greenish yellow ; iris yellow. Total length 15 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 8-8, tail 7-5, tarsus 2-4, middle toe 1 -7. {Mns^. Ltigd.) 1 44 FALCONID^. Adult male (type of species). Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length 11-5 inches, wing 7-15, tail 5-7, tarsus 2-1. Hab. Madagascar. a. J ad. sk. Madagascar. South- African Museum. Type of species. 8. Accipiter coUaris. Micronisus coUaris, Kaup, MS. in Mus. Brit., uncU Accipiter collaiis, Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 148, pi. 6 ; Gray, Hand-l. B, i. p. 33 (1869) ; Scl. S,- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 120 (1873). Nisus collaris, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 263 (1872). Immature. Above sooty brown ; the head blackish ; the sides of the face and an ill-defined half-collar round the neck white, barred with dark brown ; quiUs brown, barred with darker brown, more distinct underneath, where the interspaces are whitish ; tail ashy brown, crossed with five bars of dark brown, the under surface paler and whitish ashy, the brown bars more distinct than above, except on the outer web, where they are nearly obsolete ; throat white ; rest of under surface white, broadly barred with brown somewhat tinged with pale rufous, narrower on the under tail-coverts ; the thighs almost uniform brown, with slight remains of whitish cross bars. Total length 11"5 inches, culmen 1, wing 7'1, tail 5-2, tarsus 2. Hab. New Granada. a. Ad. st. Bogota. Purchased. Type of species. 9. Accipiter rubricollis. Nisus cirrhocephalus ceramensis, Schl. Mus, P.-B. Astures, p. 39 (1862). Accipiter rubricolUs, Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 19, 21, pi. iv. ; id. Ibis, 1868, p. 7 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. I p. 34 (1869). Nisus erythrauchen (pt.), Schl. Vog. Nederl. Ind., Valkv. pp. 22, 60, pi. 13. fig. 2 (1866) ; id. Rev. Accipitr. p. 78 (187.3). Uraspiza erjrthrauchen (pt.), Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 177. Nisus rubricollis, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 264 (1872). Young. Crown and sides of head blackish brown ; an indistinct eyebrow and the cheeks white, streaked with brown ; upper surface of body brown, with rufous margins to the feathers ; the hinder neck mixed with white and washed with vinous red ; quills brown, numerously barred with darker brown ; inner web rufescent from the base upwards, and the outer web spotted with rufous, so as to give the appearance of five bars across the wing ; tail ashy brown, the tip lighter, crossed with ten bars of darker brovni, the lighter brown interspaces shaded with rufous near the base ; under surface of body creamy buff' ; the throat with a central streak of greyish brown ; the breast longitudinally streaked with pale brown, more narrowly on the lower breast, abdomen, and thighs ; under wiug- 24. ACCIPITEE. 145 coverts rufous buif, streaked with dark brown, incliuiug to bars on the lower series and axillaries. Adult female (type of species). Above blackish slate-colour, with a distinct shade of clearer ashy grey on the head and back ; hinder part of neck and upper interscapulary region rich vinous chestnut ; sides of face clear ashy grey, a little lighter than the crown ; entire under surface pale ashy grey, whitish on the throat and abdomen ; the sides of the neck rich vinous chestnut, shading slightly on the sides of the upper breast ; under wing-coverts ochraceous, tinged with ashy grey, more plainly on the axillaries ; quills and tail above black washed with slaty, numerously barred with blackish and washed with pale rufous at base of inner webs ; the bands on the tail-feathers ten or eleven in number, obsolete on the outermost ; cere yellow ; bill black, lead-colour at base ; feet yellow ; iris golden yeUow. Total length 14-7 inches, culmeu O*?, wing 8"o, tail 6-8, tarsus 2*4. Hab. Morty Island ; Bouru. a. 2 ad. sk. Bouru. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. Tvpe of species. b. 2 juv. sk. Bouru. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. c. Juv. sk. Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 10. Accipiter erytlirauchen. Accipiter erythrauchen. Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 344 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 7 ; Ch-aij, Haml-l. B. 1. p. 34 (1869). Nisus erythrauchen, Schl. Vog. Nederl. Ind., Valkv. pp. 22, 60, pi. 13. figs. 1, 3, 4 (1866) ; id. Rev. Accipitr. p. 78 (1873). Uraspiza erythrauchen, Kmip, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 177. Adult male (type of species). Above uniform blackish slate-colour ; the hinder part of the neck rich vinous chestnut ; sides of face and entire throat pale grey, the latter even lighter than the ear-coverts ; quills and tail blackish slate-colour, a little browner on the inner web, where are remains of more or less distinct blackish cross bars ; the under surface of both paler and more ashy, washed with rufous at the base of inner webs ; under surface of body uniform clear -sinous, shading off much paler on the thighs ; lower abdomen and under taU-coverts white ; under wing-coverts vinous, with indistinct grey- ish mottlings. Total length 11 inches, culmen O'So, wing 6'7, t.ail 5*4, tarsus 2'1. Adult female. Similar to male, but larger. Total length 13-9 inches, wing 8-2, tail G-2. tarsus 2-25. {Mus. Lugd.) Hah. GUolo, Batchian. a. S ad. sk. E. Gilolo. A. E. Wallace,^ Esq. [C.]. Tvpe of species. 11. Accipiter rhodogaster. Nisus virgatus rhodogaster, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astiu-es, p. 32 (1862). Accipiter rhodogaster, Gurimj, Ibis, 1803, p. 450 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 7 ; Gray, Haml-l. B. i. p. 33 (1809). VOL. I. M 146 FALCONID^. Nisus rhodogaster, ScM. Voq. Nederl. Ltd., Valkv. pp. 21, GO, pi. 12. figs. 5, G (18GG) ; id. Reme Accipitr. p. 76 (1873). Teraspiza rhodogaster, Kmip, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 171. Teraspiza rliodogastra, Walden, Tr. Z. S. V\i\. pp. 33, 109, pi. xi. (1872). Young. Bright chestnut-red, the hind neck mottled Tvith white, all the feathers of the upper surface subterminally spotted with black, especially on the head, which gains therefrom a blackish appearance ; sides of face whitish, streaked with black ; under surface creamy white, the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts unstriped, the throat bordered on each side with a moustachial line of black, with another central streak down the centre ; the breast washed with rufous and broadly streaked with black ; under wing- coverts rufous buff, minutely spotted with black ; secondaries rufous like the back, barred with black, somewhat overspreading the rufous interspaces ; primaries bro'mi, tipped and spotted externally with rufous and crossed with bands of darker brown, the lower surface of quills rufous buff on inner web, with the bars of dark brown more conspicuous ; tail rufous, crossed with four bands of dark brown. Adult. Above deep bluish gre)', a little clearer on the head and hind neck, the sides of the face and of the neck very pale bluish grey ; throat whitish, shaded with grey ; rest of under surface clear vinous red, not very deep, the lower abdomen and under tail- coverts whitish, the thighs and rinder wing-coverts white, shaded Avith ashy grey, the latter also slightly mottled with blackish spots ; wing-coverts and quills blackish slate-colour, the primaries a little more brown, the under surface white at base, shading into ashy at tip, with dark brown cross bars, more indistinct on the secondaries ; tail blackish slate-colour above, whitish ashy below, with four or five cross bars of dark brown on all except the outermost feather, where they are nearly obsolete, the bars almost invisible on the upper surface ; cere dusky yellow ; bill black ; feet yeUow ; iris bright chrome-yellow. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0"8, wing 6-5, tail o'l, tarsus 2'1. Hah. Celebes. a. S ad. sk. Macassar. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C. b. (S juv. sk. Maca-ssar. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C. c. (S ad. St. Celebes ( Von Rosenberg). Leiden Museum [P.]. 12. Accipiter sulaensis. Nisus sulaensis, Schl. Voq. Nederl. Ind., J'alkv. pp. 2G, 64, pi. 16. figs. 3, 4 (1866). Uraspiza sulaensis, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 176. Accipiter sulaensis, Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. lO ; Gray, Hmid-l. B. i. p. 34 (1869). Nisus rhodogaster (pt.), ScM. Revue Accipitr. p. 76 (1873). Adult female (type of species). Above dark slaty grey, clearer grey on the head and hind neck, the wing-coverts rather darker than the back ; primaries dark brown, with numerous bars of 24. ACCIPITER. 147 blackish brown, showing more distinctly underneath, where the bases to the quills are white ; secondaries grey, like the back ; tail- slaty grey, the cross bars almost obsolete, the under surface ashy white, outer taU-feathers browner, the bars absent on the outer- most ; cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of neck and breast vinous red, gradually shading off into greyish on the flanks and thighs ; throat and under taU-coverts whitish ; under wing-coverts white, the lower ones with small blackish spots, the outer ones washed with greyish. Total length 13 inches, culmen 1, wing 6-9, tail 5-8, tarsus 2-15, middle toe (without claw) 1-3. (Mus. Lugd.) Hab. Sula Islands. 13. Accipiter erythrocnemis. Falconisus, Max. Beitr. Orn. Bras. iii. Abth. 1, p. Ill (1830). Accipiter ervthrocnemis, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. Brit. Mm. p. 70 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. .32 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syti. p. IIG (1855) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 134, et 1860, p. 70, et 1866, p. 303 ; Scl. ^- Salv. Ex. Orn. pi. xvii. { 1867 ) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 32 (1869) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Keotr. p. 120 (1873). Nisus friugillarius, subsp. erythrocnemius, Kaup, Wiegm. Arch. Bd. i. p. 34 (1850). Nisus erythrocnemius, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 64 ; Schl. Mun. P.-B. Bevue Accipitr. p. 70 ( 1873). Nisus Striatus, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 71 (1856). YoiDUf. Above brown, the head darker, all the feathers of the wing-coverts and scapulars edged with pale rufous ; cheeks whitish, tinged with rufous on the ear-coverts, the upper margins of which are brown ; under surface of body white, barred across with pale rufous, the shaft-lines distinctly indicated, and the rufous bars con- terminously barred with dusky ; sides of body and thigh-feathers pale rufous ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-covei'ts buiiy white, with small bars of dusky brown, the axillaries pale rufous, obscurely barred with dusky brown ; quills brown, barred wdth darker brown, shafts rufescent, secondaries slightly tipped with whitish ; tail ashy brown, paler at the tip, crossed with five bands of darker brown. Adult (type of species). Above light slaty grey, the ear-coverts coloured like the head ; cheeks white, narrowly streaked with dark brown ; under surface of body white, with a few remains of dark shaft-lines and dusky bars on the chest and sides of the body; thighs bright chestnut ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing- coverts also white, the lower ones barred with ashy brown ; quills brown, secondaries washed with slaty grey, primaries barred Avith blackish brown, more distinctly on the under surface of the wing, where the interspaces are white or whitish ashy ; tail brown, slightly tipped with whitish and crossed with four bars of ashy brown, the corresponding bars being whitish ashy on the lower surface ; bill blackish horn-colour, yellowish at base of lower mandible ; legs yellow; claws horn-brown; iris yellow. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0'75, wing 6-7, tail 5"7, tarsus 2. 148 FALCONID.K. Ilah. Brazil and Bolivia. * a. c? ad. St. Brazil [?]. Purchased*. b. 5 juv. St. Brazil. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. c. (S juv. sk. Brazil. Purchased. d. § juv. sk. Bahia. Dr. Wucherer [C.]. e. (S juv. St, Bolivia. Rlr. Brydges [C.]. 14. Accipiter chionogaster. Nisus chionogaster, Kaiip, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 41. Accipiter chionogaster, Bp. Rev. ct Maq. de Zoul. 1854, p. 5.38 ; Scl. 8f Salv. Ex. Orn. pi. xiv. (1867) ; Gray, Handr-l. B. i. p. 32 (1809) ; Scl. 8f Salr. A'omencl. Av. Neotr. p. 120 (1873). Accipiter erj'throcnemius, Scl. Sf Scdv. Ibis, 1859, p. 218 ; Salv. Ibis, 1861, p. 140. Adult. Above dark brown, the liead blackish, the nape somewhat mottled with white, concealed spots of which mark the scapulars and inner secondaries ; quills brown, barred with darker brown, the secondaries very slightly tipped with whitish, the shafts rufous brown, under surface of wing whitish, inclining to greyish white towards the tips, the dark brown bars very broad and distinct underneath ; tail pale brown, inclining to whitish at the tips, crossed with four bars of darker brown ; lores whitish ; sides of the face white, with narrow lines of brown on the cheeks, the upper margin of the ear-coverts and the sides of the neck dark brown ; under surface of body white, with narrow shaft-streaks of dark brown ; the thighs pale ochre, unstripcd ; under tail-coverts entirely white ; under wing-coverts white, slightly tinged with fulvous, with narrow brown shaft-streaks. Total length 11'5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 7"3, tail 5-9, tarsus 2. Hah. From Guatemala to Venezuela. p. Ad. st. Caracas. Purchased. h. Ad. sk. Guatemala. W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. [P.]. 15. Accipiter rufiventris. Accipiter rufiventris, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 231 (April 1830) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850) ; id. Rev. et Mar/, de Zool. 1854, p. 538 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 29 (1867) ; Gray, Hund-l. B. i. p. 32 (1869) ; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 32 (1872). Falco exilis, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 496 (May 1830). Falco perspicillaris, Riipp. Neue Wirb. p. 41, pi. 18. fig. 2 (1835). Dtedahon perspicillaris, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 11 (1845). Accipiter exilis, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 107 (1855) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1869, p. 242. Nisus rufiventris. Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 48 (1858) ; Hetiql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 66 (1869) ; Schl. Miis. P.-B. Revue Accipiir. p. 69 (1873)." Accipiter perspicillaris, Heuyl. Ibis, 1861, p. 75. Nisus fringillarius rufiventris, Scld. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 30 (1862). * Said to have been from Jamaica, collected by Gosse, but the register pro- bably erroneous. I a. 5 ad. sk. Cape Colony. b. (S ad. St. South Africa. c. cJ imm. St. Cat River, S. Africa, d. (5 ad. sk. Shoa. e. c? ad. St. Shoa. 24. ACCIPITER. 149 Adult male. Above deep slate-colour, the scapulars with concealed white spots, and the nape also mottled with white ; quills ashy brown, barred with darker brown, plainer underneath, where the interspaces are white or ashy white, the secondaries shaded with slate-colour above and tipped witli liglit ashy ; tail ashy brown, tipped with white and crossed with four bands of dark brown ; sides of face tawny rufous, excepting a shade of slaty grey on the upper margin of the ear-coverts ; throat white ; rest of under surface imiform tawny rufous, under tail-coverts white ; under wing- coverts tawny buff, the axiUaries slightly tipped with whitish ; cere and orbits yellow ; bill black, bluish at base ; feet yeUow ; iris fiery yellow. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 8-2, tail 6-3, tarsus 2-05. Adult female. A little larger than the male, but similar in colour. Total length 14 inches, wing 9-4, tarsus 2-25. Jdab. Southern and North-eastern Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.l. M. J. Verreaux [C.l. M. J. Verreaux [Cl. Sir W. C. Harris [C.]. Sir W. C. Hams |C.1. 16. Accipiter ventralis. Accipiter erythrocnemius ?, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 1.34. Accipiter ventralis, 5, pi. xiii. (1867); Grai/, Iland-l. £. i. p. 32 (1869;; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p.*120 (1873). Accipiter nigriplumbeus, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1869, p. 270. Young. Above dark brown, the nape washed and all the feathers of the upper surface edged with rufous ; sides of face rufous, streaked with dark brown ; under surface bufty white, narrowly lined on the throat with dark brown, the chest streaked with brown, somewhat tinged with rufous on some of the feathers, on the lower breast and abdomen widening out into bars, the under tail-coverts white, narrowly lined with brown down the shaft ; thighs blight chestnut ; under wing-coverts white, washed with ochre, and plenti- fully spotted or barred with blackish ; quills dark brown, with bars of still darker brown, almost invisible above, but plainer under- neath, Avhero the interspaces arc ashy white; tail blackish brown, tiiJi^ed with whitish and crossed with four bands of ashy grey ; bill blackish horn-colour, yellowish at the base of the lower mandible ; feet yellow, claws black ; iris yellow. Adult male. Deep slaty grey, including the sides of the face and ear-covcrts ; the entire under surface bright chestnut, the cheeks also washed with this colour, a few whitish cross bars remaining on the lower abdomen ; under wing-coverts rufous, the lower ones somewhat inclining to ashy white, barred across with blackish ; quills black, the secondaries slaty grey like the back, the under surface ashy grey, white near the base, crossed with broad blackish bands ; tail black, tipped with whitish and barred across with four 150 FALCONID^. a. d" ad. St. b. (S juv. sk. V. (S juv. St. /". Thig'hs imiform. C". Thighs white or buffy white, vmspotted. «*. Upper tail-coverts barred or spotted with white ; tail whitish at base. rt\ Bare part of tarsus (measured on imier side) greater than middle toe without claw, rt". Upper breast white, with a few spots only. a'. Throat brown, with narrow white streaks. vulgaris juv., p. 18G. b''. Throat quite white, vmiform o6so/e<« P> 172. 