/5^^,

^^n^.

CATALOGUE

/

BIRDS

BRITISH MUSEUM.

VOLUME II.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1875.

CATALOCiUE

S T R I G E S,

NOCTURNAL BIRDS OF PREY,

/V' ^ ja ^ '■*A COLLECTION

BRITISH MUSEUM.

R. BOWDLER SHARPE.

*. LONDOX:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1875.

PKINTEB BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LIOX COURT, FLEET STREET.

PREFACE.

TffE Second Volume of the ' Catalogue of Birds in the British
Museum ' has been prepared by Mr. U. B. Sharpe, one of the
Senior Assistants in the Zoological Department ; it contains an
account of all the species of Nocturnal Birds of Prey known at
present, with a complete list of references to the literature. Every
effort has been made to render the Collection in the British Museum
as complete as possible, and to enable the author to overcome the
unusual difficulties that present themselves in this family of Birds
as regards the discrimination of the species, as well as theii"
description.

ALBERT GtJNTHER,

Keeper of the Department of Zoolorpj.

British Museum,
Dec. 1875.

INTRODUCTION.

The total number of the species of Owls is now about 190. The
British Museum contains 153, so that 37 are still wanting to
complete the collection ; the specific distinction of perhaps 10 of
these is dubious.

The exact number of specimens of Striges enumerated in this
volume is 1090. Besides the scries acquired by the pmxhase of
Mr. A. R. Wallace's collection, which contained many species before
um-epresented, in addition to numerous types, no great collections of
Owls have been obtained by the British Museum, as there is always
great difficulty in procuring specimens of these birds. The list of
desiderata, however, has been considerably decreased by purchases,
as well as presents from the following gentlemen : — Viscount Walden,
Lord Lilford, Baron A. von Hiigel, Major Hayes Lloyd, Captain
G. E. Shelley, Professor Schlegel, Messrs. John Gould, TV. Wilson
Saunders, Osbert Salvin, Howard Saunders, Dr. B. Hinde, Messrs.
T. E. Buckley, H. F. Blissett, and A. Bouvier.

The special thanks of the author for valuable assistance and loan
of specimens are due to Viscount Walden, Captain Shelley, Dr. Otto
Finsch, Messrs. Sah-in and Godman, Howard Saunders, E. Swinhoe,
Herr C. GodefFroy, of Hamburgh, Count Salvadori, of Turin ; but,
above all, to Mr. AUan Hume, who was so kind as to send to
England a complete series of the smaller Indian Owls, including the
types of many species not yet represented in European museums.
The authorities of the Norwich Museum have also forwarded to
London all the specimens which it was necessary to examine,
including some of the rarest species.

l-NXKODVCriON.

As in the former volume, the affixes to the names of the persons
from whom the specimens were obtained may be explained as fol-
lows :— " [P.] '• means " Presented by ; " " [C.J '" = " CoUected by ; "
" [E.j "=" Obtained by exchange." Where none of the above signs
arc used, the specimens were purchased.

R. B. HHARPE.

British Museum,
Nov. 22, 187.">.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Suborder STRIGES.
Fam. BuBONiD^E.
Subfam. Bubonin^.

Page

1. Ketupa, Less 4

1. ceylouensis, Gm 4

2. flavipes, Hodgs 5

3. javanensis, Less 8

2. Scotopelia, Bp 9

1. peli, Bp 10

2. ussheri, Sharpe 11

3. bouvieri, Sharpe 11

3. Bubo, C«yiW- 12

1. ignaTus, Forst 14

a. ignavus, Forst 14

8. turcomanus, Eversm . . 17

2. virginianus, G»i 19

3. ascalapbus, Saviffn 24

4. beugalensis, FranM. .... 25

5. capensis, Smith 27

6. magellanicus, Gm 29

7. maculosus, V. 30

8. cinerascens, Gu4r 32

9. lacteus, Temm 33

10. coromandus, Steph 35

11. shelleyi, Sharpe %■ Ussker 37

12. nipalensis, Hodgs 37

13. pectoralis, Jerd 38

14. orientalis, Horsf. 39

15. leucostictus, Hartl. .... 41

16. poensis, Frwer 42

17. pbilippinensis, Xattp . . 43

4. Scops, Savign 43

1, giu, Scop 47

a. giu, Scop 47

/3. capensis, Smith .... 52

y. hendersoni, Cass 52

5. pennatus, Hodgs 53

(. stictonotus, Sharpe . . 54

C. japonicus, T. ^- S. . . 56

T]. malavauus, Hag .... 58

6. rufipennis, Sharpe . . 60
4. brucii, Hume 62

VOL. II.

Page

2. leucopsis, JTrtr^/. 311

3. spilocepbalus, Blgth .... 63
a. spilocepbalus, Blgth. . 63
j3. bambroecki, Swinh. . . 64

4. gymnopodus, Kaup .... 65

5. sunia, Hodgs 67

6. novfe zealandim, Bp. . . 43

7. megalotis, Waklen 69

8. magicus, S. Midi. 70

a. magicus, S. MiiH. .... 70

^. leucospilus, Grag .... 72

y. bouruensis, Sharpe . . 73

8. morotensis, Sharpe . . 75

(. luenadensis, Q. ^ G. . 76

C siaoensis, Schl. 78

T). albiveutris, Sharpe . . 78

6. rutilus, Piicher 80

9. sylvicola, Wall. 82

10. s"emitorques, T. ,^- S. .. 83
a. semitorques, T. ^-S.. . 83
13. plumipes, Hume 85

11. lettia, Hodgs 8,5

a. lettia, Hodgs 85

^. elegans, Cass 87

y. erythrocampa, Swinh. 89

12. lempiji, Horsf. 91

a. lempiji, Horsf. 91

^. umbratilis, S'lcinh. . . 93

y. malabaricus, Jeid. . . 94

13. leucotis, Temm 97

14. sagittatus, Cass 98

15. baUi, Hiane IQO

16. modestus, TFalden 101

17. podargimis, H. S,- F.. . . . .313

18. rufesceus, Horsf. 102

19. icterorbynchus, Shelleg. . 103

20. flammeolus, Kaup .... 105

21. barbarus, Scl. Sf Salr. . . 107

22. brasilianus, Gm 108

at. brasilianus, Gm 108

/3. ustus, Scl. Ill

y. guatemalfe, Sharpe . . 112

23. asio, L 114

b

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Pnge

n. asio, L 114

fi. kennicotti, EUht 117

y. floridanus, Ridijiv. . . 118

S. euano, liidflir 118

e. trichopsis, K'affl 119

24. cristatiis, Baud 122

25. strickLindi, Scl. c^- Sah. . 124

6. Nyctea, Stcph 125

1. scandiaca, Z 125

G. Suriiia, Dnmer 129

1. ulula, L 129

a. ulula, L 129

/3. fuuerea, L 131

7. Carine 132

1. noctua, Scop 133

a. noctua, Scop 133

fi. glaux, Savif/n 135

y. plumipes, Swinh 137

2. spilogastra, Heugl. .... 138

3. brama, Temm 138

a. brama, Temm 138

/3. pulchra, Hume 140

8. Heteroglaux, Hume 141

1. blewitti, Hume 141

9. Speotyto, Gloger 142

1. cimicularia, Mol. 142

2. guadeloupensis, Ridgiv. 147

10. Gyniuasio, Bp 149

1. nudipes, Daiid. 149

2. lawrencii, Scl. Sf Salv. . . 150

11. Ninox, Hodgs 151

1. lugubris, Tick 154

2. affinis, Bemian 155

3. scutulata, Raffl. 156

4. ochracea, Schl. 167

5. philippeusis, Bp 167

6. boobook, Lath 168

a. boobook, Lath 168

^. ocellata, H. 8f J. 170

7. fusca, r...... 172

8. novfe zealandife, Gm. . . 173

9. maculata, V.SrH. 174

10. dimorpha, Salvad. .... 175

11. connivens, Lath 175

12. rufistrigata. Gray 177

13. obscura, Hume 177

14. theomaclia, Bp 178

15. strenua, Gould 178

16. humeralis, H.SfJ. .... 180

17. aruensis, Schl 181

18. franseni, Schl. 181

19. superciliaris, V. 181

20. punctulata, Q. Sf G 182

21. nypogramma. Gray .... 183

22. squamipila, Bp 184

23. variegata, Q.Sf G 185

Page

24. bantu. Wall 185

25. tfeniata, H. Hf J. 186

12. Sceloglaux, Kaup 187

1. albifacies. Gray 187

13. Glaucidium, Boie 188

1. uanum, King 190

2. passeriuum, L 191

3. siju, UOrb 193

4. gnoma, Wagler 194

5. griseicpp.s, Sharpe 196

6. pumiluni, Temm 198

7. cobanen.se, Sharpe 199

8. ferox, V. 200

a. ferox, V. 200

/3. phalfenoide.s, Daud. . . 203

y. ridgwayi, Sharpe .... 205

9. jardinii, Bp 207

10. perlatum, V. 209

11. tepbronotum, Sharpe . . 211

12. brodiei, Burt 212

13. pardalotum, Stcinh 214

14. sylvaticum, MUll. 215

15. castanouotuni, Blyth . . 216

16. castauopterum, Horsf. . . 216

17. radiatum, Tick 217

«. radiatum. Tick 217

/3. malabaricum, Blyth . . 218

18. cuculoides, Gould 219

19. wbitelyi, Blyth 222

20. capense, Smith 223

14. Micratbene, Cottes 224

1. "wbitnejd, Coues 224

Subfam. SYBNnN^.

15. Asio, Briss 225

1. otu,s, L 227

a. otus, L 227

^. americanus, Steph. . . 229

2. mexicanus, Gm. 231

3. midas, Licht 231

4. madagascariensis. Smith 232

5. accipitriniis. Pall 234

6. capensi.s. Smith 239

7. stygiusj Wagl 241

8. grammicus, Kaup 242

9. niacruru.'?, Kaup 242

16. Syrnium, Savign 244

1. aluco, L. ." 247

2. nivicolum, Blyth 250

3. davidi, Sharpe 251

4. cinereum, Gm 252

5. lapponicum, Retz 254

6. uraleuse, Pall. 255

a. uralense, Pall. 255

(3. fuscescens, T. ^- S. .. 256

7. nebulosum, Forst 257

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

XI

Page

8. sartorii, Ridt/w '25S

9. fiilvescens, Scl. ^- S{ilv. . . 2-'>8
10. occidentale, Xuidhus . . 200
] 1. ruHpes, Kin;/ 201

1 2. sinense, Lath 261

13. ocellatum, Less 263

14. leptofirammicum, Temm. 264

15. m.vrtha, Bp 264

16. uucbale, Sharpe 26o

17. woodfoi'di, iSniiih 267

is. livlopliilum, Ternin 269

10. albigulare, Cass 270

20. superciliare, Peh 271

21. suinda, V 272

22. viifj;atiim, Cass 273

2:3. huhuhim, Daud 275

24. nigToliueatum, Sclater . . 276
a. uigrolineatuin, Scl. . . 276
(3. spilonotum, Sharpe . . 277

25. perspicillatum, Lath. . . 277

Pagi?

26. melaiionotuin, Tschitdi. . 280

27. newarense, Hudys 281

28. indrauee, Si/Ices 282

29. lian-isi, Cass 283

17. Nyctala, Brchm 284

1. tenguialmi, Om 284

2. acadica, Gm 287

Fam. Strighd.?5,

18. Strix, L 200

1. flainmea, L 291

2. novae liollandiie, <S'<e/j/4.. . 303
a. uovaj hollandias, Steph. 303
/3. castanops, Gould .... 304

3. teuebricosa, Guuld .... 306

4. capensis, Smith 307

5. Candida, Tick 308

19. Phodilus, Geoffr 309

1. badius, Horsf. 309

h*

BIRDS.

Suborder STRIGES.

Outer toe reversible; eyes directed forwards and encircled
by a facial disk ; nostrils generally hidden by stiff bristles ;
plumage soft and fluffy ; tibia more than double the length
of tarsus.

Cf. Ridgway, B. N. Am. iii. pp. 5, 6 ; Sundev. Av. Meth. Teut.
p. 103.

Synopsis of Families.

a. Hinder margin of sternum with two or more

distinct fissures or clefts ; furcula free, not
attached to keel of sternum ; inner margin
of claw on middle toe not serrated ; middle
toe always longer than the inner one .... Buhonidae, p. 1.

b. Hinder margin of sternum entire, with an

emargination but no distinct cleft ; furcula
joined to keel of sternum ; inner margin of
claw on middle toe serrated ; inner and
middle toes about equal in length Strigidae, p. 289.

Family BUBONID^.

Hinder margin of sternum always deeply cleft, two or more
notches being present ; furcula free ; inner margin of middle claw
not serrated ; middle toe always longer than the inner one.

2 BTJBONID.E.

a. Eav-conch not larger than the eye,

without an operculum ; facial disk

unequal, the portion below the eye

being always much greater than the

area above'the latter Svhfam. BUBONINJE, p. 2.

h. Ear-conch much larger than the eye,

with very large operculum shutting

in the ear: facial disk always di-
stinct, and extending as far above

the eye as it does below it Sub/am. SYRNIIN^, p. 225,

Sternum ot JBubo maximus, to show hinder margin and furcula.

Subfam. I. BUBONIN^.

Key to the Genera.

a. Soles of feet with tiny spicules, as in the
Ospreys ; tarsi generally naked.

n'. With large ear- tufts 1. Ivetupa, p. 4.

h'. With no ear-tufts 2. Scotopelia, p. 9.

h. Soles of feet ordinaiy, without any strongly
developed spicules.
d. Cere not inflated ; nostrils oval, and si-
tuated in the anterior mai-gin of the cere.
a". With distinct ear-tufts.

«'". AVings short, falling short of the
taU by more than the length of the
middle toe ; toes sometimes bare
or scantily feathered; tarsi never

naked .3. Bubo, p. i2.

b'". Wings very long, reaching nearly
or quite to the tip of the tail, or
falling short by less than the length
of the middle toe ; toes generally
feathered ; tarsi sometimes entkely

naked 4. Scops, p. 43.

h". Ear-tufts rudimentary or absent.

BUBONINJi.

c'". Under tail-coverts produced nearly
to the end of the tail ; the latter
short, only about half the length

of the wiug 5. Xyctka, p. 12o.

« . rail long and graduated, approach-
ing the wing in length, the ditfer-
ence between them scarcely greater

than the length of tarsus (3. Surxia, p. 129.

d'. Cere swollen and inflated, generally pea-
8ha_ped, the nostril pierced therein.
c". ^Vith lengthened first primary, the
distance between its tip and that of
the third primary not so great as the
len^rtli of tarsus,
e'". Fifth primary esealioped on outer
web like the fourth ; toes at base
always thickly enveloped in the
tarsal feathers ; hind part of tarsus
always hidden by plumes.
«'. Xostril pierced "near the anterior

margin of the cere 7. Carlve, p. 132.

b\ y, ostril situated in the centre of

„„ „./!»« <=<^.^e 8. Hetekoglaux, p. 141.

/ . -bifth primary not esealioped, the
fourth scarcely so; junction of
toes as well as hinder part of

,. ^^,. *^'^'®^^ always bare 9. Speotyto, p. 142

d . VVith shortened first primary, the
distance between its tip and that of
the third primary equal to or greater
than length of tarsus.
//'". Wing long and pointed, the dis-
tance between it and the tip of the
tail equal to or less than tarsus.
c^. Bare part of tarsus longer than

middle toe and claw IQ. Gymnasio, p. 149

t/\ JBare part of tarsus not so long as
middle toe and claw.
a'. Tarsus not twice length of

middle toe 11. Xixox, p. 151.

6\ Tarsus twice length of middle

/ '" ^v *°^T,' ■ : ■ ■ "j ;•;••, ^^- Sceloglal-x, p. la?.

h . W ing short and rounded, the dis-

tance between it and the tip of

the tail much greater than tarsus.

<■'. Tarsus about equal to middle toe,

densely feathered; tail much

more than half the wino-,

rounded . ". 13. GLAUciDirM, p. 188.

f\ Tarsus a little longer than middle
toe, scantily haired; tail less
than half the wing, even 14. Micrathexe*,p.224.

* The comparative characters of this la.st genus are drawn from Mr Rir
way s work, as I have never seen Micrathme.

•>

15UB0NID.E.

1. KETUPA. „

Type.

Ketupa, Less. TraiU cPOni. p. 114 (1831) K. javanensis.

Cultrunguis, Ilodt/s. J. A. S. B. v. p. 364 (183G) .... K. fiavipes.
Smilonyx, Stmd. Av. Meth, Tent. p. 105 K. javanensis.

Ram/e. Palestine ; Indian peninsula and Himalayas ; Indo-Ma-
layau subregion ; China.

Key tc the Species.

a. Feet dark ; under surface fulvous fawn-colour, nie-
sially streaked with broad black centres to the
feathers, all of which have dull rufesceut cross
bars, giving a vermiculated appearance to the

parts ceyhnmsis, p. 4.

h. Feet yellowish (in skin); under surface bright
tawny, sti-eaked with black, with no cross Tenni-
culations.
a'. Much larger : wing over 18'5 inches ; bands on

tail (counting the apical one) 6 Jlni^ipes, p. 6.

h\ Much smaller : wing not exceeding 13-5 inches ;

tail with only 4 or 5 bands javanensis, p. 8.

1. Ketupa ceylonensis.

Great Ceylonese Owl, Broini, Illustr. Zool. pi. 4.

Ceylonese Eared Owl, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 120.

Strix ceylonensis, Gm. S. X. i. p. 287.

Strix leschenaidti, Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 20.

Scops leschenaidti, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 571 ; Less. Man.

d'Orn. i. p. 118.
Scops ceylonensis, Ste])h. I. c. p. 54.
Ketupa leschenaulti. Less. Traite, p. 114.
Strix hardwickii, J. E. Gray, III. Ltd. Zool. ii. pi. 31.
Strix dumeticola. Tick. J. A. S. B. ii. p. 571.
Cultrunguis nigripes, Hodys. J. A. S. B. v. p. 364.
Culti-iinguis leschenaulti, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 90.
Ketupa ceylonensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 38 ; Cass. Cat. Strigidce

Philad. 'Mm. p. 9 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. A. S. B. p. 37 ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 44 ; Sorsf. 4- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 77 ;

Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 196 ; Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 133 ; Blyth, Ibis,

186.3, p. 28 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1865, p. 261 ; Blyth, Ibis, 186(3, p. 255 ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 45 ; Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 379 ; Swinh.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 343; Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 417; Hmiie,

Kests and Eqi/s Lid. B. i. p. 64 ; id. Str. F. i. p. 431, ii. p. 469 ;

Ball, t. c. p. 382.
Bubo ceylonensis, Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 241 ; id. Contr. Orn. 1852,

p. 116"; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 19; id. Revue Acdpitr. p. 7.

Adult. Above fawn-brown, the feathers broadly streaked with
black down their centres, and largely mottled on both webs with
fulvous, sometimes taking the form of spots ; feathers of hind neck
with faint vermiculated bars of brown ; lower back and rump more
uniform than rest of upper surface, with narrow black shaft-streaks,
and faintly spotted on either web with light fulvous ; out«r sea-

1. KETUPA. 5

pulars mottled with paler fulvous than rest of back, contrasting
somewhat with the latter ; least wing-coverts coloured like back, the
greater ones with broad creamy buff margins externally, the outer-
most of the latter series and the primary coverts dark brown, with
distinct fawn-coloured spots ; quilLs dark brown, the primaries tipped
and distinctly spotted on the outer web with creamy buff, the cor-
responding bars on the inner webs being dull fawn-brown, the outer
secondaries brown Hke the primaries, but the spots and bars less
distinct and more mottled with brown, the innermost secondaries
coloured like the back ; tail dark brown, tipped and crossed with
four bars of light fulvous fawu ; loral plumes whitish ; cheeks and
ear-coverts dull rufous, with narrow black shaft-lines ; auricular
tufts coloured like head ; chin and throat white, streaked with dark
brown, the lower throat purer white, and forming a gular patch ;
rest of under surface of body fidvous fawn-colour, deeper and more
rufescent on the chest, all the feathers with broad longitudinal
streaks of black down their centres, and crossed with more or less
distinct barrings of light fulvous, both the bars and mesial streaks
being less distinct on the under taU-coverts ; thighs uniform light
fawn with obsolete rufous bars ; under wing-coverts light fawn,
barred and streaked like the breast, the greater series whitish, with
narrow black shaft-lines, the outermost coverts largely spotted with
black, and tipped and mottled with fulvous ; greater series blackish
brown at tip, yellowish white at base, like the inner lining of the
wing, which is barred with these colours ; cere greenish grey ; bill
dingy greenish, point of upper mandible blackish horny, of the lower
mandible yellowish ; feet dingy greenish grey, light greenish, or
plumbeous ; iris bright yellow. Total length 24-5 inches, culmen
2-5, wing 16, tail 8, tarsus 2-65.

Adult male. For full dimensions of the two sexes of this species
see Hume's ' Rough Notes,' ii. p. 379, where every comparative
measurement is given. The wing of the male is there said to mea-
sure from 16'5 to 18 inches.

Hab. India generally and Ceylon, extending eastwards into
Assam, Arakan, and Tenasserim. Found also near Hong-Kong in
China.

Rev. H. H. Baber [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.j.
Purchased.

2. Ketupa flavipes.

Cultrunguis flavipes, Hodys. J. A. S. B. v. p. .364.

Ketupa flavipes, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. -38 ; Cass. Cat. Str{yid<e Philad.

Mus. p. 10; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 37; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 45 ; Horsf. l<f Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 76 ; Strickl.

Orn. Syn. p. 106; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 135; Gray, Hand-l B. i.

p. 45 ; Hume, Rouyh Xotes, i. p. 355.

a. Ad. sk.

Madras,

b, c. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

d. Ad. St.

Nepal.

e. Ad. sk.

Behar.

/. Ad. St.

India.

g. Ad. St.

Hong-Kong.

6 BTJBONIP.^.

Bubo lietupa, Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 242, et Confr. Orn. 1852, p. 117 ;

Schl. Mus. r.-B. Oti, p. 18.
Ivetupa magnitica, Switth. Ibis, 1873, p. 127.

Adult female (type of species). Above tawny, broadly streaked
■with black down the centre of the feathers, the tawny colour being
restricted to spots or broad lateral margins ; scapulars more fulvous
than the back, with less black in the centres of the plumes, the
entire outer web tawny fulvous, contrasting with the dorsal plumes ;
wing-coverts rather blacker than the back, the tawny colour re-
stricted to the external web ar.d spots and bars on the inner, all the
feathers broadly tipped vrith tawny ; quills brown, chequered with
tawny spots on the outer web, represented by bars on the inner,
the tawny bars paler on the secondaries, but more completely tra-
versing the feathers, which are likewise tipped with tawny buff;
innermost secondaries pale brown in centre, the brown cross bars not
complete, and often replaced with pale tawny brown, scarcely darker
than the fulvous interspace, thus producing a mottled appearance;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts deep tawny, the centres
of the feathers black, forming irregular bars towards the tips of the
tail-coverts ; tail blackish brown, tipped with fulvous and crossed
with bands of pale tawny rufous ; head and neck, including the
auricular tufts, deep tawny, the feathers black down the centres ;
loral plumes whitish with white shafts, and tipped with blackish ;
ear-coverts tawny rufous, slightly varied with fulvescent centres to
the feathers ; throat fulvescent ; fore neck conspicuously white, with
narrow black central streaks to the feathers in the shape of a re-
versed spear-head ; remainder of under surface of body golden
tawny, with broad black streaks down the centre of the breast-
feathers, becoming less pronounced on the flanks and much nar-
rower on the under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts tawny, with
brown centres to the feathers, the lower series huffy white at base,
ashy brown at tips, thus resembling somewhat the inner lining of
the wing ; cere bluish ; bill also bluish, blacker at tip ; feet greyish,
the reticulations whiter, soles of feet pinkish ; claws yellow, pinkish
on margins ; iris bright yellow*. Total length 26*5 inches, culmen
2-5, wing 18-5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3'8, auricular tufts 3-2.

Young. Much paler than the adult and more fulvous, the streaks
down the feathers of the upper surface not nearly so black or strongly
pronounced, the under surface also pale fulvous, with light brown
central streaks to the feathers.

Hab. Himalayas ; Ningpo in China.

a. 2 ad. st. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. Type of species.

b. (S juv. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

c. Bones (various). Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

Obs. I cannot consider Mr, Swinhoe's Kehipa magnijica to be
distinct from K. jiavipes ; it seems to me to be identical in every
respect. I subjoin the description which I made of the type of the
former bird, most obligingly lent to me by Mr. Swinhoe.

* Soft parts from Hodgson's original painting of type.

1. KETUPA. 7

Adult female (type of species). General colour tawny variegated
with black, all the feathers of the upper surface centred with black,
the head streaked with this colour ; the dorsal feathers black, barred
near the base and spotted near the tip with tawny ; all these tawuy
markings very irregular in shape, and gi\'ing a mottled appearance
to the whole of the u^jper surface ; scapulars externally uniform
tawny, some of them inclining to white on the outer web, and giving
slight indications of a shoulder-patch ; least wing-coverts black,
slightly spotted with tawny, and hence appearing darker than the
back, the greater and median series black, notched and barred with
tawuy, just like the back, the greater series whitish at tip ; piimary
coverts blackish, tipped with tawny and crossed with two rows of
tawny spots ; quills blackish, with a broad terminal band of light
brown, shading off into whitish, especially on the primaries, which
are tipped with whitish only ; all the quills barred or deei^ly notched
with tawny on both webs, these not forming continuous bands across
the feathers, but the spots or notches paler and more fulvous on the
outer web, especially on the piimaries, the notches on the secon-
daries often obscured with dusky brown shading ; tail blackish, with
pale tawny-coloured tip, and crossed with five other bands of
deeper tawny colour ; ear-tufts very long, measuring 3-25 inches,
tawny in colour centred ^vith black, the latter colour predominating
on the outer feathers ; lores pure white, with hair- like black shaft-
lines ; cheeks, eor-coverts, and sides of neck with black shaft-lines,
broader on the latter ; feathers just behind the eye black ; chin
white ; the throat tawny, with very narrow black shaft- streaks,
broader on the fore neck, which is again pure white ; remainder of
under surface clear tawny, all the feathers broadly centred with
black streaks, the flanks and abdominal plumes indistinctly waved
with lighter bars, the remains of faintly indicated lateral spots of
buffy white ; imder tail-coverts narrowly centred with black ; under
wing- coverts deep tawny, the inner plumes and axiUars with narrow
blackish shaft-lines, the outer ones marked with black near the edge
of the wing, which is white, the greater series dusky brown, tawny
buff at base, thus resembling the inner lining of the quills, which
are blackish brown below, barred with pale tawny buff, more
plainly on the inner web, which is entirely tawny buff' at base ; bUl
deep bluish black, lighter at the base, which is concealed by pro-
truding feathers ; inside of mouth pale yellowish flesh-colour ; rim
of eyelid deep purplish brown ; iris fiiie orange-yellow ; exposed
portion of tarsus and toes dingy, with a tinge of clay-colour, yel-
lowish on terminal scutes of toes ; claws bluish black, fading to light
leaden at their bases. Total length 25 inches, wing 18*8, tail 10-5,
tarsus 3-1, feathered to mthin 1*1 inch of the base of toes. (Mus. E.
Swinhoe.)

Hah. Ningpo, China.

Ohs. Mr. Swinhoe has given an excellent description of this
species, drawn from the birds as they lay in the flesh. My mea-
surements are different from Mr. Swinhoe's, doubtless because thej'
are taken from the skin. It will be better, therefore, to reproduce

8 BUBONID>T..

his detailed measurements, as they represent the natural size of the
bird. '' Measurements of the female. Length 25 inches ; wing very
much arched, across arc 16-75, pressed flat 17|, in rounded state
3 inches short of tail-tip ; 3rd to 6th primaries equal and longest ;
2nd 1-2 shorter than the same. Tail rounded, of twelve shortish
hog-backed feathers 9k inches long ; outer 0-75 shorter than centrals.
Tarse 3-3 inches long" feathered with down for 2 inches in front, a
little lower behind, and ^ inch less on sides. Middle toe 1-8, its
claw 1-1 ; outer toe 1-5, its claw 1-05 ; inner toe 1-7, its claw 1-35 ;
hind toe 1-2, its claw 1-1. The male has the tarse feathered in
front to within 0-75 inch of where it meets the toes, at the back
to 0-25.

" The female looks rather larger than its mate, and is perhaps an
inch longer ; but I find no appreciable difference in the other mea-
surements. The male has more white behind the ears, and a larger
white breast-patch ; and its tarse is plumed for a greater length ;
but the fine down with which it is clothed seems to wear off."

3. Ketupa javanensis.

Strix ketupa, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 141.

Strix ceylonensis (nee Gm.), Tetnm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 74 ; Vigors, ApjJ.

Roffl. Life, p. 650.
Scops ceylonensis, Less. 3fan. d'Orn. i. p. 118.
Scops ketupa, C'uv. Regne An. i. p. 347 (1829).
Ketupa javanensis, Less. Traite, p. 114; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 38;

Cass. Cat. Vult. Philad. Mas. p. 9 ; Bhith, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B.

p. 37 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 45 ; Horsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E. I.

Co. i. p. 76; Strickl. Om. Si/n. p. 195; Blifth, Ibis, 1863, p. 28;

Pek. Reis. Novara, Vog. p.'26; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 25; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 45 ; Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 384 ; Salvad. Ucc.

Born. p. 20.
Bubo ketupa, Kanp, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 242 ; id. Confr. Om. 1852,

p. 117.
Ketupa javensis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 542 ; Hume, Sir.

F. ii. p. 469.
Bubo javaensis, Sc?d. Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 18 ; id. Dierent. p. 10, fig. 4 ;

id. Revue Accipitr. p. 6.
Ketupa javanica, Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 206.
Smdonyx javensis, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 105.

Adult. Above tawny with very broad brown centres to the
feathers, the upper surface somewhat varied with fulvous spots,
which appear on either web of the dorsal and scapular feathers ;
the head and hind neck as well as the auriculars slightly paler than
the back, btit streaked with black in the same manner ; wing-coverta
black, margined with tawny and spotted on both webs with the
same, the spots and margins on the median and greater series paler
and more fulvescent ; quiUs dark brown, tipped vnth fulvous, the pri-
maries with large fulvous spots on outer web, continued into a paler
brown band on the inner one, the secondaries similarly but more
numerously barred than the primaries, the outer bars, however,
more strongly tinged with tawny; lower back, ramp, and upper

2. 8C0T0PELIA.

9

tail- coverts deep tawny, varied with broad brown centres to the
feathers, and with rounded spots of pale fulvous on both webs ; tail
fulvous brown, tipped with fulvous and crossed with two complete
bands of light ta^\Tiy and an indication of a third basal one ; sides
of face pale tawny, the cheeks varied with whitish shaft-lines ; sides
of neck and under surface of body tawn}', with long and rather
narrow streaks of black, the lower throat mottled with white bases
to the feathers, causing an inconspicuous patch ; under wing-coverts
tawny, the least ones narrowly streaked Mith black, the outer ones
broadly and longitudinally spotted ; lower series unifonn ashy
brown ; wing-lining ashy brown, barred with yellowish white ;
iris yellow. Total length 20 inches, culmen 2-1, wing 13-1, tail 6-5,
tarsus 2-45, auricular tufts 2.

Yoimr/. Plumage more fluffy than in adult, and dark brownish
tawny above and below, the streaks dusky brown and rather dull ;
tail with three complete bands of tawny fulvous.

Hab. Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malayan peninsula north-
wards to Aracan.

Hon. East-India Co. [P.

A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C

A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C

Purchased.

A. E. WaUace, Esq. [C]

J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

Purchased.

Purchased.

a. Ad. St.

Java.

b. cJ ad. sk.

E. Java.

c. cJ ad. sk.

Malacca.

d. Juv. sk.

Malacca.

e. 2 jii'^- ®^i-

Sarawak.

/. Ad. sk.

Borneo.

ff. Skeleton.

h. Skeleton (\^

•ithout sk

till).

2. SCOTOPELIA.

Type.

Scotopelia, £p. Cansp. i. p. 44 (18-50) S. peli,

Megapelia, Kaup (teste G. R. Gra>/) S. peli.

Scotoglaux, Heine, J.f. O. 18G0, p. 196 S. peli.

Leg of Scotopelia ussheri, to show spicules on the foot.

10 BTTBONID^.

Range. Africa : from Senegambia to Gaboon on the west coast ;
Zambesi on the east coast.

Key to the Species.

a. Larger ; wing 16*5 inches ; above rufous, banded across

with black peli, p. 10.

b. Smaller; wing 13'(3 inches; above uniform rufous .... ussheri, p. 11.
c Smaller ; wing 13'0 inches ; above dusky brown, ver-

miculated with didl tawny rufous all over the upper

siurface bonvieri, p. 1 1.

1. Scotopelia peli.

Scotopelia peli, Jip. Consp. i. p. 44 {ex Temm. MS. in Mm. Lugd.) ;
Strickl. Orn. St/». p. 197; Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, pp. 358, 360; id.
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 18 ; Cass. Pr. Phil. 'Acad. 1859, p. 32 ; Gurmy,
Ibis, 1859,'p. 445, pi. 15; Ilarfl J. f. O. 1861, p. 101 ; Kirk, Ibis,
1864, p. 317; Finsch u. Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 100; Murie, J.
Amit. Phys. vi. p. 70 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 69.

Bubo peli, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 117.

Scotopelia typica, Itp. Pev. ct Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 543.

Strix pelii, i>c/i/. lland-l. Diei-k. i. p. 176, pi. 1. fig. 10.

Ulula pelii, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 23 (1862) ; id. Dierent. p. 14,
fig. 6.

Scotoglaux peli, Seine, J.f. O. 1860, p. 196.

Ketupa peli, Gi-ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 45 (18G9).

Adult. Above deep rufous bay, crossed with numerous irregular
bars of black, fainter on the head, which is more fulvescent ; wing-
coverts and entire wing bay barred with black, exactly like the
back, the under surface of the wing rufous and barred exactly like
the upper surface ; tail rufous fawn-colour, rather lighter than back,
banded across with black ; under surface of body light bay, with
distinct cordiform bars of black, somewhat irregular in shape ; under
wing-coverts rufous bay with a few black spots and bars, more
distinct on the lower series, which are lighter, and resemble the
iimer lining of the wing ; cere bluish lead-colour ; bill similar to
cere but darker, excepting towards tip ; tarsi dirty white, tinged
with bluish pink ; talons light horn-colour with a tinge of dull
blue ; iris extremely dark brown. Total length 23'5 inches, culmen
2*7, wing 16-5, tail 10, tarsus 2-7.

Ohs. The birds from the Zambesi are a little larger than the
Gaboon example described above. They are, moreover, differently
coloured underneath, being fulvous with longitudinal black shaft-
stripes and an occasional cordiform sjjot on the flanks ; some of the
breast-feathers with subterminal black spots. As, however, this ap-
pearance is seen in Mr. Gurney's plate of a West- African bird {I. c.),
it is probably not a specific character, but the sign of nonage.

Hah. W. Africa, from Senegambia to Gaboon. Zambesi region
in S.E. Africa.

Ad. sk. River Ogowe, Gaboon (Marche M. A. Bouvier.

et De Compi^gne).

2. SCOTOPELIA. 11

b Ad. St. Zambesi. Dr. Kirk

c. Juv. St. Zambesi. Dr. Kirk

m.

2. Scotopelia ussheri.

Scotopelia ussheri, Sharpe, Ibis, 1871, pj). 101, 417, pi. xii. ; Ussher,
Ibis, 1874, p. 46.

Adult. Above bright bay, a few of the feathers dusky brown
towards the tips, the head and hind neck browner than the back, as
also the sides of the face ; wing-coverts bay, like the back, the
least ones very bright, the median and greater series paler and
more fiilvescent, somewhat shaded with dusky brown towards the
tips, and faintly barred with darker brown ; quiUs bay, rather more
fulvous than the back, very biuadly barred with dark brown on
inner web, extending on the outer one, but more narrowly and
faintly, under surface much paler than the upper, the broad bars
very distinct ; tail dusky fulvous, crossed vrith five dark brown bars,
not of equal breadth nor strictly conterminal ; under surface of
body pale fawn-colour, the throat paler and more fulvous, the entire
breast-feathers streaked down the centre with dark brown, inclining
to rufous on either side of the shaft-streak ; thighs and under tail-
coverts not streaked ; under wing-coverts also uniform fawn-colour
with no streaks, the lower series brownish at tip, resembling the
wing-lining ; cere yellow ; bill horn-browTi, yellowish green at junc-
tion with cere ; feet yellow, claws yellowish horn-colour. Total
length 20-5 inches, culmen 1-G5, wing 13*6, tail 7*8, tarsus 2-35.

Ilab. W. Africa : forests of Denkera, in the interior of Fantee.

a. Ad, sk. Denkera {Aubinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.

3. Scotopelia bouvieri. (Plate I.)

Scotopelia bouvieri, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 261.

Adult. Above dusky brown, with blackish shaft-lines, plainly
indicated on the head and hind neck : all the feathers of the upper
surface mottled with dull tawny vermiculations, these predominating
on the head, which has consequently a paler appearance than the
back ; scapulars externally fulvous, forming a tolerably distinct
shoulder-patch ; least wing-coverts blacker than the back, the tawny
vermiculations not so distinct on this series, but very plain on the
median and greater series, which are consequently much more tawny
on the outer web and at the tip, the latter having also an indication
of a whitish spot ; primary coverts blackish, only slightly vermicu-
lated with tawny ; quills blackish, tipped narrowly with fulvous,
and barred with tawny in about equal proportions to the black, the
tawny bars not conterminous on the primaries, being much more
dingy and shaded with blackish on the inner webs, the outer webs
paler and clearer, the intermediate blackish markings very indistinct,
and dissolving into obscure vermiculations, the secondaries much
more blackish in tint and resembling the back, the tawny bands

12 BUBONIDJE.

tolerably well indicated on the outer feathers, but everywhere
obscured with blackish vermiculations ; upper tail- coverts resem-
bling the back, and vermiculated in the same manner ; tail blackish,
tipped with pale tawny, shading off into fulvous on the apical
margin, the two centre feathers blackish, only irregularly mottled
with tawny near the shaft and on the margins, clearer at tip, the
other feathers crossed with tawny bars not strictly conterminous, of
which about four can bo counted without including the pale terminal
bar ; lores whitish, as also the fore part of the cheeks, all the
feathers with narrow blackish shaft-lines ; ear-coverts and sides of
face tawny like the head, with the same blackish shaft-stripes, the
bases to the feathers silvery white ; under surface tawny buff,
broadly streaked with black, these streaks linear near the base and
dilating towards the tips, all the feathers more or less white at base
and on their margins, giving a very whitish appearance to the chest,
which disappears on the abdomen, only a few of the feathers of
which are laterally whitish ; vent and under tail-coverts tawny
buff, only a few plumes mesially streaked with black ; under wing-
coverts tawny buff, most of the feathers whitish at base, some of the
outer ones with a few tiny marks of brown, the lower series blackish,
fulvous at base, and thus resembling the inner lining of the wing,
which is blackish, barred with fulvous on the inner web ; bill horn-
colour, yellowish at base of both mandibles ; legs yellowish, claws
dark horn. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 13, tail 8,
tarsus 2*2.

Hab. Interior of Gaboon.

a. Ad. sk. Lope, Oyow6 River, Gaboon. MM. Marche and De Com-

piegne [C.]. Type of
species.

3. BUBO*. ,^

Type.

Bubo, Cuv. E^gne An. 1817, p. 331 B. maximus.

Bubotus, Rqfinesque {teste G. R. Gray) B. maximus.

Ascalaphia, Geofr. St.-Hilaire, 1830 (teste G. JR.

Gray) B. ascalaphus.

Huhua, Hodgs. As. Research, xix. p. 173 (1836). . . . B. nipalensis.
Heliaptex, Sivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217 (1837) .... B. arcticus.

Urrua, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 372 (1837) B. bengalensis.

Etoglaiix (pro Huliua), Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. p. 28

(1841) B. nipalensis.

Mesomorpha (pj-o Urrua), Hodgs. /. c. p. 28 B. bengalensis.

Aibryas, Gluqer, Handb. Naturf. p. 223 (1842) .... B. arcticus.

Nyctaetus, Gloger, I. c. p. 228 (1842) B. lacteus.

Pseudoptynx, Kaup, Isis, 1848, p. 770 B. philippensis.

Megaptynx, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 543. . B. mageUanicus.

Pachj-ptj-nx, Bp. I. c. p. 542 B. lacteus.

Nisuella, Bp. I. c. p. 542 B. maculosus.

Ptiloskelos, Tickell, J. A. S, B. xxviii. p. 448 (1859) B. nipalensis.

Range. The entire New World ; the whole of the Old World, ex-
cepting the Moluccas, Australia, and Oceania.

* Cf. Sharpe, ' Ibis,' 1875, p. 327.

3. BUBO. 13

Key to the Species.

a. Toes so thickly enveloped in plumes, that even

their last joint is hidden.

a'. Larger : wing 18-5-19'5 inches ; hind neck

yellowish, broadly streaked with black, the

head and neck decidedly lighter than the

back ignavus, p. 14 ; turco-

h'. Smaller : wing 14*5-16 inches ; head and neck vianus, p. 17.
resembling the back, which is blackish,
freckled with white mottlings, the bases of

the feathers tawny buff virginianus, p. 19.

h. Toes more or less scantily clothed with feathers,
but the final joint always bare ; sometimes the
entire toe bare.
c'. Bill blackish.

a". Hind neck yellowish, broadly streaked with
black, forming as it were a wig.
a'". Underneath ocellated, the light mark-
ings very broad, and in form of spots . . ascalaphus, p. 24.

b"'. Underneath narrowly ban-ed bengalemis, p. 25.

b". Hind neck buff or grey, but always barred,

bearing a great resemblance to the rest of

the upper surface.

c" . General tone of plumage tawny buff;

size large, wing 14'5-15-5 ; ear-coverts

tawny buif, only slightly spotted with

brown.

ttK Broadly ban'ed below with white or

buff and black, the light bars arranged

in duplicate bauds on the breast ;

quills dark brown, the light spots on

the outer webs of the primaries much

narrower than the dark ones capensis, p. 27.

6*. Very narrowly barred below ■ndth buff
and dark brown; primaries tawny
buff', barred with brown, the butt' in-
terspaces much the broadest magellanicus, p. 29.

d'". General tone of plumage brown, or

greyish brown ; size small ; wing 12-8-

13"5; ear-coverts greyish white, barred

with brown.

c*. Iris yellow, below largely spotted and

mottled with white ; toes thickly

leathered maculosits, p. 30.

rf'. Iris brown ; below mottled with small
bars and spots ; toes scantily fea-
thered einerascens, p. 32.

fT . Bill yellow or yellowish white.

c". Breast greyish, finely vermiculated with
brown; head greyish, with black ear-
tufts.
e". Larger : wing 17'5-19'3 inches ; no
mesial dark brown streaks to the

feathers of the head and breast lacteus, p. 33,

f". Smaller : wing 16'4, with distinct cen-

14 BUBONID.E.

tral mai'ltings of dark brown on the

featliers of the head and breast coromamlus, p. 35,

d". Under surface barred across with dark
brown, or black and white.
g'". Ear-coverts dusky fulvous, barred with
black or dull brown; head blackish,
sometimes with bars of dull rufous or
bully white,
f'. Toes plumed ; size large, wing 18-19-4
inches.
a'. Primary coverts uniform ; head and

ear-coverts uniform blackish .... shellei/i, p. 37.
¥. Primary coverts with distinct lighter
brown bars ; head with wavy bars

of buff nipaleiisis, p. 37.

/"'. Size small : wing 13-13'5 inches.
e'. Toes bare; imder wing-coverts white,
spotted with brown ; leg-feathers
white, spotted or barred with
brown ; primary coverts uniform
dark brown ; bars on tail about G . . orientalis, p. 39.
rf'. Toes scantily haired ; under wing-
coverts dark brown, very slightly
varied with spots or bars of white ;
leg-feathers dark brown, baiTed
with fulvous ; primary coverts dark
brown, with rufescent irregular

bars ; bars on tail about 8 leucostictus, p. 41.

h'". Ear-coverts rufous; general colour rufous,
barred with black ; tail rufous brown,

with about 9 black cross bands poensis, p. 42.

e". Breast white, longitudinally streaked with

black philippinensis, p. 43.

1. Bubo ignavus.

The Great Horn-Owl or Eagle Owl, Albin, Birch, ii. pi. 9.

Great Horned Owl, from Athens, Ethuarcls, Glean, pi. 227.

Le Grand Due, Briss. Orn. i. p. 477 ; Buff. PL Enl. i. pi. 435.

Le Grand Due d'ltalie, Briss. Orn. i. p. 482.

Strix bubo, Linn. S. N. i. p. 131 ; Shmv, Mus. Lever, p. 119, pi. 29;

Te7n7n. Man. cVOrn. i. p. 100; Roux, Orn. Prov. p. 69, pi. 46;

Nainn. Vog. Deutschl. i. Taf. 44 ; Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 41 ;

Schl. df Susem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 50 ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 107 ; Kjcerb.

Orn. Dan. pi. vii. fig. 3 ; Midd. Sibir. Reis. p. 131 ; Stindev. Sv.

Fogl. p. 188, pi. xxiv. fig. 4.
Bubo'microcephalus, Leach, Syst. Cat. Manim. SfC. Brit. Mus. p. 11

(1816) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 55.
Bubo ignavus, Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. ^. p. 3 ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit.

B. i. p. 168 ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 180 ; Dresser, B. Eur.

part xxii.
Bubo maximus, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 57 ; Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 37 ;

Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. S,- N. Am. p. 6; Macgill. Brit. B. iii.

p. 428 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 37 ; Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 239, et Contr.

Om. 1852, p. 116 ; Horsf. Hf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. L Co. i. p. 72 ;

Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. Sl2 ; Heioits. Eggs Br. B. i. p. 50, pi.

xvii. fig. 4; Fritsch, Vog. Etir. tab. 12. fig. 5; Jaub. §• Barth.

3. BUBO. 15

Lapom. Rich. Orn. p. 80; ScU. Mus.P.-B. Oti, p. 7; Nnvt. Ooth.

Wolley. p. 160 ; Degl. Sf Gerhe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 141 ; Loche, Expl.

Sci. d'Alf/Sr. Ois. p. 100; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 43; Heugl. Orn.

N.O.-Afr. i. Tp. 110; Gould., B. Gt. Br. pi. xxx. ; Hume, Rough

Notes, ii. p. 374 ; Bettoni, tlcc. Lomb. i. tav. 107 ; Salvad. Faun.

Ital. Ucc. p. 32,
Bubo germanicus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 119.
Bubo septentrionalis, Brehm, Vrig. Deutschl. p. 120.
Bubo europseus, Less. Traite, p. 115, pi. 17. lig. 1.
Asio bubo, Swains. Classif. B, ii. p. 217.
Otus bubo, Schl. Rev. Crit. p. xiii.

Bubo atheniensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 48; Taczan. J.f. O. 1870, p. 39.
Bubo grandis, Brehm, J.f. O. 1853, p. 346.
Bubo bubo, LicM. Nomencl. Av. p. 7.
Bubo melanotus, Breh7n, Naum. 1855, p. 270.

Nestling. Covered with down of a dull white colour, the incipient
feathers being of a dull tawny buff-colour, barred across with
blackish.

Adult male. General colour above blackish, mottled and varied
with yellowish tawny colour ; head blackish, the tawny vermicula-
tions being confined to the terminal margins and a few lateral bars
on each side of the feather, so that the centre of the latter remains
blackish ; ear-tufts black, 3"2 inches long, excepting near the basal
half of the inner web of the interior plumes, which are tawny buff,
with narrow blackish vermiculations ; nape and hind neck much
paler than the crown, the feathers being for the most part tawny
buff with broad black centres, from which spring on each side narrow
black transvermiculating lines ; back again darker, the feathers being
mostly black, the half-concealed bases tawny buff, vermiculated and
irrorated coarsely with black ; scapulars whitish externally or fulvous,
sparingly transvermiculatcd with black, and forming an indistinct
shoulder-patch ; wing-coverts blackish, the least series very slightly
varied with tawny buff, the median and greater aeries more fre-
quently mottled with this character, the latter whitish at tip, with
narrow irregular cross lines of black, forming an indistinct bar across
the wing ; primary coverts blackish, only slightly mottled with
fulvous near the base of the outer web ; quiUs dai'k brown, regularly
barred with tawny buff, all the bars very minutely dotted with black
on the outer web, the inner web for the most part tawny, most irre-
gularly mottled with wavy lines, dots, and markings of black ; the
secondaries not so distinctly barred with tawny buff, all the lighter
spots on the outer web obscured by minute spots and markings of
dark brown, the inner webs much more plainly barred with tawny,
none of these bars, however, being without brown vermiculations ;
the innermost secondaries blackish, mottled with fulvous all over, the
tip whitish, as also of all the secondaries ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts more tawny than the back, the former coarsely
barred, and the latter vermiculated with blackish, especially on the
tail-coverts, which are whitish at tip ; tail brown, the centre feathers
vermiculated all round the margins with fulvous, and having three or
four irregularly indicated bands, consisting of a few whitish spots of

16 liUBONID^.

irregular shape : all the other feathers more or less distinctly barred
with deep tawny buff, the inner Avebs for the most part bright
tawny, with irregular lines of blackish, more thickly distributed
towards the tips of the feathers, which arc here thickly though
minutely spotted with brown, as are all the tawny bands on the outer
webs ; lores and feathers in front of and below the eye whitish, with
narrow blackish shaft-lines ; above the eye a patch of black feathers ;
sides of face dull tawny, irrorated with narrow circular bars of
brown ; sides of neck coloured like the hind neck, but less strongly
marked ; chin pure white, as also the fore neck, separated from each
other by a narrow cordon of tawny feathers centred with black, and
having small lateral bars of the same ; crop covered with tawny buff
down, succeeded by a patch of white feathers in the centre of the
breast ; rest of under surface of body light tawny buff, most of the
feathers with a slight glistening of silvery white, all of the chest-
feathers very broadly streaked down the centre with black, and
likewise laterally spotted or barred with irregular lines of black,
these central black streaks much narrower on the breast and abdo-
men, which are likewise very regularly, though narrowly, barred
across with blackish ; under tail-coverts deep tawny, barred across
with narrow lines of black ; leg-feathers deep tawny, with irregular
transverse washings of blackish ; under wing-coverts tawny, the inner
ones whitish, with narrow zigzag cross lines of black, the lower
series brown, tawny at base ; inner lining of wing dull brown,
barred with tawny buff on inner web, most of the quills entirely
tawny buff at base of the latter, more or less minutely speckled with
brown ; bill and claws blackish horn-colour ; iris rich orange. Total
length 26 inches, wing 18'6, tail 11-2, tarsus 3-2.

Young female in first year s plumage (October 27th, 1872). Very
similar to the adults, and presenting few appreciable differences;
many of the feathers of the upper surface glossed with silvery white,
the light mottlings being larger on many of the dorsal feathers ;
middle tail-feathers more coarsely and distinctly mottled with whitish,
affording indications of five ill-defined bars ; upper wing-coverts
much blacker than in the adult, with fewer transverse vermicula-
tions. Total length 27 inches, wing 19-4, tail 11-5, tarsus 3-2.

Ohs. The descriptions are taken fi-om Swedish specimens, care-
fully sesed and dated ; and other specimens from the same country
show very little differences. On the other hand, the two examples
mentioned below fi'om Archangel are much blacker on the upper
surface generally, the head and neck very bright orange buff, with
the usual broad black mesial streaks ; the under surface of the body
is also much paler. ((7/". also Dresser, B. Eur. I. c.)

Hah. The whole of Europe and ?f orthern Asia, ranging south into
Northern China and the Himalayas, also occurring rarely in North-
eastern Africa.

a. Ad. st. Em-ope. A. D. Bartlett, Esq.

b. Pull. sk. England (bred in confinement). J. Gould, Esq. [C.J.

c. Ad. sk. Hisinger, S. Sweden, Nov. 2nd, Prof. A. W. Malm [P.].

1858.

17

d. c? ad- sk.

e. 5 jiiv. sk.
/. $ juv. sk.
ff. Ad. sk.

/i. Imm. sk.

('. Ad. .sk.

k. Skeleton.

/. Skull.

m. Sternum.

ii. Sclerotic bone.

Upsala, Feb. 12th, 1872.
Upsala, Dec. 30th, 1«72.
Upsala, Oct. 27th, 1872.
Archangel.
Archangel.
Xanthus, A.sia Minor,
liussia.
Ilauhe Alp.

Purchased.

Purchased.

Purchased.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, PIsq. [P.J.

Sir C. Fellowes [P.].

Purchased.

Dr. GUuther [C.].

W. Varrell, Esq. [C.].

W. Yan-ell. Esq. [C.].

Subsj). a. Bubo turcomanus.

Strix turcoiuana, Eversin. Add. Pall. Zougr. p. 3.

Strix sibirica, tSchl. i^- Siisein. Vo;/. Eur. Taf. 44.

Bubo sibiricus, Grai), Cat. Acci'pitr. Ii. 31. 1844, p. 99; id. Gen._ B.

i. p. 37 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 49 ; Licht. Nommcl. Av. p. 7 ; Sfrickl.

Orn. Syn. p. 213.
Bubo cinereus, Gray ^- Mitch. Gen. B. i. pi. 13.
Bubo scandiacus, Cah. J. f. O. 1854, p. 367.
Bubo pallidus, Brehm, Xauin. 1855, p. 270.

Bubo hemachalaua, mime, Sir. F. i. p. 315 ; Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 81.
Bubo maximus, var. turcomanus, Severfz. Turhest. Jevofn. p. 111.
Bubo ignavus, Dresser, This, 1875, p. 111.

Adult. General colour above pale tawny buff, many of the feathers
inclining to wliiti.sh ; head whitish, the feathers j-ellowish at base,
all rather broadly centred with black, from which dark centres
radiate irregular lines and spots of black ; nape and hind neck light
yellowish buff, many feathers whitish, all with broad black central
streaks, the lateral lines or rermiculations very indistinct, in fact
almost entirely absent ; back blackish brown, yellowish buff at base,
and shading off distinctly white in the centre of the feathers, all the
lighter parts of the dorsal feathers narrowly waved and minutely
barred or spotted with blackish ; outer scapulai-s white on external
webs, with only two or three narrow zigzag bars of blackish ; wing-
coverts tawny buff, obscured by browni.sh mottlings thickly distri-
buted over all the least series and the innermo.st of the median and
greater series, the outermost of the median row uniform brownish
black towards the tips, which more or less incline to white, most of
the greater series having a large white spot at the tip of the outer
web, which has very few and narrow cross lines of black ; primary
coverts blackish brown, irregularly mottled with yellowish buff on
the outer webs ; quills for the most part clear tawny buff, almcst
orange in intensity, the, primaries dusky brown at tips, all the quills
distinctly barred with darker brown, not quite conterminous, the
yellow interspaces with nothing more than a few minute dots of
brown; the secondaries more dusky than the primaries, the light in-
terspaces being clouded with coarse brown vcrmiculations, especially
towards the tip, the innermost secondaries very much clouded with
brown mottlings, and distinctly barred across with blackish brown ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts tawny buff, with a few in-
distinct wavv lines of blackish brown, rather more distinct and

18 bdbonidjE.

strongly characterized on the upper tail-coverts ; tail yellowish buff,
whitish at tip, and regularly barred with dark brown, of which about
eight bars (some partly broken up) can be distinguished on the outer
feathers, the two centre ones more dusky than the rest, and crossed
with six or seven bands of dusky brown, often much dissolved and
mingled with the interspaces, which are thickly mottled and vermi-
culated with brown ; lores and feathers round the eye white, the
former black at the tip of the shafts ; just above the eye a patch of
black feathers, continued to £»nd appearing to form part of the ear-
tufts, which are 3*2 inches long, and black with tawny bases, the
long feathers uniform yellowish buff on the inner web, and barred
with black near the base of the outer ; ear-coverts dull fulvous,
with indistinct brown cross-barrings ; chin pure white, the throat
encircled by a row of slightly recurved feathers, yellowish buff,
streaked down the centre with black, and also laterally barred with
narrow lines of the same, exactly resembling the plumes on the
sides of the neck, of which this gular band seems a continuation ;
rest of under surface white, slightly washed here and there with
yellowish, the breast-feathers broadly streaked down the centre
with black, all these feathers slightly varied with lateral vermicula-
tions of brown, the central streaks reduced to a narrow shaft-line
on the abdominal feathers and flanks, these being, however, finelj'
but regularly barred across with dark brown, disappearing on the
under tail-coverts : crop covered with tawny down, succeeded by a
patch of pure white feathers in the centre of the breast ; leg-feathers
buffj' white, with a few remains of brown zigzag bars on the outer
aspect ; under wing-coverts pure white, here and there washed with
yellowish, the outermost slightly marked with irregular lines of
brown, the axillaries being also crossed with narrow lines of the
same ; lower series ashy brown, yellowish buff at base, forming a
bar across the wing ; inner lining of quills for the most part orange-
buff, with a few distinct brown bars on the inner web, disappearing
towards the tip of the quills, which are there dusky brown. Total
length 2(> inches, wing 19, tail 11-2, tarsus 3"4.

Hah. Central Asia, from the Ural to Turkestan and Thibet ; also
said to occur in Siberia.

a. Ad. St. Siberia.

h. Skeleton, River "Volga. Purchased.

Obs. This bird, if not quite specifically distinct from B. ic/navus,
undoubtedly constitutes a well-marked race of that species. It is a
verj' much paler bird both above and below, being especially white
on the under surface, the cross-barrings on the abdominal plumes
being much fewer and further apart. ; the legs also are covered with
white feathers, which extend further on the foot and cover the
junction of the toes and claws ; the tail is different also — in B.
ignavus the two central feathers being brown, with faintly indicated
bands of fulvous vermiculations, whereas in B. turcomanus the pre-
vailing colour of these feathers is tawny buff, about eight cross bands
of brown being distinguishable, while, instead of the lateral feathers

■i. BUBO. 19

being barred with deep tawny and brown in about equal proportions,
as in JJ. ir/mtvits, in B. turcomanus these feathers are orange-buff, nar-
rowly crossed with about eight bars of brown. The same differences
are seen m the wing, the prevailing colour being orange-buff in the
quill-iining of 5. turcomanm ; in the under wing-coverts there is also
a ditterence, these being barred across in B. ignavm like the breast,
whereas in the Siberian Owl they are nearly uniform. The dif-
terences in the upper surface of the two birds chiefly consist in the
entirely paler colour of B. turcomam>s, the tawny buff colour predo-
minating. '■

2. Subo virginianus.

Great Homed Owl, Hdjcards, Birds, pi. 60.

Le Grand Due de Virginia, Briss. Oni. i. p 484

Wapacuthu Owl, Pe»». Arctic Zool p. 231

Stnx vir^niana, Gm 8. X. i. p. 287; WUson, Am. Om. vi. p. 52,

pi. 50. fig. 1 ; Atiduh. Am. B. pi. 01 ; ul. Orn. Bioqr. i. p. .318.
fetrix wapacuthu, Gm. S. N. i. p. 290. "

StrLx maximus, Bartr. Trav. Carol p. 285.
Bubo ludoviciauus, Daiid. Traite, ii. p 210
Bubo pinicola, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 19 '
Sti-ix crassirostris, VuUl. X. Diet. dHut. Nat. vii. p. 44
bti-ix macrorhyncha, Temm. PL Col. ii. pi. 02
Otus virginianus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2 p o7
Otus macrorhynehus Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. ptf 2. p. 59; Cuv. Reqn

An. 1. p. 341 (1829) ; Zes.<:. Traite, p. 109
Nvctea wapacuthu, Sfepk. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p 63
Asio macrorhyncha, Ze.ss. .Tz/f/w. fT'O/w i p 117
Bubo viroinianus, 8w. 8,- Rich. Faun. Bo'r.-Am. Birds, p. 82; Bn
Comp. Li.,tB Eur.J X Am. p. 0; Audub. B X Am. i. p. lii,
pi. xxxix. (1839); Grau Gen. B. i. p. 37; Bp. Co^isp. i. p. 48!
^^'«P>Tr. Z^ IV p.241, et Contr. Or«. 1852, p. 116; Strickl.
Orn 8yn. p. 213 ; C«.. B. Calif. ^- Te^cas, p. 177 ^ id. B. X. Am.

fl'^l^^'i: ^f"\fi^: ii- P- 337; Ball S,- Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad.
Am 360' ''■ ""■ ^''^'"''"' i"- P- 2*5 ; ("ones, B. N. W.

Bubo arcticus, Sicaim. Faun. Bor.-Am. Bird.s, p 86 pi 30
Uliila virgimana, James, ed. Wils. Am. Orn. i. p. 100
Ueliaptex arcticus, Swain.s. Classif. B.i.-a. 328.
Asio virginianus, Swains. Classif.' B. ii. p 217
Otus crassirosti-is, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 40 "
Bubo subarcticus, Ho,/, Pr. Acad. X. Sci. Philad. vi p 211
Asio crassirostris, Sfrickl. Orn. Syn. p. 208.
Bubo virginianus atlanticus, Cass. B. X A. p. 49
Bubo virginianus pacificus, Cass. I. c. p. 49.
Bubo virginianus arcticus, Cass. I. c. p. 50
Bubo virginianus, var. arcticus, Cou^s, Key X. Am. B. p -^02 •

Bulgic. B. A. Am. lii. p. 64. F "- j

Bubo yirginianus, var. pacificus, Cottes, Key X. Am B u -^O"-

Ridgw. B. X. Am. iii. p. 65. ' ^ '

Bubo virginianus, var. virginianus, Ridgw. B. X. Am. iii. p. 62.

J^([ult. Above dark brown, varied with tawny or orange-buff aU
the bases to the feathers being of this colour", and showing con-
spicuously on the head and nock, aU the brown dorsal feathers pro-

c2

20 BTBONID-?:.

fuaely vermicnlated ■with ashy white in the form of zigzag cross
markings ; scapulars nearly entirely orange-buff on the outer web,
inclining to white near the tip, and regularly crossed with rather
narrow bars of brown, the tips being mottled with brown ; head
and neck, as mentioned above, more orange-buff than the back, the
bases to the feathers showing very conspicuously, all of them
blackish brown at tip, crossed with zigzag bars of ashy white ; wing-
coverts blackish, especially the lesser series and those near the edge
of the wing, these being only slightly vermiculated and barred with
ashy white, the median and greater series more largely mottled with
ashy white, the orange-buff bases to the feathers being also rather
conspicuous, the greater series distinctly whitish at their tips, with
several zigzag cross lines of brown ; primary coverts rcgiilai'ly barred
with dark brown and tawny buff in alternate 1 auds, like the quills,
the light bars slightly mottled with brown ; primaries dark brown
barred with tawny buff, more broadly on the inner web, these bars
slightly obscured with brown vermiculations, especially towards the
tips of the feathers, the secondaries alternately barred with dark
brown and tawny buff in about equal proportions, the light bars
vermiculated with brown on the outer web, the innermost secon-
daries being brown strongly vermiculated with ashy Avhite, and
thus resembling the scapulars ; lower back orange-buff, with a few
zigzag cross markings of brown, increasing in extent on the rump
and upper tail-coverts, which are brown at their tips, vermiculated
with ashy white like the rest of the back ; tail dark brown, tipped
with whitish and crossed with several zigzag lines of buffy white,
indicating about seven bars on the middle feathers, inclining to buff
near the base, the other feathers tawny buff on the inner web barred
with brown, the outer web also alternately barred with brown and
tawny buff, the external bars of this colour pretty clear on the outer
feathers, but more or less clouded towards the centre of the tail ;
lores and feathers over the eye white, the shafts blackish at tip ;
plumes below the eye and ear-coverts tawny buff, the latter black
at tip, forming a tolerably broad circular line down the sides of the
nock ; behind this black line a ruff of tawny feathers, whitish at
tip, with a brown subterminal bar on the sides of the throat and
cheeks, the feathers being very long and stiff, tawny buff with broad
central streaks, these plumes continued across the throat, and sepa-
rating the chin from the fore neck, both of the latter being pure
white ; rest of under surface of body white, thickly crossed with
zigzag bars of blackish brown, all the bases to the feathers orange-
buff, showing conspicuously ; the centre of the breast white ; the
chest and the sides of the upper breast with large spots of black ;
leg- feathers buffy whitish, washed with orange-buff ; under tail-
coverts whitish, narrowlj' barred across with brown ; under wing-
coverts white, scantily spotted with dark brown, those near the
edge of the wing with rather larger brown spots, and inclining to
bright orange-buff, the lowest series blackish with buffy white bases,
resembling thus the inner lining of the quills, which are blackish
brown barred with buffy white ; ear-tufts 2-6 inches long, blackish

3. BUBO. 21

brown, tawuy butt' at base and for the greater part of the inner
web ; " bill black ; toes ashy ; claws horn-colour, black at ends ;
iris gamboge-yellow " {Rhlyway). Total length 23 inches, wing
14-9, tail 9, tarsus 2-3.

Obs. The specimens from North America in the Museum not
being sexed, I borrow the measurements given by Mr. Ridgway
{t. c. p. 03). He gives those of the male as follows : — Wing 14'50,
tail 8-20, culmen 1*10, tarsus 2, middle toe 2.

Female. General appearance same as in the male. Black blotches
on head above and nape less conspicuous, the surface being mottled
like the back &c. ; primary coverts with three well-detined, narrow,
pure black bands ; primaries with only six bauds, these broader
than in the male ; secondaries with ouly five bands ; tail with but
six dark bands, these very much narrower than the light ones.
Tibia3 and tarsi with sparse transverse bars of dusky. Wing 16,
tail 9, culmen 1'20, tarsus 2-20, middle toe 2-10 {Rkhjwcnj).

Mr. Ridgway gives nine dusky bars on the primaries of the male
and eight on the secondaries, seven being the number on the tail-
feathers. From the sizes here given it api^ears that the example
described by me (one of Mr. Doubleday's Delaware specimens) is a
male. I cau, however, only count seven dark bands on the pri-
maries and six on the secondaries, while the tail has seven more or
less distinct ones. Generally, however, as will be seen below, the
bars are identical in number on both series of the quills, while not
unfrequently the number on the tail-feathers corresponds also.

The American Horned Owl varies greatly, and sometimes appa-
rently these variations are coincident with a different locality ; but
I do not think these difterences are greater than those we are ac-
customed to see in B. ignavus of Europe. Generally speaking, spe-
cimens from British Columbia and Vancouver's Island are much
darker than ordinary North-American examples, and belong to the
race first separated by Mr. Cassin, and constituting the var. pa-
cijicus of Mr. Ridgway's recent work. He gives the range of this
subspecies as the " Pacific coast north of the Columbia, Labrador,"
and he calls it a " northern littoral form." We have in the Museum
six specimens from the above-mentioned locaKties, on which I have
made the following notes a propos of Mr. Ridgway's account : —

a. c? . West side of the Rocky Mountains (J. K. Lord). Total
length 21 inches, wing 14*85, tail 9, tarsus 2"0. Bands on pri-
maries and secondaries 7, bars on tail 7.

h. 5 . West side of the Rocky Mountains {J. K. Lord). Total
length 20 inches, wing 14-85, tail 9, tarsus 2-45. Bauds on pri-
maries and secondaries 8, and on tail 8. The sex is probably an
error in this specimen : they both agree with Mr. Ridgway's
diagnosis as to the dark coloration of this race ; but they have not
the face " greyish ;" for it is orange-buff barred with black. Both
are very thickly barred with black helow.

f. Vancouver's Island {J. K. Lord). Total length 21 inches,
wing 15-4, tail 9-8, tarsus 2'75. Bars on primaries 8, and the same

22 BUBONIDiJ:.

number ou the secondaries and tail. Ear-coverts dnll tawny shaded
with grey and barred with black.

d. Yancouver's Island {J. K. Lord). Total length 20 inches,
wing lo-2, tail 9-5, tarsus 2-6. Bars on primaries, secondaries,
and tail 6.

e. Vancouver's Island {Dr. Ltjull). Total length 21 inches,
wing 14-7, tail 9, tarsus 2-45. Bars on secondaries 6, and on
tail 7. It is impossible to count the bars on the primaries, as they
are nearly aU merged, producing a uniform surface below.

/. Vancouver's Island {Dr. Lyall). Total length 21 inches, wing
14-8, tail 9, tarsus 2-55. Bars on primaries and secondaries 6, and
on tail 6. This bird is quite light-coloured compared with the
foregoing specimens, and has a greyish face with a few black mark-
ings. In tone of colour it is not very different from Mr. B. Ross's
bird from Fort Simpson, but does not show the orange-buff bases to
the feathers quite so much.

These Pacitic-coast birds, as a rule, have the lower surface of the
primaries nearly uniform brown ; but these are also, perhaps in
older birds, often as distinctly barred as in true B. virginianus.

Mr. Ridgway separates as a race, equal in value to the subspecies
he calls ^^acificus, the pale form which Swainson named arcticus ;
and of this be gives the habitat as the "western region of North
America, from the interior Arctic districts to the tablelands of
Mexico."

On this subspecies Dr. Coues's remarks should be studied (B. N.W.
Am. p. 301).

I consider the type specimen to be nothing but a white variety of
£. virginianus; but should it constitute a race, as Mr. Ridgway
thinks, it will hold the same relation to Biiho virginianus that B.
turcomanus does to B. ignavus ; but it is whiter in proportion. The
t}'pe in the British Museum may be briefly described as follows : —
General colour white, slightly tinged here and there with light
orang-e-buff ; aU the upper surface mottled with zigzag cross markings
of brown, rather broad and distantly vermiculated, the greater coverts
white at tip of outer web ; quills buffy white, with about six bars of
dark brown on the outer web, the interspaces very slightly mottled
with brown vermiculations, excepting at the tips of the primaries,
which are very closely vermiculated with sandy brown, as also are
the primary coverts at their extremities ; tail-feathers white, incli-
ning to orange-buff on the inner web, and crossed with six regular
though narrow bands of dark brown ; lores and general facial aspect
white, with sUvery-white shaft-lines, the hinder margin of the ear-
coverts Wack ; chin and fore neck pure white, separated from each
other by a line of stiff feathers, which are white, with a broad mesial
blackish streak ; rest of under surface pure white, the leg-feathers
and under tail-coverts immaculate, the breast irregularly spotted
with blackish brown, the rest of the body very narrowly barred
Avith the same : under wing-coverts pure white, the outermost of
the lower series black at the tips, and forming a wing-spot which
resembles the inner lining of the quills ; bill and claws bluish

3. BUBO. 23

black; iris yellow. Total length 20 inches, wing 14-9, tail 9-1,
tarsus 2-(J.

Mr. Ridgway thinks it likely that Bubo arctkus is a Mexican bird,
on the strength of Mr. Sclater's paper in Proc. Zool. Soc. for 1860,
where a specimen is recorded from Orizaba and named B. virginianus.
I have seen two specimens from the valley of Mexico, whence they
were received by M. A. Bouvicr. The following notes refer to these
birds : —

a. Ad. Valley of Mexico (Bouvier). Total length 20 inches, wing
14'5, tail 8-4, tarsus 2*55. This bird is very grey, but does not seem
to me to be more than an old B. viri/i>iianHs. Ear-coverts dull buff,
narrowly barred with blackish, and relieved with silvery white
shaft-streaks on the fore part ; bars on the primaries 8, on the secon-
daries 7, and on the tail also 7.

b. [Jun.]. Valley of Mexico (Bouvier). Differs from all the Horned
Owls of America which I have seen as yet by the broad cha-
racter of the white markings on the under surface, so that the black
bars are very distant. The character of the upper surface is also
peculiar, the general colour being blackish, and the ashy white
markings on the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts very broad and
coarse ; the tail is very dark, the bands eight in number, and much
broader than usual ; bands on primaries 8, on secondaries 7 ; ear-
coverts dull tawny buff, with a few indications of blackish cross
lines. Total length 20 inches, wing 14-5, tail 9, tarsus 2-6.

Mr. Salvin has kindly shown me a series of Central- American
Horned Owls. They are chiefly from Guatemala, and belong to the
ordinary North-American type, viz. B. virginianus. But in the
Salvin-Godman Collection there is a remarkable bird from Ecuador,
which is so black as to suggest the possibility of its being a case of
melanism. It has so little left of the tawny colour and markings
that I am unable to say whether it is a specimen of B. virginianus
or B. mctgellanicus, though I should suspect that it would belong to
the former species, if a permanent dark race or a distinct species
should not be some day found to inhabit Ecuador.

Hab. The whole of North America, ranging south into Central
America, as far as Guatemala.

:a.

Admiral Sir George Back

[P.].
E. Doubledav, Esq. [P.].
Hudson's Ba> Co. [P.].
Bernard R. Ross, Esq. [P.].
Dr. Lyall [P.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].
J, K. Lord, Esq. [C.].

M. A. Bouvier.
M. A. Bouvier.
Purchased.

a, b. Ad. st.

North America.

c, d. Ad. st.

Arctic America.

e. Ad. St.

Delaware, U. S.

/. Ad. St.

North America.

g. Ad. sk.

Fort Simpson, June 18G1.

h, i. Ad. sk.

Vancouver's Island.

k, I. Ad. sk.

Vancouver's Island.

m, n. (S 2 sk.

West side of the Rocky

Mountains.

0. Ad. sk.

Valley of Mexico.

p. Juu. sk.

Valley of Mexico.

g,),i>. Skeletons.

N. America.

24 BriiONiD^.

3. Bnbo ascalaphus.

Bubo ascalaphus, Saviff». Descr. Egypte, p. 295, pi. 3. fig. 2 ; Gould,
B. Eur. 1. pi. 37 ; Riipp. Si/st. Uebcrs. p. 12 ; Grai/, Gen. B. '

^ . h P-

yewt. Ooth. rro/%.p. 164; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.\.^.\\\ ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 44 ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 180 ; Bree, B. Eur. 2nd

ed. i. p. 145.
Strix ascalaphus, Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 57 ; Schl. S)- Susem. Vog. Eur.

Taf. 41) ; Bree, B. Eur. i. p. 130 (1863).
Otus ascalaphus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 56 ; Cur. Regn. An.

i. p. 341 (1829); Less. Traite, p. 109; Deql. S,- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i.

p. 139.
Asio ascalaphus, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 115.
Ascalaphia savignii, 7s. Geoff. St.-Hilaire, teste G. R. Gray, List

Gen. B. p. 7 (1841) ; Bp. Cuiisp. i. p. 18; id. Rer. et Maq. de Zool.

1854, p. 542 ; Loche, Erpl. So'. cF Alger. Ois. i. p. 102 ; Souza, Cat.

Lisb. Mus. Acciptr. p. 58.

Adult. General colour above clear tawny buff, varied with black
markings occupying the centres and expanding towards the tips of
the feathers, the tawny portion of which is distributed in lateral
spots or notches, many of which incline to white, the bases of all
the feathers being nearly entirely tawny buff ; scapulars almost all
tawny, with a large rounded white spot near the tip of the exterior
feathers ; the tips of the feathers blackish brown, with a few small
bars of the same on both webs ; head and neck tawny buff like the
back, many of the feathers inclining to whitish at tip, with broad
dark brown centres, less characterized on the hind neck, which
therefore appears more tawny than the rest of the upper surface ;
wing-coverts tawny buff like the back, with the same central mark-
ings of brown, the tawny colour more distributed in spots than on
the back, many of them inclining to white, especially on the outer
webs of the median and greater series, which have quit« an ocellated
appearance, all the least wing-coverts and those bordering the
outside of the wing darker brown and less spotted with tawny than
the rest of the coverts ; wing-coverts nearly uniform brown, inclining
to tawny buff only at base and on the lower half of the inner web ;
quills tawny buff, tipped narrowly with buffy white, the primaries
brown at tip and broadly barred with brown, the tawny interspaces
nearlj- three times the width of the brown cross bars, the secondaries
much more dusky, being more numerously barred with brown, the
tawny buff interspaces about double the width of the brown bands,
and much obscured with vermiculations of brown, the innermost
mottled with tawny buff and brown and resembling the back ; lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts nearly unifonn tawny buff, with
a few brownish mottlings, in the form of bands near the extremity
of the latter : tail-feathers tawny buff, tipped with buffy white, and
crossed with about five distinct bands of darker brown on the outer
feathers, the basal bands obsolete on these, but more distinct on the
others, which have about seven distinguishable, the two centre

3. BUBO. 25

feathers much more dusky, the dark bauds being broader and about
nine in number, the tawny buff interspaces obscured by mottlings of
brown ; lores and featliei-s in front of the eye white, with dusky
blackish tips ; feathers over the eye black, forming a small spot ;
car-tufts about 1"75 inch long, tawny buff, with a black mesial mark
towards the tip ; sides of face and ear-coverts uniform tawny buff,
the latter blackish at their tips, forming a circular line of black down
the sides of the head, succeeded by a ruff of tawny buff feathers,
inclining to whitish on the lower margin of the ear-coverts, these
feathers mesiaUy streaked with black, a small patch of which is also
seen behind the lower part of the ear-coverts on the sides of the
neck ; checks and chin white, as also a patch on the fore neck, this
latter separated from the chin by a patch of stiff feathers tawny buff
with black central streaks ; under surface of body bright tawny buff,
broadly streaked with brown on the chest, the breast less distinctly
streaked, the markings being mere longitudinal spots, many of the
feathers being laterally white ; belly crossed with numerous narrow
zigzag bars of rufous brown, many of the interspaces being white,
these narrow bars disappearing on the under tail-coverts ; leg-feathers
uniform buffy white ; under wing-coverts tawny, more or less washed
with white, the inner ones especially whitish, those near the edge of
the wing rather minutelj' spotted ^vith black, the lower series dark
brown, white at the base, thus resembling the inner lining of the
ijuills, which are whitish on the inner web, with broad brown bars ;
bill black ; iris deep yellow. Total length 21 inches, wing 15-8,
tail 9'5, tarsus 3*lo.

06s. A male collected by Mr. E. Bartlett at the Pyramids mea-
sures as follows : — Total length 19 inches, wing 13'8, tail 8*5,
tarsus 2-9.

Hah. Northern Africa, from Egypt to Algeria.

W. B. D. Tm-nbull, Esq. [P.].
E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.j
Zoological Society.

4. Bubo bengalensis *.

Otus bengalensis, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 115; Guithl, Cent. B.

Himal. Mts. pi. 3.
Urrua cavearia, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 372.
Urrua bengalensis, Jerd. Madr. Joum. x. p. 87 ; id. B. Ind. i. p. 128 ;

id. Ibis, 1871, p. 315 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 26.
Mesomorpha cavearia, Hodgs. J. A S. B. x. p. 28.
Bubo bengalensis, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 37 ; Cass. Cat. Strigid<B Philud.

Mus. p. 9 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 35 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 49 ;

Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 239, et Cantr. Oni. 1852, p. 115; Horsf. ^■

Moore, Cat. B. Mtis. E. I. Co. i. p. 73 ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool.

* Professor Suudevali considers that the title of Strij: capeiisis of Daudiii,
foiiuded on LevailLiiit's Grand Due (Ois. d'At'r. pi. 40), is referable to thU
species ; but the figure is too bad to allow of its exact determination.

a.

Ad. St.

Egypt.

b.

J imm. sk.

Egypt.

c.

Skeleton.

N. Afi-ica.

d.

Sternum.

26 liUBOMD-H.

18o4, p. 542 ; Strickl. Oni. Si/n. p. ^lli; Schl. Miis. I'.-B. Oti, p. 8;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 44 ; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 11)3.
Bubo cavearius, lloihjs. J. A. *'. B. xix. p. 1(3'J.
Ascnlapliia benfralensis, Bli/fJi, Ibis, 1860, p. 252 ; Hume, Rouyh

Xutcs, ii. p. 3lJG ; jYt'«fe c^ -£V//7S /«<?. ^. p. 62.

Adult. Upper surface blackish on the back, much mottled with
light yellowish buff, distributed in lateral spots on most of the
feathers, some of these spots whitish and slightly obscured by zigzag
markings of dark brown, the outer scapulars almost entirely whitish,
especially on their external web, forming a conspicuous shoulder-
patch ; wing-coverts blackish like the back, the least series mottled
with a few whitish or yellowish spots, the median and greater coverts
with large subterminal spots of white on both webs, very distinct and
dear on the outer, but slightly marked with brown mottlings on the
inner one ; primary coverts dark brown at tip, slightly vermiculated,
tlie rump-feathers also with a central arrow-shaped spot of brown ;
tail clear tawny buff, whitish at tip, crossed with rather narrow
bands of dark brown, of which there are about seven on the outer
web, the centre feathers dark brown, crossed with about five bands
of whitish buff, aU mottled with zigzag brown markings ; face very
light-coloured, the lores and plumes in front of the eye white, with
black tips to the shafts ; above the hinder part of the eye a small
black patch ; cheeks white ; ear-coverts dull tawny buff with dusky
shaft-lines, the hinder margin black, forming a lateral line down the
sides of the face, this line being succeeded by a ruff of pale tawny
buff' feathers, with broad central streaks of dark brown, these show-
ing very distinctly on the lower part ; head and neck much lighter
than the back, the general colour being bright tawny buff, streaked
broadly down the centre of each feather with blackish brown, many
of the plumes of the wing inclining to whitish buff near their tips ;
ear-tufts 2-25 inches long, black, narrowly margined on the outer
web, but broadly on the inner one, with yeDowish buff; chin
■whitish, the throat crossed with a bar of stiff recurved fulvous
feathers, streaked down the centre with brown, in continuation of
the facial ruff ; breast whitish buff, with broad mesial streaks of dark
brown with fulvous mottling, the basal half tawny buff, barred across
with brown ; primaries tawny buff, brown at tip, and barred across
with dark brown, the secondaries marked in the same manner, but
rather duller, the buff interspaces inclining to whitish externally, and
all more or less mottled with brown vermiculations, the innermost
almost entirely brown, largely spotted with white on the outer and
with buff on the inner web, aU these spots more or less obscured by
brown zigzag bars or vermiculations ; lower back, rump, and upper
taU-coverts clear tawny buff, with a few irregular and nearly obso-
lete bars of brown, some of these streaks dilating towards the
tips ; belly light yellowish buff, with narrow and indistinct trans-
verse bars of brown, a Httle plainer on the feathers of the lower
breast, which have also tolerably distinct central streaks of brown,
the under tail-coverts fulvous, less distinctly barred ; leg-feathers
imiform fulvous ; under wing-coverts tawny buff, slightly barred

;i. liUBO. 27

Avith narrow markings of brown, the outermost rather kirgely spotted
with brown, the lower series fulvons at base, brown at tip, forming
a wing-bar, thus resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are
fulvous, barred with brown on the inner web ; bill homy black ;
iridos intense orange-yellow. Total length 20 inches, wing 15-6,
tail 8-8, tarsus 2-95.

Obs. On looking over the series of Bubo bengalensis, I was struck
with the variation in colour which is exhibited by the species. Some
specimens arc very black in comparison with others ; and these I
cannot make out to be immature. Himalayan examples are gene-
rally more dusky about the face than those from other parts of India ;
and one presented by Mrs. Hillier is remarkable for its talvny ap-
pearance. In this stage it comes exceedingly close to Bubo asca-
htphus ; and indeed these two species are scarcely separable ; a
comparison of a large series might even prove their absolute identity ;
but we have in the Museum only two specimens from Egj^pt. They
are more ocellated in appearance than the Indian birds, especially
below, where the light markings are very broad and arranged in the
form of spots, while the transverse bars are much narrower in B.
benr/alensis.

Hab. The Peninsula of India.

a. Ad. sk. India. Mrs. Hillier [P.].

ft. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.".

c. Imm. st. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. P."

d. Jun. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 'P.'

e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P."
/, <f. Ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. "P."
/(. Ad. sk. Raikote, Kattiawar, Major J. Hayes Lloyd [P.].

June 4th, 1871.

i. Ad. sk. Jaitpore, Kattiawar, Major J. Hayes Lloyd fP.l.

Dec. 12th, 1871.

k. Ad. sk. Kamptee, C. India. Dr. B. Hinde [P.].

I. Jun. sk. Kamptee, C. India. Dr. B. Hinde [P.].

m. Skeleton. Zoological Society.

5. Bubo capensis*.

Bubo capensis. Smith, S. Afr. Q. Jmirn. ii. no. 4, pt. 1, p. 317 ; Grarf,
Gen. B. i. p. 37 ; Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 49 ; S^nith, III. Zool. S.
Afr. Aves, pi. Ixx. ; Cass. Cat. Strigidee Philad. Mus. p. 8 ; Bj).
Consp. i. p. 49; Kaiip, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 116; Bp. Rev. etMag.
de Zool. 1854, p. 542; Strickl. Orn. Sijn. p. 217; Schl. Mris. B.-B.
Oti, p. 9; Laijard, B. S. Afr. p, 39; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i.

* This specific name is f-enerally credited to Daudin, who founded his Sirix
capensis on Levaillant's " Grand Due." This Professor Sundevall refers to Bufio
bengalcmis; but the question is too obscure to admit of our substituting for the
latter well-established title the older, but totally inapplicable, one of capensis
for an Indian bird. The synonymy of this doubtful Cape species is as
follows :—

Le Grand Due, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 40.

Stris capensis, Daiid. Traits, ii. p. 209 (c.v Levaill.).

Bubo africaiius, Stephens, Gen. Zuol. xiii. pi. 2, p. 55.

28 BIBOXID.E.

p. 110; Gniy, Hand-l. B. i. \\ 43; aumey, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 14«;

Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 4 ; Sharpe, ed. Laijard, B. S. Afr. p. 70.
Bubo dilloni. Prevost et Des Mvrs, liev. Zoul. 1846, p. 242 ; iid. in

Lefehrr. Vol/. Abyss. Zool. p. 7;5, pi. 3.
Bubo maximus, var. capeiisis, Kaup, Ms, 1848, p. 770.
Nisuella dilloni, Bp. Rev. et Mm/, de Zoul. 1854, p. 542.
Bubo ascalabotes, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 7.
Bubo ascalaphus, Fimch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 210.

Not quite adult (type of species). Above brown, everywhere strongly
mottled with orange-tawny, tlic feathers of the head and neck
brown, with large spots of tawny colour on each web of the feather,
larger and forming bauds on those of the hind neck, the tawny
colour predominating on this portion of the upper surface ; back
brown, mottled with irregular markings of tawny, which forms largo
spots and bars on the scapulars, more distinct ou the outer webs of
these feathers, which are also tipped with whitish ; least wing-
coverts almost entirely uniform brown, with only a few small
rounded spots of tawny buff, the median series mottled with larger
spots of the same, inclining to white on the outer web of some of
these coverts, the greater series brown hke the secondary quills, and,
as in the latter, barred with rows of tawny buff markings, most
regular in appearance but difficult to describe, these tawny markings
not being actually bars, but enclosing a more or less dissolving spot
of brown, and giving a generally barred appearance to the wing ; the
primary coverts more entirely brown, the cross markings, which are
like those on the secondaries, very indistinct ; the primaries brown,
regularlv barred across with tawny buff, these cross bars only slightly
obscured by remains of brown mottling, increasing towards the tips
of these quills, which are almost entirely brown ; lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts alternately barred with brown and tawny buff
in regular succession ; tail brown, slightly tipped with fulvous and
crossed with seven other bands of buff on the centre feathers, these
bands being exactly of the same character as those on the wings,
enclosing brown mottlings, the outer feathers banded with dark
brown and duU tawny in about equal proportions, the light inter-
spaces inclining to white on the outermost rectrix, especially near
the base ; lores and feathers in front of the eye white, the shafts
black near the tip and elongated into hair-like bristles ; feathers
under the eye whitish ; sides of the face dull tawny, shading into
dark brown at their tips, the ear-coverts broadly brown on their
hinder margin ; above the eye a small patch of blackish feathers,
reaching to the base of the ear-tufts, which are black, spotted with
tawny buff on the inner margin ; behind the ear-coverts runs a
tolerably conspicuous ruff of bright tawny buff feathers, with
brown bases and indistinct cross bars of the same ; chin white, as
also the fore neck, separated from each other by a bar across the
throat, consisting of tawny feathers mesially streaked with brown ;
crop-patch composed of fluffy dull white feathers, inconspicuously
barred with dull brown ; rest of under surface tawny buff, barred
across with brown, the light portions of the feather, however, being

3. ituTio. 20

the broadest, and often neurlj- white ; under tail-coverts whitish,
harred across with brown, much more narrowly than the breast ; leg-
feathers whitish, the tibial plumes tawny, with very few zigzag
markings of brown ; under wing-coverts pure white, plainly crossed
with zigzjig bars of brown, the lower series yellowish white for basal
half, barred with brown, the apical half being entirely brown, form-
ing a wing- bar, and resembling the inner lining of the quills, which
are yellowish white on inner web, broadly barred with dark brown ;
bill dark livid brown ; claws horn-colour, lightest towards base ; iris
bright orange-yellow. Total length 24 inches, wing 15-8, tail 9-2,
tarsus 2-H.

Ilah. Africa : Cape colony and Abyssinia : not known on the west
coast.
a. Imm. St. Cape of Good Hope. . Sir A. Smith [C].

6. Bubo magellanicus.

Hibou des Torres Magellaniijues, Buff. PL Etil. i. pi. 385.

Bubo magellanicus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 28(1 ; Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 4(5

(1844) ; D'Orb. Voy. Am. Mend. Ois. p. 137 ; £p. Consp. i. p. 48;

Felz. Heine Korafa, Vog. p. 20 ; Gi'ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 43.
Nacurutu, Azara, Apnnt. ii. p. 192.
Strix nacurutu, Vieill. N. Diet. vii. p. 44.
Asio magellaincus, Less. Man. (VOrn. i. p. 116.
Bubo cvassirostris, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 121 ; id. La Plata Reis. ii.

p. 439.
Bubo virginianus, Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 155; iid. No?uenel.

Av. Neotr. p. 116 (pt.j.
Bubo \arginianus, var. magellanicus, Bidg. B. N. Atner. iii. p. (>1 ;

Coues, B. K W. Am. p. 301.

■ Adult male. Above dull tawny buff, more or less mottled with
blackish brown over the whole of the upper surface, the buff colour
prevailing on the head and nock, these barred crosswise with blackish
brown, with a tolerably broad central line of the same dilating
towards the apex of the plume, the light markings paler and more
whitish on the feathers of the crown ; ear-tufts 1'75 inch long,
blackish, inclining to pale tawny buff on the inner webs ; feathers
of the back and scapulars barred near the base, and thickly vermi-
culated towards the tips ^vith blackish, giving a darker appearance
to this part of the upper surface ; wing-coverts coloured like the
back, the least series thickly mottled with blacldsh, the tawny-buff
colour predominating in the centre of the shoulder, the greater
coverts also being tawny buff, slightlj- mottled with brown, and
distinctly barred with the latter colour ; primary coverts deep reddish
buff, obscurely mottled and tipped with blackish brown, and distinctly
barred across with the same colour ; primaries for the most part
tawny or orange buff, inclining to dusky brown at the tips of the
primaries, the light interspaces also being slightly mottled with the
same colour, all the quills crossed with seven bands of darker brown,
these bars much more indistinct on the innermost secondaries, where
they form coarse irregular zigzag brown markings ; lower back,

30

huronidje.

rump, and upper tail-coverts dull tawny buflf, all regularly barred
across with dark brown ; tail tawny buff, tipped with whitish and
crossed with seven blackish bars, less distinct on the centre feathers,
where the interspaces are also mottled with dark bi'own ; lores and
feathers in front of the eye white, with hair-hke shaft-lines of
black : feathers above the eye black ; sides of face dull tawny buff,
narrowly barred with blackish on the lower part of the ear-coverts,
the hinder part black, forming a circular band down the sides of the
head ; this black bar followed by an indistinct ruff of fulvous
feathers, blackish at the base ; cheeks whitish, as also the chin and
fore neck, the latter separated by a band of stiff tawny buff feathers
mesiaUy streaked with blackish ; centre of the body dull oehraceous
buff, with only a few faint indications of dusky brown cross lines on
the abdomen and feathers of the legs, the latter being, with this
exception, nearly uniform buff; all the sides of the body oehraceous
buff, closely barred with dull brown, more widely on the flanks and
more thickly on the breast, many of the feathers of which have
patches or spots of duU brown in the centres of the feathers ; under
tail-coverts resembling the flanks, but more widely barred; the under
wing-coverts also oehraceous buff, narrowly but distinctly barred
with brown, the axiUars similarly coloured, the outermost of the
lower series blackish at tip aud forming a wing-spot, thus resem-
bling the inner lining of the quills, which are for the most part
didl brown, barred on the inner web with fulvous ; homy sheath
of beak and toes black, the cere somewhat greyer ; iris reddish
yeUow. Total length 19-5 inches, wing 14-5, tail 8-5, tarsus 2-55.

Adult female (Peru). Total length 20 inches, wing 14-85, tail
9-2, tarsus, 2-65.

Hah. The southern portion of S. America, ranging on the western
side up to Peru, and on the eastern side to Southern lirazil.

a. 2 ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, April 23rd, Henry Whitely, Esq. [C.].

1869.

b. Ad. St. Chili. Mr. Brydges [C.].

c. cJ ad. sk. Prov. Santiago, Chili, E. C. Eeed, Esq. [C.].

May 1872.

d. e. Ad. st. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.].
/. Skeleton. Chili. Purchased.

7. Bubo maculosus*.

Strix maculosa, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vii. p. 44 ; id. ct Oud.
Gal. Ois. i. pi. 23 bis : Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 4/ .

* Bubo maculosu.s.

Le Choucouhou, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 39.
Strix nisuella, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 187 {ex Levaill.).
M. Jules Verreaux, in a note communicated to Dr. Hartlaub (Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 19) says that this species is the same as B. maculosus (V.) ; and Professor
Sundevall, in his critique on Levaillant (p. 27), agrees with this, and says he
hits seen the typo in the Leyden Museum. Prof. Schlegel, however, does not
mention this in his ' Catalogue ;' and I do not consider tlie plate in Levaillant 's
work sufficiently decisive to upset the better-known title of Vieillot's.

ri. nuBO. 31

Strix africnim, Tcnwi. PL Col. ii. pi. ^>0.

Otus alVicanus, Stcph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. •'58 ; Cttv. lieyn. An.

■ 1829, p. 841.

Bubo africamis, Boie, Isls, 1820, p. 070; Kaiip, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 240,

et Coiifr. Orn. 1852, p. 110.
Asio africana, Less. Mmi. d'Orn. i. p. 116.
Otus niaculosus, Less. Traite, p. 100 ; Smith, S. Afr. Q. Jovrn. ii.

p. 315 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 40 ; Cans. Cat. Striqidte rhil. Mus.

p. 8.
Bubo niaculosus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 49 ; StricM. Orn. Sy». p. 215 ;

Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 242 ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 14 ; Sclater,

Ibix, 1804, p. .'507 ; Pclz. Peis. Norara, Toy. p. 20, pi. 6. tig. 1 ;

Luyard, B. h. Afr. p. 40 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. \. p. 44; Bocuqe, Jam.

Li'sh. 1870, p. 338, 1871, p. 4, 1873, p. 19; Gurney, P. Z'.S. 1871,

p. 148, et in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 42 ; Sharpe, cd. Layard, B. 6'.

Afr. p. 73.
Nisuella maculosa, Bp. Per. ct May. de Zool. 1854, p. 542.

Nestling. Covered with long and flufFj^ feathers, of a dull brownish
white colour, with indistinct bars of dull brown on the head and
under surface of the body ; feathers of the upper siirface light
brown, barred and mottled with darker brown, the wing-coverts
ocellated on both webs with yellowish buff ; these as well as the sca-
pulars broadly tipped with whitish, causing a distinctly mottled
appearance.

Adult female. Above dark brown, strongly mottled and vermicu-
lated with fulvous, the markings somewhat coarser on the scapulars,
which have on their outer webs large spots of white, separated from
each other by a narrow brown bar, and giving a distinctly ocellated
appearance ; wing-coverts light brown, slightly mottled with ful-
vous, the median and greater series distinctly ocellated with white
on outer webs, the primary coverts also marked with white exter-
nally ; quills pale brown, narrowly tipped and rather broadly barred
with buffy white, all the hars more or less vermiculated with brown,
the bars on the outer primaries white and very broad, all of them
very distinct below ; upper tail-coverts brown, irregularly barred
with white ; tail brown, tipped with whitish, and crossed with four
bands of light fulvous, all the interspaces and the tips more or less
mottled with brown vermiculations, the centre feathers with no
distinct cross bars, but much vermiculated with fulvous on the outer
margins ; crown of head and ear-tufts deep brown spotted with
white, and producing a barred appearance on the latter and on the
hind neck, verj- conspicuous on the neck, which has also large ocel-
lated spots of white ; lores white, tipped with black : sides of face
and ear-coverts white, barred with brown, the latter tipped with
black, forming a ring ; feathers of facial ruff white at base, dark
brown at tip ; sides of face white, narrowly barred with brown ;
chin whitish ; throat brown, notched on both webs with fulvous ;
on the lower throat a conspicuous patch of white ; rest of under
surface of body white barred narrowly with brown and freckled
(especially on the sides of the body) with pale rufous brown ; the
tarsal feathers whitish, with verv few indications of brown cross

32 DUiioNin^E.

bars, which are, however, very distinct ou the under tail-coverts ;
under wing;-covert8 white, narrowly barred with brown, as also are
the axillaries ; bill black ; iris yellow. Total length 21 inches,
ciilnien 1-8, auricular tufts 2-4, wing 13-4, tail 7-7, tarsus 3-1.

Ohs. Some specimens are not mottled with white but with rufous
buff, and have consequently a more rufescent appearance ; but it
appears that the species gets darker and more uniform with age,
especially on the upper surface and the sides of the face.

Hab. The whole of South Africa, ranging as high as the Zambesi
on the east coast, and to Benguela on the west.

a. Pull. 8t. South Africa. South-African Museum.

b. Juv. St. South Afi-ica. South- African Museum.

c. Ad. St. South Afi-ica.

d. Ad. St. South Africa. Earl of Derby [P.].

e. Ad. St. South Africa. Zoological Society.

/. Juv. sk, Benguela. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.].

ff, h, i. Skeletons. South Africa. Zoological Society.

k. Sternum. Zoological Society.

8. Bubo cinerascens.

Otus africanus, Rilpp. Neiie Wirh. p. 45 {nee Teinm.) ; id. Syst,

Uehers. p. 12.
Bubo cinerascens, G^wr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 321 ; Gray, Gen. B. i.

p. 37 ; Cass. Cat. Strigidce, p. 8 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 49, et Rev. et

Mag. de Zuol. 1854, p. 542; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 217; Heugl. in

Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 20; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 15; Blanf.

Geol. 8)~ Zool. Abyss, p. 302 ; Antin. ^ Salvad. Viaqq. Bogos,

p. 39.
Otus cinerascens, Des Murs, in Lefebvr. J'oi/. Abyss. Zool. p. 74,

pi. 4.
Bubo cinerascens, Guer. Sf Lafr. in Ferret et Galin. Voy. Abyss. Zool.

iii. p. 181, pi. 2.
Otus maculosus, Ilorsf. ,$■ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. £. I. Co. i. p. 80 ;

Heugl.J.f. O. 1803, p. 13.
^golius africanus, Heugl. Syst. ZTebers. p. 14.
Bubo maculosus (nee V.), Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 19: id. J. f. O.

1861, p. 101 ; Brehm, Reis. n. Ilabesch, pp. 208, 270 ; Heugl.' Orn.

N.O.-Afr. p. 114; Finsch i'- Hartl. Vog. Ostirfr. p. 103.
Bubo afiicanus, Scl. Rep. Speke coll. Somali Ld. p. 9 ; Spekc, Ibis,

1860, p. 244; Hengl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 20.
Otus melanotus, Heiiql. J. f. 0. 1863, p. 12.

Bubo selenotis, Heugl. J.f. O. 1867, p. 293 (ex Pr. Wiirt. MS.).
Huhua cinerascens, Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 149; id. in Anderss. B.

Dam. Ld. p. 42.

Adult. Above brown, mottled and transversely vermiculated with
darker brown, and crossed with zigzag lines of whitish on the sca-
pulars and inner secondaries ; the outer scapulars white, narrowly
barred across with brown, forming a very conspicuous shoulder-
patch, the bases of the feathers on this part inclining to orange-bufF:
wing-coverts brown, with less numerous zigzag bars, the greater
coverts mottled with white, the median ones with a large round
.spot of white at the tips, forming an indistinct band ; quills brown,

3. BUBO. 33

barred across with light fulvous brown, very distinct on the inner
web, all the bars more or less mottled with brown vermiculations,
especially near the tips, which incline to whitish ; tail brown,
whitish at tips, and crossed with six fulvescent bands, all of which
are mottled with brown, and incline more or less to white on the
outermost feather ; the under surface of the wings and tail ashy
brown, crossed with broad and distinct bands of yellowish near the
base, whitish near the tip ; crown of head brown, spotted on either
web with white inclining to irregular bars on the ear-tufts ; the
Tiape and hind neck, forming the wig, whitish, inclining more or
less to yellowish, and barred with light brown ; lores and feathers
over the eye pure white, the sides of the face dusky brown, indi-
stinctly barred with white, incluiing to brown at the tips of the
ear-coverts, and forming a circular frill ; facial ruff white, narrowly
Ijarred wdth brown, and touched hero and there with orange-buff;
under surface of body white, the chin and a patch on the lower
throat pure white, the remainder of the body barred with brown,
more broadly on the chest, which therefore assumes a dusky appear-
ance ; the flanks, sides of the body, and under tail-coverts washed
with yellowish ; under wing-coverts white, narrowly barred with
bro\vn, more coarsely on the outermost, the lower series white
broadly barred with dark brown, thus resembling the inner lining
of the wing ; iris dark, clear blue ; eyelids blood-red ; feet pale
leaden ; bill blackish horn-colour, paler at the tip of upper man-
dible. Total length 19 inches, culm en 1-9, wing 12-8, tail 7*8,
tarsus 2"4, ear-tufts l-o.

Female. According to Von Heuglin, the female is smaller than
the male.

Younf). This plumage is described by Yon Heuglin as being more
■washed with rufous, vermiculated and waved on the upper surface
with darker grey ; head and ear-tufts smoky, varied with pale
rufous ; iris rufous umber.

Hah. N.E. Africa.

a, h. Ad. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler [C.].

c. Ad. st. Pm-chased.

d. Ad. St. River Niger. Purchased.

9. Bubo lacteus.

Strix lactea, Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 4 ; Chapyn. Trav. S. Afr. ii. p. 392.
Bubo lacteus, StepJi. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 55; Ciw. Regiie An. i.

p. 344 (1829); SmUh, S. Afr.-Journ. ii. p. 317; Riipp. Si/st.

Uebers. p. 12 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 37 ; Cass. Cat. Sirigidm Philad.

Mus. p. 17 ; Bp. Cvmp. i. p. 49 ; Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. Mus.

E. I. Co. i. p. 73; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 217; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.

p. 19 ; ScJd. Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 11 ; Gum. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 2 ;

Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 112; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 44;

Blanf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 302 ; Finsch l^- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr.

p. 101; Gurney, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 148; A?itin. ^- S<dvad. Viagg.

Bogos, p. 28 ; Sharpe ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 71.
Scops lactea, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 118.
Otus lacteus, Less, Traitv, p. 111.

VOL. II. D

34 BrBosiD.?:.

Buto sultaneus, Less. Traite, p. 1 15 ; Pitcher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool.

1849, p. 27 ; Grail, Gen. B. i. p. 37.
Bubo verieauxii, Bp. Cousp. i. p. 49 ; Lat/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 38 ;

Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 44; Biickleij, Ibis', 1874, p. 302. *
UiTualacteus, Kaiq), Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 244, et Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 117.
Iluhiiix verroauxi, Gmiiey, Ibis, 1868, p. 147; tV^. in Anderss. B.

Dam. Ld. p. 41.

Adult female. General colour greyish brown; the back brown,
scantily freckled with greyish white, more coarsely on the scapulars,
the outermost of which are more or less ■s\'hite extcniaUy, more or
less vermiculatcd with brown zigzag lines ; head and neck lighter
than the back, the crown crossed with broader lines of white ; ear-
tufts 2-5 inches long, brown freckled with white lines, the tip uni-
form bro\\Ti ; wing-coverts coloured like the back, and freckled in
the same way, many of the feathers uniform brown on the inner
web, the greater series white at the tips of the feathers, forming an
irregular bar down the wing, these spots slightly varied with brown
frecklings ; primarj- coverts nearly uniform dark brown, with faintly
indicated bars of lighter brown ; quills brown, tipped with whitish
and barred with darker brown, the lighter interspaces slightly
freckled with brown, especially on the inner web of the secondaries,
which incline to whitish, the innermost secondaries brown freckled
with whitish lines, and resembling the back ; upper tail-coverts
rather lighter than the back, the white vermiculations rather broader ;
tail-feathers ashy brown, tipped with whitish and crossed with four
bars of darker brown, the light interspaces being freckled with
greyish white on the centre feathers, and whitish on the inner webs
of the outer ones ; lores whitish, obscured by blackish bristles ;
sides of face white, the hinder margin of the ear-coverts black,
forming a lateral line down the sides of the head, behind which is
an indistinct ruff of white feathers, barred narrowlj- with greyish
black, resembling the plumes of the sides of the neck ; chin and
throat white, as well as the cheeks, these feathers broadly streaked
with black, the lower throat narrowly barred with greyish black ;
fore neck white, with scarcely any cross lines ; rest of iinder surface
of body ashy grey, everywhere vermiculatcd with whitish, more
thickly on the chest, the breast-feathers as well as those of the
flanks and sides of the body white, barred across with brown, the
lower flank-feathers widely barred ; centre of abdomen white ; leg-
featliers and under tail-coverts white, with more or less indistinct
zigzag cross lines of greyish brown ; under wing-coverts whitish,
with greyish transvcrmiculations, exactly like the breast, the lower
series black, white at base, forming a wing-bar, and resembling tho
inner lining of the wing, which is blackish brown, broadly barred
with white on the inner web ; cere bluish grey ; bill pale ash-
colour ; iris very dark hazel ; eyelid a conspicuous pink.

Ohs. Specimens of this Owl from South Africa are often regarded
as belonging to a diflferent species, which is called Bubo, or Buhna,
verreaiuvi. Mr. Gurney has argued in favour of their recognition as
distinct species : and he gives the following measurements in support
of his plea (Ibis, 18GS, p. 148) :—

Carpus to tip
4tb primary

of

Tarsus.

Tail.

in.

18-5

160

in.
30
2-5

m.
110
9-5

19-3

110

3-3

17-6*

fmissino'l

2-9

18-0

10-0

2-9

17-5

9-5

2 -Bo

18-6

9-8

2-95

18-0

10-5

2-85

19-3

10-5

3-0

3. uuBo. 35

Ulna,
in.

B. rerrcau.vi J 80

B. lactea J 7'5

I cannot, however, see more in these differences than the nsual
slight increase of size exhibited bj- South-African birds over ex-
amples of the same species from more northern localities. I there-
fore unite these two titles under one species, and give the measure-
ments of the series now before me : —

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.

rt. [ 2 1 ad. Bogos Land (Eder) 28

b. (^ ^ ad. Bogos Land (Esler) —

c. [ cJ ] ad. Sooroo (Blanford) 24

d. cJ ad. Bissao (Beaudouiii) .... 2Q

e. Ad. Zambesi (Livingstone) . . 22
/. c? ad. Cape colony ( Verrecmx) , 24
g. Ad. Cape colony ( Verreaux) , 24

Hah. The whole of Africa, excepting the forest districts of the
west coast.

rt. S fid. sk. Bissao {Beaudouin). R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.J.

h. S ad. sk. Bogos Land. Ilerr Esler [C.l.

c. 5 ad. sk. Bogos Land. Ilerr Esler [C. J.

rf. Jad. sk. Sooroo. _ W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

e. Ad. sk. Zambesi. Dr. Livingstone [C.].

/, g. Ad. st. Cape colony. M. ,1. Verreaux [C.].

10. Bubo coromandus.

Petit Hibou de Coromandel, Sonn. Voy. Ind. ii. p. 186.

Coromandel Eared Owl, Lath. Gen. Syn. Siq)pl. p. 44.

Strix coromanda, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 53.

Otus coromandus, Stq>h. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 58.

Bubo coromanda. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 37 ; Cass. Cat. Strigida Pkilad,

Mus. p. 9 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 49 ; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E.

L. Co. i. p. 75 ; ScM. Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 9 ; Gray, J£and-L B. i.

p. 44 ; Ifume, Sir. F. i. p. 164.
Urrua coromanda, Hodqs. J. A. S. B. \-i. p. 373 ; Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv.

p. 243 ; id. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 117 ; 5;j. Rei\ et Mag. de Zool

1854, p. 542; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 218; Jerd. B. Lnd. i. p. 1-30;

id. Ibis, 1871, p. 345 ; Hume, Xests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 63,
Mesomorpba coromanda, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. p. 28.
Urrua umbrata, Bli/th, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 180.
Bubo umbratus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. .35.
Ascalapbia coromanda, Blyth, Ibis, 1860, p. 253 ; Hume, Rough Notes,

ii. p. 371.
Bubo sinensis, Heude, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5) xx. art. 2 ; Sharpe, Ibis,

1875, p. 265.

Adult female. General colour greyish brown, with dark brown
centres to the feathers, which are obscurely vermiculated with
darker brown ; head rather lighter than the back, the ground-

* This bird is moulting, and perhaps h.is not tlie wing perfectly grown.
* "^ D 2

36 BUBONin.r.,

colour being paler and more hoary ; ear-tufts nearlj' uniform dark
brown, lighter at the base and vermieulated with greyish on the
inner web ; scapulars ratlier browner than the back, the mesial
brown streaks being very distinct, the outermost with large yel-
lowish white markings, these more or less mottled with brown, but
forming a tolerably distinct shoulder-patch ; wing-coverts resembling
the back and vermieulated in exactly the same manner, the centres
to the feathers darker brown, the outer median and greater coverts
with distinct rounded spots of yellowish white ; primary coverts ashy
brown, broadly banded with darker brown ; quills ashy brown, the
primaries tinged with fulvous, all crossed with broad bands of darker
bro^vn, the light interspaces minutely vermieulated and dotted with
brown, the innermost secondaries thickly vermieulated and resem-
bling the back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy
brown, numerously crossed with rather narrow fulvous cross bars,
the latter vermicmated with fulvous ; tail dark brown, broadly tipped
with buffy white, and crossed with four other broad bands of deeper
buff, these bands very distinct on all excepting the two centre
feathers, which have the light bands very much obscirred with
brownish vermiculations, even extending to the apical whitish band ;
lores and feathers in front of the eye white, with hair-like black
shaft-streaks ; sides of face greyish brown, lighter behind the eye,
all the feathers with narrow mesial streaks of blackish, the hinder
margin of the ear-coverts dark brown, forming a longitudinal patch,
which is succeeded by a tolerably well-defined ruff of fulvous plumes
sHghtly vermieulated with greyish brown and streaked down the
centre with darker brown ; chin whitish ; rest of under surface of
body greyish white, with distinct mesial streaks of darker brown to
all the feathers, which are also faintly but regularly barred across
with zigzag lines of brown, the bars rather further apart on the
abdomen, which consequently appears lighter than the breast ; lower
throat crossed with an indistinct bar of long fulvous feathers with
dark brown centres in continuation of the facial ruff; bases to the
feathers of the fore neck whitish, giving an indistinct appearance of
a throat-patch ; leg-feathers fulvescent, very narrowly barred across
Avith zigzag lines of brown ; under wing-coverts fulvescent, with
dark brown shaft-lines, and crossed with irregular narrow bars of
broMU, broader on the outermost, the lower series yellowish at base,
dark brown at tip, forming a wing-bar and resembling the inner
lining of the quills, which are dark brown below, broadly barred
with yellowish buff on the web ; " legs and feet feathered, the latter
sparsely ; terminal joint bare, pale grey, with one or two large, soft,
transverse scales ; claws black ; irides deep yellow ; bill greyish
white or pale lavender, with the tips and culmen pale yellowish
horny" (Hume). Total length 21 inches, wing 16-4, tail 8-5, tar-
sus 2-65.

Yotmg. Like the adult, but paler and not showing any distinct
ear-tufts, the vermiculations on the back much broader and lighter,
the ear-coverts rather darker than the head and greyer ; under sur-
face of body lighter than the back, less distinctlj" vermieulated, and

o. iiuno. 37

the mesial shaft-streaks much narrower ; thighs and log- feathers
white, narrowly streaked with small brown lines ; tail-feathers
brown, M'itli live lighter buff bunds in addition to the pale tip.

II»h. India: common in the N.W. provinces and extending into
.Sindh ; eastwards extending into Tipperah and British Ijurraah.
«. 2 ad. sk. Futtegurb, Jan. 10, 1871. Andrew Anderson, Esq. [0.1.
6, c. Juv.sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P 1

d. Ad. St. India. Dr. Royle [I'.l.

e. Juv. St. India. Dr. Rovle [P.].

/. $ skeleton. Zoological Society.

11. Bubo shelleyi. (Plate II.)

Iluhua shelleyi, Sharpe and Ussher, Ibis, 1872, p. 182.

Adult. Above blackish chocolate, the crown and auricular tufts
(3-5 inches long) perfectly uniform ; the nape with a few fulvous
cross bars, for the most part concealed on this part, but broad and
distinct on the sides of the neck, outer scairalars, and ujjper tail-
coverts ; wing-coverts blackish like the back, the least ones perfectly
uniform, and the primary coverts nearly uniform also, excepting as
regards a few concealed indications of paler brown bars on the inner
web ; the greater and median wing-coverts distinctly barred across
with fulvous, these bars inclining to ashy brown towards the tips
of the feathers ; quills ashy brown, regularly barred across with
darker brown, the interspaces inclining to fulvous on the inner webs
of the feathers, the lower surface of the wing brown, with very
broad buffy white cross bars; tail light brown, fulvescent at tip,
brown at base, and crossed with seven other bands of dark brown,
these bars being much broader near the base and becoming gradu-
ally narrower in extent towards the tip ; forehead and feathers of
the face fulvous white, distinctly barred across with dark brown,
broader at the tips, and forming a distinct fringe to the facial ruff •
under surface of body whitish, tinged with yellowish on the flanks^
and inclining to silvery white on many of the body- and flank-
feathers ; all the under surface broadly and distinctly barred with
dark brown, becoming much narrower on the tarsal feathers ; under
wing-coverts tawny rufous, barred across with blackish brown, the
greater series almost entirely fulvous like the wing-lining, and
having only a small brown marking towards the tip ; bill yellow.
Total length 2.5-5 inches, culmeu 2-8, wing 19-4, tail lU-5, tarsus 3-5.

Hab. Tiie forest country in the interior of Fantee.
"• -^d. sk. Denkera. R. B. Sharpe, Esq^. [P.]

12. Bubo nipalsnsis*.

Bubo nipalensis, Ilodffs. As. Ses. xix. p. 172; Gray, Ilaml-l. B i.
p. 44.

* Mr. Iloldsworth, in his excellent list of Ceylonese birds, refers the species
of Ceylon to Hvhua pecforalis of Jerdon. Tlie latter species was described
fi-om iSouthcrn India, and is stated lo hold an intei-niediato position Ix'twocn
B. nipulams and B. oricntalis. Not having seen examples from South India,

38 BUBONID^.

Ilubua uipaleusis, Jlodya. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 3G2 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i.

p. 1;U ; Bli/th, Ibis, 1801), p. 1^54; Huvtv, Roi«jh Notes, p. 378;

id. Sir. F. i. p. 431.
Ktoglaiix nipalensis, Hodijs. J. A. S. B. x. p. 28.
]'>iiba orientalis, B/i/th, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 34.
liubo pectoralis, Cass. Cat. Stiii/idee Phi/ad. Mus. p. 0.
L'lTua nipaleusis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 117 ; id. Tr. Z. S. iv.

p. 244.
I'tiloskelos amherstii, TickeU, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 448.
lluhua orientalis, Bli/th, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 411.
Iluhua pectoralis, IlMsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 41G.

Young. General colour white, somewhat washed with yellow here
and there, and barred with broad markings of dark brown, some-
times heart- and sometimes spade-shaped on the back, less prominent
and narrower on the head ; sides of face dull white, washed with
brown ; under surface of body whitish, barred across with pale
brown, these bars much darker on the under wing-coverts ; wings
and tail coloured much as in the adult, the former with many whitr
feathers barred with brown hke the back (the remains of young
plumage), the tail with remains of seven fulvous bars besides the
white tip ; toes bare, with a few bristly feathers sprouting.

Adult. Above brown, narrowly tipped and banded across with
tawny buff over the whole of the upper surface, these bars less
distinct on the crown, but broader and deeper-coloured on the hind
neck ; the light-coloured bars broader and coarser on the scapu-

I cannot speak positively on the species ; but if distinct, the synonymy wiU be
as follows : —

Bubo pectoral,is.

Huhua pectoralis, Jerd. Madr. Joum. x. p. 89, pi. 1 ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872,
p. 416,

Bubo pectoralis, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 37 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 49 ; Strickl. Orn.
8yn. p. 216.
Mr. Hume, however, speaks with great certainty on the subject of the Ceylon
bird : — "Whether H. 2>ectf>ralis (Jerdon) be, or be not, a good species I cannot
yet positively affirm, because I have hitherto failed to procure a Nilgliiri or
Malabar specimen ; but the Ceylon bird, of which I have a very fine specimen
now before me, is no more distinct from Hukua nipalc7isis than Kctv.pa ceylo-
nensis of Ceylon is distinct from that of Northern India. H. niixdensis is, I
believe, a rare bird in European collections ; but I have carefully examined
some ten specimens, five of which are now in my collection, and I find that,
even as regards size, there is no such marked diiferenee between the Ceylonese
and Nepaulese birds. In two males before me from Nepaul, the wings vary
from 16 to 16o inches, in the females from 17'5 to 18-5 inches; in a supposed
male from Ceylon the wing is 16"75 inches.

