CATALOGUE

BIRDS •

BRITISH MUSEU

VOLUME YII.

L O X D 0 I^ :
PKINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

CATALOGUE

PASSERIFORMES,

PEECHING BIRDS,

COLLECTION

BRITISH MUSEUM.

CICHLOMCriCTH^: Part IV.

CONTAINING THE CONCLUDING POKTION OF THE FAMILY

TIMELIID^

(Babbling Thrushes).

BY

R. BOWDLER SHARPE.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

IbSy.

PRINTED BY TAYLOU AND PEANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

PREFACE.

Although iu the Zoological " Catalogues " of the British Miiseani
the correct determination and exact description of the specimens are
the primary object aimed at, the systematic order in which the
species are enumerated has been a matter of due consideration with
the author of every volume. The Passerine Birds have received as
serious attention in this respect as any other group ; but it must be
confessed that the difficulties attending a satisfactory arrangement
have proved to be insurmountable. What one family may have gained
in more precise limitation, another has lost in the opposite direc-
tion ; and in no part is this more apparent than in that assemblage
of genera which is termed the family of Timelildce, and of which
Canon Tristram in a recent paper (' Ibis,' 1883, p. 38) speaks, not
without reason, as " the waste-paper basket of the puzzled syste-
matist."' The size to which the present volume has grown may
testify to the convenience of such a receptacle ; but, at the same
time, its need should incite ornithologists to renewed efforts to dis-
cover characters or combinations of characters on which an at least
practically useful arrangement of these birds could be based. Ex-
ternal characters have evidently failed to supply this base b\- them-
selves ; what aid can be obtained from an examination of the internal
organs remains to be seen. But it seems to me that investigations
in the latter direction must lead to more numerous subdivisions
than ornithologists are inclined to admit at present.

ALBERT GiJNTHER,

Keeper of the Department of ZooJogij.

British Museum,
July 1, 1883.

INTRODUCTION.

The family TiinAlidce, an account of which was commenced in the
preceding volume, is here completed, with the enumeration and de-
scription of 6S7 species. Of these no less than 548 are contained
in the collection of the British Museum. Some of the desiderata
are of obscure or doubtful origin ; but quite 120 species are still
wanting to complete the series. Many of them are inhabitants of
the hill-ranges of North-eastern Bengal, Assam, and Western China ;
and collections from these localities would therefore be particularly
welcome. Out of 163 genera described in the present volume, only
14 are unrepresented in the British Museum.

The number of specimens catalogued in this volume is 3942.

The author desires to acknowledge the great assistance he has
received from Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay, Capt. Shelley, Mr. H. See-
bohm, and Colonel Godwin-Austen, who lent him their entire
collections of Timeliine birds for the purposes of study ; while to
Mr. Seebohm the Museum is indebted besides for a very handsome
donation of beautifully prepared skins from Sikhim, which have
been of the utmost service to the author in describing the species.

Mr. Davison, Capt. Bingham, and Mr. E. W. Oates, during their
furloughs in England, have spent much of their time in assisting the
author, who here desires to return his acknowledgments for the
kindly aid afforded by these gentlemen. The late Prof. Peters,
Dr. Steindachner, and Dr. Krauss have also helped the author, by
sending for his inspection the types preserved in the Museums
under their charge; while Dr. Anderson, of the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, and Prof. Riitimeyer, of Basle, have likewise lent some
interesting specimens, without which some doubtful questions could
not liavc been settled.

Tin INTRODUCTION.

The magnificent donation of the Cockerell collection of Australian
birds by Messrs. Godnian and Salvin, and the acquisition of the
Gould Collection b)' the Trustees have largely increased the series
of Australasian species. The Pegii collection of Mr. E. W. Gates,
acquired last year, is also particularly rich in Timeliine birds, and
has proved a very valuable addition to the British Museum.

As before recorded in this Catalogue, Mr. Hodgson's Nepalese
collections are simply invaluable ; while the large series of bird -skins
from the N.W. Himalayas presented by Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill
has also proved of very great service.

The thanks of the author are also due to the following gentlemen,
who, by the loan or donation of specimens, have greatly facilitated
his task : — Mr. A. 0. Hume, C.B., Prof. Barboza du Bocage, Mr. E.
Hargitt, Canon Tristram, Marquis Doria, and Capt. H. Trevelyan.

As in previous volumes, the affixes to the names of donors &c. in
the third column of the list of specimens indicates the modes in
which the latter were acquired, Thus, " [P.] " means " Presented
by ; " " [C] "^"Collected by ; " " [E.] "=" Obtained by exchange."
Where none of these signs are employed, the specimens were pur-
chased. In some cases the sexes of the specimens are enclosed in
brackets, as "[c?]." This is to indicate that, although the author
has no doubt in his own mind that the specimen is a male, the label
attached to the individual bears no indication of the sex. Some-
times, too, the locality of a specimen will be seen to be enclosed in
brackets, as " [New South Wales]." This is intended to show that
the specimen is labelled " New South Wales," but the author has
reason to doubt the correctness of the locality.

E. BOWDLER SHARPE.

British Museum,
July 1, 1883.

SYSTEMxVTIC INDEX.

Older PASSERIFORMES.
Suborder PASSERES.

I. ACBOMYODI.
Section TURDTFORMES.

Group II. CiCULOMORPH.E.

Earn. TiMELiiDiE.

Subfam. Timeliin^.

Group I. Thamnobi^i:.

Page

1. Turnagra, Less 4

1. crassirostris {Gm.) 4

'2. tauagra (Sc/il.) 5

2. Myiophoneus, Temni 6

1. flavirostris (7/ws/'.) .... 7

2. teinmioeld, Vig 8, 671

3. cseruleus (Scop.) 9

4. eugenii, Hume 9

5. dierorlivnclius, Salvad. . . 10

0. horsiieldi, Vig 10

7. iusularis, Gould 11

8. cyanevis {Horsf.) 12

9. melanurus (Salvad.) .... 12

10. bligbi (Holdsiu.) 13

W. ca.siA\ie\\s,Wardl. Ramsay 14

3. Callene, ^/yi!/* 14

1. frontalis (Blyth) 15

2. albiventris, Blanf. 15

3. rufiventris, Jerd 16

4. isabellie (Gray) 17

4. Pentholasa, Cah 17

1. albifi-ons (Riipj^.) 18

2. clericalis, Hartl 18

3. melaena ( Ttiipp.) 19

5. Pinarocbroa, Sundev 19

1. sordida (Riipp.) 20

2. moussieri (0//;/(.-Ga;/.) . 20

6. Pseudocossypliii.s, Sharpe . . 21
1. sliarpii ( Gray) 22

7. Notodela, Less 22

1. leucura {Hodgs.) 23

a. raontium (Sivinh.) .... 24

2. diana (Less.) 24

8. Bracbyiiteryx, Horsf. 25

a. liaviveutri,*. Salvad. . . 25

1. montaua, Harsf. 2(i

2. cruralis, Hodgs 20

Page

3. saturata, Salvad 27

4. leucopbrys (7ew??«.) .... 28

5. hyperytbra, Jerd. 8)- Bl. . . 28

6. nipalensi.s, Moore 29

7. stellata, Gould 30

9. Lamprolia, Flnsch 31

1. victorise, Finsch 31

2. miuor, Layard 31

10. Tricbixus, Less 32

1. pyrrbopygus, Less 32

11. Cossypba, Vig 34

1. imeriiia, Hartl 35

2. poeDsis, Strickl 36

3. bicolor ( Sparrm.) 36

4. nataleiisis, Smith 37

5. bocagii, F. ^11. 38

6. caftVa (L.) 39

7. cyauocampter (Bp.) .... 40
a. periculosa, Sharpe .... 40

8. beiigliiii, Hartl. 41

9. siibrufescens, Bocage .... 41

10. semirufa (Biipp.) 42

11. barbata (F. ^- H.) 43

12. quadrivirgata (Eeichen.). 43

13. leucosticta, Sharpe .... 44

14. bumeralis (Smith) 45

15. verticalis, Hartl 45

16. melanonota, Cah 46

12. Cbimarrbornis, Hodgs 47

1. leiicocepbala (Vig.) .... 47

13. Tbaumoljea, Cab 48

1. ciunamomeiYentris(Z«/'r.) 49

2. albiscapulata (Biipp.) . . 50

3. semirufa [liiipp.) 51

4. sbelleyi ( Sharpe) 52 .

5. arnotti ( Tristr.) 53

14. Tbaiimobia, Swains 53

1. fulicata (i.) 54

2. caiubaiensis (Lath.) .... 55

15. Aletbe, Cass 57

1. castanea, Cass 57

2. diademata (Bp.) 58

3. castanonota, Sharpe .... 59

4. striaticollis, Hartl 59

16. Oopsyclius, JVar/lcr 60

1. niiudaiifiisi.* (G/H.) .... 60

2. .sevcbellarum (A. Xeiii.) . 61

3. saularis (L.) 61

SYSTKMATir INDEX.

Page

17. Genaisia, Bp tW

1. albospecularis (,Eyd. ^■

Clerv.) 66

2. pica {Pdz.) 67

18. ^donopsis, Sharpe 68

1. signata (Sundev.) 69

19. Cichladiisa, Peters 69

1 . arciiata, Peters 70

2. guttata (Heuffl.) 70

3. ruficauda (IlartL) .... 71

20. Erytliropygia, Smith .... 72

1. coryplireus (Zess.) .... 73

2. simplex (Cab.) 74

3. leuc(iplivys(r.) 74

4. nmnda ( Cab.) . 76

5. paeiia, Smith 76

(). zanibesiana, Sharpe .... 78

7. ruficauda, Sharpe .... 78

8. leucoptera {Rupp.) .... 79

21. Lioptila, Blyth 80

1. annectens, Blyth 80

a. saturata, Wald 80

22. Hodgsonius, Bp 81

1. phcenicuroides (Hadys.) 81

23. Oercotriclias, F. 8,- H. . . 83

1. podobe (P. L. S. MUll.) 83

2. melanoptera {H. Sj- E.) . 84

24. Cittocincla, Goidd 84

1. tricolor (r.) 85

a. suavis, Sclater 87

2. strlclilandi, Mottl.S) Bill. 88

3. albicapilla {V.) 89

4. nigra, Sharpe 90

5. albiventris, Blyth .... 90

6. luzouiensis (Kittl.) 91

Group II. Bradypteri.

1. Sphenoeacus, Strickl 94

1. africauus (Gm.) 95

2. intermedius, Shelley .... 96

3. natalen.si.s, Shelley .... 9(3

4. punc-tatus (Q.^-G.) 97

6. t'ulvus. Gray 98

6. rufescens, Buller 98

2. Dromseocercus, Sharpe . . 99

1. brunneus, Sharpe 9;)

2. seebohmi, Shai-pe 100

3. Stipiturus, Less 100

1. malachurus (Shaw) .... 100

4. Psamathia, H.SrF. 101

l.amife, //.(§• J'. 101

5. Bebrornis, Sharpe 102

1. rodericanus (E. Newt.) 102

2. seychellensis (Oust.) . . 103

6. Spheuura, Lichl 104

1. brachyptcra ( Lr//h. ). . . . 104

Pagfi

2. longirostris, Gould .... lOo

3. broadbenti, 3IcVoy .... 106

7. Amvtis, Less 106

1. textilis ( Q. L^ 6-'. ) 107

2. striata. (G(iuld). 107

3. macrura (Gould) 108

4. goyderi, Gould 109

8. Sidicenicola, Blyth 109

1. platyura (Jerd.) 110

2. apicali8(ea6.) 110

9. Vhl>ixis, mirtl. Ill

1. victorini (Sundev.) .... Ill

10. Bradypterus, Swains 112

1. brachypterus(F.) .... 113

2. cinnamomeus (Riipp.) . . 114

3. bairatti, Sharpe 115

4. sylvaticus, Sundev 115

11. Euryptila, Sharpe 116

1. sLibcinnamomea (Smith) 116

12. liliopopliilus, Swinh 116

1. pekiuensis (Swiiih.) .... 117

2. albosLiperciliaris (Hume

S,- Renders.) 117

3. deserti, Prjev 118

13. Laticilla, Blyth 118

l.burne.si (Blyth) 119

2. ciuerasceiLs ( TFaW.) .. 119

14. Ellisia, Hartl 120

1. typica, Hartl 120

a. Wicum, Hartl 121

j(3. lantzi. Grand 121

y. lougicaudata,-E'. iVi'ii'^. 122

15. Megalurus, Horsf. 122

1. palustris, Horsf. 123

2. gramineus (Gould) .... 125

3. nificeps, Tweed 125

4. macrurus, Salvad 126

6. amboinensis, 'SWyaf/. 127,671

6. galactote.s, Temnt 127

7. timoriensis, Wall 128

8. albolimbatus (D'Alh. Sf

Salvad.) 129

16. ChaBtornis, Grai/ 130

1. locu.stelloide.si (Blyth) . . 130

17. Calamociclila, Sharpe. . . . 131

1. newtoni (Hartl.) 131

2. brevipennis, Sharpe. ... 132

18. Calamonastes, Sharpe. . . . 133

1. fasciolatus (Smith) .... 133

2. undosus (Reichen.) .... 134

19. Origtua, Gould 135

1. rubricata (Lath.) 135

Group III. EnEMO.MEL.B.

1. Apalis, Swains 137

1 . t h oracica ( .S7( ««' S,- Nodd. ) 1 38

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

2. cerviniventris, Sharpe . . 139

3. chariessa, Reichen 139

4. lepida (Hartl.) 140

2. Euprinodes, Cass 140

1. rutigularis (Fras.) .... 141

2. olivaceus (Stiickl.) .... 142

3. schistaceus, Cass 142

4. flavidus {Strickl.) 142

5. flavocinctus, Sharpe. . . . 144

3. Dr^odromas, Fingch ^ H. 144

1. I'ulvicapilla (V.) 144

2. melanura, Cah 146

3. rutifrons {Eiipp.) , 146

4. damarensis ( Wahlb.) . . 147

6. icteropygialis {Lafr.) . . 148

4. Drymociclila, Hniil. .... 149
1. incana, Hartl 149

5. PbyllolHis Hartl 149

1. pulcliella {Cretzschm.) . . 149

6. Eroessa, Hartl loO

1. tenella, Hartl 151

2. viridis, Sharpe 152

3. stv\a.\Ag\Aa, {Sharpe) . . . . 152

7. Sylviella, Lafr 153

1. rufescens ( V.) 153

2. micrura {Ei/pj}.) 154

3. ruficapilla, Boc 156

4. virens, Cass 156

5. flaviventris (Sharpe) . . 157

8. Eremomela, Siindev 157

a. lutescens (Less.) .... 158

|3. viridiflava, Hartl. . . 158

1. fla^^ventri9 (Burch.) . . 159

2. griseoflava, Heugl 160

3. polioxantha, Sharpe . . 160

4. piisilla, Hartl. 160

5. usticollis, Stouler 161

6. pulchra (Boc.) 162

7. scotops, Sitndev 162

8. hypoxautha, Ptk 163

9. elegans (Heugl.) 103

10. caniceps (Cass.) 164

11. badiceps (LVas.) 164

\2. nigriceps (Shell.) 165

9. Camaroptera, Stindev 166

1. olivacea (V.) 166

2. sahadoi'fe, Heugl 167

3. bi'evicaiidata(CV<?ter/(H;.) 168

4. sundevalli, Sharpe .... 169

5. concolor, Haril 170

6. superciliaris (Fras.) . . 171

10. Hylia, Cass 171

1. prasina (Cass.) 172

11. Stiphrornis, Hartl 173

1. erythrothorax, Hartl. . . 173

2. gabonen-sis, Sharpe .... 174

3. alboterminata, Reichen. . 174

Page

Group IV. CiSTicoL^.

1. Suva, Hoclgs 176

1. ci'iuigera, Hoclgs 177

2. atrigularis, Hodgs 180

3. kliasiana, Godw.-Aust. . 181

4. albigularis, Hume .... ] 82

5. superciliaris, J. Anders. . 1§2

2. Prinia, Horsf. 183

1. familiaris, Horsf. 185

2. flavicans (Bonn. ^,- V.) . . 186

3. maculosa (Bodd. ) .... 189

4. hypoxautha (Sharpe) . . 190

5. mystacea, Riijtp 191

6. inornata, Sgkes 195

7. sylvatica, Jerd. 199

8. polychroa (Grag) .... 202

3. Burnesia, Jerd 203

1. flaviventris (Deless.) . . 204

2. sonitans (Swinh.) 205

3. superciliaris (Salvad.) . . 206

4. substriata (Smith) .... 206

5. leucopogon (Cab.) .... 207

6. bairdi (Cass.) 207

7. sociaKs (Sgkes) 208

8. gracilis ( Cretzsch77i.) . . 210

9. lepida (Blgth) 211

4. Scotocerca, Sundev 212

1. inquieta (Cretzschm.) . . 213

2. saharae (Lnche) 214

5. Sutoria, Nichols 215

1. sutoria (Fo/-*-<.) 215

2. edela (Tettim.) 218

3. maculicollis (Moore) . . 218

6. Orthotomus, Horsf.. ..... 219

a. lougirostn.a, ^'«' 219

1. froutalis, Sharpe 220

2. atrigularis, Temm 220

3. cinereiceps, Sharpe .... 222

4. nigriceps, Ticeedd 222

5. castaneiceps, Wald 223

6. derbianus, Moore 224

7. ruficeps (Less.) 224

8. cineraceus, Blyth 225

9. sepium, Horsf. 227

10. erythropterus (Jard.) . . 228

7. PhyUergates, Sharpe .... 229

1. cucullatus (Temm.). . . . 229

2. coronatus(J(';YZ.^y^/y(!/t) 230

8. Thamnornis, Milne-Edw. ^

Grandid. 231

1. chloropetoides (Grand.). 231

9. Spiloptila, Sundev 231

1. damans (Temm.) 231 .

2. ocularia (Smith) 232

10. Graminicola, Jerd 233

1. bengalensis, Jerd. 234

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

1 1 . Cisticola, Kuup 285

a. landana>, Buiivier .... 240

/3. orvziola {Miill.) 240

y. lacLjeusis, Ilartl 240

e. simplex {Hem/1.) .... 240
(. mode-sta {Boeage) .... 241

f. augolensis (Bocaye) . . 242
t]. antiuorii (Ileuffl.) .... 242
6. grandis (Bocaye) .... 243

t. Lartlaubi, S/u/rpo 243

K. obsciiia (Siaidev.) .... 244

X. flavig'ulaiis (i^tmdev.) . 244

1. mentalis {Fraser) 241

a. meridionalis, Sharpe . . 243

h. oaieutalis, Sharpe .... 245

2. aberraus (Smith) 245

3. budiauaui (i>V//M) .... 246

4. incana, Scl. S^- Ilartl. . . 247

5. riificapilla (Fraser) .... 248

6. ciiierasceus, Heuyl 248

7. eiytbrops (HartL) .... 250

8. lateralis (Fraser) 251

9. rufa (Fraser) 252

10. gracilis (Frank!.) 253

11. beavaui (Wahl.) 255

12. ciuereicapilla (Moore). . 256

13. poliocepbala(^.^?2</ers.') 257

14. ferriigiuea, FLeiujl 257

15. marginalis (Heugl.) .... 258

16. cisticola (Temm.). . 259, 671

17. cherina (Smith) 264

18. ha3.«itata (Sd. Sr Hartl.) 265

19. textrix (V.) 266

20. terrestris (Smith) 266

21. exilis ( Viff. 4- Jlorsf.) 269, 671

22. tinuiens (Licht.) 273

23. erytbrogenys (JRiipp.) . . 275

24. straDgei (Fras.) 276

25. natalensis (Smith) .... 278

26. lugubris (Riijyp.) 280

27. ruiiceps (Cretzschm.) . . 282

28. subruficapilla (Smith). . 283

12. Chtbonicola, Gould 290

1. sagittata (Lath.) 290

13. Acantbiza, Viy. ^- Horsf. 291

1. uaua, Vig. ^- Horsf . 292

2. inornata, Goidd 293

3. pusiUa ( White) 294

4. diemeoensis, Gould .... 295

5. apicalis, Gould 296

6. pyrrbopygia, Gould .... 296

7. lineata, Gould 297

8. uropvgialis, Gould .... 298

9. clirvkorrhoa {Q. lV G.). . 298
10. regiddides, Viq. Sf Horsf. 299

14. Sericorni.*, Gould ." . 300

1 . brunnea (Goidd) 302

2. citreogiilaris, Goidd . . . . .302

3. frontalis (Vig. 6, Horsf .) 303

4. beccarii, Salvad 305

5. maguirostris (f/oi<W) .. 305
(i. arfakiaua, Salvad. .... 306

7. Ifevigastra, Gould 307

8. maculata, Gould 307

9. magna (Gould) 308

10. osculaus, Gould 309

11. bnmilis, Gould 310

Group V. Cham^^.

1. Cbamsea, Gamhel 311

1. fasciata (Gambel) 311

Group VI. Henictei.

1. Ilenicurus, Temm 312

1. lescbenaulti {V.) 313

2. .sinensis, Gould 313

3. immaculatus, Hodgs. . . 314

4. scbistaeeus, Hodgs 315

5. guttatus, Goidd 316

6. uiaculatus, Vig 317

2. Hydrocicbla, Shc'upe 318

1.' ruficapilla (Temm.) .... 319

2. lufidcrsalis (Sharpe) . . 320

3. relatns (Temm.) 320

4. frontalis (Bh/th) 321

3. Microcicbla, Sharpe 322

1. scouleri (Vig.) 322

Group Til. CEATF.nOPODES.

1. Ortbouyx, Temm 329

1. spinicauda, Temm 329

2. spaldingi, Bams 331

3. nov£e-guii: ese, Meyer . . 672

2. Cinclosoma, Vig. ^- 'Horsf. 331

1. punctatum (Lath.) 332

2. castanonotum, Goidd . . 333

3. cinnamoneum, Gould . . 334

4. castanotliorax, Gould . . 335

5. marginatum, Sharpe . . 336

6. ajax. Less 336

3. Eupetes, Temtn 338

1. macrocercus, Temm. . . . 338

2. cEendesceus, Temm 339

3. nigricrissus, Salvad 339

4. castanouotus, Salvad. . . 340

5. incertus, Salvad 341

6. leucostictus, Scl 342

4. Pvcnoptilus, Gould 342

1'. floccosus, Gould 342

5. Drymacedus, Gould 343

1 . brunneopygius, Gould . . 343

2. pallidus, Sharpe 344

3. superciliaris, Gould .... 344

4. beccarii, Salvad 345

-SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

G. Hylacola, GuulJ 346

1. pyrrliopygia ( J'iij.if H.) 346

2. cauta, (Tinihl 347

7. Choetops, 8waiii» 347

1. freuatus ( Temm) 348

2. aurantiacus, Laijurd . . 348

3. pycnopvgius, Str. H,- Scl. . 349

8. Psophodes, Vig. ^- Horsf. 350

1. crepitans {Lath.) 350

2. nigrogularis, Giudd .... 351

9. H^^ergerus, Eeichenh. . . 351
1. atriceps (Less.) 352

10. Babax, David 352

1. lanceolatus ( T^err.) .... ^52

11. Pteroi-biuus, .S'i(7«/( 353

1. davidi, Swinh 353

12. Trochaloptenim, £/i/th . . 354

1. afiiue {B/i/th) ..." .357

2. blvthi, Verr 358

3. variegatum ( Vitj.) .... 359

4. ervthroceplialum,Zrof7(/A-. 360

5. chrv.sopteruia ( (rould) . . 362

6. ruficapillum (B/i/f/i) . . 363

7. erythrolajma, lf«w2fi. . . . 363

8. melano.stigma, £h/th . . 364

9. riiiigiilare"(6'-/(;/f7') .... 365

10. ciueiaceum, &V/«'.-.4m.s/. 366

11. squamatum (Gould) . . . . ,367

12. subunicolor, j5/;?/^/( .... 368

13. austeni, Jerd. '. 369

14. ellioti, J. Verr 370

15. pboeuiceum (Gould) . . 371

16. formosum, J. Verr 372

17. milui, David 372

18. cachinnans (J«y/.) .... 373

19. jerdoni (Bli/f/i) 373, 672

20. faiibanki, Minf. 374

21. uieridionale, Blanf. .... 376

22. canorum (Linn. ) 376

23. taivauum {Sici/i/i.) .... 376

24. lineatum ( 17c/.) 377

25. imbricatuiii (Bltjth) .... 379

26. virgatum, Godic.-Aust . . 379

13. Acauthoptila, Bh/th ■ 380

1. nipalensis (Hodgs.) .... 380

14. lanthocincla. Gould 382

1. ocellata (Vig.) 382

2. maxima {J. Verr.) .... 383

3. artemisife (David) .... 384

4. limulata, J. Verr 385

15. Gampsorimicbus, ^Vy//j . . 386

1. rululus, 'Bh/th 386

2. torquatus, Hume 387

16. Argya, Less 388

1. ru'fesceiis (Bli/th) 389

2. subrufa (Jerd.) 390

3. liypcrythra, Sharpe .... 390

4. rubigiiiiisa (Riipp.) .... .391

5. beugliui, Sharpe 391

6. earlii (Blyfh) 392

7. caudata {Drap.) 393

8. eclipes (Hume) 394

Q.hwiXom (Bhjth) 394

10. squamiceps (Cretzschm.) 395

11. giilaris (Blyth) 396

12. fulva (/>.s/w;^.) 397

13. acacife (Licht.) 397

14. malcolmi (Sglces) 398

17. Megaliinilus, Verr 400

1. maiiei, J'err 400

18. rinarorni.«, Sharpe 401

1. plumosus, Sharpe 401

19. Sibia, Hodgs 401

1. picoides, Hxh/s 401

2. simillima (Sa'lvad.) 402

20. Malacias, Cab 403

1. capistrata ( Vig.) 403

2. auricidaris(*S><vw/;.) .... 405

3. melanoleuca (B/i/fh) . . 405

4. desgodinsi (Oust. S,-Dav.) 406

5. gracilis (McClell.) 406

6. pulchella (Godiv.-Aust.) 407

21. Pomatorbinus, Horsf.. . . . 408

1. montamip, Horsf. '. 410

2. borneensis, Cab. 411

3. schisticeps, Hodgs 411

a. pimvilli, Sharpe .... 413

/3. nuehalis, Tweed 413

y. olivaceu.<, Blgth .... 414

4. melanunis, Bhfth 414

5. horsfieldii, Sgkes . . 415, 673
a. obscunis, Hume .... 416

6. ochraceiceps, Wald 417

7. austeui, Hume 418

8. temporalis, Vig. S; H.. . 418

9. superciliosus, Vig. Sf H. 419

10. ruticeps, Hartl 420

11. riibeculu.?, Gould 421

12. ferriigiuosus, Hodgs. . . 422

13. phayrii, Bh/th 422

14. albigularis,'^/y^/i 423

15. stenorhynchus, G.-Aust. 424

16. musicus, Stvi?ih 424

17. nigrosteilatiis, Szcinh. . . 425

18. rulicollis Hodgs 426

19. erythrocnemis', Gould . . 427

20. swinhoii, Darid 427

21. hyjioleucus {Bh/th) 428

a. indisi ( i/;/«i^) . . . 429

22. tickelli, Blgth 429

23. er^-tlirogenys, Vig 4.30

24. maccleOandi, Jerd. .... 431

25. isidorii, Lesx 432

22. Xipliorhamphus. Blyfh . . 433

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

1. superciliavis {Hli/t/i) . . 433

23. Ganulax, Less 434

1 . leucoloplius {Ilanlw.) . . 435

2. belauireri, Less 436

3. diaidi (X(;*s.) 437

4. bicolor, Hart.l 438

5. ruficeps, Gould 438

6. albigularis( Goit/f/) 439

7. pectoralis {Gould) .... 441

8. moniliger (Hodf/s.) .... 442

9. niouhoti, Sharpe 444

10. picticollis, Siufii/i 444

11. <ralbanus, Godw.-Aust. . 44-5

12. gularis (J/ctVe«.) 445

13. delesserti (Jerd.) . . 446, 673

14. palliatus (Temm.) 446

15. cinei-difrons, B/t/fh .... 447

16. rufifrons, Less 448

24. Stactocichla, S/iarpe 449

1. nieiulina (BIyth) 449

25. Grammatoptila, Reichenh. 450
1. striata ( Vig.) 450

26. Melanocichla, Sharpe .... 451
1. lugubris {S. Miill.) .... 4-51

27. Rhinocichla, Sharpe .... 452

1. mitrata {S. Mull.) 452

2. treacheri {Sharpe) .... 453

28. Dryonaste.s, Sharpe 454

1. ruficollis {Jard. ^ Selb.) 454

2. chinensis (Scop.) 455

3. nuchali.? (Godw.-Aust.). 4-56

4. strepitans (Tick.) 457

5. monacbiis (Stoinh.) .... 457

6. perapicillatiis (Gin.) . . 458

7. sanuio (Stoinh.) 459

8. pcecilorhvucluis (Gould) 460

9. bertheniyi (7>n-. i,- Oust.) 461

10. csendatiis (Hodi/s.) .... 461

11. subcferLdatua (Hume) . . 462

29. Actinodura, Gould 463

1. ^gertoni, Gould 463

2. ramsayi ( Wald.) 464

3. waldeni, Godw -Aust. . . 465

4. nipalensis (Hodr/s.) .... 466

5. daflaensis (Godw.-Aust.) 467

6. oglei (Godw.-Aust.). . . . 467

30. Neocicbla, Sharpe 468

1. gutturalis (Borage) .... 468

31. Crateropus, Su'/iiji.-; 469

1. reinwardtii, Swains. . . 470

2. platycercus, Swains. . . 471

3. melanops, Ilarf.l 472

4. jardiuii, Smith 472

5. plebeius (Cre/zschm.) 473,674

6. \i\yo3t'u:t\i^,C'ab.^- Reich. 474

7. leucocephalus ( Crp^isrA.) 474

8. bicolor, Jard 475

9. leucopygius (Riipp.) . . 476

10. hartlaiibi, Boc 478

11. canoru3 (Linn.) 478

12. gri.-^eus (Gm.) 480

13. striatus (Swains.) .... 481

14. somervillii (Si/kes) .... 482

15. atripennLs, Sioains 483

16. hayuesii, Sharpe 483

32. iEthocicbla, Sharpe .... 484
1. gymnogenys (Hartl.) . . 484

33. Conostoma, Hodgs 485

1. remodiuin, Ilodys 485

34. Suthora, Hodgs. '. 486

1. huniii, Sharpe 487

2. poliotis, Blgth 487

3. verreauxi, Sharpe ... 488

4. nipalensis, Hodgs 488

5. couspicillata, iiav 489

6. alphonsiana, Verr 489

7. brunnea, /. And 490

8. bulomachu.s, Siuinh 490

9. webbiana, Gray 490

10. sutFusa, Stoinh 491

11. ruficeps (Blyth) 491

12. gularis, Gray 492

13. unicolor, Hodgs 493

35. Chleuasicus, Blyth 494

1. ruficeps, Blyth 494

2. fulvifrons (Hodgs.) 494

3. cyanoplirys(-D«y.4'OMS^.) 495

36. Paradoxornis, Gould .... 496

1. flavirostris, Gould .... 496

2. guttaticollis, David .... 497

3. heudii, David 497

37. Cholornis, Verr 498

1. paradoxa, Verr 498

38. Cinclorhamplius, Gould . . 498

1. cruralis C Vig. 8f Horsf.). 498

2. ^\i.iesc&ns(Vig. S) Hoi-sf.) 600

39. Calamanthus, Gould .... 501

1. fuliginosus( Vig. l<f Horsf.) 501

2. campestris (Gould) .... 502

Group VIII. TiMELi^.

1. Timelia, Horsf. 507

1 . pileata, Horsf. 607

2. longirostris (Moore) . . 509

2. Pyctorhis, Hodgs. .. 510

1. sinensis (Gm.) 510

2. nasalis, Legge 512

3. altirostris (Jerd.) 512

3. Diimetia, Bli/th 514

1. albigularis (Blgth) .... 514

2. b^-perythra (Frankl.) . . 515

3. bivittiita ( Bp.) 516

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

4. Elaphrornis, Legge 517 ]

1. palliseri {Blyth) 517

5. Pellorneum, Sicaini; 518

1. nipalense (Hadgs.) .... 518

2. intermedium, Sharpt' . . 519

3. ruficeps, Swains 520

4. subochraceum, Stviiih. . . 521

5. palu.stre, Gould 522

6. Scotocichla, Sharpe .... 522
1. ftiscicapilla {Bbith) .... 523

7. Crossleyia, Hard 523

1. xantbophrys {Sharpe) . . 524

8. Tatare, Less. 524

1. longirostris (Gm.) .... 525

2. mendaiife (7'ristr.) .... 520

3. pistor {Trisfr.)... 627

4. syrinx (Kittl.) 527

5. rehsii (Fiiisch) 528

6. marianuffi ( Tristr.) .... 528

7. fequinoctialis (Lath.) . . 528

9. Bernieria, Bp 529

]. madagascariensi.s (Gm.) 529

10. Macro.sphemis, Cass 530

1. flavicaus, Cass 5.30

11. Mystaconiis, Sharpe .... 531
1. crossleyi (Sharpe) .... 531

12. Slacbyris, Ilodgs 532

1. nigriceps, Hodgs 532

2. larvata (Bp.) 534

3. poliocephala {Tcmm.) . . 534

4. guttata (Bhjth) 535

5. nigricollis ( Tennn.) .... 535
G. leucotis {S/rickl.) 537

7. tboracica (Temm.) .... 537

8. maculata ( Temm.) 5.38, 673

13. Turdinus, Blyth 539

a. lepidopleiirus, Bp. . . 539

|8. per.spicillatus {Bp.) . . 540

y. epilepidotus (7eww?.). 540

1. abbotti (Bhjth) 541

2. celebensis (Strickl.) .... 542

3. gularis (Sharpe) 543

4. finschi {Wald.) 543

5. rufescen.? (Reichen.) . . 544

6. sepiarius (Horsf.) .... 544

7. fulve.scens (Cass.) 545

8. Tu^hons {Tweed.) 54G

9. leptorbyncbus {Fisch. ^•

Meich.) 646

10. magnirostris (Moore) . . 547

11. macrodactylus {Strickl.) 548

12. rufipectus, Salvad 649

13. atrigularis (Bp.) 549

14. loricatus (MiUl.) 550

14. Drymocbsera, Finsch .... 650
1. badiceps, Finsch 6-50

15. Erythrocichla, Sharj)e .... 551

Page
1. bicolor (Less.) 551

16. Drymocataplius, Blgth . . 552

1. capistratus {Temm.). . . . 55.3

2. nigricapitatus {Eyt.) . . 554

3. capistratoide.9 ( Temm.) . 5.55

4. cleaveri. Shell 556

5. ignotus {Hume) 6.56

6. assameusi,?, Sharpe .... 557

7. tickelli {Blyth) 557

8. rubiginosus ( Wald.) . . 560

17. Ortygocichla, Scl 560

1. rubigiuosa, Scl 5G0

18. Gypsophila, Gates 561

1. crispifrons {Bli/fh) .... 661

19. Trichostoma, Bl'i/fh 6G2

1. ro.stratum, Bli/fh 562

20. Malacopterum, Eyt on. . . . 563

a. cinereicapillum {Salv.). 663

1. magnum, Eyton 664

2. cinereum. Eyton 5G.5

3. lepidocephalum (Gray) . 567

4. ervtlirote, Sharpe 667

5. albigulare (Blyth) .... 568

6. affine (Blyth) 569

21. Xanthomixis, Sharpe .... 570
1. zosterops (Sharpe) .... 570

22. Oxylabes, Sharpe 571

1. madagascariensis (Gm.). 571

2. cinereicpps, Sharpe .... 572

23. Kenopia (Blyth) 573

1. striata {Blyth) 573

24. Da!5ycrotapha, Tioeed. . . 574
1. speciosa, Ttveed 574

25. Mixornis, Hodgs 575

1. flavicollis (liliill.) 576

2. gularis (Itaffl.) 576

3. woodi, Sharpe 577

4. rubricapilla (Tick.) .... 578

5. javanica, Cah 579

6. borneen.sis, Bp 580

7. erythroptera (Bhjth) . . 680

8. bicolor (Bh/th) 581

9. capitalis, tweed 682

26. Macronus, Jard. ^- Sell. . . 583

1. ptilosus, Jard. |- Selb. . . 583

2. striaticep^ Sharpe .... 584

27. Ptilopyga, ,Sha?pe 585

1, rufiventris (Salvad.). . . . 585

2. leucogi-ammica (Bp.) . . 586

28. Ptilocichla, Sharpe 686

1. falcata, .Sharpe 686

29. Malia, Schleg 587

1. grata, Srh'leg 587

30. Anuropsis, Sharpe 588

a. pyrrliogenys (Tetnm.) . . 588

1. malaccensis (/frt?-^/.) .. 688

2. cinereiceps (T^Mwc?.) .. 590

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

PaKf

31. Crateroscelis, Sharpe .... 6'JO

1. murimis (^Teinm.) 590

2. monaclms (Crrai/) .... 591

32. Corvthocicbla, Shaipe . . 592

1. brevicaudiita (Bli/f/i) . . 592

2. stviiitd(Jf'a/d.).'.. ..... 593

33. Turdinulus, Htnnc 593

I. nmrams (Bh/th) 593

34. Piiiuator, Blyih 594

1. malacoptilus, Blyth .... 594

2. albostriatus, Sah-ad. . . 595

Group IX. LlOTRICHES.

1. Stachj'ridopsis Sharpe . . 597

1. ruficeps (B/i/f/i) 598

2. riififron.? (li/iiiw) 599

3. polioga.<ter (Iliime) .... 599

4. pyrrhops (Hodi/.s.) .... 600

5. ciiryssa (Hodr/s.) .... (301

0. assimilis ( JFald.) 002

2. Oligura, Ifodr/s 003

1. castaneocoronata( i)';*;-/. ) 603

2. cyaniveutris (Hod(/s.) . . 604

3. siiperciliaris (.S'. Midi.) . 605

3. Miula, Ifodff.s . GOG

1. igneotincta, Ilndt/s 606

2. jerdoni, Vfrr. .'. 607

3. castaneiceps, Hodgs. . . 608

4. branneicaiida, Sharpe . . 009

5. cinerea, Blyth 609

6. vvi^n\m»,' Mandelli . . 610

7. niandellii, Godw.-Aiist. 610

8. dubia (Hume) 611

4. Ixidu-s, Hodys 612

1. tiavicollis [Hodgs.) 612

2. oceipitali.s [Blyth) 613

3. hiimilis, Hume 614

5. Stapbidia, Swinh 615

1. torqueola {Swinh.) .... 615

2. castaneiceps [Moore) . . 616

3. rutigenis [Hume) 617

4. striata [Bli/th) 617

6. Alcippe, Blyth 618

1. vinipectus [Hodgs.) .... 619

2. nipalensis (Hodgs.) 620

3. morri.soiiia, Siiunh 621

4. phfeocephala (Jwf?.) .. 022

5. cinerea, B/gth ........ 622

6. phayrii, Blgth 623

7. bruunea, Gould 624

8. atriceps (Jerd.) 625

9. nigrif'rons, Blgth 625

10. bourdilloni, Hume .... 626

11. ebrysaea (//oc?//*-.) .... 627

12. swinboii ( Verr.) CyiS

7. Fulvetta, iJarid .f 0(/.v^ . . 62.'^

Page

1. cinereiceps ( Verr.) .... 628

2. ruficapilla ( Verr.) 629

3. striaticollis ( Verr.) 629

8. Moupinia, David S,- Oust. . . 630
1. poecilotis ( Verr.) 630

9. Dendrobiastes, Sharpe . . 630
1. basilauiea, Shar2)e .... 630

10. Yubina, Hodgs 631

1. gularis, Hodgs 631

2. diadeiuata, Verr 032

3. occipitalis, Hodgs. .... 633

4. nigrimentum, Hodgs. . . 633

11. Mjzoruis, Hodgs 63-5

1. pyrrhura, Hodgs 635

12. Herpornis, Hodgs 636

1. xantholeuci), Hodgs. . . 636

a. brunuescens, Sharpe. . 637
/3. tvranuulus, Swinh. . . 037

13. SivA,^ Hodgs 037

1. strigula, Hodgs 638

2. castaueicaiida, Hume . . 639

3. cyanuroptera, Hodgs. . . 640

4. sord;da, Hume 641

14. Liocichla, Sivinh O'il

1. steerji, Swinh 641

15. Mesia, Hodgs 042

1. argeiitauris, Hodgs 642

2. Liiu-inas [Salvad.) 643

16. Liotlirix, Swains 644

1. lutea {Scop.) 644

17. ('utia, Hodgs 646

1. uipalen.sis, Hodgs 646

Group X. ACCENTOEE.S.

1. Accentor, Bechst 648

1. modularis (i.) 649

a. orientalis, Sharpe .... 652

2. rubidus, T. S,- S. 652

a. fervidus, Sharpe .... 653

3. moutanellus {Pall.) .... 653

4. iulvescens, Sevcrtz 655

5. immaculatus, Hodgs. . . 656

6. atrigidari.s, Brandt .... 656

7. rubecnloides, Hodgs. . . 657

8. strophiatus, Hodgs ^S

11. jerdoni, Brooks 660

12. altaicus, Brandt 660

13. collaris {Scop.) 661

a. erythropygius, Swinh. 663

/B. ru'tilatus, Severtz 664

y. nipalensi.s, Hodgs. . . 664

2. Ephthianura, Gould .... 666

1. albiirons [J.^- B.) .... 666

2. tricolor, Gould 667

3. aurilrons, Gould 668

4. crocea, (W.s-^ ^- Bams. . . 669 \

CATALOGUE

BIRDS.

Order II. PASSERIFORMES

(Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 1.)

Suborder I. PASSERES

(Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 1.)

Group II. CICHLOMORPHJ^.

(Cat. B. vol. iv. p. 6.)

Family TIMELIIDiE.

(Cat. B. vol. iv. p. 7.)

Subfamily TIMELIIN^.

(Cat. B. vol. vi. p. 1.)

In the present state of our knowledge T consider it impossible t6
divide the birds hitherto referred or allied to the typical Timeliidce
into well-defined or definable subfamilies or groups. Hence the
views on their systematic arrangement are of necessity subject to
frequent changes ; and my own, with those of the author of the
fifth volume of the present ' Catalogue,' have consequently under-
gone considerable modifications since the commencement of the
printing of the previous volume. I have been obliged to depart
from the scheme of classification there proposed ; and I have found
besides, after a more lengthened study of these birds, that the family,
as at present constituted, contains many forms which are not real
Timeliidce,

Under these circumstances the best plan seemed to me to be to
arrange the remaining forms under groups of one subfamily Time-
liime, viz. Thamnobiie, Bradijpttri, Eremomdce, Cisticohe, Chumcece,
Henicuri, Crateropi, Tiinelice, Liotrichcs, and Accentores.

VOL. VII. B

TIJIELIID^.

Group I. THAMNOBI^E.

In this group are contained the genera and species of Chat-
Thrushes and their allies, which were excluded from the Turdidce
by Mr. Seebohm on account of their larger and more Timeliine first
primary. I would suggest, however, that the value of this large first
primary is entirely counterbalanced by others of greater importance,
such as the spotted plumage of the young &c. — points on which Mr.
Seebohm lays great stress as characteristic of Thrushes. In ray
opinion, all the birds included in this group would occupy a more
natural position at the end of the Turdidce, leading on, of course,
towards the true IHmeliidce.

Keij to the Genera.

a. Bill very stout, much higher than broad at

nostrils.
a'. Tarsus rather coarsely scutellated .... 1. Turnagea, p. 4.
b'. Tarsus entire, or with a subtermiual

scute 2. Myiophoneus, p. 6.

b. Bill longer and more slender, never higher

than it is broad at nostrils.
c' . Wing decidedly longer than tail.

a". Tarsal envelope entire or with merely
a subterminal scute *.
«'". Tarsus longer, the outstretched
feet reaching to the tip of the tail,
or beyond it.
a*. Wing rather short, falling short
of tail by as much as or mure
than the length of the tarsus.
a'. First primary very large, more
than half the length of the

second 3. Callbne, p. 14.

fe'. Fu'st primary narrow and

rather pointed, not half the

length of the second.

a^. Rictal bristles evident ; bill

rather stout, the culnieu

equal to the middle toe and

claw 4. Penthol^a, p. 17.

¥. Bill more slender, culmen
less than middle toe and
claw ; rictal bristles less

perceptible 6. Pinarocuroa, p. 19.

c^. Bill stout, the culmen less
than the middle toe and

claw; rictal bristles very [p. 21.

strong 6. Pseitdocossyphus,

* It is not easy to tell whether birds of this group have or have not a plain
tarsus; many of them seem to have a scutellated tarsus when they are young,
and a plain one when adult.

TnAMNOBI-E. J

h\ Wing very long, falling short of
tail by less than length of
tarsus.
c\ Tail moderately long, more tlian
two thirds the length of the
wing.
<P. Outstretched feet not reach-
ing to the tip of the tail . . 7. Notodela, p. 22.
c". Outstretched feet reaching

to or far beyond tip of tail. 8. Bbachypteryx, p. 25.
d'. Tail short, a little more than

half the length of wing .... 9. Lampbolia, p. 31.
h'" Tarsus of moderate length, the out-
stretched feet not nearly reaching
to the end of the tail, but falling
short of the latter by about as
much as or more than the length
of the tarsus.
c^. Ciilmen longer than the middle
toe and claw ; rictal bristles
very strong, and reaching be-
yond the nostrils ; first primary

broad and rounded at the end. . 10. Trichixu.s, p. 32.
dK Cidmen .shorter than middle toe
and claw.
e\ Cidmen broader than high at
nostrils ; first primary rounded

at end 11. Cossypha, p. 34.

p. Culmen equal in height and
breadth at nostrils.
f^. Primaries rounded at end . . 12. Chimarrhornis,p. 47.
(l''\ Primaries very peculiar, the
long primaries pointed at

the end 13. Thamnol.^a, p. 48

h'' . Tarsus distinctly scutellated.

c'" . Tail nearly square, the difference

between the tip of the outermost

and the tip of the longest feather

as much as the length of the tarsus.

e*. Toes feeble ; the tarsus double the

length of the hind toe and claw. 14. Thamnobia, p. 58.
f*. Toes rather strong ; the tarsus
not double the length of the

hind toe and claw 15. Alethe, p. 57.

d'". Tail strongly graduated, the dis-
tance between the tip of the outer
and the tip of the longest feather

as much as the tarsus IG. Copsychus, p. 60.

d'. Wing and tail about equal in length.
c". Bill more slender, equal in height
and depth at nostrils.
e'" . Tai'sus moderate, not equal to twice
the length of the hind toe and
claw.
</■'. Tarsi scutellated.

</''. Culmen shorter than hind toe

and claw 17. Gervaisia, p. 66.

b2

TIMEl.IlDJi.

/i°. Culmeu uiucli longer tluiu hind

toe and claw L-<. AEDOxoPh^is, p. G8.

/t*. Tarsi plain 19. Cichladusa, p. 69.

f". Tarsus long, twice the length of
the hind toe and claw ; tarsus

strongly scutellated 20. Eeytheopyglv, p. 72.

d". Bill rather broad, broader than high

at nostrils 21. Lioptila, p. 80.

e'. Wing much .shorter than the tail.

e". Tail moderately graduated, the dif-
ference between the tip of the outer
and the tip of the Lmgest feather not
so much as half the length of the wing.

//'". Tai-sal envelope entire 22. lloDGSOXirs, p. 81.

h'". Tarsal envelope with distinct scu-

tellation 23. Ceecoteichas, p. 83,

/". Tail very strongly graduated; two
centre feathers elongated, the diffe-
rence between the tip of the outer-
most and the tip of the longest equal
to half or more of the length of the
wing 24. CiTTOciNCLA, p. 84.

1. TURNAGRA. ^^^^

Turnagra, Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 216 (1837) T. crassirostris.

Keropia, Gniy, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 28 T. crassirostris.

Otagon, Bp. Consp. i. p. 374 (1850) T. crassiroshis.

Ceropia, Sundev. Krit. Fratnst., Sparnn. p. 9 (1857) . . T. crassirostris.

Kange. Confined to New Zealand.

Key to the Species.

. Smaller : bill more slender ; forehead slightly

streaked with rufous crassirostris, p. 4.

. Larger : bill stouter ; head always perfectly uni-
form, with no rufous streaks on the forehead . . tcmae/rct, p. 5.

1. Turnagra crassirostris.

Thick-billed Thrush, Lat/t. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 34, pi. xxsvii.

(1783).
Tauagra capensis, Sparrm. Mits. Carlss. pi. 45 (1787).
Turdus crassirostris, Gin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 81 o (1788, e.v Lath.).
Lanius crassirostris, Cuv. Beyn. Anim. p. 338 (1817).
Campephaga ferrugiuea, Vieill. K. Diet, d'llist. Nut. x. p. 48 (1817).
Tanagra macularia, Qiwy et Gaim. Voy. de V Astrolabe, i. p. 186,

pi. vii. fig. 1 (1830).
Tm-nagra macularia, Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 217 (1837).
Keropia crassirostris, Gray, Gen. B. 1840, p. 28.
Tm-nagra crassirostris, Gruy, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 38; id. Gen. B.

fol. i. p. 227 (184-5) ; id. J'oi/. Ereh. S,- Terror, Birds, p. 7 (1846) ;

id. Ibis, 1862, p. 225 ; Butler, B. N. Zecd. p. 138, pi. 14. fig. 2 ;

Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 166, 1874, p. 0 ; ii/iar2)e, Voy. Erebus Sf

Terror, Birds, App. p. 26 (1875) ; Btdler, 3Ian. B. N. Zeal. p. 25,

pi. xi. (1882).

1. TUrXAGRA. 5

Loxia turdus, Fovst. Descr. Anhn. p. 85 (1844).

Otagoii turdus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 374 (1850).

Ceiopia crassirostris, Simder. Krif. om Sparrm. p. 9 (1857); Potts,

Jmirn. Linn. Soc. xi. p. oOo (1873).
Turnagra turdus, Grai/, Rond-l. B. i. p. 284, no. 4200 (1869).
Otag-on crassirostris, Sitndev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 19 (1872).

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, tbe head rather
more earthy brown, -tt-ith obscure lighter margins to some of the
feathers under certain lights ; the frontal plumes streaked with
rufous ; wing-coverts olive-brown like the back, tipped with rufous
and margined with the same colour near the end of the outer web ;
primary-coverts olive-brown, with a very narrow rufous edging;
quills dusky brown, externally like the back, the primaries paler
brown on the outer web ; upper tail-coverts bright rufous ; centre
tail-feathers olive-brown, the remainder rufous, light brown near the
tip of the inner web and along the outer one, this light brown colour
diminishing in extent towards the outer feathers : lores dull whitish,
surmounted by a little spot of rufous, caused by the rufous streak to
the basal frontal plumes ; round the eye a ring of light rufous ;
feathers below the eye light rufous, edged with ashy ; ear-coverts
dark brown, narrowly streaked with pale rufous or whitish ; cheeks
and under surface of body white, much mottled with ashy-browu
edges to the feathers, imparting a streaked appearance ; many of the
feathers also washed with rufous ; centre of breast and abdomen,
thighs, and under tail-coverts white, the latter with faint indica-
tions of light-brown edges to the feathers ; sides of body brown,
streaked with dull white centres to the feathers ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries rufous ; quills brown below, pale rufous along the
inner web ; " bill and feet dark brown ; iris yellow "' (Bailer),
Total length 10-5 inches, culmenO-8, wing -i'To, tail 4'6, tarsus l4.

YoKwj. Differs from the adult in having the throat and chest, as
well as the sides of the face, washed with rufous.

Hah. Formerly very common in the South Island of New Zealand,
but now nearly extinct.

a. S ad., b. J jun. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.].

c. Ad. St. New Zealand. New Zealand Co. [P.].

2. Turnagra tanagra.

Otagon tanagra, Schlef/el, Xederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. p. 190 (1865).
Turnagra bectori, Bitller, His. ltiU9, p. 39; Oray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 284, no. 4262 (1869) ; BuUer, B. Xeic Zeal. p. 135, pi. 14.

tig. 1 (1873) : Sharpe, Voy. Erehiis 4" Terror, App. p. 26 (1875) ;

Buller, Man. B. Sew Zeal. p. ^o, pi. xi. (1882).
Turnagra tanagra, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 284, no. 4201 (1869).
Keropia tanagra, Finsc/i, J. f. O. 1870, p. 323.

Adult. Crown of the head, hind neck, and upper parts generally
clear olive-brown ; throat pure white : breast and abdomen ashy
grey, darker on the former, the abdomtn and the under tail-coverts

6 TIJIELIID.T.

tingid ■with yellow ; sides olive-brown, washed with yellow ; wing-
feathers dark olive-brown, dusky on their inner webs ; tail-feathers
and their npper coverts bright rufous, paler on the under surface,
the two middle ones tinged with olive-lirown ; irides yellow ; bill
and feet dark brown. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0-8, wing
5-25, tarsus 1-25. {Buller, 1. c.)

YoHiir/. Birds of the first year differ in having the feathers at the
base of the upper mardible, the tips of those covering the crown and
sides of the head, the small feathers fringing the eyelids, and a broad
zone on the u])per part of the breast briglit rufous ; the primary and
secondary wing-coverts are also largely tipped with the same colour ;
and the grey of the underparts is darker. (Bulltr, 1. c.)

Hah. Confined to the southern portion of the North Island of Xew
Zealand, becoming extremely rare north of "^'aikato, according to
Dr. Buller.

2. MYIOPHONEUS.

Type.

Myiophonus, Temm. PL Col. ii. livr. 29 (182.3) M. flavirostris.

Anenga, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. P&9, (1831) M. cyaneus.

M_\iophaga, Less. t. c. p. 395 (1831) M. cyaneus.

Bange. From Turkestan southwards to Afghanistan and the whole
of India and Ceylon, throughout the Burmese countries and China ;
apparently absent in the Malayan Peninsula, but reoccurring in Java
and Sumatra.

Key to the Species.

a. AVith white spots at the end of the median wing-
coverts.
a'. With the wing-coverts no blighter than the
back : feathers of upper surface with =lightly
glistening ends, but very indistinct ; bill
yellow, horn-brown along the culmen .... Jtaiirostris, p. 7.
v. With a .shoulder-spot of brilliant purpli.sh
blue formed by the lesser wing-coverts;
glistening tips to feathers of upper surface
very distinct.
a". Bill horn-brown along the culmen, yellow
on the under mandible and along the

edge of the xipper one temmiiicki, p. 7.

b". Bill entirely blackish ceeruleus, p. 9.

h. With no white spots at the end of the median
wing-coverts.
c'. Upper siu-face, including the tail, blue or
black, or washed with brown (in immature
birds).
c". Larger : no bright shoulder-spot : feathers
of liead and back, as well as chest and
throat, with glistening tips ; bill yellow,
horn-brown on culmen and base of upper
mandible i-ugmii, p. 9.

2. JIYIOPHOXKUS. 7

d". Larger : no bright sliouldf>r-spot ; glisten-
ing ends of feathers obsolete ; bill blackish,
horu-coloured at the tip and on the lower

mandible dicrorhynchus, p. 10.

e". Smaller : with a bright shoulder-spot of
deep cobalt or ultramarine blue ; bill
entirely blick.
a'". Head and mantle entirely black, with-
out any blue shade.
a*. Glistening edges to the feathers
scarcely perceptible on the chest, but
very distinct on the lower breast . . hursjieldi, p. 10.
h^. Fore neck and chest broadly edged
with enamelled blue, like the re-
mainder of the breast huidaris, p. 11.

b'". Head and mantle purplish blue like the
rest of the upper surface ; under sur-
face similarly coloured cyanens, p. 12.

c'". Head black : mantle-feathers tipped
with purplish blue.
c*. Forehead and sides of crown purplish

blue melanunis, p. 12.

d*. Forehead and sides of crown black

like the rest of the head ... bliyhi, p. 13.

d' . Tail chestnut like the back castaneus, p. 14.

1. Myiophoneus flavirostris.

Turdus flavirostris, Jlorsf. Trans. Linn. Sue. xiii. p. 149 (1822).

Myiophoneus metallicus, Temvi. 11. CvL ii. pi. 170 (1823).

Mviophoneus flavirostris, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 214 (lb46); Bji. Consp.
i. p. 258 (1.-.58) : Horsf. 8;' Moore, Cat. B. F.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 198
(1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 264, no. 3857 (1809).

Adult. General colour above purplish black, with uearly obsolete
glistening tips, a little more distinct on the lesser coverts, where,
however, they do not form a shoulder-patch ; the median series with
white spots at the tip ; quills and tail-feathers black, the latter
elightly washed with purjjlish blue ; sides of face and under surface
of body purplish black, with a few indications of glistening spots at
the end of the feathers of the sides of the neck, fore neck, chest,
and entire breast ; flanks black, and, like the lower back, relieved
by the white bases to the feathers ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries like the breast ; quills black below. Total length 12-5 inches,
culmen 1-5, wing 5-8, tail 4*5, tarsus 2-1.

Hah. Confiined to the island of Java.

a. Ad.sk. Java [Hurx/ield). India Museum. (Type of species.)

b. Ad. sk. West .Java'. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J.

2. Myiophoneus temmincii.

M^-iophoneus temminckii, Tiqors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 171 ; Gould,
'Cent. Hhnal. B. pi. 21 (1832) ; Temm. PI. Col. ii. livr. 29* ; Gray,

* The date of this ' Livraison ' is given in ' The Ibis ' for 1868 as " 1823."
This must be wrong, as Teinuiinck refers to Gould's ' Century,' which was not
published till 1831 or 1832.

8 TlMELIIDj;.

Get%. B. i. p. 214 (1846) ; id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs.
p. 78 (1846) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Bejig. xvi. p. 154 (1847) ; id. Cat. B.
Mus. As. Soc. p.* 159 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 258 (1850); Leith
Adams, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 498, 1859, p. 181 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 500
(18152); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 264, no. 3858 (1869); Godicin-
Anst. J. A. S. Bmg. xxxix. p. 102 (1870) ; Bhjth, Ibis, 1872,
p. 90*; Jerd. t. c. p. 133; Severtz. Turlvst. Jevotn. p. 65 (1873);
JIvme k HenderHm, Lahore to Yarh. p. 187 (1873) ; Hvme, Nests
•S- Eqgs Ind. B. p. 221 (1873); Hume 4'- Oates, Str. F. 1874, p. 105 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 331 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 335 ; Blyth 8f
Wald. B. Burm. p. 98 (1875) ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beny. xlv.
p. 72 (1876); Hnme, Str. F. 1877, p. 30; id. ^- Davison, Str. F.
1878, vol. i. p. 236 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 93 ; Scidly, t. c. p 281 ;
Broolis, t. c. p. 236 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 52 ; Scul'ly, t. c. p. 437;
C. Su-inhoe, t. c. p. 105 1 ; Gates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 18 (1883).
Mviophoneus metallicus {7ion Temm.), Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit.
'Mus., Passeres, pis. 130, 131 (no. 224) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc.
p. 83 (1844) ; Bh/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc, App. p. 326 (1849) ;
Horsf. Sr Moore, Cat. B. F.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 199 (1854).

Adult. General colour above blue-black, each feather with a tip
of glossy blue, which appears silvery grey in the changing lights ;
lower back and rump ashy black with couccaled longitudinal centres
of white ; least wing-coverts uniform glossy ultramarine ; remainder
of wing-coverts black, washed with blue on the outer webs, the
median series tipped with white; quills blackish, externally purplish
blue ; tail-feathers purplish blue, blackish on the inner webs ; base
of forehead and lores black, succeeded by a band of brighter pur-
plish blue across the fore part of the crown ; sides of face and ear-
coverts black, narrowly streaked with glossy blue, or, rather, silverj'
grey ; under surface of body purplish black, the feathers mesially
tipped with a spot of silvery grey, the abdomen, thighs, vent, and
tinder tail-coverts purplish black ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries dingy black, slightly washed with purplish blue, brighter
near the edge of the wing ; quills blackish below ; " bill dull yellow,
nostrils and along culmen to tip dusky or blackish ; feet shining
black ; claws horny black ; iris rich brown " (Scull >/). Total length
12 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 6-8, tail 6-4, tarsus 1-0.
Adult ftmale. Similar to the male in colour.

Young. Differs from the adult in being uniform above and below,
without any glistening spots ; the under surface being sooty black ;
no white spots on the wing-coverts.

Hah. Turkestan ; Afghanistan ; throughout the whole of the
Himalayas from Cashmere to Eootan, extending to Siam and the
Arakan and Karen hills in Burmah, as far south as Thayetmyo.

a. $ ad. sk. Kandahar, Dec. 20, 1880. Lt.-Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Afghanistan {Griffith). India Museum.

c. Imm. sk. Peshawur. Lt.-Col. Way [P.].

* Blyth here notices the present species as one of those included in Griffith's
Afghanistan collection by mistake ; but the locality was correct, as Col. Swinhoe
obtained it at Candahart.

/.

Ad. sk.

Nepal {Hodgson).

w

. Juv. sk.

Nepal.

11.

Ad. sk.

Darj iling.

0.

Ad. sk.

Nazeerah, Upper Assam
{Dr. Held).

p-

Ad. sk.

Bootan {Pemherton).

9-

5 ad. sk.

Arakan hills, lat. 19° N.,
Jan. 1872.

2. MYIOPHONEFS. 9

d. Ad. sk. Cashmere. E. M. Lang-worthy, Esq. [P.].

e, f. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.].
g. Ad. sk. Kumaon {Strachey). India Museum.
h,i,k. Ad.sk. Nepal. _ B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

India Museum.

Gould Collection.

F.D. God man and Osbert Salvin,

Esqrs. [P.].
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

India Museum.

Eugene W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

3. Myiophoneus caeruleus.

Le Merle bleu de la Chine, Sonn. Voy. hid. Orient, ii. p. 188, pi. 108

(1782).
Gracula ceerulea, Scop. Del. Flur. et Faun. Insuhr. ii. p. SS, no. 42

(1786, e.T Sonn.).
Turdus violaceus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 829 (1788).
M>-iophoneus nitidus, J. E. Gray, Zool. Misc p. 1 (1844); G. R. Gray,

'Fasc. B. China, p. 4, pi. 1 (1871).
Myiophoneus brevirostris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 460.
Mviophoneus cferuleus, Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 56 ; Sicinh. Ibis, 1861,

p. 36, 1862, p. 265 ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 277 ; Blt/th, Ibis, 1867,

p. 184 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 264, no. 3859 (1869) ; Swinh.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 368 ; David (^ Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 176, pi. 43

(1878).
Myiophoneus horsfieldii, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 55 (nee Vig.).

Adult. Very similar to M. temmincH, and having the plumage
profusely tipped with enamelled blue, but distinguished at once by
its entirely black bill ; " bill black : feet black ; claws brown ; iris
chestnut" (David). Total length 12 inches, ciilmen 1'2, wing 6'6,
tail 4' 6, tarsus 2-1.

Ilab. All over China, and is common and resident in the central
and southern portions of the country, but becomes very rare towards
Pekin ; extends westwards to Szechuen.

a. Imm. sk.

China.

Gould Collection.

b, c. Ad. sk.

Fokien.

Gould Collection.

d. Ad. sk.

N. China.

J. Fortune, Esq. [C.].

e. Ad. St.

N. China.

J. Fortune, Esq. [C.].

4. Myiophoneus eugenii.

Myiophoneus eugenei, Hvme, Sir. F. 1^73, p. 475; id. i^- Gates, Str.

F. 1874, p. 1C6; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 475; id. ^- Davison, Str.

F. 1878, vol. i. p. 2:36; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 93; Bingham, Str. F.

1880, p. 176; Gates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 17 (1883).
Myiophoneus temminckii, Wald. in Bli/th's B. Burm. p. 98 (1875,

pt.).

Adult. Very similar to M. ^('??i«H'Hr/i(", but without the white spots

10 TIMELnD.B.

at the ei\d of the wing-coverts, these being tipped with glistening
dull blue like the rest of the u])per surface ; the bill has also a little
more yellow towards the end of the upper mandible ; " bill orange-
ycUow ; the region of nostrils and anterior half of culmen dark
brown ; feet, legs, and claws black ; iris umber-brown ; eyelids
straw-yellow" {Eugene Oates). Total length 13 inches, culmen 1-4,
wing 6-7, tail 4-9, tarsus 2-1.

Hab. Hills of Tenasserim and Pegu to the eastward of the
Irawady river, extending to the Karen hills, where it meets the
range of M. temmincl-ii.

a. Ad. sk. Tenasserim (IMfer). India Museum.

b,c. S 2 ad. sk. Nedong, Attaran river, Tenas- W. DavLson, Esq. [C.].
serim.

d. S ad. sk. Thoungveen river, Tenas- Capt. Bingliam [P.].

serim^ Jan. 29, 1880.

e. Ad. sk. Western slopes of Pegu hills, Eugene W. Oates, Esq.

Feb. 23, 1873. [C.].

5. Myiophoneus dicrorhynchus.

Myiophoneus dicrorhynchus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xi\-.
p. 227 (1871) ; Wdrdlcnv Ramsay, P. Z. f>. 1880, p. 10.

Adult. General colour above dull purplish black, with a lai'ge
tuft of white feathers at the side of the lower back and rump ; no
shoulder-patch, and no white tips to the mediaji coveits, the wings
and tail being also like the back, the latter only a little more blue ;
lores, sides of face, and car-coverts black, with a shade of purplish
blue across the upper forehead ; entire under surface of body dusky
black, with concealed white bases to all the breast-feathers. Total
length 13 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 6-4, tail 4-4, tarsus 2-1.

Hah. Sumatra.

a, b. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased.

6. Myiophoneus horsfieldi.

Mviophonus horsfieldii, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 35; Temm. PL Col.
'livr. 29 (1^23) ; Gould, Cent. Hiwal. Birds, pi. 20 (1832) ; Jerd.
Madr. Journ. x. p. 2.51 (1839) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 214 (1846) ;
Bhith, J. A. S. Benq. xvi. p. 154 (1^47) ; id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc.
p. "159 (1849;; Jj'orsf. S,- Moure, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 200

Bourd. t. c. p. 398 ; Fairh. Str. F. 1877, p. 403 ; Davison (§• Wenden,
Str. P\ 1878, ii. p. 81 ; Hume, t. c. p. 150 ; Ball, t. c. p. 467 ; Butler,
t. c. p. 467 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 93 ; Btdler, Cat. B. Sind ^-c.
p. 27 (1879) ; id. Cat. B. S. Bombay Pres. p. 39 (1880).
Arrenga horstieldii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 258 (1850).

Adult male. Head, neck, and mantle jet-black, excepting for a
band of bright blue across the forehead ; lower back, rump, and

I. JIYIOPnONEUS. 11

upper tail-coverts ultramarine-blue ; upper wing-coverts ultra-
marine, the least series brighter and more cobalt, forming a
shoulder-patch ; quills black, externally ultramarine-blue ; tail dark
blue; lores, sides of face and ear-coverts, and under surface jet-
black, with broad margins of bright ultramarine to the feathers of
the breast and abdomen ; the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts
also washed with ultramarine; under wing-coverts and axiUarios
black, washed with ultramarine, brighter on the edge of the win- •
" bill black ; legs brown-black ; iris dark brown " {Jtrdon). Tot"ai
length 10 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 5-5, tail 4, tarsus 1-75.

AduU female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length
11 inches, culmen 1-2.5, wing 5-85, tail 4-3, tarsus 1-9.

The specimen described as the adult male is from Vurralee • and
the Travancore birds seem to be a little larger, a male measuring as
tollows :— Total length 12 inches, wing G-15, tail 4-6, tarsus 1-9.

Hab. Central and Southern India.

a, b. Ad. sk. Malabar. Purchased

c. d ad sk ymTalee,Aug.8,1867. Gould Coliection.

,'''' it, ^^- ^}- Travancore. F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. rC.l

f,ff. 6 2 ad. sk. Mynall, Travaucore, F. W. Bourdillon, Esq fc 1

July 1878. ' ^ >- ■>

ff. d ad. sk. Coonoor,Neilgherries, W. Davison, Esq. fP ]

March 3, 1882. H L j

h. Ad. sk. [ludia.] Zoological Society. (Type

of species.)

7. Myiophoneus insularis.

^^^?l°P^'"^"^ J"""^^"-^' ^^"^''> P- ^- *• 18G2, p. 280 ; Swinh Ibis,
_18bd p 5/ / -^GonldB Asia, part xvi. (1864) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.

n^-.^t' !^°- ^f ? ^^^^^^ > *''"'^'- ^' ^- ^- ^^'^> P- 3<^8 ; David &■
Oustakt, Ois. de la Chne, p. 177 (1878).

Ailnlt General colour above dull purplish black, the rump with
concealed white centres to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts entirelv
glistening cobalt-blue, the median series also broadly tipped with this
colour; greater series, primary-coverts and quiUs blue-black, the
blue being a httle brighter on the edges of the primary-coverts • fail-
teatners blue-black, the feathers being distinctly shaded with blue
on tlieir outer webs ; lores, feathers round the eye, and base of fore-
head black, succeeded by a band of dull blue ; sides of face ear-
coverts, and throat pui-plish black ; fore neck, chest, and entire breast
glistening deep cobalt, the feathers being broadlv tipped with this
colour ; abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts purplish
black: under wi.ig-coveits black, washed with deep cobalt, bri-htcr
near the edge of the wing, the greater series with half-concealed
white bases ; quills blackish below ; " bill, legs, and claws black •
iris deep brown ' {^winhoe). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1-2'
■wing 6-2, tail 4-6, tarsus 2. '

Hab. Mountains of Formosa.

"• ^^- '^- ^'- Formosa. R. Swiuhi;e, E.sq. [C.].

12 TIMEL1IDJ5.

J^. Myiophoneus cyaneus.

Tiirdus cvaneus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 149 (1820) ; id. Zool.

Hescarc/i. Java, pi. 42 (1824)
Pilfa plaucina, Teinm. PL Col. ii. pi. 194.
Myiophoneus glaucinus, Teinm. t. c. livr. 29.
Arrenga glaucina, Less. Traitc d'Orn. p. 388 (1831).
Myiophaga glaucina, Less. t. c. p. 395 (1831).
Mvioplioiiens cvaneus. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 214 (1846); Hursf. Sf

'Moore, Cot. B. E.ll Co. Mus. i. p. 198 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.

i. p. 264, no. 38B1 (1869).
Arrenga cyanea, Bjt. Consp. i. p. 258 (1850).