0'. Back rufous erythrmiotus 5 , p. 172. ^. Under surface of body leaden grey poliosomus, p. 171. 1. Buteo melanoleucus *. Aquila obscura y blanca, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 61 (1802). * " Why it should be called a ' Sea-Eagle' I do not know '' (W. B. Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 13f)). Cf. also Sundevall, Av. Tent. p. 107 (1873). 27. nuTEo. 169 Aquila parda, Azara, torn. cit. p. G5 (1802). Spizaetus melanoleucus, Vieill. N. Diet, xxxii. p. 57 (1819). Spizaetus fuscescens, VieiU. torn. cit. p. 55 (1819). Falco aguia, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 302 (1824). Haliaetus aguia, Cuv, Eigne An. i. p. 327 (1829) ; Less. Traite, p. 42 (1831). Haliaetus melaiioleucua, D'Orh. Sf Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 3 (1838) ; D'Orb. Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 76 (1847) ; Bunn. Th. Bras. ii. p. 54 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 17 (1869). .Geranoaetus aguia, Kaup, Classif. Sang. u. Vogel, p. 122 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 15 (1860). Buteo aguia, Cab. u. Tscfmdi, Arch.f. Naturg. 1844, p. 2M,et Faun. Peruan. p. 89 (1844) ; Smuleo. Av. Te?it. p. 107 (1873). Pontoaetus melanoleucus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 18 (1845). Cuncuma melanoleucus. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 25. Heteroaetus aguia, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 74. Geranoaetus melanoleucus, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 55 (1855) ; Burm. Eeise La PI. St. ii. p. 425 (1861) ; Peh. Reisc Nov. Vog. p. 7 (1865) ; id. Orn. Bras. pp. 49, 397 (1871) ; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 119 (187-3). Asturina melanoleuca, Schl. Mtis. P.-B. Asturinse, p. 5 (1862) ; id. Revue Accipitr. p. 102 (1873). Young male. Above dusky brown, the wing-coverts black, these as weU as the scapulars slightly mottled with rufous, the upper tail- coverts also barred and mottled with the same ; crown of the head and nape ochraecous buff, longitudinally streaked with black, the interscapulary feathers black in the centre, with broad rufous mar- gins ; quills black, the secondaries browner and tipped with fulvous, aU quills mottled with ashy grey on both webs above and below, the primaries near the base, the secondaries for the greater part of their extent, and varied with white below on the inner web ; tail ashy grey, mottled with black, more indistinctly towards the apex, which is entirely black ; sides of face and throat whitish, the latter as well as the cheeks streaked with black ; breast bright ochre, with a few streaks and spots of black ; rest of under surface, including under wing- and tail-coverts, blackish, mottled and barred with ochre or rufous ochre ; the axillaries more distinctly mottled with rufous. Total length 26 inches, vdng 19-8, tail 11-5, tarsus 4-2. Obs. The black of the underparts appears to spread over the en- tire breast, where it remains, while the rufous and ochraceous colouring of the young disappears by degrees ; the mottlings on the abdomen break up into regular narrow bars. Adult male. Above black, including the quills, which are externally shaded with ashy grey; least and median coverts ashy grey, the inner ones inclining to silvery grey, all finely and irregularly crossed with black bars, becoming broader on the median coverts and disap- pearing on the greater coverts, which are entirely black ; upper tail- coverts and tail black, tipped with white ; lores whitish ; sides of face and throat whitish ash-colour, with narrow blackish streaks, more distinct on the ear-coverts ; chest black, with sometimes a few white tips to the feathers (the remains of immaturity) ; rest of under 170 FALCONIDiE. surface, including the under wing- and tail-coverts, ashy white, crossed with numerous bars of ashj' black. Total length 28 inches, culmen 2-5, tail 10, tarsus 4-15. Adidt femaJe. Larger than the male. Total length 31 inches, wing 23-7, tail 11-5, tarsus 4-15. Hah. Chili and Patagonia, ranging north into Southern Brazil, and thence to Columbia. a. c? ad. St. S. America. Purchased. h. 5 ad. st. Eastern Patagonia. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral Fitzroy [P.]. c. 5 ad. sk. Rio Negro, Patagonia. W. H. Hudson, Esq. [C.]. d. jjuv.sk. Qh.\l\ {Reed). W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. [P.]. c. Juv. sk. Chili. Mr. Brydges [C.]. /'. Skeleton. Zoological Society, 2. Buteo galapagensis. Polyborus galapagoensis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 9. Craxirex galapagoensis, Gould, in Danv. Zool. Beagle, Birds, p. 23 (1841) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 34 (1850). Buteo galopagoensis. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 18 ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 7 (1869). Buteo leucops, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 36. Pcecilopterms infulatus, Kaup, Cmitr. Orn. 1850, p. 76. Buteo galapageusis, Bund. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 125, 127 ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 119 (1873). Young. Above dark brown, the feathers margined with rufous, the nape much mixed with white, and the lores very conspicu- ously white, the wing-coverts and scapulars with broad rufous or rnfous-buif bars and margins ; quiUs black, externally shaded with ashy grey, the secondaries browner, tipped with rufous buff, all barred with dark brown, these bars conspicuous below on inner web of secondaries, but absent on primaries, which have the inner web pure white with a few ashy grey mottlings ; upper tail-coverts rufous, broadly banded with black ; the outer ones creamy white, with rufous cross markings ; tail ashy grey, tipped with whity brown, and crossed with about seventeen blackish bars, the subter- minal one being a little broader ; eyebrow and sides of face deep ochre, streaked with black ; cheeks and throat blackish ; under sur- face of body ochraceous buff, streaked with black, the breast with rufous brown, broader on the sides of tlie body ; the belly with tri- angular spots of rufous brown, narrower and paler rufous on thighs and under tail-coverts ; under wing- coverts spotted and streaked with nrfous brown. Total length 21 inches, wing 14-5, tail 9-25, tarsus 3'35. Adult male (type of species). Everywhere sooty black, with a brownish shade, especially distinct on the wing-coverts ; quiUs black, the secondaries browner and tipped with buffy white, the pri- maries externally shaded with ashy, all barred with blackish brown. 27. BUTEO. 171 more distinctly below, where the interspaces are dull ashy white ; tail greyish brown, tipped with fulvous, and crossed with thirteen blackish bars, the subterminal one slightly the broadest; under surface of body sooty black, with a clearer shade of brown, more distinct on under wing-coverts, which are also tinged with rufous. Total length 20-5 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 15-15, tail 9-2, tarsus 2-85. Female (young), Eather larger than the male. Total length 23-5 inches, wing 17-3, tail 11, tarsus 3-35. Hah. Galapagos Islands. a. S ad. sk. Galapagos Islands (Darwm). Zoological Society. Type of species. b. $ juv. St. Galapagos Islands (^Darwin). Zoological Society. c. 2 juv. sk, Galapagos Islands. Sir W. Burnett and Ad- miralFitzroy[P.]. Type of B. leucops. 3. Buteo poliosomus, Falco polyosoma, Quoy et Gaim. Foy. de V Uran. Ois. p. 92, nl. 14 (1824). ^ ' ^ Astur polyosoma, Cuv. Regne A71. i. p. 332 (1829). Buteo poliosoma, Less. Traite, p. 82 (^1831) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 219 (1855) ; Sd. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 384 ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 151 ; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 119 (1873). Adult. Bluish slate-colour above and below, a little clearer about the head and throat ; lores whitish ; upper and under tail-coverts white, with slaty grey cross bars and mottlings of the same colour ; tail whit^ crossed with about nine narrow bands of slaty grey, and a very broad subterminal band of slaty black ; primaries black, ex- ternally shaded with silvery grey, the secondaries entirely slaty grey like the back, tipped with white ; primaries white at base of inner web, with remains of dusky slate-coloured bars. Total length 22 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 15-25, tail 8-5, tarsus 3-4. Female (? in changinr/ pluvrnge). AH over blackish slate-colour, excepting the hinder neck, the entire mantle and upper scapidars, the centre of the breast, extending on to the chest and centre of the abdomen, all these rufous portions of the body more or less obscured with slate-colour ; quills black, silvery grey near the base, barred with black ; inner face of quills ashy white, with a few dusky cross bars ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy, the former slightly washed with rufous ; tail ashy white, -nith about nine narrow bars and a broad subterminal band of slate-colour, less distinct below. Total length 22-5 inches, culmen 1-75, wing 15, tail 9, tarsus 3-5. Hab. Falkland Islands, Chili, and Tierra del Fuego. fl. S ad. st. Port Famine, S. Patagonia {King). Zoological Society. h. Ad. St. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedition. c. Ad. St, Chili. Mr. Biydges [C.j. 172 F.\LC0NIDJ2. 4. Buteo erythronotus*. Haliaetus erythronotus, Kiny, Zoo/. Joiirn. iii. p. 424 (1827). Aquila braccata, Mcyen, Beitr. p. 05 (1834). Buteo varius, Gould, P. Z. S. 18-'37, p. 10 ; Danv. Voy. Bem/le, Birds, p. 20 (1841) ; Cass. U.S. Expl. Exp. Orn. p. 92, pi". 3. fig." 1 (1858) ; Scl. P. Z. S: 1800, p. 384. Buteo tricolor, D'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 6 (1838); D'Ch-b. Voy. Am. Mcrid. pp. 09, 100, pi. 30 (c. 1840). Buteo unicolor, UOrb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 7 (18.38). Buteo erythronotus, Danoin, Voy. Beayle, Birds, p. 26 (1841 ) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 34 (1855) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 18G0, p. 384, et Ibis, 1860, p. 25, pi. 1. fig. 3; Abbott, Ibis, 1801, p. 151 ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 119 (1873). Hypomorphnus leucurus, Lafr. Rev, Zool. 1849, p. 388. Poecilopternis erythronotus, Kattp, Contr. Orti. 1850, p. 76 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 17 (1850). Buteo bracchatus, Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1802, p. 142. Buteo polyosoma, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Buteones,p. 12 (1862) ; id. Revue Accijntr. p. 109 (1873), Buteo albicaudatus, Scl. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 186. Young. Above dark brown, the interscapulary feathers margined ■with dark rufous, the margins ou the rest of the back and wing- coverts rufous buff or pale rufous ; the scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts also barred with the latter colours ; head dark brown, the nape buffy white, with narrow brown streaks ; sides of head behind the eye, ear-coverts, and sides of neck ochraceous buff, nar- rowly streaked with dark brown ; lores and a narrow frontal line white ; cheeks dark brown, forming a distinct moustache ; under surface of body ochraceous buff, the throat thickly streaked with dark brown, the breast largely spotted and narrowly streaked with the same ; abdomen paler fulvous, irregularly barred and spotted with rufous brown, the thighs and under tail-coverts triangularly barred with pale rufous ; under wing-coverts ochraceous buff, with rufous brown sx)ots, the greater ones white barred with ashy brown ; pri- mary coverts and primaries ashy brown, with a clear shade of grey externally, and crossed with narrow bars of dark brown ; secondaries browner than the primaries, tipped with buff, and more numerously barred; tail ashy grey above, ashy white below, whity brown at tip, and crossed with fifteen or sixteen bars of ashy brown, disap- pearing towards the base of the feathers. Advlt male. Above clear slaty blue ; quUls black, externally * The following has been thought to be the young of this species ; but from the plate published it seems to me to be nearer to B. horealis. Buteo cooperi. Buteo cooperi, Casi. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1856, p. 263, and in Baird, B. N. Am. p. 31, pi. 16 (1860) ; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 472 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 216 (1872). Ilab. Santa Clara County, California. Only one specimen known. 27. BUTEO. 173 shaded with silvery grey, the secondaries broadly tipped with white ; tail white, tipped with greyish white, crossed with ten or eleven narrow bars of grey, and subterminaUy banded with slaty black ; upper tail-coverts white, with a few indications of narrow slaty bars ; lores white ; cheeks white, narrowly lined with slaty grey ; entii-e under surface of body wliite, including the under wing-coverts ; many of the feathers on the sides of breast and flanks internally slaty grey and externally barred with the same colour. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1"55, wing 15, tail 9, tarsus 3-3. Adult female. Similar to the male below, but larger, and distin- guished by its bright brick-red back and scapulars, traces of which coloration extend over the upper wing- and tail-coverts, as well as the secondaries, which have evident blackish cross bars. Total length 25 inches, wing 1S*5, tail 10, tarsus 3-7. Hab. Falkland Islands ; from Patagonia (as high as 40° S. lat. on east coast) along the western coast of South America into Peru. a. c? ad. St. East Falkland. Antarctic Expedition. b. ^ var. st. Port Louis, Falkland Isl. Antarctic Expedition. c. $ juv. st. Berkeley Sound, E. Falk- land. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedition. d. 2 ad. sk. The Admu-alty 'P-] . e. $ juv. sk. Falkland Islands. The Admiralty 'P.' . f. c? ad. st. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty T.' , (/. 2 juv. St. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty "P." • h. 2 Juv. sk. Falkland Islands. J. Gould, Esq. i. 2 JUV. sk. Falkland Islands. J. Macgillivray, Esq. k. c? juv. sk. Falkland Islands. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.]. /. 2 ad. St. Falkland Islands. Sir W. Burnett and Ad- miral Fitzroy [P.]. m. 2 juv. St. Santa Cruz, S. Patagonia Zoological Society. Type (Dartvin). of jB. varms. n. S juv. sk. Island of Masafuera. E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.]. o. ,5 juv. sk. Cosnipata, Peru, July 1871. Ccachuapata, Peru, Oct. H. Whitely, Esq., Juu. [P.]. H. ^V^litely, Esq., Juu. f). 2 ad. sk. 14, 1871. [P.]. _ (/, r. cJ 2 ^ar. sk. Ccachuapata, Peru, Oct. H. \Miitelv, Esq., Juu. U, 1871. [P.]. " ./, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 480 (1871) ; Coues, Key to N. Am. B. p. 218 (1872). Buteo insignatus, Cass. B. Calif, l^ Texas, p. 102, pi. 31 (1855) ; 6trickl. Orn. Syn. p. 38 (1855) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 285 ; Cass, in Baird, B. N. Am. p. 23 (I860) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 474 (1871). Buteola insignata, Bp. C. JR. xlii. p. 956 (1856). Buteo fuliginosus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 356, et Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 267, pi. Ixii. (1858); Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. pi. 15. fig. 1 (1860); Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 401 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 7 (1869). Buteo harlani, Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii. p. 115 (1862). Toung. Above dull brown, interscapulary region a little darker ; lores whitish ; ear-coverts whitish, narrowly streaked with dark brown, the upper margin nearly uniform brown, as also are the cheeks, eyebrow, sides of neck, and hinder part of the latter, streaked with white ; quills brown, inclining to blackish brown at tip ; primaries slightly shaded externally with ashy, and barred with darker brown ; primaries white for greater part of inner web below, secondaries barred with dark brown; upper tail- coverts slightly tipped with fulvous, and having concealed spots of white at base ; tail inclining to ashy brown, whity brown at extreme tip, and crossed with nine or ten bauds of darker brown ; under surface of body white, nar- rowly streaked on the throat and more broadly on the breast with dark brown, inclining to spots on lower chest and to distinct bars on the under tail-coverts, the markings larger on sides of breast, flanks, and thighs, producing a nearly uniform appearance ; under wing-coverts brown, with a few white margins and bars. Adult female. Nearly uniform sooty brown, the wing-coverts and scapulars paler on their margins ; lores whitish ; throat slightly streaked with white ; fore neck and centre of breast sHghtly mottled with fulvous or white spots and bars, the remains of previous plumage ; under taU-coverts buffy white, barred across with dark brown ; tail brown, conspicuously tipped with rufous white, and crossed with seven or eight bars of darker brown, the subterminal one being the broadest ; cere yellowish ; bill bluish black ; feet yel- lowish ; iris light brown. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 15-9, tan 9-3, tarsus 3-15. Fully adult (B. fuliginosus'). Everywhere sooty black, with a few more or less concealed whitish bars on the upper and under taU- coverts ; inner lining of wing white ; tail ashy brown, crossed with nine bars of black, the terminal one being the broadest. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 13-5, tail 7-5, tarsus 2-55. Hah. The whole of North America, ranging in winter as far south as Patagonia. a, b. Ad. st. North America. Purchased. c. Ad. st. Mexico. M. A. Boucard [C.]