"As regards plumage, the bird is one that varies very greatly; if there is a
diiferenee, the iS'epaulese birds are rather darker ; as for the so-called pectoral
band, which merely depends on the breadth of the subterminal bars on the
breast-feathers, this apparently depends upon age, and I have a Nepaulese bird
in which the so-called pectoral band is a great deal more marked than in the
very fine Ceylon specimen before me ; while I have another Nepaulese bird, a
young male, I believe, in which there is scarcely a trace of this band. The
Ceylon bird may, I think, be referred to H. nipnknsis ; and this being the fact, I
think it extremely doubtfid whether the Malabar and Nilghiri birds will prove
distinct."

3. BUBO. 39

lars, the outermost of which are broadly tipped and spotted with
yellowish buff on the outer web, forming a tolerably distinct
shoulder-patch ; wing-coverts dark brown, narrowlj^ barred with
fidvous like the back, the median and greater series broadly tipped
and externally barred with yellowish buff, producing a chequered
appearance ; primary coverts nearly uniform dark brown, with faint
indications of lighter brown bars ; quills dark brown, barred across
with light brown, inclining to fulvous on the inner web of the
secondaries, which have the lighter bars freckled with fulvous even
on the outer web ; lower back dark brown, barred and tipped with
fulvous ; rump dark brown, narrowly tipped and barred with the
same colour, the upper tail-coverts broadly barred -with fulvous
nearly as widely as the intervening brown bars ; tail dark brown,
broadly tipped with whitish and crossed with six other bands of
fulvous ; face dusky brownish, with whitish shaft-streaks ; feathers
above the eye blackish ; ear-tufts (3-1 inches long) dark brown,
notched and barred with fulvous or white on the inner web ; sides
of neck dark brown, broadly barred with white or tawny buff;
cheeks white, all the feathers stiff and mesially streaked -ndth dark
brown ; chin whitish ; rest of under surface of body white, washed
here and there with fulvous, and regularly barred across with broad
markings of dark brown, these markings becoming much smaller on
the leg-feathers and much wider apart on the under tail- coverts ;
under wing-coverts white, broadly barred with dark brown, the
lower series brown, white at base, and resembhng the inner lining
of the quills, which are bro'mi, broadly barred with whitish, espe-
cially near the base of the inner webs. Total length 25 inches,
■wing 18-1, tail 11, tarsus 3-2.

Obs. Another specimen, also collected by Mr. Hodgson in Nepaul,
is very similar to the one described, but has a few indications of dark
brown bars on the car-coverts, and has the smaller ear-tufts white,
barred with dark brown, these apparently beiug still remains of the
immature plumage. Total length 25 inches, wing 18-0, tail 11,
tarsus 3-2.

Hab. Himalaya mountains, ranging eastward into Tenasserim.
Cevlon. ? Southern India.

a. Juv. sk.

India (Jerdon).

J. Gould, Esq. [P-]-

b. Juv. St.

Kepaul.

B. H. Hodgson/Esq. [P.]-

e. Ad. St.

Nepaid.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. (Type
of species.)

d. Ad. St.

Nepaul.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

T.].

e. Imm. st.

Isepaul.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

y-i

f,ff. Bones (various).

Nepaul.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[p-i

13. Bubo orientalis*.

Sti-ix orientalis, Hor»f. Tr. Ltnn. Sac. xiii. p. 140.

Strix suuiatraua, -Raffl. t. c. p. ■27-1

Strix strepitans, Tcinm. Fl. Col. ii. pis. 174, 229.

* Professor Schlegel keeps the Javan bird as a distinct race from the species
inhabiting the Malayan islands ; and Count Salvadori follows him.

40 BrBONID^.

Scops strepitans, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 54 ; Less. 3Ictn. d'Oni,

i. p. 118.
Bubo strepitans, Cuv. Siyn. An. i. p. 344.
yyroium strepitaus, Less. Traite, p. 114.
Bubo orientalis, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 100 ; id. Gen. B. i.

p. 37 ; Cass. Cat. Strir/idce Philad. Mu-s. p. U ; Bp. Ctmsp. i. p. 49 ;

Ilorsf. ^- Moore, Cat. ^B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 72 ; Sfrickl. Orn. Syn.

p. 21(5 ; Schl. Mm. R-B. Oti, p. 12 ; Gray, Ihtnd-l. B. i. p. 44.
Urrua orientalis, Kaup, Contr. Orn, 1852, p. 117 ; id. IV. Z. S, iv.

p. 243.
Bubo orientalis minor, Sckl. Mus. B.-B. Oti, p. 15 ; id. Rccne Accipitr,

p. 5.
Iluhua orientalis, Ilohhic. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 416.
Bubo suuiatrauus, Salvad, Ucc. Born. p. 10.

Young. Above ■white, everywhere banded with light brown, in-
clining to rufous on the greater upper wing-coverts ; primary coverts
blackish brown, mottled with rufous at extreme tips ; quills dark
brown, the primaries with faint indications of lighter brown bands
on inner webs, the secondaries rather lighter, barred with rufous
buff, the innermost white like the back, and barred with brown in
the same manner, the outermost strongly mottled with rufous or
irregularly barred with the same, the lower surface of the quills
light brown, barred across with ashy white ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts white, barred with brown like the rest of the
upper surface ; tail dark brown, broadly tipped with white and
barred across with three or four fulvous bauds, by no means equi-
distant or of equal breadth, the lower surface of the tail light brown,
plainly barred across with white ; sides of face, eyebrow, lores, and
throat white ; remainder of under surface white, barred across with
light brown.

Adult female. Above brown, everywhere crossed with numerous
zigzag bars of tawny rufous, rather broader than the back, and
mottled with tawny buff on the scapulars, some of the latter having
the outer webs broadly white, forming a shoulder-stripe ; wing-
coverts coloured like the back, the greater and median series mar-
gined with white and mottled with the same ; quills dark brown,
the primaries indistinctly, but the secondaries very plainlj', barred
with light fulvous brown, the cross bars mottled with darker brown,
the innermost thickly mottled and vermiculated with tawny buff and
white ; tail dark brown, whitish at tip and crossed vnih. six dull
tawny bands, of unequal breadth and distance from each other, and
often more or less inclining to whitish ; lower surface of wings and
tail ashy brown, barred across with whitish, the inner webs of the
feathers white at base ; crown of head brown, barred with rufous
like the back, the feathers over the eye uniform and forming a
distinct eyebrow, continuous with the ear-tufts, which are dark
brown, the smaller feathers barred on the inner web with white or
Avith rufous ; sides of face and lores dirty white ; all the feathers
on the sides of the neck and throat white, barred with brown, the
bars somewhat tinged with rufous on the hinder part of the latter ;
tmder stirface of body white, with scattered and irregularly shaped

3. liLuo. 41

spots and bars of brown ; the chest rufous brown, barred across with
fulvous or dull white ; uuder wing-coverts white, barred with brown
like the breast, the lower series white at base, ashy brown at tip,
resem1)ling the inner lining of the wing. Total length '20-o inches,
culmen 'J-'S. wing 13-5, tail 7*2, tarsus 2-3, ear-tufts 2-6.

Adult male. Total length 2U inches, Aving 13-5, taU 7'0, tarsus 2-1.

Hub. Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Bangka.

ft. Juv. St. Java.

b. 5 ad. St. Sumatra. Purchased.

c. 5 ^d. St. Borneo.

(I. Juv. sk. Borneo. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

e. cJ ad. sk. Singapore. A. R. Wallace^ Esq. [P.].

14. Bubo leucostictus.

Bubo leucostictus, Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 354 (ex Tenmi. MS. in
Mm. LiKjiL) ; id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 387 ; Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1859,
p. 32 ; Hurtl. J.f. O. 18G1, p. 101 ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Oti, p. IG ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 44 ; Ikhl. Pevtte Accijntr. p. 6,

Ilidiua leucosticta, Sharpe, Ibis, 1809, p. 387.

Adidt. Above dark brown, the feathers with rufous cross mark-
ings, very much larger and broader on the scapidars ; the hind neck
paler brown, with fulvous cross bars, probably the remains of
immaturity ; head blackish, with small rufous spots, larger and
more ovate on the nape and hind neck, a few of the scapulars with
white spots on the outer web ; wing-coverts resembling the back, with
very few markings on the least series and bastard wing, but having
much more distinct and somewhat vermiculated bands of rufous butf
on the median and greater coverts ; primary coverts and quills dark
broATO, banded across with ashy brown, all the light bars slightly
vermiculated with darker brown ; the secondaries pale brown, banded
with vermiculated bars of blackish, always more or less mottled
with fulvous; tail dark brown, tipped with white and crossed with
eight other fulvous bars, all more or less mottled with brown ;
forehead spotted and barred with white, the ear-tufts black, barred
with white on the inner web ; sides of face and ear-coverts dusky
fulvous, barred with black ; sides of neck white, barred with blackish
and inclining to brown at the tip ; throat-feathers white, barred
across with dark brown ; the breast more or less dark brown, washed
with rufous and barred across with white, the latter colour increasing
on the abdomen, where the feathers are rufous at the tip, but the
brown cross bars are reduced to narrow transverse lines ; leg-feathers
dark brown, barred with fulvous ; under tail-coverts white, with
narrow rufous brown bars ; under wing-coverts blackish, with a few
fulvous bars, some of the inner ones barred with white, the lower
series uniform blackish ; inner lining of qiiiUs blackish, barred on
the inner web with fulvous, more distinctly towards the tips of the
secondaries ; bill yellowish, darker at base. Total length 16-5 inches,
\ving 13, taU 7"7, tarsus 1-9. (Mus. jyorviceiisi.)

llah. West Africa : Gold Coast to Gaboon.

42 BCTtONID.'E.

15. Bubo poensis.

Bubo poensis, Fraser, P. Z. S. lsr,8, p. 1.3.

Bubo lasciolatus, ILirtl. J. f. O. IS-lo, pp. ."..54, .300 (ex Temm. MS.
in Mus. Liu/d.) ; i<l. On'i. W.-Afi: p. 18 ; Schl Mus. P.-B. Oti,
p. 15; ScUder, r. Z. S. 1863, p. 370, pi. .\x.viii. ; Grat/, Ilaml-l. i.
p. 44.

Iluliua poensis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1809, p. 194, pi. 4.

Adult. Above blackish brown, transversely banded with orange-
tawny, these bars being broader than the blackish cross bands, but
being more concealed do not give the general tone to the upper sur-
face ; scapulars silvery white for the greater part of their external
webs, forming a conspicuous shoulder-patch ; least wing-coverts
blackish, those running along the upper bend of the wing white,
varied with a few narrow black bars and washed with tawny ;
greater and median wing-coverts orange-tawny, the latter more or
less overshaded with blackish brown, all of them transversely banded
with black, and some of the outermost of the median series exter-
nally silvery white at tip, forming an indistinct bar ; primary coverts
entirely blackish ; quills fulvous brown, numerously banded with
black, "the secondaries orange-tawny banded with black, the outer-
most primaries very dark brown, with black cross bands ; under
surface of wing dusky blackish, with fulvous cross bars, the secon-
daries tawny buff, narrowly banded below with black ; upper tail-
coverts and tail dingy tawny, with numerous black cross bands,
about nine in number, on the latter ; ear-tufts black, tawny at base ;
frontal and facial feathers rufous, with black shaft-lines, the bases
of all fulvous, very distinct on the ear-coverts, the hiudermost of
which are broadly tipped with black, as also the cheeks ; under
surface of body silvery white, narrowly banded across with blackish,
each of these black cross bars margined by a conterminous line of
orange-tawny, imparting a shade of the latter colour to the lower
surface ; the sides of the chest bright tawny rufous, with a few black
cross bars ; tarsal feathers buify white, thickly but narrowly barred
with black ; imder wing-coverts orange-tawny, sparsely barred with
black, some of the feathers inclining to silvery white, the lower
series buff at base, blackish at tip, uniform with the lower surface
of the wings ; ear-tufts 2*1 inches long. Total length 18'5 inches,
cnlmen 1-9, wing 12-8, tail 6-2, tarsus 2-2.

Young. Very much lighter than the adult, the general colour
above being light tawny fulvous, narrowly barred across with black,
the scapulars very pale and hght fulvous ; underneath whitish, with
very narrow cross lines of brown.

Hab. West Africa, in the forests of the Gold Coast, Fernando Po,
and Gaboon.

a. Ad. sk. Denkera, Gold Coast. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

h. Ad. sk. Interior of Fantee. George Lyall, Esq. [C.].

c. Juv. St. West Africa. L. Fraser, Esq. [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Lope, Ogowe Eiver, MM. Marche and De Compiegne,

Gaboon. [C.].

4. scors. 43

10. Bubo philippinensis.

Scops philippeusis, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 45.

Syiiiiiini phUippense, Graij, Cat. Accipitr. lt^4s, p. 105 : lip Cmvj

1. p. ry2- Strickl. Orn. Sipi. p. 191. ' ^ ' ^ ^■

Pseudoptynx philippeut^is,' Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p 117- id Tr

Z 8. IV. p. '2U ; Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 144, pi. xxv. li.r' o '
Bubo phihppinensis, Schl. 3Im. P.-£. Oti, p. 14 ; id. iJiormt p 10

iig. 3 ; 71 all. Ibis, 1868, p. i>5 ; Gray, Ha»d-l. B. i. p. 4.5. '

Adidt (type of species). Above tawny rufous, the feathers mesiaUv
dark brown, giving a closely striped appearance ; the wiu--covert3
rather dar^M- some of the scapulars and greater coverts extcrnaUv
creamy buff, forming a kind of longitudinal bar down the latter •
entire head and auricular tufts coloured like the back, but somewhat
more narrowly streaked ; quills dull brown, tipped with fulvous
more plainly on the secondaries, the primaries spotted on the outer
and barred on the inner web with pale tawny rufous, the bars more
distinct on the secondaries ; tail-feathers duU brown, tipped with
fulvous and crossed with a few bars of tawny buff, the middle
feathers nearly uniform, with only one bar and indications of a
second, the bars gradually increasing in number towards the outer
tail-feather, which has five bars on the inner web, and is externaUv
tawny buff ; lores white, the anterior bristles black towards tin
sides of face tawny, with white shafts ; facial disk tawny with
central streaks of brown to the feathers, which are fulvous at base •
under surface of body buffy white, longitudinaUy streaked with dark
brown centres to the feathers, each mesial streak having a narrow
edging of rufous on each side, and decreasing in width towards the
abdomen and under tail-coverts, the tarsal feathers entirely uniform •
under wing-coverts bufty white, the outermost longitudinally spotted
with dark bro^\^l, the greater series whitish at base, brown at tin
resembhng the inner lining of the wing ; bill horn-blue at base'
yellow at tip ; feet fleshy brown, claws light horn-colour Total
length 21-0 luches, auricular tufts 1-3, culmen 2-3, wino- 14 tail 7
tarsus 2-7. o > '>

Hah. Pliilippine Islands.

a. Ad. St. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [P.]. (Type

of species.)

4. SCOPS*.

Scops, Savigny, Descr. de TEyyjite, p. 291 (1809) . S o-iu^^^'
Lophostrix, Less. Ctnnpl. Buff. i. p. 201 (1837) s' rvh t f

Ephialtes, Keys. 4- Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xxxiii (1840)'. ". s'. ^u. "'"

* The following species is, I believe, distinct ; but I am not -iKIp f,.^r^ „
to place it in the synoptic table. Ho'wever, tb'e foUo^n;isc1^^^t ^n'r^^
by me two years ago Irom the type specimen :— ^ ®

Scors NOV.E-ZEALAJJDI.E.

s nov.T-zealandife,^^. Consp. i. p. 47 ; StricU. Or-n. Syn. p 20'^.
Mil Mu.<:. P.-n. Oti, p. 27; Finsch. J. f O \xm n •M-vVv'
Hand-l. B. i. p. 4.i ; Bulla; B. X Z.ut. p.^s/ l^: L^AcS^^,

44 BUnONIDJE.

Pisorhina, Kmtp, lsi,% 1848, p. 7UU S. meuadensis.

Megascops, Kaitp, Ms, 1848, p. 769 S. lempiji.

Acuemis, Kaup, Isis, 1848, p. 7G9 S. gyinnopodus.

rtilopsis, Kiiiip, Isis, 1848, p. 709 S. leucotis.

Lempijius, Bp. Eev. ct Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 542 S. semitorques.

Eancie. The whole of the Old World excepting the extreme north ;
absent'also in Australia and Oceania, but probably present in New
Zealand. The whole of the New World, excepting the extreme
southern portion of South America.

Ohs. Difficult to understand as all Owls are, the species of the
genus Scops are in every way the most difficult to identify. Tlie
impossibility of procuring series of some of the species to study at
the same time, the absence of information as to the sequence of
plumages from the young stage to that of the adult, and the puzzling
way in which some species seem to possess rufous phases, while
others do not — these are all problems which time alone can solve.
Thanks to many kind friends, I have been able to compare with
the series in the Museum the specimens of Scops Owls in the pri-
vate collections of Lord Walden, Messrs. Salvin and Godman, Mr.
Swinhoe, and Captain Shelley, as well as many of the rare species
contained in the Norwich Museum. These advantages have, I
trust, not been without some benefit in my studies of these difficult

p. 13; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1874, p. 222; Sharpe, Voy. Ereh. # Terror,
Birds, 2nd ed. p.
Pisorhiua novaB-zealandice, Bp. Rev. et Mag. dc Zool. 1854, p. 543.
Stris parvissima, Ellm. Zoologist, 1861, p. 272.
Adult (type of species). Upper surface brown, very minutely vermiculatod
with darker brown, sometimes forming an irregular spot, and varied with a few
wavy lines of dull fulvous, rather brighter and more ochraceous on the outer
margin of the scapulars, where the alternate bars of dark brown and fulvous are
a little more regular ; greater wing-coverts mottled witli ashy grey, especially
towards the tips ; primaries darker brown, externally notched with ftilvous, these
marks tolerably distinct, except towards the tips, where they are obscured by
greyish mottling, the secondaries more ashy brown, mottled profusely with darker
brown and with indications of five lighter and more fulvous bars across them ;
under surface of wing uniform brown, with slight ashy mottUngs towards the
tip, the under wing-coverts almost entirely ochraceous, this shade extending some
way along the inner web of the quills, which are also barred with gi-eyish brown ;
tail brown, mottled with darker brown, with indications of seven fulvescent
bands ; erovra and hind neck, as well as sides of face and ear-tufts, darker brown
than the back ; lores and ear-coverts rufescent ; an indistinct superciliary line
indicated by fulvous mottling, which also appears on the inner webs of the ear-
tufts ; round the hind neck a narrow collar produced by fulvous mcittling ; under
surlace of body rid'ous ochre, becoming paler and more fulvous on the abdomen,
thi'dis, and under tail-coverts; feathers of lower breast mesially streaked with
blackish brown, a little varied with whitish, and mottled with darker brown ;
the throat and chest blacker, much mottled with irregidar wavy lines of this
colour, especially on the sides of the breast. Total length 10 inches, cuhnen
U 85, wing 7, tail 3-8, tiirsus 1-2, middle toe 6-8, ear-tufts M. {Mus. Lugd.)

Professor Schlegel (' Revue,' p. 13) says that it is to be distinguished ii-oui all
the other Scops Owls by the " absence of light spots on the scapulars. The upper
parts are very dark, the top of the head being brownish black ; nape ornamented
with a baud of rufous feathers, vermiculated with black, and followed by a black
collar."

4. SCOPS. 45

birds ; and I cannot sufficiently thank those gentlemen who have
aided me by the loan of specimens, especially Mr. Allan Hume,
who has sent over from India beautiful series of all the Indian
8cops Owls as determined by him, thus enabling me to make out
several species which must otherwise have been uncharacterizcd in
the present work.

I can hardly expect that all ornithologists will acquiesce in my
vit!ws as to the subspecies or races which I have believed it to be my
duty to recognize. These races do exist in nature, and they may be
called by whatever name naturalists please, " varieties," " races,"
" subspecici?," " climatic forms," &c. ; but it has seemed to me better
to keep these forms, many of which are very well characterized,
distinct from one another, than to merge them all as one species, and
thus to obliterate all records of natural fads, which are plain enough
to the practised eye of the ornithologist, though difficult to describe
in words. As wiU be seen below, the series in the Museum is very
fine, and nearly all the variations mentioned in the present work can
be examined by any one wishing to test the validity of my conclu-
sions.

I have also deemed it more suitable to separate in the diagnostic
tables the species of the Old World from those of the New, as the
faeies of the Scops Owls from the American continent is very different
from that of the Old- World species, and can hardly lead to their being
confounded one with another. There appear to be only two repre-
sentative species, as follows : —

Old World. New World.

Scops gill. Scops Jlammeola,

Scops semitorques. Scops kennicotti.

These are, however, very easily distinguishable as species, though
belonging to the same groups.

A. Species of the Old World.

a. Bill more or less dusky (in skin), horn-coloured,
or brownish, always marked with some dark
shade.
«'. Sides of face greyish, or brown of some shade
or other, never pure white.
a". Bands on head and neck never very distinct ;
collar round hind neck composed of fea-
thers mottled with buft' or white, never
forming an ocliraceous collar as in the
other group ; sides of neck generally co-
loured like iiind neck, but not forming a
continuation of neck-collar.
a'". Legs slender.

a'. General colour grey or brown of various
shades ; upper surface distinctly ver-
miculated.
fl\ Tarsi feathered.

a*^. Upper and under surfoce distinctly

4(5 KunoNiu.T,.

strealfcd with black shaft-lines
ear-coverts greyish, the shaft-
Hues ouly slightly produced into

hair-like" hristles giu and allies,

i". Upper and under surface sandy pp. 47-G2.
brown, with more or less distinct
subterminal bars or spots of
blackish, but no streaks ; ear-
coverts sandy buftj the shafts
enormously produced into ^^-^t^' Upiiocephalus,^.m.

like bristles \hamhroecki, p. 64.

¥. Tarsi bare for half their lenpth .... gijmnopodus, p. G5.
i'. General colour bright bay, with few or
no vermiculations at all.
c'. Smaller : wing 5 -.3 inches ; ear-
coverts with small hair-like bristles sunia, p. 67.
(P. Larger : wing 5'9-6-l inches ; ear-
coverts enormously bristled rutilus (red phase),

b'". Legs very stout ; sides of crown and p. 80.
sides of neck uniform with the rest of
the upper surface, the ear-coverts simi-
larly coloured and indistinguishable
from the crown ; no very perceptible
collar on hind neck,
c'. No line of black down the sides of the
neck; general colour sandy rufous,
with the finest possible blackish cross

vermiculations megalotis, p. 69.

iV. A distinct crescentic line of black run-
ning along the hinder margin of the
ear-coverts down the sides of the

neck magicus and allies,

h". On the head and hind neck a triple light- pp. 09-79.
coloured band, that on the neck very broad
and conspicuous, the one on the occiput
indistinct, and the one on the nape plainer ;
sides of neck ochraceous like the collar
round the hind neck ; crown of head with
a broad lateral fulvous or ashy buff band
on each side from the forehead to the au-
ricular tufts, which usually partake of the
coloiu' of this band,
c'". Toes plumed for the greater part of their .^^^^^.^^^.^^^^^^ p g3_

^^^^^^ \plumipes, p. 85.

d'". Toes bare.

e'. Tarsi plumed to the base of the toes,

the feathering running some way

down the middle and outer toes, so

that the junction with the tarsus is

always hidden lettia and allies,

p. Tarsi not plumed the whole way, the pp. 85-90. _
i unction of the toes always bare .... Icmpiji and allies,

pp. 91-95.

v. Sides of face pure unspotted white leucotis, p. 97.

h. Bill bright yellow in skin; no collar on hind
neck ; frontal band very broad and conspicuous;

4. SCOPS. 47

under surface not streaked, ouly spotted with
black ; veriuiculations nearly or quite obsolete
both above and below ; centre tail-feathers
nearly uniform ; upper surface marked with
arrow-shaped spots of butt' or white,
e'. Size vei-y large : wing 7'15 inches ; sides of
neclf with a broad crescentic band of black,

also crossing- the throat sai/itlatits, p. 98.

d'. Size small ; wing not exceeding 5"6 inches ;

some of the rurt-feathers tipped with black,

but not enough to form a band.

c". Under surface very strongly vermiculated

with fine zigzag lines of blackish ; upper

surface of a rutous chocolate tint, spotted

with rufous ochre ; frontal band vot very

broad ". halli, p. 100.

d". Ilnder surface without vermiculations, or

at most with a very faint trace ; upper

surface sandy butf in tint, spotted with

fulvous or white.

e'". Spots and bars on upper surface fulvous,

as also frontal band ; scapular- and

wing-spots fulvous riifesccns, p. 102.

f". Spots and bars on upper surface creamy
white, as well as the frontal band, wing-
spots, and scapular spots tcterorJn/ncha,

p. 103.

1. Scops giu.

Le Petit Due, Briss. Oni. i. p. 495, pi. xxxvii. fig. 1 ; Huff] PI. E)d.

i. pi. 436.
Strix scops, Linn. S. N. i. p. 132 ; Meyer ^ Wolf, Vog. DeutacM.

pi. 10, p. 76; Temm. Man. d'Oni. i. p. 103 ; Kaum. Voff. Deutschl.

1. p. 466, pi. 43. fig. 3 ; Roiix, Orn. Prov. i. p. 73, pi. 48 ; Werner,

Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 42 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. iii. p. 110 ; Yarr.

Brit. B. i. p. 113; Sundev. Si: Foyl. p. 187.
Strix giu. Scop. Ann. i. p. 19 ; Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 56.
Strix zorca, Gni. S. N. i. p. 289 (ex Cetti).
Strix carnioliaca, G-'>h. «S'. N. i. p. 290 (e.v Scop.).
Strix pulchella, Gm. S. N. i. p. 290.
Scops ephialtes, Saviqn. Descr. E(/>/ptc, p. 291 ; Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv.

p. 222; id. Contr. Orn. 1852, p.'ilO.
lUibo scops, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 549 ; Jenyns, 3Ian, Brit. Vertebr.

p. 91.
Scops asio, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 51.
Scops aldrovandi, Flem. Brit. An. p. 57 ; Selbt/, III. Brit. Orn. i.

p. 92, pi. 22; Goidd, B. Eur. i. pi. 41 ; Bp.' Comp. List B. Bur.

and N. Am. p. 0 ; Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 422 ; Heioits. Eqqs Br.

B. i. p. 54, pi. xix. fig. 1 ; Begl. H; Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 142.
Scops carnioliaca, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 120,
Scops europpeus, Less. Traite, p. 106.
Scops senegalensis, Sii\ Classif. B. ii. p. 217; id. B. W. Afr. i.

p. 127; Cass. Cat. Striqidd- P/iilad. 3Ius. p. 10; Kaup, Contr. Orn.

1S52, p. 142 ; Bp. Per', et 3Iag. de Zool. 1854, p. 543 ; Strickl. Orn.

Syn. p. 199; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 20; id. J. f. O. 1801, p. 101.
Scops zorca, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217 ; Bp. Per. et Mat/, de Zool.

1854, p. 543; .Sy;-/rA/. ()rn. Si/n. p. 197; Fritsch, Viig.' Eur. t.ab.

48 bubonid.t:.

13. fig. 5; ScJil. Mus. R-B. Oti, p. 19; Lnclie, Expl. Sci. Alc/i-r. i.

p. 104 ; Gmdd, B. Gt. Br. i. pi. xxxiii. ; Bettoni, Ucc. nidif. Lomh.

tav. 17 ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 117 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 45;

ScM. Revue Accipitr. p. 13.
Ephialtes scops, Kei/s. 4" J^li's. Wirh. Eur. p. xxxiii ; Gray, Gen. B.

i. p. 38 (1845) ; Cass. Cat. Stn'r/ida Philad. Mus. p. 10 ; Borrgr.

Voffclf. Norddeidsclil. p. 65 ; Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 34.
Otiis scops, Schl. Rev. Crit. p. 10.
Scops longipennis, Katip, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 223 ; id. Contr. Orn. 1852,

p. 110.
Scops kamtsclaatkensis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 543 ; Graij,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 46.
Scops minor, Brehm, Naiim. 1855, p. 270.
Scops rupestris, Brehm, I. c. p. 270.
Scops rufescens, Brehm, I. c. p. 270.
Scops pygmtBa, Brehm, I. c. p. 270.
Scops vera, Finsch, J.f. O. 1859, p. .381.
Ephialtes zorca, Jauh. ^- Barth. Lap. Rich. Orn. p. 78.
Scops giu, Newt. Ooth. Wolky. p. 153 ; id. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i.

p. 173; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 178; Irby, B. Gibraltar, p. 58.

Adult male. Above grey, washed here and there -w-ith orange- or
sandy buif ; on the crown the latter colour prevails, all the feathers
being mesially streaked with black, and varied with very minute
wavy lines of brown ; the ear-tufts externally sandy brown, greyish
on the inner webs, and varied with cross markings of white, so that
when the tufts are erect there is a continuous line of grey from
above the eye on each side of the forehead, the feathers of the latter
situated above the eye being greyish ; across the back of the head
an indistinct greyish line of feathers, many of them being spotted
with white on both webs ; hind neck decidedly greyer than the
back, most of the feathers being grejdsh white with very few wavy
lines of brown, the dark shaft-streaks also less distinctly indicated ;
general aspect of the back grey, but washed with orange-buif on
the interscapulary region, and with deep sandy buff on the inner
line of the scapulars, all the feathers minutely vermiculated with
dark brown, the blackish shaft-streaks also strongly pronounced,
and many of the dorsal and scapular feathers varied with indications
of whitish bars ; the outer web of the scapulars white or fulvous,
broadly tipped with black, and forming a tolerably distinct shoulder-
patch ; wing-coverts coloured like the back, the least ones darker,
the brown centres of the feathers showing more distinctly, the me-
dian and greater series largely spotted with white on the outer web ;
primary coverts rather darker than the others, being brown, mottled
with dull sandy buff, the outer ones externally notched with fulvous ;
quills brown on their concealed inner webs, but greyish externally,
harmonizing with the general colour of the bird, being minutely
vermiculated like the back; innermost secondaries greyish, with
narrow blackish shaft-streaks, the outer ones indistinctly barred
with fulvous, the primaries more distinctly, these light bars on the
outer web shading into pure white externally, and producing a very
marked chequered appearance, all the bars less distinct at the tips
of the quills, which are, for the most part, greyish, thickly ver-

4. scoi's. 49

miculated with brown wavy markings ; upper tail-coverts greyish,
like the back, with a few indications of whitish cross markings, the
outer ones inclining to sandy buff; tail-feathers brown, coarsely
mottled with brownish vermiculations, and irregularly barred with
fulvous, tliese bars being rather more distinct and whiter on the outer
feathers ; lores whitish, the shafts elongated and blackish at tip ;
over the fore part of the eye a few white feathers terminally mar-
gined with blackish ; sides of face gi'ey, with a few indistinct dusky
cross lines, the ear-coverts slightly washed with sandy colour, more
particularl}' below the eye ; behind the ear-coverts a crescentic band
of black feathers extending below on to the sides of the neck, all
these plumes whitish or fulvous at base ; chin whitish ; throat and
sides of neck clear gre}', finely vcrmiculated with brown cross lines,
and slightly washed with orange-buff, the shafts of the featliera
distinctly black ; all the rest of the under surface greyish, strongly
washed with, orange-buii' on parting the feathers, all of which have
black shaft-lines, broader on the Hanks ; the breast and sides of
body lighter than the chest by reason of whitish bars on most of
them ; the lower flanks and imder tail-coverts white, crossed with
one or two sandy buff bars, the narrow linear vermiculations nearly
absent ; leg-feathers orange-buff, with a few minute bars of brown ;
under wing-coverts buffy white, slightly streaked and barred with
brown, the lower series ashy brown, broadly barred with whitish on
the inner web, and resembling the inner lining of the quills ; bill
black ; toes brown ; claws white at base, nearly black at tip ; iris
yellow. Total length 7'5 inches, wing 5-9, tail 2-9, tarsus 0'95,

Adult femnle (Safed, Tristram). Total length 8 inches, wing 6-15,
tail 2-9, tarsus l-l.

Hub. Central and Southern Europe, ranging occasionally into the
British Isles, and migrating into X.E. Africa and Sencgambia.

John Gould, Esq.

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.

Lord Lilford [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l.

M. Olcese [0.1.

M. Olcese [C.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
Canon Tristram [C].
M. A. Marche [tJ.].
H. Whitely, Esq. [P.].

Ohs. Amongst specimens from various parts of Europe I perceive
VOL. II. i;

«,

b. Ad. St.

Europe.

c.

Ad. St.

Great Britain.

d.

J ad. St.

Dauphine, France.

e.

Ad. sk.

Genoa, Spring of 1871 (.4.
B. Broolie).

f.

Ad. sk.

Southern Spain.

y-

c? ad. sk.

Granada, Spain {H. Saun-
ders).

h.

2 ad. sk.

Valencia, Spain, April 2,
1872 (//. Saunders).

i.

Ad. sk.

Algeria.

k,

I, m. Ad. sk.

Tangier.

n.

Juv. sk.

Tangier.

0.

2 ad. sk.

Belgrade, Turkev, March
29, 1873 (T. Robson).

P-

Ad. sk.

Asia Minor (Jiobsun).

1-

$ ad. sk.

Safed, Palestine.

r.

Ad. sk.

il'bao, Senegal.

s.

Juv. sk.

River Gambia.

60 BrcoxiDiE.

but little variation in colour ; and the following arc the measure-
ments of the scries now before mo.

Totcol

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,

in. in. in. in.

«. (J ad. Dauphind, France 8-0 6-15 2-9 0-95

b. Ad. France (Mus. Cantabr.) . 8-0 6-1 2-9 1-15

f. Ad. Spain (Lilford) 85 6-0 2-9 1-0

iL c? ad. Granada (H. Saimders) . . 7-5 5-8 29 1-05

«■. Ad. Morocco (0/cese) 7-0 575 2-6 1-05

f. Juv. Morocco (Olcese) 7-0 6-85 2-75 1-05

'ff. Ad. Morocco ( Olcese) 7-0 5-9 2-5 I'l

h. Ad. Morocco (Olcese) 7-0 5-55 27 1-1

i. Ad. Asia Minor (JRohson) . . 7-0 6-9 2-6 I'l

k. $ ad. Sated (TnrfrawO ...... 80 6-15 29 1-1

The Morocco birds are rather smaller than the French, and differ
from the Dauphine example described in having much broader dark
central streaks to the breast-feathers ; but the Spanish birds agree
better with the North-African ones. One of the latter seems to bo
a j'ounger bird, and is remarkable for the coarseness of its markings
both above and below, and for the distinctness of the light bands on
the tail, six being distinguishable on the centre rectrices besides the
terminal band of bnff ; the same number can be traced on the tails
of the adult ones, but they appear to get dissolved with age. Old
birds may also apparently be detected by the great extent of white
on the under surface, occupying the fore neck and chest, which are
then very slightly barred with zigzag brown lines ; the hind neck
also is broadly barred with white. The oldest example before me
appears to be that from Asia Minor, which exhibits in the 3 Wrongest
degree the above-mentioned characters, and has only five fulvous
bars on the middle tail-feathers, besides the light terminal bar. The
Dauphine specimen has only four caudal bands distinguishable on
these feathers, and is probably of about the same age as the one
from Asia Minor. Both are males : and the small number of tail-
bands is perhaps a character of this sex ; for the male from Granada
has only five, while the Safed bird has seven.

Great variation exists in the amount of rufous shading on speci-
mens from the same locality ; but I have never met with one which
could be said to constitiite a regular rufous phase, such as we know
to exist in Scops asio of America. A French specimen collected by
Mr. Swainson is in the Cambridge Museum, and nearly equals in in-
tensity the type of Scojys Icamtschatlccnsis in the Paris Museum. I
carefull}' compared this with ordinary European examples, and can
affirm with certainty that it is nothing but a more than ordinarily
rulbiis Scops gill ; no authority for its Kamtschatkau habitat exists
beyond the assertion of the late ^I. Jules Verreaux. In order to
make sure of the identity of these birds, I give the description which
I made from the Paris specimen.

Adult female (Kamtschatka ; obtained from Yerreaux, 1847).
General colour orange-rufous, varied with blackish vermiculations,
some of the feathers also having a central arrow-shaped streak of

4. SCOPS. 51

black, these black markings much more distinct on the crown, but
less so on the ear-coverts (0-9 inch long), the latter being paler
orange than the rest of the upper surface, and for the most part
uniform on the inner web ; facial aspect grey, washed with orauge-
rufous above the eye and behind the ear-coverts, vermiculated cross-
wise with brown ; the lores white with blackish shafts washed with
orange ; under surface of body whitish, the chest and sides washed
■with orange-rufous, all the feathers minutely vermiculated with
ashy brown, a few of the chest-feathers with broad mesial streaks
of black, narrower on the flanks, the markings disappearing on the
under tail-coverts, which are almost entirely white, with only a few
transverse vcrmiculations of greyish brown ; legs whitish, inclining
to orange at the summit of the tarsus, which has a few transverse
markings of brown ; under wing-coverts yellowish buff, as also the
axillaries, the outermost washed with orange and spotted with
brown, the lower scries fulvous at base, greyish brown at tip, re-
sembling the inner Lining of the wing, which is ashy brown, barred
■with butfy white on the inner webs of the quills ; upper wing-
coverts a little duller than the back, the transverse vcrmiculations
very indistinct, but the central streaks plain, the greater coverts
■with a few white spots on the outer web, in this respect resembling
the scapulars, which are more coarsely transvermiculated with brown
than the back, and have white spots on the outer web, which is
otherwise orange at base ; primary coverts dull orange-brown, ver-
miculated with greyish brown ; quiUs brown, orange on the outer
■web, and irregularly vermiculated ■with greyish browu ; the pri-
maries barred with lighter brown on the inner web, this bar being
represented on the outer one bj' a bar of white more or less tinged
with orange, the interspaces orange-brown, with darker brown vcr-
miculations ; the secondaries decidedly greyer than the primaries
and more minutelj' vermiculated ; upper tail-coverts resembling the
back ; tail darker browu, barred with orange, of which about five
bands can be distinguished, becoming more distinct towards the tip,
■where they are obscured by the greyish vcrmiculations of the inter-
spaces; bill horn-colour. Total length 6-7 inches, wing 5-8, tail 3,
tarsus 1-05.

In the Paris Museum there is another specimen marked as from
Kamtschatka, and absolutely identical with ordinary European
specimens.

Another supposed closely allied species is the Scops seim/aleusis
of Swainson, which must next be inquired into. On this bird Dr.
Fiusch (Tr. Z. S. ■vii. p. 210) writes : — " The African Scops agrees
in every respect with our European S. zorca [=r/nt of this work],
except in the shorter wings, this being, as far as I could find out, a
permanent character, common also to specimens from the west and
noith-east as well as to those from the south (Striu- Jatqjennis, Licht.).
I do not hesitate to regard this pecuharity as of specific value."' I
have before me specimens from Africa, the measurements of which
I give, in order to test the above-mentioned character : —

e2

52 BUBOXID^.

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

in. in. in. in.

a. Ad. River Gambia (Rendall) . . 7-5 5-35 2-6 0-95

h. Ad. "River Gambia (Rendall) . . 7-5 5-45 2-6 0-95

c. Ad. M'bao, Senegal (3/wr/(<>) . . 7-5 5-35 2-7 1-0

d. Ad. Damara (Andersson )...... 6o 5-0 2-6 0-9

e. Ad. Bengiiela (Moiiteiro) 7-5 5-3 2-6 0-9o

/. Ad. Cape of Good Hope 7-0 5-35 2-6 09

^. Ad. Cape of Good Hope 7-o 54 2-8 0-9

It will be seen by the above measurements that Dr. Finsch was
(juite right in his facts about the smaller size of the African bird ;
but the plumage of the Senegal iScops is not distinguishable from
that of European birds, and I cannot allow the distinctness of S.
senegalensis as constituting any thing more than a slighth^ smaller
race of S. giu. I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Salvin for
submitting to me the type of Scojys senegalaisis of Swainson, which
is the first bird mentioned in the above table of measurements.

The South-.ifrican birds, however, are different from S. ghi^ being
so extremely dark in colour, as well as of such a small size ; but
they can hardly be regarded as constituting more than a dark race,
though the characters appear pretty constant. The true S. capensis
occurs in X.E. Africa, as Lord ^Yalden has kindly lent me the
example collected by Mr. Jesse during the Abyssinian expedition,
and referred to by Dr. Finsch (/. c). Dr. von Heuglin also con-
siders that both forms occur in X.E. Africa, <S. giu being a winter
visitor to Egypt, while S. ccqyensis he believes to be a resident in
the warmer parts of X.E. Afi-ica (cf. Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i.
p. 118).

Subsp. o. Scops capensis*. (Plate III. fig. 1.)

Le Scops, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 1(32.

Scops europteus, Smith, S.-Afr. Q. Joiirn. 2nd ser. no. 4, pt. 1, p. 314.

Scops capensis, Smith, I. c. p. 314 ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. de ZooL 1854,

p. 543; Socage, Jorn. Lish. ii. pp. 38, 338; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 45;

* Mr. Cassin described a Scops Owl from Western Africa, characterized as
follows : —

Scops hen'dersoxi.

Ephialtes hendersoni, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1852, p. 186.

Scops hendersoni, Hartl. Om. W.-Afr. p. 20; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 46.

" Colours generally very similar to tliose of E. capensis (Smith) and E. senc-
galensis (Sw. ), but darker and with the fine lines and points of brown through-
out the plumage much more numerous and distinct. Entire plumage above
cinereous, mixed on the neck, back, and rump with bright fulvous, every feather
longitudinally striped and with numerous very irregular transverse lines and
points of brownish black, most distinct on the head and back ; frontal feathers
nearly white, tufts and face very pale cinereous, striped longitudinally and
minutely lined with dark brown ; plumage below variegated with white and
brown, with a tinge of fulvous, every feather having stripes and minute lines
and points, as on the back, but less numerous, with the white predominating
and nearly pure on the lower abdomen and under tail-coverls ; qiuUs brown,

4. SCOPS. 53

Souza, Cat. Lisb. Mm. p. 59 ; Guniey in Anders^. B. Dam. Ld.

p. 38 ; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 14 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard, B. of S.

Afr. p. 75.
Scops latipennis, Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 223 ; id. Contr. Oni. 18o2,

p. 110; Guniei/. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 148.
Ephialtes latipenuis, Zicht. Xomencl. Av. p. 7.
Scops senegalensis i^er Swains.), SfrickL ^- Sclater, Contr. Oni. 1852,

p. 142 ; MoNt. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 91 ; Bocar/e, Joni. Lisb. i. p. 132 ;

Blanf. Geol. (^- Zool. Abyss, p. 303 : Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 210 ;

Antin. ^- Salvad. Viayy. Boyos, p. 40.
Scops fazoglensis, Wiirt'. Naiim. 1857, p. 432 : Hengl J. f. O. 1867,

p. 293.
Ephialtes capensis, Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 242.
Scops zorca africanus, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 20 : Hennl. Oni. X.O.-

Afr. i. p. 117.
Ephialtes senegalensis, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 41.
Strix scops, Chupm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 393.

Similar to Seo2}S rfni, 'but rather smaller and -svith shorter wings ;
general colour constantly of a dark grey ; white spots on scapulars
and wing-coverts very large and distinct : grey shade on under sur-
face also very much darker, and not so much white apparent ; tarsus
scarcely feathered so far towards the joints of the toes. For measure-
ments, vide supra. " Bill and toes of a bluish horn-colour ; iris
bright yellow '' {Andersson).

Bah. South Africa and Xorth-eastern Africa, in both of which
countries it is resident.

a. Ad. St. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [C.J.

b. Ad. St. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Benguela. J. J. Monteii-o, Esq. [C]

Subsp. /3. Scops pennatus.

Scops pennata, Hodg. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 309 (pt.) ; Bli/th, J. A. S. B.

xiv. p. 183 ; Kaup. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 110 ; id. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 223 ;

Bp. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 543.
Ephialtes pennatus, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 136.

Similar to S. yin, but of a very dark grey colour, and distinguished
by its grey ear-coverts ; the ear-tufts for the most part rufous ochre,
and not mottled with .white as in European examples. Three Ne-
paulese specimens in the Museum measure as follows : —

yrith quadrangular spots of white on the outer webs ; tail pale cinereous, with
irregular transverse bars of brown, and exhibiting a different stvle of colouring
from either of the species above mentioned ; tarsi nearly white, obscurely spotted
with brown.

" Sexes similar.

" Hah. Angola, at sea off Novo Redondo.

" Ohs. Resembling E. capensis aud E. senegalensis, but smaller than either,
and has the bill shorter and weaker ; wing with the third quill longest, but only
slightly exceeding the fourth ; tail short."

The characters above given do not seem to me to distinguish the species from
E. capensis ; but as Mr. Cassin had adult and young specimens of the latter bird
before him at the time he wrote the description of & hendersoni. I have not
united the two, preferring to wait for further evidence.

54 BUBONIDJi.

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,

in. in. in. in.

a. Ad. Nepaul (Iloch/son) 75 5-55 2-6 0-95

b. Ad. Nepaul {Ilodfison) 7"o C 2-7o 1-05

c. Ad. Nepaul ( Ho(h/so)i) 7-8 58 2-9 1

Sab, Indian peninsula.

a,b. Ad. St. Nepaul. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P."

d. Sternum. Nepaul. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.

Ohs. Mr. Hodgson's drawings show, even if specimens bearing his
numbers and original tickets did not exist to prove the fact, that
his Scops pennatns embraced two very distinct species, viz. the bird
now named by every one S. pennatus and the species afterwards
called ;S'. spilocephalus by Blyth. S. pennatus is therefore a com-
posite species, the type of which would be difficult to determine ; but
as Blyth has separated the spotted bird it remains to allot to the
grey Scops Owl of the Himalayas the title oi pennatus. By its dark
coloration the Indian bird approaches S. capensis, but differs from it
and from S. giu by the possession of a very distinct rufous phase
(not, however, to be confounded with S. sunia). Mr. Hume has
kindly lent me the rufous bird figured by him in his new work on
the Ornithology of India ; and I think that every one will admit that
such a rufous bird was never seen in Europe.

Subsp. y. Scops stictonotus. (Plate III. fig. 2.)

Scops bakkamfena, Su-iiih. Ibis, 1860, p. 47.

Scops japonicus, Swhih. Ibis, 1863, p. 89; David, K. Arch. Mus.

Bull. p. 4.
Scops sunia, Sirinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 343 ; id. Ibis, 1874, p. 433.

Adult. General colour above ashj^ brown, mottled with numerous
blackish cross-vermiculations, the whole of the upper surface varied
with central spots or cross bars of pale yellowish buff, much broader
on the hinder neck, and forming there a tolerably distinct collar ;
some of the feathers of the head blackish in the centre, and nearly
all of them spotted with pale buff, most of the shafts being of the
latter colour ; ear-tufts (0-85 inch long) marked and spotted like
the crown, the bases to the feathers pale yellowish buff, extending
for the greater part of the inner web ; scapulars as distinctly barred
with yellowish buff as the hind neck, the outer webs of external
ones white, with a distinct terminal bar of blackish brown, some of
the feathers slightly tinged with yellowish buff; wing-coverts rather
more rufous than the back and distinctly spotted with tawny buff,
the median and greater series slightly washed with grey and less
thickly vermiculated with brown, the median series distinctly barred
with whitish, large spots of which are apparent at the tips of the
outer median and greater coverts, the spurious quills externally
notched with white ; primary coverts brown, vermiculated with,
sandy buff, and distinctly barred across with the same colour, so as

4. SCOPS. 55

to exactly resemble the secondaries, which are barred in the same
manner externally, the inner webs barred with paler brown, shading
off into yellowish white on the interioi; margin of the quills ; the
primaries externally notched or barred with white, giving a very
distinct chequered appearance to the outer aspect of the wing, all
the tips of the feathers barred with sandy buff, many of the darker
bars dissolving and breaking up into mottliugs and vermiculations ;
the innermost secondaries coloured like the back -with concealed bars
of yellowish buff, and barred with whitish near the tips of the
feathers ; tail brown, the dark bars varied with sandy buff vermi-
culations, all the feathers very distinctly crossed with bars of the
same colour, inclining to white near the tips, about six bands being
distinguishable on the centre feathers, these being a little more
distinct on the exterior rectrices, the outermost of which are notched
with white ; loral plumes whitish at base, black at tips, the shaft-
lines produced into long black hair-like bristles ; feathers over the
eye huffy white, with narrow subterminal zigzag lines of brown, and
the inner webs also bro-^vni, so that the superciliary line is not at all
distinct ; behind the upper part of the eye some dusky brown feathers ;
ear-coverts dusky grey, clouded with blackish cross markings ; behind
the ear-coverts an indistinct ruff of orange-buflf feathers, tipped with
brownish black, the plumes adjoining the throat being also orange-
buff, but finely barred with dark brown ; chin-feathers buify white ;
rest of under surface dull greyish, washed here and there with pale
orange-buff, some of the feathers distinctly streaked down the centre
with blackish brown, and all more or less distinctly waved with
narrow zigzag lines of brown ; the chest crossed with many distinct
bars of whitish, these bars predominating on the abdomen, where
the cross lines are more scanty and the whitish colour prevails, the
flank-feathers having ii-regular cross bars of orange-buff, and being
only vermiculated with brown dots at the tip, these markings being
still more scanty on the under tail-coverts, which are to a great
extent white ; leg-feathers buffy white, streaked with bro-mi : under
wing-coverts huffy whitish, those near the edge of the wing brown,
mottled and barred with sandy buff, the lower series pale ashy
brown, sandy buff at base, and resembling the inner lining of the
wing, which is ashy brown, very broadly and distinctly banded with
yellowish white on the inner web ; bill horn-brown, the lower
mandible yello^^^sh ; feet probably fleshy brown in life. Total
length 7'5 inches, wing 5-5, tail 2-85, tarsus 0-95.

Ohs. This little Owl belongs to the same group as S. giu, and is
quite different in appearance, -without giving very tangible characters
for specific separation. Its general colour is ashy brown above,
without any greyish shade ; the ear- coverts dusky grey ; the collar
round the neck is very indistinct, and is represented by certain pale
buff-coloured bars or spots without any appearance of white what-
soever ; on the back, however, are several very distinct spots and
bars of the same pale buff-colour, giving a very marked character
to these peculiarities. The specimen which I have described is
said to be from China, and presented to the Museum by Mr. J. E.

56 BCBONIDJE.

Reeves. The same subspecies is found in Camboja, and even extends
to Ney^aul, specimens from both these localities being in the British
Museum.

The tj'pical specimen is said to be from China, ■whence also I have
seen two other specimens in ilr. Swinhoc's collection, which I am
inclined to refer to S. sticfoiwtas. One from Amoy (S. hnlhamrena,
8winhoe. Ibis, IS'JO, p. 47) is certainly the same ; and another from
Chefoo (.S'. snnia, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 433) must also be the
same, I think, although there is rather more white on the eyebrow
and under surface of the body, and the ear-coverts are paler grey
than in the typical bird. The fulvous collar, however, is present,
and the bars on the dorsal plumage are very distinct. I give
measurements of the other specimens examined by me : —

Total ^y.^ rrgjj_ Tarsus,
length. ."

in. in. in. in.

a. (^ ad. Chefoo (Swinhoe) 7-5 f)-7o 2-P5 1 05

b. Ad. Amoy (Siciiifine) 7-5 5-5 2v 1

c. Ad. Camboja (Moiihnt) 8 5-75 2-8 1-1

d. Ad. Xepaul {Hodgson) 8 5o5 28 095

Hab. China, ranging westwai-ds to Siam and the eastern Hima-
layas.

a. Ad. St. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].

6. Ad. sk. Camboja. M. Mouhot [C.].

e. Ad. sk. Xepaui. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

Subsp. c. Scops japonicus.

Otus scops japonicus, Schl. Faun. Japan. Aves, p. 27, pi. 9.
Scops japonicus, £p. Sev. et Mck/. de Zool. 1854, p. 543; Grat/,
Hand-l B. i. p. 4-5.

Adnlt. Above brown, all the feathers coarsely vermiculated with
zigzag black lines, the interspaces often fulvescent and producing a
strongly mottled appearance, the centres of the feathers being
blackish ; scapulars coloured like the back, the outermost white or
slightly washed with buff, and mottled with some coarsely marked
spots of black near the tip, forming an ill-defiued terminal bar ; head
rather darker than the back, and washed with dull orange-buff, most
of the feathers being laterally spotted -R-ith this colour and con-
spicuously black in the centre ; on the nape a faintly indicated
greyish band, some of the feathers being subterminally barred with
white, the hind neck darker, but the interscapulary region varied
with orange-buff bases to the feathers, slightly washed with grey,
the plumes also much mottled with spots of white ; ear-tufts 1-1 inch
long, orange-buff for the greater part of the inner web and at the
base, the outer webs obscured with blackish mottlings and zigzag
lines ; wing-coverts coloured and vermiculated exactly like the back,
the greater series shaded with grey, but the rest of the coverts
rather more dusky than the back, the spurious quills externally
barred but not distinctly notched with sandy rufous ; primary coverts

4. SCOPS. 57

dark brown, vermiculated with sandy rufous, forming a couple of
bars towards the tips of the feathers ; quills dark brown, barred with
sandy rufous on both webs, these bars not being strictly conterminous,
and always more or less mottled with dusky vermiculations, the
light bars on the outer webs clearer and inclining to whitish on the
primaries, giving a chequered appearance to the outer aspect of the
wing, the innermost secondaries vermiculated and exactlj' resembling
the back ; tail dull brown, very coarsely mottled with blackish zig-
zag lines, all the tips being vermiculated in this manner, the outer
feathers crossed with about eight tolerably distinct lighter bars of
sandy rufous, these cross bars very indistinct on the centre feathers,
where not more than remains of seven can be traced ; lores dusky
white, barred across with black, the elongated shafts being black at
the tips ; above the fore part of the eye a few white feathers nar-
rowly barred with blackish ; sides of face ashy grey, indistinctly
barred across with blackish ; behind the ear-coverts an indistinct
ruff of orange-buff plumes, broadly tipped with blackish and subter-
minally vermiculated with greyish ; under surface of body hoary,
the chin-feathers whitish, the breast and flanks slightly varied with
orange- buff bases to the feathers : the plumes of the throat and chest
distinctly streaked down the middle with black, these streaks much
narrower on the lower breast and flanks, all the feathers more or less
coarsely vermiculated with zigzag cross lines of dark brown, and irre-
gularly spotted or barred with grejdsh white, these white bars
increasing much in width on the flanks and abdomen ; under tail-
coverts white, slightly washed with rufous, and minutely freckled
near the tip -with brown vermiculations ; leg-feathers tawny, with
small cross bars of dark brown ; under wing-coverts whitish, except-
ing those near the edge of the wing, which are rufescent, slightly
marked with brown ; the greater series ashy brown, yellowish white
at base, resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are ashy
brown, barred with fulvous near the base and with sandy buff
towards the tips, which are thickly vermiculated with sandy buff.
Total length 8-5 inches, wing 6-75, tail 3, tarsus 1-15.
Hah. Japan.

a. Ad. st. Nagasaki, Japan. Capt. St. John [C.].

Ohs. Of the same group as .S'. [I'ni, but a much larger and browner
bird, so that, with the faintly indicated occipital bars and the buff
variations of the hind neck, it somewhat approaches the S. lettia
section. The entire aspect of the bird is much darker than S. giu,
and especially on the ear-coverts, which are dusky as in ,S'. sticto-
notus. and not silvery grey as in S. glu. AVhite spots on the wing-
coverts are nearly absent. The under surface is much more dusky
than in the European bird ; and the toes are not only bare at
the joint, but the lower portion of the tarsus is also naked, as will
be seen bv the following cut : — -

58

HUB0NI0J3.

Fig. 1. Leg of & qiu, nat. size. Fig. 2. Leg of 8. japonicus, n.at. size, to sliow
difference in size and extent of tarsal feathering.

Subsp. e. Scops malayanus. (Plate IV, fig. 1.)

Scops malayanus, A. Say, Madr. Journ. xiii. pt. 2, p. 147.

Adult. Above dark brown, freckled with very minute vermicula-
tions of sandy buff, rather coar,ser on the scapulars ; nearly aU the
plumes of the upper surface variegated with distinct spots or bars of
white, in many cases concealed, but very broad and distinct on the
hind part of the neck, where they form a tolerably pronounced
coUar ; outer scapulars largely marked with sandy buff and white,
forming a conspicuous shoulder-patch, the white predominating on
the lower scapulars, which are broadly tipped with blackish on the
outer web ; head rather darker than the back, and slightly washed
with greyish, most of the plumes blackish in the centre, and spotted
on both webs with sandy buff or whitish ; ear-tufts orange-buff,
vermiculated with brown towards the tips, and carrying generally a
subterminal white spot ; wing-coverts rather darker than the back,
but rather more rufescent, the mottlings very distinctly rufous sandy
colour, the uppermost of the median series externally marked with
white spots, the spurious quills also notched with white on the outer
web ; greater coverts slightly shaded with grey and largely marked
with white on the outer web ; primary coverts dark brown, barred
indistinctly with frecklings of sandy buff ; quills brown, externally
barred with pale sandy buff, the tips of both primaries and secondaries
thickly mottled with yellowish buff towards the tips, the primaries
externally notched with white ; lower back, rump, and upper taU-
coverts dark brown, thickly vermiculated with sandy rufous, and
varied with half-concealed sandy spots ; tail dark brown, mottled
with sandy-buff vermiculations, especially towards the tips of the
feathers, and crossed vdth five sandy bars on the outer tail-feathers,
four on the centre ones ; lores whitish, the hair-like elongated shafts

4. SCOPS. 59

blackish at tip ; feathers over the front of the eye also white, with
narrow blackish tips ; feathers round the eye sandy brown, mottled
with blackish; ear-coverts greyish white, barred across with brown,
and having the appearance of being sti'eaked with the latter colour ;
behind the ear-coverts an indistinct ruff of orange-buff plumes tipped
with black, those on the throat and cheeks white, more nari'owly
tipped with a line of black ; chin white ; sides of neck greyish, with
very minute blackish vermiculations, and distinctly spotted or barred
here and there with wliitc ; chest white, the feathers washed with
orange-buff and crossed with several zigzag lines of dark brown, these
increasing in number towards the tips of the plumes ; aU the cross
lines disappearing on the rest of the underparts, which are nearly
entirely white, some of them showing a dark shaft-streak, this being,
however, more apparent on some of the feathers of the chest ; under
tail-coverts pure white, with only the faintest remains of zigzag lines
at the tips of a few of them ; thigh-feathers tawny, gradually
shading off into white on the tarsus, and distinctly mottled with dark
brown cross lines ; under wing- coverts yellowish white, the outer-
most dark brown spotted with tawny buff, the lower series ashy
brown, yellowish at the base, and thus resembling the inner lining
of the quills, which are ashy brown barred with yellowish on the
inner web, the outer web of the primaries notched with buff, and
the tips of all mottled with didl sandy colour ; bill dull horn-
colour, the under mandible yellowish ; feet apparently yellowish
flesh-colour in life. Total length 7*5 inches, wing 5-5, tail 2*4,
tarsus 1.

Rufous phase. Above tawny rufous, with very fine (almost indi-
stinguishable) vermiculations, the hind neck mottled with fulvous
bars, some of them inclining to white ; scapiilars externally white,
with a blackish terminal bar, some of the greater wing-coverts tipped,
and the bastard wing externally notched with white, the vermicula-
tions rather more coarsely vermiculated with blackish ; quiUs sandy
rufous externally barred with brown, the primaries notched with
white, giving the wing a chequered appearance, the inner webs
brown, notched with fulvous ; tail sandy brown, paler at tip, and
crossed with five bands of pale rufous ; head deeper tawny rufous
than the back, more strongly mottled with black ; lores and feathers
over the fore part of the eye whitish, narrowly tipped with dusky,
the lores shaded with rufous ; sides of face and ear-coverts greyish,
indistinctly barred across with black ; chin whitish ; sides of neck
and chest sandy orange, mottled with brown, and with more or less
concealed bars of white ; the breast orange, slightly vermiculated
and barred with white, the black streaks to the centres of the feathers
very broad, less so on the abdomen and flanks, the lower parts of the
body being white as in the brown phase, the vermiculations not
numerous^ on the belly, and disappearing on the under tail-coverts ;
bill dusky, yellowish on the under mandible. Total length 7 inches,
wing 5-35, tail 2-G, tarsus 0-95. (Malacca, Maingay : Mus.
Walden.)

60 iirBONiDJ,.

Hah. Malayan peninsula, ranging northwards into Southern
China*.

a. Ad. sk. Malacca. Hup:li Cuming, Esq. [C.].

h. Ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Singapore. Earl of Ellenborough [P.].

Ohs. This is a very well-marked form of the Scops c/iu group, and
is by no means so very different in appearance from S.cajjensis; but it is
cliiefly remarkable for the ocellated appearance of the head and hind
neck, the latter having very broad white bars, so as to form a strik-
ing contrast to the head and back ; the ear-coverts are dusky as in
>S. stictonotm. The character of the under surface is peculiar, and
has been well commented on by Lord Walden in his original descrip-
tion : — " The under surface is distinctly divided into two equal
portions, the first, including the chiu, throat, and breast, being wood-
brown, mottled with a little white, light rufous, and black, irregu-
larly distributed ; the lower division, including the beUy, vent,
thigh-coverts, and under tail-coverts, is white, speckled with deep
brown and light rufous."

Considerable differences are exhibited in the three specimens
possessed by the Museum, but thay al^ agree in one character, viz.
the large white spotting on the hind neck, which gives an ocellated
appearance. Mr. Cuming's specimen is greyish like the one de-
scribed, but is much more obscurely coloured below by reason of the
numerous greyish vermiculations which crowd the belly ; everywhere
on the upper surface the vermiculations are rather finer. Mr.
Wallace's bird is much more rufous, but shows the white ocellation
on the hind neck, and is also a good deal clouded on the beUy with
cross lines.

Subsp. ^. Scops rufipeimis.
Scops pennatus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. pi. 2, p. 119.

Of the Scops giu group, and very closely allied to S. malayanus,
and resembling it in the dusky grey ear-coverts, but distinguished
by the absence of the white ocellations on the hind neck and of the
bars on the centre tail-feathers, and more especially by its rufous
quills. The following is a description of the type : —

Adult. General aspect of upper surface more uniform than is usual
in species of this genus, being of a dusky greyish brown, the feathers
being blackish in the centre, but scarcely to be called streaked, ex-
cepting on the fore part of the crown, where the black shafts are
very broad and distinct, aU the feathers of the upper surface so finely
pencilled with dark brown as to appear almost uniform, with here
and there a few sandy- coloured mottlings, more distinct on the head,
to which they impart a slightly spotted appearance ; the collar on the
hind neck very indistinct, some of the feathers being barred with

* Lord Walden has a specimen from Fokien, procured by Mr. Swinhoe in
Sept. 1866, wliich agrees with typical Malayan examples, and not with S.
stictonofus.

4. scors. 61

fulvous, and crossed with narrow bars of blackish ; on the scapulars
the blackish cross lines a little more coarsely defined than on the
back, washed with orange-buiF, and having the outer web pure white
tipped with black, forming a conspicuous shoulder-patch ; wing-
coverts greyish like the back, the vermiculations very faint and often
obsolete on the greater series, which have rather large white spots
on the outer web, the median coverts coarsely vermiculatcd with
sandy buff, the feathers with blackish shaft-streaks, the least series
rufous with obscuie blackish cross vermiculations, the outermost of
the greater series and the primary coverts strongly rufescent, almost
chestnut in tone, the latter finely vermiculated with blackish ; inner-
most secondary quills coloured like the back, and finely vermicidated
in the same manner, their centres streaked with dusky blackish along
the shaft, the rest of the quilLs rufous, barred with dusky brown,
these bars more or less vermiculated, the inner webs almost entirely
dusky brown, barred with pale rufous inclining to yellowish on the
inner web, the rufous bars on the outer web of the primaries inclining
to white, and producing a somewhat chequered appearance; upper
tail-coverts exactly like the back, the centre tail-feathers likewise
strongly resembling the upper surface, inasmuch as they are without
any distinct trace of cross bars, the outer feathers dark brown, ver-
miculated with sandy rufous, and crossed with seven bars of rufous,
the subterminal one very indistinct, and lost in the vermiculations at
the tips, the light bars inclining to white on the outer edge of the
external web ; loral plumes whitish, the shafts black, and produced
into long hair-like bristles ; feathers over the eye huffy white, tipped
■with blackish ; sides of face dusky grey, indistinctly varied with fine
cross lines of dull brown ; behind the ear-coverts a tolerably distinct
ruff of orange-buff feathers, broadly tipped with black, 'this ruff
extending across the throat, but the feathers here finely barred with
blackish ; chin-feathers dull white ; chest dull orange-buff, the
feathers broadly centred with black and crossed with a few narrow
zigzag lines of brown and vermiculated with the same at the tips,
many of the feathers inclining to white ; on the breast and the rest
of the lower parts the white predominates, many of the feathers only
having a few zigzag markings of brown, on many of them a strong
tinge of rufous ^\-ith broad black central streaks ;" some of the flank-
feathers slightly washed with grey ; under tail-coverts almost entirely
white, excepting an arrow-shaped mark of rufous or brown near the
tip ; leg-feathers buffy white, the tarsus slightly streaked with
brown ; under wing-coverts fulvous, those near the edge of the wing
mottled with brown, the lower series ashy brown with yellowish
white bases, the quills being also ashy brown below, but inclining to
rufous near the tips, the bands being entirely of this colour, and
fulvous only near the base of the inner webs. Total length 8 inches,
wing 5-1, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-85.
Hah. Eastern Ghauts.

c- Ad. sk. Madras : Eastern Ghauts. Dr. Jerdon [C.].

("2 BTBONID-E.

SubsiJ. >]. Scops brucii.

Epliialtes brucei, Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 8.

Adult male. Above ochraccous grey, -with nearly obsolete dusky
cross yermiculations in the form of widely separated hair-like lines,
every feather distinctlj' streaked with black dowu the shaft ; the head
likewise streaked in the same manner as the back ; the hind neck very
slightly paler than the back, scarcely sufficient to be perceptible ;
scapulars a little browner than the back, the outermost buffy white,
tipped with black on the outer web ; -wing-coverts coloured like the
back, and mesially streaked in the same manner, the vermiculations
rather plainer on the greater series, which are more or less barred
with fulvous on the outer web ; primar)- coverts alternately barred
with dark brown and sandy buff, the latter somewhat mottled with
ashy brown ; quills ochraceous grey like the back and streaked in the
same way, the primaries tipped with this colour but plainly vcrmi-
culated with dark brown, all the quills barred with darker brown on
the inner webs, the secondaries with pale fiilvescent bars on the outer
web, the primaries externally barred with buffy white, giving a
chequered appearance to the outer aspect of the quills ; tail ochra-
ceous grey, with tolerably plain blackish vermiculations, crossed with
five (or six on some feathers) faintly indicated fulvous bars, margined
above and below with blackish zigzag lines ; loral plumes and
feathers over the fore part of the eye whitish, narrowly tipped with
dusky brown ; ear-tufts similar to the crown, and streaked in exactly
the same way ; ear-coverts greyish, with white shaft-lines and
indistinct cross bars of dusky brown, the hindermost tipped with
blackish and merging in the ruff, the feathers of which are ochraceous,
finely vermiculated and broadly tipped with blackish, the gular
feathers mesially streaked but not barred with blackish ; chin-
feathers whitish ; rest of under surface of body ochraceous grey,
much resembling the back, and similarly streaked with black, the
streaks on the chest much broader, the flanks and abdomen inclining
to whitish, the vermiculations rather scantier and almost disa})pear-
ing on the under tail-coverts, which are for the greater part white ;
leg-feathers buffy white, broadly and distinctly streaked with dark
brown for their whole extent ; under wing-coverts yellowish white,
with a few streaks of dark brown near the outer margin, the lower
series ashy brown at tip, forming a wing-bar, and resembling the
inner lining of the quills, which are distinctly barred below with ashy
brown ; bill dusky ; feet slaty ; claws black ; iris bright yellow.
Total length 9 inches, wing-G-35, tail 3-3, tarsus 1-35. (J/ks. A. 0.
Hume.)

Ohs. Mr. Hume has been so kind as to lend me the type of this
bird, which forms an extremely well-marked race of S. giu ; and it
seem likely that, although future researches and larger series may
destroy the validity of many of the other races by interposing con-
necting links, a further acquisition of specimens will only lead to
a more definite recognition of this one. Simply from want of
material, which may show variation in plumage (though Mr. Hume

4. SCOPS. f)3

says that he has seen six exami)les from Ahmeduuggur all similar
in coloration), I keep /S'cops bnieii as a race of S. giu ; but it is im-
possible to overlook the fact that its colouring is quite peculiar, none
of the other subspecies being any thing like it in the uniformity
of its general colouring, which I have described as ochraceous grey.

2. Scops spilocephalus.

Scops pennata, IlncJf/s. J. A. .S'. B. vi. p. 3G9 (pa7-tim).

Ephialtes spilocephalus, lilijth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 8.

Pliodilus uepaleusis, Gray, Haiul-l. B. i. p. 53.

Ephialtes gyainopodus, Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 390 : Jerd. Ibis

1871, p. 347.
Scops spilocephala, Htmie, Nests Sf Eggs Ind. B. i. p. G6.

AduU (type of species). Above sandy brown, thickly vermiculated
with wavy cross lines of blackish, disappearing to a great extent on
the lower scapulars, and still more on the innermost secondaries,
which are consequently nearly uniform sandy or fawn-colour ; the
outer scapulars fulvous or butfy white, with a broad terminal bar of
blackish bro-rni ; round the hind neck a tolerably distinct collaret,
most of the feathers having a broad subterminal bar of huffy white ;
head sandy brown, lighter than the back, the wavy black cross lines
very distinct, nearly all the feathers with a broad subterminal spot
or bar of huffy white, giving the crown a distinctly spotted appear-
ance ; wing- coverts rather deeper sandy brown than the back,
coarsely vermiculated with wavy lines of blackish, the median series
with ovate spots of bufFy wliite on some of their outer webs, the
spurious quills also slightly notclied externally with huffy white ;
primary coverts deep sandy rufous, barred with blackish brown, and
minutely vermiculated with lines of the same towards the tips ;
quills brown, indistinctly barred with lighter brown on the inner
webs, increasing in distinctness towards the tips, which are sandy-
coloured, vermiculated with lines of blackish ; the outer webs of the
quiUs sandy or fawn-coloured, more or less distinctly barred with
blackish, the interspaces on the outer webs of the primaries inclining
to white, and giving a chequered appearance to the external aspect
of the wing ; rump and upper taU-covcrts deep sandy brown like the
back, and vermiculated with blackish lines in the same manner, as
well as crossed with many fulvescent bars, producing a somewhat
spotted appearance ; tail f;iwn-coloured, crossed with eight or nine
bars of blackish brown, of which about eight can be traced on the
centre feathers, and remains of nine on the exterior ones, all the bars
being distinct near the base, but less strongly characterized towards
the tip ; forehead whitish, the plumes mesially streaked and ter-
minally spotted with blackish brown ; lores whitish, the feathers
brownish at tip, the shafts develoiied into blackish hair-hke bristles ;
a broad eyebrow of huffy white narrowly tipped with brown ; ear-
coverts sandy buff, barred with blackish, the hinder ones more
fulvescent ; behind the ear-coverts an indistinct ruff of buffy white
plumes, narrowly barred and broadly tipped \vith deep brown ; chin

64 BCBONID.E.

buffj- white ; under surface light sandy buff, with a few wavy lines
and minute verniiculations of blackish, most of the feathers barred
with white, these white bars margined with a conspicuous irregular
spot or bar of blackisli ; thighs bright chestnut, shading off into buff
on the tarsi ; under wing-coverts yellowish white, with a broad lon-
gitudinal patch of dark-brown feathers near the edge of the wing,
which is whitish, the lower series sepia-brown, yellowish white at
base, thus resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are
brown below, barred with fulvous on the inner web ; bill yellowish ;
feet fleshy brown ; iris yellow. Total length 9 inches, wing 5'75,
tail 3-1, tarsus 1-25.

Obs. The above specimen, which I believe to be one of those
figured by Mr. Hodgson as S. 2yen)tati(s (vide suj^rd), is in bad con-
dition ; but the description agrees in the main with a better-pre-
served Hodgsonian skin, the type of Phodihis nqmle)isis. Gray.
The Cambridge Museum likewise contains a specimen fromKumaon,
procured by Captain Boys, which is in better preservation, and
shows the centre of the abdomen to be very conspicuously white.

Hab. Himalaya Mountains.

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

b. Ad. St. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. Type

of PhrxUlm nepalensis.
e. Ad. sk. India (Jerdun). J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

Subsp. a. Scops hambroecki.

Scops japonicus, Swinh. Ibis, 18G5, p. 348, et Ibis, 1866, p. 307.
Ephialtes hambroecki, Sivinh. Ann. N. H. (4) vi. p. 153.
Lempijius hambroecki, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 344.

Adult male (type of species). Above rufous chocolate, very finely
vermiculated with black, these markings rather coarser near the
ends of the feathers, where they sometimes form a subterminal spot ;
the head rather darker than the back, the black centres to the
feathers broader; round the hind neck a very distinct white collar,
the feathers being tipped with dusky black, and having a broad sub-
tei-minal band of white ; forehead distinctly huffy white, slightly
spotted with brown, extending backwards so as to form an eyebrow
as far as the inner web of the ear-tufts, the outer aspect of the
latter being sandy rufous with blackish cross lines ; on the occiput
a few light rufous spots, scarcely forming a band ; on the nape,
however, a distinct indication of a band, the feathers being light
fulvous ; scapulars externally white, tipped with blackish, and form-
ing a distinct shoulder-patch ; wing-coverts a little darker than the
back, the blackish centres larger and the vermiculations coarser, the
greater series having indications of a whitish spot, the bastard wing
externally notched with huffy white ; primary coverts rufous-choco-
late, with irregular cross bars of blackish ; quiUs rufesccnt, barred
with dusky blackish, the inner webs entirely blackish brown, but
the outer webs barred with this colour, each bar more or less inclining
to rufous on the outer margin, the interspaces on the primaries buffv

4. SCOPS. (55

white, giving a chequered appearance to the outer aspect of the
wing ; upper tail-coverts rufous, banded across with bhickish : tail-
feathers rufous, with about six bauds of blackish, becouung' very
indistinct and breaking up into vermiculations towards the tip of
the feather ; lores very full and buffy white in colour, tinged ^\'ith
rufous near the tip, before which is a dusky black bar ; ear-coverts
bright rufous, wnth a few faint indications of brown cross lines, the
hindermost tipped with black ; sides of neck strongly mottled with
white ; chin bufiy white, with a few brown spots ; ruff composed of
whitish feathers, barred with brown, these bars very distinct and
somewhat tinged with rufous on the gular plumes ; rest of under
surface of body sandy white, speckled with fine brown vermicula-
tions, some of the feathers with longitudinal streaks of dark brown
down the centre ; the sides of the chest rufous, with distinct vermi-
culations ; leg-feathers sandy white, mottled with spots and bars of
dark brown ; under tail-coverts white, barred across with rufous
brown ; under wing-coverts brown, washed with rufous, the edge
of the wing white, the innermost coverts j-ellowish buff, the lower
series uniform ashy brown ; bill greyish brown, lower mandible
ochreous ; feet bluish grey, tinged with brown ; claws light brown at
base ; ins fine clear yellow. Total length 7-5 inches, wing 5-7,
tail 3-5, tarsus 1-2. (Jhis. Norvic.)
Itah. Tamsuy, Formosa (SivinJioe).

Obs. The authorities of the Norwich irus?um having kindlv lent
me tlie type of this species, I have been enabled to describe it and
compare it with S. qnlocephalvs, which it so closely resembles as to
be almost inseparable. The type is in rufous plumage ; and on com-
paring it with an Indian bird in rufous phase, lent me by Mr. Hume,
the only differences that I can find are the slightly whiter face, eye-
brow, and collar of the Forniosan bird and the'lcss spotted character
of the head. The leg-feathers are also not so tawny ; but I find
• approaches to all the characteristics of S. hamhroecll in other Hima-
layan specimens, and therefore the comparison of a series may
cause it to be united to S. spUocephalus. At present the tji^e is
unique.

3. Scops gynmopodus. (Plate IV. fig. 2.)

Scops gynmopodus, Grtnj, Cat. Accipitr. B. M. 1844, p. 44 (descr
nulla); StricM. Orn. Si/)i. p. 203; Grai/, Haml-l. B. i. p. 46.

l.phialtes gynmopodus, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. Oi!.

Acnerais gymnopodus, lump, Igis, 1848, p. 771 ; id. Contr. Orn. 1852
p. Ill (descr. orig.); id. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 225. '

Achth (type of species). Above dull sandy brown, everywhere
minutely and almost imperceptibly vermiculated with wavy blackish
hair-lines ; the hind neck with an indistinct collar of orange-buff
feathers, mottled at the tips with the same colouring as the" back,
and marked with blackish in various manners, sometimes as a sub-
terminal bar, sometimes as a tolerably broad mesial streak, many of
the feathers white in the centre ; feathers of the crown varied with
blackish mesial streaks, the cross vermiculations being also rather

VOL. II. P

66 BUBONID-i;.

coarser than on the back, all with concealed tawny buff bases, but
very few with any indications of a subterrainal buff bar, so that the
general appearance of the head is very uniform ; car-tufts 1 inch
long, of the same colour as the head, but appearing rather lighter
by reason of the orange-buff bases showing more plainly and ex-
tending for two thirds of the inner web ; upper scapulars rather
more blackish, the lower ones inclining to rufous sandy colour, the
vermiculations less distinct and wider apart, the outermost for the
greater part white, tipped with a bar of black, forming a very con-
spicuous shoulder-patch ; wing-coverts darker brown than the back,
the greater and median coverts paler and rather more rufescent, the
vermiculations, as on the lower scapulars, being less distinct ; the
coverts near the edge of the wing notched Avith white, the median
series with large ovate white spots on the outer webs, the greater
coverts less distinctly spotted with white near the tii>s ; quills dark
brown on the inner webs, sandy brown on the outer, with tolerably
distinct bars of blackish brown, more or less dissolving into vermi-
culations, the lighter interspaces becoming notches of white on the
outer web of the primaries, and giving a chequered appearance to
the external aspect of the wing ; the innermost secondaries light
sandy buff, coarsely vermiculated with blackish wavy lines ; upper
tail-coverts rufous sandy colour, with wavy linear vermiculations
as on the back ; tail dark brown, barred with sandy buff, the inter-
spaces more or less mottled with the latter colour towards the tips
of the feathers, these, like the extremities of the primaries, being
thickly mottled with sandy bi;ff ; about seven light bars distinguish-
able on the tail, those on the outer rectrices inclining to whitish
towards the margins of both webs ; loral plumes whitish at base,
the shafts develo})ing into long hair-like bristles ; over the front of
the e}'e a patch of white feathers, each tipped with a terminal bar
of blackish, the fcatliers above the eye with half-concealed white
bases, forming an inconspicuous superciliary mark ; ear-coverts
grejish white, the feathers round the eye deep sandy brown, with
narrow little shaft-streaks of fulvous ; behind the ear-coverts an
indistinct ruff, composed of orange-buff feathers, terminally barred
with black, the plumes of the checks white, with orange-buff
centres and a narrow blackish snbterminal line ; chin whitish ;
across the throat a continuation of the facial ruff equally indistinct,
the feathers being sandy-coloured at tip, with whitish bases and
wavy cross lines of black ; chest sandy buff', the centres of the fea-
thers longitudinally blackish, all the plumes with distinct blackish
lateral lines (excepting at the tips, which are minutely vermicu-
lated) and more or less barred with white, this colour gradually
extending on the breast and flanks, which are almost entirely white,
with blackish or sandy rufous centres to the feathers, all of which
are more or less mottled with sandy and minutely vermiculated
with wavy lines near the tips ; the under tail-coverts like the belly,
but having even less distinct cross vermiculations ; thighs and
feathered part of tarsus deep sandy buff, with blackish cross lines ;
under wing-coverts for the most part whitisli, with a few blackish

4. SCOPS.

67

cross lines, those near the outer edge of the wing blackish, slightly
mottled with fulvous, the lower series ashy brown, fulvous at base,
like the inner lining of the (luiUs, which is ashy brown, notched on
the outer and barred on the inner web with fulvous ; bill horn-
colour, yellowish at base of lower mandible ; feet apparently yellow
in life. Total length (3-7 inches, wing 5-1, tail 2-5 ; tarsus 0-85, the
hinder aspect entirely bare, feathered only for 0-45 in front, the
bare part being 0-4 inch in length.

Hah. India.
a. Ad. St. India. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.J. Type of species.

Oh$. I have given a very careful description and a figure of this
obscure species, as hitherto it has not been correctly identified by
Indian naturalists. Indeed its Indian habitat is by no means cer-
tain, as some of Mr. Iteeves's birds came from Malacca and China,
and it is just possible that it may have had a wrong locality affixed.
Were it not for the exact correspondence of the feathering on both
tarsi, the species looks like Scops malai/anus with its tarsal feathers
rubbed off". The following cut exhibits the characters of the leg,
and will distinguish the species in future.

Leg of Scops gymnopodus, nat. size.

4. Scops sunia.

Scops sunia, Ilodqs. As. Research, xix. p. 175; id. in Graifs Znol.

Misc. p. 82 ; Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 182 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 38 ;

Jerd. III. Lid. Zool. pi. xli. ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 48 ; Bp. Biv. ct Mag.

de Zool. 1854, p. 543 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 45 ; Schl. Revue

Acct/iitr. p. 14.
Ephialte? sunia, Gray, Cat. Mamm. ^r. Nepal, coll. Hodgs. p. 51 ;

Cass. Cat. Sfriqidee, p. 10 ; Horsf. dc Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co.

i. p. 70; Hold'siD. P. Z. S. 1872,'p. 418.
Ephialtes bakkamsena, Bhjth, Ibis, 1866, p. 255; Jerd. Ibis, 1871,

p. 347.
Scops pennatus, Gould, B. Asia, part 22 (pt.) ; Hume, Nests and Eggs

Lid. B. i. p. 65.
Ephialtes pennatus, Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 386 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871,

p. 347.

f2

68 BrBONiD.T:.

Adult. Above clear cinnamon nifous, nearly uniform, most of the
feathers with a narrow central shaft-line of black, a little broader
on the crown ; scapulars externally yellowish buff or pure white,
with a black subterminal bar ; wing-coverts rufous like the back,
with the same dusky black shaft-lines, broader on the greater series,
which are white at the tips of their external webs ; the spurious
quiUs externally whitish, broadly barred with dark brown ; primary
coverts cinnamon, with a spot of yellowish white near the tip of the
outer web, the inner webs blackish brown ; quills duU cinnamon
rufous, not so bright as the back, with faint cross bars of brown,
almost obsolete on the innermost secondaries, less distinct on the
outer ones, but plainer on the primaries, many of the light inter-
spaces on the outer webs of the latter inclining to whitish : tail
cinnamon, the centre feathers nearly uniform, with only faint indi-
cations of narrow blackish cross lines, these broader and more distinct
on the outer feathers, the exterior ones ha\-ing slight indications of
whitish spots on the light interspaces ; lores white, the elongated
bristly shafts blackish at tip ; over the eye a patch of white feathers,
narrowly margined with black at their tips ; sides of face cinnamon,
with sUvery white shaft-lines to the feathers ; behind the ear-
coverts an indistinct ruff of deep cinnamon feathers, broadly termi-
nated with black : plumes on the chin whitish ; chest cinnamon,
some of the feathers buflPy white at the tips, with broad mesial
streaks of black ; rest of under surface of body for the most part
white, broadly streaked down the centre with black, many of the
feathers bari'cd with cinnaraou, these light bars conterminously
freckled with zigzag lines of blackish, the flank-feathers more in-
clining to cinnamon, especially on the inner webs ; i.inder tail-
covei+s nearly entirely white, washed with pale cinnamon near the
base, and at the tips witli a few indications of a central streak of
dark brown ; leg-feathers whitish on the outer face of the tarsus,
the thighs and upper part of the latter cinnamon ; imder wing-
coverts yellowish, those near the margin of the wing rufous, mottled
with brown, the edge of the wing white; lower series of coverts
ashy brown, yellowish at base ; inner lining of quills Hght cin-
namon, indistinctly barred with ashy brown, plainly near the base,
but disappearing towards the tips of the quills ; bill dusky horn-
colour ; feet fleshy brown ; iris bright yellow. Total length 6-7
inches, wing o'3, tail 2-5, tarsus 0"9.

Obs. The description is from one of Hodgson's skins ; but
some specimens show considerable diiferences, principally on the
breast and abdomen, both the Penang and Madras specimens having
the central black streaks very indistinct on the underparts, while
they vary inter se in the mottling of the abdomen ; the leg- feathers
also are white, distinctly striated with blackish, whereas the Nepal
bird scarcely shows any streaks on the tarsus. The Penang spe-
cimen shows slight indications of blackish frccklings on the upper
parts ; but this appearance is figured by Hodgson, who appears to
have regarded this specimen as a more adult bird. The greatest
difference of all is observable in the tail of the Penang Scojis, this

rt. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

b. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

c. Ad. sk.

Madras.

(1. Ad. sk.

Penang.

e. Juv. St.

s

/. Sternum.

Nepal.

4. scors. <)!)

being dark brown, transversely banded with cinnamon, the dark
bars breaking up into frecklings towards the tips of the leathers.
This would appear almost to suggest that the specimen was the
rufous phase of -S. malai/ensia ; but this I think unlikely, as I have
before me what appears to be the rufous phase of that species. The
general uniform appearance peculiar to *S'. sunla is not absent in the
Penang example ; and it ajjpears to me to be a good species, espe-
cially considering the fact of rufous young having been found in the
nest by Capt. Hutton (cf. Hume, I. c).

Hah. India generally, ranging down into the Malayan peninsula
as far as Penang.

B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Dr. Jerdou [P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

5. Scops megalotis.

Scops mcg.alotis, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1814, p. 45 ; Strickl. Orn. Si/n.

p. ■202 ; (n-ai/, Haml-l. B. i. p. 40.
Ephialtes megalotis, Gray., Gat. Acdpitr. 1848, p. 98 ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 4o.
Ptilopsis megalotis, Bp. Bar. et Mac/, de Zool. 1854, p. o4.3.
Lempijius megalotis, Wahlen, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 145, pi. xxv. fig. 3.

Adult (type of species). Everywhere light mfous fawn, with sepa-
rate vermiculations of duU blackish, a little coarser on the auricidar
tufts and on the wing- coverts, the vermiculations almost obsolete on
the under surface of the body, the tarsal feathers fulvous, slightly
mottled with rufous ; greater and primary wing-coverts rufous
fawn-colour, very coarsely and thickly vermiculated with blackish,
forming five or six indistinct bars ; quills blackish, with six or seven
bars of fawn-colour, very distinct on the outer primaries, but gra-
dually becoming more and more obscured with blackish frecklings
till the bauds are obsolete on the secondaries ; tail blackish, ^\^th
six or seven bars of fawn-colour, more or less obscured with freck-
lings of blackish, which are plentifully distributed over the whole
tail ; under wing-coverts uniform fulvous, the under surface of the
wing ashy brown, with bands of fulvous ; bill pale horn-colour,
yellowish on under mandible ; feet yellowish brown. Total length
11 inches, culmeu 1-3, auricular tufts 1-45, wing 6-5, tail 3-5,
tarsus 1"45.

Ilab. Philippine Islands.

a. Ad. St. Manilla. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. Type of species.

6. Scops magicus.

Professor Schlogel unites several species of Scnpa under this one
head ; but I am inclined to consider with Mr. Wallace that they vary
markedly, according to their localities, although, as in the case of

70 BUBONIDJi,

Sco^ys i/iu and its allies, it is difficult to assign specific characters.
Nevertheless I shall divide them into subspecies with distinctive
titles, as follows ; but the plates will give a still better idea of the
birds than any descriptions,

Subsp. a. Scops magicus. (Plate V.)

StrLx magica, Mii/l. XutuurJ. Gesch. Land- en Vogelk. p. 110.

Otus magicus, Schl. Fuuua Jap. Aces, p. 2o.

Scops magicus, lip. Cunsp. i. p. 40 ; Stricld. Orn. Sijn. p. 203 ; Scltl.

Mm. P.-B. Oli, p. 22 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 4U ; 8chl. Itcvuc

Accipitr. p. 11.
Lempijius magicus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 543.
Ephialtes magicus, Wall. Ibis, 18U8, p. 24 ; Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii.

p. 39.

Adult female. General colour above dark sandy buff, evciywherc
on the upper siu'face barred with blackish, these dark cross markings
being little, if any, narrower than the intervening light spaces ; so
that this species has a very strongly barred appearance, all the
feathers being at the same time broadly streaked with black down
the centre ; hind neck rather lighter than the back, the interspaces
rather paler and broader ; scapulars externally yellowish buft",
marked with blackish only towards or at the tip ; wing-coverts
decidedly darker than the back, the least ones spotted with sandy
buff, the median and greater series barred with this colour, many
of the cross bars paler and inclining to ycUo^\ish externally, some
of the inner greater coverts also barred with yellowish near the tips
of the feathers ; primary coverts sandy buff, -n'ith dark brown bases,
all of them also mottled with dark brown vermiculatious in the form
of irregular bars ; quills duU brown on the inner webs, which, how-
ever, are indistinctly crossed with paler bands of sandy buff, espe-
cially near the tips, the light bands represented on the outer webs
by sandy buff bars more or less inclining to white externally, and
producing a distinctly chequered appearance, the brown interspaces
very indistinct, and broken up by reason of extensive vermiculations
of sandy buff; the secondaries very distinctly barred across with dark
brown and sandy buff, exactly in the same manner as the primaries,
but without the Avhitish spots ou the outer web ; tail-feathers very
distinctly barred for their whole extent, the bars strongly charac-
terized on the outer feathers, the dark brown and sandy buff cross
markings being almost equal in width, the brown bars all more
or less broken up with minxite sandy mottliugs, the centre feathers
strongly barred with dark brown near the base, the bars somewhat
dissolved towards the tips of the feathers ; loral plumes whitish at
base, dark brown at tip, the shafts blackish and elongated into hair-
like bristles ; feathers over the fore part of the eye whitish, nar-
rowly tipped with dark brown ; ear-coverts sandy biiff, faintly
barred with brown, the shafts distinctly whitish, and giving a nar-
rowly streaked appearance ; cheeks sandy buff, the feathers tipped
broadly with black, and very stiff in character, extending backwards
behind the ear-coverts and forming an indistinct ruff'; chin huffy

4. SCOPS. 71

white, some of the lateral feathers with narrow linear cross mark-
ings of brown, the plumes of the lower throat sandy bull', with
central markings and narrow lateral bars of black, the rest of the
under surface entirely sandy bulf, the chest-feathers very broadly
centred with black, the abdominal plumes rather more narrowly ;
all the feathers crossed with narrow blackish lines, the interspaces
becoming gradually paler on the lower breast and flanks, which
have thus the appearance of being regularly barred with light buif ;
under taU-coverts yellowish buff, with blackish shaft-streaks and a
few lateral bars towards the tips ; under wing-coverts sandy buff,
the outermost strongly mottled with brown, the lowest series ashy
brown, fulvous at base, and thus resembling the inner lining of the
quUls, ^\'hich are ashy brown below, more or less distinctly barred
with sandj' buff for the whole extent of the inner webs ; bill dusky ;
feet pale ; iris yellow. Total length 9 inches, wing 6"65, tail 3-5,
tarsus 1-3.

Adult male. Different from the female in not being so universally
barred, the upper surface being more vermiculated, while the imder
surface of the bodj^ has lost many traces of the blackish cross lines,
and the lighter fulvous bars are not nearly so well characterized,
though many of the bars on the lo\\'er breast, abdomen, and flanks
are pure white. Total length 9 inches, wing 7, tail 3-7, tarsus 1-3.

Hub. Ceramj Amboina.

a.

2 ad. st.

Ceram,

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C." .

b.

(S ad. st.

Ceram.

A. K. Wallace, Esq. [C.

c.

Ad. sk.

Ceram.

A. 11. Wallace, Esq. [C.\

d.

Ad. sk.

E. Ceram.

A. II. Wallace, Esq. [C.\

Ohs. I follow Mr. Wallace in keeping the Ceram specimens as
typical S. mmjicus, as they are doubtless the same as Amboyna
birds. The characteristic feature of this Scops-Owl is its yellow
plumage, which pervades the entire aspect of the bird both above
and below. The ruff and ear-coverts are ochraccous buff; and there
is no sign of white on the scapidars, which are externally yellowish.
There is no perceptible collar round the hind neck ; and the entire
upper surface is very strongly banded with fulvous.

Leg of S. ))iaf/ict(s.

72

Subsp. /3. Scops leucospilus. (Plate VI.)

Ephialtos leucospilus, Gray, P. Z. S. 18U0, p. 344 ; Wall. Ibis, 18G8,

p. 25.
Scops inagicus (pt.), SclU. Mm. P.-B. Oti, p. 22 ; id. Pevtw Accijntr,

p. 11.
Scops leucospila, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 46.

Adult female (type of species). General colour above rather rufous
brown, the feathers blackish in the centre, with distinct lateral lines
of the same, the interspaces being rather lighter and more fulvous,
so that a generally baricd appearance is produced on the upper sur-
face ; besides these bars all the feathers are obscurely vermiculated
with dusky brown, the central black markings to the feathers of the
crown rather broader, many of them with nothing but a few lateral
bars or spots of sandy bull', the latter rather larger on the sides of
the crown ; scapulars coloured like the back, the external ones white
on the outer web, with a broad black bar at the tip ; wing-coverts
rather darker and more blackish than the back, the bases and centres
to tlie feathers being blackish, spotted sparingly or barred with sandy
buff, the greater series apjicaring more uniform than the other coverts
by reason of the extreme minuteness of the vermiculations, the
centres of these feathers streaked with black, some of the outermost
largely spotted or half-barred with white ; primary coverts dusky
brown, with two indistinctly mottled bars of sandy buff ; quills dull
brown, barred on the inner web with sandy buff, the corresponding
bars very distinct on the outer webs, especially near the base, the
tips of all being rather obsciired and the bars merged in the sandy
vermiculations, the primaries externally notched >vith white, giving
a distinctly chequered appearance to the outer aspect of the wing ;
upper tail-coverts rather more rufous than the back, the cross-
barring less distinct ; tail dull brown, crossed with about ten bands
of sandy buff, these bands very distinct near the base of the feathers,
but merging tonards the tips, which are entirely sandy brown,
vermiculated with blackish spot^ and lines, the outermost rectrix
externally notched with white ; lores white, becoming dusky brown,
the shaft-lines produced into blackish bristles ; feathers in front of
and just over the fore part of the eye pure white, narrowly tijiped
with black, forming a distinct eye-patch, though scarcely an eye-
brow ; feathers round the eye reddish brown, the ear-coverts dull
white, obscurely barred with blackish ; behind the latter a ruff of
white feathers, broadly barred with black at the tip, and narrowly
barred with brown near the base, the throat-feathers more thickly
lined but not so broadly tipped ; chin white ; chest sandy rufous,
broadly streaked with black down the centre of the feathers, many
of which are also barred and freckled with white, the white increasing
on the breast and abdomen, the brown vermiculations decreasing in
proportion, so that these parts are much lighter than the chest ;
under tail- coverts white, barred with sandy buff and streaked down
the shaft with black ; leg-feathers fulvous, rufcscent on the tibia,
all of them distinctly streaked with black ; under wing-coverts yel-

4. scors.

73

lowish white, those near the edge of the wing durk brown, mottled
with sandy rufous, the under wing-coverts ashy brown, fulvous at
base, and rcscmbhng the inner Hning of the quills, which are ashy
brown, barred with fulvous ; bill horny black ; feet pale ; iris yellow.
Total length t) inches, wing G-2o, tail 3-2, tarsus 1-3.

Leg of <S'. hucospilus.

Uab. Batchian ; Gilolo.

a. 5 ad. sk.

b. S ad.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Juv. sk.

Batcliiau.
JBatchian.
Batchian.
Gilolo.

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. T^-pe of species.

A. II. Wallace, Esq. [G.j.

Purchased.

A. K. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

Ohs. Scops leucospiliis is distinguished by its dark brown plumage
and large white shoulder-spots, but especially by its grepsh white
cheeks and ear-coverts : the under surface is whiter than in any of
the allied races, this being the case even in a nestling specimen.

Subsp. y. Scops botiruensis. (Plate VII. fig. 2.)

Ephialtes leucospila (pt.), Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 25 ; JFald. Tr. Z. S.

viii. p. 39.
Scops magicus (pt.), ScJd. Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 22 ; id. Eeviie Accipitr.

p. 11.

Adult male. General colour above sandy brown, aU the feathei's
coarsely vermiculated with blackish cross lines and broadly centred
vrith black, especiallj' on the head ; on the nape a few feathers
barred with white, but not sufficiently to cause even an indication
of a band, the hind neck, however, being so broadly and distinctly
banded with white on many feathers, and washed with ochraceous
buff near their bases, that a tolerably distinct neck- band is seen ;
on many of the dorsal feathers appear a few sandy buff bars ; the
scapulars distinctly barred across with sandy buff near the tips of
the feathers, the outer web ])ure white, with a tolerably broad black
tip ; wing-coverts coloured like the back and vermiculated in the
same manner, the mechan and greater series broadly barred with
white on the outer web, which is nearly entirely white on the ex-
ternal coverts belonging to these series ; spurious quiUs extenially
notched with white ; primary coverts dark brown, mottled on the
outer web with sandy buff vcrmiculations ; quills dark brown, aU
mottled with sandy bulf at the tips, the inner web nearly uniform,

74

UUI)OXIU.E.

with only here and there a faint indication of a lighter sandy-colonred
bar, those represented on the outer web by a very distinct whitish
notch, even on the secondaries, the innermost of which are vermi-
culated like the back, with indications of four or five cross bars of
sandy buff; rump and upper tail-coverts more rufous than the back,
the vcrmiculations being very indistinct, except towards the tips of
the latter, which are also narrowly barred across with white ; tail-
feathers dark brown, mottled with sandy buff vcrmiculations, and
having indications of about ten irregular bands of the same colour,
disappearing gradually towards the tips of the feathers, which arc
entirely vermiculated with sandy colour, and inclining to white on
the outer web of the external rectrices ; loral plumes white, with
narrow terminal black margins, the shafts also black, and produced
into hair-like bristles ; the frontal plumes also white, tipped and
centred with black, these light feathers extending backwards towards
the ear-tufts, which are sandy buff on the inner web, and barred
with black on the outer ; feathers round the eye rufous ; ear-coverts
and sides of face greyish white, with a few indications of obscure
brown bars, more distinct on the hinder ear-coverts, and merging in
the hue of black-tipped feathers that mark the facial ruff, the plumes
composing which arc buff on the sides of the head, but become whiter
on the throat, where they are not so broadly tipped or barred with
black ; sides of neck dark brown, but very plainly mottled with bars
of greyish white ; chin-feathers whitish ; rest of under surface of
body for the most part white, washed with sandy buff on the chest,
most of the feathers with broad black centres, those on the chest
with lateral zigzag lines of brown, increasing in number and blacker
in proportion on the abdomen- and flank-feathers, many of which
have concealed sandy buff bars, excepting those on the side of the
vent and the under tail-coverts, which are very plainly barred with
the latter colour, each bar having two conterminous zigzag lines of
blackish ; leg-feathers bright tawny, with narrow bars of blackish,
the tarsal plumes huffy white, narrowly streaked with black ; under
wing-coverts fulvous, the edge of the wing white, the feathers
adjoining being dark brown, mottled ^vith sandy buff spots, the lower

Leg of <S'. bourmnsis.

series ashy brown, fulvous at base, and resembling the inner lining
of the quills, which arc ashj" brown, barred with fulvous on the

4. scors. 75

inner web ; bill ycllowisli white ; fcot apparently yellow in lifc'
Total length 10 inches, wing 7'3, tail 4, tarsus 1"45.

Hub. Uouru.
«. (S ad. sk. Boiu'u. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. Type of species,

Ohs. Scops huuruensis is distinguished at once from S. leucoKpHus
by its distinctly mottled forehead, which is largely spotted with
white, and by its having the sides of the neck also whitish, mottled
with black. The legs arc more thickly feathered than in either S.
leucospilus or S. mai/icus ; the nape and hind neck are also mottltxl
with white, forming two indistinct bands. This cliaractcr goes far
to indicate the position of the bird as intermediate between the tS.-
nuigicus group and S. Idtia and allies. On the under surface tlie
bird is very white, but the broad black centres give it a distinctive
appearance.

Subsp. I. Scops morotensis. (Plate VII. fig. 1.)

Epliialtes leucospilus (pt.), Wall, ttt supra.
Scops magicus (pt.), Schl. ut siijva.

Adult. Above dull brown, varied here and there with a few bars
of black and sandy buft', these light bars a little more distinct on the
hinder neck, but not sufficiently plain to form a collar ; many of
the dorsal feathers centred with black, but more especially those
on the centre of the crown, which are black, with tiny lateral spots
or notches of sandy rufous ; the bases to the feathers on the sides of
the crown pale sandy buff, but scarcely forming lateral stripes, the
ear-tufts sandy buff on inner web, barred with brown, the outer
web nearly uniform dark brown ; the scapulars externally sandy
buff, inclining to ^^'hite, with a few narrow bars of dark brown,
some of them barred with white and tipped with black ; wing-
coverts darker than the back, the least ones blackish brown, with a
few bars and vermiculations of sandy buff, larger and paler on the
outer web of the greater series, some of the latter broadly barred
with fulvous and tipped with white on the outer web ; primary
coverts blackish brown, Math a couple of sandy buff vermiculated
bars near the tip ; quills dark brown, almost uniform on the inner
web, excepting at the tips, which are closely vermiculated with sandy
buff, the outer webs also vermiculated with the same and barred
with pale sandy buff, inclining to white on the outer web of the
primaries, the innermost secondaries almost entirely sandy buff,
paler and more rufous than the back, and mottled with black in tlie
centres of the feathers ; upper tail-coverts duller than the back and
barred with blackish and sandy brown ; tail dark brown, coarsely
vermiculated with sandy buff on the edges of the feathers, which
are likewise crossed with about nine bars of pale sandy colour, in-
clining to yellowish near the bases of the feathers, and to white on
the margins of the outermost ; loral plumes and feathers in front of
the eye white, narrowly margined with black at the tip, the shafts
of the former black and produced to a great length ; sides of face

70 T!ri!ONID.E.

niul ear-covcrts nifous saiulj-, iiidistiuctly barred across with blackish,
the hindermost tipped with black and merging in the rutf which
rnns down the sides of the head, the feathers composing which are
yellowish tipped ■wdth black, becoming paler and more fulvescent on
the throat, more narrowly tipped and scantily barred with black,
the ahaft-streaks being also of the latter colour ; sides of neck exactly
resembHng the back, and descending somewhat on to the sides of the
chest, which arc plainly barred with sandy buff ; the rest of the
under surface sandy rufous, the feathers widely vermiculated with
zigzag blackish lines, the centres to the chest-feathers very broadly
black, with a few lateral bars of sandy buff or white ; the abdominal
plumes not so broadly streaked down the centre with black, but
much more broadly notched and barred with white, which, however,
never prevails to any great extent anywhere on the under surface,
though the lower flanks are barred with white and sandy buff";
under tail-coverts white, tinged with sand-colour near the tip, which
has also some remains of blackish shaft-streaks ; leg-feathers ochra-
ceaus, the tibial plumes barred and the tarsus streaked with dark
brown ; imder wing-coverts yellowish white, as also the edge of the
wing, the feathers adjoining the latter dark brown, mottled with
sandy rufous, the lower series ashy brown, yellowish white at base,
resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are ashy brown
below, barred with yellowish white on the inner web. Total length
10-5 inches, wing 6-6, tail 3-8, tarsus 1-35.
Hah. Morty Island (Morotai).

a. Ad. sk. Morty Island. A. R. ^^^allace, Esq. [C.J.

b, c. Ad. sk. Molucca Islands. Purchased.
d. Ad. sk, Molucca Islands. Purchased.

Ohs. This is a very well-characterized Scops Owl. It is strictly
of the same form and general coloration as S. leucospilus, but is a
darker-looking bird, and is at once recognizable from that race by
its buff-cyloured ruff and ear-coverts, in these characters resembling
true /S. matjkus. It is further like the latter bird in its rufescent
under surface, on which there are very few white bars.

Subsp. e. Scops menadensis. (Plate YIII. fig. 2.)

Scops menadensis, Quoy et Gaiin. Voy. de VAstr. i. p. 170, pi. 2.

fig. 2 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 47 ; Kaiip, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 112 ; Strickl.

Orn. Syn. p. 202 : fSchl. Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 20 ; Gray, Iland-l. B.

i. p. 46 ; <S'r^/. Revue Accipitr. p. 12.
Ephialtes menadensis, Gray, Gen. B, i. p. 38 ; Wall. Ibis, 1808, p. 25 ;

Wuhl. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 40.
Pisorhina menadensis, Kmip, Isis, 1848, p. 709 ; Bp. Bev, et Mag. de

Zool. 18.j4, p. 54.3.
Otus manadensis, ScJd. Faiin. Japan. Aves, p. 26.
Megascops menadensis, Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 230.

Adult. Above sandy brown, with numerous central streaks of black,
more or less broken up into bars, each feather with conterminous iiil-
vescent bars, deeper and more sandy I'ufous on the head, this giving

4. SCOPS. 77

a some-what distinct appearance of bars on many of the feathers of
the npper surface, every feather of which is minutely and almost
in\-isil)ly vermiculated with blackish lines ; scapulars more or less
ochraceous buff on the outer web, arranged in broad bars, inclining
to white on the lower scapulars ; wing-coverts sandy brown like the
back, and with bars of ochraceous buff as on the dorsal plumes, the
outer coverts near the edge of the wing very distinctly notched with
buff; primary coverts dull sandy brown, vermiculated with blackish,
forming indications of cross bars ; quills blackish, nearly uniform on
the inner web of the primaries, excepting for a few sandy brown
bars at the tip, these quills notched on the outer web with white
or rufous, the secondaries not notched with these colours externally,
but being generally of a sandy brown tint, vermiculated with black,
giving the appearance of irregular bars, which are more plainly cha-
racterized on the inner web, especially towards the base, which is
wholly blackish ; tail sandy brown, vermiculated with zigzag blackish
lines, and having tolerably distinct bars of black on the inner web
of the external feathers, about ten being distinguishable on the
outer tail-feathers ; loral plumes sandy brown, whitish at base, the
shafts elongated into black hair-like biistles ; feathers over the fore
part of the eye white, washed with rufous, and terminally tipped
■with brown ; ear-coverts sandy brown, barred with blackish cross
lines : behind the car-coverts an indistijict ruff of sandy buff feathers,
terminally barred with black ; chin buffy white ; throat sandy buff,
with mesial streaks of black and lateral zigzag lines to each feather ;
rest of under surface greyish sandy, all the feathers minutely waved
with linear trausverniiculatious and varied -with white bars, these
being narrow and indistinct on the chest, much broader on the flanks
and sides of the body ; long plumes at the sides of the vent broadly
banded vrith buffy white, much broader than the sandy bars ; under
tail-coverts yellowish white, with one or two sandy bars near the
tips of the feathers ; leg-feathers fulvous, with distinct linear streaks
of black ; under wing-coverts sandy buff, more yellowish on the inner
ones and on the edge of the wing, the plumes near the margin marked
with wavy lines and vermiculations of blackish ; the lowest series
ashy brown, fulvous at base, resembling the inner lining of the

Leg of S. }ue»adensis.

quills, which are ashy brown, barred with fulvous for the whole ex-
tent of tlic inner web, the lower apex of the quills numerously barred

78 HUBONID.'E.

with sandy buff like the upper. Total length 8-5 inches, wing 5-8,
tail 3-4, tarsus 1.

Another spcciraeu in the collection measures as follows — total
length 8 inches, wing 5*8, tail 3-1, tarsus 1.

Hab. Celebes and adjacent islands (Sanghir &c.).

a. Ad. St. Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [P.l.

h. Ad. sk. Menado, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C,].

c. Pull. sk. Menado, Celebes. J. Gould, Esq.

d. (S ad. sk. Makassar, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

Ohs. Scops menadensis is in reality a small form of S. magiais, to
which it bears considerable resemblance ; but the more slender legs
and lesser size distinguish it from that and the allied subspecies.

Notwithstanding the oft-repeated assertion of the identity of Scops
menadensis of Celebes and S. rutUiis of Madagascar, 1 think that the
two can well be distinguished ; for, in addition to minor and less
important characters, the aspect of the inner lining of the quills is,
in my opinion, sufficient to separate them, in the brown phase at all
events. In the Madagascar birds this is nearly uniform, with only
a few broad bars of yellowish white near the base of the feathers ;
but in S. menadensis the whole wing is narrowly barred with ful-
vous for its entire extent, and on the outer web of the first primary
the spots arc eight or nine in number ; in S. ridilus they arc not
more than six. The upper surface of S. menadensis is more stel-
lated, the spots being more yellowish in appearance.

Subsp. ^. Scops siaoensis.

Scops siaoensis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipttr. p. 1-3.

" Similar to Scojis menadensis, but of very small size. Total length
7 inches, wing 4-9, tail 2-1." {Scldegel, I.e.)

Hah. Siao-oudang, between Celebes and Sanghir.

Subsp. 7/. Scops albiventris. (Plate VIII. fig. 1.)

Scops menadensis (pt.), Schl. S,- Wall. I. c. (ex Flores).

Adult. Above pale sandy brown, minutely vermiculatod with
blackish zigzag lines, the feathers mesially streaked with black, the
plumes of the hind neck light buff, with distinct cross lines of black ;
the outer scapulars for the greater part pure white, with broad dark
brown tips, forming a small shoulder-patch ; wing-coverts coloured
and marked exactly like the back, the light mottlings rather larger
on the median and greater series, the inner webs of these being
nearly uniform dark brown, the outer coverts adjoining the edge of
the wing distinctly notched with white or huffy white; primary
coverts sandy brown, mottled and barred across with blackish ; quiUs
blackish, mottled and barred with sandy brown towards the extreme
tips of both webs of the primaries, these being notched or barred
with sandy buff, more or less inclining to white, and giving a che-
quered appearance to two thirds of the primaries ; secondaries sandy

4. scors. 79

brown, tipped with grcj'ish white, the innermost profusely mottled
with blackish vormiculations rcsombliiig the scapulars, the outer
secondaries blackish on the inner web, the outer webs narrowly
barred with light sandy buff, the intermediate blackish bars being
much broader and somewliat vcrmiculated with sandy lines ; tail-
feathers sandy brown, the central feathers mottled with blackish
vermiculations in the form of irregular bars, these bars more distinct
on the outer feathers, where about nine can be counted, the outer-
most tail-feather with distinct bars of blackish and sandy buff, many
of the latter inclining to whitish on their outer margin ; loral plumes
whitish, washed with brown, with elongated blackish shaft-bristles ;
frontal plumes and those over the fore part of the eye white, with a
few remains of blackish bars ; ear-coverts greyish white, slightly
washed with sandy rufous, and indistinctly crossed with narrow
blackish bars ; behind the ear-coverts an indistinct ruff of orange-buff
feathers, narrowly barred with brown ; the long stiff plumes reaching
below the above-mentioned coverts of the same orange-buff colour,
with a narrow tip of blackish, preceded by a distinct subterminal
bar of white ; chin-feathers whitish ; throat and chest sandy buff,
with a few indications of blackish zigzag lines, varied with irregular
bars of white near the tips of the chest-feathers, the lower throat
also slightly washed with greyish ; rest of under surface white, with
here and there a tinge of sandy or orange-buff, the blackish shaft-
stripes very distinctly indicated on most of the feathers, which are
varied with narrow wavy lines of blackish brown ; the under tail-
coverts almost entirely white, with only a few tiny lines of blackish
near the tips of the feathers, which are also slightly washed with
sandy buff; tibia; distinctly washed with orange-biiff, the tarsal
l)lumes uniform buffy white ; under wing-coverts yellowish white,
as also the edge of the wing, the coverts nearest the latter sandy
brown, indistinctly barred with blackish, the lowest series dusky
brown, the bases to the feathers yellowish white ; inner lining of
quills dusky brown, regularly barred with fulvous on the inner web
for the whole extent, the tips mottled with sandy buff", as they are
on the upper surface. Total length 8-5 inches, wing 6-25, tail 3-3,
tarsus 1-1.

ILih. Flores.
a. Ad. sk. Flores. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. Type of species.

Ohs. On comparing this 8cops Owl with the true ^'. menadensis,
to which it has been joined by Mr. Wallace (Ibis, 18G8, p. 25 ; cf.
Lord Waldcn, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 40), it is certain that it is closely allied,
but differs in several particulars. It has a distinct wash of "grey on
the u])per surface, and has the cheeks greyish white ; but the prin-
ci])al difference lies in the white belly, where it is the i^rcvailing
colour, the cross markings and lines being very scanty.

80 TlTTIiONlD.T:.

Subsp. d. Scops rutilus.

Scops rutilus, Pucher. Hev. ct Mag. de Zool. 1849, p. 29; id. Arch,

dii Mils. iv. p. ;12(') ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 48 ; StricJd. Orn. Syn. p. 204 ;

Ilartl. Faun. Maday. p. 22 j Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 40 ; Gurney,

Ibk, 1809, p. 452.
Ephialtes rutilus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 30 a.
Megascops rutilus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. Ill; id. Tr. Z. S. iv.

p. 229.
Pisorhiua rutilus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. dv Zool. 1854, p. 543.
Scops menadensis, IlaHl. Faun. Madat/. p. 23; 8chl. P. Z. S. 1800,

p. 41; Grand. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1807, p. 521; Schl. ^- Poll.

Faun. Maday. p. 28; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 41.

Rnfotis pliase. General colour above bright foxy rufous, veiy
scantily varied with black markings, which arc generally confined
to indistinct shaft-stripes and small lateral cross markings, rather
broader and more distinct on the crown of the head ; the sca-
pulars externally white towards the tip of the feather, contrast-
ing markedly with the back, but not forming a continuous linear
streak ; upper wing-coverts duller rufous than the back, and more
coarsely vermiculated with blackish cross markings, especially at
the base of the median series, which, however, are almost uniform
foxy rufous at the tips, the greater series nearly uniform exteniaUy,
but barred with lighter buff, and mottled with blackish on the inner
web ; primary coverts blackish, only slightly varied with rufous ex-
ternally and at the tips ; quills for the most part dusky brown,
especially on the inner webs, which are almost uniform, with but
faint indications of lighter or more rufescent bars, the tips more
distinctly rufescent, the corresponding light ^ spots or bars on the
primaries rufous, some of them whitisli ; secondaries dusky bro^vn
on the inner web, the light bars very indistinct, even on the outer
webs, which are vermiculated with indistinct lines and spots of
brown, the innermost secondaries almost entirely duU foxy rufous,
with more or less distinct transvermiculations of blackish, forming
here and there indications of bars ; upper tail-coverts resembhng the
back, but a little more dingy ; tail dull foxy rufous, barred with didl
blackish, of which bars nine or ten can be disting-uished on the outer
feathers, where they are broader than the rufescent interspaces, the
centre feathers more mottled with blackish, neither the dark nor the
light bars distinctly indicated; lores white, vnih elongated black
hair-like shafts ; an indistinct eyebrow whitish, the feathers mar-
gined with foxy red, and tipped with dark brown ; ear-tufts exactly
resembling the crown ; sides of face bright foxy red, with a few in-
distinct streaks of silvery white on the ear-coverts, behind which
runs a slightly developed ruff of buff plumes, narrowly tipped with
black ; chin whitish ; rest of under surface of body bright foxy red,
like the back, many of the feathers mesiaUy streaked with blackish,
these streaks narrower on the flanks, many of the lateral and abdo-
minal feathers being mottled and tipped with white ; the feathers on
each side of the vent white, barred with foxy rufous ; on the fore

4. SCOPS. 81

iicck an appearance of a white patch, centre of abdomen also whitish,
the under tail-coverts sli^-htly tipped with pale foxy red; leg-
feathers whitish on the thighs, inclinmg to buff on the tarsal plumes ;
edge of wing and inner under M'ing-coverts whitish, those near the
outer edge of the wing dark brown, narrowly barred with rufous,
the lower series brown, buffy white at base. Total length 8-5 inches,
wing G-1, tail 3-3, tarsus 1-15.