Adult male. General colour above purplish blue, a little blacker
on the head, and rather more ashy black on the rump and upjier tail-
coverts, ■which are purplish blue at their ends and have concealed
broad white centres ; lesser wing-coverts glistening; ultramarine ;
remainder of the wing-coverts and quills black, edged with purplish
blue, more distinct on the outer web of the primaries ; tail-feathers
black, washed with purplish blue on their outer edges ; across the
forehead a band of brighter purplish blue ; the base of the forehead,
lores, feathers round the eye, cheeks, ear-coverts, and under surface
of body black, shaded with purplish blue, more especiall)' on the
breast; the abdomen, tbighs, vent, and under tail-coverts rather
duller and more ashy black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
black, washed with purplish blue, especially near the edge of the
wing : quills blackish below. Total length 9'75 inches, culmen 1-2,
wing 5'75, tail 3-8, tarsus 1-75.

Hub. Java.

a. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased.

L J ad. sk. W. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.I.

c. Ad. sk. W. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J.

d. cJ ad. sk. VV. Java {Wal/ace). Gould Collection.

e. Ad. sk. W. Java ( Wallace). Gould Collection.

f. Ad. sk. Java (Horsfield). India Museum. (Type of

species.)

g. Ad. sk. .Java. Purchased.

9. Myiophoneus melanurus.

Arrenga melanura, Salra/l. Ann. Mvs. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 277
(1879); Wardknv liuntsaii, P. Z. S. 18-0, p. 16; Nicholson, Ibis,
1882, p. 60.

Adidt female (Tanatas, S. Sumatra ; H. 0. Porbes). General
colour above black, slightly mottled with purplish blue on the
mantle and back, where the feathers are rather broadly edged with
that colour ; lesser wing-coverts rich cobalt-blue, forming a large
wing-patch ; median series black, faintly washed at the ends with
purplish blue ; bastard wing and primary-coverts black ; greater
coverts and quills blackish, externally washed with reddish brown ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dull reddish brown ; tail-
feathers blackish, externally washed with reddish brown ; crown of
head and nape uniform black ; feathers of forehead and sides of

-. MYIOI'HONEUS. 23

crown broadly tipped with cobalt-blue, like the sides of the neck •
lores and ear-coverts black ; cheeks, throat, and under surtace of
body black, with obscure purplish-blue ends to the feathers of the
throat and cheeks, much brighter and more distinct on the fore neck
and breast ; abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts blackish
Avashed with reddish brown ; axiUaries and under wing-coverts'
similarly coloured : quiU.s blackish below, lighter on the edo-e of the
inner web ; '■ bill, legs, and feet black ; iris dark brown " (// 0
J^orbes) Total length 9-5 inches, culmeu 09, wing 4-75, tail 3-5*
tarsus !•<. {2Jhs. B'. Mcholson.)

Adult male (mountains near Lola, Sumatra, Dec. 2 1878 • C
Bock). Very similar in plumage to the female, but more intensely
coloured the black of the head and back being deeper, and the
blue on the forehead, sides of crown, back, and underparts brighter
blue and more cobalt ; the wings and tail entirely black ; abdomen
also black. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-75 tail 3-7
tarsus 1-G.5. {Mas. R. G. Wardlaw liamsa>/.)

roHur, female. Erowner than the adult,' the blue spots on the
back and breast not so bright, the wing-spot duller blue, and the
rump and upper tail-coverts, as well as the abdomen and under taii-
coyerts, reddish chocolate-brown; "iris dark brown, with rin^^ of
pale blue •' (//. 0. Forbes). Wing 4-55, tail 3-15, tarsus 1-6. (Mus.
r. ^\icnoiso)i.) ^

Hab. Mountains of Sumatra.

10. Myiophoneus blighi.

Arrenga h^n, Hohhworth, P. Z. S. 187i>, p. 444, pi. 19; Gould, B.
^«ia, pt. xxvui. (1S7G). ' '

^^(isS""' ^^'^^'' ^'■'''''' ^"''^* "^ ^^^^°"' P- '^^^' P^' -^- ^o^- 1' 2,

Adult male. Entire head, throat, and hind neck coal-black (the
feathers of the chin with spinous shafts), changing into dark ceru-
lean blue on the interscapulars, back, scapulars, wing-coverts, chest,
and breast, the basal portion of the feathers of these parts black-
least wmg-coverts and point of wing bright smalt-blue ; wings and
tail brownish black ; quills obscurely edged with blue ; upper tail-
coverts and basal portion of rectrices edged with chocolate-brownish •
belly, lower flanks, and under tail-coverts edged with a lighter shade
of the same, the basal portions of the feathers brown; bill, le-s
and_fcet black ; iris brown. Length 8 to 8-5 inches, bill to gape
l-2o, wing 4-2-4-4, tail 3-1-3-5, tarsus 1-4-1-5. (Legr,e, I c)

J^emah.Hmiihiv to the male, but having the wing-spot lighter in
colour, but at the same time of a brighter tint than in the male
{Ler/f/e, I. c.)

y./"'"!' ?'''I°' '^''A^'' r ^^'^ "l^P''^' ■^^"^^'^ '-^nd °iore rufous
below, the feathers of the forehead, throat, and breast centred with
yellow-brown and with an indication of blue on the carpal ioint,
{Uoldsworth, I. c.) i j •

J/ah. Hills of Cevlon.

14 TIMELIIDJE.

11. Myiophoneus castaneus.

Mviophoneus castaneus, Wardlmc Hamsai/, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 16,
pi. 1.

Adult (type of species). General colour above maroon brown,
deepening into Ugbter chestnut on the upper tail-coverts ; lower
back and rump with half-concealod silky white bases to the feathers :
scapulars like the back ; lesser wing-coverts purplish cobalt, forming
a wing-patch of blue ; lesser and median series like the back ;
bastard-wing feathers black, washed with blue ; primary-coverts
dusky, externally washed with dark maroon ; quills dusky brown,
externally chestnut ; tail-feathers chestnut ; head and hind neck
deep purplish blue, with a tinge of purplish on the latter ; lores,
base of forehead, and feathers round the eye black ; across the fore
part of the crown a band of purplish cobalt ; ear-coverts, throat,
and breast like the head ; remainder of under surface of body dull
chestnut-brown, brighter on the under tail-coverts ; thighs dusky ;
all the feathers of the abdomen and Hanks with concealed white
bases ; axillaries and under wing-coverts dusky, washed with chest-
nut, the feathers near the edge of the wing blue ; bill and feet
black; "iris grey -blue" (C. Boch). Total length lOw inches, cul-
men 1'15, wing 5"65, tail 3*6, tarsus 1"8. (J/(w. B. G. AVardlaw
Hamsay.)

The Museum specimen, probably a female, differs in being almost
entirely chestnut, more dusky on the lores, sides of face, throat, and
breast ; the crown and hind neck only are purplish blue ; and there
is an appearance of the purplish-cobalt wing-patch on the lesser
wing-coverts. Total length 9'7 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 5-05,
tail 3-6, tarsus 17.

Bab. Mountains of Sumatra.

«. [ ? ] ad. sk. [Sumatra.] Purchased.

3. CALLENE.

Type.
Cinclidium, Bli/th, J. A. S. Bvng. xi. p. 181 (1842, nee

Gould) ' ' C. frontalis.

Callene, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 136 (1847) C. frontalis.

Range. Eastern Himalayas, and Palani and Nilghiri hills in
Southern India, ranging into Travancore. West Africa.

Key to the Species.

. Throat blue or light ashy.
a'. A patch of bright blue feathers on the wing
formed by the lesser and median wing-
coverts; abdomen slate-colour like the
brcasL ; a blue frontal band and eyebrow. . frontalis, p. 1.5,

3. CALLENE. 15

b'. No patch of bright feathers on the wing ;
abdomen white.
a". Sides of body blue-grev like the breast ;
under tail-eoverts white ; a perceptible
band of light silvery blue across the fore-
head extending over the eye albioentris, p. 15.

b". Sides of body reddish buff; front paler
than tlie crown, but not forming a con-
spicuous band rxjiventris, p. 16.

b. Throat orange rufous like the rest of the under

surl'ace isabellee, p. 17.

1. Callene frontalis.

Cinclidium frontale, B/i/tli, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 181 (1842), xii.

p. 954, cum. Jig. (1843) ; Bp. Cottsp. i. p. 301 (1850).
Callene frontalis, Blgth, J. A. .S'. Be7u/. xvi. p. 13(3 (1847) ; id. Cat. B.

Mas. As. Soc. p. 178 (1849): Moore, P. Z. S. 18.54, p. 75; Horsf.

^- Moore, Cut. B.E.I. Co. Mug. i. p. .396 (1854) ; Jt-rd. B. hid. i.

p. 496 (1862) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 373 ; Blunf. P. Z S. 1867,

p. 833 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 132 ; Iliiine, Nests 4" J^ggs Ind. B.

p. 220 (1873) ; id. Sfr. F. 1879, p. 93.
Ruticilla frontalis. Gray, Hcaui-l. B. i. p. 222, no. 3179 (1809).

Adult male. General colour above dull blue ; lesser and median
wing-coverts brighter and more cobalt-blue, forming a wing-patch ;
greater coverts, bastard-wing feathers, primarv-coverts and quills
blackish, externally edged with dull blue like the back ; tail-feathers
blackish, externally washed with dull blue ; crown of head like the
back, with a distinct frontal band of cobalt-blue extending over the
eye ; lores, base of forehead, and feathers in front of the eye black ;
ear-coverts, sides of face, throat, and breast dull blue, the chin
blackish ; abdomen rather more ashy ; sides of body, flanks, and
thighs duU blue, shaded with ashy ; under tail-coverts dull ashy
blue, with whitish tips and margins : under wing-coverts and
axillaries like the breast, with a large patch of white near the outer
edge formed by the outer greater coverts ; quills dusky below,
browner along the inner edge. Total length 7 inches, eulmen 0-65,
wing 3-35, tail 3-4, tarsus 1'4.

Younij. Browner than the adult, and mottled with whitish streaks
or subterminal spots on the feathers. The species, when immature,
however, is easily recognized by the white patch on the under wing-
coverts.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas from Xepal to Sikhim.

a. Ad. ; b. Juv. sk. Nepal [Hodgson). India Museum.

c. Ad. sk. DaijiHng (Pearson). India Museum.

2. Callene albiventris.

Ctdlene albiventris, Blanford, P. Z. S. 18(17, p. 833, pi. 39 (e.v Fairb.
MSS.); Gould, B. Asia, pt. xx. (1868); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 1-32;
Hume, Xe<fs S,- Eggs Ind. B. p. 220 (1873); Fairb. Sir. F. 1877,
p. 402; Hume, Utr. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 35; id. Str. F. I.'579,
p. 93; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bombay Pres. p. 101 (1880).

Ruticilla albiventris. Gray, Haiid-l. B. i. p. 222, no. 3l6l (1869).

16 TIMELIID-E.

Adult male (type of species). General colour above slaty blue, the
sides of the rump with long silky white plumes ; lesser and median
wing-coverts like the back; greater and primary -coverts, bastard-
wing feathers, and quills blackish, margined with slaty blue like the
back, paler on the outer edge of the primaries; tail-feathers blackish,
externally washed with slaty blue ; crown of head like the back,
with a narrow frontal band of bluish white extending over the eye ;
lores, nasal plumes, and extreme base of forehead, as well as the
feathers round the eye, black ; ear-coverts, sides of face, throat, and
breast slaty blue ; the abdomen white, shaded with ashy ; sides of
body, flanks, and thighs slaty blue ; under tail-coverts white ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries slaty blue, edged with white ; quills
dusky below, browner along the inner edge. Total length 6-5 inches,
culmen 0-65, wing 3-1, tail 2-Q, tarsus 1-1.

Adult female. Like the male in colour, but with the lower flanks
and under tail-coverts tinged with pale rufous-brown ; the thighs
slaty blue, with a rufous-brown tint. Total length 6 inches, culmen
0'65, wing 3-1, tail 2--t, tarsus 1-1.

Hah. Southern India : Palani Hills, extending to Travancore.

a. c5 ad. sk. Palani hills. Rev. F. W. Fairbank [P.].

(Type of species.)

6. Ad. sk. Colathoorpolay, Patnas, F. W. Bourdillon, Esq.

Travancore, 4000 feet, [C.].

April 16, 1880.

c. 9 ad. sk. Mvnall, Travancore, April F. W. Bourdillon, Esq.

IG, 187U. [C.].

3. Callene rufiventris.

Phfenicura major, Jer<?. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 170 (1844)*; Blyth,

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 178.
Callene rufiventris t, ^«-rf. B. LhI. i. p. 49o (18G2); id. Ibis, 1872,

p. 132; Hume, Nests <$■ Egys Ind. B. p. 219 (1873); id. Sir. F.

1879, p. 93.

Adult male. General colour above slaty grey, the long feathers on
the sides of the rump with silky white bases ; lesser and median
wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts and quills dusky blackish,
externally edged with slaty grey ; tail-feathers dusky, externally
washed with slaty grey ; lores and nasal plumes blackish, the former
washed with slaty, the forehead showing an indistinct band of paler
slaty blue ; sides of face and throat slaty blue ; abdomen white ;
sides of body and flanks ochreous buff ; thighs grey ; under tail-
coverts brighter fulvous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ochreous
buff, the latter with grey bases ; quills below dusky brown, with

* Dr. Jerdon having himself altered (though most unhappily) the name of
this species, I have respected his wishes, although strictly speaking it should
bear the cognomen of major.

t A bad name for the sjoecies, the belly not being rufuus at all, but white,
the rufous colour being on the sides of the body.

4. PENTHOL^A. 17

the inner edge ashy whitish. Total length 6"5 inches, culmen 0-65,
wing 3'3, tail 2-G, tarsus 1-15.

Hah. Confined to the Neilgherri hills in Southern India.

a. S ad. sk. Coonoor, Neilgherri hills, W. Davison, Esq. [P.].

Feb. 3, 1882.

b. S ad. sk. Coonoor, March 2, 1882. W. Davison, Esij. [P.].

4. Callene isabellae.

Cossypha isabella;. Gray, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) x. p. 443 (1862) ;

Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 615; Reichen. J.f. 0. 1875, p. .50.
Bessonornis isabellte, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 264, no. 3869 (1869).

Adult (tj'pe of species). Above dark olive-brown, the head, lores,
cheeks, and sides of face blackish ; a distinct white streak extending
from the base of the bill to the front part of the eye : wings brown,
with a slight margin of olive, paler on the primaries ; upper tail-
coverts deep bay, the rump slightly tinged with the same colour ; two
centre tail-feathers blackish, the rest deep bay, tipped with blackish,
the two outermost feathers externally black; chin blackish ; rest of
under surface deep orange-rufous, the centre of the abdomen fnlves-
cent ; thighs olive-brown, washed with fulvous ; under wing-coverts
pale orange; bill black, feet dark brown. Total length 5' 7 inches,
culmen 0'65, wing 2'9, tail 2'4, tarsus l*l-5.

Hah. Camaroons, \Yest Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Camaroons Mountains, 7000 feet Mrs. Burton [P.].

{Capt. Burton).

4. PENTHOL^A*. ^

Type.
Pentholaea, Caban-is, Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 40, note (1850). P. albifrons,
Penthodyta, Sundeo. Av. Meth. Tmt, p. 4 (1872), nom.
emend.

Bill of Pentholcea alhifrons.
Range. North-eastern and Central Africa and Senegambia.

Ken ^^ '^^ Species.

a. With white forehead albifrons S i P- 18.

«'. No white wing-patch.

b' . A large white patch formed by lesser wing-
coverts clericalis cj , p. 18.

* TiiAMNowA ATRATA, Swai/ts. All. in Menaq. p. 292 (18.37); -B/j. Consp. i.
p. 298 (18.50) ; Gray Handl. B. i. p. 24l, no. 2991 (1S(;9).

Entirely sooty black; wings rather paler; tail even. Length 5x, wing 2'8
tarsus -9. {Sicaiiifon, !. c.)

Probably the female of Pentholeea albifrons.
VOL. VII. C

18

). With no white forehead, the latter sometimes
washed with whity browu.
c'. Sooty Wack with no grey shade; wing-
lining conspicuously white _. . . melcena d ? , P- 19-

d'. Slaty black with a greyish shade; wing-

liniug ashy whitish or whity brown alhifroiis J , p. 18.

1. Pentholsea albifrons.

Saxicola albifrons, Eiipp. Neue Wirb. Voff. p. 78 (ISSo) ; Des Murs,

in Lefebvre, Vol/. Abyss, p. 93 (1845) ; Hevgl. Syst. Uebers. p. 26

(1856).
Saxicola frontalis, Sivains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 46 (1837) ; Hemjl. J.

f. O. 1869, p. 153.
Thamnobia frontalis, RUjjp. Syst. Uebers. p. .58, pi. 17 (1845) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 789 (1850) ; Havtl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 69 (1857); Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 211, no. 2992 (1869).
Pentholffia frontalis. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 40, note (1850);

Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 28 (1871).
Penthohea albifrons, Hevyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 364 (1S69) ; Antin.

^- SaJvad. Viayg. Bogos, p. 96 (1873).
Thamnobia albifrons, Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 237 (1870).
Penthodyta frontalis, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 4 (1872).

Male. General colour above slaty black ; 'wing-coverts like the
back ; quills ashy black, externally like the back ; tail-feathers
black ; crown of head like the back, with a broad frontal patch of
white ; sides of face and under surface of body black ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries black ; quills ashy black below, inner edge
ashy whitish ; " bill and feet black ; iris dusky " {Heuglin). Total
length 5-4 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-9.

Female. Differs from the male in having no white frontlets, but
having rusty grey margins to the feathers of the forehead, cheeks,
and throat. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-95,
tail 2-2, tarsus 0-9.5.

Hah. Senegambia and N.E. Africa.

a. c7 ad. sk. "West Africa. Purchased.

h. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Gould Collection.

c. [ 2 ] ad. sk. Jiogos Land. Mr. Esler.

d. (S ad. sk. Bejook, Aug. 13, 1868 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(IF. Jesse).

e. Ad. St.

2. PentholBBa clericalis.

Pentholjea clericalis, HartJ. Orn. Centralbl. vii. p. 91 (1882) ; id. J.f.O.
1882, p. 321 ; id. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 188 (1882).

Adult male. Brilliant black ; a white mark on the forehead, and
another, large one on the wing, formed by the lesser wing-coverts.
Total length 5-7 inches, bill 0-4.5, wing 3-1, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-95.
(Hartlauh.)

Adult female. Entirely uniform fuliginous. (^Hartlauh.)

Hah. Equatorial Africa.

5. riNAROCHROA. 19

3. Pentholaea melaena.

Saxicola meljena, RUpp. Nme Wirb. Voff. p. 77, pi. 28. fig. 2 (18.35) ;

id. Si/sf. Uebers. p. 58 (1845) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 27 (1856). _
Thaninobia melsna, Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 185 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 298 (1850) ; Blanf. Geol. <§■ Zool. Abyss, p. 361 (1870).
Pentliola?a melsena, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 40, note (1850) ; Heugl.

Oni. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 364 (1869).
Saxiciila melas," Heugl. J. f. O. 1869, p. 153 ; Gray, Hatid-l. B. i.

p. 226, no. 3226(1869).
Thamnolsea melaena, Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 235 (1870).

Adult male. Entirely sooty black above and below ; quills and
tail blackish, the primaries with two thirds, the outer ones with half
of the inner web white, showing conspicuously when the wing is
opened ; " bill and feet blackish ; iris dusky " (Heiu/lin). Total
length 6'8 inches, culmen O'Oo, wing 3*55, tail 2-55, tarsus 1"15.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 6 inches,
culmen 0-7, wing 3-5o, tail 2-5, tarsus I'l.

Bab. N.E.Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Shoa (Harris). India Museum.

b. c? ad. sk. Senafe, 7500 feet, Feb. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

26, 1878.

c. $ ad. sk. Senafe, March 6, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

5. PINAROCHEOA.

Type.
Pinarochroa, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 4 (1872) P. sordida.

Bill of Pinarochroa sordida.

Ratige. Southern Spain ; N.W. Africa, from Morocco to Tunis
KE. Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Tail chestnut, two centre feathers blackish

bro-«Ti ; rump and upper tail-feathers rufous.

«'. Black above, with broad white streak above

the ej'e extending down the side of the

neck ; wings black, with a large patch of

white, caused by the white outer base of

all but the outer secondaries inoussieri (£ , p. 20.

b' . Brown above, with no white eyebrow ; wings
brown, with no white patch on the prima-
ries moussieri J , p. 20.

h. Tail white, tipped with brown ; two centre

feathers brown sordida, p. 20.

c2

20 TIMELIID3E,

1. Pinarochroa sordida.

Saxicola sordida, Riipp. Xeue Wirb. p. 75, pi. 26. fig. 2 f 1835) ; id.

Sijst. Uebers. p. 58 (1845) ; Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 179 (1846) ; Heugl.

Si/st. Uebers. p. 27 (1856) ; id. J. f. O. 1862, p. 293, 1869, p. 1C4 ;

id. Orn. X.O.-Afr. p. 342 (1869); Gray, Haiid-l. B. i. p. 225,

no. 3226 (1869)/
Pratincola sordida, Blanf. Geol. 8f Zool. Abyss, p. 366 (1870).
Pinarochroa sordida, Sundcv. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 4 (1872).

Adult male. General colour above earthy brown, a little more
dusky on the head, and slightly paler on the long feathers of the
rump : ■wing-coverts like the back, with rather paler brown edgings
to the greater coverts, bastard-wing feathers, and primary-coverts;
quills dark brown, edged with the same brown as the back ; upper
taU-coverts and four centre tail-feathers dark brown, the next
feather on each side white, brown at the tip and along the inner
web ; remainder of the tail-feathers white, brown at the tip of the
outer web, extending some distance along the end of the outer web
of the external feather ; lores and sides of the face brown, the ear-
coverts a little darker brown ; under surface of body also brown, the
throat, fore neck, and chest ashy brown ; the breast, abdomen, sides
of body, thighs, and under tail-coverts tinged with pale reddish brown,
the latter tipped narrowly with white : under wing-coverts and
axillaries like the breast ; qiulls brown below, the inner edge huffy
whitish ; " bill and feet black ; iris dusky." Total length 4-5 inches,
culmen 0-6, wing 2'55, tail 1"8, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Like the male in colour. Total length 5 inches,
culmen O'oo, wing 2*7, tail 1-9, tarsus 1"05.

Eah. N.E. Africa.

a. S ad. sk. Duga Pass, S. of Antalo, 10,500 W. T. Blanford, Esq.

feet, Mav 8, 1868. [C.].

6. 5 ad. sk. Wadala plateau, April 21, W. T. Blanford, Esq.

1868. [G.J.

2. Pinarochroa inoussieri.

Erytliacus moussieri, Olph-GaUiard, Ann. Sec. d\iyric. Lyon, iv.

pi. xi. (1852) ; id. JVatrm. 1852, pt. iii. p. 68, pi. 3.
Pratincola moussieri, Baldanius, J. f. O. 1853, Extrah. p. 7 ; Di.von,

Ibis, 1882, p. 564.
Ruticilla moussieri, Bp. C. R, xxxviii. p. 8 (1854) ; Malh. Fame

Alger, p. 14 (Ifcoo) ; Salvm, Ibis, 1859, p. 307; Tristr. t. c. p. 416;

id. Ibis, 1860, p. .364, pi. xi. ; Sclater, t. c. p. 366, note ; Luche,

Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 219 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 221, no. 3158 (1869) ; Giirney, Ibis, 1871, p. 81 ; Dresser, B.

JEttr. ii. p. 301, pi. 45 (1873) : Irby, Ibis, 1873, p. 97; id. B. Gibr.

p. 82 (1875). V. y, ,i',

Adult male. General colour above black, with remains of rusty
edges to the feathers generally ; wing-coverts black ; quills black,
with a large wing-patch formed by the white on the outer web of

6. PSEUDOCOSSYPHUS. 21

the secondaries and all but the five outer primaries ; rump and upper
tail-coverts light chestnut ; tail-feathers light chestnut, with a little
dusky brown before the tip, the two centre feathers brown with
chestnut bases and along the shafts ; crown of head and nape black ;
a broad frontal band of white, continued along the sides of the
crown and occupying the sides of the hind neck, so as to form a
broad white patch ; base of forehead, lores, sides of face, ear-coverts,
and sides of neck black ; cheeks and under surface of body hght
chestnut, the lower abdomen whitish; sides of body, flanks, and
thighs light chestnut ; quills dusky brown below, the inner margin
ashy ; bill and feet black ; iris brown. Total length 5 inches, cul-
men 0-55, wing 2-45, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-95.

Adult female. General colour above ashy brown, the rump
reddish brown ; lesser wing-coverts ashy brown ; median and
greater series dusky brown, externally edged with the same brown
as the back, rufescent towards the tips of the feathers ; bastard-wing
feathers, primary-coverts, and quills dusky, externally edged with
ashy brown like the back, the secondaries rufescent on the outer
web ; upper tail-coverts chestnut ; centre tail-feathers brown, edged
with chestnut, remainder of the feathers chestnut ; crown of head
like the back ; lores fulvesceut : feathers round the eye whitish ;
ear-coverts chocolate-bro\vn ; cheeks and under surface of body
nifous, obscured by ashy brown edges ; throat more ashy ; abdomen
whiter ; sides of body, flanks, and thighs a little brighter chestnut ;
under tail-coverts light chestnut, edged with whitish ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries pale yellowish chestnut ; quills dusky below,
the inner edge ashy. Total length -i-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing
2-Q, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-9.

Hah. N.W. Africa from. Tunis to Morocco ; crossing into Southern
Spain.

a. iS ad. sk. Algeria. Purchased.

h. c? ad. sk. Khifon M'Sakta, Algeria, F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin,

April 12, 1857 (O. S.). Esqrs. [P.].

c. $ ad.sk. Oued Souf, Algeria, Jan. 3, F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin,

1857 (O. S.). Esqrs. [P.].

d. cJ ad. sk. Oudena, Tunis, Feb. 18, F« D. Godman and O. Salvin,

1857(0.6'.). Esqrs. [P.].

6. PSEUDOCOSSYPHUS.

Coss^i^ha, pt., Hartl. et auct. plvr.

Bill of rsctidocossyphus i^karpii.
Range. Confined to Madagascar.

22 TIMELIID^.

1. Pseudocossyphus sharpii.

Cossvpha sharpii, Gray, Ann. ^ Maq. Nat. Hist. (4) viii. p. 429
(1871); Hartl. Voq. Madag. p. 128 (1877); Mihte-Edwards !^
Grandid. in Grandi'd. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 369, pi. 140 (1882).

Cossypha imerina, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 316 {nee Hart!.).

Adult. Tipper surface slaty grey, lighter and more blue on the
forehead, the back shading off into orange, the rump and upper
tail-coverts orange-chestuut ; wings dark brown, the coverts washed
with slaty blue, the primaries margined with grey, the secondaries
with orange ; two centre tail-feathers blackish brown, orange at
base, the rest of the tail orange-chestnut, broadly tipped with black,
the outer feathers blackish for the terminal half of the outer web ;
sides of face and of neck, entire throat, and fore neck slaty blue,
the rest of the under surface rich orange ; thighs greyish ; under
wing-coverts orange ; feet black ; iris brown. Total length 6-5
inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-2, tail 2-65, tarsus 1.

Young. Mottled all over, the feathers of the upper surface spotted
with orange, each feather margined with blackish, the rump more
reddish ; tail dark brown, more or less inclining to chestnut on the
inner web ; under surface of body yellowish, the feathers all margined
with blackish, less distinct on the abdomen. The adult plumage is
assumed by a direct moult.

Hab. Madagascar.

a. Ad.sk. Madagascar. Mr.A. Crossley [C.]. (Type

of species.)

b. Juv. sk. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [C.l.

c. d. Juv. sk. Saralalan, Madagas- Mr. A. Crossley [0.].

car [Crossley).
e,f. 6,9-9. ad. sk. Betsileo. Rev. J. Shaw [C.].

h, I. c? ad. sk. Ankafana forest. Rev. W. Deans Cowan [C.l

k, I. (S ad. ; m. $ Fianarantsoa. Rev. W. Deans Cowan [C].

juv. sk.

7. NOTODELA. „

Type.

Notodela, Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 433 (1837) N. albifrons.

Muscisylvia, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 27 N. leucura.

Myiomela, Grag, Gen. B. i. p. 128 (1846) N. leucura.

Range. Eastern Himalayas, ranging through the hills of Burmah
and Tenasserim.

Key to the Sjyecies.

a. No white frontal band ; a half-concealed white

patch on the side of the neck.

a'. Underneath black leucura, p. 23.

h' . Underneath blue hke the back montium, p. 24.

b. A white frontal band ; no white patch on side of

neck , diana, p. 25.

7. NOTODELA. 23

1. Notodela leucura.

Miiscisylvia leucura, Hoclgs. Icon, iried. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 92

(uo. 2] 5) I id. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 83 (184:4); id. P. Z. 8.

1845, p. 27 ; Gray, Cut. Mamm. 4'-c- Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 09

(1846).
Myiomela leucura, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 128 (1846) : Bp. Consp. i.

p. 267 (18o0) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 280

(1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 118 (1803) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1807, p. 444 ;

Blythl^Wald. B. Burm. p. 100 (1875) ; God win- Austen, J. A. S. B.

xlv. p. 79 (1876) ; Hume ^- Davison, Str. F. 1878, i. p. 334 ;

Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 99, 1880, p. 254; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 23.
Notodela leucura, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 138 (1847) ; id. Cat. B.

Mus. As. Soc. p. 106 (1849) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 222, no. 3182

(1869) ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 477 ; id. Nests ^ Eggs Ind. B.

p. 306 (1875).
Ajax leucurus, Blytli, Ibis, 1867, p. 12.

Adult male. General colour above deep indigo-blue or blue-black,
tbe blue colour confined to the edges of the feathers ; lesser wing-
coverts rather brighter blue, forming a small wing-patch ; remainder
of wing-coverts and quills black, externallj- margined with indigo ;
upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers black, the basal por-
tion of the outer web white, as well as the corresponding portion
of the shaft ; middle tail-feathers entirely black ; crown of head
like the back, with a distinct frontal band of brighter blue extend-
ing above the front of the eye ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and
under surface of body black, more or less shaded with blue ; on
either side of the fore neck a half- concealed patch of silky white ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast ; quills dusky
brown below, lighter along their inner edge ; " bill, legs, feet, and
claws black; iris deep brown" {W. Davison). Total length 6-5
inches, culmen O'T, wing 3"6, tail 2-8, tarsus 1*1.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
brown, a little more olive on the head; quills brown, externally like
the back, the primaries a little more rufescent on the outer web ;
tail-feathers brown, all but the centre ones white towards the base
of the outer web, as in the male ; lores and sides of face rufescent,
streaked with fulvous ; cheeks and under surface of body rufescent
brown, more ashy on the sides of the body and flanks ; fore neck
with a half-concealed white patch on each side ; under tail-coverts
fulveseent brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast;
quills brown below, rufescent along the inner edge. Total length
5*S inches, culmen 0'65, wing 3'45, tail 2-4, tarsus l-Qo.

Another bird is apparently a young male. It resembles the old
female, but has blackish upper tail-coverts, while the under tail-
coverts are white with brown edges.

Nestling. Eufous-brown, mottled all over with spots of reddish
buff, the feathers tipped with black : below the feathers are streaked
fulvous down the centre, with blackish edges and white shaft-lines.

Hah. Himalayas, ranging into Khasia and Burmese bills as far
south as Mooley-it in Tenasserim.

24 TijrELiiD.?;.

«, b. (5 ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection.

c. c? ad. sk. Daijiling. Gould Collection.

d, e. S,f. 2 ^^- **k. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of species.)
g. 2 juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

h. ^ ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

i, k. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

I. $ ad. sk. Khasia hills {Jer- Gould Collection.

don).

Subspecies a. Notodela montium,

Myiomela montium, Swhih. Ibis, 1864, p. 362.
Ajax montium, Bli/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 12.

Notodela montinm, Grat/, Iland-l. B. i. p. 222, no. 3184 (1869) ;
Sivinh. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 359; David >§• Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 238

(1877).

Adnlt mcde. Van' similar to N. Jeucnra, and only differing in the
more distinct]}- blue shade of the breast and abdomen, which are
indigo-blue like the back ; " bill black ; feet black " (Sivinhoe).
Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-7, ■n'ing 3-6, tail 2-75, tarsus Tl.

Hab. Formosa.

a. c? ad. sk. Choloshan, Formosa, Nov. 1865. Pi. Swinhoe, Esq.[C.],

2. Notodela diana.

Lanius (Notodela) diana, Zess. in Bilcmg. Voy. Ind. p. 246, pi. 3

(1834).
Notodela diana, Less. Compl. Buff. \m. p. 433 (1837).
Bracliypteryx albifrons, Bp. Consp. i. p. 257 (1850, ex Bote MSS.) ;

Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 3 J 2, no. 4661 (1869).
Ajax diana, Bh/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 12.

Adult male. General colour above bright indigo-blue ; rump yvith
half-concealed white marks near the ends of the feathers, forming
an indistinct bar across it ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the
tack ; bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally
indigo-blue, lighter on the outer edge of the primaries ; upper tail-
coverts like the back ; tail-feathers black, externally indigo-blue,
with a white patch near the base of the outer webs : crown of head
like the back, with a silvery-white band across the forehead ; base
of forehead and lores black, as are the feathers round the eye ; ear-
coverts, cheeks, and sides of neck indigo-blue, with a small, half-
concealed patch of white behind the ear-coverts, the feathers being
white tipped with blue ; chin and base of cheeks black ; under-
surfaco of body' indigo-blue ; thighs blackish internally ; under tail-
coverts indigo-blue : under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky, edged
with blue ; quills dusky below, inner edges ashy. Total length
6'5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3'35, tail 2-7, tarsus 1.

Adult female. General colour above reddish brown, deeper on
the mantle ; lesser, median, and greater wing-coverts like the
mantle; bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky, edged with

8. BKACHYPTEETX. 25

reddish brown ; quills dusky brown, externally reddish brown,
paler on the primaries; upper tail-coverts rufous-brown; tail-
feathers dark rufous-brown, externally reddish brown ; crown of
head like the back ; forehead and lores ashy ; feathers round the
eye fulvous brown ; ear-coverts fulvous brown, with paler shaft-
lines ; cheeks and throat ashy brown, washed with fulvous, with a
clearer spot of ashy whitish on the fore neck ; chest fulvous brown,
as also the sides of the breast ; centre of breast and abdomen ashy,
with light shaft-Hues ; sides of body washed with fulvous brown ;
thighs dusky brown ; iinder tail-coverts brown, centred with white ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy fulvous ; quills light brown
below, ashy rufous on the inner edge. Total length 5*8 inches,
culmen 0'65, wing 3-2, tail 2-2, tarsiis 1-05.

Hab. Java. It was erroneously described by Lesson as from
Pegu.

a, b. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased.

c,d. d 2 ad. sk. W. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

e. Ad. St. Java. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].

8. BEACH YPTERYX*.

Type.
BrachypteiTX, Horsf. Tranf!. Luin. Soc. xiii. p. 157 (1820) B, niontana.

Goldana, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 25 B. montana.

Drymochares, Gould, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 218 B. steUata.

Ranrje. Himalaya ^fountains, extending throughout the Burmese
countries ; Java and Sumatra.

Key to the Species.

a. Upper surface blue or blue-grey ; a white super-
ciliary spot.
a'. Throat hoary whiti.sh, as also abdomen ; rest

of imder sm-face blue-grey ; wing 2-25 inches, montana, p. 26.
h'. Throat blue-back ; abdomen violet-brown ;

wing 2-4 inches cruralis tS , p. 26.

* I hare been unable to determine the position of the foUo-wing species : —

BEACnVPTERYX FLAVIVEXTRIS.

Brachyptervx flaviventris, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. si v. p. •'>26
(1879). •

Above brown ; below yellowish ; the abdomen brighter, the sides of body
and flanks brown ; an obsolete superciliarj' streak of yellowish ; lores dusky ;
bill and feet dusky. Total length Q-llS niillim., wing Q-OoO, tail 0-050, bill 0010,
tarsus 0025. {Salvadori.)

Hah. Mount Singalan, Sumatra.

Count Salvadori tbiuks this may be Brachypteryx leptnra of Kuhl, men-
tioned by S. Muller (Nat. Geseh. Laud- en Volk. pp. 330, 333), but of which no
deseription seems to have been published.

Some species usually placed in Brachypteryx, such as B. malaccensis, B.
murinus, &c., I consider to be true Timelim, and have transferred them to that
group.

20

TIMEIJIDiE.

(•'. Tlii'( at black ; abdomen ligbt ashy ; wing

2-G iuehes saturata cf , p. 27.

d'. Throat and abdomen white ; wing 2 '5 inches, -mpalensis, p. 29.
e'. Throat orange ferruginous, like the breast and

abdomen hypenjthra J , p. 28.

h. Upper surface chestnut ; under surface asl\y grey,
mottled with blackish verniiculatious and

white spots stelhda, p. .30.

c. Upper surface brown.
f. Breast and abdo-nen ashy ; throat fulvous,

not white cniralis $ , p. 27.

g' . Throat white ; abdomen white.

a". Wing 2 ul inches nipalensis J , p. 29.

h". Wing 2'35 inches leucophrys $ , p. 28.

1. Brachypteryx montana.

Brachypteryx montanus, Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 157 (1820) ;

id. Zuol. Jlesearclu'S in Java, pi. (1824) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beny.

xiii. p. 381 (1844), xvi. p. 136(1847); Gray, 6'eM. ^. i. p. 209

(1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 209 (1849) ; £p. Consp.

i. p. 2.57 (]8.50j ; Ilorsf. if Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 178

(1854).
Goldana montana, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 25.

General colour above dull indigo ; lesser and median wing-coverta
like back ; greater coverts, bastai'd wing, primary-coverts, and quills
blackish, externally edged with indigo ; tail-feathers black, washed
on the margins with indigo ; crown of head a trifle more dusky
than the back ; lores and base of forehead black, as also the feathers
below the eye ; over the eye a concealed streak of silvery white ;
ear-coverts, cheeks, and sides of neck dull indigo ; throat, fore neck,
chest, and breast light ashy blue, paler on the chin and throat ;
abdomen whitish, shaded with ashy blue ; sides of body and flanks
indigo ; thighs dusky brown, externally blue ; under tail-coverts
indigo ; under wing-coverts and axillaries indigo ; quills below
blackish, inner edge of quills browner. Total length G inches,
culmen 0-6, wing 2-6, tail 2-25, tarsus 1'25.

Hab. Java.

a. S ad. sk. W. Java. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

2. Brachypteryx cruralis.

Brachypteryx cruralis, Ilodys. lean, iiied. in Brit. Mas. App. pi. 73

(no. 589) ; Bli/t/i, J. A. S. Bern/, xvi. p. 130 (1847j ; id. Cat.

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 178 (1849) ; ' Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.l. Co.

Mus. i. p. 397 (1854) ; Jerd. ^- Blyth, P. Z. S. 1801, p. 201 ; Jerd.

B. Lid. i. p. 495 (18(i2) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 312, no. 46('2

(1809) ; Godicin-Austen, J. aI S. Beny. xxxix. p. 192 (1870) ;

Bhmf. J. A. S. Beny. xli. p. 142 (1872); Hume, Nests 8fEyys hid.

B. p. 219 (1873) ; Wardlaiv-Iiamsay, Ibis, 1875, p. 352; Hume ^•

Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 2.30; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 93;

Oatcs, B. Brit. Burnt, p. 19 (1883).
Larvivora homochroa, Hodys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,

pi. 82 (no. 589) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).

8. BRACHTPTEEYX. 27

Calliope cruralis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 934 (1843) ; Gray, Cat.

Mainni. etc. Nepal pres. Hoclgs. p. 70 (1846).
Larvivora cruralis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 301 (1850).
Brach-v-ptervx rutifrons, Jerd. ^- Bh/th, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 201 ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 312, no. 4665 (1869).
Bracliypteryx aurifions, Jerd. B. Ltd. i. p. 495 (1862, err. in syn.).
Braehypteryx hyperythra, Godivin-Aiisten ( nee Jerd. ^ Blyth) ,J. A. S.

Beng. xxxix. p. 192 (1870, teste G.-A. in litt.).

Male. General colour above deep indigo-blue, the rump -with a
half-concealed band of greyish white ; wing-coTerts like the back ;
quills dusky blackish, externally indigo-blue like the back ; upper
tail-coverts indigo-blue ; tail-feathers dusky blackish, washed with
indigo-blue on the edges ; crown of head like the back ; lores and
base of forehead black, surmounted by a large spot of silvery white
extending backwards over the eye ; ear-coverts blackish, shaded
with indigo ; sides of neck and under surface of body dull indigo,
somewhat shaded with ashy violet ; centre of breast ashy grey,
becoming whiter on the abdomen ; sides of body and flanks indigo-
blue ; thighs dusky brown, tinged with blue ; under tail-coverts
ashy blue, with whitish margins ; under wing-coverts ashy brown,
tinged with blue ; axillaries lighter ashy, tinged with blue ; quills
below dusky, inner edge of quills ashy brown. Total length 5 inches,
culmen 0-6, wing 2-7, tail 1*95, tarsus 1-2.

Female. General colour above olivaceous brown ; lesser and me-
dian wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts, bastard wing, and
primary-coverts dusky brown, rufous -brown externally ; quills
dusky brown, rufescent externally ; upper tail-coverts a little more
fulvous than the back ; tail-feathers rufescent brown ; crown of
head like back, fore part tinged with rufous ; lores pale rufous,
extending over the eye ; feathers round eye pale rufous ; ear-coverts
olive-brown, with fulvous shaft-lines ; cheeks and throat pale
rufescent buff ; chest and remainder of under surface light ashy ;
sides of body fulvous brown ; flanks and thighs more fulvous ; under
tail-coverts brighter fulvous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
fulvous ; quills below pale brown, inner edge of quills ashy fulvous.
Total length 5 inches, culmen O'oo, wing 2-4, tail l-So, tarsus 1-2.

Young male. Similar to adult female, but with black lores and a
concealed silky white spot over the eye ; underneath deeper olive.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the Burmese and
Tenasserim hills.

a,h. cf $ ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of B. cruralis and B. homochroa.)
c, d. (S juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

^}f' cJ ; fft h- ? fid sk. Nepal {Hodgson^. India Museum.
t. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J

3. Braehypteryx saturata.

Braehypteryx saturata, Sahad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 225
(18^9).

Adult male (Mount Dempo, Sumatra ; H. 0. Forbes). General

28 TIJIELIID.^;.

colour above indigo-blue black ; lesser and median wing-coverts like
the back; greater coverts, bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills
black, edged with dark indigo like back, more plainly on the secon-
daries ; tail-feathers black ; crown of head a little duller than the
back, base of forehead and lores black, surmounted by a broad half-
concealed streak of silvery white ; feathers round the eye black ;
ear-coverts, cheeks, chiu, and sides of neck blue-black, like the back ;
throat, fore neck, breast, sides of body, flanks, and under tail-
coverts dark blue, not quite so deep as the back ; abdomen ashj^,
with a bluish shade ; thighs blackish ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries dark blue ; quills below blackish ; inner edge of quills a
little paler ; " bill black ; tarsus black ; iris brown " {H. 0. Forbes).
Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-6, tail 1-5, tarsus 1-25.
(IJus. F. Nicholson.)

Hah. Mountains of Sumatra.

4. Brachypteryx leucophrys.

Myiothera leucophrys, Temm. PL Col. ii. pi. 448. fig. 1 (1827).
Brachypteryx leucophrys, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 209 (1846) ; Bp. Co7up.

i. p. 257 (1860).
Brachypteryx sepiaria, pt., Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 312, no. 4664

(186y, nee Horsf.).

Adult female. General colour above brown, a little more rufes-
cent on the lower back and rump ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ;
median and greater coverts, bastard wing and primary- coverts
dusky brown, edged with the same colour as the back ; quills dusky
brown, externally margined with reddish biown ; upper tail-coverts
reddish brown ; tail-feathers dusky externally, washed with reddish
brown ; lores and feathers round eye fulvous, mottled with dusky
bases; ear-coverts brown, with narrow fulvous shaft-lines; cheeks
fulvous brown, streaked with narrow whitish shaft-lines; throat
white, with a slight tinge of fulvous brown ; fore neck and chest
light fulvous brown, with faint whitish shaft-lines ; breast and ab-
domen white, shaded with fulvous brown ; sides of body, flanks, and
thighs fulvous brown ; under tail-coverts lighter fulvous ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries light fulvous brown ; quills below dusky,
inner edge of quills dusky brown. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen
0"6, wing 2-35, tail 1*4, tarsus 1-1.

Hah. Java.

«. c? ; i, c. 5 ad. sk. W. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

5. Brachypteryx hyperythra.

Brachypteryx hypers thra, Jercl ^- Bli/tJi, P. Z. S. 18G1, p. 201 (descr.
2 ) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 49.5, no. 337 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-t. B. i.
p. 312, no. 4666 (1869) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 499 (descr. S) ;
id. Str. F. 1879, p. 93.

The entire upper surface of the bird, including the face, sides of

8. BRACHYPTERYX. 29

the head, sides of the neck, and sides of the body under the wings,
blackish cyaneous ; the lores and feathers at the base of the lower
mandible, and the eyelid-feathers immediately above aud below the
eye, and sometimes more or less of the ear-coverts black ; chin,
throat, breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts intense orange fei-ru-
ginous, a little paler on the chin aud throat, and again often deci-
dedly paler in the middle of the abdomeu, in some specimens
becoming almost creamy. There is a short, broad, more or less
concealed silky white supercilium, beginning over the middle of
the lores, aud reaching a little further back than the middle of the
63^6. In many specimens no trace of this is to be discovered until
the feathers of the forehead and anterior part of the crown are
lifted. Length 5 inches, wing 2-5, tail 2, bill from forehead to
point 0-6, tarsus 1-3. {Hume, I. c.)

Female. Above dusky olive-brown ; lores tinged with ferru-
ginous ; beneath ferruginous ; middle of the belly white ; bill cor-
neous ; legs fleshy ; iris brown. Length nearly 5 inches, wing '2k,
tail 1|, bill at front jL, tarsus 1^. (Jerdon.)

Hah. Eastern Himalayas.

6. Brachypterjrx nipalensis.

Brachypteryx nipalensis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 74; Horsf. 8f
Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 397 (1854) ; Jerd. Sr Blyth,
P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 201 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 494 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 312, no. 4663 (1869) ; Godwin-Amten, J. A.'S. Beng.
xxxix. p. 192 (1870) ; Blanf. J. A. S. Bern/, xli. p. 160 (1872") ;
Hume ^ Davison, Str. F. 1878, i. p. 236 ;" Hume, 8tr. F. 1879,
p. 93 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 19 (1883).

Male. General colour above dull slaty blue ; rump with a half-
concealed greyish-white band ; lesser and median wing-coverts like
the back ; greater coverts, bastard Aving, primary-coverts, and
quills dusky brown, externally margined with dull slaty blue ; the
primaries greyish blue externally ; upper tail-coverts like the back ;
tail-feathers dusky, washed with dull slaty blue externally ; lores
and base of forehead blackish, as also the feathers round the eye ;
over the latter a distinct streak of silvery white ; ear-coverts dusky
slaty blue ; cheeks ashy ; sides of neck like back ; throat white ;
fore neck ashy grey ; breast and abdomen white ; sides of body,
flanks, and thighs ashy grey ; under taU-coverts white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy grey, edged with white ; quills below
pale brown, inner edge of quills ashy. Total length 3*8 inches,
culmen 0-6, wing 2-5, tail 1-5, tarsus 1-05.

Female. General colour above fulvescent olive-brown ; lesser and
median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts brown, externally
margined with rusty ; primary-coverts dusky brown ; quills dusky
brown, externally edged with rusty brown ; upper tail-coverts and
tail-feathers dusky, externally reddish brown ; lores fulvous browu,
mottled with whitish bases ; feathers round the eye fulvous brown ;

30 TIMELIID-E.

ear-coverts dull olive-brown like the head ; cheeks fulvous brown,
minutely streaked with bufTy white ; throat dull white, washed
with fulvous brown ; fore neck and chest fulvous brown ; breast and
abdomen Mhite ; sides of body and flanks fulvous brown ; thighs
dusky brown ; under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries
lightfulvous brown ; quills below brown, inner edge of quills ashy.
Total length 4-4 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-3, tail 1-4, tarsus 1.

Yoioig. More rufous than the adult female, which it somewhat
resembles ; throat dusky ; under surface rufescent brown, most of
the feathers fluffy and loose iu texture, with dull whitish shaft-
lines.

Toinif/ male. Resembles the adult female, but has the head a little
more dusky than the back, with a white spot above the eye.

JIab. Himalayas, extending to the Burmese and Tenasserim
hills.

«, 6. c? ad. ; <■. d Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

juv. sk.

dj e. (S ad. ; /. d' Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. (Types

juv. sk. of species.)

g. Juv. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum.

A, i . S ad. et juv. sk. Nepal. Gould Collection.

k,l. $ , wj. (5 juv. sk. Khasia hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

7. Brachypteryx stellata.

Brachypteryx (Drymochares) stellatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 218.
Drymochares stellatus, Gould, Birds of Asia, pt. 21 (1^69).
Brachvptervx stellatus, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 312, no. 4667 (1869) ;
Hume, Str. F. 1878, ii. p. 377 ; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 93.

Adult (tj'pe of species). General colour above dull chestnut or
rufous, the rump-feathers loose and ashy brown, barred with black
near the ends and tipped with white ; wing-coverts like the back ;
quills Hght sepia-brown, externally rufous-brown ; upper tail-coverts
and tail-feathers rufous or dull chestnut, outer feathers brown on
the inner web ; forehead slaty grey, vermiculated with blackish bars,
♦^his grey shade extending over eyes ; lores and feathers in front of
and below the eye, as well as base of cheeks, black ; ear-coverts grey
washed with brown, and finely vermici;lated with black lines ; cheeks,
sides of neck, throat, and breast slaty grey, with finely vermicu-
lated cross bars of black ; the breast with arrow-head spots of white ;
abdomen and sides of body slaty grey, less strongly vermiculated
with black, and with larger spots of white ; lower abdomen and
flanks tinged with brown, also the thighs and under tail-coverts,
which are vermiculated finely with blackish cross lines and white
spots ; under wing-coverts and axillaries slaty grey, with narrow
cross bars of black, and spotted with white ; quiUs below light
brown, inner edge of quills pale ashy brown. Total length 4-7
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-85, tail 1-9, tarsus 1-1.

Hab. Sikhim.

9. LAMPROLIA. 61

Ad. sk. Sikhim. Lieut. Chas. V. Eccles [P.].

Ad. sk. Sikhim (Uccles). Gould Collection. (Tj'pe

of species.)

9. LAMPROLIA.

Type.
Laiuprolia, Finsch, P. Z. 8. 187o, p. 73.3 L. victoriEe.

Range. Confined to the Fiji Islands,

1. Lamprolia victoriae.

Lamprolia victorias, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 733, pi. 62 ; Lai/ard,
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 432 ; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 435 ; id. Ibis, 1876,
p. 149; Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft xii. p. 8 (1876);
nawson Roicley, Orn. Misc. ii. p. 34, pi. 62 (1876') ; Cab. &• Reichen.
J.f. 0.1876, p. 319.

Adult tnale. General colour above velvety black ; wings also
velvety black, the lesser and median series tipped with metallic
steel-blue ; rump-feathers black, ending in silky white, like the ad-
joining upper tail-coverts ; tail-feathers velvety black, washed with
steel-blue, all but the outer feather with a good deal of silky white
towards the base of the outer web, increasing in extent towards the
centre of the tail, where the middle tail-feathers are white on both
webs for nearly their whole length ; crown of head somewhat scaly
in appearance, the feathers being tipped with steel-blue ; sides of
face, throat, and breast also spangled with steel-blue, but not so
brightly as on the crown ; remainder of under surface of body blue-
black, the under tail-coverts slightly washed with blue ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries blue-black ; quills black below, more ashy
along the edge of the inner web ; " bill and legs black ; iris dark
brown" {E. L. Laijard). Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0-7,
wing 3-3, tail 1-9, 'tarsus 0-95.

Adidt female. Similar to the male, but not so brilliantly spangled.
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0'6, wing 3-15, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-9.

Younrj. Much duller than the adult, less velvety above, and far
less spangled ; the under surface with scarcely any steel-blue spots
on the feathers.

Hah. Island of Taviuni, Fiji archipelago.

a. S ad. sk. Taviuni, Fiji, E. L. Lavard, Esq. fC.l

April 21, 1875.

b. 9 ad. sk. Ngila, Taviuni, E. L. Lavard, Esq. \C.\

July 29, 1875.

c. d. Ad. ; (',f. Juv. sk. Taviuni (Liurdot). F. Godman and 0. Sal-

via, Esqrs. [P.].

2. Lamprolia minor.

Lampi-olia minor, Lai/ard. Ibis, 1876, pp. 155, .S92 (e.v K/eiiischmidf,
MSS.) ; Sidvad. Ibis, 1877, p. 143 ; Lai/ard, Ibis, 1878, p. 199.

92 TIMELIIDJE.

Lamprolia klinesmithii, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i.
p. 68 (1876).

Resembles L. victorice, but is about a third smaller, and the head
is entirely covered with the brilliant blue feathers. (Layard, I. c.)

On comparison it does not appear that there is any difference
about the head, as the brilliant blue feathers entirely cover the
head of the male of both species ; but L. minor, besides being
much smaller, may be distinguished by the white on the two middle
tail-feathers reaching nearly to the tip, while in L. victorice^ the
white does not go so far towards the tip, so that the black tip is
more extended. Total length 117 millim., wing 62, tail 41, bill from
front 12, tarsus 19. (Salvadori, I. c.)

Hab. Vanua Levu, Fiji Islands.

10. TRICHIXUS.

Type.

Trichixus, Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 167 T. pyrrhopjgus.

Turdirostris, A. Hay, Maclr. Journ. xiii. pt. 2, p. 163

(1844) T. pyrrhopygus.

Range. Malacca and Borneo.

1. Trichixus pyrrhopygus.

Trichixos p^Trhopvga, Less. Rev. Zool. 18.39, p. 137 ; Blyth, Cat. B.

Mils As.' Soc., App. p. XX (1849) ; JLorsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus.

E.L Co. i. p. 404 (1854) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 275.
Turdirostris superciliaris, A. Hay, Muclr. Journ. xiii. pt. 2, p. 163

(1844) ; Bh/tk, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 145 (1849) ; ^^. CWm/j. i.

p. 217 (1850).
Macronus superciliaris, Gray, Gen. B. iii., App. p. 9 (1849).
Napothera pyrrhomelanura, S. Midi. MSS. in Mus. Luyd.
Napothera pyrrhonota, Temm. in Mus. Lmjd. ; Sundev. Av. Meth.

Tent. p. 8 (1872).
Myiolestes pyrrhonota, Bp. Consp. i. p. 358 (1850).
Macronus pyrrhopygus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 319, no. 4780 (1869).
Trichixus pyrrhopygus, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 224 ; Sliarpe, Ibis, 1877,

p. 12 ; id. Ibis, 1878, p. 415 ; Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 61; id. Str.

F. 1880, p. 129.

Adult. Above dark slate-colour, the scapulars and median and
lesser wing-coverts like the back ; greater wing-coverts and quiUs
dusky blackish, washed with slaty grey externally ; the margins to
the primaries paler; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail-feathers
orange-rufous, the latter a little darker, and having a broad black
band" at the tips, the centre tail-feathers having a little more black
on them than the others, the black also extending a little way up
the outer web of the last rectrix ; sides of face, throat, and chest
dark .slate-colour like the head, relieved by a conspicuous longitu-
dinal spot of white over the eye ; remainder of under surface of
body light orange-rufous, the centre of the breast and abdomen
much paler whitish, washed with Light rufous the thighs and under

10. TBICHIXUS. 33

tail-coverts a little deeper rufous ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries light orange-rufous, those near the edge of the wing slaty
grey ; quills dusky brown below, fulvescent along the inner web ;
" legs and feet pallescent " (A. Everett).

Total

length.

Culmen.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsi

in.

in.

in.

iu.

in.

8-0

1-05

4-0

3-75

1-1

8-0

10

405

3-6

11

«. S • Malacca (A. R. Wallace) 8-0
b. S ■ Biutiilu (A. Everett)

The only specimen of the female that I have seen marked by a
collector is Mr. Everett's Bintulu skin ; and this does not seem
to me to be adult. In Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay's collection is a spe-
cimen from Borneo, received from Verreaux, and marked as a female,
which differs from the adult male only in its paler coloration and
in having the ashy throat lighter in shade and not extending so far
onto the chest. This is probably the only difference between the
sexes.

Young female (Bintulu). Differs from the male in being brown
above, with a slightly rufescent forehead ; wing-coverts like the
back, tipped with pale orange-buff, as also are the inner secon-
daries ; quills dark brown, externally margined with lighter brown ;
rump and upper tail-coverts briglat orange-rufous ; tail-feathers
bright chestnat, tipped with pale rufous and crossed near the end
with a broad black band, the outer feather also blackish along
the outer web, and the centre feathers having also the entire inner
web blackish ; lores buffy white, slightly tinged with rufous ;
round the eye a ring of rufous feathers ; ear-coverts dusky brown,
streaked with pale rufous ; cheeks light rufescent, slightly mottled
with dusky bases to the feathers ; throat duU white, washed with
rufous, a little purer white on the fore neck ; breast and sides of
body light orange-rufous, including the thighs and under tail-coverts ;
centre of breast and abdomen whiter ; under wing-coverts pale
rufescent, the axiUaries slightly yellower ; quills ashy brown below,
greyish white along the edge of the inner web ; " bill dark brown ;
gape yellow ; legs pinky white ; iris dark brown " (A. Everett).
Total length 7"2 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3-55, tail 3-2, tarsus
1-1.

As mentioned above, this female is probably not quite adult, as
in other specimens the blackish inner web on the centre tail-feathers
18 not so apparent, and does not extend for the whole length of the
feather ; the throat and fore neck also are mottled with dusky
margins to the feathers, and the bill is seemingly paler in immatui'e
birds.

A younger bird is browner above than the foregoing, with the
forehead rufous and the wing-coverts tipped with rufous-buff ; lores
and feathers round the eye rufescent ; ear-coverts dusky, streaked
with rufous ; under surface of body light rufous, the lower breast
and abdomen white.

Hah. Tolerably plentiful iu Malacca, where it ranges as far north
VOL. vn. D

34 TIMELIID^.

as Province Wellesley. It also occurs in Borneo, but has not j'et
been recorded from Sumatra.

o. c? ad. ; b. Juv. sk. Malacca. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

c. (S ad. ; rf. [ ? ] jim. sk. Malacca. W. Harvey, Esq. [P.J.

e. (5" ad. sk. Malacca. India Museum.

f, Juv. sk. Malacca. India Museum.

(-Dr. Cantor),

(/. (S ad. sk. Borneo. Purchased.

h. $ ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [CI.

i, k. d 2 ad. sk. Bintulu, W. Alfi-ed Everett, Esq. [C.].

Borneo.

11. COSSYPHA.

Type.

Cossypha, Viy. Zool. Jotirn. ii. p. 396 (1826) 0. bicolor.

Bessonornis *, Smith, Rep. Exped. Centr. Afr., App.

p. 46 (18-36) .' C. humeraUs.

Mange. Confined to Africa.

Key to the S])ecies.

a. Crown of head grey, brown, or black.
a'. With no white stripe over the fore part of
the eye.
a". Base of primaries rufous ; throat ashy

brown poeiuis, p. 35.

b". QuilLs dark brown, edged with grey.
a'". Throat orange ; lores and cheeks black ;

size larger bicolor, p. 36.

b'". Throat orange ; lores and cheeks bright

orange ; size smaller natalensis, p. 37.

h'. With a white streak extending over the fore
part of the eye ; head grey or grey washed
with olive.

c". Ear-coverts orange ; taU orange bocagii, p. 38.

d". Ear-coverts blackish ; tail orange, mar-
gined and tipped with blackish c«^/y/, p. 39.

c'. With a white streak extending over the eye
backwards to the nape.
e". Throat orange.

c'". Wing-coverts cobalt-blue.

«*. Back olive-brown cyanocampter , p. 40.

h^. Back slaty black periculosa, p. 40.

d'" . Wing-coverts greyish,
c*. Larger : head blacker ; wing-coverts
grey.

a'. Centre tail-feathers olive heuglini, p. 41.

6'. Centre tail-feathers black subrufescens, p. 41.

(/^. Smaller : head dusky-black ; wing-
coverts olive like back seinirufa, p. 42.

Misprinted Bessoiiortiis.

11. COSSTPHA. 35

f , Throat white ; under surface more or less
orange or washed with rufous.
e'". Base of quills white, forming an alar
speculum.
e^. Ear-coverts rufous.

c'. Under tail-coverts orange-bufF ;
white on tail-feathers more ex-
tended barbata, p. 43

dp. Under tail-coverts white ; white

on tail less extended quadrivirgata, p. 43.

f*. Eai"-coverts greyish leucosticta, p. 44.

f". Base of quills not white ; under wing-
coverta white, as well as throat and

breast hunieralis^ p. 45.

b. Crown of head white.

«'. Back grey, or gi-ey washed with olive .... veHkalis, p. 45.
h'. Back blackish melanonota, p, 46.

1. Cossypha imerina.

Cossypha imerina, Hartl. J.f. O. 18G0, p. 97; id. Oni. Madmj. p. 97
(1861) ; Verr. in Viiison^s T^oy., Ann. B. p. 2 (1865) ; Grand. Re».
et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 359 ; Schlegel ^ Pollen, Farm. Madag.,
Ois. p. 168 (1868) ; Harfl. Vog. Madag. p. 130 (1877) ; Milne-
Edwards ^- Grandid. in Grandid, Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 367,
pis. 138, 1.38a, 139, 140 (1881).

Pratincola melamu-a, Lafr. MSS., teste Verreaux ut supra.

Copsychus imerina. Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 266, no. 3890 (1869).

Male. Above ashy grey ; throat and breast of the same colour
as the back, but a little clearer; abdomen and under tail- coverts
rufous ; quills and tail-feathers brown, more or less fringed with
bluish grey ; feet blackish ; iris brown.

Adult female. Very different from the male ; upper surface greyish
brown ; lower surface whitish, varied with clear brown.

Hah. Deserts and arid plains of the South and South-west of
Madagascar.

Ohs. The above descriptions are taken from M. Grandidier's work.
I have never seen a specimen, and do not know if the species rightly
belongs here or to Pseiulocossyplius (vide an tea). The mode of
coloration of the sexes and the habits of the bird are quite peculiar :
and it may belong to a totally distinct genus.

2. Cossypha poensis*.

Cossypha poensis, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1844, p. 100 ; Allen ^- Thomps.
Riped. Niger, ii. p. 496 (1848); Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 360; id.
Orn. TV.-Afr. p. 77 (1857) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 42 ;
Hartl. ,T. f. O. 1861, p, 163 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 382; id. Cat.
Afr. B. p. 85 (1871) ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 609, 515 ; Reichen.
J. f. O. 1876, p. 50.

* An aberrant species, showing afiinitics towards the Ground-Thrushes
(Gcocichla).

d2

36 TIMELIID^.

Bessonoruis poensis, Fruser, Zool. Typ. pi. 37 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 301 (1850) ; Grmj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 265, no. 3873 (1869).

Adult. General colour above slaty brown, the wing-coverts
browner and slightly inclining to olivaceous on their outer margins ;
quiUs brown, the primaries deep chestnut at base, forming a con-
spicuous wing-patch, the secondaries rather more olivaceous, the
chestnut base concealed; taU black, the three outer tail-feathers
marked with white towards the tip, the two outermost having a large
oblique patch extending nearly halfway up from the tip ; throat and
fore neck ashy grey, washed ■«"ith oUve, and shading off into orange-
chestnut on the rest of the under surface of the body, the under
wing-coverts being orange like the breast. Total length 8*8 inches,
culmen 0-7, wing4-15, tail 3-7, tarsus 1-05.

Hah. West Africa : Gold Coast to Gaboon.

a. Ad. St. Fernando Po. L. Fraser, Esq. [C.].

(Type of species.)

b. Ad.sk. Fantee (?7ss^;-). R. B. Sharps, Esq.

c. Ad. sk. Fautee (Auhinn). R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.

d. e. Ad. sk. Camaroous Moimtaius, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Feb. 20, 1871 {Crossley).
f. Ad. sk. Gaboon ( Walker). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

3. Cossypha bicolor.

Merle du Cap de Buuue Esperauce, Bmihent. PL EnL iv. pi. 221.
Muscicapa bicolor, Sparrm. Mm. Carlss. pi. 46 (1786) ; Simdev. Krit.

Framsi., Sparrm. p. 9 (1857).
Muscicapa dichroa, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 949 (1788, e.v Sparrm.).
Le Reclameiu', Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 104 (1802) ; Sundev. Krit.

Framst., Levaill. p. 35 (1857).
Tm-dus reclamator, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xx. p. 280 (1820)

Bonn, et Vieill. Eno. Meth. ii. p. 670 (1823).
Turdus vociferans, Stcains. Zool. Illustr. iii. pi. 179 (c. 1823).
Cossypha vociferans, Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 396 (1826).
Turdus uielanotis. Less. Traite, p. 410(1831) ; Pucher. Arch.duMus.

vii. p. 377.
Turdus revocator, Temm. PI. Col. Tabl. Meth. p. 14 (1836).
Cossypha vociferus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 233 (1837).
Cossipha vocifera, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, text to C. humerahs

(1840).
Cossvpha reclamator, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1844, p. 100 ; Hartl. Orn. W.-

Afr. p. 76 (1857) ; id. J.f. O. 1861, p. 162.
Rhipidura bicolor, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 258 (1846).
Bessonomis vociferans, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 301 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 130 (1867).
Bessornis vociferans, Cah. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 8 (1850) ; Gurney,

Ihis, 1862, p. 1.52 ; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 317.
Cossvpha bicolor, Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 28 (1858) ; Finsch S,- Hai-tl.

Vog. Ostafr. p. 281 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 25 (1871) ;

Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 119 (1872) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1876,

p. 427 ; Sfiarpe, ed. Layard B, S. Afr. p. 222 (1877).
Bessonornis bicolor. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 264, no. 3866 (1869).

11. C0S8YPHA. 37

Adult. General colour above slaty-grey, shading off into orange
on tlie rump, the upper tail- coverts bright orange ; quills blackish,
externally washed with grey, the wing-coverts washed with bluish
grey ; two centre tail-feathers black, all the remainder bright
orange, the external feathers blackish on the outer web, and some of
the others with narrow blackish margins : lores, sides of face, and
ear-coverts black ; cheeks, sides of neck, and the entire under
surface of body bright orange ; the under wing-coverts uniform with
the breast ; the lower surface of the quills ashy brown, inclining to
greyish white near the base of the inner web ; " bill black ; tarsi
and feet light pinkish brown ; iris very dark brown "' (Ayres).
Total length 7*3 inches, culmcn 0-7, wing 3'65, tail 3"2, tarsus
1-2.

Hab. South Africa from the Knysna to Natal and the Transvaal,
ranging to the Zambesi and Central Damara-land. Also reported to
have occurred on the Congo and at Sierra Leone.

a. Ad. St. Port Natal. Purchased.

b, c, d. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Capt. Trevelyan [P.].
e. Ad. sk. South Afi.-ica. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.

/. S ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara- R. B. Sharps, Esq.

land, Dec. 11, 1865
(C J. Anderssmi),

4. Cossypha natalensis.

Cos.sypha natalensis, Smith, III Zool. S. Afr. pi. Lx. (1840) : Haril.

P. Z. S. 1860, p. 110; id. J.f. O. 1861, p. 162 ; Bianc. Spec. Zool.

Mosamb. fasc. xvi. p. 400 (1865) ; Bocaye, Jorn. Lisb. 1868, p. 42 ;

Finsch Sc Hartl. Voq. Ostafr. pp. 283, 865 ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B.

p. 25 (1871) ; SheU'etj, Ibis, 1876, p. 73 : Shcaye, ed. LaycmVs B. S.

Afr. p. 223 (1877) ; Sharpe ^- Bouvier, Bull. Sac. Zool. France, 1876,

p.' 43 ; Sharpe, in Oates's Matabele Land, App. B. p. 309 (1881) ;

Gtmiey, Ibis, 1882, p. 72.
Bessonornis natalensis. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 301 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 131 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 264, no. 3867 (1869),
Bessorms natalensis, Cab. Mns. Hein. Th. i. p. 8 (1850) ; Reichen.

J.f. O. 1877, p. 30 : Fischer ^- Reichen. J.f. O. 1879, p. 356.

Adult. Upper surface of body bluish grey, the mantle strongly
washed with orange, the scapulars clearer grey; head and hind
neck brownish orange, waved across with narrow greyish lines,
caused by the sudden appearance of the bases to the feathers ; lores,
eyebrow, sides of face, and entire under surface of body orange,
rather paler on the abdomen ; all the wing-coverts clear bluish grey,
blackish on the inner web ; quills dull brown, externally shaded
with grey, the secondaries with a further external border of pale
orange as on the back ; tail-feathers very pointed, the two centre
ones dark brown, the others dull orange, the outermost broadly
margined with brown on the outer web : bill horn-brown ; legs

38 TIMELITDiE.

slate-coloured ; iris dark hrowr. Total length 6-4 inches, culmen
1'7, wing 3"25, tail 3, tarsus 1.

Ohs. The variation in the colour of the back, which is always
seen in a series of specimens of this species, seems to me to depend
upon season, the birds gradually becoming much more blue on the
back and wings, and losing the orange-coloured margins to the
feathers : the centre tail-feathers become black, and not brown as in
the Natal specimen described. As the brighter-plumaged birds
come from West Africa, it is possible that a more richly coloured
race occurs on the west coast ; or perhaps they may be in the summer
or winter plumage.

Hah. South-eastern Africa from Natal to the Zambesi, and ex-
tending as high as Mombas and Malindi ; ou the west coast it
occurs from Loanga to Benguela.

a. Ad. sk. Natal. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

b. Ad. sk. Natal. Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. Natal. Sir A. Smith [C.]. (Type of

species.)

d. Ad. sk. Durban, Natal (F. Oates). C. G. and W. E. Gates, Esqrs.