. d. Ad. sk. California. Mr. Hardv [C.]. e. Ad. sk. Patagonia Purchased.. /, g. Juv. sk. Patagonia Purchased. 186 FALCONID^. 13. Buteo vulgaris. The Puttock or Buzzard, Albin, N. II. Birds, i. p. 1, pi. 1 (1738). La Base, £riss. Om. i. p. 406 (1760) ; Buff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 419 (1770). Falco buteo, Linn. S. N. i. p. 127 (1760, ex Albin) ; Nawnx. Vog. Deutschl. i. Taf. 32, 33 (1822) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 76 (1843). 'i Aquila glaucopis, 3Ierrem, Beitr. ii. p. 22, Taf. 7 (1786). Falco o-laucopis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 255 (1788). ? Falco versicolor, Gm. S. N. i. p. 272 (1788). Falco albus, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 155 (1800). Accipiter buteo. Pall. Zoogr. Mosso-Asiat. i. p. 362 (1811). Buteo vulgaris, Leach, Syst. Cat. Manmi. ^- B. Brit. Mus. p. 10 (1816) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 46 (1820) ; Gould,B. Eur. pi. 14 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 11 (1849) ; Kaup, Coiitr. Om. 1850, p. 77 ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. pis. 35, 36 (1854) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 27 (1855) ; Pek. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 18G2, p. 144 ; Jerd. B. hid. 1. p. 87 (1862) ; fichl. Mm. P.-B. Buteones, p. 3 (1862) ; Goidd, B. Gt. Br. pt. iv. (1863); Nc%ct. Ooth. Wolley. p. 1.38 (1864); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. xxviii. fig. 4 (1869) ; Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 91 (1869) ; Hume, Bough Notes, ii. p. 261 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 11 (1871) ; Neivt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 109 (1871) ; Shelley, B. of Egypt, p.200(1872); Schl. Revue Accipitr. p.l05 (1873). Buteo fasciatus, Vieill. Fatme Fron^. p. 17, pi. 8. lig. 1 (c. 1820). Buteo mutans, Vieill. Faun. Frang. p. 18, pi. 8. fig. 2 (c. 1820). Falco mutans, Savi, Nuoi: Giorn. Pisa, xxii. p. 64 (1822). Falco fasciatus, Savi, Nuav. Giorn. Pisa, xxii. p. 66 (1822) ; Rou.v, Orn. Pror. pis. 20,21,22 (1825); Savi, Orn. Tosc.ui. p. 195 (1831). Falco pojana, Savi, Nuov. Giorn. Pisa, xxii. p. 68 (1822) ; id. Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 197 (1831). Buteo communis, Less. Traite, p. 78 (1831). Buteo septentrionalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 42 (1831). Buteo medius, Brehm, V. D. p. 43 (1831). Buteo murum, Brehm, V. D. p. 44 (1831). Buteo fuscus, Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 183 (1840). Falco albidus, De Selys, Faun. Belg. p. 55 (1842, wee Gm.). Falco variegatus, De Selys, F. B. p. 54 (1842, nee Gm.). Buteo cinereus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 18 (1850) ; Loche, Expl. Alger. Ois. p. 41 (1867). Buteo variabilis, Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 127 (1853). Buteo major, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 268. Buteo minor, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 268. Buteo vulgaris, var. obscura, Pels. Verh. z.-h. Wien, 1862, p. 144. Buteo vulgaris, var. etrusca, Pelz. torn. cit. p. 144. Buteo minor, Pelz. torn. cit. p. 144 {nee Heugl.). Nestling. Covered with white down ; the sprouting feathers dark brown with rufous margins. Young from, the nest. Above sooty brown, most of the feathers with plain rufous margins and mottled with rufous on both webs, having also one or two rounded white spots concealed near the base ; head and hind neck dark brown, the feathers margined with pale ochre, producing a streaked appearance ; sides of face light brown, streaked with darker brown ; chin white ; cheeks and throat white, with small streaks of dark brown ; breast sooty brown, occupying the centre of the feathers, which are ochre at base and near the tip ; centre of the 27. BUTEo. 187 belly ochre, slightly spotted with sooty brown, the under tail-coverts narrowly streaked with the latter colour ; flanks sooty brown, mar- gined with ochre and mottled at base with white spots ; thighs sooty brown, with broad ochraceous margins ; quills, as far as developed, blackish brown, the secondaries more chocolate, barred with blackish brown on the inner web, very distinctly on the secondaries, where the interspaces arc ashy white ; tail brown, tipped with pale rufous, and barred with blackish brown. Young ifullij f/rown). Answering almost precisely to the foregoing description ; quills dark brown, secondaries with ashy white tips, white for the greater part of the inner web, the primaries inclining above to ashy brown on the basal half, with three cross bars of dark brown ; tail ashy brown, with pale rufous tips, crossed with ten bars of darker brown, the basal ones less strongly defined and merged together, the interspaces strongly shaded with rufous, and mottled with dark brown vermiculations. Adult male. Above ashy brown, the scapulars and wing-coverts rather paler and inclining to whitish on their margins ; the nape slightly streaked with white, as also the forehead and sides of the face, more especially the hind part of the cheeks ; under surface of body yellowish white, the flanks and thighs more or less uniform brown, mottled with white spots near the base of the feathers, and slightly margined with rufous, the throat very narrowly streaked with brown, the breast more broadly, but the marks here of unequal width and more or less narrowing or breaking up, the abdomen again narrowly streaked ; under tail-coverts buflfy white, with a few sub- terminal spots of brown ; primaries dark brown, externally shaded with ashy grey, and crossed with bars of darker brown, less distinct on the secondaries, which are paler brown like the back ; all the quills white for two thirds of the inner web ; tail ashy brown, slightly rufescent towards the tip, and crossed with twelve or thirteen bands of darker brown ; cere yellow ; bill bluish black, darker towards tip ; feet yellow ; iris yellowish brown. Total length 22 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 15, tail 9, tarsus 3-1. Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather clearer brown and a little more rufescent, especially on the chest and thighs, which are more uniform than in the male described. Total length 23 inches, wing 16-5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-1. Hab. Europe generally, but replaced in N. Africa and in Eastern Europe, from the Volga districts and Southern Ural, by B. deser- torum. a. Ad. St. Great Britain. b. Ad. St. Wales. c. Ad. St. Monmouthshire. Rev. A. Morgan [P.]. d. c? ad. st. Devonshire. G. Leach, Esq. [P.]. e. Pull. St. Devonshire. G. Leach, Esq. [P.; . f. 2 ad. St. Devonshire. ff. c? ad. sk. Hickling, Norfolk. Baron A. von Hiigel [C], h. Juv. sk. Europe. M. Baillon. i. Ad. St. Europe. M. Baillon. 188 FALCONID-E. k. PuU. St. Purchased. /. Ad. St. Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.; m. Juv. sk. Belgium, June 15, 1872. Brussels Museum [P.]. », 0. Ad. sk. Thuringia. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.' p. Ad. sk. Thuringia, autumn of 1873. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. ^P.' q-x. Juv. sk. Thuringia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. ■p." y. S juv. sk. Thuringia, autumn of 1872. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. ■p." z,a',b'. 5 juv.sk. Thuringia, autumn of 1872 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. ■p.' and 1873. c'. (S ad. sk. Turkey in Europe (liobson). J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. d. Ad. sk. Asia Minor (liobson). e'. Ad. sk. Plain of Acre. Canon Tristram [C.]. /'. Skeleton. Zoological Society. g'. Skeleton. Purchased. A',t-. Skulls. Dr. Giinther. k'. SkuUs. W. YarreU, Esq. [P.]. V~q'. Sterna. Purchased. 14. Buteo borealis. American Buzzard, Lath. Gen. Si/n. i. p. 49 (1781). Red-tailed Buzzard, Penn. Arctic Zool. p. 205 (1785). Leveriau Falcon, Penn. torn. cit. p. 206 (1785). Falco horealis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 266 (1788) ; Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. 75, pi. 62. fig. 1 (1812) ; Audub. B. Am. pi. 51, et Orn. Biogr. i. p. 265 (1831). Falco leverianus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 266 (1788) ; Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. 78, pi. 52. fig. 2 (1812). Accipiter ruficaudus, Vieill. Ois. Arn. Sept. pi. 14 bis (1807), Buteo ferruginicaudus, Vieill. tom. cit. pi. 6 (1807). Buteo americanus, Vieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 477 (1816). Buteo borealis, Vieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 478 (1816) ; Less. Traits, p. 79 (1831) ; Sw. 8^ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds, p. 50 (1831) ; Gosse, B. Jam. p. 11, pi. 2 (1849) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 11 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 19 (1850) ; Cass. B. Calif, p. 97 (1855) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 29 (1855) ; Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. p. 25 (1860) ; Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii. p. 108 (1862) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Xrjen, 1862, p. 148; 6'cM 3/ms. P.-5. Buteones, p. 8 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 7 (1869) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 323 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Ain. B. p. 216 (1872) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1872, p. 366 ; Schl. Bevue AccipUr. p. 107 (1873) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 118 (1873). Buteo leverianus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340 (1824). Astui borealis, Cuv. R'egn. An. i. p. 332 (1829). Astur leverianus, Cuv. tom. cit. p. 332 (1829). Buteo ventralis, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 10 ; Dartcin, Zool. Beagle, Birds, p. 27 (1841) ; Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 18 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 31 (1855) ; Cass. U. S. Expl. E.rp. p. 94, pi. iii. fig. 2 (1858). Pcecilopternis borealis, Kaup, Ms, 1847, p. 332. Young. Above brown, the head and hind neck streaked with white ; lores whitish, as also sides of face, streaked with brown, the cheeks' uniform dark brown; the greater wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts tipped and irregularly barred with white ; quills brown, rather darker towards the tips and barred with dark brown, secondaries broadly tipped with white, the inner webs white, the 27. BUTKo. 189 secondaries barred with brownish ; tail brown, slightly washed with rufous, tipped with whitish and crossed with nine bars of darker brown ; under surface of body pure white, the chest entirely so, the throat narrowly streaked with dark brown, a little broader on the breast, and inclining to arrow-shaped spots on the flanks and abdomen ; under tuil-coverts pure white ; thighs white, with small transverse spots of pale rufous ; under wing-coverts white, with a few spots of dark brown. Male. Uniform brown, the greater coverts lighter and varied with whitish spots and bars ; upper tail-coverts huffy white, with rufous brown cross bars ; tail uniform tawny rufous, tipped with buffy white, and crossed mth a subterminal band of blackish brown ; sides of face uniform brown like the head ; under surface of body whitish, the breast streaked and the abdomen mottled with bars of dark brown ; cere and gape greenish yellow ; bill bluish black ; feet yellow ; iris pale amber. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1'55, wing 15-4, tail 8-5, tarsus 3-6. Adult female. Larger than male. Total length 25 inches, wing ]7"5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-8. Hub. Eastern States of North America, extending to Cuba, Jamaica, and the "West Indies. a. Ad. sk. N. America. * Admiral Back [P.' . b. Ad. sk. N. America. ♦ Sir John Franklin'[P.]. c. Juv. St. Quebec. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.]. d, e. Ad. sk. Delaware, U. S. E. Doubleday, Esq. P." /, g. Juv. St. Delaware, U. S. E. Doubleday, Esq. "P.' . h. Juv. sk. Delaware, U. S. E. Doubledav, Esq. yi , f. Juv. St. S. Nevis, W. I. W. Cottle, Esq. [P.; . k. Juv. sk. Jamaica. Purchased. Subsp. a. Buteo montanust. Buteo montanus, N'ldt. Man. i. p. 112 (1833) ; Cass, in Baird's B, N. Am. p. 26 (1860) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 7 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 469 (1871). Buteo calurus, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 18.55, p. 281 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 38 (1855) ; Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. p. 22, pi. 14 (1860) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. I p. 7 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 471 (1871). Young (with tufts of down still adhering to tips of tail-feathers). Above dark brown, the head and nape streaked with deep rufous ochre, with which also the dorsal feathers are slightly, and the scapulars and wing-coverts conspicuously margined ; small coverts terminally spotted and the greater series plainly half-barred with white ; feathers of lower back and rump margined with rufous ; upper tail-coverts broadly barred with brown and white, the latter often tinged with rufous on inner web ; tail sepia-brown, plainly tipped with white and crossed with nine bars of darker brown ; * Collected during the Northern Land Expedition. + Another subspecies not seen by me is Buteo leucasanus, Ridgway, in Coues's Key, p. 216 (1872). Hab. Cape S. Lucas. 190 FALCONIDJ!. quills brown, primaries black at tip, slightly tipped with whitish, barred with darker and more purplish brown, lower surface of quills white, secondaries barred with brown ; eyebrow and sides of face rufous, streaked with brown ; cheeks nearly uniform dark brown ; lores white ; under surface of body yellowish buff, the throat slightly, the breast more broadly streaked with brown, belly and flanks con- spicuously marked with large trefoil spots of dark brown ; flanks barred with pale rufous brown ; under tail-coverts almost entirely white ; under wing-coverts white, the small ones largely, the greater ones more minutely, spotted with dark brown. Adult female. Above dark brown, a little lighter on the scapulars and wing- coverts, which are varied slightly with fulvous brown tips and mottlings ; upper tail-coverts and tail clear tawny, slightly mottled and barred with rufous, remains of ten bars being distin- guishable on the latter ; lores whitish ; head and neck all round, including throat and under surface of body, smoky brown, the neck slightly and the chest very plainly inclining to rufous, of which there are a few remains of bars on the thighs ; under tail-coverts rufous, barred with smoky brown ; under surface of tail creamy rufous, with scarcely any indications of bars ; under wing- coverts uniform smoky brown, the lower ones whitish, with brown bars. Total length 24-5 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 17, taU 9-2, tarsus 3-8. Adult male. Exactly similar to the female, but smaller. Total length 21-5 inches, wing 16-1, tail 9, tarsus 3-6. Hah. Western North America, throughout Central America, and ranging in winter to the southernmost parts of the South American continent. a. Juv. St. Sumass Prairie, B. C. J. K. Lord, Esq. fC.]. h. § ad. St. West side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.]. Mountains. '^}^-6 2 j*!"^- sk. West side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. Mountains. e. Juv. sk. California. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.]. /. Ad. St. San Francisco, Cal. Admiral Sir E. Belcher [P.]. g. cS ad. st. Mexico. Purchased. h. 2 ad. St. Mexico. M. A. Boucard [C.]. i. 2 ad. sk. Mexico. Zoological Society. k. (S juv. sk. Mexico. Purchased. I. S ad. sk. Mexico. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. m. Juv. sk. San Jos^, Costa Rica. H. Van Patten [C.]. n. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Purchased. o. Ad. sk. Panama. Purchased. p. Juv. St. Sta. Cruz, Patagonia. C. Darwin, Esq. [C.J. Type of B. ventralis. The case of the Peregrines appears to repeat itself here in the Red-tailed Buzzards of America, inasmuch as the western birds are different, being much larger, more powerful, and darker-plumaged than the eastern or ordinary specimens of B. borealis. The Museum contains a fine series ; and if the whole of the plumages of B. bo- realis are represented (which is perhaps doubtful), the western bird must be specifically separated, or must at least rank as a subspecies. 27. BDTEO. 191 15. Buteo harlani. Falco harlani, Aud. B. Am. i. pi. Ixxxvi. ; id. Om. Biogr. p. 441 (1830) Buteo harlani, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Am. p. 3 (1838) ; Grau Cat. Aecipitr.lQU, p. 13; Cass. B. Calif, p. 101 (1855): Strickl. Orn.S,,n p. 31 (1855) ; Scl P. Z. S. 1857, p. 211 ; Cooper, B. Calif. ed. Batrd, p. 473 (1871) ; Corns, Key to N. Am. B. p. 216 (1872), Adult (type of species). Uuiform deep brown with a chocolate gloss, the scapulars and wing-coverts with concealed ashy brown bands and tips, the former as well as the feathers of the head and hind neck much varied with white at the base; quiUs brown externally ashy grey, ineUning to silvery grey on outer web of pnmanes, all barred across with darker brown, the inner webs white below, the cross bars distinct towards the tips, but reduced tofreckhngs towards the base, the primaries uniform brown for apical half; upper tail-coverts brown, mottled and barred with rufous on the central and with white on the outer ones ; tail ashy grey above, washed with rufous, tipped with rufous white or ashy white, before which a broad subtermiual bar of black, all the rest ot the feathers mottled and freckled with black, the under surface of the tail white, with a few blackish freckUngs ; sides of head and under surface of body sooty brown, the cheeks blackish, and the generahty of the feathers varied with white bases; under taU- coverts brown, washed with rufous or with white, with which they are also barred and tipped. Total length 22-5 inches, culmen (imper- fect, about) 1-7, wing 15-3, tail 10, tarsus 3-4. Young. Deep brown, some of the feathers of the head and inter- scapulary region slightly margined with ochraceous buff, the upper tail-coverts barred on outer and spotted on inner web with the same colour ; the median coverts notched on the inner web with whitish buff ; pnmanes blackish, the secondaries deep brown, barred with blackish brown, the bars showing very distinctly below, where the inner webs are whitish ; taU brown, tinged with pale rufous, tipped with whity brown and crossed with twelve bars of deeper brown • sides of face and of neck deep brown, the feathers margined with ochraceous, causing a distinctly streaked appearance, the cheeks blackish ; under surface of body deep brown, broadly streaked with ochraceous, which forms broad margins or spots on the feathers, the thighs rufescent, with broad bars of dark brown ; under tail- coverts barred across with dark brown and pale fulvous • under wing-coverts dark brown, the feathers barred, spotted, or margined with rufous ochre. Hah. Southern United States to Guatemala. a. Ad. sk. Louisiania. J. J. Audubon, Esq. TP.]