Brown phase. Above very dark brown, almost blackish, varied
with rufous buff markings, forming one or two rows of spots or bars
of this colour near the tips of the feathers, which are also vermi-
culatcd with rufous buff, especially on the dorsal ])lumes and sca-
pulars, the outer web of the latter having large white spots extend-
ing on to the inner web in some of them ; head coloured like the
back, but rather more minutely spotted with rufous buff, excepting
on the auricular tufts, where the markings are larger, especially on
the inner webs ; wing-coverts blackish, the least series minutely
spotted with rufous buff, the greater series more vermiculated with
the latter colour, especially on the inner web, the outermost of this
series being irregularly but conspicuously marbled with white, the
greater series also white near the tip of the outer web, but all of
these coverts more largely barred and mottled with rufous buff than
the rest of the wing-coverts; primary coverts blackish, slightly
barred on the outer web with rufous buff; quills blackish, nearly
uniform on the inner webs of the primaries, externally notched with
white near the base, these inclining to rufous towards the tips,
which have indistinct remains of rufescent barring on the inner web
also ; the secondaries very faintly barred with rufous on the inner
web, but more plainly on the outer one ; the innermost secondaries
blackish, very distinctly mottled with rufous buff vermiculations,
and resembling the back ; tail-feathers blackish, tipped with rufous
and crossed with about five other narrow bars of rufous buff, the
interspaces slightly freckled with dull rufescent colour near the tips
of the feathers ; lores dull whitish, washed with brown, the shafts
black and elongated so as to form haii--like bristles ; plumes at the
base of the forehead and over the fore part of the eye white, with
narrow rufous brown tips ; ear-coverts dull rufous brown, trans-
versely barred with blackish, the lower part varied with a slight
indication of silvery white bars ; behind the ear-coverts a faintly
indicated ruff of rufous buff plumes narrowly barred with black ;
chin and fore part, of cheeks whitish ; remainder of under surface
rufous buff, the feathers broadly streaked down the centre with
black, these markings wider on the chest, which has consequently a
more dingy appearance ; most of the feathers obscured with minute
narrow vermiculations traversing the feathers, many of which in-
cline to white on their outer margin ; this white colour amounts
only to a few lateral spots on the chest-feathers, gradually widening
and taking the form of bars on the flanks and sides of the body, the
feathers on the sides of the vent and under tail-coverts being white
barred with rufous ; leg-feathers buff, crossed with numerous small

VOL. II. Q

82 BtTBONID-i:.

brown bars ; inner under wing-covcrts ycllovrish wliite, tbe edge of
the wing also whitish, the coverts near the edge dark brown mottled
with fulvous spots, the lowest series blackish, the bases yellowish
Avhite, resembling the inner lining of the (juills, which are for the
most part blackish, with a few broad bars of yellowish white near
the base of the inner web, the tips of the quills with a few slightly
indicated pale rufous bars. Total length 8 inches, M'ing oiJ, tail 2*9,
tarsus l"lo.

Ohs. The differences exhibited by the series of specimens in the
Museum are not very considerable, although few are quite so dark
as the one described. Two of these rather lighter examples have
the auricular tufts barred across Avith rufous butf, but ditfer more
conspicuously in the greater amount of variegation on the under
parts, which are very prettily mottled with the white bars ; these
are fully developed as narrow bars on the breast- feathers ; and the
flanks and alKlominal plumes have, in many instances, bars right
across the feathers, both near the tip and near the base.

Hah. Madagascar.

rt. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. N.E. Madagascar. Ileer F. Pollen [C.].

c. Ad. sk. S.W. Madagascar. Mr. A. Orossley [C.].

(Brown phase.)

d. Ad. sk. S.W. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [C.].

(Rufous phase.)

e. Ad. sk. S.E. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [C.l.
/. Juv. sk. S.E. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [C.l.
g. Ad. sk. N. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [C.].
h, i. Skeletons. N. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [C.].

7. Scops sylvicola.

Scops sylvicola, IVulL P. Z. 6". 1863, p. 487 ; Grny, Haml-l. B. i.

p. 45.
Ephialtes sylvicola, Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 25.

Immature female {ij]}e oi ii])ec\Qs). General colour sandy brown,
freckled all over ■with a profusion of wa\y lines of blackish, nowhere
very strongly defined ; the dorsal feathers very broadly centred
with black, from which radiate some distinct wavy lines of the same
colour, forming tolerably broad cross bars of black on the hinder
neck ; the head and interscapulary region paler, being of an ashy
fulvous colour, with dusky brown cross lines ; ear-tufts also pale,
and resembling the pale buft' colour of the head, 1 inch long ; sides
of face and throat fulvous, the dusky brown cross lines very indi-
stinct ; the re.st of the under surface paler fulvous, the cross bars
diisky and indistinct, but rather broader than on the throat, a few
feathers Avhite, mesially streaked with black, with lateral zigzag
lines of inifous brown ; leg-feathers white, with a few obsolete
brown cross bars ; wing-coverts sandy brown, A\ith broad central
markings of black, all the feathers pencilled with blackish cross lines,
and most of them varied with distinct spots of sandy buff: the spu-

4. SCOPS. 83

rious quills extornally notched with biiffy white, the edge of the
wing being also of the latter colour ; primary coverts dull sandv,
with Humorous fine cross vermiculation^ of black, and indications
ot three cross bars of sandy colour ; quills dark brown on the inner
web, barred across with ashy bro^^^l ; these bars nearly obsolete, but
represented on the outer web with distinct square spots of sandy
butf, sometimes slightly mottled with brown vermiculations, the
darker brown cross bands being also sometimes mottled with 'ashy .
buff; the secondaries more rufous, the dark bands not so distinctly
indicated, and the whole of the inner quills more vermiculatcd, so
as to resemble the back in a greater degree ; tail dark brown, crossed
with nine bars of sandy buff on the middle feathers, and with ten or
eleven on the outer ones ; these bars less distinct towards the end
ol the tail-feathers, which, like the tips of the wings, are coarsely
vermiculatcd, and thus the bars become merged. Total len"-th 12-5
inches, \ving &6, tail 4-9, tarsus 1-4. °

Hub. Flores.

a. 5 imm. sk. Flores, 1862. A. E. WaUace, Esq. [P.]. Ty^e of

species.
Ohs. This bird is distinguished by its large size ; but, from the
immaturity of the type specimen, at present the only one known, I
am unable to place it in its true position in the synopsis.

8. Scops semitorques.

Otus semitorques, Schl. Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 2o, pi. 8.

Ephialtes semitorques, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 38; Cass. Cat. Strimdce

FInlad. Mus. p. 11.
Scops semitorques, Bp. Consp. i. p. 46 ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Oti p '>3 •

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 46 ; Sch. Rev. Accipitr. p. 9. ' ^- - '

Megascops semitorques, Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 230 ; id. Contr Orn

1852, p. 112.
Asio semitorques, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 209.
Lempijius semitorques, Bp. Eev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854 n .543-

Swinh. P.Z.S.\%l\,-^.?,\?j. ' ' 1- )

Scops asio, var. semitorques, Ridyw. B. X. Am. iii. p. .56.

Adult. Above dull sandy brown, obscurely vermiculatcd with
blackish cross lines, most of the feathers distinctly blackish in the
centre, and laterally barred with the same, especially on the sca-
pidars, which are very distinctly marked with black and spotted
with ochraceous buflf, the outer feathers externally clear ochraceous
buff, with a distinct shaft-streak and narrow edging of blackish •
head and neck coloured like the back, most of the feathers blackish
in the centre, with a double lateral spot of rufous buff; on the
hinder head and neck three bars of buff, the first on the occiput
very small, and indicated only by a few bars of buff or greyish
white on the feathers ; on the nape a second one, of buii'-barred
plumes, forming a more distinct band than the previous one, but
not so distinct as the one on the hind neck, which is ver^ broad

G 2

84

BUBONIDJ..

and composed of oehraceous-buff feathers, every one of which is
tipped with blackish ; wing-coverts coloured like the hack, the least
ones dusky and neai-ly uniform brown, the greater ones vermiou-
lated and marked in the centre with blackish, the feathers more or
less distinctly barred with fulvous, and inclining to buffy- white near
the tips of the outer webs, the spurious quills also distinctly notched
on the outer web with buflFy white ; primary coverts blackish brown,
very minutely vermiculated with sandy buff, forming three tolerably
distinct bars on the outer webs ; quills dark broMii, banded with
ashy brown on the inner webs, these lighter bars being replaced on
the outer webs by others of sandy buif sHghtly vermiculated with
brown, the primaries externally chequered with white bars, the in-
terspaces also slightly vermiculated with sandy buff ; the innermost
secondaries vermiculated like the back, which they closely resemble ;
tad-feathers dark brown, coarsely vermiculated with zigzag lines of
sandy buff, and crossed with seven or eight bars of the latter colour"
on the outer feathers, only seven being traceable on the centre ones,
the outermost externally notched with indistinct white spots ; lores
white, slightly barred across with black, the feathers rufescent
towards the tips, which are blackish ; a verj- distinct eyebrow of
greyish white feathers, narrowly tipped with brown ; the sides of
the crown rather gi-eyer than the vertex, and so forming a light
band on each side of the head continuous with the ear-coverts,
which are whitish on the inner web, slightly barred with brown,
and vermiculated near the tip with minute lines of the same, the
outer webs blackish, mottled with a few spots of sandy buff, and
vermiculated with brown on the outer margin ; behind the upper

Leg of Scops semitorqnes, to show featheiing on toes.

part of the eye a patch of rufescent feathers vermiculated with black,
and reaching to the base of the ear-tufts ; sides of face dull greyish,
crossed with numerous faint bars of brown, washed with rufous
brown near the eye, and relieved by some of the shaft-lines being

4. scors. 85

silvery white ; bchiiul the car-coverts a distinct ruff of ocliraceous
buff feathers, broadlj- tipped with black, this ruff descending on the
gorget, and forming a collar across the throat, the plumes here being
rather paler, mesially streaked and narrowly barred with black ;
chin whitish, the plumes of the throat buffy white, with fine trans-
verse cross lines of blackish ; below the gular niff a line of white
feathers across the fore neck, the centre of the body also pure white ;
rest of under surface sandy buff, with distinct blackish centres, aU
the feathers marked with wavy cross lines of dark bro^^^l, many of
them barred with white, more broadly on the flanks ; the under
taU-coverts white, with central streaks of brown washed with ful-
vous near the tips, which have a few wavy lines of brown ; tibial
plumes bright tawny, the tarsal ones buffy white, with scanty cross
lines of dark brown, the plumes extending for two thirds of the
niidcUe and outer digits, and for half the inner and hinder one ;
under wing-coverts whitish, the outer ones washed with buff, and
marked with brown, the lower series ashy brown, yellowish white
at base, like the inner lining of the quills, which are ashy broAvn,
barred with yeUo\vish M'hite near the base of the inner web. Total
length 10 inches, wing 7"25, tail 3*S5, tarsus 1'3.
Hab. Japan.

rt. Ad. st. Nagasaki, Japan. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

Subsp. a. Scops plumipes.

Ephialtes plumipes, Hione, Rough Xotes, ii. p. 397.

Ephialtes semitorques, Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 348.

Scops plumipes, Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. i. p. 68.

Ohs. Mr. Hume has kindly sent me two specimens of this Scops
Owl recently described by him. It holds much the same relation
to S. semitorques of Japan that 8. lettia of the Himalayas does to
/S'. elerjans of China, being smaller and, in its brown phase, darker,
while it further differs m possessing a grey phase, resembling the
grey phase of ;S'. malaharicus, which was called by Jerdon S. griscus.
The measurements of Mr. Hume's two specimens are as follows : —

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.

rt. $ . Kotegurh, 1868 8-5 6-8 37 l-4o

b. (S . Huttoo, near Narkanda, Sept. 26,

1869 8-0 6-6 3-5 1-3

Hah. Himalaya Mountains,

9. Scops lettia.

Scops lettia, Hodgs. As. Research, xix. p. 176; id. in Graifs Zool.
3Iisc. p. 82 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 46 ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Bevue
Acclpitr. p. 9 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. i. p. 67.

Ephialtes lempiji, Grai/, Cat. Mamm. c^c. Nepal Coll. Hodgs. p. 51 ;

86

BUIiOKll)^.

Jenl. B. Iiid. i. p. lo8; Blyth, Ibis, 18G6, p. 250; JcrtL Ibis, 1871,

p. 25(5.
Lempijius lettia, Up. Hec. et Maij. do Zool. 1854, p. 54;}.
Epbialtes lettia, Ilaiiie, Roiiyh Notes, ii. p. 39.3; Jerd. Ibis, 1871,

p. 347.

Adult (grey phase). General colour grejish brown, more or less
inclining to an oehraceous shade, all the upper surface thickly mottled
Avith wa\-}' cross Hues of black, the feathers at the same time varied
■with ochi'aceous, forming concealed irregtilar bars of this colour ;
forehead and sides of crown greyish white, the feathers crossed with
narrow wavy lines of brown, extending right to the ear-tufts, which
arc greyish white or buff on the inner web, the outer webs brown,
slightly freckled with sandy buff ; crown rather more rufous or sandy
brown, the feathers closely vermiculated with blackish lines, and
much varied with oehraceous buif spots ; round the nape an indistinct
collar of ochraceoits feathers, all with more or less characterized cross
vermiculations of dark brown ; below this fii-st coUar the hind neck
is again dark browTi, exactly like the head, and this is succeeded by
another oehraceous buff collar round the hind neck, the frccklings
of brown on these feathers being somewhat coarser, and the blackish
tips rather broader ; scapulars externally oehraceous buff, some of
them almost entirely of this colour on both webs, the vermiculations
disappearing towards the outer webs ; wing-coverts dark browir,
freckled with blackish vermiculations exactly like the back, the
central streaks to the feathers darker, both the median and greater
series whitish at the tips, the frecklings gradually disappearing ;
primary coverts sandy brown, freckled with dark brown, the latter
colour forming also three or four distinct bars across them ; quills
brown, barred with lighter brown, these light bars paler externally
and mottled with dark brown vermiculations, the primaries exter-
nally whitish on the interspaces, causing a chequered appearance on
the outer aspect of the wing, the inner secondaries greyish like the
back and mottled with blackish vermiculations precisely in the same
manner ; tail oehraceous brown, regularly barred with darker brown,
the dark bars being about ten on the outer feathers, less distinct at
their tips, the light interspaces freckled vrith dark brown vermicu-
lations ; lores whitish, the long shaft-stripes blackish at tip ; over
the eye a patch of whitish feathers, narrowly margined at the tip
with blackish ; sides of face greyish white, indistinctly waved with
narrow cross lines of brown, the hinder ear-coverts broadly tipped
with black ; behind the ear-coverts an indistinct ruff of pale oehra-
ceous buff" feathers, rather broadly tii:)ped mth blackish, a little
narrower under the throat ; chin whitish ; rest of under surface
greyish white, the blackish shaft-lines not very strongly pronounced,
all the feathers narrowly waved with cross lines of brown, disap-
pearing on the centre of the abdomen and under tail-coverts, which
are pure white ; leg-feathers silky white, with a few indications of
narrow brown cross markings ; iinder wing-coverts yellowish white,
mottled with cross lines of dark brown near the edge of the wing.

which is white, the lowest series ashy brown, jeUowi.sh while at the
bases, and resembling the iinier lining of the quills, which are ashy
brown below, barred with slightly paler brown, inclining to yellowish
white near the bases of the feathers ; " bill bluish horn (more or less
j-ellow in dried skins) ; feet fleshy grey ; iris variable, yellow in the
young, brown in the old birds " {Hothjson). Total length 8'5 inches,
wing 6-3, tail 3-3, tarsus 0-3o.

" Sexes alike " (Hodgson).

Obs. The brown phase of this plumage is very similar to the one
above described in character and markings, but is brown on the
upper surface where the other bird is greyish. The under surface,
however, is not very different. Mr. Hodgson has given four figures
of the sj^ecies in his ' Drawings;' and in one of them he considers
the grey and brown phases to be summer and winter plumage.
Although amongst his four skins in the Museum we doubtless pos-
sess the types of his species, I could not make the specimens so
thoroughly agree with any of the paintings as to satisfj' myself that
I could identify the actual individuals figured.

Hub. Himalayas.

a. Ad. St. India. .1. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].

h. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad.sk. Nepaul. E. H. Hodgson, Esq. | P.].

c1, e. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

/. Ad. sk. Darjiling. R. B. Shaiiie, Esq. [VX

(J. Sternum. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

Subsp. o. Scops elegans *.

Ephialtes elegans, Cass. Pr. Phi/ad. Acad. 1852, p. 18o.

Scops semitorques, Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 217, et 1867, p. 409 ; id. P.

Z. S. 1863, p. 262 ; Dai-id, N. Arch. Mus. vol. \i\. Bull. p. 4.
Scops lempiji, Siciiih. Ibis, 1861, p. 265.
Scops elegans, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 45.
Ephialtes glabripes, Swinh. Aim. N. H. (4) vi. p. 152.
Lempijius glabripes, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 343; id. Ibis, 1874,

p. 269.

KestUng. Shrouded in down of a pure white colour ; feathers of
the upper surface light ochraceous buff, regularly barred across with

♦ S. glabripes must be, I think, the bird described by Mr. Cassin as Ephialtes
elegans, notwithstanding a slight difference in the measurements. The specimen
described by Mr. Cassin bore a label " En mer, cotes du Japon, lat. 29° 47' N.,
long. 126°" 13' 20" E." It is impossible to speak with certainty of this species
without examining the type ; but I quote the following remarks of Mr. Cassin
which accompany the original description, and which apply very well to Mr.
Swinhoe's S. gluhripes. " This is one of the handsomest of the small species of
Owls, and bears some resemblance (rather remote, however, and on a small scale)
to the large Horned Owls. It is somewhat like 5. scmiforqnes (Temm.), but
wants the white on the throat and breast, and is smaller and ditt'erently coloured,
and has the toes bare. It resembles also to some extent S. letda (Hodgs.) and
>S. lempiji (Horsf.), but is larger than either, and is otherwise different. Tlie
brown stripes and lines on all parts of the plumage are unusually delicate.'"
The diinensious are given as follows : — " Total length of skin from tip of biU to
end of tail about 8i to 9 inches, wing (i|. tail SJ."

88 BUBONlDiE.

dark brown, and all broadly tipped with white, giving a hoary
appearance to the upper parts ; under surface of body white, tinged
with ochraceous buft' here and there, and obscurely barred across
with dark brown : even in the nestling the tarsal feathering very
dense.

Adult female. Above dull sandy brown, everywhere freckled with
blackish vermiculations, much broader and more distinct in the
centres of the feathers, giving in some indications of mesial streaks ;
head and neck rather more rufescent than the back, the feathers
coarsely mottled or dotted with small spots of sandy rufous, the
centres of the feathers of the crown blackish, with broad lateral
cross hues of black ; on the head and hind neck are three bands —
one on the occiput not veiy distinct, composed of greyish white
feathers scantily freckled with black cross lines, the shaft-streaks
being black ; on the nape a second and more distinct baud of greyish
white feathers coarsely mottled with sandy rufous at the tips and
vermiculated with black, minute frecklings of the latter colour being
apparent on most of the white feathers ; round the hind neck a third
and very distinct collar of ochraceous buff plumes less barred and
mottled with blackish than the two preceding ones, and consequently
more distinct ; scapulars rather greyer than the rest of the back, the
outermost yellowish buff externally, with scarcely any blackish
frecklings ; wing-coverts rather darker brown than the back, and a
little more rufous, the blackish vermiculations being very coarse, the
greater coverts fulvescent towards their tips, forming a uniform spot
on the outer web, but mottled with blackish vermiculations near the
tip of the inner one ; spurious quills externally notched with ful-
vous ; primary coverts blackish brown, crossed with about four bars of
deep tawny buff, more or less obscured with blackish vermiculations ;
quills dark brown, barred with paler brown, these being represented
on the outer web by not strictly conterminous bars of sandy buif,
everywhere slightly obscured with blackish vermiculations, the outer
webs of the primaries largely notched with huffy white, giving a
chequered appearance to this portion of the wmg, the innermost
secondaries mottled and vermiculated like the scapulars ; tail dark
brown, varied towards the tips with vermiculations of sandy buff
and crossed with seven bands of the same on the outer feathers, only
about six being distinguishable on the centre ones ; frontal and loral
plumes ashy white, narrowly margined with blacldsh, these plumes
forming at the same time a very conspicuous eyebrow ; the adjacent
sides of the crown are at the same time ashy white, extremely finely
vermiculated with brown, so as to form a streak along the sides of
the head, continued even to the ear- tufts, which are 1-25 inch long,
and are greyish white on the other side, with fine brownish cross
lines, the outer webs blackish at tip and mottled with rufous spots ;
above the hinder part of the eye a small patch of rufous feathers
mottled with black, produced backwards to the base of the ear-
tufts, the outermost small plumes of which resemble them in colour ;
sides of face ashy white, slightly tinged with rufous below the eye,

4. scors. 89

and banded across with narrow blackish cross linos ; behind the ear-
coverts a tolerably distinct ruff of whitish feathers washed ■\\ith
sandy rnfous before the tip, which is black, this ruff continued
across the throat, where a few of the plumes are somewhat deeper
rufous, crossed with blackish lines ; chm white, the lower feathei'S
washed with fidvous and crossed mth numerous fine lines of dark
brown ; across the fore neck a faint indication of a white band ;
centre of the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts white, the latter
with a few narrow rufous cross lines ; rest of under surface ashy
whitish, strons^ljf inclining to sandy colour, especially on the chest
and sides, aU the feathers crossed with narrow brown, occasionally
rufous, lines, and varied here and there with blackish central streaks ;
tibial plumes yellowish buff, inclining to buffy white on the tarsi,
narrowly barred across with dark brown ; under wing-coverts pale
sandy buff, rather more rufescent near the edge of the wing, which
is white, the marginal coverts slightly marked with dark bro-mi bars,
the lower series ashy brown, yellowish white at base, resembling the
inner lining of the quills, which are ashy brown, barred with yel-
lowish white on the inner web ; iris black. Total length 11-5 inches,
wing 7, tail 4, tarsus 1-5.

Adult male. Very similar to the female, but rather smaller. Total
length 10 inches, wing G-85, tail 4*3, tarsus 1-4.

Hah. China (Ningpo, Amoy, Foochow, Canton) ; Formosa.

a. Ad. St. North China. Purchased.

h. (S ad. sk. Ningpo, China, April 1872. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

c. 2 ad. sk. Ningpo, China, March 1872. E. Swinhoe, Esq. LC.I.

d. 5 ad. sk. Ningpo, China, May 1872. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.J.

Subsp. ft. Scops erythrocampa.

Scops, sp., Swinhoe, His, 1861, p. 29.
Scops lempiji, Sclafer, Ibis, 18(31,.p. 29.
Lempijius erythrocampe, Stciidi. Ibis, 1874, p. 2G9.

Adult (Fokien). Above sandy brown, coarsely vermiculated with
blackish brown, a good many of the feathers blackish in the centre,
causing a slightly streaked appearance to the upper surface, the
scapulars externally ochraceous, very few of them with any blackish
vermiculations on the outer web ; head rather darker than the back,
the feathers blackish in the centre, minutely notched with rufous
buff, some of the occipital feathers spotted with white, forming a
very indistinct bar, the nape with a second bar of white-mottled
feathers not plainer than the former one ; the hind neck ochraceous
buff, slightly barred with brown, some of the feathers barred with
white, and forming a very distinct collar ; loral plumes very distinctly
white, the shafts terminating in blackish bristles ; tlie feathers over
the eye and the forehead white, the plumes narrowly streaked and
barred with blacldsh ; sides of the crown greyish white, forming an
indistinct band running along the sides of the head and continued
along the depressed ear-tufts, the inner webs of which are greyish

90 JiriiOMD.K.

white, with tiny brown vermiculations, the outer webs dark brown
at tip and barred with the same on the basal portion, which is sandy
buff ; leathers round the eye clear rufous, extending to the base of
the ear-tufts ; ear-coverts greyish, sliaded with rufous and indistinctly
barred across with dark brown, the hinder ear-coverts tipped with
black, and resembling the ruff, which is ochraceous buff tipped Avith
black, tliese tips being less distinct on the gular feathers, which are
wliitish, crossed ys'iih fine linear bars of dark brown ; sides of neck
grej-ish white, more or less washed with rufous and covered with
wavjf vermiculations of dark brown ; fore neck inclining to white ;
rest of under surface ashj^ white, with broad central black markings
on the chest-feathers, much narrower on the abdomen, all the plumes
of the lower surface crossed with wavy bars of dull brown, wider on
the abdomen and flanks, the under tail-coverts with scarcely any
cross bars left ; thighs bright orange tawny, the tarsal plumes
wliitish, with dark brown cross bars ; under wing-coverts fulvous,
the edge of the wing whitish, the adjacent feathers dark brown, tlie
lowest series ashy brown, yellowish at base, resembling the inner
lining of the quills, which are ashy brown below, barred with yel-
lowish buff on the inner web ; upper wing-coverts dark brown like
the back, the median ones very broadly centred with black, the
greater ones greyish at their tips, except on the outermost, which
are fulvous at the ends, the spurious quills externally notched with
buff; primary coverts sandy brown, with very minute vermicula-
tions of brown and crossed with bars of dark brown ; quills dark
brown, barred with ashy brown on the inner web, these light bars
represented by sandy buff ones on the outer webs, all freckled with
blackish, excepting on the primaries, which are barred externally
with sandy buff; tail-feathers dark brown, very distinctly banded
with sandy buff, more or less vermiculated with brown, the bars
seven on the centre feathers, including the terminal one ; " bill pale
flesh-grey, with a pale yellowish rim to the mandibles ; iris golden
burnt sienna, but so narrow that this colour is seldom visible, the im-
mense pupil filling up all the space between the lids ; skin round eye
madder-brown ; toes naked, light flesh-colour; claws light brownish
grey, with blackish tips" (Swinhoe). Total length 8-5 inches, wing
6-9, tail 3-G, tarsus 1-5. (AIus. M. Sivinhoe.)

Ohs. But for Mr. Swinhoe's remark as to the difference in the
colour of the eye, I should have been content to unite this bird to
S. elec/ans. The yeUow tibia is by no means a character of the
species, as it exists in all the little Owls of this group ; and S. cvy-
iJirocampa further resembles S. elegans in the extent of feathering on
the foot, as well as in the complete barring of the tail. It depends
for its separation, therefore, on its rufous face and differently coloured
eye ; but it is by no means a very distinct bird.

Hob. China : Canton, South Fokien.
a. Ad. st. North China. Purchased.

4. SCOPS. 91

lu. Scops lempiji.

Strix lempiji, Iloisf. Tr. Linn. Sue. xiii. p. 140.

Strix uoctiila, Tcnini. PL Col. ii. pi. 99.

Scops noctula, Sti'2)h. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 52 ; Svhl. Mus. P.-B.

Oti, p. 24.
Scops javanicus, Less. Traite, p. 107 ; Puchcr. Pev. et Maq. ile Zuvl.

184it, p. 2(3.
Scops lempiji, Bhith, J. A. S. B. xv. pt. 1, p. 182 ; id. Cat. B. 3Li.f.

A. S. B. p. •'!(■); Bj). Cunsp. i. p. 47; Sfrickl. Oni. Hi/n. p. 200;

Grill/, ILuid-l. B. i. p. 40 ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Pevue Accipitr. p. 1."] ;

Salvud. TJcc. Borneo, p. 19.
Megascops lempiji, Kaiip, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 112; id. Tr. Z. S. iv.

p. 229.
Lempijius indicus, Bp. Pec. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 543.
Lempijius noctula, Bp. Per. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 54.3.
Ephialtes lempiji, Gnni, Gen.B.i. p. 38; Horsf.S,- Moore, Cat. B. Mas.

E. I. Co. i. p. 71 ; Wall. Ibis, 1808, p. 24; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 409.

Younj (Malacca, Lord Ellenhorour/7i). General colour light sandy
rufous, everywhere barred with dusky blackish cross lines, more
thickly pronounced on the head ; quills and tail, as far as developed,
resembling these parts in the adult ; forehead and feathers over the
eye pale fawn-colour, with veiy few dusky cross lines ; ear-coverts
and sides of face bright bay, with a few wavy cross lines of blackish
on the hinder ones ; under surface pale sandy buff, numerously
barred with dusky brown, these cross markings nowhere very di-
stinct ; bill yellowish horn.

Adult (Malacca, A. P. Wallace). Above clear sandy brown,
coarsely vermiculated with wavy cross lines of black, many of the
feathers with broad but irregularly formed streaks of black ; sca-
pulars more or less sandy buff on the outer web, the cross lines a])-
parent at the tips of the lower ones, but nearly absent on the upper
scapulars, some of which are nearly entirely sandy buff on both
webs ; round the hind neck a tolerably distinct collaret of sandy
buff feathers, only varied with blackish markings towards the ti})s
of the feathers ; crown of head blackish in the centre, the plumes
laterally rufous buff, with very narrow black cross lines ; forehead
and a broad streak on each side of the crown sandy buff, the feathers
narrowly sti'caked with black along the shaft, and varied towards
the tip with a few blackish cross lines, the ear-tufts (1 inch long)
which form part of the light lateral band on the sides of the crown,
being pale sandy buff sliglitly varied with zigzag lines of black
towards the tips, which are very broadly black ; over the eye a
patch of buffy white feathers, each terminally margined with a
narrow line of black ; lores sandy buff, with whitish bases ; sides of
face sandy buff, indistinctly barred across with narrow lines of dusky
black, the hindermost ear-coverts rather broadly tipped with the
same ; behind the ear-coverts an indistinct ruff of sandy buff feathers
extenchng across the centre of the throat, many of the plumes nar-
rowly barred across with blackish lines, and all rather broadly tip])ed
with black ; rest of under surface of liody entirel)- sandy buff', varied
with narrow cross lines of dark brown, (he chest with broad central

92 BunoNiD.T:.

spots or streaks of blackish brown, much narrower and more linear
on the abdomen and Hank-feathers ; under tail-coverts nearly uni-
ibrni sandy butf, with a few wavy lines of blackish near the tips of
tlie feathers ; leg-feathers sandy buff, the tarsal plumes crossed with
distinct wavy blackish cross lines ; under wing-coverts sandy buff,
the inner ones nearly uniform, the outermost mottled or barred with
dark brown near the edge of the wing, which is whitish, the lower
series entirely ashy brown, the inner lining of the quills nearly uni-
form ashy brown, barred with yelloAvish white near the base of the
inner web, and with sandy buff near the tips of the feathers ; upper
wing-coverts darker than the back, being blackish brown, the
sjmrious quills externally notched with sandy buff, the innermost
of the least series sandy biiif, mottled with zigzag blackish lines, the
greater series dark brown, widely notched with sandy buff towards
the tip of the outer web ; primary coverts blackish brown, with in-
distinct indications of sandy buff bars, thickly obscured with blackish
vermicidations ; quills dark brown, barred with lighter or ashy
brown on the inner webs, these light bars being represented by cor-
responding ones of sandy buff on the outer webs of the primaries,
giving a chequered appearance to the external aspect of the wing ;
the secondaries outwardly sandy buff, vermiculated with lines of
dark brown, the innermost sandy brown, mottled and vermicidated
exactly like the scapulars ; rump and upper tail-coverts darker
sandy brown than the back, thickly obscured with blackish vermi-
culatious ; tail dark brown, mottled with sandy buff, nowhere form-
ing very distinct bars, and particularly broken up towards the tips
of the feathers ; on the outer ones the bars a little more distinct,
about eight being distinguishable, all the light markings every-
where somewhat obscm-ed by brown vermiculations. Total length
8"5 inches, wing 5-8, tail 3'1, tarsus 1-25.

Hah. Borneo, Bangka, Java, Sumatra, Malayan pcninsida, ranging
northwards into Tenasserim, and occiirring in the neighbourhood of
Calcutta.

Sunda Islands. Purchased.

Sunda Islands. Purchased.

Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.].

Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, p]sq. [C.l.

Malacca, A. Pi. Wallace, Esq. [G.].

Malacca. E. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.]

Malacca. W. Harvey, Esq. fP.].

Malacca. W. Hai-vey, Esq. [P.].

Malacca. Purchased.

Malacca. I'urchased.

Malacca. Earl of Ellenborough [P.].

Singapore. Earl of Ellenborough [P.].

Ohs. The present species in its typical form has but two phases,
a brown and a rufous one, the latter being the usual colouring, the
former very rare in comparison with it. It never shows a grey
phase like S. lettia, and is always distinguished by its completely
unfeathcred toes.

rt.

Ad. St.;

h.

Ad. St.'

c.

Juv. at.

d.

Ad. sk.

e.

Ad. sk.

f.

Ad. sk.

(1-

Ad. St.

h.

Ad. sk.

i.

Ad. sk.

k.

Ad. sk.

I.

Pull. sk.

in

. Ad. sk.

4. SCOPS. 93

The amount of f'catliering on the lower joint of the tarsus varies
slightly with individuals ; hut specimens of S. lempiji never seem to
have the plumes descending so far down on the outer toe as in 8.
lettia ; and in this respect it very closely approaches S. nudahanciis.
Indeed, as stated below, thej'^ are but races one of the other. Mr.
Hume has sent over for my inspection two very- interesting spe-
cimens, one from Thayetmyo and another from Calcutta, which
form an intermediate race between the Malaccan and South-Indian
birds. They differ in their very pale coloration and fulvescent tone
of plumage, and in the excessively delicate character of the vermi-
culations. A good idea of those differences will be seen on an ex-
amination of the plates in Mr. Hume's forthcoming work on the
birds of the Indian empire.

It may be noted that although closely resembling Scops mahdxi-
ricus, the present species nevertheless presents some differential
characters, especially in the absence of mesial black streaks, either.
on the upper or under surface, the black markings being more in
the form of spots and bars.

Subsp. a. Seops umbratilis.

Ephialtes lettia, SwinJi. Ibis, 1870, p. 88.
Epliialtes umbratilis, Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 342.
Lempijiua umbratilis, Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 344.

Adult male (type of species). Above dull sandy brown, the
feathers mesially black, and mottled with coarse blackish vermicu-
lations, relieved here and there with a broader bar of sandy buff ;
head rather blacker than the back, varied only with a few lateral
spots and notches of rufous sandy ; forehead buffy white, the feathers
narrowly margined with black at the tips, extending backwards so
as to form a very distinct eyebrow ; the sides of the crown ful-
vescent, with narrow cross lines and vermiculations of blackish,
forming an indistinct band on the sides of the head, continuous with
the ear-tirfts, the inner webs of which are ochraceous, narrowly
barred with black ; on the occiput and nape a few fulvous feathers
scarcely forming bands ; on the hind neck a very distinct collar of
ochi'aceous buff, some of the feathers varied with dark brown cross
bars, and resembling the sides of the neck, which are ochraceous,
mottled with lirowu ; the scapulars externally clear ochraceous,
tipped with dark brown, the inner web also mottled with ochra-
ceous ; upper wing-coverts dark brown, more obscure than the back,
and vermiculated with rufous sandy, the greater series mottled with
ochraceous on the outer webs ; primarj' coverts dark brown, ob-
scurely vermiculated with rufous sandy colour near tlie tips, and
indistinctly barred across with the same ; quills dark chocolate-
brown on the inner webs, -with faint indications of pale ashy brown
bars, the outer web barred with sandy brown, obscured ^\-ith ver-
miculations of dark brown, disappearing on the primaries, which
are extcrnallj- barred with clear sandy colour, none of these, how-
ever, inclining to whitish ; upper tail-coverts coloured like the back,

94 urBOXiDiE.

but a little more dingy ; tail-feathers dark brown, profusely niottled
with sandy buff near the tips, and barred most irregularly with the
same colour, the bars on the centre feathers not even being conter-
minous ; loral plumes whitish at base, washed with rufous near the
tips, and indistinctly barred across with black ; all the feathers
round the eye and the ear-coverts sandy rufous, obscurely barred
across vfith. black, paler and more whitish on the lower margin of
the ear-coverts, where they join the ruff, which is composed of huffy
white feathers, broadly tijiped with black, the plumes on the thi-oafc
liaving additional narrow cross lines of black; the chin-feathers
whitish ; rest of under siu'faco dull fulvous, very thickly obscured
with cross verraiculations of dark brown, many of the feathers with
longitudinal black streaks, narrower and less pronounced on the
abdomen and flanks, where the feathers are whiter and less thickly
mottled ; leg-feathers dull tawny, thickly barred with d irk brown ;
under tail-coverts white, with a few vermiculatory markings of
brown near the tips ; under wing-coverts sandy buff, the outermost
mottled with brown, the lower series ashy brown, with concealed
3'ellowish bases, the inner lining of the quills ashy brown, with faint
indications of paler bars, and barred with sandy buff near the base
of the inner web ; bill yellowish. Total length 9 inches, wing 6-4,
tail 3-4, tarsus 1-5. (Mus. B. Swinhoe.)

Hah. Hainan.

Ohs. The type specimen kindly lent me by Mr. Swinhoe shows
that this is a form of ;S. lempiji differing from the ordinary ex-
amples of that species by its less rufous coloration and greater
amount of vermicnlation. At the same time, however, it so closely
resembles greyish brown birds which I have seen from Java, in
Lord Walden's collection, and which we have in the Museum from
the " Sunda Islands," as to seem but a large edition of that spe-
cies ; but, until more specimens arrive, it will be difficult clearly to
settle its position.

Subsp. /3. Scops malabaricus.

Scops javanicus, Jercl. Madr. Joum. x. p. 89 (jiec Less.).

Scops malabaricus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 119; Hume, Sir. F. i.

p. 454.
Scops gi-iseus, Jerd, Madr. Journ. xiii. pt. 2, p. 119.
Scops lettoides, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. pt. 1, p. 182 (e.r Jerd. MS.).
Ephialtes malabaricus, Hume, Bouffh Notes, ii. p. 402; Jerd. H)is,

1871, p. 348.
Ephialtes griseus, Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 398 ; Je)d. Ibis, 1871,

p. 348.
Eplaialtes jerdoni, Walden, Ann. N. H. (4) v. p. 417.
Ephialtes bakkanuma, Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 417.
Scops bakliauiEena, Hume, Nests mid Eggs hid. B. p. 69.

Adult (rufous phase). General colour above light sandy, with
tolerably distinct vermiculations of black, all the dorsal feathers
mesially streaked with the latter colour, many of these central
markings being in the form of spear-shaped spots ; the scapulars
externally sandy buff, blackish at the tips of the outer webs, on

4. SCOPS. 95

many of which the vermicukitions are nearly obsolete ; head darker
than the back, blackish brown in the centre of the ci-own, all the
feathers centred or marginally spotted with rufous sandy, the lores
buft'y whitish, tipped with black ; feathers over the eye sandy buff,
with narrow black tips, these plumes forming a tolerably distinct
band down the sides of the hoad continuous with the ear-tufts,
which are sandy bufl' on the inner web and at the base, the outer
webs rufous sandy colour, barred with dark brown, many of the
smaller feathers rufous, with coarse vermiculations of dark bro^^■n ;
on the nape and occiput some tolerably distinct bars of sandy buff
give an indication of a faint band ; the hinder neck pale sandy buff,
tipped with blackish brown, and forming a very distinct collar run-
ning round to the sides of the neck, which are also sandy buff,
slightly vermiculated with brown ; over the hinder part of the eye
a small patch of rufous feathers running backwards to the base of
the ear-coverts ; cheeks and ear-coverts rufous sandy, the latter
slightly inclining to silvery white on their lower margin, the hinder
ones broadly tipped with black, and merging in an indistinct ruff
running down the sides of the head, and composed of sandy buff
plumes, narrowly tipped with black, these tips becoming narrower
on the gular feathers, which are also crossed with fine wavy lines of
brown ; chin fulvescent ; on the fore neck a faintly indicated white
band ; rest of under surface sandy-coloured, with very few traces
of vermiculations ; the chest broadly streaked with black mesial
stripes, somewhat broken up near the base on some of the feathers
and dilating towards the tip on others, those on the abdomen and
flanks much narrower, and disappearing entii'ely on the under tail-
coverts, which are whitish ; leg-feathers buffy whitish ; under
wing-coverts also bufty white, with a few markings of sandy buff
or brown near the outer edge of the wing, the lower series ashy
brown, buffy white at base, resembling the inner lining of the quills,
which are ashy brown below, with scarcely any indications of lighter
bars, excepting on the inner quills, where they are yellowish white
towards the base ; upper wing-coverts coloured like the back, and
vermiculated in the same manner, with several distinct indications
of sandy buff bars, the median and greater series almost unifonn
sandy buff at their tips, with very few vermiculations, and giving
the appearance of a buff-coloured spot ; spurious quills indistinctly
notched with buffy white on the outer web ; primary coverts dark
brown, with a few indistinct vermiculated cross bars of sandy bufl";
quills dark brown, barred on the inner web with ashy brown, these
represented on the outer M^eb by sandy bars, more or less vermi-
culated with dark brown, and inclining to buff on the primaries ;
the innermost secondaries resembling the back and scapulars ; tail
brown, vermiculated, like the quills, with sandy buff towards the
tips, crossed with about seven bands of clearer sandy colour. Total
length 8 inches, wing O'o, tail 3"25, tarsus 1*15.

The grey phase is so very similar to the corresponding plumage
of Sco^JS Icttla, that a description is unnecessary. It may be men-
tioned as exactly resembling that species, but to be distinguished by

96

iutboxid-t;.

the less amount of feataering on the toes, as seen in the following
■\voodcut.

Leg of Scops lettla. Leg of Scops mcdaharicus {griseiis, Jerd.).
Hah. Southern India and Ceylon.

a.

Ad. sk.

India (TF. Ewer).

J. Gould, Esq. [P." .
.1. Gould, Esq. [P.].

b.

Ad. sk.

S. India.

c.

Ad. sk.

IVIadras.

Dr. Jerdon [P.].
Dr. Jerdon [P.].

d.

Ad. sk.

Madras.

e.

Ad. St.

Madras.

Ptev. H. H. Baber "P.".
Eev. H. H. Baber [P.].

f.

Ad. sk.

Madras.

q.

Ad. sk.

ISIadras.

J. Brencbley, Esq. [P.]

'h.

Ad. sk.

Malabar.

Purcbased.

i.

Ad. sk.

Ceylon.

J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

A-.

Ad. sk.

Ceylon.

Purchased.

/.

Ad. St.

Ceylon.

E. L. Layard, Esq. fC."

m

Juv. St.

Ceylon.

E. L. Layard, Esq. [C;

Ohs. In this species we have a parallel case with the Spizaeti of
India, where the hill form, S. mpalensis, differs only slightly in plu-
mage, but depends for its characters on the exaggerated feathering
of its tarsus for separation from S. drrliatus (cf. Sharpe, Cat. B. i.
p. 261). The Malabar Scops Owl resembles in the main the Hima-
layan S. lettia, but differs in the smaller extent of the tarsal fea-
thering, which does not cover the toes. If I am right in consider-
ing Scnps f/riseus to be the same species as S. malaharkus, of which
it is the grey phase, then it is certain that S. lettia never shows
such a thoroughly rufous phase as the typical S. malabaricus. In
its rufescent form it is nothing but a large S. lempiji. The Ccy-
lonese bird appears to be identical with the South-Indian, though
in the Museum the majority of the specimens are rufescent. I have
not, indeed, seen a really grey-plumaged bird from Ceylon, the
darkest examined being of a very dark brown, blackish on the head
and greyish underneath, with very coarse vermiculatious.

4. SCOPS. 97

11. Scops leucotis.

StiTx leucotis, Temm. PI. Col i. pi. Id

Otus leucotis, Steph. Gen. Zool xiii. pt. 2, p. 57 ; Stnith, S.-Afr. Q.

Journ. ii. p. 316; Riipp. Si/st. Uibcrs. p. 12.
Asio leucotis, Less. Man. d'Oin, i. p. ll(i.
Scops leucotis, Sicains. Clti.s,sif. B. ii. p. 217, et B. W. Afr. ii. p. 124;

Strickl. a,- Sclater, Contr. Orn. l8o2, p. 142 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.

p. 203 ; Ifarfl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 20 ; Gray, Hand-/, i. p. 4G ; Bocage,

Jotii. Set. Linb. i. pp. 132," 330, ii. p. 338; Gurnvi/, ed. Anderss. B.

Dam. Ld. p. 40; >Sharpc, ed. Laijard, B. S. Afr.'-^. 74.
Ephialtes leucotis. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 38 : id. Cat. Accipitr. B. M.

1848, p. 97; Cass. Cat. Striytdce Philad. Mm. p. 11; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 4.j; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 41.
Ptilopsis leucotis, Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. •22-'), et Contr. Orn. 18-52,

p. Ill ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 542 ; Antin. ^- Salvad.

Viagg. Bogos. p. 39.
-Egolius leucotis, Heugl. Syst. Uehers. p. 14.
Bubo leucotis, Schlegel, Mas. P.-B. Oti, p. 17; Finsch S^ Hartl.

Vog. Ostafr. p. lOl!; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 115; Schl. Revue

Accipitr. p. 6.

Adult Duile. General colour above ashy grey, narro^vly vermiculated
across with dark brown, the dorsal plumes with more or less distinct
mesial streaks of black ; scapulars pure white on the outer web,
forming a distinct longitudinal patch down the wing ; head much
lighter grey than the back, the feathers in the centre of the crown
blackish, mottled with white, which i.s distributed in duplicate spot.s
on either web ; sides of the crown paler and more whitish, delicately
pencilled with transverse linear vermiculations ; auricular tufts
1-S inch long, coloiu-ed and pencilled like the crown, black on the
outer web for nearly the apical half of the plume, the tip also black ;
wing-coverts coloured like the back, but more obscurely mottled,
the dark mesial streaks being browner and somewhat less pro-
nounced than on the back, the median series paler and having the
ground-colour of the feathers whiter than the other series ; edge of
the wing all round pure white ; primary and greater coverts greyish
white, broadly barred across with dark brown, the hght interspaces
freckled and obscured with brown vermiculations ; quills greyish
brown, barred across with brown, these bars being about nine in
number on the primaries, which incline to greyish m hite on their
outer margin ; the secondaries similarlj- coloured and haviuo-
whitish tips, tlie interspaces of these quills decidedly grey, freckled
with brown vermiculations, the innermost secondaries coloured more
like the back, vermiculated with brown, but the dark cross bars
nearly obsolete ; tail ashy grey, crossed with about nine bars of
dark brown, irregular in shape, the interspaces freckled with brown
vermiculations ; lores, eyebrow, and entire face pure white, the
hinder margin of the ear-coverts black, forming a distinct broad bar
of black down the sides of the head ; over the eye a patch of greyish
brown feathers : sides of neck pale greyish white, with very minute
transverse frccklings of brown ; under surface of body pale ashy
grey, aU the feathers crossed with narrow linear frecklings of brown,

VOL. n. n

US BITBOXID^.

the black sliaft-stripes very distinctly indicated ; across the throat a
tolerably broad band of white, separating the throat from the chest ;
centre of breast, abdomen, flanks, leg-feathers, and under tail-coverts
pure silky white, the black shaft-streaks distinct on the flank-
feathers, which, however, have little or no trace of the transverse
brown frecklings ; under wing-coverts pure white, the outermost of
the lower series white at base, ashy brown for their terminal half,
and resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are dull greyish
white, barred with ashy brown ; bill and feet bluish white ; iris
bright orange. Total length 9-5 inches, wing 7'7, tail 3-85,
tarsus 1*7.

Young. Above more ochreous grey than the adiilts, regularly
transvermiculated with brown ; underneath browner and more
washed with yellowish on the lower parts than the old birds.

Obs. But very littlf> difference exists in the plumage of this Owl,
which appears to constitute only one species all over Africa. Two
specimens in the Museum collection (one from the ^Tiite Nile, the
other from the Gambia) have the hinder part of the crown nearly
uniform black ; and as this is accompanied by a much greater
breadth of the mesial streaks to the feathers of the upper surface,
and by a yellowish tint underneath, perhaps the birds may be not
quite adult. In the Damara specimen described, the legs are nearly
pure white, with only the faintest remains of tiny brown streaks on
the lower parts ; but in some examjjles the legs are very distinctly
streaked.

ITab. The continent of Africa south of the Sahara.

a. Pull. sk. Eiver Gambia. Purchased.

b, c. Ad. st. River Gambia. Governor Rendall [C.].

d. Ad. sk. ^Taite Nile. F. Gallon, Esq. [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi. Dr. Kirk [C.].

/. Ad. sk. Damara Land. C. J. Anderssou, Esq. [C.l.

g. c? ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara Land, C. J. Audersson, Esq. [C.].
Sept. 20th, 1866.

12. Scops sagittatus.

Epliialtes sagittatus, Cass. Journ. Ac. Philad. ii. p. 9G, pi. 12 ; id.

Cat. StrigidcB Phil. 3Im. p. 11 ; Oray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 30 a.
Lempijius sagittatus, Bj^. Rev. vt Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 543.
Scops sagittatus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 46.

Adult. Above bay or chestnut-red, of a tolerably uniform cha-
racter, the hind neck varied with tiny fulvous spots on the feathers,
these spots margined with a narrow blackish bar ; all these mark-
ings very indistinct on the hinder crown and occiput, and absent on
the top of the crown ; on the hind neck many feathers are yellowish
buff, crossed with bars of dusky blackish, the fulvous markings on
the interscapulary region being larger and more arrow-shaped, as
well as on the scapulars, the outer webs of which are buffy whitish,
with distinct blackish spots and markings, the inner web varied
with tiny blackish vermiculations ; wing-coverts deep bay, the

4. SCOPS. 99

sagittate markings on the least series rufous buff, larger and more
yellow on the greater and median coverts, which are also very
minutely vermiculated with blackish, as on the inner scapulars ;
the outer webs of the spurious quills notched with buffy white ;
primary coverts blackish on the inner web, bay on the outer, mot-
tled with broNVTi venniculations, darker near the base, and having,
near the tips of the shafts, longitudinal fulvous streaks ; quills ex-
ternally light baj-, broadly barred with rufous or rufous brown, the
interspaces whitish on the outer web of the primaries, giving a
chequered appearance to the outer aspect of the wing, all the quills
blackish on their inner webs, barred with lighter or more rufous
brown, the primaries rufous at the tips of both webs ; secondaries
deep bay, almost uniform externally, or with a slight appearance of
dusky bars, the innermost secondaries with indications of whitish
spots resembling the scapulars ; upper tail-coverts deep chestnut,
like the back, with similar small fulvous spots ; tail deep bay,
tipped with fulvous, barred across with blackish, but very indi-
stinctly, the dark bars scarcely visible on the outer webs of the
feathers, the centre ones also almost uniform ; forehead greyish
white, and very broad, narrowly barred with blackish, the hinder
feathers tipped -with the same colour as the head, and resembling
the crown, the grey colour of the forehead extending backwards
along the side of the head to the ear- tufts, which are 1'2 inch long,
the basal plumes being greyish white, narrowly barred with black,
like the forehead, the longer plumes externally bay, barred and
broadly tipped with blackish, and further varied with a few zigzag
lines of the same, the inner webs for the most part greyish white,
slightly barred and vermiculated with dark brown lines : lores and
feathers round the eye chestnut, with lighter shaft-lines of buff ;
ear-coverts greyish white, with indistinct mottKngs, the hinder ones
tipped with blackish : behind the ear-coverts an indisrinct ruff of
whitish plumes, tipped with blackish, and narrowly crossed with
blackish lines ; cheeks greyish wliite, with dusky brown cross lines ;
chin-feathers chestnut ; rest of imder surface pale sandy buff, much
deeper on the chest, which is vermiculated with blackish wavy cross
lines, broader and more rufescent on the centre of the chest, which
has also distinct spots of white, these spots generally containing a
central irregular spot of dark brown ; on the breast and flanks the
brown vermiculations wider apart and less distinct, varied with
white bars and spots of brown ; the under tail-coverts paler, and
with scarcely any markings at all ; leg-feathers bay, paler and
more fulvescent on the tarsus, distinctly barred with blackish ;
under wing-coverts rufous buff, with a patch of rufous-brown fea-
thers near the edge of the wing, which is whitish, the lower series
blackish brown, fidvous at base, resembling the inner lining of the
quills, notched with buff on the inner webs, the tips of the quills
rufous below, the dusky bars disappearing ; bill yellow ; feet appa-
rently yellow in life. Total length 10 inches, wing 7-15, tail 4-5,
tarsus 1-25.
Hah. Malacca.

h2

100 ISUBONID.B.

a. Ad. sk. Malacca. Purchased.

b. Ad. St. Malacca.

13. Scops balli.

Epliialtes spiloceplialus, Ball, -Syr. F. i. p. 53.
Lphialtes balli, Hume, <. c. p. 407.

Adult (type of species). General colour above rufous chocolate,
with a few hue, nearly obsolete vermiculatious of black, the whole
upper surface with more or less concealed spots of rufous buif, very
miuute on the crown, but much more distinct on the back, where
they form almost bars, all the e'ght spots having a blackish margin ;
scapular feathers externally barred with white, the interspaces very
pale, and inclining to ochraceous ; wing-coverts coloured like the
back, the bases dark brown, the tips chocolate rufous, with rather
more distinct vermiculatious of black, the spots very plain, and
forming notches on the outer web of some of the greater series ;
primary coverts exactly like the other, brown at base, rufescent at
tips, but without the light spots ; quills dark brown, nearly uniform
on the inner web, and chocolate-rufous at the tips of the primaries
and on the outer webs of the secondaries, which are minutely notched
with fulvous, the primaries very distinctly chequered with white on
the oiiter webs, the innermost secondaries spotted with rufous buff,
resembling the scapulars ; tail dark brown near the base, crossed
with about six bars of dull rufous, these becoming obsolete towards
the tips of the feathers, which are rufous chocolate, very finely ver-
miculated with black, the outer feather externally notched with
fulvous, and all the feathers of the wings and tail barred with ful-
vous on the inner web, especially towards the base ; forehead and
feathers over the fore part of the eye creamy white, narrowly tipped
with brown ; loral plumes rufous, the shafts ending in black hair-
like bristles, barred obscurely with black ; ear-coverts rufous choco-
late, barred and tipped with black ; cheeks fulvous, all the feathers
tipped, and some of them barred across, with dull black ; general
colour of under surface rufous sandy, obscured with grey, and finely
vermiculated with blackish cross lines, the bases of the feathers,
especially those of the flanks, strongly rufescent, broadly barred with
fulvous, inclining to white near the tips of most of the feathers ; and
before this whitish tip, appears generally a slight indication of a
diamond-shaped spot of black, evidently the remains of a streak ;
all the above markings, though distinct on the abdomen and flanks,
are less plainly characterized on the chest, which is consequently
more dusky ; leg-feathers orange-tawny, narrowly barred with dark
brown ; under wing-coverts fulvous, slightly marked with brown
and spotted with sandy buff near the edge of the wing, which is
whitish, the lower scries dark brown, fulvescent at base, resembling
the inner lining of the quills, which are dark brown, notched on the
outer web and barred on the inner with fulvous. Total length
7'5 inches, wing 5*45, tail 3-2, tarsus 1"15. {Mas. Ind. Gale.)
Ohs. Another specimen, very kindly lent me by Mr. Hume, differs

4. scors.

101

considerably from the one described. It is not such a deep rufous
in colour, and is much more thickly spotted both above and below,
recalling Scops spUocephaJus ; the under siu'face is much paler and
greyer, the white bars very large and distinct, and extending even
on to the chest. Total length 7'5 inches, wing 5-G, tail 3-2,
tarsus 1'15.

Hab. Andaman Islands.

Ohs. It has been suggested by Mr. Hume that the bird from the
Andamans, named Scops modestus* by Lord Walden, miist be the
young bird of ;S. halli ; and I confess that, until I examined and com-
pared the tj^pes, I entertained a similar impression. Lord Walden,
however, having kindly lent me the original specimen of S. mndcsfas
for examination, I have come to the conclusion that the two species
are quite distinct. Lord Walden has two specimens precisely
similar ; and they seem to me to represent the young of some species
of the S. maJayamis type. Immature they certainly are ; but they
present too many differences for me to refer them to S. haUi. The
type of the latter has been lent to me by Mr. Hume ; and as the
wings and tail in *S. modestus are doubtless those of the adult bird,
I draw attention to the following characters, which, as it seems to
me, must separate the two ; for in no other species of Scops is such
a difference known between the young and the adult stages.

Scojjs huUi, ad.

Orectter iving -co verts and secon-
dary quills dull brown, externally
rufous chocolate, with minute
vermiculations of black, and a
few small notches of fulvous.

Primary coverts nearly uni-
form blackish brown, vermicu-
lated with rufous chocolate at
the tips. Primaries dull brown,
rufescent at tips, notched with
white on outer web, the inter-
spaces inclining to rufous cho-
colate.

Tail for the most part rufous
chocolate, like back, with indi-
cations of lighter bands, the
outer feather externally notched
with whitish.

Scops modestus, juv.

Greater iviny-coverts and secon-
dary quills alternately barred
with sandy rufous and dark
brown, the latter bars rather
broken up into vermiculations,
especially on outer margin ; the
greater coverts with white spots
near the tip of the outer web,
not present iu the secondaries.

Primary coverts and ^iriniaries
dull brown on inner web, but
regularly banded with sandy ru-
fous and dark brown on outer
web ; some of the primaries with
whitish notches.

2\iil regularly banded with
dark brown and sandy rufous,
the dark bars somewhat broken
up into vermiculations on the
centre feather.

Again, the feathering of the tarsus is very different, not extend-
* Scops mudcstui:. Wakl. Aim. N. H. (4) siii. p. li'o, el Ibis, 1874. p. ll".).

102

BUB0NIDJ5.

iiig nearly so far down the leg in S. hulli as it does in S. modestus.
This will be seen at a glance in the following woodcuts.

Leg ol' <S'. haHi (type). Leg of <S'. viodeshts (tjpe).

The following is a description of the type specimen of S. modestus : —
Immature (type of species). General colour above dull sandy
brown, slightly rufescent in places, everywhere crossed with coarse
zigzag lines of black ; scapulars externally white, washed on the
margin and at the tip with rufous, and irregularly mottled with
black ; wing-covei'ts pale sandy brown, barred with darker brown,
the greater ones tipped with whitish ; the bastard wing notched
with buff)' white; primary coverts sandy rufous, barred with
brown ; quills sandy rufous, crossed with vermiculated bars of dark
brown, the primaries with white notches on the outer web ; tail
sandy rufous, strongly vermiculated with blackish forming four
distinguishable bars, the light interspaces shading off into white on
the margin of both webs ; lores white, as well as the feathers over
the eye, forming a tolerably distinct eyebrow ; feathers of the side
face sandy colour, barred with white, especially broad on the cheeks
and hinder ear-coverts ; chin white ; fore neck and chest sandy
brown, with irregular bars of blackish, and here and there an indi-
cation of a whitish bar ; rest of under surface white, slightly washed
here and there with sandy buff, and crossed with irregular bars of
brown, the leg-feathers similarly coloured ; under taU-coverts white,
with a zigzag bar of brown near the tip of the feather ; under wing-
coverts white, marked with brown near the outer edge of the wing,
the lower series brown, barred with sandy buff on the inner web,
resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are barred on the
inner web and notched on the outer with sandy buff, the whole of
the quills mottled with this colour towards the tips. Total length
6'8 inches, wing 4-75, tail 2-3, tarsus 1. (Mus. Lord Wcdden.)
Hah. S. Andamans.

] 4. Scops rufescens.

Strix rufescens, Horsf. Tr. Linn. S'oc. xiii. p. 140.

Scops rufescens, Sw. Classif. B. ii. p. 217; Blyth, J. A. S. B. x\y.

p. 181 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 201 ; Grmj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 46 ; Sclil.

Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 10; S'fdvad. TJcc. Born. p. 19.
Otus mantis, Tcinni. lV Schl. Fuvn. Jap. Arcs, p. 25.

4. SCOPS. 103

Ephialtes mantis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 38 : Wall. Ibis, 1808, p. 24

Scops mautis, Strickl. Oni. Si/n. p. :^01 ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Oti, p. 2o ;
Graij, Iland-l. B. i. p. 40. .

Ephialte.s rulescens, Horsf. 8f Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 71.

Lompijius mantis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 543.
Adidt (type oi Scops mantis). Everywhere bright tawny rufous,
browner on the head and upper parts generally, these also vaned
with small triangular cross bars of fulvous, which become larger and
more distinct on the wing-coverts ; the outer margin of the scapulars
paler and more inclining to tawny fulvous; ear-coverts 1-05 inch
long, and coloured like the head ; lores and forehead clear fulvous,
with little black spots along the shaft of the feathers ; sides of face
rufous, inclining to dark brown round the eye ; behind the ear-
coverts a lino of black feathers running down the sides of the neck ;
under surface of body tawny rufous, paler on the lower parts, and
varied with little tiny spots of black along the shafts, less distinct
towards the abdomen, and absent on thighs and under tail-coverts,
which are uniform ta^vny buff; quills dark brown, barred across
with fulvous, paler on the outer margin of primaries, but less distinct
on the secondaries, which are almost uniform rufous like the back,
but with indistinct bars of dark bro^ra on the inner web ; tail
rafous, mottled with dark ^rown vermiculations, making it look
darker than the back, with remains of five or six more or less plainly
indicated fulvous bars ; under wing-eoverts bu% white, more tawny
on outer edge, and haA-ing a line of dark brown feathers near the
outer margin. Total length 9-4 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 5-2,
tail 2-6, tarsus 1-05. (Mus. Lugd.)

Hah. Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo.
a. 2 ad. sk. Mount Opliir, Malacca. A. K. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

6. Ad. sk. Malacca. R- B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.J.

15. Scops icterorhyncha.

Scops icterorhyncha, Shelley, Ibis, 1873, p. 138.
Ad^dt (type of species). General colour above pale sandy, with
scarcely any appearance of vermiculations at all on the back, the
head, however, being scantily vermiculated ; aU the upper sur-
face indistinctly steUated with bufty white spots or smaU bars, all
these light spots relieved by a narrow hne of dark brovrn ; the hind
neck more distinctly mottled with bars of buffy white, the bases to
the feathers being also of this light colour, stiU without showing any
evidences of a neck-collar ; ear-tufts 0-85 inch long, vermiculated
with brown zigzag lines, like the rest of the crown, but distinctly
mottled with buif transverse bars ; outer scapulars yellowish white
cxtemaUy, ^A•ith irregular but distinct cross bars of black, confined
to the outer web ; wing-coverts rather more rufous than the back,
with arrow-head spots or bars of sandy buff, incUuing to whitish on
the median scries, the greater ones with a large spot of white at the
tip of the outer web, the spurious quills also externally notched with
huffy while : primary coverts sandy buff, with minute blackish vcr-

104 BUBONID^.

miculations, the inner webs also inclining to })lackish ; quills sandy-
coloured, barred A\-ith dark brown on the inner web, the primaries
externally notched with white ; the innermost secondaries light
sandy, slightly freckled with duU bkickish vermiculations, and
crossed with "five or six pale fulvous bars ; tail pale sandy colour,
with a few nearly obsolete vermiculations of blackish, and crossed
with about eight fulvous bars, disappearing towards the tips of the
feathers ; lores sandy rufous, inclining to blackish at the tips ; a
broad frontal patch of feathers extending on each side over the eye,
obsoletely freckled with brown, and obscm-ely tipped with blackish ;
ear-coverts dull sandy brown, with Mhitish shaft-lines, and ob-
scurely barred -with dusky brown ; behind the oar-coverts an in-
distinct ruff of fidvous feathers, narrowly tipped with black, these
tips disappearing on the gular feathers, which have the shaft-stripes
obscurely black ; rest of under surface pale ashy buff, obsoletely
freckled with vermiculations of pale brown, many of the feathers
inclining to dull whitish on the breast, increasing into tolerably
distinct bars on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; a few of the
feathers on the sides of the breast with some tiny blackish central
streaks : leg-feathers sandy coloirr, with narrow linear markings of
rufous brown ; under wing- coverts fulvescent, those near the edge
inclining to sandy brown, the lower series ashy brown, fulvous at
base, resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are brown
below, barred on both webs with fulvous in about equal proportions.
Total length 7*5 inches, -wing 5-1, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-95. (^Mus. G.
E. Shelleif.)

Hah. Gold Coast.

B. Sjyecies of tJie New World.

a. Total length not exceeding 11 inches; ear-
tufts not more than 1-5 inch long.
a'. Tarsus feathered for more than half its
length.
a". Toes bare.

«'". Size small; wing not exceeding 5^
inches.
a*. Tarsus thickly feathered right to
the junction of the toes; sides of
crown gi'cy, like sides of neck;
top of crown and sides of face
washed with orange, the white
spots on the scapulars also washed

with orange Jlammeolus, p. 105.

h*. Tarsus bare on extreme lower por-
tion ; no orange on sides of face or
on top of head, nor on the sca-
pular spots; sides of crown not
strikingly different from the crown

itself barharits, p. 107.

V". Size large ; wing exceeding 6 inches, brasilianus and allies,

pp. 108-112.

6". Toes feathered nsio and aUies, pp. 114-

121.

4. SCOPS. 1U5

b'. Tarsus bare for half its length nudipis, p. \'2\.

. Size very large ; total length from 18 to 20

inches ; ear-tufts about 2 inches long.
c'. Head rufous chocolate; feathers round

the eye and ear-coverts entii-ely rufous . . cristata, p. T22.
cF. Head blackish ; feathers round the eye
black ; ear-coverts rufous, broadly tipped
vrith black strickhmdi, p. 124.

10. Scops flainmeolus.

Stiix fiammeola, Licltt. MS. in Mus. BeruL, unde

Megascops flammeola, Kai/p, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 226.

Epliialtes flammeola, Lkht. Xomencl. Av. p. 7.

Scops flammeola. Scl. P. Z. S. 18-jS, p. 06 ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Oti,
p. 27 ; Scl. 4'- Sah: P. Z. S. 1808, p. 57 ; iiih Ex. Om. pi. 50 ; Gray,
Iland-l. B. i. p. 47 ; Elliot, B. N. Am. i. pi. xxviii. ; Couvs, Key
N. A. Birds, p. 203 : Schl. Pevue Accipitr. p. 14 ; Ridyic. B. iV. A.
iii. p. 58; Scl. ^- Sah: Xomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 117; Coues, B. N.
W. p. 304.

Adult {grey phase). Above grey, -with the usual blackish cross
vermiculations, most of the feathers also centred ■with a spade-
shaped streak of black, the scapulars externally white, slightly
spotted and tii)ped with black, and inclining to orange-buff on the
outer web, in marked contrast to the back ; head rather darker than
the back, but more mottled, the black centres to the feathers broader
and more spotted Avith white or bull' ; on the occiput a slight indi-
cation of a greyish white band, the feathers being barred with white,
on the nape a second bar of greyish white, not quite so distinct ; on
the hind neck a very distinct collar of white, streaked and barred
with black, and washed with orange-buff; sides of neck grey, very
finely lined with blackish venniculatious ; wing-coverts a little
darker than the back and similarly vermiculated, the least series
inclining to ochraceous, the spurious quills externally notched with
ochraceous buff, the median and greater coverts grey, the outer webs
pure white, very slightly vermiculated. and then only at the tip ;
primary coverts dark brown, with slight indications of sandy buff
bars, inclining to white near the base ; quills dark brown, with faint
indications of sandy bars towards the tips, the secondaries with
irregular sandy bars on the outer web, the pi-imaries extemallv
notched with white, the innermost secondaries greyish white, coarsely
mottled with brown : tail-feathers dark brown, with tolerably distinct
bai's of sandy brown, inclining to white on the outer web of all, but
especially of the external feathers, the bars on the taU about seven
in niunber ; lores huffy white, washed with rufous near the tip, the
shaft-lines produced into hair-like black bristles ; forehead and
feathers over the eye white, with narrow blackish tips, the sides of
the crown also greyish, extending to the ear-tufts, which have the
inner webs greyish white, with narrow cross lines of black : sides
of face grepsh white, the feathers round the eye dusky, all ban-ed
across with duU brown, washed with orange on the hinder margin

106 BTBONIDiE.

of the ear-coverts, which are tipped with black, and thus assimilate
to the ruff, which is composed of greyish white feathers tipped with
black, before which is a subterminal bar of orange, the plumes on
the throat crossed with several greyish black lines ; chin fulvous ;
rest of under surface white, with wavy cross lines of blackish, many
of the feathers with broad central streaks of black, very distinct on
the abdomen, where the vermiculations are fewer, being almost ob-
solete on the under tail-coverts, which are white washed with
orange-buff; the broad central streaks on the breast-feathers in
many cases edged with rufous ; leg-feathers whitish, barred with
brown on the outer aspect, and streaked with the same on the inner
face of the tarsus ; the tibia yellowish ; under wing-coverts yel-
lowish, the outer edge of the wing white, the adjacent feathers
mottled with brown, the lower series ashy brown, like the inner
lining of the quills, barred with fulvous, especially on the inner
web. Total length fi-5 inches, wing 5"35, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-85.

Itufoiis phase. Orange-rufous where the other bird is grey, the
markings exactly similar, and the three bands visible on the head
and hind neck, the occij^ital one being the most difficult to trace ;
under surface very coarsely mottled, the cross bars being broad, and
the central black streaks very distinct ; all the lower parts strongly
pervaded with orange-buff, forming a distinct patch on the throat.
Total length 6-5 inches, wing 5-15, tail 2-S, tarsus 0-85.

Ohs. Both the specimens above noticed are fi*om Mexico. Mr.
Salvin has kindly lent me two from Guatemala, which, besides being
larger, differ also in the peculiar way in which the orange and grey
are intermingled ; the stripes on the sides of the head, as well as the
three characteristic bands, are very highly developed ; the eyes are
surrounded by bright orange-buff, which is also the pervading colour
on the ear-coverts. Measurements are as follows ; —

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,

in. in. in. in.

a. Ad. Dueiias, 1863 6-5 5-4 2-6 09

6. Ad. Duenas, January 1863.... 7-0 6-5 2-7 I'O

The present species, which is the representative in America of
Scops giu, appears to be veiy variable ; and although grey birds often
have an admixture of orange in their plumage, sometimes this dis-
appears, perhaps with age, as in the British Museum is a perfectly
grey bird, on which scarcely a tinge of orange colouring remains,
either above or below, while the whole appearance of the specimen
is dingy, owing to the closeness and frequency of the vermicidations.

Hab. California ; extreme southern portion of United States,
ranging through Mexico to Guatemala.

a. Ad. St.

Mexico.

Purcliased.

b. Ad. sk.

W. Mexico.

A. Dorman, Esq. [C.J.

('. Ad. sk.

Valley of Mexico.

M. A. Bouvier.

4. SCOPS.
17. Scops bartarus.

lo:

Scops fla^?^'^«°l%J'5:"*'f '^ f'^' Isef p. 57 ; iid. Ex. Orn. p. 101,

p. 117.
^*t?L a«V P^^^'se (type of species). Above brown barred across
wifh andy butf, tbe bai4 on tl.e binder neck paler and more wbite,
formint a^indof indistinct collar, the head much darker brown,
spoSand barred with dtdl rufous, the forehead spotted with white,
the e white spots continued on the sides of the crown to the nape,
where the feathers are barred with white, so as to form a very
JstTnet nuchal collar; scapulars white on the outer web, tipped
tt" black and forming a' distinct shoulder-patch; -ng-coverts
Tathei darker than the back, spotted and barred with sandy buff, the
medkn and greater series marbled with fulvous markings, the outer
webHvith more or less perfect oval spots of white, the spurious
quiUsrotchedwith white externally ; primary coverts^amostent^^^^^^^^^

dark brown, with only a few rufous markings near the^ base quUls
dark brown the inner webs uniform or with only the faintest indi-
cations ol Ighter bars, the outer webs slightly notched or barred
with rufous sandy, the primaries very distinctly no ched with white
Txtt-^aUy the innermost secondaries marbled with white or sandy
buff Ske he greater coverts ; tail tolerably uniform dark browu,
wfh a few nearly obsolete sandy bars or spots towards the tips the
Tu er featlers notched with white ; lores whitish, tipped with black,
he^eJSJhers extending backwards --^he fore part of the eye ;
sides of face greyish white, regularly barred with blackish, the
iumes above emd below the eye rufescent ; all the feathers of ear-
covSt eyebrow, and lores with their shafts enormon..ly produced
in 0 hair-like b istles, forming a fringe round the face ; ear- ufts
backish barred with white, so as to assimilate to the nuchal coUar ;
^ff ound the neck regularly barred with white and black, being
Wlv tipped with the fatter colour, the gular plumes ess distmcly
Wd^he^ross bars being dusky ; chin whitish, as also he centre
of he abdomen ; rest of under surface marbled wi h black and
wh te the latter forming distinct bars on the chest, but much larger
Tn the flanks, some of the feathers here showmg traces of rufous
bars • under taU-coverts white, with a slight tinge of rufous and a
sub erminal spot of blackish ; leg-feathers sandy rufous barred with
dark b^own, the tarsal plumes whitish on the lateral and hinder
aspects, not descending to the junction of the toes, which are eon-
sen uenly bare ; under wing-coverts yellowish, the outer edge of the
wiV^ Se, with a few bars of dark brown on the adjacent leathers ;
bill yeUow, dark brown at base. Total length v inches, wmg o-35,
foil '-{ fnrsus 1-05. (Mu-1. SaMn and Godman.)

i?i l/l Tot;ii;difterent from the grey phase. Genera^ colour

above £t bav, obsoletely barred with duU bmvn, the feathers

Mvcseent^earVheir bases, most of the dorsal plumes mesially

caked and lipped with black, some of them with rather distmct

108

BrBOXIDJi).

bars of the same ; the head much more distinctly streaked with black ;
round the nape a white collar, the frontal j)lumcs and feathers over
the eye, as well as the base of the lores, white, the elongated shafts
of the latter blackish ; ear-tufts bay like the head, the inner webs
fulvous; sides of face rufous, with narrow whitish shaft- lines, the
hinder ear-coverts tipped with black and assimilating to the ruff,
■which consists of huffy white feathers, distinctly tipped with black,
the gular plumes whitish, barred with rufous ; chin whitish ; rest of
under surface white, barred across with rufous, some of these rufous
bars fringed with conterminous narrow lines of brown, many of them
centred with black, the streaks dilating into bars on the chest-feathers;
under tail-covcrts white, with only a subterminal spot of i-ufous ;
leg-feathers tawny on the thighs, shading off into huffy white on the
tarsus ; under wing-coverts j'ellowish, with a few rufous markings
near the edge of the wing ; scapulars with the usual white spots on
the outer web ; wing -coverts rather deeper bay than the back, but
otherwise marked in the same manner, with large oval spots of
white on the outer web ; quills dark brown, numerously chequered
with rufous bars on the outer web, inclining to fulvous on the pri-
maries ; upper tail-coverts nearly uniform bay ; tail dark brown,
narrowly banded with rufous, the bars broader, and inclining to buff
on the outer web ; bill greenish horn-colour, yellowish at tip and
on the lower mandible ; feet yellowish. Total length 7 inches,
wing 5-25, tail 2-9, tarsus 1-05. (Mus. Sahin and Godman.)
Mab. Santa Barbara, Yera Paz, Guatemala.

18. Scops brasilianus.

Le Hibou de Bresil, Briss. Om. i. p. 499.

Strix brasiliana, Gm. S. N. i. p. 289.

Choliba, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 218.

Strix choliba, VieiU. N. Diet. cFHist. Nat. vii. p. 39.

Strix decussata, Licht. Verz. Dmihl. p. 59.

Strix atricapilla, Temm. PI. Col. ii, pi. 145.

Strix crucigera, Spix, Av. Sras. i. p. 22, pi. 9.

Strix undulata, l^ix, Av. Bras. i. p. 23, pi. 10.

Scops atricapilla, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 51, pi. 39; Cuv.

Regne An. 1829, p. 347 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 40 ; Kmip, Contr. Om.

1852, p. 112 ; StricM. Om. 8i/n. p. 202 ; Bwm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 128.
Scops lophotes, Less. Traite, p. 107 ; Fiicher. Rev. et Maq. de Zool.

1849, p. 22 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 46 ; Strkkl. Om. Si/n. p. 204 ; Scl. ^■

Sah: Ex. Om. p. 102 ; Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 47.
Scops portoriceusis, Less. Traite, p. 107; Pucher. Rev. et Maq. de

Zool. 1849, p. 26 ; Scl. 8; Sah. Ex. Om. p. 102 ; Graij, Hand-l. B.

i. p. 47.
Athene undulata, Gray, Ge)i. B. i. p. 35.

Ephialtes choliba, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 38 ; Pelz. Om. Bras. p. 9.
Ephialtes brasiliensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 38.
Ephialtes portoricensis, Gray, I. c. p. 38 ; Des Murs, Lconogr. Om.

pi. 26.
Ephialtes lophotes, Gray, I. c. p. 38.
Ephialtes atricapilla, Gray, I. c. p. 38, pi. 13. fig. 2 (head) ; Pelz. Oni.

Bras. p. 9.

4. SCOPS. 109

Scops choliba, J)' Orb. Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 132; Tsdmdi, Faun,

I'cnian. p. 118; Strickl. Orti. ISyn. p. 204.
Epbialles watsoni, Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1848, p. 123 ; id. Jown,

Pliilad. Acad. ii. p. 95, pi. xii. fifj. 1.
Otus brasiliensis, Temm. ^- Schl. Fatm. .Tap. p. 25.
Scops brasiliensis, Bp. C'utisp. i. p. 4(> ; Kattp, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 112 ;

Schl. 3Lis. P.-B. Oti, p. 21; id. Rente Accipitr. p. 11.
Scops watsoni, Bp. Comp. i. p. 4G ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 47.
Megascops atricapilla, Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 228.
Megascops brasiliensis, Kuup, I. c. p. 228.
Ephialtes argeutiua, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 7 ; Schl. Mas. P.-B. Oti,

p. 21.
Asio atricapilliis, Bp. Eev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 543.
Asio brasiliensis, Bp. I. c. p. 543.
Asio ■watsoni, Bp. I. c. p. 543.
Asio lopliotes, Bp. I. c. p. 543.
Scops decussata, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 126.
Scops argeutina, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 47.
Scops brasilianus. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 47 ; Scl. S,- Salv. Nomencl.

Av. p. 117.

Ne&tlbui (Bahia : Wucherer). General colour saudy buff, slightly
tiuged with rufous on the back, everywhere regularly barred with
dusky brown, the head paler and having whitish downy tips to the
feathers of the forehead ; under surface sandy buff, rather inclining
to golden buff on the belly and flanks, where also the dusky cross
bars are more indistinct than they are on the chest ; leg-feathers
whitish, and several of the abdominal plumes with fluffy white tips.

Adult. Above brown, vermiculated with darker brown, most
of the feathers with more or less distinct fulvous or bufty white
bars or spots, especially on the hind neck, where they form a
tolerably well-marked collar ; the plumes of the upper surface
mcsially black, forming either streaks or bars ; the crown very
broadly streaked, the buff spots here very tiuj', giving a minutely
spotted appeiirance to this part, inclining to white on the frontal
feathers ; on the nape a more or less concealed band of light-coloured
feathers, for the most part white, tinged with fulvous near the base,
and subterminally crossed with two or three zigzag lines of brown ;
scapulars greyer than the rest of the back, being irregularly mottled
or barred with greyish white on the outer web, many of the outer-
most entirely white externally, tipped with black and having one
or two wavy lines of dark brown ; quills brown, vermiculated like
the back, the least coverts somewhat rufescent, the greater and
median series washed with grey externally, some few feathers show-
ing large spots or bars of greyish white towards the tips of the
outer webs, the spurious quills externally notched with white ;
primary coverts sandy buff, barred with dark brown ; quills dark
brown, regularly barred with sandy rufous, inclining to bufl' on the
inner webs, tliese light bars represented on the outer webs by light
sandy buff, slightly inclining to white on the outer margin of the
secondaries, all of which are more or less obscured by brown vermi-
culations, the primaries very plainly notched with huffy white on
the outer web in chequered fashion, the innermost secondaries

11(1 BFBONIP.E.

coloured and mollled like the back, but showing also a few greyish
white cross bars ; tail dark brown, slightly vermiculated towards
the tip, which is also slightly washed with grey, the tail crossed
with teu regular bars of saudy rufous, jialer and inclining to white
towards the tip ; lores white, the shafts produced into hair-like
black bristles, the plumes over the fore part of the eye white, nar-
rowly tipped with dark brown, forming an indistinct eyebrow ; the
plumes on each side of the crown slightly spotted with white, form-
ing an inconspicuous lateral streak, to which the ear-tufts are partly
continuous, these being coloured like the head externally, but having
the inner webs white, with a few narrow lines of dark brown ;
sides of face greyish white, crossed with narrow zigzag lines of dark
brown, the hindermost broadly tipped with black, and merging in
the feathers of the ruff, which are buffy white, with broad black
tips, the gular feathers buffy white, mesially streaked with black,
and narrowly lined across with the same ; under surface of body
white, washed here and there with golden buff, the bases being of
this colour, every feather crossed with narrow zigzag lines of blackish
brown, and mesially streaked along the shaft with the same, more
broadly on the chest ; the under tail-coverts equally barred ; leg-
feathers golden buff, barred with dark brown ; under wing-coverts
yellowish, the outer ones narrowly barred with dark brown, the
lower series ashy brown, yellowish at base, resembling the inner
lining of the quills, which are light brown below, barred for their
whole extent with sandy buff, inclining to yellowish near the base.
Total length 9-5 inches, wing 6-2.5, tail 3-7, tarsus 1-35.

Hah. Brazil, ranging northwards through Guiana and Venezuela
into Columbia.

a. Pull. st. South America. Purchased.

b. Ad. St. South America. E. Wilson, Esq.

c. Ad. st. South America. Purchased.

d. Ad. st. South America. Purchased,
e,/, g. Ad. st. South America.

h, i. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

k, I. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

m. Pull.sk. Bahia. Dr. "VVucherer [C.].

n. Ad. sk. Bahia. Purchased.

o. Juv. St. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].

p. Ad. sk. Island of Mexiaua. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J.

q. Ad. sk. Upper Amazons. J. La Mert, Esq. [C.].

r. Ad. sk. Cayenne. M. Becoem- [C.].

s. Ad. st. Trinidad.

t. Ad. sk. Caracas. M. A. Salle [C.].

u, V. Pull. St. Caracas. M. A. SalM [C.].

w. c? juv. sk. Antioquia, New Granada. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C.].

X, y. Ad. sk. New Granada. Pm'chased.

Ohs. After a very careful and extended study of the American
Scops Owls, in which I had the assistance of the beautiful series
contained in the Salvin-Godman collection, I have arrived at the
conclusion that three different and fairly recognizable forms have
been confounded under the collective title of Scops hrasiliamis in

4. SCOPS. Ill

general use. The Brazilian bird always has a mixture of yellowish
in the plumage of the under surface, and the two phases of its
plumage are of a "brown" and "ochraceous" cast; whereas the
Central- American bird has a decided " rufous" phase, very like
Scops cisio, but always to be distinguished by its bare toes : the
brown phase never exhibits any ycUow shade below. A third race,
recognizable iu both its phases, is to be seen in Sco/is usfus from the
Upper Amazons. Measurements are of no help ; for the dimensions
of the three birds are much alike, and a summary of the specimens
examined gives the following results : —

Total length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,

inches. inches. inches. inches.

S. brasiliensis 8-10-5 5-85-6-0 .3-4-41 1-2-1 45

S. mtus 9-9-5 6-45-t)-8 .3-4-3-9 l-;5

S. guatemal<B 8-5 6-3 -6-o 3-5-3-7 1-25

There is considerable variation in sizes among the South-American
birds, a specimen in the Salvin-Godman cabinet, collected by Mr.
Rogers in the province of Santa Catarina, measuring as follows : —
Total length lU"5 inches, wing 7"7, tail 5-2, tarsus 1-55.

Subsp. a. Scops ustus.

Scops usta, Sclater, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 205, pi. Ixi, ; Grai/, Hand-l B. i.
p. 47.

Adult male(grey phase). General colour above dull earthy brown,
so finely vermiculated as to appear almost uniform at first glance, a
few fulvescent cross markings more conspicuous on the scapulars
and secondaries, very slightly indicated on the hiud neck, and not
forming a distinct collar ; crown of head rather blacker than the
back, the feathers iufinitesimaUy freckled with sandy rufous, the
ear-tufts blackish, scarcely vermiculated at all ; loral plumes dull
rufous, barred with black, the shafts elongated into black hair-like
bristles ; feathers over the fore part of the eye buffj- white, with
black cross bars, scarcely forming a distinct eyebrow ; forehead and
sides of crown greyer than the crown itself, being greyish buff, mi-
nutely vermiculated with brown, and forming a lateral band which
runs round the nape, being here rather lighter, several of the feathers
barred with white ; feathers in fi'ont of and above the eye dark
brown ; ear-coverts sandy brown, indistinctly barred across with
blackish brown, and narrowly shaft-streaked with white, the hinder-
most ear-coverts tipped with black, and merging in the ruff", which
is composed of sandy buff plumes, distinctly barred across with
black, more narrowly on the gular feathers ; chin whitish ; rest of
under surface ochraceous l)uff, thickly sprinkled with wavy lines
and vermiculations of dark brown, especially on the sides of the
chest, some of the breast-feathers streaked with black and barred
across with white, the fianks scantily barred with dark brown, in-
clining to white near the tip, the markings scanty, as also on the
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts nearly uniform ochraceous

112 nUBONlD^.

buff, with a few tiny spots of brown near the outer edge of the wing,
the lower series ashy bro\ra, resembling the quill-lining ; scapulars
externally yellowish buff, barred with dark brown, a few of the
wiiig-coYcrts also largely spotted with yellowish on the outer web,
the wing-coverts otherwise tolerably uniform like the back, the
vermiculations a little more distinct ; primary coverts dark brown,
regularly barred across with sandy buff rather obscured with brown
vermiculations ; quills dark brown, barred with sandy buff, inclining
to yellowish on the inner webs, the secondaries so closely vermi-
culated on the outer web that the light bars are nearly obscured,
being, however, much more distinct on the outer webs of the pri-
maries, inclining to white on the margins of the latter, and producing
a chequered appearance ; tail dark brown, thickly vermiculated with
sand}' buff on the margins and at the tips, and crossed with bars of
the same, eight or nine of which are distinguishable. Total length
9-5 inches, wing 6-(5, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-3.

Adult female (rufous phase). General characteristics as in the grey
phase, but rufous where the other bird is brown, and slightly more
mottled on the upper surface with rufescent cross bars ; below nearly
uniform rufous, deeper on the chest, some of the feathers slightly
streaked with black, more narrowly on the breast and abdomen ; on
the chest a few dull brown vermiculations, the abdomen indistinctly
barred with fulvous. Total length 9 inches, wing 6-55, taU 3"4,
tarsus 1*3.

Ohs. The principal characteristics of this race are the uniformity
of its upper surface, and the comparative absence of streaks ; sca-
pulars fulvescent, not white. These remarks apply both to the
brown and rufous phases, neither of which shows any collar on the
hind neck.

Hah. Upper Amazons.

a. Ad. st. Upper Amazons. H. W. Bates, Esq. [C.].

h. $ ad. St. Saiayacu, E. Peru. E. Bartlett, Esq. [0.].

c. (S ad. sk. Chamicuros, E. Peru, E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.J.

June 15th, 1867.

d. 2 ad. sk. Chamicuros, E. Peru, E. Bartlett, Esq. [0.].

May 10th, 1867.

e. Ad. St. Venezuela [?].

Subsp. ji. Scops guatenialae. (Plate IX.)
Scops brasilianus Auct. ex America Centrali (passim).

Nestlhvi. Above very pale sandy buff, lighter and more yellowish
on the hind neck, most of the feathers with fluffy terminal bars of
white, and barred across with dusky bro^vn ; wings and tail, as far
as developed, much as in the adult ; under surface of body whitish,
with a few scanty cross lines of pale brown.

Adult (brown phase). Above sandy brown, coarsely vermiculated
with black, most of the feathers of the upper surface not streaked
but crossed with a succession of broad black bars, alternately banded
with sandy buff', paler and more distinct on the hind neck, but not
forming any mottled neck-collar ; head rather darker than the back.

4. SCOPS. 113

the feathers of tlio crown ])lack, minutely mottled with tiny spots
and bars of rufous sandy ; the ear-coverts similarly coloured, and not
to be distinguished from the crown ; on the nape a few feathers
barred with buffy white, forming an indistinct band ; scapulars ex-
ternally white, tipped with black ; wing-coverts coloured like the
back, the mottlings of buff paler and broader on the median and
greats coverts, some of which arc tipped with large oval spots of
white ; primary-coverts black, crossed with distinct bars of sandy
rufous ; quills blackish brown, mottled with sandy vermiculations
near the tips, and barred with pale sandy brown on the inner webs,
these bars represented by sandy buff ones on the outer web of the
secondaries, distinctly inclining to white on the primaries, the
innermost secondaiies resembling the back, but somewhat washed
with grey near the tip ; tail blackish brown, mottled with sandy
buft' on the edges and at the tips of the feathers, which are likewise
crossed with about eight bars of sandy rufous ; loral plumes and
feathers in front of the eye whitish, slightly tinged with rufous and
tipped with browii ; sides of face sandy rufous, barred across with
black, inclining to white on the cheeks and on the hinder ear-
coverts, which are broadly tipped with black, merging in the ruff ;
this is composed of buff-coloured feathers, tipped and centred
near the base with black, the gular feathers mesially streaked and
broadly barred with black ; chin-feathers whitish ; rest of under
surface of body white, thickly mottled with vermicidations of dark
brown, forming regular zigzag lines on most of the feathers ; the
breast washed with sandy buff, many of the feathers broadly marked
with black in the centre ; leg-feathers rufous, narrowly barred with
dark brown ; under tail-covcrts white, the cross markings less di-
stinct than on the belly ; under wing-coverts yellowish buff, in-
clining to fawn-colour on the lower ones, with a few dark brown
bars near the outer edge of the wing, which is white, the lower
series dark brown, yellowish at base, and resembling the inner
lining of the quills, which are dark brown below, inclining to ashy
buff on the inner web and to buffy white on the outer one. Total
length 8-5 inches, wing 6-5, tail 3-7, tarsus 1-25.

Adult (rufous phase). General colour above bright bay, with a
few mesial streaks of black on the head, disappearing on the dorsal
feathers, and not very distinct on the wing-coverts ; a few feathers
in front of and over the eye white ; sides of face bay, the ear-
coverts streaked with white ; rest of under surface of body white,
thickly mottled on the belly with cross lines and vermiculations of
sandy brown, the feathers mesially streaked along the shaft with
black, these streaks rather more broadly developed on the chest,
which is otherwise bright bay, irregularly barred with white on the
centre of the chest ; cjuills and tail brown barred with rufous, in-
clining to white on the outer edge of the primaries, the innennost
secondaries and centre tail-feathei-s nearly uniform rufous. Total
length 8-5 inches, wing 6-3, tail 3-5, tarsus 1-25.

Hah. Central America, from Veragua northwards to Mexico.

114 liXTBONID^.

a. Ad. sk. Central America. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wnod.

b. Pull. sk. Guatemala. Purohased.

o. Ad. sk. Guatemala. M. A. Bouvier. (Type of species.)

rf, (*,/■,//,/(. Ad. pk. Guatemala. M. A. Bouvier.

i. Ad." sk. Acoyapa, Nicaragua. M. A. Marche [C.]. (Rufous

phase.)
A". Ad. sk. Costa Rica. Purchased.

/, m. n. Ad. sk. Veragua. M. E. Arcd [C.]. (Rufous

phase.)
o, p. Ad. sk. Veragua. M. E. Arct5 [C.].

Ohs. Throughout Central America the Scops Owls have a very dif-
ferent aspect from those of South America : and although they have
all been united together as Scops hrasilidnus, the former are suffi-
ciently well characterized to deserve a separate name. Scops (jua-
temahv, as I propose to call these birds, resembles S. iistus in the more
mottled, not sfreaJcrd, character of the upper parts ; but the chief
point in which it differs from its South-American allies is in the
entire absence of any yellow coloxiring on the underparts.

The rufous phase of S. r/iiateinahv is quite different from any thing
that I have seen from South America, being entirely of a foxy rufous
colour, with the head never darker than the back or showing any
approach to a blackish patch ; the back is generally rather narrowly
streaked with black, as is also the head ; and there are in some ex-
amples slight indications of bars.

19. Scops asio.

The Little Owl, Cufeshij, N. H. Carol, i. p. 7, pi. 7.

lie Petit Due de la Caroline, Sriss. Orn. i. p. 497.

Strix asio, Li/in. S. N. i. p. 132; Wils. Am. Orn. vi. pi. 42. fig. 1;

Temin. PL Col. ii. pi. 80 ; Audub, B. Am. pi. xcvii. ; id. Orn.

Bmjr. i. p. 486.
Red Owl, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 2.31, pi. xi. fig. 1.
Mottled Owl, Penti. t. c. p. 231, pi. xi. fig. 2.
Strix naevia, Gm. S. N'. i. p. 289 (ex Penn. ) ; Wils. Am. Orn. pi. xix.

fig. 1.
Bubo asio, Vieill. Ois. d'Am. Sept. p. 53, pi. 21.
Bubo stiiatus, Vieill. t. c. p. 54.

Otus asio, Staph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 57 ; Schl. Faun. Jap. p. 25.
Asio asio. Less. Man. cTOrn. i. p. 117.
Otus nsevius. Cm. Megne Anim. 1829, p. 241.
SuiTiia niEvia, James, ed. Wils. Am. Orn, i. p. 96.
Epbialtes asio, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 38.
Scops asio, Bp. Consp. i. p. 45 ; Kanp, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 112;

Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 199 ; Cass. B. N. Am. p. 51 ; Schl. Mm.

P.-B. Oti, p. 27 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 46 ; Schl. Revue Aceipttr.

p. 9 ; Eidgic. B. N. Am. iii. p. 49 ; Coues, B. N. W. p. 303.
Megascops asio, Kanp, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 228.
Asio nsevia, Bp. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 543.

Red phase. General colour bay, with no transverse vermiculations,
but distinct mesial shaft-streaks of black, the feathers of the head
and neck with obsolete lateral bars of blackish ; ear-tufts coloured

4. SCOPS. 115

like the head, the inner webs yellowish near the base ; round the
hind neck an indistinct collar, caused by yellowish buflf bars and
bases of the feathers showing when the plumage is disturbed ; the
scapulars white on the outer web, tipped with black, forming a
distinct longitudinal bar doM-n each side of the back ; wing-coverts
coloured like the back, the greater series externally white near the
tip, the spurious quills also notched with white on the outer web ;
primaiy-eoverts dusky brown on the inner, and dull bay on the
outer web, barred -n-ith dark brown ; quills bay, dull brown on the
inner web, and barred -with dark brown, the representative bars on
the outer web more or less shaded with rufous, the primaries exter-
nally very broadly notched with white ; upper tail-coverts uniform
bay ; tail dull bay-coloiu", baiTcd with dusky ])rown, these bars
nearly obsolete on the centre feathers, but numbering eight on the
outer ones ; lores whitish, the feathers blackish at tip, the shafts
produced into hair-Hke_ bristles ; feathers over the eye dull white,
with central spots of bay, forming a tolerably defined eyebrow ; car-
coverts whitish, washed and barred with bay, the hinderraost tipped
with black and merging into the ruff, which is composed of whitish
feathers streaked and broadly tip[)ed with black, before which is a
subterminal shade of rufous ; the sides of the neck buffj' white,
mottled with bay ; chin white ; gular feathers of the ruff whitisli, the
centre ones very broadly streaked with black, the lateral ones nar-
rowly barred with bay, with a few central streaks of black ; fore neck
and centre of the body white, with the exception of a few nearly ob-
solete cross bars of bay, the latter colour, however, prevailing on the
sides of the body, where the feathers are washed with fulvous and
barred with white, the flanks broadly barred with the latter, most
of the feathers on the sides being distinctly streaked with black ;
leg-feathers white, streaked with bay on the tarsus, the tibial
plumes yellowish, the toes plumed ; under wing-coverts yellowish
white, with a few brown spots near the outer edge of the wing,
which is pure white, the lower series ashy brown, yellowish at base,
resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are light brown,
with j'ellowish buff bars. Total length 10 inches, wing 0-8, tail 3-6,
tarsus 1"55.

Geet phase. Nestlmrf. General colour of the adult bird, but more
fluffy, the feathers of the head and hind neck barred with dull
white, those of the latter also slightly barred with yellowish btiff ;
the entire under surface dull white, with distinct cross bars of dusky
brown, becoming obsolete on the abdomen.

Adult. Above greyish brown, with indistinct vermieulations of
darker brown, some of the feathers with pale bars of yellowish buff",
and all having distinct mesial shaft-lines of black, the feathers of
the head and hind neck with distinct lateral bars of black ; ear-
tufts buff or white on the inner web, narrowly barred with black,
more broadly on the outer webs, which are also spotted or notched
with sandy buff towards the tips ; on the occiput a few feathers of
lighter grey, more distinct on the nape, where a faint bar is visible,

i2

IIG BUDONIDJ;.

the hinder nock distinctly barred with white or yellowish buff, form-
iiig' a tolerably distinct collar, extending on to tlie sides of the neck,
which are greyish buff, with narrow zigzag lines of dark brown ;
scapulars externally white, tipped with black, -Hath a few cross lines
of dark brown on a few of the feathers ; wing-coverts rather darker
than the back, the mottlings indistinct, but the feathers broadly
centred with black, the median and greater coverts with a large
white spot near tlie tip of the outer web, the greater coverts greyer
than the others, and strongly resembling the scapulars ; the spurious
quills and primary-coverts externally notched with white; (pills
brown, barred across with darker brown on both webs, those on the
outer web slightly mottled with bi;ff, the interspaces decidedly ful-
vescent on the secondaries, and inclining to white on the outer web
of the primaries, imparting a chequered appearance to the outer
aspect of the wing, the innermost secondaries resembling the sca-
pulars, but rather plainly barred across with whitish ; tail pale
brown, mottled with fulvous vermiculations, especially on the mar-
gins of all the feathers, which are crossed with about eight bars of
pale sandy buff ; loral plumes and feathers over the eye white, very
narrowly tipped with brown, forming a distinct eyebrow ; above the
eye a small I'ufous patch extending to the ear-tufts ; sides of face
greyish white, narrowly barred with brown, the hindcrmost tipped
with black, and resembling the ruff, the feathers of which are
whitish, broadly tipped with black, the gular feathers centred and
narrowly lined with black ; chin and fore neck whitish ; the rest
of the under surface duU white, most of the feathers broadly centred
with black, diminishing in breadth on the abdomen, the breast con-
sequently having an oceUated, the rest of the lower parts a barred
appearance, the flanks also narrowly barred with rufous ; tifeise
yellowish, barred with brown, disappearing on the tarsi, which are
whitish ; imder wing-coverts yellowish white, the edge of the wing
pure white, mottled with dark brown near the external margin, the
greater series light brown, the bases yellowish, resembling the inner
lining of the quills, which are brown, barred with yellowish on
inner web. Total length 9-5 inches, wing 6-3, tail 8-2, tarsus 1-4.
Huh. United States, except the southern middle province, the
north-west region, and Florida. {^Ridgvaij.)

Rufous phase.

a. Ad. St. Delaware, U.S.A. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.].

b. Ad. St. Delaware, U.S.A. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.].

d. 2 ad. sk. North America. Lord Odo Russell [P.].

e. Ad. sk. North America. Major-Gen, Hardwicke [P.J.

Grm/ ijhase.

f. Ad. sk. Toronto, Canada. Mr. J. "Wliitely [CI.
)), h. Pull. sk. Toronto, Canada. Mr. J. Whitely [C.J.

V. Ad. St. Delaware, U.S.A. E. Doubleday," Esq. [P. i

4. SCOPS. 117

Subsp. a. Scops kennicotti.

Scops kennicotti, Elliott, Pr. Pliilad. Acad. 18(57, p. (JO; id. B. N.

Am. pi. xxvii. ; Biiird, Tr. Cliicai/o Acad. i. p. .311, pi. xxvii. ;

Dull ^- liunn. t. c. p. 27:5 ; Gra;/, Hund-l. B. i. p. 47.
Scops asio, Lord, Naturalid in Va/tc. Id. ii. p. 292.
Scops asio, var. keunicotti, Ridy^v. B. N. Am. iii. p. 5-j ; Coues, B.

N. W. p. 303.

Adult. Above brown, generally of an earthy tint, aU the feathers
centred and barred with black, with very faint dusky vermicula-
tions, on the occiput a few feathers barred with sandy buff, forming-
a tolerably distinct band, another on the nape more pronounced, and
on the hind neck a third very much plainer one, the feathers di-
stinctly barred with sandy buff, extending on to the sides of the
neck, where they arc very broad ; outer web of scapulars yellowish
buff, tipped with black, the greater wing-coverts also terminally
spotted with buff, the rest of the wing-coverts coloured like the
back, but the black centres rather broader ; primary-coverts dusky
brown, barred with nifous buff; quills dark bro\vn, barred with
sandy brown on the inner webs, paler and clearer fulvous on the
outer webs, giving a strongly chequered appearance to the wing ;
tail dark brown, with about eight narrow bars of sandy buff ; lores
and plumes over the fore part of the eye greyish white, slightly
tipped with brown ; sides of face greyish white, washed with rufous
below the eye, and regularly barred vrith dull browTi, the hinder-
most of the ear-coverts tipped with black, merging in the facial
ruff, which is composed of sandy-buff plumes mesially streaked and
tipped with black, the gular feathers very broadly streaked with
black, with lateral narrow bars of black ; chin whitish, as well as
a few feathers on the fore neck ; rest of under surface white, washed
with ochre on the breast and flanks, the sides of the chest more
dusky than the rest of the lower parts, most of the feathers crossed
with wavy lines of dark brown, and broadly centred with black,
these mesial streaks less distinct on the breast and flanks ; under
tail-coverts huffy white, with a few indications of rufous or brown
bars near the tip ; under wing-coverts ochraceous buff, thickly
mottled with brown near the outer edge of the wing, which is white,
the lower series ashy brown, yellowish at base, and resembling the
inner lining of the wings, which are ashy brown below, barred with
sandy buff on the inner web. Total length 10 inches, wing 6-8o,
tail '3-5, tarsus I'o.

Ohs. This is a dark brown form of S. asio, with no rufous phase
at all ; moreover it is larger than the typical »S'. asio. Full par-
ticulars will be found in Mr. Kidgway's work (B. N. A. iii. p. 53),
where the whole subject is treated in a more exhaustive manner
than the limits of the present volume will allow.

The specimen described by me is very brown in coloration, and
seems to represent the j'ufous phase of S. asio ; for other examples
are decidedlj' greyer above and whiter below. Such a specimen
from liritish Columbia {Lord) measures as foUows : — Total length
10-5 inches, wing 7-(», tail 4-5, tarsus 1'8.

118 liUBOKID^.

Hah. North-western coast of North America, from the Cohimbia
river northward : Idaho (Midgway).

a, b. Ad. sk. North America. E. B. Sharpe, Esq^ [P.].

Ad. sk. Vancouver's Island. R. Brown, Esq. [C.

d. Ad. sk. Vancouver's Island. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.J.

e. Ad. sk. West side of Rocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

Subsp. /3. Scops floridanus.

Scops asio, Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 338.

Scops asio, var. floridana, Ridgway, B. N, Am. iii. p. 51 ; Coues, B.
N. W. p. 303.

" Similar to var. asio, but much smaller, and the colours deeper.
The grey stage very similar to that of var. asio, but the red phase
very appreciably different, in there being a greater amount of rufous
on the lower parts, the breast being nearly uniformly coloured, and
the rufous broken elsewhere into transverse broad bars, connected
along the shafts. Wing 5-50-6, tail 2-75-3-10." (Ridgway.)

Hah. Florida and Lower Georgia.

Subsp. y. Scops enano.

Scops trichopsis. Gray, Hatid-l, B. i. p. 47 ; Scl. &^ Salv. Nomencl.

p. 117.
Scops asio, var. enano, Ridgtc. B. N. Am. iii. p. 48 ; Cmies, B. N. W.

p. 304.

Adidt (grey phase). Above greyish brown, all the feathers coarsely,
though indistinctly, mottled with wavy cross lines of blackish brown,
with which they are also distinctly streaked down the centre ; the
head and neck rather more brown than the back, obscurely spotted
with sandy buff, the occiput barred with white, forming a slightly
indicated band, which is more distinct on the nape, and much more
so on the hinder neck, where all the feathers are barred with huffy
white and form a distinct collar ; scapulars distinctly barred with
greyish white, the outermost externally pure white, tipped with
black ; wing-coverts browner than the back, spotted with saudy
buff, the median and greater series mottled with ashy grey, and
haviug very large oval spots of white on the outer web, the spurious
quills also externally notched with white ; primary-coverts dark
brown, the outer ones notched with sandy buff on the external web ;
quills brown, mottled with greyish vermiculations on the outer web,
the innermost also mesially streaked with black, and resembling the
dorsal plumes, all the quills barred with lighter brown, inclining to
fulvous on the inner web and to white on the outer one, especially
on the primaries, which are deeply notched with pure white ; fore-
head and lores whitish, with dark brown tips, the feathers on the
sides of the crown also mottled with white, forming a tolerably
distinct eyebrow, the feathers below the eye sandy buff; sides of
face dusky white, barred with dark brown, the hindermost ear-
coverts broadly tipped with the latter colour, and mei-ging in the
ruff, the feathers composing which are clear sandy buflf, tipped with

4. SCOPS. 119

black, the gulur plumes bliu-k in the centre, with narrow transverse
lateral Hues of the same ; chin whitish ; rest of under surface white,
transversely lined with blackish brown, these cross lines springing
from a very broad central streak of black, extremely wide on the
chest, and decreasing in width on the abdomen and flanks, the under
tail-coverts nearly entirely white, excepting a few sagittate markings
of dark brown near the tips ; leg-feathers white, clothing the tarsi
and extending on to the toes; under wing- coverts whitish, the
outermost slightly streaked with brown, the lowest scries ashy
brown, resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are toler-
ably uniform ashy brown below, the innermost with a few yellowish
bars near the base of some of the inner ones, all externally notched
with yellowish ; bill yellow. Total length 7-5 inches, wing 5-Go,
tail 2-S, tarsus 1-05.

Young. Very similar to the adult, but much more dingy, the white
spots on the scapulars and wing-coverts obscured by vermiculations,
the three bands on the hind neck also very indistinct ; under surface
of body dull white, crossed with numerous duskj' brown bars, the
chest broadly streaked with dull brown down the centre of the
feathers ; on the breast a few feathers are appearing white, streaked
and narrowly barred with black, as in the fully adult plumage.

Rufovs phase (not quite adult). General colour rufous, the mark-
ings very similar in character to those of the grey phase, but not so
mottled, the white spots on the scapulars and wing-coverts not so
distinct, the bands on the head and neck scarcely perceptible, the
hind neck barred with fulvous, but not forming a verj^ distinct col-
lar ; feathers of crown streaked with black down the centre ; sides
of face rufous, barred with dull brown ; throat and chest rufous, the
former barred with dusky brown, the latter broadly streaked with
black and slightly mottled with whitish bars ; remainder of under
surface buify white, obscurely barred with sandy rufous, many of
the feathers of the new plumage appearing on the breast, white
washed with sandy rufous, narrowly barred with black and broadly
streaked down the centre with the same. Total length 7*5 inches,
wing 5*7, tail 3-2, tarsus 1-1.

Hah From Mexico to Guatemala.

a. Ad. St. Mexico.

b. Juv. sk. W. Mexico. Alex. Dorman, Esq. [C].

Subsp. I. Scops trichopsis.

Scops trichop.sis, Wayl. Ids, 1832, p. 276; Bp. Comp. Av. i. p. 40;

Strkkl. Oni. Si/n. p. 201 ; Sdlvm, Ihi.^, 1874, p. 314.
Ephialtes trichopsis, Gra;/, Gen. B. i. p. 38.
Mrgascops trichopsis, Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 227.
Asio trichopsis, Bp. Bet: et Mug. de Zool. 1854, p. 543.
Scops maccallii, Cass. B. Calif. ^- Texas, p. 180 ; id. B. N. Am. p. o2,

pi. 30 ; BainI, Me.v. Bound. Comm. iv. pi. 1 ; Strickl. Oni. Si//i.

p. 200 ; Scl. S,- Sal v. Ibi.«, 1859, p. 220; Gray, Haud-l. B. i. p. 47.
Scops asio, var. maccallii, Eidyw. B. N. Am. iii. p. 49 ; Coiws, B,

N. W. p. 303.

120 liUBONID-E.

Nestlinij. Above brown, the nestling plumes tipped with white, the
hinder neck barred across vnth. sandy brown ; the scapulars with
distinct white spots on the outer webs, and the spurious quills
distinctly notched with white even at this early age ; wings and
tail marked much as in the adult, but more tinged with sandy
brown ; feathers of the face dull white, very distinctly barred with
dusky broAvn, as also the underparts, which are white, barred with
brown, wider and broader on the flanks and abdomen.

Adult. General colour above gi'cy, slightly browner on the head,
the centres to the feathers verj' distinctly black, causing a streaked
appearance, broader on the crown, the transverse vermiculations very
coarse and distinct ; scapulars externally white, tipped with black ;
forehead and lores greyish white, with black tips to the feathers, those
round the eye whitish, mesially streaked with black, extending in
an indistinct line on the sides of the crown to the ear-coverts, which
are very plainly notched with white on the inner web, the hind neck
mottled with fulvous, forming a tolerably distinct collar, the only
one traceable on the upper surface ; wing- coverts grey, Uke the back,
and mottled in the same manner, the black streaks being broader
and occupying the entire centre of the greater coverts, which are
largely spotted with white at the tip of the outer web, the spurious
quills externally notched with buffy white ; primary-coverts dark
brown, barred with whitish buft'; quiUs dark brown, barred with
fulvous on the inner web and also on the outer webs, which are fur-
ther varied with greyish vermiculations on the exterior margin, the
light bars inclining to white on the primaries, the inner secondaries
very distinctly grey like the back, and mesially streaked in the same
manner ; tail grey, darker brown in the centre of the feathers, each
of which is crossed with seven bars of pale fulvous brown, inclining
to white on the outer webs of the external feathers ; sides of face
dull greyish white, barred with black and distinctly tipped with the
same, the ruff greyish white, slightly tinged with fulvous, and very
finely barred with wavj- lines of black, the stiff gular feathers broadly
streaked with black, and distinctly barred with narrow lines of the
same ; rest of under surface of body white, plainly though narrowly
barred with zigzag Hnes of black, the chest very broadly streaked
vnih black, these streaks becoming much narrower on the abdomen
and flanks ; the centre of the body white, as also the under tail-
coverts, the latter having only a few black cross markings near the
tip ; legs densely clothed with feathers, the tibia sandy brown,
barred with blackish, the tarsus white but similarly barred : under
vring-coverts yellowish, the edge of the wing and the adjacent feathers
washed with sandy and barred with dark brown, the greater series
ashy brown, resembling the inner lining of the quiUs, which are
ashy brown below, notched with yellowish on the outer and barred
with the same on the inner web ; bill greenish horn-colour, the tip
yellowish ; iris yellow. Total length 9 inches, wing 0-3, tail 3-6,
tarsus 1"35.

Obs. This is a small race of S. lennicotti ; but, as far as can be
determined, it has only a grey phase and no brown one. Its mea-

4. scors. 121

surcments distinguish it at once ; and it may also be told by its nar-
rowly barred under surface, every feather being streaked with black
and barred Anth the same, from the chin to the lower abdomen and
Hanks. It is larger than Sco2}s enano, and differs from that bird also
in not having a rufous phase ; the cross-barring of the under surface
in the latter is of the same character in *S'. enano as in *S'. asio ; that
is to say, the bars are often double, whereas in S. trichopsls they arc
single and very distinct.

Hah. Mexico, ranging into the southern portion of the United
States and Southern California.

«. Ad. sk. W. Mexico. Alex. Donnan, Esq. [C.].

b. Pull. sk. W. Mexico. Alex. Dorman, Esq. [C.].

20. Scops nudipes.

Bubo nudipes, Vieill. Ok. Am. Sept. pi. 22.

Strix psilopoda, Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. vii. p. 46.

Scops nudipes, Ciiv. E'egne An. 1829, p. 347 ; Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 203 ;

Sel. i5(- Sale. Nomencl. Av. p. 117.
Ephialtes nudipes, Gray, Geji. B. i. p. 38.
Acnemis nudipes, Bj). Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 542.

Adult. Above sandy rufous, vermiculated with black, much darker
on the back than on the head, the dorsal feathers black in the centre,
barred and spotted with sandy rufous, these bars more distinct on
the scapulars, the outermost of which are silvery M'hite, externally
tipped with black ; wing-coverts decidedly darker than the back, the
innermost of the least series uniform blackish brown, the rest spotted
and barred with sandy rufous, the bars especially broad on the
greater series, some of which have a tolerably large bufty white spot
near the tip of the outer web ; spurious quills externally notched
with sandy rufous, inclining here and there to whitish ; primarv-
coverts nearly uniform blackish brown, with a few bars of sandy
rufous near the tips of the outer webs ; quills blackish brown, the
inner webs of the primaries quite uniform, excepting for a few j-el-
lowish bars near the bases of the interior feathers, the secondaries
indistinctly barred with ashy brown on the inner webs, all the quills
externally barred with sandy rufous, paler and more fulvous on the
outer web of the primaries, the innermost secondaries mottled and
barred with sandy rufous, and resembling the scapulars ; tail blackish
brown, with seven feebly indicated narrow bars of sandy rufous ;
head and neck decidedly clearer than the back, and somewhat in-
clining to chestnut, the feathers black in the centre, and laterally
barred with the same, giving a generally barred appearance to these
parts ; lores and sides of face bright bay, the loral plumes blackish
at tip, and the ear-coverts with a few indistinct cross bars of black ;
over the eye a few white-barred feathers, forming a faint eyebrow ;
car-tufts lighter than the crown, orange rufous, broadly l)arred with
black at the tips ; under surface of body sandy rufous, many of the
feathers coarsely vermiculated with black, the breast-feathers streaked
and laterally barred with black, these black markings less distinct

122 BUBONIDJf-.

on the flanks and abdomen, on which parts are tolerably distinct
bars of white ; log-feathei's bright orange rufous, with a few narrow
brown bars on the tibia ; under tail-coverts white, barred across
with sandy rufous ; under wing-coverts fulvous, thickly mottled with
brown near the outer edge of the wing, which is white, the lower
series dark brown, like the inner lining of the quills ; bill yellowish ;
feet yellowish, claws horn-colour. Total length 10 inches, wing 6-8,
tail 4*1, tarsus 1-55, bare part of latter 0-85. (Mus. Salvin and God-
man.)

Obs. My description is taken from a specimen obtained at Calobre,
in Veragua, by Arce, and kindly lent to me by Mr. Salvin. He has
at the same time lent me another specimen, obtained by the same
collector in Costa Rica. This latter bird differs in several points
from the one described, ha\*ing more of the general aspect of Scoj^s
spiJoceplmhis of the Himalayas ; it is clear sandy in colour, the black
forming regular bars across the plumage, the subterminal one very
broad, and giving the appearance of large black spots to the upper
surface ; feathers of the crown centred with black, the sandy-
coloured interspaces forming very distinct spots, the ear-tufts being
still lighter, and barred across with whitish ; the white spots on the
scapulars, wing-coverts, and outer webs of primaries very distinct,
as also are the white bars on the lower surface, many of them being
apparent also on the chest-feathers ; the (|uiUs barred with ashy
brown on their inner webs, inclining to sandy buff on the secon-
daries. Total length 9-5 inches, wing G-S, tail 4, tarsus 1-45, bare
part of latter 0-65.

21. Scops cristatus.

La Chouette a aigi-ette blauche, Levaill. Ois. d'Afi: i. pi. 43.

Supercilious Owl, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii p. 63.

Strix cristata, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 207 (ex Leradl.).

Stiix superciliosa, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 250.

Bubo griseatus, Cm. Regne An. i. p. 344 ; Schl. Miis. P.-B. Oti,

p. 16; Kemp, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 2.38; Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 0.
Syrnium griseatum, Less. Traite, p. 113.
l^opbostrix griseata, Less. Cmnpl. Ruf. i. p. 261.
Lophostrix cristata, Graij, Cat. Accipitr. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 47 ; Bp.

Ccmsp. i. p. 4-5; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 115; Scl. ^- Scdv.

Nomencl. Ar. p. 117; Salv. Ibis, 1874, p. 325.
Ephialtes cristatus, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 38 ; id. Cat. Accipitr. B. M.

1848, p. 98.
Scops cristata, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 205 ; Gray, Handr-l. B. i. p. 47.

Adidt female. Above deep and slightly reddish chocolate-brown,
the crown of the head decidedly tinged with rufous, all the upper
surface obsoletely vermiculated with blackish ; scapulars and wing-
coverts strongly washed with rufous, and irreg-ularly studded with
spots of white of unequal size, those near the outer base of the sca-
pulars and on the least wing-coverts tinged with yeUow ; primary-
coverts thickly vermiculated with blackish, rufescent only at the
tips ; quills deep brown, externally dull sandy, mai-ked with a few
irregularly shaped spots of yellowish buff, inclining to rufous on the

4. scors. 123

outer web of the secondaries, and often obscured by blackish vermi-
culatioQs, the inner secondaries not spotted, and coloured like the
back ; the lower surface of the wing much paler, and broadly barred
with yellowish white on the inner web ; taQ rufous brown, vermi-
culated with blackish, the inner webs barred with yellowish white,
these bars about nine in number, and varj'ing very much in breadth
and in extent ; forehead and a very broad ej'ebrow white, slightly
yermiculated with brown ; the lores also whitish, tinged with rufous,
and terminating in black shaft-bristles ; all the feathers round the
eye, as well as the entire sides of the face, and extending slightly
on to the sides of the neck, bright bay; auricular tufts 2-G inches
long, brown, more or less tinged with rufous, the basal feathers
entii'ely white, as is also more or less of the upper web of the other
plumes ; cheeks and throat brownish ashy, with a small spot of
white at the hinder end of the former ; under surface of bod}- ashy
brown, everj'where vermiculated with narrow lines of darker brown ;
the centre of the chest and flanks more or less white, the vermicu-
lations nearly obsolete, the lower flanks and tibial plumes inclining
to orange-buif ; tarsal feathers fulvous, tinged with rufous on the
upper part, and coarsely vermiculated with brown bars ; under tail-
coverts fulvous, with slight remains of brownish vermiculations ;
under wing-coverts orange-buff, with slight remains of rufoiLS brown
mottlings near the outer edge of the wing, the greater series orange-
buff at base, brown at tip, resembling the inner surface of the
wing. Total length 20"5 inches, cidmen 1-65, wing I'S'-i, tail 8-5,
tarsus 1-8.