[P.].

e. Ad. sk. Zambesi. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

f. Ad. sk. Landaua, Congo (Lucan Sj- M. A. Bouvier.

Petit).
(J. Ad. sk. Angola {Mus. Lisb.). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

h. Ad. sk. Pembe, Angola, April J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.l.

1858.

5. Cossypha bocagii.

Cossypha, n. sp., Socage, Jorn. Lisb. 1868, p. 42.

Cossypba, bocagii, Finsch ^- Hartl. Vijg. Ostafr. p. 284, note

(1870) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 225 (1875) ; Socage,

Orn. Angola, p. 259, tab', ii. (1879).
Bessonornis bocagii, Gray, Hcmd-l. B. i. p. 265, no. 3881 (1869, ex

{F. Sr H.).

Adult (type of species). General colour above light yellowish
brown, shading off into orange on the rump and upper tail-coverts,
the latter being bright orange ; crown of head slaty grey ; the
feathers in front of and over the fore part of the eye white ; lores
blackish ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and entire under sirrface of body
bright orange ; the centre of the abdomen white ; under wing-
coverts pale orange -, upper wing-coverts coloured like the back, and
margined externally with orange ; quills dark brown, the primaries
externally washed with ashy grey, the secondaries with yellowish
brown like the back ; tail imperfect, the two remaining feathers
bright orange : bill black ; feet brown ; iris brown. Total length
6-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-2, tail 2-8, tarsus 1. {Ahis.
Lisb.)

Hah. Mossamedes,

11. C08STPHA. 39

6. Cossypha caffra.

Motacilla caffra, Limi. Mantissa, p. 527(1771); Gm. Syst. Nat. i.

p. 997 (1788).
Red-tailed Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. ii. pt. i. p. 31 (1783).
Caffrarian Warbler, Lath. op. cit. ii. pt. ii. p. 426 (1783).
Muscicapa superciliosa, Sparrm. Mtis. Carls, ii. pi. 96 (1786) ;

Sunclev. Krit. Framst., Sparrm. p. 14 (1857).
Tiu-dus phcenicurus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 816 (1788).
Sylvia caffi-a, Laih. I7id. Orn. ii. p. 514 (1790).
Le Janfi-edi'ic, Levaill, Ois. (VAfr. iii. pi. cxi. (1802) ; Sundev, Krit.

Framst., Levaill. p. 36 (1857).
Saxicola siipercilians, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 32 (1823).
Turdiis caffer, Shatv, Gen. Zool. x. p. 298 (1817).
Cossypha superciliosa, Sjvains. Classif. B. ii. p. 233 (1837).
Cossypha pectoralis, Smith, HI. Zool. S. Afr. text to pi. xhiii. (1840).
Rhipidiu'a superciliosa, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 259 (1846).
Bessonornis phcenicurus. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 301 (1850) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 23 ; Layard, B.

S. Afr. p. 131 (1867) ; Jloliib ^- Pels. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 89

(1882).
Bessornis phceniciu-us, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 9 (1850) ; Layard,

B. S. Afr. p. 1.32 (1867) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 293 ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 264, no. 3868 (1869).
Bessornis caffi-a. Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 29 (1859).
Cossypha cafFra, Hartl. Ibis, 1862, p. 148; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B.

p. 25 (1871) ; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 188 (1872) ;

Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. .370; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 73; Barratt,

Ibis, 1876, p. 201 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 224 (1876).

■ Adult male in full j)lumar/e {Transxaal ; Ayres). General colour
above olive-brown, slightly washed with slaty grey on the head and
on some of the dorsal feathers ; scapulars and lower back rather
incliuing to reddish olive, the latter shading off into bright orange
on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wings dark brown, the coverts
broadly margined with bluish grey, and having a more or less
distinct spot of white at the tip of the outer ones ; the primaries
externally washed with ashy, the secondaries with olive-brown ;
two centre tail-feathers dark brown, the remainder bright orange,
the outermost brown on the outer web, all the others also brown
towards the tip of the outer web ; a broad white eyebrow ; lores,
feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts black ; cheeks, throat, and
chest bright orange ; sides of neck bluish grey ; rest of under sur-
face pale slaty grey, inclining to white on the centre of the abdo-
men : flanks washed with orange, especially towards the under tail-
coverts, which are entirely of the latter colour ; thighs grey ; under
wing-coverts pale yellowish orange, the outermost grey, narrowly
edged with white ; bill black ; legs black ; iris dark brown. Total
length 7'2 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-65, tail 3'8, tarsus 1'25.

Ad alt female. Similar to the male.

Obs. The example described has been selected on account of its
bright plumage ; the others are everj-where much duller in colour,
and it is probable that in winter the plumage is more obscure.

Touny. Speckled all over, the feathers of the upper surface being

40

XrUELTIB^.

orange in the centre, with dull browu margins ; wings and tail
much as in the adult, but the wing-coverts tipped with yellowish
buff: under surface of body dull yellowish, the feathers with rather
broad circular margins of brown.

Hah. South Africa, from the Cape Colony to the Transvaal.

a. Ad. St. South Africa.

b. Pull. St. South Afi'iea.

c. Ad. sk. Table Mountain, Aug. 12,

1865 (C. J. Andersson),

d. Juv. sk. Table Mouutain ( C. J. A.) .

e. cJ ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown, June

30, 1877 (C. Neioby).

f. $ ad. sk. Peri Bush, June 11, 1877.

g. Ad. sk. Natal.

h. c? ad. sk. Natal {Ayres).

i. (S ad. sk. Transvaal {Ayres).

k. Juv. sk. Transvaal (Ayres).

I. S ad. sk. Macamac.

Purchased.

Sir A. Smith [C.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.
Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].

Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
F. A. Ban-att, Esq. [C.].

7. Cossypha cyanocampter.

Bessonornis cy.anocampter, Bp. Consp. i. p. 301 (ex Cab, MS. in Mus.

Berol.) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 265, no. 3877 (1869).
Cossvpha cyanocampter, Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 360 ; id. Orn. West-

Afr. p. 76 (1857) ; S/mipe, Ibis, 1870, p. 52 ; id. Cat Afr. B.

p. 25 (1871) ; Shelley (§- Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 287 ; Ussher, Ibis,

1874, p. 57.

Adult. Upper sui'face olive-brovni, shading off into orange on the
rump, the upper tail-coverts bright orange-rufous, the scapulars
slightly tinged with grey ; head and nape, as well as the sides of
the face, cheeks, and ear-coverts, jet-black ; a distinct white stripe
running from the lores to the nape over the eye : least wing-coverts
and edge of the wing verditer-blue, forming a distinct shoulder-
patch, the rest of the wing dark brown, the feathers all externally
margined with bluish grey ; two centre tail-feathers dark brown,
the remainder bright orange, excepting the outer rectrix, which has
the outer web brown ; entire under surface of body bright orange,
paler on the centre of the abdomen. Total length 6 inches, culmen
0-7, wing 3-15, tail 2-8, tarsus 1-15.

iSah. Gold Coast.

a. Ad. sk. Fantee.

b. Ad. sk. Fantee (Gov. Ussher).

c. Jun. sk. Fantee (Atibitin).

d. Ad. sk. Commendah, Cape Coast, July

1872 (H. F. Blissett).

Andrew Swanzy, Esq. [P.").
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Subspecies a. Cossypha periculosa.

Cossypha cyanocampter, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 205 (nee Bp.).
Achilt. Similar to C. cyanocampter, but having the back slaty

11. COSSTPHA. 41

blackish. Total length 6-5 inches, cidmen 07, wing 3-35, tail 2-9
tarsus 1-05. '

Hah. Gaboon.

a. Ad. sk. RiTer Danger, Gaboon. Henry Ausell, Esq. [P.].

8. Cossypha heuglini.

Cossypha heuglini, H((,-tI. J. f. 0. 1866, p. 37 ; Heual. J. f. O 1869
?• ^J^i,^':'ff'-^'-"-^^-0--^f>-- V- 374, A2>p. p. ciii (1869) ; Fmsch
4- Hartl Toff. Ostafr. pp. 283, 864 (1870) ; Shelley, F. Z. S. 1881
p. 5/4; ?■«?. i6?s, 1882, p. 250. '

Bessornis intermedia, Cab. hi Von der Deckeii's Reis. iii. pt. i n 22
pi. sii. (1869). ^ ^' '

Bessornis heugUni, Cab. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 219; Fischer 4- Reichen. t. c.
p. 268 ; tul op. at. 1879, p. .356.

Adult. General colour above olive, the rump and tipper tail-coverts
orange-rufous ; wing-coverts grey, the lesser series Hghter ; on the
median and greater coverts, as well as on the inner secondaries a
slight wash of olive ; quiUs dusky, externaUy grey, lighter on the
primaries ; two centre taU-feathers oUve, dusky on the margins the
remainder orange, edged with dusky olive along the outer web' and
at the tip, the outer feather entirely dusky olive along the outer
web : crown of head and nape black, separated from the mantle by
an incomplete collar of orange, mixed with the olive of the back •
base of forehead, lores, feathers above and below the eye, ear-coverts"
and feathers behind the ear black, with a superciliary streak of
white reaching from the nape above the eye to the base of the fore-
head, where, however, it does not quite unite : cheeks, sides of neck,
and entire under surface of body, including the thighs, under taU-
coyerts, under wing-coverts, and asillaries bright orange a little
paler on the lower abdomen ; " biU black : tarsi and feet din-y
ashy brown: iris umber" (T. Ayres). Total length 7-2 inches
culmen 0- / 5, wing 3-45, tail 3-1, tarsus 1-2.

Adult femcde. A little smaller, according to Von Heuglin.

Hah. From Wau and Bongo in Xorth-eastern Africa down the
east coast to the Zambesi.

a, b. Ad. 8k. Chobi Eiver, Zambesi. Dr. Bradshaw [C.].

9. Cossypha subrufescens.

Cossypha subriifescens, Bocage, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 436; id. On,. An-
gola, p. .5.o3 (1881).

Cossypha heuglini (non Hartl.), Bocage, Jorn. lAsb. 1870, p. 148 •
^i'7% ^o£- ^- lf3 P- 1^8; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 25 (1871) ; id.
F. Z.&. 18/3 p. /I/ ; Bocage, Jorn. List. 1877, p. 68; Sharpe &
Bouvier Bull Soc Zqol. France, 1876, p. 43; Sharpe, ed. Layard

sh^eSlil^firt'"'"' """■ ''''"'"'' P- ''^ (i^'i)'

Bessornis intermedia {non Cab.), Feichen. J.f. O. 1877 p 30

m'^1' JfT^'^'^'V, ^^'^-J- f- ^- 1^'^' PP- 205, 219; Feichen.
Mitth, Afnk. Gesellsch. Deutschl. i. p. 6,

42 ■ TrSTELITD^.

Acbdt. General colour above grey, stronglj' marked with olive-
brown on the back and scapulars, and shading off into orange on
the rump and upper tail-coverts, the latter being bright orange ;
two centre tail-feathers blackish, the rest bright orange, the external
one blackish on the outer web ; wings dark brovni, the feathers ex-
ternallj- marked with grey, particularly distinct on the coverts ;
crown of head, as well as the lores, feathers round the eye, and the
ear-coverts black ; over the eye a broad white stripe extending from
the base of the bill to the sides of the nape ; cheeks, sides of neck,
and under surface of body deep orange, paler on the abdomen ;
round the hind neck a faintly indicated orange collar. Total length
7 inches, culmen 0'75, wing 3'45, tail 3, tarsus 1"2.

Hab. Eastern Africa : Kitui in Ukamba. Western Africa, from
Loango to Eenguela.

a. Ad. sk. River Congo. Commander Sperling [P.].

b. 5 ad. sk. Landana, Congo {Lu- M. A. Boxivier.

can Sf Petit).

c. 5 ad. sk. River Dande, Angola, J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.].

Apr. 25, 1869 (Sala).

d. Ad. sk. River Dande, Angola, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Apr. 25, 1869 (&to).

10. Cossypha semimfa.

Petrocincla semirufa, Riqyp. Neue Wirb., Vog. p. 81 (1835).

Cossypha nigrocapilla, Guerin, Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 162.

Bessonornis semkufa, Riip]}. Si/st. TJehers. p. 60, pi. 21 (1845) ; Gi-ay,

Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 301 (1850) ; Horsf. &,-

Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 189 (1854) ; Heugl. Sijst. Uebers.

p. 29 (1856) ; Gray, Hancl-l. B. i. p. 265, no. 3875 (1869).
Cossypha semu-ufa, Guerin ^- Lafr. in Ferr. et Gaiin. Voij. Abyss, iii,

p. 202, pi. 6 (1847); Heugl J. f. O. 1862, pp. 286,594, 1869,

p. 147 ; Blanf. Geol. 8f Zool. Abyss, p. 360 (1870) ; Fimch, Trans.

Zool. Soc. vii. p. 242 (1870) ; Atitin. ^ Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 94

(1873).
Bessornis semirufa, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 376; iv., Ai^p. p. ciii

(1869).

Adult. Above olive-brown, very slightly tinged with grey, the
head blackish ; from the base of the bill to the hinder part of the
ear-coverts a broad white eyebrow ; lores, feathers round eye, and
ear-coverts black ; wings light brown, the feathers margined with
greyish olive ; the wing-coverts olive, like the scapulars ; lower back,
rump, and under tail-coverts bright orange ; two centre tail-feathers
dark brown, the rest of the tail orange, with a narrow border of
brown near the tip of the outermost feather ; entire under surface
of body bright orange, the centre of the abdomen whitish ; under
wing-coverts orange ; " bill black : feet dusky ; iris umber-brown "
(^Heuglin). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-35, tail 3-2,
tarsus 1'2.

Ohs. As in the case of other African Robin-Chats, there is great

11. COSSTI>HA. 43

difference in the oHve shadings of the back, while some of the spe-
cimens have brown edgings to most of the tail-feathers.

Adult female. Like the male (von Heuglin).

In yoxmg birds the chin is reddish grey, sprinkled with bro\^n ;
the white superciliarj' streak first begins over half of the ej-e, and
is also shorter ; crown dark greyish brown, with reddish-brown
shaft-streaks ; wiug-coverts and tertiary quills with reddish-yellow
spots on their ends, (von ITeuc/lin.)

Hah. N.E. Africa, from Bogos Land throughout Abyssinia into
the Gala country.

a. Ad. St. Abyssinia. Dr. E. Eiippell [C.].

b. Ad. St. Abyssinia. Sir W. C. Harris [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Goon-goona, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.l.

March 19, 1868.

d. Ad. sk. Bogos Land. Mr. Esler [0.].

11. Cossypha barbata.

Cossypha barbata, Finsch ^- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 864 (1870) ;
Bocage, Jorn. Lish. 1870, p. 342; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr.
p. 226 (1877); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 260 (1881).

Adult. Above ashy brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts pale
orange-rufous, forehead slightly tinged with rufous ; lores and a
short eyebrow, as well as a ring of feathers round the eye, white,
with a narrow margin of black running above the white eyebrow ;
feathers in front of the eye blackish ; ear-coverts dull sandy rufous ;
cheeks and throat white, with a long moustachial streak of duU grey
extending on each side of the throat for its whole length ; breast
and sides of the body pale orange, inclining to buff on the centre
of the chest and shading off into white on the lower abdomen and
under tail-coverts ; thighs white ; under wing-coverts also white,
the outermost spotted with black ; wings above ashy brown, incli-
ning to grey on the coverts, the least series being streaked with
white, the outermost broadly edged with the same ; primaries ex-
ternally margined with white, much broader near the base, which
is entirely white on these quills, so as to form a speculum ; tail
black, tipped with white, forming a small triangular spot on the
centre feathers and gradually increasing towards the outermost, the
external rectrix being white for its apical half. Total length
7 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-2, tail 2-8, tarsus I'Oo. (Mus.
Lish.).

Hab. Ben2;uela.

12. Cossypha quadrivirgata.

Thamnobia quadrivirgata, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1879, p. 114: id.

J./. O. 1879, p. 355.
Cossj^ha quadi-ivirgata, Sharpe, J.f. O. 1882, p. 845.

Adxdt (type of species). General colour above brown, the lower

44 TIMEtllDiE.

back and rump more rufous-brown ; lesser and median wing-coverts
ashy grey, with a few white spots on the outermost ; greater coverts
ashy, paler on the outer web, the inner ones washed with brown ;
bastard wing black, the feathers broadly tipped with white ; primary-
coverts black ; quills blackish, externally margined with hoary
whitish ; the bases of the primaries white, forming a large alar
speculum ; the secondaries brown, like the inner greater coverts ;
upper tail-coverts rufous, slightly washed with grey at the tip ; tail-
feathers blackish, tipped with white, increasing in extent towards
the outermost, which are also edged with white for a considerable
distance up outer web : crown of head a little more dusky than the
back ; lores blackish, surmounted by a distinct white eyebrow, which
is again separated from the crown by another lino of black ; feathers
round' the eye and below it white, the latter followed by a blackish
spot ; ear-coverts light brown ; cheeks white, extending onto the
sides of the neck ; throat white, separated from the cheeks by a
moustachial streak of black, widening out on the sides of the
lower throat and becoming grey in colour ; fore neck and chest
orange-rufous ; breast and abdomen white ; sides of body and flanks
orange-rufous ; thighs and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, the outer ones blackish, tipped with
white ; quills below ashy ; inner edge of quills paler, with a large
patch of white at base of inner web ; bill black ; " legs clear grey-
ish blue, claws brownish ; iris brown " (FiscJwr). Total length
o-o inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-1, tail 2-8, tarsus 1. (3his. Berol.)
Hah. Zanzibar district, East Africa.

13. Cossypha leucosticta. (Plate I.)

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, the lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts deep chestnut-red ; scapulars greyish ; the
wing-covcrts black, washed with grey, the outermost of the median
series with a distinct white spot ; primary-coverts black ; quills
black, edged with grey, inclining to white on the primaries ; the
secondaries more olive, and tipped with pale rufous ; the base of the
outer web of the primaries white, forming a distinct alar speculum ;
tail greyish black, tipped with white, the centre feathers washed
with olive ; over the eye a distinct white streak, surmounted by
another blackish line fringing the crown ; ear-coverts grey ; the lores
blackish, with a ring of white feathers round the eye ; cheeks and
throat white, with a narrow moustachial line of black ; rest of
under surface reddish fulvous, the chest and under tail-coverts white ;
under wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing black. Total length
6-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-2, tail 2-9, tarsus 1-1.

Hah. West Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Accra. E. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

11. C08STPHA. 45

14. Cossypha humeralis.

Bessonornis * humeralis, Smith, Report Exp. 8. Afr., App. p. 46
(1836); Grmj, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 301
(1850) ; Layanl, B. S. Afr. p. 132 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 265, no. 3876 (1869).

Cossypha humeralis. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 48 (1840) ;
Bianc. Spec. Zoul. Mosamh. fasc. xvi. p.' 400 (1865) ; Finsch Sf
Hartl. Vo(/. Ostafr. pp. 285, 865 (1870); Buchley, Ibis, 1874,
p. 370 ; Sharpe, e'd. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 228 (1877) ; Ayres, Ibis,
1879, p. 395 ; Gurney, Ibis, 1879, p. 396.

Bessornis himieralis, Newton, Ibis, 1868, p. 266 ; Layard, Ibis, 1869,
p. 78.

Adult. Head, mautle, and scapulars grey, with a slight tinge of
olive ou the back ; rump and upper tail-coverts orange-chestnut,
deeper on the latter ; tail also orange, mth a broad terminal band
of black, the outermost feather also blackish on the outer web, and
the two centre feathers entirely blackish ; wing-coverts black, with a
broad longitudinal white patch formed of the inner lesser and
median coverts and the outer web or the whole of a few of the
inner greater coverts ; quills blackish, with a narrow external
border of greyish buff ; over the eye a narrow white line, extending
from the base of the bill to the hinder ear- coverts ; lores, cheeks,
and entire side of face and of neck black ; chin and a patch on the
sides of the upper breast also black ; sides of body, vent, and under
tail-coverts pale orange-buff ; under wing-coverts white, the edge
of the wing black : " biU black ; legs brownish black : iris dark
hazel" {T. E. Bucliei/). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing
2-95, tail 2-9, tarsus 1-15.

Hab. Interior of South-eastern Africa.

a. Ad. sk. South Afi-ica. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Makalaka Counti-y. Dr. Bradshaw.

15. Cossypha verticalis.

Petrocincia albicapilla {7ion V.), Sivains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 284, pi. 32 ;

Gordon, Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 8.
Cossypha albicapilla (non V.), Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 233 (1837).
Bessonornis, sp., Gratj, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847) ; Vierth. Naum.

1852, p. 52.
Cossypha verticalis, Hartl. Beitr. Orn. Westafr. p. 23 (1848) ; id.

Orn. W.-Afr. p. 77 (1857) ; Sharpe, Ibis, "1870, p. 52 ; id. Cat.

Afr. B. p. 26 (1871); Shelley if Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 287;

Usshei; Ibis, 1874, p. 57 ; Beichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 47 ; Nichols.

P. Z.S. 1878, ^.129.
Bessornis mouacha, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 29 ; Antin. Cat. Ucc.

p. 42 (1864) ; Salvad. Revist. Crit. coll. Antinori, p. 734.
Bessonornis swauisonii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 301 (1850).
Bessornis verticalis, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 8 (1850).

Misprinted Bessonornis.

46 TIMELIIDiE.

Cossypha swainsoni, Heugl. J. f. 0. 1869, p. 148.
Bessonornis verticalis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 265, no. 3871 (1869).
Bessornis swainsoni, Sewjl. Oiii. N.O.-Afr, i. p. 377, Ap^j. p. ciii
(1871).

Adult. Back and scapulars deep slaty black ; round the hind
neck a collar of orange feathers ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts also bright orange ; crown of head white ; forehead, side of
crown, and sides of face black ; cheeks, sides of neck, and entire
under surface of body deep orange ; wings black, all the feathers
margined with slaty blue, brighter than on the back ; two centre
tail-feathers black, the rest of the tail bright orange, the outermost
feather margined externally with black ; bill blackish ; feet dark
brown (in skin) ; " iris brown" {Shelley). Total length 7'5 inches,
culmen 0*65, wing 3-85, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-15.

Yoimg. Mottled all over the upper surface with orange feathers,
each narrowly margined with blackish, all the wing-coverts with a
terminal orange spot ; quills blackish, washed externally with
greyish olive ; lower back, rump, and tail as in adult, the orange
somewhat paler ; under surface of body yellowish buff, with narrow
margins of brown to all the feathers. The adult dress is gained by
a direct moult ; but it would seem to be some time before the white
crown is assumed. A young bird just getting his tail appears to
have all the feathers tipped with black.

Hah. West Africa, from Senegambia to the river Niger, extending
across to the Djur Negro country in North-eastern Africa.

'a,h. Ad. sk. River Gambia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

c, d. Jviv. ; e. Pull. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq.

f. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq.

g. Ad. sk. Denkera, Jan. 1872 {H. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.

F. BUssett).

h, i. Ad. sk. Accra {Smith). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

k, I. Ad. ; m. Pull. sk. Abeokuta {H. Robin). F. Nicholsou, Esq. [P.].

n. Ad. sk. River Niger {Dr. Baikie). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

16. Cossypha melanonota.

Cossypha verticalis {non Hartl.), Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859,
p. 42 ; Heiyie, J.f. O. 1860, p. 12S; Hartl. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 163.

Bessoruis melanonota, Cah. J. f. O. 1875, p. 235 ; Reichen. J. f. O.
1877, p. 30.

Cossypha melanonota, Sharpie 4' Bouvier, Bidl. Soc. Zool. France,
1877, p. 477; Bucage, Orn. Angola, ii. p. 552 (1881),

Adult female. Back black, with a slight tinge of grey ; lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts orange-rufous ; wing-coverts
black, edged with dark slaty grey ; quills black, externally edged
vrith slaty grey, lighter on the primaries ; two centre tail-
feathers black, the remainder orange-rufous, with a broad black
edging to the outer web of the external feather; crown of head
white, more or less mottled with black bases to the feathers ;
base of forehead, lores, sides of crown, feathers round the eye.

12. CHXttAEEHOENIS. 47

and ear-coverts black ; cheeks and sides of neck orange, as well
as a collar round the hind neck bright orange ; remainder of under
surface of body bright orange, as well as the under wing-coverts and
axiUaries ; edge of wings ashy grey. Total length 7"8 inches, cul-
men 0'8, wing 3-8, tail 3'4, tarsus 1'2.

Hah. West Africa, from Gaboon to the Congo.

a. Ad. sk. Femand Vaz, Gaboon (Marche). M. A. Bouvier.

b. 5 ad.sk. Eio Chiloango, Congo (Lucan |- Petit). M. A. Bouvier.

12. CHIMARRHORNIS. ,_

Type.

Torrentaria, Hodgs. MSS, in icon, ined C. leucocephala.

Chaimarrbomis, Hodgs. in Grag^s Zool. Misc. p. 82

(1844) C. leucocephala.

Chimarrhornis, Anders. Exj). Yun-nan, p. 613, 1878

(nom. emend,).

Range. Afghanistan ; Himalayas from Cashmere to Bootan, and
extending through Western China to the Ichang Gorge on the
Yangtze Eiver.

1. CMmarrhornis leucocephala.

Phoenicura leucocephala, Vigors, P. Z. S. 18-30, p. 35 ; Gould, Cent.

B. Himal. Mts. pi. xxvi. fig. 1 (1832).
Ruticilla leucocephala, Less. Itev. Zool. 1840, p. 255 ; Grag, Cat. Mamm .

etc. Nejml jjres. Hodgs. p. 34 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 180 (1846) ;

Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 134 (1847) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac.

p. 169 (1849) ; Bj). Consj). i. p. 296 (1850) ; 3Ioore, P. Z. S. 1854,

p. 30; Horsf. .S,- Moore, Cat. B. E.l. Co. Mus. i. p. 309 (1854) ;

Gray, Han'd-l. B. i. p. 221, no. 3174 (1869); Scidly, Ibis, 1881,

p. 446.
Torrentaria leucocephala, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passei'es,

pi. 74 (no. 297).
Cbsemarrhomis leucocephala, Hodgs. in Grag's Zool. Misc. p. 82

(1844) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 143 (1863) ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng.

xxxvii. p. 64 (1808) ; Godwin-Atisten, op. cit. xxxviii. p. 106

(1870) ; Sid7ih. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 358 ; Hume ^- Henders. Lahore

to Yark. p. 214 (1873) ; Bhjth ^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 101 (1875) ;

Brooks, Str. F. 1875, pp. 226, 240 ; A. Anders. Str. F. t. c. p. 355 ;

Prjeio. in Dawson Boivleg's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 178 (1877) ; David

Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 173, pi. 24 (1877).
Chimarrhornis leucocephala, J. Anderson, Rep. Zool. Expi. Yun-nan,

Aves, p. 614 (1878) ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlv. p. 79

(1878) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 100 ; Scidlg, t. c. p. 303 ; Biddulph,

Ibis, 1881, p. 64; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 40 (1882).

Adult male. General colour above blue-black ; lesser wing-coverts,
median and greater-coverts, bastard wing and primary-coverts like
the back ; quills black, edged with blue-black ; lo\\ cr back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts maroon or chestnut ; tail-feathers chestnut,
with a broad black band at the tip ; crown of head and nape pure
white ; forehead, lores, eyebrow, sides of the face, ear-coverte, sides

48

THIELIID^.

of the neck, cheeks, throat, fore neck, and chest blue-black ; breast,
abdomen, sides of the body, and flanks maroon : thighs dusky brown ;
under tail-coverts maroon ; under wing-coverts black, lower ones
slightly edged with maroon ; axillaries black, margined with maroon ;
quills blackish below, inner edges ashy; "bill black; tarsus vina-
ceous brown ; iris dark brown " (Jerdon) ; " gape fleshy white ;
tarsus blackish brown ; claws black ; iris deep brown " (^Scully).
Total length 7 inches, uulmen 0*65, wing 3"85, tail 3"1, tarsus 1*2.

Adult female. Like the male.

Rab. Entire Himalayan range from Gilgit, occurring throughout
Western China to Kansu, and as far as the Ichang Gorge on the
Yangtze river. It also occurs on the Dafla hiUs, and in Aracan,
and extends as far south as the second defile of the Irawady
river.

fl. (S ad. sk.
b, c. Ad. sk.

Gilgit, June 11, 1879.
Cashmere.

d. Ad. ; e. Jim. sk. N.W. Himalayas [ Griffith),
f. Ad. sk. "

g. Ad. sk.

h, i. Ad. sk.

k. Ad. sk.
I. (S ad. sk.

m. Ad. sk.

n. Ad. sk.

o. Ad. st.

N.W. Himalayas.

Kangra.

Nepal.

Nepal {Hodgson).

Second dehle of Ii-awady

River, March 5, 1875.
Ichaug Gorge, Yangtze

River.
Himalayas.

Himalayas.

Dr. J. Scully [P.].

E. M. Langworthy,
Esq. [P.].

India ^luseimi.

Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.].

Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
wUl [P.].

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].

India Museum.

Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

C. Maries, Esq. [C.].

Major-General Hard-

wicke [P.].
J. R. Reeves, Esq.

[P.].

13. THAMNOLiEA.

Thamnolffia, Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 8 (1850) T,
Thamuocichla, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 5

(1872) T,

Range. Confined to Africa.

Type,
cmnamomeiventris.

cinnamomeiventris.

Wing of Thamnolma albiscapulata, to show attenuation of first primai-y.

Key to the Species.

a. With the rimip rufous; a white shoulder-
patch.
a'. Upper tail-coverts dark chestnut. . . . cinnamomeiventris, p. 49.
h'. Upper tail-coverts blue-black, with

chestnut bases albiscapulata, p. 60.

13. THASTNOL^A. 49

. With the rump black like the rest of the

upper surface.

c'. No white shoulder-patch, but a large

white wing-patch formed by the

base of the primaries ; abdomen

rufous seminifa, p. 51.

d'. A white shoulder-patch formed by
the lesser and median wing-coverts ;
abdomen black.

a". Crown of head white sheUei/i c? , P- 52.

b". Crown of head black.

a'". Throat white shellei/i 5 , p- 52.

b'". Throat black arnotti, p. 53.

1. Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris.

Turdus cinnamomeiventris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 18.36, pis. -5.5, 56.
Saxicola ruhventer, Sumins. Aitiin. in Menag. p. 293 (1837) ; Layard,

B. S. Afr. p. 106 (1867).
Thamnobia cinnamomeiventris, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 185 (1846) ;

Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 158; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 211, no. 2996

(1869); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 26 (1871); id. ed. Layard B. S.

Afr. p. 2.32 (1876) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1879, p. 396; Shelky, Ibis, 1882,

p. 251.
Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 8 (1850) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 302 (1850) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1864, p. 349.
Copsjchus cinnamomeiventris, pt., Bjj. Consul, i. p. 267 (1850).
Petrocincla montaua, Licht. Xomencl. Av. Berol. p. 26 (1854).
Saxicola albiscapulata, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 106 (1867, iiec Biipj}.).
Thamnobia ptymatura, Guryuy, Ibis, 1869, p. 328.
Thamnocichla cinnamomeiventris, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. o

(1872).

Adult male. General colour above blue-black ; median and lesser
"wing-coverts white, forming a shoulder-patch ; greater series,
bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally edged
with blue-black ; rump and upper tail-coverts tawny rufous, the
latter deeper chestnut ; tail-feathers black ; lores, sides of face,
throat, and breast blue-black ; between the breast and abdomen a
line of whitish ; abdomen and flanks tawny rufous, thighs black ;
vent and under tail-coverts deep chestnut, the longer ones black at
the end, tipped narrowly with chestnut ; under wing-coverts,
axillaries, and quills below black ; inner edge of quills ashy ; "bill
and tarsus black ; iris dark umber" (y. Ayres). Total length 8"8
inches, culmen O'So, wing 4-55, tail 4, tarsus l-2o.

Adidt female. Differs from the male in being sooty black above,
the rump and upper tail-coverts uniform deep chestnut ; wings and
tail as iu the male, excepting that the female wants the white wing-
patch, and has the lesser and median coverts edged with slaty grey;
lores and ear-coverts blackish ; throat and breast dull slaty grey ;
remainder of under surface deep chestnut ; under tail-coverts chest-
nut, the longer ones black, chestnut down the middle and at the tips ;
thighs black ; axillaries and under wiug-coverts dull slaty grey.
TOi. vir. E

'50 TlMELIID^i;.

Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 4-35, tail 3-9, tarsus
1-15.

A male from Kanye has the median wing-coverts tipped with a
black edging, and black tips to some of the upper tail-coverts ; the
band separating the black breast from the abdomen also is fulvous.
Wing 4-45.

A younger female has the forehead and lores washed with ashy,
and the sides of the chest and breast washed with brown.

Hah. South-eastern Africa, extending as far north as the Ma-
shoona country.

a, b. 2 ad. iun. sk. Eland's Post,S.E. Africa, April R. B. Sharps, Esq.
1870 ( T. C. Atmore).

c. 6 ad. sk. Eland's Post, April 9, 1870 {T. Pv. B. Sharpe, Esq.

C. A.).

d. S ad. sk. Kanye, llatabele Land {Dr. H. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Exton).

e. d ad. St. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

2. Thainnolaea albiscapulata.

Saxicola alboscapulata, R'dpp. Neue Wirb. p. 74, pi. 26. fig. 1 (1835) ;

Des Miirs in Lefebire's Vox/. Abyss, p. 92 (1845).
Thamuohia alboscapulata, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 58 (1845) ; Heuql.

Syst. Uebers. p. 27 (1856) ; Brehm, Reis. Habesch, p. 292 (1863) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 211, no. 2995 (1869).
Thamnolsea alboscapulata, Cab. Mus. Rein. Th. i. p. 8, note (1850) ;

Bp. Comp. i. p. 302 (1850) ; Heuyl. J. f. O. 1862, pp. 286, 294 ;

Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 40 (1864) ; HeiuiL J. f. O. 1869, p. 149;

id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 367, App. p. cii (1869-71) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S.

vii. p. 235 (1870) ; Blanf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 360 (1870) ;

Gurmy, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 148 ; Antin. Sf Salvad. Viagg. Bogos,

p. 95 (1873).
Thamnobia cfesiogastra, Bp. Comptes Rendus, xxxviii. p. 7 (1854) ;

Hartl Orn. Westafr. p. 70 (1857).
Thamnolffia csesiogastra, Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 368 (1869).
Thamnobia schimperi, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 212, no. 2998 (1869).

Male. General colour above blue-black ; rump chestnut, the lower
feathers tipped with black ; median and lesser wing-coverts pure
white, forming a shoulder-patch ; greater coverts, bastard wing,
primary-coverts, and quills black, externally edged with blue-black ;
upper tail-coverts black, with chestnut bases to the feathers ; tail-
feathers black, washed externally with chestnut at the extreme
bases of the feathers ; lores, sides of face, sides of neck, throat, and
breast blue-black ; lower breast, abdomen, sides of body, and flanks
chestnut, with a line of yellowish buff separating the breast from
the black chest ; thighs black, barred with yellowish buff ; under
tail-coverts black, with chestnut bases to the feathers ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries blue-black ; quiUs blackish below, inner edge
browner. Total length 7-8 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 4-65, tail 3-5,
tarsus l-lo.

Female. Like the male in colour, but without the white wing-
patch. Total length 7-8 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4-45, tail 3-4,
tarsus 1-15.

13. THAMXOL^A. 51

Young. Blackish brown, the wings and taU as in the adult
female, which the bird otherwise resembles ; no white shoulder-
patch ; rump rufous, barred with dusky black ; throat and breast
dusk_y blackish, the lower breast and abdomen light chestnut ; no
buff line between the black and chestnut of the breast. Wing 4-3.

Hab. Iv orth-eastern Africa.

a. c? ad. ; Abyssinia. E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

b. Juv. sk.

c. 2 ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased.

d. c? ad. sk. Middle Sooroo, loOO feet, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

Jan. 2, 1868.

e. 2 ad. sk. Senafe, 7500 feet, March 5, W. T. Bkxnford, Esq. [0.1.

1868. ^

/. S ad. St. Abyssinia. Dr. EiippeU [C.l.

ff. (S imm. st. Abyssinia. Baron Laugier. '

3. Thanmolaea semirufa.

Saxicola semirufa, Rupp. Netie Wirb. Vog. p. 74, Taf. "^5 fio-s 1 2
(1835). ° ' '

Thamnobia semirufa, Rlipp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 59, no. 169 (1845) ;
Heugl. Si/st. Uebers. p. 27 (18%56) ; id. J.f. O. 1862, p. 286.

Thamnolffia semirufa, Cab. Mtis. Hein. Th.i. p. 8 (1850): Heugl. J.
f. O. 1869, p. 150 ; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 368 (1869).

Myrmecocichla quartini, Bp. C. R. xxxyiii. p. 7 (1854).

Saxicola quartini. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 227, no. 3265 (1869).

Adidt male. General colour above glossy black ; lesser win^-
coverts, median and greater coverts like the back ; bastard wing
and primary-coverts black ; quills black, with nearly the basal half
of the primaries white, forming a conspicuous wing-patch ; upper
tail-coverts and tail-feathers black ; lores and sides of face, sides of
neck, throat, and breast black ; lower breast, abdomen, sides of
body, and flanks chestnut ; thighs black ; under tail-coverts chest-
nut : under wing-coverts black ; axiUaries • black, with the inner
web chestnut ; quills blackish below, inner edge ashy, white near
the base, forming a large wing-patch. Total length 7 inches,
culmen OSo, wing 4-5, tail 2-95, tarsus 1-15.

Adidt female. Kesembles the male in colour {Ueuqlin, I.e.).

Young. Dusky blackish, the lower back, rump, part of the wing-
coverts, and under surface varied with pale fulvous ; the base of the
primaries (the first one excepted) and of the secondaries whitish ; a
median stripe on the throat, widening out on the lower throat,
bright fulvous ; vent and under tail-coverts rufous buff, with narrow
dusky shaft-streaks and small bands.

Still younger birds are of a blackish dusky colour, all the feathers
margined and varied with a rufescent buff shade ; the alar speculum
smaller and more obsolete. (Heuglin, I. c.)

Hab. :\\E. Africa.

a. (S ad. sk. Abyssinia. E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

b. 1mm. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased.

c. Ad. St. Abv.ssinia. Purchased.

d. Juv. st. Abyssinia. M. Verreaux.

e2

52 TIMEIIID^.

4. Thamnolsea shelleyi *.

Saxicola shelleyi, Sharpe, ed. Laxjard B. S. Afr. p. 246 (1877) ;

id. in Oates's' Matabele Land, App. p. 307, pi. A (1881); Shelley,

P. Z. S. 1881, p. 572.
Thiimnobia shelle^-i, Shelleij, Ibis, 1882, p. 2-51.
MjTmecocichla leiicolseina, Reidienow, Orn. Centralhl. 1880, p. 181.

Male. General colour above glossy black ; median and lesser
mng-coverts white ; greater and primary-coverts white, edged at
the tip with black ; bastard wing black ; qaills and tail-feathers
black ; crown of head and najje white ; sides of face and entire
under surface of body glossy black ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries bhick ; quills blackish below, inner edge lighter ; " biU and
tarsus black ; iris dark hazel" {F. Gates). Total length 7-3 inches,
culmen 0-7, wing 4-15, tail 3-15, tarsus 1-15.

Adult female. Browner than the male; wing with the same white
patch, but the greater coverts and the primary-coverts more broadly
tipped with black ; head coloured like rest of upper surface, but the
throat, cheeks, and fore neck white ; sides of neck white, mottled
with black tips to the feathers ; feathers of fore neck also black,
tipped with white. Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-95,
tail 2-65, tarsus I'lo.

In both sexes the " iris is dusky ; bill, tarsi, and feet black "
{T. Ayres).

Hah. Southern Eastern Africa below the Zambesi, extending
into Central Africa.

a,h. (S 2 fid. sk. Victoria Falls, Zambesi. Purchased. (Types of

species.)

c. 5 ad. sk. Near Sibanane, Dec. 8, 1874 C. G. and W. Gates,

(Frank Gates). Esqrs. [P.].

d. c? ad. sk. Ramaqueban river, June 24 C. G. and W. Gates,

{F. O.). Esqrs. [P.].

* Dr. Eeichenow (J. f. O. 1882, p. 212) in writing about a series of Black
Chat-Thrushes sent by Dr. Eohm from the country below Lake Tanganyika,
suggests tliat T. shelleyi and T. arnotti are members of one and the same spe-
cies, the oldest name for which is Thamnolaa nigra (Vieillot), foiuided on
Levaillant's plate. The latter has always been held to be unrecognizable ; nor
have I myself ever seen any birds agreeing with it. Not having examined the
specimens which are in the Berlin Museum, I can only give Dr. Reichenow's
opinion, which, if correct, will add the following synonymy to the species : —

Le Traquet Commandeur, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iv. p. 114, pi. 189 (18U5) ;
Siindev. Krit. om Levaill. p. 37 (1857).

CEnanthe nigra, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi. p. 431 (1818).

Sylvia nigra, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 489 (1823).

Saxicola nigra, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 179 (1846).

Myrmecocichla nigra, Bp. Consp. i. p. 302 (1850).
Dr. Eeichenow further considers the species from " j^quatorial West Africa "
distinct from the eastern bird which I name T. shelleyi ; and he names it Myr-
mecocichla levaillantii (with ' Le Traquet Commandeur ' of Levaillant as a
synonym). I must confess that in the absence of a good series of specimens I
am unable to make out the difference between the eastern and western birds ;
but I would remark that the name of Sylvia nigra of Yieillot is founded on the
" Traquet Commandeur " of Levaillant, and that therefore, if the latter is
really a distinct species, it would bear the name of Thamnolma nigra in prefer-
ence to that of T. levaillantii.

14. THAMXOBIA.

53

5. Thamnolaea arnotti.

Saxicola amotti, Trisfmm, Ihis, 1869, p. 206, pi. vi. ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 225, no. 3234 (1869) ; Socage, Jnrn. Acad. Lwh. 1870,
p. 340 ; Blanf. ^- Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 233 ; Shm-pe, ed.
Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 269 (1876) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 269
(1877).

Adult [femaW]. Entirely glossy black above and below, -with the
exception of the Aving-coverts, which form a conspicuous white patch,
the lesser and median series being pure white, some of the latter
tipped with black, and the greater inner coverts of the series white
at the base : in fi-ont of the eye a few white feathers * ; quills
dusky below, browner along the edge of the inner web : " iris chest-
nut" {AncMeta). Total length 6-5 inches, eulmen 0-75, wing 3-85,
tail 2-35, tarsus 1-25.

Professor Barboza du Bocage describes as an adult male a bird
exactly like the above, but having a pronounced superciliary streak
from the base of the biU to behind the eye. This is like the type
figured in the ' Ibis ' (?. c), which has the eyebrow extended to "the
end of the ear-coverts, and some of the feathers of the crown spotted
with white, from which it would appear that one sex at least, at
some time of its life, gets a pure white head.

Hah. South-western Africa.

o. [ 2 ] ad. sk.

Berguela {Monteiro).
14. THAMNOBIA.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Type.

Thamnobia, Sicains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 489

(1831) T. fulicata.

Saxicoloides, Less. 1837 (teste Gray) T. cambaiensis.

Wing and foot of Tliamnohia fulicata.
Eange. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon.

* In the 'Birds of South Africa' [1. c), I have by some mistake described
this specimen as having a " white line in front of the eve." This seems to me
to be too strong an expressiop, and I cannot understand how it came to be in-
serted, as there are only the faintest indications of white loral plumes.

54 TIMELIID^.

Key to the Sjpecies.

a. Underneatli glossy blue-black; under tail-

coverts cbestiiut ; a white shoulder-patch.

a'. Upper surface glossy blue-black fnlicata c? , p- 54.

v. Upper surface brown canihiiiensis S , p. 56.

b. Underneath brown ; no white shoulder-patch.
c'. Darker brown ; upper tail- coverts blue-
black fulicata $ , p. 54.

d'. Lighter brown ; upper tail-coverts like the

back cambawnsis 2 j P- 56.

1. Thamnobia fulicata.

Le Traquet des Philippines, Briss. Orii. iii. p. 444, pi. xxxiii. fig. 2
(1760) ; Buf. PL Enl. vi. pi. 18o. fig. 1.

Motacilla fulicata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 366 (1766, ea; Briss.).

Le Traquet a queue striee, Levaill. Ois. iCAfr. iv. p. Ill, pi. 188.
fiiX. 1 * (1805); Sinidev. Krit. Frotnst., Levaill. p. 45 (1857).

CEnauthe fulicata, Vieill. K. Bid. d'Hif^t. Nat. xxi. p. 435 (1818).

ffiuanthe ptygmatura, Tieill. t. c. p. 436 (1818, e.v Levaill.).

Thamnobia rufiventer, &wains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 489
{\%i\, e.T Levaill.).

Ixos fulicatus, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 89.

Thamnobia fulicata, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 264 (1839) ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 185 (1845) ; Bhjth, J. A. S. Beny. xvi. p. 139(1847);
id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 165 (1849) ; i?;j. Consp. i. p. 298
(1850) ; La7/ard, Ann. ^- Maq. Nat. Hist. (2) xii. p. 2C6 (1853) ;
Burye.ss, P.'Z. S. 1854, p. 142 ; Horsf. ^- 3Ioore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.
Mus. i. p. 281 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 121 (1863) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 211, no. 2988 (1869) ; Holdsiv. P. Z. S. 1872,
p. 454 ; Hume, Nests S,- JEyys Ind. B. p. 307 (1873) ; Fai)-b. Sir. F.
1876, p. 459 ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 406 ; id. Str. F. 1S78, vol. ii,
p. 55 ; Ball, t. c. p. 216 ; Leyge, B. Ceylon, p. 440 (1879) ; Hume,
Str. F. 1879, p. 99.

Adult male. General colour above glossy blue-black, with a large
white wing-spot formed by the lesser wing-coverts ; the median and
greater ones white, blue-black at tip : bastard wing, primary-coverts,
and quills brown, externally edged with blue-black like the back ;
tail-feathers black with margins of blue-black ; lores, sides of face,
and under surface of body glossy blue-black ; lower abdomen and
under tail-coverts bright chestnut ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries like the breast ; quills ashy brown below, their inner edges
lighter ; " bill, legs, and feet black ; iris brown " (Ler/ge). Total
length 6-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-7, tail 2-75, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Difiereut from the male. General colour above
dusky brown, more sooty on the back and rump, and lighter brown
on the head and mantle ; lesser wing-coverts rather more ashy brown
than the back; bastard wing, median, greater, and primary-coverts

* Wrongly lettered as fig. 2 on the plate

14. THAMNOBIA. 55

dusky brown, externally edged with ashy brown ; quills dusky
brown, externally edged with lighter brown, the secondaries with
an obscure blue gloss ; ujiper tail-coverts glossy blue-black ; tail-
feathers black, edged with blue-black ; lores dusky, surmounted by
a thin line of fulvous : feathers round the eye fulvous ; ear-coverts
reddish brown, with fulvous shaft-streaks ; cheeks and under surface
of body ashy brown, darker on the abdomen, sides of body, and
flanks ; thighs light brown ; under tail-coverts chestnut ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries dull brown with an obscure blue gloss ;
quills ashy brown below, inner edges lighter. Total length 6 inches,
cidmen 0"6, wing 2-75, tail 2*65, tarsus 0'95.

This species seems to have a winter plumage, as specimens often
have the black feathers of the upper surface edged with brown,
which gives a browner aspect to the upper parts. These birds may
belong, on the other hand, to the intermediate race, between this
species and T. cambaiensis, mentioned by Mr. Hume.

Young. Entirely sooty brown above and below, with lighter brown
margins to the feathers ; wing-coverts sooty brown, with reddish-
brown edgings ; upper tail-coverts black : quills and tail black, the
latter glossy ; under tail-coverts ferruginous.

Hah. Central and Southern India and Ceylon.

a, b. S ,c. 2 f>d. sk. Deccan {Burgess). Gould CoUection.

d, e. cJ 2 ad.sk. Deccan ((SyA'es). lutlia Museum.

f, g. 6 9- ^^- ^^- '*'• India.

h. c? ad. sk. Kamjotee, C. India. Dr. B. Hinde [P.].

i. iS imm. ; k. Juv. sk. Ceylon {Thwaites). Hugh Cuming, Esq.

2. Thanmobia cambaiensis.

Sylvia cambaiensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 554 (1790).

Motacilla fulicata (hom Linn.), Tickell, J. A. S. £eng. ii. p. 577

(1833).
Saxicoloides erythrurus, Less. 1837, teste Gray.
Cinnyricinclus melasoma, Less. Sev. Zool. 1640, p. 272.
Thamnobia scapularis, IIod</s. Leon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,

pi. 94 (no. 213) : id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).
Thamnobia fulicata (non Linn.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal 2n'es.

Hodgs. p. 70 (1846).
Thamnobia cambaiensis, Blytli, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 139 (1847) ;

id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 165 (1849); Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 298

(1850) ; Lforsf. tf Moore, Cat. B. E.L. Co. Mm. i. p. 283 (1854) ;

Jerd. B. Lnd. ii. p. 122 (1863) ; Beavan, Lhis, ]867, p. 444; Be/z.

Lbis, 1868, p. 310; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 211, no. 2989 (1869);

Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xl. p. 273 (1871) ; Hayes Lloyd, Lbis, 1873,

p. 410; Hume, Kests <§• Eggs Lnd B. p. 309 (1873) ; id. Str. F.

1873, p. 182 ; Adam, t. c. p. 379 ; Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 301 ; Ball,

Str. F. 1874, p. 412, 1875, p. 206 ; Bi'dler, Str. F. 1875, p. 474 ;

Hume, t. c. p. 474 ; Ball, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 216 ; Hume, Str. F.

1879, p. 99 ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 66.
Anthreptes melasoma, Bp. Comp. i. p. 409 (1850) ; Hartl. J. f. O.

1854, p. 14.
Nectarinia melasoma, Von Midi. J. f. O. 1855, p. 193.

56

TIlIELIID^j.

Arachnotliera melasoma, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 113, no.
(1869).

1400

Male. General colour above earthy-brown, darker on the lower
back and rump ; lesser, median, and greater wing-coverts white,
forming a large wiug-pateh ; tlie outer coverts of all three series
black, edged with blue-black, and the white inner and greater
coverts tipped with blue-black ; ba.stard wing, primary-coverts, and
quills brown, edged with lighter brown, and with an obscure blue
shade on the secondaries ; upper tail-coverts glossy blue-black ;
lores bhie-black, as well as the feathers just above the eye ; sides
of face, ear-coverts, and under surface of body glossy blue-black, a
slight hoary shade above the lores forming a narrow pale line which
is scarcely perceptible ; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts bright
chestnut ; thighs brown ; under wing-coverts and asillaries like the
breast ; quills brown below, with the inner edges ashy. Total
length 5'2 inches, culmen 0'6, wing 2-75, tail 2*5, tarsus 1.

Female. General colour above light earthy-brown, a little lighter
on the head and back ; lesser, median, greater, and primarj' wing-
coverts and bastard wing more ashy than the back and with dusky
shaft-streaks ; quills brown, externally lighter brown ; secondaries
much darker ; upper tail-coverts more dusky brown than the back ;
tail-feathers blackish brown, with somewhat of a greenish shade ;
lores and feathers round the eye buffy whitish ; ear-coverts pale
rufous-brown, with whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks and under surface
of the body pale ashy brown, the throat being paler and more fiil-
vescent ; under tail-coverts chestnut ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries ashy brown ; quills light ashy below, inner edges pale rufes-
cent. Total length 5'8 inches, culmen 0"6, wing 2-55, tail 2*5,
tarsus 1.

Hah. Prom Central India, northwards throughout the plains of
India and the Lower Himalayas.

a. (5' ad. sk.

h, c. c? 2 ad. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

Afghanistan (Griffith).
N.W. Himalayas.

Kano-ra.

e. S ad. sk.

/. J ad. sk.

g. c? ad. sk.

h. 2 ad. sk.

i, k. <S 1 1-9- ad. sk. Behar

m, n. S ad. sk. Nepal.

0. 2 ad. sk. Himalayas.

Lucknow.
Saugor (Hooper).
Kamptee.
Maimbhoom (Beava7i).

India Museum.

Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

[P.].
Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

[P.].
Colonel Way [P.].
India Museum.
Dr. B. Hinde [P.].
Gould Collection.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Gould Collection.

15. ALETHE. 57

15. ALETHE.

Type.

Aletlie, Cass. Proc. Fhilad. Acad. 1859, p. 43 A. castanea.

Range. Confined to Western Africa.

Foot of Alrthe castanea.

Key to the Species,
a. No streaks on throat.

a'. CroTvn tawny ; ear-coverts and eyebrow grey.

a". No white" tips to tail-feathers castanea, p. 57.

b". Outer tail-feathers broadly tipped with

•white diademata, p. 58.

h'. Crown gri-ey like sides of head and contrasting

with chestnut back castanotwta, p. 59.

I. Throat white, streaked with black striaticolUs, p. 59.

1. Alethe castanea.

Napothera castanea, Cass. Pi-oc. Fhilad. Acad. 1856, p. 158 ; Haiti.

Orn. Westafr. p. 73 (1857) ; Beichen. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 29, 1877,

p. 24.
Alethe castanea, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad.lSoQ, p. 43 ; Earth J. f. O.

1861, p. 162 ; BuChaiUu, Eqnat. Afr. p. 273 (1861) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 319, no. 4781 (1869) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 607.

Adult. General colour above light chestnut, a little clearer on the
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the
back ; primary-coverts and primaries dusky brown, externally
margined with chestnut, the inner secondaries almost entirely
chestnut ; tail-feathers dark brown, slightly edged with chestnut ;
crown of head chestnut, rather duller than the back, and bright
orange-rufous in the centre of the crown ; base of forehead dusky ;
lores, feathers round the eye, eyebrow, sides of face, and ear-coverts
ashy grey ; checks also light ashy grey ; remainder of under surface
of body pure white, with faint remains of narrow ashy margins to
the feathers of the throat and fore neck ; the sides of the breast and
flanks ashy grey : thighs light ashy ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries white, with the edge of the wing grey ; quills light ashy brown
below, paler ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length 7'5
inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-75, tail 3, tarsus 1.

The bird described is from the Camaroons. The adult specimen
from Gaboon differs onlv in having the ear-coverts washed with
brown, and in having the axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy

58

TIMELIID-E.

groy edged -with white, whereas in the Camaroons bird they are
entirely white.

Hub. The forest-region of the west coast of Africa from Cama-
roons to Gaboon.

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon. P. B. DuChailhi, Esq. [C.].

6. Ad. sk. Gaboon (DuChailhi). E. B. Sharps, Esq.

c. Jut. sk. Camaroons Mountains, Feb. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

1, 1871 (A. Crossle;/).

d. Ad. sk. Camaroons Mountains, Feb. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

i^O, 1871 {A. Crosslej/).

2. Alethe diademata.

Bessonornis diademata, £p. Co?isp. i. p. 302 (18.50, ex Temm. MSS,

in Mas. Luf/cl); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 265, no. 3878 (1869).
Cossypha diademata, Haiti. J. f. O. 185.5, p. 360 ; id. Orn. W.-Afr.

p. 78 (1857).
Alethe maculicauda, Hartl. J. f. 0. 1861, p. 162 ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 319, no. 4782 (1869); Sharpe, His, 1870, p. 474; id.

P.Z. -S'._1871, p. 607; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 20 (1871); Ussher,

Ibis, 1874, p. 57.

Adult. Above rufescent olive-brown ; wing-coverts like the back,
excepting the outermost of the lesser series, which are ash}- grey near
the edge of the wing, the greater series rather darker reddish brown ;
quills dark sepia-brown, externally rufous-browu ; tail-feathers black,
the outermost one white near the end of the inner web, the next two
feathers white at the ends, with a narrow edging of black at the tip ;
crown of head chestnut, with the middle of it orange-rufous ; base of
forehead and lores dusky ashy ; eyebrow, sides efface, and ear-coverts
ashy grey, the latter washed with brown ; cheeks white, mottled
with dusky bases to the feathers ; under surface of body white,
with slight indications of ashy cross markings on the tips of the
feathers of the fore neck and chest ; sides of body and flanks ashy
grey ; axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy grey, edged with
white ; quills dusky brown below, rather more ashy on the edge of
the inner web. Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-4,
tail 2-85, tarsus 1.

Youwj. Mottled above with round spots of rufous buff, the feathers
broadly edged with black ; head similarly coloured but more streaked ;
lores, feathers round the eye, and eyelid orange-rufoiis ; throat and
abdomen white ; fore neck and chest, as well as sides of bod}', light
orange-nifous, mottled with blackish edgings to the feathers.

Hah. Confined to the forest-countrj' of the Gold Coast.

a. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq. (Type

of A. macidicauda.)
b,c. Ad., rf.Juv.sk. Fantee (GovernorUssher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
e,f. Juv.sk. Denkera. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

ff. Ad. St. W. Africa. Purchased.

15, ALETHE. 59

3. Alethe castanonota. (Plate II.)

Alethe castanonota, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 20 (1871); id. P. Z. S.
1871, p. 607 ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 68.

Adult (type of species). General colour above bright chestnut-
rufous, the wing-coverts like the back, but a little duUer : bastard
•wing and primary-coverts sepia-brown ; quills light sepia-brown,
primaries externally with a narrow rufous margin, broader on the
secondaries, the innermost of which are dull rufous-brown ; tail-
feathers dark brown, washed with rufous on their outer webs ; head
slightly crested, dark ash-colour ; lores and feathers in front of the
eye dusky blackish, relieved by a narrow line of dull white which
extends from the base of the nostril to above the eye ; ear-coverts
rufescent brown ; cheeks dull ashy ; under surface of body creamy
bufE, becoming whiter on the throat ; sides of the chest ashy grey ;
under wing-coverts like the breast ; axillaries tinged with sulphur ;
quills light brown below, buffy white, changing to rufous on the
edge of the inner webs. Total length 5"S inches, culmeu 0*7,
wing 3-6, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-9.

Young. Differs from the adult in being mottled. The back
deep orange-chestnut, with blackish edges to the feathers : head
dusky black, streaked with rufous ; lores, eyebrow, and sides
of face rufous, streaked with dusky edges to the feathers ; throat
and breast orange-rufous, mottled with blackish edges to the fea-
thers ; rest of under surface creamy white ; wings and tail as iu
adult, except that the wing-coverts are mottled and coloured like
the back ; bill horn-brown, with the lower mandible and the edges
of the upper mandible yellow.

Hah. The forest-region of the west coast of Africa, where it
ranges from Sierra Leone to the Gold Coast.

a. Ad. sk. Sierra Leone. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq.

h. Ad. sk. Fantee (Governor Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(Tvpe of species.)

c. Ad. sk. Fantee (Governor Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

d. Ad. sk. Denkera. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

e. Juv. .'k. Fantee (Aubimi), R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.

4. Alethe striaticollis.

Alethe striaticollis, Hartl. J. f. O. 18G0, p. 36 ; Gra!/, Hand-I. B. i.
p. 319, no. 4783 (1869).

Above olive-brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts pale rufous ;
tail and wings brown ; sides of head dull ashy ; throat white
streaked with blackish ; breast and abdomen pale rufous, the under
wing-coverts uuiform ; tail uniform olive, dusky ; upper mandible
duskv. lower one whitish ; feet leaden grev. Total length 6" 3'",
bill 7|"', wing 2" 9'", tail 2" 9"', tarsus 9|'". (Hartlmib, I.e.)

Hah. Gaboon.

This species, with the wing and tail equal in length, seems hardly
to belong to the genus Aletlte. 1 have never seen a specimen.

60 TIMELIID^.

16. COPSYCHUS. rv

Type. _

Copsyclius, Wagler, Si/st. Av., note to Art. Gracula (1827) , . C. saularis.

Daliila, Ilodgs. Asiat. Eesearch. xix. p. J 86 (1836) 0. saularis.

Grvllivora, Sicains. Classif. B. ii. p. 238 ( 1837) C. saularis,

Polypeira, Ilodi/s. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 28 (1841, nom. emchd.
pro Dahlia).

Range. Sej'chelles Archipelago ; India and Ceylon, extending
throughout the Burmese countries and Southern China, as well as
over the "whole Indo-Malayau subregion.

Key to the Species.
Males,

a. Tail-feathers all black.

«'. Smaller : belly white mindanensis, p. 60.

h' . Larger : belly glossy black like the back . . seychellaruni, p. 61.

b. Outer tail-feathers white saularis, p. 61.

c' . Belly white.

a". Under wing-coverts white : «. saidaris, p. 61.
b". Under wing-coverts white, with broad

black bases /3. musicvs, p. 63.

d'. Belly black y. amoenus, p. 63.

Females.

a. Tail-feathers black 7nindanensis, p. 60.

b. Outer tail-feathers white ] *««^"^'*^' P- ^^'

«'. BeUy white; throat grey. _ _ ' and races.

a". Under wing-coverts and axillaries white,

sides faintly fulvesceut : a. saularis, p. 62.
b". Under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy

blackish edged with white : ^. musicus, p. 63.
c". Under wing-coverts fulvous brown like

flanks, and edged with white : andavianensis, p. 62.
b'. BeUy ash-grey hke the throat : amccmts, p. 63.

1. Copsychus mindanensis.

Le Merle de Mindanao, Daiihent. PI. Enl. 627. fig. 1 ; Montb. H. N.
Ois. iii. p. 387.

Turdus mindanensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 283 {ex Month.').

Copsychus m\aAw[ienB\s, Stmid. Krit. Fra^nst., Levaill.'^. 36; v. Martens,
J.f. O. 18G6, p. 10; Walden if Layard, Ihis, 1872, p. 102 ; Walden,
Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 194, pi. xxxiii. fig. 1 (1875) ; Sharpe, Trans. Linn.
Soc, new ser., Zool. i. p. 352 (1877) ; Ttveedd. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 696,
761, 828, 1878, pp. 285, 342, 949, 1879, p. 72 ; Wardlaw Ramsay,
Orn. Works Tweedd. p. 656 (1881).

Adult. General colour glossy purplish black, as well as the entire
throat and breast ; rest of under surface of body, and under tail-
coverts pure white ; under wing-coverts purplish black ; scapulars
and wing-coverts purplish black, the outermost of the latter nar-
rowly edged with purple ; the rest of the wing-coverts pure white,
forming a large patch on the wing ; quills black, slightly glossed
with purple, two of the inner secondaries externally white, forming
a longitudinal streak down the wing ; tail entirely black ; bill, legs,

16. COPSTCHTIS. 61

and claws black; iris chocolate (A. Everett). Total length 7-6
inches, cnlmen 0-75, wing 3"7, tail 3' 6, tarsus 1*1.

Female. Dull grej'ish above, with a slight purplish-blue gloss, the
wings as in the male ; throat and breast clear grey ; rest of under
surface of body white, the flanks and under tail-coverts brownish
fulvous ; tail entirely black. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0'7,
wing 3-3, tail 3'55, tarsus 1.

Hob. Philippine archipelago.

a. $ ad.sk. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].

b. 2 ad. sk. Philippine Islands (Ckmhw//). Eyton Collection.

c. $ ad. sk. Monte Alban, Luzon, March Alfred Everett, Esq. [C]

1877.

d. Ad. St. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].

2. Copsychus seychellarum.

Copsychus seychellarum, A. Newton, Ibis, 1865, p. 332, pi. 8 ; E.
Neivton, Ibis, 1867, pp. 337,352; Gray, Hand-/. B. i. p. 266,
n. 3898 (1869) ; Sluuye, Cat. Afr. B. p. 28 (1871) ; Hartl. Vbg.
Madag. p. 132 (1877).

Adult male. Everywhere glossy purplish black, with a large white
patch on the wing, embracing the least, median, and greater coverts,
the innermost of the latter being blackish on inner web ; bill and
feet black. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 4-9, tail ■1-7,
tarsus 1-55.

Hah. Seychelles : Praslin, Ladigue, Marianne, Aride, He aux
Fregates.
a. c? ad. sk. Seychelles. Edward Newton, Esq. [P.].

3. Copsychus saularis.

Dial Bird, Albin, Birds, iii. pi. 17 (1740).

Little Indian Pye, Edivards, Nat. Hist. Birds, iv. pi. 181 (1751).

Gracula saularis, Linn Sijst. Nat. i. p. 165 (1766).

Le Cadrau, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. p. 50, pi. 109 (1800) ; Sundev.
Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 36 (1857).

Turdus amcenus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 147 (1820).

Lanius niusicus, liaffl. t. c. p. 307 (1820).

CopsTchus saularis, Waqler, Syst. Av., note to genus Gracula (1827) ;
Blyth,J.A.S.Ben().'-s:i. p. 889 (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 177
(1846) ; Bbjth, Cat. B. Mtis. As. Soc. p. 16(5 (1819) ; Bp. Consp.

Ibis, 1863, p. 33 ; Schomb. Ibis, 1864, p. 62 ; B/yth, Ibis, 1866,
p. 220, & 1867, pp. 1 1 , 304 ; Beavan, t. c. pp. 327, 443 ; Goidd, B. Asia,
part xviii. (1868); Stoliczka, J. A. 8. Beng. xxxvii. p. 40 (1868) ;
King, t. c. p. 215 , Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 308 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i.
p. 265, no. 3884 (1869) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 52 ; Blanf. J. A. S.

P- . - - - .

BalJ, t. c. p. 73 ; Wald. Ibis, 1873, p. 307 ; Ball, Str. F. 1874,
p. 379 ; Hume, Nests «§• Fggs Ind. B. p. 303 (1874) ; id. Sir. F.

62 TIMELIID^.-

p. 327 ; Hume, t. c. pp.
Oatcs, t. c. p. 157 ; Sutler, t. c. pp. 228, 322 ; Fairb. t. c. p. 406 ;
Anders. Zool. Exped. West Ynn-nan, Ai>es, p. 613 (1878) ; David
8f Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 174 (1878) ; Hume S,- Davison, Sir. F.

1878, vol. i. p. 332 ; Davison ^ Wetjd. S(r. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 83 ;
Ball, t. c. p. 216 ; Cripps, t. c. p. 282 ; Hime, Str. F. 1879, p. 99 ;
Scully, t. c. p. 300 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 433 (1879) ; Vidal, Str. F.
1880, p. 66 ; Butler, t. c. p. 404 ; id. List B. Sindh etc. p. 31 (1879) ;
id. List B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 47( 1880) ; Biiigham, Str. F. 1880, p. 184.

Tardus saularis, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 87.

Gryllivora saularis, Swains. Zool. Illustr. ii. pi. 61.

Daliila docilis, Hodqs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 186 (1836) ; id. Icon.

ined. in Brit. Mu's., Passeres, pi. 70. figs. 1, 2 (nos. 439, 440), pi. 71.

figs. 2, 3 (ad. JLiv.).
Gryllivora intermedia, Sivains. Anim. in Menag. p. 29 (1837) ; Jerd.

Madr. Journ. x. p. 263 (1839).
Gryllivora magnirostra, Sivains. t. c. p. 291 (1837).
Gryllivora brevirostra, Sivains. t. c. p. 292 (1837).
Gryllivora rosea, Sivains. t. c. p. 342.
Kittocincla melanoleiica. Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 354.
Polypeira docilis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 28 (1841).
Copsychus mindanensis (mom G?«.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 139

(1843) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 166 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 267 (1850) ; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 278

(1854) ; Gould, B. Asia, part xvii. (1857) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861,

p. 186; Gray, HancU B. i. p. 265, no. 3886 (1869) ; Wald. Ibis,

1871, p. 174; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 459; Salvad. Ucc. Born.

p. 254 (1874).
Copsychus pluto, Bp. Consp. i. p. 267 {ex Temm. MS.) ; Sclater,

P.'Z.S 1861, p. 186.
Copsychus amcenus, Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 279

(1854); Sclater, P.Z.'S. 1861, p. 186, & 1863, p. 216; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 265, no. 3885 (1869) ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 265

(1874) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S 1874, p. 106; id. P. Z. S 1879, p. 340;

id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 798 ; Nichols, Ibis, 1881, p. 149.
Copsychus ceylonensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 186 ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 266, no. 3889 (1869).
Copsychus musicus, Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 203; Tweedd. Ibis, 1877,

p 302 ; Hume 8f Davis. Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 333 ; Nichols, Ibis,

1879, p. 169 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 99 ; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 515.
Copsychus andamanensis, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 231.
Copsychus problematicus, Sharpie, Ibis, 1876, p. 36, & 1877, p. 12.

Adult male (Behar ; Hodgson). Above glossy blue-black, as well
as throat and breast ; remainder of iinder surface pure white, the
sides of the body somewhat washed with grey ; thighs mottled with
black bases to the feathers ; under wing-coverts white, the edge of
the wing black ; wiug black, all the outermost coverts pure white,
forming a lengthened patch which extends down the secondaries,
several of which are externally white ; four centre tail-feathers
black, the next white excepting a margin of brown on the inner
web, the rest white ; bill and legs black ; iris brown. Total length
7-3 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-8, tail 3*4, tarsus 1-2.

J.Ju/«/e))i«?e (Kattiawar ; Lloyd). Dark grey where the male is

16. corsTCHUs, 63

black, with a slight gloss on the upper surface ; throat and chest
dark grey, with no perceptible gloss ; rest of under surface white,
with a slight brownish tinge on the sides of the body ; wings as
in the male, but rather browner ; four centre tail-feathers dark
brown, the next one on each side brown with an oblique portion
white, occupying the greater part of the outer web and extending
onto the inner one towards the tip, the next feather ou each side
brown only at the extreme base, the two outermost entirely white.
Total length 7"5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-8, tail 3-6, tarsus 1-05.
Young. Much browner and more dingy than the adults, the
rnmp-feathers indistinctly, the primaries clearly margined T\ath
rusty brown ; the white of the wing-coverts more cii'cumscribed
than in the adults, and many of the coverts with dusky cross lines,
the brown external ones spotted with rusty ; feathers of the throat
pale rusty buff, with dusky-grey margins.

The following is a description of typical C. musiciis : —
Adult male. Glossy purplish black above, including the throat and
breast ; rest of under surface pure white, the flanks greyish ; under
wing-coverts purplish black, with narrow margins of white to the
greater series ; wings black, with the coverts white, forming a large
patch extending down the wing, some of the median secondaries
being externally white ; six centre tail-feathers black, the rest
white with the base of the inner web blackish, increasing in extent
towai'ds the centre of the tail ; bill and feet black ; iris chocolate.
Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-1, tail 3-8, tarsus 1-3.