. Tvne of sneciM 6. Imm.8k. Western Mexico. Purchased. "^I L-^-J. lypeoi species. 16. Buteo lineatas. Barred-breasted Buzzard, Lath. Geti. Syn. i. p. 5Q (1781) Ked-shouldered Falcon, Perm. Arctic Zool. p. 206 (1785) Winter Falcon, Penn. torn. cit. p. 207 (17a5) 192 FALCONIDJE. Falco lineatus, G/n. S. N. i. p. 268 (1788) ; Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. 86, pi, 53. fig. 3 (1812) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 296 (1831). Falco hyemalis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 274 (1788) ; Wik. Am. Orn. iv. p. 73, pi. 35 (1811); And. B. Am. i. pis. 56, 71, et Orn. Biogr. i. p. 364 (1831). Circus hyemalis, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 7 (1807). Buteo fuscus, Vieill. torn. cit. pi. 5 (1807). Nisus hiemalis, Ciiv. B^gne An. i. p. 334 (1829). Astur fuscus, Bp. Oss. Regno An. Cuv. p. 37 (1830). Buteo hiemalis, Less. Traite, p. 81 (1831). Astur hiemalis, Jard. ed. Wils. Am. Om. ii. p. 72, pi. 35. fig. 1 (1832). Buteo lineatus, Jard. ed. Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 290 (1832) ; Gray, Gen. B. p. 12 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 19 (1850) ; Cass. B. Calif. p. 99 (1855) ; Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 31 (1855) ; Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. p. 28 (1860) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 150 ; 8chl. Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 20 (1862); Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 7 (1869) ; Allen, Bull Harv. Coll. ii. p. 329 (1871) ; Coues, Keg N. Am. B. p. 217 (1872) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 119 (1873) ; ScM. Revue Accipitr. p. 108 (1873). Poecilopternis lineatus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 3.30. Buteo elegans, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1855, p. 281 ; Strickl. Orn. Sgn. p. 38 (1855); Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. p. 28 (1860); Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 7 (1869) ; Coo2)er, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 477 (1871). Young. Above broMTi, the head, nape, and sides of neck much streaked with white ; the dorsal and scapular feathers with white bases to the feathers, more or less concealed and margined with ochraceoiis buff, more inclining to rufous on the small wing-coverts; greater and median coverts brown, margined and barred vdth white, forming a distinct pattern ; quills brown, tipped with white, primaries white or rufous, white along basal half of outer web, the secondaries less conspicuously so, aU barred with darker brown, inner web white, the bars distinct on secondaries, but obsolete on primaries ; upper tail-coverts white, with spots of brown, the sub- terminal one large and rounded ; tail pale tawny rufous near the base, ashy brown towards the tip, which is white, and crossed with eight or nine bars of darker brown of greater or less distinctness ; lores, eyebrow, and sides of face white ; cheeks dark brown, forming a distinct stripe ; sides of neck brown, streaked with white ; under surface of body white, the throat narrowly streaked with brown down the centre, the breast with larger spade-shaped spots of brown, inclining to oval drops on flanks, and gradually vanishing on thighs and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts buffy white, with a few longitudinal streaks of brown. Adult. Above broAvn, with rufous buff margins to the feathers, producing a somewhat streaked appearance, especially on the head and neck, where the margins are much paler ; lores and frontal feathers white ; ear-coverts whitish, narrowly streaked with brown ; cheeks dark brown, with slight rufescent streaks ; least wing- coverts tawny rufous, forming a conspicuous shoulder-patch, the feathers dark brown in the centre ; rest of wing-coverts ashy brown, externally spotted with white, forming a chequered pattern on the 27. BUTEo. 193 outer aspect of \nng ; quills also ashy brown, marked externally with white in the same manner, the primaries slightly margined with rufous on outer web, secondaries paler and obsoletely barred across with light brown, tipped, but not so distinctly spotted, with white ; under surface of wing whitish, barred across with pale brown, the subterminal bar broadest ; feathers of back rufescent, wath brown tips ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dark brown, the latter tipped and barred with white ; tail black, tipped narrowly with white, and crossed with five narrow bands of white, two of them concealed ; under surface of body pale rufous, with faint whitish cross bars ; throat browner, streaked with dull white, the breast-feathers also distinctly marked with central stripes of dark brown ; thighs buff, with rufo'is cross bars ; under tail- coverts white, with slight remains of rufous barring ; under wing- coverts rufous buff, streaked with darker rufous or brown, the axil- laries barred across with darker rufoun ; lower under wing-coverts whitish, barred with ashy brown ; cere yellow ; bill bluish black ; feet yellow ; claws black; iris bright amber. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 13-2, tail 8-5, tarsus 3-1. Hab. North America, to which it is confined, wintering in Texas and the southernmost States. a. Juv. St. Delaware, U.S.A. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. b. Ad. sk. Delaware, U.S.A. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. e. Juv. St. San Francisco, Cal. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.]. d. Ad. st. N. America. , J. Gould, Esq. e. Juv. sk. California. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.]. f. 5 juv. sk. Mexico. Purchased. ff. c? ad. sk. W. Mexico. Purchased. h. 2 jnv. sk. W. Mexico. Purchased. Skeleton. 17. Buteo latissimus. Falco pennsylvanicus, Wi/s. Am. Orn. vi. p. 92, pi. 54. fig. 1 (1812, nee V. pi. 46. fig. 1) ; Aud. B. Am. i. pi. 91, et Orn. Biogr. i. p. 461 (18.31). Falco latissimus, Wils. ut supra (in later published copies). Falco wilsoni, Bp. Journ. Ac. Sc. N. Y. (teste Strickland). Sparvius platypterus, Bonn, et Vieill Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1273 (1823). Astur pennsylvanicus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 3.32 (1829). Buteo pennsylvanicus, Bp. Oss. Beg. An. Cuv. p. 35 (1830) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 12 ( 1849) ; Cass. B. Calif, p. 100 (1855) ; Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 32 (1855) ; Cass, in Baird, B. N. Am. p. .30 (1860) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Buteones, p. 20 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 7 (I8',;9); Allen, Bull. Kan. Coll. ii. p. 330 (1871) ; Gimdl. J. f. O. 1871, p. 266 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 396 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 217 (1872); Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 109 (1873); Scl. <^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Keotr. p. 119 (1873). Astur latissimus, Jard. ed. Wik. Am. Orn. ii. p. 294 (1832). Pcecilopternis vsilsoni, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 330. Buteo wilsoni, Bp. Consp. i. p. 19 (1850). Younrj. Above brown ; the feathers of the back somewhat washed VOL. I. P 1 1)4 FALCONID^E. with rufous on their margins ; head and nape streaked with white, the latter more plainly ; lores whitish ; sides of face white, the ear-coverts streaked with dark brown ; cheeks entirely brown, forming a distinct facial stripe ; under surface of body white ; throat with a mesial streak of dark brown, breast broadly streaked with the same, the mai-kings on the flanks and thighs more oval in shape and tinged with rufous ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts white, with a few longitudinal spots of dark browTi ; upper wing-coverts like back ; quills brown, indistinctly barred with dark brown, obsolete on outer web of primaries ; inner web of quills white, with dark brown bars on secondaries ; upper tail-coverts spotted on both webs and tipped with white; tail light brown, crossed with five or six bands of darker brown. As in most other Buzzards, the change from young to adult plu- mage is characterized by a darker and more uniform plumage be- neath. This is acquired by a direct change of feather, the brown centres to the feathers widening out and occupying the greater part of the feather ; and then, by the inroad of the white spots, a mottled appearance is produced on the breast and a barred plumage on the abdomen, where the white extends across the feathers. Adult female. Above brown ; the nape mottled with huffy white ; the wings rather lighter than the back, the tips to the secondaries whitish, but otherwise coloured as in the young ; outer upper tail- coverts tipped with white ; tail brown, tipped with brownish white, and crossed with two bands only of the same colour ; lores whitish ; sides of face rufous brown, streaked with blackish brown ; the cheeks blackish ; throat buff, streaked with blackish brown ; breast rufous brown, mottled with white spots of irregular shape on both webs of the feathers, taking the form of regular bars on the belly and flanks, which are barred with rufous and white, the thighs more narrowly and the under tail-coverts very sparingly ; under wing- coverts buff, with small rufous markings; cere and gape yellow; bill black, bluish at base ; feet dirty orange-yellow ; iris bright amber. Total length 16 inches, culm en 1-3, wing 11-4, tail 7, tarsus 2-6. Adult male. Similar to the female, but not quite so rufous, and smaller in size. Total length 15 inches, wing 10-7, tail 6-8, tar- sus 2-35. Hab. Eastern North America and the Antilles, ranging south through the whole of Central America into Columbia and Upper Amazonia. a. c? iuv. St. Quebec. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.]. b. 6 ad. St. Quebec. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. tP.]. c. S ad. sk. Poland, Ohio. Professor Kirtland [P.]. d. $ ad. sk. Caracas. Mr. Dyson [C.]. e. d ad. sk. Chamicuros, Peruvian E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.]. Amazons, Jan. 1, 1868. f. 5 ad. sk. Chamicuros, Peruvian E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.]. Amazons, Dec. 30, 1867. g. (S juv. sk. Panama. Purchased. 28. ARCHIBTTTEO. 195 2S. ARCHIBUTEO. Type. Arcbibuteo, Brehm, Im, 1828, p. 12G9 A. lao-opus. Triorchis, Kaup, Natilii. Syst. p. 84 (1829) . " ' " A.' la^opus.' Butaetes, Less. Traits, p. 83 (1831) A. lagopus' Lagopus, Frascr, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 37 '. ". a". ferriigineus. Hemiaetus, Hodffs. in Grm/s Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) A. strophiatus Tarsus of Archibideo lagopus, with feathering parted to show scales. Range. The whole of North America and Mexico. All the northern and central portions of Europe, as well as northern Asia generally, not entering the Indian peninsula. Keij to the Species. a. Flanks and thighs brown. a'. Crown of head, throat, and chest white or buffy white, streaked with brown lagopiis, p. 196. v. Similar to above, but much darker, and having a greater extent of black on lower , surface sanctijohminis, p. 107. c. Lrown of head, throat, and chest uniform , „, brown sfrophiatus, p. 199. b. Flanks white; thighs bright chestnut fawn- '"olour ferru;/!„rus, p. Ki9. p2 1 9G FALCOXIDJE. 1. Archibuteo lagopus. Le Faucon a teste blanche, Briss. Orn. i. p. 325 {17G0). Falco lagopus, G»i. S. N. i. p. 260 (1788, ex Briinn.) ; Naum. Fog. Deittschl. i. p. 359, Taf. 34 (1822) ; Schl. u. Susem. Vog. Eur, Taf. 34 (1839). Falco sclavonicus. Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 26 (1790). La Buse gantee, Lemill. Ois. (TAfr. i. p. 79, pi. 18 (1799). Buteo pennatus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 156 (1800). Falco phiinipes, Drnul. Traite, ii. p. 163 (1800, ex Levaill.). Buteo lagopus, Leach, Syst. Cat. 3Iamm. ^-c. Brit. Mus. p. 10 (1816) ; Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 15 (18:38) ; Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 193 (1840); Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 87 (1843) ; Bailh/, Orn. Sav. i. p. 133 (1853) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. pis. 33, 34 (1854) ; Midd. Sibir. Beis. p. 126 (1853);"^cA/. 3Ius. P.-B. Buteones.p. 1 (1862); Snndev. Sv. Fogl. p. 227, pi. xxvii. fig. 5 (1869); Neivt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 117 (1871); Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 105 (1873). Archibuteo planiceps, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 40 (1831). Archibuteo alticeps, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 41 (1831). Butaetes buteo. Less. Traite, p. 82 (1831). Butaetes lagopus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Am. p. 3 (1838). Archibuteo lagopus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 3 (1841); id. Gen. B. i. p. 12, pi. 5. fig. 1 (1849) ; StricM. Orn. Si/n. p. 38 (1855) ; Fritsch, Vo(/. Eur. p. 20, Taf. 5. fig. 9 (1858) ; Newt. Ooth. Wolley. p. 121 (1864) ; Deql. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Europ. i. p. 64 (1861) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 9 (1869) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital. Uce. p. 10 (1871). ' AduU female. Entire head and neck white, streaked with dark brown, more especially on the checks and sides of neck ; upper sur- face of body deep brown ; the scapulars and least wing-coverts with conspicuous white bases, and most of the feathers margined with fawn-colour, producing a somewhat streaked appearance ; quills brown, the primaries externally ashy grey, and inclining to blackish brown towards the tip, the secondaries browner, and tipped nar- rowly with whitish, all the quills white for greater extent of inner web ; upper tail-coverts pure white, with a distinct subterminal bar of blackish brown ; tail white for two thirds of its length, shading off into ashy brown tinged with rufous, with a broad subterminal band of black before a whitish tip ; under surface of body white ; the throat washed with buff like the sides of the neck and narrowly streaked with dark brown, these streaks broader but more irregular in shape on the breast ; belly and flanks entirely dark brown, except in the centre of the abdomen, which is mottled with fulvous; thighs and tarsal feathers fulvous white, with numerous spots of brown ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts white, streaked more or less with dark brown, the lower series white at base, ashy brown towards tip ; cere yellow ; bill dark horn-colour ; feet yellow ; claws dark horn-colour; ii'is hazel. Total length 26 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 18'7, tail 10, tarsus 3-1. Adult male. A little smaller than the female. Total length 22-5 inches, wing IT'l, tail 10, tarsus 2-8. Young. Differing very little from the adult bird, from which it may be distinguished by its browner colour, especially on the under parts, by the more streaked appearance of the breast, and by the 28. ARCHIBCTEO. 197 greater extent of brown on the tail, which occupies the terminal half, and does not exhibit a perceptible subterminal band. Hah. The northern and central portions of Europe and Siberia, becoming rarer in the central parts, and of accidental occurrence in Southern Europe, occasionally visiting South Africa. a. Ad. St. Great Britain. b. Juv. St. Norfolk. c. $ juv. St. Kent. Dr. Latham [P.]. d. e. c? 2 ad. St. Epping Forest. II. Doubledav, Esq. [P.]. /. 2 ad. St. Europe. Purchased. ".'/) /'■ 6 2 ad. sk. Thuringia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. i. (3 ad. sk. Thui-ingia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. k. Juv. sk. Southern Ural. Dr. Strader [C.]. I. Juv. sk. Sarepta. Dr. Strader [C. . m. Juv. St. Port Natal. Sir A. Smith [C. n. Juv. sk. Port Natal. Sir A. Smith 'C Sternum. W. Yarrell, Esq. [P.]. 2. Archibuteo sancti johannis. S. John's Falcon, LatJt. Gen. Sipi. i. p. 77 (1781) ; Penn. Arctic Zuol. Birds, p. 200, pi. ix. fig. 2 (1785;). Placentia Falcon, Lat?i. Gen. St/n. i. p. 76 (1781). Falco saucti johannis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 273 (1788). Falco spadiceus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 273 (1788). Buteo spadiceus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 34 (1807). Falco lagopus, Wils. Am. Orn. iv. pi. 33. fig. 1 (1811) ; Attdub. B. Am. pis. 166, 422, et Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 377 (1831). Falco niger, Wils. Am. Orn. v. pi. 53. figs. 1, 2 (1812). Buteo ater, rieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 482 (1816). Buteo niger, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 47 (1826). Buteo sancti johannis, Cui: Regne An. i. p. 323 (1817) ; Jard. ed. Wik. Am. Orn. ii. pp. 287, 288 (1832) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 3 (1862). Buteo lagopus, Sw, 8j- Rich, Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds, p. 52 (1831). Butaetes sancti johannis, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. ^ N. Am. p. 3 (1838). Archibuteo sancti johannis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 18 (1850) ; Cass. B. Calif. ^- Texas, p. 103 (1855) ; 8trickl. Orn. Syn. p. 40 (1855) ; Cass', in Baird, B. N. Am. p. 32 (1860) ; Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 10 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 485 (1870). Archibuteo lagopus, Cass. B. Calif. ^- Texas, p. 104 (1855) ; id. in Baird, B. N. Am. p. 32 (1860) ; Ball i^ Bonn. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 272 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif p. 483 (1870). Archibuteo niger, Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 18G2, p. 15-3. Archibuteo lagopus, var. sancti -johannis. Cozies, Key to N. Am. B. p. 218(1872). Young. Above brown ; the feathers of the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts margined with oehraceous buff or fawn-colour, most of the feathers with conspicuous white bases ; the lower back and rump uniform ashy brown ; the outer upper tail-coverts white, tinged with fulvous, and subterminally spotted with dark brown ; quills brown, the secondaries lighter, and tipped with whitish, the inner 198 FALCONID^. web white for the greater part, blackish towards the tip ; tail white at base, shading into ashy grey, and becoming brown before the immediate tip, which is dull white ; on the inner webs of some of the feathers are some brown spots and bars ; head and neck ochra- ceous buff, narrowly streaked with brown, forming on the sides of the face a tolerably defined malar stripe ; under surface of body ochraceous buff, streaked broadly with brown on the breast, and more narrowly on the thighs, which are of a deeper ochre ; the under taU-coverts buffy white; flanks and abdomen uniform blackish brown ; under wing-coverts ochraceous, with brown or rufous-brown streaks, the lower series entirely dark brown. Aihdt. Above blackish brown, with slight rufous margins to the interscapulary feathers and wing-coverts ; the scapulars barred with fulvous or buffy fawn-colour ; lower back and rump blackish brown, the upper tail-coverts white, tinged with deep ochre, and barred more or less completely with black ; tail white at base and at tip, uniform brown for rest of extent, washed with rufous or greyish, and becoming subtermiually blackish brown ; quills much as in preceding plumage, but more distinctly shaded with grey externally, and more plainly barred with brown on the inner web ; head, neck, and sides of face whitish, with broad dark brown centres to the feathers, which are thus distinctly streaked, the cheeks more plainly, thus forming a well-defined malar stripe ; under surface of body ochraceous buflf; the throat streaked with brown, becoming much broader on the breast ; the thighs widely banded with dark brown ; centre of abdomen and under tail-coverts uniform ochraceous ; flanks and abdomen deep blackish brown, estendii:g a good way up the breast ; under wing-coverts black, varied with fulvous margins and spots, broader on the innermost feathers and axillaries ; cere yellow ; bill blackish ; feet yeUow ; iris yellow. Total length 22 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 16'4, tail 9-5, tarsus 2*8. Variety. General colour above and below sooty black, with con- spicuous white lores and frontal feathers, many of the feathers slightly shaded with rufous on their margins ; nape and hind neck whitish ; scapulars and wing-coverts with more or less concealed spots of white or pale ashy brown ; quiUs blackish, barred with lighter brown, externally shaded with ashy grey ; upper tail-coverts and tail blackish, tipped with ashy white, the latter crossed with four or five bands of ashy brown, inclining to whity brown on inner web. Total length 24 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 17, tail 10, tarsus 2-8. Hah. Confined to North America. a. cJ var. sk. Delaware, U.S.A. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. b. Ad. sk. Labrador. R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.]. c. Ad. sk. Sumass Prairie, British J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.]. Columbia. il, e,f. Juv. sk. Sumass Prairie, British .7. K. Lord, Esq. [C.]. Columbia. 28. ABCHIBUTEO. 199 3. Archibuteo strophiatus. (Plate VII. fig. 2.) Hemiaetos strophiatus, Hodgs. in Graxfs Zool. 3Itsc. p. 81 (1844). Archibuteo strophiatus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Sf B. Nepal Hodgs. p. 39 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 18 (1850) ; • Kavp, Contr. Oni. 1850, p. 75 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 340. Archibuteo hemiptilopus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 1 (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 18 (1850) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 94 (1862) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 20; Gray,Hand-l. B.i. p. 10 (1869) ; Hutne, Bough Notes, ii. p. 232 (1870) ; id. Stray F. i. p. 315 (1873). Ai'chibuteo cryptogenys, Hodgs. Culc. Juitrn. N. H. viii. p. 94, pi. 5, fig. 1 (1847). Archibuteo aquilinus, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 41 (1855). Archibuteo asiaticus. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 10 (1869). Archibuteo leucoptera, Hume, Stray F. i. p. 318 (1873). ^lult (type of species). Above brown, rather darker on the inter- scapulary region, scapulars and •nnng-coverts margined with paler brown ; head lighter brown than the back, the hind neck streaked with white ; lores whitish ; an indistinct blackish eyebrow ; sides of face and neck brown, the ear-coverts varied with fulvous on upper margin ; entire under surface of body brown, including the tarsal feathers, -^'hich extend to the root of the toes ; chin slightly varied with white, and across the breast a broad irregular band of white, many of the breast-feathers slightly shading oif into paler brown on their margins ; quills dark brown, primaries with a slight greyish shade externally, secondaries tipped with buffy white, the innermost paler brown like the back ; primaries white at base of inner web, extending a little higher up on the secondaries, which are, however, mottled with brown; tail brown above, ashy white beneath, the shafts white and the tips bufiy white, the feathei's crossed with traces of sevQn or eight bars of dark brown, the subterminal one very broad, aU the others more or less dissolved. Total length 27 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 19-4, tail 11, tarsus 3-6. Hah. Nepal and Thibet. a. Ad. st. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. Type of species and specimen figured. 4. Archibuteo ferrugiaeiis. Falco ferruginous, Licht. Abhandl. K. Akad. Berlin, 1838, p. 428. Lagopus ferrugineus, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 37. Archibuteo regalis. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 19 ; id. and Mitch. Gen. B. pi. 6 (1849). Archibuteo ferrugineus. Gray, Gen. B. p. 12 (1849) ; Cass. B. Calif. 8,- Tex. pp. 104, 159, pi. xxvi. (1855) ; StricM. Orn. Syn. p. 40 (1855); Cass, in BaircFs B. N. Am. p. 34(1860) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 10 (18C9) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 482 (1870) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 218 (1872). Buteo californicus. Hutching, Calif. Mag., March 1857 (teste Cassin). 200 FALCONID^. You7i(/. Above brown, the feathers of the nape, back, and sca- pulars white at base, and more or less broadly margined with pale fawn-colour ; wings much as in the adult, but without any very • broad rufous margins above ; upper tail-coverts brown, tipped with rufous, the outer ones pure white, with a broad subterminal spot of black ; tail ashy brown, shaded with clearer grey, and tipped with whity brown, before which is a slight indication of a dark browu subterminal bar, irregular spots ot the same being on most of the feathers, all of which have the basal part white ; lores whitish, with narrow brown streaks ; head brown, with pale fulvous margins to the feathers, giving a streaked appearance ; sides of face and of neck pure white, streaked with dark browu, more uniform and tinged with rufous on the upper margin of the ear-coverts ; under surface of body pure white, with a few streaks of brown on the side of the breast, represented on the flanks by large arrow-shaped spots, much smaller on the thighs ; tarsal feathers dark brown, varied with white ; under wing- and tail-coverts white, the latter streaked with brown. Adult. Above bright chestnut-fawn, with centres of dark brown to the feathers, giving a streaked appearance, the greater wing- coverts brown, broadly but irregularly margined with pale rufous ; head, neck, and interscapulary region white, numerously streaked with dark brown centres to the feathers, broader on the latter, so that it appears nearly uniform brown ; ear-coverts blackish ; cheeks and sides of neck white, with distinct streaks of black ; quiUs deep brown, the primaries externally shaded with silvery grey, less distinct on the secondaries, which are obscurely barred with darker brown and tipped with whitish ; lower surface of primaries white for greater extent of inner web, blackish towards tip, the secondaries ashy white beneath, with remains of cross bars ; upper tail-coverts bright fawn, irregularly marked down the centre with dark brown, and more or less white near the base ; tail pale fawn-colour, shaded with light ashy grey, and mottled with brown towards the base, which is white, as also the inner webs and tips of the feathers ; under surface of body pure white, with faiut fawn-coloured streaks on the chest, the flanks more or less distinctly barred with rufous brown ; thighs bright chestnut-fawn, barred across with dark brown, the tarsal feathers rufous brown ; under wing-coverts white, vrith a few indications of fawn-coloured spots and streaks ; cere yellow ; bill blackish horn-colour ; feet yeUow ; iris brown. Total length 26 inches, culmen 1-9, wing. 18-35, tail 10-7, tarsus 4-5. Hab. The south-western States of North America to Mexico. a. Ad. St. Real del Monte, Mexico. John Philippe, Esq. [P.] b. Juv. St. Mexico. Zoological Society. e. Ad. sk. Mexico. d. .Juv. St. California. Purchased. 29. BUTEOLA. 201 29. BUTEOLA. Type. Buteola, Bp. C. It. xli. p. 651 (1855) B. bracliyura. Bill of Buteola brachyura. Range. From Yeragua, in Central America, through Guiana, into Amazonia and Peru. 1. Buteola brachyura. Buteo brachyui-us, Vieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 477 (1816) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849) ; Pucher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 86 ; Bp. torn. cit. p. 481 ; Sah. P. Z. S. 1870, p. '215. Falco albifrons, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 187 (1830). Buteo melanoleucus, Less. Traite, p. 82 (1831). Astur poliogaster, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 66 (1848). Asturina albifrons, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 200 : Bp. Coiisp. i. p. 31 (1850). Astur poliogaster, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 66 (184S). Asturina brachyui-a, Bp. Rev. et Mag. 1850, p. 489 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 42 (1855). Asturina diadema, Kaup, Rev. et Mag. 1850, p. 489. Buteola brachyura, Bp. C. R. xli. p. 651 (1855) ; Scl. ^ Sah. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 130; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 118 (1873). Buteo albifrons, Schl. Mm. P.-B. Buteones, p. 10 (1862) ; id. Revue Accipitr. p. 109 (1873). Buteo minutus, Pek. Sitz. Akad. Wien, xliv. p. 14 (1862) ; id. Verh. z.-h.Wien, 1862, p. 141 ; id. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 16 (1865) ; id. Orn. Bras. pp. 3, 396 (1871). Astur brachyura. Gray, Hand-l. i. p. .30 (1869). Buteola minuta, Giehel, Orn. Thes. i. p. 517 (1872). Adult. Entire upper surface, including the sides of the face and of the neck, slaty black ; a conspicuous loral spot and entire under surface white, sUghtly shaded with dark brown on the sides of the breast ; quills blackish brown, the secondaries a little clearer brown tipped with duU white, the quills white at the base of inner web, the primaries freckled and the secondaries indistinctly barred with blackish brown ; upper tail-coverts shaded with ashy bro'mi near the tips, the outermost with concealed white bars ; tail ashy brown, tipped with duU white, crossed with four bars of blackish brown, the under surface paler and inclining to greyish white, causing the black cross bands to appear more distinct ; under wing-coverts white. Total length 15-5 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 11*3, tail 6-3, tarsus 2-25. 202 FALCONID^. Young. Very similar to the adult, but browuer above, the feathers being margined with fulvous ; the crown and sides of face streaked with pale ochre ; the under surface, especially the under wing- coverts, washed with ochre. Black variety. All over sooty black, excepting a few streaks of white on the forehead, ear-coverts, and throat ; the bases of all the breast-feathers white ; quills black, the secondaries a little browner, and decidedly paler brown at tips ; tail brown, tipped with paler brown, and crossed with eight blackish bands, these being browner underneath but very plain, as the interspaces are ashy white ; lower under wing-coverts barred with white, the bases of the quills white on the inner web for a great extent. Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 12, tail 6-6, tarsus 2-2, middle toe 1-4. (Mus. Lugd.) Hab. The same as that of the genus. a. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Purchased. b, c. Ad. sk. Brazil. d. Ad. st. S. America. Piu-chased. 30. ASTUSINA. Type. Asturina, Vieill. Analyse, p. 24 (1816) A. nitida. Eupornis, Kaitp, Classif. Siiiig. u. Vog. p. 120 (1844) . . A. magnirostris. Asturisca, Sundev. Av. Tent. p. 107 (1873). C£ Sclater <§■ Salvin, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 129. Bill of Asturina j)uch€ranL Range. From South-eastern Brazil, Paraguay, BoHvia, and Peru, throughout Amazonia, Guiana, and Columbia, Central America, into the south-eastern States of N. America. Key to the Species. a. Thighs banded. «'. Thighs white, banded with blackish or ashy grey. a". Above ashy grey, with transverse whitish bands nitida, p. 203. b". Above uniform dark ashy grey plagiata, p. 204. V . Thighs buff, banded with rufous, c". Bands on tail rufous. «'". Head and throat ashy grey ; base of pri- maries deep ferruginous rvjicauda, p. 205. h". Head and throat dark brown ; base of primaries buff' puchcrani, p. 205. 30. ASTURIITA. 203 d". Bands on tail ashy. c'". Chest ashy grey ; bands on breast and thighs white, with rufous or pale ashy bars magnirostris, p. 207. d'". Chest rufous ; bands on breast buff, barred with rufous nattereri, p. 208. 6. Thighs uniform, not banded ; plumage black above and below leucorrhoa, p. 209, 1 . AstTirina nitida. Plumbeous Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 37 (1787). Falco nitidus, Zaf?i. Ind. Orn. i. "p. 41 (1790) : Teinm. PL Col. i. pis. 87, 294 (1824). Azulejo, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 167 (1802). Asturina cinerea, Vieill. Analyse, p. 68 (1816) ; id. et Oud. Gal. Ois. i. pi. 20 (1825). Astur nitidus, Vir/. Zool. Jonrn. i. p. 338 (1824) ; HOrb. Voy. Am. Merkl. Ois. p. 95 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 27 (1849) ; Burm. Th. Bras.'n. p. 68 (1856) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 46 (1866): Gray, Hand-l. ^.i. p. 30 (1869). Cymindas cinerea, Less. Man. i. p. 91 (1828). Astur striolatus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 332 (1829). Falco striolatus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 209 (1830). Dsedalion nitidus, Less. Traite, p. 65 (1831). Asturina nitida, Cah. in Scliomh. JReis. Guiun. iii. p. 737 (1848) • Bp Cmsp. i. p. 30 (1850); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 42 (1855) ; Schl. 3fus. P.-B. Asturinffi, p. 1 (1862) ; Scl. <$■ iialv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 130 : Pefz. Orn. Bras. pp. .3, 395 (1871) ; Scl. ^- Sak-. Nomencl. p. 118 (1873). ^ Asturisca nitida, Sundev. Tent. p. 107 (1873). Adult. Above ashy grey, everywhere barred with dull white, the head and neck much lighter, secondaries broadly tipped with white ; primaries dark brown, inclining to ashy grey on the outer web, barred with blackish ; under surface of quills white at the base and on the inner web, barred with dusky black ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform deep ashy, inclining to blackish, the latter broadly tipped with white ; tail ashy black above, tipped with whitish, and crossed with a broad whitish bar about a third of its length from the tip ; the under surface paler, and crossed with a second lower bar of white ; forehead, sides of face, and throat duU whitish ; rest of under surface transversely barred with ashy grey and white, more narrowly on the thigh-feathers ; under wing- and tail-coverts white, the former with a few bars of ashy grey. Total length 16-3 inches, culmon 1-3, wing 9-8, tail 6-8, tarsus 2-6. Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 18 inches, wing 10-5, tarsus 2-8. Toimg. Above brown, most of the feathers margined and washed near the base with rufous ; crown of head buffy white, broadly streaked with dark brown ; forehead, as well as a distinct eyebrow, sides of the face, and throat buffy white, unspotted, except as regards a few marks of dark brown on the latter ; rest of under surface buffy white, scantUy marked with large spots of dark brown at the 204 FALCONIDJS. tips of the feathers; thighs, under wing-, and tail-coverts clear creamy buff; quills creamy buff at base, shading into rufous and brown at the tips of the feathers ; all the quills barred with blackish brown, showing more plainly underneath, the secondaries entirely brown, barred only on the inner web ; tail alternately barred with buffy white and blackish brown, the bars of the latter colour being five 'in number ; all the outer feathers, especially the ones having the fulvous bars, more or less shaded with ashy brown. Hah. From S.E. Brazil, throughout Amazonia, Guiana, and Co- lumbia, into Panama. a. Juv. sk. S. America. b. iencl. p. 3 (1854, descr. nidla). Asturina pucherani, J. 8,- E. Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1855, p. 350 ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 133, et Ex. Orn. pi. Lxxxix. (1869), et Nomencl. p. 118 (1873). Asturina gularis, Sehl. litis. P.-B. Asturinse, p. 4 (1862). Astur pucherani, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 30 (1869). Adult. Above brown, some of the wing-coverts margined with pale rufous, probably the remains of immaturity, the outermost upper tail-coverts fulvous, barred with rufous ; primary coverts rufous, mottled and banded near the base, and broadly tipped with dark brown ; quills deep chestnut, barred and tipped with dark brown, the secondarie.^ externally brown, the innermost uniform brown, like the back, inclining to dark brown near their tips ; inner surface of wing creamy rufous, inclining to chestnut towards the tips of the feathers, the primaries externally creamy rufous near the base, forming rather a conspicuous mark on the wing, the two outermost primaries for the most part brown, rufous only near the base, and distinctly barred with dark brown ; tail pale rufous, crossed with five bands of dark brown, the two basal ones indistinct, and not strictly continuous ; head and neck all round a little darker brown than the back, blackish on the cheeks and above the eye ; lores white, the throat also streaked with white ; rest of the under surface buffy white, very narrowly and indistinctly barred with pale rufous, almost obsolete on the chest ; under tail-coverts uni- form bufiy white ; under wing-coverts pale rufous. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 10-9, tail 8-2, tarsus 2-65. Young. Above brown, the feathers edged with fulvous, the upper tail-coverts buff, broadly ban-ed with brown ; wings much as in the adult, but paler rufous, especially the exterior patch on the pri- maries, which is light buff, barred with blackish ; tail with five bands of dark brown, as in the adult, but all broad and clearly de- fined, the basal bar very distinct, the interspaces cinereous, the lower ones approaching to rufous ; the crown, and especially the hind neck streaked with light buff; a distinct eyebrow and the sides of the face also buff, narrowly streaked with dark brown ; upper margin of ear-coverts entirely dark brown ; under surface of body buffy white, the throat very narrowly, the chest very broadly streaked with pale brown, the latter with a slight wash of rufous ; lower breast crossed with bars of pale rufous, those in the centre of the body heart-shaped, the thighs buff, thickly barred with rufous ; under wing- and tail-coverts buffy white, sparsely marked with brown bars, the former also sUghtly washed with pale rufous. Hah. S.E. Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia. a. Juv. sk. South America. W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. [P.], h. Juv. St. South America. Purchased. c. Ad. St. Bolivia. Mr. Biydges [C.]. 30. ASTTTBINA. 207 5. Asturina magnirostris. L'Eperviei- a gTos bee de Cayenne, Buff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 464. Great-billed Falcon, Lath. Gen. Srjn. p. 103 (1781). Falco niag-uirostris, Gm. S. N. i. p. 282 (1788). Astur niagnirostiis, Vigors, Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824) ; Gray, Gen. li. i. p. 27 (1849) : Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 120 (1855) : Gray, Ilancl-l. B. i. p. 30 (1869). Falco insectivorus (pt.), Sjnx, Av. Bras. i. p. 17, t. 8fl! (1824). Nisus magnirostris, Less. Man. i. p. 96 (1828). Rupornis magnirostris, Katip, Classif. Sduy. u. Vdy. p. 120 (1844) ; Cab. in Schomb. Bcis. Guian. iii. p. 737 (1848). Asturina magnirostris, Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 261 ; Scl. 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 131; iid. Nomencl. p. 118 (1873). Astur macrorhynchus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 6, 398 (1871). Young. Above blackish brown, the head and hind neck streaked with white, the scapulars also with large concealed white spots of the same ; upper tail-coverts ochraceous, with arrow-shaped bars of brown ; scapulars dark brown, like the back, with somewhat paler margins. Adult male. Above pale ashy grey, the ujiper tail-coverts alter- nately banded with black and white, the greater wing-coverts a little darker ash-colour than the back ; primary coverts and quills rufous at the base, ashy brown at the tips, the outer secondaries externally ashy grey, the inner ones entirely of this colour, like the back, the primaries narrowly and irregularly barred with blackish, broader but less distinct on the secondaries, the inner face of the wing pale rufous, the bars nearly obsolete ; tail ashy grey, with three broad cross bands of black ; sides of face, throat, and chest ashy grey, like the back, the chin a little inclining to whitish ; rest of under surface white, with broad bands of pale rufous on the breast, becoming very narrow and inclining to ashy grey on the abdomen, flanks, and thigh-feathers ; under wing- and tail-coverts white, with a few indistinct ashy bars, almost obsolete except on the lower under wing-coverts. Total length 14 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 8-7, tail 6-2, tarsus 2-5. Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 8-9, tail 6"5, tarsus 2-5. Hob. Columbia, Guiana, and Amazonia. W. Wilson Saunders, Esq . [P.]. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C.]. T. K. Salmon, Esq. "CI. Mr. Dyson [C.]. A. Goering, Esq. [C.J. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. M. Claussen [P.]. Roval Geographical So- ciety [P.]. Sir R. Schomburgk [P.] a. ad. sk. Santa Marta. h. 2 ad. sk. Antioquia, New Granada c. 5 *''^- sk. Concordia, New Granada d. $ ad. sk. Caracas. d. (S ad. sk. Venezuela. e. (S ad. sk. I. of Mexiana. /. Ad. sic. Brazil. f/. $ ad. St. British Guiana. h. (S ad. st. British Guiana. i. Ad. sk. Demarara. k. (S ad. St. S. America. /. 2 ad. sk. S. America. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.T. IX W. Mitchell, Esq. [P. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.' 208 FALC0NID.5:. 6. Asturina nattereri. Falco magnirostris (pt.), Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 18 (1824). Falco magnirostris, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 86 (1824) ; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 102 (1830). Nisus magnirostris, Cah. ^ Tsch. Faun. Peruan. p. 104 (1844-46) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 76 (1856). Astur magnirostris, Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 6, 398 (1869-71). Asturina nattereri, Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 132 ; iid. Hx. Orn. pi. Ixxxvii. (1869) J iid. Nomencl. p. 118 (1873). Adult. Above ashy brown, the head much clearer and inclining to ashy grey ; quills deep chestnut, inclining to brown at the tips, the exterior primaries brown on the outer web, the secondaries ex- ternally ashy brown, the innermost entirely of that colour, like the back, all the quills marked with narrow black bars, a little broader but more indistinct on the secondaries, the inner face of the wing pale creamy rufous, with slight indications of blackish bars ; lower upper taU-coverts buffy white, tinged mth ochre, and barred with dark brown ; tail clear ashy brown, tipped with whitish, and crossed with three bands of blackish ; throat ashy grey, slightly varied with whitish ; chest pale rufous, the shafts distinctly indicated by narrow central black lines ; rest of the under surface fulvous, barred with pale rufous, decreasing in number and distinctness on the abdomen and under wing- and tail-coverts ; the thighs fulvous, very thickly banded with pale rufous. Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 9-2, tail 6-5, tarsus 2-4. Young. Above brown, some of the wing-coverts margined with fulvous or pale rufous ; forehead, crown of head, and hind neck, as well as the interscapulary region, varied with creamy white; a tolerably distinct eyebrow, cheeks, and ear-coverts creamy white, streaked with brown ; quills brown, barred with blackish, the secondaries tipped with dull white, the inner webs creamy buff at the base, slightly washed with rufous, the cross bars showing very plainly on the light ground ; upper tail-coverts creamy buif, barred with brown ; tail ashy brown, inclining to creamy buff at the base, especially on the inner web, crossed with five bars of dark brown, and tipped with dull white ; under surface buffy white, the throat narrowly, the chest broadly streaked with dark brown, the streaks on the latter widening out towards the tip of the feather ; the lower breast and flanks spotted and barred with heart- or arrow-shaped spots of pale rufous, each spot enclosed in a narrow border of brown ; vent and under tail-coverts buffy white, unspotted ; thighs buff, thickly banded with pale rufous ; under wing-coverts buff, with numerous pale rufous cross markings, the axillaries plainly barred -with rufous, the lower coverts spotted with blackish. Ohs. The next stage is very similar, being a little more uniform dark brown above, with few rufous edgings to the feathers : the markings on the breast are more rufous, and the bars on the inner face of the wing narrow, while a clearer shade of rufous is also here apparent ; the throat streaked with ashy brown. The progress 30. ASTUBINA. 209 towards maturity is marked by the gradual widening of the lon- gitudinal spots on the chest, with which a shade of ashy brown gra- dually mingles and overspreads the whole of the throat and chest ; the rufous bars on the belly and thighs gradually become narrower, and the bars on the wing disappear by degrees, leaving the inner surface of the wing more or less uniformly rufous towards the base of the quills. Hah. S.E. Brazil and Peru, J. J. Audubon, Esq. J. J. Audubon, Esq. Dr. Wucherer [C.]. Lord Stuart de Rothsay [P.]. a. Ad. sk. South America. b. Juv. sk. South America. "> d. Juv. sk. Bahia. e. Ad. sk. Brazil. /. 2 ad. sk. Brazil. ff- Juv. sk. Brazil. h. Juv. sk. Cosnipata, Peru, June 2, 1871. i. cJ ad. St. Cosnipata, Peru, June 2, 1871. k. Ad. St. Cosnipata, Peru, June 2, 1871. Mr. Claussen Mr. Claussen H. Whitely, Esq. [C.]. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.]. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.]. 7. Asturina leucorrhoa. Falco leucorrhous, Quay et Gaim. Voy. rfe I'Uran. p. 91, pi. 13 (1824). Astur leucorrhous, Vigors, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 271 (1827) ; Gray, Geix. B. i. p. 27 (1849) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 120 (1855) ; Felz. Om. £ras. pp. 7, 398 (1871) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 30 (1869). Dsedalion leucorrhous. Less. Traite, p. 66 (1831). Nisua leucorrhous, Cab. fy Tsch. Arch.f. Naturg. 1844, p. 265; iid. Faun. Peruan., Vdg. pp. 18, 103 (1844). Asturina leucorrhoa, £p. Consp. i. p. 30 (1850) ; Srhl. Mtis. P.-B. Asturina3, p. 5 (1862); Scl. 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 134 ;'j iid. Nomencl. p. 118 (1873). Adult. Uniform black, the lower upper taU- coverts white, form- ing a bar across the base of tail ; tail black, white at immediate base, and crossed above by a single bar of ashy brown about one third of the length of the tail from the tip, which also inclines to ashy, the under surface of tail crossed with two distinct white bands ; under surfece of body black, like the upper, the tibial plumes rufous ; under tail-coverts huffy white ; under wing-coverts creamy buff, the axillaries and lower coverts slightly spotted with black ; inner sur- face of wing black, the primaries barred with white near the base, the secondaries with ashy grey. Total length 14-5 inches, cuhnen 1, wing 8-5, tail 6-5, tarsus 2-3. Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total length 15 inches, culmen I'l, wing 9, tail 6-7, tarsus 2-3. Youncf. Above dark brown, much mottled with rufous, the sca- pulars and wing-coverts notched or barred as well as edged with the latter colour ; quills pale creamy buff at base, shading into rufous towards the tip, which is dark brown, the secondaries ex- ternally dark brown, rufous on the inner web and at the tip, the VOL. I. « 210 FAtCONIDiE. innermost entirely brown, like the back, all tbe quills barred above with blackish, broader but more indistinct on the secondaries ; lower upper tail-coverts creamy buff, as is also the taU at the base ; tail- feathers alternately barred with black and creamy white, tipped with the latter colour, with an ashy shade overspreading the whitish bars ; head and neck creamy buff, the latter slightly washed with rufous ; the crown and nape streaked with dark brown centres to the feathers, the forehead and a broad eyebrow uniformly creamy buff, as are also the sides of the face, except the upper margin of the ear-coverts, which is brown; under surface of the body rich creamy buff, all the feathers of the breast and abdomen broadly streaked down the centre with dark brown ; throat, under wing- and tail-coverts unspotted. Obs. A specimen in the collection shows the progress towards maturity, in the disappearance of the rufous mottling on the upper surfaces, whUe a uniform black shade is spreading over the bird both above and below ; the thighs rufous ; on the tail two ashy brown bands, the basal one, however, becoming obsolete. Hab. Brazil, Peru, and Columbia. a. Juv. sk. Trinidad. b. Ad. St. Brazil. Purchased. c. Ad. st. Brazil. d. 5juv. st. Caracas. Mr. Dyson [C.]. 31. BUSARELLUS, Busarellus, Lafr. m D' Orb. Bid. tTHist. Nat. ii. pp. 785, Type. 786 (1842) B. nigrieollis. lelithyoborus, Kmip, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 76 B. nigrieollis. Hind toe of Busarellus iiigricolUs, to show spicules. Range. Brazil, Amazonia, and Guiana. r?l. BirSARELLTTS. 2] 1 1. Bnsarellus nigricollis. Busard roux de Cayenne, Maud. Enc. Meth. p. 543 (1784). Black-necked Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 30 (1787). Falco nigricollis, Lath. Iiul. Om. i. p. 3-5 (1790). Le Buserai, Lecaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 84, pi. 20 (1799) ; Simdev. Crit. om Levuill. p. 2o (1858). Falco busavellus, Daud, Traite, ii. p. 168 (1800, ex LevailL). Buzzaret, Lath. Geii. fSpi. Suppl. ii. p. 32 (1801). Cabeza blanca, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 78 (1802). Falco melanobronchos, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 167 (1809). Circus leucocephalus, Vieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 465 (1816). Buteo nigricollis, TleiU. K Diet. iv. p. 473 (1810) ; G?-ay, Gen. B. i. p. 15 (1845) ; ruchei: Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 85 ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 47 (1856) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 17 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 9 (1869). Circus busarellus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1212 (182.3). Buteo busarellus, Vi(/. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340 (1824) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 15 (1845). Aquila niilvoides, Spi.v, Av. Bras. i. pi. If? (1824). Moi-plmus milvoides, Ciiv. Reyne An. i. p. 330 (1829). Haliaetus milvoides. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 12 ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 17(1845). MorpLnus nigricollis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 1 (1849). Buteogallus busarellus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 17 (1850). Ichthyoborus nigi'icollis, Kaup, Contr. Om. 1850, p. 76 ; Pelz. Om. Bras. pp. 3, 394 ( 1871). Buteogallus nigricollis, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 43 (1855) ; Scl. S^ Salv. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873). Adult male. Above bright diestnut, with narrow black shaft- stripes to the feathers of the back and wing-coverts ; greater coverts blackish on the inner web, the outermost of this series, as well as the primary coverts, entirely black ; quills black above and below ; secondaries browner, and tipped with fulvous, and more or less chestnut at base of inner web ; the innermost bright chestnut, like back, shafted with black and more or less inclining to blackish on both webs ; upper tail-coverts bright chestnut ; tail chestnut at base, black for apical half, narrowly tipped with whitish, the chest- nut base crossed with three or four bands of black ; head and neck aU round creamy buff, narrowly streaked with black on the crown ; lower part of throat black, forming a conspicuous patch ; rest of under surface uniform bright chestnut, except on fore neck, which inclines to fulvous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries chestnut, a little darker than the breast. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1-85, wing 15, tail 7'5, tarsus 3-35. Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total length 22-5 inches, wing 18-1, tail 8, tarsus 3-8. Hah. The same as that of the genus. a. $ ad. St. Brazil. Major-Gen. T. Hardwicke [P.]. b. Ad. St. Brazil. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. c. S ad. sk. Island of Mexiana. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C], (/. Ad. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. (i2 212 FALCONID^. 32. BUTEOGALLUS. ^ Type. Buteogallus, Less. Traite, p. 83 (1831) B. sequinoctialia. Range. Guiana and Columbia. 1. Buteogallus aequinoctialis. Falco jequinoctialis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 265 (1788). Le Buson, Levmll Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 86, pi. 21 (1799) ; Siaulev. Grit. 01)1 Levaill. p. 25 (1858). Falco buson, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 168 (1800). Buteo buson, Vigors, Zool. Journ. i. p. 340 (1824). Buteogallus cathartoides, Less. Traite, p. 83 (1831). Buteogallus buson, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 2 (1840) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 17 (1850). Daptrius buson, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 14 (1844). Morphnus buson, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 15 (1845). Buteo ffiquinoctialis, Grai/, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 37; Strickl. Om. Syn. p. 42 (1855) ; Schl. Mies. P.