Young male. Diflers from adult in being rather more rufescent
above, and much more coarsely vermiculated with blackish ; the
white spots on the scapulars and wing-coverts smaller and fewer in
number ; on the under surface the vermiculations much coarser, and
the white on the chest and flanks much less distinct. Total length
18-5 inches, wing 12-7, tail 8-5, tarsus 1'8.

liufous phase. General colour foxy red, covered with little brown
vermiculations, pretty distinct but irregular on the back, much less
plainly indicated on the hind neck, which is consequently more
uniform ; head like the back, but a little darker, vermiculated in
the same manner ; forehead itself white, the feathers of the fore part
of the crown creamy white, minutely vermiculated with reddish
bro^vn, as also are some of the median plumes of the car-tufts, the
innermost plumes of the latter being pure white, the outer ones
reddish brown, more or less whitish on the inner web ; facial aspect
deep foxy rufous, the loral plumes whitish at base ; under sur-
face of body fulvescent, vermiculated with brown, the chest in-
clining to foxy red, with sparsely indicated vermiculations : leg-
feathers creamy buff, with slight indications of rufous bars, disap-
peaiing on the under tail-coverts, which are uniform creamy buff;
under wing-coverts deep fulvous, slightly spotted with brown, and
washed with rufous near the outer margin of the wing, which is
fulvous, the greater series fulvous, barred with brown, and resem-
bling the inner lining of the quills, which are brown, barred with

124 BUBONIDJE.

fulvous on the inner web, inclining to rufous towards the tips of
the feathers ; upper wing-coverts foxy red, like the back, and ver-
miculated in the same manner, with also a few white spots on most
of the greater and median series ; primary-coverts uniform foxy
red ; quUls rufous, paler than the back, and with the vermicidations
less distinct, the primaries with a few spots of bulfy white, the
secondaries slightly barred with fulvous; the tail a little darker
rufous than the l)ack, paler towards the tip, and with very few ver-
miculations. Total length 16 inches, wing 12-2, tail 8-5, tarsus 1-8.
{Cayenne; Mus. Paris.)

Hah. Lower Amazonia and Guiana, extending also into Ecuador.

a. 5 ad. st. South America. Pm-chased.

h. S imm. st. Cavenue. Purchased.

c. S inmi- sk. Para, May 1849. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Ecuador. I'urchased.

22. Scops stricklandi.

Scops cristata, var., Strickl. Contr. Oni. 1852, p. 60, pi. 10.
Lophostrix stricklandi, Sd. ^ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 229 ; itd. Noinencl.

An. p. 117.
Scops stricklandi, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 47.

Adult. Above chocolate-brown, thickly vermiculated with blackish,
the scapulars lighter and more sandy brown ; entire head uniform
blackish brown ; a very broad white eyebrow ; auricular tufts 2*2
inches long, particoloured, the upper ones white, or white on inner
web, the lower one blackish brown, some few vermiculated with
sandy brown ; lores whitish, the shafts terminating in long black
bristles ; feathers round the eye black ; ear-coverts rich bay, broadly
black at tip ; some of the outer scapulars M-ith large spots of yellowish
white, which are also apparent on some of the outer wing-coverts ;
quills blackish, the outer web sandy brown, the primaries spotted
externally with yellowish white ; the secondaries barred with sandy
brown, the innermost uniform with the back, and vermiculated in
the same manner ; tail rufous brown, nearly uniform towards the
tips of the centre feathers, which are venniculated near the base
with dark brown, barred indistinctly with sandy rufous on the outer
web, and crossed with seven or eight bars of yellowish white ; under
surface of body ashy brown, coarsely vermiculated with darker
brown, and tinged wdth rufons on the breast ; the chest and flanks
somewhat varied with white ; leg-feathers orange-buff, with a few
cross lines of blackish ; under taU-coverts whitish, broadly barred
with dusky brown ; under wing-coverts orange-buff, with a few
brown markings near the outer edge of the wing, the greater ones
blackish, like inner lining of wing. Total length 18-5 inches, cul-
men 1-8, wing 12-8, tail 8, tarsus 2.

Ohs. The young of this bird is much paler than the adult, with
a brownish head, which shows slight traces of vermiculations.
.'Vlthough the presence of these markings brings the species in its
young stage near to S. cristatus, the black feathers round the eye

O. NYCTEA.

125

aiul the black torminal half of the car-coverts serve to mark the
species at a glance.

Hah. Ceutral America : Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Veragua.

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Pm'cliased.

h. Ad. sk. Veragua. M. E. Arce \C.^

c. Juv. sk. Veragua. M. E.

E. Arc6 [C.l.
E. Arc6 [C.].

5. NYCTEA.

Type.

Nyctea, Stephens, Gen. Zool. siii. pt. 2, p. 63 (1826). . N. scandia'ca.

Nyctia, Swainson, Classif. B. ii. p. 217 (1837) N. scandiaca.

Leuchybris, Smifhrall, 'Ai: Meth. Tent. p. lOo (1872). N. scaudiaca.

Head of Nyctea Scandiaca, to show ear-tufts.

Range. The northern portions of both the Old and New Worlds,
raieratinor south in winter.

1. Nyctea scandiaca.

Great White Owl, Edwards, N. H. Birds, pi. 61.

Le Chat-huant blanc de la Baye de Hudson, Briss. Orn. i. p. 522.

Strix scandiaca, Litin. S. N. i. p. 1.32.

Strix nyctea, Linn. S. N. i. p. 132 ; Baud. Traite, ii. p. 188 ; Wolf

8f Mei/er, Viig. Deidschl. p. 184, with plate : VieiU. Ois. Am. Sept.

pi. 18'; Wils. Am. Orn. iv. p. 53, pi. .32. fig. 1 ; Temm. Man. <TOni.

i. p. 82 ; Naum. Vimj. Deutschl. i. p. 417, pi. 41 ; Werner, Atlas

Ois. Eur. Rapaces, pi. 31; Sw. ^- Rich. Faiui. Bor.-Am. p. 88;

Aiidub. B. Am. pi. 121 ; id. Orn. Bioyr. ii. p. 135 ; Schl. ^- Su.<iem.

Viif/. Eur. Taf. 41 ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 134 ; Schl. Vvy. Nederl.

pi. 44; Sunder. Sr. Foyl. pi. xxiv. tigs. 3, 3*.
Harfang, Buff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 458.

Strix arctica, Bartr. Trai\ Carol, p. 285 (nee Spairtn.).
Strix nivea, Thunb. Sc. Akad. Firrh. 1798, p. 184.
La Chouette blanche, Lcvaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 45.
Bubo albus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 210.
Ermiue Owl, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Suppl. ii. p. 60.
Strix Candida, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xiv,
Strix eiTuinea, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 251.

12') • BTTBO^nD^.

Noctua nvctea, Boic, Isis, 1822, p. 770 ; Li'ss. Traite, p. 101 ; ScJil.

3Ius. P.-B. Stri^'es, p. 43 (1862)._ _
Nyctea erniiiiea, Stcph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 63.
SjTuium nyctea, Kaup, Katiirl. Si/st. p. 59.
Surnia nvctea, James, ed. Wih. Am. Orn. i. p. 92 ; Selbi/, III. Brit.

Orn. i.'p. 95, pi. 23 ; Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 43 ; Kei/s. ^- Bias. Wirh.

Eur. p. xxxiii ; A'«m;j, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 214 ; Hcicifs. Eggs Br. B.

i. p. 64, pi. xviii. fig. 3; Neict. in Baring-Gould, Iceland, p. 408;

Degl. ^- Gerhe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 118.
Nyctia Candida, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217.
Nyctea Candida, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. df N. Am. p. 6 ; id. Consp.

Av. i. p. 36.
Syrnia nyctea, Thnmps. Ann. Nat. H. i. p. 241 ; Blacqill. Hist. Br. B.

iii. p. 407.
Nyctea nivea, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 34, pi. 12. fig. 2 ; Cai^s. B. Calif.

p. 190; Strickl.'Om. Syn. p. 194; Fritsch, Voff. Eur. Taf. 12.

fig. 4; Cass. B. N. Am. p. 63; A'^ewt. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 394; id.

Ooth. Wollerj. p. 178 ; Goidd, B. Gt. Br. i. pi. xxxiv. ; Coucs, Key

N. Am. B. p. 205.
Nyctea nyctea, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 107.
Nyctea nivea europa;a, A. Brehm, Verz. Samml. C. L. Brehm, p. 2.
Nyctea nivea americana, A. Brehm, I. c. p. 2.
Leucliybris nyctea, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 106.
Nyctea scandi ica. Newt. ed. Yurr. Brit. B. i. p. 187; Dresser, B.

Eur. part xxiii. ; Coues, B. N. W. p. 309.
Nyctea scandiaca, var. arctica, Ridgic. B. N. Am. iii. p. 70.

Nestling. Covered with down of a sooty brown colour, very dense
in character on the head and neck, where the downy plumelets have
a whitish tip ; lores and feathers in front of the eye white, dusky
brown at tip, the ear-coverts more or less white at base ; all the
feathers, as far as developed, pure white, the least wing-coverts
barred with blackish ; greater wing-coverts and quills pure white,
spotted on the outer web, and barred on the inner one with blackish,
with here and there a faint indication of dusky freckling, increasing
on the innermost secondaries, where the interspaces are entirely
clouded with dusky brown, as also are the scapulars, many of which
are entirely dusky or greyish brown ; round the hind neck the
feathers are white, barred across with black, as also are those which
are appearing on the breast, though here the dark bars are narrower ;
tail pure white, the developing feathers mostly unspotted, but on
the centre ones are remains of indistinct bars of black.

Adult male (Upland, Sweden, Nov. 18th, 1872). Absolutely
snowy white above and below, with only a few remains of longitu-
dinal brown spots on the hinder part of the crown and on the wing-
coverts, the quills with also a few remains of bars ; tail pure white,
with a small brown spot remaining near the tip of the centre
feathers ; bill and claws blackish horn-colour ; iris deep yellow.
Total length 23 inches, wing 16'7, tail 9-6, tarsus about 2-1.

Female. Total length 26 inches, wing 18-3, tail 10, tarsus
about 2-5.

Immature male in second yea/ s plumage (Upland, Jan. 7th, 1872).
General colour above pure white, the head almost immaculate, and
only showing one or two dusky brown markings, the hind neck with

O. NTCTEA. 127

a larger number of brown-barred feathers ; back and wing-coverts
transversely barred with pale dusky brown, less distinctly charac-
terized on the primary and outermost greater coverts ; quills pure
wliite, with a few more or less distinct spots of pale brown on the
outer web, the inner web of the longest primaries having also some
brown bars near the tip of the inner webs, the innermost secon-
daries obscm-ely clouded with pale brown, the cross bars verj- in-
distinct on all of these ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
piire white, with here and there remains of pale brown cross mark-
ings, more distinct on the tail-coverts ; tail itself pure white, the
two outer feathers on each side unspotted, the rest having three
rows of bro^vn markings near the tips ; forehead and entii-e face and
throat i)ure unspotted white ; rest of under surface of body white,
narrowly barred with dusky brovm, these bars narrowing on the
lower parts of the body, and being absent on the under tail-covcrts
and leg-feathers, the plumes on the latter completely hiding the
entire foot, and even the nails ; under wing-coverts pure white, as
also is the inner lining of the quills, with the exception of a few
dusky brown spots near the tips. Total length 20-5 inches, wing
16-7, tail 9-1, tarsus about 2-35.

_ 06s. Mr. Eidgway, in the third volume of the ' North-American
Birds' (p. 61), wishes to separate the Snowy Owl into two races or
" varieties," peculiar to the Old and New World respectively. The
Palasarctic species he calls N!/ctea scandiaca, var. scandiaca (vel nivea);
and the Nearctic bird is separated as N. scandiaca, var. arcfica. The
characters which he gives for separating them are the narrowness
and darker brown shade of the bars in the American Snowy Owl.
But this I cannot see ; for on comparing a specimen from Norway
with one from Labrador, there is no perceptible difference in the
barring of the plumage. Adult birds are very similar ; for I have
before me perfectly white examples both from Sweden and from
North America. 1 therefore do not agree with Mr. Eidgway in this
separation into two races ; and I believe that we have in the Snowy
Owl an analogous case to the Greenland Jerfalcon (Hierofalco can-
dicaiis), and that the differences of plumage can be accounted for by
the age of the bird. The j-oung birds are strongly barred ; and these
bars disappear as the individuals advance in age. The females seem
never to get as free from transverse markings as the males ; and I
am entirely able to agree with Mr. Dresser on this point (B. of Eur.
part xxiii.) ; or, at all events, if they ever become pure white, they
take a longer time to lose the baiTcd plumage ; and in numerous
other families of birds this is also known to be the case. At the
same time I find a difference in the Snowy Owls of Europe and
North America which seems to have escaped Mr. Eidgway's notice :
this consists in the much greater amount of feathering of the
toes in the European bird, the plumes completely hiding toe and
nail, whereas in the American bird the nails alwaj-s, and even the
final joint of the toe occasionally, may be clearly seen. The follow-
ing are the measurements of the Museum series : —

l:

W

BUBOmCE.

Total
length.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus,

in.

in.

in.

m.

a.

Ad.

Unst, Shetland Isles ....

22

16-5

9

circa 2-6

b.

Ad.

Icy Cape, Norway

26

17

9-2

)f

2-3

c.

Juv.

Icy Cape, Norway

25

18-3

9-7

jj

2-4

d.

d ad.

Upland, Sweden, Nov. 18,
1872.

23

16-7

9-6

)>

2-1

e.

(^ juv.

Upland, Sweden, Jan. 7,

1872.
Upland, Sweden, Jan. 10,

20-O

16-7

9-1

)>

2-35

f.

2 ad.

26

18-3

10

!>

2-5

1872.

9-

Ad.

Ai'changel

21

18-5

9-8

JJ

2-35

h.

[c?]ad.

Lichtenfels, S. Greenland,
Feb. 27, 1874.

23

17-3

9-7

))

2-4

i.

[$]ad.

Liclitenfels, S. Greenland,
June 8, 1871.

20-5

15-5

9

JJ

2

k.

Ad.

Hudson's-Bay Territory . .

24

17-8

10

JJ

2-5

I.

Ad.

Hudson's-BayTeiTitory. .

21

16-6

9-5

JJ

2-3

m

Ad.
Ad.

Labrador

22
25

17-5
18-5

10-3
10

JJ

2-2

n.

Fort Simpson, Jan.15,1862

2-.55

0.

Ad.

N. America

24

18-7

9-5

JJ

2-6

The Greenland birds agree with those from North America in not
being quite so thickly feathered on the toes. I think it likely that
an error in the sex has occurred in the two Lichtenfels examples.
But little reliance can be placed on the tarsal measurements, owing
to the extreme density of the feathers, which renders it almost im-
possible to obtain the exact dimensions.

Hub. The same as that of the genus.

a.

Ad.

St.

b.

Ad.

St.

c.

Pull

. St.

d.

Ad.

sk.

e.

Juv.

sk.

f.

S ad. sk.

9-

c? juv. sk.

h.

? ad. sk.

i.

Ad.

sk.

k.

\.6\

ad. sk.

I.

[?]

ad. sk.

m

Ad

St.

n.

Ad.

St.

0.

Ad.

St.

P-

Ad.

sk.

1-

Ad.

St.

Unst, Shetland Isles.

Orkneys.

N. Europe.

Icy Cape, Norway.

Icy Cape, Norway.

Upland, Sweden, Nov. 18,

1872.
Upland, Sweden, Jan. 7, 1 872.
Upland, Sweden, Jan. 10,

1872.
Archangel.
Lichtenfels, S. Greenland,

_ Feb. 27, 1874.
Lichtenfels, S. Greenland,

June 8, 1871.
Labrador.

Hudson's-Bay Ten-itoiy.
Hudson's-Bay Territory.
Fort Simpson, Jan. 15, 1862.
Arctic America.

Mr. Bullock.

Zoological Society.

H. D. Woodfull, Esq. [P.].

H. D. Woodfull, Esq. [P.].

Pm-chased.

Purchased.
Purchased.

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. J.

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Eev. Mr. Eeichel [P.].
Hudson's-Bay Co. [P.].
Hudsons-Bav Co. [P.].
B. E. Eoss, Esq. [P.].
Admiral Sir G. Back [P.].

0. SURNIA.

129

6. SURNIA.

Type.

Surnia, Dumh: Zool. Anal. p. 34 ( 180Gj S. ulula.

Nycthierax, Sundev. Av. Mdh. Tent. p. 106 (1872) S. ulula.

Tail of Surnia tdula (reduced).

Range. The northern and central portions of the Palaearctic and
Xearctic regions.

1. Surnia ulula.

Sh-ix ulula, Linn. S. N. i. p. 13-3.

C'houette a lougue queue de Siberie, Buff. PI. Enl. i. pi. 463.

Strix nisoria. Wolf ^- Jlei/er, Vof/. Deutscld. fol. ii. p. 123 ; Meyer in

Wolf ^- Meyer, Taschenh. i. p. 84 ; JS'aian. Voy. Deutschl. i. p. 427,

pi. 42. fi^. 2 ; Sund. Si: Fay!, p. 192, p. xxv. fig. 5.
Surnia funerea, Dumeril, Zool. Anal. p. 34 ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur.

4" N. Am. p. 6 ; Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 45 ; A'e//,5. ^- Bias. Wirb. Eur.

p. xxxii ; Strickl. Om. Syn. p. 183 ; Ilewits. Eyys Br. B. i. p. 05,

pi. xviii. fig. 1 ; Deyl. Hf- Gerhe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 117 ; Borygr. Voyelf,

Deutschl. p. 64 ; Goidd, B. Gt. Br. i. pi. xxxv.
Strix uralensis, Shaic, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 277, pi. 85.
Strix doliata, Pall. Zooyr. Basso- As. i. p. 316.
Surnia uralensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 62.
Noctua nisoria, Cuvier, Reyne An. i. p. 344 (1829).
Surnia ulula, Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 22 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 33,

pi. 12. tig. 1 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 36 ; Kaup, Confr.' Orn. 1852, p. 107;

id. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 214; Fritsch, Voy. Eur. tab. 11. fig. 5; Newt.

Goth. Wolley. p. 167 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 39 ; Sharpe t^ Ih-esser,

B. Eur. pt. xii.
Strix funerea, KjVerb. Orn. Dan. pi. vi. fig. o ; Midd. Sibir. JReis.

p. 131 ; Schrenck, Reis.Amurl. p. 248; Radde, Reis. Sibir. p. 124.
Noctua ulula, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 42.

Adult male. Above sepia-browii, everywhere strongly mottled with
white, the bases of the feathers all white, but showing less on the
back than the rest of the upper parts, though here the feathers are
broadly barred with white, the bases being more or less concealed ;
the scapulars externally pure white, forming a longitudinal patch ;
crown of head white, barred with dark brown, the bars more pre-
dominating and broader towards the nape, which is white varied
with a few shaft-lines and margins of brown ; on each side of the
hind neck a large black patch ; hind neck and wig white, rather

VOL. II. K

130 BTJEONID-E.

broadly barred and margined with brown ; wing-coverts dark sepia,
externally margined with white, and showing large oval spots of the
same on the median and greater series ; quills rather ashy brown,
with indications of lighter brown bars, on the external margin of
which occurs a large white spot of irregular shape, the primaries
terminally margined with white, a little broader on the secondaries ;
upper tail-coverts broadly barred with brown and white ; tail ashy
brown, crossed with nine narrow bars of dull white, all the feathers
being broadly tipped with the same, the white cross bars purer in
colour on the centre feathers, but obscured with brown towards the
outermost ones, all the bars on the inner webs much broader and
piirer white ; an indistinct eyebrow and sides of face white, the
lores obscured by blackish bristles, the ear-coverts tipped with black,
merging in a crescentic black line running down behind the ear-
coverts ; throat whitish, the chin obscured by black bristles like the
lores ; the chest white, excepting a few smaU specks of brown, and
separated from the throat by a band of dusky brown feathers ; rest
of under surface of body white, narrowly banded with brown, the
bars disappearing on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, becoming
broader again towards the tips of the latter ; leg-feathers yellowish
white, with a few markings of dusky brown ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries white, thickly barred across with brown, the greater
series with broad tips of brown, and thus resembhng the inner lining
of the wings, which are brown, with large oval notches of white on
the inner web ; bill light yellow ; claws blackish brown, soles of feet
yellow ; iris bright yellow. Total length 14 inches, wing 9-7, tail
7"5, tarsus (about) 1.

Youncj female. Similar to the adults, but having the feathers of
the head more fluffy, pale brown in colour, narrowly tipped with a
whitish apical bar ; on the back of the wing a few basal markings
of white are apparent on disarranging the feathers ; in other respects
the upper plumage is very similar to that of the adult, but is more
dingy, and none of the white spots on the scapulars or wings are so
large or distinct ; the bars on the centre tail-feathers are whitish
brown, and not pure white ; the throat and sides of face are huffy
white ; there is no distinct white pectoral band, and the bars on the
breast are more tinged with brown, while the tarsi are not so thickly
feathered. Total length 13-2 inches, wing 9-2, tail 7. {Sharpe ^•
Dresser, B. of Eur. 1. c.)

Hah. The whole of Xorthern Europe, across Siberia to Karatschatka,
ranging into Central Europe accidentally or in winter.

rt. c? ad. sk. Sodermanland, Sweden, Purchased.
Oct. 27, 1870.

b. (S ad. St. North Bothnia. Prof. Wahlherg [C.l.

c. 2 ad. St. North Bothnia. Prof. Wahlberg [C.l.

d. Ad. St. Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

e. Juv. St. Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

f. Ad. sk. Ai-changel. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.l.
//. Ad. sk. Soutbern Ural (Strader'). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
h,i. Ad. st. Siberia, Nov. 1841. Moscow Museum [P.].
k. c? ad. sk. Lake Baikal, Oct. 31, 1871. Dr. Dybowski [Cl.

!. 2 ad. sk. Kultuk, Oct. 4, 1870. Dr. Dybowski [C.J.

fi. SVRXIA. 131

8ubsp. a. Surnia funerea.

Little Hawk-Owl, Edward.% N. 11. Birds, pi. rd.

Le Chat-huant de Canada, Jiriss. Oni. i. p. 518, pi. 87. fig. 2.

Le Chat-huant de la Baye de Hudson, Briss. Orn. i. p. 520.

Caparoch, Buff. Hid. Xat. Ois. i. p. 300.

Strix funerea, Linn. S. N. i. p. 133 ; Werner, Atl. Rapace?, pi. 32.

Strix caparacoch, P. L. 8. Midi. S. JV. Sitppl. p. 69.

Strix hudsonia, Gm. S. X. i. p. 295 ; TFils. Am. Orn. vi. pi. 50.

fig. 1.
Surnia canadensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 02.
Surnia borealis. Less. Traite, p. 100.
Suraia hudsonia, James, ed. Wil^. Am. Orn. i. p. 90 ; Brehm, Xaiim.

1855, p. 208.
Surnia funerea, Bic/i. ^- Sw. Faun. Bor.-Am. Bird^, p. 92 ; Audiih. B.

N. Am. pi. 378 ; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 550 ; 2\ewt. ed. Yarr. Br. B.

i. p. 183 ; Graij, B. Scotl. p. 04 ; Hartini/, Himdb. Brit. B. p. 91 ;

Sharpe 8f Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xii.
Syrnia funerea, Jlacffi/L Brit. B. iii. p. 404.
Noctua funerea, Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 139.
Suruia ulula, Cass. Cat. Strif/idce Philad. Mus. p. 17 ; id. B. Calif. ^•

Tex. p. 191 ; id. B. X. Am. p. 04; DaU ^- Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad.

i. p. 274.
Surnia ulula, var. hudsonia, Coues, Key X. Am. B. p. 205 ; Eidgiv.

B. X. Am. iii. p. 75 ; Coues, B. X. W. p. 312.

Adult male. Above black, with somewhat of a purplish gloss on
the uape ; head blackish, thickly covered with large rounded spots
of white, the bases to the feathers being also M'hite ; hind neck and
wig whitish, broadly barred across with brown ; all the dorsal feathers
with concealed white bars, larger and more oval on the scapulars,
which are white on the outer edge, forming a longitudinal patch ;
wing-coverts brown, the least ones edged with whitish, the greater
series relieved ■with oval spots of white ; quills brown, baiTcd across
with lighter brown, these lighter bars indicated on the outer web by
a large oval spot of white, less distinct on the secondaries, some of
which are barred nearly across with white ; upper tail-coverts more
rufous than the back, and broadly barred and tipped with white ;
tail dark brown, with about nine white cross bands, including the
terminal one ; an indistinct ej'ebrow and sides of face whitish or
yellowish white, the lores with blackish bristles ; the cheeks silvery
■white, the hindermost black at their extremity, merged in a broad
black band running down behind the ear-coverts ; a similar longi-
tudinal black line on either side of the hind neck ; throat white, as
also the fore neck, the chin obscured with blackish bristles, and the
centre of the throat dusky blackish ; the fore neck white, separated
from the throat by a band of dusky feathers ; rest of under surface
of body white, crossed ■with numerous tolerably broad bars of vinous
brown or rufous, the leg-feathers narrowly marked with the same,
the bars being broader on the under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts
white, broadly bari'ed with dark brown, the greater series whitish
at base, ashy brown at tip, thus resembling the inner lining of the
wing, which is ashy brown, broadly barred with white on the inner
web ; bill yellow, inclining to horn-blue on the gape and lower

K 2

132

nmoNiD.T;.

mandible ; feet and iris as in the European species. Total length
lo-o inches, wing 9o, tail 8.

Adidt femaJe. Similar to the male. Total length 14 inches, wing
9-2, tail 7*3, tarsus 1.

Hab. Js'orth America, to the north of 40° X. lat.

a. Ad. St. North America.

b. Ad. St. North America.

c. Ad. sk. Repulse Bay.

d. cJ ad. sk. Fort Simpson.

e. S id. sk. Western side of the Rocky

Moimtaius.
/. 2 ad. sk. "Western side of the Rocky

Mountains.
g. Ad. St. Scotland.

Admiral Sir G. Back [P.].
J. Rae, Esq. [P.].
Bernard R. Ross, Esq. [P.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

Purchased.

7. CARINE. Type.

Noctua, Savif/n. Des'ji: Effi/pte, p. 29 (1809, nee F(d}):) C. glaux.

Atheue, Boi'e, Ixis, 1822, p. 549 (nee Hilbn.) C. noctua.

Cariue, Kaup, Natiirl. Sijst. p. 29 (1829) C. noctua.

1

1. Wing of Carine noctua, to show long first primaiy.

2. Nostril of same (from fresh specimen).

Banqe. Central Europe and aU the countries bordering the iledi-
terranean ; N.E. Africa, extending across the desert sub region, through
Persia and Central Asia to Northern China ; the whole of India and
Burmah.

Key to the Species.

(I. Breast and abdomen streaked.

a'. Face brown, ear-coyerts dark ; general colour
of breast brown, mottled with white margins

to the feathers noctua, p. 133.

a". General colour browu ; below whitish,

sti-eaked with browu. ». noctua.
b". General colour fawn-rufous ; below piue
white, sti-eaked with rufous.
a'". Toes scantily coyeredwith hair. /3. ylaux.
V". Toes thickly feathered, y. plumipes.
b'. Face white, the ear-coyerts scarcely darker;
entire under surface white, with a few nar-
row reddish streaks spiloe/astra. p. 138.

7. CAKINE. 133

b. Breast and abdomen barred biama, p. 138.

c'. General colour above greyish brown, the white
spots large and distinct ; bands on tail Ji re.
a. hrama.
d. General colour slaty brown, the white spots
very small ; bands on tail six. /3. pukhra.

1. Carine noctua.

Jjittle Owl, Edwards, Gleanings, pi. '2'2S.

La Petite Chouette ou La Cheveche, Briss. Orn. i. p. 514.

Strix noctua, Scop. Ann. i. p. 22 ; Nauni. Vo(/. Deutscld. i. p. 493,

pi. 48. fig. 1 ; Schl. 11. Susem. Vor/. Eur. Taf. 47. tigs. 1, 2 ; Nordm.

inDemid. Voi/. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 10!) ; BaiUy, Orn. Sav. i. p. 194 ;

Keidem. Onze Vogeh, pi. 1.
La Cheveche, Bujf. PL Enl. pi. 439.
Strix passerina, Gvi. S. N. i. p. 296; Temni. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 92;

RoiLv, Orn. Pror. i. p. 78, pi. 53 ; Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 39 ;

Varr. Brit. B. i. p. 142.
Strix psilodactyla, Xilss. Skand. Faun. 1st ed. p. 88.
(StrLx nudipes, NiUs. Orn. Stiec. i. p. 68.
Athene passerina, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 549; Brelwi, Viiy. Dent^chl.

p. 110.
Carine noctua, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 29; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i.

p. 178 ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 58 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 258.
Noctua passerina, Cur. Beqne An. i. p. 345; Less. Traite d'Orn.

p. 103; Selby, III. Brit. Orn. i. p. 107, pi. 26; Stevenson, B. Korf.

i. p. 59.
Surnia noctua, Bp. Oss. Begn. Anim. Cur. p. 48 ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb.

Eur. p. xxxii ; Borygr. Vvydf. Norddeutschl. p. 64.
Scotophilus nudipes, Jard. Brit. B. i. p. 274.
Noctua nudipes, Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 48 ; Hewits. Eyys Br. B. i. p. 67,

pi. xix. tig. 3.
Athene noctua, Bp. Camp. List B. Eur. ^- X. Am. p. 6 ; Gray, Gen.

B. i. p. 34; Bp. Consp. i. p. 39; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852,"p. 105,

et Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 210 ; Schl. Yog. Xederl. pi. 4:} ; Stricld. Orn. Syn.

p. 159; Fritsch. Yoq. Eur. tab. 11. fig. 2: Jaub. et Barth. Laponi.

Rich. Orn. p. 77 ; 'Xewt. OofJi. Wolley. p. 151 ; Gould. B. Gt. Br.

pi. xxxvii. ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 39 ; Salrad. Faun. Ital. Ucc.

p. 29 ; Sharpe df Dresser, B. Eur. part iv.
Symia psilodactyla, Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 417.
Athene psilodactyla, Breltm, Xaum. 1855, p. 270.
Athene ludigena, Brehm, Xa{im. 1855, p. 270.
Noctua veterum, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 28 ; id. Revue Accipitr.

p. 26.
Noctua minor, Degl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 122.

AditJt. Above brown, everywhere mottled with oval white spots
to the feathers, more or less concealed on the back, and more distinct
on the scapular feathers ; wing-coverts brown, marked in the same
manner as the back with oval spots of white, those on the greater
series larger and more distinct ; primary-coverts brown, notched on
the outer web with white, these markings slightly tinged with
rufous ; quills brown, barred Avith paler brown, shading off into
whitish on the inner web, and exhibiting a whitish notch on the
outer one, producing a chequered appearance ; upper tail-coverts

134 BTBONID^,

brown, barred across with j-oUowish white ; tail brown, tipped with
whitish and crossed with four other bands of whitish brown, the
liauds traversing the rcctrices near the base, but incomplete towards
the apex ; head bro^xTi, thickly marked with triangular spots of
white, Avith which all the feathers are streaked ; on the nape a patch
of white, the feathers being mostly of this colour, with broad ter-
minal margins of brown ; feathers of the face, as well as a distinct
eyebrow, white, the lores blackish at tip, the ear-coverts also marked
with brown; cheeks white, exiending backwards in a triangular
patch behind the ear-coverts ; chin and fore neck white, separated
from each other by a band of brown feathers across the throat ; rest
of under surface of body white, streaked with brown, some of the
Hank-feathers having also indications of cross markings of the same
colour, tho feathers of the upper breast barred and mottled with
whitish ; leg-feathers and under tail-coverts whitish, the latter with
a few central markings of brown ; under wing-coverts whitish, in-
clining to yellow on the inner ones and axillaries, most of the under
coverts being marked with brown near the base ; inner lining of wing
brown, the inner webs broadly barred and the outer webs spotted
with yellowish ; bill yellow, slightly tinged with greenish ; feet
greyish yellow; iris yellow. Total length 11-5 inches, wing 6-7,
tail 3-5, tarsus 1"3.

The sizes of the sexes are given as below in Sharpe and Dresser's
' Birds of Europe ' : —

cJ ad. Total length 82 inches, wing 6, tail 2-9, tarsus 1-1.
5 ad. Total length 9 „ wing 6-1, tail 3, tarsus 1-1.
I suspect that both these birds were really males, and that the
specimen described by me above represents the female sex.

Yo^ma. Yery similar to the adult, but more dingy, especially on
the lower surface, where the central markings to the feathers are
ashy brown and very broad. All the characteristic markings of the
adult are developed in the young bird ; but the white markings on
the upper parts are broader and more conspicuous than in the old
bird, especially on the scapulars and upper wing-coverts.

Hah. The continent of Europe, occiirring as far north as Denmark,
but only an occasional visitant in England or Scandinavia. In N.E,
Africa only near Tangier (Trbi/), thence along the northern shores
of the Mediterranean to Asia Minor and Southern Russia generally.
Its eastern range is as yet undefined,

a. Juv. St. Europe.

h. Ad. St. Essex. Mr. J. Baker [C.].

r. Pull, si France.

fl. Ad. sk. Near Paris. ' M. A. Bouvier [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Ain, France. M. A. Bouvier [P.].

f. Ad. St. Ain, France. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.J.
V/. Vix ad. sk. Seville, Spain (I£. /Saunders). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. I.
'/i. Ad. sk. Geneva, Oct. 1871. L. Eraser, Esq. [C.].

i. Ad. sk. Sardinia, winter of 1869. A. B. Brooke, Esq. [C.].

;t. Ad. sk. Greece. .T. Gould, Esq. | P. 1.

I. Ad.sk. South Vi-d\(Sfrad>r). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

w,H. Ad.sk. Tangier. Signor Olcese [C.J.

7. CARINK. 135

Subsp. n. Carine glaux.

Stiix noctua, Forsk. Descr. Aiiiin. p. 8.

Strix passerina, Sonii. Vol/. Effi/pk; i. p. 349.

Noctua glaux, Suvign. Dcucr. Ilr/i/pfe, Ois. p. 287.

Strix peraica, VieilL N. Diet. d'Hid. Nat. vii. p. 26 ; rucher. R. Z.

1849, p. 18.
Athene meridionalis, Zes.?. Maw. frO/v(. i. p. 110; Gray, Gen. B. i.

p. 35 ; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 18o2, p. 105, et Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 209 ;

Strickl. Orn. Si//i. p. 100 ; Fritsch, Vikj. Eur. Taf. 13. fig. 7.
Noctua passerina, RUpp. Nme Wirb. Vocj. p. 45.
Strix noctua meridionalis, Schl. u. Suseyn. Vog. Eur. Taf. 47. fig. 3.
Noctua persica, Keys. u. Mas. Wirb. Eur. p. xxxii ; Degl. 8f Gerbe,

Orn. Eur. i. p. ['J'^.
Athene bactriana, JIutkm, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 776.
Strix nuniida, Lecaill. Jun. E.vpl. Sci. Alger. Ois. pi. 4.
Athene persica, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 543 ; Neiot. Ooth.

Wolley. p. 152; Loche, Expl Sci. Algh: Ois. i. p. 106; Hume,

Rough Notes, ii. p. 407 ; Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 30.
Noctua veterum meridionalis, Schl. Mm. P.-B. Striges, p. 29 ; id.

Revue Accipitr. p. 26.
Noctua veterum, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 118.
Athene glaux, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 39.
Carine meridionalis, Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 177.
Carine glaux, Irhy, B. Gihr. p. 58 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 258.
Carine bactriana, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 258*.

Adult female. General colour pale fawn-brown, mottled all over
with white spots, more or less concealed on the back, and plainer on
the scapulars and greater wing-coverts, the latter being rather darker
brown on their inner webs ; primary-coverts and quills dark brown,
tipped with white and broadly barred on the inner web with white,
this bar not extending across the feathers, but represented on the
outer web with a white notch, producing a chequered appearance ;
upper tail- coverts pale fawn-brown, rather more rufous than the
back, largely spotted with white, which occupies the basal half of
the feather ; tail pale fawn-colour, tipped with whitish and crossed
with four bands of buflFy white, continuous near the base, the apical
bands, however, not completely traversing the feather ; head rather
darker fawn-brown than the back, streaked with white down the
centre of the feathers, dilating towards the tip into a distinct white
spot ; hind neck white, the feathers being mottled with brown, most
of the feathers edged and tipped with the latter colour ; facial aspect
white, the lores with dark brown shaft-stripes, the ear-coverts also
broadly streaked with brown ; cheeks white, continued in a trian-
gular patch to behind the ear-coverts ; chin and fore neck pure white,
separated from each other by a baud of feathers of a pale rufous fawn-
colour; rest of under surface of body pure white, broadly streaked
with rufous fawn-colour, these streaks becoming narrower on the
abdomen and disappearing on the under tail-coverts ; leg-feathers
entirely white ; under wing-coverts white, the inner ones and the
axillaries wa.shcd with yellowish, the outer ones streaked with brown,

* It is quite possible that Hutton's title will turn out to belong to the next
species, in which case it will have precedence.

136 BCBO>ID^.

the greater scries dark brown at base, ashy brown at tip, resembling
the inner lining- of the wing, which is ashy brown, broadly barred
with white on the inner web ; bill and irides pale yellow. Total
ength 10-5 inches, wing 7, tail 3-8, tarsus 1-25.

Achth male. Similar to the female. Total length 9-5 inches,
wing 0-4, tail 3-6, tarsus 1'25.

Nestli»ij. Dusky brown, and covered with down of this same
colour, the white spots on the wing-coverts very strongly developed,
the latter nearly entirely white, with central streaks of brown ; the
greater coverts brown, the outer webs whitish ; quills brown, tipped
with ashy grey, the outer webs notched with rufous buif ; under
surface dull wliite, with central streaks of brown.

The above description is from a nestling collected by Mr. L.
Fraser, and having the feathers only slightly developed. i\ji older
bird, obtained from the same collector, exhibits the markings of an
adult bird, but is very much dingier, as is a fully grown young in-
dividual shot by Mr. Edward Bartlett, near Cairo. This bird is
dark brown, mottled with whitish or buff, and very closely resembles
the young of C. noctua. The under siu-face is whitish, streaked
with brown, the latter colour entirely predominating, and giving a
clouded appearance to the lower parts ; qiuUs and tail dull brown,
crossed with five bands of fulvous or pale fawn-colour ; head almost
uniform, with scarcely any fulvous spots.

This species is certainly very closely allied to C. noctua ; and the
young appear to be almost indistinguishable from each other. It
may be regarded as a desert form of the European bird, with a
distinct range, being pale fawn-colour where C. noctua is dark
brown : hence it has a generally pale appearance. On raising the
wing the inner lining in C. ijlau.v is very pale, and inclines to ashy
brown, the white bars on the inner web very broad and contrasting
strongly, the bars on the inner web of the first piimary being four
in numl)er. In C. noctua the wmg-lining is much darker brown,
and only three bars are apparent on the inner web of the first pri-
maiy, all the bars on the inner web being not quite so broad. These
differences of wing-coloration are really very Httle more than part
of the general pale tone predominant in C. gJaux, and hardly con-
stitute specific characters. The specimen of C noctua from Greece
is so thoroughly intermediate, that I am incUned to look upon the
two liirds as races of one form.

Hah. The southern countries of the Mediterranean, excepting the
immediate ncinity of Tangier ; thence extending into N.E. Africa, and
eastwards through Palestine and Persia to Afghanistan and Thibet.

a. Pull. st. Tunis, L. Fraser, Esq. [C.].

b. Juv. St. Tunis. L. Fraser, Esq. [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Tunis. L. Fraser, Esq. [C.].

d. Ad. St. EgA-pt. W. B. D. TurnbuU, Esq. [P.].

e. f. Ad. sk. Egypt. Sir Samuel Baker [P.l.

g. Imm. st. Thebes. Dr. A. Leith Adams [P.].

'h. Juv. sk. Cairo, June 26, 1864. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.l.

/. c^ ad. sk. Egvpt, March .5, 1868. Capt. G. E. Shelley [P. \

k. $ ad. sk. Favoom, Feb. 24, 1871. Capt. G. E. SheUev [P.j.

7. CARINE. 137

/. 2 ^d. sk. Wilderness of Judea. Canou Tiistram [C.].

in. S ad. sk. Beersheba. Canou Tristram [CJ.

M. Ad. St. Ruins of Suza. K. Loftus, Esq. [P.t.

o. $ ad. sk. Sliiraz, Persia. Major St. John [C.J.

7>, d' ad. sk. Niriz, east of Shiraz, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

June 2, 1872.

Subsp. ft. Carine plumipes.

Atheue nudipe.«, G. R. Gray, Cat. Mamm.i^-c. NepalHodffs. p.50(184GJ.

Strix noctua, Radde, lieis. iSibir. p. 12-3.

Athene noctua, var., Dyhoicsk. (ij- Parv. J.f. O. 1868, p. 331.

Athene bactriana, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 39.

Atheue plumipes, Sw'inh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 448, et 1871, p. 342 ;

Taczan. J. f. O. 1872, p. .349.
Atheue persica, David, N. Arch. Mas. vii. JStdl. p. 4 (1871, nee VieUl.).
Atheue uoctua orientalis, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 63.
Athene orieutalis, S/iarpe, Zool. Record, x. p. 17.
? Carine glaux, Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 110.
Carine plumipes, S/iarpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 258.

Adult (type of species). General colour deep fawn-brown, the
head streaked with bufly whitish, all the streaks dilating towards
their tips, some of which have a subterminal spot ; hind neck largely
mottled with white, many of the feathers broadly barred across with
white, the outer webs of many of them also of the latter colour ;
interseapulary region tolerably uniform, the white spots being con-
cealed, but very distinct and oval in shape on the scapulars ; wing-
coverts coloured hke the back, and distinctly spotted with Avhite,
the spots on the median and greater coverts larger and more oval in
form ; primary-coverts dusky brown, barred across with fawn-colour ;
quills brown, rather more dusky at tip, barred across with lighter
and more rufous brown, the ends of the feathers greyish white, aU
the rufescent bars shading off into a white spot on the outer web,
and giving a chequered appearance to the wing ; upper tail-coverts
fawn-colour, the bases Avhite : tail pale fawn-colour, tipped with
whitish, and crossed with five rather irregular bands of fulvous
fawn ; lores pure white, as also a sm;ill superciliary- streak, the
former with black shaft-lines ; ear-coverts fawn-colour, with whitish
shaft-streaks, the feathers under the eye whitish ; cheeks and throat
white, extending in a triangular patch backwards below the ear-
coverts ; lower part of fore neck white, separated from the throat
by a band of ruiescent feathers mottled with whitish ; rest of under
surface fawu-buff, inclining to white on the centre of the body,
streaked with rufous brown, the centres to the feathers very broad
and distinct on the breast, much narrower on the sides of body, and
absent altogether on the lower flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts ;
leg-feathers whitish, Hght fawn on their outer aspect ; under wing-
coverts whitish, with a few slight markings of brown here and there,
the lower series whitish at base, ashy brown at tip, and thus re-
sembling the inner lining of the quiUs, which are pale ashy brown,
barred with buffy white on the inner web. Total length 8 inches,
wing 6-1. tail 3-4, tarsus I'l.j. {Mus. R. Swi)ihoe.)

13S BCBONID^.

Ohs. The typical specimen of Athene plamipes, which Mr. Swinhoe
has lent me, differs, as he has himself pointed out, from C. yluiix
in ha\-ing the toes more feathered. Latterly M. Severtzoff has de-
scribed, from Turkestan, a small Owl, which he separates as Athene
orientaJls, on the self-same characters {ef. Dresser, I. c). With re-
gard to Mr. Blanford's remarks on the Thibetan bird from Hodg-
son's collection, of which a single example only is to be found in
the Museum, he is quite right that Hodgson never published a name
for the species. Mr. G. E.. Gray identified it as Athene nucUpes
(Nilss.), and he indicates that the name of Athene gymnopus had
been given by Hodgson to the bird ; b;it no such name occurs in
the list published by the latter gentleman in J. E. Gray's ' Zoolo-
gical Miscellany' (/. c), while his drawing of the species (no. 870)
bears, in his handwriting, the name of lagopus, evidently much more
in accordance with the feathered foot of the bird than nudipes or
g)imnopus. As, however, no description of this Thibetan specimen
was ever published, the name given by Mr. Swinhoe will have to be
used if the species should not ultimately prove to be the true A. bac-
triana of Hutton, with which Mr. G. II. Gray identified it.

Hah. Eastern Siberia, Mongolia, and Northern China, near Pekin,
ranging southwards into Central Asia, Turkestan, and Thibet.
a. Ad. St. Thibet. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

2. Carine spilogastra.

Athene spilogaster, Hcuc/l. J.f. O. I860, p. 15.
Noctua spilogastra, Heugl. Oni. N.O.-Afr. p. 119, pi.
Carina spilogastra, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 258.

Adult female. Above of a pale smoky rufous colour, varied with
•whitish spots and bars, \he white colour washed with buff; tail-
feathers whitish, with six or seven smoky rufous bands ; the face,
lower part of breast and abdomen white, slightly washed with buff,
and with scattered obsolete rufescent streaks ; upper breast varied
with the same colour ; tarsi, which are feathered in front, white ;
the toes above covered with white bristly hairs ; under wing-coverts
entirely whitish ; biU yellowish ; cere and nails, which are very
short, blackish horn-colour ; iris yellow ; naked orbits blackish ; toes
fleshy grey. Total length 7*6 inches, wing 5-5-1, tail 2-9-3, tarsus^
1-1-25. {Heuglin.)

Hah. Abyssinian coastland.

3. Carine brama.

Strix brama, Temm. PL Col. ii. pi. 08.

Noctua brama, Stephens, Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 115; Less. Traite,

p. 103 ; Schl. Mtis. P.-B. Striges, p. 29; id. Revue Accipitr. p. 27.
Surnia brama, Bp. Oss. Jtegn. An. Cuv. p. 58.
Noctua indica, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 115.
Noctua tarayensis, Hodgs. As. Research, xix. p. 175.
Athene indica, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 457.
Athene brama, Blyth, Ann. N. H. xii. p. 93 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 34,

pi. 12. tig. 3 ; Cass. Cat. Strigider Phihtd. Mtis. p. 14 : Blyth, Cat.

7. CARINE. 139

B, Mus. A. S. B. p. 30 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 39 ; Kaitp, Contr. Orn.
1852, p. 105, et Tr. Z. 6'. iv. p. 210 ; Bp. Rev. et May. de Zool.
1854, p. 543 ; Horsf. ^- 3fuore, Cat B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 65 ;
Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 1(30; Jcrd. B. Ind. i. p. 141 ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 39 ; HuDic, Rough Notes, ii. p. 404 ; id. Nests Sfc. Ind. B.
p. 70.
Carine brama, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 258.

Adult. General colour above greyish bronvTi, mottled ■with white
in the form of more or less concealed spots on the back, the sca-
pulars barred with white, more broadly on the outer webs ; wing-
coverts brown, like the back, spotted ^nth white, more largely on
the outer webs of the median and greater series ; primary -coverts
bro^vu, externally notched with white, resembling the quills, M'hich
are notched on the outer web, and broadly barred on the inner one
with white, the inner secondaries more narrowly barred across the
feather ; upper tail-coverts brown, like the back, broadly barred
across with white ; tail brown, paler at the tip, and crossed with
live white bands, incomplete and not conterminous on the centre
feathers ; head brown, barred and spotted with white, the hind neck
broadly barred with white, and forming a kind of indistinct collar ;
lores and a tolerably distinct eyebrow pure white, the former ob-
scured with blackish shaft-lines ; ear-coverts brown, like the head,
barred with whitish ; cheeks pure white, extending backwards in a
triangidar patch behind the ear-coverts ; throat and fore neck also
pure white, separated from each other by a narrow band of brown-
tipped feathers ; rest of under surface white, barred transversely
with brown, these bars broader and closer on the flanks, the sides
of the upper breast brown, barred with white ; abdomen, under tail-
coverts, and leg-feathers pure white, unsjjotted ; under wing-coverts
also pure white, very slightly streaked with brown, the lower series
brown, barred with white, and thus resembling the inner lining of
the wing, which is ashy broM'n, barred with white on the inner, and
notched with white on the outer web ; cere dusky, much swollen
above the nares ; bill horny green ; feet dingy greenish, front of
toes sparsely clad with whity-brown bristles, claws blackish horny ;
iris bright pale yellow. Total length 9-5 inches, wing 6-1, tail 3-5,
tarsus 1-2.

Young. Yery similar to the adult, and marked in the same
manner, but of a more dingy appearance, especially below ; the
head not so thickly marked with bars, and preserving a more
spotted appearance.

Uah. Indian peninsula, extending into Baluchistan.

J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
J. Hillier, Esq. [P.].
Major J. Hayes Lloyd [P.].

a. J 11 v. sk.

India.

b. Ad. St.

India.

<: 5 ad. sk.

Rajkote, Kattiawar,
Aug. 20, 1871.

d. Ad. St.

Nepal.

e, f, ft, h. Ad.

sk.

Nepal.

»". "Ad. sk.

Behar.

k, l. Ad. sk.

Ueccau.

in. .luv. sk.

Deccan.

B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]

Purchased.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

140 nruoNicE.

M, 0, p. Ad. sk. Kamptee. JDr. B. Hiiide [P.].

q, r. Juv. sk. Kamptee. Dr. B. Hinde [P.].

s. Ad. sk. Western Gliats. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

t, u. Ad. St. Madras. Rev. II. II. Baber []'.].

V. 5ad.sk. Kalagan, Baluchistan, W. T. Blauford, Esq. | C.].

March 10, 1872.

8ubsp. a. Carine piilchra.

Athene pulchra, Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 4(i0 ; id. op. cit. iii. p. 39.
Carine pulchra, Shmye, Ihis, 1875, p. 258.

Adult male. General colour above slaty brown, with more or less
concealed spots of white, very small on the head, where they arc
rather plainly defined ; liind nock barred with white, forming an
indistinct kind of collar ; scapulars barred across with white, broader
on the outer web ; wing-coverts dark slaty colour, externally notched
with white, the median and greater series with large rounded spots
of Avhite on the outer web ; jjrimary-coverts and quills dark slate-
colour, notched on the outer web and barred on the inner one with
white ; tail slaty brown, crossed with six narrow bars of white,
rather broader on the outer feather ; forehead and eyebrow white,
the lores developing into hair-like bristles ; fore part of cheeks
whitish ; ear-coverts dark slaty, barred across with white ; entire
throat white, extending backwards in a triangular patch below the
ear-coverts, a black mark running down the sides of the neck ; rest
of under surface white, barred with ashy brown, the bars getting
fainter on the lower flanks; leg-feathers and under tail-coverts pure
white ; under wing-coverts white, the lower series ashy brown at
tip, and resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are ashy
brown below, barred with white ; bill brownish, the tip and the
culmen greenish yellow. Total length 8 inches, wing 5-5, tail 3-5,
tarsus 1-05. {Mus. li. G. Wardhnv- liamsai/.)

Ohs. The above description is taken from a Thayetmyo skin, col-
lected by Lieut. Wardlaw-Eamsay, and kindly lent me by Lord
Walden. Mr. Hume has also been so good as to lend me a bird
from the same place ; but it does not show the characters so well as
the bird described by me. His skin measures : — Total length 7
inches, wing 5-4, tail 3"1, tarsus 1-1. I consider that C. pulchra
may very fairly be separated from C. hrama, as the characters seem
quite constant, to judge from three other Burmese specimens exa-
mined by me in Lord Walden's collection. Mr. Hume also writes : —
" I have now four good specimens before me, two of them sent by
Mr. Gates ; and it appears to me certain that they must be separated.
I do not suppose that these birds weigh much more than half what
our Indian ones do. In length they vary from 7'25 to 7'8 inches
against 8 to 9-5 inches in C. brama, while the wings vary from 5-3
to 5'8 inches against G to 6-65 inches; and an expanse of 19 to
19-5 inches against 21 to 22-5 inches in the Indian bird. No doubt
the general character of the plumage is the same as in C. brama ;
but the spotting of the head is smaller and neater. The general
colour of the upper surface is a darker and purer brown : the dark

8. HETEROGLAUX. 141

throat-band is more strongly marked. The tail exhibits five or six
narrow transverse bands, or traces of these, against four or five far
broader and more distinctly marked bands in C. brama. The sca-
pulars, too, seem to be generally less barred and more spotted than
is usually the case in Indian specimens.

_" Generally the birds have a very different appearance, and, I
think, -would be separated by any one who examined a scries of
both ; but no mere description will sufficiently explain this diff'er-
ence, and the very marked difference in size is the character that
must be first relied on for separating tlie species."

Ifdh. Burmah and Pegu.
fi. Imni. sk. Tonghoo, Burmah. Purchased.

8. HETEROGLAUX.
Ileteroglaux, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 4G0.

i///i^/y^yyyyf!^^^

Wing and nostril oi Hcterof/laiu- b/ewiUi (from a skin).
Range. Central Provinces of India.

1. Heteroglaiix blewitti.

Ileteroglaux blewitti, Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 467 ; Ball, op. cit. ii. p. 382.

Adult female. Above ashy brown, nearly uniform, excepting for a
few half-concealed white bars on the hind neck and scapulars, rather
more distinct on the latter, some of them being entirely white on
the outer web ; wing-coverts a little darker than the back, with a
few spots of white, larger and more distinct on the greater and
median series, the bastard wing notched externally with white, and
the primary-coverts also spotted with the same ; quills dark brown,
barred across with lighter brown, shading off" into white notches on
the margins of both webs, very large on the inner, and producing a
chequered appearance on the outer web ; upper tail-coverts a little
darker than the back, and spotted with white ; tail dark brown,
tipped with white, and crossed with four other bands of white be-
sides ; frontal plumes, a broad eyebrow, and feathers round the eye
white, the lores with blackish hair-like shafts ; the ear-coverts ashy
brown, barred with whitish ; throat, fore neck, and cheeks white,
with a tolerably broad bar of dark brown feathers across the lower
throat ; centre of the abdomen and leg-feathers pure white, the
breast clouded ^vith grey, with more or less concealed white bars,
the sides of the body distinctly barred with dark brown, the under
taU-coverts white, with remains of brown bars near the tips ; under

142 BUBONID^.

wing-coverts white, many of the feathers with brown bases, causing
a slightly streaked appearance, the lower series whitish at base, ashy
brown at tip, thus resembling the inner lining of the quills, which
are ashy brown below, spotted on the outer and broadly barred on
the inner web with yellowish white ; bill light yellow ; iris bright
yellow. Total length 9-5 inches, wing 5-8, tail 3-2, tarsus 1-05.
(Mus. A. 0. Hume.)

Hah. Central India ; " the dense forests of the eastern portion of
the central provinces, on the borders of the Tributary Mehals "
{Hume).

9. SPEOTYTO.

Type.

Speotyto, Gloger, Handh. Naturg. p. 220 (1842) S. cunicularia.

Phaleopt}'ux, Kmip, Isis, 1848, p. 769 S. cunicularia.

1. Wing of Speotyto cunicuJaria.

2. Nostril of same (from fi'esh specimen).

li'inr/e. Southern and western portions of United States, through-
out the whole of Central and South America.

Keij to the Species.

a. Inner lining of quills fulvescent; the first pri-
mary with live or six isabelline bars, much
broader at the base of the inner web than
the intervening brown interspace ; primary-
coverts spotted like the quiUs cunindaria, p. 142.

h. Inner Hning of quills dark brown ; the first pri-
mary with four fulvous bands on inner web,
smaller and narrower than the brown inter-
space ; primary-coverts blackish brown, with
a single fulvous bar faintly indicated guadeloupensis, p. 148.

1. Speotyto cunicularia.

La Chouette de Coquimbo, Briss. Orn. i. p. 525.

Coquimbo Owl, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 145.

Strix cunicularia, Molina, Stor. Chil. p. 34.3 ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 292 (e.r

Lath.); Aiidiib. B. N. Am. pi. ccccxxii. ; id. Orn. Bioqr. v. p. 264 ;

Bp. Am. Orn. i. p. G8, pi. 7. fig. 2; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 248.
La Chouette de St. Domingue, Sonn. ed. Buff. iv. p. 145.
Strix dominicensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 296.
Urucurea, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 211 ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 4.
Stri.x grallaria, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 21 ; Temm. PL Col. 14G,
Noctua gi-aUaria, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 67.
Ulula cunicidaria; Jard. ed. Wils. Am. Orn. iii. p. 325.

9. SPEOTYTO. 143

Noctiia cuaieularia, Darwin, Joum. Nat. Beagle, p. 14.5; D'Orb. Voy.

Am. Mer. Zool. p. 128 ; Bunn. Th. Bras. ii. p. 440; id. La PI. Eds.

ii. p. 138; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Strides, p. 30; id. Revue Accipitr.

p. 27.
Otus cunicularia, Cuv. lii'f/ne An. 1820, p. 341.
Siirnia cuniciilaria, Bp. Oss. B. A. Cuv. p. 50.

Noctua iiriicurea, Less. Traits, p. 103 ; Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. p. 116.
Nyctipetes cunicularia, Sivains. Clnssif. B. ii. p. 218.
Athene cunicularia, Bp. Comp. Lid B. Eur. et N. Am. p. G; id.

fonsp. i. p. 38 ; Barw. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 31 ; Gray, Gen. B.

i. p. 35 ; Cass. Cat. Strigidce Philad. 3Ius. p. 15 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.

p. 100; Baird in Cooper B. Calif, p. 437; Pelz. Orn. Bras, pp 9,

2m;Gray,Hand-l.B.i.^.4;Z.' ^^ '

Athene doniinicensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 38 •
^ Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 1(31 ; Gray, Handel. B. i. p. 43. '

Noctua doniinicensis, Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. p. 115.
Athene socialis, Gatnb. Pr. Phil. Acad. iii. p. 47.
Pholeoptynx cunicularia, Kaiip, Isis, 1848, p. 709; id. Contr Om

1852, p. 106 ; id. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 211 ; Scl. (^ Salv. Komencl. Av.

Neotr. p. 117.
Athene hypugaea, Woodh. in Sitgr. Exp. Zuni Sf Color. Rivers, p. 62 •

Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 78 ; Cass. Cat. Strigidce Philad. Mus

p. 15 ; id. B. Calif. S^ Texas, p. 118 ; id. B. N. Am. p. 59 ; Blakist.

Ibis, 1803, p. 50 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 43.
Pholeoptynx hypogfea, Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 401.
Spheotyto cunicularia, var. grallaria, liidgw. K. Am. B. p. 80.
Spheotyto cunicularia, yar. hypogaea, Bi'dc/w. in Coues's Key p 208 •

id. N. Am. B. p. 90 ; Couel, B. N. West, p. 323. '

Spheotyto cunicularia, yar. cunicularia, Ridyw. I. c. p. 90 ; Cmies I. c.

Adult. General colour sandy brown, the head distinctly marked
with oval streaks of buflfy whitish, some of the feathers also trans-
versely barred with the same ; hind neck more mottled with whitish,
the feathers having a broad subterminal bar of this colour ; back
mottled with white spots and bars on all the feathers, the latter
being often concealed and of a sandy buff colour ; scapulars broadly
barred across with white ; wing-coverts sandy brown, a little darker
than the back, spotted with white, the greater and median coverts
with a large spot of white near the tip of the outer web, all this
series of coverts being also barred with sandy buff ; primary-coverts
brown, barred with sandy buff; quills brown, tipped with whitish
and barred with sandy brown, broadly on the inner web, the outer
web notched with huffy whitish, especially the secondaries ; tail-
feathers brown, tipped with whitish and crossed with five other
bands of sandy buff, inclining to whitish on the centre feathers, the
bars with a conterminous shade of brown both above and below ;
lores and an indistinct eyebrow whitish, the former obscured by
black hair-Uke shaft-Hnes ; ear-coverts brown, streaked with ful-
vous just behind the eye; cheeks whitish, extending backwards
behind the ear-coverts ; throat and fore neck white, separated from
each other by a band of sandy buff feathers, barred with darker
brown ; sides of the neck buffj' whitish, streaked -with light brown ;
rest of under surface creamy white, transversely barred with light

144 BUBONTD^.

sandy brown, these bars decreasing in width on the lower part of
the body, and being entirely absent on the under tail-coverts, the
sides of the npper breast more thickly barred with brown ; thighs
ycUowish buff, perfectly uniform, the tarsi also clothed near the top
with feathers of the same colour ; under wing-coverts yellowish
buff, the outermost white, as also the edge of the wing, the greater
series dark brown at tip ; quills brown, barred across with lighter
brown, inclining to sandy buff, the bases of the inner webs entirely
of the latter colour ; bill greyish yellow, darker at base ; feet dusky
grey, claws black ; iris yellow. Total length 9 inches, wing 6-8,
taQ 3-6, tarsus 1"95.

The above is probably a female, as a sexed male measures — total
length 8 inches, wing 6-5, tail 3"1, tarsus 1'65.

Young (Corrientes, D'Orbigny), More uniform than the adults both
above and below ; ear-coverts dark brown like head ; throat and
cheeks white, the latter as well as the sides of neck with a silvery
gloss ; rest of under surface covered with creamy buff down, the
ordinary feathers on the chest commencing to appear ; wings and tail
apparently like the adult ; leg-feathers white, and reaching nearly to
the base of the toes. {Mus. Paris.)

Hah. The same as that of the genus.

a, h, c. Ad. sk. Western side of the Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Mountains.

d. Ad. sk. Magdalena Bav, California. Capt. Kellett and Lieut.

Wood [P.].

e. Ad. St. California. Purchased.
/. Ad. sk. California. Piu-chased.
ff. Juv. sk. California. Purchased.
h. (J ad. sk. Mexico. Piu'chased.

i. Ad. sk. Puebla, Mexico. M. A. Boucard [C.].

A-.. Ad. sk. Peru. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].

1,7)1. c^ 5 ad.st. Tambo vallev, Peru. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.I.

71. ? ad. sk. Tinta, May 21, 1868. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].

o,2},q,r,s. Ad.sk. Chili. E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.].

t Ad. st. Maldonado. Charles Darwin, Esq. [C.].

Obs. The Chilian birds are much larger than those from Central
America or the United States, and measure in the wing 6-95-7-4
inches (Mr. Eidgway even gives 7'5 inches ; and the Tinta specimen
in the collection reaches to 7*8 inches) ; whereas the wing of the
northern bii'd varies from 6'45-7'2.5 inches. Specimens, however,
from the Tambo valley are somewhat intermediate in plumage, and
measirre 6-6-6'7 inches in the wing ; their tarsus, however, is the
shortest of any, viz. 1-5 inch. Mr. Pddgway, however, has examined
one which measured 1-8 inch in the tarsus ; and therefore we come to
the conclusion that the species is subject to great variation, and that
it is impossible to define distinct races by constant characters. The
bands on the tail are generally six in the North- American birds, and
seven in the Chilian ; but of nine specimens examined by me, two had
six and two had only five bands : so this character is equally inconstant.
The following are a few notes on the scries examined by me :—
British Columbia. Three specimens from the western side of the

}•. SPKOTYTO. 145

Rocky ilountaius, collected by the late Mr. J. K. Lord, have fallen
under my notice. They are all very much alike in the character of
their markings ; but one is much more saudv-coloured than the
others, the spots on the upper surface, and also the bands on the
tail being distinctly sandy buff instead of whitish ; all have six
bands on the tail, including the one at tlio tip. The throat-band, in
two out of the three birds, is blackish brown, with fulvous cross bars
on the feathers. The measurements are as follows : —

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

. , in. in. in. in.

«. Ad. British Columbia (Zo;-rf) 9 G-8 3-6 VQo

6. Ad. British Columbia (iort?) 8 6-8o 3-5 2

c. Ad. British Columbia (Lord) 9-5 67 3-4 1-95

California. One specimen before me from this countrj- seems to
be a younger bird ; it is of a dark earthy brown, covered with little
oval .spots of sandy buff', the crown-spots rather more longitudinal
than those of the back ; the bars on the tail are sandy-coloured also ;
so that I suspect the tail-bands grow whiter with age. Underneath
the same dark tint prevails; the throat-band and sides of chest
earthy brown, mottled with spots and bars of sandy buff or fidvous
white ; the bands on the breast and flanks very broad and rather
rufous, not perceptibly narrowing towards the flanks. Another
specimen, though not adult, is rather older than the one above
mentioned ; the head is slightly barred, and the spots on the upper
plumage whitish, as also the bars on the tail. A third specimen
does not seem to differ from the British-Columbian birds, but is very
bleached. The three above-mentioned specimens have the follo\ving
measurements : —

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.

«. Ad. California 9 7-25 3-5 1-95

6. Imm. California 9-5 Cv5 3-3 l-8o

c. Imm. California 9-.5 7-2 3-7 1-8

(/. Ad. Magdalena Bav (Kelktt ^- 9 6-.5 3-3.5 1-9

TTood).

At the same time I must observe that the birds considered to be
immature by me cannot be very young, judging from Mr. Kidgway's
description of the latter plumage.

Mexico. Specimens from this country a;re the same as the iS^orth-
American ones, and I cannot see any difference at all. In three
specimens procured from Mr. Boucard, two have rather broader bands
on the breast, being probably younger birds. They measure as fol-
lows : —

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. ip, in.

a. cf ad. Puebla {Buucard) 9 645 3-2 1-85

h. Ad. W. Me.xico 9 08 3-5 1-75

c. c? ad. Mexico 8 6-5 3-1 1-65

TOL. n. j_

14G BTTIlONIDJi:.

San Domiiujo. The Britisli Museum contains two specimens from
tliis island ; and, after examining them carefully, I fail to find any
pood reason why they should have hcen separated from the ordinary
North-American bird. The bars are narrower on the under surface
when compared with examples from other countries ; hut as I believe
these bars narrow with age, I cannot look upon them as evidencing
specitic distinctness. The under wing-coverts are also spotted with
brown near the outer edge ; but this is a character which seems to
obtain in certain specimens from South America, though at present
I have not seen any from North America which had any markings
on the under wing-coverts.

Total
length. Wing. Tail, Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.

a. Ad. S. Domingo (SallS) 8-o 04 3-1 1-85

b. Ad. S. Domingo (Siille) 8 G-45 3-1 1-75

Uruguay. The iruscum contains a single bird from Maldonado,
collected by Mr. Darwin. It is a dark-coloured bird, and seems to
be identical with the true -S. cunicidaria of Chili,

Total

length.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus

in.

in.

in.

in.

9-5

71

3-6

1-95

a. Ad. Maldonado {Daricin)

Chili. I have examined a series of nine specimens from this
country, all of them collected by Mr. E. C. Reed. Placed side by
side with the North-American skins, they present a very much
darker aspect, and are decidedly larger. I have not as j'et seen
a light-coloured bird from Chili. The bars on the tail vary very
much in number, being five in two specimens, six in the next
two, and seven in the remaining five. This character, therefore,
cannot be regarded as of specific worth ; and, indeed, I think Mr,
llidgway pierfectly right in looking at the Chilian bird as merely a
large rei)resentative form of the North-American Burrowing-Owl.
I give the measurements of the nine Chilian specimens examined
by me.

Tot<Tl

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.

«. Ad. Chm(l^ped) 11-5 7-4 4-1 2-1

b. Ad. Cliili ( Heed) 110 7-2 3-9 2-35

c. Ad. Chili ( Heed) 10 0 7-1 3-8 1-9.5

rf. Ad. Chili (7?«f7) 11-0 7-3 37 1-9

c. Ad. Chili (7.V«7) 10-0 7-1 36 2-0

f. Ad. Chili (AVrt/) 110 7-3 4o 2-0

>. Ad. Chili ( Heed) 10-0 G-95 37 1-9

h. Ad. Chili (Heed) 105 7-3 3-9 1-9

J. Ad. Ch\\i{Hced) 100 7-0 37 1-95

In all the above the character given bj- Mr. Ridgwaj-, of the

9. SPEOTTTO. 147

greater extent of white on the qnills and tail-feathers, holds good ;
and although the character is variable to a great extent, these
southern specimens always seem to have the tarsi more densely
feathered than northern examples.

Peru. Mr. Ridgway separates the Burrowing-Owls of this country
as S. (ji-aUaria (Spix). The difference given for this separation are
the following characters :^" Brown markings of the lower parts
irregularly transverse and ragged. White spots on the upper parts
nearly equal in extent to the brown. Wing 6- 15-6-40, tail 2-90-
3-60, culmen •58--62, tarsus 1-50-1-SO, middle toe 0-65." Three
specimens collected by Mr. Whitely give the following dimen-
sious : —

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.

a. $ ad. Tinta ( Whiteh/) 11-.5 7'8 4-5 2-0

b. c? ad. Tambo ya.\\ey\ fVhiteli/) . 8-5 67 4-3 1-5

c. 2 ad. Tdmhova.llej (W/iiteli/).. 9-0 6-6 — 1-5

The first of these three specimens has seven bars on the tail, and
is identical with the large Chilian form. The Tambo-vaUey ex-
amples are very small, and are much more largelj* spotted with
M'hite than any other birds which have come under my notice ; the
tails are imperfect, but appear to have five bands. They are slightly
darker than the North-American specimens, and are, perhaps, a
small race of the Chilian form.

2. Speotyto guadeloupensis,

Speotvto cunicularia, var. guadeloupensis, Rulfixvay, B. If. Am. iii.
p. 90 (1874) ; Cotces, B. N. W. p. 323.

Adult. Very dark earthy brown, spotted on the entire upper
surface with sandy isabelliue, these spots being much smaller ou
the head and interscapular region, more tlistiuct and larger on the
hind neck ; wing-coverts deeper brown than the back, the least
ones minutely spotted with isabelline, the median and greater
coverts, as well as the scapulars, having larger and paler spots of
the same colour ; primary coverts nearly unifonn blackish brown,
with a slight indication of a single fulvous notch on the outer web ;
quills dark brown, with faintly indicated bars of sandy-buff on the
inner web, represented by a notch of the same colour on the outer
one, these markings more distinct on both webs of the secondaries ;
tail dark earthy brown, crossed with five rows of sandy-buff spots
(counting the terminal band), the basal one very indistinct ; lores
dull white, obscured by blackish bristles ; forehead and a narrow
superciliary streak sandy buff; ear-coverts very dark brown, slightly
shaded with fulvous, the feathers under the eye minutely barred
with sandy buff; cheeks huffy white, extending backwards in a
triangular patch behind the ear ; throat and fore neck also huffy
white, separated from each other by a band of dark brown feathers,

1.2

148

liUBONID.i:.

mottled luul barred with sandy isabellinc, like the adjoining sides of
the neck ; rest of under surface bamed with bntfy white and dark
brown in about equal proportions, the whitish bars on the flanks
and abdomen a little the broader ; the sides of the upper breast very-
dark broMn, spotted and barred with huffy white ; thij-h-feathers
deep fulvous, the tarsi very scantily feathered ; under tail-coverts
whitisli, nnspotted ; under wing-coverts ochraccous buff, mottled
with brown markings, the lower scries ochraccous at base, dark
brown at tip, tlius resembling the inner liniiig of the quills, which
are very dark brown, with only four bars on the inner web. Total
length 8-5 inches, wing 0. tail 3, tarsus 1 -45.
Hah. Guadeloupe and S. Nevis, West Indies.

Primaries of <S. guadclou'penus, to show pattern of coloration.
a. Ad. St. S. Nevis. Tho^^. Cottle, R^q. [P.].

Primaries of S. cuniciilaria, to show pattern of coloration.

The specimen described agrees very well with the race called by
Mr. lUdgway Speotyto cnnirvhria, var. (/iiadelovjwnsis ; and coming
from neighbouring islands, these birds are very probably identical.
The above account was written before I had consulted Mr. Ridg-
way's book, and it will be seen how well the main characters agree
with his descriiition. " Primaries without broad or regular bars of
whitish on either web ; primary-coverts plain brown ; brown mark-
ings on the lower parts regularly transverse, and equal in extent to
the white ; white spots on the upper parts very small, reduced to
mere specks on the dorsal region. Wing 6-40, tail 3*40, culmen "60,
tarsus 1-82, middle toe 0-85. Outer tail-feathers and inner webs
of primaries with the light (ochraccous) bars only about one fourth
as wide as the brown (disappearing on the inner quills)."

There is evidently some little difference between the age of Mr.

lU. GYMNASIO. 149

llidgAvay's example and the one in the Museum, witness the greater
appearance of bars on the (piill-lining, and the slight evidence of a
bar on the primary coverts ; the character of the regular transverse
barring of the underparts seems to have struck us both.

The foregoing cuts show the difference in the markings on the
quills and primary-coverts in (S. ninicidaria and S. (juaddoupensis.

10. 6YMNASI0. „

Type.
Gymnasio, Bp. licv. ct Mm/, de Zool. 1854, p. 543 .... G. nudipes.
Gymnoglaux, Cab. J. f. O. 1855, p. 46(5 G. lawreucii.

llancfe. West Indies ; Cuba ; Porto llico ; St. Thomas ; St. Croix.

Key to the Species.

a. Above vermiculated ; tarsi feathered halfway down nudipes, p. 149.

b. Above unifonn, distinctly spotted with white ; tarsi

bare for nearly their entire length lawrcncii, p. 150.

1. Gymnasio nudipes.

Strix nudipes, Duud. Trade, ii. p. 199 ; Vieill. Ois. de I' Am. Sepit. i.

p. 45, t. 16.
Noctua nudipes, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 70 ; Less. Traite, p. 104.
Surnia nudipes, Bp. Oss. Re<jn. An. Ciw. p. 59.
Athene nudipes, Grcij/, Gen. B. i. p. 35 ; tStrickl. Oim. Syn. p. 173.
Suvniuni nudipes, Kuup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 120 ; id. Tr. Z. S. iv.

p. 250.
Gymnasio nudipes, Bp. Her. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 543.
Gynmoglau.x nudipes, A. &,- E. Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 64, t. 1 ; Scl. i^-

Sale. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 328; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 116.
Gymnoglaux newtoui, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 258.
Scops nudipes, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 47.

Adult. Above brown, scarcely vermiculated at all on the upper
surface with darker brown, but verj' distinctly banded across with
dull fulvous, inclining to white on the hinder neck, the feathers
over the eye whitish as well as the loral plumes ; scapulars exter-
nally more broadh' barred Avith butfy white, forming an irregular
spot near the tips of some of the longer feathers ; wing-coverts
more dusky brown than the back, the least ones with a few fid
vescent spots and irregular bars, the median and greater series ver-
miculated with buff near the tips, with indications of a tolerably
distinct subterminal bar of clearer fulvous ; primary-coverts uniform
blackish brown, with a faint indication of buff-coloured spots or
bars of fulvous near the base ; quills dark brown, slightly ver-
miculated with sandy buff on the outer webs, es])ceially on the in-
nermost secondaries, which have also indications td' fulvous cross
bars, the inner webs of the quills with faint bars of asliy brown, a
little more distinct on the secondaries, the corresponding bars on

150 bubonidj:.

the latter quills clearer buff, and incliniiig to white on the primaries,
giving a distinctly chequered appearance to the outer aspect of the
wing ; tail dull brown, vermiculated with sandy buff on the margins
of both webs, and crossed with eight irregular and not conterminous
bars of the same colour, inclining to buffy white on the outer web ;
sides of the face dull brown, barred with sandy buff, the eheek-
feathers white, tipped with brown, and extending backwards in a
triangular patch to behind the ear-coverts ; chin-feathers dull
whitish, barred across with dusky brown ; rest of under surface
white, the feathers slightly vermiculated with dark brown, and
barred across with sandy buff, many of the feathers broadly streaked
down the centre with dark brown, the white predominating more
and more on the under surface towards the' under tail-covcrts, which
are entirely white, excepting a few brown vermiculations at the
tip ; the chest much more dusky than the breast, and inclining to
sandy buff, barred with dull brown, and here and there with white ;
leg-feathers sandy buff, with distinct bars of dull brown on the inner
face, the outer aspect whiter ; bill horn-colour, palest at the tip ;
legs and toes pale brown, the claws horn-colour ; iris bright hazel.
Total length 8 inches, wing 6-05, tail 3-4, tarsus 1-3, bare part of
latter 0-9.

" The female bird seems to be more rufous than the male, with the
breast and belly not so thickly mottled ; but as we have only two
specimens which seem to be fully adult to judge from, these distinc-
tions may be the result of age rather than of sex." {Newton I. c.)

Hab. Antilles ; islands of Porto Eico, St. John, and St. Croix.

s. Ad. St. Island of St. John. Edward Newton, Esq. [P.].

2. Gjnnnasio lawrencii.

Noctua nudipes, Lanheye, Aves Cuba, p. 23, pi. 4. tig. 2.
Gymnoglaux nudipes, Cab. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 4C5; Zmvr. Ann. Lye.

N. Y. vii. p. 257.
Gymnoglaux lawrencii, Scl Sj- Sah. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 328, pi. xxix. ;

iid. Xomend. Av. Neotr. p. 117.
Scops lawrencii, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 47.

Adult. General colour above brown, slightly tinged with rufous
or lighter brown, with which the feathers are more or less distinctly
margined ; h^^ad nearly uniform, excepting for the dark centres to
the feathers, the hind neck minutely spotted with white, a few spots
of which are seen on the occiput ; the white spots on the sides of the
neck rather larger, those on the back fulvescent, irregular in shape,
and more or less concealed ; the scapulars with larger white spots
externally; wing-coverts brown like the back, -with very large
spots, the greater series a little darker brown, the spots not so
small ; the primary-coverts uniform dark brown, excepting a slight
wash of ochraceous on the outer web, m hich is also apparent on
some of the other wing-coverts; quUls dark brown, the secondaries

11. JJINOX. 151

lighter, all barretl \vit,li paler brown (more distinct on the secon-
daries), these bars represented on the outer web by a white spot,
larger and more distinct on the primaries ; upper tail-coverts brown,
slightly washed with rufous, and minutely spotted with white : tail
brown, rather paler at tip, and crossed with irregular bars of lighter
brown, of which about three are indicated, being more regular on
the outer feathers, whei'e they are represented by white bars on the
inner web ; facial aspect Avhite, the lores overhung by hair-like
brown bristles ; a white eyebrow very distinct ; frontal plumes also
whitish; ear-coverts brown, surrounded behind by an indistinct
ruff of dark brown feathers, those on the lower part whitisli, mar-
gined with brown, and hence scarcely to be distinguislied from the
white cheeks ; under surface of body white, with narrow streaks of
brown, disappearing gradually on the abdomen, and absent on the
under tail-coverts, which are entirely white ; sides of neck rufous
brown, spotted with white, descending rather on to the fore neck,
and forming a demi-collar ; the centre of the chest and fore neck
white, narrowly streaked with brown ; flanks washed with orange-
buff, and more broadly streaked with broA\-n, thus producing a some-
what mottled appearance; thighs deep orauge-butf; under wing-
coverts fulvous, inclining to ochre on the outer margin, which is
also washed with brown, the lower series fulvous at b;Lse, ashy
brown at tip, thus resembling the inner lining of the quills, which
are ashy brown below, barred with fulvous on the inner web ; bill
greenish yellow, dusky at base ; feet yellow (apparently) ; clawa
horny. Total length 7 inches, wing 5-5, tail 6-1, tarsus 1"35.
{Mus. Paris.)
Hah. Cuba.

11. NINOX*. Typ^

Ninox, Hodgs. Madr. Joum. v. p. 23 (1837) . . N. lugubris.

Hieracoglaux, Kaiip, Ms, 1848, p. 708 N. conuiveus.

Spiloglaux, Kaiip, I. c. \). 7(i8 N. nova; zealandia;.

Cepludoptyux. Kaiiji, Contr. Orii. 1852, p. 105. . N. puuctulata.

Ctenoglaux, Kaup, I. c. p. 109 N. hirsuta.

Rhabdoglaux, Bp. Heo. et Mag. de Zool. 1854,

p. 544 N. strenua.

* I have not examined the following species : —

NiXOX PODAKC.INAt;

Koctm podargina, Ilartl. & Finscb, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 90.

Adult. Pale ferrugiuous red, not very plaiiiij transversely varied auil marked
here and there with small whitish spots; head paler fulvous, iudistiiu'tly
fasciated ; rump and upper tail-coverts more closely spotted with white; on
the wing-coverts some larger spots of white; wings pule rufous; quills witli
fewer and more irregular bands, duller ou the inner web ; tail-feathers pale
rufous, obscurely banded ; breast and abdomen irregularly banded and spotted
on a brighter rufous butf ground ; under wing-coverts banded with whitish
and dusky ; bill p;de ; feet dark. Total length about 1 1 inches, culmen U 8,
wing 6'2, tail .", tarsus 1.

Hab. Pelew Islands.

Drs. Hartlaub and Fiusch (/. r.) give the following remarks on tliis species ;

152

Wing of Ni7iox scutulata, to show proportional length of primaries.

Range. Indian peninsula and Ceylon ; China and Japan : ranging
southwards throughout the Malayan region to Australia and New
Zealand; Madagascar.

Key to the Sj^edes.

a Breast streaJied, each feather broadly centred
with darker coloiu-.
a'. Hind neck not spotted.
a". Wing-coverts uniform, with no rows of
white spots.
a'". Belly white, streaked or largely spotted
with brown.
a*. Head grej^, much lighter than the
back, which is browner ; tail clear

frey, tipped with white, the black
ands in strong contrast.
fl*. Axillaries barred with brown and
white ; breast-spots brown ; size
large ; whig 8-8'75 inches .... luguh-is, p. 154.
h^. Axillaries imiform orange-chest-
nut ; breast-spots chestnut : size

small ; wing G-6o inches affinis, p. 155.

h*. Head dark brown, generally uniform
with the' back, seldom greyer ; tail
dark brown, with blackish brown

bars scutulata, p. 156.

c*. Head light brown, like the back;
tail nearly uniform, with no trace

of bars . /. boobook juv., p. 169.

b"'. Belly dark ochraceous, streaked with

brown ochracea, p. 167.

b". Wing-coverts externally spotted with
white ; outer edge of primaries with

distinct rows of white spots philippetisis, p. 167.

b'. Hind neck spotted.
c". Leg-feathers tawny or fulvous.

— "All our efforts to refer this little Owl to any known species have been with-
out success ; we must therefore consider it to be new. Its nearest ally seems
to be N. Ochracea, Schl., from Celebes. The specimen is in apparently full
dress ; but whether the rufous plumage may be only a phase, as in some other
Owls, we are unable to decide. The light-coloured beak and the half-naked
tarsi and toes, without any hairs, are especially to be noticed."

11. NINOX, 153

v". Wing-coverts uniform, or at the most
slightly spotted with fulvous.
d^. Interscapulium not spotted.

c'. Larger ; wiug 8'(j-10'3 inches ;

ear-coverts darker than cro-^vn . . boobook, p. 108.
a. Darker-coloured and larger in
size, the sides of the neck and
niarlrings of the under surface
deeper and more rufous chest-
nut, boobook.
iS. Lighter-coloured and smaller;
the markings as above more
decidedly ochraceous. a. ocel-
lata.
d^. Smaller ; wing 925 inches ; ear-
coverts grey, like the crown. . . . fttsca, p. 172.
f. Interscapulium spotted,
e*. General colour dark chocolate-
brown ; head general! j' uniform ;
the markings on the under sur-
face deep chocolate novte zealandice, p. 173.

/*. General colour more of a rufous
brown, the head profusely spotted
with white ; markings on under

surface rufescent macuhita, p. 174.

d'". Wing-coverts regularly barred across

with fulvous dimorpha, p. 175.

d". Leg-feathers white or fulvous, streaked
with brown exactlj' like the breast.

e'". Below streaked with brovra cmmivens, p. 175.

/■'". Below streaked with rufous i-ujistrigata, p. 177.

Breast uniform brown.

c'. Secondaries uniform, with no light bars on

the inner web obsnira, p. 177.

d'. Secondai-ies with light bars on the inner

web theomacha, p. 178.

Breast spotted or transversely ban-ed.
e'. Head spotted or ban-ed.

e". Size large ; wing 10-5-18'5 inches.
(J". Beneath whitish, ^vith brown cross
bars ; ear-coverts brown, the fore part

streaked with white strenua, p. 1 78.

/('". Beneath orange or j'eUowish rufous,
ban'ed with reddish brown.
f*. Ear-coverts black ; leg-feathers
orange-buff, indistinctly marked

with brown hnmeralis, p. 180.

g*. Ear-coverts dark brown ; leg-fea- I artwrms, p. 181.

thers uniform buff {franseni, p. 181.

/". Size smaller; wing not exceeding 8-5
inches in length.
i'". Leg-feathers tawny buff.

/(''. Flank-feathers streaked with rufous
brown, mottled with white lateral
spots or markings nxiadnta, p. 174.

154 DUDONID^.

i\ Flank-feathers white, barred with
light brown, like tlio rest of the

under surface stqierciliaris, p. 181.

k'". Leg-feathers white; upper surface

brown, minutely spotted and barred

. with fulvous; sides of body brown

barred with white puncUdata, p. 182.

/■'. Head uniform.

<l". Head dark grey ; back brown hypogramnui, p. l».i.

'/(". Head rufous ; "back rufous.

/'". Belly white, bai-red with brown or

rufous.

h*. Ear-coverts grey ; under surface of

body and under wing-coverts white,

narrowly barred with brown, the

cross bars much narrower than the

white intei-spaces squamipila, p. 184.

/*. Ear-coverts rufous brown, like the
head ; under surface of body white,
broadly barred with orange-rufous,
as well as the under wing-coverts,
the bars being of about the same

width as the interspaces variegata, p. 185.

m'". Belly orange-rufous, with a few

rufous brown bars hantu, p. 1 85.

d Breast uniform cream-colour: upper surface

barred Ueniuta, p. 18G.

1. Ninox lugubris.

Strix lugubris, Tickell, J. A. S. B. ii. p. 573.

Ninox nipalensis, Hodgs. Madr. Journ. v. p. 24, pi. 14.

Otus lugubris, Jerd. Madr. Juiirn. x. p. 87.

Ninox lugubris, Blyth, Ann. N. II. xii. pp. 93, 231 ; Sharpc, Ihis,

1875, p. 258.
Niuox jeridius, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82.
Ninox scuteUatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 511 ; Jcnl. B. Ind. i.

p. 147 ; Hume, Rotigh Notes, ii. p. 420.
Athene hirsuta, Bmiap. Consp. i. p. 41.
Ninox madagascariensis, Bonap. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 543 ;

Ilai-tl. Faun. Madag. p. 22; Gurneij, Ibis, 18G9, p. 453.
Noctua hirsuta, Schl. Mus. P.-B., Striges, p. 25.
Athene lugubris. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 41.
Athene madagascariensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 42.

Adult female. Above ashy brown, the head very much greyer, the
sides of the face and neck being decidedly light grey ; forehead,
lores, fore part of cheeks and chin very conspicuously white, tlie
loral plumes with hair-like black shaft-lines ; feathers round the
eye greyish ; scapulars marked externally with large bars of white,
not very distinct, and often half concealed ; upper wing-coverts
ashy brown like the back, the outer median coverts and the primary-
coverts deeper and more inclining to sejjia-brown ; quills dark brown,
a little deeper than the back, barred across with light ashy or greyish

11. NINOX. 155

brown, inclining to whitish on the onter wch of some of the pri-
maries and inner secondaries, most of which arc narrowly tipped
with white, tail very pale greyish brown, inclining to Avliite at the
base, and also tipped with white, crossed with six blackish brown
bands ; under surface of body white, the throat yellowish buff,
streaked longitudinally with greyish brown, the chest broadly
streaked with rufescent brown, the abdomen spotted, and each
feather subterminally barred with the same ; under tail-coverts
pure white, the basal ones with a few brownish bands ; leg-feathers
rufous brown, very slightly mottled with wliitish cross markings ;
under wing-coverts white, barred across with dark brown, the outer-
most almost entirely brown, the edge of the wing white ; the greater
series dusky greyish brown, barred with buffy white, thus resembling
the inner lining of the wing, which is greyish brown, barred with
buffy white on the inner web, these bars inclining to fulvous near
the base ; cere and bill green, the tip of the latter dusky ; feet
greyish or reddish yellow ; ii'is bright golden yellow. Total length
13*5 inches, wing 945, tail 5-7, tarsus 1-35.

Adult nude. Smaller than the female, and having only five blackish
bands on the tail. Total length 11-5 inches, wing S-5, tail 5-6,
tarsus 1-15.

Ilab. Indian peninsula and Himalayas.

a. 2 ad. sk. Darjiling. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Purchased.

c. (S (?) ad. sk. Futtegurh, Aug. 2, 1873. A. Anderson, Esq. [C.l.

d. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

e. Juv. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. IP.'.

f. (J. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
h. Ad. sk. Malabar. Purchased.

Ohs. Having examined the type of Nino.v madagascariensis in the
Paris Museum, I failed to see the slightest difference between this
supposed Madagascar species and ordinary Nino.v Ingubi-is of the
Himalayas ; and therefore I unite them, believing that some mistake
as to locality has arisen. At the same time it must bo remembered
that the Cuckoo ( Ciiadus rochi) from Madagascar is almost inse-
parable from that of the Himalayas ; and therefore it is by no means
improbable that a J^iinox may appear in that island. Eut at present
the evidence is against such a genus being found there ; for none of the
recent travellers have found an example. The more " guttate '' spots
of which Mr. Guniey (Ibis, 1869, p. 453) speaks, are, in my opinion,
only a sign of maturity ; for in all the species of Ninox the markings
on the bell}- appear to be at first streaked and afterwards to break
up into spots, perhaps without an actual moult of the feather.

2. Niuox affinis.

Ninox affinis, Bcdvan, Ibis, 1867, pp. olG, 334 ; Hume, Rouyh Notes,
ii. p. 421 ; W(dden, Ibis, 1874, p. 129, pi. v. ; Hume, Sir. F. 1874,
p. 152 ; Sharjie, Ibis, 1875, p. 259.

156 iJUBaNIDJE.

Athene affinis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 42.

Ninox birsuta, Ball, Str. F. 1 873, p. 54.

Adult male. Above rather light chocolate-brown, the head and
hind neck more ashy g:rey than the back, the entii-o upper surface
being uniform, excepting a few half-con eealed fulvous markings on
the scapulars ; lores and a few of the frontal feathers white, with
long black shaft-streaks, terminating in elongated bristles ; fore part
of cheeks also whitish, but the car-coverts greyish chocolate, like
the head ; chin whitish, streaked with brown ; fore neck rufous
brown, with scarcely any appearance of darker streaks ; rest of under
surface whitish, broadly streaked with chestnut-red, some of the
feathers on the breast and ilanks having these streaks somewhat in-
clining to dark brown ; leg-feathers orange-buff; under tail-coverts
white ; under wing-coverts uniform deep tawny or chcstiuit, the
outermost of the lower series dark sepia-brown, resembling the iruier
lining of the quills, which are sepia-brown, barred with fulvous on
the inner web ; upper mng-coverts uniform brown like the back,
but a little more washed with rufous ; primary-coverts uniform sepia-
brown ; quiUs brown, numerously barred with darker brown, and
washed with rufous on the outer web, especially on the outer edge
of the lighter interspaces ; upper taU-coverts dark brown, barred
with fulvous ; tail-feathers rather light brown, paler at tip, and
crossed with five bands of blackish brown, none of them so broad as
the interspace ; bill yellowish ; feet pale yeUow ; iris pale yellow.
Total length 10 inches, wing 6-65, tail 4-3, tarsus 5-15. (Mus.
Walilen.)

3. Ninox scutulata.

Strix scutidata, Bajl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 280 (1822).

Strix hirsuta, Teinm. PL Col. i. pi. 289 (1824).

Noctua hu'suta, Stejih. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 66.

Sm-nia hirsuta, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 110.

Athene malaccensis, Ei/tun, Ann. iV. J£. xvi. p. 228.

Athene scutulata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35 ; Kelaart, Prodr. Faun.

Zeyl. p. 28 ; Horsf. > Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E. J. Co. i. p. 68 ;

Strickl. Orn. Syn.'^. 170; Wall. Lbis, 1868, p. 22.
Strix hirsuta japouica, ScJtl. Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 29, pi. 9 b.
Athene husuta, Bp. Consp. i. p. 41 ; Gray, ILind-l. B. i. p. 41 ; Pelz.

Voy. Novara, Aves, p. 26.
Athene japonica, Bp. Consp. i. p. 41 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 42.
Athene borneensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 41 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 42 ;

Pelz. Voy. Kovara, Voy. p. 26 ; IVall. Lbis, 1868, p. 22.
Ctenoirlaux scutellatus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 109, et Tr. Z. S.

iv. p. 219.
Ninox japonicus, Bp. Ltev. et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 54^3 ; JVaklen, Tr.

Z. S. viii. p. 40; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 343 ; Sharpe, Lbis, 1875,

p. 259.
Ninox liiisutus, Bp. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 543; Holdsiv.

P. Z. -S'. 1872, p. 418 ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, pp. 151, 469, et 1875,

p. 441.

1 1, xixox. 157

Ninox Ixirneensis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 543 ; Walden,

His, 1872, p. 18; Salvarl. Ucc. Born. p. 18.
Noctua hirsuta japonica, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Strides, p. 24.
Noctua liii-suta borneensis, Schl. t. c. p. 24.
Athene Horensis, Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 488 ; id. Ihis, 1868, p. 23 ;

Oriiy, ILiiid-l. B. i. p. 41.
Noctua birsuta minor, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 2o.

Adult (type of Athene malaccensis*). Above deep chocolate-brown,
the head slighth- darker, the scapulars with concealed white bars ;
■wing-coverts exactly like the back and equally unifonn, the pri-
mary-coverts blackish, quills dark brown, slightly washed externally
with ochre, the primaries inclining to rufous ochre towards their
tips, all the wing-feathers nearly uniform, with no lighter cross
bands, the inner secondaries barred -with white, but these bars
entirely concealed ; upper tail-coverts uniform chocolate-brown Kke
the back ; tail-feathers ashy brown, rather paler at tips, and crossed
■with five blackish bands (one basal and concealed) ; sides of face
chocolate-brown, as also the sides of the neck, the latter slightly
washed with rufous ; forehead and lores whitish, the latter obscured
by blackish shaft-lines ; chin whitish, slightly streaked with brown ;
rest of under surface rufous chocolate, the throat washed with ])uff,
the breast varied with white, generally as if streaked, the margins
to the feathers being whitish ; on the abdomen the white predomi-
nating and cutting across the feather, so as to form an oval spot of
brown at the tips of the abdominal plumes, leg-feathers brown ;
under taU-coverts whitish ; under wing-covcrts rufous chocolate,
the inner feathers washed and barred with ochraceous buff, the edge
of the wing whitish ; the greater series sepia-brown, nearly uniform,
excepting for a few ochi-aceous bars near the base, thus resembling
the inner lining of the wing, which is sepia-brown, with a few
ochraceous bars near the base of the quills. Total length 12-5
inches, wing 8-4, tail 4-8, tarsus 1-1.

Ohs. In the Transactions of the Zoological Society (viii. p. 40)
Lord Walden has already clearly shown the confusion which reigns
with regard to the various species of Nino.v, thereby induciug me
to paj- particular attention to this subject. I have examined the
series of specimens in the Norwich Museiim (to the authorities of
which I return my best acknowledgments) and in the collection of
Mr. Swinhoe ; and I think that I cannot do better than place before
my readers the results of my studies of the bu'ds from different
localities.

India. The Museum contains a tolerable series from the Hima-
layas, the measurements being as follows: —

* This bird is described as being most probably the same as the typical
Sumatran N. scutulata (Raffl.).

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

111.

111.

lu.

8-0*

4-6

11

8

5

105

8-6

5-4

1-15

8-2

5-6

115

8-3

5-0

105

8-55

5-5

115

8-5

5-6

11

8-55

5-0

115

8-75

5

115

—

51

1-05

158 nuBONiD-E.

Total

length.

in.

a. Ad. Fiittefiiirh (Anderson) lO'S

I). 5 iul. Futte<;iirli ( Anderson) 10

c. Ad. Darjilinp {Mus. Brit.) 12

d. Ad, Darjiling {Mm. Brit.) 11

c. Ad. Nepal (ifw^r/sw*) 12

/. Ad. Nepal {Hodgson) 12-5

q. Ad. Nepal {Hodgson) 11-5

)(. Ad. Nepal {Hodgson) 11-5

i. Ad. India {Mns. Stoinhoe) 12-2

k. Ad. India {Miis. Norv.) 11

It will be seen below that in point of size the Chinese and Hima-
lavan species are very closely allied ; but the latter is quite a distinct
bird. Mr. Andrew Anderson marks a specimen as " young " which ap-
pears to me to be quite old ; and I mention this because it is a ques-
tion to be decided by field observers in India. The Indian species is
light-coloured, and when fully adult has a grey head, with a good
deal of white about the face and cheeks. I do not know whether
it ever has a striped abdomen ; but, from the variations in the form
of the central markings on the breast-feathers, I should expect that
the young birds are streaked in their first plumage, and that these
broad streaks break up, leaving subterminal spots. The uniformity
of the first primary and the lower series of wing-coverts is also a
character which we might expect to find in the young stages, these
feathers being barred in the older birds. I leave these points to
the consideration of some of ray Indian fellow workers to determine.
The tail-bands vary in the series under examination from 5 to 6.

Malabar. The only specimen which I have seen is one recently
brought to the Museum by Mr. Whitely. Mr. Jerdon has united
all the Indian birds under one title ; and in this he is generally fol-
lowed. Lord Walden seems to hint (vide p. 157) that the Hima-
layan bird, Ninox nipalcims of Hodgson, is distinct from the species
of the peninsula of India, N. htguhris, Tickell ; and I incline to the
behef that the two are distinct : with only one specimen, however,
it is impossible to decide ; but the Malabar skin is more nearly
allied to the Ceylon bird than to the Himalayan. Total length
II inches, wing 8, tail 4-G, larstis 1-1.

Ceylon. Three specimens are before me, all apparently adult.
The Ccjion birds present a very marked fades, being very dark-
coloured, and having the abdominal spots large and distinct but very
thickly distributed ; this gives a dark appearance to the underparts.
First primary uniform in all three specimens. The bars on the tail
vary in each bird, being respectively 5, 6, and 7 in number.

* Marked by Mr. Anderson as 7'7 in the flesh : perhaps we measure in a
different way ; and I liad better state, therefore, that in the present work all tlie
wings of the small Owls are measured with compasses, those of the larger
species with a tape.

7-55

4-8

105

7-4

4-5

1-1

7-55

4-7

1-05

11. NINOX. 159

Tot<al

lengtli. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. ill. in. in.

«. Ad. Ceylon (Cumhif/) 10-5

b. Ad. Ceylon (Mus. Korv.) 10-5

e. Ad. Columbo (Sunnhoc) 11-5

I subjoin a detailed description made from a Ceylonese specimen ;
and if proved to be distinct, the bird •will bear the title of Ninox
Jiirsiita (Tomm.).

Adult. Above uniform deep chocolate-brown, the head slightly
darker and more blackish ; sides of face uniform with crown, the
lores dull whitish at base, but the frontal feathers more distinctly
whitish ; scapulars marked with large white sjjots, extending on to
both webs ; upper tail-coverts with a few scarcely distinguishable
whitish spots ; wing-coverts coloured like the back, and perfectly
uniform, the primary-coverts blackish ; quills dark chocolate-brown,
the primaries with a few nearly obsolete bands of light brown,
shading off into greyish on the outer web, the inner secondaries
barred vnth white on each web, some of them being concealed ;
tail-feathers clear ashy brown, plainlj- tipped with white, and
crossed with five black bands on the centre feathers, six on the
outer ones ; throat dusky chocolate, streaked with ochraceous, with
which colour some of the feathers are margined ; remainder of
under surface dark chocolate-brown, the breast-feathers being mar-
gined with white, producing a streaked appearance; the abdomen
broadly barred with white, the brown spots slightly tinged with
rufous ; leg-feathers brown, mottled with fulvous bars and streaks ;
under tail-coverts white, with a few blackish spots ; under wing-
coverts deep chocolate-brown, slightly barred with ochi-e, the edge
of the wing white, the greater series sejaa-brown, thus resembling
the inner lining of the wing, which is almost uniform brown, only
the secondaries having a few fulvescent bars near the base ; bill
green ; feet dingy yellow ; iris yeUow. Total length 12 inches,
wing 8-1, tail o-l, tarsus 1'05.

JVicobar Islands. Lord Walden has kindly lent me a female col-
lected on Trinkut bj' Captain Wimberley ; and I am unable to sepa-
rate it from Burmese specimens of N. scuUdata. It has remains of
fulvous bars near the base of the first primary, and has six bars on
the tail. Total length 12 inches, wing 7*4, tail 5, tarsus 1-05. It
seems to be rather smaller than the Burmese birds ; and that is all
the difference I can trace.

China. I have examined a good series of Ninox japonicus, which
I will treat of in the order of their localities. I have not j'et seen a
typical Japanese example.

PeMng. The Norwich Museum contains a specimen obtained at
Peking by Mr. Whitcly. It is a bird of large size ; and the head
varies very little in colour from the rest of the upper surface. Dark
bars on tail five. Tarsus tolerably well-feathered to within about (1-3

160 lirBoxiDJC.

inch of the base of midille toe. The following is a description of tliis
specimen, which I take to be the trnc N. jctponka (Schl.) : —

Adult. Above chocolate-brown, the head slightly darker than the
back, the scapnlars with half-concealed bars and spots of white, very-
large, and in some instances nearly traversing the feathers ; wing-
coverts nniform chocolatc-})rown, as also the primary-coverts ; quills
dark brown, barred with paler brown, some of the lighter bars in-
clining on the outer web to fulvous, the bars on the secondaries much
less distinct and narrower, except on the inner web, where they are
broader and fulvous white ; upper tail-coverts uniform like the back ;
tail light brown, tipped narrowly with whitish, and crossed with five
bands of darker brown, the subterminal one rather broader than the
others ; lores and frontal plumes whitish, with hair-like blackish
bristles directed forwards over the nostrils ; cheeks and chin whitish,
with dark brown streaks, the rest of the under surface pure white,
thickly streaked -with dark brown, the centres to the feathers being
of this colour and very broad, but narrowing towai'ds the base of the
plume, and often severing the central streak into two spots, the
subterminal one being generally oval in shape, and forming on the
flank-feathers lateral bars of white ; leg-feathers brown, mottled
with fidvous ; under tail-coverts pure white, with a few brown
markings down the centre of some of the feathers ; under wing-
coverts brown, streaked with fulvous, the inner ones especially ful-
vescent, the median series and the axillars white, barred or spotted
with brown, the lower series dark brown, spotted with fulvous bars
on the inner web, resembling the inner lining of the quills, which
are dark brown below, barred with fulvous on the inner web. Total
length 11 inches, wing 8'6, tail 5, tarsus 1'0,5.

C'hefoo. From this place Mr. Swinhoe has three specimens, col-
lected in May 1873 and on the 15th of October 1874. Two of them
have five, but the third six bands on the tail ; the chief peculiarity
lies iu the reddish shade on the wing-coverts, which are thereby
decidedly lighter than the back. The under surface of the body is
very thickly streaked with rufous chocolate, the lower flanks barred
with this colour ; and from the mai'kings on the abdomen it is evi-
dent that this change from broad central streaks to terminal spots
is gained not by a moult, but by a gradual change in the pattern of
the feather. The immature birds seem to have at the same time
remains of fulvous on the breast, the margins to the feathers being
of this colour. One of the male specimens killed at C'hefoo in May
is not so rufous on the wings as the other, and has the first primary
perfectly uniform.

Foochow. Three of Mr. Swiuhoe's specimens obtained here are in
the Norwich Museum. Two of them resemble the Chefoo birds
almost exactly, having the first primary unbarred. The third spe-
cimen, however, is different from any yet examined by me, for the
general colour of the back is rufous brown, the head more greyish,
and contrasting with the rest of the upper surface ; the first primary
is plainly barred below. The bauds on the tail in all three speci-

n. NINOX. 161

mens are five in number ; but the tail is shaded with rufous in the
reddish brown bird, grey in the others.

Fokien. In the British Museum is a specimen, presented by Mr.
Gould, which is thoroughly intermediate between the rufous and
grey plumages mentioned in the foregoing paragraph. The general
colour of the bird is the usual chocolate-brown ; but it is shaded with
rufous on the back, and has the hind neck decidedly rufous. The
bands on the tail are five, and the abdominal streaks are well broken
up and the spots distinct. The first primary is nearly uniform, but
has indications of apparently developing bars of rufous on the inner
web.

Formosa. A specimen is in the Norwich Museum procured from the
Maison Verreaux, but bearing no evidence of Mr. Swinhoe's collect-
ing. It seems to be not quite adult, and has the scapulars rather
browner than the back, the concealed white spots being for the most
part tinged ^vith fulvous ; the wings decidedly rufescent : tail with
five bars ; bars on first primary pretty plain ; abdominal streaks of
irregular shape, with the subtcrminal spot nearly separate in some
feathers.

Amoi/. I have examined two specimens from Amoy, collected by
Mr. Swinhoe. They are both in the oi'dinary chocolate plumage,
with no perceptible difterence in the colour of the head ; the wings
also are not particularly rufescent. Bands on taU five. The stripes
on the abdomen in both specimens are in process of dissolution ; but
one (killed in Xovcmber 1866) seems to be a little younger than the
other, for it has a decided fulvous tinge on the under parts, and the
first primary has no bars ; whereas the other specimen is not so
fulvescent below, and has indications of bars on the first primary.

Tingcliow. The single bird in Mr. Swinhoe's collection fi'om this
locaUty was killed in August 1867, and is smaller than any of the
other Chinese specimens yet examined {cf. table of measurements
given below). It seems to be a fully adiilt bird, with the spots on
the abdomen thoroughly separate and the chest-streaks narrowed.
The colour is uniform chocolate, the head resembling the back, the
wings with a scarcely perceptible rufous tinge. Bars on tail six,
the basal one completely hidden by the tail-coverts. First primary
with distinct fulvous bars on the inner web.

Haitian. Mr. Swinhoe collected a male and female in this island
on the 29th of March, 1868. The former is the smaller bird ; but
otherwise thej' resemble each other, both being nearly unifonn cho-
colate, with very little rufous on the wings. They are both some-
what washed with fulvous below, and have each five bars on the tail,
the streaks on the abdomen being irregular in shape and breaking
up into spots, and the bars on the first primary are plainly to be
seen.

The following are the general measurements of the series ex-
amined : —

It

\2

BirB0NIDJ5.

Total

leiin;tli.

Wing.

Tail.

Tai-su

in.

in.

in.

in.

a.

Ad.

Vekmg (White!,/) ....

11

H-G

5

1-05

b.

d iHl.

(Ihof'oo (Siriii/uic) ....

12-5

9-1

5-4

115

c.

rf ad.

Cliefoo (Swi)ihoe) ....

12

8-9

5-3

11

d.

Ad.

Chefoo (Swiiihoc) ....

12-0

8-8

5-4

11

e.

Ad.

Foochow (Stvinhoe) . .

11

7-9

4-9

105

f.

Ad.

Foochow ( SwmJiuc) . .
Foochow (Swinhoe) . .

11

8-3

5-2

105

ff-

Imin.

11-5

8-4

51

1

h.

Inim.

Fokien (Mns. Brit.) . .

11

8-35

4-9

1

i.

Ad.

Amoy (Swinhoe) ....

11

8-5

4-9

115

k.

Juv.

Amoy (Swinhoe) ....

11

8-4

5

1

I.

? vix ad.

Formosa (Mus. Norv.)

10-5

8-3

5

1

m

Ad.

Tingchow (Sivinhoe) . .

10

8

4-8o

1

n.

cJad.

Hainan (Swinhoe) ....

10

8-05

4-8

1

0.

2 ad.

Hainan (Swinhoe) ....

10

8-5

4-8

1-05

From a comparison of the Chinese birds it appears that those
from the southern portion of the empire are rather smaller, and
appear to me to have the feathering of the tar.sus extended a little
more to the base of the toes ; but this character, even if constant, is
very slightly developed, and by no means easy to affirm with cer-
tainty. The younger birds appear to me to be more rufescent, and
to have, as a rule, the bars on the fu'st primary less plainly dis-
tinguishable.

Eastern Kiangsi. A male procured by Pere David in this district,
and now in the Paris Museum, recalls exactly Mr. Swinhoe's Hainan
and Tingchow specimens : breast streaked and tinged with fulvous ;
abdomen spotted, the spots commencing to occur also on the lower
breast ; first primary with a few bars ; tail with five bars. Total
length 10-5 inches, wing 8-3, tail 4-7, tarsus 1-05.

Yun-nan. Dr. Anderson obtained a male bird at Quaylom, on the
banks of the Tah-peng river, on the 3rd of February, 1S75. It has
no bars on the first primary, but has five bands on the tail. Total
length 11 inches, wing 8*5, tail 5-1, tarsus 1-2.

Burmah. Only three specimens have come under my notice from
this locality, two of them being lent to me by Dr. Anderson. A bird
from Bhamo is apparently adult, and has the first primaiy uniform,
with four bands on the tail. Total length 12 inches, wing 8-4, tail
5"25, tarsus 1'15. A female from Sawaddy, Upper Burmah, has
distinct fulvous bars on the first primary, and six bars on the tail.
Total length 12-5 inches, wing 8-2, tail 5-4, tarsus 1-2. Another
specimen from Rangoon has the first primary uniform, except for
indications of fulvous bars near the extreme base ; tail with five
bands, but one of the middle feathers having six bands and no white
tip. Total length 11-5 inches, wing 8*1, tail 5-5, tarsus 1-15.

Cochin China. Two specimens are in the Paris Museum from this

* Altliougli labelled with a ticket of Mr. Swinlioe's, this specimen bears every
trace of being a Malaccan skin, and, as will be seen on comparison, it agrees
exactly with the Malayan bird in measnrcments. I think it very probable that
the ticket has been accidentally changed on this bird.

11. NINOX.

163

country The first, obtained by Diard, resembles Mr. Swinhoe's
bouth-China birds: the spots on the under surface everywhlrrvery
distinct and regular, forming bars across the feathers; bands on tS
four, mth no perceptible trace of a fifth ; first primary with aXtinct
Mvous bar near the base. Total length 12 inches, ling 8-2^ aU
5-4, tarsus M Another specimen, coUected by Germain is rather
younger than the foregoing, the chest being wasLd wrMvous and
broadly streaked with brown, the belly having a more spotTed
appearance and being more broken up intJ spots and bTrs fi S nri

S7s x\'" "iW r^ tbTf r V''^^ ^"^ '''' ^-' -5i i;dttfons"
ot a sixth lotal length 11-5 inches, wing 8, taU 5-5 tarsus M

Suan A bird obtained at Bangkok by Boe^urt was exaSned by

me m the Paris Museum. It is evidently rather a young™ thi

breast being stiU broadly streaked, the abdomen spottedf first pri-

a hlth. Total length 11-5 inches, wing 7-7, tail 5, tarsus M The

finement,^^ ^^" "' '^"'" ^'''^'''' "^ ^'^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^ con-

Mdacca Birds from this locality are generally known as Ninov

malaccens^s (Eyton), which is most probaUy identical with hf true

N. snuulata of .Sumatra. I have carefuUy compared the Malaccan

examples to ascertain whether they are distinct from the Chinese

"e oXtrntir' ^^/^'^thei^like many other kinds of Mrds they

are onlj the northern form occurring in Malacca during migration

In the seven specimens before me five bauds are apparent oth;

tail one or two bearing distinct traces of a sixth bisalbar and

although the general crushed-up formation of a Malacca sSn'o-ives

hem a smaller appearance, they will be found to be reaUy only a

^"S^^l ' ^'" ^'^^^^^^^^ ""^^^« '^ -p-^^° ^- -^~^

Totallength. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

«. Ad. Malacca (7JW/««A Ti-5 7.« ^k ?'.

6. Ad. Malacca (C/»«rW) .' 11.5 7.0 L \'^

c. Ad. Malacca \mus. Bril.) n 71 H ] ,,

*?. Ad. Malacca (.1^«,.^n<.) }} 7.0 f? I'^f

c Ad. Singapore {Mus. Norv.) .... 10-5 7-5 4-n 1

/. Ad. femgapore (Mus. Norv.) .... 10-5 7-3 4-«5 ?

g. Juv. Penang ( Cantor) 10 6-9 |.f J.^^

In nearly all the above specimens the first primary is uniform •
only on one does there appear to be a trace of f!ilvous km iTas
this specimen has a distinctly spotted abdomen, these two eham ters
seem to be dependent on maturity. <^Jiaracteis

Camhoja. The single skin that I have seen from this country wa,
collected by the late M. Mouhot, and now belongs to tSES

^?"tan5-l ta"""rr ^*^"°-r*°^-l length^O-oinehes'S^
iS, tail 5-1, arsus 1. In general appearance it is like the Soutl^"
China examples and is adult, with a distinctly spotted abdomen •
firs^mmary mottled with fulvous near the base! but not diftiSy'

Borneo. A skin obtained by Mr. Wallace at Sarawak is in the

m2

164 uriiONiDj!;.

Museum, aud it agrees best, at first sight, with the examples obtained
in Hainan bj- Mr. Swinhoe. The bird is adult, ha'snng several
distinct siibtorminal spots on the abdomen and burs on the first pri-
mary. Altliougli the general colour is rather light brown, there is
verj- little of a rufous shade even on the wings. Ears on tail four;
but I can discover traces of a fifth basal one, now apj)arently nearly
dissolved. Total length ll"o inches, wing 8-5, tail 5, tarsus 1-1.

The Norwich iluseum contains a specimen from Borneo which is
rather more rufous than the foregoing Sarawak bird. Ears on tail
five, with faint traces of a sixth basal bar ; first primary uniform ;
streaks on under surface rather narrow, and several abdominal spots
distinctly developed.

In the Paris Museum I also exaniiued a female specimen of a
Bornean jS'ino.v, purchased from the ilaison Verreaux. The abdo-
minal spots were very large, and in general resembling the Labuan
skins in the British Museum ; first primary with t^^■o or three faintly
indicated bars ; bands on tail four, with no trace of a fifth. Total
length 10 inches, A\ing S-5, tail 4-1, tarsus 0-95.

The following is a descrijition of Mr. Wallace's specimen : —

Adult. Above uniform deep chocolate-brown, with scarcely any'
variations at all on the u])pcr surface, beyond a few nearly concealed
white spots on the scapulars ; wing-covci+s uniform with the back,
the small ones on the edge of the outer wing white, forming a spot ;
primary-coverts blackish ; quills dark brown, paler and more rufous
on the outer edge, the innermost secondaries with a few half-con-
cealed white spots and bars observable on disarranging the feathers ;
upper tail-coverts uniform with the back ; tail ashy brown, narrowly
tipped with whitish and crossed with four broad blackish bands, the
subterminal interspaces slightly broader than the others ; facial
aspect dusky and uniform with the head, scarcely any shade of buff
or whitish being apparent on the foi'chead or lores ; throat and
chest equally obscure, being dark brown like the ear-coverts, the
chin very scantily streaked with white, and the chest having a few
white streaks where some of the plumes are margined witli dull
white ; rest of under surface rufous chocolate, varied with white, the
bases and margins to the feathers being of the latter colour and the
centres chocolate, varying in width and ])roducing a more or less
streaked appearance ; under tail-coverts white, with brownish marks
at the tips of a few of the feathers ; leg-feathers unifoi-m deep cho-
colate ; under wing-coverts nearly uiaform deep chocolate, some of
the inner ])lumes varied with deep oebraccous bars, the lowest series
nearly uniform sepia-brown, with a few ochraceous spots near the
base, resembling thus the inner lining of the wing, which is sepia-
brown barred on the inner web with pale brown, inclining gradually
to ochraceous towards the base of the inner web. Total length 10*8
inches, wing 7-5, tail 4-4, tarsus 1-1.

Labuan. Four specimens collected by Mr. Low are in the Museum,
adults and sHghtly younger birds. They are all remarkable for
their very dark coloration, the scapular sjjots being very few and in
one specimen entirely wanting. The head, sides of face, sides of

11. NINOX. IGo

iieik and chest iirc aliuust uuiformly brown together, so that the
appoaiancc of the tore part of tlie bodj' is very dark. Two specimens
I take to be adult and the olher two rather younger, because of the
more streaked character of the abdomen. All of them have the first
primary perfectly }dain ; and in the one I consider the youngest of
the four there are no bars either on the first or second primary ; in
the others there are faint traces of fulvous bars on the inner web of
the second.

Total Bars on

leugtli. Wiug. Tail. Tarsus. tail,

in. ill. ill. ill.

a. Ad. Labuan (Low) 10 7-1 4 1 5

6. Ad. Labuau (Zo(t') 10-5 7-3 4 1 5

e. Ad. Labuan (Zow) 11 71 4-2 1 4

(I Juv. Labuan {Luw) 10 7-1 4 0-95 5

In the last three specimens there is a trace of even another basal
bar to the tail. The JVinox of Labuan is quite as distinct as any of
the other races, and if the dark coloration is constant will perhaps
be found worthy of the title of iV. hbuitnensis.

Flores. Mr. Wallace obtained a single male bird in this island
in 1802. It is the type of his Athene Jlorensis, but seems not
ditferent from Chinese examples. It is adidt, with a plainly barred
primary ; bars on tail five; abdominal spots distinct; on the wing-
covei-ts a slight wash of rulbus, one of them having a concealed white
spot. Total length 12-5 inches, wing 9-1, tail 5"5, tarsus 1'2.