Adult female. Blackish grey, with a slight gloss ; the throat and
breast dark grey ; rest of under surface white, the flanks brownish ;
tail as in the male.

A description of typical C. amcenus is here added : —
Adult male (East Java ; Wallace). General colour glossy blue-
black above as well as below, the flanks slightly greyish and the
vent aud under tail-coverts whitish, more or less mottled with
black ; wiug black, with the usual white shoulder-patch and streak
down the secondaries ; six centre tail-feathers black, the three
outermost pure white with a small spot of black at the extreme
base of the inner web. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0'8, wing 4' 15,
tail 4-4, tarsus 1*2.

Adult female (East Java ; Wallace). Much duller than the male
above ; underneath entirely cinereous ; wing as in the male ; tail
with six centre feathers black, the rest white with a basal spot of
black on the inner web, extending a long way up the latter on the
third feather. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0-9, wiug 3-75,
tail 3-7, tarsus 1-2.

The geographical distribution of the Dh:iyal birds is of great
interest ; and so gradual is the transition of one supposed species to
the other, and so uncertain are the characters for their specific
separation, that I have deemed it best to recognize but a single actual
species, though at the same time giving an idea of the races in the
list of specimens.

lloughly speaking, the Indian Dhayal bird may be distinguished

64 TIMELirD^.

from the ludo-Malaj-an bird bj' its pure white axillaries, and by its
generally having three outside tall-feathers white and the fourth for
a great extent white also. In the Indo-Malayan Dhayal the
axUlaries have very conspicuous blackish bases, so that in most
the prevailing colour of the axillaries is black with a broad white
margin ; the two outer tail-feathers are white, the third has a
broad black basal mark on the inner web, while the fourth has only
a white patch at the tip. These markings are not sufficiently con-
stant, however, to render identification always an absolute certainty,
though the axillaries are, as a rule, easily recognizable in the two
species. In the Indo-ilalayan birds the females are darker as
regards the throat and chest, and there is a more decided rufous
tinge on the flanks. The females of the Indian birds, however,
vary somewhat in tint, those from the Himalayas being paler, while
Southern-Indian skins, and Cej-louese ones also, are appreciably
darker and approach Malayan examples in colour.

The range of the true G. scndaris extends all over India and
Ceylon eastwards to Assam and as far south as Pegu. I have only
seen one female bird in poor condition fromTenasserim, and cannot say
whether it is C. saularis, which descends to Tenasserim, or C. musiciis,
which comes up there from the Malayan peninsula. The latter
species is the Dhayal of Siam and Cochin China, whence it extends
down the Malayan peninsula to Sumatra and Java, and also reaches
Borneo. In the two last-named islands it meets the black C. amcemis ;
and specimens are in the Museum which appear to me to be un-
doubted hybrids between the two forms.

a. Copstjchus saularis.

a. S ad. sk. Nuwara Eliya, Ceylon. Mr. E. Boate [C.].

b. <S ad. sk. Travaucore. India Museum.

c. d,e. cS,f- ? Mad:-as. Rev. H. H. Baber [P.].
ad. sk.

g, h. S 9- ad. sk. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum.

V, k. S 'i ad. sk. Khandeish. India ^luseum.

I. $ ad. sk. Sursve, Kattiawar, April Major Hayes Lloyd [P.].

16, 1871.

m, n. S ad. sk. Kamptee, C. India. Dr. B. Hinde [P.].

o,p, (S ad. sk. Saugor (W. T. Hooper). India Museum.

q. (S , r, s. 5 ad. ; N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Piuwill

t. Juv. sk. [P.].

u, v. S 2 ad. sk. Kumaon (Strachei/), India Museum.

w, .V. (S, ij. 2 Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

ad.; z,a'. Juv.

b', c'. iS ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum,

d'. cf ad. sk. Barjiling (Jerdon). C. Bj-grave Wharton, Esq.

e'. Juv. sk. Dariiling (Eccles). F.D.GodmanandO.Salvin,

Esqrs. [P.].

f. S <id. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

n' 2ad.sk. Deyra Doon. F.D.GodmanandO.Salvin,

Esqrs. [P].

h'. 5ad.sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum.

i'. 9 ad. sk. Nazeerah, Upper Assam R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(Dr. Reid).

16. COPSYCHUS.

65

k'. 2 ^^- sk.
r, m' . cS 2 ad.

sk.
n'. (S ad. sk.

o'. (S ad. sk.

j»'. Juv. sk.

Burmah.

Lower Pegu, Dec. 1877.

Lower Pegu, Jau. 1878.

Lower Pegu, Apr. 1879.

Lower Pegu, Mar. 1879.

q', <S ad. sk. Cliiua.

r'. (S ad. sk. Fokien, China.

s',t'. (5 $ad. sk. Amoy, China, Apr. 1861

(R, Sic in /we),
u', v'. S ? ad. St. India.

India Museum.

Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

fc.].

Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

[C.].
Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

[C.].
Mr. Fortune [C.].
Gould Collection.
F.D.Godman audG.Salvin,

Esqrs. [P.].
Sir A. Smith.

a. 5 ad. sk.

b,c. S 9- ad. sk.
d. 6,e,f,g. 2

ad. sk.
h, i. S 2 ad. sk.
k, I. 2 ad. sk.
m, n. cS ad. sk.
o, p. S 2 ad. ;

q. Juv. sk.
r,s. c? 2 ad. sk.
t, u, V. tS ad. sk.
w,x,y,z. 2 ad.

sk.
a', c? ad. sk.
b', d. (S 2 ad.

sk.
d'. (J ad. sl{,

«'. 2 ad. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.
g'. 2 ad. sk.

j3. Cojjsi/chus musicus.

S. Andamans, April 17, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

1873 {R. G. Wardluiu

Ramsai/).
Siam (Scliuinbtin/Jx). Gould Collection.

Saigon, Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.].

Malacca.
Malacca.

Malacca (Cantor).
Penang {Cantor).

Singapore.

W. Java (E. C. Biatoti).

W.Java(£. C.Biuton).

W. Java.
Java (Laufier).

Sibu, Sarawak.

Sarawak.

Biutulu, W. Borneo.

Borneo.

A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
VV. Harvey, Esq. [P.J.
India Museum.
India Museum.

Gould Collection.

F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.

F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.l.

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
F.D.Godman andG.Salvin,

Esqrs. [P.].
Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.J.
(Tvpe of C. prohlematmis.)
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.J.
Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.J.
Eajah Brooke [P.J.

? Hybrids between C. ^nusicns and C. amoenus.

Java {Ilorsfidd).

W. Java (-E. C. Budton).

a, b. 2 ad. sk.

c, d. (S, e. 2

ad. sk.

/, g, h, i. Juv. sk. W. Java {E. C. Buxton),
k, I. (S 2 sk. Labuan {H. Low).

India Museum.

F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.J.

F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.J.
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.

y. Copsi/chus amcemu:

a. c? ad., b, c, d. Java (Ilorsjiehl), India Museum. (Types of
2 ad.sk. Tardus a manus, llorsL)

e,f. cS 2 ad. sk. E. Java. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.J.

(/. 2 ad. sk. Borneo.

A. 2 ad. sk. Labuan (Low). E. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.J.

i. 2 ad. sk. Labuan. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.J.
VOL. VII. F

66

m. $ irntn.; n. Pull. sk.
0. (S ad. sk.
p. cJ iuiin. sk.

TIMELnD.E.

Labuan.
Labuan.

Baniermassing.
Bali.

Governor Ussbev [CI.
Governor Ussher [C.].
J. Motley, Esq. [C.].
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.I.

17. GERVAISIA.

Type

Gorvaisia, Bp. Comptes Reiulus, xxxviii. p. 6 (1854). . G. albispeoularia

Foot of Gervaisia.
Banje. Coiifiaed to Madagascar.

Kei/ to the Species.

a. Throat black like upper surface.

a'. Tail entirely black albospecularis S , P- 66.

h'. Tail-feathers white at end ; outer feather

white inca S, P- 67.

h. Throat grey ; upper surface brown.

c'. Tail blackish alhuspecularis $ , p. 67.

d' . Tail tipped with white; outer feather

white pica 5 , p. QS.

] . Gervaisia albospecularis.

Turdus albospecularis, Eyd. et Gerv. Mag. de Zool. 18.35, pis. 64, 65 ;

iid. Voy. Favorite, v. Zool. part ii. p. 35, pis. xii., xiii. (1839).
Le Merle noir, S(/anzin, Mem. Sac. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Strasb. 1840,

p. 26.
Saxicola albospecularis, Verr. Cat. Rivoli Coll. p. 14 (1846).
Thamnobia albospecularis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 185 (1846) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 298 (1850).
Gervaisia albospecularis, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 6 (1854); Hartl. Orn.

Madag. p. 39 (1861) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 186.3, p. 304; E. Nexvton,

Ibis, 1863, p. 345, pi. 13. tig. 4 ; Verr. in Vinson, Voy. Madag.

Ann B. p. 2 (1865) ; Schlegel, P. Z.S. 1866, p. 422; S'harpe, Cat.

Afr. B. p. 28 (1871) ; Bartlett, P.Z. S. 1875, p. 66.
Gopsychus pica juv., Sliarpe, P. Z. >S. 1872, p. 866 (err.).
Copsychus albospecularis, Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867,

p. 358 ; Schl. ^- Poll. Faime Madag., Ois. p. 96 ; Gray, JIand-l. B.

i. p. 266, no. 3897 (1869) ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 134 (1877).
Copsychus albospecularis typicus, Milne-Edwards ^ Grandid. in
Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Oiseaux, p. 363, pis. cxxxv., cxxxvi.

(1881).

Adult male. Entirely blue-black above and below, quills a little
browner ; a large white wing-patch, formed of the inner coverts of
all three scries, the adjoining coverts black externally, white on the

17. 3ERVAISIA. 67

inner web ; thighs and under tail-coverts barred with white ; under
wing-coverts white, all except the lower outer greater coverts and
edge of wing ; axillaries blue- black, edged with white ; " feet grey ;
iris hvawxi^' {Grandldier). Total length 6--4 inches, culmen 0'7,
■wing 2"9, tail 2-75, tarsus 1.

Female. General colour above brown, more ashy on the hind
neck and mantle ; the lower back and I'ump more chocolate-brown,
deeper on the upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts ashy ; median,
greater, primary wing- coverts, and bastard wing dusky brown,
edged with brown like the back ; all the inner wing-coverts white,
forming a large wing-patch ; quills brown, the primaries externally
reddish brown, secondaries dark brown, with a whitish mark along
the outer web of some of the middle feathers, forming a narrow
line ; tail-feathers blackish brown, washed externally with choco-
late-brown ; crown of head brown ; lores buff ; ear- coverts brown,
with obscure whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks, sides of neck, and a line
above the ear-coverts bluish ashy ; throat bluish ashy, the chin
fulvescent ; fore neck, breast, sides of body, and flanks fulvous-
brown, whiter on the abdomen ; thighs whitish ; under tail-coverts
fulvescent ; under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, slightly
washed with fulvous ; quills brown below, the inner edges ashy
whitish. Total length 0 inches, culmen 0"65, wing 2*75, tail 2-6,
tarsus 0-95.

Young. Mottled all over, the upper surface reddish brown with
dusky brown margins, the head and mantle darker, dusky brown
edged with dusky; upper tail-coverts chestnut: quills and tail-
feathers blackish, edged with rufous-brown ; below ye llowish buff,
whiter in the centre of the body, mottled with dusky margins to the
feathers.

Bah. Madagascar.

a. (S ad. sk. Madagascai". Purchased.

b. (S imni. sk. N. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [P.].

c. $ ad.; f?. Juv.sk. N. Madagascar (Cro*'s/ey). R. B. Sharpe, Etq.

2. Gervaisia pica.

Copsvchus (Tardus) pica, Peh. Sitz. k. Akad. Wien, xxxi. p. 323

(18.58, e.v Nattervr MSS.).
Copsyclnis pica, Hartl J.f. 0. 1660, p. 93; id. Orn. Madag. p. 38

(1861); Verr. in Vinson, Voy. Madaq. 186-5, p. 2; Scld. 'P.Z.S.

1866, p. 422; Grandid. Bev. et Mac/, de Zool. 1867, p. 3.58; Schl.

8i- Poll Faun. Madaq., Ois. p. 9.5, pi. xxix. (1868) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 2G,5, no. .38>8 (1869); S/iarpe, P. Z. .S'. 1870, p. ;;9.5 ; id.

Cat. Afr. B. p. 28 (1871) ; Bartl. P. Z. S. 1.^7.5, p. 66 ; Hartl. Voy.

Maday. p. 131 (1877); Sfejn. May./. Xafurtv. 1879 & 1880.
Copsyelius albospecularis, var. pica, Milne-JEdw. ^- Grandid. in

Grandid. Hist. Nat. Maday., Ois. p. 36.5, pis. cxxxvi., cxxx\ii.

(1881).

Adrdt. General colour above glossy purplish black, including the
sides of the face and the entire neck and breast; the rest of the

f2

68 TIMKLIID^.

under surface white, the flanks inclining to dull rufous-buff ; thighs
blackish ; the wings black, the quills rather browner ; the lesser
and median coverts pure white, forming a shoulder-patch ; two of
the innermost secondaries also bordered with white, forming a
narrow longitudinal bar down the wing ; four centre tail-feathers
entirely black, the next two with a white tip, this gradu;illy in-
creasing in extent towards the outermost feathers, which have the
basal half black, the terminal half white ; under wing-coverts
white ; the edge of the wing black, the lower surface of the quills
ashy brown, inclining to huffy white along the inner web ; " feet
grey ; iris brown" (Grandidier). Total length 6-8 inches, culmen
0-7, wing 2-9, tail 3, tarsus 1-05.

Ad nit female. General colonr above rusty brown, greyer on the
hind neck ; back slightly shaded with grey ; lesser wing-coverts
ashy grey, slightly washed with brown and mottled with half-con-
cealed white bases ; median and greater wing-coverts dusky brown,
edged with rusty brown, with a white patch formed by the inner
median and greater series ; bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky
brown ; quills diisky brown, externally edged with rusty brown,
two of the inner secondaries externally white, forming a longitu-
dinal bar of white ; upper tail-coverts deeper reddish brown ; tail-
feathers blackish, edged with rusty brown, the three outer feathers
tipped with white, inci'easing in extent towards the outermost;
crown of head brighter rusty brown than the back ; lores white,
washed with rusty, extending above the eye, and forming a narrow
eyebrow ; ear-coverts rusty brown, with whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks,
lores, throat, sides of neck, and fore neck ashy grey ; throat white ;
breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white ; sides of
bodj^ and flanks light tawny ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white, washed with pale tawny ; quills below dusky brown, the
inner edge of the quills whitish. Total length 7 inches, culmen
G"65, wing 3'05, tail 3, tarsus I'Oo.

Hah, Madagascar ; the western side of the island.

a. S ad. sk. Nossi Vola, Nov. 10, 1869 {A. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Crossley).

b. J ad. sk. 25 miles north of Antananarivo F. T>. Godman and 0. Sal-

{A. Crossley). vin, Esqrs. [P.].

c. c? ad. sk. N.E.Madagascar, July 20, 1805. MM. Pollen and Van Dam

[C.].

d. (5ad.sk. ForestofAnkafana, March 1881. Eev. W. Deans Cowan

[C.].

e. 2 ad. sk. Analatsoy, April 1881. Rev. W. Deans Cowan

[C.].
/. S fid. sk. Madagascar. Purchased.

18. AEDONOPSIS.
Cossypha, pt., auct.
Aedon, pt., Gray.

Rcmge. Confined to South-eastern Africa.

19. CICnLADTISA. 69

1. Aedonopsis signata.

Cossypha si^nata, Sinidrr. Qift\ K. Vet.-Ahad. Fork. Stockh. 1850,

p. "101 ; Sharpe, ed. Lmjard B. S. Afr. p. 22!) (1877).
Bessonornis sig-uatiis, Layuvd, B. S. Afr. p. 131 (18(37).
Aedon signata, Gjai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 211, no. 2983 (18G9).

Adult. General colour above chocolate-brown, shading off into
lighter and more fulvous-brown on the lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts; upper wing-coverts greyish, the inner ones slightly edged
with olive-brown, the edge of the wings slightly, and the bastard
wing broadly, tipped with white ; primar}'-coverts blackish ; quills
blackish brown, the primaries edged with white, the secondaries
with brown, the iunermost resembling the back ; primaries white
at the base of the outer web, forming a conspicuous alar speculum ;
two centre tail-feathers olive-brown, the others blackish, broadly
tipped with white and washed with olive-brown, especially near
the base ; lores blackish ; over the eye a distinct white eyebrow,
surmounted by a narrow black line drawn from the lores to above
the eye ; round the eye a circlet of whitish feathers ; ear-coverts
brown, darker below the eye ; cheeks and sides of neck greyish,
with a slight indication of a darker malar stripe ; under surface of
body white, the throat circumscribed by a band across the fore
neck, which is greyish brown like the sides of the body ; the breast
is also ashy, and is separated from the darker throat-band by a
somewhat indistinct band of white ; under wing-coverts white with
brown bases, giving a mottled appearance to the edge of the wing ;
quills dusky below, white at base of inner web. Total length 7"3
inches, culmen 0'S5, wing 3-25, tail 3"2, tarsus 1-15.

Hah. S.E. Africa.

a. Ad. sir. South Africa. Gould Collection.

h. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown {C. Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].

c. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.].

d. Ad. St. South Africa. Sir A. Smith.

e. Ad. st. South Africa. Zoological Society.
/. Ad. st. Natal. Purchased.

19. CICHLADUSA.

Typo.
Cichladusa, Peters, Mmiatsb. k. Akad. Berlin, 1864, p. 352. .C. arcuata

Foot of Cichladusa arcuata.
Eaiuje. Confined to Africa.

TIMELIID^.

Key to the >S))<?«Vs.

a. Willi no spots on the lireast, but a riog of blackish

feathers enelosiiio' the throat, -which is bufi avcvafa, p. 70.

h. With spots on the breast (/idtatu, p. 70.

c. "With no spots on the breast, -which is nniform nshy

grey nificauda, p. 71.

1 . Cichladiisa arcuata.

Cichladusa arquata, refers, Mo)iatsl. A-. Ahad. Berlin, 1864, p. .352 ;

id. J. f. O. 1864, p. 352 ; Heuyl. Ibis, l8'o8, p. 280, pi. ix. fig. 1 ;

Finsch ^ HartL Voq. Ostafr. p. 286 (1870).
Bradvornis spekei, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 105 ; Sclater, P. Z. S.

1864, p. 108.
Crateropus arquatus, Gray, Hand-h B. i. p. 281, rro. 4147 (1863).
Cichladusa arcuata, Sharpe, ed. Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 230 (1875).

AduTt. Above fulvous-brown, inclining to ta-wny, the least wing-
coverts coloured like the back, the rest of the coverts chestnut, edged
"with fulvous-brown ; q-uills chestnut, inclining to blackish brown for
the terminal third; tail entiidy chestnut; head chestnut-brown,
rather darker than the back : an eyebrow extended to the hinder neck
light grej- ; checks and ear-coverts light ashy brown ; throat tawny
buff, surrounded by a narrow line of black, which runs as a moiista-
ehial streak from the lower mandible down the sides of the throat,
and joins on the fore neck ; rest of under surface of body tawny
buff, much deeper on the under wing-coverts ; upper breast greyish.
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen O'S, wing 3-45, tail 3-5, tarsus
1-15.

Hiih. S.E. Africa : Zambesi Ecgion and Mozambique, ranging as
high as Uniamesi.

a, h. Ad. sk. Mozambique. Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. Sliupanga, Zambesi Livingstone Expedition.

{Sir J. Kirli).

d. Ad. sk. Mazzaro, Zambesi Livingstone Exptdition.

{Sir J. Kirk).

2. Cichladusa guttata.

Crateropus guttalus. Ilevql. Syst. Uelers. p. 30 (1856) ; ITtuil. Orn,
W.-Afr. p. 272 (1867) ;' m'vc/l. J. f. O. 18C2, p. SOO.

Cichladusa guttata, Peters, J. f. O. 1864, p. 352 ; JlevffL Ihis, 1868,
p. 281, pi. ix. fig. 2 ; id. bin. ^'.O.-Afr. p. 374 (1869); Fischer
^■Peirhen.J. f. O. 1878, p. 268, 1879," p. 366; Hartl. Ahhandl.
Nat. Ver. Brenun, \ii. p. 92 (1881).

Adult. General colour above fulvous-brown, washed with ashy;
■wing- coveits like the back; bastard wing dusky brown; primary-
coveits dusky, externally fulvous-brown ; quills sepia-brown, all

19. CICHLADUSA. 71

rufous for two thirds of their length,the innermost secondaries fulvous-
brown ; upper tail-coverts tawny rufous ; taU-leathers tawny rufous
or chestnut, slightly edged externally with brown, broader on outer
feathers ; crown of head more ashjf brown than the back, especially
on forehead, where the feathers have dark brown centres ; lores and
a distinct eyebrow white, the latter slightly greyish behind ; eyelid
white ; in front of the eye a dusky spot ; ear-coverts and cheeks
■white, brown along the upper edge of the ear-coverts ; throat and
under surface creamy buff, separated from the cheeks by a broad
moustache formed of black spots ; fore neck, chest, and breast with
rounded subterminal spots of black ; abdomen uniform ; sides of
body and flanks washed with tawny buff and streaked with blackish
brown ; thighs ashy white, mottled with blackish ; under tail-
coverts uniform light tawny buff; under M'ing-coverts huffy whitish,
mottled with dusky bases to the feathers ; axillaries light tawny
buff ; quills below rufous at base, dusky brown towards their ends.
Total length 7'5 inches, culmen 0'7, wing 3'35, tail 3'4, tarsus 1.
{Mus. G. E. Shelhii.)

Hah. Country of the Kidj Negroes on the Bahr el Djebel in
Noith-eastern Afiica, ranging down the east coast to the Zanzibar
district.

3. Cichladusa ruficauda.

Bradyomis ruficanda, Hartl. Oni. West-Afr. p. 66 (1857, ex Verr.

AI'SS.) ; Bocaye, Jorn. Lisb. 1867, p. 130.
Cichladusa ruficauda, Hengl. Oni. N.O.-Afr. p. 373 (1869) ; Finsch

S,- Hartl. Voff. Ostafr. p. 286 (1870); Sharpe, ed. Laijard B. S.

Afr. p. 230 (1875)"; Cab. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 234 : Sharpe 8,- Bouvier,

Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 46 (1870); Reichen. J.f. O. 1877,

p. 30 ; Bocage, Orn. d'Anffola, p. 255 (1877).

Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown, brighter rufous
on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; crown of head
rufous like the back ; hind neck slightly tinged with ashy ; lesser
and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts deeper
rufous and inchuing to chestnut-brown ; bastard-wing feathers
blackish brown ; primary-coverts brown, narrowly fringed with
reddish brown ; quills dusky brown, the primaries narrowly mar-
gined with ashy, the secondaries with reddish brown, the inner-
most entirely chestnut-brown ; tail rufous ; lores and a tolerably
distinct eyebrow ashy grey ; cheeks, sides of face, and ear-coverts
buffy whitish, the latter washed with ashy grey; throat huffy
white ; remainder of under surface ashy, paler on the abdomen ;
sides ashy ; under tail-coverts light fulvous ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries light fulvous, those near the edge of the wing
ashy ; quills dusky brown below, rufescent along the inner web ;
" bill black ; tarsus light brown ; feet blackish ; iris chestnut "
(Bocaye). Total length 7-4 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-45, tail 3-2,
tarsus 1.

72 TIMELnB-'E.

ToKucj. Reproducing the colours of the adult, but much paler,
being light ashy below, mottled with dusky edgings to the feathers,
which have subtcrminal fulvcscent shades. Wing 3-45 inches,
tail 3-2.

Hcib. West Africa from Gaboon to Benguela.

a, b. c? ad. iuv. sk. Landana, Congo {Ltican M. A. Bouvier.

S,- Petit).

20. ERYTHROPYGIA^

Type.

ErythropTgia, Smith, Report S. Aft: Exped., App. p. 47

(183G) E- leucophrys.

Foot of Erythropygia leucophrys.
Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Tail-feathers blackish, tipped with white.

a'. Rump brown or rufous ; wing-coverts unifurm ;
under surface ashy brown.
a". Superciliary streak white; the white tips to

the tail-feathers broad ; throat white .... coryphceus, p. 73.
b" . No superciliary streak; the white ends to
the tail-feathers very narrow and linear ;

throat ashy simplex, p. 74.

b'. Rump chestnut; wing-coverts tipped with
white, forming a double wing-bar.
f". Flanks streaked with blackish like the fore

neck and breast leucophrys, p. 74.

d". Flanks imiform, the black streaks confined

to lower throat and fore neck munda, p. 76.

b. Tail-feathers rufous, tipped with white, with a

broad subterminal bar of blackish brown.
c' . Wing-coverts edged with sandy rufous, but
not having white wing-bars ; no blackish
stripes on the breast paena, p. 76.

* I have lately seen the type specimen o^ Aedoti paammochroa, Reiclien. Om.
Centralbl. 1879, p. 1.39, et J. f. O. 1879, p. 35.5 ; and convinced myself that
it is not an Erythropygia, but an allied form of the Aedon galactodes group,
apparently A. famUiaris (cf. Sharps, J. f. O. 1882, p. 345).

20. EETTHEOPTGIA. 73

'. WinfT-co verts dipped with white, forming a
double wing-bar ; fore neck and chest
streaked with blackish
e". Head sandy brown, very little darker than

the back zambesiana, p. / 8.

f. Head dusky brown, contrasting with the

back, which is rufous-brown riifcauda, p. / 8.

g". Head grey, contrasting with rufous back . . leucoptera, p. i J.

1. Erythropygia coryphaeus.

Le Coriphee, LevaiU. Ois. (TAfr. iii. pi. 120 (1802) ; Sundcv. Krit.

Fravisf., Levaill. p. 37 (1857).
Sylvia coryphaeus. Less. Traiie, p. 419 (1831).
I)rj-moiea"corvphea, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848); Bp. Consp. i.

p. 282 (1850).
Thamnobia coryphasus, Cab. Mus. Hcin. Th. i. p. 40 (1850) ; Grill,

Zoo}. Anteckk. p. 29 (1858) ; Gray, Hand-l.B. i. p. 211, no. 2990

(1869) ; Gurneij in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 93 (1872) ; Shellexj,

Ibis, 1875, p. 72.
Bradypterus coryphaeus, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 100 (1867).
Aedon coryphfeu?, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 29 (1871); id. ed. Layard

B. S. Afr. p. 251 (1877).
Erj'thropygia coryphaeus, Sharpe, J.f. 0. 1882, p. 345.

Adult. General colour above brown, lighter on the lower back and
rump ; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard wing, primary-coverts,
and quills sepia-brown, externally edged with brown like the back ;
upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers chocolate-brown, all but
the middle ones broadly tipped with white ; crown of head a little
more dusky and ashy brown than the back ; in front of the eye
a dusky spot ; lores white, and also an eyebrow extending to
beyond "the eye; leathers round the eye whitish, except in front
and behind, where they assimilate to the adjoining feathers : ear-
coverts brown like thehcad ; below the eye a blackish spot; cheeks
whitish, with dusky tips to the feathers ; sides of neck brown like
the head ; throat dull white ; lower throat, breast, and abdomen,
as well as the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs, fulvescent broAvn,
shaded with ashy ; fore neck and chest ashy ; lower abdomen
■whitish ; under tail-coverts rather darker fulvous-brown, tipped M-ith
whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy ; edge of wing
mottled with brown bases to the feathers ; quills light brown below,
inner edges ashy brown. Total length G-6 inches, culmen 0-6, wing
3-1, tail 3-1, tarsus 1-15.

Winter flumage. More dcHcate than the full plumage ; the head,
neck, sides of face, and under surface of body being light ashy-grey,
fulvescent on the sides of body and flanks.

The you)}g bird is brown' above, fulvescent below, mottled with
bars of dusky brown on the lower surface, and barred with fulvous-
and dusky brown on the upper ; rump and upper tail-coverts a little
more rufescent.

Hah. South Africa.

7-1: TIMELIID^.

a. (S ad. sk. South Afi-ica (E. L. Lctyard). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

h. Ad., c. Jiiv. sk. South Africa {E. L. Layard). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

d. Ad. sk. Cape Town ( C. J. Andersson). Purchased.

e. Ad. sk. Aamhoup, Great Namaqua . R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Laud, June 29,1861 {V.J.A.).

f. g. Ad. St. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

2. Erythropygia simplex.

Thamnobia simplex, Cah. J.f. 0. 1878, pp. 205, 221.
Erythropygia simplex, Sharpe, J.f. O. 1882, p. 345.

Adult male (Kdi, Taita ; Dr. Hildebrandt, July 1877: type of
species). General colour above dark slate-colour; -wing-coverts like
the back, -with a slight wash of olive-brown ; quills dusky brown,
■with reddish-brown shafts, the primaries also slightly washed with
reddish brown near the base : secondaries with a slight wash of
olive-brown on their outer web ; tail-feathers dark brown, blacker
towards their ends, which are narrowly fringed with white at the
tips ; sides of face and ear-coverts dull slate-colour, the under
surface a little lighter, slightly paler on the throat. Total length
5-6 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-35. tail 2-2, tarsus 0-85. {Mus.
Berol.)

Hah. Eastern Afiica.

3, Erythropygia leucophrys.

Le Grivetin, LevaUl. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 118. fig. 1 (1802) ; Swidev.

Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 37 (1857).
Sylvia leiicophrvs, I'ieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 191 (1817, ex

'Levaill.) ; id.^Sf Eonn. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 454 (1823).
Turdus pipiens, Steph. in Spates Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. ii. p. 202 (1826).
Curnica leucophrys, Lesson, Traite, p. 416 (1831).
Erythropygia pectoralis. Smith, Rep. E.iped. C. Afr., App. p. 46

(183G)'; Bianc. Spec. Zool. Mosamb. fasc. xvi. p. 401 (1865).
Aedon leucophrvs, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 173 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 286 (1850) : Gtirney, Ibis, 1864, p. 349 : Layard, B. S. Afr.

p. 99 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 211,no.'298i (1869) ; Finsch

%■ Hartl. Tog. Osfafr. p. 863 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 29

(1871, part.) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 153 ; Buckley, iJ«s, 1874, p. 372 ;

Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 100 ; Sharpe in Oates's Matabele Land, p. 309

(1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 252.
Aedon pectoralis. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 173 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 286 (1850)
Thamnobia leucophrys. Cab. Miis. Hein. Th. i. p. 40, note (1850).
Thamnobia pectoralis. Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 40, note (1850).
Erythi'opygia leucophrys, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 588.

Adult male. General colour above brown, with faint indications of
dusk}- margins to some of the feathers, the rump more ferruginous ;
lesser wing-coverts more ashy brown than the back, with dusky
centres ; wing-coverts blackish, edged with fulvous-brown and tipped
with white ; primary-coverts dusky brown, edged with fulvous
brown ; quills dusky brown, margined with whity brown ; tho

20. ERYTHROPYfilA. 75

secondaries black, margined and tipped with deep fulvous ; primaries
with a small white spot at the base ; upper tail-coverts ferruginous,
■with paler tips and having a subterminal shade of blackish ; tail-
feathers blackish, margined with ])ale ferruginous, all but the centre
feathers tipped with white, inci'easiug towards the outermost, where
it extends also along the outer web : crown of head more dusky than
the back, ashy brown, streaked with blackish centres to the feathers ;
nape and hind neck ashy brown, not streaked : lores and the ad-
jacent part of the eyelid dusky ; eyebrow white, very distinct and
reaching from the base of the nostril to above the ear- coverts, sepa-
rated from the head by a line of black : feathers round the eye white,
except near the lores and ear-coverts, where they resemble these
parts; feathers below the eye white; ear-coverts light brown, the
upper part dusky, and on the hinder part a line of black from the
gape to the ear-coverts ; cheeks white, separated from the throat by
a broad line of black ; sides of neck ashy brown like the hind neck ;
throat pure white ; fore neck and chest white, with large triangular
black spots ; breast tinged with fulvous and streaked with black ;
abdomen cream}' white : sides of body and flanks fulvous, streaked
with black; thighs whitish ; under tail-coverts creamy Avhite ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries pure white, the lower series ashy, the
edge of the wing mottled with black bases ; quills below dusky
brown, their inner edge white ; " bill dusky brown, with the basal
part of the lower mandible yellow ; tarsi and feet pale dingy ash-
colour ; irides light dusky brown " {T. Ayns). Total length 6'1
inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-6, tail 2-5, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length o'6
inches, culmen 0"6, wing 2"75, tail 2-f), tarsus 0"95.

In hreeding ]j^'^''>^^('9^ the feathers become much worn, and the fore
neck and breast are thickly covered with narrow blackish streaks ;
the white ends to the tail-feathers are also gTeatly abraded.

A bird obtained by Mr. Atmore still shows traces of immature
plumage in the shape of whitish endings to the dorsal feathers and
upper tail-coverts, the outeimost of which have a subterminal black
spot before the white tip ; the markings ai'e otherwise as in the
adult, but the black streaks on the under surface are not so numerous.

IJah. Southern and South-eastern Africa. From the Knysna to
the south-eastern districts of the Cape Colony and British Cafi'raria,
ranging through the Transvaal into the Mashoona country : said to
have been obtained by Fornasini in ^lozambique ; but the species
may have been E. zamhesiana from this locality.

a,h. c? $ ad. sk. Cambridge, Mav 14, 1S77 Capt. H. Trevelvan

{C. Nncby). ' [P.l.

c. (J imm. sk. Eland's Post, Mav 1870 R. B.'Sharpe, Esq.

(T. C. Atmore).'

d. Ad. sk. Eland's Post, July 1870 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(T.C.A.).

e. tS ad.sk. Transvaal, November 1873 C. G. and "V\ . Oates,

(Frank Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

/. Ad. sk^ South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Type of J?, pcctoralis.)

76 TI>[ErJII1.1!.

4. Erythropygia munda.

Aedon leucophrys (non V.), Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 92

(1872) ; Bocaye, Oni. Aiu/ola, p. 275 LSSI).
Tliaiunobia munda, Cah. Orn. Centra/hi. 1880, p. 143 ; id. J. f. O.

1880, p. 419 ; Reichen. S^ Schalow, J. f. O. 1881, p. 423, Taf. iv.

fig- 3.
Erythropj'gia munda, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 588.

Adult male. General colour above light tawny rufous, shaded
■with ashy on the back, clearer on the rump and upper tail-coverts ;
lesser wing-coverts ashy brown ; median, greater, and primary-
coverts blackish, broadly tipped with white ; quills dusky brown,
the primaries with a small basal spot of white and edged
with whitish, the secondaries externally white, the inner ones
edged with light tawny rufous ; upper tail-coverts light tawny
rufous like the rump ; tail-feathers blackish, margined with tawny,
and all but the centre ones tipped with white, increasing in ex-
tent towards the outermost, wliich is also edged externally with
white ; crown of head and hind neck light ashy brown : lores
and ej'ebrow white, separated from the crown by a narrow line of
dusky ; feathers round the eye white, except in front of the eye,
where it is also dusky like the spot in front of the eye ; feathers
below the eye white ; ear-coverts very pale, whity brown in front
and ashj- brown above and behind ; cheeks white, separated from
the eye by a streak of dusky blackish ; sides of neck ashy like the
hind neck ; throat white, separated from the cheeks by a broad
black moustache ; fore neck white, relieved by triangular spots of
dusky surrounding the throat as a dusky collar ; breast, sides of
body, and flanks light tawny without any streaks ; sides of body and
thighs white ; under tail-coverts buffy wliite ; quills light brown
below, the inner edge white. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0-7,
wing 2-8, tail 2-5, tarsus 1"1.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 5-8
inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-8, tail 2-7, tarsus 1.

Bab. South-western Africa from Angola to Damara Land.

a. c^ ad. sk. Ovaquenyama, May 28, 1867 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(C, J. A.).

b. cJ ad. sk. Ombongo, June 21, 18-59 (C. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

J. A.).

5. Erythropygia paena.

Erythropvgia paena. Smith, Report Exped. Cent. Afr., App. p. 46
(1836)"; id. III. Znol. iS. Afr. pi. 50 (1840) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1882,
p. 588.
Sylvia lactea, Licht. Verz. Samml. Sdug. u. Voqel Kaffernl. p. 13

■ (1842).
Aedon paena, Grai/, Oen. B. i. p. 173 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 286
(1850) ; Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 99 (1867) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868,

20. ERYXHEOPiGIA. 77

^■J?!^ ' ?'."^^' ^""'^'^- ^- ^- P' -11' °°- -^^2 (1869) ; Skarpe, P. Z S.
}^o^\ ?■ i^ ' ^•^.'■''*' ^^''> l^^l' P- 1*53 ; -Sy*«;7,e, Cat. Afr. B. p. 29
(1»71); 6ri<;-«(7/ m .4«rfe/-ss. i?. Bam. Ld. p. 92 (1872) • Btickleii
Ibis, 1874, p. 372; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 253 (1877) •
Bocai/e, Orn. Angola, p. 270 (1882) ; Shelleu, JMs, 1882, p 252 '
Ihamnobia paena, Cab. Mtis. Hein. Th, i. p. 41 (1850).

Adult female. General colour above sandy brown, the lower back
rump and upper tail-coverts brighter rufous ; lesser wing-coverts
like the back; median and greater wing-coverts dusky brown
externally sandy brown, paler on the edges ; bastard wing and
pnmary-covcrts dusky brown with ashy margins ; quiUs dark brown
externally edged with sandy rufous, broader on the secondaries the
tips narrowly fringed with white ; tail-feathers rufous, with a broad
subtermmal band of blackish brown, the feathers broadly tiiiped
with white, increasing in extent towards the outermost ; two centre
tail-feathers narrowly tipped with fulvous ; crown of head, nape
and hind neck ashy brown, contrasting with the back ; lores eye-
brow, and feathers round the eye sandy buff or huffy whitish • ear-
coverts light brown ; in front of the eye a dusky spot and a s'treak
above the ear-coverts ; cheeks and under surface of body sandy buff
more creamy bull' on the throat and abdomen ; sides of bodv flanks'
and under tail-coverts deeper fulvous; thighs creamy buff '• under
wing-coverts and axillaries creamy buff, washed with sandy'; quills
dusky brown below, the inner edge creamy buff. Total Icnc^th 6-3
inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-65, tail 2-7, tarsus 1.

Adult maU. Like the female in plumage. Total length ^-2 inches
culmen 0-7, wing 2-85, tail 2-75, tarsus 1.

Ihd). South Africa : generaUy north of the Orange River, ex-
tending south of it to Colesberg, thence ranging through the Trans-
vaal to the Mashoona country, and on the western side reaching
trom Great Jsamaqua Land throughout Damara Laud to Benguela.

a, b, c. 2 ad. sk. Griqualand, May 1871 E. B. Sharps, Esq.

( T. a Atmore). ^ ' ^

«> <"• d" , /, 9- 2 ad- Potcliefstroom, Trans- Dr. H Exton TP 1
sk. vaal, July 1876

{W. Lncas).
h. 2 ad. sk. Matabele Land, Sept. T. E. Bucklev, Esq. \V.^

20, 18/. 3. 1 L J

I. 6 ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara R. E. Sharpe, Esq

Laud, Feb. 11,1861 ^

(C. J. Amierssnn).
k. $ ad. sk. Otjimbinque, July 9, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

1860 {C.J. A.). ^ ^

^- ad. sk. Damara Land (G J. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

A!).
Wi.dad.sk. Catumbella, Benguela, R. B. Sharpe Esq

Dec. 31, 1868 (&/«). '

78 TIMlOLIID-i:.

6. Erythropygia zambesiana. (Plato XV. tig. 1.)
Ervthropvgia zauibsslana, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 589, pi. xlv.
fig. 2 <

Adult. General colour above sandy rufous, slightly greyer on the
head and mantle, more rufous on the lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts ; mediau and greater coverts brown, edged with sandy
rufous and tipped with white so as to form a double wing-bar ;
bastard wing dark brown, edged with white ; primary-coverts and
quills dark brown, externally edged with sandy rufous, which is
paler and broader on the secondaries ; tail-feathers chestnut, the
centre feathers tipped with fulvous, before which is a broad sub-
terminal band of dark brown, this band being broader on all the
other feathers, which are tipped with white, the outermost feather
being also externally edged with white ; lores and feathers round the
eye buily white, separated from the crown by a narrow line of
black, scarcely sufficient to call an eyebrow ; ear-coverts, cheeks, and
sides of neck light sandy rufous, the ear-coverts with whitish shaft-
lines ; throat and under surface of body white, with a narrow
moustachial line of blackish streaks ; fore neck and chest also
streaked with blackish ; sides of body and Hanks pale sandy rufous ;
thighs and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries white ; quills brown below, the inner edge ashy whitish.
Total length 5-2 inches, culmcn 07, wing 2-55, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-95.

Hab. Zambesi.

a. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition,

(Type of species.)

7. Erythropygia ruficauda. (Plate XV. fig. 2.)

Aedon leucopbrys {non V.), Sharpe 8f Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zoo!. France,

1876, p. 305.
Erythropygia ruficauda, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 589, pi. xlv. fig. 1.

Adult. General colour above rusty brown, becoming clear rufous
on the lower back and rump ; lesser wing-coverts dusky, edged with
sandy browu ; median and greater series dusky, tipped with white,
forming a double wing-bar; bastard wing dusky, edged with white;
primary-coverts dusky, fringed with fulvous ; quills dusky brown,
externally rusty brown, whitish at the tips, more broadly so on the
secondaries ; primaries with a fulvescent spot at the base ; upper
tail-coverts clear rufous like the rump ; tail-feathers rufous, broadly
tipped with white, with a broad subterminal black band, the two
centre feathers not tipped with white, rufous on the inner web and
near the shaft on the outer one, dusky brown along the outer web
and at the tip ; crown of head, nape, and hind neck more of a dusky
ash-brown than the back ; lores and a distinct eyebrow white,
reaching from the base of the nostril to above the ear-coverts, and

* The colouring of the species in this plate is not quite correctly rendered.
The shade of brown on the upper surface should be much paler and more
sandy.

20. EEYTUROl'VUrV. 79

separated from the crown by a narrow blackish line ; feathers in
front of the eye dusky blackish ; below the eye a white spot ; ear-
coverts rusty brown, dusky on the upper and hinder margin ; cheeks
white, separated from the ear-coverts by a broad dusky streak,
and from the throat by another distinct moustache of dusky
black ; sides of neck like the head and hind neck ; fore neck and
chest white tinged with sandy buff, and mottled with triangular
spots of dusky blackish, inclining to narrow hair-like streaks on the
breast ; the latter white, as well as the abdomen ; sides of body and
flanks deep sandy buff; thighs white ; under tail-coverts light buff;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills dusky below,
whitish along the inner edge of the quills. Total length 5-2 inches,
culmen 0-6, wing 2--i5, tail 2-2, tarsus 0"95.
Hah. West Africa : Congo district.

a. Ad. sk. Malimbe, Congo {Petit). Mons. A. Bouvier.

(Type of species.)

8. Erythropygia leucoptera.

Salicaria leucoptera, liiipp. <SV/aY. Uebers. p. 38, Taf. 15 (1845).

Calamodyta leucoptera, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848).

Aedon leucoptera, Bp. Consp. i. p. 286 (1850) ; Heuql. Si/st. Uebers.
p. 25 (1856); id. Ibis, lS6y, p. 86; Grai/, Uan'd-l. B. i. p. 211,
no. 2984 (1869); Ilew/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 279 (1869) ; Cab.
J.f. O. 1878, p. 221 ; Sharpe, J.f. O. 1882, p. 345.

Adult. Above dark cinnamon ; underneath white, with the mou-
stachial region and breast obsoletely streaked with smoky grey ;
flanks washed with bright ferruginous ; upper part of head aud neck
grey, tlie sides of the neck paler ; a streak in front of the eye dusky ;
another superciliary streak, as well as one below the eye, and the
eyelids white ; an obsolete moustachial streak of white ; wings
smoky black, the wing-coverts and secondary quills conspicuously
and broadly margined with white, inner web of primaries whitish
towards the base ; under wing-coverts varied with white and smoky
brown ; tail-feathers bright cinnamon-rufous, the shafts intense
rufous-yeUow towards the base ; a broad subterminal band of smoky
black on the tail-feathers, the three outer feathers on each side
broadly tipped with white ; the outer web of the external feather
smoky, margined with white ; bill dusky, with the basal half of the
mandible yellow ; feet pale horu-colour ; iris dusky. Total length
6-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-7, tail 2-6. (Heui/lin.)

Hub. Shoa in N.E. Africa, extending to the Zanzibar district in
Eastern Africa. Thanks to Dr. Pcters's kindness, I have been
allowed to examine the specimen shot at Ndi by Dr. Hildebrandt.
It has a brown head, and not a grey one as would appear from
the figure given bj' E.iippell and from the description given by
Heuglin of E. Uucoptera from Abyssinia ; it would be necessary
to compare a typical example of the latter species before a
satisfactory conclusion can be arrived at with regard to the
Zanzibar bird. The Xdi specimen is very closely allied to my
E. ntJicLiada ; but the latter has the upper back brown, and not so

80 TIMELIID.E.

rufous as in the supposed E. leiwoptera, has not such broad white
endings to the wing-coverts (whence the wing-bars are not so
distinct), has more numerous and darlcer spots on the lower throat
and foro neck, less white at the end of the tail-feathers, but a much
more extended subtcrminal mark of black.

21. LIOPTILA.

Type.

Leioptila, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 450 (1847) .... L. annectens.

Rawje. Eastern Himalayas, extending to the hills of Assam,
Burmah, and Tenasserim.

1. Lioptila annectens.

Leioptila annectans, Blyth, J. A. S. Bern/, xvi. p. 450 (1847) ; id. Cat.

B. Mits. As. Soc. p. 337 (1849) ; Je'rd. B. Ind. ii. p. 24rf (18(33) ;

Godiuin-Amten, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 109 (1870).
Cutia annectans, Gray, Hand- 1. B. i. p. 314, no. 4690 (1869).
Lioptila annectans, Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 110 ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 104.

Adult. General colour above rich orange-chestnut from the lower
mantle downwards ; upper scapulars black, the lower ones chestnut
or bordered with black ; head, nape, and upper mantle black,
streaked conspicuously with white, the feathers of the hind neck and
mantle white on the inner web ; lesser and median wing-coverts
black, the feathers edged with ashy grey ; greater series black, tipped
with orange-chestnut, forming a wing-bar ; bastard wing and
primary-coverts black ; quills black, margined with pale lavender-
grey, the inner secondaries tipped with white, the innermost orange-
chestnut near the base of the outer web ; tail-feathers black, the
centre ones fringed with ashy whitish, the ends pure white on the
other feathers, increasing in extent towards the outermost ; lores and
sides of face, and ear-coverts black ; cheeks and under surface of body
white, the flanks and under tail-coverts orange-buff; thighs ashy
with whitish edgings ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure
white; quills blackish below, white along the inner margin ; "bill
black , the base of the lower mandible yellow ; legs pale fleshy
brown; iris brown" (Jerdon). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen
0-65, wing 3-1, tail 3-1, tarsus 0-95. (Mus. B. G. Wardlaw
Hamsay.)

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, ranging into the Khasia hills,

a. Ad. sk. lihasia hills (Jenlun). Gould Collection.

Subsp. n. Lioptila saturata.

Lioptila annectans, Wcdd. in Blyth B. Burm. p. 109 (1875).
Leioptila saturata, Wald. Ibis, 1875, p. 352; Hume Sf Davison,

Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 370.
Leioptila davisoni, Hnme, Str. F. 1877, p. 110.
Lioptila saturata, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104.

Adidt mile (Karen-nee ; E.. G. Wardlaw Eamsay : type of
species). Very similar to L. annectens, and only differing in the

22. HODGSOSItJo. 81

deeper chestnut colour of the upper parts and in the absence of
ashy-grey margins to the up])er wing-covcrts, which are obscurely
edged with ashy fulvous ; " bill black, with the basal half of lower
mandible yellow ; legs dusky yellowish white ; iris pinkish grey "
{R. G. W. li.) ; upper aud half the lower mandible black ; rest of
lower mandible, legs, feet, and claws fleshy yellow ; iris greyish
brown (IT. Davison). Total length 7*2 inches, culmen 0"7, wing 3,
tail 3'1, tarsus 0-95. (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsat/.)

Sexes alike in plumage. A female measured : — Length 7'25, bill
from gape 0-8, wing 3, tail 3, tarsus 0-92 (Hume).

The present species replaces the foregoing in the hills of Xaren-
nee and Tenasserim. It is not very distinct from the last-named
bird, some examples of which are almost as dark as L. saturata.
The fulvous margins to the lesser wing-coverts may be the remains
of young plumage and become grey in the old bird, in which case
the Karen species could scarcely be separated from the Sikkim bird.

22. HODGSONIUS.

Type.

Bradypterus, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83

(1844, nee Swains.) H. phoenicuroides.

Bradybates, Gray, Ge7i. B. i. p. 181 (1846, nee

Tsehudi) H. phoenicuroides.

Hodgsonius, Bp. Consp. i. p. .300 (18-jO) H. phcenicuroidea.

Foot of Hodgsonius phoenicuroides.

Rawje. Himalayas from Cashmir eastwards to Bootan ; Moupin
and Kansu Mountains in Western China.

1. Hodgsonius phoenicuroides.

Calliope phoenicuroides, Ilodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,

pi. 93 (no. 817).
Bradj-pterus phoenicuroides, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Mise. p. 83

(1844) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 70, App.

p. 153 (1846).
Bradybates phoenicuroides, Gj-ay, Gen. B. i. p. 181 (1846).
Sylvania phcenicuroides, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. ]36 (1847) ;

'id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 178 (1849).
Hodgsonius phcenicuroides, Bp. Consp. i. p. 300 (1850) ; Horsf. <§•

Moure, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. .39o (18")4); Jerd. B. Ind. i.

p. 497 (1862) ; Gray. Hand-l. B. i. p. 2:.'3, no. 3192 (1869) : Hume,

Ibis, 1870, p. ")29; Jei-d. Ibis, 1872, p. 1.32; Hume Sf Henderson,

Lahore to Yark. p. 187, pi. vi. (1873) ; Prjcical.tki iti Daicsou
VOL. VII. a

82 TIMF.LIID.T-:.

Rmcky's Om. Mtsc. ii. p. 179 (1877); Datml ^- Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 2.34, pi. XXX. (1878) ; Hume, 1879, p. 93; Brooks, t. c. p. 47G.

Aci'ocepbalus hodgsoni, Moore, MSS. ( $ ), U7ide

Callene hodgsoni, Jer<Z. Ibis, 1872, p. 132; Hume, Str. F. 1875,
p. 411, 1879, p. 83.

Adult male. General colour above slaty blue, the wing-coverts
like the back : bastard wing and primar3--covert8 blackish, externally
edged with slaty blue ; the former with broad white tips ; quills
dusky, externally slaty blue : upper tail-coverts like the back ; two
centre tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with slaty blue, the
remainder orange-rufous for their basal half or two thirds, blackish
at the end, edged with blue ; crown of head like the back, with a
faint band of lighter blue across the forehead, extending a little over
the eye ; lores, base of forehead, and base of cheeks blackish ; ear-
coverts, sides of face, and remainder of cheeks dark slatj' blue ; throat
and under surface of body slaty blue, as well as the sides of body,
Hanks, and thighs ; abdomen white ; under tail-coverts slaty blue,
tipped with white : under wing-coverts and axillaries slaty blue,
brighter on the edge of the wing ; quills duskj' below, the inner
edge browner ; " bill dusky, reddish at the gape ; legs pale red-
brown ; iris dark brown " {./erdon). Total length 7 inches, cxilmen
0-2, wing 2-9, tail 3, tarsus 1-1.

Adxdt female. Different from the male. General colour above
olive-brown, the lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ;
greater coverts, bastard wing, and primary-coverts, as well as the
quills, brown, externally edged with olive-brown ; tail-feathers
reddish brown ; lores ochreous buff, as also the fore part of the
cheeks and eyelids ; ear-coverts brown, with ochreous-bulf shaft-
lines ; cheeks and under surface of body ochreous brown ; lower
breast and abdomen white ; under tail-coverts ochreous brown,
centred and tipped with buify white ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries ochreous buff, the latter brighter; quills dusky brown
below, the inner edge of the quills ashy brown. Total length 6-3
inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2*6, tail 2-8, tarsus 1 -65.

Young male. Like the adult female, but having the lower back
and rump shaded with blue ; tail brown, with orange-rufous base to
aU but the centre tail-feathers, with a blackish subterminal shade
intervening after the orange ; on the bastard-wing feathers two
external spots of ochreous buff.

Hah. Himalayas from Cashmere to Bootan and thence to Moupin
and the Kan-su Mountains in AVestern China.

a b. S ad- sk. N.W. Himalavas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

[P-]-
c, d. S ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of species.)

e. $ ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

f, <l- 6 2 ad. sk. Nepal {B. H. Hodyson). India Museum.

'/(. " 5 ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum. (Type of

Acrocephalus hodgsoni.)
I. cJ imm. .-^k. Bootan {Temherton). India Museum.

23. CERCOTRICHAS. 83

23. CERCOTRICHAS.

Tvpe.
Oercotrichas, pt., Boie, Isis, 1831, p. o-42 {descr. nidld : typo

hand indivato).
Cercotrichas, Finsch ^- Sartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 250 (1870). . C. podobe.

Cf. Sharpe, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) x. p. 48 (1882).

Foot of Cerent richas podobe.
Jiange. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Quills rufous near the base podobe, p. 83.

b. QuilLs entirely black melanoptera, p. 84.

1. Cercotrichas podobe.

Le Podobe du Senegal, Buff. Hist. Xat. Oi-s. iii. p. 368.

Merle du Senegal, appeUe I'odobe, Daubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 354.

Turdus podobe. P. L. 8. Miill. Sy-st. Nat., Anhang, p. 145 (1776) ; Cass.

P)-oc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 251.
Rufous-vringed Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 55 (1783).
Turdus erythropterus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 835 (1788).
Sphenura eiTthroptera, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 41 (1823) ; Hempr. Sf

Ehrenb. Symb. Phys., Aves, fol. dd. (1828).
Cercotrichas erythroptera, Boie, Isis, 1631, p. 542 ; Riipp. Syst.

Uebers. p. 60 (1845) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 41 (1850) ; Heuyl.

Syst. Uebers. p. 30 (1856) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 69 (1857) ;

Hetigl. Ibis, 18.59, p. 341; Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 161 ; Brehm,

Beis. Habesck, pp. 214, 301 (1863) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O. Afr. pp. 280,

Ixxvii (1869) ; Finsch ^- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. -p. 200 (1870) ; Blanf.

(ienl. .y Zool. Abyss, p. 360 (1870) ; Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 234

(ls70); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 29 (1871); Antin. ^- Saload.

Viagg. Bogos, p. 107 (1873).
Ai-gya erythroptera, Lafr. ^•d'Orb. Did. ii. p. 126; Hartl. Beitr.

Orn. Westafr. p. 23 (l84,S).
Podobeus eiytlu-opterus, Less. Descr. Manim. et Ois. p. 302 (1847).
Melfenomis? erythropterus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 217.
Thamnobia podobe, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 211, no. 2993 (1869).

Adult male. General colour aboye sooty black, the lesser and
median wiug-coyerts like the back ; greater coyerts, as well as the
bastard-wing feathers and primary--coyerts, sooty black, with the
base of the inner web rufous ; quills brown, the primaries rufous
except at the tip, and light brown also along the outer web; upper

g2

84 TIIIELIID^.

tail- coverts like the back ; tail-feathers sooty black, indistinctly
barred across under certain lights, the outer feathers very broadly
tipped with white ; lores, sides of face, and under surface of body
sooty black ; under tail-coverts like abdomen, but tipped with
white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries sooty black, the edge of
the wing barred with white ; quills rufous below, light brown to-
wards the ends ; " bill black ; feet dusky horn-colour ; iris umber-
brown *' (Von Hnu/lin), Total length 7'2 inches, culmen 0-75,
wing 3*3, tail 4, tarsus l-l.

Adult female. Like the male in colour, but rather browner in
tint. Total length 7'5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-3, tail 3*9,
tarsus 1"05.

Young female. Very similar to the old female bird, but still
browner, and having the under tail-coverts very indistinctly and
narrowly tipped with white.

Hab. North-eastern Africa and Senegambia.

(S 1 ad. sk. Nubia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

cJ ] ad. sk. White Nile. Sir Samuel Baker [P.].

c.[2] ad. sk. Gabsa, Bogos. W. Esler [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Between Kokai and Gelamet, F. D. Godman and 0.

Aug. 10, 1868 ( W. Jesse). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

e. S ad. sk. Koomaylee, Feb. 13, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

f. 2 iuv. sk. Ailat, June 25, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

g. 9 ad. sk. Zoulla, Annesley Bay, W. T. Blanford, Esq.

Feb. 4, 1868. [0.].

h, i. Ad. St. White Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.].

2. Cercotrichas melanoptera.

Sphenura er}i:hroptera, var. melanoptera, Hempr. ^ Ehr. Symb.

Phi/s., Aves, fol. dd.
Argya luctuosa, Lafr.
Cercotrichas luctuosa. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 41 (1850) ; Hartl.

Oni. W.-Afr. p. 70 (1857) ; Heuc/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. pp. 281, Ixxvii

(1869).
Thamnobia luctuosa, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 211, no. 2993 (1869).

Similar to C. erytliroptera, but differing in having the quills uni-
form black (Heuglin).

Hab. S. Arabia and Dongola. Said also to occur in Senegal.

24. CITTOCINCLA.

Type.-
Cercotrichas, pt.. Bote, Isis, 1881, p. 542.

Kittacincla, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 7 C. tricolor.

Cittocincla, Sclater, Ibis, 1866, p. 109 (nom. emend.) .... C. tricolor.

Cf. Sharpe, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) x. p. 47 (1882).

24. CITTOCINCLA. §5

Range. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, through Indo-Chinese sub-
region to Hainan ; Andaman Islands ; Malacca ; Sumatra ; Borneo ;
Palawan; Luzon.

Key to the Species,

a. Size large : belly orange-cliestnut.

a'. Crown of head purplish black like the back.
«' '. Outer tail-feathers conspicuously blackish

at base for nearly half its entire length, tricolor, p. 85.
h." Outer tail-feathers pure white, or with
a small blackish spot at the extreme

base mavis, p. 87.

b'. Crown of head white.

c". Paimp white ; throat and breast black . . stricklandi, p. 88.
d". Rump rufous; chiu only black albicapilla, p. 89.

b. Size smaller : belly black nigi-a p. 90.

c. Size smaller : belly white.

c'. No white eyebrow albiventris, p. 90.

d'. A broad white eyebrow luzoniensis, p. 91,

1. Cittocincla tricolor.

Le Gobe-mouche a lougue queue de Q'm^i, Sotm. Vou. Ind Orient
ii. p. 196 (1782). ^

Turdus macrourus, var. ^, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 820 (1788).

Le Merle tricolor a longuequeue, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 114 (1802) ;
Sundev. Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 37 (1857).

Turdus tricolor, Vieill. N. Diet. d'JIist. Nat. pt. xx. p. 291 (1818 ex
Levaill.). '

Copsychus macrurus, Wagler, Syst. Av., Art. Copsychus, sp. (1827) ;

P-

1870, p. 466.

Cercotrichas macrurus, Buie, Isis, 1831, p. 542; Hume, Nests &
Egys Ind^ B. p. 306 (1873) ; Ball, Sir. F. 1874, p. 412 ; Hmne,

1878, vol. ii. p. 216; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 64, 99; Butler, Cat
B. S. Bombay P,-es. p. 47 (1880); Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 66;
Bingham, t. c. p. 184.

Cercotrichas tricolor, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542.

Kittacincla macrura, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 7; Blyth, J. A. S.
Beng. xvi. p. 139 (1847) ; id. Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 165 (1849) •
Bp. Consp. i. p. 268 (1850) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.
Mits. i. p. 279 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 116 (1863); Walden
P.Z.S. 1866, p. 550; HokMv. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 453; Godwin-
Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 142 (1872) ; David 8,- Oust. Ois. Chine
p. 175 (1878). '

GrylUvora longicauda, Srcains. Classif. B. ii. p. 238 (1837) ; Ilodgs.
Icon. ined. in Brit. Mns., Passeres, pi. 72 (nos. 438, 731); id. in
Gray's Zool. Misc. p. &2 (1844).

86 TIMELIID^.

Cittocincla macriira, Sclater, Ibis, 1866, p. 109 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1867,

p. 445 ; Legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 396 ; Ticeed. Ibis, 1877, p. 309 ;

Blyth S,- Wald. B. Biirm. p. 100 (1875) ; Legge, Birds of Ceylon,

p. 437 (1879) ; Nicholson, Ibis, 1879, p. 168.
Cittocincla maci'ura, var. minor, Sin'nli. Ibis, 1870, p. 344; id.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 359.
Cittocincla tricolor, iiliarpe, Ann. 8)- Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) x. p. 49

(1882).

Adult male. General colour above glossy purplish black, as well
as the throat and fore neck ; rump and upper tail-coverts pure
"white ; "wings and tail black, much duller than the rest of the back,
the four outer tail-feathers tipped "with "white, increasing in extent
towards the outermost, which is white with a black base ; remainder
of under surface of body deep chestnut ; thighs whitish ; under
wing-coverts chestnut like the breast, the edge of the wing pur-
plish black, the lower coverts whitish with narrow ashy-brown
edgings ; lower surface of quills ashy brown, much paler towards
the base of the inner web ; " bill black ; iris dark brown ; legs and
feet fleshy white " ( W. Davison), or fleshy pink {Eugene W. Oates) ;
" eyelids plumbeous ; inside of mouth fleshy " {E. W. 0.). Total
length 11 inches, ciilmen 0"7, wing 3'65, tail 7, tarsus l-Oo.

Adult female. Quite different from the male, with a much shorter
tail ; upper surface, as well as the throat, olive-brown more or less
tinged with grey ; rump white ; quills brown, edged, as weU as the
wiug-coverts, with fawn-brown ; under surface of body pale rufous
fawn-colour, inclining to white on the abdomen, and much paler
on the under wing-coverts. Total length 7'8 inches, culmen 0-7,
wing 3'45, tail 4-4, tarsus 1.

If judged by the females alone, the Tenasserim birds would appear
to belong to a different race from the Indian, as the hen birds are
80 very much darker ; and the Malaccan birds are also very dark-
coloured, while in Java the hen seems to be as dark as the male.
See my note on C. suavis {infra, p. 87).

Yoimg. Similar to the old female, but mottled all over with
ochreous-buff spots edged with dusky ; head streaked with ochreous
buff ; " bill blackish, pale at the base beneath ; legs and feet fleshy ;
iris brown " {Legge).

Hah. Southern and Central India ; sub-Himalayan region west-
wards from the Ganges to Assam, through the Burmese countries to
Siam, Cochin China, and Hainan, down the Malayan Peninsula to
Java.

a, b. Ad. sk. Travancoie. Major J. Biddulph [C.].

c,d.^2 ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

e. (5 ad. sk. Uarjiling. J. Fotheringham, Esq.

/. Ad. sk. Pegu. W. T.Blanford, Esq. [P.].

ff. (S ad. sk. Pegu, March 1875. Eugene "VV. Oates, Esq.

[C.].
h. 9 ad.sk. Pegu. Nov. 23 1880. Eugene W. Oates, Esq.

[C.].

24. CITTOCIXCL.V. 87

I. d ad. sk. Tavoy, Tenasserim. Capt. Stackhouse Piuwill

[C.].
k, I. cf ad. sk. Tenasserim. J. C. D. Packman, E^n.

m. c? juv. sk. Tenasserim. India Museum.

m. $ ad. sk. Tenasserim, March 2, Euorene W. Gates, Esq.

1877. [C.].

o,p. cj 2 ad. sk. Saig'on, Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.].

q. c? ad. sk. Moiuit Ophir, Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

};s,t. d ad.; ii. $ Malacca (Cunfor). India Museum.

ad. sk.

V. c?ad. ; to. Juv.sk. Malacca (Cantor). India Museum.

d\ cJ juv. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Piuwill

fp.].

.'/>=• c? 2; «'• Juv. Salanga Islands. Capt. \\ eber [C.].

sk.

b'. cJ ad. sk. Penang (Cantor). India Museum.

c'. cJ ad. sk. Singapore. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

d', e'. J 2 ad. sk. Singapore. Gould Collection.

/'• d tff- [ $ ] ad. sk. Java (Horsfivld). India Museum.

h'. d ad. sk. E. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

i',k'. c? ad. ; r. [ 2 ]. W. Java (K C. Buxton). F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.].

m'. 2 ad. St. Malacca. Hugh Cimiing, Esq.

w'. c? ad. St. Piu'chased.

Subsp. a. Cittocincla suavis.

? Long-tailed Thrush, Zw^A. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 72, pi. xxxix. (1783).

? Turdus macrurus, Gm. S.X. i. p. 820 (ex Lath.).

Copsychus suavis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, pp. 186, 187; id. P. Z. S.

1863, p. 216; Goidd, Birds of Asia, pt. xv. (1863) ; Grai/, Hand-/.

B. i. p. 266, no. 3894 (1869)'.
Copsj'chiLS macrurus, Pe/z. Peis. Novara, Vog. pp. 73, 161 (1865).
Kittacincla suavis, Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 379.
Cittocincla macrura, Pch. Ibis, 1873, p. 25 ; Tweed. Ibis, 1877, p. 309 ;

Salmd. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 236 (1879).
Cittocincla suavis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 13, 1879, p. 255.

Adult. General colour above glossy purplish black, the quills
rather duller ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white ;
four centre tail-feathers black, the rest white, the next pair to the
black feathers having a broad black margin on the inner web, less
distinct on the next pair, and not visible on the two outermost ;
throat and fore neck purplish black like the back, the rest of the
under surface orange-chestnut, the under wing-coverts uniform with
the breast ; " bill black ; legs pale grey brown : iris dark brown "
{A. Everett). Total length 9"5 iaches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-S, tail 5,
tarsus 1-05.

Adult female. Similarly coloured to the male, except that the
plumage is a trifle duller ; size smaller. Total length 8"2 inches,
culmen 0"75, wing 3'5, tail 4-25, tarsus 1.

Ohs. The large series from Eorneo at present in the Museum
enables me to state that, although the majority of the specimens
have the white outer tail-feathers which induced Dr. Sclater to
separate the Eanjcrmassiug birds as C. snaris, yet some of the

88 TIMKLIIDJE.

Eornean specimens exhibit a distinct blackish shade at the base of
the outer tail-fcathors, and in this respect resemble Sumatran skins.
One of the chief differences, however, between C. suavis of Borneo
and C. tricolor consists in the very dark colour of the female bird ;
and I should consider this of more direct importance were it not
evident that a p^reater darkness of coloration in the female of C. tricolor
is gradually evident as the Burmese countries are reached, and is also
seen in examples from, the Malay Peninsula. In Java, tho female
birds are apparently so dark- coloured as almost to resemble the males ;
and hence we have three races ; —

1. C. tricolor from India, extending through tho Burmese
countries down the Malayan Peninsula.

2. C. tricolor from Java, with a black base to the outer tail-
feathers, and the female like the male but with a shorter tail.

3. C. suavis, with the sexes as in the last, but with very little
or no black base to the outer tail-feather.

The chief character of the Bornean bird called by Dr. Sclater C.
svai'is was the pure white outer tail-feather ; but this is a character
which Latham gives to his " Long-tailed Thrush " from Pulo Condore,
an island lying off tlie coast of Cochin China ; for neither in descrip-
tion or figure is any thing said about a black base to the outer tail-
feather. Until specimens from Pulo Condore are examined and
found to be absolutely tho same as C. suavis of Borneo, I think it
better to drop Latham's name, because it is almost certain that
Siamese and Pulo-Condore skins will bo the ordinary C. tricolor,
and in that case the description and figure given by Latham would
prove to be inaccurate. It would then be inconvenient to allow the
name of macrurus (with its white outer tail-feather) to stand for
the common Shama, when there is a Bornean race or subspecies
which possesses the white tail-feather, but yet was not the bird ex-
amined by Latham.

Ilab. Sumatra and Borneo.

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
Rajah Brooke [P.].
A. R. WaUace, Esq. [0.1.
Alfred Everett, Esq. [0.1.
Ileniy Everett, Esq. [C.].

Gould Oollection.
Alfred Everett, Esq. [0.].
Govenor Ussher [C.J.
Gould Collection.

(T^'pes of C suavis.)
J. Motley, Esq. [0.].

2. Cittocincla stricklandi.

Copsychus stricklandi, Motleij Sf Dillwi/n, Xat. Hist. La'mun, p. 20.
pi. iv. (1855) ; Sclate?-, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 187 ; Gray, Hand./. B.
i. p. 266, no. 3896 (1869).

a, b. c? ad. sk.

Sumatra

c, d. (S ad. sk.

Sarawak.

e. c? ad. sk.

Sarawak.

/. $ ad. sk.

Sibu, Feb. 1870.

ff. cJ ad. sk.

Tagora Road, Oct.

1878.

A. 5 ad. sk.

Busan (A. Everett).

i. c? ad. sk.

Bintulu.

k. cJ ad. sk.

Brunei.

/, m. (S $ ad. sk.

Banjermassing (J.

Motley). _

n. S ad. sk.

Banjermassing.

24. CITTOCINCLA. 89

Kittoclncla stiicklaudi, ISalvad. Ucc. Born. p. 253 (1874) ; Sharpe,

F. Z. S. 1875, p. 106.
Cittofincla stricklaudi, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 310; id. Ibis, 18/9,

p. 25U ; id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 798.

Adult male. General colour glossy purplish black, the crown silvery
white, reaching to the nape ; lower hack, rump, and upper tail-
coverts also silvery white ; wing black, the coverts and secondaries
with a slight purplish gloss ; four centre tail-feathers black, the rest
pure white, with a slight blackish mark near the base of the inner
web, decreasing towards tlie outermost ; throat and fore neck, as^
well as the sides of the face, black like the upper surface ; rest of
under surface chestnut-orange; under wing-coverts chestnut, the
edge of the wing black : bill black ; feet fleshy brown. Total
length 9-5 inches, culmen Q-S, wing 3-85, tail 5, tarsus 1-05.