-B. Buteones, p. 18 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 9 (1869). Morphnus {equinoctialis. Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 1 (1849). Hypomorphnus fequinoctialis, Sundev. Crit. om. Levaill. p. 25 (1858). Buteogallus aequinoctialis, Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873). Adult. Above black, with rufous margins to the dorsal feathers and wing-coverts ; head entirely black, as also the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the latter with narrow white tips ; quills bright chestnut ; primaries externally slaty black ; secondaries with a broad band of black across the tips, the innermost brown, with paler tips ; tail black, plainly tipped with white, and barred across the middle with another indistinct band of white, plainer on the inner webs ; throat dusky black ; rest of under surface bright rufous, numerously crossed with black bars, narrower on thighs, and reduced to vermiculations on under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts rufous, ban-ed with black like the breast, some of the outer ones largely marked with black ; cere and orbits yellow ; bill yellow at base, horn-brown towards tip ; feet yeUow. Total length 19 inches, cul- men 1-7, wing 13-25, tail 7'5, tarsus 3-5. Hah. The same as that of the genus. a. Ad. st. British Guiana. "Royal Geographical Society [P.]. b, c. Ad. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 33. URUBITINGA. „ Type. Urubitinga, Less. Bev. Zool. 1839, p. 132 Typo nullo ! Urubitinga, Lnfr. in D'Orb. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. ii. p. 786 (1842, ex Less.) U. zonura. Hypomorphnus, Cab. Wiegin. Arch. 1844, p. 263 . . U. zonura. Spizigeranus, Kaup, Classif. Sdug. u. Vog. p. 120 (1844) U. zonura. Leucoptemis, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 210 U. melanops. Pseudastur, Bli/f/i, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. Beng. p. 24 (1849) " U. lacemulata. 33. UHUfllTINGA. ^i3 Eamie. South America, from Peru, Southeru Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia, northwards throughout the whole continent, and ranging into Central America as far north as Mexico. Key to the Species. a. Breast black. ^ rt'. Upper taiUcoverts white zonura, p. 2hi. h'. Upper tail-coverts black, with a very narrow white terminal edging anthracma, p. 21&. b. Breast slaty grey, like back. _ c'. Under wing-coverts slaty snhistncea, P- ^^o- d. Under wing-coverts white plumbea, p. 21b. c. Breast white. e'. Upper tail-coverts pure white. a". Tail black, with white tip albtcollis, p. 21b. b". Tail white, with black subterminal band . ghiesbrechti, p. 217. /'. Upper tail-coverts black or slaty grey, with white spots or bars. c". Tail pure white, black at base palliata, p. 218. d''. Tail with a black terminal or subterminal I'aid. a'". Primaries not banded underneath lacermdata, p. .iio. b'". Primaries banded underneath. a"". Ear-coverts white. aa. Tail with one median white band only ; head blackish kaupi, p. 219. bb. Tail with two bands of white; head white, streaked with black . melanops, p. 220. b"". Ear-coverts slaty grey, Hke the head semiplumbea, p. 220. d. Breast white, everywhere barred with slaty black princeps, p. 220. 1. Uruhitinga zonura. L'Aigle du Br^sil, Briss. Orn. i. p. 445 (1760). Brasilian Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 41 (1781). Falco urubitinga, Gm. S. N. i. p. 265 (1788) ; Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 55 (1825). Gavilan mixto choiTeado, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 88 (1802) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 2 (1847). Gavilan mixto pintado, Azara, t. c. p. 92 (1802) ; Hartl. t. c. p. 2 (1847). Gavilan mixto negro, Azara, t. c. p. 96 (1802) ; Harti. t. c. p. J (1847). Falco zonurus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 62 (1809). Pandion fulvus, Vieill. N. Diet. iii. p. 163 (1816). Spizaetus niger, Vieill. op. cit. xxxii. p. 57 (1819). Spizaetus ater, Vieill. torn. cit. p. 58 (1819). Aquila urubitinga, Spix, Av. Bras. i. pi. 1 b (1824). Aquila picta, Spix, torn. cit. pi. 1 c (1824). Morphnus urubitinga, Cuv. Migne An. i. p. 330 (1829) ; UOrb. Voy. Am. Merid., Ois. p. 84 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 15, pi. 7. fig. 6 (1845). Karpyia urubitinga, Sw. Classif. B. ii. p. 208 (1837). Hypomorphnus urubitinga, Cab. iSj- Tschtidi, Arch. f. Naturg. 1844, 214 FALCONID^. p. 263; iid. Faun. Periuin. pp. 10, 84 (1844) ; Cab. in Schomb. Seis. Guian. iii. p. 740 (1848) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 42 (1856), Falco longipes, lUiger, in Mus. Berol., undb Urubitinga longipes, Bp. Consp. i. p. 29 (18o0). Morplinus brasiliensis, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 24 (1855). Urubitinga zoniira, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 129 ; Sel. ^ Salv. Nommcl. p. 119 (1873). Asturina urubitinga, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astiirinse, p. 6 (1862) ; id. Revue, p. 103 (1873). Buteo urubitinga, Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 9 (1869). Urubitinga brasiliensis, Pek. Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 393 (1871). Young. Above brown ; the dorsal feathers more or less margined and barred with rufous ; the head streaked with deep ochre, of which colour there is also a distinct eyebrow ; sides of face and under sur- face of body deep ochre ; the upper margin of ear-coverts dark brown, and the sides of neck streaked with the same colour ; the breast sparingly spotted with dark brown, the spots diminishing in num- ber towards the abdomen, and changing to bars on the thighs and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts deep ochre, with blackish spots ; upper wing-coverts a little browner than the back and much mottled, with rufous margins to the greater series ; primaries black, secondaries browner, barred with black, showing more plainly on the inner web, which is ochraceous in the primaries, rufous ia the secondaries ; upper tail-coverts ochraceous white, the middle ones blackish at base and along shaft ; tail ashy brown, tipped with whity brown, crossed with eight or nine bars of darker brown, the subterminal one being the broadest. Ohs. The bars on the tail dissolve into irregular mottlings, and are never quite conterminous on each side of the shaft. At the same time as the bird's plumage begins to get black by the gradual ex- tension of the dark centres to the feathers, a new tail is assumed by a moult, the apical half of which is black, the basal half ashy brown, with numerous black mottlings (as in the preceding tail), but with the white of the adult plumage already appearing in a greater or less degree ; the base of the tail is black at first, but this gradually dis- appears with age. Adult male. Entirely black ; upper tail-coverts for the most part white, especially the external ones ; tail white at base (generally with remains of black) and at tip, with a broad black band across the lower half. Total length 22-5 inches, culmen 2-25, wing 15-3, tail 9, tarsus 4*45. Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 25 inches, wing 15*9, tail 10, tarsus 4-8. Hah. Brazil, through Amazonia and Guiana, into Central America to Costa Hica. a. Ad. St. S. America. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.] *. b. Ad. st. S. America. Zoological Society. c. Juv. St. S. America. Purchased. * Said to be from the " West Indies" {cf. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1818, p. 21). 33. URTJBiriNGA. 216 d, e. Jiiv. sk. S. America. Purchased. /. Ad. St. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.l. g. Ad. sk. Island of Mexiana. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. h. Juv. St. Caj-eune. Purchased. i. Ad. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. k. Ad. sk. Costa Rica. Mr. van Patten [C.J. I, Skeleton. Zoological Society. 2. Urubitinga anthracina. Falco anthracinus, Licht. in Mus. Berol., undh Nitzsch, Pteryl. p. 83 (1840) ; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 240. Morphnus mexicauus, Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Bruj:. xiv. pt. 2. p. 102 (1847) ; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 240. Urubitinga anthracina, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 241 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 129 ; Scl. ^ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 216 ; Felz. Orn. Bras. p. 394 (1871) ; Scl. (§• Salv. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873). Urubitinga mexicanus, Bi). Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 488. Morphnus urubitinga, Lemheye, Aves de Cuba, pi. 3. fig. 3 (1850). Hj^omorphnus anthracinus, Licht. Nomencl. p. 1 (1854). Hypomorphnus gundlachii, Cab. J.f 0. 1854, Extrah. p. Ixxx; Fimch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 654 ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1871, p. 365. Morphnus anthracinus, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 25 (1855). Asturina anthracina, Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Asturinae, p. 8 (1862). Astur unicinctus, Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 44 (1866). • Buteo anthracinus, Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 9 (1869). Young, Above chocolate-brcwn, black on the head and intersca- pular region, which are both streaked with ochraceous buff, forming an eyebrow ; the wing-coverts irregularly marked with rufous, especially on the greater series ; primaries black ; secondaries brown, like the back, all barred with blackish, more plainly on inner web, which is buff in the primaries, rufous in the secondaries ; upper tail- coverts black, washed with rufous, and barred with white or bufiy white ; tail white at base, gradually inclining to brownish towards tip, which is white, the basal half with indications of six more or less complete black bands, and the apical half with two bands, the subterminal one broader and more brown in colour ; sides of face and of neck ochraceous buff, strongly streaked with black ; the upper margin of ear-coverts and cheeks entirely black; lores buff; under surface of body ochraceous buff, streaked with black, very minutely on throat and largely on sides of breast and flanks, the latter being almost uniform brownish black ; thighs, abdomen, and under taU- coverts barred across with black, less numerously on the latter ; under wing-coverts ochraceous buff, with large heart-shaped spots of black. Ohs. The change from the young to the aiult dress being effected by a gradual spreading of the black centres to the feathers till all the ochre or buff coloration is absorbed, remains of this are seen in many adult birds, particularly on the sides of the face and under the wings. Adult male. Entirely black ; nape slightly varied with buff- coloured bases to the feathers ; upper and under taU-coverts narrowly tipped with white ; quUls black above and below ; tail black, nar- 216 FAMONIDiE. rowly tipped ■ndth white, and crossed with a broad white band in the centre of the tail, rather irregular on its upper outline. Total length 23*5 inches, culmen 1-75, wing 15, tail 9, tarsus 3'9. Hah. Cuba and Central America, southwards from S. Mexico ; doubtfully in Trinidad and Brazil. a. Ad. st. Central America. b, c. Ad. St. Mexico. d. Juv. st. Mexico. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.]. €. Ad. sk. Central America. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.]. /. Juv. st. Vera Paz, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. 3. Urubitinga schistacea. Asturina schistacea, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet. Akad. Fork, 1849, p. 132 ; ScM. Mus. P.-B. Asturinse, p. 8 (1862). Hypomoi-phnus ardesiacus, Licht. Nomencl. p. 1 (1854). Urubitinga schistacea, Scl. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 261, pi. 58 (1858) ; Feb. Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 394 (1871). Buteo schistaceus, Gray, Sand-l. B. i. p. 9 (1869). Leucopternis schistacea, Salv. Ibts,1872, p. 243; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873). Adult female. Everywhere uniform bluish slate-colour, a little darker on the head and sides of face ; tail black, narrowly tipped with white, and crossed with a distinct white band across the middle. Total length 18-5 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 11-9, tail 7'8, tarsus 3-2. Hah. Amazonia and Columbia. a. 2 ad. st. LTpper Ucayali River. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.l. h. (S ad. sk. Upper Ucayali River. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.J. 4. Urubitinga plumbea. Leucopternis plumbea, Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 240, pi. viii. ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873). Adult (type of species). Everywhere leaden grey ; wing-coverts and quills black, the latter whitish at base of inner web ; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the latter with a single bar of white some- what shaded with ashy across the middle ; tibial plumes indistinctly barred with white ; under wing-coverts white ; cere, orbits, and feet orange : bill and claws black. Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 9'8, tail 6'7, tarsus 2'5. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.) Hah. Ecuador and Panama. u. Ad. sk. Panama. Purchased. 5. Urubitinga albicollis. White-necked Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 30 (1787). Falco albicollis, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 36 (1790). 33. URTJBITINGA. 217 Falco picatus, Shau\ Ge?i. Zool vii. pt. 1. p. 167 (1809). Buteo melanotus, VieiU. Nuuv. Did. iv. p. 472 (181G) ; Pucher. Rev. et Maq. 1850, p. 84. Falco precilonotus, Temm. Tl. Col. i. pi. 9 (1824). Buteo pcecilonotus, Vigors, Zool Journ. i. p. 340 (1824) ; Gi-ay, Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849); Leot. Oi.i. TrinicJ. p. 7 (18GG). Leucoptemis albicoUis, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 210; Sp. Comp. i. p. 19 (1250) ; Feh. Verh. z.-b. fVien, 1862, p. 140; .SW. S,- Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 122 (1868) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 555 ; Pels. Orn. Bras. pp. 3, 395 (1871) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 242 ; Scl. 8,- Salv. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873). ^ ^ . Buteo albicollis, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 38; id. Gen. B.\. p. 12 (1849); StricM. Orn. Syn. p. 37 (1855); E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 180 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869). Leucoptemis pcecilonotus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. 1850, p. 481. Tachytriorchis albicollis, Bp. C. R. xli. p. 651 (1855V Astuiina albicollis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. xlsturinse, p. 9 (1862), Ad^dt. Above slaty black, the interscapulary feathers much varied ■with white bases and margins, sometimes also barred with white on the outer web ; wing-coverts like the back, but less distinctly varied with white; quUls slaty black, the secondaries a little browner, broadly tipped with white, some of the outer ones indistinctly barred with darker brown ; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail pure white, the latter with a broad subterminal band of black ; head white, streaked with black ; sides of face, neck all round, and entire under surface white. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 14, tail 9, tarsus 3-25. Hab. Amazonia, Gtiiana, Venezuela, and Trinidad. a Ad sk. S. America. Purchased. b. Ad. sk. Trinidad. Purchased. 6. Urubitinga ghiesbrechti. Buteo ghiesbrechti, Du Bus, Esq. Orn. pi. 1 (1845); Stnckl. Orn. Syn. \ 36 (1855); Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 227; Scl. 8r Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 217 ; Lawr. Afin. Lye. K. T. vii. p. 289 (1861) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 158 ; Gray, Sand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869). Leucoptemis ghiesbrechti, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 481 ; Scl. Sf Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 121 (1868) ; Salv. P. Z. S 1870, p. 215 ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 242 ; Scl. Sr Salv. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873). Tachvtriorchis ghiesbrechti, Bp. C. R. xli. p. 651 (1855). Asturina ghiesbrechtii, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Asturinse, p. 11 (1862), Adult. Snowy white above and below ; a slight shade of greyish on upper margin of ear-coverts ; tail with a broad subterminal band of black ; small wing-coverts white, like back, only a few of the outermost irregularly marked with black on their external webs ; greater coverts black, white at base and at tip ; primary coverts and primaries black, scarcely tipped at all with white ; secondaries also black, with very broad white tips, the innermost ones for the most part white, irregularly marked in the middle with black, in the form of more or less broken bars ; under wing-coverts and inner lining 218 FAlCOIflD^. of wing white, the primaries iuclining to greyish, and barred with bhick on inner web ; bill lead-colour ; feet yellow, nails black. Total length 23"5 inches, culmen 1-75, wing 14-8, tail 8"5, tarsus 3-65. Hah. From Southern Mexico to Panama. a. Ad. st, Mexico. Purchased. 7. Urubitinga palliata. Falco palliatus, Natterer, MS., undh Leucopternis palliata, Pelz. Sitz. Aknd. Wien, xHv. p. 11 (1861) ; id. Verh. z.-h. Wicn, 1802, p. 141; Scl. 8,- Salv. Ex. Oru. p. 97, pi. xlix. (1868) ; Pelz. Om. Bras. p. 3 (1871) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873). Buteo polionotus, Gray, Cat. Acci'pitr. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 17 (deser. 7mlla) ; Strickl, Orn. Syn. p. 37 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869). Leucopternis polionota, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 212 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 19 (1850). Asturina melanonota, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Asturinae, p. 10 (1862, nee Vieill.) ; id. Revue Accipitr. p. 103 (1873). Adult. Above blackish slate-colour, the feathers of the back and scapulars white at base, tipped with white, and irregularly spotted or barred with the same, most of the latter spots being concealed, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts much barred and broadly tipped with white ; head and neck aU round, as weU as the under surface, including under wing- and tail-coverts, pure white ; upper wing-coverts blackish slate-colour, with a few white spots and tips to the feathers ; quills black, externally shaded with slaty grey, the secondaries broadly tipped with white ; inner web white at base, with indistinct blackish bars ; tail black at base, white for terminal half ; " cere pale yellow ; feet pale orange-yellow, claws black ; iris not very dark brown " {Natterer). Total length 21 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 15-5, tail 9, tarsus 3-8. Hah. Southern Brazil. a. Ad. st. South America. Purchased. b. Ad. st. South America. Sir A. Smith. Types of B. jjolimiotus. 8. Urubitinga lacemulata. Falco lacernulatus, Tenun. PL Col. i. pi. 437 (1827). Buteo laceruulatus, Cuv. P. A. i. p. 337 ( 1829) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 34 (1855). Falco skotopterus, Max. Beitr. iii. pt. 1. p. 204 (1830). Leucopternis scotoptera, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 21 1; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 141, et Orn. Bras. pp. 3, 395 (1871); Salv. Ibis, 1872, p. 242; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873). Buteo scotopterus, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 38 ; Burm. Til. Bras. ii. p. 51 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 8 (1869), Leucopternis lacermilata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 19 (1850). Asturina scotoptera, Schl. 3It(s. P.-B. Asturinse, p. 11 (1862). 33. URUBITINGA. 219 Adult. Head and neck all round pure white, the latter with a delicate shade of greyish ; rest of upper surface dark slate-colour, with a few more or less concealed spots and bars of white on the inner web of the feathers, more distinct on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the latter strongly barred across with white, and mottled with the same on the outer web ; primaries blackish, the primary coverts and secondaries dark slaty, with almost imper- ceptible white tips ; tail slaty black at base, white for apical half, with a distinct subterminal black band ; the under surface of tail white, the black basal part indicated by greyish bars on inner web, but the subterminal band very distinct ; entire under surface of body, including under wing- and tail-coverts, pure white ; inner web of quills white at base, the secondaries with greyish bars. Total length 20 inches, culraen 1-6, wing 12-4, tail 7-6, tarsus 3-2. Young. Differs from the adult in having the feathers of the head and neck mesially streaked with slaty black, the wing-coverts tipped with white, and the white spots on the inner webs of dorsal feathers more conspicuous. Hab. Southern Brazil. a, b. Ad. sk. Bahia. Dr. Wucherer [C], e. Ad. St. S. America. Purchased. d. Ad. st. Bogota. Purehased. 9. UruMtinga kaupi. Leucoptemis kaupi, £p. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 481, Leucopternis kuhlii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 19 (1850, lapsti). Buteo kaupi, Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 37 (1855). Leucoptemis superciliaris, Peh. Sitz. Akad. Wien, xliv. p. 10 (1861) ; id. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 140; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1807, p. 589; iid. Ex. Orn. p. 75, pi. xxxviii. (1867), et p. 122 (1868) ; Pelz. Orn. £ras. pp. 3, 395 (1871); Salv. Ibis, 1872, p. 242; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873). Asturina superciliaris, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Asturinse, p. 12 (1862), Buteo kuhlii, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869). Adult. Above slaty black ; over the eye a broad white stripe ; nape and hind neck streaked with white, with which the feathers are narrowly margined ; lores and feathers round the eye, above the ear-coverts, black ; feathers of interscapulary region with concealed white bases ; quills dark brown, crossed with blackish bars, more distinct on inner web, which is ashy grey underneath, iuclining to white near the base ; tail black, tipped with ashy brown, with a band of white across the middle, the outer feather varied with white at the base of inner web ; sides of face and of neck white, narrowly streaked with black ; under surface white, with a few narrow streaks of black on the sides of chest ; under wing-coverts white. Total length 15-5 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 8'7, tail 6'2, tarsus 2-4. Hab. Brazil, in the vicinity of Para. n, b. Ad. St. S. America. Purchased. 220 FALCONID-E. 10. Urubitinga melanops. Streamed Falcon, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Suppl. i. p. 34 (1787). Falco melauops, Lath, Ind. Oni. i. p. 37 (1790); Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. lOo (1824). Dajdaliou melauops, Vigors., Zool. Jotirn. i. p. 338 (1824), Astur melanops, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 94 (1828). Leucoptemis melanops, Kaitp, Isis, 1847, p. 210 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 19 (1850) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 140 ; Scl. ^- Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 122 (1868) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 3, 39-5 (1871) ; Salv. Ibis, 1872, p. 242 ; Scl. 4- Salv. A^otnencl. p. 119 (1873). Buteo melanops, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849); Strickl. Orn. Syti. p. 36 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869). Asturina melanops, ScU. Mus. P.-B. Asturinae, p. 10 (1862). Adult. Entire head and neck white, with narrow black shaft- lines ; lores, feathers round the eye above the ear-coverts black ; rest of the upper surface black, oceUated with white spots to the feathers, less distinct on the -wing- coverts, which are somewhat tipped with white ; tail black, tipped with whity brown, and broadly banded with white at about a third of its length from tip. Total length 16-8 inches, ciUmen 1-4, wing 9-1, tail 6-5, tarsus 2-65. Hah. Amazonia and Guiana. a. Ad. St. S. America. Pm'chased. b. Ad. st. Brazil. Purchased, 11, Urubitinga semiplTunbea. Leucoptemis semiplumbea, Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 288 (1861) ; Scl. :^- Salv. Ex. Orn. pi. Ixi. (1868) ; Salv. Ibis, 1872, p. 243 ; Scl. Sr Salv. Xojnend. p. 119 (1873). Buteo semiplumbeus. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 9 (1869), Adult female. Above dark slaty grey, the wing-coverts rather blacker ; qiulls black, the secondaries more slaty below, white at base, ashy grey towards tip, the inner web more or less distinctly barred with greyish black ; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the latter with a single band of white across the middle ; sides of face and of neck ashy grey, like the head ; entire under surface of body, including under wing- and tail-coverts, pure white, with a few black shaft-stripes on sides of throat and breast ; cere and orbits orange-yellow ; bill black ; feet orange, claws black. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 8*2, tail 7*8, tarsus 2-4, {Mus. Salvin and Godman.') Hah. Panama and Costa Rica, 12. Urubitinga princeps. Leucoptemis princeps, Scl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 429, pi. xxiv. ; Set. 8f Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 122 (1868); Salv. Ibis, 1872, p. 243; Scl. ^ Salv. Nome7icl. p. 119 (1873). Buteo princeps, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 9 (1869). Adult female (type of species). Above slaty black, with a marginal shade of ashy grey to the feathers, those of the nape white at base, the 34. HARPYHAMAETITS. 221 inner secondaries varied with white spots on the inner web ; entire sides of face, throat, and fore neck slaty black like the back ; rest of under surface of body white, plentifully barred across with black, a little more narrowly on the thighs and under wing-coverts ; quills slaty black, the secondaries indistinctly banded with grey, the lower surface of quills paler grey, the inner web barred or mottled with white near the base ; tail greenish black, with a single band of white across the middle ; cere and orbits yellow ; bill likewise pale yellow, black near base, and lead-coloured towards the tip ; feet yellow, claws black. Total length 23 inches, culmen 2-1, wing 15-2, tail 9, tarsus 3-8. {Mus.JSaJvin and Goclman.) AduU male. A little smaller than the female. Total length 22 inches, culmen 2, wing 14-9, tail 8-5, tarsus 3-7. {Mus. Sahin and Godman.) Hah. Costa Rica. 34. HARPYHALIAETUS* ^ Type. Harpyhaliaetus, Lafr. Mcv. Zool. 1842, p. 173 . . H. coronatus. Urubitomis, Verr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 145 H. coronatus, var. [?] 5=H. solitarius. Bill of Harpyhaliaetus coronatus (reduced). Range. South America, from ChUi and X. Patagonia as far north as Veragua in Central America. 1. Harpyhaliaetus coronatus. Aquila coronada, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 56 (1802) ; Hartl. hid. Azara, p. 1 (1847). Hai-pvia coronata, Vieill. N. Diet. xiv. p. 237 (1817). Falco" coronatus, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 234 (1823). Circaetus coronatus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 328 (1829) ; Less. Trait6, p. 48 (1831) ; Gray, Gen. B. p. 16 (1845) ; D'Orb. Vat/. Am. Merid., Ois. p. 75 (1847) ; Grat/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 14 (1809) ; Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 4, 397 (1871). * In uniting Urubitomis to Harpyhaliaetus, I must state my inability to find any generic distinction between them. At present I beliere that there is only one species, but admit the possibility of two distinct kinds being differentiated, the grey bird {H. coronatus) having a more southern distribution than the black one {H. solitarius). 222 FALCONIDiE. Ilarpvhaliaetus coronatus, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 173; Scl 8f Salv. Nmnencl. p. 119 (1873). Circaetus solitarius, Cab. ^- Tsch. Arch.f. Natiirg. 1844, p. 264 ; Tsch. Faun. Peruan., Vikj. p. 94, Taf. 2 (1844). Astiirina azaroe, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 209. Thrasaetus coronata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 29 (1850). Urubitoniis solitaria, Verr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 14; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 214 ; Scl. cS- Salv. Nomcncl. p. 119 (1873). Astui-ina coronata, Schl. Mus. P.-B, Asturinaj, p. 12 (1862). Adult. Above ashy brown, with a chocolate gloss, and having a distinct shade of greyish on the least wing-coverts and interscapulary feathers ; a long occipital crest, the feathers of which are darker than the crown ; a broad streak behind the eye huffy white, with narrow dark centres to the feathers ; sides of face and of neck whitish, with ashy brown centres to the feathers ; the upper margin of the ear- coverts entirely ashy brown ; under surface of body clear ashy brown, with whity brown margins to the thigh-feathers and under tail-coverts, broader on the latter ; thighs blackish, deepening in colour towards the tarsal joint ; under wing-coverts clear ashy, much varied with white streaks and margins to the feathers ; quiUs blackish, the primaries externally shaded with grey near the base, the secondaries ashy grey, mottled with black and narrowly tipped with whitish, before which is a broad subterminal band of black, the inner secondaries like the back ; rump and upper tail-coverts deep ashy brown, the latter broadly tipped with white ; tail black, narrowly tipped with white, and crossed with a broad median band of white, with remains of a second band nearer the base of the outer feathers ; beak bluish horn-colour, clear yellow at base ; feet deep yeUow ; iris reddish brown. Total length 33 inches, culmen 3, wing 22-2, tail 13-5, tarsus 5-1. Hab. The same as that of the genus. a. Ad. St. S. America. Purchased. b. Jiiv. st. S. America. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. c. Var. st. Chili. Purchased. 35. MORPHNUS. Type. Morphnus, Cuv, Seffne An. i. p. 318 (1817) M. giiianensis. Range. Amazonia and Guiana, ranging into Panama. 1. Morphnus guianensis. Petit Aigle de la Guiane, 3Iaud. Enc. Meth. p. 1257 (1784). Falco giiianensis, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 78 (1800, ex Maudtiyt). Falco sonnini, Shaio, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 67 (1809). Falco delicatus, Shaw, torn. cit. p. 68 (1809). Morphnus guianensis, Cuv. Rbgne An. i. p. 318 (1817) ; Gray, Gen, B. i. p. 15 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 30 (1850); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 24 (1855) ; Btinn. Th. Bras. ii. p. 6(5 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 16 (1869) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 4, 397 (1871) ; Scl. S,- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 120 (1873). - Spizaetus variegatus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1257 (1823). Morphnus sonnini, Steph. Gen. Zool. .xiii. p. 18 (1825). 36. THEASAETTJS. 223 Morphnus cristatus, Less. Traits, p. 51, t. 11. fig. 2 (1831). Ilarpyia fiuianensis, Szvains. Classif. B. ii. p. 208 (1837). Tbrasaetus guianensis, Kaup^ Mus. Senckenh. iii. p. 260 (1845). Astur guianensis, Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Astures, p. 25 (1862). Adult female. Above black, somewhat shaded with brown on the margins of the feathers, the upper tail-coverts tipped with white, the outermost also barred, especially near the base, which is entirely white ; upper wing-coverts black, with ashy white margins, pro- ducing a barred appearance, the greater series ashy brown, barred with black and mottled with darker brown on the interspaces ; quills black, somewhat mottled with ashy brown, externally and narrowly tipped with whity brown, the secondaries more distinctly ; tail black, tipped with whity brown and crossed with three bands of ashy brown, mottled with darker brown, the base of the tail somewhat varied with whitish ; head and neck greyish brown, with more or less distinct hoary margins to the feathers, plainer on the ear-coverts ; head with a long crest, the feathers of which are brown, more or less white at base, with a distinct subterminal spot of black ; chest ashy brown, clearer than the head, and having faint hoary margins to the feathers ; rest of under surface of body white, with pale rufous cross bars, darker and browner on the thighs, and gradually disappearing on the under tail-coverts ; under vsdng- coverts white ; inner lining of quills ashy white, mottled with brown and crossed with broad blackish bands. Total length 3G inches, culmen 2-4, wing 19-3, tail 17, tarsus 4-6. Hab. The same as that of the genus. a. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk [C.]. h. 2 ad. St. Peruvian Andes. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.J. c. Ad. sk. Upper Amazon. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. d. Skeleton. Purchased. 86. THRASAETUS. Type. Hai-pyia, Vieill. Analyse, p. 24 (1816) > T. harpyia. Thrasaetus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 108 T. harpyia. Nothrophrontes, Gloger, Handh. Naturq. p. 219 (1842) T. harpyia. Bill of Thrasaetus harpyia (reduced). 224 FALCONIDiE, Range, South America from Bolivia and Paraguay, northwards through the whole of Amazonia and Columbia to Mexico. ■^o"- 1. Thrasaetus harpyia. L'Aigle hupe du Bresil, Briss. Orn. i. p. 446 (1760). Vultur hai-pyia, Linn. S. K. i. p. 121 (1766). Caracca Falcon, Lath. Gen. Si/n. i. p. 81 (1781). Crested Falcon, Dillon, Trav. Spain, p. 80, pi. 3 (1782). Vultur corouatus, Jacquin, Beitr. p. 15 (1784). Grand Aigle de la Guiana, Maud. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1250 (1784). Falco jacquini, Gm. S. N. i. p. 251 (178S). Falco harpyia, Gm. S. X. i. p. 251 (1788). Falco cristatus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 260 (1788). Falco destructor, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 60 (1800) ; Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 14(1824). Gypaetus harpyia, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 27 (1800). Gypaetus coronatus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 28 (1800). L'Ouira ouassou, Sonn. ed. Buff. H. N. xxxviii. p. 47, pi. 7. fig. 1 (1806). Falco imperialis, Shaic, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 52, pi. 15 (1809). Falco regalis, Shatv, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 56 (1h09). Falco caracca, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 64 (1809). Falco calquin, Molin. St. Chili, p. 220 (1810). Harpyia destructor, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. .317 (1817) ; D'Orb. Voi/. Am. Merid., Ois. p. 81 (1847) ; Barm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 59 (1850). Harpyia maxima, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1249 (1823). Harpyia imperialis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 17 (1826). Harpyia ferox, Less. Traite, p. 50 (1831). Thrasaetus harpyia. Gray, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 108 ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 15 (1845) ; 'Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 29 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Spi. p. 26 (1855) ; Gra)/, Hand-l. i. p. 16 (1869) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Aeo