Mr. 8wiuhoe's Chefoo specimens match this bird, large as are its
dimensions. The accompanying description has been prepared from
the type : —

Adult male. Above uniform chocolate-brown, the head not darker
than the back, the uniformity only broken by a few broad white
bars on the scapulars, these also being generally half-concealed ;
wing -coverts brown like the back, but very distinctly washed
with clay-colour or ochraceons ; primary-coverts blackish ; quills
dark brown, slightly washed with rufous on the enter edges and
barred across with lighter brown, these light bars rather inclining to
ochraceons on their outer edges, the inner secondaries barred with
white on both webs, the bars showing when the plumage is disar-
ranged ; ujiper tail-coverts uniform chocolate-brown like the back ;
tail paler and more ashy brown, tipped with whitish and crossed with
five blackish bands; ear-co\crts uniform with the head, but exhibiting
slight remains of ochraceons shaft-streaks ; forehead slightly white ;
lores whitish, obscured by blackish shaft-lines ; fore part of cheeks
and throat bufi'y white, narrowly streaked with brown ; rest of
under surface whitish, becoming more fulvescent on the abdomen,
the whole broadly streaked with chocolate-brown in the centre, in-
clining to rufous on the abdomen ; leg-feathers fulvous, mottled with
small brown markings ; under tail-coverts bufly white, the lower
ones marked with oval spots of dark brown ; under wing-coverts
dark chocolate-brown barred with ochraceons bufi', the edge of the
wiug whitish, the lower series seiiia-brown like the wing-lining,

166

BUBONID^.

and, like the inner lining of the quills, barred with fulvous. Total
length 12-5 inches, wing 9-7, tail 5-8, tarsus 1-3.

Having thus carefully examined a large number of these Owls,
I believe that there are only three forms to be distinguished speci-
fically— two light and one dark. The light grey birds are peculiar to
the Himalayas aud the Andamans, the dark one ranges all over India
(vide siq^rd) and Ceylon, Malaisia, through China to Japan, and south-
wards into the islands of the Malayan subregion. The birds vary
infinitely in size, even from the same locality, as will be seen by the
following

Synopsis of measurements.

a. Ninoxluguhris.

*• „ . 7,

c. „ hirsida.

<i- „ },

e. „ scutulata.

./• j> »

ff- » »

i. „ japonica.

"►• 11 1)
I.

Himalayas . .
Malabar ....

Ceylon

Nicobars ....
Malacca ....
Burmah. . . .

Siam

Cochin China
N. China, For-
mosa, Japan
„ S. China, Hai-
nan

borneensis. Borneo ....
lahuanmsis. Lahuau . .
Jloreiisis, Flores

Total

length.

inches.

10-0-12-5

110
10-5-11 o

120
10-0-11-5
11-5-12-5

11-5
11-5-120

Wing.

inches.
8-0-8-75

8-0
7-4-7-5

7-4
6-9-7 -9
8-1-8-4

7-7
8-0-8-25

Tail.

inches.

4-6 -5-6

4-7
4-0 -4-8

5-0
4-5 -50
5-25-5-5

5-0
5-4 -5-5

Tarsus.

inches.

1-05-1-15

1-1
1-05-1-1

1-05

10 -1-1

1-15-1-2

1-1

11

10-5-12-5 8-3-9-1 4-9 -5-4 1-0 -1-05

] 0-5-11-5

10-0-11-5

10-0-11-0

12-5

8-0-8-5

8-5
7-1-7-3

91

4-8 -4-8i

4-1 -5-0

4-0 -4-2

5-5

1-0 -1-05

0-95-1-1

0-9.1-10

1-2

Neither does the number of tail-bands help us at all, nor the
barring of the quills ; for these characters are very variable, and
perhaps depend on age. The result seems to be that, taking the
Malaccan form (probably identical vrith the Sumatran) as the most
typical, we find a great variation in size, the species gradually in-
creasing to the northward, and reaching its maximum in Chinese
and Japanese specimens. This larger bird seems to be migratory,
if we may judge from the exact identity of N. japonica with N.
Jloreusis. The South-China bird is smaller than the North-China
one ; and the Nicobar bird is intermediate between these and N.
Tiirsufa of Ceylon, which is the smallest and darkest of all.

a.
b.
c.
d.

e.
/•

Ad. St.
Ad. sk.
Ad. St.
Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.
Ad. St.

Ceylon.

Ceylon.

IS orth China.

Fokien, China.

Eaugoon, Burmah

Malacca.

k.
I.

Juv. sk.
i. Juv. sk.
Ad. sk.
(5 ad. sk.

Malacca.
Malacca.
Malacca.
Flores.

<Jsq.

Hugh Cuming

Purchased.

Purchased.

J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

Purchased.

Major Charlton [C.].

A. maktccensis.
Piu-chased.

Type of

A. R. WaUace, Esq. [CI.
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
oi A.Jlorensis.

Type

11. Nixox. 167

m. 2 ad. sk. Sarawak, Buvneo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. |"C.].

n,o. Ad. sk. Labuaii (//. Low). It. ]}. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

p,q. Juv. sk. Labiiaii (77. Low). II. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

4. Ninox ochracea. (Plate XI, fig. 2.)

Noctua ochracea, Schl. N. T. D. i. p. 183 (18(jG); id. Revue Accipitr.

p. '22 (1873;.
Athene ochracea. Gray, Ilund-l. B. i. p. 41 (18G9j; Wulden, Tr. Z. S.

viii. p. 38 (1872).
Ninox ochracea, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 258,

Adult. Above uniform chocolate-brown, the head rather duller
than the back, which is slightly washed with rufous, tlie scapulars
distinctly spf)tted with white on the outer web ; wing-coverts dull
rufous chocolate, the least series entirely uniform, the greater and
median coverts externally spotted with white, these spots not nu-
merou-?, and very often concealed ; 2)rimary-coverts uniform sepia-
bi'own ; quills dull brown, washed on the outer web with rufous
ochre, the primaries and outer secondaries minutely spotted ynXh.
fulvous ; upper taU-coverts uniform like the back, but a little duller
and more sepia-brown ; tail-feathers dull brown, obsoletely banded
with lighter brown, remains of seven being apparent on the centre
feathers, the outer feathers washed with rufous and banded on the
extreme inner web with whitish ; lores and frontal plumes whitish,
the shafts blackish and terminating in bristles ; sides of the face
dull brown, the shaft-streaks blackish ; over the eye a few white
feathers, not sufficient to form an eyebrow ; cheeks whitish ; rest of
imder surface rich ochraceous orange, the chest chestnut-brown, the
breast and Hanks also having a few chestnut-brown streaks ; imder
tail-covert« ochraceous buif, paler than the bi'east ; under ^\'ing-
coverts light ochraceous, slightly marked with brown near the outer
margin of the wing, the greater series dark brown, notched on the
inner web with yidlowish, thus resembling the inner lining of the
wing, which is dark brown, with yellowish bars near the base of
the inner webs. Total length 11 -.5 inches, wing 7"9, tail 5, tarsus 1,

Ilab. Celebes.
a. Ad. sk. Celebes. Leideu Museum [E.],

5. Ninox philippensis,

Ninox philippensis, Bp. C. li. xli. p. 0-j4 ; Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 144,

pi. XXV. tig. 1.
Noctua hirsuta philippineusis, Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Striges, p. 20.
Athene philippensis, Wall. Ibis, 18G8, p. 22 ; Grarj, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 42.

Yoiuuj. Above rufous chocolate, the upper surface almost entirely
uniform, with the exception of a few butfy white bars on the outer
scapulars ; wing-coverts uniform like the back, and only a little
darker, the greater series distinctly spotted on the outer web with
ochraceous or white ; primary-coverts uniform dark browu ; quills
dark brown, notched on the outer web with ochraceous or buffy

1()8 BUliONIDJi.

white ; tail darlicr brown than the back, with a fulvous tip and
crossed with six narrow bars of fulvous brown ; forehead whitish,
witli long hair-like black bristles over the lores ; side of face uniform
rufous chocolate like the head ; under svirface of body fawn-colour,
the feathers of the chest margined narrowly with whitish, causing
a slightly streaked appearance, the abdominal plumes white, with
broad fawn-coloured centres, causing this part to appear very broadly
streaked; thighs fawn-colour; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-
coverts fawn-colour excepting the lower series, which are brown,
spotted with fulvous on the inner web, exactly resembling the inner
lining of the quills. Total length 8 inches, wing 6-45, tail 3-4,
tarsus 1-2. (Miis. Norv.)

Adult. Above brown, the head slightly darker and more chocolate-
brown, the scapulars with large oval marks on the outer web, some
of the inner ones barred with oohraceous ; wing-coverts dark brown,
slightly washed with ochraceous, all of them distinctly spotted with
white or ochraceous white, those on the median and greater series
large and oval in shape ; quills brown, margined naiTOwly with
ochraceous, and barred across with paler brown, almost obsolete on
the inner web, but indicated on the outer one by a distinct white
spot, very plain, and producing a chequered appearance ; upper tail-
coverts rather more ochraceous brown than the back ; tail-feathers
sepia-brown, crossed with six narrow bands of pale ochraceous, the
last one subterminal ; frontal plumes whitish at base, but this colour
not visible ; sides of face brown like the head, the ear-coverts rather
more dusky ; under surface of body ochraceous brown, the chin
whitish, and the throat marked with a few blackish streaks ; the
abdomen whiter, the centres to the feathers being ochraceous brown,
producing a broadly streaked appearance ; under tail-coverts white ;
leg-feathers ochraceous brown ; under wing-coverts ochraceous, the
edge of the wing white, those coverts nearest the margin being
marked with dark brown ; the lowest series sepia-brown, barred
with pale ochre on the inner web, thus resembhng the inner lining
of the quills. Total length 8-5 inches, wing 6-95, tail 4, tarsus 2.

Hab. Philippine Islands.
«. Ad. St. Philippine Islands. Purchased.

6. Ninox boobook.

Boobook Owl, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Siip])l. ii. p. 64.
Strix boobook, Lath. Iml. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. xv.
Noctua boobook, Vu/ors, Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 188 ; Less. Man. Orn.

i. p. 113; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 38.
Athene boobook, Gould, Syn. B. Austr. part iii. ; Gray, Gen. B. i.

p. 35; Gould, B. Austr. i. pi. 32; Cass. Cat. Sfriyidce Philad. Mus.

p. 16 ; Sttoi, E.xp). Int. Austr. App. p. 17 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 42 ;

Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 165 ; Diqyles, Orn. Austr. pi. ; Gray, Hand-l.

5. i.p.41.
Athene marmcrata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 18 ; Cass. Cat. Strif/ida;

Plulad. Mus. p. 16; Bp. Consp. i. p. 42; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. l66;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 41.
Spiloglaux marmoratus, Kaup, Isis, 1848, p. 768 ; id. Contr. Orn. 1852',

11. NINOX. 169

p. 108, et Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 218 ; JBp. licv. ct Mmj. dv Zool. 1854,

p. 544; Gould, Ilandh. B. Aiistr. i. p. 72.
ISpiloglaux boobook, Knap, Isis, 1848, p. 7('>8 ; id. Cuiitr. Orii. 1852,

p. 108, et Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 217 ; JBp. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1854,

p. 544 ; Gould, Handb. B. Audr. i. p. 74.
Nino.x boobook, Sliarpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 258.

YoiiiKj {N. hoobool- auct.). Above uniform earthy browu, the fore
part of the head streaked slightly with fulvous, and the hind neck
varied with a few fulvous spots ; scapulars -mth large rounded spots
of white, more or less concealed ; wing-coverts brown like the back,
the least ones slightly washed with rufous and unspotted, the me-
dian and greater seri&s A^ath a few nearly concealed rounded spots
of white ; primary-coverts uniform dark brown ; quills brown, barred
across with paler brown, the primaries externally washed with
rufous, the light bars fading into a whitish notch towards the ends
of the latter quills ; upper tail-coverts chocolate-brown, the outer
ones with a few buff-coloured spots for the most part concealed ;
tail dark brown, paler at tip, the inner web only barred A\ath more
fulvous brown, the centre feathers with six or seven indistinct bars
of lighter brown ; loral plumes and a small eyebrow whitish, nar-
rowly streaked with bi-own, the lores obscured bj' thin hair-like
black bristles ; ear-coverts uniform chocolate -browii ; fore part of
cheeks white as well as the chin ; feathers under the ear-coverts on
the sides of the neck ochraceous buff, with cliocolatc-brown streaks,
the throat marked in the same manner, but the streaks broader ;
remainder of under surface rufous brown, mottled with white, all
the feathers laterally marked with white on the breast, more largely
on the abdomen and Hanks, where the white spots are more oval in
shape, producing an ocellatcd appearance ; leg-feathers bi'ight ochre,
slightly streaked with brown on the outer aspect ; under taU-coverts
whitish, streaked and tipped with plain or ochraceous brown ; under
wnug-coverts bright ochraceous, all streaked or barred with brown,
the edge of the wing white, the lower series dark brown, barred with
whitish on the inner web, exactly like the inner lining of the quills,
which ai'e dark brown below, with large rounded spots or bars of
buffy white on the inner webs. Total length 14-5 inches, vring 9-8,
tail ()-;5, tarsus 1-75.

Adidt male (N. marmorata auct.). Above light brown, the head
spotted all over with fulvous, the hind neck very thickly mottled
with butty white spots ; back uniform brown, the scapulars largely
mottled with white, both webs of the latter, but especially the outer
one, being largely barred with white ; wing-coverts brown like the
back, the bend of the wing slightly washed with rufous, the greater
and median series largely spotted -wdth white on the outer web ;
primary-coverts dark brown, barred with lighter brown ; wing-
coverts dark bi'own, slightly tipped with whitish, barred across with
lighter and slightly rufous brown, some of the outer bars on the
primaries fading off into a whitish notch externally ; tail brown,
barred with fulvous on the inner web, the centre feathers indi-
stinctly marked with about six bars, confined, as on the other

170 liUBONIDj;.

feathers, to the inner web ; forehead and sides of head fulvous, with
central brown streaks to the feathers ; lores whitisli, with hair-like
black shaft-lines ; ear-coverts brown ; cheeks fulvous, narrowly
streaked with brown ; chin dull white ; rest of under surface fulvous,
the centres of the feathers pale brown, giving a broadly streaked
appearance, the lateral margins to the feathers of the abdomen
whiter, the central streaks indented with largo white spots, causing
the flanks to appear somewhat occUated ; leg-feathers ochraceous ;
under wing-coverts w^hitish, mesially streaked with brown, widening
out towards the tips of the feathers ; under wing-coverts deep ochra-
ceous, streaked with brown, especially near the outer edge of the
wing, the greater series dark brown, barred with white Hke the
inner lining of the quills, which are dark brown below, Math broad
buffy white bars on the inner web ; cere bluish grey ; bill horn-
colour ; feet yellow; iris light brown in some, greenish brown (in-
clining to yellow) in other examples. Total length IG inches, wing
10-3, taU 6-7, tarsus 1-75.

Obs. After comparing our large series of specimens in the Museum,
I have come to the conclusion that the Owl called Athene marmorata
hy Mr. Gould is only the adult of the largo form of iV. hoohoolc, which
is more uniform when young, and becomes more spotted as it gets
adult. This large N. boohooJc appears to be an inhabitant of South
Australia, and is replaced in the north and west by a smaller race
or subspecies, which is generally more rufous in colour, having the
head streaked with fulvous ; the hiud neck also appears never to
become so spotted as in N. hoobook.

Hub. South Australia.

a. A'ix ad. sk. South Australia. C. D. E. Fortnum, Esq. [P.].

b. Vix ad. sk. South xVustralia. Sir George Grey [P-].

c. Ad. st. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].

d. Juv. sk. South Australia. Sir George Grev [P.].

e. Ad. sk. River Darling, Sept. 1844. Captain Sturt [P.]. "Iris

yellow."
/. c? vix ad. st. Percy Island.

(/. Ad. st. Australia. A. Cunningham, Esq. [P.].

h. Pull. St. Australia.

i. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased.

k. Ad. sk. Queensland. Purchased.

Subsp. a. Ninox ocellata*.

Athene ocellata, Hombr. i^ Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. iii. p. 51, pi. 3.

fig. 2 ; £p. Consp. i. p. 42 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 174 ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 42.
Spiloglaux ocellata, Bp. Rev. et 3Iag. de Zool. 1854, p. 544.
Ninox ocellata, Shari^e, Ibis, 1875, p. 258.

Nestling. Clothed in whitish down, washed with golden buff on
the head, neck, and breast ; the feathers, as far as developed, re-
sembling the plumage of the adult, but the white spots on the
scapulars extremely large and of an oval shape on both webs ; head

* I have examined the type in the Paris Museum, and am satisfied tliat it is
Australian, and never came from " Chili."

11. KINOX. 171

ochraceous, all the feathers centred and tipped with dark brown ;
lores and forehead whitish ; ear-coverts entirely dark brown, con-
trasting strongly with the light-coloured head and neck; under
surface of body whitish, with a few narrow central streaks of brown,
rather broader on the chest, which is washed with golden buif.

AdiiU. General colour above rather pale or earthy brown, the hind
neck washed with fawn-colour; the head rather darker than the
back, and slightly streaked with fulvous ; scapulars bromi like the
back, broadly barred with white, occupying the greater part of the
outer web, and showing very conspicuously ; wing-coverts brown,
the greater and median series with some distinct white oval spots ;
primary-coverts dark brown, with faint indications of lighter brown
bars ; quiUs dark brown, barred across with lighter brown, the
primaries externally washed with pale rufous, the light bars fading
into a bufly white notch on the outer web of the outermost prima-
ries ; lower back and rump more rufous than the rest of the upper
surface, the feathers having fawn-coloured bases ; tail brown, the
centre feathers uniform, the rest barred with fulvous on the inner
web, these bars becoming gradually more distinct towards the outer
feather, the last one being barred with fulvous on the inner web,
and spotted with the same on the outer one ; lores and frontal plumes
whitish, with black shaft-lines; sides of the head fulvous, nar-
rowly streaked with brown, and forming a tolerably distinct eye-
brow ; ear-coverts dark brown, contrasting with the rest of the
head ; cheeks whitish, as also the feathers behind the ear-coverts,
these latter streaked with brown ; chin whitish ; rest of under sur-
face white, the breast yellowish, broadly streaked with rufous brown,
the abdominal feathers almost eutii'cly white, mesially streaked with
brown and broadly tipped with pale fawn-colour ; the under tail-
coverts whitish, narrowly margined with pale fawn-colour ; leg-
feathers fawn-colour, whitish on the inner aspect; under wing-
coverts ochraceous fawn, with scarcely any indications of brown
markings beyond an occasional streak near the outside margin of
the wing, the greater series brown, irregularly barred with fulvous,
resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is brown, with large
bars of fulvous on the inner web ; " bill slate-coloured, darker at
tip ; iris dark brown " (Elsei/, MS.). Total length 13-5 inches, wing
8*6, taU 5-5, tarsus 1'65.

Obs. Although closely allied to N. hoohool; this is a much smaller and
more rufous species, and differs especially in its fawn-coloured under
parts and under wing-coverts, the latter being uniform. In some of
the browner-looking examples, there are some markings or stripes
of brown upon these under wing-coverts, but never so thickly distri-
buted as in the true N. boohool: The difference in size may best be
estimated by a comparison of two males, the specimens described not
having the sexes detennined.

Total

length. Wiug. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.

a. S ad. Percy Iskud 10 9-3 6-4 l-6o

h. (S ad. N.W. Australia i^Elsey) V6 8-8 54 1-45

172 BUBONID^.

Hah. Northern aud Westeru Australia.

a. Pull. sk. Queensland. » Purchased.

b, c. Ad. St. Port Essiugton. Capt. W. Chambers, R.N.
d. Ad. St. N.W. Australia. J. E. Elsey, Esq. [P.].
e,f. S ad. sk. N.W. Austraha. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.J.

gl Ad. sk. " Scrub, lat. Iti'S., long. 141° E.,

Sept. 13th, 1856." J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.].

h. Ad. St. Westeru Australia. Sir George Gre}' [P.].

i, k. Ad. sk. Western Australia. Sir George Grey [P.]-

7. Ninox fusca. (Plate XII. fig. 1.)

Strix fusca, VieiU. N. Diet. vii. p. 22.

Strix maugei, Temm. I'l. Col. i. pi. 40.

Noctua fusca, Steph. Gen. Zuul. xiii. pt. 2, p. G" ; Less. Truite, p. 106.

Athene guteruhi, ^T/m//. Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 279; Bp. Coiisp. i. p. 41 ;

Strickl. Orn. Sijn. p. 172 ; Wall. Ibk, 1808, p. 22 ; Grai/, Uund-l.

i^. i. p.41.
.Athene maugei. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35; Cass. Cat. Striyidce Fliilnd,

Mils. p. 17.
Athene fusca, Pucker. Her. Zool. 1842, p. 20 ; Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 38 ;

Strickl. Orn. Sijn. p. 170; Gray, Hund-l. B. i. 43.
Spiloglaux fuscus, Kaiip, Coutr. Orn. 1852, p. 108, et Tr. Z. S. iv.

p. 218 ; Bp. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 544.
Noctua guteruhi, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Stric-es, p. 20 ; id. jReviie Accipitres,

p. 2.1
Ninox fusca, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, pp. 250, 258.

Adult female. Above pale brown, mostly uniform, excepting on
the hind neck, which is very plainly mottled with buff^y" white spots
and small bars, the upper tail-coverts also varied with fulvous bars ;
scapulars like the back, spotted with white, these spots mostly con-
cealed, excepting on the outer margin, where there are large white
markings forming a tolerably distinct shoulder-patch ; wing-coverts
coloured lite the back, the least series uniform, but the median and
greater ones distinctly relieved with rows of white spots on their
outer webs ; primary-coverts uniform brown ; quills ashy brown,
barred ■n'ith lighter brown, paler on the outer margin, turning to a
distinct white spot on the secondaries ; tail ashy brown, barred with
eight bands of paler brown, shading into white on the outer webs,
the external feathers slightly inclining to saudj' brown, with distinct
white spots on the outer web ; forehead streaked Avith white, the
sides of the face brown like the croAvn of the head ; fore part of
cheeks and chin whitish ; throat light brown, streaked vdih whitish,
most of the feathers being margined with this colour ; rest of under
surface white, broadly streaked with light (rather reddish ) brown, these
central streaks somewhat dilating towards the apex of the feather,
but narrowing perceptibly on the under tail-coverts ; leg-feathers
fulvous ; under wing-coverts orange-buff, the outer ones whiter with
brown central streaks, the greater series ashy blackish, barred with
whitish on the inner web, resembling the inner lining of the wing,
which is blackish barred with dull whitish ; cere dull yellow : bill
bluish lead-colour, the upper maudible black at the gape ; feet yellow ;
iris yellow. Total length 14 inches, wing 0-25, taU 5-5, tarsus 1-35.

IJ. NINOX. 173

Hah. Timor.

a. ? ad. St. E. Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1.

b. ? ad. sk. E. Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [G.].

8. Ninox novae zealandiaB.

New-Zealand Owl, Lath. Gen. Si/n. i. p. ]49.
Strix novae zealandi;?, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 296.
Strix fiilva, Lath. Ltd. Orn. i. p. 6o.

Noctua zelandica, Qmnj ^- Gaim. Voi/. Astml. vol. i ii 108 xA •>
fio;. 1. ■ i » 1 • -•

Athene novse zealandife, Gray in Dleff. Trav. ii \pp n 186- id
Cat Accipitr. B M. 1844, p. 52; id. ZooJ. Voy. EreLs'^- Terror,

p- V:J^^"- -^rr- P; ^^.^ ^p- ^'""'i'- ^- p- ^- ; *'«'''"^'- om. s,,n.

IX IW,; Gray, Hund-l. i. p. 41; Hidfon, Cat. B. N. Zeal. p"2-
Fmsvh, J.f. O. 1872, p. 94, et 1874, p. 177. ^' '

Spiloglaux novaj zealandire, Kaup, Lns, 1848, p. 768; id. Contr. Orn.
18o2 p. 108 et Tr Z S. iv. p. 218 ; Bp. Rev. et Mat,, de Zool. 18r,4,
p. 544 ; BuUer, B.A.Z. p. 17, pi. 2. fig. 1 ; Sharpe, Voy. Brebm
i^- 1 error, 2nd ed. Birds, p. 22.

Noctua veuatica, Pea/e, U. S. Erj)l. E.rp. p. 7.5.

Noctua nova3 zealandiae, 8ehl. Mu.s. P.-B. Strides p. 38.

Ninox novffi zealandife, Sharpe, Ibu, 1875, p. 258.'

AJ lilt female. Above deep chocolate-brown, the head darker but
quite uniform brown, the forehead with a few ochraceous streaks •
round the hmd neck an indistinct coHar of bright ot-hre, more or h-ss
concealed spots of which are seen on nearly all the feathers • sca-
pulars distinctly spotted with white, these spots being larger on the
outer web ; wing-coverts brown like the back, darker towards the
e<lge of the wing, the greater series slightly washed with rufous
both these and the median coverts relieved bv large rounded spots of
white, smaller and less thickly distributed on the least ones • pri-
mary-coverts uniform dark brown ; quills dark brown, banded with
lighter brown, much paler near the base of the primaries, some of
the lighter cross bands of these quills ending in a white notch ; upper
tail-coverts dark brown, many of them with a concealed ochraceous
bar near the base ; tail dark brown, crossed with eight bands of
lighter brown ; lores and a narrow eyebrow white, the former ob-
scured by long hair-like bristles ; sides of face brown, the ear-coverts
shghtly streaked with whitish, the fore part of the cheeks more
broadly ; sides of the neck deep chocolate-brown, distinctly streaked
with bright ochre ; under surface of body bright ochraceous, all the
feathers dark brown in the centre, producing a broadly streaked
appearance, sometimes widening out and causing the ochraceous
colouring of the breast-feathers to assume the form^of rounded spots
these markings being white on the lower breast and abdomen pro-
ducing a verj- distinctly mottled appearance, the flauks barred with
brown and white ; leg-feathers deep ochraceous or rust-colour, almost
chestnut, shghtly shaded with brown on the outer aspect ; under
tail-coverts ochraceous, with brown centres to the feathers': under
wing-coverts also deep ochraceous, thickly mottled with brown near

17-i BUBOXIDJE.

tlic outer margiu, the greater series ashy browii, barred •with whitish
on the inner web, thus exactly resembling the inner lining of the
quills, which are similarly coloured ; bill black, white on the ridge ;
toes 3'ellow, with dark hairs ; iris golden yellow. Total length 12-5
inches, wing 7'5, tail 5-3, tarsus 1-35.

Dr. Duller gives the female as slightly smaller than the male.
The measurements for the latter are stated to be as follows — total
length 12-5 inches, wing 8, tail 5-75, tarsus 1*5. The only S2)e-
cimcn in the Eritish Museum sexed as " male " has the wings and
tail too imperfect to admit of comparison.

Nestling. Covered with whitish down, plumbeous beneath. ( W. L.
Bulhr.)

Hah. New Zealand.

a. Ad. st. New Zealand. Purchased.

b. Ad. st. New Zealand. Miss II. Stone [P. J.

c. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Miss It. Stone [P.].

d. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Su- G. Grey [P.].

e. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Antarctic Expedition [C.].
fi 9- <S $ si'd. sk. Now Zealand. Antarctic Expedition [C.j.
h. Ad. sk. Bay of Islands. Antarctic Expedition [C.J.
i. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.].

k. 2 ad. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.].

9. Ninox maculata.

Noctua maculata, Vig. S^- Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 189 ; Less. Man.

d'Om. i. p. 113; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Striges, p. 39.
Athene macidata, Gould, Si/n. B. Aitstr. pt. .3 ; id. B. Austr. i. pi. 33 ;

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35 ; Cass. Cat. Strigidce Phil. Mus. p. 16 ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 42 ; Strickl. Orn. Sijn. p. 166 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 41.
Spiloglaux maculatus, Kaiip, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 108 ; id. Tr. Z. S.

iv. p. 217 ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zovl. 1854, p. 544 ; Gould, Handb.

B. Austr. i. p. 76.
Ninox maculata, Sharps, Ibis, 1875, p. 258.

Adult. Above chocolate-brown, the whole upper surface mottled
with white spots, disposed in pairs on the feathers, being much
smaller on the head and hind neck, larger and more in the form of
bars on the scapulars, some of the white bars completely traversing
these feathers near the base ; upper wing-coverts chocolate-brown,
a little more rufous than the back, the least ones with a few fulvous
spots, larger and whiter on the median and greater series ; primarj--
coverts uniform sooty brown ; quills brown, barred with paler brown
fading off much lighter on the outer web of the primaries, some of
which have a white notch or two towards the tip of the feather ;
upper tail-coverts uniform chocolate-brown; tail brown, indistinctly
barred with paler brown, of which about six or seven are faintly indi-
cated on the centre feathers ; forehead white ; lores and a small
eyebrow whitish, the former with long black hair-like bristles ; sides
of face chocolate-brown, the ear-coverts with a few whitish streaks ;
cheeks whitish, some few feathers with rufous centres ; chin whitish ;
rest of under surface of body rufous, everywhere mottled with white,
the breast-feathers streaked on each side, the belly and flank-feathers

11. NINOX. 175

with large rounded spots of white, causing a somewhat occllated
appearance; leg-feathers orange-tawny; under tail-coverts whitish,
centred and mottled with tawny brown ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries dull tawny, waved with small markings of brown near the
outer edge of the wing, the greater series ashy brown, spotted or
barred with white, and thus resembling the inner lining of the quills,
which are ashy brown, with large white spots or bars on the inner
web ; bill dark horn-colour ; feet yellowish ; iris yellow. Total
length 13-5 inches, wing 8-9, tail 5-2, tarsus 1-5.

Ohs. The Museum contains no specimens with theii- proper sexes
attached ; but there is considerable difference in size among the
specimens in the collection. A bird which I presume to be the
male measures as foUows— total length 12-3 inches, wing 8-1, tail 5,
tarsus 1*4.

Young birds appear to be less spotted with white above and to bo
rather darker in their general appearance.

Ilah. Van Diemen's Land.

a. Ad. sk. [Australia.] Liunean Society. Typeof.spe-

i. Ad. St. [Austraha.J " "^^ [ciei,.

<■. Imm. St. Van Diemen's Land. Ronald Gunn, Esq. [P.l.

d. ^ IX ad. sk. Van Diemen's Land. Purchased.

e. Ad. St. Van Diemen's Land. .J. Gould, Esq. [0.].
/. Ad. St. Van Diemen's Land. J. Gould, Esq. [C.j.
(/. Ad. sk. Van Diemen's Land. The Admiralty [P.].

10. Ninox dimorpha.

Athene dimorpha, Salvad. Ann. 3Ius. Ch\ Genov. vi. p. .308.
Ninox dimorpha, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 258.

Adult female. Upper surface dusky brown, the feathers of the head
and neck margined with buff ; back and wings irregularly barred
across with greyish buff; forehead, face, and belly pale buff", the
latter relieved by longitudinal streaks down the middle of the
feathers ; quills and tail dusky brown, closely banded with dusky
grey; tarsi densely plumed, buff; obsoletely streaked with duslcy
brown, the toes more scantily plumed and of a yellow colour ; bill
leaden grey; ins yellow. Total length 13-4 inches, culmen 1, "wing
7-9, tail 6-2, tarsus 1-3. (Salvctdori.)

Hah. Sorong, New Guinea.

Obs. The above description is a translation of Count Salvadori's
original diagnosis ; and from a coloured sketch of the bird which he
was so good as to send me, I have been able to place it in the synopsis
of species ; but I am not at all sure that it is a Ninox, the wing
looking too short : the general appearance, in fact (judging from the
sketch), is that of a gigantic Glaucidium ; and it is very probably
the type of a new genus.

11. Ninox connivens.

Winking Falcon, Lnfli. Got. Si/n. Snppl. ii. p. 5.3.
Falco connivens, Lai/i. Inch Orn. Suppl. ii. p. 12.
Buteo connivens, VicilL A". Diet. iv. p. 481.

17(5 BrB0NIDJ2.

Noctua frontata, Les^. Traitd, p. 10(3 ; Pitcher. Rev. d Mag. de Zool.

1849, p. -21.
Athene fortis, Gould, P. Z. S. 18:37, p. 141 ; id. Syn. B. Austr. pt. iii.
Athene coiiniveiis, Gnuj, Ann. X. H. xi. p. 189 ; id. Gen. B. i. p. iJo ;

Gould, B. Austr. i. pi. 34 ; Cass. Cat. iStrigidce Philad. Mus. p. 10;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 43 ; Strickl. Orii. Si/n. p. 104 ; Gray, TIaiid-l. B.

i. p. 40.
Athene frontata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35.
Ln-aglaux counivens, Kaap, Contr. Orn. 1852, n. 109, et Tr. Z. S. iv.

p. 220.
Noctua connirens, Svhl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 39 ; id. Itevue Accipitr.

p. 31.
Ilieracoglaiix connivens, Gould, Ilandb. B. Austr. \. p. 71.
Ninox connivens, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 258.

Adult. Above nearly uniform brown, the uniformitj- broken only
by a few half-concealed white spots on the hind neck, the scajmlars
also barred with wliite, the markings on the outer wings much larger
and diagonal in shape ; wing-coverts brown, a little paler than the
back, the least series with a few ovate spots of white externally,
larger and more in the form of a notch on the median and
greater series ; primary-coverts dark brown, barred -with lighter
brown ; quiUs brown, barred across with paler brown, inclining to
ochraceous and shading into a white notih on the outer web of the
primaries, some of the secondaiies also externally spotted with white;
upper tail-coverts brown like the back, broadly barred with white,
especially on the outer feathers, most of the spots concealed ; tail
brown, tipped with whitish and crossed with six other rather narrow
bands of whity brown ; forehead and lores whitish, the latter with
hair-like brown shafts ; ear-coverts light brown, slightly paler than
the crown ; cheelcs whitish, the hinder part streaked with brown and
merging into the sides of the neck, which is light brown, slightly
streaked with white ; under surface of body dull white, everyv\'here
broadly streaked with brown, these streaks broader and more dilated
near the base on the breast-feathers ; leg-feathers whitish, narrowly
streaked ■ndth brown, the tibial plumes yellowish ; imder wing-
coverts white, streaked with brown exactly like the breast, the
greater series ashy brown barred with white exactly in the same
manner as the inner lining of the quills ; cere yellowish olive ; bill
light yellowish horn-colour ; feet yellow, covered with fine hairs ;
iris bright yellow. Total length 21 inches, wing 12-5, tail 7"5,
tarsus 2'1.

The specimen above described, though not sexed, is doubtless a
female, as a male bird obtained by Macgillivray during the ' Eattle-
snake' voyage measures as follows — total length 19 inches, wing
11*5, tail 7, tarsus 1"85. Mr. Elsey's two specimens, also sexed
males, agree in the main vpith the above, measuring 11-3 and 11*7
inches in the wing. They are much more rtifous below than the
other examples.

Hah. Australia.

a. Ad. St. South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Interior of South Australia. Capt. Stm-t [P.J

c.

Ad. St.

N.E. Australia.

d.

cf ad. St.

Cape York, Oct. 10th, 1848.

e.

Ad. sk.

Cape York.

f.

S ad. sk.

Wentworth River,lono:.l,37°,
Aug. 18tli, 18.")(>.

9-

6 ad. sk.

Victoria River, Xov. 18-">/).

h.

[$]ad.,.k.

Australia.

1 1 . xixoi. 177

Sir T. MitcheU [P.].
Voyage of the ' Rattle-
snake ' [C.].
Mr. Cockerell [C.j.
J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.].

J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.].

V2. Ninox rufistrigata.
Athene rufistrigata, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G0, p. .344 : Wall. His, 1868.

Tp.22;Grai/,IIand^l.Ji.l-p.4l.
Noctua rufistrigata, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 448; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Rewe

Accipitr. p. .31.
Xinox rufistrigata, Slwrpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 258.

Adult (probably a female). Above chocolate-bro-mi, the head in-
clining to cinereous brown, the uape and outer web of the scapulars
varied with large rounded spots of white, especially on the latter ;
wing-coverts uniform with the back, the greater series also with
large white spots on the outer web ; quills brown, the primaries
rufous at the base of the outer web, shading into fulvous further up
the feather ; the inner secondaries notched with white on the inner
web, these markings much larger and more in the form of bars
underneath ; the primaries ashy brown below with indications of
bufFy white bars on the inner web, much obscured by brown
mottlings ; tail brown, tipped with whitish, shaded with rufous near
the base of the outer web and crossed with seven bars of darker
brown ; forehead and lores white ; sides of face brown ; throat
■white ; rest of under surface white, inclining to buff on the breast
and sides of the body : the lower throat narrowly, but the breast
more broadly steaked with rufous browu, inclining to clearer rufous
on the abdomen, but much less pronounced on the under tail-coverts ;
under wing-coverts buffy white, the outermost streaked with rufous
brovra. Total lengtb 18 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 11-S, tail 7-8,
tarsus 1-7. {Mus. Lxigd.)

A smaller bird, probably a male, measures — total length 1.5-5
inches, wing 11, tarsus 1-65. (Ifus. Lur/d.)

The type specimen, according to Mr. Wallace (l. c), measured in
the flesh — total length IG-o inches, wing 11-25, tail (J-5, tarsus 2.
The difference in the length of tarsus probably arises from the greater
facility of measuring this part when the bird is fresh : I make it in
the skin 1 -So inch.

Hah. Gilolo.
a. Ad. sk. East Gilolo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. T^-pe of species.

13. Ninox obscura.
Ninox obscura, Hume, Sir. F. i. pp. 11, 421 ; Ball, Str. F. i. p. 55;
Walden, Ibk, 1874, p. 129, pi. iv. : Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 153 ; Sharpe,
Ibis, 1875. p. 258.

Adult female (S. Andaman, Capt. Wimherleii). Above uniform
chocolate-brown, the head a little darker than the back and slightly

178 isruoNiDJE.

glossed with greyish ; wing-coverts uniform chocolate-hrown, like
the back, the primary-coverts blackish ; quills uniform chocolate-
brown, the piimnrics with a very narrow external margin of whity
brown, none of the feathers barred ; tail dark brown, narrowly tipped
with greyish white and crossed with three bands of lighter and more
ashy brown, not counting the light band at the end of the tail shading
off into the whitish tip ; a few of the frontal feathers whitish at
base, as well as the lores, the latter obscured by blackish bristles ;
cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck deep chocolate-brown like the
head, and unifonn like the latter ; chin whitish ; rest of under sur-
face reddish chocolate, darker and more earthy brown on the fore neck
and chest, and shading otf rather paler on the Hanks and abdomen,
on the former of which are some half-concealed bars of fulvous ;
under tail-coverts Imffy white, barred across with dark brown ;
under wing-coverts uniform chocolate-brown, the lower series rather
more ash)- brown like the inner lining of the quills, the edge of the
wing scarcely whitish ; cere and ridge of u]>per mandible and tip of
lower mandible green ; bill blackish ; feet yellow : claws black ;
iris 3'ellow. Total length 11 inches, wing 7"55, tail 5, tarsus 1-1.
(iJ/«s. Lord Walden.)
Hah. Andaman Islands.

14. Ninox theomacha.

Athene theomacha, £;j. C. R. xli. p. 054 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 24 ;

Gray, Hancl-l. B. i. p. 41.
Spiloglaux theomacha, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 544.
Noctua hoedtii, >Schl. N. T. D. iv. p. 'i;' iil. Mus. P.-B. Rev. AccipHr.

p. 24.
Ninox hoedti, SJiarpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 258.
Ninox theomacha, Sharpc, Ibis, 1875, p. 258.

Adult (type of N. Jwedti). Above very deep chocolate-brown, the
entire head deep greyish brown, the forehead and cheeks slightly
varied with whitish ; wing-coverts chocolate like the back, the
greater series with faint rufous edgings ; quills blackish brown, pri-
maries slightly margined with fulvous, the secondaries spotted with
white on the inner web ; tail uniform ashy brown above and below ;
underside of body deep chestnut-brown, slightly streaked with
whitish on the throat and varied with fulvous spots and margins on
the feathers of the lower abdomen ; thighs and under tail-coverts
almost entirely buif; under wing-coverts coloured like the breast,
the greater series blackish brown, with whitish cross bars. Total
length 10 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 7, tail 3"9, tarsus 1*1. {3Ivs.
Lv^d.)

Hab. Mysol and the N.W. peninsula of New Guinea.

15. Ninox strenua.

Athene stremia, Govhl, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 142; id. Syn. B. Austr.
p:irt o; id. B. Aiistr. i. pi. 35; Gray, Giii. B. i. p. 35; Cass. Cat.
Striyidfe Philad. Mus. p. IG; Bp. Coiisp. i. p. 35; StiicM. Orn.

11. NINOX. 179.

Si/n. p. 105; Grat/, Jland-I. li. i. p. 40; Bii/glc'^, Oni. Austr

pi.
Athene rufa, Gmild, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 18; icl. £. Amir. i. pi. ,36;

Cass. Cat. Stngidce rhilad. Mm. p. 16 ; ^^j. Consp. i. ]). 4.". : Strickl.

Orn. Sf/)i. p. IGo.
leraglaiix" streuua, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 109; id. Tr. Z. <S'. iv.

p. 220.
lerafrlaux riifus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 100 ; id. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 220.
Rhabdog-laux rufus, Up. lev. et Mac/, de Zool. 1854, p. 544.
Noctua stremia, Sdd. Blti.f. I'.-B. Strifies, p. 40.
Ilieracojrlaux streniius, Goidd, JIandb. li. Amtr. i. p. 08.
Hieracog-laux rufus, Guufd, I. c. p. 69.
Niuox strenua, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 258.

Young. Head, neck, and under surface of body pure white, all
the feathers fluffy, apparently the remains of nestling-plumage ;
on the crown some brown feathers barred across with white ; the
forehead streaked with brown, the lores obscured by blackish
bristles, as also the eyebrows and cheeks ; ear-coverts dark brown,
streaked with white : the under surface with a few narrow shaft-
streaks of dark brown, broader on the flanks and sides of the body,
the plumes on the sides of the upper breast barred with brown ;
the back and all the rest of the upper surface ashy brown, trans-
versely barred with white, some of the bars washed with rufous ;
quills dark brown, barred with lighter brown, these lighter bars in-
clining to white on either margin ; tail dark brown, tipped with
■white and crossed besides by five narrower whitish bars.

Adult. Above dark brown, numerously banded on the whole of
the upper surface with pale brown, inclining to whitish on the sca-
pulars and feathers of the lower back ; wing-coverts dark brown
like the back, barred with rufous brown, more broadly on the
greater seiies, which are likewise externally barred and tipped with
white ; primary-coverts blackish brown, tipped and crossed with
two bars of ashy brown ; quills brown, tipped with whitish, and
crossed with regular transverse bands of lighter brown, whitish on
the inner and inclining more or less to rufous on the outer
webs ; upper tail-coverts dark brown, barred with white, very few
of the bars washed with rufous ; tail dark brown, tipped with ashy
whitish, and crossed with six bands of whity bro\vn, inclining to pure
white on the inner webs ; head dark brown like the back, minutely
barred and spotted on cither web with paler brown : sides of face
ashy brown, streaked with whitish, the lores and fore part of cheeks
white with blackish shaft-streaks ; behind the ears a partial ruff of
whitish feathers, streaked with dark brown ; sides of neck dark
brown, streaked with fulvous, some of the plumes barred with
whitish or ochre ; throat ochraceous buff, broadly streaked with
dark brown ; the rest of the under surface white, barred with brown,
the chest washed with ochraceous, and more closely barred than on
the breast ; under tail-coverts white, with broad arrow-shaped bars
of dark brown ; leg-feathers ochraceous, with indistinct bars of
brown ; under wing-coverts whitish, washed with ochre, and very
thickly barred with dark brown, the greater series ashy brown,

n2

180

bubonibj:.

l>aiTe(l with 'uhite, and resembling the iinicr lining of the qviills,
which are ashy l)rown below, broadly barred with dnll white, espe-
cially on the inner web ; cere greenish olive ; bill light bhie at base,
passing into black at tip ; feet pale gamboge-yellow ; ii'is yellow.
Total length 24-5 inches, wing 15-9, tail 11, tarsus 2-1.

Ohs. Another specimen in the collection, probably a female, is
very similar in colour to the one described, but is larger, and has
not so much of the yellow colouring on the throat. Total length
2() inches, wing 16'5, tail 11, tarsus 2-15.

Hah. Australia.

a.

Ad. St.

Australia.

Lady Carington [P.J.

b.

Ad. sk.

N. Australia.

Purchased.

c.

Juv. sk.

N. Australia.

Purchased.

d.

Ad. sk.

Queensland.

H. Whitely, Esq. [P.]

1 G. Ninox humeralis.

Athene humeralis, Ilomhr. cV Jurq. Vui/. Pole Snd, Zool. iii. p. 51,
pi. 3. fig. 2; Bp. Consp. i. p. 40; Strickl. Oni. Si/>i. p. 174; JValL
Ibis, 1868, p. 24; Gnnj, Himd-l. B. i. p. 41 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 187"),
p. 258.

leraglaux humeralis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 109 ; id. Tr. Z. S.
iv. p. 221.

RhalxloglaiLX humeralis, Bp. Rev. et 3Iag. de Zool. 1854, p. 544.

Adult (type of species). General colour above dark chocolate-
brown, everywhere on the upper surface crossed with indistinct
bar.s of paler brown, rather more distinct on the scapulars and on
the sides of the hind neck ; head darker than the back, and nearly
uniform, the cross bars very indistinct excepting on the sides of the
crown, above the ear-coverts, and on the sides of the neck, which
are brown, distinctly rayed with fulvous cross bars ; ear-coverts
black ; cheeks rayed like the sides of the neck, the fore part whitish
like the lores, the latter having very distinct blackish shaft-stripes
forming overhanging bristles ; under surface of body orange-butf,
barred across with light brown, more dingy on the chest; the
abdomen white, barred across with pale orange-brown, these bars
disappearing on the under tail-coverts, which are pure white, with
only a slight indication of pale bars at the tip of the long feathers ;
leg-feathers orange-buff, with a few indistinct brown markings ;
under wing-coverts orange-butf or fulvous, barred across with liglit
brown, with a brown patch near the outside edge of the wing, this
being pure white, the lower scries brown, barred with white so as
to resemble the inner lining of the quills, which are dark brown
below, with pale greyish bars on the inner webs : the wings above
chocolate-brown, with the same indistinct cross bars as on the back,
less distinct on the external coverts and on the least series, which
are almost uniform ; primarj'-coverts uniform blackish brown : quills
dark brown, barred across with lighter brown, the secondaries paler
and the cross bars rather lighter on the extreme edge both of the
primaries and secondaries ; upper tail-coverts like the back, but tlie

11. xiNox. 181

cross burs a little paler ; tail dark brown, narrowly tipped with
whitish, and barred across with lighter brown, about eight bars
being distinguishable. Total length 18 inches, ^Ying 13-4, tail 9,
tarsus 1-8. {Mas. Paris.)
Bab. New Guinea.

17. Ninox aniensis.

Noctua arueusis, Schl. N. T. I), iii. p. 329 ; hi. livmw Accinitr. p. .31

(1873).
Athene arueusis, Gray, Haml-l. B. i. p. 40.
Ninox aruensis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 258.

Adult female (type of species). Above brown, of a chocolate
tiage, the head a little darker, the whole upper surface crossed
>nth indistinct bars of dull bull'; quills chocolate-brown, barred
with lighter brown, the secondaries much paler and edged with
huffy whitish towards the tips, and exhibiting externally five bars
of pale ashy brown ; tail chocolate -brown, tipped with huffy white,
and crossed with twelve bars of ashy brown ; forehead very con-
spicuously white, as well as the feathers under the eye, the fore
part of cheeks, and throat ; ear-coverts uniform dark brown ; sides
of neck and underparts dull tawny rufous, barred across with buff,
the bars inclining to white on the flanks and abdomen ; under tail-
coverts and tarsal feathers uniform fulvous ; under wing-coverts
also uniform buif, the outer ones crossed with rufous bai's, the lower
ones greyish brown, with bufly white cross bars ; a large patch of
white on the outer edge of the bend of the wing ; under surface of
wings and tail lighter than the upper, the cross bars appearing
whiter. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1-65, wing 10-5, tail 7*3,
tarsus V2b. (Mas. Lugd.)

Hub. Aru Islands.

18. Ninox franseni.

Noctua fransenii, Schl. X. T. D. iii. p. 25G; id. Revue Accijntr. p. 31

(1873).
Athene franseni, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 40.
Ninox franseni, Sharpe. Ibis, 1875, p. 258.

Adult female (type of species). Exactly similar to N. aruensis,
but is very much larger. Total length 2(>o inches, culmen 1-8,
wing 18'o, tail 9-2, tarsus 1-9. {Mas. Lugd.)

Hab. Waigiou.

19. Ninox superciliaris.

8trix superciliaris, Vieill. N. Diet. (THist. Nat. vii. p. 33.

Strix sonnerati, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 21.

Noctua sonnerati, Stepk. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 04: Less. Man.

d'Orn. i. p. 111.
Surnia sonnerati, Bp. Oss. Reyne Anim. Cuv. p. 58.
Athene sonnerati, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35; Bli/tli, J. A. S. B. x'lv.

p. 185.

182 liUBONIDjK.

xVtheue superciliaris, F-ucher. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1849, p. 19 ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 39 ; Strickl. Oru. Si/n. p. 1C8 ; Gray, Haml-l. B. i. p. 40 ;
Gurney, Ibis, 18G9, p. 4o3.

Scops superciliaris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xix. p. 509.

lei'aglaux superciliaris, Kaup, Cuntr. Oru. 18o2, p. 107.

Noctua polleni, Schl. N. T. D. i. p. 81 ; id. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 421 ; id.
^- roll. F. M. Ois. p. 49, pi. 17.

Noctua superciliaris, Schl. Mas. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 25.

Ninox superciliaris, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 543; Sharpe,
Ibis, 1875, p. 258.
Adult nude. Above brown, uniform in the centre of the back, the
scapulars with small white bars on the outer web, the whole head
and neck numerously spotted with minute dots of white ; wing-
coverts brown like the back, the median and greater wing-coverts
with large spots of white, bigger and more distinct on the latter
series ; quills brown, externally washed with slightly rufous brown
and spotted on the outer web with white like the wing-coverts, the
inner web barred with white ; upper tail-coverts uniform brown like
the back ; tail-feathers brown, with about four indistinct rows of
light brown spots, represented by notches of brown on the inner
web, the spots only distinct on the outer web of the outennost
feather ; sides of the face brown like the back, the lores also with
blackish shaft-lines ; the feathers just under the eye buffy white, as
well as a tolerably well-defined eyebrow ; cheeks pure white, the
hinder feathers tipped with brown and merging into the brown of
the neck ; cliin whitish ; throat crossed with a bar of brown feathers ;
fore neck whitish ; rest of under surface white, crossed with regular
bands of rufous brown ; leg-feathers fulvous ; under tail-coverts
white ; under wing-coverts white, marked with brown near the bend
and on the edge of the wing, the greater series ashy brown, whitish
at base, thus resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is ashy
brown, barred with whitish on the inner web. Total length 11*8
inches, wing 7*6, tail 4*7, tarsus 1'45.

Obs. Another specimen, also a male, is apparently a younger bird.
It is much more uniform above, with scarcely any white markings on
the scapidars and the white dots on the crown nearly absent alto-
gether ; the under surface of the body is very much whiter, the brown
bars darker and much further apart ; the leg-feathers bright ochra-
ceous. Total length 12 inches, wing 7*5, tail 4*9, tarsus 1-5.
Hah. Madagascar.

a. c? ad. sk. Morondava, Madagascar. Hr. J. 0. van Dam [C.].

b. (5 juv. sk. East Madagascar. Hr. J. C. van Dam [C.].

20. Ninox punctulata.

Noctua punctulata. Quay et Gnim. Voy. de VAstrol. Zool. i. p. 165,

pi. 1. iig. 1 ; Schl, Mils. P.-B. Striges, p. 29 : id. Revue Accipitr.

p. 29.
Athene punctulata, Grnif, Gen. B. i. p. 35 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 41 ; Strickl.

Orn. Si/n. p. 173 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 22 ; Gray, Hatid-l. B. i.

p. 41 ; Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 38.
f "ephaloptynx })unctulata, Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 209 ; id. Contr.

Orn. 1852, p. 105.

1 1. NINOX. 183

Spiloglaux piinctulata, Bj). Rev. et Mag. de Zoo/. 1854, p. 544.
Ninox punctulata, ISharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 259.

Adult female. Above deep chocolate-brown, thickly covered with
minute spots of duU whitish buff, a little larger on the hind neck,
but nowhere inclining to bars except on the secondaries, and here
very minute ; quills uniform with back, the secondaries marked as
above noted, the primaries with four scarcely indicated bars of
pal(!r brown, appearing whitish on the under surface, which is rather
lighter brown ; lores brown ; over the eye a superciliary circlet of
white ; ear-coverts brown like the back and spotted in the same
manner ; entire throat and cheeks pure white ; rest of under surface
white down the centre of the body and a little inclining on to the
flanks ; a narrow bar across the upper part of the chest and the sides
of the body chocolate-brown, paler and more fulvous on the Hanks,
spotted on the chest and barred on the breast with whitish ; under
wing-coverts entirely white ; tail chocolate-brown, with five faintly
indicated bars of butfy white. Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1-1,
wing 6"8, tail ;3, tarsus 1'3.

Adult male. Very little smaller than the female. Total length
10 inches, wing G*6.

Hab. Celebes.

((. 5 ad. sk. Makassar. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

21. Ninox hypogramma. (Plate X.)

Athene liypogramma. Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 344 ; Wall. Ibis, 18U8,

p. 23; Graj/, Ilaml-l. B. i. p. 41.
Noctua hypograuinia, Scld. Mus. P.-B. Revue Acciintr. p. 25.
Ninox hypogTamuia, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 259.

Adidt male. Above uniform chocolate-brown, the head duskier
and more sepia-brown ; scapulars distinctly barred with white on
the outer web ; upper wing-coverts dusky brown, the feathers mar-
gined with dull rufous ; primary-coverts uniform sepia-brown ; quills
sepia-brown, slightly washed externally with light bi'own and ob-
soletely banded on the inner web with paler brown ; tail sepia-brown,
the feathers slightly washed externally with light brown and crossed
with about ten bands of pale brown and tipped with whity brown ;
sides of face and sides of neck uniform dark brown with the head,
the fore part of the cheeks washed with ashy white ; lores white,
with black hair-like shaft-lines ; frontal plumes also whitish ; chin
fulvous ; rest of under surface bright tawny rufous, barred on the
breast with brown, some of the interspaces on the breast whitish, the
abdomen barred with tawny and white ; leg-feathers entirely tawny ;
under wing-coverts deep tawny with fulvous cross bars, the lower
series ashy brown, barred with yellowish white, the inner surface of
the wing ashy brown, faintly burred on the inner web with lighter
brown ; cere dull yellow ; bill black, bluish at l>ase of lower man-
dible ; feet bright yellow. Total length 14o inches, wing 9o,
tail 6-2, tarsus 1*4.

ly4 BUBONID^.

Adult female. Similar in colouring to the male. Total length
12-5 inches, wing 9, tail 5-5, tarsus 1-4.

Ohs. The above sexes are determined by Mr. Wallace, in whose
collection the specimens remained imtil they passed into the posses-
sion of the Museum. Another bird, also obtained by Mr. Wallace
in Gilolo, differs in having the white bars on the scapulars very
distinct and in ha^•ing white bars on the greater wing-coverts. The
hind neck shows slight indications of fulvous bars, the quills exter-
nally rufescent, with indications of fulvous spots on the outer web.
Underneath the bird is much lighter than the ones described, being
white, barred with rufous. As far as I can judge, this bird is an old
one and probably represents the fiilly adult stage. Another speci-
men from Batchlan approaches it in having the under surface lighter
and also a few indications of fulvous bars on the wing-coverts.

Hub. Batchian and Gilolo.

«»

b. Ad. St.

Batchian.

A. R. Wallace, Esq.

'C

c.

c? ad. sk.

Batchian.

A. R. Wallace, Esq.

'C

d.

Ad. St.

Gilolo.

A. R. W^allace, Esq.

0

e.

$ ad. sk.

Gilolo.

A. R. Wallace, Esq.

■c

f.

(^ sen. sk.

Gilolo.

A. R. Wallace, Esq.

"C

22. Ninox squamipila. (Plate XII. fig. 2.)

Athene squamipila,^^, C'onsp. i. p. 41 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 23; Grai/,

Ilaml-l. B. i. p. 41.
Ninox squamipila, Bp. Beo. et Mag. cle Zool. 1854, p. 544 ; Sharpe,

Ibis, 1875, p. 259.
Noetua squamipila, Schl. Mm. P.-B. Sti-iges,'p. 28; id. Bevue Acci-

jntr. p. 22.

Adult (type of species). Upper surface deep rufous brown,
more decidedly brown on the head and wing-coverts, the gTcater
series of the latter and the scapulars externally washed with rich
ochre and distinctly barred with white ; primaries brown, externally
rufous barred with darker brown, the lower surface of the wing
rather more ashy brown, the inner secondaries with bars of fulvous
on the inner web ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rufous,
barred with dark brown and fulvous ; tail dull nifous, more fulvous
on the inner web and having about nine cross bars of darker brown ;
sides of face dark brown ; forehead, fore part of cheeks, and eyebrow
white, the latter washed with ochre ; throat whitish ; sides of neck
and chest clear tawny rufous, with rather indistinct bars of rufous
brown, the breast paler and more fulvous, the bars darker and more
distinct ; the belly white, with distinct bars of dark brown ; under
tail-coverts more indistinctly barred ; thighs uniform rufous ; under
wing-coverts rufous, with a bar of rufous brown across the middle.
Total length 13-5 inches, culmeu 1-25, wing 8-25, tail 5-3, tarsus 1-25.
(Mus. Luf/d.)

Hab. Ceram, Mysol.

a. Ad. St. Ceram. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

h. S ad. sk. N. Ceram. A. R.. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

11. NINoX. 185

23. Ninox variegata.

Noctua Tariegata, Quoy ^- Gaim. Vui/. de FAstr. Zool. i. p. 106, pi. 1.

fig. 2.
Athene variegata, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 3.5 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 41 ; Stnckl.

Orn. Sijn. p. 173 ; Wall. Ibis, 1808, p. 24 ; Gray, Hancl-l. B. i.

p. 41.
Cephaloglaux variegatus, Kaup, Coiitr. Orn. 1852, p. 108; id. Tr. Z.

S. iv. p. 21G.
Rliabdoglaux variegata, Bp. Rev. et Mat/, de Zool. 1854, p. 544.
Ninox variegata, S/iarpe, Ibis, 1875, pp. 257, 259.

Adult (type of species). Upper surface rufoiis bro-wn, with narrow
concealed white bars on all the dorsal feathers, more distinct on the
scapulars, where they are broader on the outer web ; head rather
browner than the back, washed with rufous on the sides, and slightly
spotted with white on the forehead ; the hind neck more rufous than
the head, and approaching the colour of the back, much varied with
fulvous and white spots and bars, somewhat concealed on the centre,
but very plain on the sides of the neck ; wing-coverts browner than
the back, the least series nearly uniform, with very few spots of
fulvous, the greater and median series baiTed with rufous buff, in-
clining to white bars or spots on the outer web, and producing a
spotted appearance ; primary-coverts dark brown, with dull fulves-
cent cross bars; quills brown, barred with lighter brown, shading
into a white spot on the outer web, and ])roducing a spotted appear-
ance ; upper tail-coverts rufous brown like the back, with the same
half-concealed bars and spots of white ; tail brown, crossed with
ten bands of pale fulvous brown ; lores and frontal feathers whitish,
the former with distinct black shaft-lines, the latter produced a little
backwards, and forming a small eyebrow ; ear-coverts dark brown
like the crown, slightly washed with rufous ; cheeks ochraceous, the
fore part whitish, the chin also whitish ; fore neck ochraceous buif,
streaked with brown ; rest of under surface of body white, barred
across with orange-rufous in about equal proportions on the breast,
the abdomen, however, much whiter, the orange bars being nar-
rower ; leg-feathers pale fulvous ; under tail-coverts white, with a
few streaks and bars of orange-brown ; under wing-coverts orange,
barred with brown, but the greater series ashy brown, with buffy
white bars, more resembling the inner lining of the quills, these
being ashy brown, barred with pale ochraceous brown, broader on
the inner web ; bill yellow ; toes yellow, claws horn-brown. Total
length 10 inches, wing 7-9, tail 4*6, tarsus 1-3. {Mus. Paris.)

Hah. New Ireland.

24. Ninox hantu. (Plate XI. fig. 1.)

Athene hantu. Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 22 ; id. Ibis, 1868, p. 23 : Grai/
Hand-l. B. i. p. 41. •"

Ninox hantu, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 250.

Aihdt (tj-pc of species). Above didl chestnut-rufous, the head
darker and decidedly browner, the hind neck with a few indistinct

186 BUBONID.E.

fulvous bars ; the scapulars barred with buff on the outer web ;
wing-coverts coloured like the back, but a little darker, only a few
with obsolete tiny markings of fulvous on the outer webs ; primary
coverts uniform dark brown ; quills brown, externally washed with
the same rufous colour as the back ; upper tail-coverts like the back,
with a few indistinct bars of fulvous ; tail dark brown, inclining to
rufous browu towards the tip, and crossed with ten or eleven bars
of lighter or rufous brown ; frontal plumes and lores whitish, the
latter with blackish shaft-stripes ; sides of face bro^vn, rather darker
than the head, the cheeks and chin bufty white ; rest of under sur-
face of body orange-tawny, with indistinct bars of rufous brown,
the interspaces on the lower breast inclining to whitish, the cross
bars diminishing in clearness on the abdomen, and nearly absent
altogether on the under tail-coverts ; sides of the upper breast in-
clining to chocolate-brown ; under wing-coverts orange-tawny, the
greater series ashy brown, with two or three fulvous bars near the
base ; inner lining of wing slightly inclining to rufous on the outer
webs of the (juills, the base of the inner webs of the secondaries
barred with fulvous ; bill whitish horn-colour ; feet white, claws
pale horn-colour; iris yellow. Total length 13 inches, wing 8-3,
tail 5'8, tarsus 1-3.

Obs. Another specimen obtained by Mr. Wallace is very similar
to the type described, but is more distinctly barred with fulvous on
the shoulders and inner secondaries, the upper wing-coverts also
distinctly spotted with fulvous.

Hah. Bouru.

«. S ad. sk. Bouru. A. It. Wallace, Esq. [C]. Type of species.

b. Ad. St. Bouru. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

2.5. Ninox tseniata.

Athene tfeniata, Hoinbr. S)- Jacq. Vuij. Pole Stid, iii. p. oO, pi. 3 ;

Strickl. Oni. Syn. p. 173.
Athene jacquinoti, Bp. Consp. i. p. 42 ; Wall. Ibis, 18G8, p. 24 ; Grat/,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 41.
Cephaloglaux jacquinoti, Kaup, Cvntr. Orn. 1852, p. 108; id. Tr. Z.

S. iv. p. 216.
Rhabdoglaux jacquinoti, Bp. Rev. et Mitfi. de Zool. 18-54, p. 544.
Ninox tffiniata, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 259.

Adult (type of species). General colour above dark chocolate-
brown, barred over the whole upper surface with dull fulvous, or
rather pale rufescent brown, the head a little darker and more
thickly barred with the lighter bands, especially on the sides of the
neck, the bars on the scapulars a little paler, but not perceptibly
larger than on the rest of the back ; wing-coverts dark brown,
sparsely spotted with fulvous, the primary-coverts uniform brown ;
quills browu, the primaries almost unilbrm, with only a few indi-
cations of fulvescent spots on the outer web, these spots being much
more numerous on the secondaries, which are also barred with yel-
lowish on the inner web ; upper tail-coverts coloured exactly like
the back, with very faintly indicated bars, of which about four can be

12. SCELOGLAUX. lyj

distinguished, the bars rather more distinct on the inner web ; loral
and frontal plumes whitish, as well as a very narrow eyebrow the
former very long and stiff with blackish shaft-lines ; ear-coverts
brown in the centre, rufescent on both webs, inclining to whitish
on the upper part of the ear-coverts ; cheeks and entire throat pure
white ; rest of under surface whitish, strongly washed with fidvous,
with shght indications of dusky bars near the top of the inner foce
of the thiglis, the colour of the sides of the neck descending some-
what on to the sides of the breast, the feathers brown, barred M-ith
pale rufous like the back, which they resemble ; under wing-coverts
yellowish, the edge of the wing brown, the lower series yellowish
at base, brown at tip, thus resembhng the inner lining of the wino-
which IS brown, with yellow bars on the inner webs, the bases of
the inner webs entirely yellowish ; bill yeUow, dusky at the base of
upper mandible ; feet plumed ; toes apparently j-ellow in life claws
black. Total length 9-5 inches, wing 7-65, tail 4-4, tarsus 1-7.
(J/ms. Pans.)

Ilab. Solomon Islands.

12. SCELOGLAUX.

Sceloglaux, Kaup, Ids, 1848, p. 768 S. albSies.

RaiKje. Confined to New Zealand.

1. Sceloglaux albifacies.

Athene albifecies. Gray, Voij. Erebus ami Terror, Birch, p. 2; id
Gen. B. i. p. 3o; Bp. Consp. i. p. 42; Sfrickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 171 ■'
Grai/, H(iml-l. B. i. p. 41 ; Uutton, Cat. B. N. Zeal. p. 2 ; Fitisch
J.f. O. 1872, p. 9o, et 1874, p. 177. '

Sceloglaux albifacies, Kaup, Isis, 1848, p. 768, et Cotitr. Chn 1852
p. 100, et Tr. Z. 8. iv. p. 219 ; Bp. Rev. et Mug. de Zool. I804'
p. 544 ; Gould, B. Austr. Suppl. part ii. ; Buller, B. N. Z. p. 21,'
pi. 2. fig. 2 ; Sharpe, Voy. Erebus and Terror, 2nd ed. Birds, p. 2^'
pi. 1 ; Rowley, Orn. Miscell. part ii.

Strix haasti, Buller, Essay N. Z. Orn. p. 7.

Athene ejulans, Potts, Tr. N. Z. Inst. iii. p. 6.3.

Adidt. General colour ochraceous, the whole head and neck with
broad centres of dark browoi, producing a streaked appearance, the
feathers of the back with fulvous margins instead of ochraceous ;
scapulars dark brown, with large ovate spots of fulvous or white on
the outer web, and with ochraceous bars across the middle of the
feather ; wing-coverts dark brown, washed with rufous ochi-e and
marked with fulvous spots on both webs, those on the outer web of
the greater series larger and more ovate ; primary-coverts uniform
dark brown ; quills bro^vn, barred across with ochraceous, and slightly
washed with the same on the outer web, the light cross bars palino-
into whitish notches on the outer webs of the primaries, which are
also tipped with whitish : lower back and rump rather more rufous
ochre on their margins than the rest ot the upper surface, the centres
dark brown, some of the upper tail-coverts margined with fulvous ;

188 liiiio.viDj!:.

tiiil dark brown, rather broadly tipped with whitish, and crossed
with six other bands of bufi'y wliite, of which two are concealed by
the upper tail-coverts ; eyebrow and sides of face dull whitish, all
the feathers mesially streaked with dark brown, the ear-coverta
washed with fulvous ; cheeks whitish, extending backwards in a
large patch behind the ear-coverts, all tlie feathers with concealed
bases and narrow shaft-stripes of brown ; throat dusky brown ; rest
of under surface deep ochraceous, with broad dark brown centres to
the feathers, much broader and more rufous on the flanks ; under
tail-feathers uniform ochraceous ; leg-feathers dull whitish ; under
■wing-coverts deep rufous ochre, "with brown centres to the feathers
as on the breast, the greater series ashy brown, barred with white
on the inner web, exactly in the same manner as the inner lining of
the wing, which is ashy brown with lighter brown bars on the inner
web, inclining to white towards the base of the quills ; bill black,
horn-colour towards the tip ; toes fleshj- brown, covered with coarse
3'ellow hairs ; claws black ; iris dark reddish brown. Total length
18-5 inches, wing 104, tail 6-5, tarsus i!-65.
Hah. New Zealand.

Juv. St.

New Zealand.

Tercv Earl, Esq. [C. j.

Ad. St.

New Zealand.

E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].
Capt. Stokes [P.].

Ad. St.

New Zealand.

13. GLAUCIDIUM. ,„

Type.

Glaucidium, Boie, Isis, 182G, p. 970 G. passeriuum.

Nyctipetes, Swains. Clussif. B. ii. p. 218 G. pei-latum.

Taenioglaux, Kaup, Isis, 1848, p. 709 G. radiatum.

Tffinioptynx, Kauj), I. c. p. 768 G. brodiei.

Microglaux, Kaup, I. c. p. 709 G. perlatum.

Mieroptynx, Kaup, Cwitr. Orn. 18.52, p. 106 G. passeriuum.

Smithiglaux, Bp. Rw. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 544 G. capeuse.
Phalsenopsis, Bp. I. c. p. 544 G. nanum.

Wing of Ghnicidiitin pa.s.iennu?it.

Range. The greater part of the Old World, including the Palas-
arctic, Ethiopian, and Indian regions : but not found beyond the
Indo-Malayan subregion, and absent in the .\ustro-Malayan sub-
region and the Australian region proper. In the New World dis-

13. OLAUCIDIUM. 189

tributed over the entire Neotropical region, and extending into the
Southern States of North America.

Keij to the Species.
a. Head spotted oi- streaked, not repidarly barred
across, sometimes uearly uniform.
a'. Crown of head spotted with white or fulvous
white, ireuerally in the form of circular dots;
round the hiud neck a less pronoimced rufes-
cent collar.
a". Interscapidary region barred or spotted
with fulvous.
a'". Tail regularly banned across, the trans-
verse bars continuous.
a*. Tail blackish, crossed with ten or
eleven bars of white ; toes scantily

haired namtm, p. 190.

h*. Tail brown, with six or seven bars of
white.
«\ Toes thickly feathered ; the head
dotted all over with rounded white
spots ; breast with longitudinal
dark brown marks ; sides of face
white, barred with dark brown . . passen'mwi, p. 101.
b\ Toes scantily haired ; the head
sparsely dotted with tiny longi-
tudinal streaks of bull': breast with
heart-shaped rufous spots ; sides
of face dull whitish, barred with
brown, and naiTow fulvous sti'eaks

on the ear-cf>verls sijii, p. 103.

b"'. Tail with white spots or bars, not con-
tinuous across the feather.
c*. Tail with seven or eight hands ; back
and scapulars thickly varied with

zigzag fulvous .spots r/noinrt. p. 194.

f/^. Tail-bands not exceedincr si.x.

e'. Tail deep black, darker than the
wings ; general aspect of upper sur-
face blackish brown, with ochra-

ceous bars and spots jardinii, p. 207.

(P. Tail pale brown ; upper siu"face light

brown, with white spots perlattim, p. 209.

b" . Interscapidary region imiform.

<•'". Head brown like the back ; spots on tail

four or tive ^mmilum, p. 198.

d'". Head greyish, contrasting with the

back ; spots on tail five or six griseiceps, p. 196.

e'". Head and back rufous, with a few lighter

rufous spots ; spots on tail seven .... cohaneme, p. 199.
6'. Crown of head streaked with whitish or
fulvous, with a few spots occasionally inter-
mingled y'(?;-ojrand allies, pp. 200

c'. Crown of head uniform grey like the back ; -205.
tail with ttve white spots on inner web of
middle feather ; sides of body rufous, with
browner streaks on the abdomen . fephrnnotiiin, p. 211.

190 BU'RONIB.E. .

b. Head rejjularly barred across.

d'. Iliud neck fulvescent, with two lateral black | "^Lfp." 214.

patches forming a collar ]i,,lvaticuvi, -p. 215.

e'. Hind neck regularly barred like the head and
the rest of the upper surface.
f". Back rufous, with very slight indicia-
tions of dark cross bars ; no longitudinal
white shoulder-strealf along the scapu-
lars or white bar on the wing-coverts.
<■'. Belly white, naiTowly streaked with

black castanonotum, p. 215.

f^. Belly wliite, broadly streaked with

chestnut castanopterum, p. 21(>.

ff"'. Back greyish or fulvous, barred across
with black.

o*. Size small: bands on tail nine or ten \ , j, •'"' " oio
^ I malabaricum, p. zlo.

A*. Size larger : bands on tail not more j cuculoides, p. 219.

than seven | zchitelyi, p. 222.

i^. Size larger : bands on tail fourteen . . capense, p. 223.

1. Glaucidium nanum.

Strix nana, Kinrj, Zool. Jonrn. iii. p. 427.

Glaucidium nanum, Boie, Jsis, 182G, p. 970; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852,

p. 103, et Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 202; Hwtl. Naum. 1855, p. 209; Biirni.

T)i. Bras. ii. p. 146; id. Reis. La Plata St. ii. p. 441 ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1867, p. 338; Scl. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 188; Hmlson, P. Z. S.

1872, p. 549 ; Scl. Sr Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 117 ; Ridgiv. Pr.

Bost Soc. N. H. xvi. p. 104 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, pp. 41, 259.
Athene ferox, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 109 (ncc Vieill.).
Athene nana, Gray S,- Mitch. Gen. B. i. p. 35, pi. 12 ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 37 ; Hombr. ^ Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, iii. p. 54 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.

p. 173; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 42.
Noctua nana, Gay, Hist. CJiile, i. p. 24G ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges,

p. 31.
Athene leucolaima, Bp. Consp. i. p. 40 (ex Hombr. 4- Jacq. Voy. Atl,

pi. 4. figs. 2, 3).
Strix chileusis, Licht. MS. in Mus. Berol. et Nomencl. Av. p. 8 (descr.

nulla).
Phalsenopsis nana, Bp. C. R. xli. p. G54 (1855).
rhaliienopsis leucolaima, id. t. c. p. 654.

Adult male. Above dull brown with somewhat of a reddish tint,
the back mottled with concealed spots and bars of ochraceous buff;
the scapulars shaded with ashy grey, mottled with ochraceous buff
spots, the outermost white on the external web, forming a conspi-
cuous longitudinal patch : head rather more rufous than the back
and longitudinally streaked with ochraceous buff shaft-stripes ;
round the hind neck a whitish collar, relieved by black markings,
developing into two large patches, one on each side of the hind
neck ; wing-coverts rather darker than the back, and very sparingly
spotted with ochraceous buff, the greater series with large white oval
spots bordered with blackish near the tip ; quills dark brown banded
with rufous, the primaries and inner secondaries chequered with

13. GLAUCIDIFM. 191

spots of white ; upper tail-coverts rufous, crossed Avith a few obsolete
bands of browu ; tail dark browu, tipped with fulvous white and
crossed with ten bars of rufous ; lores and feathers round the ej'e
whitish, the former obscured by blackish bristles ; sides of face and
ear-coverts dull brown, streaked with huffy white ; sides of neck
rufous like the head, but mottled with W'hite bases to the feathers ;
cheeks and chin pure white, the latter succeeded by a band of dark
brown across the throat and followed by a large white fore neck ;
rest of under surface white, streaked with dark brown, the sides of
the breast rufous brown, mottled with whitish spots ; sides of body
ashy brown ; thighs ochraceous, varied with small rufous brown
bars ; tarsal plumes white, spotted with brown ; under wing-coverts
yellowish white slightly streaked with brown, the greater series yel-
lowish white at base, dark brown at tips, thus resembling the inner
lining of the wing, which is ashy brown, barred with white and in-
clining to yellowish white near the Ijasc of the inner web ; iris
orange. Total length 8 inches, wing 3-85, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Eathcr larger than the male, shaded with ashy
grey on the back and scapulars, this being probablj' only the sign of
the adult bird and existing in both sexes; bars on tail eleven.
Total length 8-G inches, wing 4-4, tail 3-2, tarsus 0-95.

Obs. The fuU-plumaged birds are much greyer on the back and
have the head minutely spotted with ochraceous instead of being
streaked.

Young. Differs from the adult in being more uniform above and
exhibiting less of the streaks on the head ; the upper surface rather
more grey, and the spots and bars on the hind neck ochre ; tail deep
rufous, with nine dark brown cross bands, the subterminal one
broader. Eelow, the breast is browner with very few spots, and the
streaks on the flanks very broad and merging together.

Hab. Chili and Patagonia.

a. Juv. st. Port Famine. Capt. King [C.]. Type of

species.

b. Ad. St. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.].

c. 5 ad. sk. Province of Colcbagua, July E. C. Heed, Esq. [C.].

1870.

d. S ad. sk. Rio Negro, Patagonia, May W. II. Hudson, Esq. [C.].

1871.

e. Ad. sk. South America.

f. Juv. St. South America. Specimen figured in Gray

and Mitchell's ' Genera '

(;. c).

2. Glaucidium passerinum.

Strix passerina, Linn. S. N. i. p. 133 ; Nik. Oni. Siiec. i. p. 69, pi. 3 ;

Schl. u. Sunem. Voy, Eur. Taf. 43. fig. 2 ; Sundev. Sv, Foyl. pi. xxv.

tig. 0.
La Cheveche, Buff. Fl. Enl. 439.
Strix tengmalmi, var., Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. 10.
Strix pusilla, Daiul. Traite, ii. p. 205 ; Bree, B. Eur. i. p. 124, iv.

p. 201.

192 BrBoxiD.^.

Strix p^■gnla?a, Bechd. Naturq. Deufschl. iv. p. 978, t. xxiv. ; Wolf

i^- Meyer, V. D. ii. p. 54, pi.
Strix acadica (jiec Gm.), Teinm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 9G ; Naum. Vog.

Deufschl. i. p. 434, pi. 43. figs. 1, 2 ; Werner, Atlas, Ilapaces,

pi. 41.
Glaucidiuin passerinum, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 976 ; Bp. Con-ip. i. p. 36 ;

Strickl. Orn. Sun. p. 158 ; Fritscli, VS(/. Ear. tab. 13. fig. 6 ;

Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 31 ; Sharpe cV Dresser, B. Ear. pt. ii. ;

Sharpe, Ill's, 1875, pp. 38, 259.
Noctua pygiutea, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. part 2, p. 63,
Noctua acadica, Carter, Bh/ne Anim. 1829, p. 345.
Suruia passeriua, Bp. Oss. B. A. Cuv. p. 51 ; Kei/s. >.S- Bias. Wirb. Eur.

p. xxxii ; Degl. i§- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 120 ; Borygr. Yoydf.

Norddeutschl. p. 64.
Noctua passerina, Gotdd, B. Eur. i. pi. 50 : Sold. 3fus. P.-B. Striges,

p. 41.
Athene passerina, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35 ; id. Hatid-l. B. i. p. 42.
Micropteryx passerinum, Kaup, Contr. Orn, 1852, p. 107 ; id. Tr. Z.

S. iv. p. 213.
Glaucidiuin microrhynclium, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 273.
Glaucidium pygiutBum, id. I. c. p. 273.

Adult female. Above umber-brown, with a distinct ashy grey
shade ou the head, back, and scapulars ; the whole of the upper
parts varied with spots of yellowish white, inclining to small bars on
the back, all the spots somewhat relieved by a continuous dark
brown margin, but many of them concealed ; occiput more plainly
varied with fulvous white spots ; the hind neck aud wig strongly
mottled with dull ochraceous spots, forming an indistinct collar ;
wing-coverts coloured like the back, washed like the scapulars with
rufous brown, the fulvous white spots rather larger and the median
coverts pure white, forming a large longitudinal patch of white on
the upper part of the wing ; quills dark brown, stronglj* washed with
rulbus brown from the base upwards, as also are the concealed
greater coverts, all barred with lighter brown, inclining to white on
outer web and producing a spotted appearance ; the secondaries more
ashy grey like the back, barred with lighter brown, the white spots
larger and forming small bars on the outer web, thus more resem-
bling the back ; rump uniform with back, the upper tail-coverts
washed with rufous brown and varied with concealed bars of white ;
taU rufous brown, tipped and crossed with six narrow bars of white,
on each margin of which the colour of the tail is a deeper brown ;
lores and a distinct eyebrow whitish, the former varied with black
hair-like bristles ; ear-coverts white, crossed with dark brown bars,
rather minute in character ; cheeks and chin white ; throat mottled
with brown, which extends ou to the sides of the neck, where it is
somewhat washed with rufous ; below the brown throat-patch the
fore neck is conspicuously white, forming a sort of band ; rest of
under surface of body white, tinged with yellowish on abdomen and
vent, the sides of the breast and flauks distinctlj- streaked with
sepia-brown, the breast clouded aud mottled ^^^th rufous brown, the
centre only streaked and the sides of the upper breast entirely rufous
brown, mottled with fulvous white spots ; legs whitish, the upper

I

13. GLAUCIDIUM. 193

parts washed with yellowish brown, the tarsal plumes slightly
marked with browu ; under tail-coverts white, washed with brown
at their tips ; under wing-coverts yellowish white, those on the edge
of the wing pure white, the centre ones longitudinally streaked with
dark brown, the greater series whitish at liase, ashy brown at tip,
thus resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is ashy brown
barred with white ; bill yellow ; feet brownish yellow, talons blackish
brown ; iris bright yellow. Total* length G'S inches, wing 4-15,
tail 2-8, tarsus 0-65.

Adult male. Differs from the female only in being smaller. The
statement made by some writers that the male has more of an ashy
grey shade above than the female docs not seem to me to hold good ;
for the bird before me is quite as grey as any old male. The bars
on the tail are seven in number. Total length 6-2 inches, wing 3-85,
tail 2-6, tarsus 0-6.

Young male. Much browner than the adults and characterized by
an absence of spots, the latter being apparently gradually assumed ;
the white wing-patch represented only by a few oval spots, and the
bands on the quills and tail very narrow and dusky white ; under-
neath the stripes on the flanks are very much broader.

Hah. The whole of Northern and Central Europe.

Germany.

Carniola. Purchased.

Carniola. Piircliased.

Gardtijo, SNveden, March 15, J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

1863 ( IMieehcriyht).

Stockholm, Sweden, Dec. 10, Piu'chased.

1873.

Falun, Sweden, Jan. 1, 1873. Purchased.

Southern Ural {Dr. Strader). II. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

3. Glaucidiuin siju.

Noctua siju, D'Orh. in Ramon de la Sayra II, N. Cuba, Ois. p. 33,

pi. iii.
Athene siju, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35 ; Cass. Cat. Striffidee Pkilad. Mus.

p. 13 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 42.
Nyctale siju, Bp. Consp. i. 54 ; Stn'ckl. Orn, Syn. p. 177.
Strix havaneusis, Licht. Mas. BeroL, vnde
Glaucidiuin havanense, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 103.
Glaucidium siju, Cab. J.f. O. 1855, p. 59 ; Ilidyw. Pr. Bost. Soc. N.

H. 1873, p. 65; Scl. ^- Sale. Nomencl. Av. p. 117; Sharpe, Ibis,

1875, p. 59.

Adult. Above dark brown, varied with small streaks and broader
bars of deep ochre, especially distinct on the scapulars, where the
bars incline to whitish on their outer margin ; wing-coverts dark
browu, rather deeper than the back, the least ones with small
ochraceous spots, the median and greater series with large ovate
spots of white ; quills dark brown, barred with lighter brown, on
the outer part of which bars are several spots of bufty white, the
quills for the most part notched with white on the inner web, more
distinctly on the secondaries : upper tail-covcrts rather more ashy

VOL. II. o

a.
b.
c.
d.

cS juv. St.

c? ad. St.
$ juv. St.
(S ad. sk.

e.

5 ad. sk.

f.

(S ad. sk.

Ad. sk.

194 liUBOMD^i:.

than the back, streaked with white longitudinally ; tail brown, crossed
with seven (including the one at the tiji) bands of whitish more or
less tinged with rufous ; head lighter and more earthy brown than the
back, with longitudinal fulvous stripes, somewhat dilated towards
the tips of the feathers ; round the hind neck a collar of orange-
rufous ; lores and feathers above the eye white, the former obscured
by blackish bristles ; ear-coverts duU white, with brown cross bars ;
checks, chin, and fore neck whitish, the latter separated by a band
of rufous feathers across the lower throat ; rest of under surface
white, varied with several longitudinal rows of duU rufous brown
spots, either oval or heart-shaped, developing into streaks on the
abdomen ; the sides of the breast rufescent, varied with dark brown
bars ; under wing-coverts whitish, spotted with brown, the greater
series yellowish white at base, brown at tips, thus resembling the
inner lining of the wings, which are ashy brown, notched with yel-
lowish Avhite on the inner web. Total length 5-8 inches, wing 3-55,
tail 2-4, tarsus 0'8.

Hab. Cuba.
a. Ad. st. Cuba.

4. Glaucidium gnoma.

Glaucidium gnoma, Waqler, his, 1832, p. 275 ; Vass. B. N. Am. p. 02 ;
Cah. J. f. 0. 18C9, p. 207; Sharpe, His, 1875, pp. 38, 259, pi. i.
tigs. 1, 2.

Strix passerinoides, Audubon, Orn. Biogr. v. p. 271.

Athene gnoma. Gray, Gm. B. p. 35 ; id. Hand-l. i. p. 42.

Glaucidium iafuscatum, Cass. B. Calif. %■ Texas, p. 189.

Glaucidium californicum, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, pp. 4, 126.

Glaucidium passeriuum,var. califoruicum, Ridgtc. Pr. Bost. Suc.N. II.
xvi. p. 95 ; id. N.-Am. B. iii. p. 81.
Young. Above clear chocolate-brown, perfectly uniform on the
interscapular}' region, the scapulars distinctly marked with large
rounded or oval spots of rufous ochre on their outer web ; head grey,
slightlv tinged with brown and marked on the fore part of the crown
with a few narrow ochraceous streaks; the hind neck mottled with
white and forming a sort of collar, relieved by two blackish patches
on each side of the neck and followed by a second indistinct
rufous collar below the white one ; wing-coverts rufous chocolate,
varied n'ith half-concealed small bars of rufous, the greater coverts
deep brown with oval spots of rufous white ; primarj'-covei'ts uni-
form deep brown, quills deep brown, sparsely spotted with rufous
on the outer web, the secondaries browner like the back and exter-
nally margined and spotted with light rufous ; upper tail-coverts
rufous chocolate, indistinctly barred with light rufous ; tail blackish
brown, crossed with eight rows of white spots (counting the tenuinal
one), these spots not continuous, but obscured by ochraceous and not
meeting in the centre of the feather ; lores aud feathers round the
eye white ; ear-coverts greyish, washed with rufous and streaked
with white ; chin and cheeks white, extending in a distinct patch
under the ear-coverts ; throat pure white, separated from the chin
by a band of brown feathers mottled with rufous ; breast rufous,

13. GLAuciDirii. 195

almost uniform, excepting a division of white feathers down the centre
which are streaked with black ; rest of under surface white, thickly-
streaked with black, the sides of the body rufous ; leg-feathers
ochraceous brown, inclining to fulvous on the inner face ; under wing-
coverts white, the innermost yellowish, with a patch of black near
the outer margin, the greater series yellowish at base, blackish at
tips, thus resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are greyish
brown, plainly spotted with yellowish on the inner web, more largely
near the base.

Ohs. Erom the uniform grey-headed plumage above described the
present sjiecies moults into its second stage, as is evidenced by a
specimen in Mr. H. S. Le Strange's collection. The crown in this
bird is becoming dark brown like the back, the shafts indicated by
rufous lines widening out in an oval form and crossed with other
bars of rufous. This specimen also shows some mottlings on the
back, thus approaching the Vancouver- Island specimen next to be
described, and which I take to be in the second plumage.

Adult male (in second plumage). Above brown with somewhat of
a rufous olive tinge, the back varied with half-concealed arrow-
shaped spots of rufous ochre, larger on the scapulars and more oval
in shape, inclining to white on the outer margin ; the hind neck also
strongly mottled with rnfous ochre, forming a kind of irregular coUar,
above which is a more clearly defined one of white, slightly varied
with blackish and relieved by two patches of black on either side of
the hind neck ; head rather darker brown than the back, covered
with minute spots of rufous ochre, larger and rather more elongated
on the forehead ; wing-coverts darker brown than the back and
spotted in the same way with rufous ochre, taking the form of
notches or bands on the gi-eater series, some of the outermost of
which are tipped with white, which forms a kind of longitudinal band
down the wing ; quills deep sepia-brown, indistinctly banded with
blackish, externally spotted with rufous ochre, the secondaries
browner, spotted and indistinctly barred across with ochraceous buff;
upper tail-coverts bi'own, longitudinally streaked near the base with
white and spotted or barred near the tip with ochraceous white ;
tail blackish with lighter brown bars inclining to white spots on
either extremity, but larger always on the inner web, the tail thus
appearing to have five bands without counting the terminal white
spot on the inner web of each feather ; lores and an indistinct eye-
brow duskj- white, the former obscured by blackish bristles ; sides of
face dark brown, minutely spotted with ochraceous ; chin and cheeks
white, extending in a broad patch below the ear-coverts, crossed by
a distinct band of brown, mottled with ochre and rufous and extend-
ing on to the sides of the neck ; fore neck conspicuously white ; rest
of under surface pure white, narrowly but very distinctly streaked
with black, disappearing on the under tail-coverts ; the sides of the
upper breast mottled with ochraceous spots, the flanks also varied
with dark brown ; leg-feathers white, slightly streaked with dark
brown ; under wing-coverts white, streaked near outer margin with
blackish, the greater series whitish at base, ashy brown at tip, thus

o2

190 uiTnoxiD.i;.

resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is ashy brown barred
with white on the inner web. Total length (v5 inches, wing 3-5,
tail 275, tarsus 0-7.

Adult female. Above ashj' brown, the whole back varied with
more or less concealed whitish specks or bars, often tinged with
rufous on the back and scapulars, the outermost of the latter having
larger spots of dull white on the outer web ; head and nape ashy
brown, dotted with dull white, some of the spots washed with rufous
and inclining to small bars in some instances ; round the hind neck
the feathers marked with white, forming a kind of collar with the
usual black patches on each side, succeeded by a second collar of
rufous ochre, with which colour the feathers are marked in the form
of bands ; -wdng-coverts a little browner than the back, with small
transverse bars of pale rufous, the tips of the outermost median and
greater -wing-coverts reheved by an ovate spot of white ; qiulls dark
brown, with narrow whitish tips to the inner primaries and the
secondaries, the quills indistinctly barred with greyish brown,
changing to a white spot on the outer margin of the primaries and
producing a chequered appearance, not so distinct on the secondaries,
which are browner and have irregular transverse bai's of white or
ochraceous white ; tail deep brown, crossed with seven rows of white
spots, larger and more like notches on the concealed inner web ;
lores and feathers above the eye pure white, meeting over the base
of the forehead, the former ending in black bristles ; ear- coverts
ashy brown, varied with small bars of rufous and linear streaks of
white ; chin and cheeks white, extending in a conspicuous patch
under the ear-coverts ; lower throat pure white, separated from the
chin by a baiid of dark brown feathers somewhat varied with rufous ;
rest of under surface white, distinctly streaked with black ; the sides
of the body ashy brown, spotted with white, these spots more distinct
on the sides of the breast, which arc washed with rufous ; thighs
white, mottled with brown on the outer webs ; under wing-coverts
white, especially the bend of the wing, the inner ones and axillaries
yellowish, with a few blackish marks a little way from the edge of
the wing, the greater series yellowish at base, ashy brown at tip,
thus resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are plainly
barred with white on the inner web, less plainly and more spot-like
on the outer, the secondaries barred on both webs with pale rufous.
Total length 6 inches, wing 3'5, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-65. {Mus. H. S.
Lo Strange.)

Hah. From Vancouver's Island and Oregon along the western
coast of America ; Mexico southwards to Guatemala.

a.

cJ ad. st.

Vancouver's Island.

J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].

b.

Juv. sk.

W. Mexico.

Purchased.

c.

Ad. sk.

Mexico,

M. A. Bouvier [C.].

d.

Ad. St,

[Central America.]

J. Gould, Esq.

5, Glaucidium griseiceps.

Glaucidium giiseiceps, Shnrpe, Ibis, 1875, pp. 41, 259, pi. ii. fig. 2.
Glaucidium pumilum Auct. ex Amer. centr.

vs. GLAUClDIUir. 197

Adah. Head greyisli, witli minute white dots, e;ich dot relieved
bj' a black terminal line ; round the hind neck an ill-defined collar
formed of white spots mottled with l>]ack markings, the usual black
patches on each side of the hind neck well developed ; back clear
umber-brown, uniform with the exception of a few whitish spots on
the outer web of the scapulars ; the upper tail-coverts with a few
concealed ochraceous spots, often absent ; wing-coverts like the back,
except the outermost which are bhickish, on the least ones a few
spots of rufous ochre, larger and whiter on the greater series ; pri-
mary-coverts blackish, quills blackish, with indications of obsolete
brown bars, which show a snudl ochraceous spot on the external web
of the primaries, larger and more distinct on the secondaries, which
are browner and resemble the back; tuil blackish, crossed with
five rows of white spots, inclining to bars or notches on the inner
web, and nearly obsolete on the tips of the feathers ; frontal plumes,
lores, and a narrow eyebrow white, the lores obscured by black
bristles ; ear-coverts obscurely barred with white and dusky black ;
sides of crown and sides of neck very thickly dotted with wliite ;
cheeks white, extending backwards in a patch below the ear-coverts ;
chin and fore neck white, separated by a faintly indicated band of dull
brown, washed with rufous ; rest of under suiface white, with broad
longitudinal streaks of rufous brown, inclining to dark brown on the
abdomen ; the sides of the breast entirely rufous brown, mottled -nath
large spots of while ; leg-feathers dusky, slightly mottled with white,
especially on the inner face of the thighs ; under wing-coverts yel-
lowish, with a few black markings near the outer edge of the wing,
the greater series yellowish at base, blackish at tip, thus resembling
the inner lining of the wing, all the inner webs being notched with
yellowish and being entirely yellow near the base of the quills.
Total length 5-6 inches, wing 3-55, tail 2-4, tarsus 6-7.

Yoiuuj. Head deep grey, with a few whitish streaks on the fore-
head ; hind neck mottled with white, forming an indistinct collar
with the usual black side-patches, the feathers below this collar
slightly inclining to rufous, but not enough to form a second collar ;
entire back uniform chocolate-brown, the scapulars with a few scat-
tered sjiots of rufous ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series
with a few rufous s])ots on the outer web ; primary-coverts uniformly
blackish, quills blackish, externally spotted with rufous, the secon-
daries browner like the back, but also spotted with rufous on the
outer web ; tail blackish, with yellowish white tips to the inner webs
of the feathers, which have here and there a few yellowish spots,
excepting the two centre ones, which have six rows of small ochra-
ceous spots, not counting the one at the tip ; lores and feathers round
the eye whitish, the former elongated into black bristles ; fore part
of cheeks also conspicuously white ; hinder part of ear-coverts brown ;
chin and a patch extending below the ear-coverts pure white, sepa-
rated from the L)wer throat, which is also white, by a distinct band
of brown ; rest of uuder surface of body white, broadly streaked with
blackish ; the chest and sides of the body rufous chocolate, with no
spots or lighter mottlings ; leg-feathers yellowish, mottled with

198 BtritoNiD^.

browo OR their outer face ; under wiug-coverts yellowish white, the
innermost especially yellow, those near the carpal bend tinged with
rufous and distinctly marked with brown, the greater series yellow-
ish at base, blacldsh at tip, thus resembling the inner lining of the
wing, which is strongly barred with yellowish, the base of the
feathers being entirely yellow, the bars on the inner web of the
secondaries washed with rufous.

Hob. Central America, from Guatemala to Panama.

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Pm-chased. (Type

of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Guatemala. M. A. Bouvier.

c. Juv. sk. Guametala. M. A. Bouvier.

d. Juv. sk. Veragua. M. E. Arce [C.].

G. Glaucidium pumilum.

Strix pumila, Temni. PI. Col. i. pi. 39.

Noctua pumila, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 68.

Strix mmutissima, Ma.v. Beitr. iii. p. 242.

Surnia ? minutissima, Up. 0<s. Rofpi. Antin. Cuv. p. 57.

Athene pumila, Gray, Gen. B. p. 35 ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 42.

Athene minutissima, Bj). Consp. i. p. 38.

Glaucidium pumilum, Knup, Contr. Oiti. 1852, p. 103 ; Burin. Th.

Bras. ii. p. 144 ; Scl. 8,- Salv. Nomencl. p. 117 ; Bidt/w. Pr. Bost. Soc.

N. H. xvi. p. 97 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, pp. 40, 259; pi. ii. fig. 1.
Athene ferox, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 102 {nee VieilL).
Phalseuopsis minutissima, Bp. Bcv. et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 544.
Noctua minutissima, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 32.
Glaucidium passerinum, Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 397 (lapsti).

Adult. Above pale rufons brown, the scapulars with concealed
oval spots of ochraceous white ; the head rather more ashy or oUve-
brown than the back and covered with minute spots of dull whitish ;
hind neck mottled with white, several of the feathers being white on
the outer web and forming an indistinct collar, relieved by a black
patch on each side of the hind neck, this whitish collar succeeded
by a very distinct and characteristic band of orange-rufous, forming
a conspicuous reddish collar across the upper back ; wing-coverts
rufous brown like the back, the greater and median series darker
brown towards their tips and distinctly spotted with white on the
outer web ; quills dark brown, faintly crossed with rufous brown
bars, shading off into fulvous spots on the outer webs, the seconda-
ries more or less washed with rufous on the outer web ; tail-feathers
dark brown, washed with rufous near the base, especially of the
outer feather ; the tail crossed with four rows of white spots, larger
on the inner web and partaking here of the character of notches
rather than spots, the fourth spot confined tothe inner web, which
it tips ; lores and feathers in front of and over the eye white, the
former entirely obscured by blackish bristles ; sides of face dusky
brown, mottled with whitish cross bars or rather spots ; cheeks white,
extending on to the sides of the neck below the ear-coverts ; chin
white, followed by a line of orange-rufous across the lower throat j

13. GLAtJCIDItlM. 199

fore neck pure white ; rest of under surface white, distinctly streaked
with orange-rufous, the upper hreast and sides of the body entirely
of the latter colour ; under tail-coverts white, with a few brown
streaks towards their tips ; under wing-coverts whitish, marked ^\-ith
brown, thus forming a longitudinal streak down the wing-coverts
and inclining to yellowish white on the inner coverts, the greater
series yellowish white at base, dark brown at tip, thus resembling
the inner lining of the wing, which is dark brown barred with lighter
brown and with yellowish white near the base ; leg-feathers orange-
buff^ Total length 6 inches, wing 3-5, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-7.

Youmj. Differs from the adult in being much more uniform on the
head, where there are few or no spots. The back is a shade more
chocolate, so that the rufous collar does not stand out so conspicuously ;
quills crossed with eight rufous bars, paler on the outer web, but not
showing such distinct white spots as in tlio adult.

Hah. Brazil.

a. Juv. St. South America.

b. Ad. St. South America.

c. d. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

«• Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Ohxussen [P.J.

/. Ad. sk. Bahia. Dr. Wucherer [C.l

y- Juv. sk. Bahia. Dr. Wucherer [C.].

7. Glaucidium cobanense, (Plate XIII. fig. 1.)

Glaucidiura ridgwayi, juu., Sliarpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 47.
Glaucidium cobaueiise, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, pp. 259, 260.

Adult. Above duU rufous brown, the head with obscure bars of
rufous ; on each side of the hind neck a concealed patch of white
feathers, tipped with black ; scapulars rufous brown, with concealed
bars of rufous ; primary-coverts blackish, with narrow rufous mar-
gins ; quilk blackish, with lighter brown bars, terminating in
rounded white spots on the inner web, the outer one minutely
spotted with rufous, inclining to buif on the primaries ; tail blackish,
with seven spots of white on the inner web, those on the middle
feathers washed with i-usty ; lores white, washed with rusty, the
shafts developed into long hair-like bristles ; feathers round the
eye huffy white; ear-coverts and sides of face brighter rufous,
mottled with dark brown ; chin and cheeks bufty white, the fore
neck and chest pure white, separated from the chin by a band of
bright rufous ; the rest of the under surface of the body white,
broadly streaked with rufous brown, the flanks entirely rufous ; leg-
feathers white, streaked with dark brown and washed with rufous ;
under wing-coverts white, as also the edge of the wing, the inner
ones washed with ycUow, those near the edge of thewing dark
brown, the lower series white, tipped with bi'own, resembling the
inner lining of the -wings, which are ashy brown, barred with white
on the inner web ; bill yellow, dusky at base of })oth mandibles ;
legs yellow, claws black. Total lengtli ."> inclics, wing 3-4.5, tail 2-55,
tarsus 0 75.

200 BUBONID.E.

Ilah. Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala.
n. Ad. sk. Coban, Guatemala. M. A. Bouvier.

8. Glaucidium ferox.

Under the heading of this species three subspecies or races arc
included, as follows : —

Subsp. a. Glaucidium ferox.

a. Brown phase.

Caburi?, Azara, Aptmt. i. p. 225.

Strix ievox, VieiU. N. Diet. crHist. N. vii. p. 22.

Strix passerinoides, Temm. PI. Col. 344 ; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 239.

Noetua passerinoides, Less. Man. cPOrn. i. p. 112.

Surnia passerinoides, Bp. Oss. Regn. Anim. Cuv. p. 57.

Strix infuscata, Temm. Iml. Gen. PL Col. p. 7.

Noetua ferox, I)' Orb. Voy. Am. Met: Ois. p. 127.

Athene passerinoides. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35.

Athene infuscata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 37 ; Strickl. Orn. St/n. p. 163 ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 42.
Glaucidium infuscatum, Kaup, Contr. Oni. 1852, p. 103 ; Cab. J. f.

O. 1869, p. 207 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 289 ; Bidyw. Pr. Bast. Soc.

N. H. xvi. p. 102.
Phalsenopsis infuscata, Bp. Eer. et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 544.
Phalsenopsis ferrugiuea, Bp. I. c. p. 544.
Glaucidium passerinoides, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 143 ; id. Beise La

Plata St. ii. p. 440.
Glaucidium ferrugiueum, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 289.
Noetua infuscata, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Stiiges, p. 31.
Athene ferruginea, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 399.
Athene minutissima, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 9, 399.
Glaucidiimi phaljenoides (pt.), Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. p. 117.

6. Rufous phase.

Strix ferruginea. Max. Pels. Bras. i. p. 105 ; Temm. PI. Col. 199.
Noetua ferruginea, Stepli. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 69 ; Tsch. Faun.

Per. pp. 19_, 117; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 30.
Surnia feri'iiginea, Bp. Oss. Begn. An., Cuv. p. 56.
Athene ferruginea, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 38 ;

Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 162 ; Gray, Handr-l. B. i. p. 42.
Glaucidium ferrugineum, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 104; Burm,

Th. Bras. ii. p. 141 ; Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 207.

Bkown phase. Adult. Above ashy brown, with concealed
diamond-shaped spots of white on the back, extending to the upper
tail-coverts, and changing to bars on the scapulars, which have also
large ovate spots of white on the oiitermost feathers ; head rather
more earthy brown than the back, thickly covered with tiny ovate
dots of pale ochraceous, sometimes joined together by a central
shaft-line, and thereby producing a streak ; round the hind neck a
sort of collar, produced by mixed black and white feathers, some of
them washed with ochre, but not producing a second collar , the
usual black neck-patches tolerably well pronounced ; wing-coverts

ly. ULAUCIDIUM. 201

coloured like the back, and spotted iu the same manner, the outer
median and the greater coverts with well-pronounced ovate spots of
white; primary-coverts uniform ashy brown; quills ashy brown,
rather darker than the back, excepting near the base of outer web
of primaries, which is clear :ishy, all of them externally chequered
with white spots or notches, the latter much larger on the inner
web, and especially on the secondaries, where the notches sometimes
nearly reach across the feather and form a bar ; tail blackish, darker
even tlian the Avings, and crossed with seven rows of white spots,
larger and taking the form of bars on the two centre ones and on
the inner webs of the others, but never reaching to the shaft of the
feather or forming a complete band ; feathers in front of and over
the eye white, forming a tolerably distinct eyebrow, the lores ter-
minating in black bristles ; ear-coverts ashy grey, with broad streaks
of ochraceous ; chin and lower throat pure white, extending back-
wards under the ear-coverts, and separated from each other by a
blackish grey band ; rest of under surface white, streaked with ashy
grey, some of the stripes on the abdomen blackish ; the sides of the
body and the upper breast greyish brown, the latter spotted irregu-
larly with white ; thighs and leg-feathers white on the inner sur-
face, and strongly mottled with ashy brown ; under tail-coverts
pure white, with distinct central streaks of black; under wing-
coverts yellowish, the outermost pure white, especially round the
bend of the wing, these last strongly marked with dark brown ; the
greater series yellowish at base, ashy brown at tip, thus resembling
the inner lining of the quills, which have the inner webs notched
with white, inclining to yellow near the base of the feathers ; iris
chrome-yellow. Total length 7-5 inches, wing 4, tail 3-2, tarsus
0-85. (Peru: Mus. Salvin & Godman.)

Female {?). Above ochi-aceous brown, the back varied with more
or less concealed star-like spots of white, rather larger on the sca-
pulars, which have bars of white, the outermost with large ovate
spots of the same ; wing-coverts coloured like the back, with the
same tiny spots of white, the median and some of the greater coverts
with large oval Avhite spots, smaller on the greater coverts, which
are externally washed with rufous, the outer ones blackish ; primary-
coverts brown, washed with rufous and obscurely barred with dull
ochraceous ; quills dark brown, banded with pale rufous, the bars
inclining to white on their outer webs, and producing a chequered
appearance, especially on the secondaries, where the white spots are
more distinct, the innermost barred with white nearly across the
feather, rufous only in the middle of the band ; upper tail-coverts
rather more sandy rufous than the back, distinctly spotted with
white; tail dark brown, crossed with eight bars of white, including
the terminal one, which is very narrow, the bars as a rule not
meeting across the shaft, but doing this in many cases, the inter-
spaces washed with rufous ; head ochraceous brown, a little duller
than the back, streaked with white, with a few spots of the same,
some of the streaks dilated into spots, sometimes rufous, sometimes
white ; round the neck an indistinct collar of white, here and there

202 BrBoxiB-T;.

inclining to ochre, the usual black patches on the hind neck very
feebly developed ; below this white collar a few feathers of rufous
ochre are present, but not strongly enough developed to form a
second coUar ; lores as well as feathers over and round the eye
white, the former terminating in blackish bristles ; sides of face
dark brown, the oar-coverts very distinctly streaked with ochraceous
white ; chin and cheeks pure white, extending backwai'ds under the
ear-coverts ; throat also pure white, separated from the chin by a
band of ochraceous brown feathers, joining the sides of the neck,
which are minutely spotted with white ; rest of under surface of
body pure white, sparsely streaked with dull brown, the flanks also
white, with the same brown streaks ; the sides of tlie breast ochra-
ceous brown, with a few white spots ; under wing-coverts yellowish,
the outer ones white as well as the bend of the wing, with a few
dark brown spots a little way in ; the greater coverts yellowish at
base, dark brown at tip, thus resembling the inner lining of the
wing, which is dark brown, barred with white on the inner web,
inclining to yeUow near the base. Total length 7'5 inches, wing 4,
tail 2'85, tarsus 0"8. (Santa Martha : Mus. Brit.)

Rtjfous phase. Adult female. Above uniform cinnamon-rufous,
the wing-coverts a little darker and browner than the back, both
these and the scapulars varied with a few half-concealed oval spots
of white ; quills of the same colour as the back, indistinctly banded
across with dark brown, more plainly on the primaries, which are
dusky brown towards their tips ; the two outer ones externally
dusky brown ; tail entirely cinnamon-rufous ; lores and a distinct
eyebrow white, the former varied with black bristles ; ear-coverts
cinnamon, with white shaft-streaks ; cheeks white, extending back-
wards on to the sides of neck below the ear-coverts ; chin white ;
lower throat cinnamon, followed by a large patch of white on the
fore neck ; rest of iinder surface of body fulvous white, streaked
with cinnamon, the stripes having a shade of brownish on the sides
of the body ; sides of the body entirely cinnamon-rufous, as also the
under wing-covcrts, which are rather paler, the greater series yel-
lowish buff, tipped with dark brown, the inner lining of the quills
rufous, barred with brown, and inclining to yello"\vish buff near the
base of the wing ; edge of the wing whitish ; leg-feathers pale cin-
namon ; under tail-coverts yellowish buff, streaked with cinnamon.
Total length 9-7 inches, \\'ing 4-6, taU. 3-5, tarsus 0-9.

Adult male. Similar to the female in colour, but smaller. Total
length 8 inches, wing 42, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-85.

Hah. South America, Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia ; northwards
through Ecuador to New Granada.

a. $ ad. st.

b. S ad. St.

c. Juv. St.

d. Ad. sk.
e,f. Ad. sk.
r/, h. Ad. st.
/, A-. Ad. sk.
/. Ad.sk.

Brazil.

Dr. Such [C.l.
M. Claussen [P.;.

Brazil.

Brazil.

M. Claussen [P.].

Brazil.

Purchased.

Bahia.

Dr. Wucherer [C]

Bolivia.

Mr. Brydges [C.].

Santa Martha.

Purchased.

Santa Martha.

Purchased.

I'A. HLAUCIDIUM. 203

Subsp. fl. Glaucidium phalanoides.

Strix phalffiiioides, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 206.

Phalaenopsis plialsenoides, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 544.

Glaucidiuni feiTugineiiin, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 80.

Athene infiiscata, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 557.

Athene phalsenoides, Gray, Iland-l. i. p. 42.

Beotvn phase. Adult. Above deep sepia- (almost blackish) brown,
the head profusely marked %vith small rounded or minute triangular
dots of fulvous white ; the back uniform brown, with scarcely any
concealed white dots ; round the hind neck an indistinct collar of
ochraceous buff, plentifully intermingled with black, with the usual
two nape-patches of the latter colour ; scapulars scarcely spotted at
all, but exhibiting a few large white spots near their tips ; wing-
coverts a little browner than back and nearly uniform, only the
greater series -with a few distinct Avhite spots towards the tip of the
feather ; the primary- coverts uniform brown ; quills dark brown,
indistinctly barred with ashy brown, the bars being indicated on
the outer web by a small white spot, inclining to bars on the secon-
daries ; upper tail-coverts uniform with back, and indistinctly
spotted with white ; tail blackish, crossed with six rows of yellowish
spots ; lores whitish, obscured somewhat by blackish shaft-stripes ;
white spots on side of crown rather larger, and forming a narrow
eyebrow; sides of face brownish, with a few streaks and bars of
dull fulvous ; chin and cheeks white, separated from the white fore
neck by a baud of dark brown feathers, plentifully mottled with ful-
vous spots ; rest of under surface white, broadly streaked with
chocolate-brown, the white markings on the flanks rather larger
and more oval ; the sides of the body, and especially of the upper
breast, more uniform chocolate-broT\Ti, with very distinct white
spots, rather ovate in form ; under tail-coverts white, with narrow
streaks of dark brown ; under wing-coverts yellowish, strongly
mottled with dark brown round the bend and near the edge of tliQ
wing, the greater series yellowish at base, dark brown at tip, re-
sembling more the inner lining of the wing, which is dark brown,
with yellowish white bars on the inner webs of the quiUs ; biU
yellowish white ; feet yellowish white ; iris yellow. Total length
6"5 inches, wing 3-9, tail 2-65, tarsus 0-75.

RxjFous PHASE. Adult. Above dusky ferruginous chestnut, the
back and scapulars margined with more or less concealed spots of
light ochraceous, the head with numerous narrow stripes of rufous
ochre ; nuchal collar whitish, mottled more or less with black and
relieved by the usual patches on each side of the hind neck, these
being more indistinct than in some of the allied species, the upper
back mottled with large ovate spots of yellowish ochre below the
nuchal collars ; scapulars coloured like the back and spotted in the
same manner and exhibiting very distinct oval spots of white on
their outer margin ; upper wing- coverts also uniform with the back
and minutely spotted with lighter rufous, the greater series ha\"ing
large terminal spots of white like the scapulars ; primary-coverts

204 BrBoxiD^.

brown, witli a few rufous spots ; quills dark brown, barred across
with light rufous, those lighter bars terminating externally in a
fulvescent spot ; tail rufous brown, crossed with eight distinct bars
of light rufous, sometimes but not always completely traversing the
feather and here and there inclining to whitish ; lores whitish at
base, terminating in yellowish bristly hairs ; sides of face rufous
brown, narrowly streaked with butfy white ; chin and fore part of
cheeks whitish, separated from the fore neck, which is also white, by
a broad band of rnfous on which slight ochraceous mottlings appear;
rest of under surface white, blotched mth broad stripes of bright
rufous, the sides of the body almost uniformly of this colour, the
sides of the breast distinctly marked with oval spots of ochraceous
white ; under wing-coverts whitish, marked with brown near the
bend and edge of the wing, the greater series yellowish at base, brown
at tip, resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is broAvn barred
with yellowish white on the inner webs of the quills, these bars
inclining to pale rufous near the ends of the quills. Total length
O'o inches, wings 4-1, tail 2-55, tarsus 0-75.

Another rufous specimen has a more uniform upper sui'face with
less distinct stripes on the head, which is obscurely spotted with
paler rufous ; the tail rufous, barred with dusky brown, eight bars
being perceptible on the centre feathers, but these irregular in shape
and more or less connected together l)y a longitudinal mark along
the shaft ; these bars more or less obliterated on the other feathers,
which exhibit the centre part for the most part dusky brown, from
which branch on either side irregular and ill-defined bars of the same
colour.

Another specimen in the Museum represents what I believe to be
the young bird of the rufous phase. It is of a deeper and more
maroon-chestnut colour, and is nearly uniform everywhere on the
upper surface ; the crown is dusky rnfous brown, with only a few
narrow fulvous stripes on the forehead ; the tail uniform deep
rufous, with the faintest indications of obsolete bars near the tips
of some of the feathers.

Ohs. The Trinidad form of G. ferox, which I keep separate from
the Central- American and Brazilian forms, holds an intermediate
position between the two latter, not being exactly similar to either
and partaking partially of the characters of both. The brown phase
is considerably darker than the corresponding plumage of either
G. ferox or G. ridgwayi, and is more of a chocolate-brown ; the spots
on the tail are six in number and smaller than in Brazilian birds.
The rufous plumage is also much darker and more chestnut than in
either of the two allied birds, and is separated by its distinctly spotted
back from the corresponding stage of G. ridgiunyi, though resembling
the latter in the characters of its tail when adult. Until, there-
fore, we know more of the species of Glaucidium from Venezuela
and Trinidad, it seems better to keep this as an intermediate and at
present geographically isolated form.

Hab. Trinidad [? Venezuela and Guiana],
n, b, c. Ad. St. Trinidad.

13. GLAUCIDIUM. 2(»5

'^- J"^'- l^- Trinidad.

"rnKA-y Trinidad. M. A. Bouvier.

A ■ inv ^V InmA^A. M. A. Bouvier.

^- ■^"^- '^- Triuidad. M. A. Bouvier.

Siibsp. y. Grlaucidium ridgwayi.
Atliene iufuscata, Sclater, P. Z. S. 185G p 285
Glaucidium infiiscatum, Scl. ,f Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 220 • G C Tm.Ur
op. at. 1860, p. 220; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. l'. k p 'w " '

Orlauciduim jardinii, Scl. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 220. "
Glaucidmni gnoma, Lawr. Ann. Li/c. ]V. Y. ix. p. 1.32
Glaucidium phalanoides, Salrin, P. Z. S. 1870 p 217
Glaucidium infuscatum, var. guoma, Siclffw. Pr. Post. Soc. N. H. xvi.

Glaucidium ridgwayi, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, pp. 5q, 259.

Brown PHASE. ^c;«7^ Above greyish umber, the back apparently
uniform, but exhibiting a few concealed spots of whitish on the feathers
being disarranged; the head striped with whitish, rather more indi-
stinctly towards the nape ; round the hind neck a whitish collar the
markings being somewhat oval in shape and mottled with blackish
forming two large black patches on either side of the hind neck •
scapulars coloured like the back, but having large oval spots of white
near theu- outer margin; wing-covert.s slightly darker brown than
the back, the least ones unspotted, the median series with rather
larger spots and bars of white or yeUowish white, these markinss
much larger and more oval ou the greater series : quills dark brown
narrowly barred across with greyish brown, becoming gradually
hghter on the outer web and terminating externally in a white snot •
upper taU-coverts rather more rufescent than the back with a few
concealed whitish spots ; tail black, crossed with six rows of white
spots, mcUmng to bars which are not continued across the feather •
lores whitish, slightly varied with blackish bristles ; ear-coverts
grepsh umber like the head, slightly streaked or mottled with a few
yellowish white cross bars ; fore part of cheeks whitish, as also the
chm, which is separated from the white fore neck by a band of dark
brown ; rest of under surface white, streaked with greyish umber a
yery little, if any, darker than the back, the sides of the upper breast
more uniform, varied with a few whitish spots ; leg-feathers dark
brown on the outer aspect and mottled with white, the inner aspect
much whiter ; under tail-coverts white, with very broad streaks of
dark brown ; under wing-coveri^s yellowish, with small dark brown
markings near the edge of the wing, the greater series yellowish at
base, dark brown at tip, resemlding the inner lining of the quills
which are dark brown with yeUowish bars on the inner web Total
length 6 inches, wing 3-6, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-8.

Ze.9s adult (? female). Browner in all respects than the forc^oin.'
descnption, the head being partly streaked and partly spotted Vith
duU white or pale rufous ; tail rufous, crossed 'n-ith nine bands of
brown of about equal width with the rufous interspaces. These
tad-bands are sometimes eight and sometimes nine in number, and

206 BtlBONIDJ^.

vary much in breadth. On the subject of this variation see my
paper on Glcmcklium (Ibis, 1875, p. 55).