The cuhdt female is probably like the male in plumage. A speci-
men from Labuan is much smaller than the male : wing 3-6 inches,
tail 3-8. ^ J

Young. Mottled all over, the spots on the back and wings formed
by ochreous-buff tips to the feathers ; head and sides of face streaked
with ochreous buff ; cheeks and throat ochreous buff, mottled with
dusky bases ; rest of under surface of body pale tawny, mottled with
dusky edges to the feathers.

Bab. I.abuan Island, N.W. coast of Borneo, reaching to Sanda-
kan.

a,b r cJ 2 1 ad. sk. Labuan (H. Low). H. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

c. Juv. sk. Labuan. Hugh Low, Esq. T^ ^

d. Ad. sk. Labuan. Governor Ussher [

3. Cittocincla albicapilla.

Turdus albicapillus, Vieill. N. Did. d'Hist. Nat. xx. p. 254 (1818j ;

Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 655 (1823).
Turdus albiceps, Less. Traite, p. 408 (1831, ex Cuv. MS.) ; Pucker.

Arch. iMus. vii. p. 341 (1864).
Petrocincla leucoceps, Swains. B. W. Afr. p. 282 (1837).
Cossvpha leucoceps, Sicains. Classif. B. ii. p. 2.33 (18.37).
Bessbnornis albicapilla, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847 ) ; Bp. Consp.

i p 301 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 265, no. 3870 (1869).
Cossvpha albicapilla, Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 77 (1857) ; id. J. f. O.

1861, p. 163; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 26 (1871).

Adult. Above slaty brown, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts bright orange ; entire crown of head and nape white, all the
feathers narrowly margined with dull brown ; lores, chin, cheeks,
ear-coverts, and 'sides of neck duU brown like the back ; rest of
under surface of body bright orange, including the under wing- and
tail-coverts; wings uniform dull brown; two centie tail-feathers
dull brown, the rest of the tail bright orange, the external feather
broadly margined with brown on the outer web : bill and legs
blackish brown. Total length 10 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 4-6,
tail 5, tarsus 1-4.

90 TIMELIIDJE.

Ohs. Another specimen, probably younger, is browner than the
one described, and has orange spots on the tips of the wing-coverts ;
bill pale brown.

Eab. West Africa. Said to occur from Senegal to Gaboon ; but I
have never seen a specimen from any other country than Senegambia.

a. Ad. St. West Africa.

b. Ad. sk. West Africa. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

c. Ad. sk. Senegal. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

4. Cittocincla nigra.

Cittocincla nigi-a, Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Sor., Zool. new series, i. p. 335,
pi. hi. (1876) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 619 ; Wardlmu Ramsay,
Oni. Mem. Tweedd. pp. 614, 657 (1881).

Adult male. General colour above black with a gloss of indigo-
blue ; wings black, the wing-coverts all like the back ; tail black
and strongly graduated, the four centre feathers black, the rest
white with black bases ; sides of face and body underneath entirely
blue-black ; sides of body and flanks spotted with white bases to
the feathers ; thighs black ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-
coverts black ; " bdl, legs, and feet black ; iris very dark brown "
{A. Everett). Total length 9 inches, culmcn 0-7, wing 3-4, tail 4-6,
tarsus 1-05.

Adult female. Like the male above, but of smaller size, and further
distinguished by its white abdomen and rufescent flanks ; " bill
black ; legs lead-grey ; iris dark brown " {A. Everett). Total length
7*2 inches, culmcn 0-6, wing 0-15, tail 3-6, tarsus 1.

Hah. Island of Palawan in the Philippine archipelago.

a. cJ ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan. Prof. J. B. Steere [C.].

5. Cittocincla albiventris.

Kittacincla albiventris, Bhfth, J. A. S. Beng. xxvii. p. 269 (1859);

Ball, Sir. F. 1873, p. 73 ;' Hume, op. cit. 1874, p. 232 ; Walden, Ibis,

1873, p. 307_, pi. xii. fig. 1.
Copsj-chus albiventris, Sdoter, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 187.
Cittacincla albiventris, Benvan, This, 1867, p. 327.
Cercotricbas albiventris, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 99.

Adult male. General colour glossy purplish black, the rump and
upper tail-coverts white ; wings dull black, the coverts glossed with
purple ; four centre tail-feathers black, the rest pure white, the
bases blackish ; throat and upper breast glossy purplish black like
the back : the rest of the under surface white, inclining to pale
orange-chestnut on the flanks, the under tail-coverts entirely pale
chestnut ; under wing-coverts pure white, as well as the base of the
inner web of the quills : " bill black ; legs and feet very pale
fleshy " {W. Davison). Total length 8'75 inches, culmen 0-(), wing
3-6, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-05.

24. CITTOCINCLA. 91

Female. Similar to the male, but rather smaller. For dimensions
of the two sexes, cf. Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 232.

Young. " Similar to adult, hut smaller ; the chin, throat, and
breast glossless black ; the quills hair-brown ; the secondaries mar-
gined faiutlj- with ferruginous on the outer webs, as also are their
greater and some of the median coverts ; the sides of the abdomen
are tinged with ferruginous ; the gloss of the upper parts is much
fainter." {Hume, he. cit.)

Nestling. " Entire head, neck, breast, and back deep brown, almost
black on the breast, each feather with a smaller or larger duU
ferruginous spot towards the tip ; the quills and coverts are all
margined on the outer webs with dull ferruginous, the lesser coverts
with dull spots of the same colour ; the flanks and sides of the
abdomen mottled dusky and pale ferruginous." (Hume, ?. c.)

Ilab. Andaman Islands.

a. cJ ad. sk. South Andaman, May 5, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

1873 {Wardlaw Bamsay).

b. Ad. sk. S. Andaman, March 14, 1873 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{E. G. W. E.).

6. Cittocincla luzoniensis.

Turdus luzoniensis, Eittl. Eupf. Viig. p. 7, pi. 11. fig. 2 (1832) ; id.

Mem. Acad. S. Petersh. ii. p. 5, pi. 7 (18.33).
Copsvchus luzoniensis, i?;j. Consp. i. p. 266 (1850) ; Sclater, P. Z. S.

1861, p. 186 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 265, no. 3887 (1869).^
Cossvpha pyrrhopygia, Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 78 (1857) ; id.

J.y. 0. 1861, p. l63; SJiarpe, Ann. S) Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvi.

p. '2.36 (1875).
Bessonornis pyrrhopygia, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 265, no. 3872 (1869).
Cittocincla luzoniensis, JValden, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. pp. 193, 250

(1875) ; Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc, Zool. new series,!, p. 352 (1876) ;

WardUno Eanisay, Orn. Mem. Tweedd. pp. 358, 411, 657 (1881).

Adult. General colour of the upper surface blue-black ; the lower
back, rump, and upper fcail-covorts orange-chestnut ; the head with
a slightly browner tinge than the back ; over the eye a broad streak
of white produced to the nape ; lores, sides of face, neck, throat, and
fore neck glossy blue-black ; remainder of under surface white, the
sides of the body washed with rufous ; thighs and under wing- and
tail-coverts white ; upper wing-coverts blue-black, some of the centre
greater coverts white on the outer web and at the tip, forming an
alar speculum ; quills blackish, the secondaries blue-black like the
back, the primaries narrowly margined with brown ; tail black, the
three outer feathers on each side tipped with white : bill black ;
feet ycUowish. Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-05,
tail 3-3, tarsus 1"05.

Ohs. Another specimen in the Museum, received from the Zoolo-
gical Society, Milhout more indication of the exact locality than
" Philippine Islands," is smaller than the one described : wing 2-95 ;

92 TIMELIID^.

tarsus 0*95. It is probably the female, as it has the feathers of the
head and back strongly washed with brown.

Ftmale or yoimg. Brown wheie the old male is glossy black, the
centre of the back and wing-coverts somewhat shining with black ;
no black gorget ; but the throat white, inclining to ashy brown on
the fore neck, the flanks very strongly tinged with rufous.

Hab, Island of Luzon in the PhUippine archipelago.

a. Ad. sk. Luzon. Gould Collection.

b. Ad. sk. Cataguan, Luzon. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. 'C.I.

d. -Ad. St. PhiUppine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.j

e. Imm. sk. Philippine Islands. Zoological Society.
/. Juv. sk. [Philippine Islands]. M. Verreaux*.

* Sold to the Museum as Cossypka pyrrhopygia, Hartl. Cf. Sharpe, /. c.

BRADTPTERT. 93

Group II. BRADYPTERI.

These birds are aberrant Reed- Warblers, and should, in m}'
opinion, be placed in future classifications of the Cichlomorphs
near the genera Cdtia and Acrocej^ihalus, from which they are sepa-
rated by their larger first primary only. Through Megahn-us and
Sphenoeacus they approach the Grass-AVarblers and C'isticolce espe-
cially.

Key to the Genera.

a. With ten tail-feathers.

a'. Tail-feathers stiffened with spiny shafts and
loose webs, the latter lax and separate.
a". Tail about equal in length to the body of
the bird ; no perceptible rictal bristles.
a'". Bill short, higher than broad at nostrils 1. Sphenoeacus,
b'". Bill more slender, about as high as it [p. 94.

is broad at nostrils 2. Drom^ocercus,

b". Tail much longer than the bird's body; [p. 99.

rictal bri.stles very strong " . 3. Stipituhus

b'. Tail-feathers ordinary and soft ; shafts elastic [p. 100.

but not spiny.

c". Wing a little longer than the tail 4. Psamathia,

d". Tail longer than wing. [p. joi.

c'". Under tail-coverts short, not reaching

half the length of the tail.

a*. First primary half the length of the

second ; bill slender and longer than

middle toe and claw ; rictal bristles

inconsiderable 5. .Bebrorxis, p. 102.

6*. First primary about half the length of
the tifth ; bill stouter and shorter
than middle toe and claw,
a". Rictal bristles very strong, three in

number, and recurved G. Sphenura, p. 104.

6". Rictal bristles weaker, five in num-
ber, and not recurved 7. Amytis, p. 106.

d'". Under taU-coverts longer and very
broad, reaching more than half the
length of the tail ; tail-feathers very
broad, equal in breadth to liind toe
and claw 8. Schcexicola,

b. With twelve tail-feather.*. Tp. 109.
c'. Tail longer than wing.

e". Upper tail-coverts completely hidden by

the long feathers of the nunp 9. Phlexis, p. 111.

/". Upper tail-coverts ordinary and not hid-
den by the long plumes of the rump.
e'". Under tail-coverts very lonpr and broad,

reaching to more than half the length [p. ] 19.

of the tail 10. Bradypterus,

94 TIMKLIID.i:.

/■'". Under tail-coverts short, not reaching to

half the length of the tail ; tail-feathers

narrower, their breadth not equal to the

hind toe.

e*. Tail not so strongly graduated; the

outside tail-feather long and siu-passing

the under tail-coverts by as much as

the length of the tarsus.

c^ Bill rather long and slender, slightly

higher at nostrils than it is broad . . 11. Eubyptila,
d'\ Bill very stout, higher at nostrils than [p. 116.

broad 12. Ehopophilus,

(1^. Tail very strongly graduated, the out- [p. 116.

side tail-feather only just reaching be-
yond the under tail-coverts and nearly
hidden by them.
e^. Second primary shorter than secon-
daries ; rictal bristles tolerably well
pronoiuiced.
a^. Outstretched feet not reaching be-
yond the under tail-coverts ; tail
very long, the feathers perceptibly
broadened towards their ends ;
wings falling short of tail by as
much as the length of the bird's

body 13. Laticilla,

b^. Outstretched feet reaching beyond [p. 1 18.

the under tail-coverts ; tail long,
but not exceeding the tip of the
wing by as much as the length of
the bii'd's body ; tail-feathers not

perceptibly broadened 14. Ellisia, p. 120.

f'. Second primary equal to or a little
longer than secondaries ; rictal bris-
tles very small 15. Megaxueus,

ff'. Second primary much longer than [p. 122.

secondaries ; six very strong and [p. 130.

distinct rictal bristles 16. Ch^tohnis,

d'. Wing and tail about equal in length 17. Calamocichla,

e'. Wing much longer than the tail. [p. 131.

a". Tarsus strongly scutellated 18. Calamonastes,

[p. 133.
h". Tarsus entire 19. Ohigma, p. 135.

1. SPHEN(EACUS.

Type.
Sphenceacus, Sfrickl. P. Z. S. LS41, p. 28 S. africanus.

Range. Confined to South Africa, New Zealand, and the Chat-
ham Islands.

Key to the Species.

a. With no spots on the throat.

«'. Throat white or yellowish white, separated
from the cheeks by a distinct moustache of
black.

1. SPHEJTCEACUS. 95

u". With very distinct black central marks to
some of the feathers ou the .sides of the
body *.
«'". Upper and imder tail-coverts with dark

„ central stripes africamis, p. 9o.

h ". L pper and under tail-coverts uuifoim,
with no dark central stripes to the fea-

IT,.*, '^'^ intermedius, p. 9().

6 . \\ ith no distinct black marks on the sides
of the body ; upper and under tail-coverts
uniform, with no dark central stripes to

, , m *^*^ feathers nataknsis, p. 96.

h . Ihroat pure white, with no moustache at all;
the cheeks black, mottled with white bases
to the feathers nrfescem, p. 98.

b. Throat minutely spotted with black \ l^»<^tatns, p. 97.

■ ■ ■ ■ I fidvus, p. 98.

1. Sphenceacus africanus.

La Fauvette tachetee du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Briss. Orn iii
^ p. .390 (1700) ; £uff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 100 (1778).
spotted lellow Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. pt. i. p. 332 (1783)
African Warbler, Lath. op. cit. ii. pt. ii. p. 436 (1783)
Muscicapa afra, Gm. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 940 (1788, e.v Lath.).
Motacilla africana, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 958 (1788, ex Lath.).
Sylvia africana. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 518 (1790).
Le Fluteur, Lemill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. p. 61, pi. 112 fio- 2 (180'>) •
Siindev. Krit. Framst., Lemill. p. 37 (1857). " ^ ~i y

Malurus africanus. Swains. Zool. Ulustr. iii. pi. 170 (18-^3)
Sphenura tibicen, Licht. J'erz. Doubl. p. 43 (1823 ».
Syuallaxis cantor. Lesson, Traitc, p. 319 (1831).
Sphenoeacus africanus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 28- Bn Con'o, i

Anteckn^y. 32^(18.i9) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. .32 (1871) ; She/le>,,

f\'' c/'^,; P- '^ lP*-^% ^^'"'^"'' '''■ ^"y"'^ B.S.Afr. p. 280(1876
pt.) ; Shelle;/, P. Z. S. 1882, p. .337.

Dasyomis africana, Swinh. (ubi?).

Muscicapa dubia, Forster, Bescr.' Anim. p. 406 (1844)

Dr^-inoica africana. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 164 {\M^)-^ Layard, B. S

Afr. p. 9r> (1867).
Megalurus africanus. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 206, no. 2908 (1869^
Drymreca africana, Giehel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 61 (1875).

Adxdt male. General colour above tawny rufous or chestnut-
brown, the feathers of the head, rump, and upper tail-coverts
longitudinally centred with black : mantle and back paler, beino-
straw-coloured, with very broad black centres ; wing-coverts tawny
rufous, centred with black, some of the lesser coverts margined with
straw-colour ; quills dusky blackish, margined externally with ru-
fous, the innermost secondaries edged with lighter rufous on both
webs ; tail-feathers rufous, dusky blackish along the shafts ; ear-

* (/. Shelley, P. Z. S. 18S2, p. 337.

96 TIMELIID^.

coverts uuiform rufous ; lores and a very narrow superciliary line
Yellowish buff; feathers in front of the eye dusky; cheeks and
iuider surface of body yellowish buff, the throat whiter and sepa-
rated from the cheeks by a narrow malar line of blackish ; on the
sides of the fore neck and chest some small blackish streaks, more
developed on the sides of the breast, and much more so on the
flauks, thighs, and under tail-coverts, which are somewhat more richly
coloured ; uuder wing-coverts and asillaries uuiform fulvous ; quills
dusky below, fulveseent along the edge of the inner web ; " beak
grey, inclining to black towards the culmeu ; legs grey ; iris hazel "
(JSheUeif). Total length 7-25 inches, culmeu 0-7, wing 2-45, tail 3-8,
tarsus 0-9.

Considerable difference in the amount of striping on the sides of
the body is shown in a series ; and the head is much more uniform
rufous in some specimens than in others. Young birds are like the
adult, but are much lighter in colour, being yellow, especially on
the hind neck and mantle ; the under surface is uniform yellowish
buff, with scarcely any dusky striping on the sides.

Hab. Western part of the Cape Colony.

a. Pull. St. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

b Ad sk South Africa. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

c. Ad. sk. South Africa (E. L. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Lmjard).

d. Ad. sk. South Africa ( C. J. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Atiderssoti).
e (S ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope, Voyage of H.M.S.

March 1847 {J. Mac- ' Rattlesnake.'

gillivrarj).
f. cJ ad. sk. Knysna, Dec. 31, 1865 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(C. J. Andersson).
^. Ad.st. South Africa. Rev. J. PhiUipps [P.J.

2. Sphenoeacus intermedius.

Sphenoeacus africanus {non Gm.), auctt. e.r Col. Capensi oriental.
Sphenoeacus intermedius, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 337.

Adult male. Similar to S. africanus, but having the head clearer
rufous, the streaks on the sides of the body much narrower, and
the upper and under tail-coverts uniform. Total length 8-7 inches,
culmen Ow, wing 2-7, tail 4-3, tarsus 0-95.

Hab. Eastern side of the Capo Colony.

«. Ad. sk. KingwiUiamstown. Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].

b. S ad.sk. Kingwilhamstown, June 1877 Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].
(C'. Newhy).

3. Sphenoeacus natalensis.

Sphenoeacus africanus {non Gm.), Gurney, Ihis, 18G3, p. 323; Ayres,

Ibis, 1870, p. 425 ; id. 1880, p. 103.
Sphenoeacus natalensis, Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 337 ; Butkr, Fetlden, 8(

Reid, Zoologist, 1882, p. 245.

1. SPITENCEACTJS. 97

Adult male. Differs from S. africamis and S. intermedius in
having no streaks on the flanks or on the upper and lower tail-
coverts ; " legs, feet, and hill lavender ; iris reddish brown " (Reid).
Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-95, tail 4, tarsus 0'95.
In the winter plnmage the general aspect of the bird is much
more mealy and fulvous than in summer. The sexes measure as
follows : —

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.

S ad. Swaziland, June 1876 7-5 2-8 37 10-5

2 ad. Transvaal, July 1879 7-o 2-75 3-7 OOo

Hah. S.E. Africa from Natal to the Transvaal.

a. c? ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal, June 8, Capt. SavileG. Eeid [P.].

1881.

4. Sphenceacus pxmctatus.

Synallaxis punctata, Quoi/ Sf- Gaim. Voy. de VAstrol. i. p. 255, pi. 18.
"fig. 2 (18.30).

Sphenceacus punctatus, Graij, Voy. Ereh. ^- Terror, Birds, p. 5
(1844) ; Cab. Miis. Hein. Th. i. p. 42 (1850) ; Gray, Ibis, 1862,
p. 220 ; Finsch, J.f. O. 1872, p. Ill ; Bidler, B. Netv Zeal. p. 128,
pi. 13. fig. 1 (1873) ; Sharpe, Voi/. Ereb. i.^- Terror, App. Birds,
p. 25 (1875); Bidler, Man. B. New Zeal. p. 17, pi. x. fig. 1
(1882).

Megalurus punctatus. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 109 (1848) id. Hand-l. B.
i. p. 206, no. 2910 (1869).

Adrdt. General colour above dusky fulvous-brown, the feathers
being blackish with fulvous-brown edgings ; head somewhat rufes-
cent brown, with blackish centres to the feathers ; wing-coverts and
quills blackish, margined with fulvous-brown like the back : upper
tail-coverts and tail-feathers blackish, rather broadly margined with
fulvous-brown ; over the eye a narrow white streak ; ear-coverts
brown ; cheeks, sides of face, throat, and fore neck dull white,
spotted with dusky blackish, these spots becoming larger and taking
the form of streaks on the breast ; centre of breast and abdomen
whitish : sides of breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts fulvous
brown, broadly streaked with blackish brown ; thighs bi'own : axil-
laries like the sides of the breast ; under wing-coverts light fulvous ;
quills dusky brown below, ashy along the margin of the inner web ;
"bill and feet pale brown; iris black" (BvlJer), Total length
7 inches, culmen 0'6, wing 2-2, tail 4-1, tarsus 0*85.

Yoxinff birds, according to Dr. Euller, assume the adult plumage
on leaving the nest.

Hah. New Zealand, where it is found in both islands.

rt, b. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Antarctic Expedition [C.].

S8 TiMELiinj:.

5, Sphenceacus fulvus.

Sphenoeacus fulrus, Gray, Ibis, 1802, p. 221; Fmsch, J.f. O. 1872,
p. Ill ; £uller, B. New Zeal. p. 130 (1873) ; Sharpe, Voij. Ereb. Hf
Terror, App. Birds, p. 25 (1875) ; Buller, Man. B. New. Zeal.
p. 19 (1882j.

Megalurus fulvus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 206, no. 2911 (1869).

Adult (type of species). Similar to S. punctatus, hwi rather
larger, and verj- much lighter and more ochraceous in colour.
Both on the upper and under surface the black centres to the
feathers are not so broad, and thus the plumage appears more di-
stinctly streaked. Total length 6-75 inches, culmen 0-5, -wing 2-3,
tail 3-2, tarsus 0-9.

An example in the Canterbury Museum, so immature that the
tail-feathers are only two inches long, has more fulvous in the
plumage, and no indication whatever of a superciliary streak
{Buller, I. c).

Hah. Soiith Island, Xew Zealand.

a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Percy Earl, Esq. [C.]. (Type

of species.)
h. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.].

c, d. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Eji;on Collection.

6. Sphenoeacus rufescens.

Sphenoeacus rufescens, Bidkr, Ibis, 18C9, p. 38 ; id. B. Nexu Zeal.
p. 131, pi. 13. fig. 2 (1873); Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872, p. 112, 1874,
p. 185 ; Sharpe, Toy. Ereb. <§• Terror, App. Birds, p. 25 (1875) ;
Bullei; Man. B. New Zeal. p. 18, pi. x. fig. 2 (1882).

Megalurus rufescens, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 206, no. 2913 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above chestnut-rufous, the feathers
of the head narrowly streaked with black, the back-feathers very
broadly centred with "black and edged with rather paler chestnut ;
rump and upper tail-coverts uniform chestnut; wing-coverts and
quills blackish, margined with chestnut ; tail-feathers rufous-brown,
blackish along the shafts, which are stiffened ; lores and a distinct
evebrow white ; sides of face and cheeks white, spotted with black
tips to the feathers, those in front of the eye and on the upper
edge of the ear-coverts being black ; under surface of body white,
washed with rufous on the abdomen ; sides of the body chestnut,
broadly centred with black ; under tail-coverts a little lighter
rufous, with less distinct black centres to the feathers ; axillaries
nifous-brown ; under wing-coverts rufescent, the lower series huffy
whitish at base ; quills ashy brown, lighter ashy along the edge of
the inner web ; " bill and feet yellowish brown ; iris black ''
{Buller). Total length 8 inches, culmen Q-Go, wing 2-6, tail 3-9,
tarsus 1.

Adult female. Does not differ from the male in colour, but is

2. DEOM^OCEECrS, 99

rather smaller. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-35, tail
2-9, tarsus 0-95.

Bah. Chatham Islands.

a,b. (5 $ ad. sk. Chatham Islands. J. T. Travers, Esq. [C.].

2. DROMiEOCERCIIS.

Type.
Dromaeocercus, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 23 D. brunneus.

Range. Confined to Madagascar.

Key to the Species.

a. Uniform rufous-brown above ; below uniform rufous,

without stripes bnmneus, p. 99.

b. Light brown above, the feathers mottled with dark

centres to the feathers ; underneath ashy whitish,

with dusky streaks on the breast seebohmt, p. 100.

1. Dromaeocercus brunneus.

Dromaeocercus brunneus, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 22, pi. ii. fig. 2 ;

Miltie-Udto. ^- Grandid. in Grandid. Hist. Nat. Maday., Ois. p. 333,

pis. 128 A, 131, 131 B (1882).
Dromocercus hriumeus, Haiti. Vog. Madag. p. 408 (1877).

Adidt. Above rufous-brown, the wing-coverts like the back;
quills blackish, externally dull rufous ; tail-feathers dark brown,
the shafts glossy black ; lores rufcscent ; underneath paler rufous-
brown or chestnut, more fulvcscent in the centre of the abdomen ;
the throat also paler ; under wing-coverts like the breast. Total
length .5-9 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-95, tail 2-5, tarsus 0"75.

The sexes are apparently alike in colour when adult, and mea-
sure as follows : —

d' ad. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-05, tail 2*7,
tarsus 0'85.

5 ad. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-85, tail 2-1,
tarsus 0"75.

The hen bird, it will be seen, is a little smaller. Young birds are
more rufous both above and below, but particulaily on the under
surface ; the lores and feathers above the fore part of the eye are
white, as also is the throat ; the centre of the belly tawnj' buff.

IJab. Madagascar, where it has hitherto been found at Fiana-
rantsoa and in the forests to the east of Antananarivo.

a. Ad. sk. Near Antananarivo Algernon Peckover, Esq. [P.].

(Kingdoti). (Type of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Fianarantsoa. Eev. W. Deans Cowan [P.].
c,d. Ad.sk. Betsileo. Eev. A. Shaw [C.J.

«. c?) /"-'/• $ fid. ; Ankafana Forest, Rev. ^^. Deans Cowan [C.].

/^,?." Ad.sk. March 1881.

h2

100 TrUTELIID^.

2. Dromaeocercus seebohmi.

Dromseocercus seebohmi, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 177; Milne-
Edicards ^- Grandid. in Grandid, Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 334,
pi. 131 A.

AcluTt. General colour above dark brown, witli edges of lighter
brown, producing a mottled appearance, the rump and upper tail-
coverts more uniform ; tail-feathers rufous-brown, with stiffened
black shafts, the feathers loose-webbed, as is usual in this genus ;
wing-coverts and quills blackish brown, margined with lighter
brown ; lores whitish ; ear-coverts and sides of neck ashy brown ;
under surface of body dull white, shaded with ashy brown on the
sides of the breast ; sides of body and under tail-coverts rather more
fulvous-brown ; fore neck with small but distinct spots of dusky
brown, the sides of the body more largely and distinctly streaked ;
under wing-coverts ash}- brown, the edge of the wing white ; quills
duU brown below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 5-9 inches, culmen 0'4, wing 1*95, tail 3"1, tarsus 0'7.

Hah. Confined to Madagascar, where it is said to be found not
far from Antananarivo. M. Grandidier believes that its habitat is
Pianarantsoa.

a. Ad. sk. Antananarivo. Mr. Lormier [C.]. (Type

of species.)

b, c. Ad. ; d. Juv. sk. Antananarivo. Mr. Lormier [C.].

3. STIPITURUS.

Type.

Stipiturus, Lesson, Traite, p. 414 (1831) S. malachm'us.

Bill of Stipiturus malackurus.
Range . Confined to Australia.

1. Stipiturus malacurus.

Muscicapa malachura, Shaw, Trans. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 242, pi. 21

(1798) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. Stippl. p. lii (1801).
Soft-tailed Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Sijn. Siqipl n. p. 224 (1801).
Malurus palustris, Vieill. N. Did. d'Hist. Nat. xx. p. 213 (1818).
Malurus malachurus, Viff. ^- Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 224

(1827).
Stipiturus malachurus. Less. Traite., p. 415 (1831) ; Goxdd, B. Austr.

fol. iii. pi. 31 (1848) ; Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 166 (1848) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 219 (1850) ; Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 42 (1850) ; Gould,

4. PSAMATHIA. 101

Handb. B. Austi: i. p. 339 (1865) ; Grai/, Rand-l. B. i. p. 205,

no. 2892 (1869) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 184
(1878).

Adult male. Head light rufous, broadly striped with black towards
the uape ; hind neck and mantle ashy brown, with broad black
centres to the feathers ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
fulvous-brown, the feathers mesially streaked with black, less di-
stinct on the latter ; wing-coverts fulvous-brown, with broad black
centres ; quills dusky brown, the primaries externally edged with
ashy, the secondaries with fulvous-brown, so as to resemble the
greater wing-coverts ; tail-feathers blackish, with the webs loose
and distinct, brownish black in colour ; from the base of the nostrils
a distinct streak of light blue, the feathers tipped with white ; eye-
lid whitish ; lores ashy ; cheeks and ear-coverts fulvous-brown, the
latter with whitish shaft^luies ; throat and fore neck light blue ;
breast and sides of body fulvous-brown, deeper on the thighs and
under tail-coverts ; centre of body and abdomen ashy whitish ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries fulvous-brown ; quills dusky
brown below, fulvous along the inner web. Total length 6'2 inches,
culmen 0-4, wing 1-55, tail 4"1, tarsus 0"7.

The adult female diiiers from the male in wanting the rufous
forehead, the whole head being ashy grey, broadly streaked with
black like the mantle and upper back ; underneath, the throat and
chest are fulvous-brown like the sides of the body, and the eye-
stripe is also light fulvous-brown instead of blue. Total length
6-5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1-7, tail 4-4, tarsus 0-7.

The young resemble the old femnle, but have the head and back
fulvous-brown streaked with black instead of being grey.

Hah. Tasmania and on the east coast of Australia south of Moreton
Bay, along South Australia to the Swan-Eiver district.

«> &• 6 2 ad. sk. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.

c. .Tuv. sk. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.

d,e,f. d } ff- $ad. sk. Queensland {J. T. Cocke- F. D. Godman and 0

veil). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

h, i. cS fid. sk. AustraUa. Gould Collection.

k,l.(S2 ad.sk. Tasmania. Ronald Gunn, Esq. [P.]

4. PSAMATHIA.

Type.
Psamathia, Ilartl. ^- Finsch, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 5 P. annae.

Range. Confined to the Pelew Islands.

1. Psamathia annae.

Psamathia anns, Hartl. Sf Finsch, P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 5, 118, pi. ii.,

1872, p. 94 ; Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft v. p. 22 (187o).
Ca'.amodyta annae, Gray, I£and-l. B. i. p. 208, no. 2949 (1869).

102 TIMELIID^.

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown ; wing-coverts
brown, externally like the back, including the bastard-wing feathers
and primary-coverts ; quills brown, oxternaUy washed with olive ;
upper tail-coverts a little more ruddy olive ; tail-feathers dusky brown
with olive margins ; crown of the head a little lighter olive than
the back ; lores and feathers round the eye olive-yellowish ; an in-
distinct eyebrow of didl yellow ; ear-coverts olive-brown, with paler
shaft-streaks ; cheeks and under surface of the body lighter and
more yellowish olive, more distinctly dull olive on the sides of the
body and flanks ; thighs and under tail-coverts duU olive ; under
wing-coverts light yellowish, more yellow on the edge of the wing ;
axillaries white, slightly washed with olive ; quiUs dusky below,
inner edges ashy whitish. Total length 5-6 inches, culraen 0-75,
wing 2-7, tail 2-3, tarsus 1-1.

Nah, Pelew Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Pelew Islands. Mr. Cohen [C.].

5. BEBRORNIS.

j
Wing of Behrornis roderioanus, to show proportions of primaries.
Range. Confined to the Seychelles and Rodriguez.

1. Bebrornis rodericanus.

Drynioeca ? rodericana, E. Newton, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 47, pi. i. fig. 3 ;

id. Ibis, 1865, p. 150.
Drymoica rodericana, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2771 (1869).
Orthotomus? rodericanus, Hartl. Vog. Maclag. p. 107 (1877).
Bradypterus rodericanus, iS'/m/yje, i?e^j. Trans. Venus Exped., in Trans.

Royal Soc. clxviii. p. 459 (1879) *.
Thamaomis rodericana, Milne-Edw. ^- Grandid. in Grandid. H. N.

Madag. Ois. p. 335, note.

Adult male. General colour above olivaceous brown, very little
paler on the upper tail-coverts ; lores pale yellow, extending above
the eye, but not forming a distinct eyebrow ; round the eye a ring of
pale-yeUow feathers; cheeks and sides of face pale yellow, the ear-
coverts olivaceous ; under surface of body pale yellow from chin to

* In my notes on this bird (Trans. Roy. Soc. I. c.) a serious slip has opcurred
on p. 460, in the sentence "it cannot be associated with the Cisticolce, which
have ten tail-feathers." The latter birds have twelve tail-feathers.

5. BEBR0ENI8. 103

vent, the sides of the neck and sides of breast olivaceous brown ;
under wing-coverts light yellow ; wing-coverts above brown, washed
with olivaceous like the back ; quills dark brown, the secondaries
edged with olivaceous, inclining to j-eilowish white on the outer
margin of the primaries ; tail-feathers brown, narrowly margined
with olivaceous, the outer ones slightly tipped with white ; bill
horn-brown in skin, the lower mandible )'ellow ; feet flesh} brown
in skin. Total length 5-S-6-3 inches, culmeu 0-6-0'65, wing 2-35-
2-45, tail 2-85-3, tarsus 0-85-0-95.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male, but rather smaller.
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-G5, wing 2-25-2-35, tail 2-8-2-9,
tarsus 0'85.

The difference m coloration in the Museum series is not very great,
ranging from a dark olive-brown to a clear olive or greyish brown ;
the shade of yellow also varied in individuals.

Hab. Confined to the island of Rodriguez.

a,b. (S 2 ad. sk. Rodriguez, Nov. 1874 Royal Society [P.].

(^Gidliver).

c, d, e. S,f- ? ad. sk. Rodriguez (H. H. Slater'). Royal Society [P.'.

g. Ad. sk. Rodriguez \H. H. Slater). Royal Society [P.'.

h, i. Sternum. Rodriguez (H. H, Slater). Royal Society [P- ■

2. Bebrornis seychellensis.

Ellisia sevcheUensis, Oustalet, Bull. Soc. P/iilom. Part's. (7) i. p. 102

(1877):

Adult male. General colour above olive-brown, rather greenish in
tint, the head slightly duller ; wing-coverts and quills dark brown,
narrowly edged with the same colour as the back, jjaler and more
yellow on the margins of the primaries ; tail-feathers dusky brown,
narrowly edged with olive-green, the outer ones tijjped Avith white,
whicli extends some little way up the edge of the inner web ; lores
and eyelid dull ashy, slightly tinged with yellow : ear-coverts olive-
greenish ; cheeks and throat white, washed with pale yellow ; re-
mainder of under surface of body light yellow, the sides of the breast
and iianks olive-brown, as also the thighs ; tinder tail-covcrts pale
yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, slightly washed
with yellow ; quills light brown below, whitish along the edge of
the inner web. Total length 5-5 inches, cttlmen 0'7, wing 2'45,
tail 2-1, tarsus 1-05.

Hab. Seychelles Archipelago.

a. cJ ad. sk. Marianne Island, Seychelles. Paris Museum [P.].

104 T1JIELIID.1E.

6. SPHENURA. „

Type.

Sphenura, Licht Terz. Doiih/. p. 40 (182o) S. brachyptera.

Dawornis, Viff. i^- Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 231

(182(3) ■ S. brachyptera.

Bill and wing of Sphenura brachyptera, to show rictal bristles
and proportions of primaries.

Range. Confined to Australia.

Key to the Sjoecies.

a. Head brown.

a'. Larger; wing 3'1 inches: upper siuface uni-
form reddish brown hrachjptera, p. 104.

v. Smaller ; wing 2'.5 inches : head and back

mottled with ashy-grey spots lonf/i'ro4)-is, p. 105.

b. Head rufous broadbenti, p. 106.

1. Sphenura brachyptera.

Short-winged Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. Siippl. ii. p. 187 (1801).
Turdus brachypterus, Lafh. Ind. Orn. Siippl. p. xliii (1801).
Sphenura brachyptera, Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 40 ( 1823) ; Gray, Gen.

B. i. p. 167 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 219 (1850) ; Cab. Mas. Hein.

Th. i. p. 42 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. Amtr. i. p. 342 (1865) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 205, no. 2898 (1869) ; Bamsay, Proc. Linn.

Soc.'N. S. TV. ii. p. 184 (1878).
Malurus pectoralis, Sfeph. Gen. ZooL xiii. pt. ii. p. 224 (1825).
Dasvornis australis, Viy. S/- Horsf. Linn. Trans, xv. p. 232 (1827) ;

Jard. ^- Selby, III. Orn. pi. 1'i (c. 1839) ; Gould, B. Austr. iii.

pi. 32 (1848).

Adult. General colour above brown, a little more rufescent on
the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts also a little more
rufous-brown than the back ; quills brown, externally rufous-
brown ; tail uniform reddish brown ; head slightly duller than the
back, but lighter at the base of the forehead ; lores and eyelid
whitish ; ear-coverts brown, with white shaft-streaks ; cheeks and
under surface of body dull white, the sides of the neck, sides of
breast, and flanks brown, with a few dull whiti.sh shaft-streaks on
the latter, which are also faintly washed with reddish brown ; fore
neck shaded with brown ; under tail-coverts and thighs reddish
brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts reddish brown : quills
ashy brown below, pale rufous along the inner web ; " bill brown,

6. SPHENURA. 105

becoming much lighter on lower mandible ; legs greyish brown ;
iris brown" (G'owW). Total length 8-3 inches, culmen 0-7, wing
3*1, tail 4-4, tarsus 1-1.

The type of D. australis appears to be a younger bird, as it is
everywhere more rufous than the one described ; across the fore
neck and chest there is also a band of brown.

Female, llather smaller than the male {Gould).

Hah. i!New South AVales.

a. Imm. sk. Australia. Linnean Society. (T\'peof

Dasrjoniis australis.)

b. Ad. sk. New South Wales. John (touUI, Esq.

c. Ad. ; d. Juv. sk. New South Wales {J. F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

T. Cockerell). vin, Esqrs. [P.].

e,f. Ad. St. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].

2. Sphenura longirostris.

Dasyornis longirostris, Gould, P. Z. .S'. 1840, p. 170; id. B. Aitsfr. iii.

pi. 3.3 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 219 (1850); Gould, Hamlb. B.

Aiisfr. i. p. 343 (1865).
Spbenura longirostris, Grmj, Gen. B. i. p. 167 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B.

i. p. 205, uo. 2899 (1869).

Adult female. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, the
feathers of the head, neck, and mantle centred with grey at the
tips, which have a silvery appearance, and glisten when turned to
the light ; these glistening spots less pronounced in the middle
of the back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rufous-
brown ; wing-coverts rufous-brown with pale shaft-streaks ; quills
dark brown, externally edged with rufous-brown ; tail-feathers
dull brown, somewhat olivaceous in tint, edged narrowly with
reddish brown and barred across with dusky brown under certain
lights ; lores, eyelid, and a narrow streak over the eye dull white ;
ear-coverts brown ; cheeks and throat dull white, with obscure
dusky margins to the feathers ; lower throat and fore neck brown,
Mith narrow and almost oljsolete margins of dusky ; lower flanks,
thighs, and under tail-coverts rather more rufous-brown ; centre
of breast and abdomen white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
dull reddish brown, the lower series dusky brown ; quills dusky
brown below, light rufous along the margin of the inner web ;
" upper mandible brown, lower mandible bluish green at the tip
and greenish white at base : legs bluish grey ; iris bright reddish
brown " (G'o((W). Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-5,
tail 3'4, tarsus 0-85.

Sexes alike {Gould).

Hab. Western Australia.

a. 2ad.sk. Albany, Kino: George's Sound, Ey ton Collection.

June 10, is43 {J. Goidd).

b. Ad. sk. West Australia {J. T. Cocke- F. D. Godman and O. Sal-

rell). viu, Esqrs. [P.].

106

TIMELIIBiE.

3. Sphenura broadbenti.

Sphenura broadbenti, McCoi/, Ann. <§• Maq. Nat. Hist. (3) xix.
p. 185 (1867), XX. p. 179 (1867); Gould, B. Austr. Suppl. pi. 25
(1869); Gray, Ilaud-L B. I p. 205, no. 2900 (1869); Ramsay,
Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878).

" Back, shoulders, and flanks dark brown ; wings and tail of a
slightlj- richer and more rufous-brown, the tail-feathers in some
lights seeming to be transversely marked with faint, glossj-, trans-
verse, narrow bands of a slightly lighter shade ; crown, nape, and
ear-coverts rich chestnut or rufous-brown ; a triangular spot in
front of, and slightly over each eye, and the throat, greyish white ;
feathers of the breast lunulated, greyish white at their margins,
dull brownish like the flanks at their base ; the greyish white ex-
tends in a narrow track along the middle of the abdomen ; legs,
feet, upper part and tip of the bill dull brown ; lateral parts of the
upper mandible and the basal portion of the lower one yellowish ;
legs 7" 9'", bill from gape 94'", from forehead 7'", wings 3" 4|"',
tail 4" 10'", tarsus 1" 2'". The great length of the wing, tarsi, and
bill easily distinguish this species from the two previously known,
as well as the rufous head and ears, and the greyish white instead
of buff" colour over the front of the eye. I am uncertain what
value should be attached to the much darker and stronger lunula-
tion of the breast-feathers, as I have only seen one specimen, and
am not certain whether it has attained maturity. The bill is
stronger, being deeper as well as longer, and slightly more arched
in the culmen than in the S. hrachyptera, to which it is most nearly
allied. The sixth primary is also slightly longer than the fifth and
seventh, which are equal ; the claws are rather stouter than in that
species, and the three or four large rictal bristles are weaker. The
specimen described was presented to the Museum by Mr. Broadbent,
who shot it in December 1858, in a dense scrub twenty-four miles
from Portland Bay, while it was uttering a note like that of an
English Thrush, and running over logs on the ground. I have not
since seen another specimen." {McCoy, I.e.)

Hah. Interior of South Australia.

7. AMYTIS.

Tvpe,
Amvtis, Lesson, Traife d'Oni. p. 454 (18.31) A. texlilia.

Bill of Amytis striata, to show rictal bristles.
Range. Confined to Australia.

7. AilYTIS. 107

Key to the Sjjecies.
a. Chest striated.

a'. No black stripe along- cheeks.

a''. Smaller textilis, p. 107.

h". Larger macrura, p. 108.

h'. A broad black cheek-stripe ; upper plumage

more rufous striata, p. 107.

h. Chest uniform white like the throat goyderi, p. 109.

1. Amytis textilis.

Maliu-us textilis, Quoy et Gaim. Toy. de F Uran. p. 107, pi. xxiii.

tig. 1 (1824).
Amvtis textilis, Lesson, Traife d'Orn.^. 454, pi. 67. fig. 2 (1831);

Gotdd, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 'Id, (1848): Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 166

(1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 219 (18.50) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i.

p. 335 (1805) ; Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 184 (1878).

All the upper surface dark brown, each feather with a narrow
stripe of white down the centre ; under surface the same, hut
much paler : flanks and under surface of the shoulder rust-red ; tail
dark brown, indistinctly barred with a stiU darker hue and edged
with pale brown ; irides reddish hazel ; base of lower mandible bluish
horn-colour, remainder of bill black ; feet flesh-brown. (Gould, I. c.)

The male I dissected was destitute of the rusty-red colouring on
the flanks and under surface of the shoulder. {Gould, 1. c.)

The unfortunate omission by the late Mr. Gould of giving measure-
ments of Australian birds with his descriptions has made several
identifications of his species very difficult. In the present instance
the dimensions would have been of great service in recognizing the
species of Amytis ; and I am by no means certain that I have rightly
interpreted Mr. Gould's species as figured in his ' Birds of Australia.'
If, however, I am correct in my identifications, then Amytis ma-
crura is scarcely separable from A. te.vtilis, of which it is a slightly
larger and paler representative.

Tavo specimens of A. te.vtilis in the Museum measure : —

a. Total length 6"3 inches, culmen 0*4o, wing 2-45, tail 3'25,
tarsus 0"95.

b. Total length 5'8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-3, taU 2-8, tarsus
0-95.

Ifah. New South Wales, Tictoria, and South Australia.

a,

h. Ad. .'^k.

S. Australia (/. T.

F. D. Godman and 0.

Cockerell).

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

c.

Ad. St.

Australia.

J. Gould, Esq.

d.

Ad. St.

AustraUa.

Sir T. Mitchell [P.l.

e.

Ad. St.

S. Australia.

Sir George Grey [P.].

2. Amytis striata.

Dasyornis striatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 143.

Amvtis striatus, Gotdd, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 29 (1848) ; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 166 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 219 (18-50) ; Gould, Handb. B.
Austr. i. p. .337 (1865): Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 205, no. 2894
(1869) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 184 (1878).

108 TIJIELIID^.

Adult. General colour above cLestuut-red, plainly striated with
white, each white stripe being laterally bordered ; rump dull chest-
nut and less distinctly striated ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ;
lesser and median wing-coverts dusky brown, ashy grey externally
and mesially streaked with white ; bastard-wing feathers brown,
edged with white ; primary-coverts brown, with white shafts and
externally chestnut ; (]uills brown, externally washed with reddish
brown, ashy on the primaries, the outer one being margined with
white, and chestnut at base of quills ; upper tail-coverts dusky
brown, with white shafts and rufous margins ; tail-feathers dusky
brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, edged with rusty
brown, the outer feathers tipped with pale rusty, the outermost ex-
ternally edged with reddish : fore part of crown rather darker than
the head : lores bright ferruginous, streaked with white ; ear-coverts
black, with broad white mesial streaks ; cheeks black, foi-ming a
broad stripe ; throat whitish ; fore neck and breast white, shading
off into yellowish buff on the latter, all the feathers mesiall)' streaked
with dusky ; centre of body sandy buff, becoming whiter on the
lower al)domen ; flanks reddish brown ; thighs chestnut, narrowly
lined with white ; under tail-coverts sandy bufl', dusky towards the
ends, with yellowish-white shaft-lines ; under wing-coverts chestnut ;
quills dusky brown below, reddish along the inner web ; " bill dark
horn-colour; feet brownish lead-colour ; inshazel" (Gould). Total
length 6-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-45, tail 3'4, tarsus I'Oo.

Mab. Victoria and South Australia.

a, b. Ad. sk. South Australia F. D. Godman and O.

{Cockerdl Coll.). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

3. Amytis macrura.

Amytis macrourus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 2 ; id. B. Austr. fol. iii.

pi. .30 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 166 (1848) ; Bp. Conq}. i. p. 219

(1850) ; GouM, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 338 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 205, no. 2895 (1869) ; Ramsay, Prvc. Linn. Soc. iV. <S'. W.

ii. p. 184 (1878).
Amytis textihs (nee Q. ^- G.), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 205, no. 2893

(1869).

Adidt. General colour above light brown, streaked with dusky
and white, the feathers having a mesial white streak bordered with
dusky brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts rather more reddish
brown, with fulvous or white shaft-streaks ; wing-coverts like the
back and streaked in the same manner; quills brown, with reddish
shafts, the feathers margined with fulvous-brown ; tail-feathers dark
brown, edged with paler brown, the centre ones minutely barred with
dusky under certain lights ; lores ashy whitish ; an obscure streak
of bi'ick-red at the base of the forehead above the lores ; ear-coverts
and cheeks dark brown, broadly streaked with white ; under surface
of body isabelline, richer in tint on the throat, chest, and flanks,
the two former with obscure whitish central streaks, the sides more

8. SCHCEXICOLA. 109

uniform ; thighs isabelline brown ; under tail-coverts brown, with
whitish shaft-streaks ; under wing-coverts tawny ; quills light brown
below, rufescent along the inner web. Total length 6'5 inches,
culmen 0-55, wing 2-55, tail 3-1, tarsus 1.
Hab. Interior of Western Australia.

a. Ad. sk. Australia.

4. Amytis goyderi.

Amytis goyderi, Gould, Ann. S^- Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvi. p. 286
(1875) ; id. B. New Guinea, part ii. (1876) ; liamsay, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. TV. ii. p. 184 (1878).

Adult. General colour above sandy isabelline, streaked with
white down the centre of each feather, the mesial streaks edged on
each side with dusky brown ; the mesial streaks less distinct and
more fulvous on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like
the back, and streaked in the same manner, the greater coverts
browner, longitudinally streaked with isabelline; tail-feathers dark
brown, margined with rufous, the outer feathers also tipped and
broadly edged with rufous or isabelline ; lores and feathers round
the eye white ; ear-coverts brown, streaked with white, the hinder
parts sandy brown, broadly centred with white ; cheeks white,
streaked with black : under surface of body white, the sides bright
rufous ; thighs and under tail-coverts sandy isabelline ; under wing-
coverts and asillaries deep isabelline ; quills light brown below,
isabelline along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-5 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 2-05, tail 2'8, tarsus 0"85.

Hab. Interior of South Australia.

a, b. Ad. sk. Macumba, lat. 27° -4' S., Gould Collection. (Types of
long. 145° 1' 23" E. species.)

8. SCHffiNICOLA.

Type.

Schcenicola, Bh/tli, J. A. S. Benff. xiii. p. 374 (1844, nee

Bp. 1850) . : S. platvura.

Catriscus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 43 (1850) S. apicalis.

Cf. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 920.

Range. S. India and Ceylon. N.E. Africa and Natal.

Keij to the Species.

a. Dark rufous-brown ; the ear-coverts uniform with

the crown ; flanks dai'k rufous-brown ; imder tail-
coverts fulvescent or rufous-brown platyura^ p. 110.

b. Pale rufous-brown ; the ear-coverts pale brown;

flanks fulvescent; under taU-coverts blackish, with

paler margins apicalis, p. 110.

110 TIMELIID.E.

1. Schoenicola platyura.

Timalia platyura, Jerd. Madr. Joiirn. xiii. p. 170 (1844) ; Graj/,

Hand-l. B'A. p. 31o, no. 470G (1869).
Sclicenicola platyura, Blyth, J. A. S. Bmg. xiii. p. 374 (1844) ; Jerd.

B. Ind. ii. p. 73 (1863) ; Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 37; id.

Str. F. 1879, p. 97; Brooks, Sfr. F. 1881, p. 209; Hume, t. c.

p. 211 ; Leqfie, Birds of Ceylon, p. 532, note (1880) ; Hume, Str. F.

1880 pp 234, 260, Butler, Cat. B. S. Bombay Pres. p. 43 (1880);

Sharps, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 920.

Adult. General colour above russot-brown, the wing-coverts like
the back ; the quills dusky brown, externally russet-brown like
the back, the innermost secondaries margined on both webs wdth
the same colour ; tail-feathers russet-brown, distinctly banded with
dusky brown under certain lights, the outer feathers darker brown
and tipped with ashy ; lores whitish ; over the eye a fulvous streak ;
ear-coverts russet-brown ; cheeks fulvous, this colour extending onto
the sides of the neck ; throat white, washed with fulvous on the
lower part and on the fore neck and chest, which are fulvous like
the sides of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts, the
latter being washed with ashy at the tips : centre of breast and
abdomen whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries buffy whitish ;
quills light brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-65, tail 2-85, tarsus 0-85.

The breeding-plumage is rather darker brown above than that
described, which is probably the winter plumage, and is much
deeper fulvous on the sides of the body and breast, and especially
on the under tail-coverts, which are ashy brown margined with
fulvous, the longer ones tipped with whitish.

A pair collected by Mr. Bourdillon in Travancore measure as
follows : —

Total

length.

Culmen.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsi

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

6-8

0-5

2-5

2-6

0-8

5-5

0-5

2-45

2-5

0-8

cT

5

It will be noticed that these measurements are rather smaller
than those of the Ceylonese bird described ; and were it not that
Mr. Bourdillon has particularly marked them as " breeding," I
should have thought that they were young birds.

Hah. Southern India, from Belgaum in 16° N. lat. to Travancore.
Ceylon.

a. Ad. sk. Ceylon (TJncaifes). Hugh Cuniino-, Esq.

h c. (S 2 ad. sk. Colathoorpolay Patnas, F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. [C.].

Travancore, 4000 feet,

April 17, 1880.

» 2. Schoenicola apicalis.

Svlvia apicali.'?, Licht. MS. in Mns. Berol, unde

C'atriscus apicalis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 43, note (1850) ; Gur-

9. PHLEXIS. Ill

ney, Ibis, 1863, p. 323 ; Jlartl. Ibig, 1866, p. 140; Ifetiffl. Ibis,
18G9, p. 81; id. Oni. N.O.-Afi: p. 273, tab. ix. (1869); Shelkij,
Ibis, 1875, p. 71 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 283 (1876).

Bradvpterus bre-v-irostris, Snnd. K Vet.-Akad'. Fork. Stockh. 1850,
p. 483,

Cettia apicalis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 29 (1854).

Spheuceacus alexiiipe, Heugl. J. f. O. 1863, p. 166.

Drvmoica apicalis, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 96, no. 173 (1867) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 20i, no. 2833 (1869).

Calamodyta brevirostiis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 209, no. 2958 (1869).

Schoenicola apicalis, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 921.

Adult. Above light tawny brown, rather darker on the head and
inclining to ashj' brown on the sides of the neck : wings brown, the
least wing-coverts uniform with the back, the rest of the coverts and
the quills externally margined with the same tawny brown as the
back, becoming paler towards the tips of the primaries ; upper tail-
coverts very long and broad, resembling the tail in texture, and of
a deep brown colour like the middle tail-feathers, the remainder of
the latter blackish, obscurely waved with dusky under certain lights,
and tipped with dull whitish ; lores and a faint eyebrow ashy grey ;
sides of face light brown, with paler shaft-streaks to the ear-
coverts ; throat and cheeks white, washed with yellowish on the
hinder margin of the latter ; rest of under siirface of body white in
the centre, the breast and sides as well as the flanks light tawny
buff; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts light brown, the latter
rather darker; under wing-coverts whitish washed with buff;
lower surface of quills pale ashy brown, with an almost impercep-
tible lighter edging along the inner web ; upper mandible black, the
lower one grey ; legs flesh-colour ; iris brown. Total length 5'8
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-4, tail 3-35, tarsus 0-8.

Ohs. Mr. Ayres (' Ibis,' 1863, p. 323) gives the soft parts as fol-
lows : — " Iris light hazel : upper mandible of bill very dark ashy
brown; under mandible light ash-colour; nostrils large and oval ;
tarsi and feet palish brown."

Hah. Gazelle River in N.E. Africa. Natal.

a, b. S ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal, March 16 & E. B. Sharpe,Esq. fP.l.
22,1875 {T.L.Aijres).

9. PHLEXIS. ^^

Phlexis, Ilartl. Ibis, 1866, p. 139 P. victorini.

Ennge. Confined to South Africa.

1. Phlexis victorini.

Bnidvpterus victorini, Sundev. in Grill's Zool. Anteckn. p. 30, note

(1857); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 101 (1867).
Phlexis lavanii, //«/•//. His, 1816, p. 139, pi. 6; Sharjw, Cat. Afr. B.

p. 33 (1871)

112

TIMELin)^.

Bradvpterus layardi, Layaid, B. S. Afr. p. 100 (1867) ; id. Ibis,

18(i9, p. 306. "
Calamodyta victorini, Gray, Iland-L B. i. p. 200, no. 2062 (1869).
Calaniodyta layardi, Gray, tum.cit. p. 20!l, no. 206;^. (1869).
Pblexis mollissima, Sunclcv. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 8 (1872).
Phlexis victorini, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 284 (1876).

Adult male. Above rufescent brown ; the head rather more ashy
brown than the back ; wings dark brown, the feathers edged
with rufous-brown like the back ; tail rufous-brown and consisting
of twelve feathers ; lores slightly tinged with rufous ; feathers
round the eye and ear-coverts dull greyish : cheeks and under
surface of body rufous, paler on the abdomen : the sides of the body
rufous-brown ; under wing-coverts dull greyish brown, like the
quill-lining. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-15, tail
3-4, tarsus 0-9.

Hub. Confined to the Cape Colony.

a. Ad. sk. South Africa.

b. S ad. sk. Knysna.

c. d. Ad. sk. Greorge, Knysna district

(H. Aimore).

Sir A. Smith [P.].

C. J. Andersson, Esq. [C.].

R. B. Sharpe, Eisq.

10. BRADYPTERUS.

Type.

Bradypterus, Sivaijis. Class. B. ii. p. 241 (18.37) .... B. hrachypterus.

Tail of Bradypterus hradiy^nn-ns, to show the length of the under tail-coverts.
Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Under tail-coverts reddish or reddish brown
like the lower flanks.
a'. Sides of breast brown, darker than flanks,
which are reddish brown ; tail-feathers dark
chocolate-brown -with reddish-brown tips;
on the chest generally a few dark brown
streaks hrachyjjtvrus, p. 113,

10. BKADTPTEEtlS. 113

b'. Sides of breast lip-lit oranp-e-bro-nn like the
flanks ; tail-featlit-rs lip-ht nddisli brown
like the upper tail-coverts ; chest not

streaked cinnamomens, p. 11-)..

b. Under tail-coverts dark olive-brown, lighter
on their margins.

c'. Throat and breast always distinctly spotted
and .streaked ; upper surface reddish choco-
late bavrcttti, p. llo.

d' . Throat slightly mottled with dark edges to

the feathers; chest uniform ashy brown . . sylvatims, p. 115.

1. Bradypterus brachypterus.

Le Pavaneur, Levaill. Ois. (rAfr,n\. p. 04, pi. 122 (1802); Stmdcv.

Krit. Framst., Levuill. p. t:!8.
Sylvia brachyptera, Tieill. N. Diet. dHist. Nat. si. p. 206 (1817).
Bradvpterus platyuru.s, Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 241 (1837) ; Layard,

B.'S. Afr. p. 10] (1867).
Drymoica brachyptera, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848).
Bradypterus brachypterus, ^/?. Consp. i. p. 280(1850); Cab. Mii.".

Hern. Th. i. p. 43, note ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B.-p. 33 (ls71); id. ed.

Layard B. S. Afr. p. 286(1876); SecboJim, Ibis, 1878, p. 381;

Ay res, t. c. p. 408 ; Butler, Feilden 8,- Beid, Zool. 1882, p. 245.
Bradvpterus sylvaticus (nee Stmdev.), Hartl. Ibis, 1862, p. 146;

Layard, B. k Afr. p. 101 (1867) ; id. Ibis, 1809, p. 366 ; Ayres,

Ibis, 1871, p. 153; Boeaye, Orn. Anyola, p. 554 (1881).
Calamody ta brachyptera, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 209, no. 2960 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above dark nifous-browTi, the riifous
slightly more pronounced on the rump and i;pper tail-coverts ; wings
l)lackish brown, the coverts conspicuously lighter edged with fulvous-
brown, especially distinct on the ])rimary-coverts and the outermost
of the greater series ; tail blackish brown, all the feathers exter-
nally washed with rufous-brown, the outer ones having conspicuous
lighter brown tips, the centre feathers more rufescent, all the rec-
trices obscurely waved under certain lights ; lores dull whitish, with
a dusky spot in front of the eye, round the eye a ring of whiti.sh
feathers ; car-coverts greyish brown with whitish shaft-streaks ;
cheeks biifty white mottled with brown ; sides of neck paler brown
than the back ; throat and centre of the body white ; the sides of
the body rufescent brown, inclining to dull tawny on the thighs
and under tail-coverts ; lower throat with a few tiny longitudinal
streaks of dusky brown ; upper breast slightlj- washed with brown ;
under wing-coverts whitish, the outermost mottled with brown
bases to the feathers; the inner lining of the quills ashy brown,
with paler margins near the base of the inner webs ; " bill dark
slatc-coloiir ; feet and legs pale: iris dusky hazel " (MS. ticket on
specimen). Total length 5"7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-2o, tail
2'6, tarsus 0*85.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5'5 inches,
cuimon 0*6, wing 2-2, tail 2-55, tarsus 0"85.

VOL. VII. I

114 TIMELIID^.

Young birds are yellower underneath, and appear to have the
spots on the throat broader and nearly obsolete, or else entirely
absent.

Bab. Resident in South Africa, and is found all over the Cajje
Colony, extending into the Transvaal, but apparently avoiding Natal.
It also occurs as far north as Benguela in S.W. Africa.

a, b. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

c, (1. Ad. ; e. Juv. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.].

f, (J. Ad. sk. Berg river (E. L. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Layard).

k. Ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

i, k. cS 2 ad. sk. Potchefstroom, July Dr. Exton [P.].

1876 (W. Lucas).

I, m. S , M. $ad. sk. Potchefstroom, April R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

1877 ( W. Lucas).

o. cJ ad. sk. Potchefstroom, May R. B. Sharpe, E.sq. [P.].

1877 (W. Lucas).

2. Bradypterus cinnamomeus.

Svlvia? (Salicaria) ciunamomea, liiijip. Keue Wirb. Voy. p. Ill,

"Taf. 42. fig. 1 (1835-40).
Oalamodyta ciunamomea, Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848); Horsf. 8f

Moore', Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 334 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-'l. B.

i. p. 209, no. 2959 (1869).
Calamoheqje cinnamomea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 286 (1850).
Salicai-ia ciunamomea, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 23 (1856).
Bradypterus cinnamomeus, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 83 ; id. Or7i. N.O.-

Afr. i. p. 275 (1869).

Adult. General colour above coffee-brown, duller on the head
and hind ueck, and brighter and more ntfescent brown on the
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail ; wing-coverts a little
brighter than the back, as also are the quills, the latter being light
brown, externally rufescent brown ; lores, sides of face, and a
tolerably distinct ej'ebrow buffy white, the ear-coverts washed with
reddish brown, especially on their hinder margins ; cheeks and
throat light yellowish buff ; fore neck, chest, and sides of body, as
well as the under tail-coverts, light tawny buff, the centre of the
breast and abdomen white ; thighs brown ; under wing-coverts
brown with whitish edgings, the axillaries light tawny ; quills
dusky brown below, narrowly edged with light rufous along the
margin of the inner web ; " bill blackish horn-colour ; feet reddish
horny ; iris pale umber " {Heuglin). Total length 6 inches, culmen
0"6, wing 2-5, tail 2-7o, tarsus 0-9.

Hob. North-eastern Africa.

a, b. Ad. sk. Abyssinia (Harris). India Museum.

10. BRADYPTERTJS. 115

3. Bradypterus barratti.

Bradyptenis barratti, Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 53; Barratt, (. c. p. '2Q2,
pi. 4 ; Ayres, t. c. p. 426.

Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown, tbe lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts more decidedly rufescent ; wiiig-coverts
and quills dark brown, externally washed with rufous-brown ; tail
dark rufous-brown, obscui'ely barred with dusky brown ; lores and
a very narrow superciliary streak ashy fulvous ; a ring rouud the
eye fulvous : ear-coverts brown, slightly streaked with whitish ;
cheeks ashy brown, the feathers varied with white at the base ;
sides of neck olivaceous brown; throat whitish, streaked withljlack;
fore neck ashy, scarcely streaked at all : middle of the breast and
abdomen whitish, the sides of the body olive-brown, slightly washed
with rufous ; under tail-coverts olive-brown, rather clearer olivaceous
towards the base ; under wing-coverts ashy olive ; quiUs brown
below, dull rufous towards the base of the inner web ; " bill black ;
feet dusky brown ; iris dusky brown." Total length 5- 75 inches,
culmen 0"6, wing 2"o, tail ii'6, tarsus O'So.

Some variation takes place in the amount of striping on the throat
and fore neck, while young birds have the underparts much more
yellow.

Hab. S.E. Africa : Eastern Transvaal, ranging into Natal.

n. Ad. sk. Lydenburg district. F. A. Ban-att, Esq. [P.].

(Tvpe of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Macamac, Dec. 1873. F. A.' Barratt, Esq. [C.].

c. cJ ad. sk. Macamac, Nov. 26, 1873 J. H. Gm-ney, Esq. [P.].

(T. Ai/res).

4. Bradypterus sylvaticus. (Plate IV.)

Bradvpterus sylvaticus, Sutidev. in Grill, Zool. Antechi. p. 30 (1858).
Calamodyta sylvatica, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 209, uo. 2961 (1869).

Adidf. Similar to B. bracJii/pferus, but browner, and not so rufous
on the upper parts ; underneath, the fore neck, breast, and sides of
body are brown, the centre of the breast and abdomen are white,
and the throat is dull white obscured by brown tips to the feathers,
producing a mottled appearance. One of the chief distinguishing
characters is to be seen in the under tail-coverts, which are light
brown, broadly margined with pale yellowish white, whereas in
B. hnulnipterus the imder tail-coverts are uniform rufescent brown,
of the same colour as the flanks. Total length ^ro inches, culmen
0-6, wing 2-4, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-85.

Hab. South Africa ; but the exact habitat of the species is at
present unknown.

a, b. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith fP.].

c. Ad. St South Afiica. Sir A. Smith [C'.J.

■^IQ TIMELlIDiE.

11. EURYPTILA.

Bill of Eim/ptila siihchmamomca.
Range. Confined to South Africa.

1. Euryptila subcinnamomea.
Drvmoica subcinnamomea, Smith, III. Zool S Afr Aces, pi. cxi.
% 1(1847); Ch-ay, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848); Bp. Comp. Av.i.
^283 (1850) ; Lmjird, B. S. Afr. p. 88 (18(37) ; Gray, Sandal. B.
i. p. 198, no. 2745 (1869) p „ q1 n871^

DrymcEca subcinnamomea, Sharpe, Cat Afr.B^V- ^\j^fl}:,.^j^s
Aedon subcinnamomea, Gnrney m Anderss. B. DamLcl p. 90 (18/.).
Cisticola subcinnamomea, Sharpe, ed. Lcujard s B. S. At> . p. ^^^
(1877).
Achat Upper surface of head, neck, back, and shoulders between
oil-green and orange-brown ; forehead tinted cinnamon-red ; wing-
feathers light reddish brown with a tinge of green; the primaries
edged narrowly towards their base with cinnamon-red ; rump
ruddy; tail rather long and shghtly rounded, deep brownish red ;
chin and neck interiorly liver-brown, variegated with narrow white
transverse bars ; breast and fore part of beUy cmnamon-red ; belly
and vent coloured as the back. Length 5-8 inches, wmg 1 11,
tail 2-8.

Hah. South Africa.

« Ad sk South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. (Type

a. -rt-u. Kii. qJ species.)

h. Ad. sk. South Africa {Layavd). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

12. EHOPOPHILUS. ^

Tj'pe.
Ehopophilus, GiylioU Sf Salvad. Ibis, 1870, p. 187 ... . E. pekinensis.

Bill of Bhcq)opUlm cdhomipercUiaris.

Bange. Desert countries of Central Asia, extending to Mongolia
and Northern China.

12. EHOPOPHILUS. 117

Key to the Species.

a. Sides of body bright vinous chestnut, very

distinctly streaked with rufous ; thighs

vinous pekinensis, p. 117.

h. Sides of body and thighs isabelline ; streaks

very indistinct alhosuperciliaris, p. 117.

1. RhopopMlus pekinensis.

Drjonoeca pekinensis, Sivinh. Ibis, 1868, p. 62.

Amytis pekinensis, J. Ven: Ibis, 1868, p. 499.

Prinia pekinensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 197, no. 272.3 (1869).

Rhopophilus pekinensis, Giqlioli S^ Sahad. Ibis, 1870, p. 187 ; Sioinh.

P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 436, 443, 1871, p. 352 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. xxv.

(1873) ; Prjev. in Dawson Roivleifs Orn. Misc. ii. p. 108 (1877) ;

David >§• Oiist. Ois. Chine, p. 260, pi. 19 (1877).

Adult male. General colour above brown, with a vinous shade,
the mantle somewhat ashy ; all the upper surface streaked with
dark brown down the centre of the feathers ; wing-coverts ashy
brown ; bastard-wing feathers brown, externally isabelline ; pri-
mary-coverts and quills brown, externally edged with lighter brown,
the primaries whity brown towards the end of the outer web, inner
secondaries edged with isabelline at the tips ; upper tail-coverts and
centre tail-feathers brown, washed with olive-brown on the edges,
remainder dark brown, the three outer ones ashy towards their ends,
increasing towards the outermost, which is whitish near the tip of
the outer web ; crown of the head like the back and streaked in
the same way, but a little more rufesccnt ; lores and feathers round
the eye ashy fulvous, produced into a superciliary streak, which is
more decidedly ashy grey ; ear-coverts pale vinous brown, with a
dark line along the upper margin ; feathers in front of the eye
blackish, tipped with ashy brown ; cheeks white, separated from the
ear-coverts by a distinct line of black ; sides of the neck rufous,
streaked with ashy ; throat, fore neck, breast, and abdomen pure
white ; sides of the breast streaked with vinous chestnut ; flanks and
thighs uniform vinous chestnut ; under tail-coverts whitish, streaked
with rufous down the centre ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
isabelline ; quills ashy brown below, inner edges whitish ; " bill
brown, with the lower mandible yellowish ; feet rufous, claws
greyish brown; iris clear yellow, almost whiio'' (David). Total
length 7"4 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-4, tail 37, tarsus 0"95.
{Mas. It. G. Wardlaiu liamsai/.)

Hah. Northern China and Mongolia, Alashan and Chensi.

2. Rhopophilus alhosuperciliaris.

Suva alhosuperciliaris, ILiine ^- Hinders. lahore to Yarl: p. 218,
pi. xviii. (1873); Scl. Ibis, 1874, p. 185; Scidly, Str. F. 1876,

Rhopophilus pekinensis (nee Swinh.), Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 147.

118 TIMELIID^.

Adult female (type of species). General colour above sandy
brown, narrowly streaked with darker brown towards the ends of
the feathers ; wing-coverts uniform sandy brown ; bastard-wing
brown, externally whity brown ; primary-coverts and quills brown,
externally sandy brown, paler and more whity brown on the margins
of the primaries ; rump and upper tail-coverts uniform sandy brown ;
tail-feathers dark brown, edged with sandy brown, inchning to
whity brown towards the ends of the outer feathers ; crown of the
head a little more rufescent, but streaked with dark brown in the
same manner as the back ; lores and eyebrow buffy whitish, as also
the feathers round the eye ; ear-coverts pale isabelline, darker
brown along the extreme upper margins ; cheeks white, separated
from the ear-coverts by a distinct line of black ; throat, breast, and
abdomen whitish ; sides of the breast streaked with pale vinous ;
flanks and thighs uniform pale isabelline ; under tail-coverts like
the abdomen ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale isabelline ;
quills light ashy brown below, inner edges isabelline ; " bill brownish
black above, lower mandible flesh}' ; legs and feet flesh-colour ;
claws brownish horny ; iris dark brown " (ScuUi/). Total length
G'3 inclies, culmen 0-G, wing 2-6, tail 3-4, tarsus 0-95.

Adult male. Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0'55, wing 2"5,
tail '3-4, tarsus 0'9. (Mks. 11. G. Wardlaw Hamsaij.)