E.UF0US PHASE. Immature female. Above briji;ht cinnamon, quite
uniform on the head and back, the scapulars with no light^coloured
oval spots, but have a few dusky bars on the outer web ; the upper
tail-coverts perfectly uniform and bright ciunamon like the back ;
round the hind neck a faint indication of an ochraceous buff collar,
relieved by two tolerably distinct neck-spots ; wing-coverts darker
and more bay than the back, the greater series mottled with lighter
rufous on their outer webs ; quills blackish, notched with cinnamon
on the outer web, terminating a faintly indicated dusky band tra-
versing the quills ; the inner secondaries cinnamon like the back,
spotted externally with brighter rufous, but very distuictly notched
on the inner web with ochraceous buff; tail dull brown, washed
more or less with rufous, especially on the centre feathers, and
having eight fulvous bars not meeting across the feathers but in-
clining to buify white on the exterior margin of some of them, the
outer feathers internally barred with whitish, but not showing more
than a tiny fulvous spot externally ; over the eye an eyebrow of
buffy white feathers ; lores and sides of the face bright cinnamon,
the lores thickly obscured with black bristles, the cheeks slightly
streaked with fulvous ; a narrow chin and cheeks which are drawn
backwards below the ear-coverts pure white, separated from the
white fore neck by a band of cinnamon ; rest of under surface white,
streaked with cinnamon, deepening into dark brown on a few of the
abdominal plumes ; the sides of the body bright cinnamon, especially
the sides of the upper breast which converge upon the chest ; thighs
cinnamon, lighter on the inner surface ; under wing-coverts yellow-
ish, wdth a few cinnamon feathers near the edge of the wing, the
outer median series marked with dark brown, the greater series yel-
lowish at base, dark brown at tip, resembling the inner lining of the
wing-feathers, which are broadly barred with yellowish white on
the inner web. Total length 6 inches, wing 3*7, tail 2-5, tarsus
0-8. (Guatemala : Mas. Salvin and Godman.)

3Iore adult bird. Differs very httle from the foregoing bird, ex-
cepting that the upper surface is slightly browner and the head is
mottled with rufous spots and the upper tail-coverts with ochraceous
buff ; the taU is blackish, the spots more distinct and pronounced in
shape.

AduU. Above dull ferruginous, with concealed spots of lighter
rufous on the back, a little plainer on the scapulars, the outermost
of which have large ovate spots of white ; head narrowly streaked
with rufous ochre, some of the featliers showing slight spots ; round
the hind neck a whitish collar slightly mottled with rufous, the
usual black patches on each side of the hind neck feebly developed ;
wing-coverts coloured like the back, with minute spots of pale
ochraceous buff, some large oval spots of white appearing both on
the outer coverts of the median and greater series ; quills dark
brown, transversely banded with rufous, somewhat paler on the
secondaries and towards the outer web of the primaries ; upper

13. GLArciDiuji. 207

tail-coverts like the back, but mottled with distinct streaks and bars
of pale rufous ; tail rufous, crossed with eight bars of clear brown •
lores brown, the shafts terminating in blackish bristles ; sides of
face rufous, narrowly streaked with huffy white ; fore part of
cheeks aud chiu pure white, separated from" the white tore neck by
a rufous band not very distinct but slightly mottled with pale
ochraccous spots ; rest of under surface white, broadly streaked
with rufous, the streaks on the sides of the body broader and more
obscure ; the sides of the breast nearly uniform, with a few ochraceous
sppts ; leg-feathers clear rufous externally, white internally ; under
tail-coverts white, streaked with rufous ; under wing-coverts yel-
lowish, those along the outer edge of the wing white, with a few
brown markings, the greater series yellowish at base, duU brown at
tip, not distinguishable from the inner lining of the wing, the inner
webs of the feathers being barred with yellowish inclining to rufous
near the tips of the feathers.

Hah. From the llio Grande southwards through Central America
to Veragua.

«• Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.

0. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.

^- ^d- St. Guatemala. John Gould, Esq.

rf,c. Ad. sk. Costa Rica. Dr. van Patten fC.].

/, g,h, t. Ad. sk. Costa Rica. Purchased.

f Juv.sk. Honduras. Purchased.

'■ ^*1- sk. Veragua. M. E. Arce [C.].

9. Glaucidium jardinii.
Phalfenopsis, sp., Sc/ater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 134.
Phalrenopsis jardinii, Bp. C. H. xli. p. 6.54.
Glaucidium jardinii, Cab. J. f. O. 1864), p. 208; Iii'(7t/iv. Pr. Bust

Sov. X. If. xvi. p. 99 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, pp. 43, 2u9.
Noctua jardinii, Schl. Mm. P.-B. Bevue Avcipitr. p. 29.
Glaucidium laugsbergii, Bidyn: Pr. Post. Sue. x\i. p. 98 (nee Pp.).

Brovts phase. Yoinif/. Above reddish brown, the head more
earthy brown, but the whole of the upper surface almost entirely
uniform, excepting a few concealed rufous oehre spots on the inter-
scapulary region, changing to fulvous bars on the outer scapulars ;
round the hind neck an indistinct collar of ochraceous buff, with
some of the feathers whitish, nearly all of them tipped with black,
which is more distinct on the sides of the hind neck ; wing-coverts
rather darker than the back, minutely spotted with rufous ochre, the
greater series plainly spotted and barred with ochraceous buff;
quills blackish, barred across with the same reddish brown as the
back, paler and more ochraceous on the inner web and exhibiting
paler spots of the same on the outer secondaries, whitish on the
primaries ; tail black, crossed with five (one concealed) rows
of rounded white spots, without including the one at tlie tip of the
inner web ; lores and a distinct eyebrow whitish, the latter washed
with ochre, the former obscured by blackish bristles in front of the
eye ; ear-coverts brown, with narro\v whitish shaft-lines and barred

208 BUBONID-E.

with pale ochre ; chin white, extending in a large white patch below
the ear-coverts on to the sides of the neck ; across the lower throat
a bar of plain dark brown extending on to the sides of the neck and
followed by a large white patch on the fore neck ; rest of under
surface of body ochraceous, the centre of the abdomen white, the
under tail-coverts brownish at tip ; the lower surface of the body
broadly but irregularly streaked with dull reddish brown, the sides
of the" upper breast and the flanks uniform reddish brown ; under
wing-coverts deep ochre, with a longitudinal patch of dark brown
near the outer edge of the wing, which is whitish round the bend,
the greater series yellowish white at base, blackish at tip, thus re-
sembling the inner lining of the wing, which is blackish, barred with
lighter brown towards the tip, inclining to yellowish white near the
base.

Adult. Above dark brown, with a slight tinge of reddish on the
back, which is varied with more or less concealed bars of deep ochre,
each bar having a conterminous line of black above and below, the
outer scapulars and greater wing-coverts relieved with large spots of
ochre or white ; head more greyish brown, contrasting with the
back and covered with numerous rounded or elongated spots of
ochraceous white, extending on to the sides of the neck, which are
coloured like the head ; round the hind neck a whitish collar, here
and there varied with deep ochre and black, a large patch of the
latter being visible on each side of the hind neck ; wings coloured
as in foregoing J'oung specimen, excepting that the rufous bands are
more distinct and the external white spots are larger ; tail black,
with five distinct rows of white spots (not including the terminal
spot on the inner web), the two centre feathers with a subterminal
spot of white on either web ; facial features and under surface of
body much as in foregoing description, excepting that the stripes on
the lower parts are more distinct and the sides of the breast are
minutely spotted ■n'ith ochraceous white like the head ; under wiug-
coverts and bars on inner lining of wing whiter and not so rich ochre
as in the young bird. Total length 6 inches, wing 415, tail 2-75,
tarsus 0'7.

Rufous phase. Adult. Above rufous brown, the head mottled
with rufous chestnut, which takes the form of broad shaft-streaks,
widening out here and there into large spots or lateral bars ; round
the hind neck encircled with an indistinct collar of rufous ochre,
somewhat varied with white spots and having the usual black neck-
patches well defined : back rufous brown, thickly mottled and barred
across with rutbus, most of the feathers with distinct transverse
bars ; wing-coverts dark brown, barred with rufous ; qxiills blackish
brown, barred with lighter and more rufous brown, changing to clear
rufous on the outer web of the primaries and thus producing a che-
quered appearance, the inner secondaries regularly barred with
rufous and black ; tail bright rufons, with indications of seven black
cross bands, irregular in shape and sometimes connected by a mesial
streak along the shaft ; feathers round the eye, forming an indistinct
evebrow, rich ochre ; the lores whiter, and terminating in black

13. QLAUCIDIUM. 209

bristles ; ear-covcrts bright rufous, streaked with narrow white
shaft-lines ; chin and cheeks white, extending in a patch backwards
under the car- coverts ; lower throat pure white, separated from the
chin by a baud of rufous ; remainder of under surface rich ochre, with
the exception of a few white feathers near the centre of the body ;
the sides of the upper breast rufons brown, mottled and barred with
rufous, like the back ; the sides of the body also bright rufous,
the flanks mottled with patches and bars of dark brown and slightly
streaked here and there with the same colour ; leg-feathers bright
ochre, minutely barred with brown ; under wing-coverts very deep
ochre, as also the edge of the wing, a short distance from which are
several blackish spots, the greater series ochraceous at base, ashy
black at tip, thus resembling the inner lining of the wing, which
is blackish, broadly barred with rufous on the inner web, inclining
to deep ochre near the base of the inner web. Total length Cinches,
wing 3-9, tail 2-55.

Young. Differs from the adult in being more uniform on the back
and in not showing the bars which produce the mottled back in the
latter ; the bands on the quills and tail are not perfect, but the dark
browTi colour occupies the greater part of the inner webs of the
secondaries, extending on to the outer one in a few duskj- blackish
notches ; the tail uniform rufous, with a few indistinct blackish
markings, principally longitudinal and close to the shaft of the
feather. (Xew Granada : j\Ius. Salvin and Godman.)

Obs. Another young bird in the Museum, obtained by Goering
in the SieiTa Nevada, Venezuela, is, in some respects, different
from the one above noticed ; for it has the transverse bars on the
secondaries complete, and the tail as strongly barred with black,
though as irregularly, as in the adult ; but the rest of the upper sur-
face is dull rufous chocolate, almost uniform, with the exception of
a few narrow and indistinct rufous shaft-lines on the crown ; un-
derneath the bird is ochraceous, with no white, but streaked with
rufous on the lower parts, the sides of the upper breast and flanks
being rufous mottled with brown.
Ilab. New Granada and Venezuela.

a. Ad. sfc. Columbia. J. Gould, Esq.

b. Ad. St. Columbia. M. Ven-eaux.

c. Juv. st. Columbia. M. Verreaux.
d,e,f,g. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.
h. Juv. sk. Bogota. Pmvliased.

/. Juv. sk. Sierra Nevada, ^'eneznola. M. A. Goering [C.].

10. Glaucidium perlatum.

La Chevecbette perlee, Levaill. Ois. (rAfr. vi. pi. 284 ; Sunder. Cn't.

om Levaill. p. 55.
Pearl Owl, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 3G6.
Strix perlata, Fieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vii. p. 26.
Strix occipitalis, Temm. VI. Col. i. pi. u4.
Noctua occipitalis, Ste.ph. Gen. Zoot. xiii. pt. 2, p. G32.
Suruia perlata, Bp. Oss. R. A. Ciiv. p. 58.
VOL. ir. ?

210 BITBONID.!.

Noctua perlata, Smi'tJi, S.-Afr. Q. Journ. 2nd sei-. no. 4, pt. ] , p. 31;^ ;

Schl. Mits. P.-B. Striges, p. 30 ; id. Revue Accipitr. p. 30 ; HeuqI.

Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. \). 120.
Nyctipetes perlatus, iSwains. Classif. B. ii. p. 218.
Scotophilus perlatu?, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 130.
Strix licua, Licht. Verz. Saur/. n. J'oi/. Kaffcrnl. p. 12.
Athene perlata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35 ; Cass. Cat. Strigidee Philad.

Mas. p. 15 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 37 ; Strichl. Ottt. Syn. p. 163 ; Hartl.

Oni. IV.- Afr. p. 17; Gray, Haml-l. B. i. p. 40; Blanf. Geol. cS-

Zool. Abyss, p. 303 ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 209 ; Gurney in

Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 37 ; Anfin. ^- Salvad. Viayy. Boyos. p. 37.
Microglaux licua, Kaup, Isis, 1848, p. 7G9; id. Contr. Oni. 1852,

p. 104.
Microglaux perlata, Kaup, ut suprd.
Athene licua, Stricld. ^- ScUifer, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 142 ; Strickl.

Orn. Syn. p. 164 ; Bp. Con-ip. i. p. 37 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 38.
Athene pusiUa, Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 14.
Athene occipitalis, Ileuf/l. Syst. Uebers. p. 14 ; Gr«y, Iland-l. B. i.

p. 40.
Noctua perlata capensis, Sehl. Mns. P.-B. Striges, p. 37.
Strix senegalensis, Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 393.
Carine perlata, Sharpc, ed. Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 77.
Glaucidium occipitale, Sharpc, Ibis, 1875, p. 259.

Adult male. Above ashy brown, on the back spotted witb white,
more or less concealed, the more conspicuous spots relieved by a
small conterminous black mark ; scapulars with a large white patch
on their outer webs, forming a conspicuous longitudinal mark on
each side of the back ; head and nape rather more ochraccous brown
than the back, the forehead spotted, but the crown and vrig barred
with white, each bar having a contenninous one of black ; hind
neck silvery white, mottled with black near the bases of the feathers,
forming a kind of irregular collar, which is succeeded by another
one of orange-bufF, which obscures the white spotting on the
feathers ; wing-coverts coloured like the back, but slightly washed
with ochraceous, largely spotted with white on the median and
greater series ; quills dark brown, the primaries inclining to ashy
at their tips, the secondaries narrowly tipped with white, all the
cpiills barred across with light rufous brown, changing to white on
the outer web, and thus producing a spotted appearance, the bars
becoming fulvous white on the inner web and banding the inner-
most secondaries with white ; tail-feathers dark brown, washed with
rufous, tipped on the inner web with white, and conspicuously
spotted with white on both webs, the spots on the inner one larger
and more oval and six in number ; loral plumes, feathers above
and below the eye, as well as the sides of the face white, the ear-
coverts obsoletely marked with blackish ; chin white ; rest of under
surface white, the throat marked with ochraceous brown, the breast
almost entirely of the latter colour on the sides, but mottled with
more or less concealed spots and bars of white ; the belly, flanks, and
sides of body thickly streaked with dark brown, the centre of the
body white ; leg-feathers white, slightly mottled with dark brown ;
under tail-coverts white, excepting a slight mark of dark brown

13. GLAUCIDIUM. 211

near the tips of the middle ones ; under wing-coverts ochraceous
buff, here and there marked with dark bro^\Ti, the greater series
dark brown at tip, thus resembling the lining of the quills, which
have the inner web ochraceous near the base ; small coverts round
the bend of the wing white ; bill yellow ; iris yellow. Total length
7 inches, wing 4'15, tail 3'2, tarsus 0-95.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 8 inches, wing
4-4, tail 3-2, tarsus 1 .

Younrj. Xothing is as yet precisely known regarrling the young
plumage of this Owl ; but I fancy that the more spotted birds are
the oldest, although it is almost impossible to say, as in some spe-
cimens the spots and bars are about equally distributed.

Two Abyssinian specimens, collected by Captain Sturt during the
British expedition, have more of an orange-buff shade ou the head
than those from Southern Africa, and they appear to have about
one row of spots more on the tail. At present, however, my ma-
terial is not extensive enough to separate them specifically. The
Gambian specimen agrees best with the Abyssinian.

Hah. The whole of Africa south of the Sahara, excepting the
forest regions of the west and east coasts.

a. Ad. St. South Africa. Earl of Derbv [P.]-

b. $ ad. sk. Griqua Laud, Mav 1871 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(T. C. Atmore).

c. S ad sk. Griqua Land, Mav 1871 T. C. Atmore, Esq. [C.].

{T. C. Atmore).

d. Ad. sk. Tette, Zambesi. ' Dr. Kirk [C.l.

e. Ad. sk. Tette, Zambesi. Dr. Kirk [C.J.

/. c? ad. sk. Tatti, :Matabili. T. E. Buckley, Esq. [PA

(/,k,i,k. Ad.sk. Damara Land. C. J. Aiidersson, Esq. [C.].

/. Ad. St. River Gambia. Piu-chased.

11. Glaucidium tephronotum. (Plate XIII. fig. 2.)

Glaucidium tephronotum, Sharpe, Ibis, 187-5, p. 2G0.

Adult. Above duU bluish grey, the upper surface almost entirely
uniform, with the exception of several white spots at the base of
the feathers on the hind neck ; wing-coverts rather blacker than
the back ; quills brown, the secondaries grepsh brown, much duller
than the back ; tail black, with three large notches of white on the
inner webs of all the feathers, the centre ones with foiu' ovate white
spots, the subterminal oue very small, also confined to the inner
web ; lores and an ill-defined eyebrow whitish, the bristles overhang-
ing the former black ; ear-coverts dull greyish brown ; cheeks
whitish, inclining to brown on the hinder parts ; chin white ; tmder
surface of body white, the breast and sides vinous chestnut, all the
plumes in the centre of the lower breast and abdomen dark brown,
causing a distinctly streaked appearance ; under tail-coverts white ;
leg-feathers rich ochi'e ; under wing-coverts vinous chestnut,
streaked ^\-ith brown, the innermost ones and the axillaries yellowish,
the edge of the Aviug white, the lower coverts ashy brown, yellowish

p2

212 BUBONIDJ;.

wliite at base, resembling the lining of the quills, which are ash)'
brown, yellowish at base, the inner webs also barred with yellowish ;
bill yellowish, greenish towards the base ; feet yellow. Total length
7-5 inches, wing 4-05, tail 3, tarsns 0"75.
Hah. South America [?].

a. Ad. sk. " South America." W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. [P.].

Type of species.

12. Glaucidium brodiei.

Noetua brodiei, Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 152; Sc7d. Mns. P.-B.

Striges, p. 85.
Noetua tubiger, Hudqs. As. Res. xix. p. 175; id. J. A. S. B. vi.

p. 309.
Athene brodiei, Bhith, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 163 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35 ;

Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. A. S. B. p. 40 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 40 ; Ilorsf.

^- Moore, Cat. B. Mns. E. I. Co. i. p. 66 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p^l69 ;

Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 40 ; Gould, B. Asia, part xxii. ; Swinh.

P. Z.& 1871, p. 343.
Athene badia, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82.
T.'enioptyux brodiei, Kanp, Ms, 1848, p. 768; id. Contr. Orn. 1852,

p. 104 ; id. Tr. Z. 8. iv. p. 206 ; Hume, Nests and Eyys Ind. B. i.

p. 72.
Glaucidium brodiei, Jerdon, B. Ind. i. p. 146; Hume, Rouyh Notes,

ii. p. 417; Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 259.
Athene miuutilla, Gould, B. Asia, part xxii.

Adidt (grey phase). Above dull greyish brown, everywhere nar-
rowly banded with white ; the head greyer than the back, and rather
more broadly banded, the forehead and sides of the latter very mi-
nutely dotted with white ; hind neck surrounded by a kind of ful-
vous collar, the feathers being edged with fulvous ; on each side of
the hind neck a black patch ; scapulars rather largely marked with
white on the outer web, forming a tolerably distinct shoulder-patch ;
wing-coverts coloured like the back, the white bars rather wider
apart ; primar3'-coverts uniform blackish bi'own ; quills blackish
brown, the secondaries tipped with whitish, the primaries with tiny
notches of white on the outer web, these l>eing larger on the secon-
daries, and taking the form of bars on the innermost ; upper tail-
coverts dark brown, bari'ed and spotted with white ; tail dark brown,
very narrowly tipped with whitish, and crossed with seven other
bands of white ; lores and a distinct eyebrow ^\•hite, the former
obscured by black hair-iike bristles ; ear-eoverts dark brown, barred
and spotted with whitish ; cheeks white, extending backwards
behind the ear ; chin and fore neck white, separated by a band of
dark brown, minutely barred with white, drawn across to the sides
of the neck, which the band resembles in colour ; rest of under sur-
face white, with large terminal spots of brown, the flanks banded
with brown ; sides of breast brown, banded with white ; under
tail-coverts spotted with brown at the tip ; leg-feathers brown, with
a few minute bars of white, the anterior face of the tarsus white ;
under wing-coverts white, the inner ones yellowish, with a few

13. GLAUCIDIUM. 213

brown markiijg.s a little distance from tlie edye of the wing ; under
surface of wing dull lirown, the inner web barred with white, the
bases almost entirely whitish ; biU pale greenish yellow ; toes the
same, but more yellow ; irides bright pale yellow. Total length
7 inches, wing 3-45, tail 2-8, tarsus U-8.

Rufous phase. Similar to the grey phase in character of markings,
but of a dark brown colour, with all the cross markings ochraceous ;
under surface of body white, with all tlie terminal spots ochraceous
as well as the bars on the sides of the body ; bands on tail eight,
not counting the one at the tips of the feathers.

Young. Xearly uniform above, the head with a few ochraceous
spots and streaks on the crown ; collar round the neck and nape-
patches of black as in adult ; back brown, margined with rufous
brown ; wing-covci'ts blackish, with ochraceous margins, the greater
series with notches of ochraceous ; scapulars with distinct white
spots on the outer webs ; primary-coverts uniform blackish ; (juills
blackish externally, notched with deep ochre, these bars larger and
more Like bars on the secondaries ; tail black, with seven ochraceous
bands ; a small eyebrow whitish ; ear-coverts dark brown, banded
with ochraceous ; chin, cheeks, and fore neck white, with a band of
rufous brown across the throat ; remainder of under surface white,
with longitudinal brown markings at the tips of the feathers ; the
sides of the breast nearly uniform, with a few ochraceous spots.

Ohs. The type of ilr. Gould's Athene minutilhi is now before me,
and I am fain to confess that it seems to me to be only the male of
the ordinary G. brodiei. It is a young bird, with nearly uniform
upper surface, and measures as follows — total length 5-8 inches,
wing 3-4. tail 24, tarsus 0-7o. The Museum contains other spe-
cimens of this small bird, evidently the same species, and exhibiting
both rufous and grey phases. The follo'wing are the measure-
ments : —

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.

(1. Ad. Himalayas 5-5 ;3-3 2-45 0'75

b. Ad. Himalayas G 3-4 2 5 07

c. Ad. Darjiliug 6 3-4 2-45 0-8

(I. Ad. Nepal (Hochjson) 5-8 3-2 2-4 07

To compare with the above I add the tUmeusions of three Xepa-
Icse specimens of the larger bird, which I consider to be the female.
It is the true GJaucidium brodiei of Gould.

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,

in. in. in. m.

<(. Ad. Nepal {Hodgson) 7 3-8 2 7o 075

h. Ad. Nepal (Ilodc/son) 0-5 3-6 2(5 07

r. Ad. Nepal (Hodgson) 7 3-8 27 0 7

i\J"ter allowance has been made for the difficulty of measuring
these small Owls, I cannot see any reason for supposing (hut those

214 BUBONIDiE.

measured above are any thing more than the male and female of one
and the same species.
Hab. Himalayas.

a. Ad. st. Himalaya Mountains. Zoological Society.

b, c. Ad. sk. Himalaya Mountains. Purchased.

d. Jiiv. sk. Himalaya Mountains. Purchased.

e. Ad. sk. Darjiliug. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]-
/. Ad. sk. Nepal (Secies). J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

(/, h, i. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

k. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l.

/, m. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

n. Juv. sk. Assam. J. GoiUd, Esq. [P.]. Type

of Athene mintitilla.

13. Glaucidium pardalotum.

Athene pardalota, Swinhoe, Ibis, 18G3, p. 216 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i.

p. 40 ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 343.
Glaucidium pardalotum, Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 259.

Adult. Head umber-brown, thickly dotted with ochraceous spots
on the fore part of the crown, the hind part and the nape with
ochraceous bars ; round the hind neck a tolerably distinct collar of
clear ochraceous feathers barred with black, the latter colour being
very distinct on the sides of the hind neck ; rest of the upper sur-
face ochraceous brown, everywhere distinctly barred with bright
ochraceous, most of these bars with a conterminous black margin ;
upper tail-coverts spotted with ochraceous ; tail blackish brown,
tipped with ochraceous and crossed with six other bars of the
same colovir ; scapulars brown like the back, distinctly barred
across with bright ochraceous, the outermost white for apical half,
with a terminal bar of black ; quUls dark brown, barred with ochra-
ceous and slightly washed with the same colour, the bars very
much broader on the greater series ; quills blackish, the primaries
with a few tiny spots of ochraceous, the secondaries narrowly tipped
with ochraceous, the spots on the outer web larger than on the
primaries ; lores and a small eyebrow white, the shafts of the former
produced into long hair-like bristles ; sides of face blackish bi'own,
spotted with ochraceous ; chin and cheeks white, the latter form-
ing a large triangular patch on the sides of the.'neck, and sepa-
rated from the white fore neck by a band of dark brown feathers
spotted with light ochraceous ; centre of the body pure white, the
belly streaked with light brown, the sides of the body ochraceous
brown, the sides of the upper breast barred with light ochraceous ;
leg-feathers dark brown ; under tail-coverts white, vrith a few narrow
brown streaks ; under wing-coverts white, the inner ones washed
with yellow ; a few brown spots near the outer edge of the wing,
the greater series yellowish at base, ashy brown at tip, like lining of
the quills, which are ashy brown, barred on the inner web with yel-
lowish white. Total length 6 inches, wing 3-45, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-75.
(Mus. 11. 8winhoc.)

Obs. This species is extremely close to G. brodiei, and is said by
Mr. ywiiihoe to differ from that bird by having the belly spotted with

i;}. GLAUCIDIUJM. 215

black. It certaiuly does not show so much white below and is more
8I)ottcd ; but the characters arc very slight ; the bars on the scapu-
lars are rather more sagittate.
Hub. Formosa.

14. Glaucidium sylvaticum.

Athene sylvatica, 5;j. Comp.Av. i. p. 40 (ex Midi MS. in Mus. Lund.);
Wall. Ibis, 1808, p. 23 ; Gray, Haml-l. B. i. p. 40.

Taenioptynx sylvatica, lip. Rev. et Hat/, de Zool. 1854, p. 544.

Noctua sj'lvatica, Schl. Mus. I'.-B. Strioes, p. 30.

Glaucidium sylvaticum, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 259.
Adult {typo of species). Above deep rufous brown, crossed with
transverse bars of ochraceous buff, the scapulars with large wliite
spots on the outer web, forming a more or less tlistinct wing-bar ;
the wing-coverts coloured like the back, the fulvous cross bars a little
broader and more distinct ; quills and tail blackish brown, with
distinct bars of ochraceous buff or whitish, not strictly continuous
across the wing, the inner primaries and all the secondaries with
large white bars on the inner webs, the tail-feathers with whitish
bars on the inner web, more distinct below; head rather more
ashy brown than the back, spotted and barred with dull white;
the sides of the face like the head, but the lores and feathers behind
the eye white, the hinder neck encircled with a not very distinct
collar of ochraceous buff; throat and sides of neck pure white, as also
the chest and the entire centre of the body, the lower part of the
throat and sides of the breast rufous brown, the flank-feathers some-
what margined with white, producing a striped appearance ; under
wing-coverts white, with a bar of brown feathers across the middle.
Total length 0-5 inches, culmen about 0-05, wiug 3-8, taU 2-1,
tarsus 0-8, middle toe 0-7. (Mus. Lmjd.)
Hab. Sumatra.

Obs. The note that I made at the time of examining the type
was that it was " closely allied to G. brodiei, but differing in its
rufous brown back, dusky sides of face, and especially in the uniform
chestnut sides of the body."

' 15. Glaucidium castanonotum.

Athene castanonota, L'li/th, Cat. li. Mus. A. S. B. p. 39 ; Kclaurt,

Prodr. Faun. Zeijl. p. 27.
T;enioglaux castauonolus, Bp. Reo. at Mat/, de Zoul. 1854, p. 544.
Noctua castanonota, Sc/d. Miis. I'.-B. Striges, p. 34.
Athene castaneonota, Grtii/, Ilund-t. B. i. p. 39 (1869) ; Hume,

Rov<ih Notes, ii. p. 412; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 418.
Glaucidium castanonotum, Sliarpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 259.

Adult. Upper surface deep rufous chestnut, with remains of black-
ish cross bars more or less visible on the back and greater wing-
coverts, some of the outer median coverts slightly notched with ful-
vous, all the rest unilbrm chestnut like tlie ba^-k ; primary-coverts
didl brown, with a few rufous bands cxtcrmdly ; j)rimaries dull brown,
barred with rufous brown on the inner web, the outer web having a

21G BUBOSID^.

corresijoudiiig spot of rufous, incliuiug to fulvous on the outeiiuost
primaries ; secondaries also dark brown, banded with rufoxis on the
outer and with fulvous on the inner web, these bands much less
distinct on the inner secondaries ; upper tail- coverts blackish bro%VTi,
narrowly banded with fulvous, exactly resembling the tail, which has
eight narrow fulvous bands including the terminal one ; entire head
and neck dark brown, everywhere narrowly banded with ochraceous,
the hind neck banded and spotted with white ; ear-coverts rather
darker than the head, but barred in exactly the same manner ; lores
brown, barred with ochraceous, the bases being white ; cheeks pure
white, forming a triangular patch ; chin whitish ; throat crossed
with a band of dark brown feathers, barred with ochraceous like the
sides of the neck, with which it is continuous ; sides of the breast
blackish brown, narrowly barred with ochraceous ; the rest of the
imder suiface of the body white, streaked down the centre with
brown, with which colour the flanks are also barred ; under tail-
coverts whitish ; leg-feathers fulvous, barred with brown ; under
wing-coverts whitish, with a few brown spots near the outer edge of
the wing, the greater series whitish at base, brown at tip ; inner
lining of the wing dull and slightly rufous brown, spotted on the
outer and barred on the inner web with pale rufous, inclining to ful-
vous on the latter ; bill yellow ; feet greenish brown. Total length
8-7 inches, wing 5-5, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-9.

Obs. The sj)ocimen presented to the Museum by Mr. Gould is not
in very good order, but shows that the amount of cross barring on
the back varies ; for whereas in the subject of our description the
back is nearly uniform, in the other bird the blackish cross bars can
be traced very plainly all over the upper surface.

Hub. Ceylon.

a. Ad. st. Ceylon. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [CI.

b. Ad. sk. Ceylon. J. Goidd, Esq. [P.].

16. Glaucidium castanopterum.

Strix spadicea, Seinw. MS.

Stiix castanoptera, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 140 ; Temm. PI. Col.

i. pi. 98.
Noctua castanoptera, Steph. Gm. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 69 : Less. Traite,

p. 105 ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Striges, p. 34.
Athene castanoptera, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35 ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv.

p. 280 ; Cass. Cat. Strtt/ida Philad. Mm. p. 14 ; B21. Crnisp. i. p. 44 ;

Horsf. 4- Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E. L Co. 1. p. 67 ; Strickl. Orn. 8yn.

p. 168 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 39 ; Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 413.
Tsenioglaux castanoptera, Kauj), Cwitr. Orn. 1852, p. 106 ; id. Tr.

Z. S. iv. p. 211 ; Bp. Eev. et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 544.
Glaucidium ca.stauopterum, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 259.

Adult. Above uniform rufous chestnut, the outer web of the sca-
pulars white, forming a broafl longitudinal band; wing-coverts
chestnut like the back, only the outer greater wing-coverts exter-
nally white ; primary-coverts brown, externally washed with rufous ;
quills brown, barred on the inner web with ochraceous, the outer

13. GLArCIDIUM. 217

webs uotched with dull ochraccous and tertuiually margined with the
same colour ; upper tail-coverts brown, narrowly barred mth ochra-
ceous ; tail dark brown, crossed with seven rather narrow ochraceous
bands including the terminal one ; entire head and neck barred with
dark brown and oclu-aceous, the sides of the neck somewhat spotted
with white ; the ear-coverts and sides of the neck barred exactly
like head, the loral plumes and ear-coverts with white shaft-streaks,
the cheeks white, all the feathers narrowly tipped with brown ; chin
whitish, the tkroat-feathers banded with dark brown and ochraceous
like the head ; fore neck white ; sides of upper breast brown, barred
with ochraceous like the sides of tho neck and head ; the rest of the
under surface white, streaked with bright rufous chestnut in about
equal proportions ; the feathers of the lower breast rufous, broadly
margined with white on both webs ; the flank-feathers chestnut on
the outer web, white on the inner one; leg-feathers ochraceous,
minutely marked with brown ; under tail-coverts dull whitish ; under
wing-coyerts also white as well as the edge of the wing, the fea-
thers adjoining the latter spotted with brown, the greater series
brown at tip, yellowish at base ; the inner lining of tlie quiUs brown,
washed with rufous on the outer web and baiTed with ochraceous
on the inner ; the secondaries yellowish at base of inner web, shading
into ochraceous, with which they are deeply notched on the inner
web. Total length 10-5 inches, wing o-O, tail 3-8, tarsus 0-9.

Another specimen in the Museum is rather smaller than the one
described ; but the shoulder-patch is not perfectly white, many of the
feathers being chestnut like the back, barred externally with dark
brown and fulvous. Total length 9 inches, wing 5-7, tail 3, tarsus
U-85.

Huh. Java.

«• Ad. St. Java. Hon. East-India Co. [P.].

*• Ad. St. Java. J. Baird, Esq. [P.l.

17. Glaucidium radiatum.

Strix radiata, Ticliell, J. A. S. B. ii. p. 572.

Noctua perlineata, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xi. p. 269.

Athene erjtbroptera, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 130 : Grai/, Gm. B.

i. p. 34.
Athene undulata, Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 4-57.
Athene perlineata, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82.
Athene radiata, Bli/th, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 281 ; id. Cat. B. Mas. A. S. B.

p. 39; Cass. Cat. Ktri(/id(e Phi/ad. 3/«.<. p. 14 ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 40 ;

Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E. I. Co. i. p. 67 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn.

p. 167 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 143 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 39 ; ILimv.

Rough Notes, ii. p. 409 ; id. Nests ^' Eqgs Ind. B. i. p. 70 ; Bali,
^ Str. F. ii. p. 383.
Taenioglaux erythroptera, Kaup, Isis, 1848, p. 769 ; id. Contr. Orn.

1852, p. 106 : id. Tr. Z. 8. iv. p. 212.
Tpenioglaux radiata. Bp. Rev. vt Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 544.
Noctua radiata, Srhl. Mas. P.-B. Stiiges, p. 34.
Glaucidium radiatum, Shar/ie, Ibis, 1875, p. 259.

Adult. Above dusky brown, everywhere narrowly banded with

218 IttTBONIDJ!.

rufous buff, those on the hiud neck broader and lighter-coloured, and
inclining to white on the scapulars, the outer web of which is almost
entirely white with a few dusky brown spots or bars ; Aviug-coverts
dark brown, the cross bars more rufous and broader than on the
back, those on the greater series more broadly barred with white, the
greater series externally marked with large white spots, the edge of
the wing also white; primary-coverts dark brown, barred with rufous ;
quills dark brown, broadlj' banded with rufous, inclining to fulvous
on the outer web and causing a slightly spotted appearance ; the
bands on the secondaries much narrower, especially on the inner-
most, where they resemble those of the scapulars ; tail-feathers
blackish brown, narrowly tipped with whitish and crossed with eight
other narrow bauds of white, these bars not being continuous ; ear-
coverts dusky brown, minutely spotted with fulvous ; chin and cheeks
■white, as also the fore neck, separated from the two latter by a band
of dusky blackish feathers, narrowly banded with rufous ; rest of
under sirrface white in the centre of the body, 1lie flanks broadly
barred with white and brown ; sides of upper breast thickly barred
with dusky brown and fulvous : under tail-coverts white, spotted
■with brown ; leg-feathers fulvous, with a few small spots of brown ;
under wing-coverts white, washed with rufous, with a few smaU spots
of brown, the lower series rufous white, tipped with brown ; inner
lining of (juills deep brown, barred with dull rufous on the inner
web, much brighter near the base of the latter, the bars gradually
broken up ; bill greenish horn-colour ; feet greenish horn-colour ;
claws dusky ; iris golden yellow. Total length 8 inches, wing 4*95,
tail 2-85, tarsus 3-9.

Huh. India, from the Himalayas southwards through the penin-
sula, but not extending far below the Neilgherries.

a. Ad. sk. India. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

b. Ad. st. Himalaj'a Mts. Major-Gen. llardwicke [P.].

c. Ad. St. Himalaya Mts. Hon. East-India Co. [P.J.

d. Ad. St. Nepal. ' B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
e,f. Ad. sk, Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
y. Ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
h, i. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Purchased.

Subsp. u. Glaucidium malabaricum.

Noctua cuculoides, Jerd. Madr. Joiirn. x. p. !)1.

Noctua spadicea, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiv. p. 120.

Athene castanoptera, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 184.

Athene malabarica, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 280, et xix. p. 500 ; id.

Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 39 ; Strickl. Om. Si/n. p. 1C8 ; Jerd. B.

Ind. i. p. 144 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 40 ; Hume, Rough Notes, ii.

p. 413.
Glaucidium malabaricum, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 259.

Adult. Head, neck, and interscapulary region tawny rufous, nar-
rowly barred across with black, the scapulars and hinder jjortion of
the back and rump fulvous or greyish bntf, w ith much broader black
bars, the outer scapulars more or less uniformly white externally.

13. GLAUCIDIUM. 219

oxhibitiug a tolerably distinct shoulder-patch ; wing-coverts tawny
rufous, barred with black, the greater series white on the outeV
web, with a few irregular bars of black, forming a sort of alar bar ;
(luills deep tawny or chestnut, broaflly barred across with black, the
bars replaced by spots, and gradually disappearing towards the base
of the feathers ; the innermost secondaries fulvous, barred with black,
and resembling the scapulars ; upper tail-coverts whitish, barred
with black, and resembling the tail ; the latter black, tipped with
white, and crossed with nine other bars of the same colour ; lores
whitish, slightly washed with brown, the shafts developing into long
hair-like bristles ; round the eye a fringe of buffy white feathers ;
sides of face rufuus, barred with brown ; chin and cheeks white, the
latter forming a triangular patch on the sides of the face, and sepa-
rated from the fore neck, which is also white, by a broad band of
ta^vny feathers, narrowly barred with black ; rest of under surface
of body white, the sides of the body thickly barred with black, these
becoming more distinct on the flanks ; the upper breast rufous or
fulvescent, barred with black, and resembling the sides of the neck ;
leg-feathers white, tinged with rufous on the thighs, which have a
few remains of blackish bars ; mider tail-coverts buffy white ; under
wing-coverts white, with a few brown markings near the edge of
the wing, where there is also a tinge of rufous, the greater series
with dusky brown tips. Total length 7'8 inches, wing 4-9, tail 2-9,
tarsus 0-9.

Ohs. Whether G. malabariciim be specifically distinct from G. radl-
atuni will be a matter for Indian ornithologists to decide ; but the
general appearance of Malabar birds is very difterent from those of
Northern India. The rufous head and wings, and the greater breadth
of the white bars on the tail, are very conspicuous in the southern
form. Mr. Hume (Rough Azotes, ii. p. 411) notices certain diifer-
ences between these little Owls from Northern and Southern India,
but does not consider the difference to be specific ; the Museum also
contains both grey and rufescent birds from the Himalayas, but none
so chestnut in appearance as the ones from Malabar.

Hah. South India.

a, h. Ad. sk. South India. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. St. Madras. Dr. Jerdon [P.].

fZ,t'. Ad. St. Madras. Rev. 11. H. Baber [P.].

f,g. Ad. sk. Malabar. Purchased.

18. Glaucidium cuculoides.

Noctua cuculoides, Gould, Cent. Ilimal. B. pi. 4 ; Schl. Mus. P.-B.

Striges, p. So ; id. Bcnie Accipitr. p. 28.
Noctua am-ibarbis, Hodys. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 369.
Athene am-ibarbis, Gratj, Gen. B. i. p. 35.
Athene cuculoides, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35; Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. A.

S. B. p. 38; Cuss. Cat. Strif/khe I'hilad. Mus. p. 14; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 40 ; Ilorsf. lS- 3Ioore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. (Ui ; StricJd.

Orn. Si/n. p". 1G7 ; Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 145; Grai/, Hutul-l. B. i.

p. 39 ; Hume, Rough Aoies, ii. p. 414 ; id. JVests and Eijgs Ind. B.

i. p. 71.

220 BCBONID^.

Ttenioo'laiix cuculoides, ^a(«p, Isis, 1848, p. 769; id. Contr. Orn. 1852,

p. 106; id. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 212.
Glaucidiiim cuculoides, Sharpe, Ihis, 1875, p. 250.

Adult. Above browu, the feathers all slightly tipped and distinctly
barred across with ochraceous, the bars on the hind neck wider and
here and there inclining to white spots, forming an indistinct kind
of collar ; scapulars externally white, showing a broad longitudinal
shoulder-patch ; wing-coverts marked exactly like the back, but
the bars rather more rufous ochre, the outer median and greater
coverts with large and distinct spots of white ; primarj'-coverts dark
brown ; quills dark brown, tipped with whitish, the primaries obso-
letely barred on the inner web with lighter brown, and notched on
the outer one Avith fulvous, more or less inclining to rufous ; the
secoudaries barred ^vith fulvous on the inner web, the bars nearly
traversing the innermost secondaries ; upper tail- coverts darker
brown than the back, barred with ochraceous, the lower ones with
white ; tail-feathers blackish brown, narrowly tipped with whitish
and crossed with six other bands of white ; lores and an indistinct
eyebrow diiU white, the former obscured with blackish shaft-lines ;
ear- coverts fulvous, barred with blackish ; cheeks white, forming a
triano-ular patch on the sides of the neck ; chin and fore neck
whitish, separated from each other by a tolerably broad band of
dark brown feathers, somewhat mottled with ochraceous bars ; the
sides of the upper part of the breast brown, distinctly barred across
with ochraceous, these bars dissolving into lateral spots on the lower
sides of breast ; rest of under surface of body white, veiy broadly
streaked with brown, the flanks barred with ochraceous bufP, but
less distinctly than the breast; under tail-coverts white; leg-feathers
fulvous, with dusky brown cross bars ; under wing-coverts yellowish,
inclining to white near the edge of the wing, the greater series yel-
lowish at base, brown at tip, the wing-lining being dark brown,
barred with yellowish near the base of the inner web and inclining
more to rufous. Total length 11 inches, wing 6-2, tail 3-8, tarsus 1.

Obs. None of the Museum specimens are sexed, and 1 therefore
cannot define the relative size of the sexes. Specimens vary much
in colouring, some being very much darker than others.

Young. In general similar to the adults, but having the upper
surface much more spotted, none of the bars being so distinct, and
the whole appearance of the upper surface more rufous ; on the hind
neck a few whitish triangular spots ; patch of white on scapulars
absent ; wing-coverts with distinct whitish external marks, but these
somewhat washed 'with ochraceous ; underneath more dingy and ob-
scured than the adult, the bars on the sides of the breast very faintly
indicated.

Hab. Himalaya Mountains, extending eastwards to Burmah and

Siam.

a. Juv. St. India. II. Drummond, Esq. [P.].

h. Juv. sk. India. Purchased.

c Ad. St. Himalaya Mountains. Major-Gen. Ilardwicke [P.].

d Juv. sii. Darjiling. J. Ciould, Esq. [P.].

13. GLAUCIDIUlf, 221

*-,/. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. ,.

g. Juv. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. 1.

//, t,k, I. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.I.

w. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. h'. Hodgson' Esq', rp".].

«. Ad. St. Moalmaza.

o. Ad. sk. Tonglioo, Biirmali. Purchased.

p. Ad. sk. Siam. M. Mouhot [C.].

06s. The specimen from " Moalmaza " is thus marked by Mr.
G. R. Gray ; at present I have not found this name in an atlas.
He calls it "Athene cucuhides, var. ;" but I cannot see that it
is different from the ordinary species. It is more rufous under-
neath, and has the stripes on the abdomen broken up into bars;
but I iind this appearance on some of the Nepal examples, though
scarcely to the same extent. The head is uniformly coloured wi'th
the back. I was at one time inclined to separate the Siamese bird
as distinct on account of its grey head and orange-striped under
surface. The Museum contains a specimen collected by the late
M. Mouhot in Siam, of which I append an exact description ; but 1
can scarcely believe it to be a species, as I saw specimens in the
Paris Museum, obtained by M. Bocourt in Siam, which seemed to
me inseparable from Himalayan examples.

Adult. Upper surface brown, everywhere crossed with narrow
ochraceous bars, inclining to whitish on the hind neck, scapulars,
and upper tail-coverts, the bars on the latter rather broader ; outer
web of scapulars pure white, forming a narrow longitudinal shoulder-
patch ; wing-coverts more rufous brown than the back, barred across
with rufous ochre, the median series externally white, forming a
broad but imperfect wing-bar ; primary-coverts brown, with ob'so-
lete rufous cross bars ; quills dark brown, barred with rufous on the
inner web, these bars being represented on the outer web by a
large fulvescent notch ; the secondaries completely barred across with
rufous, inclining to fulvous on the outer web, the bars on the inner-
most secondaries rather narrower ; tail brown, slightly washed with
rufous, and crossed with seven bands of white, nowhere very broad
and tinged with fulvous near the base ; head and neck much greyer
than the rest of the back, everywhere barred across with ^vhitish,
more broadly just behind the ear and on the sides of the neck ';
lores dusky, the shafts white near the base ; ear-coverts duU brown^
barred across with huffy white ; cheeks white, forming a triangular
patch; chin whitish, separated from the fore neck, which is" also
white, by a band across the throat, consisting of brown feathers
barred with fulvous like the adjoining sides of the neck ; the sides
of the upper breast dark brown, barred with bufty M'hite.the brown
bars gradually becoming light nifous towards the lower breast ; rest
of under surface white, broadly streaked with pale rufous, the flanks
barred with dusky brown and pale rufous ; under tail-coverts white :
leg-feathers fulvous white, slightly spotted M'ith brown, the plumes
at the bend of the tarsus light rufous, slightly marked with brown
spots ; under wing-coverts white, the innermost and the axillaries
yellowish, the greater ones washed with rufous and tipped with ashy
brown, api)earing as if part of the lining of the quills, which are

222 BTBONID.'E.

ashy brown below, barred across with yellowish, inclining to pale
rufous towards the tips of the feathers. Total length l(t-5 inches,
wing 5-8, tail 3-6, tarsus 1-1.

19. Glaucidium whitelyi.

Athene cuciiloides, Siriiih. Ibis, 18G1, pp. 2o, 265 ; id. P. Z. S. 180.3,

p. 202 ; id. Ibis. 18(57, p. 406.
Athene whitelyi, Bli/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 313 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 40 ;

Hume, Roiu'ih Notes, ii. p. 415 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 349; Sivinh. P.

Z. S. 1871, 'p. 343.
Glaucidium whitelii, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 25i).

Adult male. Above brown, everywhere broadly barred across with
ochraceous, the bars broader and a little more rufescent on the sca-
pulars, the bars on the hind neck rather whiter, especial]}- towards
the base of the feathers ; wing-coverts brown, the bars deeper ochra-
ceous and T\-ider apart than on the back ; the outer scapulars with
large white spots externally, forming a distinct shonlder-patch, the
outer and median wing-coverts also with very large wMte terminal
spots, forming a longitudinal band down the wing ; primary-coverts
dark brown, slightly tipped with whitish, and crossed with a few
nearly obsolete bars of lighter brown ; quills dark brown, tipped
with 'white and crossed with bars of lighter brown, these bars repre-
sented on the outer web by fulvous or fulvous brown notches, these
notches widening into bars on the secondaries, extending right across
the innermost of them ; tail blackish, broadly tipped with white,
and crossed, moreover, with five other bands of white ; lores and a
tolerably distinct eyebrow white, the former obscured by central
shaft-streaks of black ; ear-coverts barred with ochraceous and black ;
cheeks white, extending backwards and forming a triangular white
patch behind the ear-coverts ; throat pure white, as also the fore
neck, these being separated from each other by a baud of ochraceous
feathers baiTed with brown, extended on both sides and joining the
sides of the neck, which are similarly barred ; sides of breast broadly
barred with ochraceous and dark brown ; rest of under surface white,
the abdomen broadly streaked with rather pale brown, the flanks
thickly mottled with brown bars ; thighs for the most part white,
washed with fulvous on the upper part, and barred externally with
brown ; under tail- coverts white, with a few narrow brown shaft-
streaks near the tips of the feathers ; under ^ving-coverts and edge
of wing white, the inner ones washed with yellowish, the lower
series yellowish at base, ashy brown at tip, thus resembling the
iuner lining of the quills, which are ashy brown below, broadly
barred with yellowish on the inner web, much more distinctly on the
secondaries. Total length 11-5 inches, wing G-4, tail 4-3, tarsus 1-2.5.

Adult female. Eather browner than the male, and not so closely
mottled -with ochraceous bars ; bands on tail six, not including the
terminal one. Total length 12 inches, wing 6-3, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-3.

Obs. Both the Fokien birds in the collection have five bars on the
tail besides the terminal one ; they are, however, much more rufous
than the specimens described, all the cross bars of the upper surface

13. GLATTCIDiril. 223

being rufous, aud in general appearance they look much more like
Indian spccimeuH of G. cnculo'ule^. G. whitelii, however, is always
larger than the latter, and never has more than six bars on the tail,
instead of seven as in the Himalayan species.
Hab. China.

a, b. Ad. sk. Folden, China. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

r. $ ad. sk. Ning^io, Dec. 24, 1871. II. Swinboe, ]v«q. I C.l.

d. S ad. sk. Ningpo, Dec. 31, 1871. R. Swinboe, Esq. [C.J.

20. Glaucidium capense.

Athene capensis, Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Jonrn. sev. 2, no. 4, pt. 1, p. 313 ;

id. III. Zool. S. Afr. Aves, pi. 33 ; Grit!/, Gen. B. i. p. 35 ; Bp. Cmsp.

I p. 37 ; Sfrickl. Orn. St/n. p. 1G9 ; Lm/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 37 ; Grin/,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 40 ; Finsch Sf Hnrtl. Vn;/. Ostafr. p. 98.
Tffiniofrlaux capensis, Kaup, Isis, 1848, p. 7U1) ; id.Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 212 ;

Gnrmij, Ihix, 1868, p. 147; id. in Aiiderss. B. Dam. L. p. 38.
Smitbiglaux capensis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. dc Zool. 1854, p. 544.
Noctua capensis, Sckl. Revue Accijntr.' Mus. P.-B. p. 28.
Carine capensis, Sharpe, ed. Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 77, pi. 3.
Glaucidium capense, Sliarpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 259.

Adult. General colour above deep brown, narrowly barred with
rufous ochre ; the head lighter brown, minutely dotted with whitish,
rather inclining to small bars on the hind neck ; scapulars white,
tipped with brown, forming a very distinct longitudinal baud down
the body ; wing-coverts brown, narrowly barred with rufous ochre
like the back, the outer median and greater coverts with a large
spot of pure white on the outer web ; primary-coverts uniform sepia-
brown ; (juills dark brown, narrowly banded with rufous ockre,
the primaries distinctly spotted with white on the outer web, all
the (quills more broadly barred with white on the inner web, plainer
on the secondaries, especially the innermost ; tail brown, crossed
with fourteen narrow bars of rufous ochre, including the terminal
one ; loral plumes whitish, with brown shafts ; ear-coverts brown,
streaked "with huffy white; checks white, forming a triangular patch ;
sides of neck brown, spotted with minute whitish bars like the hind
neck ; chin dusky white ; throat brownish ; fore neck white, the
feathers tipped with pale brown ; chest white in the centre, barred
with brown, the sides of the breast barred with fulvous and brown ;
rest of under surface pure white, with distinct terminal spots and
bars of brown ; under tail-coverts whitish ; leg-feathers yellowish
buff, with a few brown bars ; under wing-coverts yellowish white,
the edge of the wing pure white, the adjoining feathers brown, form-
ing an irregular longitudinal band just inside the wing, the lower
series brown, j'ellowish at base ; inner lining of wing brown, the
primaries barred on the inner web with ochraceous, the secondaries
yellowish at base of inner web, barred with the same colour for the
greater part of this web. Total length 11 inches, wing 5-9, tail 4,
tarsus 1.

Hab. South Africa,
a. Ad. St. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. Type of species.

224 BriiONiDJC.

14. MICRATHENE. „,

Ijpe.

Micrathene, Cones, I'r. Philad. Acad. 1866, p. 15 ... . M. wliitneyi.
llanijc. Colorado region of the United States and Western Mexico.

1. Micrathene whitneyi.

Athene wliitueyi, Cooper, Pr. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1861, p. 118.
Micrathene whitneyi, Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 186(i, p. lo ; Elliot,

B. N. Am. pi. xxix. ; Cones, Kei/ N. Am. B. p. 207 ; Lawr. Mem.

Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 207 ; Ridi/w. B. N. Amer. iii. p. 87 ; Cuues,

B. N. W. p. 320.

Above umber-brown (less pure and uniform than in GJmtcidium),
each feather with an irregular transversely elliptical spot of pale
rufous, these largest on the forehead bordering the white eyebrows ;
the feathers everywhere minutely mottled transversely with darker,
this being most noticeable where bordering the yellowish spots.
Scapulars with their outer webs almost wholly white. Wings with
the ground-colour a little darker than the back ; lesser coverts with
numerous spots of light rufous, there being two on each feather, one
concealed ; middle and secondary coverts with a very large oval
spot of pure white terminating the outer webs, the white spot on
the latter preceded by a pale rufous one ; secondaries with five
(exposed) bands of pale ochraceous (the last terminal), these passing
into white on the edge ; primary-coverts with three large ochi-aceous
spots ; primaries with about six (including the terminal) conspicuous
spots of the same, those anterior to the emargination on the third,
fourth, and fifth quills almost white ; tail like the wings, but more
uniform, crossed by six irregular narrow bands of pale ochraceous,
the last or terminal of which is not well defined ; these do not touch
the shaft, and on the inner webs they are pure white ; lores and
eyebrows, cheeks, lining of the wings, and ground-colour of the
lower parts white ; ear-coverts and suborbital space like the crown,
but more rusty ; lateral lower parts much washed with plumbeous,
this especially prevalent on the flanks ; behind the sharply defined
white of the cheeks is a l)lack traiisverse wash ; throat, jugulum,
breast, and abdomen Avith each feather having a median longitudinal
ragged-edged blotch of pale rufous, these blotches most clearly de-
fined on the abdomen, more confused anteriorly ; anal region and
tibiie almost immaculate ; tibiaj with numerous transverse narrow
blackish bars on a pale ochraceous ground ; lining of the Aving faintly
spotted at the bend and on the primary-coverts, the terminal half
of which is plain dusky ; under surface of primaries blackish, with
obscure transverse paler spots, those anterior to the emargination
almost white, those beyond dai'ker, the last being scarcely distin-
guishable, on the longest quill eight can be detected ; bill pale
greenish ; iris vellow. Length " G-25 " inches, extent " 15-25,"
wing 4-40, tail" 2-30, culmen 0-35, tarsus 0-80, middle toe 0-60,
(Ridr/wm/.)

15. Asio. 225

A male from Socorro Island (Colonel A. J. Graj'son) is less adult
than the preceding. The upper plumage is more brownish and
more mottled ; the rufous spots, though deeper and larger, are less
sharply defined ; the spots on the primaries arc all ochraceous ; the
bands on the tail are broader though of the same number. Beneath
the longitudinal blotches do not appear ; but the rusty rufous covers
nearly the whole surface, leaving the median portion only white, and
this not well defined ; the rust)" shows ragged minute transverse bars
of blackish. The whitish collar round the nape is also better defined
than in the type. Total length 5-20 inches, wing 4-20, tail 2-10.

Another specimen, from the same locality, also apparently imma-
ture, is just like the preceding in plumage. It measures — wing 4
inches, tail 1-90. (Id. I. c.)

Hah. The same as that of the genus.

Subfam. II. SYRNIINiE.

Key to the Genera.

a. Feathered tufts on head very distinct ; cere mucli

longer than culmen 15. Asio, p. 225.

h. No tufts of feathers on head ; cere not so long as

culmen.

a'. Bouy shell of ear-conch the same on both sides

of the skull ; toes sometimes thickly feathered

or at least with hair-like bristles, sometimes

entirely bare 16. Stjrnium, p. 244.

v. Bony shell of ear-conch entirely asymmetrical ;

toes thickly feathered ....'...' 17. Nyctala, p. 284.

15. ASIO. Type.

Asio, Briss. Orn. i. p. 28 (1766) A. otus.

Otus, Cuvier, Lemons Anat. Cump. tabl. ii. (1799) A. otus.

Bubo, Dumeril, Zool. Anal. p. 34 (1806) A. otus.

Nyctalops, Waglei; Ms, 1832, p. 1221 A. stygius.

Brachyotus, Gmdd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 10 A. galapa^ensis.

Pseudoscops, Kaiip, Isis, 1848, p. 769 A. grammicus.

Phasmoptynx, Kaup, Isis, 1848, p. 769 A. capensis.

Rhinoptynx, Kemp, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 114. . A. mexicanus.
Nisuella, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 542 A. madagascariensis.
Cf Sharpe, Ibis, 1875. p. 324.

\J^

loot of -4.«o otim.

22(5 iiL'iiONiD.i;.

Range. The entire world, excepting; W. Africa, Malai.sia, Australia,
and Oceania : present in the Sandwich Ishxnds.

Kei/ to the S^iecies.

a. Lig:lit bauds ou ij^uills less than ten in number.
«'. Under surface of quills barred across with
brown, and the tips entirely hrowu ; face
more or less fulvescent, the toes also
more or less plumed.
n". Ear-tufts veiy lonir, about equal to
middle toe ai:d claw.
a" '. Breast streaked with black, with late-
ral bars or vermiculations of black

also of>is, p. 227.

a. Underneath orange-buft'; the breast-
feathers white, mesially streaked
with dull brown, each feather
mottled with vermiculations on
each side of the brown central
stripe, a. otns, p. 227.
l3. Underneath orange-butl", the breast-
feathers white, not only mesially
streaked with dark bro-wn, but
also laterally barred with the
same ; the whole tone of pliunage
darker than in A. otus. /3. ameri-
Cdnus, p. 229.
b'". Breast-feathers broadly streaked with
black, without lateral bars or ver-
miculations.
u*. Inner linino- of quills fulvous, barred
with dark bro^^■n, the first primary
with five dark bars ; face whitish,

rufous below the eye , . . mcxicanus, p. 2-31.

hK Inner lining of quills dark brown,
with fulvous bars, five in number,
on first primary ; face dusky buff,

with white shaft-streaks . . ' madagascariensis, p. 232.

h". Ear-tufts short, less than the middle toe
and claw.
c". Upper surface fulvous or tawny,
streaked with brown down the

centre of the feather accipitrinus, p. 234.

cV". Upper surface uniform brown, with
here and there slight rufesceut ver-
miculations, scarcely perceptible.. capensiSj'p. 239.
b\ Under surface of quills nearly uniform cho-
colate-brown,with one band of yellowish
white about halfway up the first pri-
mary ; toes partially bare, the inner one

entirely so stygms, p. 241.

*fe. Light bands on quills ten in number, and
about the same number on the tail-feathers ;
face foxv red ; bill vellow ; toes bare .... grammiciis, p. 242.

lo. Asio. 227

1. Asio otus*.

The Horn Owl, Albin, Birth, ii. pi. 10.

Le moyen Due ou Le Hibou, Briss. Orn. i. p. 48G ; Bttf. PL Enl. 29.

Le Hibou d'ltalie, Briss. Orn. i. p. 401.

Strix otus, Linn. S. X. i. p. 182 ; Ji'ulf S,- Mci/er. J'dff. DeutscJil. Taf.

to p. IMl ; Viei/l. Faun. Fran^. p."42, pi. 19. fig-. 2; Naum. Tiii/.

Deiitxchl. i. p. 451, pi. 45. fig. 1 ; Boitx, Orn. Proc. i. p. 71, pi. 47;

Wcrnrr, Atla.s, Rapaces, pi. 41 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy, Russie

Mcrid. iii. p. Ill ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 117 ; ScM. Vog. Ned. pi. 45 ;

Stindev. Sr. For/I. pi. xxiv. fig. 1.
Otus albicollis, iJaud. Tritite, ii. p. 213.
Otus italicus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 213.
Bubo otus, Savif/H. JDe.fcr. EgypU', p. 292.
Otus asio. Leach, Syxt. Cat. Mamm. i^-c. B. M. p. 11.
Otus em-opreus, Sti'p/i. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. o7.
Otus vulgaris, Flcmimj, Brit. An. p. 5(j ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 39 ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 40; Bp. Consp. i. p. 50; Kaup, Contr. Oni. 1852,

p. 113 ; id. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 232 ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. 3Ins. E.

I. Co. i. p. 20G ; Heicits. Eyijs Br. B. i. p. 55 ; Fritsch, Vik/. Etir.

Taf. 11. fig. 3; Jauh. et Barfh. Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 81: Schl.

Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 2 ; Jcrd. B. Lid. i. p. 125 ; Ikyl cV Gerhe, Oni.

Eur. i. p. 138 ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. i. pi. xxxi. ; Loche, Ejcp. Sci,

Alf/er. Ois. p. 06; ILeuql. Oni. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 107; Hume, Hough

Notes, ii. p. 363 ; Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 32.
Asio otus, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 116; Macc/ill. Brit. B. iii. p. 453;

StricJd. Orn. Syn. p. 205 ; Nejrf. Ooth. V.'olley. p. 154; id. ed. Yarr.

Brit. B. i. p. 158; Shelley, B. Eyypt, p. 178.
Otus otus, Cucier, Regne An. i. p. 341 ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. xiv.
Ulula otus, Macyill. Brit. B. Raptores, p. 403.
Otus communis, Zf.s.s. Trnite,'^.\10.
Otus aurita, Rennie, ed. Mont. Orn. Diet. p. 262.
Otus sylvestris, Brehm, Vciy. Deufschl. p. 121.
Otus ar bore us, Brehm, I. c. p. 122.
Otus gracilis, Brehm, I- e. p. 123.
JEgolius otus, Keys. S)- Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xxii ; Borygr. Vogelf.

Norddeutschl. p. 63.
Otus major, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 270.
Otus minor, Brehm, I. c.
Otus assimilis, Brehm, I. c.
Otus verus, Finsch, J.f. O. 1859, p. 381.

* The foUowiug is a species recognized bv Von Heuglin, but at present un-
known to me : —

Asio abyssinicls.
Otus abyssiuicus, Giierin-Meiicv. Rc>\ Zool. 1843, p. ."21 ; id.et Lafr. Voy,
Abyss'. Zool. iii. Ois. p. ISn. pi. 3 ; Gray, Gcii. B. i. p. 40; Finseh ^-Hartl,
Voy. Osfafr. p. Ill, note.
Asio abyssinicus, Sfrickl. Orn. Syn. p. 211.
^Egolius montanus, Hciigl. Syst. Uebcrs. p. 89.
Otus habessinicus. Hcugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 107.

Similar to A. otus, but larger, with shorter ear-tufts, the u23per surface of a
more obscure sraoky brown, and less wiived with ash-colour : toes half bare ; iris
reddish yellow ; bill dusky horn-colour, paler at tip ; toes pale lead-colour ; cere
fleshy grey. Total length about 14 inches, wing Tl-l.S, tail r>-4. tarsus 1-7-2.
(Heiiy/in.)

Hub. Abyssinia.

a 9

228 HUHONID.i;.

NeslUiKj. Covered with dusky brown down, the filaments of whieh
are ashy white at their tips, causing a general hoary appearance ;
the sprouting plumes fulvous, with brown cross bai-s ; quills
ashy grey, barred and vermiculated with dark brown ; the secon-
daries dark brown, slightly mottled with fulvous brown ; tail
fulvous, with whitish tip and crossed with dark brown bars ;
feathers of under surface yellowish buff, with narrow cross bars
of dark brown.

Aduh female. Above blackish brown, mottled all over with
orange-buff, the bases of the feathers being generally of this
colour ; all the dorsal plumes likewise silvered with white, over
which vermiculations of dark brown arc more or less distributed ;
wing-coverts coloured like the back, the greater series as well as the
scapulars having a largo oval spot of wliite on the outer web ; edge
of the wing white ; primary-coverts blackish brown, inclining to
orange-buff near the base of the outermost feathers ; quills greyish
brown, with hoary tips, and barred with darker brown, the bands
much broiider on the primaries, which are more or less inclining to
orange-buff on the interspaces, especially bright near the base ; the
Becondaries more silvery grey, mottled with dark brown vermicula-
tions, the darker brown bars more obsolete and dissolved on the
innermost ; upper tail-coverts orange-buff, dark brown in the centre
and vermiculated with the same towards the tips ; tail-feathers
greyish or fvdvous brown, inclining to orange -buff near the base, and
crossed by seven bands of darker brown, more or less decomposed
and vermiculated towards the tip, the outer feathers more dusky and
having about ten narrow bands of dark brown ; head pale orange-
buff, with blackish brown longitudinal centres to the feathers, many
of which are whitish on their margins and vermiculated with dusky
brown lines, the plumes on the sides of the neck much whiter, and
the cross lines almost obsolete ; frontal feathers greyish white, very
minutely fi-eckled with brown bars ; ear-tufts 1-G5 inch long,
blackish, inclining to orange-buff on the outer web and to white on
the inner one ; face dusky white, obscured Avith hair-like lines of
black ; feathers round the eye blackish ; ear-coverts yellowish, with
very faint vermiculations of dusky brown ; facial ruff white at base,
all the feathers tipped with black, forming a frill ; chin whitish ;
throat-feathers long and stiff, in continuation of the ruff, spotted
and centred with dark brown ; rest of under surface of body orange-
buff, the flanks and leg-feathers entirely of this colour ; the breast-
feathers for the most part white, with a broad centre of dark brown,
and having a few smaller frecklings of brown on either web ; under
wing-coverts white, washed with orange-buff, a few of the feathers
narrowly lined with brown, the greater series white at base and
broadly brown at tip, forming a bar across the wing and resembling
the inner lining of the quills, which are ashy brown barred with
darker brown, the interspaces more or less yellowish and the bases
entirely orange-buff ; bill dusky horn-colour ; claws horn-colour ;
iris orange-yellow. Total length 1.3'5 inches, wing 11'6, tail 6,
tarsus 1-6.

15. ASIO.

229

Adult ma'e. Similar to the female. Total length 14 inches, wing
11'5, tail 6-5, tarsus l-t3.

H<ih. The whole of Europe, ranging across Siberia to Japan and
China: Himalayas and N.W. India. Egypt and N.E. Africa in
winter.

b. A

Pull. sk.
Ad. St.

c. Var. St.

d. Ad. St.

e. Ad. St.
/. (S ad. sk.

ff, h. 5 ad. sk.

;'. Ad. St.
h. $ juv. sk.

/. S ad. sk.

m. 2 ad. sk.

n. S juv. sk.

o. (S 9-d. sk.

p. 5 ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.

r. (S ad. sk.
s. Skeleton.
t,u,v. (J 5 skulls.
u\ Sterouui.
.V. Sternum.
I/. Sternum.

England.

England.

England.

England.

Oxfordshire.

Christcburch, Hants,

Jan. 19, 1874.
Avington, Hants, Xov.

10, 1873.
Esse.x.
SkSne, S. Sweden,

Jan. 9, 1874.
Skaue, S. Sweden,

Jan. 9, 1874.
SkSne, S. Sweden,

Feb. 7, 1874.
Skane, S. Sweden,

Feb. 7, 1874.
Belgrade, Turkev,March

27, 1870 ( T. Robsmi).
l'etuahore,TurkeY,Dec.

30, 1870 (T. Robson).
Algeria.
Grauada, April 1870.

Rauhe Alp.

England.
England.
Eno;land.

J. Gould, Esq.

J. Warniford, Esq. [P.].
Col. Montagu [P.].
Bai'on A. von Hiigel [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Purchased.
Purchased.

Pm'cliased.

Purchased.

Purchased.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq [P.J.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

M. A. Bouvier.

Howard Saimders, Esq. [C.].

Purchased.

Dr. Giinther [C.].

T. Ingall, Esq. [P.].

W. Yarrell, Esq. [0.1.

J. Ray, Esq. [P.].

Subsp. a. Asio americanus *.

Strix otus, Wik. Am. Orn. vi. p. 73, pi. 51. fig. 3; Sw. S,- Rich.

Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds, p. 72 ; Aitdub. B. Amer. pi. ccclxxxiii., et

Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 572.
Otus americanus, Steph. Gen. Zonl. xiii. pt. 2, p. 57 ; Bp. Comp. List

B. Eur. 8)- X. Amer. p. 7 ; id. Consp. i. p. 50 ; Kaup, Contr. Orn.

1852, p. 113, et Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 232 ; Dekai/, Zoul. N. T. p. 27,

pi. xi. fig. 24; Gra;/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 57.
Otus wilsoniauus, Zm. Traite, p. 110; Cass. B. Calif, p. 181; Cass.

in Baird, B. N. Am. p. 53 ; Baird, ed. Cooper, B. Calif, p. 426.
Otus vulgaris, Jardine, ed. Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 278.
Ulula otus, James, ed. JVils. Am. Orn. i. p. 104.
Otus wilsonius, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 40.
Otus zonm-us, Kaup, Cuntr. Orn. 1852, p. 232 (e.v Gray, MS.) ; id.

Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 232 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 50.

* SfrLr pa-egrinnfor of Tiartraru (Trav. Calif, p. 285), allowed by Strickland
to be the oldest title of this species, appears lo me to be quite unrecognizable
from the description.

230 BriiuNii),fi.

Asio peregriuator, ■^fricJd. Orn. 8yn. p. '207.
Otus vulgaris americanus, Schl. J/w-s-. P.-B. Oli, p. 2.
Otus vul^'-aris, var. americanus, Ridyw. in Coiws, Key N.-Aincr. B.
p. -IdU id. X. Amer. B. iii. p. 18 ; Coues, B. N. W. p. 304.

Adult. Above dusky blackish, with only a slight shade of orange-
buff, -where the bases show through ; all the feathers of the upper
surface freckled with white on either web, causing a very distinctly
Avaved appearance, very plainly exhibited on the scapulars ; crown
of the head and neck dark, like the rest of the upper surface, the
white cross markings rather darker than on the back ; wing-coverts
also uniform with the back, the white wavy markings obscure, the
greater coverts with tolerably large oval spots of white on the outer
web ; quills ashy brown, as also the primary-coverts, barred with
darker brown, the interspaces also mottled with the same, the secou-
daries with wavy lines of white, resembling the dorsal plumes, the
primaries more broadly banded than the secondaries and inclining to
orange near the base of the outer web ; tail-feathers ashy brown,
tipped with greyish white and crossed with nine bars of darker
brown, the bars narrowing in extent towards the tips of the feathers,
where they become more or less merged in the mottlings which
cover the interspaces, the bases of all the feathers more or less in-
clining to orange-buff; forehead dark brown, mottled with smaU
greyish white bars ; ear-tufts dark brown, inclining to orange-buff
ou the outer web ; the inner web fulvous, -n-ith white notches, as on
the rest of the upper surface ; lores and feathers over the eye white,
with black hair-like centres; face deep orange-buff; the feathers
round the eye black, the facial disk black, the bases to the feathers
white, the ruff succeeded by a second line of small gi'eyish feathers
mottled with black cross lines behind the ear-coverts ; chin whitish ;
throat-feathers loug and stiff, dark brown, mottled with white on
cither web, in continuation of the facial ruff; rest of under surface
shghtly washed with orange-bufi, most of the feathers being white
with a broad longitudinal centre of dark brown, from which radiate
on each web some broad and distinct bars of the same colour ; leg-
feathers orange-buff, as also the under tail-coverts, which incline to
white near the tips and are barred with brown ; under wing-coverts
orange-buff, spotted with brown, and streaked with the same near
the outer margin, which is white, the greater series yellowish at base,
dark brown at tip, thus resembling the inner Uning of the wing,
which is ashy browu, barred with darker brown and inclining to
orange-buff near the base ; soft parts as in A. otus. Total length
14-5 inches, wing 12, tail 6--5, tarsus 1-65.

Hah. !Xorth America, as far south as Mexico.

a.

Ad. St.

Fort Simpson.

Bernard R. Eoss, Esq. [P.]

b.

Ad. sk.

Sumass, British Columbia.

J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].

c.

Ad. St.

Mexico.

Purcliased.

d.

Ad. sk.

W. Mexico.

Alex. Uoi-man, Esq. [C.].
Alex. Bormau, Esq. [C.].

e.

Ad. sk.

W. Mexico.

f.

Ad. sk.

"Valley of Mexico.

M. A. Bouvier.

<J-

Ad. St.

Type of Otus zonurus.

ir>. Asi... 2:51

2. Asio mexicanus*.
Le Hibou du BiL^il, i^z-m. Oni. i. p. 499.
Mexican Eared Owl, Lnt/t. Gen. Si/it. i. pt. 1, p. 12-3.
Strix mexicana, Gm. S^sf. Xat. i. p. 2^8 (ex Lath.) : Atnlitb. Oni.

Biogr. iv. p. 574.
Nacuriitii chorreado, Azara, Aptnit. i. p. 202.
Bubo claiiiiitor, Vieill. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. p. 52, pi. 20.
Strix maeidata, Vieill. N. Did. d' Hid. Xat. vii. p. 45.
Strix claniata, Max. Bcitr. iii. p. 2dl ; Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii.

p. 1279.
Strix louprirostris, Spix, Aves Bra^. p. 20, pi. 9 a.
Otus mexicanus, Ciivier, Reqiie Anim. i. p. 341 (1829) ; Bp. Oss. Regn.

An. Cud. p. 42 ; Less. Tritite. p. 110 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 40; Hartl.

Ind. Azara, p. 3 ; Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 235 ; CV/ss. B. Calif. Sf

Tea-, p. 195; Grai/, Hand-l. i. p. 51; Pelz. Oni. Bras. pp. 10, 400.
Otus americanus, Jard. Ann. N. H. xviii. p. 118 ; Burnt. TJi. Bras. ii.

p. 123 ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 18G9, p. 034 ; iid. Xumencl. Ao. Xeotr.

p. 116.
Scops clamator, Graij, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 45.
Rliiuoptyux mexicanus, Kaup, Contr. Oni. 1852, p. 114; id. Tr. Z. S.

iv. p. 235 ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zoul. 1854, p. 541.
Asio mexicanus, Strickl. Orn. Sijn. p. 208.
Bubo mexicanus, Ridgic. B. X. Am. iii. p. 01.

Adult. General colour above golden buff, everywhere more or less
obscured with blackish, the centre of the feathers being entirely of
the latter colour and producing a longitudinally striped appearance,
the plumes having lateral vermiculations and wavy bars of blackish,
so that the back has rather an obscure appearance ; scapulars less
vermiculated externally, so that they appear to have oval patches of
golden buff on the outer web ; wing-coverts golden buff', vermicu-
lated with dark brown, the latter colour predominating on the outer-
most coverts ; the primarj'-coverts almost entirelj* blackish bro^vn,
with bars of lighter brown obscured by darker vermiculations ; quills
ashy brown, with very distinct cross bands of darker brown, breaking
up into vermiculations on the secondaries, all the interspaces being
more or less obscm-ed by freeklings of dark brown : the primaries
lighter than the secondaries, and inclining to pale orange-buff towards
their external base ; upper tail-coverts brownish, slightly mottled
with golden buff ; tail dull fulvous, with seven tolerably broad bands
uf darker brown, narrower and more indistinct towards the apex,
the inner webs banded with narrower bars of dark bro\vn, about ten
in number, the bases of the tail-feathers paler and more distinctly
golden buff ; crown of head and neck deeper golden than the back,
the central streaks of black rather narrower and the vermiculations
more scanty, being generally represented by thread-like bars branch-

* Asio midas.

Otus inidas, Lichf. Nomeiicl. Av p. 6 ; Schl. Mas. P.-B. Oti, p. 2 ; Gray,
Hand I. B. i. p. .50.
Professor Schlegel says this is a large form of A. iacvicamis. lie does uot
unite it to the latter bird ; and I therefore think it better to keep it distinct, at
least for the present. The following are his uieasureiueuts taken I'rcm the type
in Berlin — total leiifith 18 inches, wing 11'6. tail 59.
Hub. Moutevideo.

232 BUBONIDJE.

ing from the central streak ; ear-tufts two inches long, dark brown,
narrowly margined with golden buff on the external and broadly on
the inner web ; forehead rufous, with dark brown centres, eyebrow
white and the lores white, the latter with black bristles ; ear-coverts
dull chestnut, some of the feathers whitish ; round the face a disk
of blackish brown feathers, with which the hinder margins of the
ear-coverts coalesce, and behind the dark ruff appears another less
characterized one of bright orange ; chin whitish ; the throat-feathers
stiif, rufous with dark brown shaft-stripes ; rest of under surface
bright orange-buff, ^vith broad dark brown centres, narrower on the
abdomen and absent on the under tail-coverts ; leg-feathers yellowish
white ; under wing-coverts whitish, somewhat tinged with buff and
having a few brown spots near the outer margin, the greater series
whitish at base, dark brown at tip, resembling the inner lining of
the wing, which is ashy brown, barred with darker brown and incli-
ning to yellowish buff near the base of the feathers. Total length
13-5 inches, wing 10-9, tail G-5, tarsus 2-3.

Obs. The specimen described is a dark example with a chestnut
face, which is also exhibited in a Bahian specimen. In other re-
spects, however, the latter differs in being everywhere more rufous,
the central stripes to the feathers of the upper surface being by no
means so distinct, while the vermiculatious are more generally dis-
persed over the upper surface ; the eyebrow and lores are pure
white, contrasting with the chestnut face.

Two other examples, the one from Brazil the other from Bogota,
are much more mealy in general appearance, and are much whiter
underneath, with very little tinge of orange-buff or yellow ; and
consequently the black streaks stand out in bold relief. Above the
general aspect is lighter, the scapulars ha\'ing large external patches
of white, as also the greater wing-coverts. The tail-bands, eight
in number, are more broken up, and mingle with the vermiculatious
of the interspaces.

Hub. Mexico southwards thi'ough Columbia to Brazil.

a. Ad. St.

Brazil.

M. Claussen [P.].

b. Ad. St.

Brazil.

Purchased.

c. Ad. sk.

Bahia.

Dr. Wucherer [C.].

d. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

e. Ad. sk.

Panama.

M. E. Arce [C.].

3. Asio madagascarieusis.

Otus madagascariensis, Smith, S.-Afr. Q. Journ. ii. no. 4, pt. 1,
p. 316 ; Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. lOG ; Cass. Cat. Strigida
Philad. 3Ius. p. 3 ; Gurney, Ibis, 1809, p. 453 ; Schl. N. T. B. iv.
p. 1 ; id. Revue Accipitr. p. 2.

Bubo madagascariensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 44 ; Puchei-. Arch, du Mus.
iv. p. 328, pi. 23 ; Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 23 ; Grand. Rev. et
Mag. ch Zool. 1867, p. 353 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 44.

Rhinoptvnx madagascariensis, Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 235 ; id. Contr.
Orn. 1852, p. 114.

Nisuella madagascariensis, Bp. Rer. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 542.

Asio madagascariensis, StricM. Orn. )Si/n. p. 212 ; Xewt. P. Z. S.
1865, p. 834.

15. ASIO.

233

Adult (type of species). Above brown, with a slight purplish
gloss, the feathers of the head rather distinctly margined with dull
rufous, those of the hind neck with fulvous, producing a distinctly
ocellated appearance ; the back and scapulars irregularly mottled
with fulvous and brown venniculations, producing an irregularly
barred appearance on the inner scapulars and lower back ; wing-
coverts dark brown, the inner ones with irregular bars of rufous
buff, the greater series with faint bars of lighter brown, and with a
large oceUum of buffy white at the tips, forming an ill-defined band,
the same oceUi being smaller and less developed on some of the outer
scapulars ; primary- coverts dark brown, ^^ith faint bars of lighter
brown ; quills dark brown, tipped with ashy fulvous, externally
chequered with square fulvous spots, those on the secondaries smaller
and somewhat shaded with brown ; lower surface of qiiills brown,
barred with light fulvous, the bars not conterminous and much
more distinct on the secondaries f upper tail-coverts brown, barred
with fulvous ; tail brown, tipped with ashy bro^vn, and crossed with
five bands of fulvous mottled with brown, the basal one very in-
distinct; ear-tufts 1-8 inch long, dark brown largely margined with
fulvous ; loral plumes buffy white ; feathers round the eye black ;
ear-coverts deep fulvous, with black hair-like shaft-lines ; facial
ruif dark brown, the feathers margined and tipped with bright buff ;
under sm-face of body bright buff, inclining to orange, some of the
feathers whitish buff on their margins, their centres dark brown,
giving a streaked appearance, these streaks nearly absent on the
thighs and less developed on the under tail-coverts ; under wing-
coverts deep orange-buff, marked longitudinally with brown, espe-
cially near the margin of the wings, which have a buffy white patch
along the outer edge, the lower coverts dark brown, buff-coloured
at base. Total length IT'S inches, culmen 1-6, wing 10-8, taU 6-5,
tarsus 1-9.

Hah. 3Iadagascar.

Foot o^ Auto inadafiascariensis.

II. Ad. St.
h. Ad. sk.

Madagascar.
Madagascar.

Sir A. Smith [CI. Tvpe of species
Mr. A. Crossley [C.]. "

234 muo.MD.E.

4. Asio accipitrinus.

La grande Chouette, Bn'ss. Orn. i. p. 511.

Strix accipitrina, Pa/l. Hcise lit<ss. Iieicfis, i. p. 455.

Xoctua miuor, G)t). X. C'uiiun. Pctrop. xv. p. 447, pi. 12.

Strix brachvotiis, Furst. P/iil. Trans. Ixii. p. 384; Gin. S. \. i.

p. 28'J; fnis. Am. Orn. iv. p. Oo, pi. So. fig. 3 ; Vieill. Faune

FrcDK;. pi. 20; Xaion. To//. Dndschl. i. p. 459, pi. 45. fig-. 1 ; Soux,

Om. Proven^, i. p. 75, pi. 49 ; Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 42 ;

Sio. ^- Jiicli. Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds, p. 75 ; Aiichtb. B. N. Am.

pi. ccccxxxii. ; id. Orn. Bior/r. v. p. 273 ; Schl. ii. Su^em. To;/.

Fur. Taf. 51 ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 121 ; ScJd. Yog. Ncderl. pi. 46 ;

Sund. Sv. Fuffl. p. 183, pi. xxiv. fig. 2; Homeyer, J.f. O. 18(38,

p. 25(3.
Caspian Owl, Lath. Gen. Si/n. i. p. 147.
La Chouette, Bxff. PI. EnL ii. pi. 4-38.
Sti-ix arctica, Sparrm. Mas. Carls, ii. pi. 51.

Strix ulula, Gm. S. X. i. p. 294 ; PaU. Zovc/r. Busso-Asiat. i. p. 322.
Strix tripenni.s, Schranii, Fauna Boica, i. p. 112.
Strix palustris, BecJisf. Natitrr/. Deutschl. ii. p. 906.
Strix caspia, Shaw, Gen. Zuol. vii. p. 272.
Strix £egrolius, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 309 ; Xordm. in Deniid.

Vot/.m. p. 112.
POtus microcephaliis, Leach, Si/st. Cat. Mamm. S^-c. Brit. Mus. p. 11.
Strix brachyiira, Nilss. Orn. Suec. i. p. 62.
Otus brachyotus, Steph. Gen. Znul. xiii. pt. 2, p. 57 ; D'Orh. Yoij.

Am. Mcrid. p. 134 ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 40 ; Graij. Gen. B. i. p. 40 ;

Cass. Cut. Strit/idce, p. 3 ; Le7nb. Aves Isla de Cuba, p. 21, pi. 4.

fig. 1; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 114, et Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 236;

Ilorsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 79 ; Cass. B. Calif.

.V Tex. p. 182 ; Btirin. Th. Braf:. ii. p. 125 ; ITem'ts. Eggs Br.

B. i. p. 58, pi. xvii. fig. 2 ; Jaub. ^- Barth. Lap. Bich. Orn. p. 82 ;

Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 384 ; Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 127 ; Sehl. Mus. P.-B.

Oti, p. 3; Neui.. in Baring-Goulds Iceland, p. 408; id. Ootli.

Wolley. p. 167 ; Pelz. Beis.' Kovara, p. 27 ; Eegl. ^- Gerbc, Orn.

Eur. i. p. 136; Gurnet/, Ibis, 1868, p. 1-50 ; I'leugl. Orn. X.O.-

Afr. i. p. 108 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 51 ; Hume, Buiufh Xutes. ii.

p. 364 ; Finsch, Tr.'Z. S. vii. p. 211 ; Su-inh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 344 ;

Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 10, 400 ; Saltad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 33;

Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 341 ; Svl. ^- Sah. Nomencl. A v. Neotr.

p. 1 16 ; Schl. Revue Acdpitr. p. 5 ; Ridgway, in Bairds B. N. Am.

iii. p. 23.
Asio ulula, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 116.
Otus agrarius, Brelim, Yog. Deutschl. p. 124.
Otus palustris, Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 124; Daruin, Yog. Beagle,

Birds, p. 33.
Ulula brachyotus, James, cd. Wils. Am. Orn. i. p. 106.
Brachvotus galapagoensis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 10; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 51 ; Cass. B. Calif. Sf Texas, p. 18:3.
Brachyotus palustri.-^, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy X. Am. p. 7 ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 51; Fritseh, Yog. Eur. Taf. 11. fig. 6; Gould, B. Gt.

Br. pi. xxxii. ; Gurne)/, Ibis, 1868, p. ISO : Coues, Key N.-A. Birds,

p. 204; Taczan. J.f 0. 1872, p. 350.
Asio brachyotus, Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 461 ; StricM. Orn. St/n.

p. 209.
^Egolius brachyotus, Keys. iS' Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 143; Borggr.
Vogelf. Xorddeutschl. p. 63.

15. ASio. 235

Otu3 g^lapagoensis, Duriv. Joy. Bf<«jle, Birds, y.'-'yl^'^l.-i; (Jruy,

Gen. B. i. p. 40; id. Hund4. B. i. p. 51.
Brachj'otus palustris auiericaiius, Bj). Co/isp. i. p. 51.
Otus breviaiuis, Licht. Xoitiend. p. 0 ; Schl. Mus. F.-B. Oti, p. 4.
Brachyotus a.'i>oliu3, Bp. Rcr. it Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 541 ; Loche,

Expl. Sci. Ahjer. Ois. i. p. 97.
BraeliYotus agrarius, Bnlun, Naum. 1855, p. 270.
Brachyotus leucopsis, Bre/iin, Naioti. 1855, p. 270.
Bi'achyotus ca.ssiuii, Bnircr, X. Am. Oul. i. p. ('8 ; Cas.s. U. fi>. Exj)l.

Exp. p. 108; id. ill Build, B. N. Ant. p. 54; Buird, ed. Cunper,

Orn. Cu/if.\i. 428; Dull i^- Bunn. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 273 j Oundl.

J.f. O. 1871, p. .375.
Asio saudviceusis, Blt/th, Ibis, 18G3, p. 27.
Otus cassinii, Gray, Iland-l. i. p. 5l.
Asio accipiti'inus, Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 1G.3 ; Shdh-y, B.

Egypt, p. 17!) ; Shai-pe, ed. Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 80.

Nnstlinrj. Covered with clowu of a yellowish buff colour, the plumes
of a dull brown colour, with ochraceous or whitish buff tips, the
quills largely spotted and barred with ochre, all the feathers round
the eye and on the sides of the face uniform dark brown ; frontal
plumes light buff.

Fully (jroivn young. Above more or less uniform brown, somewhat
streaked by reason of the ochraceous buff margins to most of the
feathers, all of which have concealed oval spots of ochre, nearly all
these, however, being invisible ; head and hind neck much more
distinctlj' streaked, the cmtres being dark brown, the margins
broadly ochraceous ; wing-coverts coloured like the back, but varied
witli larger sj)ots of ochre, which occupies the base of most of the
feathers, the greater series with large ovate spots of white on the
outer web, the outer scapulars also similarly marked, but the ochra-
ceous markings much indented by brown mottlings ; primary-
coverts uniform dark brown ; (juills brown, whitish at tip, and
barred with buffish orange, the primaries entirely of the latter colour
for two thirds of their length, and broadly barred with dark brown ;
the secondaries irregularly mottled with spots and barrings of light
ochre, the margins to these quills being also ot this colour; all the
quill-feathers when spread light ochre on the inner web, narrowly
barred with brown ; upper tail-coverts nearly all orange-buff, with
brownish margins and tips ; tail dark l)rown, shading into whitish
at tip, and crossed with about six bars of whitish ochre on the
centre feathers, these bars not continuous and the iutei'spaces
mottled with brown, the outer feathers richer ochraceous, the bro-\vu
bars much narrower and about six in number, disappearing towards
the base of the tail ; ear-tufts 0-85 inch long, brown, with narrow
margins of ochre : ruff brown, speckled with ochraceous, the jjlumes
above the eye whitish buff, with brown central streaks to the
feathers ; facial plumes white, the lores and most of the feathers
with hair-Hkc black shafts, especially round the eye, the feathers
surrounding which are entirely black ; under surface of body light
buff or ochraceous straw- colour, inclining to whitish on the abdomen
and under tail-coverts, the latter, as well as the leg-feathers, being
ipiite unifoiiu excepting a few linear brown shaft -stri])cs ; the breast

2[i6 liriio^iD-E.

clouded with dark brown centres to tlie feathers, rather narrower
on the lower breast, abdomen, and flanks, these having a distinctly
striped appearance ; under wing-coverts light ochraceous buff, with
a few narrow brown shaft-streaks, the lower series dark brown, with
ochraceous base, forming a bar across the inner side of the wing.

Adult male. General colour above pale ochraceous buff, deeper on
the centre of the back, the centres of the feathers longitudinally
dark brown, producing a broadly streaked appearance, the scapulars
much paler on their outer margins, the brown markings more
irregidar and branching into bars, so that the interspaces represent
large ovate spots of whitish buff; wing-coverts rather darker than
the back and more of a reddish ochre, the central markings to the
feathers dark brown as on the back, but more irregular and forming
bars, on the median and greater series more confined to the inner
web, the outer ones having verj' largo and distinct ovate whitish
spots, which are very conspicuous on the wing ; primary-coverts
dark brown, with a few rufous ochre spots, principally near the
base ; quiUs rufous ochre, with a whitish tip, inclining also to ful-
vous near the base of the outer primaries, all the feathers very
plainly chequered with dark brown bars, which are much narrower
on the inner webs ; upper tail-coverts nearly uniform ochraceous,
shaded slightly with brown near the tips ; tail-feathers ochraceous,
tipped with whitish and crossed with seven brown continuous bars
on the centre feathers, only five in number on the outer ones, where
the bars are much narrower and disappear near the base ; frontal
plumes dark brown, narrowly margined with ochraceous ; ruff
whitish, slightly washed with ochre, and minutely speckled with
triangular spots of brown ; facial aspect duU white, the lores shaded
with brown, the ear-coverts with narrow blackish shaft-lines, aU
the feathers round the eye black ; ear-tufts 0-5 inch long, resembling
the feathers of the crown ; chin whitish ; the ruff below, extending
upwards behind the ear-coverts, ochraceous, mottled with dark brown
centres to the feathers ; rest of under surface buffy white, washed
with golden buff on the breast and sides, the breast-feathers streaked
with brown down the centre, these streaks narrowing into linear
shaft-lines on the lower breast and abdomen, and disappearing
entirely on the legs and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts
white, very faintly tinged with ochre, the outer greater coverts
blackish, forming the characteristic spot, the rest of the wing-lining
whitish ; the secondaries with obsolete brownish bars, which are
nearly absent on the primaries, these being blackish on tips and
only slightly barred with ochraceous, the outer feathers having a
blackish mark about halfway up. Total length 14 inches, wing
12-4, tail 6*5, tarsus 1-75.

Adult female . Of the same general appearance and markings as
the male, but always much deeper in colour, the under surface being
of a rich ochre ; bands on tail six on the middle and four or five
on the outer feathers. Total length 15-5 inches, wing 12-5, tail 6-7,
tarsus 1-85.

Ohx. From the examination of a large series of 8hort-eared Owls,

lo. ASIO.

237

I believe that the change from the }"oung or darker plumage is ac-
complished more by the gradual dissolution of the brown markings
on the feathers than by a direct moult : this change atfccts the tail
also, the bars narrowing bj' reason of the dissolution of the brown
colour, remains of which are always more or less apparent on the
interspaces. Another tolerably good indication of an adult bird
can also be found in the amount of brown on the inner side of the
wing, the younger birds having the end of the wing clouded with
brown without transverse bars, and showing also a distinct spot or
bar of brown about halfway down on the outer primary. This bar
is absent in an adult bird, and the end of the feather has buff-
coloured bars on the inner, spots on the outer web. Another dif-
ference in the adult bird is the attenuation of the shaft-stripes on.
the breast-feathers, which become narrower with age ; and these
narrow breast-markings are generally contemporary with the disap-
pearance of the wing-spot above mentioned ; but this is not always
the case, for, as in other birds of prey, the exact sequence in the
change of the parts seems to vary in individuals.

Hah. The temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres,
extending far into the Arctic circle : absent in West Africa, Australia,
and Oceania, but present in the Sandwich Islands.

a. Ad. St.

b. Juv. st.
r. Ad. St.
d. Ad. St.

e,f, q. Pull. St.
h. $ ad. sk.

/. $ juv. sk.

k. Ad. sk.

/. c? ad. sk.

"'. 5 juv. sk.
n. <S ad. sk.
o. <S juv. sk.

p. Ad. sk.
q, r. Ad. st.
s. Juv. St.
t. cJ ad. sk.
u. 2 ad. sk.
V. Ad. St.
u\ Ad. sk.
X. 2 ad. sk.

y. Juv. sk.

z.a\h\c. Ad. sl(
d' . Juv. St.

a. Asio accipitri

England.

England.

London Market.

Hills of Offed.

Hills of Offed.

East Grinstead, Surrey,

Dec. 1861.
Pagham, Sussex, Sept.

3rd, 1872.
Chvistcburch, Hants,

Jan. 1874.
Monraouthshu'e, Dec.

4th. 1873.
SkSne, Sept. 1867.
SkSne, Nov. 27, 1873.
Wermland, Juue 30,

1873.
France.
Archangel.
Archangel.
Malaara, Jan. 3, 1872.
Seville, Nov. 8, 1869.
Athens.
Corfu.
Ilavankoi, Asia Minor,

Sept. 19, 1871 {T.

Itohxon).
Ph'.in of Nimroud, Me-
sopotamia.
Nepal,
rhnia.

Mr. J. Baker [C.l.
Mr. J. Baker [C.l.
Mr. J. Baker [C.l.
Mr. J. Baker [C. |.
Mr. J. Baker [C.].
J. E. Ilarting, Esq. [P.].

E. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

Baron A. von Hiigel fP.].

Rev. A. Morgan [P.].

Purchased.
Purchased.
Purchased.

M. A. Bouner.
R. B. Sbarpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Howard Saunders, Esq. [C.
Howard Saunders, Esq. [C.
C. W. L. Merlin, Esq. [P.].
J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l.

J. R. Reeves, Esq,

w

238

IlUIiONID^.

e'. Inim. sk.
/'. I mill. sk.
(/'. Skeleton.
■/(■. Skull.
/'. Sternum.
A-'. Sternum.
/'. Sternum.
ni',n',o'. Steriiums.

Shaiifrliai.
Siberia.
Eiiylaiul.
S. CTormaiiy.

— Webb, E.sq. [P.l
]Moscow Museum [P.].
Purchased.
Dr. Giintlier [C.].
W. Yarrell, Esq. [P.].
T. lugall, Esq. [P.].
J. Hay, Esq. [P.].
Purchased.

sk.

q'. Ad. St.
;•'. Jiiv. St.
s'. J ad. sk.
f. Ad. sk.
«'. Juv. sk.

r'. Ad. st.
tv',x'. Ad. sk.
?/', z'. Juv. sk.
a, 13. Juv. .sk.
y. Ad. sk.
S. Ad. sk.
€, C Ad. sk.
i;. Ad. .sk.
e. Ad. sk.
I. Ad. St.

K. Ad. sk.

X. Ad. St.
fx, V. 5 ad. sic.

f Juv. St.
o. Ad. St.
■n. c? ad. sk.

^. As'w cassini.

" At sea, after passing
the Aleutian Isles,
300 miles off land."

North America.

North America.

North America.

Arctic America.

Fort Simpson, Sept. 15,
1861.

Canada.

British Col umbia .

British Columbia.

Siimass Prairie, B. C.

^^alley of Mexico.

Bogota.

Chili.

C^hili.

Province of Colchagua.

Falkland Lslands.

Falkland Islands.

Falkland Islands.
Berkeley Sound, Falk-
lands; April 1842.

Capt. Kellett [P.].

Hudson's Bay Co. [P.].
Admiral Sir George Back [P.].
Lord Odo Russell [P.].
John Ray, Esq. [P.].
B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].

Mrs. Mauger [P.].

J. K. Lord, Esq. [C."

J. K. Lord. Esq. [C."

J. K. Lord, Esq. [C;

M. A. Bouvier.

M. A. Bouvier.

Purchased *.

E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.].

E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.].

Sir W. Burnett and Admiral

Fitzroy [P.].
Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood

[R]. .
Antarctic Expedition [C.].
Antarctic Expedition [C].

y. Asia f/(dap(iffeiisis.

Galapagos Islands

(iJarwi)i) .
Galapagos Islands.

Indefatigable Island,
August 24, 1869.

Zoological Society. Type of

Ofus f/alapaf/oensis.
Sir W. Burnett and Admiral

Fitzroy [P.].
Dr. A. Ilabel [C.].

S. Asia sandwichensis.

p,(T. c? ? ad. sk. Honolulu, Sandwich
Islands.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Ohs. The excellent series of Short-eared Owls enumerated above
enables me to speak with some certainty concerning the various
races which have been raised to specific distinction by various orni-
thologists. In the foregoing list of the specimens in the national
collection I have arranged them under four headings, each form thus

* One of these specimens is labelled " galapagoensis" by Dr. Kaup : but it is by
no means a very dark-coloured one.

15. Asio. 239

classified having slight poculiarities, but none of them possessing
sufficient characters to allow of their being specifically separated,
AU over Europe and Asia there is but one type, according to my
observations ; but in America the general run of the specimens is
rather darker and more ochraceous : hence the Short-eared Owl of
the New World has been called A. cassini. I have seen specimens
from ditferent parts of America which 1 could not separate in the
least from European examples ; and in comparing specimens from
the Old and New World care must be taken that birds of the same
sex are examined, as the females of both are always more rufous
than the males ; thus if a female of the American Short-eared Owl
were compared with a male of the European kind, the impression
would be that the former was more rufous, and ^nce versa. I have
seen, however, birds of both sexes from British Columbia and from
Chih which were absolutely similar to British-killed specimens.

In the Falkland Islands the Short-eared Owls seem permanently
rufescent, but cannot be distinguished from some Chilian skins ; and
as some of the latter agree perfectly with European examples, no
hue for specific separation can be drawn : I must say, however, that
at present I have never seen a light-coloured bird from the Falk-
lands.

The Owl from the Galapagos is by far the most different of any,
by reason of its small size, dark coloration, golden forehead, and
striped thigh-feathers. I have never seen a specimen from any
other locality exhibiting the latter character ; at the same time a
Bogota skin in every other respect approaches it in appearance ; and
therefore, although I admit that at present it would appear to be
specifically distinct, I should like to be sure that the New-Granadan
Short-eared Owl would not form a connecting-link.

The specimens from the Sandwich Islands form an interesting pair
on account of their locality ; but they cannot be separated as a spe-
cies. They are rather small, and have a very dusky frontal pitch :
this I have found in other Asiatic specimens ; and therefore the
Sandwich-Island Owl can only be considered a small race of A. ac-
cipitrinus. The following are the measurements of the pair :

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

,,,.,, in- in. in. in.

a. d" ad. Honolulu 148 12 62 1-65

b. $ ad. Honolulu ],5-,5 \\q q j.j

5. Asio capensis.

Otus capensis, Smith, S.-Afr. Q. Journ. ser. 2, no. 4, part 1, p. 31G •
id. Zool. S. Afr. pi. C7 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 40 ; Brve, B. Eur. 2n(i
ed. 1. p. 148 ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Oti, p. .5 ; Grmj, Hnnd-l. B. i. p. ,51 ;
Heufil. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. p. 109; Finsch 8,- Hartl Von. Ostafr.
p. lOit.

Braehyotus capensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 51 ; Fritsch, Voq. Ein: tab. 11.
fi?. 7.

Phasmoptyiix capen-^is, Kmip, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 11
iv. p. 2.J(i: Luche, F.rpl. Sci. A/t/er. Ois. i. p. 1)9.

1 : id. Tr. Z. S.

:i40 Dui!o.\in.K.

Asio capensis, Strickl. Om. Syn. p. 211 ; Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 424 ;

7r6y, £. Gibralt. p. 61 ; S/tai-pe, ed. Lai/ard, li. S. Afr. p. 78.
.Egolius capensis, HeiigUn, Si/st. Uehers. p. 14.
Otus capensis major, Schl. 3hm. P.-B. Hevite Accipitr. p. 5.

Adult. General colour above earthy brown, narrowly verraiculated
with fulvous, these markings more or less concealed, becoming a
little coarser on the wing-coverts and on the hinder neck ; greater
wing- coverts ovally spotted on the outer and barred on the inner
web with ochraceous buff; primary- coverts dark brown, excepting
some spots of rufous ochre near the base ; quills dark brown, in-
clining to whitish buff at the tips of the feathers, the secondaries
with only a few indications of bars in the shape of ochraceous ver-
miculations ; the innermost secondaries uniform with the back, the
primaries deep ochre at base, and chequered with deep ochre spots
on the outer web, all the quills broadly barred on the inner web
with paler ochre ; upper tail-coverts slightly more rufous brown
than the back, with narrow wavy vermiculations of brown, and
having large oval spots of fulvous white ; tail brown, the middle
feathers with two bands of deep ochre near the base, but merely
vermiculated with the same colour towards the end of the feathers,
the remainder of the feathers barred with ochraceous buff and brown,
the tips of the feathers being broadly buffy white, and the brown
bars six in number, the two basal ones concealed ; feathers over
the eye and on the forehead very light rufous brown, mottled with
darker brown ; feathers of the face dusky white, the plumes above
and below the eye blackish, the hinder tips of the ear-coverts brown ;
facial ruff brown, thickly spotted with rufous ochre; under surface

Foot of Asio cnpemis *.

of the body very pale ochraceous brown, mottled with lines and
vermiculations of light fulvous or whitish ; the breast and flanks
barred with white, the terminal bars broadest ; abdomen, leg-feathers,
and under tail-coverts light ochre, shading off into whitish on the
two latter ; under wing-coverts fulvous, slightly spotted with brown,
the median series with a few bars of brown, the greater series
whitish at base, dark brown at tip, forming a bar across the wing ;

* In the specimen figured the toes are slightly feathered, but they are gene-
rally quite bare.

15. Asio. 241

inner lining of win? yellowish oelire, with two or three dark brown
bands, merging into a dark brown tip ; iris light reddish brown.
Total length l:J-o inches, wing IMl, tail 7, tarsus 2-35.

Hah. Southern Africa, ranging into A^'orth-western Africa, and
even penetrating into Southern Spain ; .said also to have occurred in
the Sinaitic peninsula.

a. Ad. St. South Africa. South-African Museum. Type

of species.
h. Ad. St. South Africa. Purchased.

c. Ad. St. South Africa. Massena collection.

d. (S ad. sk. Bloerafonteiu, Sept. 10, F. A. Barratt, Eiq. [C.].

1872 (Dr. Elton).

e. Ad. sk. Lydenburg, S.E. Africa. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [C.].
/. Ad. sk. Shupinga, lliver Shire. Dr. Kirk [P.].

//. Ad. sk. Angola. J. J. Mouteiro, Esq. [C.J. Cf.

Ibis, 1802, p. 3.36.
h. Ad. sk. Tangiers. M. Olcese [C.].

Ohs. Professor N'ewton has kindly lent me a specimen of this bii-d
from ^ladagascar ( 0<«s cnpensis major, Schl.), where it has been sup-
posed to constitute a large race of the African species. This example
measures as follows — total length 15-5 inches, wing 12-7, tail G-9,
tarsus 2-25. The difference in size is not suificient, however, to
make one think that the Madagascar bird is really distinct.

6. Asio stygius.

Nyctalops stygius, Waijler, Isis, 1832, p. 1221 ; Grai/, List, Gen. B.

p. 6 : Scl. 'i^- S'alo. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 1 16.
Otus sigLiapa, UOrh. in Ramon de la Sru/ra's H. N. Cuba, Ois. p. .31,

pi. 2 ; Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 40 ; Bp. Conqy. i. p. 50.
Otus stvgius, Packer. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 21) ; Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 40 ;

Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 113 ; id. Tr. Z. S. iv.'p. 232; Schl. 3Ius.

P.-B. Oti, p. 6 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 50 ; Pek. Orn. Bras.

pp. 10, 400 ; Ridgw. N.-A. Birds, iii. p. 17 (note;.
Otus melanopsis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 6.
Asio stygius, Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 207.
Asio siguapa, Strickl. Orn. Si/n. p. 212.

Adult. Above of a nearly uniform chocolate-brown, the hinder
neck and wig with a few longitudinal spots of light ochre, rather
more oval in shape on the latter, the rest of the upper surface having
concealed spots and vermiculations of whitish buif, rather larger and
more distinct on the outer margin of the scapulars ; wing-coverts
uniform with the back, with the same more or less concealed vermi-
culations, these being absent on the primary-coverts, which are
uniform brown ; quiUs chocolate-brown like the back, with obsolete
bars of hghter brown, more distinct on the secondaries, where they
are often replaced by ochraceous spots or vermiculations, the inner-
most uniform with the back, and slightly freckled with vermicu-
lations of whitish buff or light ochre, the primaries with a few spots
of deep ochre on the outer web, only distinct or of any size near the
base ; upper tail-coverts brown, with distinct bars of bright ochre ;

VOL. a. R

242

JiUBONIDJE.

tail deep chocolate-"browii, with a whitish tip, and crossed with five
or six additional bars of bright ochre, these bars more numerous
(seven or eight) on the inner web when the tail is spread ; forehead
and feathers above the eye brown, streaked with silvery grey ; car-
tufts 2 inches long, chocolate-brown, with outer margins of light
ochre ; sides of face dingy brown, the cheeks streaked with fulvous,
and the ear-coverts fiJvous at their bases ; ruff brown, mottled with
light ochre, the hinder feathers almost entirely ochraceous, with
brown margins and shaft-stripes ; chin dingy brown, mottled ^vith
pale ochraceous, the ruff across the throat composed of white feathers
with dark brown centres ; rest of under surface ochraceous, mottled
with brown, this colour more prevalent on the upper breast, Avhere
it occupies the centre of tlie feathers : the lower breast and abdomen
streaked with brown down the middle of the feathers, with dark
brown lateral bars to each, the interspaces being oval spots of white ;
leg-feathers deep ochre, spotted with triangular brown markings ;
under tail-coverts deep ochre, the longest ones streaked with brown :
under wing-coverts deep ochre, the outermost spotted and mai'gined
with brown, the greater series light ochraceoiis at base, dark brown
at tip, thus resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is almost
entirely dark brown, excepting a few irregular bars of ochraceous,
these being almost entirely absent near the primaries. Total length
20 inches, wing 13-7, tail 7"8, tarsus 1-9.
Hah. Brazil, Cuba.

a. Ad. sk.

Foot of Asio sfygius.
Brazil.

Purchased.

7. Asio gframmicus*.
Ephialtes grammicus, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 19, pi. 4.

* I am unacquainted with the following species, and reproduce here Dr. Kaup's
original description : —

Asio macrcrus.

Otus macrurus, Kaup, T)\ Z. S. iv. p. 2.32 ; Grat/, Hand I. B. i. p. 51.

"JDiagn, The tail brown, 148 mm. long, with five small whitish bands at the tip.
"J)escr. The upper payts dark brown, with two to three irregular rusty-yellow

15. Asio. 243

Pseudoscop3 orramniicus, Kaup, Igis, 1843, p. 7G9 ; id. Confr. Orn
my2, p. 11.3; id. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 231 ; Scl. 4- Salv. N mend. Av.
JSeutr. p. 110.

Scops grammicus, Sp. Consp. Av. i. p. 46; Strickl. Orn. Siin. p. 205

Utus grauimicus, Grmj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 50.

Adult female. General colour above sandy buff, transversely ver-
raiculated with dark browtj,more distinctly on the back and scapular
feathers, some of which arc mesially streaked with dark brown, some
ot the outermost rather more broadly barred with sandy colour,
but not exhibiting any trace of wliite or buff spots ; head and neck
rather lighter sandy colour, the transverse black lines very re,<nilar
especially on the ear-tufts, which are coloured like the rest of the
head, but are nearly uniform rufous on their inner webs ; entire
facial aspect foxy red, the hindcrmost of the ear-coverts whitish,
tipped with black, merging in the ruff, which is composed of sandv-
buff feathers, black at tip and at base ; the stiff gular feathers sandy
rufous, streaked and indistinctly barred with black ; chin-feathers
huffy white ; rest of the under surface deep sandy rufous, with foint
indications of dusky vermiculations of brown, the abdominal plumes
more or less verging on white and showing very Httle of the mesial
black streaks which are so distinct on the breast-feathers; leg-
feathers uniform tawny buff, as also the under tail-coverts ; under
wing-coverts buff, slightly washed with sandv rufous, the lower
series black, with fulvous bases, forming a bar across the wing, and
resembling the inner lining of the quiUs, which are fulvescent to-
wards the base of the inner web, on which they are broadly barred
with black ; upper wing-coverts resembling the back, and very
coarsely vermiculated with dark brown, the sandy-buff bars being
pretty apparent here and there, and especially distinct on the outer
web of the spurious quills ; primary- coverts dark brown, irregularly
barred across with sandy buff'; quills banded alternately for their
entire length with blackish brown and sandy buff, these bars less
distinct on the secondaries, the light interspaces obscured with dark
brown vermiculations, especially the innermost, which consequently
resemble the back ; tail sandy buff, barred across with dark brown,
about eleven bars being traceable on the centre feathers, the inter-
spaces more or less mottled with vermiculations of brown, the exte-
rior rectrix paler and more fulvous, crossed with about thirteen
brown bars; cere blackish grey; biU pale blue-grey; feet dull lead-

cross bands on each feather; the lower parts white, on each feather a broad
dark brown shaft-stnpe. The imder tail-coverts piu-e white. Winm on the
inner sides blac-kish, with from three to five whitish pronged bands and spots
larsi rustj yellowish white, with rusty yellow cross lines. The bristle-feathers
of the lorum white, with black shafts. The stripe over the eve dirtv white ex-
tending to the ear-horns, which are not very well distinguished. 'Veil wiiite
each feather with rusty yellow, black-margined, shaft-spots.

J^Bimens. Head 70 mm.; bill from the root 20, from the gape 34 mm. ; wing
Jot) mm.; tarsus 60mm; middle toe without the nail 39 mm. ; left ear-hole
(taken on a stuffed .specimen) 14, right ear-hole 22 mm. Ion".
"Hab. Mexico (Wurzburg Museum)." ^

r2

244

BCBONIDiR.

colour ; claws horny grey ; iris hazol. Total length 12-2 inches,
wing S-4. tail 5-1, tarsus 1-55.

Obs. Mr. Gosse's typical specimen differs somewhat from the one
described in the less rufescent tone of the plumage, especially under-
neath, where the bird is also plainly vermiculated with brown cross
lines ; the bars on the tail about nine in number.

Hab. Jamaica.

Foot of Asio grammicus.

a. Ad. st. Jamaica.

b. Jut. st. Jamaica.

c. Ad. st. Jamaica.

d. 5 ad. sk. Near Spanishtown, Jamaica,

Oct. 1862 (TF. T. Marsh).

e. Sternum. Jamaica.

P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.]. Type

of species.
P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
Smithsonian Institution [P.].

P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].

16. SYRNIUM.

Type.

Symium, Saviff>i. Bcscr. Bgypte, p. 298 (1809) S. aluco.

L'lula, Cnvier, Bepi. Anim. i. p. 329 (1817) S. uralense.

Aluco, Kaup, Naiiirl. 8yst. p. 190 (1829, nee Flem.) . . S. aluco.

Ciccaba, IFaf/Ier, Isis, 1832, p. 1222 S. huhulum.

Bulaca, Hodgs. As. Research, xix. p. 169 (1836) S. newarense.

Scotiaptex, Sivains. Class)/. B. ii. p. 217 (1837) S. cinereum.

Meseidus, Hodgs. J. A. 8. B. x. p. 28 (1841) S. newarense.

Pulsatrix, Kaup, Isis, 1848, p. 771 S. torquatum.

PtjTix, Bp. Consp. I. p. 53 (1850) S. uralense.

Myrtha, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 541 S. seloputo.

Macabra, Bp. I. c. p. 541 S. hylophUum.

GiseUa, Bp. I. c. p. 541 S. harrisi.

Range. The whole of the New World, and the entire Old World
also, excepting Madagascar, the Austro-Malayan subregion, Australia,
and Oceania.

Key to the Species.

a. Crown of head mottled or barred, never entirely uniform.
a'. Toes plumed*.

a". Belly with mesial streaks of blackish.

* SyTrnium fulvescens, Sol. & Salv., seems to be the only exception.

16. SYRNIUM. 245

«'". Chest with regular longitudinal streaks of
black or dark brown, and having no com-
plete cross bands, sometimes a few mot-
tlings on each side of the longitudinal
streaks being present.
a'. Head and neck streaked down the centre
of the feathers, all of them laterally
barred with dark brown.
a\ Size small : wing 12-1-14"6 inches;
facial disk gri'ey or rufous, but with
streaks of buff or a few dusky bai's.
tf. Rump and upper tail-coverts fulvous
or greyish white, strongly vermicu-
lated wdth brown cross lines.
a'. General appearance of upper sur-
face streaked, the cross vermicu-
lations very insignificant ; centre
tail-feathers grey or rufous, with
a few brown mottlings ; no bars
excepting the indications of a few

narrow ones at the tip ahico, p. 247.

v. General appearance of upper sur-
face mottled, the central streaks
very irregular and obscured in the
lateral barrings and verraicula-
tions of the feathers ; central tail-
feathers dark brown, with five or
six broad but irregular bars of

fulvous nivicohim, p. 250.

6''. Upper tail-coverts and base of tail
uniform brown ; wing of male bird

14'G inches davidi, p. 251.

6'. Size large : wingl8'6-19inche3; facial

disk gTey, with very regular bars of , ^^^^ 252.

dusky brown < , . ' r

•^ j lapponicum, p. 2o4.

h^. Head and neck distinctly streaked down

the centres of the feathers, these streaks , , ^-r-

beiuo- perfect and having no lateral bars < /• ' "' ~'o-o

° ^ ° Ifuscescens, p. 2o6.

b'". Chest with regular broad cross bands.
c*. Toes feathered ; bands on tail six, includ-
ing the terminal one; general colour light

brown, with white cross bands nebulosum, p. 257.

f?'. Toes bare ; bands on tail five, the terminal
one included ; general colour rufous

brown, with fulvous cross bands fukescens, p. 258.

h". Belly regidarly barred, with no distinct me-
sial streaks,
c'". Bill yellow; dark bars on breast broad,
and quite equal to intervening inter-
space,
c'. Legs white, with a few dusky brown
bars ; spots on wing-coverts whitish ;
face dull greyish white, with a few
obsolete brown cross markings and shaft-
streaks of white occideittaie, p. 260.

/'*. Legs uniform yellowish buff; spots on

24G

wing-coverts fulvous; face dusky, with
broad cross markings of dark brown ;
feathers in front of the eye blackish
brown, with a patch of tawny rufous

below the eye rirfipes, p. '26\.

d'". Bill black or bluish black ; the dark bars

on the breast very narrow, much less than

the interspaces.

gK Upper surface uniform brown, with spots

or bars of white ; facial disk uniform

fulvous sinense, p. 261.

/*'. Upper surface brown, vermiculated with
white ; facial disk whitish, washed with
orange and barred with dark brown . . ocellatitm, p. 263.
h'. Toes bare*.

c". Leg-feathers white or buff, sometimes with a
few faint remains of brown bars.
e'". Belly barred, but not mesially streaked.

i^. Chest imilbrm chestnut-red leptoqrammicxm,

k\ Chest barred. p.* 264.
c^. Head and neck dark brown, spotted
with white ; spots on scapulars white.
c". Back and wing-coverts light brown,
spotted with white and vermicu-
lated with darker brown woudfurdi, p. 207,

d'. Back and wing-coverts uniform dark
brown, with scanty white spots and

no vermicidations at all michale, p. 265.

d^. Head and neck tawny buff, baiTed with
black ; scapulars barred with ta^vny

buff hjlopldlmn, p. 2(19.

/'". Belly mesially streaked with dark brown
or black.
l\ Size small : wing about 8'5 inches ; tail
brown, mottled with lighter brown and
spotted with orange-buff, but not regu-
larly bai-red across ; breast with no

streaks albigulare, p. 270.

m'. Size larger: wing not less than 10-5 ins. ;
tail distinctly barred,
p". Forehead and eyebrow white, with an
additional superciliary band of orange ;
ear-coverts orange, with white shaft-
streaks, the hinder margin blackish. . superciliare, p. 271.
/\ Eyebrow whitish or huffy white; fore-
head brown, spotted or barred with
rufous.
e^. Tail brown, baiTed with lighter
brown, but not showing white
when spread ; abdomen streaked

with rufous brown suitida, p. 272.

f^. Tail blackish, baiTed with white,
these white bars sometimes mottled
with brown; abdomen streaked with
black virgatum, p. 273.