Two young males according to Dr. Scidly had the bill grey horny,
brownish or dusky above ; irides dark brown ; legs and feet fleshy ;
claws brownish horny.

Hab. Turkestan.*

a. 5 ad. sk. Koslitak, Plains of Yarkand, Dr. Henderson [C].

Sept. 10. (Type of species.)

13. LATICILLA. ^

Type.
Eurycercus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 374 (1844, nee

Baird, 1843) L. burnesi.

Laticilla, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 596 (1845) L. burnesi.

Range. From Sindh down the valley of the Ganges, extending
into Lower Bengal.

Ke)j to the Species.

a. Under tail-coverts deep chestnut ; sides of neck

tawuy buft", streaked with black burnesi, p. 119.

b. Under tail-coverts whitish or pale fulvescent ; sides

of neck uniform ashy brown cinerascens, p. 119.

* RlIOPOPIIILUS DESERTI.

Rliopophilus, Prjev. in Morgan's ed. Tian-Shan and Loh Nor, p. 63(1878).
Rhopophihis pekinensis, var. major, Prjev. ui supra.

Hah. Tamir river, lat. 40° N., long. 86° E., north-east side of the desert of Gobi.
This bird, distinguished from R. pekinensis by its "larger size and paler
coloration," may prove to be R. albosuperciliaris.

13. LATICILLA. 119

1. Laticilla burnesi.

Eurycercus iDurnesii, Bhith, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 374 (1844) ; Jerd.

Laticilla burnesii, Bh,fh, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 596 (1845) ; Hume,

Str. F. 1873, p. 180, 1879, p. 97 ; Doig, t. c. p. 370.
Sphenceacus (?)^umesii, Blyth, Cat B. Mus As. -^^^-E- If (1849).
/egalurus burnesii, Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 206, no. 2196 (1869).

■ AduU female in breeclim/-pliimage (teste S. Doig). General colour
above ashy brown, mesially streaked with blackish brown ; the head
slightly washed with fulvous ; hind neck and mantle as well as the
sides of the neck rufescent. with very distinct blackish-brown streaks
down each feather ; rump uniform ashy brown, the upper tail-coverts
also ashy brown, but obscurelv streaked down the centre with dusky ;
wing-coverts ashy brown ; quills light brown, externally ashy brown
like the back, with a slight tinge of olive ; tail-feathers very broad
and loose, ashy olive-brown, margined with lighter ashy brown, the
outer feathers with a faint indication of a narrow rufescent bar at
the tip ■ all the feathers with a slight appearance of dusky barring
under certain lights ; lores duU white ; eyelid and a narrow eye-
brow purer white, running from the base of the bill, and streaked
behind with blackish ; cheeks white, with a few small streaks of
duskv black ; ear-coverts ashy brown, washed with fulvous behind
and slightly varied with broad streaks of dusky ; throat and under
surface of body white, the sides of the breast and flanks light brown,
longitudinally streaked with dusky ; thighs light brown ; under
tail-coverts bright ferruginous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
whitish, the lower series pale brown like the under surface ot the
quills which are pale brown below, creamy white along the edge of
the inner web ; " bill horny above, yellowish beneath ; legs yellow-
brown ; irides brownish yellow " (Jerdon). Total length T'o inches,
culmen 0-5.5, wing 2-25,"tail 4-4, tarsus 0-8.
Hub. Scinde ; valley of the Ganges.

a 2 ad sk. Eastern Narra, Scinde, Feb. 12, S. Doig, Esq. [P.].
* 1881.

2. Laticilla cinerascens *.
Eurycercus cinerascens, Walden, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvi.

LaticiUa cinerascens, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97 (1879).

Adult male (Dobri, Lower Bengal, November 27, 1873; type
of species) General colour above olive-brown, washed with ashy
and streaked with dark brown down the centre of the feathers, a
little more ashy on the rump and upper tail-coverts and also on the
forehead and sides of crown; wing-coverts like the back, ashy on
the least series ; bastard-wing feathers dark brown, externally like

* Scarcely a typical Laficilh.the feet being much stronger than in L. humesi,
which, moreover, has a longer tail.

120 TIMELIID^

the back ; priinarj'-covorts darker brown, edged with olive ; quills
brown, externally ashy olive ; tail-feathers brown, washed with
olive on the outer web, the centre of the feathers darker brown ;
lores, feathers in front of the eye, and eyelid white ; ear-coverts
ashy ; cheeks and under surface of body white, ashy on the sides of
the breast and flanks, the latter washed with brown as also the
thighs externally ; under tail-coverts yellowish white or pale
fulvous ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, with a dusky spot
near the edge of the wing ; quills ashy below, whitish along the edge
of the inner web. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0'55, wing 2"1,
tail 3-15, tarsus 0-8. (Mus. R. G. Wanllaw liamsai/.)
Hah. Dobri, Lower liengal.

14. ELLISIA. „

Type.
Ellisia, Hartlauh, J.f. 0. 18G0, p. O-} E. typica.

Range. Confined to Madagascar.

Messrs. Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, in their great work on
the Natural History of Madagascar, enter at some length into the
question of Ellisia typica and its races. They point out that in
Madagascar the fauna of the eastern part of the island, where the
countrj' is mountainous and the climate wet, is different from that
of the lower and dryer western side, and that variations in the
plumage of Ellisia take place according to locality : three forms are
recognizable ; but, as intermediate specimens occur, Grandidier con-
cludes that they cannot be reckoned as species, but merely as races.
I follow him in the present work ; but have to state that E. lantzi
occurs in Ankafaua along with true E. tyjpica.

1. Ellisia typica.

Ellisia typica, HaHl. J. f. 0. 18G0, p. 92 ; id. Beitr. Faun. Madaq. p. 37
(1861) ; E. Neiotun, Ibis, 1863, p. 343, pi. xiii. (egg) ; Sclater, P. Z. S.
1863, p. 162 ; Verr. in Vinson's Voy. Madag., Ann.B. p. 2 (1865) ;
A. Neivt. P. Z. S. 18G5, p. 835 ; Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867,
p. 358 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2845 (1869) ; Sha,-pe,
P. Z. S. 1870, p. .391 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 32 (1871) ; Bartl. P. Z. S.
1875, p. 65 ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 113 (1877).

Drymoica morelii, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2748 (1869, ex
Pollen MSS.).

Ellisia madagascariensis tvpica, Milne-Edwards 6f Grandid. in
Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. .329, pis. 127, 128 a, 129
(1881).

Adalt. General colour above dingy olive-brown, slightly clearer
olive- brown on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like
the back ; quills brown, externally olive-brown like the back ; tail-
feathers brown, narrowly margined with olive-brown, the outer

14. ELLISIA. 121

feathers narrowly edged and tipped with whity brown ; lores dusky ;
over the eye a scarcely perceptible streak of fulvous ; ear-coverts
light olive-brown ; cheeks and throat whitish, slightly washed with
fulvous-brown on the fore nock ; the throat and fore neck distinctly
streaked with dark brown, broader on the latter ; breast and sides
of body olive-brown ; thighs clearer brown ; under tail-coverts light
brown, broadly edged with yellowish white ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts very pale brown ; quills light brown below, ashy ful-
vous along the edge of the inner web ; " feet brownish ; iris clear
brown" {Gmndidier). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing
2-55, tail 2-9, tarsus 1.

Young. Much yellower than the adult, especially on the under
surface of the body, which is uniform and does not show the streaks
on the throat ; the colour of the upper surface also much more
olive.

JIab. Eastern side of Madagascar.

a, h. Ad. ; c. Juv. sk. Betsileo. Hev. A. Shaw [C.].

d \d ; e. Juv. sk. Fianavantsoa. Tiev. W. Deans Cowan [C.l.

f (I h J ad. : i. d Ankafana forest, Rev. W. Deans Cowan [C.].

juv.sk. March 1881.

k, I. 2 ad. ; m, n, o. Ankafana forest, Rev. W. Deans Cowan [C.].

5 juv. sk. March 1881.

p, q. 'S 2 ad. sk. Madagascar.

r rT ad sk. Madagascar. MM. Pollen and \ an Dam

[C.].
s. Ad. sk. Noce Vola ( Cross- R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

ley).

Subsp. a. Ellisia filicum.
Drvmoica ellisia, Schl. P. Z. S. 1800, p. 421 ; id. Sf Pollen, Fame

'Madaq., Oh. p. 91, pi. 2%. fig. 2 (1808).
Ellisia lilicuni, Haiil. Voff. Madac/. p. 115 (1877).
Ellisia madagascariensis, var. filicum, Milne-Edwavds ^- Gmndid. rn

Gmndid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 330, pi. 127 (1882).

So similar to E. tyinca as scarcely to be distinguished from it. It
has the general colour a little more sombre : the throat, of a whitish
rufous colour, is bordered by a small yellowish collar and ordi-
narily it is not spotted, as in E. fypica, with small brown streaks ;
the breast and abdomen are darker and of an olive colour ; the ring
round the eye is not so clear, and there is no whitish superciliary
line; feet brownish ; iris brown. (Milne-Edw. and Grandidier.)

Hah. North-west Madagascar.

Subsp. /3. Ellisia lantzi.

Ellisia lantzi, Grmidid. Pcv. ft Mat/, do Zool. 18G7, pp. 86, 250, 358 ;

Ilaiil. Voq. Madaq. p. 116 (1877).
Drvmoica lantzii, (ir<n,, lland-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2840 (1809).
Ellisia mndagascaviensis, var. lantzii, Milne-Edwards Sf Grandid. ui

Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 330, pi. 128 (lb82).

122

TIMELIID.E.

Lantz's Ellisia is a pale western race of E. tiipica, much clearer
in colour. Upper aspect grej', slightly reddish on the back ; throat
and abdomen whitish ; tianks ashy ; ring round the eye white,
exactly like the other Ellislce, but the brown tints are replaced by
grey ; " iris brown ; feet brownish " (Orandidier), (Cf. Milne-Edw,
Sf Grandid. I. c.)

Hob. Southern and Western Madagascar.

a, &. 2 ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.

Ankafana forest, March

1881.
Betsileo.

Rev. W. Deans Cowan

[C.].
Rev. A. Shaw [C.].

Subsp. y. Ellisia longicaudata.

Ellisia longicaudata, E. Newton, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 299.

Similar to E. ti/pica, but darker in colour, and having the bill
and tail longer. Total length 7 inches, wing 2-5, tail 3-25, tarsus 1,
culmen 0'65. (E. Newton.)

Hah. Island of Anjuan, Comoro group.

A very doubtful species, the tail being exceeded in length by
some of Mr. Cowan's series from Ankafana forest.

15. MEGALURUS.

Type.

Megalurus, Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 159

( 1820) M. palustris.

Puod ytes, Cub. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 42 (1850 ) M. gramineus.

Bill and wiug of Megalurus palustris.

Range. Northern India, throughout the Burmese countries to Java,
Timor, Philippines, Papuan Islands, and Australia.

Key to the Species.

a. Upper tail-covorts and tail-feathers streaked with
dark brown down the centre.
a'. Fore neck and lower throat more or less di-
stinctly streaked with dark brown.
a". Size much larger ; wing over 3 inches :
under tail-coverts distinctly streaked
with dirk brown down the shaft palustris, p. 123.

15. MEGALURtrS. 123

h". Size very much smaller ; wing not 2'5
inches : "under tail-coverts yellowish buff,
with a faint shade of light brown in the

centre gramineus, p. 125.

h'. Fore neck and lower throat not spotted or

streaked with dusky; head more rufescent.

c". Mantle more or less ashy olive, with

blackish centres to the feathers.

a'". Breast pale fulvescent ; head bright

rufous ruficeps, p. 125.

b'". Breast somewhat ashy; head dark \macmms,^. 126.

rufous I ambuinensis, p. 127.

d". Mantle fulvous-brown with blackish
centres ; general tone of plumage fidves-
cent ; sides of body and flanks more

rufous yalactotes, p. 127.

b. Upper tail-coverts uniform deep rufous.

e". Larger; wing 2-7-2-85 inches: tail uni-
form chestnut ; inner secondaries mar-
gined with rufous buff timoriefisis, p. 128.

/". Smaller; wing 2-25-2-35 inches : tail
rufous, dark brown in the centre ; inner
secondaries edged with white alboUmbatus, p. 129.

1. Megalurus palustris.

Megalurus palustris, Horsf. Trans. LiJin. Soc. xiii. p. 159 (1820) ;

Gray, Gm. B. i. p. 1U9 (1845) ; Blytli, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.

p. 139 (1S49); Bp. Omsp. i. p. 279 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th.

i p 45 (1850) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 330

(1854); Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 70 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 30;
. Gray,Hand-l. B. i. p. 206, no. 2905 (1869); Bhmf. Ibis, 1870,

p. 467 ; Ilame, Nests ^- Ef/f/s Lid. B. p. 276 (1873) ; id. Str. F. 1874,

p. 476; id. Sf Gates, Str'.^F. 1875, p. 124; Walden, Tr. Zuol. Soc.

ix. pp. 189, 250 (1875); Bhjth Sf Wald. B. Burm. p. 118 (1875);

Ball, Str. F. 1876, p. 233; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlv.

p 78 (1876) ; S/iarjie, Trans. Liiin. Soc, new series, Zool. i. p. 352

(i876) ; Gates, Str. F. 1877, p. 156 ; Ttveedd. P. Z.S. 1877, p. 694;

Anderson, Zool. E.vped. Yun-na7i, Aces, p. 639 (1878) ; Ball, Str.

F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 214 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97 ; Inglis, Str. F.

1880, p. 25S ; Tf'ardlair Baimag, Ttveedd. Orn. Worls, p. 657

(1881) ; Gates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 106 (1883).
Malurus marginalis, Te^mn. PI. Col. iii. pi. Ixv. fig. 2 (1823, ex

Peinw. MSS.) ; Kittl. Voy. Liitke (Postels), Bd. iii. p. 326.
Meo-alurus citrinus. Gray ^ Mitch. Gen. B. i. p. 169, pi. 48 (1848) ;

B}). Consp. i. p. 279 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 206, no. 2906

(1869).

Advlt male. General colour above fulvous-brown, broadly streaked
with black down the back, less distinctly on the hinder neck and
very minutely and obscurely on the head ; lower back and rump
uniform fulvous-brown, as also the upper tail-coverts, tho latter
with narrow blackish-brown streaks ; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back, and centred with blackish brown in the same
way ; greater covei'ts, as well as the bastard-wing feathers and

124

TIMELITD^.

primary-covorts dark bro-wn, externally fulvous-brown ; quills dark
brown, externally fulvous-brown, a little more rufescent than the
back, the secondaries broadly edged with whity brown near their
tips ; tail-feathers light brown, waved with dusky under certain
lights, and edged with fulvous-brown, the outer feathers slightly
paler towards their tips ; lores whitish, the feathers above the eye
purer white, and forming an eyebrow which fades away above the
car-coverts ; eyelid and feathers below the eye dull white ; ear-
coverts light brown, the fore part buffy white ; cheeks dull white
on the fore part, shading into light brown on the hinder part ;
throat pure white ; remainder of under surface pale fulvous, deeper
on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts, the latter being
streaked with narrow blackish stripes down the centre of the
feathers ; sides of chest and sides of breast slightly shaded with
ashy, the lower throat and fore neck narrowly streaked with
blackish, a few stripes also perceptible on the flanks ; axillaries very
pale tawny buff; under wing-coverts creamy buff, mottled with
blackish centres to the feathers ; quills light brown below, ashy
fulvous along the inner web ; " biU black, the mandible leaden
grey ; legs horn-brown, the claws dark horn-brown ; iris orange-
brown " (^. j^i/ere^). Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing
3"8o, tail -Jr-So, tarsus 1-45.

Adult female. Coloured like the male, but much smaller. Total
length 8 inches, culmen O'S, wing 3'15, tail 3'9, tarsus 1'3.

Young. Distinguished from the adult by the yellow colour of the
under surface and lores ; the streaks on the throat absent, and only
slightly indicated on the sides of the chest ; flanks and under tail-
coverts uniform light rafescent brown. Above, the general colour
is rather more rufescent, and the dark streaks are not quite so
pronounced.

Hah. Bengal and Central India, extending throughout the Bur-
mese counh'ies in suitable localities, and reappearing in Java and
the Philippine Islands.

a, 6, c. Ad. sk. N.W.India. Capt.StaekhousePinwill[P.].

d. (S ad. sk. N.W. India. Capt.StackhousePinwiU[P.J.

e. 2 ad. sk. Dilkoosha, Cachar, Jan. J. Inglis, Esq. [C.].

29, 1879.

/. Ad. sk. Ava. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].

g. Ad. sk. Bhamau,UpperBurmah, Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

Jan. 28, 1868.

h. <S ad. sk. Tsitkau, Upper Burmah, Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

Feb. 6, 1875.

i. 2 ad. sk. Mvitkvo, Sittang river, Eugene W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

March 21, 1^74.

k. d ad. ; /. $ Pegu, Nov. 1880. Eugene W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

juv. sk.

m,n.(S $ad. sk. Java (Leiden Museum). F. D. Godman and O. Salvin,

Esqrs. [P.].

o. Juv. sk. Java. Purchased.

^, g". Ad.; r. Juv. Jaya (Sors/teld). India Museum. (Types of

sk. species.)

8. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].

15. MEGALTJRUS. 125

t. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands {H. Eytou Collection.

Cumin (j).

«. Ad. sk. Manila, Luzon. Gould Collection.

V. Ad. St. Cataguan, Luzon. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].

2. Megalurus gramineus.

Sphenoeacus gramineus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 19 ; id. B. Austr.

fol. iii. pi. m ( 1848) ; id. Handb. B. Ausfr. i. p. 400 (1865) ; Diqqles,

Orn. Austr. pi. 47. fig. 1 (1870) ; Bamsay, Proc. Liim. Soc. N. 8. TV.

ii. p. 186 (1878).
Megalurus gramineus, Grm/, Gen. B. i. p. 169 (1848) ; Bp. Co?isp. i.

p. 279 (1850) ; Grmj, Haml-l. B. i. p. 206, no. 2914 (1869).
Poodytes gramineus, Cah. Mm. Hdn. Th, i. p. 42 (1850).

Adult. General colour above fidvous-brown, broadly streaked
with black down the centre of the back and mantle, which are also
somewhat tinged with ashy brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts
clearer fulvous-brown, the latter rather broadly streaked with dusky
brown ; forehead rather more rufous than the crown of the head,
the latter plainly streaked with black ; wing-coverts like the back'
centred with blackish brown, margined with fulvous ; primary-
coverts dark brown, very narrowly edged with fulvous; quills
brown, edged with fulvous-brown, inclining to whity brown on the
margins of the secondaries ; tail-feathers brown, edged with fulvous
or ashy brown ; lores and a tolerably distinct eyebrow dull white ;
cheeks and car-coverts dull white, slightly m'ottled with dusky
edgings to the feathers; throat and under surface of body dull
white; the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts fulvescent, the
latter rather broadly centred with light brown ; the lower throat,
fore neck, and sides of body narrowly streaked with dark brown ;
axillaries and under wing-coveits light fulvous, mottled near the
edge of the wing with a few dusky spots ; quills light brown below,
ashy fidvous along the edge of the inner web ; " bill and tarsi
fleshy brown" {Gould). Total length 5-75 inches, culmen 0-5,
wing 2-3, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-75.

The female resembles the male, according to Gould.

Hah. "VVestern and Southern Australia, extending as far north as
Port Denison on the east coast of the continent.

«• f f ^}- South Australia. Gould Collectiou.

0- Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased.

c, d. Ad. sk. [Tasmania.] Ronald Guuu, Esq.

3. Megalurus ruficeps.

Mammy in Tweedd. Orn. Tl'orks, p. 657 (1881).

Adult female (type of the species). General colour above ashy,

the feathers mesially centred with dark brown ; lower back and rump

browner than the mantle and uniform ; wing-coverts brown, exter-

126 TIMELIID^.

nally broadly -washed with ashy like the mantle, the greater series
■washed with reddish browu ; bastard-wing feathers dark brown, ex-
ternally ashy whitish ; primary-coverts and quills dark brown,
externally rufesccnt, paler on the primaries, the inner secondaries
broadly edged with ashy ; upper tail-coverts dull ashy, with distinct
shaft-streaks of dark brown ; tail-feathers brown, Avashed externally
with rufesceut brown and waved with dusky bars under certain
lights ; crown of head and nape bright rufous, hind neck somewhat
mottled with very indistinct darker rufous centres ; lores and a di-
stinct eyebrow white, the hinder part of the latter ashy fulvous ; eye-
lid whitish ; ear-coverts ashy, slightly tinged with rufous, with
distinct whitish shaft-streaks ; cheeks yellowish buff, with dusky
tips to the feathers ; sides of the neck ashy ; throat white, shading
into yellowish buff on the fore neck and chest ; breast and abdomen
white ; sides of the body ashy fulvous, the flanks browner ; thighs
clear fulvous-brown ; under tail-coverts fulvous with dusky centres ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish bufl^, mottled with black
near the edge of the wing ; quiUs below brown, pale rufescent along
the inner edge of the quills ; " bill brown, lower half grey ; legs
and feet whitish ; iris dull burnt-sienna brown or light clay-brown"
{A. Everett). Total length 9 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-75, tail
4-9, tarsus I'l.

Adult male. Similar to the female in colour, and only a trifle
larger. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-85, tail 4-6,
tarsus 1-1-5. {Mus. R. G. Wardlmu Ramsay.)

Hah. Philippine Archipelago — islands of Luzon, Negros, Cebu,
and Basilan.

a. 5 ad.sk. Valencia, Negros, Aug. 1877. Capt.R.G.WardlawEamsay
4. Megalurus macrurus.

Sphenoeacus macrurus, Salvad. Aim. Mus. Civic. Genov. ix. p. 35

(1876).
Megalurus interscapularis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 85, pi. vi. ; id.

Ibis, 1880, p. 308.
Megalurus sp., Lm/ard, Ibis, 1880, p. 308.
Meo'alurus macrurus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 189

(1880) ; id. Oni. della Papuasia etc. ii. p. 420 (1881).

• Adult (type of M. interscapularis, Sclater). General colour above
light brown, slightly olivaceous in tint ; the hind neck, mantle, and
scapulars streaked mesiallj" with blackish brown, more broadly on
the latter ; lower back and rump uniform light olivaceous brown,
the upper taU-coverts a little darker and with blackish mesial
streaks ; wing-coverts rather more fulvous-brown than the back, the
median and greater series centred with black, the bastard-wing
feathers somewhat more ashy ; primary -coverts and quills dark
brown, externally rufous, the inner secondaries ashy fulvous along
both webs : tail-feathers light brown, edged with fulvous-brown,
and black along the shafts ; head uniform rufous-brown, with a few
faintly indicated black streaks ; lores and a well-defined eyebrow

15. MEGALURFS. 127

bviflPy white, as well as the ej'elid : the superciliary streaks inclining
to ashy brown like the sides of the neck ; ear-coverts light brown,
streaked with whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks and under surface of body
dull white, the fore neck, chest, and sides of breast ashy, the flanks,
thighs, and under tail-coverts more fulvescent brown ; axillaries
fulvous; under wing-coverts huffy whitish, mottled with black cen-
tres to the feathers near the edge of the wing ; under surface of
quills ashy brown below, fulvescent along the inner web ; " bill
black above, white below ; feet whitish ; iris chestnut " (D'Alhertis).
Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-75, tail 4-2, tarsus 1*15.
Hab. South-eastern New Guinea, extending into New Britain.

a. Ad. sk. New Britain. Eev. G. Brown [C.]. (Type

of M. 77)(erscapukirts, Sclater.)
b,c. J 5 ad. sk. New Britain, Nov. Godeffroy Museum.
1880 {Kleinschmidt).

5. Megalurus amboinensis.

Sphenceacus amboineusis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Getiov. vii. p. 988

(1875).
Megalurus amboiiiensis, Sahrid. Arm. Mus. Civic. Gevov. xvi. p. 189

(1880); id. Oni. della Papuasia etc. ii. p. 421 (1881).

Adult. Head rufous, the feathers duller in the centre ; back greyish
olive, the feathers with broad dusk}' streaks down the middle ; rump
unspotted and rufescent in colour, the shafts dusky ; lores whitish ;
a superciliary line pale greyish olive ; underneath, white in the
centre of the body, the sides and under tail-coverts greyish rufous ;
sides of breast duller grey ; upper wing-coverts greyish olive, dusky
in the middle ; quills dusky, externally margined with rufous, the
inner secondaries duller, but greyish olive on the edges ; the quills
margined with rufous on the inner web ; under wing-coverts rufes-
cent ; t;iil-feathers greyish olive, with obsolete transverse barring,
the shafts dusky ; upper mandible dusky, the lower one whitish.
Total length 6*1 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2"15, tail 2-9, tarsus 1-85.
{Salvadori.)

Hah. Amboyna.

Count Salvadori compares it with M. galactotes, but says that it
is smaller.

6. Megalurus galactotes.

Malurus galactotes, Temm. PL Col. 6o. fig. 1 (1823).

Megalurus galactotes, Vig. ^ Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 228

(1827) ; Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 35 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i.

p. 109 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 279 (1850) ; Gould, llandh. B.

Austr. i. p. 399 (1865); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 206, no. 2909

(1869).
Sphenocacus galactotes, Diggles, Orn. Austr. pi. 47. tig. 2 (1870) :

Ramsay, Trans. Linn. Soc. iV. S. W. ii. p. 187 (1878).

Adult. General colour above dull fulvous-brown, with a slightly
ashy tinge on the back, which is broadly streaked with black down

128 TIMKLITP.T'.

the centres of the feathers ; lower back and rump uniform fulvous-
brown ; the upper tail-coverts slightly washed with asliy, and
having dark brown or blackish mesial streaks ; up]>er wing-coverts
like the back, with scarcely any indications of dark central streaks,
these, however, being very broadly indicated on the greater series;
baatard-wing feathers, primarj'-covcrts, and quills dusky brown,
externally more rufous, the innermost secondaries broadly mar-
gined on both webs with fulvous-brown : tail-feathers light fulvous-
brown, barred with dusky under certain lights and edged with
fulvous-brown ; head and nape uniform rufous, except for a few
black streaks in the middle of the crown ; lores dull whitish ; eye-
brow butfy whitish, shading into light ashy brown on the hinder
part like the sides of the neck ; eyelid butfy white ; ear-coverts
brown, tinged with rufous on the upper margin, and narrowly
streaked with whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks and under surface of
body dull white, yellowish buff on the chest and sides of body,
deepening on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; axillaries
fulvous ; iinder wing-coverts creamy buff, the lower series rather
more ashy ; quills brown below, pale ashy rufous along the edge of
the inner web; "upper mandible olive-brown, the cutting-edges
yellowish white ; lower mandible bluish white ; tarsi and feet
reddish tlesh-colonr ; iris light brown" (Go?/ W). Total length G-5
inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-6, tail y-35, tarsus 0-9.

Hah. Victoria and New South Wales, extending along the entire
east coast of Australia to Cape York, and along the north coast to
Port Essington.

a. Ad. sk. Norman Eiver. Gould Collection.

b. Ad. sk. Eiclnnond Eiver. A. P. Goodwin [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Somerset, Cape York F. D. Godman and 0.

iCockerell ^- Thorpe). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

d. e. Ad. ; /. Juv. Cape York {Cockerell). F. D. Godman and O.
sk. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

g. Ad. St. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.].

'h. Ad. St. Austraha. Earl of Derby [P.].

7. Megalurus timoriensis.

Megalurus timoriensis, Wallace, P. Z. 8. 180.3, p. 489 ; Finsch, Nm-
Chiinea, p. 166 (1865) ; Gray, Haml-l. B. i. p. 206, no. 2907
(1869).
Adult male (type of species). General colour above dull fulvous-
brown, more or less shaded with rufous, the feathers broadly
centred with blackish brown : lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts bright ferruginous ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the
back, the greater series dark brown, externally light rufous-brown ;
quills blackish, externally rufous, the inner secondaries broadly
margined with light fulvous on both wcl)s ; tail-feathers light brown
M-ith black shafts, and washed with rufous on the edges : crown of
head ferruginous, narrowing on the nape and quite uniform ; lores
dull whitish ; from the base of the bill an eyebrow of yellowish buff.

15. MEGAHTRUS. 129

tho hinder part of this superciliary streak ashy like the sides of the
neck ; car-cororts brown, washed with rufous on their upper mar-
gin, and streaked with bufFy-white shaft-lines ; cheeks and under-
parts white, the sides of the breast ashy brown, the flanks and sides,
as well as the under tail-coverts, fulvous browu, as also the thighs,
the hocks of the knee being rufous; axillaries fulvous ; under wing-
coverts creamj^ buff, mottled with blackish near the outer edge,
the lower series ashy rufous ; quills light brown below, ashy rufous
along the inner web. Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 0'7, wing 2*7,
tail 4-9, tarsus 1-1.

Adult fcmilt'. Differs from the male above described only in
having sni;dl brown spots and streaks on tho lower throat and fore
neck. Total length 9-25 inches, culmen 07, wing 2-85, tail 4-1,
tarsus 1-1.

Nab. Timor.

a. J ad. sk. East Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

(Type of species.)
h. 2 ad. sk. East Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

8. Megalurus albolimbatus.

Poodytes albolimbatus, D' Albert. <§- Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov.
xiv. p. 87 (1879); Salvad. op. cit. xvi. p. 189 (1880); id. Orn.
Papuasia etc. p. 422 (1881).

Adult male (Fly River ; D'Albertis : type of species). General
colour above ferruginous, tho head, lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts uniform, excepting a slight indication of dusky striations
on tho head ; mantle and upper back more fulvous, the feathers
broadly centred with black ; wing-coverts black, with rufous-buff
margins, a little paler on the outer median coverts and bastard-wing
feathers ; quills black, edged with rufous-buff, the inner secon-
daries conspicuously bordered with white on both webs, aU tho
other quills narrowly fringed with whitish at the tips ; tail-feathers
dusky brown, with broad margins of dull rufous ; lores and a di-
stinct eyebrow yellowish buff, the latter whiter ; feathers round the
eye and ear-coverts yellowish buff, rufescent along the upper edge
of the ear-coverts ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body white,
with a wash of yellowish buff on the fore neck and chest, deepening
into tawny fulvous on the Hanks and thighs, the under tail-coverts
again a little paler ; under wing-coverts pale fulvous, the quills ashy
brown below, pale rufescent along the edge of the inner web ; " bill
brown, the lower mandible whitish ; feet fleshy ; iris chestnut "
{D'Albertis). Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0'6o, wing 2-25,
tail 2'35, tarsus 0'85. {Mus. Civic. Genov.)

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male, but a little duUer.
Total lengtli b'i inches, culmen 0"tj, wing 2-15, tail 2-35, tarsus
OSb. {Mus. Civic. Genov.)

Hub. South-eastern Xew Guinea.

180 TIMKLITD.'E.

ir,. CH^TORNIS. rfypg

Chffitoniis, Grmj, Gen. B. i. p. 167, pi. 48. fig. 9 (1848) . . C. striata.

Bill of Chafornls lonistelloide», to show rictal bristles.
Emuje. ludia.

1. Chaetornis locustelloides.

Dasyoruis locustelloides, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beyuj. xi. p. 002 (1842).

Dasyornis colliirioceps, Bhjth, torn. cit. p. COS (1842).

Megiilimis ? striatus, Jevd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 169 (1844).

ChEetoinis striata, Grmj, Gen. B. i. p. 167, pi. 48. fig. 9 ; Bp. Comp.
i. p. 280 (1850); Horsf. Sf 3Ioore, Cat. B. E.I Co. Mus. i. p. 3aO
(1854) ; Jerd. B. Jnd.'ii. p. 72 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 205,
no. 2898 (18()!)) ; Ball, Str. F. 1875, p. 288; Butler, Sfr. F. 1877,
p. 209; Ball,t.c. p. 416; Ifimie, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 215;
C'ripps, t. c. p. 279 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97 ; Butler, Cat. B.
Sind etc. p. 29 (1879).
? Spheuceacus striata, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 139 (1849).

Adult. General colour above brown, the feathers streaked with
dark brown in the centre, edged with fulvous brown, more inclining
to whity brown on the mantle ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts more uniform tlian the back, not so broadly streaked with
dark brown, except on the latter, which are washed with ashy ;
wing-coverts dark brown, broadly edged with tawny buff, inclining
to whity brown at the end of the feathers ; quills dai'k brown, ex-
ternally broadly margined with tawny buff, more rufescent towards
the base of the quills ; centre tail-feathers light brown, dark brown
alono- the middle of the feathers, which have also dark-brown bars
radiating from the dark centre ; the remainder of the feathers dark
brown, washed externally with lighter brown and tipped with
white ; head rather darker than the back, the feathers only narrowly
ed'^ed with lighter brown, the forehead entirely fulvous brown ;
lores dull whitish ; over the eye a streak of bufly white from the
base of the bill to above the ear-coverts, where it is tinged with
ashy brown ; below the eye a shade of black ; ear-coverts dull
rufous, buffy white on the fore part, like the cheeks ; throat and
centre of body dull white, yellowish buff on the chest and sides of
the body, thighs, and under tail-coverts : axillaries and under wing-
coverts buffy white ; quills ashy below, narrowly edged with fulvous
alon'' the inner web ; " bill blackish horny ; inside of mouth blackish ;
legs dark tieshy ; iris stone-brown " {J. R. Cripps). Total length
7-75 inches, culmen 0-7, wing C*3, tail 3-3, tarsus 1-1.

17. CALAMOCTCULA. 131

According to Jerdon the/t')Hrt?(; is smaller than the nude; though
Mr. Cripps gives the wing as 3-50 inches, as in the male. " Bill fleshy
at base, the rest horny; legs fleshy; iris light chocolate-brown" {J. R.
Cripiis). Another female had the " bill horny above, pale beneath ;
legs light purplish ; iris dark brown " {J. li. Cripps).

Young. Differs from the adult in being much more yellow about
the face and on the underparts, the edges to the feathers of the
upper parts being also more ochreous buff; on the fore neck and
chest a few indications of dusky streaks.

Hab. Plains of Upper and Central India.

a. Vix ad. sk. Madras (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

b. Ad. sk. Madras (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

c. d, e. Ad. sk, Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].

(Types of C. striata.)

f. Ad. sk. Dinapore. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

[P.].

g, h, i. Ad. ; k, I. N. Bengal. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill
Jun. sk. [P.].

m. 2 ad. sk. Calcutta. Major J. Biddulph [C.].

17. CALAMOCICHLA.

Calamoherpe, pt., auctorum recentiion.

Range. Confined to Madagascar and the Cape-Yerd Islands.

Key to the Species.

a. With stripes on the breast neivtoni ad., p. 131.

b. With the breast uniform.

«'. Lower mandible brown, yellowish only at
extreme base ; breast and flanks deep ful-
vous brown; upper surface dark brown . . ncwto7ii ]u.v., p. 132.

b'. Lower mandible yellow, only the tip brown ;
breast pale fulvous like the rest of the
under surface ; flanks light tawny buff,
upper surface russet-brown breiipennis ad., p. 132.

1. Calamocichla newtoni.

Calamoherpe newtoni, Hartl. P. Z. S. 18(33, p. 165 ; £. Newt. Ibis,
1863, p. 344, pi. xiii. fig. 3 (egg) ; Verr. in Vinson, Voy. Madag.,
Ann. B, p. 2 (I860) ; Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zuol. 1867, p. 358 ;
Hartl. Viig. Madag. p. 116 (1877).

Calamodyta ne^^•toni, Schkyel, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 421 ; id. S^PolLFaune
Madag., Ois. p. 00, pi. xxviii. (1868) ; Grag, Hand-/. B. i. p. 207,
no. 2936 (1869) ; Milne-Edwards ^- Grandid. in Grundid. Hist.
Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 336, pi. 131 (1881).

Adult. General colom* above russct-brown, more dingy on the
head, and decidedly more rufous on the rump and upper tail-coverts ;
wing-coverts dark brown, edged with the same colour as the back,
the quills also dark brown, margined with russet-brown, inclining

k2

1 32 TIMELIID J5.

to -whity bro-u-n on the outer edge of the primaries ; tail-feathers
brown, barred across with dusky under certain lights, edged with
lighter brown, the outermost narrowly margined with whity brown
at the tip and along the inner web ; lores and a tolerably well
defined eyebrow fulvous ; ear-coverts and sides of face fulvous, the
former browner along their hinder margin; cheeks, throat, and
chest yellowish wbite, plainly streaked with dusky brown ; remainder
of under surface yellowish, browner on the sides of the breast; the
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts deep fulvous, almost tawny in
shade ; axillaries and under wing-coverts deep fulvous ; quills ashy
brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web ; " feet
leaden-grey; iris clear brown" {Grandklier). Total length 5'25
inches, culmen 0"75, wing 2-G5, tail 3, tarsus 1*05.

Yonnc). A little duller brown than the adult, and not showing
any streaks on the under surface, the breast being plain fulvous
brown, and the flanks also of this colour, but a trifle brighter ; sides
of face also dull brown.

Hah. Madagascar.

a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Fianarantsoa, Betsileo. Rev. W. Deans Cowan [C.].

c. Juv. sk. Madagascar. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.].

2. CalamocicMa brevipennis.

Calamodyta brevipennis, Keulemans, Nederl. Tijdsch. Dierk. 8vo, iii.
p. 368 (1866, ex Dohrn, MSS.) * ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 207,
no. 2928 (1869).

Adult. General colour above russet-brown, rather duller on the
head, and a little more clear on the lower part of the back and
rump ; wing-coverts and quills dusky brown, margined with a little
clearer russet than the back ; tail-feathers uniform brown, narrowly
edged with russet-brown ; lores dull white, the feathers above the
eye and eyelid fulvescent, but no distinct eyebrow ; ear-coverts
dingy brown ; cheeks, throat, and underparts dull white, slightly
washed with yellowish buff ; sides of the breast, and flanks, as well
as the thighs and under tail-coverts, yellowish buff or light tawny
buff ; axillaries and under wing-coverts of the same colour as the
sides of the breast ; quills light brown below, fulvescent along the
edge of the inner web. Total length 6-25 inches, culmen 1-85,
wing 2-4, tail 2-5, tarsus 1.

Hah. Confined to the island of San Nicolas, Cape-Verd archi-
pelago.

a Ad.sk. S. Nicolas, Cape-Verd Islands. Dr. Dohrn [C.].

* Aa far as I can find out, this species has never been described. I therefore
adopt Dr. Dohrn's MS. name.

18, CALAMONASTES. 133

18. CALAMONASTES.

Tarsus of Calamonastcs fasciolafus, to show scutellations.
Range. South Africa, extending into Central Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Wing-coverts tipped with buffy white ; upper

surface fulvous brown, clearer and more tawny

on the rump and upper tail-coverts fasciolatus, p. 133.

h. Wing-coverts uniform, witliout any pale tips ;

upper surface uniform dull ashy brown tindosus, p. 134.

1. Calamonastes fasciolatus.

Drymoica fasciolata. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. exi. fig. 2

(1847) ; £p. Consj). i. p. 283 (1850) ; Lal/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 86,

no. 148 (1867) ; Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2746 (1869) ;

Sharpe, Cut. Afr. B. p. 31, no. 296 (1871) ; Buckley, Ibis, 1874,

p. 373.
Cossypha fasciiventris, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh.

1850, p. 101, no. 19.
Aedon fasciolata. Gurnet/, Ibis, 1871, p. 152 ; id. in Anderss. B. Dam.

Ld. p. 90, no. 113 (1872).
Cisticola fasciolata, Sharpe, ed. Luyard B. S. Afr. p. 273 (1876) ;

Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 254.

Adult. Above warm brown, rather rufescent, the rump and
upper tail-coverts rather lighter and more tawny rufous ; wings
brown, the coverts edged with fulvous-brown, and all tipped with
white or fulvous-white ; quills brown, externally edged with rufous-
brown, the innermost secondaries margined with whitish at the tip ;
tail brown, the feathers edged with rufous-brown and all tipped
with fulvous, before which the colour darkens, but does not form a
subterminal band; lores and sides of face greyish white, waved
with transverse bars of blackish brown ; the ear-coverts washed with
brown, with whitish shaft-stripes ; under surface of body dull
white, the sides bright fulvous, deeper and more tawny on the
thighs and under tail-coverts; the throat very slightly, but the
chest and sides of the body distinctly crossed with zigzag or
V-shaped bars of dark brown ; under wing-coverts light buff, the
lower surface of the quills ashy brown, edged with pale rufous
along the inner web ; " upper mandiljle dark liver-brown, the lower
edge and the under mandible dark blui.sh or purple ; legs pale flesh-
colour, toes the same, but a trifle darker ; iris yellowish brown "'
{AncJersson).

134 TIMKLIID^.

The sexes measure as follows: —

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,

in. in. in. in.

cJ . Damara Laud 60 2-4 2-15 0-85

2 . Damara Laud 4-5 2-25 2-0 0-85

The female is like the male in plumage.

Young. Very similar to the adult, and differing only in its less
banded under surface, the breast and flanks being uniform.

Hub. South Africa, extending from the interior of the Cape
Colony to the Mashooua country on the east, and to Damara Land
on the west.

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith _[C.].

(Type of species.)
h. Ad. sk, Damara Land. C. J. Andersson, Esq.

[C.].
c, (/. (S ad. et $ juv. sk. Otjimbinque, June 1866 R. B. Sharps, L.>q.

\C. J. Andersson).
e. 2 ad. sk. Matalko, Damara Land, E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

July 1866 (C. /. A.).

2. Calamonastes undosus.

Drymoeca undosa, Eeichenoic, J.f. O. 1882, p. 211.

Adult male (type of species). General colour above uniform dark
ashy brown ; wing-coverts like the back ; the greater coverts ob-
scurely edged with lighter ashy ; bastard-wing feathers and pri-
mary-coverts dusky broA\Ti with ashy margins ; quills dark brown
with lighter brown margins, the inner secondaries like the back ;
tail-feathers brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, the
feathers with obsolete lighter brown margins, but having no dark
subtenniual bar ; crown of head like the back ; lores ashy whitish,
mottled with dusky bases ; feathers below the eye and the ear-
coverts dusky brown, streaked with whitish shaft-stripes ; cheeks
and throat dull white, barred with dusky brown ; fore neck and
chest ashy brown, with less distinct dusky cross bars, these becoming
still less distinct on the breast and abdomen, which are whiter ;
sides of the body and flanks washed with ashy ; thighs tawnj' ;
under tail-coverts apparently whitish ; under wing-coverts and ax-
illaries pale tawnj' buff, with dusky markings near the edge of the
wing ; quills below ashy brown, inner edge of quills pale fulvous ;
"bill black; feet and iris reddish jellow"' [Bohm). Total length
58 inches, culmen 0*o5, wing 2"55, tail 1-55, tarsus 0*85. {Mus.
Berol.)

Hah. Central Africa.

19. ORIG.MA. 135

19. ORIGMA. ^,^.p^

Origma, Guidd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 146 O. riibricala.

Range. Contined to Australia.

1. Origma nibricata.

Ruddy Warbler, Lath. Gen. Sr/n. Suppl. ii. p. 249 (1801).

Sylvia rubricata, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. Iv (1801).

Rock Warbler, Leicm, B. N. Holl. pl. 16 (1822).

Saxicola solitaria, Vig. !^- Hoisf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 236 (182/ ).

Origma rubricata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 148; id. B. Audi: tol. in.
pl. 69 (1848) ; Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 185 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 306
(1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 385 (1865); Gray, Hand-L
B. i. p. 230, no. 3314 (1869) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. W.
ii. p. 186 (1878).

Origma soUtaria, Leidn, B. N. S. W. 2nd ed. pl. 16 (1838).

Adult. General colour above sooty brown, slightly washed with
rufous on the rump ; lesser aud median wing-coverts like the back ;
bastard-wing feathers dark brown, externally light rufous-brown ;
greater coverts, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, externally
washed with ashy; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers blackish,
with narrow pale margins to the tips of the latter ; head like the
back, the frontal plumes pale rufous tipped with dusky brown ;
lores and feathers round the eye dull rufesceut, obscured with dusky
tips ; cheeks aud ear-coverts dull reddish browu, the latter washed
with sooty brown : throat ashy whitish, mottled with dusky bases ;
remainder of under surface deep ferruginous, becoming more dusky
and of a rufous-brown shade on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries light reddish brown ;
quills ashy brown below, ashy rufous along the edge of the inner
web ; " bill aud feet brownish black, the former rather lighter than
the latter; iris dark reddish brown" {Gould). Total length 5-8
inches, culmen 0-G, wing 2-6, tail 2-;J5, tarsus 0-9.

A young male is coloured like the adult, but is more dingy, and
the throat is washed with rufous.

Hub. New South Wales, extending to the Wide-Bay district on
the east coast of Australia.

a. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Purchased.

b. cJ juv. sk. Middle Harbour, near Sydney, Sydney Museum [P.].

December 1876.

c. d. Ad. sk. Queensland iCockerell Coll.). F. D. Godmau and O.
' Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

e. Ad. St. Australia. J- Gould, Esq.

13(3 TIMELin)^.

Group III. EREMOMEL^.

The birds included in this group are entirely African, and in
general aspect and mode of life are related to the true Warblers,
from which they cannot be widely separated ; on the other hand, the
heavier bill and large first primary also indicate affinities with the
true Timeliidce.

Key to the Genera.

a. Tail long, equal to the wing m length or

even slightly exceeding it ; outstretched
feet reaching nearly to the end of the taU;
wings falling short of the tail by more
than the length of the tarsus.
a'. Culmen gi-eater than the length of the

middle toe and claw ; hind toe (with

claw) equal to the middle toe (with

claw) ; feet rather strong, the middle

toe (without claw) more than half the

length of the tarsus 1. Apalis, p. 136.

b'. Culmen gi-eater than middle toe and

claw; hind toe (with claw) greater

than middle toe (with claw) ; feet

small; middle toe (without claw) not

nearly equal to half the tarsiis 2. Eupbinodes, p. 140.

c'. Culmen equal to the middle toe and

claw ; middle toe (with claw) greater

than hind toe (with claw) ' 3. DRYODROiiAS, p. 144.

b. Tail long, but not quite equal to wing in

length ; feet falling short of tail ; wing
falling short of tail by more than the
length of the tarsus.
d'. Bill stout, the gonys swollen and ascend-
ing; wing a little more pointed .... 4. Drymocichla*, p. 149.
e'. Bill pointed, the gonys nearly straight ;
winof more rounded.
a". Bill very delicate, the culmen not
exceeding hind toe and claw ; no

rictal bristles 5. Phyllolais, p. 149.

b". Bill a little stouter, culmen longer
than hind toe and claw; rictal
bristles obsolete 6. Eeoessa, p. loO.

c. Tail shorter, much less than the wing ;

distance between tip of wing and tip of
tail not more than tarsus.
/■'. Tarsi very plainly scutellated.

e' '. Tail so short as to be scarcely visible
beyond the long rump-feathers ; the

* The tails of Brymocichia and Eroessa will probably be found to show
generic differences ; but the only specimen of D. incana which I have seen un-
fortunately liad the tail imperfect.

1. APALIS. 137

outstretched feet extending far

beyond the tip of the tail 7. Sylviella, p. 153.

d". Tail longer ; outstretched feet only
reaching to the tail, scarcely beyond
it and sometimes not so far.
a'". Xasal apertiu'e linear ; the over-
hanging membrane bare.
a*. Wings very long, the distance
between the tip of the wing and
the tip of the tail not more than
the cidmeu in length ; culmen

shorter than the head 8. Eeemomela, p. lo7.

b^. Wings not quite so long, falhng
short of the tail by more than
the length of the culmen; cul-
men equal to the head 9. Camaroptera,

b'". Nostril witli a Lirge membrane, [p. 106.

swollen in front and open behind ;
superior membrane feathered along

its upper ridge 10. Hylia, p. 171.

ff'. Tarsus perfectly plain 11. Stiphrorxis, p. 173.

1. APALIS. ^^^^

Apalis, Swains. Zool. Illustr. 2nd series, iii. pi. 119

(183-'-33) A. thoracica.

Eminia, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 625 A. lepida.

Foot oi Apalis thoracica, to show proportions of toes.
Eange. Africa.

Keu to the Species.

a. With no black crescentic mark round the
nape,
a'. Crown of head grey or olive-green ;
back olive-gi-een ; throat white, tinged
with yellow ; abdomen pale yellow ;
acrossthe fore neck a baud of black . . thoracica, p. 138.
b'. Crown of head black ; back brown ;
under surface cinnamon-buif.
a". Throat black, as well as fore neck ;

sides of latter chestnut cerviniventris S , P 139.

b". Throat fidvescent ; fore neck with a

black patch cerviniventris $ , p. 139.

c'. Crown of head and upper surface black ;
fore neck and lower throat also black ;
chin white ; abdomen yellow, with a
pectoral band of cinnamon chariessa, p. 139.

138 TIMELIID^.

b. With a black crescentic band from each eye
round the nape ; yellowish green above ; crown
grey ; centre of throat chestnut lepida, p. 140.

1. Apalis thoracica.

Le Plastron noir, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. p. 96, pi. 123 (1802) ; Sun-

dev. Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 38 (1857).
Motacilla thoracica, Shaw S)- Nodder, Nat. Misc. xxii. pi. 969 (c. 1812) ;

Shaw, Gen. Zool. x. p. 562, pi. 56 (1817).
Saxicola thoracica, Licht. Verz. Bouhl. p. 32 (1823).
Sylvia gutturalis, Boie, teste Grai/.

Regulus ? thoracicus, Steph. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 232 (1826).
Apalis thoracia. Swains. Zool. Illustr. 2ud ser. iii. pi. 119 (1832-33).
Dryuioica thoracica, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ; Bp. Cons}). i.

p. 282 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 93 (1867) j Gray, Ifand-l.

B. i. p. 202, no. 2842 (1869).
Apalis thoracica, Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 31 (1859) ; Gvrney, Ibis,

1865, p. 266 ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 32 (1871) ; Shellei/, Ibis,

1875, p. 71 ; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 202 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard B.

S. Afr. p. 282 (1877).

Adult male. General colour above dull olive-green ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back ; median, greater, and primary-coverts, and
bastard wing dusky, margined with olive green like the back ; quills
dusky, with olive-green edges, a little lighter than the back ; pri-
maries somewhat ashy on the outer web ; upper tail-coverts ashy,
edged with olive-green ; centre tail-feathers ashy, dusky towards
the tips ; remainder dusky on the inner web, externally ashy,
the four outer feathers with white tips, increasing towards the
outermost, which is white with the inner base dusky ; crown of
head ashy grey ; occiput, nape, and hind neck like the back; lores
and feathers below the eye black, extending onto the fore part of
the ear-coverts ; ear-coverts ashy grey ; sides of the neck like the
back; cheeks and throat white, slightly tinged with yellow; fore
neck with a black band across ; remainder of under surface pale
yellow ; sides of body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts washed
with light olive-green ; under wing-coverts white, faintly washed
with yellow ; axillaries like the sides of the breast, light olive
greenish ; quills dusky below, inner edges ashy whitish ; " bill
black ; tarsus and feet pale : iris pale chrome-yellow" (F. A. Barratt),
"pale greenish yellow" (T. Ai/res). Total length 5 inches, culmen
0-55, wing 2-15, tail 2-2, tarsus O'S.

Female Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 1-95, tail 2-05,
tarsus O'So.

In breeding-plumage the general aspect of the bird is greyer
above, with scarcely any of the olive-green shade, while underneath
the colour is dull white, the yellow tinge being almost lost.

Young birds have the head olive-green like the back, and show
the breast-band much narrower than in the adults. The birds from
Macamac have all green heads, and, being shot at different times of
the year, are probably constant in this respect, in which case they
would belong to a distinct species.

1. A PALIS. 139

Hub. South Africa from the eastern districts of the Transvaal to
Natal, and thence along the southern countries of Africa to within
a short distance from Cape Town.

a. 2 ad. sk. Kuysna, Dec. 2, 1865, E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(C J. Anderssoii).
h. Ad. sk. Grabamstowu {E. L. E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Lai/ard).

c. cJ ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown, May Capt.H.TrevelyanrP.l.

21, 1877 (C. Newby).

d. (S imm. sk. Natal {Ayres). F. D. Godman and 0.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

e. Ad.; /. (S ad. sk. Natal. Dr. Gueinziiis [C.].

g. Ad. sk. Macamac, June 18, 1874. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [C.

h. $ ad. sk. Macamac, Nov. 20, 1874. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [0.

i. S ad, sk. Macamac, Dec. 16, 1874. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [C.

k. Ad. St. South Africa. Zoological Societv.

2. Apalis cerviniventris. (Plate III.)
Apalis cerviniventris, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 22.

Adult female'^ (type of species). General colour above brown, the
rump and upper tail-coverts slightly rufous buti'; wing-coverts like
the back ; quills dark brown, externally washed with the same
colour- as the back ; tail brown, obscurely washed with dusky under
certain lights ; crown of head and nape black ; sides of face also
black ; cheeks and throat fiUvous ; a large patch of black on the
throat ; remainder of under surface of body cinnamon-buff, paler on
the centre of the abdomen ; thighs washed with brown ; under
wing-coverts like the breast ; bill black; feet brown in skin, with
the claws yellow. Total length 4-7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2,
tail 1'85, tarsus 0-85.

Another specimen, apparently a male, differs from the foregoing
example in having the throat black and the sides of the chest chest-
nut. Wing 2-2 inches.

Hal). Gold Coast.

a. [ 2 ] ad. sk. Gold Coast. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(Tvpe of species.)

b. [d] ad. sk. Denkera (Aubinu). E. B". Sharpe, Esq. [P.],

3. Apalis chariessa.

Apalis chariessa, Eeichen. Or/i. Centralbl. 1879, p. 114; Fischer ^
Reichen. J. f. O. 1879, p. 354; Sharpe, J.f. O. 1882, p. 346.

Adult male (type of species). General colour- above glossy greenish
black ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back'; greater
coverts and bastard-wing feathers black, externally edged with
greenish black ; primary-coverts and quills black, with a white bar
down the wing formed by the white outer edges to the inner pri-

140 TIMELnD.^.

maries and outer secondaries ; tail-feathers black, tipped with white,
extending further up the inner web ; lores, feathers round the eye,
and ear-coverts black ; cheeks and throat white, followed by a patch
of black on the lower throat and fore nock ; remainder of under
surface bright yellow, inclining to orange on the chest and sides of
the breast : thighs whitish : axillaries yellow ; under wing-coverts
white ; quills blackish, edged with white along the inner web ; " bill
black ; feet light flesli-colour ; claws brownish black ; iris yellowish
brown " (Fkcher). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-85,
tail 2, tarsus 0-G5. (Mas. Berol.)
Hah. Mitole, Eastera Africa.

4. Apalis lepida.

Eminia lepida, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 625, pi. Ix. fig. 1 ; id. Ah-
handl. Nat. Ver. Brernen, vii. p. 91 (1881).

Adult female (Magungo, Xov. 26, 1879 ; Emin Bey). General
colour above yellowish green ; wing-coverts like the back, except
the lesser series, which are chestnut and form a wing-patch ; greater
coverts and quiUs olive-brown, externally yellowish green like the
back ; tail-feathers olive, yellowish green on their margins ; crown
of head bluish grey, hoary on the forehead ; lores, feathers above
the eye, and adjacent eyelid black, extending in a band round the
nape, on which also are some very distinct black nuchal hairs ;
feathers below the eye, with the adjacent eyelid and ear-coverts,
ashy whitish, the latter with pure white shaft-streaks ; chin, cheeks,
and malar line pure white, the sides of the neck more ashy ; centre
of throat chestnut ; fore neck, breast, and sides of body pale pearly
grey, washed with yeUowLsh green on the sides of the body and
flanks ; centre of breast and abdomen white ; thighs and under tail-
coverts chestnut, tipped with yellow, the longest of the latter olive-
yellowish with whitish tips ; under wing-coverts chestnut, tipped
with yellow, the lower series light tawny ; quills dusky below,
ashy along the inner web ; " iris reddish brown ; feet reddish "
(Emin Bey). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-b, tail
2-35, tarsus 1. {Mus. G. E. Shelleij.)

Hah. Central Africa.

2. EUPEINODES.

Tvpe.
Euprinodes, Cass. Proc. Phi/ad. Acad. 1859, p. -38 .... E. rufigularis.

Drymotei-pe, Heine, J. f. O. 1860, p. 428 E. rufigularis.

Dryodromas, pt., Finsch ^ Hartl. Viiy. Ostafr. p. 239

(1870)*.
Chlorodyta, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 7 (1872) E. flavidus.

* It -svould have been more convenient if Drs. Finscli and Hartlaub had
specially designated the tjpe for their genus, instead of giving a list of the species
belonging to it. D. fv.Ivicapilla, the first on their list, is aberrant in colour
from all the others and less typical in form ; and in reconstituting the genus I
propose to regard D. damarensix as the type.

2. ErPRIXODES. 141

Foot oi Euprinodes flavidus, to show proportions of toes.
Range. Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Ends of outer tail-featliers white, the external ones

entirely white.
a'. Breast rufeseent Uke the throat ; upper surface

dark slate-colour rujiijularis, p. 141.

b' . Breastvery pale yellowish like the throat : upper

surface dull olive greenish ; crowu a little more

ashy olliaceus, p. 142.

c'. Breast bluish ashy; upper surface also blmsh

ashy ' sclmtacens, p. 142.

b. Ends of outer tail-feathers yellow.

d'- Eyelid blue-grey like tlie adjacent sides of the
head ; upper siu:face bright olive-yellow ; ear-
coverts blue-gi'ey.

a". With a black band across the cht>st Jlavidus d" festiv.,

b". No black band on chest, which is yellow. [p. 142.

a'". Head entirely slaty blue ' Jlavidus $ festiv.,

5'". Forehead and sinciput blue-grey ; hinder [p. 143.

crown and nape olive-yellow like the

back '. flavidus S 2 biem.,

e'. Eyelid whitish ; upper surface dusky olive- [p. 143.

yellow ; ear-coverts dull ashy Jlavocinctus, p. 144.

1. Euprinodes rufigularis.

Drynioica rufogularis, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 17; id. Aim. ^•
Mat/. Xaf. Hist. xii. p. 479 (1843) ; id. Zool. Typ. pi. 42. tig. 1
(1849); Grmj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 201, no. 2836 (1869).

Drynioeca rufogularis, Hartl. Oni. W.-Afi: p. 58 (1857).

Euprinodes rufogularis, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 38 ; Hartl.
J.f. O. 1861, p. 110.

Drynioterpe rufogularis, Heine, J. f. O. 1859, p. 42G.

Adult (type of species). General colour above dull slaty brown,
with a faint tinge of olive ; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard
wing and primary-coverts darker brown ; quills brown, with narrow
olive margins ; tail-feathers dusky brown, the two outer feathers
pure white, the next one brown along the end of the outer web ;
lores fulvescent ; ear-coverts dark slaty grey ; cheeks, throat, and
breast pale rufous ; remainder of under surface dull white, some-
what washed with ashy on the flanks. Total length 4 inches,
culmen 0"6, wing 17, tail 1-6, tarsus <i-7.

Hah. West Africa. Gaboon and Fernando Po.

a. Ad. sk. Fernando Po. I.. Fraser, Esq. [C.J. (Type

of .species.)

1-12 riMErilP.'E.

2. Euprinodes olivaceus.

Prinia olivacea, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1844, p. 99; Alleyi Sr Thomps.

Exped. Myer, ii. p. 494 (1848).
Chloropeta olivacea, Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 17 ; id. Orn. Westafr.

p. 00 (1857).
Euprinodes olivaceus, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 38 ; Hartl.

J.f.O. 18til, p. 110.
Drymoica olivacea, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 201, no. 2837 (1869).

? Adult (tj'pe of species). General colour above olive-greenish, the
head a little greyer, washed with olive-green like the back ; wing-
coverts and quills dull brown, edged with the same olive-green as
the back ; tail-feathers dusky brown, the four centre ones uniform,
edged with olive, the next two white, rather broadly edged with
brown along the outer web, the two outer feathers entirely white ;
lores, feathers above the eye, and eyelid pale yellow ; cheeks and sides
of face pale yellowish, washed with olive-green along the upper
margin ; under surface of body pale yellow, the abdomen whiter,
slightly washed with yellow like the under tail-coverts, Tender wing-
coverts, and axiUaries. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-8,
tail I'To, tarsus 0"65.

Hah. West Africa : Fernando Po and Gaboon.

a. Ad. sk. Fernando Po. L. Fraser, Esq. [C.].

3. Euprinodes scMstaceus.

Euprinodes schistaceus, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 38; Hartl.

J.f. O. 1861, p. 110.
Drymoica scliistacea, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 201, no. 2838 (1869).

Adult male. Head, neck, and entire upper parts bluish cinereous,
with a slight tinge of olive on the back ; abdomen, under wing-
coverts, and under tail-coverts white ; quills brownish black, the
four middle tail-feathers brownish black, with obscure narrow
transverse stripes of a darker shade of the same colour, the
four external feathers on each side pure white ; bill black ; legs
light-coloured. Total length about 4| inches, wing 1|, tail 2.

(C(ASS('/l, I. c.)

Hab. Camma River. Gaboon.

4. Euprinodes flavidus.

Drymoeca flavida, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 148.
Drymoica flavida, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 203, no. 2862 (1869).
Dryodromas flavida, Finscli S( Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 240 (1870) ;

SJiarpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 34 (1871) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.

Ld. p. 96 (1872) ; Sharpe, ed. Laj/ard's B. S. Afr. p. 299 (1877).
Chlorodyta flavida, Sundev. Av. 3Ieth. Tent. p. 7 (1872).

Adult male. Above yellowish green, rather brighter yellow on
the rump ; crown of head bluish grey, shaded with yellow towards

2. EUrEIN0DE8. 143

the nape ; sides of face bluish grey like the head ; checks bright
yellow, as also the under surface of the body ; chin and centre of
the body silky white ; chest with a conspicuous spot of black ; under
tail-coverts and thighs yellow; under wing-coverts pale yellow, the
lower series silky white ; upper wing-coverts yellowish green like
the Avings ; quills blackish, externally edged with yellowish green,
the inner webs white towards their base ; tail-feathers dull olive-
green, edged and slightly tipped with yellow, the outer feather
entirely yellow ; " bill almost black ; tarsus flesh-coloured ; iris
yellowish brown " (Andersson). Total length 4*4 inches, culmen
0-5, wing 1-95, tail 2, tarsus 0-8.

AJult female. Similar to the male, but wants the black spot on
the breast, which is entirely yellow. Total length 4-6 inches, cul-
men 0-5, wing 1-9, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-85.

Uamara Land is the only place from which I have seen specimens
with the breast black, and the head and nape entirely slaty blue.
In males from Kingwilliamstowu the hinder crown and nape are
olive-yellow like the back, and only the forehead and sincii)ut
grey. The sides of the crown and sides of nape, however, are
tinged with grey, a slight appearance of which is also seen on
the back part of the nape, indicating apparently that the bird is in
a somewhat transitional stage of plumage. It will be noticed that
all the specimens from the more southern localities bear the dates
of June and July, while the Damara birds were killed between
November and May. It appears, then, that the breeding-place of
the species is Damara Laud, and that it goes south in winter, when
the plumage resembles that of the old hen-bird, with the hinder
crown and nape like the back.

Hah. South-eastern Africa, ranging into Northern Damara Land
and the Makalaka country.

a. Ad.hiem.sk. South jVfrica. Sir A. Smith [C.].

h. c? hiem. sk. Sunday's River (A. F. Ort- R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Icpp).

c. Ad. sk. Eland's Post, July 1870 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(T. C. Atmore).

d, e. c? ad.sk. Kingwilliamstown, June .3, Capt.H.Trevelyan [P.].

Is77 {('. Xi'whij).
/". Ad. sk. Kiugwilliamstown. Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].

g. cJ ad.sk. Ovaquenyaiiia, Damara Land, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

May 23, 1867 (C. J. An-

(lerss(m).
k. 5 ad. sk. Ovaquenyama, June 3, 1867 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

( C. J. Andersson).
i. k. d ? ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Nov. 1859 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(C. J. Andersson).
I. <S ad. sk. Ondonga, Jan. 22, 1807 (C. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

J. Andersson).
tn. Ad. sk. Makalaka countrv. Dr. Bradshaw.

144 TIMELIID^.

5. Euprinodes flavocinctus.

Dryodromas flavida, Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 222 {nee Stn'ckl.).
Euprinodes flavocinctus, Sharpe, J. f. O. 1882, p. 346.

Adult male (Adi ; Dr. J. M. Hildcbrandt). Yerv similar to E. fla-
vida, of the same form, and having broad tips of light yellow to the
tail-feathers, but differing in its dull olive-yellow upper surface,
the hinder crown and forehead being dull ashy ; lores and eyelid
whitish ; car-coverts dull ashy, not slaty blue ; yellow band across
the chest paler and narrower than in E. flavidus. Total length
4*5 inches, culmen O'o, wing 1-8, tail 2, tarsus 0'8. {Mas. Berol.)

Hah. Adi, Ukambani, East Africa.

3. DRYODROMAS. Type.

Dryodromas, Finsch ^- Hartl. Voc/. Osfafr. p. 239 (1870). D. f ulvicapilla.
Urohipis, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. Ajyp. p. Ixxii

(1873) D. rufifrons.

Foot oi Dryodrovms alhiyularig, to show proportions of toes.
Ranrje. Confined to Southern Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Head entirely rufous.

«'. Tail-feathers brown; back brown fuh-icapilla, p. 144.

h'. Tail-feathers black, tipped with ashy; back

ashy melanura, p. 14(3.

b. Head ashy brown like the back ; forehead ru-

fous ; tail-feathers black, tipped with white . . rufifrom, p. 146.

c. Head and neck pearly grey, contrasting with the

olive-yellow back ; underneath pui-e white . . damarensis, p. 147.

d. Head oHve or ashy lilie the rest of the back ;

underneath ashy white icterojrt/ffialis, p. 148.

1. Dryodromas fulvicapilla.

Le Rousse-tete, Levaill. Ois. dAfr. iii. p. 98, pi. 124 (1802); .Smidev.

Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 38 (18o7j.
Svlvia fulvicapilla, Vieill. N. Did. d' Hia. Nat. xi. p. 217 (1817) ;

' B<mn. et Vieill. Enc. Mcth. ii. p. 463 (1823).
Drvmoica fulvicapilla. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ; Bp. Consp.

1. p. 282 (1850) : Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 94 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. 1. p. 203, no. 2859 (1869).
Drymceca fulvicapilla, Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 31 (1859).
Camaroptera natalensis, Hartl. Ibis, 1863, p. 326, pi. A'iii. fig. 1 ;

Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 157.

3. DRTODROMAS. 145

Calaniodyta natalensis, Lcn/nrd, B. S. Afr. p. 94 ( 18G7).
Drvodromas fulvicapilla, Fimch .V Hartl. Viig. O.sfafr. p. 239 (1870) ;

S/iarpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 34 (1871) ; id. ed. Lm/ard B. S. Afr.

p. 301 (1877).

Adult male. Above brown, faintly darker in the centre of the
feathers, the upper tail-coverts somewhat washed with fulvous ; sca-
pulars slightly shaded with ashy, the lesser and median wing-coverts
clearly edged with ashy grey, the greater coverts and the quills
brown, washed with reddish brown, the margins of the quills rufes-
ceut, inclining to whitish ; tail-feathers brown, waved with dusky
cross lines and margined with yellowish brown, without any dark
subterminal bars to the feathers; head and nape uniform rufous;
lores buff, extending backwards over the eye and forming a faint
eyebrow ; sides of face grey, shaded with fulvous on the upper and
hinder margin of the ear-coverts ; entire under surface of body ashy
grey, whitish on the chin and malar line ; centre of abdomen and
vent also whitish, the under tail-coverts very pale yellowish ; under
•wing-coverts buffy whitish, slightly washed with fulvous near the
edge of the wing, the lower series ashy brown like the lower surface
of the quills, which are edged with light rufous along the inner web ;
" upper mandible light brown : lower one pale ; tarsi and feet pale ;
iris light yellowish brown" {T. At/res). Total length 4-3 inches,
culmen 0'45, wing 1-9, tail 1*85, tarsus G'To.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather smaller and not so
brightly coloured. Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1-7,
tail 1-5, tarsus 0-75.

Youny. Differs from the adult in having the under mandible
much yellower, the upper surface being uniform brown, the head
slightly more reddish brown than the back. Under surface of body
very pale ashy, throat and abdomen whiter, the fore neck slightly
tinged with yellow.

Eirds in winter plumage, and young after their first moult, from
the Transvaal, differ in wanting the grey shade underneath, the
under surface of the body being yellowish buff, a little lighter on
the throat and abdomen. On the upper surface the general colour
is brown, as in the full-plumaged bird, and the rufous head is equally
well pronounced. In the winter plumage this species is very similar
to Cisticola aherrans ; but in the latter bird the tail is always
longer than the wing, and its feathers are rather pointed.

Hah. South Africa, from the Knysna district eastwards to Xatal,
and thence through the Transvaal to Northern Damara Land.

a. Ad. sk. Knysna. R. B. Sharps, Esq.

6. c? juv.sk. Knysna. C. J. Andersson,Esq. [C.].

c. Ad. sk. George, .Tune 1870 {H. R. B. Sbarpe, Esq.

Atmore).

d. Imm. sk. Grahamstown (T. C. At- R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

moi'e).

e. Ad. sk. Swellendam (Cairncross). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

/. J ad. sk. KingT\illiamstown, Mav 5, Capt. H. Trevelvan [P."!.

1877. " - L J

VOL vn. T.

14G

TlMF.LIlD.r..

g. (S ad. sk.

fi. Juv. sk.

J. cS ad. sk.

k. cj ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.

m. 5 ad. ; M. 5

var. sk.
o,p. (5 5 ad.sk.

^. c? ad. hiem. sk.
?•. Ad. hiem. sk.

s. c? ad. sk. vix

sestiv.
/. (5 ad. sk.

u. 2 ad. sk.

V. 2 ad. hiem. sk.

w. Ad. hiem. sk.

British Caffraria, July 1877

(F. A. Barratt).
British Caftraria, Jan. 26,

1877 (F. A. Barratt).
Natal {T. Ay res).

Natal (T. Ay res).

Natal.