* The amoxiut of feathering raries much in <S. rvoodfordi.

IG. SYRXIUM. 247

<■/". Leof-feathers blacli, barrc-d with white.
if". Crown of head and back black, with nu-
merous white wavy lines huhuhon, p. 275.

h"'. Crown of head and back uniform black | ^^WoU'mitum, p 270.

j spilonotum, p. 277.
. Crown of he.id uniform brown.
c'. Ear-coverts whitish, narrowly barred with

dark brown : chest brown, nan-owly barred , „oi

across with whitish neicarense, p. 281.

i tndranee, p. 282.
d'. Ear-coverts uniform ; chest also perfectly uni-
form.
e". Chest chocolate-brown ; forehead uniform
with crown.
i"'. Breast uniform buff; toes feathered .... perspicilktinn, p. 277.
k'". Breast buff, with broad rufous bars ; toes

Ijare melanoiiotum , p. 280.

f". Chest fulvous like the rest of the under sur-
face, with no pectoral band ; forehead buffy
white ; fore part of ear-coverts fulvous, the
hinder part blackish harrisi, p. 283.

1. Syrnium aluco.

The Brown Owl, Albin, Birds, i. pi. 9.

Le Chat-huant, Briss. Orn. i. p. 500 ; Biif. PL Enl 437.

La Hulotte, Briss. Orn. i. p. 507 ; Buff. PL EnL 441.

Strix aluco, Linn. S. N. i. p. 132 ; PaU. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. p. 321 ;

VieiU. Faun. Fran<^. p. 45, pi. 21. fig. 2 ; JVamn. Vog. DeutschL

p. 473, pis. 4(i, 47. tig. 1 ; Boiicr, Orn. Prorenq. i. p. 76, pis. 50-52 ;

Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 'io ; ScM. u. Susein. Viiy. Eur. Taf. 45 ;

Nurdm. in Eemid. Voy. iii. p. 110 ; Sundev. Sv. FogL p. 184, pi. xxv.

fig. 4 ; Neiiion, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 140 ; Shdleg, B. Egypt, p. 176.
Strix stridula, Linn. S. N. i. p. 153 ; VieilL Faun. Franq. p. 44, pi. 21.

tig. 1 ; Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 131.
Austrian Owl, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. p. 130.
Solognese Owl, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. p. 137.
Strix sylvestris. Scop. Ann. i. p. 21 ; Gm. S. N. p. 292.
Strix soloniensis, Gm. S. X. i. p. 292 ; Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 62.
Strix austriaca, Shau; Gen. Zool. vii. p. 247.
Strix sylvatica, Shaw, Gen. ZooL vii. p. 253.
Syrnium ululans, Savign. Descr. Egypte, p. 298.
Syi-niura stridulum, Steph. Gen. ZooL xiii. pt. 2, p. 62 ; Brehm, Kaum.

1855, p. 27.
Syraium aluco, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 315; Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 114;

Brehm, V. D. p. 115; Goidd, B.Eur, pi. 47; Gray, Gen. B. i.

p. 39, pi. 14. fig. 2 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 51 ; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852,

p. 121 ; SchL Yog. NederL pi. 42 ; StricM. Orn. Syn. p. 180; Fritsch,

Vog. Eur. tab. 11. tig. 8 ; Juub. c^- Barth. Lap. Rich. Orn. p. 84 ;

Gould, B. GL Br. i. pi. xxiv. : Newt. Ooth. Wolley. p. 176 ; DegL

8^ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 127 ; Loche, E.ipL Sci. Alger. Ois. i. p. 94;

Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 48 ; Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 27.
Aluco aluco, Kaup, XatiirL Sysf. p. 190.
Ulula aluco, Eeijs. ^- Bias. IVirb. Eur. p. 33 ; Macgill. Brit. B. iii,

p. 338 ; SchL Mtis. P.-B. Striges, p. 12 ; Borggr. Vogelf. Nord-

deufschL p. 63.
Aluco stridulus, 3Iacyill. Brit. Riipt. p. 307.

~-iS BUBONIDJ!.

Ulula stridula, &■%, III. Brit. Orn. i. p. 102, pi. 2o,
Syruium oediiim, Brvhin, Nuum. 1855, p. 270.
Svi'iiiiiui rufescens, id. t. c. p. 270.
Syruium macroceplialuiu, id. t. c. p. 270.

Young in down. Covered with white down, the sprouting feathers
yellowish, with dark brown cross markings ; bill ivory-white for the
apical half of both mandibles.

Nestling. General colour above golden buff, everywhere banded
with dark brown, all the feathers tipped with white, producing a
hoary appearance ; wings much lighter than the back, the golden
interspaces and the terminal white margins both broader than on the
dorsal feathers ; primary-coverts dark brown, banded with lighter
and more reddish brown, inclining near the base to golden buff;
(jiiill-feathers, as far as developed, dark brown, inclining to greyish
at their tips, barred with ochraceous or reddish brown, inclining to
golden buff on their outer webs ; the secondaries tipped with whitish
and less distinctly barred, the interspaces thickly mottled with brown
vermiculations ; tail reddish, tipped with white and barred across
with brown, these bars dissolving on the inner web into brown ver-
miculations ; head more dusky than the rest of the upper surface ;
feathers round the eye whitish ; remainder of under surface golden
buff, inclining to white on the breast, the whole narrowly banded
across with dark brown ; leg-feathers almost entirely butfy white,
with a few bars of brown on the upper part of the tarsus.

Adah female (grey phase). General colour above ashy grey, the
dorsal feathers slightly washed with rufous, and most of them streaked
down the centre with dark brown, with lateral zigzag lines of the
same, the interspaces between the latter being often white, this ar-
rangement giving a generally vermiculated appearance to the upper
aspect of the bird ; the outer scapulars more coarsely vermiculated,
and having a large oval spot of pure white externally ; wing-coverts
more rufescent than the back, the least ones reddish brown, centred
and vermiculated with dark brown, the median and greater series
rather greyer, more coarsely lined, barred with white externally, and
having a large ovate spot of white on the outer webs ; primary-
coverts reddish brown, barred across with dark brown ; primaries
ochraceous brown, inclining to white at their tips and barred across
with six broad bands of dark brown, not conterminous near the base
of those quills, the interspaces paler on the external web and incli-
ning to white towards the base ; the secondaries regularly barred
with light ochraceous brown and dark brown, the interspaces being
mottled all over with the latter colour, all the feathers tipped with
■white ; the inner secondaries greyer and more like the back, mesially
streaked with dark brown and vermiculated with the same, the dark
brown bars complete onlj- on the inner web, and entirely broken up
on the innermost quills ; tail ashy rufous, tipped with whitish and
varied with dark brown zigzag markings, the outer feathers broadly
barred with dark brown, though most of the bars are more or less
dissolved ; crown of head dark brown, the feathers notched on both
webs with white or fulvous ; the hind neck and wig whiter than the

16. SYKNIUM.

249

rest of the upper surface, the centres of the feathers only being
brown wdth lateral margins of the same colour, causing a somewhat
streaked appearance ; facial aspect whitish, the plumes in front of
the eye pure white, the lores terminating in blackish bristles ; ear-
coverts slightly mottled with a few cross markings of brown ; facial
ruff blackish brown, the feathers tipped with silvery whito, the
plumes of the upper part also notched with the latter colour ; chin
riilbus, with black streaks down the centre of the feathers ; the ruff
below the chin whitish, the feathers also having a broad mesial streak
of brown ; fore neck white ; rest of under surface white, broadly
streaked with blackish brown down the centre of the feathers, the
breast-feathers having also some zizgag lateral bars of brown, the
central streaks also not continuous to the base of the plumes, and
much paler on tho abdomen and under tail-coverts ; leg-feathers
white, spotted and minutely barred with brown ; under wing-coverts
and margin of wing white, streaked with dark brown, the lower
series ashy brown, whitish at base, resembling the inner lining of
wing, which is ashy brown, barred on the inner web and spotted on
the outer with yellowish white, the secondaries barred right across ;
bill whitish horn-colour ; claws horny white at base, darker towards
the tip; iris blue-black. Total length 19 inches, wing 12-1, tail 8,
tarsus 2-1.

Adult female (rufous phase). Similar in character and markings
to the grey phase of plumage, but ferruginous instead of grey, the
face being also washed witli ferruginous. Total length 19-5 inches,
wing 12, tail 9, tarsus 2-1.

Adidt nude (rufous phase). Total length 18-5 inches, wing H'l,
tail 7, tarsus 1-95.

Foot of S^rniu7ii aluco, to show extent of feathering on toes.

Ohs. The rufous and grey plumages of the Tawny Owl are not
dependent upon age or sex ; but the idea has been entertained by some
ornithologists that the rufous birds were the young and the grey
ones the old. As a rule, the nestlings have all red tails ; but the Mu-
seum possesses a young bird still with remains of down on it, but
yet entirely in the grey phase of plumage.

250

BITBONIDJi:.'

Ilah. Europe o-encrally, breeding as high as 64° N. lat., but be-
coming rarer in Russia and Eastern Europe ; found as far south as
Palestine and in North-eastern Africa.

Mr. Bullock [C.].

Mr. Bullock [CI.

J. Gould, Esq. [CI.

Mr. J. Baker [0.1.

Mr. J. Baker [C.J.

Mr. J. Baker [C.].

Col. Montagu [P.

Col. Montagu [P.]

Col. Montagu | P.

Sir W. Elford, Bart. [P.].

Purchased.

a. Pull. St.

b. Pull. St.

c. c'. Pidl. sk.

d. c? ad. St.

e. Juv. St.
/, g. Pull. St.
h. 'Ad. St.
i. Ad. st.
k. Ad. St.
/. Ad. St.
m. Pull.sk.

n. Pull.sk.

o. S juv. sk.
p. 5 ad. sk.
q. j ad. sk.
r. Imm. sk.
•s, <• c? 2 ad. sk.
u, V. Ad. St.
IV. Ad. sk.
X, y. Ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
a'. Skeleton.
v. Sternum,
c'. Sternum.

Great Britain.

Great Britaiu.

Great Britain.

Cambridgeslnre.

Cambridgeshire.

Cambridgeshire.

Wiltshire.

Carmarthenshire.

Carmarthenshire.

Devonshire.

SkSne, S. Sweden,

May 11th, 18(39.
Wermland, Sweden,

June 0th, 186;l
Stockholm, June 12th, 1873.
Stockholm, June 11th, 1873.
Stockholm, Nov. 2ud, 1873.
Germany.
Switzerland.
Fontaiuebleau, France.
France.
Algeria.
Russia.

North Europe.
England.
England.

Purchased.

Purchased.
Purchased.
Purchased.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
nowardSaunders,Esq.[P.J.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
M. A. Bouvier [P.].
•M. Olcese [0.].
M. A. Bouvier.
Purchased.
J. Ray, Esq. [P.].
T. IngaU, Esq. [P.].

2. Syrnium nivicolum.

Mesomorpha nivicola, Ilodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82.

Syrnium nivicolum, Blyth, J. A. H. B. xiv. pp. 185, 550 ; id. Cat. B.

Mns. A. S. B. p. 41 ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 3 ; Bp. Gonsp.

i. p. 51 ; Kaup, Confr. Orn. 1852, p. 121 ; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B.

Mns. E. I. Co. i. p. 84 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 187 ; Jerd. B. Ind.

i. p. 124 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 48 ; Hitme, Bouyk Notes, ii. p. 359 ;

Stvinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 344.
Urrua nivicola, Hodys. J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 185.

Adult (rufous phase). General colour above brown, with numerous
zigzag bars and mottlings of orange-rufous, coarser on the upper
back and scapulars, the outer webs of the latter being for the most
part white or fulvous white, causing a conspicuous shoulder-patch ;
wing-coverts dark brown, minutely spotted with orange-rufous, the
median coverts more coarsely mottled towards the tips, the greater
coverts with a large oval white spot near the tips of the feathers ;
primary-coverts blackish brown, with faint indications of lighter
brown bars ; quills dull brown, narrowly margined with whitish at
the tips and crossed with bars of paler brown, almost obsolete on the
inner webs, but inclining to fulvous brown on the outer, giving a
spotted appearance to the wing, the primaries marked ou the outer
web with five large notches of rufous ochre ; tail-feathers dark brown,
narrowly tipped with ashy white and crossed with five bands of

16. SYRNIUil. 251

lighter brown, iucliiiiug to whity browu on Lutli margins ; fore-
head bhickish brown, a few of the feathers ti^jped with orange-rufous ;
facial aspect orange-rufous, with rather distinct white shaft-streaks,
the loral plumes and those on the foro part of the cheeks white, with
blackish shaft-lines ; ruff orange-rufous, mottled with dark brown
and buff, the bases of the feathers and the terminal margins being
dark brown, the plumes adjoining the throat also dark brown down
the centre ; cliin whitish, as well as the fore neck ; rest of iiuder
surface of body bright yellowish, washed and banded with orange-
buff, all the feathers streaked with dark brown down the centre, the
breast-feathers crossed with white bars, giving a paler appearance to
this portion of the body ; leg-feathers fulvous, mottled with orange-
buff ; under tail-coverts deep fulvous, with faint brown centres and
terminal margins to the feathers ; under wing-coverts deep orange-
buff, with a few small brown markings near the outer edge of the
wing, the lower series dull brown, yellowish at base, resembling
the inner lining of the wing, which is brown, with yellowish
white bars on the inner web ; " legs and feet densely feathered to
the terminal joints of the toes, which have two or three moderate
transverse scales of a dull plumbeous colour ; claws brown, paler
at tips and bases ; iris dark brown ; bill pale fleshy yellow ; cere
very faintly marked, dark brown " (Hume). Total length 18 inches,
wing 12-7, tail 7'7, tarsus 2"15.

Young. Similar to the adult, but much more mottled above and
on the chest, all the feathers being barred on each web with orange-
buft' and brown, producing a more waved appearance than in the
adults ; bands on the tail seven in number.

Adult (grey phase). Similar in character and markings to the
rufous phase, but of a greyish brown shade generally on the upper
surface ; the face very white, as also the lower portion of the facial
ruff adjoining the throat ; the white bars on the lower surface of the
body much closer together, the brown cross markings very narrow.
Total length 19 inches, wing 12-4, tail 7'5, tarsus 1-9.

Hub. Himalaya Mountains from Murree eastwards, extending into
Moupin in Western China.

a. Ad. St.

Nepal.

b, c. Jun. sk.

Nepal.

d, e,f. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

ff. Ad. sk.

Kulu (ffai/)

B. H. Hodgson, Esq

P.

B. 11. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.],
John Gould, Esq. [P.].

3. Syrnium davidi.

Ptynx fuscescens, DuricI, N. Arch. Mvs. vii. Bidl. p. 4.
Ptynx fulvescens, Sivinhue, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 344.
Syrniimi davidi, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 250.

Adult inale. Back brown, lighter on the margins of the dorsal
feathers, which arc also slightly streaked or spotted with white, more
especially on the scapulars, which have large oval spots of white on
the outer web, the dark centres to the feathers of the upper surface
giving the bird a somewhat streaked appearance ; head dark brown,

252 BTIBONID.T:.

the forehead nearly uniform ; the feathers of the hind part of tho
crown mottled with buify white, most of the feathers being spotted
Avith this colour, much more distinctly on the hind neck, the spots
being especiaUy large on the sides of the latter ; wing-coverts
brown like tho back, the least series with a few whity brown spots
of small size, the greater coverts largely spotted with white on the
outer web ; primary-coverts dark brown, with two rows of fulvous
spots ; quills brown, barred M'ith pale brown on both webs, the bars
not conterminous and represented on the primaries by a distinct
notch of huffy white, the bars on tho secondaries fulvous near the
base of tho inner web, the bars paler and less distinct on the inner-
most ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts nearly entirely uni-
form brown, without any of the white spots which mark the inter-
scapulary region ; tail brown, tipped narrowly with whitish, the
basal part almost entirely uniform, the exterior feathers barred with
lighter or more fulvous brown towards their tips; facial aspect grey
or whitish, much obscured with brown, this colour predominating on
the ear-coverts ; lores and feathers in front of the eye whitish, ob-
scured by blackish hair-like bristles ; the hinder part of the ear-coverts
grejish, mottled with brown and a little resembling the facial ruff,
which is very distinct and is composed of dark brown feathers spotted
with fulvous, being white streaked with brown just above the eyes,
where it forms two very distinct patches on each side of the fore-
head, and behind the ear-coverts it is white, also centred and tipped
with brown ; on the throat the feathers of the ruff are whitish with
dark brown centres ; iinder surface of body greyish white, streaked
with brown, the centres to the feathers being mostly of the latter
colour, broader on the chest, which is consequently more sombre ; on
the flanks the feathers are somewhat barred near the base as well as
streaked down the centre with brown ; vent tinged with fulvous ;
under tail-coverts white, with broad brown bars to the feathers,
radiating from the central streak ; leg-feathers fulvous, whiter on
the lower part, with remains of narrow brown bars on the latter ;
under wing-coverts huffy white, streaked with brown near the outer
edge of the wing ; the lower series yellowish at base, greyish brown
at tip, and resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are
greyish brown below, barred with huffy white, more plainly on the
inner web ; bill yellow ; claws pale horn-colour ; iris brown. Total
length 20 inches, wing 14-6, tail 11-4, tarsus 2-1. (Mus. Paris.)
Hab. Moupin.

4. Syrnium cinereum.

Cinereous Owl, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 134.

Sooty Owl, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 232.

Strix cinerea, Gtn. S. N. i. p. 291 ; Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. p. 48 ; id.

N. Diet. cTHist. Nat. vii. p. 23 ; Swains. Sf Rich. Favn. Bor.-Am.

Birds, p. 77, pi. xxxi. ; Audub. B. N. Am. pi. cccli., et Orn. Biogr.

iv. p. 3G4 ; Tyzenh. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1831, p. 577.
Strix acelaiuator, Bartr. Trav. Carol, p. 285.
Syrnium cinereum, Audub. Sgn. B. Amer. p. 26 ; De Kay, Zool. N. Y.

Orn. p. 26, pi. xiii. fig. 29 ; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 121 ; Cass.

B. Calif, p. 184 ; Strirhl. Orn. Syn. p. 188 ; Kaup, Trans. Z. S. iv.

16. SYRNIUM. 253

p. 25G ; Cass. B. N. Am. p. 50 ; Gray, Hancl-l. B. i. p. 48 ; Ball
Sf Batm. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. p. 273 ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird,
p. 4'i3 ; Mai/nard, JSfat. Guide, p. 130 ; Ridi/io. N.-Atn. B. iii. p. 30 ;
Cones, B. N. W. p. 307.

Scotiaptex cinerea, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217.

Ulula cinerea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 53.

Syruiuiu lapponicum, var. cinereuin, Coues, Key N.-Am. B. p. 204.

Adidt. General colour above dusky greyish brown, everywhere
mottled with white in the form of zigzag bars and markings, the
white on the outer web of the sca2:)iilars more distinct, but not forming
a very distinct shoulder-patch ; wing-coverts exactly like the back,
and marked with white in the same way ; primary-coverts dark brown,
barred across with lighter brown ; primaries dark brown, barred
with lighter brown, these pale bars inclining slightly to whitish
on the outer webs, the innermost secondaries deep brown, mottled
with white in the same manner as the back ; taiJ-feathers brown,
darker towards the tip, crossed with about eight feebly indicated
greyish white bands, all of which are plentifully mottled with
brown ; head and neck greyish brown, mottled with niimerous white
bars, not very distinct or continuous ; face dusky cinereous, indi-
stinctly banded with dark brown, the feathers immediately over the
eye black ; lores and an indistinct eyebrow whitish ; ruff chocolate-
brown, very slightly spotted with buffy white, the light markings
more distinct on the lower parts of the ruff, particularly on the fea-
thers adjoining the sides of the neck ; chin whitish, the riiff-feathers
immediately below being brown, with rather broad whitish margins,
some of them buffy white, narrowly barred with brown ; rest of
under surface greyish brown, mottled with dull white, generally in
the form of rather broad bars ; the leg-feathers very dingy brown,
mottled with whitish ; sides of body and under wing-coverts rather
whiter than the rest of the under surface and more distinctly banded
with brown ; the lower series of the greater under wing-coverts
brown, barred with yellowish white, thus resembling the inner lining
of the wing ; biU yellow ; iris yeUow. Total length 30 inches, wing
19, tail 13-5, tarsus 2-35.

06s. As in the case of the Long-eared Owl, the American and
European birds are not exactly alike, but yet approach each other
so closely that it is difficult to give exact specific characters. The
American bird in the present instance is altogether darker than S.
lapponicum both above and below, the central brown streaks to the
feathers of the breast being much less distinct in S. cinereum.
The best character that I have seen as yet for distinguishing the two
is by lifting the wing, when the European species immediately dis-
closes a distinct white patch at the base of the primaries, which is
absent, or at least scarcely discernible, in the American birds. This
is caused by the much broader character of the white bars at the
base of the primaries in S. lapponicum — these existing, it is true, in
S. cinereum, but much less distinctly and generally clouded over and
obscured by greyish-brown mottlings.

Hah. The northern part of North America, descending rarely to

254 BtlBOXIDJE.

the United States in winter, but found generally on the western side
of the continent.

a. Ad. St. North America. Admiral Sir George Back [P.].

b. Ad. St. North America. Hudson's Bay Company [P.],

c. Ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.l.

d. Juv. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.J.

e. Skeleton. North America.

5. Syrnitun lapponicum.

Strix lapponica, Hetz. Faun. Suec. p. 79 ; Temm. Man. (TOrn. i. p. 81 ;

Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 33 ; Ti/zenh. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1831,

p. 576 ; Srhl. u. Sim'm. Vor/. Eur. Taf. 40 ; Sundev. So. For/l. p. 184,

pi. xxiv. fig. 1 ; Naum. Vor/. Deutschl. Kachtrag, Taf. 349.
Strix fuliginosa, Shav, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 24.5.
Strix bariiata. Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 318 ; Radde, Reis. Sihir.

p. 12L
Strix microphthalmos, Tyzenli. Orn. Poiv. i. p. 86, frontisp.
Ulula lapponica, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 113; Degl. ^ Gerbe, Orn.

Fur. i. p. 131.
Sm-nia lapponica, Gmdd, B. Eur. i. pi. 42.
Syrnium ciuereum, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. and N. Am. p. 6 ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 39 ; Fritsch, Viig. Eur. tab. 12. fig. 6.
Ulula barbata, Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xxxii ; Borggr. Vogelf.

Norddeutsehl. p. 62.
Svrnium microphthalmum, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 39.
SVmium lapponicum, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 188 ; Nezvt. Ooth. Wolley.
'p. 170; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 48 ; Taczan. Journ. f. Orn. 1873,

p. .303.
Ulula crnerea, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 9.
Syrnium cinereum, var. lapponicum, Ridgw. K.-A. Birds, iii. p. 29 ;

Coiws, B. N. TF. p. 308.

Adult. General colour above ashy brown, tbe feathers varied with
white on both webs in the shape of bars or vermiculations, causing
an indistinctly streaked appearance to the whole of the upper surface,
the centres of the dorsal feathers being longitudinally brown ; head
and neck rather lighter than the back, the feathers being for the most
part whitish, tinged with fulvous near the base, broadly streaked
down the centre and barred with brown ; scapulars whiter than the
rest of the upper surface, being almost entirely white on the outer
web with a few bars of brown ; wing-coverts darker than the back,
brown, mottled with a few irregular whitish markings here and
there, the greater series with large oval spots of white on the outer
web ; primary-coverts dark brown, barred across with ashy brown ;
quills dark brown, the primaries barred with whity brown, washed
with fulvous on the inner web, and all the light bars slightly mot-
tled with zigzag vermiculations of brown ; the secondaries also
barred across with lighter brown, inclining slightly to whitish on the
outer web, the innermost secondaries exactly like the back ; tail
ashy brown, darker brown at tip, and crossed with five lighter bands,
none of them plainly distinguishable, and for the most part consisring
only of broad whitish lines of irregular shape, the interspaces also
mottled with whitish, especially on tlie inner web ; facial aspect

16. sTRNim. 255

ashy whitish, barred with broad wavy lines of blackish ; lores and
feathers above the eye whitish, the plumes immediately over the
latter black ; facial ruff dark chocolate-brown, most of the feathers
behind the ear tipped and barred with tawny buff, producing a
hig;hly mottled appearance, those on the lower parts whitish, with
central streaks of dark brown ; chin-feathers dark brown, with a
few spots of whitish on the margins of some of the feathers ; rest of
under surface dull whitish, -with broad streaks of brown, most of the
feathers having obsolete bars of light brown ; the leg-feathers very
thicldy barred with brown ; under wing-coverts dull white, plenti-
fully streaked and barred with brown, the lower series dark brown,
yellowish at base, resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is
dark brown, barred with yellowish near the base of the inner web.
Total length 28 inches, wing 18-6, tail 13*5, tarsus 3-1.

Hah. Northern Europe, extending but rarely into the central
portion.

a. Ad. st. Europe.

b. Ad. st. North Europe. Le Oonite de Tyzenhauz [P.].

6. Syrnium uralense.

Strix uralensis, Pall. Reise, i. p. 455; Teitim. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 84;

id. PI. Col. 27 ; Naiim. 7%. Deictschl. i. p. 422, pi. 42. fi^. 1 ;

Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. .32 ; Schl. u. Susem. Vog. JSur. Taf. 42 ;

Midd. Si'bir. Reise, Zool. p. 129; Schrenk, Reis. Amurl: p. 245 ;

Simdei\ Sv. Fogl. p. 18G ; Radde, Reis. Sibir. p. 121.
Strix liturata, Retz. Faun. Suec. p. 79 ; Swidev. 8r. Fogl. pi. xxiv.

fig- 2.
Strix macruva, 3Ieijer u. Wolf, Taschenb. p. 84 (e.r Natt. MS.) ; iid.

Viig. Detitschl. pi. to p. 184.
Strix macrocephala, Meisner, Syst. Verz. Vog. Schiceiz. p. 34.
Surnia uralense, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, pi. 40 ; Gould, B. Eur.

i. pi. 44.
Ulula litm-ata, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 60.
S\Tnium uralense, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 315 ; Brehm, Vog. Dettischl.

p. 115; Bp. Camp. List B. Eur. S,- N. Am. p. 6 ; Gray, Gen. B. i.

p. 39 ; Cass. Cat. Striqidce Philad. Mus. p. 5 ; Kaup, Contr. Orn.

1852, p. 121, et Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 257 ; StricM. Orn. Syn. p. 189 ;

Fritsch, Viig. Eur. tab. 12. figs. 1, 2 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 48.
Noctua uralensis, Cuv. Rigne An. i. p. 344.
SjTuium macrocephalum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p, 115.
Scotiaptex m-alensis, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217.
Ptynx uralensis, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 8 (1841); Bp. Cinup. i. p. 53;

id. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 541 ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i.

p. 129.
Ulula lu-alensis, Keys. u. Bias, Wirb. Eur. p. xxxii ; Schl. Mns. P.-B.

Striges, p. 10 ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 62.
Ptj-nx liturata, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 270.

Adult female. General colour above didl white, streaked with dark
brown, all the feathers being brown in the centre with broad lateral
margins of white ; the scapulars purer white externally, the central
brown streaks narrower, so that these plumes stand out in relief
against the dorsal feathers ; wing-coverts rather browner than the

256 BtTBONIDj;.

back, the whitish margins not so broad, the greater series dull brown,
barred with lighter brown, inclining to white at the tips ; quills brown,
tipped with whitish and broadly banded across with lighter brown,
these bands being paler and more ashy white on the outer webs,
especially of the primaries, where the external white markings are
ver}- large and give a chequered appearance to the outer aspect of the
wing ; upper tail-coverts pale brown, mottled all over ^vith irregular
spots and bars of ashy white ; tail-feathers dull brown, and crossed
with six broad bands of ashy brown, the last subterminal and pre-
ceding a whitish tip to all the feathers ; frontal plumes dark brown
and not distinctly streaked like the hind neck and back ; facial as-
pect dusky white, with a few indistinct dark brown streaks on the
ear-coverts, the loral plumes with black shaft-lines ; facial ruff very
distinct and complete, white, with brown bases and central streaks
branching out into small bars near the apex of the plumes, and thus
producing somewhat of a mottled appearance on the lower portion of
the ruff, the brown being entirely confined to a central streak ; rest
of under surface whitish, some of the feathers washed with yellow,
and all of them very broadly streaked down the centre witii dull
brown, blacker on the flanks and abdomen ; leg-feathers uniformly
whitish ; under wing-coverts white, streaked with brown at a little
distance from the outer edge of the wing, the greater series dark
brown, whitish at base, resembling the inner lining of the wings,
which are dark brown, broadly barred with yellowish or yellowish
white on the inner web. Total length 27'5 inches, wing 15"7, tail
12-5, tarsus 2-3.

Obs. A specimen from the Ussuri River, collected by Dr. Dybowski
and now in the iluseum, differs from the European birds examined
by me in being a much darker bird everywhere, the brown predo-
minating and the white margins not so broad, the scapulars, secon-
daries, and upper taQ-coverts inclining to clear ashy grey on the
margins ; sides of the neck and facial ruff purplish brown, the latter
mottled and spotted with white ; under surface of body much more
broadly streaked than in the European specimens. It measures as
follows — total length 24-5 inches, wing 14-3, tail 11-5, tarsus 2-2.
The feathers of the foot seem to me to be thicker and longer than in
the Swedish and Styrian birds in the Museum ; and the Japanese
specimen also seems to me to be equally thickly clothed as regards
the feet.

Hah. Northern Europe and Siberia.

a. 2 ad. St. Lappmark, Sweden. Prof. Wahlberg [0.].

b. § ad. st. Styria. Purchased.

c. S ad. sk. Ussuri River, Nov. 5th, Warsaw Museum [E.].

1873 l^DybowsM).

Subsp. o. Syrnium fuscescens*.

Strix rufescens, Temm. ^- 8chl. Faun. Japon. Aves, p. 30 ; Midd.
Sibir. Reise, p. 130.

* This species is ealled rufescens in the test vmA fuscescens on the plate in the

16. SYRNITTM. 257

Syrnium fuscescens, Temin. <§• ScM. Faun. Japan. Aves, pi. 10 ; G^ray,
Gen. B. i. p. 39 ; Cass. Cat. Strigidce Philad. Mus. p. 5 ; Strickl.
Om. Sifn. p. 190.

Ptyux fascescens, Bp. Cotisp. i. p. 5.3.

Ulula fuscescens, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 11.

Syrnium fulvescens, Gray, Hancl-l. B. i. p. 45 {nee Scl. Sc Salv.).

Syrnium rufescens, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. '2oQ, note.

This Owl is so very similar to *S'. uralense that Professor Schlegel
only gives us its specific characters — a shghtly smaller size and
general darker coloration, inclining to rufous. I have only examined
one specimen in the Museum, and this measures as follows — total
length 23 inches, wing 12-7, tail IQ-o, tarsus 2.

Hob. Japan.

a. Ad. sk. Hakodadi, Dec. 12tb, 1865 J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

{H. miitely).

7. Syrnium nebulosum.

Strix nebulosa, Forstei-, Phil. Trans, xxii. p. 38G ; Vieill. Ois. de TAm.

Sept. pi. xvii. ; Wilson, Am. Orn. iv. p. 61, pi. xxxiii. fig. 2 ; Temm.

Man. 1. p. 88 ; Werner, Atlas, Eapaces, pi. 34 ; Attduh. B. Amer.

pi. xl\-i., et Om. Biogr. i. p. 242 ; IStvains. ^ Rich. Faun. Bur.-Am.

Birds, p. 81 ; Gould, B. Fur. i. pi. xlvi.
Barred Owl, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 234, pi. 11.
Strix varius. Barton, Frag. N. H. Penn. p. 11.
Ulula nebulosa, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. GO ; Less. Man. i.

p. 113 ; James, edit. Wils. B. N. Amer. i. p. 107 ; Gould, B. Fur.

pi. 46 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 63 ; id. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 540 ;

Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 11.
Syrnium nebulosum, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 315 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 39 ;

Cass. Cat. Striqidm Philad. Mus. p. 4 ; Fa up, Contr. Orn. 1852,

p. 256 ; id. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 121 ; Strickl. Orn. Sipi. p. 189 : Cass.

B. Calif, p. 185 ; id. B. N. Amer. p. 56 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 39 ;

Baird, in Cooper's B. Calif, p. 431 ; Coues, Key N.-A. Birds, p. 204 ;

id. B. N. W. p. 308 ; Ridgw. N.-Am. B. iii. p. 34.

Adult. General colour above brown, the head rather darker than
the back, the entire upper surface barred across with broad bands of
yellowish bufi^, rather whiter on the hind neck and wig, and decidedly
white on the back, where the markings are less distinctly in the
form of bars, being often confined to white notches on each side of
the feather ; wing-coverts brown, the least series with minute yel-
lowish or white spots, the median and greater series more largely
spotted with white, the latter being also faintly barred across wath
lighter brown ; primarj'-coverts dark brown, barred across with yel-
lo'wish brown ; quills dark brown, barred with lighter brown, the
primaries externally spotted with yeUowish white, producing a di-
stinctly chequered appearance ; the secondaries regularly barred with
light brown, inclining to white on the outer web, and there forming

' Fauna Japonica ;' so that some lapsus calami has occurred on the part of the
original describers. Under these circumstances it seems better to adopt the
latter title, which is the only one applicable to the species and is the one which
Prof. Schlegel, in his later works, has applied to it.

VOL. II. S

258 BUBONIBiE.

a spot, the innermost ones barred with white; upper tail-coverts
light brown, banded with white or pale yellowish; tail brown,
rather broadly tipped with white and crossed with five other bands
of yellowish, inchning to white on the outer webs ; frontal plumes
dark brown ; facial aspect duU white, obscurely barred with brown ;
the feathers in front and over the eye and the loral plumes purer
wliite, the latter terminating in blackish bristles, the plumes round
the eye dark brown ; facial ruff dark brown, banded with white or
yellowish, especially on the lower portion ; chin dusky brown, with

Foot of Si/rnium nebulositm, to show extent of feathering.

whitish shaft-lines ; rest of under surface yellowish white, the breast
barred with brown and the flanks broadly streaked down the centre
with the same colour, the abdomen and under tail-coverts much more
narrowly streaked ; leg-feathers dull white, everywhere minutely
spotted and barred with brown ; under wing-coverts white, streaked
with brown, the inner ones washed with yellowish ; the lower series
ashy brown, barred with yellowish white on the inner web, the base
being entirely of the latter colour; and hence this series resembles the
inner lining of the wing, which is dull or ashy brown, regularly and
broadly barred with yellowish white ; biU yellow ; iris brownish
black. Total length 20 inches, wing 12-8, tail 9, tarsus 2-5.

Hab. Eastern region of the United States.
a. Ad. St. North America. Lord Odo Russell [P.].

8. Syrniumfulvescens*.

Symium fulvescens, Scl. 8f Sah. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 58 ; Gray, Hioid-l.

B. i. p. 48 ; Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl. p. 116.
Ulula fulvescens, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Mevue Aceipitr. p. 19.

* Syrnium sartorii.

Mr. Ridgway separates a race from Mirador, Mexico, as Syrnium nehdosum,
var. sartorii, with the following diagnosis: — "Colours blackish sepia and clear
white ; face without any darker concentric rings." lie describes the race fully
as follows (N.-Am. B. iii. p. 29) : — " In general appearance like .■?. nebulosum,
but the brown very much darker and less reddish, that of the markings below
Tery nearly black : the pattern, however, precisely the same ; and there is about

16. STRNITTM. 259

Syrnium nebulosum, var. fulvescens, Ridgxc. N.-A. Birds, iii. p. 29 ;
Coues, B. N. W. p. 309.

Adult. Above reddish chocolate-brown, with more or less con-
cealed bands of yellowish ochre, sometimes inclining to white, the
scapulars more largely marked with ochre on the outer web ; wing-
coverts rather darker chocolate than the back, the least series with
only a few indistinct reddish bars, the outer ones with a few white
spots, the greater and median series barred across with yellowish,
inclining to white on the outer web ; primary-coverts dark brown,
with a few reddish bars ; quills dark brown, slightly margined with
whitish at the tip, and barred across with dull rufous, the lighter
bars inclining to white on the margins of the quills, the spots much
larger on the primaries, producing a chequered appearance ; upper
tail-coverts chocolate-brown, barred with yellowish buff; tail cho-
colate-brown, narrowly tipped with whitish and crossed with six

Foot of Si/nmitn fulvescens, to show the bare toes.

other rather narrow bands of ochraceous, the centre bars inclining to
whitish ; frontal feathers chocolate-brown ; the head, hind neck, and
wig bright golden ochraceous, all the feathers tipped with chocolate-
brown, producing a distiactly barred appearance, the plumes on the
side of the neck having a whitish shaft-stripe ; facial aspect dull
white, the feathers round the eye blackish, as also the loral plumes ;
the ear-coverts with mesial white shaft-lines and faint rufous bars ;
facial ruff dark chocolate-brown, the upper and lower portion more
fulvous, the feathers being barred with the latter colour ; chin dark
brown ; the ruff below the chin whitish, with broad dark central
streaks ; rest of under surface yellowish, the breast barred with cho-
colate-brown, the flanks and sides of the body streaked broadly down

the same proportion between the light and dark bars as is seen in S. nehulosum.
The face is plain dirty white, without the brown bars or semicircles — a con-
stant and conspicuous feature in S. nebulosum. There is the same number of
spots on the primaries and bands on the tail as in the latter ; the white beneath
is without any ochraceous tinge ; the primary-coTcrts are plain dark brown.
Wing 1480 inches, tail 9, culmen 105, tarsui 220, middle toe 1'60.
"Hub. Eastern Mexico."

82

260 DUBOXID^.

the centre -with chestnut ; abdomen and under tail-coverts yellowish
Avhite ; leg-feathers yellowish buff, minutely but thickly spotted with
chestnut ; under wing-coverts yellowish, spotted and narrowly barred
with chestnut- brown, the lower series ashy brown, yellowish at base
and resembling the inner lining of the wing ; the outer primaries
nearly uniform, the others with yellowish bands on the inner webs,
the secondaries barred right across. Total length 18 inches, wing
13-1, tail 8, tarsus 2-25.
Hah. Guatemala.

a. Ad. sk. Vicinity of Antigua, Gua- Osbert Salviu, Esq. [P.].

temaia {Crnistanda). One of the typical spe-

cimens.

b, c. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Pm-chased.

d. Juv. St. [America.] Purchased.

e. Ad. sk. [America.] Earl of Derby [P.].

9. Syrnium occidentale.

Symium occidentale, Xanthiis, Pr. rhilad. Acad. 1859, p. 193 ;
Baird, B. N. Am. App. p]. Ixvi. ; id. in Cooper''s, B. Calif, p. 430;
Coues, Key N.-Am. B. p. 204 ; id. B. N. W. p. 3U9 (note) ; Bidffxv.
N.-Am. B. iii. p. 38.

Adult. Above deep umber-brown, a little clearer on the head, all
the feathers with concealed bars of fulvous, and having a broad
subterminal spot or bar of pure white, imparting a distinctly spotted
appearance to the upper surface of the body ; the white bars very
much broader on the hind neck and on the scapulars ; wing-coverts
coloured like the back, and spotted and notched in exactly the same
manner ; primary-coverts dark brown, with about four bars of
fulvous on the outer webs ; quills paler brown, tipped with whitish
and barred with fulvous brown, about seven square spots being
visible on the outer webs of both primaries and secondaries, inclining
to whitish on the outer web of both series, the innermost secondaries
vermiculated with white ; upper tail-coverts brown like the back, with
very distinct cross bars of white ; taU pale brown, tipped with whitish,
and crossed with about seven other bands of fulvous brown, obsolete
near the base, but becoming lighter and more whitish towards the
tips; face duller brown, with white shaft-streaks and concentric
rings of darker brown, not many in niimber or strongly pronounced,
the lower angle of the facial disk inclining to silvery white where
it adjoins the ruff; the latter consisting of deep chocolate-brown
feathers, spotted and barred with white or fulvous, the white bars
on the long throat-feathers very distinct ; under surface of body
barred with white and brown, most of the feathers yellowish
buff at base ; some of the white bars on the flanks not complete, but
consisting of pairs of large oval spots ; the under wing-coverts white,
barred wath light brown ; leg-feathers white ; bUl yellow. Total
length 18-5 inches, wing 12-8, tail 9, tarsus 2-35.

Hab. Southern middle provinces of the United States, ranging
into Mexico.
a. 5 ad. St. Mexico.

l(). sYRNirsi. 261

10. Syrnium rufipes.

Strix rufipes, Khtff, Zool. Jouni. iii. p. 426.

Uliila rulipes, Gould, Voy. Beayle, Birds, p. 34.

Athene nitipes, Grai/, Gim. B. i. p. 35 : Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 172.

Ulula fasciata, Bes Murs, Iconogr. Orn. pi. xxxvii. ; Gray, Gen. B,

iii. App. p. 30 a.
SYrnium fasciatum, Bp. Cons2). i. p. 52 ; Strickl. Oni. Syn. p. 192 ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 48.
Syruium rufipes, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 48; Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl.

At: jVeotr. p. 116.

Adult. Above chocolate-brown, barred with yellowish buff and
white, the yellow bars mostly concealed, the white bars conspicuous
and subterminal ; round the hind neck a very distinct wig, with
broad white bars ; the head rather darker than the back, with di-
stinct bars of yellowish biiif and white, the latter broader than on
the back ; least wing-coverts not quite so plainly barred with buff,
but the median and greater series very distinctly barred with tawny
buff, and externally notched mth white, all these markings being
also very distinct on the scapulars ; primary-coverts nearly uniform
brown ; quills brown, barred across with lighter brown, shading off
into buffy white on both the inner and outer webs, the primaries
with large square spots of yellowish buff; tail brown, tipped with
whitish, and crossed with eight other fulvous bars, becoming whiter
towards the tips of the feathers ; loral plumes silvery white, the
shafts developing into hair-like blackish bristles ; feathers in front
of the eye blackish brown ; rest of facial disk dusky greyish white,
the feathers below the eye tawny buff, all with obsolete concentric
bars of dusky brown, the ear-coverts narrowly streaked with silvery
white lines along the shaft ; facial ruff deep chocolate-brown, the
feathers spotted and tipped with fulvous, the white bars very distinct
towards the tips of the feathers ; entire under surface of body washed
with yellowish, the bases of the feathers showing here and there, all
crossed with broad transverse bars of white and pale brown, aljout
equal in width but less distinct on the under tail-coverts ; leg-
feathers yellowish buff; under wing-coverts yellowish buff, the
median ones and the axillaries barred with brown and white to a
greater or less extent ; greater series dark brown, inclining to yel-
lowish at base, and resembling the inner lining of the quills, which
are dark brown below, barred with fulvous. Total length IS inches,
wing 11-1, tail 7*8, tarsus 2.

Hub. Patagonia and Chili.

a. Ad. sk. Port Famine. Capt. King [C.]. Type of species.

b. Ad. St. Straits of Magellan. J. Gould, Esq.

11. Syrnium sinense.

China Owl, Lath. Gen. Syn. Sitppl. ii. Add. p. 368.

Sti'ix sinensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xvi.

Strix orientalis, Shaic, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 257 (e.r Lath.).

Strix seloputo, Ilorrf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 140; Less. Man. i. p. lOt'.

262 BUBONID^.

Strix pagodarum, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 230.

Noctua pagrodarum, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 65.

L'lula pagodarum, Less. Man. (TOrn. i. p. 113.

Syruium pagodarum, Cnvier, Regne A71. i. p. 343.

Bulaca sinensis, Jerd. Madr. Joiirn. x. p. 88 ; Hume, Rough Notes, ii.

p. 357.
Syrniimi seloputo. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 39 ; Cass. Cat. Strigidm Fhilad.

Mas. p. 6 ; Horsf. %■ 3Ioore, Cat. B. 3Ius. E. 1. Co. i. p. 84 ;

Strickl. Orn. Sy7i. p. 191 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 49.
Bulaca seloputo, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 122.
Ciccaba pagodarum, Bp. Cwisp. i. p. 44.
Mvrtha pagodarum, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 541.
Ciccaba seloputo, Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 254 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 26 ;

Sahad. Vcc. Born. p. 21.
Ulula seloputo, ScM. 3Ius. P.-B. Striges, p. 22.

Adult. Above of a rufous chocolate-brown, the head deeper brown,
all the upper siu-face barred with white, these bars being generally
in the form of two spots, each of which has a narrow margin of
black, the white bars on the outer scapulars much broader, thus
forming a distinct shoulder-patch ; the wig distmctly barred with
white, but the back more spotted ; least wing-coverts tmiform cho-
colate-brown, the rest coloured like the back, and spotted with
white in the same fashion, the greater series with irregular oval
markings of white, two or three in number on the outer web, these
feathers slightly vermiculated with brown towards their tips ; quills
light rufous chocolate, darker at their tips, barred across with light
brown on the outer and with dark brown on the inner webs, the
light bars terminating externally in a more or less distinct spot of
whitish ; the secondaries much paler and more uniform with the
back, the white external spots very distinct, and the innermost
barred with white exactly like the back ; all the quills tipped with
white, and the spots on their outer webs generally vermiculated
sHghtly with brown ; upper tail-coverts of the same colour as the
back, and barred across with white ; tail dull rufous chocolate, in-
clining to brown on the outer feathers, all the rectrices dull whitish
at tip and crossed with seven bands of fulvous brown, inclining to
whitish towards the external margins, the bars on the inner webs
much broader and bright ochraceous in colour ; all the sides of the
face dull ochraceous ; the ruff chocolate-brown, narrowly barred
with white near the tip, and with ochraceous towards the base,
the feathers being entirely ochraceous at the extreme base ; the ruff-
feathers encircUng the throat chocolate-brown, narrowly barred
with ochraceous ; chin fulvescent ; rest of under surface of body
white, barred across with deep brown, these bars becoming narrower
on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, and gradually disappearing
into zigzag markings on the leg-feathers ; on all the under surface
a shade of golden buff is apparent in places, the breast being of this
colour, transversely barred with white and dark brown ; under
wing-coverts white, very narrowly barred with brown in the form
of zigzag Unes, the outer feathers rather more broadly barred in this
way and washed with golden buff; the greater series fulvous at

16. SYKNIUM. 263

base, ashy brown at tip, thus resembling the inner lining of the
wing, which is ashy brown, fulvous at the base of the feathers,
which are also barred with the same colour on the inner webs.
Total length 22-5 inches, wing 15-6, tail 9, tarsus 2-3.

Ohs. A Penang specimen from Mr. Wallace's collection has the
wing 14-3 inches, and is probably the male ; but a Cochin-Chinese
example measured only 13-3 inches ; so that perhaps the bird from
the latter country runs smaller. I can see no other differences.

Hah. Java, ranging northwards through the Malayan peninsula
to iJurmah and Cochin China.

a. Ad. St. Java. Zoological Society.

b. Ad. sk. Penang. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

12. Symium ocellatum.

Strix sinensis, Gray S; Hardic. III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 21 (nee Lath.).
Syrnium ocellatum, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 289 ; Gray, Gen. B. i.

p. 35 ; Gould, B. Asia, part xxii. ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 49.
Syrnium sinense, Bhjth, Journ. A. S. B. xi. p. 162 ; Gray, Gen. B. i.

p. 39 ; Cass. Cat. Strii/idfB, p. 0 ; Bji. Consp. i. p. 52 ; Horsf. Sf

Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E. I. Co. i. p. 82 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 190 ;

Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 123 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 49.
Bulaca sinensis. Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 43 ; Kaup, Contr. Orn.

1852, p. 122 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 29.
Ciecaba sinense, Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 254.
Ulula sinensis, Schl. Mas. P.-B. Striges, p. 21.
Bulaca oceUata, Hume, Rouyh Notes, ii. p. 383 ; id. Nests S)- Eggs Ind.

B. p. 61.

Adult. General colour above rufous orange, the feathers of the
crown and hind neck mottled with black and white, each feather
having a double white spot at the tip preceded by a distinct black
bar ; the back greyer, each feather being orange at base, but for the
terminal half crossed with distinct zigzag bars of dark brown, the
interspaces being white, thickly mottled with brown vermiculations ;
the scapulars externally white, crossed with narrow brown bars,
forming a conspicuous shoulder-patch ; wing-coverts coloured like
the back and mottled with grey in the same manner, the greater
series rather whiter than the rest ; primary-coverts dark brown, A\ith
a few zigzag markings of ashy grey on the outer web ; primaries
dark brown, barred across with lighter brown, these bars nearly ob-
solete on the inner web and represented by an ashy spot on the outer
one, these spots clouded and obscured by brown vermiculations, the
inner webs orange for the basal half with brown cross bars ; secon-
daries for the most part ashy white like the back, vermiculated mi-
nutely with dark brown markings and barred across with zigzag
bars of brown, the inner webs orange with dark brown bars ; upper
tail-coverts orange, barred near the tip with white and black ; tail
orange, barred with ashy white, these bars vermiculated with
brown, the tips of the feathers brown, crossed in the same way with
ashy whitish bars, these being altogether eight or nine in number on
the tail ; sides of the face greyish white, mottled all over with minute

264 BUBONIDJE.

black bars, the ear-coverts orange in the centre ; facial ruff dark
chocolate-brown, many of the feathers spotted with white, those on
the loAver part incUuing to orange and the plumes under the chin
being white with narrow black bars, in both instances assimilating
to the adjacent paits of the body ; chin and a patch on the fore neck
white, the plumes on the latter part with a few narrow terminal bars
of dark brown ; rest of the under surface white, narrowly barred with
dark brown, the whole of the feathers orange at base, this colour
showing conspicuously on the chest ; leg- feathers, as weU as under
wing- and tail-coverts, white, barred with dark brown, the greater
series of under wing-coverts blackish, with light orange-buff bases,
thus resembling the iiiuer lining of the wing, which is orange-bufF
for the greater part of the inner webs of the feathers, the ends being
brown, barred across with lighter brown ; " bill horny black, pale
and greyish on lower mandible; cere dingy, a mixture of dirty,
pinkish, brownish, and yellowish horny (varies a good deal) ; bare
part of toes pale greenish brown, soles yellowish white ; iris brown,
light in some specimens, dark in others" {Hume). Total length 21
inches, wdng 13-9, tail 8-5, tarsus 2'2,

Hah. Throughout India east of the Sutledje, and of the Indus
below its junction with the former, and west of the Ganges
(Hume).

Rev. H. H. Baber [P.].

a. Ad. sk.

Madras.

b. Ad. St.

India.

c. Ad. St.

India.

13. Symium leptogrammicum *.

Strix leptogrammica, Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 525.

Syrnium leptogrammicum, G)-ay, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 3 ; Strickl. Om.

' Sijn. p. 193 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 49.
Ciccaba leptogrammica, Bp. Consp. i. p. 44 ; Kaup, Tr. Z, S. iv.

p. 255; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 26; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 21.
Bulaca leptogrammica, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 130.
Myrtha leptogrammica, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 541.
Ulula leptogrammica, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 20, et Eevue Accipitr.

p. 21.

Adidt male. Above chestnut -brown, regularly and distinctly
banded across with dark brown ; the scapulars externally white or

* Professor Schlegel recognizes a larger species (of which I have not seen ex-
amjsles) representing the present one in Sumatra. The following will be the
synonymy if it is really distinct : —

Syrnium myrtha.

Symium leptogrammicum, Cass. Cat. Strigidte Philad. Mus. p. 7.
Ciccaba myrtha, Bp. Consp. i. p. 44 ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 21.
Myrtha sumatrana, Bp. Bev. ei Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 641.
Syrnium myrtha, Strickl, Orn. Syn. p. 193.
Ulula myrtlia, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 19.
Syrnium sumatranuni, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 49.
Huh. Sumatra.

16. SYRNICM. 265

buffy white, more narrowly banded with brown, forming a lon"-itu-
dinal shoulder-band ; head and wig uniform chocolate-brown • the
hind neck orange-chestnut, forming a distinct collar ; wing-coverts
duU chestnut, Ughter than the back, but banded with dark brown in
the same regidar manner, the bars of both colours being about equal
m breadth, exceptmg on the primary-coverts, where the brown pre-
dominates ; quiUs dark brown, banded with dull chestnut on the
outer web and with ashy brown on the inner, the inner secondaries
more equally banded and uniform with the wing-coverts ; the under
surface of the wing dark brown, with pale rulescent bands on the
inner web, paling into fulvous near the base of the feathers, where
the bauds are much broader ; upper taU-coverts banded with chest-
nut and dark brown, more narrowly than on any other part of the
upper surface ; tail brown, tipped and banded with dull chestnut
iike the back, the bars fourteen in number, the under surface much
paler than the upper, the bars on the outer feathers fulvous ; fore-
head and eyebrow, as well as the sides of the face, bright orano-e-
chestnut, all the feathers round the eye blackish ; lores whitish, the
teathers somewhat tinged with rufous, the shafts long and blackish
at the tips ; throat and chest orange- chestnut, the chin paler and
streaked with brown ; fore neck and chest chocolate-brown the
breast dark brown barred with rufous like the upper surface; sides
ot neck and facial ruff dark brown ; rest of under surface of body
orange-buff, narrowly barred with brown, each bar being contcrmi-
nously margined with rufous, the whole of the breast varied with
silvery white bars, very broad and distinct ; leg-feathers dark orange-
butt or light chestnut, very indistinctly barred with dark bro^^ •
under wing-coverts orange-buff, with the same narrow bars as the
breast, the greater ones fulvous barred with brown, the tips entirely
brown, this senes of coverts thus resembling the inner hnin- of the
wing. Total length 14 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 11-5 tail 6-5
tarsus 1-85. • o , ,

Hah. Borneo.

a. Ad. St. Borneo. Purchased.

b. c? ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. VVaUace, Esq. [C.].

14. Syrnium nuchale.

S^-rnium woodfordi, Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 21 (1857, nee Smith) ;
Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1859, p. 32. r \ , ,,

Syrnium nuchale, Sharpc, Ibis, 1870, p. 487.

Nestling. General colour light ta^Tiy, with whitish tips to most of
the feathers, broader on those of the scapulars and secondaries, which
are also barred with white ; tail dark bro^-n, with lighter brown
cross bands and tipped with whitish ; feathers in front of and over
the eye pure white ; plumes round the eye blackish ; the ear-coverts
again whitish ; under surface light tawny, paler on the abdomen and
under tail-coverts, some of the breast-feathers with whitish tips, be-
fore which is a narrow brownish subtcrminal line, a fe^ feathers

266 BUBONID.E.

appearing on the breast fawn-colour, barred with white ; quills dark
brown, shaded with rufous on the outer web and crossed with several
bands of paler brown, "which are margined above and below by a
narrow blackish line.

Adult. Above deep chocolate -brown, the head blackish and
decidedly darker than the back, the upper surface showing a few
diamond-shaped spots or bars of white ; the crown spotted, but the
wig distinctly barred with the latter colour, most of the dorsal plumes
having concealed fulvous bars; least wing-coverts blackish chocolate ;
the rest of the wing-coverts rather rufous brown, darker brown at base
and ornamented withlarge bars of white externally, as on the scapiilars;
primary-coverts blackish brown, slightly washed with reddish brown;
quills dark brown, washed at the extreme tip with ashy brown, the
primaries banded across with paler brown, producing a chequered
appearance on the outer web, where the light bars shade off into a
white spot ; the secondaries paler brown, more numerously barred
with light brown than the primaries, the innermost being barred with
white ; tail dark brown, the centre feathers having four bauds of
paler brown, not counting the pale rufous-brown tip, the exterior
feathers with five pale bands of brown on the outer web, hghter on
the ianer one and inclining to white ; lores and feathers above the
eye pure white, the former with blackish shaft-streaks, and some of
the latter naiTowly tipped with brown ; feathers round the eye black-
ish ; ear-coverts dusky white, barred across with brown ; feathers
of the ruff dark brown, with yeUowish-white bars, these white bars
much predominating on the lower part of the ruff; chin- feathers
dark brown, washed with rufous near the tips ; rest of under surface
chestnut-brown, banded across with white bars, each band having a
narrow conterminous bar of dark brown, the white band broader than
the rufous bands, all the cross bands narrowing a great deal on the
under tail-coverts ; leg-feathers yellowish buff, ■with minute brown
cross markings ; under wing-coverts ochraceous buff, the outermost
barred with blackish, the greater series blackish, at base fulvescent,
resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is blackish, with
fulvous bars on the inner web, brighter on the secondaries. Total
length 15 inches, wing 10, tail 6-5, tarsus 1-9.

Ohs. This species replaces in Western Africa the S. luoodfordi of
South Africa. It is altogether darker above than that species, the
head being blackish, and it further differs in the unifonn character of
the back and least wing-coverts, which are without vermiculations.
No specimen which I have seen as yet of S. tvoodfordi had the broad
white bands on the secondaries ; while below the prevailing aspect of
the last-named species is buff or whitish, banded with pale rufous,
in S. nuchale it is rich rufous with distinct white cross bands.
The title was originally suggested by the white bands on the nape
appearing much more distinct than in S. ivoodfordi, where their
small size and the general pale colour- of the bird renders them not
very conspicuous.

Hah. West Africa : forests of Denkera, in the interior of the
Fantee country, and Gaboon.

16. sTRjiirM. 267

a. Juv. sk. Fantee (Ussher). Capt. G. E. Shelley [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Denkera (Aubinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Denkera. M. Aubinn [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Cape-Coast Castle. II. F. Blissett, Esq. [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Ogow(§ River, Gaboon. MM. Marcbe et De Conipiegne [C.].
/. Ad. sk. Aii-ica.

15. Symium woodfordi.

Noctua -svoodfordi, Stnith, S.-Afr. Q. Journ. 2nd ser. pt. 1, p. 312.
Athene woodfordi, Smith, III. Zool. S. Aft: Aves, pi. 71; dray,

Gen. B. i. p. 3-4; Strkkl Oni. Si/ii. p. 170.
Symium woodfordi, £p. Consp. i. p. 52 ; Gu)~ney, Ibis, 1859, p. 242,

et 1862, p. 37; Kirk, Ibis, 1804, p. 307; Lmjard, B. S. Afr.

p. 42; Gray, Hatid-l. B. i. p. 48 ; Heiigl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i.

p. 122 ; Finsch ^ Hartl. Vog. Odafr. p. 108; Sharpe, ed. Layard's

B. S. Afr. p. 76.
Ciccaba woodfordi, Kaiq}, Contr, Orn. 1852, p. 120 ; id. Tr. Z. S. iv.

p. 253.
Strix woodfoordi. Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 47.
Ulula woodfoordti, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Strides, p. 12.
Symium umbrinum, Heugl, J. f. O. 1863, p. 12 ; Gruv, Hand-l. B.
'i. p. 48.

Nestling. Covered with down of a dull white colour, the sprouting
feathers brown, banded with dingy ochraceous and broadly tipped
with whitish buff; the under feathers coloured in the same manner,
the breast-feathers especially brown.

Young. Of a duU tawny colour, many of the feathers barred with
fulvous and tipped with white, giving the head a hoary appearance ;
wing-coverts brown, slightly vermiculated with lighter brown and
ochraceous, and broadly tipped with white ; quills and tail-feathers
as in adult, but the bars rather narrower on the latter ; under sur-
face of body light ochraceous, inclining to whitish on the beUy,
everywhere transversely barred with light brown.

Full-grown young bird. Above dark chocolate-brown, the hind
neck with a few cross lines of ochraceous buff, the dorsal feathers
with a few vermiculations of ochraceous, not disturbing, however,
the general brown appearance of the upper surface ; head darker
brown than the back, scantily marked with a tiny white streak in
the centre of the feather, these markings larger and more star-
shaped on the hind neck and wig, and present, though in a smaller
degree, on most of the dorsal feathers ; scapulars externally pale
orange-buff", shading into white subterminally, and forming a distinct
longitudinal shoulder-patch ; wing-coverts chocolate-brown, a httle
darker than the back, with a few nearly obsolete cross markings of
fulvous, here and there relieved with a narrow black line, the me-
dian and greater series being the palest of all, on these alone the
star-shaped median spot being apparent as on the back, the greater
coverts having a distinct spot of ochraceous white on the outer web ;
primary-coverts almost entirely brown, with obsolete bars of lighter
brcvm near the tip ; quills brown, with a terminal edging of fulvous

26S BDBONID^.

white ; the primaries darker than the secondaries, and crossed with
six bands of light ochre, deeper and more obscured with brown
towards the tip ; the secondaries paler brown, and crossed with four
or five bands of oehraceous brown; rump and upper tail-coverts
coloured like the back, but barred rather plainly with oehraceous
buff; tail dark brown, with a pale whitish tip, and crossed Avith
seven pale brown bauds, inclining to oehraceous near the base, these
including the subterminal light brown bar, the bands on the inner
web broader and paler oehraceous ; lores and feathers over the fore
part of eye white, all those round the eye dark brown ; the ear-
coverts whitish, obscured with narrow brown bars ; feathers of the
ruff brown, minutely banded with oehraceous, the bars much broader
on the gular portion of the ruff ; chin whitish ; rest of under sur-
face of body oehraceous buff, with broad bauds of fawn-brown and
white, most of these bands having a conterminous line of blackish
brown above and below ; leg-feathers fulvous, with a few narrow
zigzag hues of brown ; under tail-coverts fulvous, very narrowly
barred with brown ; under wing-coverts deep oehraceous, with a
few narrow streaks of dark brown near the outer margin of the
wing, the outer coverts of the lower series dark brown at tip, thus
resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is dark brown, with
oehraceous bands on the inner web, especially of the secondaries.

Adult. Above chocolate-brown, regularly banded across with dull
fulvous, these bars dilating in the centre into a diamond-shaped
spot, indistinct on the dorsal feathers, more plainly developed on the
scapulars, and very distinct on the head, hind neck, and wdg, where
the bars are broader and whiter ; crown of the head rather darker
than the back, and the bars somewhat smaller ; scapulars externally
white, narrowly barred with brown, forming a conspicuous longitu-
dinal shoulder-patch ; vnng-coverts brown like the back, but rather
more uniform, the greater and median series with narrow fulvous
bars and vermiculations, and scantily marked with diamond-shaped
spots of white like the back ; quills brown, fulvous at tip, and
distinctly banded with oehraceous brown, inclining to white on the
outer web, the secondaries barred with oehraceous brown and fulvous
much more narrowly than the primaries ; upper tail-coverts brown
like the back, but distinctly barred with white ; tail brown, tipped
with whitish, and crossed with six bands of paler brown, not count-
ing the pale subterminal shade of brown which precedes the whitish
tip, but which can scarcely be called a band; facial aspect dull
brown, with narrow fulvous shaft-streaks, and circularly barred
with dusky whitish ; lores and feathers over the eye more distinctly
white, with blackish shaft-stripes and a few narrow bars of brown ;
ruff composed of brown feathers, slightly barred with whitish, the
plumes on the lower portion yellowish white, with narrow brown
bars ; chin duU white, barred across with brown ; rest of under
surface white, barred narrowly with brown in regular transverse
bands, and varied with rufesceut tips to the feathers, the white bars
always the broadest and most distinct ; leg-feathers fulvous, with
narrow zigzag bars of brown ; under tail-coverts white, with nar-

16. STRNIUM.

269

row brown cross bars ; under wing-coverts fulvous, thickly barred
across with brown, the outermost more broadly barred, the greater
series fulvous at base, dark brown at tip, thus resembling the inner
lining of the wing, which is dark brown, barred on the inner web
with pale ochi-aceous, the secondaries more distinctly barred with
the latter colour ; bill, cere, and feet light yellow ; iris varying
from light brown to yellow. Total length 15-5 inches, wing 9-5,
tail 6-3, tarsus 1-95.

Foot of Syrnium woodfordi, to show extent of occasional feathering*.
Hah. Southern and North-eastern Africa.

a.

Ad. St.

South Afi-ica.

John Gould, Esq. [P.].

b.

Pull. St.

South Africa.

South-African Museum.

c.

Ad. sk.

South Africa.

South-African Museum.
Type of species.

d.

Juv. sk.

South Afi-ica.

Sir A. Smith [G.].

e.

Imm. St.

South Africa.

Purchased.

f-

Ad. sk.

Zambesi.

Dr. Livingstone [C.].

9-

Ad. sk.

Potchefstroom, Transvaal.

F. A. Ban-att, Esq. [C.],

16. Syrnium hylopMlum.

Strix hylophilum, Temni. PI. Col. ii. pi. 373.

Svmium livlophilum, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 39 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 52 ;
' Strickl. dm. St/n. p. 192; Pelz. Om. Bras. pp. 9, 400; Gray,

Harul-l. i. p. 43 ; Scl. S^ Salv. Nomencl. p. IIG.
Ciccaba hylophila, iTaa/;), Cotdr. Om. 1852, p. 120; id. Tr. Z. S iv

p. 253.
SjTuium albitarse, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 103 {descr. ntdld) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 52 ; Scl. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 263, pi. Lt. {descr. prin-

ceps) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 49.
Ulula hyloph'ila, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 47 ; Schl. Mtts. P.-B.

Striges, p. 13.
^lacabra hylopliila, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 541.
Giccaba albitarse, Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. p. 117.

Adult. Above blackish brown, strongly varied with orange-tawny,
especially on the wig and hind neck, where the bases to the fea-
thers are orange and only the tips black ; the scapulars irregularly

* The bird whose foot is figured is an exceptional specimen, the toes in
every other specimen examined being quite bare.

270 BUBONIDiE.

barred with orange, sometimes the bars traversing the feathers, at
others confined to two spots on either web by no means conterminous,
the outermost scapulars more distinctly orange, forming a tolerably
plain shoulder-patch; wing-coverts dark sepia -brown, with small
spots of deep orange, forming larger indents on the interior greater
coverts, the primary-coverts almost uniform dark brown ; quiUs dark
brown, inclining to paler and more ashy bro^vn at the tips of the
feathers and chequered externally with four or five square spots
of orange-buif, the secondaries barred with the same on the
inner web, the primaries with ashy brown ; tail-feathers deep
brown, tipped with light fulvous and crossed with five other bars of
dull orange-buff; lores and feathers above the eye white, as also an
eyebrow, the latter tinged with orange ; sides of face dull orange-
buff, with blackish bases and white shafts to the feathers ; facial ruff
bright orange, the bases to the feathers black ; chin and lower cheeks
whitish, below these a ring of orange-buff feathers tipped with black ;
under surface of body orange-buff, many of the feathers barred across
with silvery white, producing a somewhat ocellated appearance,
these white bars margined above and below with black, causing the
breast to appear strongly barred with that colour ; the abdomen
paler, broadly barred with silvery white and narrowly barred and
mottled vsdth orange-brown on the margins of the white bars ; tarsal
feathers white ; under wing-coverts light orange-buff, whitish along
the edge of the wing, the greater series ashy brown like the wing-lining.
Total length 16-5 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 11, tail 6-8, tarsus 2-1.
Hah. Brazil, Guiana, and Columbia.

a. Ad. St. New Granada. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].

b. Juv. St. Brazil. Lord Stuart de Rothsay [P.].

17. Syrnium albigulare.

Symium albogulare, Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. iv. p. 124 ; id. Journ.

Philad. Acad. ii. p. 52, pi. 4 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 192 ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 49.
Ciccaba albipunctatum, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 120.
Syrnium macabrum, Bp. Consp. i. p. 53.
Macabra albigularis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 541.
Ulula albigularis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 16.
Ciccaba albigularis, Scl. <§• Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 117.

Adult. Above duU brown, slightly shaded with rufous, and ob-
scurely mottled with ochraceous vermiculations, very minute in cha-
racter ; many of the feathers of the upper surface blackish in the
centre and spotted here and there with white or ochraceous buff,
especially on the hind neck and over the ear-coverts, where the white
spots are very distinct, though scarcely forming an eyebrow ; wing-
coverts rather more rufous than the back, which they otherwise
resemble, and distinctly spotted with deep ochre, the greater and
primary-coverts notched and spotted with ochraceous buff, showing
very plainly ; the scapulars like the back, but the outer ones also
spotted with ochraceous buff or white, forming a tolerably distinct
shoulder-patch ; quills dark brown, much paler at the tip and nume-

16. SYRNirM. 271

rously banded with rufous ochre, of which bands about ten can be
counted on the outer web of the primaries, the inner web being barred
with paler and more chocolate-brown ; the secondaries also externally
barred with rufous ochre, the bars about six in number, the inner-
most secondaries like the back, mottled with ashy grey ; inner lining
of wing ashy brown, spotted with fulvous on the outer web, the inner
web barred with yellowish buif near the base ; tail dark brown,
lighter at tip and mottled on outer margin and crossed with ten or
eleven verj' narrow and irregular bars of rufous ochre, inclining to
fulvous underneath the tail, which is lighter brown below ; loral
plumes blackish, inclining to white near the base, and the feathers
in front of the eye spotted with white ; ear-coverts dark brown,
blackish on their hinder margin and obsoletely barred with ochraceous
buff; the facial ruff blackish brown, all the plumes white for more
than the basal half ; chin whitish ; rest of under surface of body
deep ochraceous buff, the breast clouded with brown vermiculations
and spotted with ochraceous buff or white, thus resembling the back,
the white markings larger on the sides of the chest ; the lower
breast and flanks varied or streaked with a few dark feathers, the
centres of the plumes longitudinally blackish brown, with distinct
spots of white or ochraceous buff on either web, these markings
almost entirely disappearing on the vent and under tail-coverts ; leg-
feathers deep rufous ochre ; under wing-coverts also deep ochraceous
buff, slightly marked with white near the outer margin of wing, the
greater series ashy brown, thus resembling the inner lining of the wing.
Total length 13 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 8-6, tail 5, tarsus 1*2.
Ifab. Columbia and Ecuador.

a. Ad. st. Bogota.

b. Ad. st. New Granada. Purchased.

18. Syrnium superciliare.

Syrnium supercihare, Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 18C3, p. 1125; Gray,

Band-l. B. i. p. 50.
Syrnium zonocercum, Scl. Sf Salt. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 590 (nee Gray).
Syrnium polygrammicum, Gray, Hand-l. £. i. p. 49 (1869)*.
Ciccaba polygrammica, Scl. ^ Salv. Nommicl. Av. p. 117.

Adult. Above chocolate-brown, distinctly but irregularly barred
across with orange-buff, each bar having a conterminous one of
blackish brown ; the scapulars externally orange-buff, some few yel-
lowish white forming a distinct longitudinal shoulder-patch ; wing-

* Like 8. zonocercvm, the name of 8. folygrammiciim was published by the
late Mr. G. R. Gray in the second catalogue of Accipitres (1848). No type
specimen was indicated, no description given, and at least three species were
included under this MS. name, viz. 8. virgatum (Cass.), 8. superciliare, Pelz., and
8. sti/nda (V.). Either of the last two species would justify the specific name of
polygrammicum ; and it is only by hazard that I can refer to the moimted
example of S. superciliare as being the 8. polygrammicnm of the 'Hand-Ust,' for
no indication is on the stands of the specimens. Seeing, therefore, that it is im-
possible to fix the type of Gray's species (which was, in addition, never described),
it appears to me safer to recognize Von Pelzehi's name, wliich was accompanied
by a full description of the bird.

272 BTTBONID^.

coverts coloured and barred in the same manner as the back, but
the browni bars rather broader ; primary-coverts dark brown, barred
with dull ochraceous brown ; quills dark brown, barred with very-
pale ochraceous brown, lighter on the outer web, where about nine
can be counted on the primaries and seven on the secondaries, not
including the light tip ; tail brown, tipped with pale brown, crossed
with seven bands of the same colour, the bars decidedly ochraceous
near the base ; loral feathers and those on fore part of forehead con-
spicuously white ; lores white at base, black at tip ; ear-coverts
rufous, fringed with black, the shafts to the feathers white ; facial
ruff orange-buff, slightly barred with brown, the lower part of the
ruff yellowish white below the ear-coverts, forming a conspicuous
crescentic mark ; entire under surface of body yellowish ochre,
washed with deeper ochre on the sides of the upper breast and
mottled with chocolate-brown in the form of irregular bars on the
chest, and of longitudinal streaks on the flanks and abdomen, which
are also sparsely mottled with zigzag brown markings ; the under tail-
coverts with scarcely any remains of bars ; leg-feathers pale ochra-
ceous buff'; under wing-coverts rich ochraceous, the greater series
ashy brown, barred with yellowish white near the base, and thus
resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is also ashy brown,
banded with lighter brown, changing to yellowish white near the
base. Total length 17 inches, culmen r6, wing 10-8, tail 6-7,
tarsus 1-85. {Brazil.)

Obs. Mr. Wallace collected a specimen at Para, which, with some
hesitation, I refer to this species. Unlike the one described, it has
a black tail with ohIy five bars (not counting the white terminal one),
and the streaks on the belly are brown, without the lateral mottlings
apparent on the other specimen. The barred character of the upper
surface and the facial features, however, being the same in both, I
cannot but believe the other differences to be the result of age.

Hah. Brazil.

a. Ad. St. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Para, May 1849. A. R. WaUace, Esq. [C.].

19. SyrnlTjjn sninda.

Suinda, Azara, Apimt. ii. p. 120 ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 3.

Strix suinda, Vicill. N. Diet. vii. p. 34 {ex Azara).

Noctua dominicensis, Tsch. Arch. Nat. 1844, p. 262 ; id. F. P. p. 115.

Syrnium suinda, Bp. Consp. i. p. 62 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 49.

Macabra suinda, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 541.

Ulula cayennensis (pt.), Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 4*.

Ciccaba suinda, Scl. ^ Sale. Nomencl. p. 117.

* The name of cayennensis is founded on a plate of Bnffon's, which I find it
impossible to recognize. The synonymy is as follows : —

Chat-hiiant de Cayenne, Buff. PL Ejil. 442.

Strix cayennensis, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 296 ; Sfrickl. Orn. Syn. p. 183.

Nootua cayennensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xili. pt. 2, p. 67.

Athene cayennensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35.

Syrnium cayennense, Bp. Consp. i. 52.

Ciccaba cayennense, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 120.

I

16. SYRNIUM. 273

Adult. Above light chocolate, obsoletely varied with dull black-
ish and ochraceous cross lines, the crown and hind neck more strongly
marked with ochraceous ; outer scapulars largely marked with yel-
lowish buff, forming a distinct shoulder-patch ; wing-coverts coloured
like the back, but varied with larger and more rufous mottlings, the
median series with large oceUated spots of yellowish white on the
outer web ; primary-coverts dark brown, with a few obsolete cross
markings of dull reddish ; quills brown, lighter at tip and barred
across with 2)aler brown, inclining to fulvous on the outer web ; the
bai's on the primaries about seven in number, and about six on the
secondaries, which are not so fulvous externally, and the innermost
of which are coloured like the back ; tail brown, lighter at tip, and
crossed with six bands of pale ochraceous ; lores whitish, washed
with rufous, the shafts black at tip ; feathers over the eye whitish
buff, the feathers of the facial ruff deeper fulvous, rather lighter below
the cheeks ; sides of face rufous brown, slightly mottled with black
bars, the shafts whitish ; chin whitish ; rest of under surface buffy
white, the throat and chest more or less inclining to fulvous brown,
the flanks washed with orange-buff, the leg-feathers entirely of the
latter colour ; fore neck and breast streaked with rufous brown ;
under wing-coverts rich orange-buff'; the greater series ashy brown,
barred with fulvous, and thus resembling the inner lining of the
wing. Total length 15'5 inches, culraen 1"3, wing 10-8, tail 7,
tarsus 1*9.

Hah. Brazil.

a. Ad. St.

S. America.

b. Ad. St.

Brazil.

M. Claussen [P.].

c. Ad. St.

Brazil.

E.;WiIson, Esq. [?•]■

d. Ad.sk.

Bahia.

Dr. Wiicherer [C.].

20. Syrnium virgatum*.

Symium virgatum, Cass. Pr. PhUad. Acad. iv. p. 124 ; id. Journ. Ph.

Acad. ii. p. 51, pi. -3 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 193 ; Gray, Hand-l. B.

I. p. 49.
Syrnium zonocercum, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. B. M. 1848, p. 103 (desci-.

tiulld).
Strix squamulata, Licht. Mtis. Berol., toide
Syrnium squamulatum, Bp. Consp. i. p. 53.
Ciccaba cayenneusis (pt.), Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 120, et Tr. Z. S.

iv. p. 251.
Athene squamulata, Licht. Nomencl. p. 7.
Ulula virgata, Schl. Mtis. P.-B. Striges, p. 15.
Syrnium liueatum, Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 462 ; Salvin, Ibis,

1874, p. 318.
Ciccaba virgata, Scl. ^ Salv. Noinencl. p. 117.

Adult male. Above sepia-brown, crossed with numerous vermicu-
lations of ochraceous buff, rather obsolete on the interscapulary

* I believe tliis species to be the Strix fasciata of Vieillot (N. Diet. vii. p. 21).
!Not being able to entirely satisfy myself on this point, I prefer to retain the
well-known name of & virqattan in common use.

VOL. ir. T

274 31130X10.15.

region aud more distinct on the crown, rump, and upper tail-coverts,
some of the latter irregularly barred with white, and thus resem-
bling the tail itself; the scapulars externally bright ochre or white,
forming a considerable shoulder-patch, the inner scapulars more
coarsely vermiculated than the back and with more tawny ochre ;
wing-coverts coloured like the back and vermiculated with zigzag
bars of ochraceous buif, changing to yellowish white on the greater
coverts ; primary-coverts and quills dark sepia-brown, banded di-
stinctly with lighter brown, these bars much lighter on the outer webs
of the primaries, and inclining to whitish or yellowish white, the
bars on the primaries eight in number; innermost secondaries uni-
form with the back ; tail blackish, broadly tipped Avith white and
crossed with five other bands of lighter brown, inclining to white on
the inner web, and showing conspicuously when the tail is spread ;
forehead and crown minutely but very plainly barred with ochra-
ceous; lores whitish, slightly mottled with brown, the shafts elongated
into black hair-like bristles ; over the eye a broad white band ; sides
of face and ear-coverts ochraceous buff, with whitish shaft-streaks
and mottled with numerous small bars of brown ; at base of beak
a few white feathers, forming the lower pai t of the facial ruff, which
is whitish, tinged with ochraceous at the tips of the feathers, and
mottled with small spots of dark brown ; entire under surface of
body ochraceous buff, the throat and chest much mottled with l)rowii
centres and vermiculations to the feathers ; the breast, abdomen, and
flanks distinctly streaked with white, many of the feathers being
entirely white with broad longitudinal centres of dark brown ; UQder
tail-coverts whitish, some washed with ochraceous buff and having
slight remains of brown bars ; leg-feathers bright ochraceous buff,
also with slight remains of barring ; under wing-coverts pale ochra-
ceous, slightly streaked and mottled mth brown near the outer edge,
the greater series ashy brown, more resembling the inner lining of
the wing. Total length 14 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 9, tail 5*7,
tarsus 1'7.

Younger female. Kather larger than the male. Total length 15
inches, wing 10-2, tail 6'4, tarsus 1-75. In colour this bird is
darker brown than the one described, the spots and bars on the head
inclining to rufous, and the vermiculations on the back very coarse
and distinct ; the under surface deep ochraceous, with the same white
streaks as in the male.

Young. Covered with down of a yellowish buff colour, inclining
to white on the crown, sides of face, and throat. The feathers,
which are sprouting, exactly resemble those of the adult above
described.

Obs. It is scarcely possible to conceive a more variable species
than the present appears to be, varying in coloration from a light
brown to nearly black, but always with a strongly vermiculated
upper surface : the markings on the chest are difficult to comprehend ;
but the mottlings are more pronounced in young individuals than in
old ones, the latter having the breast as well as the abdomen streaked.
The tail is blacker in adults, with whiter cross bands, four in number

16. 8YRN1UM.

275

besides the terminal one ; in young birds the bars are five in number,
and the tail is browner.

Foot of Sijrnium virgatuin.

Hah. From Mexico southwards to Venezuela.

a. 2 vix ad. st.

b. (5 juv. ?k.

c. S ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.
e,f. Juv. sk.
q, h. Ad. sk.
V. Ad. sk.

k. Ad. St.

I. Ad. St.

Jalapa, ^Mexico.
Jalapa, Me.xico.
Calovevora, Veragua.
Costa Rica.
Guatemala,
(ituatemala.
Volcau de Fuego,

Guatemala.
Caracas.

[Brazil.]

R. de Oca [CI.
R. de Oca [C.].
E. Arce [C.].
Purchased.
M. A. Bouvier.
M. A. Bouvier.
M. A. Bouvier.

Mr. Dyson [C.]. Type

of <S'. zonocercum.
M. Claiissen [P.J.

21 . Syrnium huhulum.

Le Hulud, Levaill. Ois. d Afr. i. pi. 41 ; Simdev. Crit. am Levaill.

p. 28.
Strix huhula, Daud. Traife, ii. p. 190 (ex Levaill.).
Strix lineata, Sficiw, Gen. Zool. vii. pi. 36.
Noctua lineata, iSteph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 67.
Strix albomarginata, Spi.r, Av. Brits, pi. 10 a.
Surnia lineata, icss. Traite, p. 101.
Ciccaba huhula, Wayler, lsi.-<, 1S82, p. 1222 ; Gray, List Gen. B. 1841,

p. 7 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 4:'.; Kaup, Contr.' Orn.' 18o2, p. 120, et Tr.

Z. S. iv. p. 250; S'tricI,-!. Orn. Si/n. p. 174; Scl. 4'- Salv. Notnencl.

ylr.p. 117.
Ciccaba lineata, Gray, Lit^t Gen. B. 1840, p. 5.
Atheue lineata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. .'55.
Athene ludiula, Gray, List Accipifr. B. M. 1848, p. 93 ; Peh. Orn.

Bras. pp. 8, 399.
I'lula huhula, Schl. Mas. P.-B. Striges, p. 17.
Syrnium huhula, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 49.
Syrnium albomargiuatum, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 49.

Adult. Above black, somewhat inclining to brown on the scapu-
lars, everywhere barred with white, these bars being rather wavy on

t2

276 BUBONID.E.

the scapulars and wing-coverts, and much smaller and less pro-
nounced on the head, which is rather hlacker than the rest of the
upper surfoce ; wing-coverts black, more sparsely barred with white
than the back ; quills deep brown, barred across with light brown,
changing to white on the outer webs, the secondaries nearly all
barred with white ; tail black, tipped with white and crossed with four
bands of the same ; lores, feathers round the eye, sides of the face,
and facial ruff black, spotted and tipped with white ; sides of neck
banded with black and white like the back of the ucck ; chin black ;
rest of under surface of body black, banded with white, the leg-
feathers black, veiy slightly banded with white ; under wiug-coverts
black, banded with white like the breast, the lower series ashy
brown, more or less varied with white near the base of the inner
web, thus resembling the inner lining of the wing. Total length 17
inches, culmen l-o, wing 10-3, tail G-o, tarsus 1'9.
■ Hub. Brazil, Guiana.
a. Ad. St. Cayenne. H. C. Rothery, Esq. [P.].

22. Syrnium nigrolineatum.

Syrnium nigrolineatum, Sclater, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 268, pi. 03 ; Grat/,

IIaml4. B. i. p. 49.
Ciccaba uigrolineata, Scl. &^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 117.

Yoimcj. Above silvery white, narrowly barred with dark brown,
a few black feathers appearing here and there, more especially on
the crown ; wiug-coverts black, excepting a few of the greater ones,
which are huffy white barred with black, the outermost plume of the
winglet tipped and barred with white ; quills black, with a few
scattered narrow bars of white or pale brown ; tail black, crossed
with six narrow white bars and tipped with white, the tip being
much broader than the cross bars ; lores and sides of the face
entirely black, as also the chin ; entire under surface of body white,
washed more or less with yellowish, and numerously crossed with
blackish, the under wing-coverts very thickly, but the under tail-
coverts more narrowly, barred with black.

Adult. Above uniform black, the head much darker than the
back, which has a slight shade of chocolate ; hind neck and wig
black, banded with white and forming a collar ; lores, feathers
round the eye, and sides of face black, the eyebrow spotted with
white, and the ear-coverts minutely tipped with white ; entire wing-
coverts black ; quills blackish brown, sparingly notched or half-
barred with yellowish white on the outer web, changing more or
less to pale brown, especially on the inner webs of the feathers ; the
lower surface of the quills ashy black, with broad creamy buff bars
near the base of the inner webs ; upper tail-coverts black, barred
with white ; tail black, tipped narrowly with white, and crossed
with five other bars of white ; chin black ; rest of under surface
white, narrowly barred with black, rather more broadly on the
(lanks and under tail-coverts, and more thickly on the leg-feathei"s
and iinder wing-coverts, especially on the outermost, the greater

scries blackish, mottled or notched near the base with white, thu8
resembhng the inner lining of the wing. Total length 15-5 inches,
culmen 1-8, wmg 11, tail &[), tarsus 1-95.

Bab. Central America, from Mexico to Veragua.

?• ^^- ^^,- Veragua. M. E. Arc6 rO.!'

*• •'"''• '^- Veragua. M. E. Arc^ [cj-

Subsp. a. Sjrrnium spilonctum.
Syrniuni spilonotum, Grai/, Hand-1. B. i. p. 49 {ihscr. nulla).

Adult. Above black, banded or rather spotted with white, the
tiars not earned across many of the feathers, and very few in number
on the wmg-covcrts and scapulars ; the head rather darker than the
back, the spots on the feathers small and transverse, the hind neck
or wig distinctly barred with white, forming a collar round the hind
neck ; quills chocolate-brown, banded with lighter brown, inclinino-
to white on most of the outer webs, and more distinct on the secon-
daries ; upper tail-coverts black, banded with white; taU black
tipped with white and crossed with six bars of the same, one con-
cealed by the coverts ; lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts
black, minutely spotted Avith white, as also the facial ruff; chin
black ; rest of under surface white, thicklv and regularly barred
across with black ; leg-feathers black, indistiuctlv barred with white •
under wmg-coverts white, barred with black, the greater series more
indistinctly, thus resembling the inner lining of the win"' Total
length 16-5 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 11-2, tail 6-5, tarsusl-9.

Obs. This species appears to ditier constantly from S nu/ro-
lineatum m its darker under surface, the black bars being very
much broader. ^

Hob. Columbia.

"r -^'J- ^\- Bogota. Purchased.

*• ^\- «f • Bogota. Pm-chased.

c. Ad. sk. Bogota. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

23. Syrnium perspicillatum.

Spectacle-Owl, Latli. Gm. Si/u. Siip/)L i. p. .50, pi. cvii.

Strix peispicillaia, Lath. Inil. Orn. i. p. 58. ' '

Chouette a colUer, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. 'pi. 42 ; Sundev. Cr!t. om

Levaill. p. 28.
Chouette a masque noir, Levaill. Ois. crAfr. i. pi. 44 ; Swuhv. Crit.

p. 28.
Strix torquata, Daiid. Traits, ii. p. 193 (e.r Levaill.).
Strix personata, Daitd. Traite, ii. p. 192 (^.r LcvailL).
Strix Jarvata, Slunv ^- Noddet; Nut. Misc. xix. pi. 801.
Strix pulsatrix, Max. Ecis. Bras. i. p. 300.
Noctua torquata Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 07; Less. Traite,

p. lOo ; 1) Orb. J oi/. Am. Me rid. Oi.<. p. '

Syrnium pulsatrix, Ma.c. Beitr. Orn. Bras. iii. p. 208; Gray, Hand-1

B. 1. p. 50.

278 BUBONID^.

Athene torquata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 35 ; Cah. in Schomb. Keis.

Guian. iii. p. 732 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 172 ; Pelz. Oni. Bras.

pp. 8, 399.
Syrnium personatum, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 3.
Athene nielanota, Puclier. Bev. Zool. 1849, p. 28 (nee Tschudi) ;

Strickl. Oi-n. Syn. p. 172.
Ciccaba perspicillata, Cass. Cat. Striyid(e I'hilad. Mtis. p. 17.
Ciccaba torquata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 43.
Ciccaba luelauouota, Bp. Consp. i. p. 43.
Pulsatrix torquata, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 122, et Tr. Z. S. iv.

p. 258; *W. * Salv. Nomcncl. p. 117.
y_\Tnium perspicillatum, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 193.
Ulula torquata, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 17.
Ulula pulsatrix, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 17, note.
Syrnium torquatum. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 50.

Nestling. Covered with pure white down, all the feathers of the
face and throat, as well as the loral bristles, black, the ear- coverts
with somewhat of a chocolate shade ; wing-coverts light rufous
brown, with very broad white tips forming bars across the wing ;
quills pale brown, narrowly tipped with white and crossed with
numerous bars of darker brown, of which five or six can be distinctly
coimted; tail dark brown, nearly uniform and broadlj' tipped with
white, crossed with bars of lighter brown, of which about five can
be counted on the outermost feathers, gradually decreasing in num-
ber towards the centre ones, on which two indistinct ones alone are
visible ; under surface of body entirely covered with white down.

Ohs. Another bird, still in nestling plumage, but more advanced
than the foregoing, differs in having a yellow tinge on the down of
the wing-coverts and under surface of body ; the upper margin of
the wing dull brown ; greater wing-coverts brown, barred across
and broadly tipped with yellowish white ; scapulars varied with
broad ochraceous bars, causing a somewhat ocellated appearance,
the innermost ones barred with white ; quills and tail dark brown,
barred with hghter brown and tipped with white, the bars on the
latter seven in number.

Achtlt male. Above uniform chocolate-brown, blacker on the head ;
wing-coverts uniform with the back, only a few of the greater
coverts with lighter bars ; primary-coverts entirely uniform brown ;
quills brown, narrowly tipped with whitish and crossed with bars
of lighter brown, nine in number on the primaries and seven on the
secondaries ; scapulars brown like the back, the outermost barred
■ft-ith buffy white, forming rather a conspicuous shoulder-spot ; tail
dark browu, tipped with white and crossed wdth six bars of lighter
brown ; lores white, streaked with black ; eyebrow buffy white ;
sides of face entirely blackish brown ; cheeks and sides of neck
white ; throat black ; fore neck white, followed by a broad crescentic
band of chocolate-brown ; rest of under surface light ochraceous
yellow, paler on the leg-feathers ; under wing-coverts also ochra-
ceous, except the outermost, which are white and form a conspicuous
spot on the margin of the wing ; lower under wing-coverts dark
brown, like the wing-lining ; iris brownish orange, the pupil dark

IG. SYUNlUil.

210

blue. Total lengtli l'J-7 inches, ciilmcu 1-9, wing 14, tail 8-3, tarsus
2-35.

Adult female. Ilathor larger than the male, but very similar, ex-
cepting that the shoulder-spot is uniform ochraceous, without any
bars. Total length 23 inches, wing 15-1, tail 8-9, tarsus 2-35.

Obs. Dr. Pucheran (/. c.) separates the Brazilian bird as Athene
melanota (not the same as Tschudi's species of the same name) on
account of the bands on the tail being only three in number and
more narrow. Professor Schlegel, in his first catalogue of the Owls
in the Leiden Museum, was inclined to keep the Brazilian bird
distinct on account of its larger size and paler coloration. 1 have
not been able to find any grounds for separating the northern from
the southern birds ; the former are generally rather darker ; but the
number of bands on the tail will not constitute a sj^ecific character
in these Owls, as it varies with age. In his recent list of Striges,
Professor Schlegel reunites the Brazilian bird with the Central-
American one.

'ml,.

Foot of Syrniiiin perspiciUutum, to show the feathered toes.

Hab. Central America, from Mexico southwards, Guiana, Brazil,
and Amazonia.

a, b. Pull. St. South America.

c. Ad. st. Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

d. Ad. sk. North side of River Amazon.

e. Ad. sk. Veragua.

f. cJ ad. sk. Chitra, \'eragua (Arce).
g. Juv. sk. Guatemida.

h. Ad. sk. N. Guatemala.

i. Imm. sk. Tehuantepec, Mexico.

Purchased.

Mr. Brvdges [C.].

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l.

M. E. Arc^ [C.].

O. Salvin, Esq.

M. E. Arc^ [C.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Prof. Sumichrast [C.].

280 BUBONID.E.

24. Symium melanonotum.

Noctua melanonota, Tschudi, Arch. Xcit. 1844, p. 2G7, et Faun.

Peruan. p. 114, pi. 4.
Macabra melanonota, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 541.
Athene melanota, Feb. Orn. Bras. p. 9.
SjTiiium melanouotum, Gra;/, HamJ-l. i?. i. p. 50.
Ciccaba melanonota, Sd. ^ Salv. Nomencl. p. 117.

Adult. Above chocolate-brown, with the remains of obsolete ochra-
ceous margins to the feathers of the scapulars and upper wing-
coverts ; the outer scapulars with small bars of ochraceous concealed
by the other plumes ; quills chocolate-brown, crossed with bars of
ochraceous brown, more or less obsolete on the primaries, but much
more distinct on the lower surface, where they form broad ochre-
coloured bands, wider and lighter towards the base of the inner
webs; tail chocolate-brown, barred with light ochraceous brown,
changing to white on the inner web, the bars not conterminous, the
middle tail-feathers (imperfect) uniform, the bars on the outer tail-
feathers six in number ; over the eye a broad streak of deep ochre,
extending from the base of the tail to above hinder margin of ear-
coverts ; feathers round the eye blackish, the ear-coverts deep cho-
colate-brown ; loral feathers and throat ochraceous buff, the former
with black hair-like tips to the shafts; facial ruff and a narrow
coUar across the lower throat chocolate-brown ; fore neck buif, with
rufous brown ends to the feathers, producing a slightly barred

Foot of Symium melanonotum, to show the bare toes.

appearance ; chest chocolate-brown, more rufous on the sides ; rest
of under surface of body tawny buff, barred with sienna-rufous, less
distinctly indicated on the flanks, and almost absent on the under
tail-coverts, which are yellowish ; under wing-coverts bright tawny
buff like the breast, some of the outermost marked with brown, the
greater series ashy brown like the inner wing-lining. Total length
19 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 12-8, tail 7-3, tarsus 2-1.
Hob. Brazil and Peru.

a. Ad. St. Peru. Zoological Society.

h. Ad. sk. S. America. Purchased.

16. SYKNIUM. 281

25. Syrnium newarense.

Bulaca newarensis, Hodys. Asiut. Research, xix. p. 1G8 ; Swinh.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 344 ; Hume, RoKgh Notes, ii. p. 348; id. Nests Sf

Eggs Ind. B. p. GO.
Mesidus newarense, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. p. 28.
Svrniuiu newarense. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 39, pi. 14 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i.

"p. V22 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 49.
Syrnium indranee {nvc Syhes), Gray, Cat. Maimn. 8fC. Nepal Hodgs.

p. 52 ; Bj}. Consp. i. p. 51 ; Utricld. Orn. Syn. p. 191 ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 49.
Ulula indrani, Schl. Mm. P.-B. Striges, p. 19.
Bubo caligatus, Stcinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 218, et 1864, p. 429.
Syrnium caligatum, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 49.

Adult. Above uniform chocolate-brown, a little darker and blacker
on the head, the scapulars externally white, barred with chocolate-
brown, these bars more or less iuclining to rufous ; wing-coverts
chocolate-brown Hke the back, the least series with a few fiilvesccnt
bars, the median series greyish at tip and barred across with fulvous,
more or less inclined to white on the outer web, the bars slightly
vermiculated with brown, the greater coverts more distinctly baried
and tipped with white ; primaiy-coverts chocolate-brown, barred
with lighter brown ; quills brown, barred with paler brown, more
numerously on the secondaries, which are distinctly tipped with
white, the bars ou the innermost secondaries also iuclining to white
on the inner web ; upper tail-coverts rather paler thau the back, and
barred across with white ; tail-feathers deep chocolate-brown, barred
across with ten narrow bands of hghter brown, not conterminous
on the centre feathers excepting towards the tips, where they are
regular, the outer feathers with as many as twelve bands on the
outer web, the inner one being more broadly banded, the bars on
this latter web inclining to white ; feathers over the eye whitish, the
plumes siu-rounding the latter black ; loral feathers dusky, whitish
at base but obscured by blackish shaft-streaks ; rest of facial aspect
dusky white, more or less washed with brown and narrowly barred
with the same in circular lines ; feathers of facial ruff glossy choco-
late-brown, more marked with white as they descend to the throat,
many of the plumes on the latter part white tipped with brown ;
feathers of the side of the neck white, narrowly barred with brown ;
chin dark browTi ; on the fore neck a cresceutic patch of white ;
rest of under surface duU white, everywhere narrowly banded with
chocolate-brown, the leg-feathers similarly but more minutely bai-red,
those on the imder tail-coverts browner and broader than on the
breast-feathers ; under wing-coverts similar to the breast, with a
white spot on the edge of the wing, the greater series blackish,
baiTcd with yellowish white near the base, thus resembling the
inner Lining of the wing, which is blackish, barred with fulvous
towards the tips of the feathers, these bars much broader and clearer
yellowish on the secondaries : " bare joints of toes pale plumbeous,
the claws dusky lead-colour ; bill greenish horny white, bluish towards
base ; cere, which is ill-defined, plumbeous : bare eyelids and cyeshelf

282 BL'BOXID^.

very pale, fleshy plumbeous; ii'is deep brown" (Hume). Total
length 2S inches, wing 17-4, tail 11-5, tarsus 2-8.

YoH))f/cr birds appear to me to have the visage much more rufous,
to have the scapulars less distinctly white externally and generally
somewhat washed with fulvous, the sides of the neck also being ful-
vous or ochraceous, indistinctly barred Avith brown. Considerable
variation is exhibited in the tail, the bars on which are lighter and
more yellowish in some specimens than in others, some examples
also having a more distinct white tip to the feathers. The tail-
bands vary from nine to twelve in number on the Nepalese specimens.

Hub. Himalaya Mountains ; Formosa.

a. Ad. St. Himalava Mountaias. Zoological Society.

b. Ad. St. Nepal. " B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

c. Vix ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J.

d. Imm. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
c,/. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, i:sq. [P.].
ff. Imm. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J.

26. Syrnium indranee.

Strix indranee, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 82.

Bulaca monticola, Jerd. Maclr. Jouni. p. 167.

Bulaca indranee, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 121 ; id. Tr. Z. S. iv.

p. 257 ; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 347.
SjTnium indrauee, Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 83 ;

Jerd. JB. Jnd. i. p. 121 ; Holdsic. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 415 ; Hume, Str.

F. 1873, p. 429 ; Legge, Str. F. 1874j_p. 342.
Syrnium ochrogenys, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 431.

Dr. Jerdon keeps Si/rnium indranee distinct from S. neivarense on
account of the smaller size of the former bird, the wing measimng
13-14 inches agauist 18 inches in *S'. ncwa reuse. The specimen
of the latter described by me is a very large bird from the Himalaya
Mountains ; but we have live Nepalese birds, presented by Mr. Hodgson,
which give the following dimensions : —

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.

a. Nepal (Hodgson) 24 10 9o 27

h. Nepal (Hod'qson) 22 14-9 9-5 2-35

0. Nepal (i&f/r/so«) 22 14-2 9 2-3

d. Nepal (Hodgson ) 23-5 148 9-5 2-4

e. Ise^al (Hodgson) 23 14-5 9-5 2-4

Apparently, therefore, the last four of these liirds ought to be called
S. indranee. Want of material prevents my determining the precise
relations of these two species, as I have no authentic examj^les of <S.
indranee for comparison. Mr. Gould has presented to the Museum
a "VVood-Owl which he received from Dr. Jerdon, but of which the
precise locality has not been recorded. This bird is much more ful-
vous underneath, with rufous brown cross bars, very narrow and
more numerous than in the Himalayan examples. The face also is
rufous ochre ; and I do not believe it to be the true S. newarense.

16. sTExruii. 283

Mr. Hume has noticed the ochraceous disk in Ceylonese birds, and
proposes the name of ochrorjenys* for the island bird. The great
probability is that examples from Ceylon and the peninsula of India
■vnJI be found to be of the same species, which will be the true
Sj/rnium indranee (Sykes). Lord Walden has kindly lent me a
Malaccan specimen from his collection, obtained by the late Dr.
Maingay ; and this is not to be separated trom Dr. Jerdon's skin,
like which it has the ochraceous disk.

Hah. Peninsula of India, Ceylon, Malayan peninsula.

a. Ad. sk. Southern India ? (Jerdon). J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

27. SyrniTiiii harrisi.

Nyctale harrisi, Cass. Pr. Pldlad. Acad. iv. p. 157 ; id. Tr. Phil.

Acad. ii. p. 53, pi. o ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 30 a ; Strickl.

Or)i. Si/n. p. 178; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 25; Eid(/ti\ N. A.

Birds, iii. p. 40.
Ciccaba gisella, Bp. Consp. i. p. 44.
GiseUa lathami, £p. Rev. et Mag. de. Zool. 1854, p. 541.
Nyctalatinus t albipunctatus, " Kaup," Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1855,

'p. G53.
GiseUa haridsi, Bp. C. R. 1855, p. 653.
Ulula han-isii, SM. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 9,
Syrnium liarrisii. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 50.
Nyctahtinus harrisi, Scl. 4'- Salv. Xomencl. Ai\ p. 116.

Adult. Upper surface of a dull chocolate-brown, deeper on the
head ; a very broad frontal patch and an eyebrow bufly white ; on
the nape a double spot of butty white, succeeded on the hind neck
by an indistinct collar of yellowish buff ; scapulars also inclining to
the latter colour on the outer web, and shading off into white at
the tips, the longer ones spotted with buff on the outer web, the
white spot near the tip being very distinct ; wing-coverts chocolate-
brown, notched with white near the edge of the wing and near the
tip of the outer web of the greater series ; quills deep brown, spotted
on the outer and broadly notched on the inner web with white;
tail deep brown, spotted with white at the tip, and crossed with
three other rows of white spots ; sides of face yellowish buff, the
ear-coverts broadly tipped with chocolate-brown, of which colour
there is also a small tuft : ruff composed of yellowish buff
plumes, narrowl}' tipped with brown, especially broad on the long
gular feathers ; rest of under surface of body, including the leg-
feathers, deep yellowish buff', slightly inclining to tawny on the
centre of the body ; under wing-coverts inclining to tawny buff, the
lower series broadly tipped with dark brown, and resembling the

* On the change of phimage in the Ceylonese bird, Mr. Vincent Legge's
excellent article should be studied (' Stray Feathers,' 1874, pp. 342-.348).

t Both Prince Bonaparte and Dr. Sclater refer to this name as being pro-
posed by Kaup ; the year is given as 18.54 in Mr. G. K. Gray's ' Hand-list ;' and
the generic name adopted by the authors of the ' Nomenclator." Yet I have
Qever been able to ascertain the work in which it has been published ; and the
specific name of alhipunctafuiu was apphed by Kaup to Syrnium alhogttlarc
(Cass.).

284 BUBONID.E.

inner lining of the quills, which are dark brown below, notched
with white on the inner web, these markings not visible on the first
two primaries, and only feebly developed on the third ; bill yellowish
horn-colour, brown at base and on the lower mandible ; toes appa-
rently yellowish flesh-colour in life. Total length 8-5 inches, wing
6-3, tail 3-5, tarsus 1-1. {Mus. Noi-vic.)
Hab. Columbia.

17. NYCTALA*. ^yp^

Nyctala, Brehm, Ms, 1828, p. 1271 N. tengmalmi.

jEgoHus, Katip, Natiirl. Syst. p. 34 (1829) N. tengmalmi.

Scotophilus, ISivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217 (1837) . . N. tengmalmi.

Range. The northern and central portions of Europe and North
America.

Key to the Species.

a. Larger : entire upper surface mottled with white

bars; forehead spotted with white ; tail-feathers

with five white bars tengmabni, p. 284.

b. Smaller: upper surfiice for the most part uniform;

forehead with uaiTow streaks of white ; tail-
feathers with three white bars acadica, p. 287.

1. Nyctala tengmalmi.

Strix tengmalmi, Gm. S. JV. i. p. 291 ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 94;

Namn. Voy. Deidschl. i. p. 500, Taf. 48. figs. 2, 3 ; Rous, Om. Prov.

pi. 53 bis ; Vteill. et Oud. Gal. Ois. i. pi. 23 ; Werner, Atlas, Rapaces,

pi. .38; Siv. ^- Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds, p. ,94, pi. 32; Aud.

B. Am. pi. ccclxxx. ; id. Om. Bioyr. iv. p. 59& ; Schl. u. Susem.

Voy. Eur. Taf. 48 ; Sundev. Sv. Foy'l. p. ISG, pi. xxv. fig. 3.
Strix dasypus, Bechst. Natury. Deutschl. ii. p. 972 ; JFo^ ^- Meyer,

Voy. Deutschl. pi. to p. 51.
Athene tengmalmi, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 771.

Nyctale planiceps, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 127, et Voy. Deutschl. p. 113.
Nyctale piuetorum, Brehn, ut supra.
Nyctale abietum, Brehm, ut supra.
.^golius teugmalmi, Kaup, Natib-l. Syst. p. 34.
Noctua tengmalmi, Cuvier, Reyn. An. 1829, i. p. 345; Gould, B.

Eur. i. pi. 49 ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 14G ; Hewits. Eyys Br. B. i.

p. 66, pi. xix.
Ulula tengmalmi, Bp. Oss. Reyn. An. Cuv. p. 53 ; Macyill. Hist. Br.

B. iii. p. 445.
Syrnium tengmalmi, Eytmi, Hist. Rarer Br. B. p. 90.
Scotophilus tengmalmi, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217.
Nyctala tengmalmi, Bj). Cotnp. List B. Eur. Sf H. Am. p. 7 ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 40, pi. 14. fig. 7; Stn'ckl. Om. Si/n. p. 175; Neivt.

Ooth. Wolley. p. 165; Deyl. Sf Gerbe, Om. Eur. i. p. 125; Gould,

B. Gt. Br. i. pi. xxxvi. ; Dall Sf Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 273 ;

Borggr. Voyelf. Norddeutschl. p. 63 ; Nexot. ed. Yarr. Br. B. i.

* On the curiovis asymmetry of the ear-bones in this genus, Mr. Collctt's
paper should be consulted (P. Z. S. 1871, p. 739).

17. NYCTALA. 285

p. 154 ; Salvad Fmm.'Ital. Ucc. p. 28 ; SMley, B. Egypt, p. 177 ;

Sharpe Sf Dresser, li. Uur. pt. xiv.
Nyctale richardsoni, £p. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Am. p. 7 ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 40 ; Bp. Conxp. i. p. 54 ; JStricJd. Orn. Syn. p. 176 ;

Cass. B. Calif, and Texas, p. 185 ; id. B. N. Am. p. 57 ; Gray,

Iland-l. B. i. p. 51.
Nyctale dasypus, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 6.
Nyctale funerea, Bp. Cat. Metod. Ucc. Eur. p. 24 ; id. Consp. i. p. 54 ;

Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 104 ; id. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 207 ; Fritsch,

Viig. Eur. tab. 11. fig. 1, tab. 1.3. fig.8 ; Jauh. Sf Barth. Lap. Rich.

Orn. p. 83 ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 51.
Nyctale miuor, Brthm, Naum. 1855, p. 370.
Nyctale bffidekeri, Brchm, Naum. 1855, p. 370.
Uliila funerea, ScJd. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 8.
Symium fiiuereum, Ileuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 123.
Nyctale tengmalnii, var. richardsoui. Bidqtc. Am. Nat. 1871, p. 285 •

Coues, Key N.A. Birds, p. 206; Bidg'w. N.A. Birds, iii. p. 40-

Coues, B. N. W. p. 313. ' I -

Nestling. All over of a dull sooty browu, ligliter on under surface
of body, and inclining to chocolate on the upper ; the remains of
nestling-down of a white colour ; on the wing-coverts some veiy
large oval spots of white ; lores, forehead, eyebrow, and chin more
or less whitish, under surface of body slightly varied with whitish
near the base of the feathers.

Young. Everywhere chocolate-brown, much deeper on the sides
of the face and ear-coverts ; the lores, anterior part of cheeks, and
feathers over the eye white, the former obscured with blackish
bristles ; wing-coverts with distinct oval markings of white on the
outer web, the quills also marked with spots of white on both webs,
but more distinctly on the outer one ; scapulars and upper tail-
coverts with concealed white bases ; tail brown, crossed with three
rows of white spots, not continuous across the feather ; under sur-
face of body chocolate-brown, the breast and abdomen mottled with
white, the bases of the feathers being of this colour ; leg- feathers
and under tail-coverts yellowish white, slightly spotted with brown.

AduU female. Above rather light brown, "thickly mottled with
white all over the upper surface, the back varied with broad
concealed bars of white, the scapulars with a largo oval spot of
the same near their outer webs ; fore part and sides of crown
rather darker than the back, thickly mottled with triangular spots
of white, the hinder pirt of the crown lighter brown, the white
markings larger and the plumage generally more lax ; hind neck
and wig light brown, with very broad bars of white ; wing-coverts
brown, the least ones nearly uniform, the median and greater series
marked on the outer web with large oval spots of white ; quills
brown, tipped with greyish, spotted on the outer web and broadly
notched on the inner web with white; upper tail-coverts light
brown, broadly barred with white; tail brown, crossed with five
rows of white bars; lores, a broad eyebrow, and sides of face
generally white, the feathers in front of the eye blackish, the lores
also obscured by blackish bristles, many of the plumes above the eye
with a black tip to the shaft-line, the oar-coverts slightly inclining

281) BUBONID-E.

to blackish on their hinder margin ; a very distinct ruff, formed of
dark brown feathers thickly mottled with white spots ; chin white,
as also the fore neck, which is slightly varied with brown cross
lines, and is sejiarated from the chin by a circlet of brown feathers
in continuation of the ruflf; rest of under surface of body white,
mottled with brown, taking the form of streaks on the flanks ; the
breast rather more spotted, the sides of the latter inclining to brown ;
leg-feathers white, spotted with brown ; the under tail-coverts almost
entirely white, excepting a few brown streaks on the outermost ;
under wing-coverts white, with small spots of brown, the greater
series ashy brown, spotted with white, resembling the inner lining
of the wing, which is ashy brown barred with white, these bars much
larger and more oval on the secondaries ; bill dirty yellow ; iris bi'ight
yellow. Total length 10-5 inches, wing 7'3, tail 4-8, tarsus 0-85.

Adult male. Similar to the female, but slightly smaller. Total
length 9'.5 inches, wing 6-7, tail 4*4, tarsus 0'75.

Ohs. My observations confirm those of Mr. D. G. Elliot and
others as to the impossibility of distinguishing the North-American
bird as a distinct species. Specimens in the Museum collection
measure as follows : — •

Total

length. Wing. Tail,
in. in. in.

a. Arctic America 9-5 6-9 4-2

b. Repulse Bav (J. Rm) 95 7 44

c. S ■ Fort Simpson (B. R. Ross) 10-5 7-2 4-3

Ml'. Eidgway considers that Amei'ican birds are separable from the
European as a geographical race. He writes : — '■'Nyctcile richardsoni,
though without doubt specifically the same as N. tengmalmi of
Europe, is nevertheless to be distinguished from it. The colours
of the European bird are very much paler ; the legs are white,
scarcely variegated, instead of ochraceous, thickly spotted ; the lower
tail-coverts have merely shaft-streaks of brown instead of broad
stripes. Very perfect specimens from Europe enable me to make a
satisfactory comparison."

Hah. The whole of Xorthern Europe and Siberia ; not found in
Southern Europe, but occurring all over the central portions of the
continent. In Xorth America found in the high north, rarely oc-
curring within the United States.

a. Ad. st. Northern Europe. Dr. Lidth de Jeude.

b. Ad. sk. Northern Europe. Purchased.

c. Pull. St. Wermland, May 18, 1872. Purchased.

d. Juv. sk. Trondhiem, July 17, 1866. F. Bond, Esq. [P.].

e. Juv. sk. Archangel. " R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
/. Ad. St. Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. tP.]-
g. Ad. sk. R. Ussuri, 48° X. lat. (Dr. Warsaw Museum [E.].

Dijbowski).

h. Ad. St. Arctic America {Dr. Richard- Zoological Society.

son),

i. Ad. St. Repulse Bay. Dr. J. Rae [P.].

k. S ad. sk. Fort Simpson. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].

/. Skeleton. Sweden. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

17. NYCTAr-A. 287

2. Nyctala acadica.

Acadian (_)\vl, Laik Gen. Si/n. i. p. 149, pi. 5. fig-. 2.

Strix acadica, Gm. S. JV. i. p. 29G {ex Lath.) -^ Amlub. B. Am. pi.

cxcix. ; id. Orn. Biuyr. iv. 397 ; Swains. &• Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am.

Birds, p. 97.
Strix passeiina, Penn. Arctic Zool. p. 236; IFils. Am. Orn. iv. p. G6,

pi. 34. fig. 1.
Sirix acadiensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 6.5.
Wbite-fi-onted Owl, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Siippl. ii. p. 58.
Strix alljifrons, Shaw Sf Nodd. Xdt. Misc. xix. pi. 171.
Bubo albifrons, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 54.
Scops albifrous, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 51.
Athene wilsoni, Boie, Lds, 1828, p. 315.
Surnia acadica, Bp. Oss. Lieyn. An. Cm. p. 52 : Schl. Mus. P.-B

Striges, p. 8.
Ulula passerina, Jamos. ed. Wils. Am. Orn. i. p. 109.
Scotophilus acadicus, Swains. C/assif. B. ii. p. 217. '
Strix frontalis, Licht. Ahhandl. k. Akad. Berlin, 1838, p 4.30
Nyctale acadica, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Am. p. 7 ; id. Consp.

1. p. 54; Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 50; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852.

p. 104 ;rV/. Tr. Z. S iv. p. 206 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 176 ; Cass.

B. Calif 4'- Texas, p. 285 ; id. B. N. Am. p. 58 ; Baird, in Cooper's

B^ Cahf. p. 436 ; Bidyic. Am. Nat. 1871, p. 'im ; Coues, Eeu NA.

Birds, p. 206; id. B. N. W. p. 315; Ridgw. N.A. Birds, iii. p. 43 ;

<St7. c^'- Salv. Nomencl. p. 116.
Xyctale kirtlandi, Hoy, Pr. Philad. Acad. vi. p. 210 ; Elliot, This,

lb/2, p. 48*.
Athene albifrons, Licld. Nomencl. Ar. p. 8.
Nyctale albifrous, Cass. B. Calif. ^- Texas, p. 187 ; id. B. N. Am

p. 57 ; Baird, in Coopers B. C'alif. p. 435.

Adult male. Above nearly uniform chocolate-brown, the scapulars
with a large ovate spot of white on the outer web, the dorsal feathers
with small concealed spots of white, which are larger and broader
on the upper tail-coverts ; head streaked with white, broader on the
forehead, more obsoletely on the hinder crown; the hind neck
mottled with white streaks, and the sides of the neck distinctly
striped with central markings of white ; wing-coverts dark brown,
with distinct white oval spots on the outer web; quills brown,'
greyer towards the tips, the outer webs spotted with white, these
.spots present only on the primaries, and nearly absent on all the
others, all the quills, however, being notched with yeUowish white
on the inner webs ; tail dark brown, tipped with white and crossed
with three rows of white bars, not continuous across the feather •
lores, eyebrow, and feathers of the face generally dull white, the
ear-coverts brownish, especially towards the hinder margin ; feathers
in front of the eye and loral bristles blackish ; behind the ear-

* Mr Elliot, in an interesting article on this bird, conclusirelv showed that
It was the young of some species oi NycfaJa ■ but he considered it t . be the im-
mature plumage of N. tenymalmi. Mr. Ridgway, on the other hand, refers it
to 3. acadira; and on consideration of the facts, I believe the decision of the
ast-named ornithologist to be correct. .V. alhifmns (Licht.), considered to
belong to N tenymalmi hj some European authors, has been examined bv Pro-
fessor Schlegel, and declared by him to be iV'. acadica.

288 BrnoNiDj;.

coverts a ruff of brown feathers, thickly mottled with median longi-
tudinal streaks of white, this ruff crossing the throat, and separating
the whitish chin from the fore neck, the latter having a few reddish
markings ; rest of under surface of body white, broadly streaked
with rufous, the flanks with a slight tinge of yellow ; leg-feathers
yellowish white; under tail-coverts white, with a few streaks of
rufous ; under wing-coverts light orange, the outermost inclining to
rufous, the greater series yellowish at base, ashy brown at tips, re-
sembling the inner lining of the wing, which is ashy brown, with
a few bars of yellowish white near the base of the quills ; bill black.
Total length 8 inches, wing 6-1, tail 3-7, tarsus 0-85.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 6-5 inches,
wing 5*75, tail 3-5, tarsus 0-85.

Hab. North America, ranging into Mexico.

a. Ad. st. North America. Zoological Society.

b. Ad. sk. North America. Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. North America. John Gould, Esq. [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Komux Island. Dr- Lyall [0.].

e. 2 'id. sk. West side of Rocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.l.

f. S ad. St. West side of Rocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
'ff. 2 ad. St. West side of Rocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.J.
h. Ad. sk. Western Mexico. Purchased.

STRIGID^.

289

Family STRIGIDiE.

GlaucinsB, Sundev. Av. Tent. p. 104.

Sternum of Strix flammea.

Hinder margin of sternum entire, with no distinct clefts ; furcula
joined to keel of sternum ; inner margin of middle claw serrated ;
inner and middle toes equal in length ; between the anterior por-
tion of the facial area a frontal patch of small stiff feathers always
present and very broad.

Key to the Genera.

a. Tarsus about equal to twice length of middle

toe (without claw) ; facial disk very perfect,
the distance above the eye about equal to the
same area below it ; wings reaching far beyond
tail 1. Sthix, p. 290.

b. Tarsus about equal to twice length of middle

toe (without claw) ; facial disk irregular, the
ai-ea above the eye being not nearly equal to
the area below the latter ; wings about reach-
ing to tip of tail 2. Phodilus, p. 390.