Natal.

riiietowD, Natal, May 26,

1870 ( T. L. Ayres).
Transvaal (7". Ayres).
Crocodile river, Transvaal,

July (F. Gates).
Potchefstroom, Jan. 16,

1877 ( W. Lucas).
Potehefstrooni, July 1876

( W. Lucas).
Rustenberg, May 15, 1877

( W. Lucas).
Elephant Mey, Sept. 21,

1859 ( a J. Andersson).
Elephant Vley, Oct. 7, 1859

(C. J. A.).

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].
J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].
Thomas Ayres, Esq. [C.].
Dr. Gueinzius [0.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

W. E. and C. G. Gates,

Esqrs. [P.].
Dr. H. Exton [P.].

Dr. H. Exton [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

2. Dryodromas melanura.

Dryodromas melanurus. Cab. J.f. 0. 1882, p. 349.

Adult male (Angola ; Schiitt : type of species). General colour
above dark slafcj' grey, the mantle washed with brown ; lesser and
median wing-coverts like the back, the greater series, primary-coverts,
and bastard-wing feathers dusky with pale brown margins ; quills
dusky with pale brown margins, the primaries blacker than the
secondaries ; upper tail-coverts a little more ashy brown than the
back ; tail-feathers black, edged and tipped with ashy ; head and
nape rufous ; lores, feathers round the eye, cheeks and throat
yellowish white ; ear-coverts light rufous ; remainder of under
surface white ; sides of breast reddish brown ; flanks slightly washed
with ashy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills dusky
below, yellowish along the edge of the inner web. Total length
4*2 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-9, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-7. {Mus.
Berol.)

Hah. Angola.

3. Dryodromas rufifrons.

Prinia rufifrons, Rilpp. Neue Wirb., Vog. p. 110, pi. 41. fig. 1 (1835-
40).

Drymoica rvAh'ons, Riqip. Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1845) ; Grai/, Gen. B.
i. p. 163 (1848); Bp. Consp.i. p. 283(1850); Heuc/l. Ibis, 1859,
p. 340 ; id. J. f. O. 1862, p. 39 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2777
(1869) ; Hetigl. Ibis, 1869, p. 87; Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 231
(1870) ; id. ^- Hart/. Vog. Ostafr. p. 234 (1870).

Cysticola (?) rufifrons, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 22 (1856).

3. DRYODROMAS. 147

Drymoeca mfifrous, Hani. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 57 (1857) ; id. J. f. O.
18Cil, p. 110; Blanf. Geol. Sf Zool. Abys.s. p. 374 (1870) ; Sharpe,
Cat. Afr. B. p. 31" (1871) ; Antin. ^ Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 109
(1873).

Cisticola rufifrons, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 245 (1869).

Urohipis rufifrons, Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. Ajjp. p. Ixxii (1873).

Adult. General colour above pale ashy brown, with concealed
white tufts on each side of the rump ; wing-coverts brown, with
ashy-brown margins, rather paler on the greater series ; bastard-
wing feathers, primarj-coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally
edged with ashy brown ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers blackish,
with obsolete ashy margins and barred across with dusky under
certain lights, the outer feathers tipped with white and edged with
white along the outer webs ; hinder crown and nape like the back,
the forehead rufous ; lores and feathers round the eye dull white,
slightly mottled with blackish bases to the feathers ; ear-coverts
ashy brown, with whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks and throat white ; fore
neck, breast, and abdomen light yellowish buff : sides of the body
and flanks washed with ashy ; thighs tawny ; under tail-coverts
white ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries white ; quills below dusky ;
inner edge of quills ashy ; " bill blackish ; feet reddish ochracoous ;
iris ochraceous ; round the eye a bare ring of bright reddish yellow"
(Ileuglin). Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 1"85, tail
2'1, tarsus 0*75.

Young. Similar to the adult, but with scarcely a tinge of rufous
on the forehead ; under surface white, tinged with fulvous on the
breast and flanks.

Hab. The west coast of the Red Sea from about 17" N. lat., the
Bay of Tedjura and the Somali coast.

a. Ad. sk. Zoulla, Annesley Bay, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

Feb. 8, 18G8.

b. Pull. sk. Koomaylee, .June 4, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

c. S ad. sk. Koomaylee, May 1868 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

( W. Jesse).

d. $ juv. sk. Rairo, June 14, 1868 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

( W. Jesse).

4. Lryodromas damarensis.

Eremomela damarensis, Walilh. (Ef». K. Vet.-Ahad. Fiirh. Stoclh.

1855, p. 213 ; id. J.f. O. 1857, p. 2.
Drynioica damarensis, 6-'m^, Hand-l. B. i. p. 203, no. 2861 (1869).
Dryodromas damarensis, Finsch ^- Hartl. Viig. Ostafr. p. 240 (187()) ;

Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 34 (1871) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.

Ld. p. 95 (1872) ; Sharpe, ed. Lni/ard B. S. Afr. p. 300 (1877 ).

A((ult male. Head and neck above ashy grey, the back light olive-
yellow, becoming brighter yellow on the upper tail-covcrts ; wings
brown, the wing-coverts externally olive-yellow like the back, the
quills ashy brown, the outer webs washed with yellow and narrowly
tipped with whitish; tail-feathers olive-brown, externally washed

l2

148 TIMELIID^.

with olive-yellow, all the feathers tipped narrowly with yellowish
white, the external one light yellowish hrown on the outer weh, the
penultimate one with a streak of the same colour near the tip ; lores
whitish, extending backwards over the eye, but scarcely forming an
eyebrow ; round the eye an indistinct circlet of dusky whitish
plumes ; car-coverts ashy grey ; cheeks and entire under surface of
body white ; the under tail-coverts irAe sulphur-yellow ; under
wing-coverts white ; '• upper mandible and tip of lower bluish black,
remainder of lower mandible bluish brown ; legs liver-brown ; iris
bright yeUow " (Andersson). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*4,
wing 1-95, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-65.

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male, and having a strong
shade of olive-yellow on the head. Total length 3"8 inches, wing
1-85, tail 1"65, tarsus 0-7. Prof. Wahlberg says that the female
is larger in size ; but this is not borne out by Mr. Andersson 's speci-
mens.

Hah. Damara Land, S.W. Africa.

a. Jan. sk. Damara Land (C J. An- R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

defsso7t).

b, c,d.S2 ad. sk. Oosop, Nov. & Dec. 1866 R. B. Sharpe, Esq,

(C. J. Andersson) .
*. c? ad. sk. Oosop, April 4, 1865 (C./. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Andersson) .

5. Dryodromas icteropygialis.

Sylvietta icteropygialis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 18.39, p. 258.
Oligocercus icteroijyga, Cnh. J.f. O. 1853, p. 109.
Drymoica icteropygialis. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2852 (1869).
Drymoica albigularis, F. 8f H., Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 203, no. 2860

(18(19).
Diyodromas albigularis, Finsch ^ Hartl. Tog. Ostafr. p. 240 (1870) ;

Sharpe, ed. Luyard B. S. Afr. p. 300.

Advlt. General colour above olive-brown, rather more dingy on
the head ; the rump and upper tail-coverts dull olive-yellow ; wings
brown, the wing-coverts edged with the same olive-yellowish as the
back, the quills also edged with the same colour but rather brighter ;
tail brown, all the feathers distinctly edged with olive-yellow ; lores
and feathers over the eyo dull grey ; ear-coverts ashy brown ; cheeks
and under surface of body dull white, the sides of the body light
ashy brown, the upper breast laterally ashy grey ; thighs ashy
brown ; under tail-coverts yellow ; under wing-coverts light ashy.
Total length 4-1 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-75.

Bah. South Africa, throughout the Orange-River district in Great
Namaqua Land, across to Natal, and thence along the south coast
to the Knysna.

a. Ad. sk. Namacjua Land. Sir A. Smith [C.].

O. PHTLUJLAIS. 149

4. DRYMOCICHLA. j^^^

Diymocichla, Hard. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 026 D. incana.

Range. Central Africa.

1. Drymocichla incana.

Dr jmocichla incana, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 627, pi. Is. ; id. Abhandl.
not. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 90 (1881) ; id. op.cit. viii. p. 180 (1882).

Adult female (Magungo, Nov. 22, 1879 ; Emin Bey). General
colour above delicate blue-grey, a little darker on the lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard
wing and primary-coverts darker, with ashy-grey margins ; quills
dusky brown, the inner secondaries externally ashy, the primaries
with a conspicuous patch of light rufous or tawny, formed by the
rufous bases to these feathers ; tail-feathers ashy grey ; base of
forehead, lores, and eyelid white ; ear-coverts delicate blue-grey like
the back ; cheeks, throat, and centre of breast pure white ; fore neck,
breast and sides of body, flanks and under tail-coverts delicate
blue-grey; thighs light tawny buff; axillaries and under wing-
coverts like the breast, the lesser series pale tawny, edged with
white ; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web,
with a tawny patch at the base of the primaries ; " iris dark or grey ;
feet reddish " {Emin Bey). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 2-3, tail 2-1, tarsus' 0-S. {Mus. G. E. Shdlei/.)

Hah. Central Africa : Magungo at the head of the Albert Nyanza.

5. PHYLLOLAIS. Typ^

Phvllolais, Hartl. Ahhandl. naK Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 90

(1881) P. pulcheUa.

Bill of Phyllolain pidchella.
Range. Northeastern Africa.

1. Phyllolais pulcheUa,

Malurus pulchellus, Cre/zschm. in Ri'tpp. Atlas, pi. 35' (1826).
Jh-ymoica pukliella, Riipp. !Sijd. Uehers. p. 56 (1845); Bp. Consp. i.

150 TXMELrxp.K.

p. 283 (1850) ; Heuyl. Si/st. Uehers. p. 22, no. 177 (1850); Grarj,

Iland-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2778 (18G9) ; Blanf. Geol. %■ Zool. Abyss.

p. 374 (1870) ; Flnsch, Tr. Z. &. vii. p. 322 (1870) ; A7itin. Sr Salmid.

Viagg. Bogos, p. 109 (1873).
Drymoeca sylvetta, Hmgl. J.f. O. 18G3, p. 165.
Drymceca pulchella, lieugl. Ibis, 1809, p. 92; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr.

p. 243 (1809), App. p. Ixxii (1871).
Phyllolais pulchella, Hurtl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 90

(1881) ; id. op. cit. viii. p. 190 (1882).

Adult. General colour above ashy olive-brown ; lesser wing-coverts
like the back ; median and greater coverts brown ; bastard wing
and primary-coverts dark sepia-brown ; quills brown, externally
edged with olive, whiter on the margin of the primaries; on each
side of the rump a half-concealed tuft of silky white plumes ; upper
tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers dark brown, barred across
with dusky under certain lights, edged with olive and narrowly
tipped with yellowish white ; outer feathers yellowish white on the
outer webs ; lores, feathers round the eye, and the ear-coverts yel-
lowish buff, tho latter ashy on their upper and hinder margins ;
cheeks and underparts yellowish buff, a little paler on the throat
and under tail-coverts ; breast a little stained with tawny ; under
wing-coverts white, tinged with tawny near tho edge of the wing;
axillaries like the breast ; quills below brown ; inner edge of quills
whitish ; " bill reddish yellow, culmen and point of the bill blackish ;
tarsus yellowish, iris yellowish red" (Neur/Un). Total length 3"8
inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1-85, tail 1-65, tarsus Q-Go.

Hab. South-eastern Africa.

u. Ad. sk. Anseba valley. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

6. EROESSA.

Type.

Eroessa, Ilartl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 218 E. tenella.

Damia, Pollen, MSS.

Neomixis, Sharjte, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 195 E. stiiatigula .

Bill of Eroessa tenella.
Range. Madagascar.

Key to the Spevies.

a. Tail-feathers olive-green or brown, with friuges of
yellow at the tip and along the end of the inner web
of the outer tail-feathers.

6. EROESSA. 151

a'. Larger: bill black; ear-coverts olive-browu, washed
with greenish yellow ; spots on throat aud chest
large and dusky brown ; under tail-coverts dusky,

with yellowish-white tips striatiyula,

b'. Smaller; bill horn-brown, the mandible reddish; [p. 152.

ear-coverts bluish grey ; spots on throat very in-
distinct and ashy grey in colour ; under tail-coverts

white tenella, p. lol.

b. Tail-feathers ashy, edged with olive-green ; the
outer feathers tipped and fringeil with white along
the edge of the inner web ; entirely olive-green
above viri<lis, p. 152.

1. Eroessa tenella.

Le petit Simon de Bourbon ou Figuier de Madagascar, Sffanzin,

Mem. Mus. H. N. IStrasb. 1840, p. 28.
Eroessa tenella, Hudl. 1\ Z. S. 1866, p. 218 ; Schl. P. Z. S. 1866,

p. 422 ; Grandid. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1867, p. 357 ; Schl. ■$■ Foil.

Fauna Madaq., Ois. p. 92, pl.'xviii. tig. 2 (1868) ; Skarpe, P. Z. S.

1870, p. 390; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 34 (1871) ; Barll. P. Z. S. 1875,

p. 65 ; Hartl. Voy. Maday. p. Ill (1877) ; Milne-Edw. !^- Grandid.

Hist. Nat. Maday., Ois. p. 321, pis. 113, 113 b, 114 (1882).
Damia pusilla, Pol/en, MSS. ; Sc/degel, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 422.
Drymoica tenella, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2843 (1869).

Adult. General colour above olive-j-ellow, mixed with grey on
the mantle ; lesser aud median wing-coverts like the back ; greater
coverts, bastard wing, primarj'-coverts, aud quills light brown,
edged with olivc-yellow, a little brighter on the primaries ; rump
and upper tail-coverts a little brighter than the back ; tail-feathers
olive, with olive-yellow margins, the outer feathers fringed at the
tips and along the edge of the inner web with yellow ; crown of
head olive-yellow, a little brighter than the back ; uapc ashy grey,
as also sides of neck, forming a tolerably distinct collar ; lores bright
yellow, extending over the eye so as to form a tolerably distinct eye-
brow ; feathers round the eye yellow, in front of the latter a slightly
indicatt'd spot of dusky ; ear-coverts light ashy grey, the fore part
washed with yellow ; the feathers below the eye, aud the cheeks, throat,
fore neck, chest, and breast bright lemon-yellow, the throat a little
paler ; cheeks sliglitly obscured with ashy tips to the feathers ; on the
fore neck some obscure triangular spots of ashy grey ; abdomen
white ; sides of body slightly washed with olive-greenish ; thighs
olivc-yellow ; under tail-coverts ashy white ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries white, faintly washed with yellow ; edge of the wing
liright yellow ; quills dusky below, inner edges white ; " upper
mandilde clear brown, lower yellowish; tarsus brownish; claws
yellow ; iris bi'own" (Grrtndidier). Total length 4 inches, culmcn
0-4o, wing 1"75, tail 1 •4-"), tarsus 0"6.

Hah. Madagascar.

o, h. Ad. sk. Madagascar. M. Verreaux.

152 TIMELIID-E.

r. Ad. sk. N. Madagascar (^.CVo««%). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

d. Ad. sk. Betsileo. Rev. J. Shaw [C.J.

<>. .Fuv. sk. Fianarantsoa. Rev.W. Deans Cowan [0.1.

f. (S ad. sk. Ankafana forest, March Rev.W. Deans Cowan [C. J.

1881.

a-l. $ ad. sk. Ankafana forest, March Rev.W. Deans Cowan [C.].

1881.

2. Eroessa viridis.

Adult. General colour above dull green ; lesser wing-coverts like
the back ; median, greater, and primury-coverts, bastard wing, and
quills dull ashy brown, edged with dull green like the back ;
iipper tail-coverts slightly yellower than the back ; tail-feathers
ashy brown, becoming dusky towards the ends, and edged with
green, the outer feathers narrowly edged with white round the
ends; crown of the head green like the back; lores and eyebrow
yellowish white ; ear-covcrts and cheeks yellowish white, the upper
edge of the ear-coverts dusk)-, sides of neck green like the back ;
throat, fore neck, chest, breast, and abdomen whitish, slightly
tinged with pale sulphur-yellow ; cheeks, throat, and fore neck
slightly mottled with ashy spots ; sides of body and flanks a little
browner ; thighs ashy brown ; uuder tail-coverts yellowish white ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed with j'ellow, the
edge of the Aving brighter yellow ; quills dusky brown below, inner
edges white. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1*75, tail 1'4,
tarsus 0'65.

Hab. Province of Betsileo, Madagascar.

(I. (^ a.d.; b, c, d, Ankafana forest, March Rev.W. Deans Cowan [C.].
e. 2 ad. sk. 1881.

3. Eroessa striatigula.

Neomixis striatigula, Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1881, p, l!»-5, pi. xix.
Eroessa tenella, \a.v. major, Milne-Edw. ^- Orandid. in Grandid. Hist.
N(d. Maddff., Oil. p. 32.3, pis. 113 a & b (1882).

Adult. General colour above olive-green, rather more yellowish
olive on the head, lower back, and rump ; the hind neck somewhat
ashy ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; the greater
coverts and quills light brown, edged with yellowish olive ; tail-
feathers light brown, margined narrowly with yellowish olive ; lores
and a very faintly indicated eyebrow light yellow, in front of the
eye a dusky spot ; cheeks and ear-coverts yellow, mottled with
dusky brown tips to the feathers ; under surface of body yellow,
passing into white on the centre of the abdomen ; the lower flanks
light ashy brown ; the throat and fore neck streaked with dark
brown down the centres of the feathers ; the breast mottled with
large centres of dusky brown ; under tail-coverts dusky brown.

( . SYLV1ELI.A.

153

with diill white tips; under wing-coverts and axillaries white,
washed with yellow, the edge of the wing a little brighter yellow ;
quills brown below, whitish along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 'Z, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-65.
Hah. Betsileo, Madagascar.

a. Ad. sk. Betsileo. Rev. W. Deans Cowan [C.].

(Type of species.)
h. Ad. sk. Ankafana forest. Rev. W. Deans Cowan [C.].

7. SYLVIELLA. ^^p^

Sylvietta, Lafr. Eev. Zool. 18.39, p. 258 S. micrura.

Oligiira, ItH2>2i. Syst. Uebers. p. 5(5 (1845, wee Hvdys.) S. micrura.

Oligocercus, Cab. J.f. O. 1853, p. 109 .^ S. micrura.

Sylviella, Sunder. Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 39 (1857,

nom. emend.) S. rufescens.

Bffiocerca, Heine, J.f. O. 18-59, p. 426 S. virens.

Range. Africa.

Keif to the Species.

a. Upper surface ashy grey.

a'. Head ashy grey like the back ; quills externally
edged with gi-eyish brown or ashy giey.

a". Much larger : culmen 06 inch rufescens, p. 15-3.

b". Much smaller: culmen 0-45 inch micrura, p. 154.

b'. Head chestnut, as also the ear-coverts ; belly
white ; quills externally edged with olive-
yellowish '. ruficapilla, p. 156.

h. Upper surface dull olive-gi-een, the head dusky
brown, somewhat contrasting with back ....

c'. Abdomen and breast white virens, p. 156

d'. Abdomen and breast yellow faviventris, p. 157.

1. Sylviella rufescens.

Le Crombec, Leiaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 135 (18G2) ; Sundev. Krit.

Framst., Levaill. p. .39 (1867).
Dica;um rufescens, Tieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. ix. p. 407 (1817) ;

Bonn, et Vieill. Ent. Meth. ii. p. 609 (1823) ; Layard, B. S. Afr.

p. 84 (1867).
Sylvietta crombec, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 258.
01ig\u-a meridionalis, Bp. Vonsp. i. p. 257 (1850).
OUgura rufescens. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 44 (1850).
Sylvietta brachyura {non Lafr.), Strickl. ^- Hcl. Contr. Orn. 1852,

p. 148.
Oligocercus rufescens, Cab. J.f. O. 1853, p. 109; Heuyl. Orn. A.O.-

Afr. i. p. 236 (1869, pt.); Finsch ^- Hai-tl. I'oy. Ostafr. p. 227
(1870, pt.) ; Bocaye, Jorn. Lisb. 1876, pp. 252, 2(i2.
Sylviella rufescens, ."Sundev. Krit. Framst., Lciaill. p. 39 (1857) ;

'Grill, ZwL Antevkn. p. 31 (1850).

1 54 TIMELIIDJi:.

Svlvietta nifescen8, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 39, note ; Ilartl.
' J.f. O. 1861, p. 118 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 203, no. 2870 (1869) ;

Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 3o (1871) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld.

p. 77 (1872) ; ' Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 281 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S.

Afr. p. 303 (187/") ; Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 286, 1880, p. 99 ; Sharpe,

in Oates's Matabele Land, App. p. 310 (1881) ; Bocaye, Orn. Angola,

p. 282 (1882) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 22o.
Sylvietta micnira (noji Riipp.), Gurney, Ibis, 1865, p. 265, 1868,

p. 156 ; Bocaye, Jorn. Lisb. 1867, p. 136, 1868, p. 42 ; Shelley, Ibis,

1875, p. 71 ; Gadoiv, J.f. O. 1876, p. 430.

Adult. General colour above ashy grej', the wing-coverts uniform
■with the back ; quills darker -brown, externally edged with the same
ashy grej' as the back, the inuerraost secondaries entirely of the
latter colour ; tail ashy grey, slightly tipped with dull fulvous ; lores
and a tolerably distinct eyebrow light tawny buff ; in front of the
eye a duskj- spot ; ear-coverts tawny buff, with narrow white shaft-
lines ; cheeks and rest of under surface of body tawny buif, paler on
the throat and inclining to creamy buff on the centre of the abdomen ;
thighs deep tawny, as also the under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts
ta-miy buff; " i rides yellowish brown ; upper mandible dusky, the
under mandible a purplish iiesh-colour, as also are the legs and toes "
(Aadersson). Total length '3 5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2'45, tail
1, tarsus 0*74.

Hab. South Africa, from the Karroo northwards to Angola on the
west coast and the Zambesi on the east.

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

b. Ad. St. South Africa. Edward Wilson, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Berg river, Sept. 20, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

1809 (B. L. Layard).

d. S ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

e. (S ad. sk. Tati, Oct. 13, 1874 {F. W. E. and C. G. Gates,

Gates). Esqrs. [P.].

f. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi {Sir J. Livingstone Expedition.

Kirk),
y. 5 ad. sk. Damara Land. C. J. .Audersson, Esq. [C.].

h. 2 ad. sk. Elephant Ylev, Aug. 9, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

1859 (C. f.A.).
i. S ad. sk. Gtjimbinque, June 27, R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.

1866 (C. J. A.).

A-. 2 ad. sk. Ovaqueuvama, Mav 20, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

1867 (t/. J.A.\

I. 2 ad. sk. Oudonga, Jan. 22, 1867 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

{C.J. A.).

2. Sylviella micrura.

Troglodytes micrurus, Riipp. Neue Wirb. Tiit/. p. 100, Taf. 41. fitf. 2

(1835).
Svlvietta brachvura, Lafr. Bev. Zool. 1839, p. 258 ; Des Miirs in

' Lefebire, Voy. Abyss.', Zool. p. 89 (1845).
Svlvietta brevicauda, Des Murs in Lefehvre Voy. Abyss, pi. vi.

■(1845).

7. SYLVIELLA. 155

Oligura micrura, Hiipp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 56 (1845) ; Grai/, Gen. B.

i. p. 156(1848); Bp. Comp. i. p. 257; Sdater, Contr. Orn. 1852,

p. 125 ; Heu</1. Si/st. Uebers. 1856, p. 21 ; id. Ibis, 1859, p. 340 ; Pelz.

Sitz. k. Aka'd. Wie>i, p. 144 (1881).
Oligura brach^-ptera, Bp. Consp. p. 257 (1850).
OUgocercus niicrurus, Cab. J. f. O. 1853, p. 109 ; Heugl. Ibis, 1869,

p. 141 ; Bla7if. Geol. Si' Zoo/'. Abps., p. 376 (1870).
Syhietta micrura, //«/-^/. Oi-n. Westafr. p. 63 (1857); id. J. f. O.

1861, p. Ill ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 203, no. 2869 (1869) ; Shm-pe,

Cat. Aft: B. p. 35 (1871).
Oligocercus rufescens {non V.), Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 236

(1869) ; Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 230 (1870) ; id. ^- Hartl. Vog.

Ostafr. p. 227 (1870) ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii.

p. 92.
Svlviella leucopsis, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1879, p. 114 ; Fischer 8/-
"Beichen. J.f. O. 1879, p. 355 ; Sharpe, J.f. O. 1882, p. 346.

Adult. General colour above light ashy, a little browner on the
lower rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser and median wing-coverts
like the back ; greater and primarj'-coverts, bastard wing, and quills
brown, externally edged with ashy brown ; secondaries with paler
tips ; tail-feathers brown, with paler ashy brown margins ; crown of
head like the back : lores dusky, in a line with a dusky streak along
the upper edge of the ear-coverts ; eyebrow light tawny rufous, ex-
tending from the nostril to behind the eye ; ear-coverts and cheeks
light tawny rufous ; throat and under surface of body light tawny
rufous : centre of breast and abdomen bufF\- whitish ; thighs and
under tail-coverts tawny rufous ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries
tawny rufous like the breast ; quills dusky below, inner edges pale
rufescent ; " bill 3'eUowish horn-colour ; tarsus reddish ; iris clear
red" {Heuglin) ; " bill dusky above, pale below : tarsus deep flesh-
colour ; iris orange-brown " {Blanford). Total length 3 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 2, tail 0-S, tarsus 0-65.

Young male. Differs from the adult in having the bill duUer. and
in having the eyebrow and entire throat and cheeks tawny like the
rest of the under surface.

Four out of our five specimens have white cheeks and chins, as well
as a white eyebrow, and are apparently in the plumage described by
Reichenow as Si/hnella lcm'02ysis. The yellow tinge on the belly
and the paler bills of these birds seem to indicate that they are
young, and at any rate I cannot believe that they are in entirely
perfect plumage, as the white eyebrow is tinged with rufous in two
of them : one of the typical specimens of Troi/lodi/tes 7nicri(ri(S
received from Dr. Riippcll is also in this white-faced plumage.

JIab. N.E. Africa.

a, b. Juv. sk. Achor, Bogos (Eslcr). R. 13. Sliarpe, Esq.

c. c? ad. sk. Waliko, Julv 21, 1868 IJ. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(IF. Jesse).

d. 2 juv. sk. Senafe Bass, Feb. 18, W. T. Blanford Esq. [C.].

1868.

e. .luv. sk. Abyssinia. Br. lUippcU [C.].

156

3. Sylviella ruficapilla.

Sylvietta ruficapilla, Socage, Jorn. Lish. xxi. p. 160 (1877); id. Orn.
' Angola, p. 282 (1881).

Adult fe.male. General colour above ashy grey, with a slight tinge
of olive ; lesser, median, greater, and primary-coverts, and bastard
wing like the back, with the greater coverts edged with ashy
whitish; quills dusky brown, externally margined with olive, the
secondaries more ashy and less distinctly edged with olive ; tail-
feathers brown, n?a-rowly edged with olive ; tips fringed with
whitish; crown of head light rufous; lores yellowish white ; feathers
round the eye and ear-coverts light rufous, as also the hinder
cheeks ; fore part of cheeks and throat white, slightly tinged with
yellow, succeeded by a band of light rufous on the fore neck ; chest
ashy grey, as also the sides of the neck ; breast and abdomen white,
slightly ashy on the sides of the body ; thighs light tawny ; under
tail-coverts yellowish white, tinged with tawny on the vent ; under
wing-coverts yellow, slightly tinged with tawny ; edge of the wing
a little lighter ; asillaries pale sulphur-yellow ; quills dusky below,
inner edges whitish. Total length 3-8 inches, culmeu 0-5, wing 2-45,
tail 1-05, tarsus 0-8.

Hub. Bonguela.

a. 5 ad. sk. Caconda, Benguela (Atichieta). Lisbon Museum [P.].

4. Sylviella virens.

Sylvietta microura (tion Eiipp.), Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1856, p. 318.
Sylvietta virens, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 39 ; Hartl. J.f. O.

1861, p. 111.
Bteocerca virens, Heine, J.f. O. 1859, p. 426; Peichen.J.f. O. 1877,

p. 29 ; Sharpe Sf Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 306 ;

Bocage, Orn. Angola, pp. 285, 554 (1881).
Drymoica virens, Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2844 (1869).

General colour above dull olive-green ; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back ; greater and primary-coverts, bastard wing,
and quills dull brown, edged with a little brighter olive-green than
that of the back ; primaries a little more ashy on the outer web ;
tail-feathers dusky brown with olive-green edges ; crown of the
head dusky brown, contrasting slightly with the back ; lores and a
narrow eyebrow pale rufescent butf ; ear-coverts fulvous with
whitish shaft-lines, upper margius shaded with brown ; cheeks pale
rufescent, slightly mottled with dusky edges to the feathers ; throat
dull white, with a slight rufous shade increasing towards the fore
neck, which is light rufous ; remainder of under surface white ; sides
of body ashy, shghtly washed with olive; thighs olive-yellow; under
tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow ;
quills below light brown; inner edges yellowish white; "tarsus

8. EREMOMELA. lo7

brownish flesh-colour; iris hrownish jeUow" (Falkenstein). Total
length 3-2 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 1-8, tail 0-55, tarsus 0-7.

Female. Like the male. Total length 2-7 inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 1-9, tail 0-6, tarsus 0-65.

ifab. West Africa, from Gaboon to the Congo.

a. S ad. sk. Cape Lopez. P. B. DuChaillu, Esq.

b. $ ad. sk. River Gamma. P. B. DuChaillu, Esq.

m.

5. Sylviella flaviventris.

Sj'lvietta virens, S/iarpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 69 (nee Cass.).
Baeocerca flaviventris, Sharpie, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 23, pi. ii. fig. 1.

Adult (type of species). Above olive-green ; the upper wing-
coverts like the back ; quills and tail-feathers brown, margined with
olive-green, the primaries externally edged with yellow ; head ashy
brown; lores and a distinct eyebrow brownish buff; sides of face
brownish buff, the ear-coverts narrowly streaked with white ; cheeks
spotted with brown ; entire throat brownish buff; remainder of the
body underneath sulphur-yellow ; the vent and under tail-coverts
whitish ; sides of body olive-green ; thighs yellow ; under wing-
coverts yellow : quills ashy brown below, margined with huffy white
along the inner web. Total length 2-9 inches, culmen 0-45, wing
1-95, tail 0-7, tarsus 0-65.

Hab. Gold Coast, West Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Fantee ( Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(Type of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Abrobonko, Fantee ( Ussher) . R. fe. Sharpe, Esq.

8. EREMOMELA. ^^pg

Eremomela, Sundev. (Efr. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh.

1850, p. 102 E. flaviventris^

Bffioscehs, Heine, J. f. O. 1860, p. 1.30 E. badiceps.

Tricholais, Heufflin, Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 286 (1869) E. elegans.

Head of Eremomela JJaviventi-u, to show tlie nostril.
Kunge. Africa.

158 TIMKT,Iin.E.

Keij to the Species *.

a. Head ashy like back, the latter sometimes slightly
tinged with yellow.
a'. No rufous mark on chest.

a". Upper surface ashy, with scarcely any tinge
of yellow on the "rump ; entire breast ashy
white, leaving only lower abdomen, ^^^^, .jj,amventns,^.U9.

and under tail-eoverts yellow [fjriseoflava, p. 160.

b". Upper surface ashy, slightly washed with
yellow on back ; throat and chest ashy white,
the lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts bright yellow.
a'". Thighs ashy, contrasting with yellow ab-
domen ; upper tail-coverts like back .... poUoxantlta, p. 100.
V". Thighs yellow like the abdomen :_ upper
tail-coverts yellow, contrasting with the

back pusilla, p. 1(30.

6'. With a rufous mark on the chest ; no yellow on

upper surface .• • »sf>'culh's, p. 161.

b. Head yellowish, contrasting more or less with
back.
c'. Breast and abdomen white, contrastmg with

yellow throat and fore neck pulcJira, p. 162.

(7'. Breast and abdomen pale yellow, scarcely paler
than the throat.

c". 2nd quill between 5th and 6th hijpo.vantha, p. 163.

d". 2nd quill between 7th and 8th or 8th and

9th or equal to 7th scotops, p. 162.

* The following species I have not been able to identify : —

Eremomela lutescens.

Sylvietta lutescens, Less. Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, p. 233 ; id. Bescr.^
Mamm. et Ois. p. 298; Hartl. Beitr. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 22 (1848); id. J.
f. Orn. 1854, p. 18.

Eremomela lutescens, Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 59 (1857) : Heugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. p. 285 (1869); Finsch # Hartl. Vdg. Ostafr. p. 241 (1870).

Drymoica lutescens, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2856 (1869).

Above greenish yellow ; underneath entirely yellow ; quills and tail dusky,
edged with yellow ; bill horn-colour ; feet brown ; claws whitish. Length 3|".
{Hartlauh, I. c.)

Hah. Seuegambia.

Eremomela viridiflava.

Eremomela viridiflava, Hartl. Dm. W.-Afr. p. 59 (1857) ; Hevgl. Orn. N.O.-

Afr. i. p. 285 (1869); Finsch 4" Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 241 (1870).
Drymoica viridiflava, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2855 (1869).

Above bright greenish ; head and nape yellowish green ; wings and tail rather
rounded and dusky greenish, the edges of the quills and tail-feathers uniform
with the back, the latter edged with pale yellow ; throat and breast white ;
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts bright yellow ; bill horn-colour. Length
3" 6'", bill 4-1", wine; 1" 9'", tail 1" 3'", tarsus 7'". {Hartlauh.)

Hub. Senegainbia'(Mus. Frankf.).

I

8. EREMOMELA. 159

c. Head blue-grey, contrasting with olive-yellow back.
e' . Throat white ; remainder of under surface bright

yellow elegans, p. 163.

f. Throat, breast, and underparts white, with a

broad yellow band across the chest caniceps, p. 164.

d. Head ashy blackish ; upper smi'ace bright olive-

yellow ; wings and tail black, edged ■> ith hoary

grey ; outer tail-feathers tipped with wuite .... nigriceps, p. 165.

e. Head rufous ; upper surface bluish grey ; on lower

throat a black mark hadiceps, p. 164.

1. Eremomela flaviventris.

Sylvia flaviventris, Burchell, Trav. 8. Afr. i. p. 335, note (1824).

Eremomela flaviventris, Sundev. OEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fiirh. Stockh.
18o0, p. 102; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 285 (1869); Ayres,
Ibis, 1871, p. 153 ; 'Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 34 (1871) ; Gurney, in
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 97 (1872) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr.
p. 297 (1877) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 286 ; Socage, Orn. Angola,
p. 565 (1882) ; SheUey, Ibis, 1882, p. 254.

Drymoica flaviventris, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2849 (1869).

Adult female. General colour above light ash-colour, the rump
lighter and slightly olivaceous ; wings dark brown, the feathers
washed externally with ashy, inclining to whity brown on the outer
greater coverts and the primaries ; tail dark brown, externally
edged with dull olivaceous ; lores dull white, extending over the
eye and forming a narrow eyebrow ; round the eye a narrow
circlet of white feathers ; ear-coverts ash-coloured, with very narrow
shaft-lines of white ; in front of the eye a dusky spot ; feathers
below the eye white ; cheeks and under surface of body as far as
the abdomen white ; the sides of the upper breast light ash-colour ;
abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts light yellow ; thighs ash-
colour ; under wing-coverts ashy whitish ; " bill dark horn-colour,
yellow at the angle of the mouth, and livid flesh-colour on the basal
part of the lower mandible ; iris dark brown " (Andersson). Total
length 3-5 inches, eulmen 0*4, wing 2-1, tail 1*5, tarsus 0"65.

The male does not differ from the female in plumage. Total
length 3-5 inches, eulmen 0'45, wing 2-2, tail 1"45, tarsus 0-7.

Ilab. South Africa from Benguela on the west to the Orange
river, and from British Caffraria on the east northwards to the
Mashoona country.

a, b. Ad. ; c. Inim. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.1.

sk.

d. (5 ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown, Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].

June 3, 1877 ( C.
Newby).

e, f. $ ad. sk. Transvaal {T. Ayres). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

<7, A. <5 9 ad. sk. Damara Land. " C. J. Andersson, Esq. [C.].

t. 2 ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Sept. 5, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

1859 (C. J.'A.).
k. cJ ad. sk. Elephant Vlev. Oct. 26, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

1859 (C.XA.).

160 TiMF.r.irDJ?.

/. (S ad. sk. Otjimbinque, July 27, E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

1866 (C. J. A.).
m. Ad. sk. Walviseh Bav, Dec. 22, E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

1863 (C. /. A.).

2. Eremomela griseoflava.

Eremomela griseoflava, Heuql. J. f. O. 1862, p. 40; id. Orn. X.O-
Afr. i. p. 285, tab. xi. (1809) : Blanf. Geol. !<f Zuol. Abyss, p. 355,
pi. iii. iig. 1 (1870) : Finsch ^- Haril. Vog. Ostafr. p. 241 (1870).

Drymoica giiseoflava, Gr«j/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 203, no. 2858 (1869).

AdiiJt male. Similar to E. Jlaviventris. but a little smaller, and
ha%'ing tbe yellow of the abdomen extending a little higher than
in the South-African bird ; " bill brown : feet and claws blackish ;
iris pale crimson '" {Hevglin). Total length 3 inches, culmen 0-4,
wing 1'95, tail I'Oo, tarsus 0-65.

Hah. Bogos Land, X.E. Africa.

n. S ad. sk. Kokai, Lebka river, 4000 feet, W. T. Blanford. Esq.

July 17, 1865. [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Bogos Land {Hmglin). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

3. Eremomela polioxantha.

Adult. General colour above ashy, slightly washed with olive-
yeUow on the back ; scapulars and lesser wing-coverts like the back \
median and greater coverts dusky, externally margined \^-ith ashy ;
bastard wing and primarj'-coverts dusky, narrowly edged with ashy ;
quills dusky brown, externally margined with ashy, lighter on the
primaries : upper tail-coverts dull ashy : tail-feathers light brown
with ashy margins ; crown of head, nape, and hind neck rather
lighter ashy than the back : lores dusky, with a narrow streak of
white above the fore part of the eye ; ear-coverts light ashy ; cheeks
and throat white ; fore neck and chest light ashy ; breast, abdomen,
sides of body, and flanks bright sulphur-yellow : thighs ashy,
slightly washed with yeUow ; under tail-coverts pale yellow, the
long ones white ; under wing-coverts white ; axiUaries pale yellow ;
quiUs dusky below, inner edges whitish ; " bill black ; tarsus black ;
iris dark YidiZel'' [Buchley). Total length 38 inches, culmen 0'5,
wing 2-3, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-7. {Mus. T. E. BucUey.)

Hah. Suazi Land, S.E. Africa.

4. Eremomela pusilla.

Eremomela pusUla, Hai-tl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 59 (1857) : Heugl. Orn.
XO.-Afr. p. 285 (l.-^Og) ; Finsch S- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 241
(1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 34(1871); Shelley ^- Buckley,
Ibis, 1872, p. 287.

Drymoica pusilla. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2850 (1869).

General colour above ashy, washed with yellow on the mantle
and back ; rump slightly brighter yellow ; lesser and median

8, kui:mojii;i,a. Mil

covorts like tlio buck ; greater coverts more awhy, faintly tinged
with yellow ; liiistaril wing and priinary-covorts dusky, with narrow
ashy tidgcs ; (luill.s li;;ht, dusky l)rown, narrowly marfj;in('d with
yi'llow ; inner secondaries nioro ashy; upjier laii-coverls l)rifj;hler
yellow like I ho rump; tail-fealhers olive, inirrowly edj^ed wilii
yellow, the outer feathers li)»|)ed with pale yellow, which exteiidn
up the inner woh ; crown of head and nape li}j;ht ashy, contrasting
with the hack; loroH, eytdid, and leallierH round the eye whil<»;
feathers over tlio eyo also white, hut scarcely forming an eyelitl ;
oar-coverts pale hrown, white near the aiderior part ; cheeks white ;
sides of neck a«hy, slightly tinged with yidlow ; throat, fore neck,
and chest white, the latter with slight grey tinges ; breast, abdomen,
sides of body, flaidis, and thighs light sulphur-yellow ; under tail-
covei'ls a litllo brighter; under wiug-coveils and axillaries white
faintly washed with yellow ; edge of (he wing yellow; (piills dusky
below; inner edges whitish. Total length IVH inches, culmen U'l.'),
wing 1-S, tail l-r*, tarsus D-li.

Huh. West Africa, from Seneganiliia to the (jold Coast.

a. Ad.sk. Itiver ( iiitnliiii. I'lU'clinsed.

6, f, rf.Ad.sk. Kivcr (iaiiibin. 1'urclia.sL'd,

f). Eremomela usticoUis, (i'latit V. fig. 2.)

Ercnioniola usticoUis, Sumh-v, (KfvorH. K. Vft.-Alaid. Forli. Starkh,
IMW), p. 102; llfiu/l. Oni. N.b.-Afr. i. p. 28.") (18(5!)) ; I'iimh .V
Ilorll. Vo;/. (Miif'r. p. 241 (I870J; ,S/„njir, Vat. Afr. Ji. n. IH
(1871); Ai/rtis, tin's, IH" I, p. IM; (iurnt'ij in AiidciDn. li. JJam.
Lil. )). i»8 (1872); Aip-i's, Jblx, 187!), p. 40;i.

Drynioica uslh-ollis, (I'luy, lluiid-l. U. i. p. 202, no. 2863 (1809).

Ailull fiDinh'. (leneral colour above liglit grey; the ujjper tail-
coverts tinged with olivaceous; wing-coverts greyish like the l^ck,
the ha.stard wing and primary-coverts blackish brown ; (|uills dark
brown, externally »-dged with grey, the «econ<laries witii greyish
while ; tail-feathers aahy brown, washed with grey on the margins
of tlie feathers, which are all narrowly tipped with white ; lores
whitisii, iis also a narrow streak running above the eye ; round the
eye a circlet of bulf jilumefl ; cheeks white on the anterior part, dull
diestnut on the hiucler ])art ; ear-coverts tawny bulf, greyish on the
u])per margin ; throat huffy white ; rest, of under surface rich btdf,
with a distinct sjiot of chestnut on the fore neck, across which il-
almost forms u transverse l»ar ; under wing-coverts light fulvous ;
lower surface of ([uills iisliy brown, e<lged along the inner web with
whitish ; " upper mandible brown, tiie lower brownish llesh-colour ;
legs yellowish flesli-colour ; iris h'mon-colour '' { Ainhrimoii). Total
length 4-2 inches, c\dmen (J-d.'i, wing 2-()r), fail l-(), tarsus ()-H.

Adult iiiiilf. Similar to the female in plumage. Total length
4-2 inches, culmen O-f), wing 2-2r), tail l-Of), tarsus O-Hri.

Th<* rufous nnirk on the throat varies in intensity, and apparently
increases with age.

Jliil). South Africa from the Transvaal to Uamara jjind.
VOL. vii. M

102 TI.MKL1ID.E.

a,h. S 9- ad. sk. Transvaal [Ayres). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

c,d. S 9. al. sk. Otiimbiiique, D.unara T.aud, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

"June 30, 18G6 (C. J. An-

dersson).
e. Ad. sk. Damava Land. C. J. Andersson,

Esq. [C.].

6. Eremoraela pulchra.

Tricholais puk-hra, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. vi. pp. 257, 275, 1880, p. 24^1 ;

id. Oin. Angola, p. 555 (1881).
Tricbolais citriniceps, Reichenoiv, J.f. 0. 1882, pp. 210, 235.

Female. General colour above ashy grey ; lesser, median, greater,
and primary wing-coverts, and bastard wing like the back ; quills
dusky externally like the back, with a slight tinge of olive-
yeUow near the base of the outer web ; tail-feathers ashy grey,
narrowly fringed viith white at the tip and along the end of
the inner web, washed near the base with olive-yellow ; crown
of head light olive-yellow ; lores dusky grey, surmounted by a
narrow line of yellow, forming an eyebrow ; feathers round the
ej-e yellow ; ear-coverts pale yeUow, dusky olive on the upper
margins ; fore part of cheeks white, as also the base of the
chin ; throat and fore neck pale yellow ; breast and abdomen
white ; sides of body and flanks slightly washed with ashy ; thighs
washed with yellow at the tips ; under tail-coverts white ; under
wing-coverts and axiUaries white ; edge of the wing washed with
pale yellow : quills ashy below, inner edges whitish ; bill black ;
iris yellow. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-5, tail 2-U5,
tarsus 0*7o.

The bird described is in Capt. Shelley's collection, and is one of
the typical specimens fromCaconda. An adult female in the Berlin
Museum from Kakomy (Bohm), the tj[5e of Tricholais citriniceps.,
Reichenow, diflers m its very much brighter coloration, the head
being yellow, brighter on the forehead, over the eye, and on the sides
of the face and throat, while the thighs are also bright yellow.
Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-3, tail 1-6.5, tarsus 0-75.

Hah. Benguela in S.W. Africa, ranging across to Central Africa.

7. Eremomela scotops. (Plate V. fig. 1.)

Eremomela scotops, Siindev. OSfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fiirh. Stockh. 1850,

p. 103; HeiKil. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 285 (18G9); Finsch ^- Hartl.

Vng. Osiafr.' p. 241 (1870) ;" Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 299

(1877).
Urymoica scotops, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2854 (1869).
Eremomela hemixantlia, Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 403 ; Shelley, Ibis,

1882, p. 254.

General colour above light ashy, slightly tinged with yellow ;
lesser and median coverts like the back, with a faint tinge of yellow;
greater coverts a little paler ashy ; bastard wing and primary-
coverts dusky with ashy margins ; quills dusky brown, with light

8. EKEMOMELA. 163

ashy margins, a little tinged with yellow on the secondaries ;
upper tail-coverts ashy, with a very faint tinge of yellow ; tail-
feathers pale brown, edged with light ashy and tipped with whitish,
which extends some distance up the inner web of the outer feathers ;
crown of head olive-yellow, contrasting with the back somewhat,
and darker on the occiput, nape, and hind neck ; base of forehead
and feathers above the eye a little paler yellow, but not sufficient
to be called an eyebrow ; lores dusky ashy ; eyelid yellow ; ear-
coverts yello^v like the head ; fore part of the cheeks and chin
white ; throat and under surface of body light sulphur-yellow,
becoming paler on the lower breast and abdomea ; the lower abdo-
men, thighs, and under tail- coverts very pale yellow, mixed with
white ; sides of body and flanks pale yellow, shaded a little with
ashy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a tinge of
yellow on the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below, inner edges
whitish. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen Ooo, wing 2-35, tail 1'9,
tarsus 0-75.

Hab. South-eastern Africa, from the Eastern Transvaal north-
wards into the Mashoona country.

a. Ad. sk. Rustenbur^, Transvaal, Julv 24, J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].
IS78 {T: Ai/res).

8. Eremomela hypoxantha.
Eremomela hypoxantha, Pelz. Sitz. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 145.

Adult. Above brownish olive, including the upper wing-coverts ;
lores blackish ; quills brown, the inner ones edged with olivaceous ;
the second primary intermediate between the fifth and sixth ; whole
of the under surface, with the under wing-coverts, pale sulphur-
yellow ; tail-feathers brown, tipped with white, the centi-e ones
with a greenish gloss and showing obsolete black transverse stria-
tions : bill and feet black. Total length 4", wing 2", tail 1" 3'",
bill from forehead 4", from gape 6'", tarsus 6'".

Differs from E. scotnps, Sundev., in its lesser stature and propor-
tions (the second quill in E. scotops being equal to the seventh).
It is like E. hemixantha, but smaller, and differs in the second
quill being between oth and 6th, and not between 7th and Sth or
8th and Oth, or equal to the 7th. Two outer tail-feathers only
1'" shorter than the longest. {Von Pdzdn.)

Hab. Kiri, Equatorial Afn'ca.

9. Eremomela elegans.

Ficediila elegans, Heugl. Si/st. Uebers. p. 23, no. 195 ("1856).
Eremomela elegans, Heiu/l. J.f. O. 1864, p. 259; Finsch ^- Hartl.

Vixj. Osfnfr. p. 241 (1870).
Eremomela caiiescens, Antiti. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 38 (1864) ; Saivad.

Atti R. Accad. Torino, 1870, p. 733, pi. 2.
Drymoica elegans, Grai/, HandX B. i. p. 203, no. 2857 (1869).
Tiicholais elegans, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 286, tab. v. (1869);

Hartl. Abhandl. iiatiirw. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 190 (1882). '

16-I- TIMITLlIDiE.

Adalt. Above greenish j'ellow, with an olivaceous cast ; underneath
rich yellow ; head and nape pure ashy ; a blackish streak across the
eye ; chin and throat silky white ; quills smoky brown, externally
m irgined with greenish yellow, internally towards the base with
pale yellow: tail-feathers pale smoky brown, the lateral ones more
yellowish, all margined with yellow and tinged below with pale
yellow ; upper tail-coverts and under wing-coverts yellow ; bill
black ; feet horny buff; iris clear brown. Total length 3"1 inches,
bill 4-5, wing 2, tail 1'7, tarsus 0-8. {Heuglin.)

Hah. North-eastern Africa, extending from Western Abyssinia to
the neighbourhood of Lado in E(iuatorial Africa.

10. Eremomela caniceps.

Camaroptera caniceps, Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 38 Heine,
J. f. O. 1859, p. 426; Hartl. J. f. 0. 1861, p. Ill; Heuc/l. Ibis,
1869, p. 141.

Drymoica caniceps, Gra^/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 203, no. 2863 (1869).

Dryodromas caniceps, Finseh Sf Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 240 (1870) ;
Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 69 ; id. Sf Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1876, p. 306; Bocage, Orn. Angola, pp. 285, 555 (1881).

Tricholais fiavotorquata, Hartl. P. Z, S. 1880, p. 624 ; id. Abhandl.
naturiu. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 95 (1881).

Adult. General colour above olive-yellow ; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back ; greater and primary-coverts, bastard wing,
and quills dusky brown, externally edged with olive-yellow like the
back ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers dusky brown,
edo-ed with olive-yellow, the outer ones narrowly fringed at the tip
with whitish ; crown of head bluish groy ; lores ashy whitish ; ear-
coverts light bluish grey, with faint ashy shaft-lines ; cheeks and
throat white ; fore neck and chest bright yellow ; breast and abdomen
white, sides of body and flanks more ashy and slightly washed with
olive ; thighs olive ; under tail-coverts whitish ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries white, slightly tinged with yellow ; quills below
dusky brown, inner edges white. Total length 3'9 inches, culmen
0-55, wing 2, tail 1-6, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo ; also in
Central Africa, on the Upper White Nile at Lado.

a. Ad. sk. Fantee ( Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

h. $ ad. sk. Landana, Congo (Z. Petit). M. A. Bouvier.

11. Eremomela badiceps.

Sylvia badiceps, Fraser, P. Z. 8. 1842, p. 144 ; Allen 8f Thomps.

Exped. Niger, ii. p. 495 (1848); Hartl. Beitr. Orn. Westafr.

p. 22 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 174 (1848).
Stiphrornis armillaris, Temm. MSS. in Mm. Lugd.
Stiphrornis badiceps, Hartl. Orn. Westafr. pp. 63, 271 (1857) ; id.

J.f. O. 1861, p. 112 ; Fimch # Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 240 (1870) ;

Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 32 (1871) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 69 ; Shellei/

6r Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 287 ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 58.
Camaroptera badiceps, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 39.

6. EREMOMELA. 165

Bffioscelis badiceps, Heine, J. f. O. 1860, p. 130.

Drymoica badiceps, Grmj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2841 (l«69j.

Adult. General colour above blue-grey : lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back : greater and primary-coverts, bastard wing,
and quills dusky brown, narrowly fringed with grey, a little more
ashy on the outer web of the primaries ; upper tail-coverts duller
grey than the back ; tail-feathers brown, slightly washed with ashy
and inclining to paler brown at the tips ; crown of head bright
chestnut or bay ; occiput and nape grey slightly washed with
afous ; lores and a broad streak along the upper edge of the ear-
coverts black ; feathers round the eye also black ; rest of ear-
coverts, cheeks, and throat yeUoAvish white ; sides of the neck blue-
grey like the back ; across the lower throat a broad band of black ;
breast and abdomen yellowish white ; sides of breast and flanks
ashy grey ; thighs dusky brown ; under tail-coverts greyish white ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries silky white ; quills dusky brown
below, inner edges ashy whitish ; bill black. Total length '&b
inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-05, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*65.

Young, Different from the acMt. Above olive-brown, the head
a little more dusky ; wings and tail dull brown ; cheeks, sides of
face, and under surface of body bright sulphur-yellow, more ashy on
the sides of the body. One specimen in the Museum is beginning
to assume the rufous head.

Hub. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to Gaboon.

fl, b. Ad. ; c. Juv. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux.

d, e, f. Ad.; (/, h. Juv. sk. Fantee (Auhnn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

i. Ad. sk. ' Fantee (Uss/ie?-). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

12. Eremomela nigriceps.

Dryodromas nigriceps, S/iellej/, Ibis, 1873, p. 139.

Adult (type of species). General colour above bright olive-yellow ;
lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts dusky,
externally olive-yellow ; bastard wing and primary-coverts black ;
primary quills black, externally margined with slate-colour, the
secondaries externally olive-yellow like the back ; upper tail-coverts
and tail-feathers slaty grey, the latter obscurely barred with dusky
under certain lights and rather dusky towards the ends, all tipped
with white, increasing in extent towards the outermost, where it
extends a good way up the outer web ; crown of head slaty black ;
hind neck brighter yellow, as also the sides of the neck ; lores,
feathers round the eye, and car-coverts slaty black ; throat and
under surface white ; sides of breast and flanks yellow ; thighs
white ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts white ; axil-
laries yellow ; quills blackish below, inner edges white ; " bill black ;
tarsi and feet brownish flesh-colour ; iris hazel " ( G. E. IShelJey).
Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1*8, tail 1"5, tarsus 0-65.
(_J/((S. G. E.Shelhi/.)

Hah. Aguapim, West Africa.

166 TIMELTtD^.

9. CAMAROPTERA.

Ijpe.
Camaroptera, Sundev. (Efv. K. I'et.-Ahad. Fiirh.

Siochh. 1850, p. 103 . ." C. siindevalli.

Syncopta, Cahanis, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 109 C. brevicaudata.

Y

Head of Caniaropiera olivacea.
Range. Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Under tail-coverts -white ; thighs tawny yellow.
a' . Entire back olive-green.

a" . Head dull oUve-green : forehead grey . . olivacea, p. 166.
h". Head ashy, tinged with bright rufous . . sah:ador<e, p. 167.
b '. Back grrey or brown ; scapulars and wings
olive yellowish.
a". Throat and breast ashy grey; abdomen

whitish ; flanks grey brevicaudata, p. 168.

b". Chin and abdomen white ; throat, breast,

and sides of body bufty brown sundevalli, p. 169.

h. Under tail-coverts duU olive-yellow like the rest
of the under siu'face of body ; above dull olive-
green concolor, p. 170.

c. Under tail-coverts brilliant yellow like the
thighs; lores, eyebrow, and ear-coverts
bright. yellow superciliaris, p. 171.

1. Camaroptera olivacea*.

La Fauvette olivert, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. in. pi. 125 (1802) ; Sundev.

Krit. FramsL, Levaill. p. 38 (1857).
Sylvia olivacea, Vieill. K. Diet. dHist. Nat. xi. p. 105 (1817, ex

Levaill.).
Sylvia brachyura, Bonn, et Vieill Enc. Meth. ii. p. 459 (1823).
Eremomela brachvm-a, Sundev. Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 38 (1857) ;

Grill, Zool. Anfeckn. pp. 10, 28(1859); He^iql. Orn. N.O.-Afr.

p. 285 (1869) : Finsch ^- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p."241 (1870).
Di-vmoica brachvura (pt.), Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 95 (1867) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2851 (1869).
Camaroptera brachvura, Finsch ^- Hartl. Viiq. Ostafr., App. p. 862

(1870) ; Sharpe, 'Cat. Afr. B. p. 33 (1871); id. ed. Layard B. S.

Afr. p. 294 (1876).

* Levaillant's ' Olivert' can only be the species here identified with it, though
the long wings and white thigh-feathers are not strictly true to nature.

9. CAMAEpPTEEA. 167

Camaroptera olivacea, " Sund.,'^ Fischer 4" Reichen. J. f. O. 1878,
p. 267, 1879, p. 354 * (nee Siiml).

Adult. General colour dull olive-green, the forehead with some-
what of a greyish shade ; wing-coverts green like the back, but a
little brighter and more yellow in tone ; quills brown, externally
washed with green like the back, brighter on the outer edge of the
primaries ; tail dull olive-green, with nearly obsolete remains of
lighter tips ; lores greyish white, as also a slightly indicated eye-
brow ; round the eye a ring of buffy white feathers ; in front of
the eye a dusky spot ; ear-coverts ashy brown with faint whitish
shaft-lines ; cheeks and entire under surface of body dull white, the
sides of the body washed with ashy grey ; thighs dull tawny yellow ;
under wing-coverts and axiUarics pale yellow, as also the outer
edge of the wing, the greater series of lower coverts whitish ;
" bill black ; legs flesh-colour ; iris rich brown " (T. L. Ai/res).
Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-05, tail 1*7, tarsus
0-8.

Young. Like the adult, bat having the colours duller ; no grey
shade on the forehead, which is like the rest of the crown ; throat
and breast sullied with a shade of olive-brown.

Hah. South Africa, from the Knysua to Natal, and ranging as
high as Zanzibar.

a. Ad. sk. South Afiica. Sir A. Smith [P.].

6. c? ad. sk. Titenhage, April 25, 1867 R. B. Sharps, Esq.

(Bickard).

c. Juv. sk. Grahamstown (T. C. Atmore). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

d. cJ ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal, Feb. 9, 1874 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

{T. L. Ay res).

2. Camaroptera salvadorae.

Camaroptera salvadorae. Paul v. Wiirftemb. ; Heuc/l. J. f. O. 1867,
p. 296 ; id. Ibis, 18C9, p. 141 ; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 283 (1869);
Finsch S,- Hartl. Voy. Ostctfr. p. 239 (1870).

Orthotomus salvadorae, Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 24 (1856).

Drymoica Salvador*, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 203, no. 2868 (1809).

Adult. Crown ashy grey tinged with bright rufous ; nape, back,
and rump olive-green : wings and tail dark smoky brown, the wing-
coverts, secondaries, and tail-feathers edged with olive-green ; outer
margin of primaries narrow and whitish ; quiUs internally bright
fulvcscent towards the base ; under surface of body white, the
middle of the belly washed with fulvous ; breast and flanks washed

* Dr. Peters having sent me several rare African Warblers for examination,
I find that the specimen collected by Dr. Fischer in Zanzibar and recorded above
as C. olivacea. Sund., is 7iof the C. oUracca of Smidevall, but isi\\e true C. olivacea
(V.)=C hrachi/ttra auct. The Berlin specimen is mounted, and the plumage
about the eye is disturbed, so that I cannot make out for certain whether tlae
eyebrow is present as in the S. -African bird ; but otherwise they seem to be iden-
lic.»l.

168 TIMELnD^.

with grej- ; under wing-coverts white, washed with fulvous, the
margin of the wing more of a greenish yellow ; thigh-feathers rufous
huiF; bill and feet pale, the culmeu dusky hom-colour towards the
tip. Total length about 4-5 inches, bill from forehead 0-6, wing 1-9,
tail 1-55, tarsus 0-95. (Ifc'irflin.)

Hub. N.E. Africa : on the Atbara river and in Sennaar {Heuglin).

3. Camaroptera brevicaudata.

Sylvia brevicaudata, CretzscJim. in Riipp. Atlas, Vog. p. 53, pi. 356

(1826) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 174 (1848).
Ficedula brevicauda, RUpp. Si/sf. Uebers. p. 57 (1845).
Sylvia clirysocnema, Licht. in Mus. Berol.
Camaroptera brevicaudata, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh.

1850, p. 103 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 258 (1850) ; Huiil. Orn. W.-Afi:

p. (32 (1857) ; Heugl. J. f. O. 1862, p. 41, 18U3, p. 163 ; Brehm,

Reis. n. Hnhesch, pp. 212, 288 (1863) ; Heuql Ibis, 18G9, p, 138;

id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 281 (1869); Finsch, J. f. 0. 1869, p. 355;

Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 376; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 231 (1870);

Blmif. Geol. 8f Zool. Abi/ss. p. 376 (1870); Finsch S^- Hartl. Vog.

Ostafr. p. 241 (1870) ; 'Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 33 (1871, pt.) ;

Shelley 4' Bucklet/, Ibis, 1872, p. 287 ; Antin. S,- Salvad. Viagg. Bogos,

p. 105 (1873) ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 58 ; Reichen. J. f. 0. 1875,

p. 50 ; id. J. f. O. 1877, p. 29 ; Sharpe c^ Bouvier, Bid!. Soc. Zool.

France, 1876, p. 307; Fischer <§■ Reichen. J. f. 0. 1879, p. 354;

Hartl. AbhandJ. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 90 (1881) ; Pelz. Sitz.

K. Akad. Wien, p. 144 (1881).
Drymoica griseoviridis, von Midi. Naum. i. Heft 4, p. 27 (1851).
Svncopta brevicaudata, Cab. J. f. O. 1853, p. 110; Hartl. J.f. O.

' 1854, p. 17 ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 23 (1856).
Orthotomus chrysocnemis, i«c/(i. Nomtmcl. Av. Berol. p. 33 (1854).
Ortliotonius damans, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 24 (1856).
SjTicopta tincta, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1856, p. 325.
Camaroptera tincta, Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 271 (1857) ; Cass. Proc.

Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 38; Heine ^ J. f. O. 1860, p. 130; Hartl.

J. f. O. 1861, p. Ill ; Reichen. J. f. 0."l877, p. 29; Bocage, Orn.

Angola, p. 555 (1881).
Camaroptera olivacea (non Sttndev.), Cab. in Von der Decken!s Reis.

iii. pt. i. p. 23 (1869).
Drymoica brevicaudata, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 203, no. 2864 (1869).
Drymoica tincta, Gray, t. c. p. 203, no. 2865 (1869).

Arlult. General colour above ashy grey, the lower back a little
lighter ; rump crossed with a silky white bar, the long plumes being
tipped with silky white ; scapulars and wing-coverts olive-yellow ;
quills light brown, edged externally with olive-yellow ; upper tail-
coverts and tail-feathers light brown, narrowly fringed with whitish
at the tips ; crowii of head ashy like the back ; lores hoary ; feathers
round the eye and ear-coverts light brown, with dull whitish shaft-
lines ; cheeks, throat, fore neck, and breast ashy grey, the cheeks
and chin being obscurely streaked with white ; abdomen and under
tail-coverts white ; sides of body and flanks washed with light ashy ;
thighs tawny yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillarics white,
washed with yellow ; edge of the M'ing bright yellow ; quills below

9. CAMAROPTERA. 169

dusky brown, the inner edges whitish ; " bill blackish, basal half of
mandible pale horny ; feet reddish ; iris pale red " {Heucjlin). Total
length 4-3 inches, culmeu 0"0, wing 2-25, tail 1-55, tarsus 0"9.

Young. Differs from the adult in being browner above, with
yellowish-olive back and wing-coverts, a little brighter yellow on the
outside of the quills ; throat white, scarcely tinged with yellow ;
lower throat and fore neck washed with ashy grey and tinged with
brown.

A nestling, apparently of this species, is entirely olive-brown, the
head like the back, underneath light yellow from chin to vent.

Hah. N.E. Africa, from Bogos Land, reaching as far south as
Zanzibar ; on the west coast from Senegambia to Loan go,

a. Imm. sk. Bogos Land {Eder). R. B. Sliarpe, Esq.

b. Ad. sk. Waliko ( W. Jesse). R. B. Shaipe, Esq.

c. Ad. sk. INIaragaz ( W. Jesse). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

d. cJ ad. sk. Rayrayguddy, May 30, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

e. Juv. sk. Anseba valley, Aug. 6, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
/. Ad. sk. Bejook, July 15, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
g. Ad. sk. Gabena Weldt Gonfallon, F. D. Godman and O.

Aug. 8, 1868 ( W. Jesse). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

h. Ad. sk, Abyssinia (Verreuux). R. B. Sliarpe, Esq.

i. Ad. sk. Casamanze, Senegambia, R. B. Sbarpe, Esq.

k. Ad., I. Pull. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq.

sk.
m, n. Ad. sk. River Yolta ( Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

o. Ad, sk. River Muni. P. B. DuChaillu, Esq.

[C.].
p. Ad.sk, Gaboon (DuC/im/lu). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

q. Ad. sk. Gaboon. Purchased.

4, Camaroptera stmdevalli.

Camaroptera olivacea (7ion J'.), Sunclev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork,
Siochli. 1850, p. 103; Bjj. Consp. i. p. 1^58 (1850); Grill, ZooL
Anteckn. p. 31 (1859) ; Gurney, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 2 ; id. Ihis, 1865,
p. 266 ; Bocaye, Juni. Lish. 1870, p. 340, 1874, p. 51 ; Gurney, in
Anderss. B. Uani. Ld. p. 94 (1872) ; Sliarpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr,
p. 223 (1877).

Calamodyta olivacea, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 99 (1867).

Camaroptera brevicaudata {non Biipp'.), Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 393 ;
Guriwy, Ibis, 1874, p. 95; Bocaije, Om. Angola, p. 280 (1881).

Camaroptera sundevalli, Sharpe, J.f. O. 1882, p. 347.

Adult. Above ashy brown or greyish ; wing-coverts olive-yel-
lowish, the quills brown, externally washed with the same olive-
yellow as the coverts ; upper tail-coveits slightly washed with olive;
tail ashy brown, with obscure dusky vermiculatioiis under certain
lights, the outer featliers slightly tipped with whitish ; lores dusky
white : feathers above the eye tulvous, scarcely forming an eyebrow ;
round the eye a ring of fulvous feathers ; ear-coverts ashy brown,

170 TIMELIID5:.

■with indistinct whitish sliaft-liues ; cheeks and under surface of body
very pale tawny huff, whiter on the chin and centre of the abdomen;
thighs tawny yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries buffy white,
washed with yellow, the edge of the wing bright yellow, " bill livid
horn-colour ; legs and toes brownish flesh-colour ; eyelids fleshy ; iris
light brown " (Andersson). Total length 4-S inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 2-25, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-9.

Hab. South Africa, from the Knysna eastwards to Natal and
northwards to Latakoo and the Transvaal ; on the west coast from
Damara Land to Benguela.

a. Ad. sk. Latakoo, South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.].

b, c, d. Ad. sk. Damara Land. C. J. Andersson, Esq. [C.].

e. cS ad. sk. Otjimbinque, July 2, 1866 R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.

{C. J. Andersson).

f. 5 ad. sk. River Okavango, May 19, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

1859 (Andersson).
9,h.S 2 ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Sept. 5, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

1859 {Andersson).

5. Camaroptera concolor.

Myiothera olivacea, Temm. MS. in Mus. Luf/d. (nee V.).
Camaroptera concolor, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 62 (1857) ; id. J.f. O.

1861. p. Ill ; Heuffl. Ibis, 1869, p. 141 ; Finsch 4- Hartl. F%.

Osfa-fr. p. 239 (1870) ; Shelley ^ Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 291; Reichm.

J. f. O. 1875, pp. 44, 50.
Drymoica concolor. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 203, no. 2866 (1869).

Adult. General colour above dull olive-green ; lesser and median
wing-coverts like the back ; greater and primar}--coverts, bastard
wing, and quills dusky brown, externally dull olive-green like the
back, a little brighter on the primaries ; rump a little yellower than
the back ; upper tail-coverts dull olive-green ; tail-feathers dusky,
washed on the edges with olive-green, and with dusky bars under
certain lights ; crown of head like the back ; lores, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and under surface lighter olive-green, a little more fulvous
on the throat ; fore neck and breast slightly tinged with olive-yellow ;
sides of body and flanks a little washed with ashy ; thighs and under
tail-coverts olive-yellowish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light
olive-yellow, or white washed with yellow ; quills dusky brown
below, inner edges white ; " bill horn-brown, lower mandible lighter ;
tarsus grey-brown ; iris dark brown " (Bticheiwiv). Total length
4-7 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-2, tail 1-7, tarsus O'So.

Hah. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to Camaroons.

a. Ad. sk. Fantee (Vssher). R. B. Sharpe, E^q.

b. Ad. sk. Fantee (Aubinn), R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

10. HTLIA. 171

6. Camaroptera super ciliar is.

Syh-icola superciliaris, Fraser, Ann. Sf Mag. Kat. Hist. xii. p. 440

(1843).
Prinia icterica, Sfrickl. P. Z. S. 1844, p. 100 ; Allen ^ Thomps. Exp.

Niger, ii. p. 495 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 284 (18.j0).
Sylvia superciliaris, Hartl. Beitr. Orn. Westafr. p. 22 (1848).
Chloropeta icterica, -Ha/-;;/. J. • /". O. 1854, p. 17 ; id. Orn. W.-Afr.

p. 60; id. J.f. O. 1861, p. 111.
Camaroptera siipercilians, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 38;

Hei»e, J. f. O. 1860, p. 130.
Drvmoica icterica, Grag, Iland-l. B. i. p. 203, no. 2867 (1869).
Camaroptera icterica, 'Hharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 477 ; id. Cat. Afr. B.

p. 33 (1871).

Adult. General coloiir above yellowisli green ; lesser and median
•wing-coverts like the back ; greater and primar}'-coverts, bastard
wing, and quills dusky, externally margined with yellowish green ;
upper tail-coverts a little yellower than the back ; tail-feathers duU
olive-green ; lores and feathers round the eye brilliant yellow ; ear-
coverts bright yellow, extending to the sides of the neck; cheeks,
throat, and under surface creamy white ; fore neck tinged with ashy ;
sides of body and flanks ashy washed with olive ; thighs and under
tail-coverts briUiant yellow ; under wiug-coverts white, washed
with yellow ; edge of the wing yellow ; axillaries bright yellow ;
quills dusky below, inner edges whitish ; " bill black ; tarsus greenish
yeUow; iris sepia-brown " {Reichenow). Total length 3-8 inches,
cuLmen 0-75, wing 1-9, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-75.

The type specimen is rather lighter and more yeUow.

Hah. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to Gaboon, as well as the
island of Fernando Po.

a. Ad. sk. Fantee(C/ssAe?-)- K. B. Sharpe, Esq.

b. Ad. sk. Ashautee. John Gould, Esq.

c. Ad. sk. Femando Po (Fraser). Evton Collection.

d. Ad. sk. Femando Po. L. Fraser, Esq. (Type

of species.)

10. HYLIA. T, „

Type.

Hylia, Cass. P-oc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 40 II. prasin

Head of Hglia prasiiia, to show nostril.
Range. West Afiica.