VOL. II. V

290

STRtGID^.

1. STRIX*.

Type.

Strix, Linn. S. N. i. p. 133 (1766) S. llammea.

Aluco, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. p. 236 (1828) S. flammea.

Hybris, Nitzsch, Pteryl. p. 100 (1840) S. flammea.

Stridula, Seli/s-Lo/if/ch. Faun. Bek/e, p. 60 (1842) S. flammea.

Eustrinx, JVebb Sr Berth. Orn. Canar. p. 8 (1844) S. flammea.

Megastrix, Kaup, Isis, 1848, p. 760 S. tenebricosa.

Glaux, Bli/lh, J. A. S. B. xix. p. 613 (1850). . . . S. Candida.

Scelostrix, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 119 .... S. Candida.

Dactylostrix, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 119 . . S. novcie bollandise.

Glyphidiura, Reich. Syst. Nat. pi. xcii. fig. 2 . , S. capensis.
Cf. Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 324.

Middle toe of Strix Jlammea, to show the serration on the middle claw.

Range. The entire globe, excepting the extreme north of both
hemispheres, New Zealand f, and certain islands of the Malayan
subregions and Oceania.

Key to the Species.

a. Upper surface always vermiculated.

a'. General colour below white or orange-buff",
spotted or nan-owly vermiculated with

* I am unacquainted personally with tlie foUowing species : —
1. Strix thomensis.

Strix thomensis, Hartl. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1852, p. 2 ; Mull. Beitr. Orn.

Afr. pi. 15 ; Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 21 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 52 ; Pele.

Journ. f. Orn. 1872, p. 2.3.
Strix sancti-thomse, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 118, et Tr. Z. 8. iv. p. 247.

Above blackish grey, marked with minute spots of paler grey and white spots
margined with black ; below bright and intense orange-rufous, with rounded
blackish spots ; under tail-coverts and thighs imspotted ; tail-feathers paler
ferruginous, obscurely varied, witli three broad dusky blackish bands, the tips of
all more broadly dusky, marked with a minute irregular spot of white before the
tip itself ; quiUs marked in the same manner ; axillaries buif ; bill brown ; claws
blackish. Total length 14f ", wing 8" 4'", tail 4" 3"' tarsus 2" 2^'".

Hab. Island of St. Thomas, W. Africa.

t Strur haasti, Buller, is Sceloglaux albifacies.

1. STRIX.

291

brown; upper surface generally orange-
buff, spotted with white and veriniculated
with grey or brown.
a". Size small ; wing not exceeding 13-5 inches ;
bars on wing and tail foui-, more rarely

in o'^*^ \ '. ■ Jlammea and allies

b . bize large; wing 13-8-1.5-2 inches ; bars pp. 291-298
on wing seven to eight, on tail six to

®io^t • • • not-ai hollandice, p. 303.

o . Lreneral colour above and below greyish
brown, the under surface ban-ed and spotted

h TT.."^'*^ ^^'^^ •••;••••, tenebricosa, p. 306.

0. Upper surface uniform brown, with spots of
white.
c'. Middle tail-feathers uniform brown; pri-
maries not barred below capensis p 307

d'. Middle tail-feathers orange or white, barred '

across with brown ; primaries ban-ed with
brown below Candida, p. 308.

1. Strix flammea.

The Common Barn-Owl or White Owl, AlUn, N. H. Birds, ii. pi xi
Le petit Chat-huant, Briss. Orn. i. p. 503 , F . ^i.

Strix flammea, Linn S N. i p. 133 ; 3Ieyer u. Wolf, Vog. Deutschl.

^^•.. P- 1 o5'/^f • i'"- ^'''l-7'- P,; ^1' P^- ''^- fi»- 2 : ^'i'^ill- Faun.
^T«liP^- ^tf^-l:^ ^"""'- ^^''"- '^^"'- i- P- 91 ; Ma.v. Beis. Bras.
11. 1821, p. 265 ; Naum.Voff. Deutschl. i. p. 483, pi. 47. fig. 2 ; Boux,
Orn Prov. p s 54, 5o ; Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 36 ; Brehm, Vog.
Deutschl.^. lOG ; Less. Trnite, p. 112 ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. clxxi •

Voff. Eitr. Taf 46 ; Macgdl. Brit. B. lii. p. 473 ; Nordm. in Bemid.
Voy. Bussie Merul. in. p. 110 ; Bears. J. A. S. B. x. p. 630 ; Darto
T oy Beagle, Birds, ipS-L ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 127 ; Gray, Gen. B. i.
I I' P^'if- \ ^ l^^^^»W- ^- ^'-'l- i- P- 92 ; Blyth, Cat.B. Mus. A.
rr F.b ^P- ^°^^P- ^- P- ^^5 ^«''A Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 118-
Horsf. i^-^Moore, Cat.B. Mus. B. I. Co. i. p. 81 ; Hartl. Orn.Westafr.
p. 21 ■,Scia. fog. Aederl. pi. 41 ; StrtcM. Orn. Syn. p. 178; Heicits
Eggs Brit. B. i p. 61, pi. xviii. fig. 1 ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. p. 18l!
pi. IxxK fig. 1 ■,Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. ii. fig. 4 ; Jaub. 8,- BaJi.-Lap.
Bich. Orn. p. 8b; Goxdd, B. Gt. Br. i. pi. xxviii. ; Sclil. Mus P-B
Striges, p. 1 ; Mtvt. Ooth. Wolley. p. 152 ; Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 307 •
Pelz Reis. Nov. Vog. p. 29 ; Begl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 133 •
Loche, Expl. Sci Alger. Ois. i. p. 91 ; Schl. ^- Poll. Faun. Madag. Ois!
p. 48 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 52 ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr i p 124 •
Mien Bull. Hcirv Coll. ii. p. 341 ; Godman, Azores, p. 22 ; Fimch &
Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. Ill ; Baird, ed. Cooper's B. Calif, p. 415 •
Salvad Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 27 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 10, 400 -Sol &■
Salv. Aotnencl. Av. Neotr. p. 116; Sharpe, ed. Layard, B. 's. Afr
p. o2. •'

Strix alba. Scop. Ann. i. p. 2.

L'Eflraye on La Fresave, Buff. PI. Enl. i. pi 440

Strix javanica, Gm. S. N. i. p. 295 ; Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p 85 •
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 41, pi. 15 ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xix. p. 513 ; Bp
Consp 1. p. 55 ; Horsf. S>- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. 7. Co i p 8^ ^
Stnckl. Orn. Syn. p. 180; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 117 ; Wall. Ihis,\%^,

V 2

2\)2

p. 26 ; Grai/, Haitd-l. B. i. p. 52 ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 22 ; IIu7ne,

Kests i^- -Z?</^6' I>id. B. p. 59.
Lecliusa, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 210 ; HaHl. Ind. Azara, p. 3.
Strix perlata, ijc/(<. Verz. Doiihl. p. 59 ; 3Iax. Beitr. iii. p. 263 ; U Orb.

Vol/. Amir. Mer. Ois. p. 135 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 41 ; ScJio7nh.

Re'is. Guian. iii. p. 732 ; Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 109 ; Cass.

Cat. StriqidcB Philad. Mas. p. 1 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 55 ; Kattp, Coiitr.

Orn. 1852, p. 119; id. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 247; StricM. Orn. Si/n.

p. 180 ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 137 ; id. Reis. La Plata-St. ii. p. 440 ;

Gray, Handr-l. B. i. p. 62.
Aluco flanimeus, Fleming, Brit. An. i. p. 157 ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit.

B. i. p. 194 ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 176.
Strix furcata, Temin. PI. Col. i. pi. 432 ; U Orb. in De la Sagra's H.

N. Cuba, Ois. p. 34; Gundl. J.f. O. 1871, p. 377.
Strix guttata, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 106.
Ulula flammea, James, ed. Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 264.
Strix delicatula, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 140 ; id. Synops. B. Austral.

pt. 3, pi. 50. fig-. 1 ; id. B. Aitstr. i. pi. 31 ; sSttirt, Exp. C. Anstr.

App. p. 17; Bp. Consp. i. p. 54; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 119;

id. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 247 ; Strickl. Orn. Si/ti. p. 180 ; Cass. U.S. Expl.

Exj}. 1858, p. 105 ; Grai/, B. Prop. Id. p. 3 ; Verr. Rev. et Mag.

de Zool. 1860, p. 421 ; Goidd, Handb. B. Aiistr. i. p. 66 ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 52 ; Finsch Sf Hartl. Vog. Cent.-Polyn. p. 11.
Strix pratincola, Bp. Camp. List B. Eur. ^ N. Anier. p. 7 ; De Kay,

Zool. N. Y. Birds, p. 31, pi. 13. fig. 28 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 41 ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 55 ; StricM. Orn. Syn. p. 179 ; Cass. B. Calif.

p. 176; id. B. N. Amer. p. 47 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 52.
Strix pimctatissima , Gray, in Danv. Zool. Beagle, Birds, p. 34, pi. 4 ;

id. Gen. B. i. p. 41 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 55 ; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852,

p. 118 ; id. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 246 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 182 ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 52; Scl. 6r Salv. Nornencl. p. 116.
Strix poensis. Eraser, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 189 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 41 ;

Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 182 ; Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 22 ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 62 ; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 36.
Stridula flammea, Selys-Longch. Eaun. Beige, p. 60.
Strix bakkamma, Forst. Descr. An. p. 157.
Eustrinx flammea, Webb 8f Berth. Orn. Canar. p. 8.
Strix lulu, Peale, U.S. E.rpl. Exp. Birds, 1848, p. 74, pi. 21 ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 52.
Strix pusilla, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii. p. 101.

Athene forsteri, Bp. Co7isp. i. p. 42 ; Gi-ay, B. Trop. Isl. Pacif. p. 2.
Strix glaucops, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 118; id. Tr. Z. S. iv.

p. 246; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 62 ; Pelz. J.f. O. 1872, p. 23.
Strix forsteri, Hartl. Arch. Naturg. 1852, p. 30.
Strix americana, Brewer, ed. Wils. Am. Orn. p. 687.
Strix africana, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 540 ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 52.
Strix adspersa, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 270, et 1858, p. 215.
Strix margaritata, Brehn, Naum. 1855, p. 270.
Strix maculata, Brehm, t. c. p. 270.
Strix splendens, Brehm, t. c. p. 270.
Strix vulgaris, Brehm, Naum. 1858, p. 215.
Strix obscura, Brehm, t. c. p. 215.
Strix paradoxa, Brehm, t. c. p. 217.
Strix kirschoffi, Brehm, t. c. p. 219.
Strix indica, Blyth, Ibis, 1860, p. 251 ; Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 342 ;

Gould, B. Asia, pt. xxiv. ; Holdszv. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 415 ; Hume,

Str. F. 1873, p. 163, et 1875, p. 37.

1. sTKix. 293

^^l^cc.>?ATir'""'"'' *''^' '^^"" ^•"^- ^'''S''' p- ^' '' ^'""

Stnx rosenbergi &^/ i\r T. D. iii. p. 181 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 2(3 :

iU«.s. i^.-i^. Mevue Acapitr. p. 16.
Strix affinis, Layanl, B. H. Afr. p. 43.
Strix insularis, Pefc. J. f, Q. 1872,' p 2-3
Stri.x «ammea, var. americana. Cones, Key K.-Am. B. p. 202 ; id. B.

Strix flammea, var. guatemal.-e, Ridqw. N.-Am. B. iii p 11
btrix flammea, var. furcata, liidyw. t.c.-p \2
fetrix flammea, var. pratincola, Bidgw. Lc. p.'l3.
btnx flammea, var. javanica, Bidr/w. t. c. p 1.3
btnx flammea, var. delicatula, Bidgio. t. c. p 13
Aluco dehcatula, Sharpe, ed. Voy. Ereh. ^ fav. Birds p 22
^estImi/. Covered with pure white down, the feathers which are

S'aTfr'f '•': '''' '"°^^ ™''^^^^^*' ^'^°- «^ t^^ -^ff silvery whi
w th a very faint orange tip to a few of them ; primaries orange,
with famt vermicu ations of grey at the tip, the secondaries more

Foung bird on having the nest. General colour above orange, but

SSvtT"' "1*^ ''^'* ^T' ^^ ^^^ ^^"- P^"-^« vermicula d
Sued lofh T 'i kT"^ ' ?'*">'=^ subterminal white spot mar-
cTurfSlToT'T ?' w^^'^^™^°' t^^ h^^^ ^"d l^i^^^ neck
sidrof H V I' b^l °^«^^ d'^cidedly orange, especially the

^tloi^V ^' ^^^^^^'^^■^bright orange with a few bLwn spots;

tl; ^"f th ■' ^° ™'l^'^' '^' ^"'^^' primary-coverts orange, mot-
tled at the tips like the rest of the coverts, but much paler ^xter-

with^";viT:nl\''"^^^-1-= ''''"^^ orange,mottled'at the tips
wSe^ t! ? n'^r i "^''^r'' ''''' ^"^'^ °^ Srey mottled wi h

7^e-'fTlffT7^"' ^"^"^ ^:^^ ^''y''^ '-^"^ °^^"led with the
same , facial disk silvery white, the feathers rufous round the eye

and especially m front of the latter; ruff ghstening white the upper
p^es washed with orange, and the lower ones\]so tipped Sh
clear orange ; feathers of the under surface pure white, tinned w th
orange on the chest, but not spotted. This specimen h; still Xn
tiful remains of the nestling-down. (Cambridgeshire.) ^

Adult nude. (Shropshire, Peb. 16th, 1869^ J. dndd) Above
orange-buff, most of the feathers with ;hite terminal an7 subter

f'ShtTonhTback "'d' ""' ^— P-^i»g «Pot of blackish ; the
leathers of the back and scapulars a good deal mottled with light
sdvery grey towards their tips, these mottlings disappearing ag!in
on the npper tail-coverts; sides of neck and least win o-fcoverts
orange, with tiny brown spots, the rest of the wing-covl s^ moItTed
with grey at the tips, like the dorsal feathers T primary-averts
nearly uniform orange, with a few greyish mottlings^ rthe dps^?
them ; quiUs orange-buff, shading off i'nto whitish near the base and
on the inner webs, the secondaries tipped with whitish, the prSiaSs
with a few irregular spots of brown along the shaft or on Sinner

with biown'Th '•" '''^'' ^^'Pf ^^^"«"^' ^P^^^l*^^ here and there
XMth blown, the innermost mottled with grey at the tip, like the

294 STBIQIDiB.

dorsal feathers ; tail whitish, slightly washed with pale orange on
the centre feathers, which show a few specklings of brown as well
as three spots of the same along the shaft, these markings dis-
appearing on the outermost, which are almost entirely white ; facial
disk pure white, with a rufous patch in front of the eye ; feathers of
the ruff glistening white, those on the upper parts washed with
orange, the lower feathei's subterminally orange with a tiny apical
margin of blackish, rather more distinct on the gular feathers ; rest
of under surface of body pure unspotted white, as also the whole of
the leg-feathers and under tail- and wing-coverts ; the lower series
of the latter slightly shaded with greyish and somewhat resembling
the inner lining of the quills, which are greyish white below ; bill
nearly white ; claws brown ; iris black. Total length 13 inches,
wing 11-9, tail 5, tarsus 2-2.

Daek race. Adult male. (Schleswig.) Above iimform bluish grey,
the feathers everywhere most finely vermiculated with greyish white,
and having two spots of white towards the tip of the feather, one
terminal and one subtermiual, each of these spots relieved by a black
spot preceding it along the centre of the feather, and imparting a
streaked appearance to the upper surface ; on the head the markings
are smaller than on the back ; but in scarcely any part of the upper
surface do the orange-buff bases to the feathers show through, so
that the general aspect is very uniform ; wing-coverts coloured like
the back and similarly marked ; primary-coverts resembling the
quills, which are deep orange, mottled at the tips with greyish ver-
miculations like the back, and barred across with blackish brown,
these bars slightly mottled with greyish on the outer margin, the
orange interspaces also a little mottled with brown ; the secondaries
marked in the same way as the primaries, but more mottled on the
outer webs, so that their general aspect is more obscure, the inner-
most being greyish, thickly vermiculated with dull white, and thus
resembling the back ; tail orange, with a broad mottled band of
greyish at the tip, and crossed by five other bands of blackish, of
which the two nearest the tip have sundry whitish mottlings ; face
vinous, inclining somewhat to silvery white on the hinder and lower
margins of the ear-coverts ; the feathers round the eye blackish,
forming a black patch in front of it ; ruff composed of deep orange
feathers, some of which have concealed basal streaks of dark brown,
the gular feathers tipped with the latter colour ; rest of under sur-
face of body, as well as the sides of the neck, deep orange, dotted
with minute arrow-head spots of brown, ending in a white tip on
some of the abdominal plumes and under tail-coverts, the spots be-
coming obsolete on the leg-feathers ; under wing-coverts orange like
the breast, and spotted in the same manner, the lower series whitish,
tipped with greyish black, and thus resembling the inner lining of
the quUls, which are whitish, barred on the inner web with greyish
black, and inclining entirely to greyish black at the tip. Total
length 13 inches, wing 11*8, tail 5-5, tarsus 2'3.

Obs. It will be seen fi'om the above synonj'my that I have united
nearly all the Barn-Owls of the world under the one heading o{ Strix

1. sTBix. 295

flammea. It is seldom that an opportunity is afforded to the orni-
thologist of examining such a fine series of hirds as has been per-
mitted to me in the case of the Barn-Owls ; and it would be difiicult
to find a more comprehensive collection than at present exists in the
British Museum. Every single variation of the ordinary type has been
examined by me ; and I have had in all cases one or two specimens
of the rarer or more obscure forms on which to found my conclusions.
Mr. G. E. Gray, in the ' Hand-list,' has recognized no less than twelve
species ; but a very short study will sufiice to show that not one half
of these species can be maiaitained. Mr. Ridgway also separates
the Barn-Owls into different races, and he considers that seven can
be differentiated. The first of these is Strix flammea, inhabiting
Europe and the Mediterranean region of Africa. In America it is
represented by S. x^ratmcola, the habitat of which is Mexico and
southern North America, the only character given by Mr. Ridgway
being, however, its larger size. A difference of an inch and a half in
the wing is the extreme variation that I can find, this measuring in
European examples from 11 to 12-4 inches, in American ones from
12-9 to 13-7 inches. The latter have the tarsus measuring 2-65-3-01
inches, against 2-2 to 2-5 inches in the European. The colour of the
American bird is darker ; and the dark phase, which is rarer in the
Old-World birds, seems to be the permanent form in the New World.
Indian Barn-Owls are rather darker than European and clearer grey
above, in the latter respect becoming more like the Australian S. de-
licatida, whose pearly grey colour has been its chief specific cha-
racter ; sometimes, however, Australian examples are not to be distin-
guished from European ; wing, in the latter, 10-8-11-3 inches, tarsus
2-4-2-6. Mr. Ridgway then separates S. javanka (from India and
Eastern Africa) as a bird of the same colours as .S'. delkatida. The
African Barn-Owl, according to my experience, is always darker
than the European, especially the specimens from Southern Africa ;
but they are again scarcely distinguished from the dark phase of S.
flam77ie((. The Indian examples, on the contrary, run paler in colour,
and are often nearly uniform grey on the back. In Java and the
Malayan subregion a slight modification takes i)lace, and the trace
of zigzag markings on the breast, sometimes discernible in Indian
birds, becomes tolerably well pronounced, especially in S. rosenhergi,
which is a large form of S. javanka, and is not allied to S. novce
hollandice. The same character divides Mr. Ridgway's /S. guutemalcB
from S. pratincoTa or S. flammea ; and this zigzag marking on the
breast is extremely developed in the St.-Domingo Barn-Owl {S.glau-
cops of Kaup). The Cuban and Jamaican bird is at first sight
remarkable, chiefly for its white tail ; but in this respect it resembles
British specimens, which, although matched by Erench birds, are
quite difterent from any I have as yet seen from Germany. Strioo
insidaris is a small dark form, supposed to be peculiar to the Cape-
Verd Islands, but approached by some Senegambia specimens. It ia
closely allied to the Galapagoan S. punctatissima. S. perlata from
South America is smaller than the North-American bird, and comes,
therefore, very close to the European ^.flammea.

296 STRIGIDJE.

My conclusion with regard to the Barn-Owls is, that there is one
dominant type which prevails generally over the continents of the
Old and Xe"w AVorlds, being darker or hghter according to different
localities, but possessing no distinctive specific characters. Insular
birds vary, but cannot be specifically distinguished, as they can
always be approached by continental specimens in a large series.
Thus S. furcata, of Jamaica, appears different, but is scarcely to be
distinguished from Bogota specimens, which possess a white tail also.
S. insuhi-is, of the Cape-Verd Islands, is scarcely to be separated
from some Senegambian skins. S. cjlaucops is not very different from
Yeraguan Barn-Owls ; and these are again approached by Malayan
specimens. Of these two extreme forms, S. insidaris and S. glaucops,
an illustration is given (PL XIY.). I give detailed descriptions and
measurements of a few of the most striking forms of Barn -Owl which
have been specifically separated by different authors ; and in the list
of specimens I have divided them under the headings by which they
have become known to system atists.

a. Strix furcata.

Adult male. Above pale orange-buff, the feathers coarsely vermicu-
lated at the tips with greyish brown, the markings more spot-Like just
before the terminal white longitudinal spot ; crown of head richer and
more of a golden orange, and more spotted than the back, especially
on the sides of the neck, which shade off into pure white; wing-coverts
orange-buff like the back, the least series minutely spotted, the
median and greater coverts vermiculated near the tip with grey, dis-
appearing on the primary-coverts, which have only a few scattered
mottlings, some of the lesser coverts externally inclining to white
like the edge of the wing ; quills pure white, the outer primaries
slightly shaded with orange-buff, and coarsely vermiculated with
ashy brown at the tips, as also the secondaries, some of which have
a few scanty vermiculations on the outer web, the innermost orange-
buff, vermiculated with grey like the back ; tail pure white ; facial
disk white, with a patch of rufous feathers in front of the eye ; ruff'
composed of orange-buff' plumes, inclining to white on the lower part,
a few of the upper feathers with tiny spots of brown ; entire under
surface pure white, with the remains of a few tiny spots on the flanks.
Total length 14-5 inches,wing 13-1, tail 5-8, tarsus 2-95,middle toel-6.

Adult female. Darker than the male, and more profusely mottled
with grey on the upper sm-face ; wings externally orange-buff, with
scattered dots of black on the outer web, and indications of three
blackish bars on the inner one, the ends of the feathers very coarsely
vermiculated, the outermost of the secondaries inclining to white ;
tail white, with remains of three imperfect bands and tiny dots on
most of the feathers ; underneath white, tinged with orange-buff on
the chest and flanks, both of which, as well as the under wing-coverts,
are spotted with ashy brown. Total length 14-5 inches, wing 13-4,
tail 5 2, tarsus 2-95, middle toe 1-65.

06s. It is evident that the unspotted wing and pure white tail are
gradually acquired by the disappearance of the bars and vermiculations.

1. 8TRIX. 297

13. Striz delicatula.
Adidt. Above pearl-grey, with faint zigzag grey mottlings on all
the feathers, which have mesial white tips preceded by a spot of
dusky blackish ; wing-coverts coloured like the back, the mottlings
a Httle coarser, edge of the wing and outer margin of the bastard
wing pure white, the rest of the latter resembhng the other coverts •
pnmary-coverts resembling the other series, with distinct white
apical spots, and washed near the base with orange-buff- quills
externally mottled with grey, with a subterminal white drop • the
primaries externally washed with pale orange, inclining to white
near the base, all the quills white on the inner web, showing con-
spicuously when the wing is spread, primaries with remains of four
dark brown cross bands ; tail-feathers whitish, mottled with coarse
vermiculations of brown, and crossed with four bars of the latter
colour, the markings disappearing on the outermost tail-feather
which IS almost entirely white, with the remains of three bands only •
facial disk pure white, with a dusky rufous patch in front of the eye ■
ruff composed also of pure white feathers, the uppermost with central
streaks or zigzag cross markings of black, becoming narrower on the
lower ones and disappearing on the gular plumes of the ruff; some few
of which have a narrow brown tip ; rest of under surface of body pure
sdky white, with no dusky spots on the chest, but a few on the sides
of the body and abdomen, and indications of some tiny ones on the
under wmg-coverts, the lower series of which are dusky at tip, form-
ing a famt wing-bar ; the quills underneath white, mottled at the
tip with greyish, and having three faintly indicated dusky spots or
bars on the inner web; bill horn-colour; feet yellowish. Total
length 13 inches, wing 11, tail 4-7, tarsus 2-35.

y. Strix punctatissima.

Adult (type). Above dull brown, with a few scattered spots of
dusky white, and minute flecks of the same on the dorsal feathers ■
sides of neck light golden buff, indistinctly marked with transverse
lines of brown, becoming gradually obscure and disappearing ou
the hind neck; the wing-coverts more or less washed externally
with deep golden buff, many of the white spots also tinged with
the same colour, the buff' predominating along the edge of the wino-
and at the base of the primary-coverts ; quiUs dull brown like the
back, sHghtly varied with minute flecks of white, and vermiculated
with golden buff on the outer webs, much more distinct on the pri-
maries, where it forms four irregulariy defined bauds ; the secon-
daries with a distinct white terminal spot ; the inner linino- of wing
ashy brown, the base of the feathers buffv white, the inner webs
with two or three indistinct bands ofwhirish; tail golden buff, barred
across with four bands of dark brown, the interspaces vermiculated
with the same colour, especially towards the tips of the feathers
which are there almost entirely brown, with a white terminal spot •
general colour of face vinous' rufous, inclining to black round the
eye ; the cheeks silvery white, washed with rufous : facial ruff rich

298 STEIGID^.

golden buff, white at base of feathers, which are coarsely vermicu-
lated with brown, sometimes in a horseshoe pattern ; crown of head
deep golden buff, vermiculated with brownish ; under surface of
body rich golden buff, transversely vermiculated with brownish bars,
irregular in shape and more distinct on the abdomen, the under wing-
and tail-coverts coloured like the breast, but the latter rather paler ;
bill yellowish, horn-coloured at base ; feet blackish. Total length
13 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 9-2, tail 4-6, tarsus 2-3.

S. Strix rosenbergi.

Adult male. Above greyish brown, all the feathers finely speckled
with whitish and tipped with white, the feathers being subterminally
brown in the centre ; so that the upper surface has a distinctly spotted
appearance, here and there relieved with a wash of orange-buff where
the bases show ; wing-coverts rather greyer than the back, but
spotted in the same manner, the median and greater series rich
orange-buff, only varied with the greyish vermiculations towards the
tips of the feathers, which are largely mottled with brown on the
outer webs ; quills rich orange-buff on the outer, mottled with brown
and vermiculated with greyish near the tips of the feathers, all of
which are barred across with dark brown, the inner webs duskier,
and the light interspaces obscured with brown mottlings ; the secon-
daries externally varied with greyish vermiculations exactly like the
back, which the innermost secondaries precisely resemble; tail orange-
buff, tipped with greyish white and mottled with dark brown vermi-
culations on the interspaces, the dark brown bars five in number ;
facial disk white ; the lores and plumes in front of the eye rufous,
those immediately in front of the latter black ; feathers of the ruff
rufous orange, barred and tipped with brown vermiculations ; the
gular plumes white, tipped with brown and subterminally washed
with orange rufous ; throat white ; the rest of the under surface rich
orange-buff, slightly washed with silvery white in the centre of the
body ; the lower abdomen also whitish, all the lower parts marked
with triangular spots of brown, the subterminal spots being the
largest, the chest at the same time slightly varied with indistinct
zigzag bars of brown, all the spots vanishing on the under tail-coverts ;
the under wing-coverts rich orange-rufous, spotted with brown like
the breast, some of the feathers washed with silvery white, the lower
series yellowish white at base, ashy brown at tip, forming a wing-bar
and resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are yellowish at
base of inner web and barred with ashy brown, these bars disappear-
ing towards the tips, which are entirely ashy brown. Total length
17 inches, wing 12'9, tail 6-3, tarsus 2-85.

Obs. Another specimen, collected by Dr. Meyer, measures as
foUows — total length 18 inches, wing 13, tail 6-5, tarsus 2-9. It
is very much the same in colour as the one described, but is darker,
so that the white spots show everywhere more distinctly ; on the
underparts there are remains of circular bars on many of the fea-
thers, particularly those of the chest.

1. 8TBIX.

299

Hah. The entire world, ranging more rarely into the extreme
north, and absent in certain localities, such as New Zealand and
many groups of islands in Oceania and the Austro-Malayan sub-
region, the Falkland Islands, &c.

PAL^ARCTIC REGION.

«, b. PuU. St.

c. Ad. sk.

d, e. Pull. St.
/. (S ad. st.
y. 2 ad. st.
h. Ad. st.

i. cf ad sk.
k. 5 ad. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.

m. Ad. st.
n. Ad. st.
o. Pull. St.
p. Ad. St.

q. 2 ad. St.
r. 5 ad. sk.

s. Ad. st.
t. Ad. sk.
u. Ad. sk.
V. Ad. sk.

w. Ad. sk.
X. Ad. St.
y. Ad. st.

s. c? ad. St.

n'. J' ad sk.
//. $ ad. sk,

c. Ad.

d'. Ad.

A. Geeat Britain.

a. Liyht phase.
England.
England.
Cambridgeshire.
Cambridgeshire.
Cambridgeshire.
Cambridgeshire.
Shropshire, J'eb. 16, 1869.
Shropshire, Oct. 16, 1868.
Sarsden, Oxon, Nov. 18,

1869.
Essex.

Combe Wood, Surrey.
Devonshire.
Devonshire.

/3. Dark phase.
Esher, Surrey, winter of

1869.
Sarsden, Oxon, Nov. 18,

1868.

Mr. J. Baker [C.
Mr. J. Baker [C.
Mr. J. Baker [C.
Mr. J. Clarke [Cj.
J. Gould, Esq. "
J. Gould, Esq.
J. Gould, Esq.

H. Doubleday, Esq. [P.].
Mr. Leadbeater [P.].

Colonel Montagu [P.].

F. Bond, Esq. [P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

France.
France.
Near Paris.
Nice.

B. France.
a. Light phase.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

c.^
c.

M. A. Bouvier
M. A. Bouvier
M. A. Bouvier

[R].

France.
France.
Near Paris.

0. Dark phase.

M. A. Bouvier [C.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [

C. Germany.
a. Light phase.
Westphalia.

i3. Dark phase.
Schleswig.
Schleswig, July 26, 1870.

D. Spain.
Granada, S. Spain.

E. Marocco.
a. Light phase.
Tangier.

Howard Saunders, Esq. [0.].

Howard Saunders, Esq. [CI.
Howard Saunders, Esq. [C.].

Howard Saunders, Esq. [0.].
Signor Olccse fC.].

300 SIRIGTD.-E.

/S. Dark phase.
e',f, g'. Ad. sk. Tangier. Signor Olcese [C.].

r. Egypt.

a. Light fhase.

A'. Ad. St. Egypt. W.B.D.Tumbull,Esct.[P.].

G. Arabia.
a. Light phase,
i. Ad. sk. Red Sea, off Aden. Purchased.

ETHIOPIAN REGION.
H. West Africa.
a. Light phase,
k'. Ad. sk. River Gambia, Purchased.

(3. Dark phase.
I'. Ad. sk. Cape-Verd peninsula. M. A. Marche [C.].

y. Strix insularis.
m'. Ad. sk. "West Africa"*. Rev. D. F. Morgan [P.].

I. Cape-Verd Islands. (Strix insularis, Pelz.)
n'. Ad. sk. Cape-Verd Islands. M. A. Bouvier [CI

o'. Ad. sk. Cape-Verd Islands. M. A. Bouvier [C.].

p'. cJ ad. sk. Porto Praya, Santiago, Charles Darwin, Esq. [C.].

Cape - ^"erd Islands,

Jan. 25, 1822.

K. South Africa.

(.S'. poends.')

Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.
5 ad. sk.
Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.

River Quanza, Angola.
Tette, Zambesi.
Transvaal Republic.
South Africa.
South Africa.

J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.].
Dr. Kirk [C.].
A. Foresman, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
E. L. Layard, Esq. [C. j.

L. Madagascar.

, cf ad. sk.
, Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.

N.E. Madagascar.

Madagascar.

Madagascar.

Heer Van Dam [C],

Purchased.

Purchased.

INDIAN REGION.

M. India. (Strt.v indica.)

Ad. sk.

India.

Colonel Cobbe [C.].

* Most of the Rev. Mr. Morgan's birds are from the river Gambia, and are
BO registered ; but to the present specimen the locality is not added ; and although
most of the other birds received at the same time are from the Gambia, I do
not think it right to affirm the Senegambian origin of this specimen (a true ^.
insularis), as Mr. Morgan mav, after all, have visited the Cape-Verd Islands.

]. STRII.

301

p. Ad. St.

India.

y. Ad. St.

India.

S. Ad. sk.

India.

f. Ad. sk.

India.

C Ad. sk.

Seetapore.

r;. Ad. sk.

Deccau.

e. Ad. St.

Nepal.

t, K, X. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

N. SlAM.

S ad. Bansrkok, March 28, 1872

(P. Conrad).

Dr. Burns [P.].
Capt. Johnstone [P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [C.].
J. Gould, Esq. [C.I.
J. Gould, Esq. [O.J.
Purchased.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq,

m.

R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].

0. Malaisia.

(Striv javanka.)

V. Ad. st.

Java.

Hon. E. I. Co. [P.].

f Ad. sk.

Lombock.

A. R. WaUace, Esq. [C],

o. c? ad. sk.
TT. Ad. sk.

p. Ad. sk.
(T. Ad. St.
T. Ad. sk.
V. 5 juv. sk.
<|). Ad. sk.
X- Ad. sk.
■^. Ad. sk.
Q). Ad. sk.
a. (S ^d. sk.

|3'. (5 ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.

Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.

('. Ad. sk.
7)'. Ad. St.
^'. 2 ad. St.
t'. Pull. sk.
k'. Pull. sk.

AUSTRALIAN REGION.

P. Celebes. {Strir rosenbergi.)

Makassar. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C],

Celebes. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.].

Q. Australia. (Sirix delicatula.}

a. Light phase.

Australia.

Australia.

Moreton Island.

Brisbane River.

Queensland.

N.W. Australia.

Albert River, Aug. 30, 1856.

N.W. Australia, Jan. 1856.

N.W. Australia, Feb. 5,

1856.
Victoria River, Feb. 1856.
W. Australia.

/3. Dark }}hase.

Australia.

Interior of S. Australia.

Purchased.

Lady Carington [P.].

Capt. Stanley [P.].

M. A. Bouvier.

M. A. Bouvier.

J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.].

J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.].

J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.J.

J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.J.

J. R. Elsey, Esq. [PA
[Collector unknown.]

M. A. Bouvier.

Capt. Sturt [C.].

R. Oceania.
Samoan Islands.
Ovalau Island.
Ovalau Island.
Fiji Islands.
M'bau Island, Fiji group.

(Strix Itdti.)

J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
Rev. J. B. Stair [P.].
Rev. J. B. Stair [P.].
J. Brenchley, Esq. [P.].
J. Brenchley, Esq. [P.J.

X'. Ad. St.

NEARCTIC REGION.
S. North America.
a. Light phase. (S. pratincola.)
North America. Sir E. Parry [P.].

30

2

ST-RIBTDM.

m'-

Ad. St.

North America.

E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]

v'.

Ad. sk.

Canada.

Purchased.

f.

Ad. St.

Rio Sacramento, California.

Admiral Sir E. Belcher [P.]

o'.

2 ad. sk.

California.

Purchased.

7r'.

Ad. sk.

California.

Purchased.

p'l

a-'. Ad. sk.

San Auo:el, California.

Purchased.

r 7

t'.

Ad. sk.

Valley of Mexico.

M. A. Bouvier.

V.

cJ ad. sk.

Mexico.

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

4>'

Ad. sk.

Mexico.

Purchased.

x'-

Ad. sk.

Guatemala.

M. A. Bouvier.

^'

Ad. sk.

Costa Rica.

Purchased.

10.

Ad. sk.

Costa Rica.

Purchased.

p. Dark race. (Strix guatemalse.)

a"

Ad. sk.

Mexico.

Purchased.

b"

Ad. sk.

Veragua.

M. E. Arc^ [C.I

c"

Ad. 8k.

Veragua.

M. E. Arce [C
M. E. Arc^ [C

d"

Ad. sk.

Veragua.

•

e". Ad. sk.

/'. Ad. sk.;
g". Ad. sk.

h". Ad. sk.
i". Ad. sk.
k". Juv. sk
f. Ad. St.

m". Ad. sk.
n". Ad. sk.
o". 2 ad. sk.

NEOTROPICAL REGION.

T. Guiana.
Cayenne. H. C. Rothery, Esq. [P.].

U. Columbia.

Bogota.
Bogota.

V. Brazil.

Brazil.
Bahia.
Bahia.
Bahia Blanca.

W. Chili.

Chili.

Santiago, Chili.
Santiago, Chili.

Purchased.
Purchased.

M. Claussen [PJ.
Dr. Wucherer [C.l.
Dr. Wucherer [C.J.
C. Darwin, Esq. [C.].

Purchased.

E. C. Reed, Esq. [P.l.

E. C. Reed, Esq. [P.J.

WEST INDIES.
X. Jamaica. {Strix furcata.')

p". Ad. St. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [CI

q". Ad. sk. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.J.

r". c? ad. sk Jamaica. Purchased.

s". 2 8.d. sk. Jamaica. Purchased.

y. St. Domingo. (Strix glaucops.')
t". Ad. St. S. Domingo. M. A. Sall^ [C.].

u". Ad. st. S. Domingo.

Z. Galapagos Islands. (S. punctatissima).

x". Ad. st. James Island, Galapagos. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral

Fitzroy [P.].

y"

. Skeleton.

England.

z''.

Sternum.

England.

a".

Sternum.

England.

fi"

. Sternum.

England.

y"'

. Sternum.

England.

8".

2 skeleton.

S. Germany.

e",

,C d 2 skulls.

S. Germany.

V"'

, Skeleton.

Nepal.

6"

. Skull.

Egypt.

1. STHIX. 303

Osteological Specimens.

Mr. E. Gerrard [P.].

T. IngaU, Esq. [P.].

J. Ray, Esq. [P.].

Purchased.

W. Yarrell, Esq. [P.].

Dr. Giinther [CI.

Dr. Gunther [C. J.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

Dr. Christie [P.].

2. Strix novae hollandiae.

Mouse Owl, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 358.

Strix noTse hollandiae, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 61 (ex Lath.) ;

Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 181 ; Gould, Hamlb. B. Austr. i. p. 64 ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 53.
Strix personata, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 60 ; Gould, Syn. B. Austr.

pt. 3, pi. 49. fig. 1 ; id. B. Austr. i. pi. 29 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 41 ;

Sturt, E.vp. Centr. Austr. iii. App. p. 16; Bp. Consp. i. p. 54;

Schl. 3Ius. P.-B. Striges, p. 6.
Strix Cyclops, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1836, p. 140 ; id. Syn. B. Austr. pt. 3,

pi. 50. fig. 2 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 41.
Dactylostrix personata, Kaup, Isis, 1848, p. 770 ; id. Contr. Orn.

1852, p. 119; id. Tr. Z. S. 1852, p. 249.

Adult (light phase). General colour golden buiF, mottled with
black and white, the tips of the feathers being black, thickly spotted
in an irregular manner with white, the scapulars barred externally
with blackish ; the hind neck rather paler and more yellow ; crown
of head greyish black, thickly spotted with white ; wing-coverts
coloured exactly like the back, and mottled in the same manner ;
primary-coverts deep orange, tipped with white, barred with blackish
brown, and mottled with the latter colour at the tip ; quills orange-
buif, barred with dark brown, the buff interspaces mottled with
brown markings on the outer margin, and especially so on the inner
web, which is much more dusky ; the secondaries externally mottled
with greyish white, and tipped with white, distinctly barred across
with blackish brown ; tail-feathers golden buff, tipped slightly with
white, crossed with six bai's of dark brown, the last one obscured by
the blackish mottling at the tip of the feathers, which is here very
distinct, aU the interspaces also being mottled with black and white
vermiculations ; facial aspect white, slightly tinged with rufous
round the eye, the feathers in front of the latter black ; feathers of
the ruff orange, with minute little tips of black to the upper ones,
the lower ones paler buff; the gular plumes whitish, all distinctly
tipped with blackish brown, forming a very distinct fringe to the
face ; under surface of body pure white, slightly tinged with buff on
the chest, the latter, as well as the throat, minutely spotted with
brown, these spots becoming larger on the lower breast and abdomen,
and forming horseshoe bars on the flanks ; under tail-coverts
white, with a few dusky blackish subterminal spots ; leg-feathers
white, indistinctly barred with duU brown ; under wing-coverts

304 STRIGID^.

wMte, slightly washed with orange and spotted with hlack, as also
are the axiUaries, the lower series white, tipped with ashy brown,
forming a small wing-bar, and resembling the inner lining of the
quills, which are white below, barred with pale ashy brown. Total
length 15-5 inches, wing 13-4, tail 6, tarsvis 2-55.

Adult (dark phase). General colour above greyish black, the
feathers distinctly spotted with white, generally along the shaft and
at the tip of the feathers, which are also speckled all over with
whitish ; the upper surface very slightly varied with orange-buif, a
few of the bases of the feathers which are of this colour showing
through here and there ; the scapulars externally orange-buff barred
with blackish, and forming an indistinct shoulder-patch ; wing-
coverts coloured like the back, the spots being distinct on the least
and median series, but less visible on the greater coverts, which are
like the quills ; the latter are duU brown, everywhere thickly and
coarsely mottled with greyish white ; all the quills barred across
with dark brown, the secondaries tipped with white ; tail greyish,
thickly mottled with coarse vermiculations of dark brown, and
crossed with six bands of the latter colour ; facial aspect chestnut,
inclining to whitish on the hinder margins of the disk, and especially
on the lower parts, the feathers around and in front of the eye
black ; feathers of the ruff deep orange-buff, tipped with brown ; the
gular plumes white, tipped with the same colour ; chin whitish ;
rest of under surface orange-buff, gradually shading off into white
on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, the latter marked with
brown near the tips ; all the breast-feathers spotted with brown, the
tips being white ; on the sides of the body the markings more
irregular and larger, being in the form of bars on the flanks ; leg-
feathers whitish, washed with orange on the tarsus, with indistinct
bars of ashy brown ; under wing-coverts rich orange, spotted with
black and tipped with white ; axillaries white, washed with orange
and barred across with blackish, the lower series whitish, tipped
with ashy brown, thus resembling the inner lining of the wing,
which is whitish, barred with ashy brown, and much mottled with
the same towards the tip ; bill pale horn-colour ; toes yellow. Total
length 18 inches, wing 13-8, tail 7, tarsus 3.

Hah. Australia.

ft. Ad. sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.I.

b. Ad. sk. Australia. Rev. A. Strong f P.].

c. Ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Queensland. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Queensland. M. A. Bouvier.

/. Ad. sk. Interior of Queensland. J. B. White, Esq. [CJ.

V/. Juv. sk. Interior of Queensland. J. B. White, Esq. [0.].

h. Juv. sk. W. Australia.

i, k. Ad. st. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers, R.N. [P.].

/. Ad. St. Australia. Lady Carington [P.].

Subsp. a. Strix castanops.
Strix castanops, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 140 j id. St/n. B. Aiistr.

1. STKIX. 305

pt. 3, pi. 49. fig. 2 ; id. B. Attstr. i. pi. 28 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 41 ;
Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 64; Strickl. Orn. Syn. t). 181; Schl. Mus. P.-B.
Strjges, p. 7 ; Gould, Handh. B. Ausb\ i. p. 02 ; Bigqles, Oni.
Austr. pi. — ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 53.
Dcactvlostrix castanops, Kaiip, Co»fr. Orn. 18.")2, p 119- id Tr Z S
iv. p. 248. ' • . . .

_ AdvU. General colour above chocolate-brown, with a very few
zigzag lines of white on the feathers of the upper surface, most of
which have also a tiny arrow-head spot of white near the tip, these
spots extremely small on the head and hind neck ; all the upper sur-
face varied here and there with rich golden buff, wherever the bases
of the feathers shoAv through, many of them being barred with this
colour, especially on the outer aspect of the scapulars, where they
form a kind of shoulder-patch ; wing-coverts a little darker than
tlie back, but marked in the same manner, the golden buff colour
not showing very plainly, except on the- outermost coverts and
bastard wing; primary-coverts deep chocolate-brown, irregularlv
barred with orange-buff, and slightly vermiculated with whitish
lines near the tips; quills dark brown, indistinctly barred with
golden birff, inclining to fulvous on the inner web," all these buff-
coloured bars more or less obscured with brown mottlings ; tail
dark brown, crossed with about six distinguishable bars oi^ golden
buff, plainer than on the wings, but yet more or less obscured with
brown mottlings, especially towards the tips ; facial aspect light
chestnut, the feathers in front of the eye black, the loral plumes also
slightly tipped with black ; facial ruff deep golden orange, with a
mesial spot of dark brown near the tip, becoming broadly tipped
with brown on the lower part behind the eai'-coverts, the o-ular
plumes more rufescent but not so broadly tipped with brown ;^ rest
of under surface of body golden buff, the chest-feathers ' with
a double spot of blackish near the tips, the flanks with larger
horseshoe bars of blackish, broader but less distinct at the tips of
the under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries very deep
golden buff, spotted at the tips with brown like the chest, the" lower
series ashy brown, M'hitish at base, resembling the inner lining of
the quills, which are ashy brown below, barred with yellowish white
near the base of the inner webs ; bill yellowish brown ; feet light
yellow. Total length 21 inches, wing 15-2, tail 7, tarsus 3-2.

Obs. S. castanops is a large, permanently dark form of 8. nova:
hoTlandicF-, to the dark race of which it is very closely allied. The
only differences are, in fact, the large size and the number of tail-
bands, which sometimes amount to as many as eight. A comparison
of a series of specimens of S. novcp JioUamh'ce and S. castanopx o-ives
the following result : — "

Total
length. Wi„„ j,,ji Tarsus. Mid. toe

m.

S.novfP Iwllandicp.. 13-5-17 12-0-13-n 5-8-6-0 2-55-3-1 ]-5-i-9
.S'. ca.^fanops 15-5-20 14-4-14-8 6-9-8-0 2-95-3-25 1-95-2.15

At the same time, light- coloured individuals of the Tasmanian

VOL. II. J

'30G STKIGID.E.

bird are found, which in phimage are not to he told from true Strix
novce hollaiidue; and therefore I cannot grant full specific value to
S. castanops.

Hal). Van Diemen's Land.

rt. Ad. sk. Van Diemen's liiiud.

b. Ad. sk. Van Diemen's Land. Lord Lilford.

c. Ad. St. Van Diemen's Land.

d. Ad. St. Van Diemen's Land. Purchased.

c. Ad. St. Van Diemen's Land. .\ntarctic Expedition [C.].

3. Strix tenehricosa.

Strix tenebricosus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 80 ; id. B. Aiisir. pi. 30 ;
Bp. Comp. i. p. 54 ; SlricU. Orn. Syn. p. LS2 ; Schl. Mus. P.-B.
Striges, p. 7 ; Gould, Ilandh. B. Attstr. i. p. 65, Grai/, Hand-l. B.
i. p. 53.

Adult. General colour smoky bro\ra, distinctly spotted with white,
more largely on the back and scapulars ; on the head and hind neck
remain traces of ashy white vermiculations, nearly obsolete or en-
tirely disappearing on the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, the
latter being almost uniform brown, with spots of white here and
there ; primary-coverts uniform brown, excepting for a few white
mottlings at the tip ; quills dark brown, faintly mottled with
whitish vermiculations on the outer web ; the secondaries darker,
especially the innermost, which have distinct spots of white like the
back ; tail dark brown, the two centre feathers with a distinct spot
of white at the tip, and mottled with whitish vermiculations, dis-
appearing on the outer rectrices, which have traces of darker brown
bars on the inner web ; face pale smoky brown, the bases to the
feathers white, all the plumes round the eye dark brown ; feathers
of the ruff creamy white, tipped with chocolate-brown and having
concealed marldngs of the same, the latter disappeacing on the gular
feathers ; general colour of under surface smoky brown, the feathers
barred across with whitish, and having a distinct diamond-shaped
spot of white at the tip ; the abdomen and leg-feathers whitish,
barred with dusky brown, disappearing on the under tail-coverts,
which are almost entirely white ; uiuler wing-coverts and axillaries
whitish, barred with dull brown, those near the edge of the wing
nearly entirely brown, the lower series pale greyish bro-mi, like the
inner lining of the primaries ; bill horn-colour ; feet yellowish ; iris
dark brown. Total length 17-5 inches, wing 12-9, tail 7, tarsus 3.

A similar specimen sent from the neighbourhood of Brisbane is
probably a male. It differs from the one described principally in
having more distinct white vermiculations on the upper surface,
forming distinct zigzag bars on the tail ; all the white terminal
spots are at the same time very distinct. Total length 14-5 inches,
wing 11-7, tail 5-7, tarsus 2-6.

Hah. Australia.

1. SJK1.X. 307

a. Ad. St. Australia. Lady Caringtoa [P.J.

b. Ad. sk. Interior of Queensland. J. B. White, Esq. [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Near Brisbane, Queensland. M. A. Bouvier.

4. Strix capensis.

Strix capensis, Smith, S.-Afr. Q. Juuni. 2ud ser. no. 4, pt. 1, p. 317 ;

id. III. Inch Zool. pi. xlv. ; Gnuj, Gen. B. i. p. 41 ; Bp. Coitsp. i.

p. 55 ; Strickl. Oni. Si/n. p. 182 ; Schl. Mus. I'.-B. Strides, p. 6 ;

Ldi/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 44 ; .S/(«/7;e, ed. Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 81.
Strix punctata, Licfit. Nomencl. Av. p. 6 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 53.
Aluco punctata, Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 66.

Adult. Above pale brown, darker on the -n-ings, and much lighter
on the head and neck, aU the upper surface di-stinctly spotted with
white, the scapulars and some of the wing-coverts externally washed
with orange-buff, the least wing-coverts and those along the edge
of the wing almost entirely bright orange-buff; primary-coverts
uniform dark brown, only varied with buff at base ; quills brown,
barred across with darker brown, more numerously on the secon-
daries, which have a slight spot of white at the tips, and are much
varied with orange-buff, especially near the base ; the primaries less
varied on the inner webs, but the external interspaces are largely
marked with golden buff, gradually clearer and less vermiculatedwith
brown towards the base: lower surface of wing buffy white, in-
clining to brown towards the tips, the secondaries also banded mth
brown below; tail brown, the two centre feathers uniform, the
others barred with dull brown, the interspaces more or less washed
with orange-buff, increasing in extent towards the outer tail-
feathers, which are light orange-buff, inclining to whitish at tip,
and barred with brown ; forehead dull brown Hke crown of head ;
face fulvous, washed with rufous, deeper and inclining to black
round the eye ; facial disk light orange-buff, the upper part minutely
spotted and the lower part broadly tipped with dark brown ; sides
of face and of neck, as well as entLre under surface of body, bright
orange-buff, spotted with brown, those on the sides of the neck and
flank's rather larger and somewhat of a horseshoe shape ; the under
wing-coverts spotted like the breast, the tibial plumes and under
tail-coverts less spotted ; eye black. Total length 18 inches, cul-
men 1-7, wing 136, tail 5-8, tarsus 3-3.

Young. Yerj- similar to the adult, but darker, especially on the
face, which is'duU rufous, the facial disk also dark brown on the
upper part ; the breast very distinctly spotted ; the down (remains
of which adhere) is of a greyish fulvous.

Ilab. Southern Africa.
ft. Ad. St. South Africa. South-African Museum [P.].

Type of species.
h. Ad. st. South Africa. South-African Museum TP.].

r. i'ull. St. South Africa. South- African Museum [P.].

</ r. .'skeletons. South Africa. Zoological Society.

308 sxRiGiD-i;.

5. Strix Candida.

Gould, B. Asia, part xxiv.
Strix longimemtris, Jerdon, 3Iadr. Juurn. x. p. 86 ; Gray, Gen. B. i.

p. 41.
Glaux Candida, Bh/th, J. A. S. B. xix. p. 513 ; Ball, Sir. F. 1874,

p. 381 ; Hiiinc, Xests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 60.
Glaux jaTanica, Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 42.
Scelostrix caudida, Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 248; Bhjfh, Ibis, 1866,

p. 2-51 ; Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 345 ; Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix.

p. 145.
Strix amauronota, Cah. J. f. O. 1866, p. 9, et 1872, p. 316 ; Grag,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 52.
Strix pithecops, Swinh. Ibis, 1866, pp. 396, 397 ; Grag, Hand-l. B.

i. p. 53.
Strix walleri, Diggles, Orn. Austr. pi. — ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 52.

Nestling. Covered with long filamentous down of a dull orange-
buff coloiu' ; the feathers of the upper part, as far as developed, of a
dark blown colour, spotted near the end of the shaft of the feathers
with white, the basal part of the dorsal plumes bright orange.

Adult. Above dark brown, the feathers with black shafts and
miuutel}' spotted with a subterminal mark of white, very small on
the dorsal feathers and rather larger on the scapulars, the bases to
the plumes orange-buff, extending for some distance upwards, and
sometimes forming indistinct bars, the tips of the scapulars pro-
fusely mottled with greyish ; wing-coverts dark brown, with very
small white spots, the least coverts orange-buff, minutely spotted
with brown, the greater series orange-buff at base on outer web,
white on the inner, mottled with brown towards the tip, the outer
edge of the wing white, with minute brown spots, the primary-
coverts dark brown, orange-buff at base ; quills orange-buff', brown
at tip and on outer web, inclining to whitish on the inner one, aU
the quills barred with darker brown on outer web, extending nearly
across the inner web on the primaries ; tail whitish, slightly tinged
with buff, and mottled at tip with greyish brown, the middle feathers
crossed with foiu- brown bars, the other ones with three, the latter
not completely traversing the feather, and almost obsolete on the
outermost one ; entire face and sides of neck white, the latter with
tiny spots of brown ; feathers in front of the eye blackish, forming
a patch ; facial ruff' entirely white, with narrow and almost obsolete
brown shaft-stripes ; under surface of body pure white, the chest,
abdomen thighs, and under tail-coverts unspotted, the breast
minutely spotted with brown, the spots larger and more arrow-
shaped on the under wing-coverts and axillaries ; inner lining of
■wing white, inclining to brown at tips of feathers, which are gra-
dually notched with dark brown towards their extremities ; biU
horny ; legs livid ; iris very dark brown. Total length 14-5 inches,
culmcn 1-8, wing 13-3, tail 5-o, tarsus 3-1.

2. PHODILUS. 309

Ohs. S. pithecops of Formosa does not seem to be a distinct spe-
cies ; and Mr. Swinhoe in his last list of Chinese birds unites it to
S. Candida. The specimen in the Museum differs from Indian ex-
amples only in its rather larger size, and in having five bands on
the centre tail-feathers ; the greater series of under wing-coverts
also are barred across with greyish brown. None of these charac-
ters, however, are of specific importance in the genus Strix.

Hub. India, Indo-Chinese subregion and Formosa ; Philippine
Islands ; N. Australia.

a. Ad. sk. India. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

b. Ad. st. Madras. Dr. Jerdon [P.].

c. d. Ad. sk. Upper Assam {Dr. Meid). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
e. Pull. sk. Tenasserim. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

/. Pull. sk. Philippine Islands. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

g. Ad. sk. Formosa. K. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

2. PHODILUS.

lype.

Phodilus, Isid. Geof. SL-IIilcdre, Ann. Sc. Nat. xxi. p. 200

(1830) P. badius.

Range. Eastern Himalayas, ranging through Burmah and Pegu ;
Ceylon ; Java ; Borneo.

1. Phodilus badius.

Strix badia, iZors/". Zoul. Research. Java, -^X. 37; Tenun. Fl. Col. i.
pi. 318 ; Less. Traite, p. 112.

Phodilus badius, Isid. Geoff. St.-Hd. Ann. Sc. xxi. p. 201 ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 42, pi. 15. tig. 1 ; Bhjth, Cat. B. Mas. A. .S'. B. p. 41 ;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 55 : Kaap, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 118; id. Tr. Z. S.
iv. p. 245 ; Mottl. tf Dillw. N. H. Labiian, p. 8 ; Horsf. S,- Moore,
Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 80 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 183 ; Jerd.
B. Ind. i. p. 119; Scl. P. Z. <S'. 1803, p. 207; Btyth, Ibis, 1866,
p. 251 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 26 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 52 ; Gotdd,
B. Asia, pi. xxii. ; Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 3G5 ; Hume, Rough Notes,
ii. p. 346; id. Str. F. 1873, p. 429; Sahud. Ucc. Born. p. 21.

Ulula badia, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Striges, p. 23.

? Phodilus nipalensis, IIu7ne, Str. F. 1875, p. 37*.

Adult male. Above rufous bay, the crown of the head rather
darker, and separated from the back by the interscapular^- region,
which is deep orange-buff, sparsely spotted with dark brown ; on
the occiput a few feathers of orange-buft', minutely spotted with
dark brown ; the remainder of the upper surface dotted here and
there with brown specks, and relieved on some of the scapulars and
wing-coverts with lines of white running along the shafts of the
feathers ; the median and greater coverts -svith concealed blackish
bars near the base of inner web, the exterior greater and primary-
coverts mottled with blackish on their inner webs, the exterior
feather of each series chequered alternately with white spots and
black bars; quills bright bay, barred with blackish on the inner

* Phodilus )ii2)ale>isis of Grar is Scops spilocephahrs. Blvth 1 ( Jlde supra
p. 63.)

310 STIUGID-E.

web, these bars almost obsolete on the secondaries, the outermost
chequered with white on outer web and barred with deep black
very distinctly, the under surface of the wing dull rufous, the cross
bars very distinct ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform
bay, with vciy indistinct brown spots and very sUght indications of
white streaks ; tail deep chestnut-bay, crossed with five or six blackish
bars, gradually disappearing towards the tips ; frontal feathers and
face dull whitish, with a certain pinkish shade, especially on the former;
feathers round and in front of the eye deep chestnut ; facial ruff deep
chestnut, with bufiy- white bases to the feathers and narrow blackish
subterminal bars, the lower part of the ruff more varied, being
whitish tij^ped with chestnut, and subterminaUy barred with black,
aU in strong contrast ; above the eye, over the summit of the ruff, a
conspicuous tuft of whitish feathers ; under surface of body golden
buff on breast, slightly washed with pinkish, the abdomen and flanks
more decidedly glossed with a pale vinous pink shade, inclining to
huffy white on the vent and under tail-coverts ; the breast sparsely
spotted with duU brown, becoming rather larger and darker on the
abdomen and flanks ; under wing-coverts orange-buff, shaded with
chestnut, forming a large patch near the outer edge of the wing,
the greater series buffy white, excepting the outermost, which are
spotted with dusky blackish in the form of bars ; tarsus buffy white,
unspotted ; bill yellowish ; toes brown ; claws yellowish ; iris black.
Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 7'3, tail 3-1, tarsus 1-9.

Adult female. Decidedly larger than the male. Total length 13-5
inches, wing 8, tail 3-4, tarsus 2.

Obs. Mr. Hume is not sure of the specific identity of the Phodili
from all the localities mentioned. Writing on a Ceylouese example
he obser\-es : — " The Ceylon bird differs from the Nepal race in its
somewhat smaller size, in the much closer and darker banding of
the lower surface of the quills, in the dark brown patch on the wing-
lining at the base of the first two or three primaries (this patch
being bright chestnut in the Nepal bird), in the dark brownish tint
of the lesser wing-coverts along the ulna and of the whole crown,
in the conspicuous black banding (almost obsolete in the Nepal bird)
of the outer webs of the quills, in the much closer banding of the
tail, and in the darker tint of the back, and especially of the lower
part of it ; in fact the bird seems referable rather to the Malayan
than the Himalayan race."

Hah. The same as that of the genus.

a. S ad. St. Java. Hon. East-India Co. [P.].

b. 2 ad. st. Java. Zoological Society.

c. $ ad. st. .lava. Earl of Ellenborough [P.].

d. S ad. sk. Sarawak, Borneo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

e. 2 ad. sk. India (Jerdon). J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

ADDENDA.

Page 14. Bubo ignavus.
(). c? ad. sk. Granada, Spain. Howard Saunders, Esq. [C.].

Page 30. Bubo maculosus.
/. Ad. sk. Kroonstadt, Orange-Tree State. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [C.].

Page 47. Scops giu.

t. Pull. sk. Granada, S. Spain. Howard Saunders, Esq. [C.].

M. % ad. sk. Malaga, S. Spain. Howard Saunders, Esq. [C.].

Page 53. Scops pennatus.

a. Bones, various. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

Page 63. Insert the following species, the type of which has been
kindly lent by Dr. Finsch : —

1*. Scops leucopsis.

Athene leucopsis, Haril. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 496; id. Beitr. Orn. W.-
Afr. p. 16, pi. 1 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 43 ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 171 ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 40.

Scops "leucopsis, Kemp, Contr. Orn. 1S52, p. Ill ; id. Tr. Z. S. iv.
p. 224; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 20.^ _

Glaucidium leucopse, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 259.

Adult (type of species). General colour above dark brown, mottled
with sandy rufous, with which all the feathers of the upper surface are
very coarsely vermiculated ; on the head and neck a triple set of bands,
one across the occiput, very faintly inflicated by a few whitish bands
to some of the feathers ; on the nape a second band of tawny fea-
thers relieved by a few white spots ; on the hind neck a clearer band
caused by the buff or huffy -M'hite bauds, which are on most of the
feathers ; white scapular spots very distinct and large, the outer
web of many of the feathers being entirely white with a black tip ;
least wing-covcrts blackish, with vermiculations of sandy rufous, the
markings on the median and greater series much coarser, with broad
white tips like the scapulars, preceded by sandy mottlings : primary-

;jl2 ADDENDA.

coverts uniform blackish brown ; quills brown, externally notched
and mottled with sandy rufous or white ; the secondaries blackish,
everywhere mottled and vermiculated with sandy rufous like the
back ; tail brown, copiouslj- mottled and vermiculated with pale
sandy rufous, clearer at the tip, the outer feathers vermiculated on
the outer web and narrowly banded on the inner one with sandy
rufous ; lores and a broad band over the fore part of the eye white,
the feathers of the former very full and having the shafts produced
into black bristles, most of these feathers edged with rufous brown ;
plumes round the eye chestnut, with narrow whitish shaft-streaks ;
ear-coverts whitish, with concentric bars of rufous and black ; ear-
tufts coloured like the head ; facial ruff white, many of the upper fea-
thers behind the ear-coverts barred with tawny and more narrowly
with brown cross lines, the lower part of the ruff under the chin
white, with a few narrow blackish cross lines ; chin-feathers pure
white ; general aspect of under surface sandy rufous, many of the
feathers with a distinct central streak of black, all the feathers ver-
miculated with dark brown bars and broadly barred with wliite, the
latter prevailing on the flank-feathers, which arc almost entirely
white with sandy-rufous bars ; the centre of the abdomen pure white ;
the under tail-coverts white, washed with tawny, and mesially
streaked with black ; leg-feathers orange ; under wing-coverts buify
white, some of the outermost washed with tawny and mottled with
brown markings, the lower series tipped with ashy brown, and thus
resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are uniform ashy
below, inclining to fulvous near the base of the iuner web, the secon-
daries internally barred with fulvous ; bill horn-brown ; toes yel-
lowish. Total length 7'5 inches, wing 5-25, tail 2-8, tarsus 1-2.
(^Mus. Brem.)

This Scops Owl is perfectly intermediate between the S. giu group
and S. spUocepludus. It has the mottled upper surface of the latter
bird, but differs from this species in ha%'ing stripes on the under
surface. The flanks in >S.f/iit, cnpensis, and allies are white streaked
with black and crossed with narrow zigzag cross lines of black ; but
in S. lei(C02ms the flanks are white with broad sandy rufous cross
bars. The absence of streaks on the upper surface is also a character ;
and the ruff is white, with narrow black bars, but there is no black
ring marking the ruff as in S. giu.

The following modification in the synoptic table of Scops becomes
necessary : —

rt". Quills barred below witli
lighter vermiculations,
especially towards the
tips ; leg-feathers mi-
nutely spotted with
black ; upper surface of
body always with di-
stinct remains of
streaks ; flanks always
mottled with minute
wavv vermiculations

313

of black, g-enerally
•with distinct black

siiaft-streaks ()iu and allies, pp. 47-62.

U. Quills uniform below ;

leg-feathers uniform
bright orange ; upper
surface of body without
streaks ; flanks white ;
broadly barred across
•with orange, and with-
out central streaks . . lettcopsis, p. 311.

Page 69. Scops megalotis.
The affinities of this species are probably with Scops podarghius.

Page 85. Scops lettia.
a. Bones, various. Nepal. B. 11. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

Page 89. Scops elegans.
Erase Spec, a, -which is referred to S. eri/throcampa (p. 90).

Page 102. Insert the following species : —

Scops podarginus.

Noctua podargina, Ilartl. ^- Fimch, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 90; Fui^ch
Joum. Mus. Godefr. p. ii. pi. i. '

Ninox podargina, Sharpe, antea, p. 151, note.

This species -was referred by me to the genus Ntnox in the absence
of a personal examination of the specimen. Since the first sheets
of this volume were priilted, I have been favoured by the Museum
Godeffroy with the loan of the typical example, which is not in the
best condition. There can, however, be no doubt that the bird is a
Scops of the yellow-bUled group, and that its place will be found to
be next to /Scops balU and its allies. The following modification in
the synopsis (p. 47) is therefore necessary : —

c". Under surface very strongly vermiculated
with fine zigzag lines of blackish ; upper
surface of a rutous chocolate tint, spotted
■with rufous ochre; frontal band not very
broad.
e"'. Size large: wing 6-35 inches, tarsus 1-3,

middle toe 1 ; claws deep brown podarffi'mis,n.3l3,

/"". Size much smaller : wing 0-45 -5-6 inches,

tarsus 1-15, middle toe 0-8; claws yellow ballt, p. 100.

The following is a description oi Scops podarginus : —
Adult (type of species). General colour above chocolate-brown,
rather rufous in tint, everywhere obscurely mottled with blackish

314 ADDENDA.

vermiculations, and relieved by bars or diamond-shaped spots of
biiffy white ; scapulars with distinct spots of white on the outer
web ; the greater -ning-coverts also with some distinct diamond-
shaped spots of white ; quills brown, externally sandy rufous, lighter
than the back, the primaries with a few spots of buffy white on the
outer web ; the secondaries entirely sandy rufous at the tip, with a
few obscure rufous bands throughout the length of the feathers ;
upper tail- coverts coloured like the back, many of them barred
across with white or buffy white ; tail dark brown, sandy rufous at
tip, with more or less distinct rufous bands on the rest of the
feathers ; lores very full, buffy white, washed with rufous near the
tip, the black shaft-streaks produced; frontal plumes and a few
feathers over the fore part of the eye whitish, tipped and narrowly
barred with brown ; plumes round the eye rufous brown ; ear-
coverts sandy rufous, mesiaUy streaked with buffy white ; ruff ap-
parently sandy rufous, narrowly barred with black, and inclining
to buff near the base ; some of the lower plumes tipped with white
and subterminaUy barred with black ; under surface of body sandy
rufous, with narrow zigzag cross lines of black, most of the feathers
subtcrminally barred with white or tipped with a large diamond-
shaped spot of white, the flank-feathers distinctly barred with
whitish ; tarsi very scantily plumed, bare for more than the lower
haK, the plumes on the upper portion sandy rufous, with tiny bars
of dark brown ; under wing-coverts white, broadly barred with
black or brown, especially distinct on the edge of the wing ; bill
yellow ; feet dusky, claws dark brown. Total length 8-8 inches,
wing 6*35, tail 3'6, tarsus 1'3.

Hah. Pelew Islands.

This species is extremely like Scops lalU from the Andamans, a
species which, through Mr. Hume's kindness, I am able to compare
with it. It is, in fact, a large edition of it, but is apparently to be
distinguished by its dark brown claws and -big feet. Like S. halli
it has a very bare leg ; but the exact amount of feathering is rendered
a little difficult to determine by reason of the condition of the spe-
cimen, which has been mounted after having been preserved in
spirits. This fact accounts for the absence of ear-tufts (which,
however, I can distinguish a little). Mr. Keulemans's plate in the
Journal of the Museum Godeffroy does not represent the bird
well, as, like the original describers, he has mistaken it for a Ninox
or Noctua ; and the peculiar feathers which he has drawn on the
chest are, I beHeve, only two ordinary plumes of the ruff, rendered
conspicuous by the falling off of all the other overlying feathers in
the specimen.

Page 108. Scops brasilianus.
s. Ad. sk, Huiro, valley of Sta. Ana, W. Peru. II. Whitely, Esq. [P.].

Page 129. Sumia ulula.

a. 2 skeleton. Sweden. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

b. Skeleton. Sweden. Zoological Society.

ADDENDA. 315

Page 133. Carine noctua.

('iP- d 2 ad.sk. Malaga, S. Spain. Howard Saunders, Esq. [C.l.

q. (J juv. sk. Cordova, S. Spain. Howard Saunders, Esq. [C.l.

r. 2 JUV. sk. Sierra Huetor, Granada. Howard Saimders, Esq. [C.].

s. Skeleton. Europe. Pm-cliased.

t. Skeleton. Europe. Zoological Society.

Page 138. Carine brama.

7c. Ad. sk. Nazeerah, Upper Assam R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(Dr.J.Reid).
X. Bone.s, various. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

Page 142. Speotyto cunicularia.

a. Skeleton. Ecuador (Frase)-). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Page 154. Ninox lugubris.
a. Bones, various. Xepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Page 15G. Ninox scutulata.

r, s. Ad. sk. Nazeerali, Upper Assam R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{Dr. Reid).

t. Skeleton. Timor. Purchased.

u. Sternum. Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

Page 168. Ninox boobook.

a. Skeleton. Australia. Zoological Society.

Page 173. Ninox novsB zealandiae.

ff. Skeleton. New Zealand. Zoological Society.

Page 216. Glaucidinm castanoptemm.
a. Skeleton. Java. Purchased.

Page 217. Grlaucidium radiatum.

rt. Bones, various. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

Page 219. Grlaucidium cuculoides.
u. Bones, various. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

abietuiu (Nyctale), 284.
abyssinicus (Asio), 227.
abyssinicus (Otus), 227.
acadica (Noctua), 192.
acadica (Nyctala), 287.
acadica (Stris), 192, 287.
acadica (Surnia), 287.
acadicus (Scotophilus),

287.
acadiensis (Strix), 287.
accipitrinus (Asio), 234,

235.
accipitrinus (Stris), 234.
acclamator (Strix), 252.
Acnemis, 44.
adspersa (Strix), 292.
iEgolius, 284.
Kgolius (Brachyotus),235.
tegolius (Strix), 234.
atfinis (Athene), 156.
afSnis (Xinox), 155.
affinis (Strix), 293.
africana (Asio), 31.
africana (Strix), 31, 292.
afrioanus (.Egolius), 32.
africanus (Bubo), 27, 31,

32.
africanus (Otus), 31, 32.
agrarius (Brachyotus),

235.
agrarius (Otus), 234.
Aibryas, 12.
alba (Strix), 291.
albicollis (Otus), 227.
albifaoies (Atliene), 187.
albifacies (Sceloglaux),

187.
albifrons (Athene), 287.
albi Irons (Bubo), 287.
albifrons (Xyctale), 287.
albifrons (Scops), 287.
albifrons (Strix), 287.
albigulare (Syrnium),

270.
albigularis (Ciccaba), 270.
albigularis (Macabra),

270.
albigularis (Ulula), 270.
albipunctatum (Ciccaba),

albipunctatus (Nyctalati-

nus), 283.
albitarse (Ciccaba), 269.
albitarse (Syrnium), 269.
albiventris (Scops), 78.
albogulare (Syrnium),

270.
albomarginata (Strix),

275.
albomarginatum (Syr-
nium), 275.
albus (Bubo), 1 25.
aldrovandi (Scops), 47.
Aluco, 244, 290.
aluco (Aluco), 247.
aluco (Strix), 247.
aluco (Syrnium), 247-
aluco ( Ulula), 247.
amauronota (Strix), 308.
americana (Strix), 292.
americanus (Asio), 229.
americanus (Otus), 229,

231.
amherstti (Ptiloskelos),

38.
arboreus (Otus), 227.
arctica (Strix), 125, 227.
arcticus (Bubo), 19.
arcticus (Heliaptex), 19.
argentina (Ephialtes),

109.
argentina (Scops), 109.
aruensis (Athene), 181.
arueasis (Ninos), 181.
aruensis (Noctua), 181.
ascidabotes (Bubo), 28.
Ascalaphia, 12.
ascalaplius (Asio), 24.
ascalaphus (Bubo), 24,

27, 28.
asailaphus (Otus), 24.
ascalaphus (Strix), 24.
Asio, 225.
asio (Asio), 114.
asio (Bubo), 114.
asio (Ephialtes), 1 14.
asio (Megascops), 114.
asio (Otus), 114, 227.
asio (Scops), 47, 114, 117.

118.

asio, var. euano (Scojjs),

118.
asio, var. floridana

(Scops), 118.
asio, var. keuuicotti

(Scops), 117.
asio, var. maccaUii

(Scops), 119.
asio, var. semitorques

(Scops), 83.
asio (Strix), 114.
assimilis (Otus), 227.
Athene, 132.
atheniensis (Bubo), 15.
atricapilla (Ephialtes),

108.
atricapilla (Scops), 108.
atricapilla (Strix), 108.
atricapillus (Asio), 109.
auribarbis (Athene), 219.
auribarbis (Noctua), 219.
aurita (Otus), 227.
austriaca (Strix), 247.

bactriana (Athene), 135,

1.37.
bactriana (Carine), 135.
badia (Athene). 212.
badia (Strix), 309.
badius (Phodilus), 309.
bwdekeri (Nyctale), 285.
bakkamicna (Ephialtes),

67, 94.
bakkamaena (Scops), 54,

94.
bakkamuna (Strix), 292.
balli (Ephialtes), 100.
baUi (Scops), 100.
barbarus (Scops), 107.
barbata (Strix), 254.
barbata (Ulula), 254.
bengalensis (Ascalaphia),

26.
bengalensis (Bubo), 25,

27.
bengalensis (Otus), 25.
bengalensis (Urrua), 25.
blewitti (Heteroglaux),

141.
boobook (Athene), 168.

318

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

boobook (Ninox), l(i8.
boobook (Noctua), lOS.
boobook (Spiloglaus),

1G9.
boobook (Strix), 168.
boi'ealis (Surnia), 131.
borneensis (Athene), 156.
borneensis (Ninox), 157.
bouruensis (Scops), 73.
bouvieri (Scotopelia), 11.
Bracbyotus, 225.
brachyotus (jUgolius),

234.
brachyotus (Asio), 234.
brachyotus (Otus), 234.
bracbyotus (Strix), 234.
brachyotus (Ulula), 234.
brachyura (Strix), 234.
brama (Athene), 138.
brama (Carine), 138.
brama (Noctua), 138.
brama (Strix), 138.
brama (Surnia), 138.
brasiliana (Strix), 108.
brasihanus (Scops), 108,

112, 114.
brasilien.sis (Asio), 109.
brasiliensis (Ephialtes),
108.

brasiliensis (Otus), 109.

brasiliensis (Scops), 109.

bi-eviauris (Otus), 235.

brodiei (Athene), 212.

brodiei (Glaucidium),
212.

brodiei (Noctua), 212.

brodiei (Ta'nioptynx),
212.

brucei (Ephialtes), 62.

brucii (Scops), 62.

Bubo, 12, 225.

bubo (Asio), 15.

bubo (Bubo), 15.

Bubotus, 12.

Bulaca, 244.

californicum (Glauci-
dium), 194.

caligatum (Syrnium),281.

caligatus (Bubo), 281.

canadensis (Surnia), 131.

Candida (Glaux), 308.

Candida (Nyctea), 126.

Candida (Nyctia), 126.

Candida (Scelostrix), 308.

Candida (Strix), 125, 308.

caparacoch (Strix), 131.

Caparoch, 131.

capense (Glaucidium),
223.

capensis (vIDgolius), 240.

capensis (Asio), 239.
capensis (Athene), 223.
capensis (Bubo), 27.
capensis (Brachyotus),

239.
capensis (Carine), 223.
capensis (Ephialtes), 53.
capensis (Noctua), 223.
capensis (Otus), 239.
capensis (Phasmoptynx),

239.
capensis (Scops), 52.
capensis (Smithiglaux),

223.
capensis (Strix), 25, 27,

307.
capensis (T«nioglaux),

223.
capensis major (Otus),

240.
Carine, 1.32.
carnioliaca (Scops), 47.
carnioliaca (Strix), 47.
caspia (Strix), 234.
cassinii (Bracbyotus),

235.
cassinii (Otus), 235.
castaneonota (Athene),

215.
castanops (Dactylostrix),

305.
castanops (Strix), 305.
castanoptera (Athene),

216, 218.
castanoptera (Noctua),

216.
castanoptera (Strix), 216.
castanoptera (Ta^nio-

glaux), 216.
castanoijterum (Glauci-
dium), 216.
castanonota (Athene),

215.
castanonota (Noctua),

215.
castanonotum (Glauci-
dium), 215.
castanonotus (Tsenio-

glaux), 216.
cavearia (Mesomorpha),

25.
cavearia (Urrua), 25.
caveariiis (Bubo), 2(5.
cayennense (Syrnium),

272.
cayennensis (Athene),

272.
eayenncnsis (Ciccaba),

273.
cayennensis (Noctua),

cayennensis (Strix), 272.
Cephaloptynx, 151.
ceylonen8is(Bubo), 4.
ceylonensis (Ketupa), 4.
ceylonensis (Scops), 48.
ceylonensis (Strix), 48.
chilensis (Strix), 190.
Choliba, 108.
choliba (Ephialtes), 108.
choliba (Scops), 109.
choliba (Strix), 108.
Ciccaba, 244.
cinerascens (Bubo), 32.
cinerascens (Huhua), 32.
cinerascens (Otus), 32.
cinerea (Scotiaptex),253.
cinerea (Strix), 253.
cinerea (Ulula), 253,

254.
cinereum (Syrnium), 252,

254.
cinereum, Tar. lapponicum
(Syrnium), 254.

cinereus (Bubo), 17.

clamator (Bubo), 231.

clamator (Scops), 231.

cobanense (Glaucidium),
199.

communis (Otus), 227.

connivens (Athene), 176.

connivens (Buteo), 175.

connivens (Falco), 175.

connivens (Hieracoglaux),
176.

connivens (leroglaux),
176.

connivens (Ninox), 175.

connivens (Noctua), 176.

coromanda (Ascalaijhia),
35.

coromanda (Mesomor-
pha), 35.

coromanda (Strix), 35.

coromanda (Urrua), 35.

coromandus (Bubo), 35.

coromaudus (Otus), 35.

crassirostris (Asio), 19.

crassirostris (Bubo), 29.

crassirostris (Otus), 19.

crassirostris (Strix), 19.

cristata (Lophostrix),
122.

cristata (Scops), var.,
124.

cristata (Strix), 122.

cristatus (Ephialtes), 122.

cristatus (Scops), 122.

crucigera (Strix), 108.

Ctenoglaux, 151.

cuculoides (Athene), 219,
222.

ALVHABETIUAL INDEX.

319

cuculoides (Glaucidium),

219.
cuculoides (Noctua), 218,

219.
cuculoides (Toenioglaux),

220.
Cultrunguis, 4.
cunicularia (Athene),

143.
cunicularia (Noctua), 14o.
cunicularia (Nyctipetes),

143.
cunicularia (Otus), 143.
cunicularia (Pboleo-

ptjns), 143.
cunicularia (Speofyto),

142, 148.

cunicularia (Strix), 142.

cunicularia (Surnia), 143.

cunicularia (Ulula), 142.

cunicularia, Tar. cunicu-
laria (Spbeotyto), 143.

cmiicularia, var. grallaria

(Spheotyto), 143.
cunicularia, var. guade-

loupensis (Speotyto),

147.
cunicidaria, var. hypogaa

(Spheotyto), 143.
Cyclops (Stris), 303.

Dactylostris, 209.
dasypus (Nyctale), 285.
dasypus (Strix), 284.
davidi (Syrnium), 2,51.
decussata (Strix), 108.
delicatula (Aluco), 293.
delicatula (Strix), 292,

297.
dilloni (Bubo), 28.
dilloni (Nisuella), 28.
dimorpha (Athene), 175.
dimorplia (Ninox), 175.
doliata (Strix), 129.
dominicensis (Athene),

143.
dominicensis (Noctua),

143, 272.
dominicensis (Strix), 142.
dumeticola (Strix), 4.

ejulans (Athene), 187.
clegans (Ephialtes), 87.
elegans (Scops), 87.
enano (Scops), 118.
Ephialtes, 43.
ephialtes (Scops), 47.
erminea (Nyctea), 126.
erminea (Strix), 125.
erythrocainpa (Scops),
89.

erythrocampe (Lempi-

jius), 89.
erythroptera (Athene),

217.
erythroptera (Tajnio-

glaux), 217.
Etoglaux, 12.:
europa;us (Bubo), 15.
europeeus (Otus), 227.
europaus (Scops), 47, 52.
Eustrinx, 290.

fasciata (Ulula), 261.
fasciatum (Ulula), 261.
fasciolatus (Bubo), 42.
fazoglensis (Scops), 53.
ferox (Athene), 190, 198.
ferox (Glaucidium), 200.
ferox (Noctua), 200.
ferox (Strix), 200.
ferruginea (Athene), 200.
ferruginea (Noctua), 200.
ferruginea (Phala.'nopsis),

200.
ferruginea (Strix), 200.
ferruginea (Surnia), 200.
ferrugineum (Glauci-
dium), 200, 203.
flammea (Eustrinx), 292.
flammea (Stridula), 292.
flammea (Strix), 291.
flammea (Ulula), 292.
flammea, var. americana

(Strix), 293.
flammea, var. delicatula

(Strix), 293.
flammea, var. furcata

(Strix). 293.
flammea, var. guatemala;

(Strix), 293.
flammea, var. javauica

(Strix), 293.
flammea, var. pratincola

(Strix), 293.
flammeola (Ephialtes),

106.
flammeola (Megascops).

1U5.
flammeola (Scops), 107.
flammeola (Strix), 105.
flammeolus (Scops), 105.
flammeus (Aluco), 292.
flavipes (Cultrunguis), 5.
flavipes (Ketupa), 5.
florensis (Athene), 157,

163.
floridanus (Scops), 118.
forsteri (Athene), 292.
forsteri (Strix), 292.
fortis (Athene), 176.
franseni (.\thene), 181.

frauseni (Ninox), 181.
fransenii (Noctua), 181.
frontalis (Strix), 287.
frontata (Athene), 176.
frontata (Noctua), 176.
fuliginosa (Strix), 254.
fulva (Strix), 173.
fulvescens (Ptynx), 251.
fulvescens (Syrnium),

257, 258.
fulvescens (Ulida), 258.
funerea (Noctua), 131.
funerea (Nyctale), 285.
funerea (Strix), 129, 131.
funerea (Surnia), 129,

131.
funerea (Ulula), 285.
funereum (Syrnium), 285.
furcata (Strix), 292, 296.
fusca (Athene), 172.
fu.sca (Ninox), 172.
fusca (Noctua), 172.
fusca (Strix), 172.
fuscescens (Ptynx), 251,

257.
fu8cescens(Syrnium), 256,

257.
fuscescenB (Ulula), 257.
fuscus (Spiloglaux), 172.

galapagoensis (Bracby-
otus), 234.

galapagoensis (Otus), 235.

germanicus (,Bubo), 15.

Gisella, 244.

gi.sella (Ciccaba), 283.

giu (Scops), 47, 48, 311.

giu (Stris), 47.

glabripes (Ephialtes), 87.

glabripes (Lempijius), 87.

Glaucidium, 188.

glaucops (Strix), 292.

Glaux, 290.

glaux (Athene), 135.

glaux (Carine), 135.

glaux (Noctua"), 135.

Glypbidiura, 290.

gnoma (Athene), 194.

gnoma (Glaucidium), 194,
205.

gracilis (Otus), 227.

grallaria (Noctua), 142.

grallaria (Strix), 142.

grammicus (Asio), 242.

grammicus (Ephialtes'),
242.

grammicus (Otus), 242.
grammicus (Pseudo-

scops), 242.

grammicus (Scops), 242.

grandis (Bubo), 15.

320

ALrHABETlC'AL INDEX.

griseata (Lophostrix),
122.

gi'iseatum (Syrnium),122.
griseatus (Bubo), 122.
griseiceps (Glaucidium),

196.
griseus (Ephialtes), il4.
griseus (Scops), 94.
guadeloupensis (Speoty-

to), 147, 148.
guatemala; (Scops), 112,

114.
guteruhi (Athene), 172.
guteruhi (Noctua), 172.
guttata (Strix), 292.
Gymnasio, 149.
Qymuoglaux, 149.
gymnopodus (Acnemis),

65.
gymnopodus (Ephialtes),

63, 65.
gymnopodus (Scops), 65.

haasti (Strix), 187.

Iiabessiuicus (Otus), 227.

hambroecki (Ephialtes).
64.

hambroecki (Lempijius),
()4.

hambroecki (Scops), 64.

haiitu (Ninox), 185.

hantu (Athene), 185.

Harfang, I'Jd.

harrisi (GiseUa), 283.

harrisi (Nyctale), 283.

harrisi (Nyctalitinus),2S3.

liarrisi (Syrnimu), 283.

harrisi (Ulula), 283.

havanense (Glaucidium),
193.

liavanensis (Strix), 193.

Ileliaptex, 12.

hemachalana (Bubo), 17.

hendersoni(Ephialtes), 52.

iiendersoni (Scops), 52.

Hieracoglaux, 151.

liirsuta (Athene), 154,
156.

hirsuta (Ninox), 156, 158.

hirsuta (Noctua), 154,
156.

hirsuta (Strix), 156.

hirsuta (Surnia), 166.

hirsuta borneensis (Noc-
tua), 157.

hirsuta japonica (Noc-
tua), 157.

hirsuta japonica (Strix),
156.

hirsuta minor (Noctua),
l.-)7.

hirsuta philippensia (Noc-
tua), 167.
hirsutus (Ninox), 156.
hoedtii (Noctua), 178.
hudsonia (Strix), 131.
hudisonia (Surnia), 131.
Huhua, 12.
huhula (Athene), 275.
huhula (Ciceaba), 275.
hidiula (Strix), 276.
Imhula (Syrnium), 275.
huhula (Ulida), 275.
huhidmu (Syrnium), 275.
humeralis (Athene), 180.
humeralis (leraglaux),

180.
humeralis (Ninox), 180.
humeralis(Rliabdoglaux),

180.
Hybris, 290.

hylophila ( Ciceaba), 269.
hyluphila (Macabra), 269.
hylophila (Ulula), 269.
hylophilum (Strix), 269.
hyluphilum (Syrnium),

269.
hypogramma (Athenel,

183.
hypogramma(Ninox),183.
hypogramma (Noctua),

183.
hypogffia (Pholeoptynx),

143.
hypugft'a. (Athene), 143.

icterorhyncha (Scops),

103.
ignavus (Bubo), 14, 15,

17, 311.
indica (Athene), 138.
indica (Noctua), 138.
indiea (Strix), 292.
indicus (Lempijius), 91.
indigena (Athene), 133.
indranee (Bulaca), 282.
ind ranee (Strix), 282.
indranee (Syrnium), 281,

282.
indrani (Ulula), 281.
infuscata (Athene), 200,

203, 205.
infuscata (Noctua), 200.
infuscata (Phalsenopsis),

200.
infustata (Strix), 200.
infuscatum (Glaucidium),

194, 200, 205.
infuscatum, var. gnoma

(Glaucidium), 205.
insularis (Strix), 293.
italicus (Otus), 227.

jacquinoti (Athene), 186.
jacquinoti (Cephalo-

glaux), 186.
jacquinoti (Rhabdo-

glaux), 186.
japonica (Athene), 156.
japonica (Ninox), 163.
japonicus (Ninox), 156,

169.
japonicus (Scops), 54, 56,

64.
jardinii (Glaucidium),

205, 207.
jardinii (Noctua), 207.
jardinii (Phakenopsis),

207.
javanica (Glaux), 308.
javanica (Ketupa), 8.
javanica (Strix), 291.
javanicus (Scops), 91, 94.
javanensis (Bubo), 8.
javanensis (Ketupa), 8.
javensis (Ketupa), 8.
javensis (Smilonyx), 8.
jerdoni (Ephialtes), 94.
jeridius (Ninox), 154.

kamtschatkensis (Scops),

48.
kennicottii (Scops), 117.
Ketupa, 4.
ketupa (Bubo), 6, 8.
ketupa (Scops), 8.
ketupa (Strix), 8.
kirschoffi (Strix), 292.
kii-tlandi (Nyctale), 287.

labuanensis (Ninox), 165.
lactea (Scops), 33.
lactea (Strix), 33.
lacteus (Bubo), 33.
laoteuB (Otus), 33.
lacteus (Urrua), 34.
langsbergii (Glaucidium),

207.
lapponica (Strix), 254.
lapponica (Surnia), 254.
lapponica (Ulula), 254.
lapponicum (Syrnium),

254.
lapponicum, var. cine-

reum (Syrnium), 253.
larvatai, Strix), 277.
latbami (GiseUa), 283.
latipennis (Scops), 53.
lawrencii (Gymnasio),

150.
lawrencii (Gymnoglaux),

150.
lawrencii (Scops), 150.
Icnipiji (Ephialtes), 85, 91 .

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

321

lempiji (Megascops), 91.
lempiji (Scops), 87,89,91.
Lempiji us, 44.
leptogrammica (Bulaca),

264.
leptogi-ammica (Ciccaba),

264.
leiJtogranimica (Myrtha),

264.
leptogrammica (Stris),

264.
leptogrammica (ITlula),

264.
leptogrammicum (Syr-

iiium), 264.
leschenaulti (Cultruu-

guis), 4.
leschenaulti (Ketupa), 4.
leschenaulti (Scops), 4.
leschenaulti (Stris), 4.
lettia (Ephialtes), 86, 93.
lettia(Lempijius), 86.
lettia (Scops), 85, 96.
lettoides (Scops), 94.
leucolaima (Athene), 190,

311.
leucolaima (Phalcenopsis),

190.
leucopse (Glaucidium),

311.
leucopsis (Brachyotus) ,

235.
leucopsis (Scops), 311.
leucospila (Ephialte?), 73.
leucospilus (Ephialtes),

72, 75.
leucospilus (Scops), 72.
leucosticta (Huhua), 41.
leueostictus (Bubo), 41.
leucotis (jEgolius), 97.
leucotis (Asio), 97.
leucotis (Bubo), 97.
leucotis (Ephialtes), 97.
leucotis (Otus), 97.
leucotis (Ptilopsis), 97.
leucotis (Scops), 97.
leucotis (Strix) 210.
licua (Athene), 210.
licua (Microglaux), 210.
licua (Strix), 210.
lineata (Athene), 275.
lineata (Ciccaba, 275.
lineata (Noctua), 275.
lineata (Strix), 275.
lineata (Surnia), 275.
lineatum (Syrnium), 273.
liturata (Ptyiix), 255.
liturata (Strix), 2.55.
liturata (Ulula), 2.55.
longimembris (Strix), 308.
lougipennis (Scops), 48.

longirostris (Strix), 231.
Lophostrix, 43.
lophotes (Asio), 109.
lophotes (Ephialtes^ 108.
lophotes (Sco)}s), 108.
ludovic'ianus (Bubo), 19.
lugubris (Athene), 154.
lugubris (Ninox), 154.
lugubris (Otus), 154.
lugubris (Strix), 154.
lulu (Strix), 292.

Macabra, 244.

macabrum(Syrnium),270.

maccallii (Scops), 119.

macrocephala (Strix) , 255.

macrocephalum (Syr-
nium), 248, 255.

macrorhyncha (Asio), 19.

macrorhyncha (Strix), 19.

macrorhynchus (Otus), 19.

macriu-a (Strix), 255.

macrurus (Asio), 242.

macrurus (Otus), 242.

maculata (Athene), 174.

maculata (Ninox), 174.

maculata (Noctua), 174.

macula ta(Strix),231, 292.

maculatus (Spiloglaux),
174.

maculosa (Nisuella), 31.

maculosa (Strix), 30.

maculosus (Bubo), 30, 32,
.311.

maculosus (Otus), 31, 32.

madagascarieusis (Asio),
232.

madagascarieusis
(Athene), 154.

madagascariensis (Bubo),
232.

iiiadagascariensis(Ninox),
1.54.

madagascariensis (Nisu-
ella), 232.

madagascariensis (Otus),
232.

madagascarieusis (Ehiuo-
ptynx'), 232.

magellanicus (Asio), 29.

magellanicus (Bubo), 23.

iiiagica (Strix), 70.

magicus (Ephialtes), 70.

magicus (Lempijius), 70.

magicus (Scops), 69, 70,
72, 73, 75.

magniflca (Ketupa), 6.

major (Otus), 227.

malabarica (Athene), 218.

malabaricimi (Glauci-
dium), 218.

malabaricus (Ephialtes),

94.
malabaricus (Scops), 94.
malaccensis( Athene), 1 56.
malaccensis (Ninox), 163.
malayanus (Scops), 58.
mantis (Ephialtes), 103.
mantis (Lempijius), 103.
mantis (Otus), 102.
mantis (Scops), 103.
margaritata (Strix), 292.
marmorata (Athene), 168.
marmoratus (SpUoglaux),

168.
maugei (Athene), 172.
maugei (Strix), 172.
maximus (Bubo), 14, 28.
maximus (Stris), 19.
Megalopelia, 9.
megalotis (Ephialtes), 69.
megaloti8(Lempijius), 69.
megalotis (Ptilojjsis), 69.
megalotis (Scops), 69.
Megaptyux, 12.
Megascops, 44.
Megastrix, 290.
meIanonota(Ciccaba),280.
melanonota (Macabra),

280.
melanonota(Noctua),280.
melanonotum (Syrnium),

280.
melanopsis (Otus), 241.
nielanota (Athene), 280.
melanotus (Bubo), 15.
melanotus (Otus), 32.
menadensis (Ephialtes),

76.
menadensis (Megascops),

76.
menadensis (Otus), 76.
menadensis (Pisorhina),

76.
menadensis (Scops), 76,

78, 80.
meridionalis (Athene\

135.
meridionalis (Carine),

135.
Meseidus, 244.
Mcsomorpha, 12.
mexicaua (Strix), 231.
mesicanus (Asio), 231.
mexicauus (Bubo), 231.
mexicanus (Otus), 231.
mexicauus (Rhinoptvnx),

231.
microcephalus (Bubo), 14.
microcephalus (Otus),

234.
Microglaux, 188.

322

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

microphthalmos (Strix),

254.
microphthalmum (Syr-

uium), 254.
Micro])tynx, 188.
microrhynehum (Qlau-

cidium), 192.
midas (Asio), 231.
midas (OCus), 231.
minor (Nyctale), 285.
minor (Noetua), 133,234.
minor (Otus), 227.
minor (Scops), 48.
minutilla (Athene), 212.
minutissima (Athene),

198, 200.
minutissima(Noctua), 198.
minutissima (Phalisnop-

sis), 198.
minutissima (Strix), 198.
minutissima (Surnia),] 98.
modestus (Scops), 101.
montanus ( Jllgolius), 227.
monticola (Bulaca), 282.
morotensis (Scops), 75.
Myrtha, 244.
myrtha (Ciocaba), 264.
myrtha (Syrnium), 264.
myrtha (Ulula), 264.

Nacurutu, 29.
nacurutu (Strix), 29.
najvia (Asio), 114.
naevia (Strix), 114.
nffivia (Surnia), 114.
nteviiTS (Otus), 114.
nana (Athene), 190.
nana (Noetua), 190.
nana (Phala-nopsis), 190.
nana (Strix), 190.
nanum (Glaucidium),190.
nebulosa (Strix), 257.
nebulosa (Syrnium), 257.
nebulosum "(Strix), 257.
nebulosum (Syrnium),

257.
nebulosum, var. fulves-

cens (Syrnium), 259.
nebulosum, var. sartorii

(Syrnium), 258.
nepalensis (Phodilus), 63.
newarense (Mesidus),281.
newarense (Syrnium),

244, 281.
newarensis (Bulaca), 244,

281.
newtoni (Gymnoglaux),

149.
nigripes (Cultrunguis), 4.
nigrolineata (Ciccaba),

276.

nigrolineat um (Syrni um) ,

276.
Ninox, 151.
nipalensis (Bubo), 37.
nipalensis (Etoglaux), 38.
nipalensis (Huhua), 38.
nipalensis (Ninox), 154,

158.
nipalensis (Phodilus),

309.
nipalensis (Urrua), 38.
nisoria (Noetua), 129.
nisoria (Strix), 129.
Nisuella, 12, 225.
nivea (Strix), 125.
nivea (Nyctea), 126.
nivea americana (Nyctea),

126.
nivea europjiea (Nyctea),

126.
nivicola (Mesomorpha),

250.
nivicola (TJrrua), 250.
nivicolum (Syrnium), 250.
Noetua, 132.

noetua (Athene), 133, 137.
noetua (Carine), 133.
noetua (Strix), 133, 135,

137.
noetua (Surnia), 133.
noetua meridionalis

(Strix), 135.
noetua orientalis( Athene),

137.
noctula (Lempijius), 91.
noetula (Scops), 91.
noctula (Strix), 91.
nova3 hollandias (Strix),

303.
novK zealandiae (Athene),

173.
noviE zealandiiE (Ninox),

173.
novie zealandiae (Noetua),

173.
novfe-zealandiw (Piso-

rhina), 44.
novag-zealandiaj (Scops),

43.
novaj zealandia? (Spilo-

glaux), 173.
novae zealandiiB (Strix),

173.
nuchale (Syrnium), 265.
nudipes (Acnemis), 121.
nudipes (Athene), 137.
nudipes (Bubo), 121.
nudipes (Ephialtes), 121.
nudipes (Gymna.sio), 149.
nudipes (Gymnoglaux),
149, 150.'

nudipes (Noetua), 133,

149, 150.
nudipes (Scops), 121, 149.
nudipes (Scotophilus),

133.
nudipes (Strix), 133, 149.
nudipes (Surnia), 149.
uudipes (Syrnium), 149.
numida (Strix), 135.
Nyctaetus, 12.
Nyetala, 284.
Nyetalops, 225.
nyctea (Leuchybris), 126.
nyctea (Noetua), 126.
nyctea (Nyctea), 126.
nyctea (Strix), 125.
nyctea (Surnia), 126.
nyctea (Syrnia), 126.
nyctea (Syrnium), 126.
Nyctipetes, 188.

obscura (Ninox), 177.
obscura (Strix), 292.
occidentale (Syrnium),

263.
occipitale (Glaueidium),

210.
occipitalis (Athene), 210.
occipitalis (Noetua), 209.
occipitalis (Strix), 209.
ocellata (Athene), 170.
ocellata (Bulaca), 263.
ocellata (Ninox), 170.
ocellata (Spiloglaux), 170.
ocellatum (Syrnium),263.
ochracea (Athene), 167.
ochracea (Ninox), 167.
ochracea (Noetua), 167.
ochrogenys (Syrnium),

282.
oedium (Syrnium), 248.
ori entails (Athene), 137.
orientalis (Bubo), 37, 38,

39.
orientalis (Huhua), 38,40.
orientalis (Strix), 32, 261.
orientalis (Urrua), 40.
Otus, 15, 225.
otus (.^golius), 227.
otus (Asio), 227.
otus (Bubo), 227.
otus (Otus), 227.
otus (Strix), 227, 229.
otus (Ulula), 227, 229.

Pachyptynx, 12.
pagodarum (Ciccaba),

262.
pagodarum( My r tha), 262.
pagodarum (Noetua), 262.
pagodarum (Strix), 262.

iLPHAIiETICAL INDEX.

328

pagodarum (Syrnium),

•262.
pagodarum (Ulula), 262.
pallidus (Bubo), 17.
palustris (Brachyotus),

palustris (Ohis), 234.
palustris (Stris), 2.34.
palustris americanus
(Brachyotus), 2.35.
paradoxa"(Strix), 292.
pardalota (Athene), 214.
pardalotum (Glauci-

dium), 214.
parvissima (Stris), 44.
passe rina (Athene), 133,

192.
passerina (Noctua), 133,

13.5.
passerina (Stris), 133,

135, 191, 287.
passerina (Surnia), 192.
passerina (Uliila), 287.
passerinoides (Athene),

200.
passerinoides (Glauci-

dium), 200.
passerinoides (Xoctua),

200.
passerinoides (Stris), 194,

200.
passerinoides (Surnia),

200.
passerinum(Glaucidiima),

188, 191, 198.
passerinum (ilicro-

ptynsi. 192.
passerinum, var. califor-
nicum (Glaucidium),
194.
pectoraUs (Bubo), 38.
pectoralis ( Huhua),37.38.
peli (Bubo), 10.
peli (Ketupa), 10.
peU (Scotoglaus), 10.
peli (SeotopeUa), 10.
peli (Stris), 10.
peli (Ulula), 10.
pennata (Scops), 60.
pennatus (Ephialtes), 53,

67.
pennatus (Scops), 53, 60,

67,311.
peregrinator (Asio), 230.
peregrinator (Stris), 229.
perlata (Athene), 210.
perlata (Carine), 210.
perlata (Microglaus),210.
perlata (>'octua), 210.
periata (Stris), 209, 292.
perlata (Surnia), 209.

perlata capensis (Noctua),

210.
perlatum (Glaucidium).

209.
perlatus (Nyctipetes),

210.
perlatus (Scotophilus),

210.
perlineata ( Athene', 217.
perlineata (Noetua), 217.
persica (Athene), 135.
persica (Noetua), 135.
persica (Stris), 135.
personata (Dactylostris),

303.
personata (Stris), 277,

303.
personatum (Syrnium),

278.
perspicillata (Ciccaba),

278.
perspicillata (Stris), 277.
perspiciUatum(Syrnium),

277, 278.
phalrenoides fAthene),

203, 278.
phalffnoides (Glauci-
dium), 200, 203, 205.
phaltenoides (Phalfenop-

sis), 203.
phalffinoides (Stris), 203.
Phalfenopsis, 188, 207.
Phasmoptyns, 225.
philippense (Syrnium),

43.
philippensis (Athene),

167.
philippensis (Bubo), 43.
philippensis (Isinos), 167.
philippensis (Pseudo-

ptyns), 43,
pkihppensis (Scops), 43.
Phodilus, 309.
pinetorum (Xyctale), 284.
pinicola (Bubo), 19.
Pisorhina, 44.
pithecops (Stris), 308.
planiceps (Nyctale), 284.
plumipes (Athene), 137.
plumipes (Carine), 137.
plumipes (Ephialtes), 85.
plumipes (Scops), 85.
poJargina (Ninos), 151.
podargina (Noetua), 151.
podarginus (Scops), 313.
poensis (Bubo), 42.
poensis (Huhua), 42.
poensis (Stris), 292.
polleni (Noetua), 182.
polygrammica (Ciccaba),

polygrammicum (Syrni-
um), 271.
portoricensis (Ephialtes),

108.
portoricensis (Scops),

108.
pratincola (Stris), 292.
Pseudoptynx, 12.
Pseudoseops, 225.
psilodactyla (Athene),

133.
psilodactyla (Stris), 133.
psUodaetyla (Syrnia), 133.
psilopoda (Strix), 121.
Ptilopsis, 44.
Ptiloskelos, 12.
Ptynx, 244.
pulchella (Strix), 47.
pulchra (Athene), 140.
pulchra ( Carine), 140.
Pulsatris, 244.
pulsatris (Stris), 277.
pidsatrix (Syi-nium), 277.
pulsatris (Ulula), 278.
pumila (Athene), 198.
pumila (Noetua), 198.
pumila (Strix), 198.
pumilum (Glaucidium),

196, 198.
punctata (Aluco), 307.
pimctata (Stris), 307.
punctatissima (Strix), 292,

297.
punctidata (Athene), 182.
puuctulata (Cephalo-

ptyirs, 182.
puuctulata (Ninos), 182.
punctulata (Noetua), 182.
punctulata (Spiloglaus),

183.
pusilla (Athene), 210.
pusilla (Strix), 191, 292.
pygm;T?a (Noetua), 192.
pygm;ea (Scops), 48.
pygmsa (Strix), 192.
pvgmiTum (Glaucidium),
'l'J2.

radiata (Athene), 217.

radiata (Noetua), 217.

radiata (Stris), 217.

radiata(T£enioglaus),2] 7.

radiatum (GlaucicUum),
217.

Ehabdoglaux, 151.

Rhinoptyns, 225.

richardsoni(Nyctale),285.

ridgwayi (Glaucidium),
205.'

ridgwayi, jun. (Glaucidi-
um), 199.

324

ALPHABETICAL INDKX.

rosenbergi (Strix), 293.

298.
rufa (Athene), 178.
rufescens (Ephialtes),

103.
rufescens (Scops), '-18, 102.
rufescens (Strix), 102,

245.
rufescens (Syrnium), 248,

257.
rufipennis (Scops), 60.
rufipes (Athene), 261.
rufipes (Strix), 261.
rufipes (Syrnium), 261.
rufipes (Ulula), 261.
rufis'rigata (Athene), 177.
rufish'igata (Xinox), 177.
rufistrigata (Noctua), 177.
rufus (Hieracoglaux),178.
rufus (leraglaux), 178.
rufus (Ehabdoglaux), 178.
rupestris (Scops), 48.
rutilus (EphiiUtes), 80.
rutilus (Megascops), 80.
rutilus (Pisorhina), 80.
rutilus (Scops), 78, 80.

sagittatus (Ephialtes), 98.
sagittatus (Lempijius),

98.
sagittatus (Scops), 98.
sancti-thomEe (Strix), 290.
sandvicensis (Asio), 2.35.
sartorii (Syrnium), 2.58.
scandiaca (Xyctea), 125.
seandiaca (Strix"), 125.
scandiaca, var. arctica

(Xyctea), 126.
scandiacus (Bubo), 17.
Sceloglaux. 187.
Scelostrix, 290.
Scops, 43.
scops (Bubo), 47.
scops (Ephialtes), 48.
scops (Otus), 48.
scops (Strix), 47, 53.
scopsjaponicus (Otus),56.
Scotiaptex, 244.
Scotoglaux, 9.
Scotopelia, 9.
ScotophHus, 284.
sciiteliatus (Ctenoglaux),

1.56.
scutellatus (Mnox), 154.
scutulata (Athene), 156.
scutulata CNinox), 156,

159. 163.
scutulata (Strix), 156.
selenotis (Bubo), 32.
seloputo (Bulaca), 262.
seloputo (Ciccaba). 262,

seloputo (Strix), 261.
seloputo (Syrnium), 262.
seloputo (Ulula), 262,
semitorques (Asio), 83.
semitorques (Ephialtes),

83, 85.
semitorques (Lempijius),

83.
semitorques (Megascops),

83.
semitorques (Otus), 83.
semitorques (Scops), 83,

87.
senegalensis (Ephialtes),

53.
senegalensis (Scops), 47,

5.3.
senegalensis (Strix), 210.
septcntrionalis(Bubo),15.
shelleyi (Bubo), 37.
sheUeyi (Huhua), 37.
siaoen.sis (Scops), 78.
sibiriea (Sti-ix), 17.
sibiricus (Bubo), 17.
siguapa (Asio), 241.
siguapa (Otus), 241 .
siju (Athene), 193.
siju (Glaucidium), 193.
siju(X\ctale), 193.
siju (Noetua), 193.
sinense (Ciccaba), 26.3.
sinense (Syrnium), 263.
sinense (Ulida), 263.
sinensis (Bubo), 35.
sinensis (Bulaca), 263.
sinensis (Strix), 263.
sinensis (Ulula), 263.
SmUonyx, 4.
Smitbiglaux, 188.
socialis (Athene), 143.
soloniensis (Strix), 247.
sonnerati (Athene), 181.
sonuerati (Xoctua), 181.
sonnerati (Strix), 181.
sonnerati (Surnia), 181.
spadicea (NoctuaX 218.
spadicea (Strix), 216.
spilooephalus (Ephialtes),

63, 100.
spilocephalus (Scops), 6-3.
spilogaster (Athene), 138.
spilogastra (Carine), 138.
spilogastra (Noctua), 138.
Spiloglaux, 151.
spilonotum (Syrnium),

277.
spleudens (Strix), 292.
squamipila (Athene), 184.
squamipila (Jfinox), 184.
squamipila (Noctua), 184.
squamulata (Athene), 273.

squamulata (Strix), 273.
squamulatum (Syrniuui),

273.
stictonotus (Scops), 54.
strenua (Athene), 178.
strenua (leraglaux), 178,
strenua (Ninox), 178.
strenua (Noctua), 178.
strenuus (Hieracoglaux),

178.
strepitaus (Bubo), 40.
strepitans (Scops), 40.
strepitans (Strix), 39.
strepitans (Syrnium), 40.
striatus (Bubo), 114,
stricklandi (Lophostrix),

124.
stricklandi (Scops), 124.
Stridula, 290.
stridida (Strix), 247.
stridida (Ulula), 248.
stridulum (Syrnium), 247.
strididus (Aluco\ 247.
Strix, 290,
stygius (Asio), 241.
stygius (Otus), 241.
stygius (Nyctalops), 241.
subarcticus (Bubo), 19.
suinda (Ciccaba), 272.
suinda (Macabra), 272.
suinda (Strix), 272.
suinda (Syrnium), 272.
sidtaneus (Bubo), 34.
sumatrana(Myrtha), 264.
sumatrana (Strix), 39.
sumatranum (Syrnium),

264.
sumatranus (Bubo), 40.
sunia (Ephialtes), 67.
sunia (Scops), 54, 67.
superciliare (Syrnium).

271.
superciharis (Athene),

182.
superciUaris (leraglaux),

182.
superciliaris (Ninox), 181.
supercUiaris (Xoctua),

182.
superciliaris (Scops), 182.
superciliaris (Strix), 181.
supercUiosa (Strix), 122.
sylvatica (Athene), 215.
sylvatica (Noctua), 215.
sylvatica (Strix), 247.
sylvatica (Taenioptynx),

215.
sylvaticimi (Glaucidium).

215.
sylvestris (Otus), 227.
sylvestris (Strix), 247.

ALPHABETICAL IIJDEX.

325

sylvicola (Ephialtes), 82.
sylvicola (Scops), 82.
Symium, 244.

teniata (Athene), 186.
taeuiata (Xinox), 186.
Ta'nioglaus, 188.
Tfenioptynx, 188.
tarayensis (Xoetua), 138.
tenebricosa (Strix), 306.
tengmalmi (^Egolius),

284.
tengmalmi (Athene), 284.
tengmalmi (Scotophilus),

284.
tengmalmi (Noctua), 284.
tengmalmi (Nyctala), 284.
tengmalmi (Strix), 284.
tengmalmi (Syrnium),

284.
tengmalmi (Ulula), 284.
tephi'onotum (Glauci-

dium), 210.
theomacha (Athene), 178.
theomacha (Ninox), 178.
theomacha (Spiloglaux),

1/8.
thomensis (Strix), 290.
torquata (Athene). 278.
torquata (Ciccaba), 278.
torquata (Noctua), 277.
torquata (Pulsatrix),278.
torquata (Strix), 277.
torquata (Ulula), 278.
torquatum (Symium),

triehopsis (Asio), 119.
tri3hopsis(Epliialtes),119.
triehopsis (Megascops),

119.
triehopsis (Scops), 118,

119.
tripennis (Strix), 234.
tubiger (Noctua), 212.
turcomana (Strix), 17.
turcomanuB (Bubo), 17.
typica (Scotopelia), 10.

Ulula, 244.
ulula (Asio), 2.34.

ulula (Noctua), 129.
ulula (Strix), 129, 234.
ulula (Surnia), 129, 131.
ulula, var. hudsonia

(Surnia), 131.
ululans (Syrnium), 247.
umbrata (tjrrua), 35.
umbratilis (Ephialtes),

umbratilis (Lempijins),

93.
umbratilis (Scops), 93.
umbratus (Bubo), 35.
iimbrinum (Syrnium),

267.
undulata (Athene), 108,

217.
undulata (Strix), 108.
uralense (Surnia), 255.
uralcnse (Syrnium), 255.
uraleusis (Noctua), 25.5.
lu-alensis (Ptynx), 255.
uralensis (Scotiaptex).

255.
uralensis (Strix), 129, 255.
uralensis (Surnia), 129.
uralensis (Ulida), 255.
Urrua, 12.
Urucurea, 142.
urucurea (Noctua), 143.
ussheri (Scotopelia), 11.
ustus (Scops), 111, 114.

rariegata (Athene), 185.
variegata (Cephaloglaux),

185.
variegata (Ninox), 185.
variegata (Noctua), 185.
variegata (Rhabdoglaux),

185.
varius (Strix), 257.
venatica (Noctua), 173.
vera (Scops), 48.
verreauxii (Bubo), 34.
verreauxii (Huhua), 34.
verus (Otus), 227.
veterum (Noctua), 133,

135.
veterum meridionalis

(Noctua), 135.

virgata (Ciecaba), 273.
virgata (Ulula), 273.
virgatum (Syrnium), 273.
virginiana (Strix), 19.
virginiana (Ulula), 19.
virginianus (Asio), 19.
virginianus (Bubo), 19,

29.
virginianus (Otus), 19.
virginianus arcticus

(Bubo), 19.
virginianus atlanticus

(Bubo), 19.
virginianus pacificus

(Bubo), 19.
vulgaris (Otus). 227, 229.
vidgaris (Strix), 292.

waUeri (Strix), 308.
wapacuthu (Nyctea), 19.
wapacuthu (Strix'). 19.
watsoni (Asio), 109.
watsoni (Ephialtes), 1 09.
whitelyi (Athene), 222.
whitelyi (Glaucidium),

222.
whitneyi (Athene), 224.
wliitneyi (Micrathene),

224.
wilsoni (Athene), 287.
wilsonianus (Otus), 229.
wilsonius (Otus), 229.
woodfoordti (Ulula),

267.
woodfoordi (Strix), 267.
woodfordi (AtheneX 267.
woodfordi (Ciccaba), 267.
woodfordi (Noctua), 267.
woodfordi (Svrnium").

265, 267.

zelandica (Noctua), 173.
zonocercum (Syrnium),

271,273. ^ '

zonurus (Otus), 229.
zorca (Ephialtes), 48.
zorc<a (Scops), 47.
zorca (Strix), 47.
zorca africanus (Scops),

53.

Z

\'>,

Printed by Taylor and FRA^•CIS, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate

Scotopelia bouvieri I.

Bubo shelleyi II.

Scops capensis Fig. 1

stictonotus Fig. 2

malayanus Fig. 1

gymnopodus Fig. 2

magicus V.

leucospUus VI.

morotensis Fig. 1

III.
IV.

bouruensis Fig. 2 J

albiventris Fig. 1 l „-,-,!-

. r> I ' ill'

menadensis Fig. 2 J

guatemalse IX.

hypogramma X.

Ninox bantu Fig. 1 |

ocbracea Fig. 2 J

fusca Fig. 1

squamipila Fig. 2

Glaucidium cobanense Fig. 1 | -^^j,

tepkronotum Fig. 2 J

Strix flammea XIV.

Ft. I.

J. G Kenlcruans del.

ivontem Kroa. imp

S(('t('/i(/(<i licuvn IT .

<£0n..

Fl. U.

Hrihc sliiiUyi.

Mniteiii Bros, imp .

Fi.m.

J-G-Kedeniaiis del

J, Saips C/ipinsLS.

?, „ sUcteiiotiJs.

l.Imtern riros. in^

Fl.Y.

J. GKeu^emans del.

Scops Tiiacficiis.

Mintem Bros imp

;^T-H 4^

-h H(ST0^

FL.IV.

J. G.Keulemans del

Ifintem Bros imp .

/, Scops malayaniis.

2j „ ffvmnopodat^.

PIW.

iJinteiT. Bros Hth

J.G.Xeulemans dd-

S(u>ps him'spilnn.

Pl.YR.

2.

J G.Kenlemans del

/. Scops niiirf'ti'iisis.

o 7

.*^. ,, of'f/r/ff.iifitft.

Intern Bros . hth .

pi.vm.

J.G.Kevileinaiis del

J, Scf'ps alhiMerUrui.
'■!■, Scvps rnenaxietuiis.

Pl.X.

JCKeulemams del.

Hinoj: hvpocframma..

MmtemBros imp.

'^^^ H\SlS

-P/.IX.

J.&.Keulemans del.

MinteniBros imp.

fSrops giuUenialoi .

Fl.XI.

J. G Keulemans del.

] , Nuiojc Thcmixx.

2, „ ochraxeo/.

MntemBros nnp.

* L

•^tr^RAu

p/.JIl.

.-' V

i
1

>

■//A.

5

Xeiiiemans del

■Nfiiitem Bros imp

;,

Xlim-r lliscd .

•7

„ sijuainipdcL.

-lTii53^i2-^

PI . XIII.

J-G.KeulemaTib del

Mintern Bros imp .

/, Glauclduini nilximiisr .
'Z, „ icphfo/iciiun .

r.^''

\ *

PI . JIV.

J.G.Keuleinans del

Mintem Bros, imp .

■Sirza" flnrnmecu.
n . Ciipc Jef'fle Isl/jnds. h. S. Dcnunjgc.

f

5^-