172 TIJIELIIU^.

1. Hylia prasina.

Sylvia prasina, Cass. Proc. Phihtd. Acad. 1855, p. 325.

Stiphrornis superciliaris, Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 355 (ex Temm.

MS.).
Chloropeta superciliaris, Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 60 (1857) ; id. J.

f. O. 1861, p. 111.
Hvlia prasina, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 40 ; Heine, J. f. O.

1860, p. 129 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 447 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 32

(1871) ; id. ^- Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 306 ;

Oustal. N. Arch. Mies. (2) ii. Bull. p. 104 (1879) ; Bocage, Orn.

Angola, pp. 285, 555 (1881).
Dryuioica prasina, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2840 (1869).

Adult. General colour above dull olive-green ; lesser and median
wing-coverts like the back ; greater and primary-coverts, bastard
■wing, and quills dusky brown, externally edged with olive-green
like the back ; tail-feathers olive-brown, washed on the outer webs
with yellowish olive, a little lighter than the back ; crown of head
rather more dusky olive-green than the back ; loral spot blackish,
surmounted bj" a tolerably well-defined streak of dull olive-yellow,
extending from the base of the nostrils to above the ear-coverts ;
feathers round the eye and ear-coverts olive-yellow, the upper part
of the latter blackish, forming as it were a blackish streak through
the e3-e ; cheeks and under surface of body light ashy, washed
faintly with olive-yellow here and there ; sides of the breast dusky
ash-colour ; throat paler ; sides of body, flanks, and thighs more
distinctly washed with olive-green; under tail-coverts mottled,
olive-greenish in the centre, with yellowish-white margins ; under
Aving-coverts and axillaries whitish washed with olive-yellow;
quills below dusky brown, inner edges ashy whitish ; bill black.
Total length 4:"6 inches, culmen 0'55, wing 2*5, tail 1'7, tarsus
0-75.

Young. Distinguished by their yellowish biU, and by the uniform
yellowish-green colour of the upper surface, without the duskj- head,
the eyebrow tinged with ochreous buff ; under surface of body dingy
olive, tinged with ochreous yellow.

Hah. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo.

a, h. Ad. sk. Gaboon. P. B. DuChaillu, Esq.

[C.].
e. Inim. sk. Gaboon {Dn Chadlu). K. B. Sharpe, Esq.

d, e. Ad. et juv. Fantee (Auhinii). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

sk.
/. Ad. sk. Fantee ( Ussher). H. B. Sharpe, Esq.

g. Ad. ek, Takwa range, Wasa province. Capt. Burton and

Capt. Cameron [P.].

11. STIPHEOENIS. 173

11. STIPHEORNIS *.

Stiphrornis, Hard. J.f. 0. l8oo, p. 355 S. ervthiothoiax .

Leg of Stijjkrornis eryihi-othorax, to show plain tarsus.
Bange. West Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. No -white tips at the end of the tail ; throat

and chest orange.
a'. Upper surface olive-brown ; ear-coverts and

sides of face slate-colour erijthrothorax, p. 17,3.

h'. Upper surface dark slaty grey; ear-coverts

and sides of fiice blackish slate-colour galonensis, p. 174.

b. Tail-leathers tipped -svith white ; no orange on

throat alhoterminata, p. 174.

1. Stiphrornis eiythrothorax. (Plate TI. fig. 1.)

Stiphrornis enthrothorax, Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 355 [ex Temm
MS.); id. Oni. W.-Afr. p. 63 (185"7) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 187;
id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 32 (1871, pt.) ; Vs^ier, Ibis, 1874, p. 58:

Drymoica ei->-throthorax, Gray, Hund-I. B. i. p. 201, no ''»839
(1869).

Adult. General colour above oHve-brown, rather greener on the
head and mantle ; lesser and median wing-coverts ashy grey ;
greater and primary-coverts, bastard wing, and quills dusky brown
edged with olive, the greater coverts shaded with grey ; rump and
upper tail-coverts rather browner than the back; tail-feathers
brown, edged with olive-brown ; lores with a silky white spot
surrounded by a line of grey, but scarcely enough to be called an
eyebrow ; feathers in front of eye, eyelid, fore part of cheeks, and
base and edge of chin black; ear-eovcrts and hinder cheeks 'dark
slaty grey ; throat and fore neck bright orange ; remainder of under
surface white ; sides of breast and flanks ashy grey ; thighs ashy ;
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts white ; edge of wing
ashy grey ; axillaries ashy grey edged with white : quiUs belo\y
dusky, inner edges ashy whitish. Total length 4 inches, culmen
0 0, wing 2-55, tail 1-65, tarsus 0-85.

Youny. Differs from adult in its pale bill, greener colour, and
tawny buff spots at the end of the wing-coverts and secondaries ;
throat white ; lower throat and fore neck with a patch of pale

, *^J^'''^ geniig, with its spotted young and plain tarsus, shows affinities with
the ihamnooKB.

174 TIMELIID.E.

orange-rufous obscured by aahy-grey margins to the feathers ; legs
pale.

Hah. Gold Coast.

a.

Ad. St.

Ashantee.

John Gould, Esq.

b.

Ad. sk.

Ashantee.

John Gould, Esq.

c.

Ad. sk.

Fantee.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

d.

Juv. sk.

Denkera ( Ussher).

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

2. Stiphrornis gabonensis. (Plate VI. fig. 2.)

Stiphrornis erythrothorax (non Hartl.), Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad.
1859, p. 39; Heine, J. f. O. 1860, p. 180; Hartl. J.f. O. 1861,
p. Ill; Shai-pe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 32 (1871, pt.).

Adult. Very similar to S. erytlirothorax ; but instead of being
brown, the upper surface is dark slaty grey with a faint olive tinge ;
the ear-coverts and sides efface are blackish slate-colour, and do not
stand out in the same contrast that is seen in the Gold-Coast species.
Total length -1 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-55, tail 1-45, tarsus
0-85.

Hah. Gaboon.

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon {Walker), R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

3. Stiphrornis alboterminata.

Stiphrornis alboterminata, Eeichen. J. f. O. 1874, p. 103, 1875,
p. 43; Bocaqe., Jorn. Lisb. 1880, p. 56 j id. Orn. Angola, pp. 285,
555 (1881). ■

Adult male. General colour above pale earthy brown, the wing-
coverts like the back ; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts
dusky brown ; quills brown, externally edged with dull olive; tail-
feathers brown, washed externally with olive and tipped with white
on the outer web ; lores and eyelid white ; ear-coverts brown like
the upper surface ; cheeks and under surface of body dull whitish,
with a wash of brown on the throat and breast as well as the sides
of the body ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries dull whitish, with a
patch of brown near the outer edge of the greater coverts ; quills
dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web ; " bill and
feet black ; iris reddish brown " (ReicJienotu). Total length 4-3
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-35, tail 1-55, tarsus 0-65. {Mus.
Berol. )

Hah. West Africa, from the Camaroons to Loango.

CISXICOLJE. 175

Group IV. ClS'nCOLM.

The Grass-Warblers form a tolerably well-defined group, the
genera being all rather closely connected together, with the excep-
tion of the Australian genera Acanthlza and Sericornis, which show
in their general form an affinity with the Willow- Warblers (Fhyl-
loscopi). The genus Gramimcola and some of the larger Gisticolie
connect the group with some of the Bradypteri, such as Mfgalurus
and Chcetornis (vide supra, pp. 122, 130) ; and Siii/a also inclines
towards Bradtjpterus, Dromceocercus, etc. The genus Buruesia re-
sembles the Tailorbirds in its leaf-sewing propensities ; and some of
the latter, separated by me under a distinct generic heading, lead on
naturally to the aberrant Muscicapidce, such as Crijptolopha, etc.

Key to the Genera.

a. With 10 tail-feathers.
«'. Tail strongly graduated.

a". Bill short and thickset; culmen not
so long as hind toe and claw ; rictal

bristles very strong 1, Suya, p. 176.

h". Bill long and stout, deeper than broad
at nostrils ; culmen not exceeding
length of hind toe and claw ; rictal
bristles more developed and reaching

to anterior margin of nostrils 2, Pbinia, p. 183.

c". Bill longer and more slender, less
stout than in succeeding geiuis,
broader at nostrils than it is high ;
culmen exceeding length of hind
toe and claw ; rictal bristles veiy
small and not reaching beyond

nostrils 3. ByENESiA, p. 203.

//. Tail nearly square 4. Scotocerca, p. 212.

/■. With 12 tail-feathers. -_
f'. Tail strongly graduated or rounded.
d". Bill very long and slender, rather
flat, the culmen exceeding tlie length
of the hind toe and claw.
a'". Middle tail-feathers elongated be-
yond the rest and pointed 5. Sutoeia, p. 21o.

b'". Middle tail-feathers not elongated.
((*. Outermost tail-feather much
shorter than the others, falling
short of them by about the
length of the cidmen, and being
only just visible beyond the
under tail-coverts ; bill more
pointed 6. Oethotomus, i\ 219.

176 • TIMELIIB-E.

Outermost tail - feather much
longer, and falling short of the
remainder by li'ss than the
length of the culnien ; bill flatter
and more- equilateral for the

whole of its length 7. Phyllergates*,p. 229,

e". Bill shorter and stouter, the culmen

more curved, and about equal to or

less than the hind toe and claw.

'". Tail-feathers very slender and

narrow, the breadth of the centre

feathers not equal to the length

of the hind toe (without claw) . . 9. Spiloptila, p. 231.
d'". Tail-feathers much broader, the
breadth of the centre feathers
equal to or exceeding the length
of the hind toe (without claw).
c*. With four well developed rictal

bristles 10. Gbaminicola, p. 233.

d*. With two well developed rictal

bristles 11. Cisticola, p. 235.

d' . Tail quite even.
/". Tarsus scutellated.

e'". First primary long, half the length

of the whole wing 12. Chthonicola, p. 290.

/'". First primary narrow and short;
half the length of the second

primary 13. Acanthiza, p. 291.

g". Tarsus plain 14. Sebicornis, p. 300.

1- SUYA. ^^p^

Suya, Hodgs. Asiatic Besearch. xix. p. 183 (1836) S. cnniger,

Decurus, Hodqs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 28 (1841) S. criniger.

Blanfordius, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 300 S. criniger.

Of. Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. pp. 1-6.

Bill of Siti/a criniger a.

Ecmge. From Scinde throughoiit the Himalayas and hills of
Southern China and Formosa, extending through the Burmese hills
to Mooleyit in Tenasserim. Sumatra.

Key to the Species.
a. Head streaked.

a . BiU black ; tail-feathers generally

abraded and pointed; no eyebrow. . crinigera ptil. sestiv., p. 178,

* Near this genus is to be inserted No. 8, Genus T/iamnornis, which is
unknown to me.

1. SUYA. 177

b'. Bill browner or more reddish, the
lower mandible pale; tail-feathers
perfect ; a distinct eyebrow
a". Back nearly uniform, head ob-
scurely streaked crinigera'^ww, p. 179.

h". Head and back plainly and broadly

striated crinigera hiem., p. 179

Head uniform.
c'. Throat black.

c". Upper surface ashy on head and
mantle, olive on lower back and

rump atrigularis ajstiv., p. 180.

d". Upper surface rufescent brown . . khasiana sestiv., p. 181.
d'. Throat white or buffy white ; on the
chest a few blackish streaks.
e". Head olivaceousbrown like mantle ;
rump clearer olivaceous; flanks
rufescent olivaceous; throat ful-
vous atrigularis hiem., p. 180.

f. Head rufescent brown; back a
little duller rufous ; flanks rufous ;

throat bufiy white khasiana hiem., p. 181.

g". Head dark ashy grey; back oliva-
ceous ; throat and breast white ;
a slight and nearly obsolete white

eyebrow albigularis, p. 182.

h". Head brown ; back a little more
rufescent ; a broad white eyebrow ;
throat and breast pale yellowish
buft, with a few blackish marks on
the chest superciliaris, p. 182.

1. Suya crinigera.

Suya criniger, Hodgs. Asiaf. Research, xix. p. 18^ (1836) ; id. Icon,

ined. in Brit. Mas., Passeres, pi. 50. tigs. 1, 2, pi. 101. fig. 4, Ajip.

pi. 34 (no. 415); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 375 (1844); Bp.

Consp. i. p. 281 (1850) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus.

i. p. 325 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind.'ii. p. 183 (1863) ; Peh. Ibis, 1868,

p. 308 ; Brooks, Ibis, 1809, p. 55 ; Hume, Nests 8^ Eggs Ind. B.

p. 35.3 (1873) ; Cock df Marsh. Sir. F. 1873, p. 355.
Suya fuligiuosa, Hodgs. Icon. ined. iti Brit. Mus., Passeres, Ajyp. pi. 35

(nos. 106-108).
Decurus (Suya) criniger, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 28 (1841) ; id.

in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844).
Decurus (Suya) fuliginosa, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82

(1844)._
Prinia criniger, Gray Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. Qd

(1846).
Decura (Suya) fuliginosa, Gray, t. c. p. 63 (1846).
Drymoica criniger, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 458 (1847) ;

Huttoyi, J. A. S. Beng. xvii.pt. 2, p. 092 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i.

p. 164 (1848); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 142 (1849).
Suya fuliginosa, Horsf. S)- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 326

(1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 183 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 23 ;

Hut)te, Str. F. 1879, p. 101.

VOL. VII. If

178 TrUEXITD^.

Prinia striata, Sia'nii. Journ, As. Soc. N.China Branch, 1859 ; Gray,

Hand-l B. i. p. 197, no. 2729 (1869).
Drynioica striolata, Peh. Sitz. k. Akad. Wien, xxiv. p. 373 (1857).
Suya sti'iata, Su-inh. Ibis, 1862, p. 304, 1863, p. 301 ; id. P. Z. S.

1871, p. 351 ; David i,- Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 258, pi. 18 (1877) ;

Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 1.
Prinia ciinigera. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 197, no. 2726 (1869).
PrLuia fuliginosa, Gray, t. c. p. 197, no. 2727 (1869).
Prinia striolata, Gray, t. c. p. 197, no. 2721 (1869).
Blanfordius striatiilus, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 300, 1879, p. 101.
Suva obscm-a, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 507 ; Ball, Str. F. 1875, p. 207 ;

Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 2.
Diymceca sti-iolata, Giebel, Tlies. Orii. ii. p. 66 (1875).
Suya ci'inig-era, Hume ^- Oates, Str. F. 1875, p. 138 ; Ball, t. c.

p. 207 ; Brooks, t. c. p. 243 ; Walden, in Blyth B. Bnrm. p. 120

(1875) ; Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 1 ; Anderson, Zool. Exped.

Tun-nan, Aves, p. 642 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101 ; Scully,

t. c. p. 305. _
Suya parumstriata, David ^- Oustalet, Ois. Chijie, p. 259 (1877).

Adult. General colour above dull brown, vdt\i a slight olive tint,
the feathers margined ■with greyish olive, causing a somewhat
mottled appearance ; lower back and rump more uniform ; wiug-
coverts brown, with greyish-olive edges, the outer coverts of the
lesser series margined with yellowish white, as also the bastard wing
and primary-coverts : quills brown, with hoary olive margins, rufes-
cent towards the base of the primaries ; upper tail-coverts and
tail-feathers dark brown, with hoary olive margins and tips, before
the latter a dusky brown subterminal spot ; crown of the head
like the back, and mottled iu the same manner ; lores yellowish ;
no eyebrow ; ear-coverts and cheeks yellowish buff', the former
dusky along their upper margins ; throat and under surface
yellowish bufi ; sides of the breast brown, or mottled with dark-
brown bases to the feathers ; abdomen a little clearer yellowish
buff' ; sides of the body and flanks light olivaceous ; thighs a little
more tawny like the abdomen ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
light tawny ; quills below brown, inner edge of quills pale tawny
buff; "bill black; tarsus fleshy; claws brown and dusky; iris
straw-yellow or golden yellow " {Scully). Total length 5'8 inches,
cuhnen 0-6, wing 2-1, tail 3, tarsus O'S.

The bird described is in breeding-plumage (S. fuliginosa, Moore),
when, as shown by Mr. Hume (Str. P. 1878, vol. ii. p. 2), the " hill
is entirely black ; the head and upper hack are duller and duskier
brown, the pale striae faded to greyish, very much reduced in width,
often almost obsolete; the 5 i»7/s margined with pale, faintly rufes-
cent olivaceous ; eyehrow none.''

In the non-hreeding plumage, according to the same observer, the
hill is browTi above, the greater part of the lower mandible pale
yellowish or pinkish horny ; the head and upper back rich, more or
less rufescent, and more or less deep brown, conspicuously striated
with pale, more or less rufescent fawn or yellowish brown ; the
quills margined with bright ferruginous (growing duUcr month by
month) ; the supercilium small and inconspicuous, ereamj-.

1. surA. 179

The autumn plumage of the young birds differs a good deal from
both the above. The striations of the head and back are less defined
than in the mid-winter plumage, the pale portions being more
rufescent and darker-coloured ; and the lower sm-face is much tinged,
as a rule, with dull yellow, though, as in the specimens described as
S. parumstriata, this is wanting. {Hume, I. c.)

Young female (type of Suya obscura, Hume). General colour
above brown, with dusky centres to the feathers of the head and
back, causing a mottled appearance, less distinct on the back ; rump
uniform brown ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ;
greater coverts, bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills light brown,
with reddish-buff' margins to the feathers, more distinctly rufous on
the outer edge of the primaries ; upper tail-coverts darker brown ;
tail-feathers brown, with dusky cross bars imder certain lights, the
edges and tips paler and more fulvous-brown, the tips plainer on
all but the two centie tail-feathers and having a distinct subter-
minal spot of dusk)' brown ; lores dull whitish, obscured by blackish
tips ; no distinct ej'ebrow, but the superciliary feathers a little paler
than the crown ; eyelid whitish ; ear-coverts light brown, washed
with yellowish buff'; cheeks, throat, fore neck, and chest buffy
whitish ; breast and abdomen pure white ; sides of the breast washed
with olive-brown ; sides of the bodj', flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts clear fulvous-brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale
tawny buff, whiter near the edge of the wing ; quills below ashy
brown ; inner edge of quills pale tawny. Total length 5'9 inches,
culmen 0"45, wing 2*15, tail 2-8, tarsus 0"85.

Nestling. Eeddish brown above, nearly uniform, the head only
streaked with darker brown ; ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat yellow-
ish white, tinged with fulvous on the abdomen ; sides of body and
flanks ruddy brown ; a faint eyebrow ; quills broadly edged with
rufous.

The plumage of the full-grown young birds is very similar to the
nestling plumage, but the yellow tint disappears, leaving the under
surface whiter. Suya obscura of Hume is founded on a young bird
in first autumn plumage.

The young in its first winter dress is verj^ distinctly striated above,
and is tinged strongly with grey above and with fulvous below.

Blanfordiu-s siriatulus of Hume appears to me to be only a young
bird in its first winter dress ; and our specimen is not to be separated
from a Bootan skin collected b)' Pemberton.

Hab. From Scinde, throughout the Himalayas from Cashmere to
Bootan, and thence through Yun-nan to South China and Formosa ;
Burmese countries.

a. $ juv. hiem. sk. Kaud, Hubb vallev, Lower W. T. Blanford, Esq.

Scinde, Feb. .5,"l877. [P.] (S. u. B.stnolatm.)

b, c. Ad. sk. Cashmere (Br. Belleio). India Museum.

d. 5 juv. sk. Dunna, Cashmere, August MajorJ.BiddulphrC.].

1874. (Type of Suya obscura.)

e. Ad. ; /. Pull. sk. N. W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

will [P.].
n2

180

TLMELIID^.

g. Ad. ; h. Juv. sk. Nepal.

i. Ad. festiv. ; k.

Hiem. sk.
I. Ad. aestiv. sk.
wi,M,o. Ad. 8estiv.sk.

p. Ad. aestiv. sk.
q. Ad. sestiv. sk.

r, s. Ad. sestiv. sk.

Nepal.

Nepal (Hodffson),
Nepal (Hodgson)

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.]. (Types of S.

crim'ger.)
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.]
India Museum.
India Museum.

Himalayas.
Sikkim, June 1873.

^.Ad
sk.
V, 10. (S 2 sestiv. sk.

X. cJ inim. sk.

Darjiling.
Juv. hiem. Bootan (Ponherton).

(Types oi Suya fuliginosa, Moore.)
Gould Collection.
Eugene W. Gates,

Esq.
W. Fotheringham,

Esq. [P.].
India Museum.

Momien, Yun-nan, 5-500

feet, June 1868.
Thayetmyo, May 19, 1872,

Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

Eugene W. Gates,
Esq. [C.].

2. Suya atrigularis

Suva atrigularis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, Ajj}).
pi. .36 (no. 89.3): Moore, P. Z. .S. 1854, p. 77 ; Horsf. ^- Moore,
Cat. B.E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 326 (1854) ; Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 184
(1863) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 455 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1878, vol. ii.
p. 4, 1879, p. 101.

Piinia atrigiilaiis. Gray, Hand-l. B.\.-p. 197, no. 2728 (1869).

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brovra, lighter on the
rump and upper tail-coverts ; .scapulars and wing-coverta like the
back, the greater coverts dusky, externally edged with olive :
bastard wing dark brown, edged with white ; primary-coverts dusky
brown with olive margins ; quills brown, the secondaries externally
reddish near the base, the primaries edged with ashy olive : tail-
feathers light brown, paler on the edges, narrowly tipped with paler
brown ; crown of the head, occiput, nape, and hind neck dusky,
with darker centres to the feathers of the forehead and sinciput ;
lores and sides of crown dusky, with a narrow indication of a whitish
eyebrow ; ear-coverts dark ashy, with whitish shaft -lines ; feathers
under the eye dusky ; cheeks whitish, slightly mottled with black
tips to the feathers, forming a distinct moustache ; sides of the
neck, throat, fore neck, and breast black, the latter streaked with
white ; abdomen whitish ; sides of the body and flanks olive-brown ;
thighs reddish olive ; under tail-coverts paler olive ; iinder wing-
coverts and axillaries pale tawny buff; quills below dusky, inner
edge of quills fulvescent. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-55, wing
1-85, tail 3-6, tarsus 0-85.

Winter plumarfe. Wants the black throat of the adult and is more
olive above ; wing-coverts and quills rather broadly margined with
tawny buff ; a very distinct white eyebrow ; cheeks and throat
white ; the rest of the under surface washed with buff : the feathers
of the cheeks, throat, and breast slightly mottled with blackish
margins to the feathers ; flanks more fulvous-brown than in the
adult.

1. SUTA. 181

Young birds resemble the winter plumage, but are not so olive above,
being a little more rufescent, especially on the outer webs of the quills.
Hab. Eastern Himalayas.

a. Ad. ffistiv. sk. Himalayas. Goiild Collection.

b. Hiem. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection.

c. d. .Estiv.; e, f. Jur. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
sk

^. Ad. liiem. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

k, i, k. Ad. ; /.Imm. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum.

wj.Ad.; «. Juv.hiem.sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

0. c? ad. sk. Darjiling. W. Fotheringham, Esq.

[C.].
p 9 hiem. sk. Darjiling, Dec. 22, Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

ld,l'd(W.E. Brooks),
q. S ad.sk. Siklrim.July 1873 ' Eugene ^\. Gates, Esq.

(L. Mandelli).
r. Ad. sk. Darjihng {Pearson). India Museum. (Type of

species.)

3. Suya khasiana.

Suva khasiana, Godwin-Austen, Ann. S( Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xviii.
p. 412 (1876) ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 59 ; id. Str. F. 1878, vol. n.
p. 3, 1879, p. 101.

General colour above rufescent brown, the head like the back,
the rump rather more fulvous ; wing-coverts like the back, with
a little rufous tinge on the outer greater coverts; bastard-wing
feathers externally edged with yellowish white: primary-coverts
and quills brown, washed with olive-brown on the margins ; lores
blackish, with a narrow line of white above, not sufficient to form
an eyebrow ; ear-coverts and a line along the sides of the crown, in
continuation of the white streak, dark ashy grey, extending onto
the sides of the neck ; cheeks white, forming a long moustachial
streak; throat, fore neck, and chest black, the latter mottled with
subterminal spots of white ; breast and abdomen white, with a few
blackish margins to the breast-feathers : sides of the body and flanks
olive-brown; thighs tawny buff; under tail-coverts olive-brown;
under wing-coverts and axillaries light tawny buff, \^-hite near the
edge of the wing ; quills below brown ; inner edge of quills tawny.
To'tal length 6-2 inches, culmeu U-6, wing 1-9, tail 3-5, tarsus 0-95.

Mr. Hume remarks (Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 4) that S. khasiana
goes through precisely the same stages of plumage as S. atricjidans.
" In the noii-hrtedinfj plumage the bill is paler ; it has a conspicuous
wldte supercilium ; its lores are white ; chin, throat, and upper
breast nearly pure white, a little creamy ; no mandibular stripes ;
clear ochraceous brown ear-coverts ; and forehead, crown, and occi-
put clear rufous, and back only slightly browner ; tail-feathers much
broader and unabraded."

It, too, has an intermediate stage, in which the breast-feathers
show' very narrow black lateral margins, in which the red of the
head is somewhat duller, and in which there is a dark spot before
the eje. {Hume, I. c.)

Hab. Kiasia hills.
a.Ad. sk. Khasia hills (Jfrrfon). Gould Collection.

182 TIMELIID^.

4. Suya albigularis.

Suya albigularis, ITunie, Str. F. 1873, p. 459, 1880, p. 227.

Adult female {Suiaaira, : H. 0. Forbes). General colour above olive-
brown ; lesser wing- and median coverts like the back ; greater coverts
slightly more rufoiis on the outer margins ; bastard wing dusky,
narrowly edged with whitish on the outer web ; primary-coverts and
quills dusky brown, margined with fulvous-brown, a little more
rufescent on the primaries ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-
feathers brown, edged with fulvous-brown, the outer feathers narrowly
tipped with fulvous ; crown of the head dull ashy grey, slightly washed
with olive ; lores dusky, surmounted by a narrow white line ; ear-
coverts dark ashy, the lower portion mottled with whitish shaft-lines;
cheeks white, slightly mottled with blackish tips to the feathers ; sides
of the neck dark ashy, with a wash of olive like the head ; throat, fore
neck, and breast yellowish white, the feathers at the side of the
throat and chest margined with black forming a black line ; abdomen
whitish ; sides of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail- coverts
fulvous-brown washed with olive ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
pale tawny buiF, whiter near the edge of the wing ; quills below
dusky brown ; inner edge of the qiiills light tawuy buff; " bill,
upper maidible greyish black; tarsus pale fiesh-colour; iris greenish
grey" (El. 0. Forbes). Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2,
tail 2-7, tarsus 0-85. (Mus. F. Nicholson.)

The specimen described has been lent to me by Mr. F. Nicholson,
and agrees with Mr. Hume's description of S. aJhir/uIaris. More
recently Mr. Hume (Str. F. 1880, p. 227) has united the Sumatran
species with Suya siq^erciliaris of Anderson, in which identification
I cannot follow him. S. albigularis may have, to judge from analogy,
a black-throated breeding-dress ; but in its nonbreeding-dress it is
very distinct from the Burmese 8. superciUaris, which never has
a grey head. I am uncertain as to the range of the species, as Mr.
Hume, after comparing his Sumatran type with examples from
Mooleyit (previously identified as S. superciUaris in Str. F. vol. i.
p. 350), pronounces the two birds to be "clearly identical." If this
is the case, the Sumatran bird probably ranges along the mountains
of the eastern side of the Malayan Peninsula up to Mooleyit in
Tenasserim. I shoi;ld have thought, however, that Mr. Humo was
right in his first identification, and that it is the Biirmese bird
which ranges as far as Mooleyit, and not the Sumatran which goes
so far northwards.

5. Suya superciUaris.

Suya superciUaris, Anderson, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 212 ; Swinh. P. Z. S.

1871, p. 351 ; David 8)- Oustalet, Ois. CAitie, p. 240 (1877) ; Hume,

4- Davis. Sir. F. 1878, i. p. 350 ; Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 3,

1879, p. 101.
Suya erythropleura, Walden in Blyth B. Bitrm. p. 120 (1875) ;

Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 58 ; id. i,- Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. i.

p. 351 ; Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. .3, 1879, p. 101.

2. PRINIA. 183

Adult female. General colour above iiiiiform browu ; wing-coverts
like the back ; bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky, externallj-
margined with yellowish white ; quills dusky brown, externally ful-
vous-brown ; the secondaries a little more rufous ; upper tail-coverts
like the back, with a slight rufous tinge on the outer ones ; tail-
feathers brown with fulvescent margins ; crown of the head darker
than the back, of an ash}--olive colour ; lores blackish, surmounted
by a narrow white eyebrow ; feathers round the eye also whitish ;
ear-coverts dull ashy brown, with whitish shaft-lines ; throat and
breast light yellowish butf, the abdomen whiter ; on the breast a few
black margins to some of the feathers ; sides of the body, flanks,
thighs, and under tail-covcrts tawny buff ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries very pale tawnj' buff, whiter along the edge of the wing ;
quills below brown; inner edge of quills light rufous; "upper
mandible black, lower mandible fleshy pink ; legs, feet, and claws
fleshy pink ; iris brownish yellow " (Davison). Total length 7 inches,
• culmen 0'5, wing l-So, tail 3'S, tarsus 0-85.

The type of S. erythropleura, Walden, is a male, and measures as
follows : — Total leng-th 7'4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-95, tail 4-4,
tarsus 0-9 {Mus. E. G. Wanllmv Bamsay). It is identical with S.
superciliaris.

I was at one time inclined to think that the present species might
be the cold-weather dress of S. Ihasiana ; but the latter species always
has a rufous head. Whether it is a stage of plumage of ;S'. alhigw-
laris can only be made out from a larger series of specimens.

Hab. Hills of Burmah and Tenasserim.
a. 5 ad. sk. Momien, Yim-nan, June 2, 1868. Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

2. PRINIA. ^

Type.
Prinia, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 164 (1820) .... P. familiaris.

Daseocharis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 45 (1850) P. familiaris.

Drymoipus, Bi). Comptes Mendus, xxxix. p. 11 (1854) . . P. poljchroa.

Bill of Prinia inornata.

Banr/e. The whole of the Ethiopian and Indian Eegions, extend-
ing throughout the Eurmese countries and southern China. Java.

Key to the Species.

a. With no stripes on the chest.

a' . With a distinct dusky subtermiual
spot on the tail-feathers.
a". White spots on wing-coverts;
throat and breast white, contras-
ting with tlie abdomen, which is
pale yellow familiaris, p. 185,

184 TTMELIIB^.

6", No white spots on the wing-
coTerts ; breast and abdomen fid-
vescent; throat similar or only
a little whiter.
a'". Bill entirely black ; upper sur-
face dusky ashy brown ; wing-
coverts edged with same coloui"

as back mystacea sestiv., p. 193.

b'". Bill horn-brown ; wing-coverts
edged wilh same colour as
back.
0*. Upper surface streaked .... polychroa, p. 202.
¥. Upper surface uniform.
a^. Upper surface dusky

brown ; tail 2'9 inches . . sylvatica ad. hiem., p. 200,
¥. Upper surface rufous-
brown ; tail 3'3 inches . . sylvatica ]\\\. hiem., p. 201.
d". Bill rufous or pale brown.
c*. Wing-coverts edged with
ashy or duslcy brown like

the back; tail 2-2-3 inches. . inornata ad. hiem., p. 197.
<?■'. Wing-coverts edged with
rufous ; upper surface ru-
fous-brown ; tail 2-4-2-9 , ^.^^,.^^^^ .^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^ J97_

^^^ ^^ I mystacea juv. hiem., p. 194.

Subjoined is a list of species which have been placed in the genera BrymxBca
and Prinia, ■which have never been properly identified, and which probably
never will be : —

1. Le Figiiier taehete du S6n6gal, Banhcnt. PI. Enl. vi. pi. 582. fig. 2; Buff.
H. N., Oh. Y. p. 282 (1778).
Undated Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. part 2, p. 9477 (1783).
Motacilla undata, Gm. S. N. i. p. 982 (1788, ex Dauhent.).
Sylvia undata. Lath. Ivd. Orn. ii. p. 534 (1790).

Drymoica undata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 282;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2762 (1869).
Apparently Cidicola cursiians.

2 Figiiier blond du Senegal, Datibent. PL Enl. vi. pi. 584. fig. 2 ; Buff. H.

N., Ois. V. p. 284 (1778).
Flaxen Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 478 (1783).
Motacilla subflava, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 982 (1788, ex Baubent).
Sylvia subflava, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 535 (1790).
Drymoica subflava, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ; Bf. Cmsp. i. p. 282 ;

Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 95 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2759

(1869).
Drymoeca subflava, Giebel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 66 (1876).

Apparently a bad figure of Prinia mystacea.

3. Le double Sourcil, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. p. 109, pi. 128 (1802) ; Sundev.
Krit. Framst. Levaill. p. 38 (1857).
Sylvia diophrys, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. dHist. Nat. xi. p. 182 (1817) ; Shaw ^

Nodder, Nat. Misc. pi. 973.
Drymoica diophrys, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 63 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 282
(1850).
Professor Sundevall in his critique on Levaillaut's work is unable to suggest
what bird this is intended for, npr can I identify the species,

2. PEINIA. 185

b'. With no subterminal bar ou the tail-
featliers.
c". Breast yellow ; throat white ; no

white on tail below fiavicans hiem., p. 186.

d". Breast creamy buff, as also the
throat ; tail distinctly white be-
low on the inner webs of the
feathers.
d'" . Much larger : wing 2'55 inches;

head more dusky than back . . syhatica sestiv., p. 200.
e'". Smaller : wing 2'0o inches; head

, „. uniform with back inornata asstiv., p. 197.

b. With distinct stripes on the chest.

c'. Throat striped as well as breast . . maculosa, p. 189.
d'. Throat uniform.
e". With no subterminal spots on

tail-feathers; throat white Jlavicam hiem., p. 186.

/". Tail with distinct subterminal

spots; throat yellow hypoxantha, p. 190.

e'. Throat white; breast pale yellow,
separated from the throat by a
broad black band , Jlavicans aestiv., p. 186.

1. Prinia familiaris.

Prinia familiaris, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 165 (1820) • id
Zool. liesearch. Java, pi. 52 (1824) ; Sivainson, Zool. lllm. 2nd 'series'
m. pi. 97 (1832-33) ; Blytli, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p 465 (1847) •
Gray Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848) ; Bonap. Cons,,, i. p. 284 (1850) •
Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. KI. Co. 3Ius. i. p. 320 (1854) • Grm/
Iland-l. B. i.p. 196, no. 2696 (1869); Ttceedd. Ibis, 1877, 'p 311 •
Salmd. Ann. Mm. Civic. Genov. xiy. p. 235 (1879) ; Nichols. Ibis'
1879, p. 169, 1881, p. 149, 1882, p. 61 yicaois. xots,

Motacilla olivacea, Eaffl. Travis. Limi. Soc. xiii. p. 313 (IS^Q)

Orthotomus prinia, Temm. PI. Col. text to pi. 599 (1836).

Daseocharis familiaris. Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 45 (1850).

Orthotomus familiaris, Giebel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 768 (1875). '

Adult male. General colour above uniform brown, slightly washed
with olive, especially on the mantle, the feathers olive-brown with
yellow bases ; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the outer ones edged
with yeUow ; median and greater coverts dark brown, tipped with

4. Figuier brun du Senegal, Dauhent. PI. Enl. vi. pi. 584 fie 1 • Buff H N
Ois. V. p. 284 (1778). ' ■ "S- ^ > ^W- ^- iv.,

Dusky Warbler, Lath. Gc?i. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 477 (178,3)

Motacilla fuscata, Gni. Syst. Nat. i. p. 982 (1788, ex Baubent )

Sylvia fuscata, Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 535 (1790).

Drymoica fuscata, Gray, Hmid-L B. i. p. 198, no. 27(j0 (1869).
Not kno\vn to me.

The two following species are included by Mr. Gray in the Hand-list :—

2724. Prinia? leucophrys, Boie. Hal>. Java.

2725. Prinia ? phniymUoidcs, Kulil. Ned). Java.

deecribe^d "°* *^ ^^^ succeeded in finding where these species have been

186 TIMELIID^.

yellowish white, forming a double wing-bar ; bastard-wing and
primary- coverts lighter brown ; quills brown, externally margined
with fulvous-brown, more or less tinged with olive ; upper tail-
coverts like the back ; tail-feathers light brown, with dusky cross
bars under certain lights, the feathers tipped with dull white, before
which is a very broad subterminal spot of dark l)rown ; crown of
head and hind neck dull brown, a little darker than the back; lores,
feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts dusky brown like the head,
the latter with yellowish shaft-lines and washed with yellow on
the lower half; cheeks and throat white, succeeded by a bar of
ashy brown extending across the fore neck and onto the sides of
the neck ; breast and abdomen bright yellow ; sides of body and
flanks washed with olive ; thighs dusky olive ; under tail-coverts
pale yellowish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish white,
with a di;sky spot near the outer edge of the greater series ; quills
dusky below, inner edges fulvescent ; " upper mandible black, the
lower one yellow, black at tip ; legs and feet flesh-colour ; iris dark
brown " (H. 0. Forhes). Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0-65,
wing 2-15, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-95. ^

A bird in young or winter plumage differs from the specimen
described in being more uniform olive-brown above, the head being
brown and not grey ; the yellow on the abdomen is paler and the
chest has no grey band across it. A Sumatran specimen is similar
to the adult, but has not the grey chest-band ; this difference may
be sexual.

Hah. Java and Sumatra.

a. S ad. sk. East Java. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.l.

b. Imm. sk. East Java. A. E,. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
e. Ad. sk. West Java {E. C. F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.].

Buxton).

d. Ad. sk. Java {Horsfield). India Museum. (Type of

species.)

e. Ad. sk. Java. Gould Collection.
/. Ad. sk. Sumatra, A. E. Wallace, Esq.

2. Prinia flavicans.

Le Citrin, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. p. 109, pi. 127 (1802) ; Sundev.

Krit. Franid. Levaill. p. 38 (1857).
Sylvia subflava, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 175 (1817, nee

Gm.)
Sylvia Havicans, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Metli. ii. p. 438 (1823).
Sylvia limonella, Licht. Verz. Samml. Sdvg. u. Viig. Kaffeml. p. 13

(1842).
Drynioica pallida. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. Ixxii. fig. 2

(1842) ; Grat/, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ; Bjx Coyisp. i. p. 283
(1850) ; Gurnetj, Ibis, 1863, p. 325 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 86
(1867) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 155 ; Gray, Hand-l. B'. i. p. 97,
no. 2735 (1869). _

Drymoica pectoralis, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pl. Ixxv. fig. 2

(1843) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 86
(1867) ; Gratj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 197, no. 2733 (1869).

2. PRINIA. 187

Drymceca flavicans, Stiickl. ^ Scl. Contr. Oni. 1852, p. 148 ; Shnrpe,

Cat. Afr. B. p. 29 (1871) ; id. ed. Laijard, B. S. Afr. p. 254,

pi. viii. (1876) ; Sliellexj, Ibis, 1882, p. 53.
Drjmoica flavicans, Sundev. Krit. Framst. Levatll. p. 38 (1857) ; Gray,

Hnnd-l. B. i. p. 108, no. 2761 (1869) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 290 ;

Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 84 (1872).
Drymoica subflava {nee Gm.), Gurney, Ibis, 1862, p. 28.
Drjanoica ortleppi, Trisfr. Ibis, 1869, p. 207 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 200, no. 2803 (1869).
Drymceca subflava, Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 366 («ec Gm.).

Adult male. General colour above pale brown, a little deeper on
the crown, tbe feathers on the forehead above the eyebrow dark
brown ; rump slightly more fulvous-brown, the upper tail-coverts
rather rufous-brown ; tail pale brown, with dusky obsolete bars
across it, very indistinct, no darker subtcrminal spots, the feathers
having only rather lighter edges ; wings dark brown, the coverts
edged with ashy fulvous ; edge of the wing and the margins of the
bastard- wing plumes whitish ; quills externally edged with rufous-
brown, lighter towards their tips ; lores and feathers over the eye
dull white ; cheeks and ear-coverts also dull white, the latter
brownish on their hinder margins ; throat white ; across the breast
a broad band of dark brown ; rest of under surface pale yellow ;
thighs tawny ; under wing-coverts pale tawny buff; the quills ashy
brown below, edged with rufous along the inner webs ; " bill jet-
black ; legs and toes flesh-colour ; iris brownish yellow " (Anders-
son). Total length 5'7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2'05, tail 2-8,
tarsus 0*8.

The adult female, as determined by Sir Andrew Smith, has
not so broad a black pectoral band, but is otherwise similar to the
male.

Ohs. The variation in the black pectoral baud of this species has
given rise to much inquiry as to whether it is a seasonal plumage
or a sign of age. Sir Andrew Smith expressly states that the
young birds want the black band ; and this is no doubt correct.
The large series which I have examined show the following facts,
viz. that birds killed between April 19th and July 8th exhibit no
sign of the pectoral band, while those killed towards the end of
July (18th and 30th) show a slight trace of it ; on the other hand,
very faint remains of dusky markings are to be seen on examples
kiUed on the 12th and 16th of April as^vell as on one procured
on the 1st of September, while the band is most pronounced in
a bird shot on the 27th of March. All these dated specimens were
collected by that admirable naturalist the late Mr. C. J. Andersson ;
and they suggest that the black pectoral band is part of the summer
plumage, as it seems to be appearing in the Julj'-killed specimens and
to be disappearing in those killed in the middle of April. All the
specimens shot between April and the early part of July are in good
plumage, and are perhaps young birds in their first winter liverv :
they seem to have longer tails than the brooding birds, and their
colours are much richer, the general tone of the upper surface

188

TIMELiro^.

being rather rufescent when compared with the black- collared
specimens, the head being decidcdlj' rufous, as also are the margins to
the wing-feathers. A slight disparity is noticed in the size of the
sexes, as will be seen by the accompanying measurements of a pair
killed by Andersson at Sand Fountain, Walvisch Bay, Aj)ril 19th,
1865 :—

cJ. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-15, tail 3'35,
tarsus 0-95.

2 . Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0'5, wing 1*95, tail 2*9,
tarsus 0-85.

The type of D. paUida is in the Museum, and is nothing but a
pale example of D.Jlavicans.

Hah. South-eastern Africa, ranging throughout the Transvaal to
Bamangwato and westwards to Damara Land and Great Namaqua
Land, as far south as the Orange River.

a, 6. c? ? ad. sk.

c. Ad, sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk,

/. cJ hiem. sk.

ff, h. c? ad. sk.

i, k. 5 ad. sk.
/. S fid. sk.

in. S ad. ak.

n. 5 ad. sk.
0, p. 2 ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.

r, s. 5 sk.

i. 2 [juv.] sk.

u, V, IV. S 2 [j^iv.]
sk.

x\ Pull. sk.

y, z. 2 fid. sk.

a', b'. c? sk.

c',d',e'. rS,f'- ? ad.

sk.
c/". Ad. sk.

South Afiica.
South Africa.

South Africa.

South Africa (E. L.
Layard).

HopeTown(y. C.^<-
mo7-e).

Transvaal {T. Ayres).

Transvaal (T. Ayres).

Potchefstroom, Transvaal,
June 1876.

Potchefstroom, August
1876.

Potchefstroom, June 1876.

Potchefstroom, July 1876.

Damara Land (C. J. An-
dersson).

Between Aamhoup and
Hountop, Gt. Namaqua
Laud, June 7, 1862 (An-
dersson).

Walvisch Bay, May 6,
1865 {Andersson).

Sand Fountain, Walvisch
Bay, April 19, 1865 {An-
dersson).

Walvisch Bay, Dec. 22,
1863 {Andersson).

Elephaut Vley, Sept. 1,
1859 (Andersson).

Elephant Vley, July 30,
1869 (Andersson).

Swakop River, April 12-
16, 1865 {Andersson).

Otjimbinque, June 10, 1866
{Andersson).

Sir A. Smith [C.].
(Types of D. pectoralis.)
Sir A. Smith [C.].
(Type of D. pallida.)
Sir A. Smith [0.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq,
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Dr. H. Exton [P.].

Dr. H. Exton [P.],

Dr. H. Exton [P.],
Dr. H. Exton [P.],
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[R].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R, B. Sharpe, Esq.
R, B. Sharpe, Esq.

R, B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[R].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R, B. Sharpe, Esq.

R, B. Sharpe, Esq.

2. PEINIA. 189

h'. $ ad. sk. Otjimbinque, July 14, 1866 R. B, Shai-pe, Esq.

{Andersson).
i'. $ ad. sk. Ondonga, March 27 {An- E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

dersson) .
k'. 2 iuv. sk. Ombougo, May 17, 1859 E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(C. J. A.).

3, Prinia maculosa.

La petite Fauvette tachetee du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Buff.

Hist. Nat., Ois. v. p. 161 (1778).
Fauvette tachetee du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Daub. PI. E)d. vii.

pi. 752. fig. 2.
Great-tailed Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 500.
Motacilla maculosa, Bodd. TaU. PI. Enl. p. 47 (1783).
Motacilla luacroura, Gmel. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 953 (1788).
Sylvia macroura, ZafJi. Ind. Orn. i. p. 545 (1790).
Le Capocier, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 130 (1802) ; Sundev. Krit.

Framst. Levaill. p. 39 (1857).
Malui-us capen&is, Stejih. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 225 (1826).
Drvnioica capensis. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 76. hg. 1

(1843) ; Laijard, B. S. Afr. p. 92 (1867).
Drymoica maculosa, Graj/, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B.

i. p. 197, no. 2731 (1869) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Land,

p. 82 (1872).
Drymoeca macroura, Cab, Mus, Hein. i. p. 43 (1850); Grill, Zool.

Anteckn. p. 30 (1859).
Drymoeca maculosa, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 30 (1871) ; Shelley, Ibis,

1875, p. 70 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard,' B. S. Afr. p. 259 (1876).

Adult male. Above dull earthy brown, the wings a little darker
than the back, with indistinct rufous-brown margins to the quiUs,
the primaries narrowly edged with whity brown ; tail-feathers light
brown, with pale whitish tips but no subterminal bar of black ; lores
yellowish white, as also a distinct eyebrow ; cheeks and sides of face
pale yellowish, with distinct triangular spots of black obscuring the
yellow of the ear-coverts, which are also brown on their hinder
margin ; under surface of body pale yellowish, with distinct longi-
tudinal spots of black, larger on the breast and smaller on the
throat and on the sides of the body, which are washed with pale
tawny brown ; the abdomen unstrcaked pale yellow ; thighs dull
tawny ; the under tail-coverts also pale tawny brown, with indistinct
darker centres ; axiUaries and under wing-coverts light tawny buff,
the lower series ashy brown at the tips like the lower surface of the
, quills, which are edged with pale rufous along the inner web ;
biU flesh-colour, shading into dark brown on the upper mandible and
the tips of the lower one ; legs flesh-colour ; iris brownish yeUow.
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2, tail 2-75, tarsus 0-S5.

I have not seen an adult female of this species : but she will
doubtless be found to be a little smaller than the male.

Tounrj. More rufous-brown than the adult ; quills dusky brown,
edged with rufous-brown ; underueath pale yellowish, with broad
mesial streaks of brown on the throat and breast.

190 TiMELIIDiE.

The young bird after the first moult still keeps a more rufous
appearauce than the adult bird, and has a longer tail (3-4 inches).
The newly moulted tail-feathers have a slight dusky subterminal
bar.

Hah. South Africa, from the neighbourhood of Cape Town to the
Port-Elizabeth district, and along the west coast to the south of
Great Namaqua Land.

a. Ad. St. South Africa. Dr. Lee [P.].

h. Ad. St. South Africa. South-African Museum.

c. S ad. St. South Africa. South-Africau Museum.

(Type of jD. capensis.)

d. Pull. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.].
e,f. Ad. sk. South Africa (Layard). K. B. Sharpe, Esq.
ff. Ad. sk. Table Moimtaiu, "Nov. 29, E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

1861 (Andersson).

h. cS ad. sk. Knysna, Eeb. 1, 1866 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(Andersson).
i. Ad. sk. Knysna, Jan. 24, 1866 E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

{A7idersso7i).
k, I. Ad. sk Colesberg {Oklepp). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

m. cJ ad. sk. Kugel Fountain, Little E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Namaqua Land, Aug. 6,

1862 (Ande}-sso7i).

4. Prinia hypoxantha.

Drymoeca suhstriata, Gurnet/, Ibis, 1864, p. 384 (jiec Smith).
Drymoeca maculosa (pt.), Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 30, no. 277; sp.

k, I, m (1871).
Drymoeca hypoxautha, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 260 (1876) ;

Ayi-es, Ibis, 1876, p. 425 ; Butler, Feilden Sj- Eeid, Zool. 1882,

p. 243.

Adult male. Above brown, nearly uniform everywhere, the head
indistinctly mottled with darker brown centres, the lower back and
rump slightly washed with olive ; wings brown, duller than the
back, with paler edgings to the feathers, the primaries narrowly
margined with whity brown ; tail light brown, waved across with
dusky under certain lights, the feathers narrowly tipped with white,
with a faint indication of a subterminal blackish bar ; lores and a
very distinct eyebrow, as well as a circlet of feathers round the eye,
pale yellow ; a few plumes between the eye and the base of bill
dusky brown, as also the upper margin of the ear-coverts ; rest of
the sides of the face and throat lemon -yellow, entirely spotted ;
rest of under surface of body yellow, unspotted on the abdomen, but
distinctly streaked with black down the chest and on the sides of
the body ; flanks washed with yellowish brown ; thighs and under
tail-coverts tawny buff; under wing-coverts also tawny buff, the
edge of the wing white ; quills brown below, the inner web edged
with tawny rufous ; bill black ; legs flesh-colour ; iris light brown.
Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-1, tail 2-7, tarsus
0-9.

2. PRINIA. 191

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller. Total length
4-7 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-95, tail 2-2, tarsus 0"85.

Ohs. The description is taken from a pair of birds in Captain
Shelley's collection, obtained bj' Mr. T. L. Ayres near Pinetown,
Natal, on the 19th of January, 1875. The female had the soft
parts coloured as in the male, and both appear to have been breed-
ing, from the worn plumage.

Birds shot in Juno 1870 near Eland's Post by Mr. T. C. Atmore,
and apparently in full winter plumage, are of a warmer brown above,
with clearer tawny coloui- on the flanks.

Young birds have much broader streaks of black on the breast,
and have the cheeks and sides of face also minutely streaked with
black. The tail in the winter plumage of the young seems also
longer than in the breeding-dress, owing somewhat to the less worn
appearance of the tail. A male measures : — Total length 6 inches,
culmen 0'5, wing 2'05, tail 3'5, tarsus 0-9.

I was at one time inclined to think that this species might turn out
to be only the winter plumage of P. maculosa or P. suhstriata ; but
after seeing the series in the British Museum and in Capt. Shelley's
collection, I think there can be no doubt of its being quite distinct
from either of the above birds, and it must be considered an eastern
representative of P. maculosa.

A young female killed by Major Butler near Newcastle, on the
9th of June 1881, is evidently in its first and newly-moulted winter
plumage. It has broader streaks on the breast, but is especially
remarkal:)lc for the ruddy tinge on the flanks and underparts, for
the warmer brown of the upper surface, and for the distinct sub-
terminal dark spots on the tail, which measures 8-4 inches.

Hab. lleplaces P. macidosa in S.E. Africa from the neighbour-
hood of Grahamstown into Natal and the Transvaal.

a. (S ad. sk. Eland's Post, June 1870 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

{T. C. Atmore). (Type of species.)

b, c. 2 ^^- **1^- Eland's Post, June 1870 E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(T. C. Atmore).

d. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstowu. Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].

e. cJ ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown, JimeS, Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].

1877 ( C Newby).

f. 2 ad. sk. Natal. Eytou Collection.

g. h. ■S 2 sk. Macamac,Dec. 9, 1874 J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].

(7'. L. Ayres).

5. Prinia mystacea.

Priiiia mystacea, Rupp. Neue Wirhelth. Vof/. p. 110 (1835-40).
Drvmoica supevciliosa, Sioains. B. TF. Afr. i. p. 40, pi. 2 (1837);

Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848); Bp. Consj). i. p. 282 (1850); Gray,

Haml-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2785 (1869).
Drvmoica alliuis, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 77. fig. 1 (1843) ;

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 1G3 (1848) ; 'Bp. Consp. i. p. 283 (18.50) ;

Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 89 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2740

(1869) ; Gurney, in Anderss. B, Dam. Ld. p. 183 (1872) ; Bocage,

Orn. Angola, p. 552 (1881).

192 TIMELIIDiE.

Drymoica mvstacea, Riipp. Si/st. Uehers. p. 56, tab. 10 (1845) ; Ch-ay,

Gen. B. i.p. 163 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 283 (1850) ; Jard. Contr.

Orn. 1852, p. 60 ; Gratj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2776 (1869) ;

Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 321 (1870).
Drymoica melanorhynclius, Jard. S/- Fraser, Contr. Orn, 1852, p. 60.
Drymoica sp., Livht. Noniencl. Av. p. 31 (1854).
Cysticola(?) mystacea, Heugl. Syst. Uehers. p. 22 (1856).
Drymreca melauorhyuclia, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 66 (1857) ; Gurney,

Ibis, 1860, p. 208 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p,92 (1867) ; Sharpe, Ibis,

1870, p. 475; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 31 (1871); Shelley Sf Buckley,
Ibis, 1872, p. 287 ; Sharpe <$• Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i.
p. 42 (1876).

Drymceca superciliosa, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 55 (1857) ; Heugl.

Ibis, 1809, p. 89 ; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 240 (1869), iv. p. Ixxii

(1871) ; Finsch ^- Hartl. Vbg. Ostafr. p. 232 (1870) ; Sharpie, Cat.

Afr. B. p. 31 (1871) ; Reichenoiv, J. f O. 1875, p. 46 ; Bocage,

Jorn. Lisb. 1880, p. 241 ; id. Orn. Angola, p. 553 (1881).
Drymoeca mystacea, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 57 (1857) ; Heugl. Ibis,

1862, p. 88 ; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 2.39 (1869), iv. p. Ixxi (1871) ;

Blanf Geol. ^ Zool. Abyss, p. 373 (1870) ; Shar2m, Cat. Afr. B.

p. 30 (1871).
Drymoica aberrans (nee Smith), Gurney, Ibis, 1863, p, 324, 1868,

p. 155.
Drymoica pallida (nee Smith), Gurney, Ibis, 1863, p. 325, 1868,

p. 15.5.
Drymoica sp., Antinori, Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 37 (1864) ; Salvad,

Mivist. Crit. Antin. p. 733 (1869).
Drymoica bivittata, Peters, J.f. O. 1868, p. 131 ; Gray, Hand-l. B.

i. p. 199, no. 2769 (1869) ; Finsch ^ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 233

(1870).
Drymceca miiriua, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 90 ; id. Orn. N. O.-Afr. i.

p. 241 (1869), iv. p. Ixxii (1871).
Drj'moica muriua. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2789 (1869).
Drymoica tenella, Cab. in Von der Decken's Heise, iii. Aves, p. 23,

tab. ii. fig. 1 (1869) ; Eeichen. J. f 0. 1877, p. 30 ; Cab. J. f. O.

1878, p. 222.
Drymoeca aflinis, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 30 (1871) ; Ayres, Ibis,

1871, p. 150; Shm-pe, eil. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 258 (1876) ; id. ^
Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 475 (1877).

Drymoeca bivittata, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 2-59 (1876).

Adult. General colour above smoky brown, the head and nape a
little more dusky than the back, the rump and upper tail-coverts
clearer and more rufous-brown ; quills dark brown, edged with ashy
brown on the lesser coverts, and with reddish browu on the median
and greater series ; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, with pale
reddish-brown edges, more fulvescent on the primaries ; tail-feathers
light brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, margins
paler brown, all but the two centre feathers narrowly tipped with
whitish, before which is a very distinct bar of black ; lores white,
extending above the eye ; in front of the latter a dusky spot ; cheeks
and ear-coverts yellowish white, spotted with dusky ; ear-coverts
dark ashy along the upper margin ; under surface of body yellowish
buff, whiter on the throat and abdomen ; sides of breast ashy grey,
flanks rather more fulvous; thighs dull tawny; under tail-coverts

2. PKENIA 193

j'ellowish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light tawny, lighter on
edge of wiug ; quills dusky below, rufescent along the inner wc1)s.
Total length 4"6 inches, culmen 0"5, wiug 2, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-8.

The South-African bird is a little larger than the West- African.
The present species is scarcely separable from the Indian P. inornata ;
but has apparently a less uniform upper surface, the lower back and
rump being washed with reddish brown.

Obs. There can, I think, be no doubt that P. affinis is only the
winter plumage of P. melanorliynclia. The black colour of the bill
of the latter is not specific, but gradually assumed. Thus specimens
killed in Damara Land in May begin to show the approach of a
black bill, while most of the other birds killed in that country have
a light reddish-brown bill. The species breeds in Natal, the speci-
mens obtained near Pinetown by Mr. T. L. Ayres being in worn
breeding-plumage, with the edges of the tail completely abraded.
Young birds collected by the same gentleman resemble the winter
plumage, but the males have black bills, the females brown.

The greatest difference between the winter and summer plumage
of the birds seems to be in the rufous edgings to the wing-coverts ;
and at one time I thought that it would show that there were two
species, but I have since examined breeding birds with remains of
rufous margins on the feathers. The young birds have this rufous
largely developed on the wing, and, as in many other species, have
longer tails. The following are the measurements of a series from
South Africa : —

Total

length. Culmen. Wmg. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in. in.

a. cJ ad. Pinetown (r.i.yly?w). . 4-7 0-5 1-9 2-4 0-85
^. S -A^-Vmeto^^ {T.L. Ayres). . 4-7 Oo 1-95 2-4 0-85
y. (S ad. Ovaquenyama(^7irfe7'sson) 49 O'o 2"15 2"55 U"8
8. $ ad. Ovaquenyama(^nrferssc(«) 4-7 O'o 1'7 2-5 0-8

e. $ ad. Pinetown {Ayres) 4-1 0-45 1-8 1-95 0-8

f. 2 juv. Pinetown {Ayres) 4-5 0-6 1'75 2-25 0-75

t}. ? juv. Pinetown (Ayres) 4-5 O'o 1"6 2'2 0-75

I have examined some other specimens ; but the determination
of the sexes is probably erroneous. The following are the dimen-
sions of two which I consider likely to be young birds in their clean-
moulted dress, when the tails are very long : —

Total

length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,

in. in. in. in. in.

a. d . Viaetown {T. L. Ai/res) .. 6-7 0-5 2-0 3-3 0-85

6. cJ. Transvaal (r.^ym) 5-6 05 2-05 3-3.5 0-85

The soft parts are recorded as follows on labels attached to the
specimens : —

a. d , in breeding-dress (March 5, 1875). Eye light brown ; bill
horn-colour ; legs tlesh- colour.

/3. (S , in breeding-dress (Feb. 24). Eye brown ; bill black ; legs
flesh-colour.

VOL. VII. 0

194 TIltELIID^.

y. 5 , ill breeding-dress (March 1). As in a.

I. c5' , ill Ml first plumage (May 28). Eye light brown ; upper
mandible brown, lower one flesh-colour ; legs flesh-colour.

e. $ young (Feb. 13). Eye light brown ; bill horn-colour; legs
flesh-colour.

Young male. General coloui- above light brown, rather more ashy
brown on the head and neck, the crown streaked with dark brown ;
rump and upper tail-coverts fulvous-brown ; tail dark brown, edged
with fulvous-brown, all the feathers tipped with buft'y white, and
having a subterminal bar of ashy black ou all excepting the two
centre feathers ; wings sepia-brown, all the feathers broadly edged
with tawny brown, inclining to rufous on the margins of the quills ;
lores and a very distinct eyebrow dull white, the latter greyish on
the hiuder part, and with fulvous over the eye ; round the eye a
ring of fulvous plumes ; ear- coverts ashy brown on their upper and
hinder margin, dull whitish where they adjoin the cheeks, which
are also whitish shglitly washed with buff ; throat white, shading
into buff' on the fore neck and chest ; the sides of the body and
thighs, and under wing- and tail-coverts pale tawny buff, the centre
of the abdomen whitish. Total length .5-8 inches, culmen 0-5,
wing 2-05, tail 3-35, tarsus 0-85.

Younri female. Smaller than the male. Total length 4-8 inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 1-95, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-8.

Young in first winter plumage (type of D. hivittata, Peters).
General colour above brown, slightly washed with rufous ; rump
decidedly more fulvescent ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ;
median and greater coverts dusky brown, edged with dull rufous ;
bastard-wing feathers dusky, margined with paler rufous ; primary-
coverts and quills dusky brown, externally edged with rufous,
brighter on the outer web of the primaries; upper tail- coverts and
tail-feathers rufous-brown, more rufous on the edges of the feathers,
which are tipped with paler rufous, with a tolerably distinct bar of
dusky blackish ; crown of head rather more dusky than the back,
indistinctly streaked with lighter brown ; lores and a tolerably
distinct eyebrow whitish, the hinder margin of the latter ashy;
feathers rouud the eye bufty whitish ; ear-coverts huffy whitish,
browner on the upper margin ; cheeks, throat, aud fore neck whitish,
slightly washed with fulvous ; chest and remainder of the under
surface faint yellowish buff, inclining to tawny buff on the sides of
the body and flanks; thighs rufous ; abdomen a little whiter; under
tail-coverts fulvescent; under wing-coverts and axillaries fulves-
cent, inclining to rufous on the lower series ; quills dusky brown
below, inner edges rufescent. Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-5,
wing 1-9, tail 2-6, tarsus 0'7o. (J/ms. Berol.)

A specimen in the British Museum from Tete measures : — Total
length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-75, tail 2-35, tarsus 0*8. It
agrees very well with the type of D. hivittata, kindly lent me by
Professor Peters, but is much smaller, being perhaps a female ; the
colours are paler and the head not so dusky, but more like the rest

2. PRINIA.

195

of the back, and the underparts are yellowish white, with fulvous
flanks and rufous sides. In the stage of plumage above desciibed
the birds are identical with Prinia mystacea of Eiippell, which has
also been recorded by Jardine from Western Africa. Brymce.m
meJanorhyiicha from ^Vestern Africa is identical with South-African
specimens from iVatal, and it follows that the young birds from
Western Africa would be in the plumage of P. mystacM ; hence
Jardine and Eraser were perfectly right in speaking of the latter
bird as West-African, though their statement has been somewhat
discredited by recent authors.

Hah. The whole of Africa below the Sahara in suitable localities.

a. (S ad. sk.

b. Jiiv. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Juv. sk.

e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.

h, i, k. Ad. sk.
I. Ad. sk.
m. Juv. sk.
n, Juv. sk.

"■ 6 ,:. p, q, i; *■•

2 .juv. sk.
t. c? hiem. sk.
u. $ ad. sk.
V. Ad. sk.
tc. 5 ad. sk.

x,y. (S 9- fid. sk.

z. (S ad. sk.

a'. Juv. sk.

b'. Ad. St.
c'. Juv. St.

Dongolo, TigTe, 7000 feet,

May 18, 1868.
N.E. Africa (Kotschy).
River Gambia.
River Gambia.
Ashantee.
Accra.

Accra (Haynes).
River Volta [irsslier).
Conde, Congo {Dr. Liican).
Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk).
Elephant \lev, Damara

Land, Aug. 8, 1859 ( C. J.

Anderssoii).
Ovaqueuvama, May 1867

(C. /. 14.).
Transvaal {T. Ay res).
Natal.
Natal.
Natal ( T. Ay res).

Pinetown, Natal, Feb. li)7o

(T.L. Ayres).
Pinetown, March o, 1875

(T. L. Ayres).
South Africa.

Natal.
Africa.

W.T.Blanford,Es(i.[C.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Purchased.

E. McCarthy, Esq. [C.].
Governor Ussher [C.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
M. A. Bou\ier.
Livingstone Expedition.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Dr. Guemzius [C.].
T. Ayres, Esq. [C.].
F. D. Godman and O.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],

Sir A. Smith [C.]. (Tvpe

of D. affinis)
Purchased.
Zoological Society.

6. Prinia iaornata.

Prinia macrom'a, FranTd. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 118 (nee Lath.) ; Jerd.

Madr. Joiini. xi. p. 4 (1840).
Prinia inornata, Si/kes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 89 : Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi.

p. 4 (1840); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. -370 (1844); Fraser,

Zool. Typ. pi. 44 (1849) ; Laijard, Ann. if Mag. Xat. Hist. (2) xii.

p. 253 (1853) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 197, no. 2718 (1869).
Sylvia lougicaudata, tickell, J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 576 (1833).
Di-ymoica frauklinii, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 376 (1844) ; id.

'Cat. B. Mu.i. As. Soe. p. 143 (1849).
Prinia fusca, Hod(/s. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mi/s., App. pi. 30 ()iest) ;

id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844) ; id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 29 ;

Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 63 (1846).

o2

196 TIMELIID^,

Drymoica inomata, Bhfth, J. A. S. Bern/. x\i. p. 450 (1847) ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 164 (1848) ; Blyth, J. A.'S. Beng. xviii. p. 812 (1849) ;

id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 142, App.ip.xx (1849); Horsf. 8(

Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 328 (1854) ; Ball, 8. F. 1878,

vol. ii. p. 217.
Drymoica fusca, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 460 (1847) ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 164 (1848).
Suva inornata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 281 (1850).
Prinia nipalensis. Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 77 (e.r Hodgs. MS.) ;

Horsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 329 (l8o4).
Priuia .sp., Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 487.
Dryma?pns exteusicauda, Sicinh. Z6«s, 1860, p.50, 1861, p.32 ; David

^- Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 257 (1877).
Drymoipus inornatus, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 178 ( 1863) ; Blyth, Ibis,

1865, p. 42 ; Beava7i, Ibis, 1867, p. 455 ; Hokhw. P. Z S. 1872,

p. 456 ; Huine ^- Henderson, Lahore to Yarh. p. 215, pi. xvii. tig. 1

(1873) ; Hume, Nests ^ Egqs Ind. B. p. 346 (1873) ; id. Str. F.

1873, p. 439, 1874, p. 440;' Ball, Str. F. 1875, p. 293; Brooks,

t. c. p. 295; Hu7ne. Str. F. 1876, p. 407; Fairb. t. c. p. 259;

Morgan, Ibis, 1875, p. 322 ; Brooks, Str. F. 1878, p. 468 ; Anderson,

Zool. E:rped. Yun-nan, Aves, p. 640 (1878).
Drymoipus longicaudatus, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 180 (1863) ; Hume 8f-

Henders. Lahore to Yark. p. 215, pi. xvii. ti^. 2 (1878) ; Hume,

Str. F. 1873, p. 194 ; Adam, t. c. p. 382 ; Hume, Xests S^- Eggs

Ind. B. p. 350 (1873) ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 414 ; Butler, Str. F.

1875, p. 483; Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 483; Ball, t. c. p. 207;

Butler, Str. F. 1877, p. 236.
Priuia adamsi, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 170 (1863); Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 196, uo. 2706 (1869) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101 ; Butler, Str.

F. 1880, p. 406.
Drymoeca exteusicauda, Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 299, 1870, p. 345 ; id.

P.Z. S. 1871, p. 294; Hu7}ie ^- Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 350;

Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101 ; Gates, Str. F. 1882, p. 221.
Drvmoeca fiavirostris, Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 300.
Prinia flavirostris, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 197, no. 2720 (1869).
Prinia exteusicauda. Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 197, no. 2722 (1869).
Priuia longicauda, Gray, t. c. p. 196, no. 2717 (1869).
Prinia humilis, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 144.
DrvmcBca adamsi, Bhmford, Ibis, 1872, p. 85.
Drymoipus fuscus, Hume, Nests ^~ Eggs Ind. B. p. 328 (1873).
Drymoipus terricolor, Hume, Nests ^- Eggs Ind. B. p. 349 (1873) ;

id. Str. F. 1873, pp. 382, 494 (1873) ; Brooks, Str. F. 1876, p. 229 ;

Hume, t. c. p. 407.
Drymoeca inornata, Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 412 : Hume, Str. F.

1879, p. 101 ; Doig, 't. c. p. 371 ; Butler, Cat. B. Siiid etc. p. 36

(1879) ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 67 ; Davison ^- Wenden, t. c.

p. 407 ; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bombay Pres. p. 50 (1880) ; Reid, Ibis,

1881, p. 46.
Drymoeca longicaudata, Blyth ^ Wald. B. Burni. p. 118 (1875);

'Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101.
Drymoeca blaufordi, TVald. in Blyth B. Burm. p. 118 (1875; ; Hume,

Str. F. 1877, p. 57, 1879, p. 101.
Drymoeca fusca. Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101.
Drymoeca insularis, Legge, B. Ceylon,^. 529, pi. xxv. fig. 2 (1879).

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. General coloui- above greyish
brown, with slight indications of dusky centres to the feathers ;

2. PEINIA. 197

rump and upper tail-coverts more uniform browu, the latter slightly
paler ; -wing-coverts browTi, edged with ashy brown ; primary-
coverts and quills dusky brown, with narrow rufous-brown edges,
paler and more ashj- on the primaries ; inner secondaries margined
with fulvous-brown ; I ail-feathers light brown, with dusky cross bars
under certain lights ; all but the centre feathers white at the tip, with
a more or less distinct sub terminal bar of blackish ; inner web also
more or less whitish towards the tip ; lores and a very distinct eye-
brow white ; cheeks and ear-coverts whitish also, with the upper
margin of the latter brown ; uuder surface of body pale yellowish buff,
whiter on the throat ; thighs tawny rufous ; sides of upper breast
ashy ; axillaries and under wing-coverts yellowish white, with a slight
tawny tinge ; quills dark brown, rufescent along the inner web :
" bill all black ; legs and feet pale yellowish fleshy ; iris hazel-brown "
(W. E. Brools). Total length 5'2 inches, culmen 0'4.5, wing 2'05,
tail 2-3, tarsus 0'8.

Adult female in breeding-iilumage. Similar to the male but
smaller. Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1-9, tail 2-15,
tarsus 0'8.

The ivinier plumage is rather more rufescent brown above than
the summer dress, and rather more yellow below ; the rufous edgings
to the quills are also more conspicuous, and the tail is longer,
measuring 2*7 to 2-S inches, and there is no white on it, the feathers
being tipped with ashy with a black subterminal spot, more distinct
when viewed from below.

The young after their first moult are much more rufous than the
adult bird, especially on the edges of the quills and tail-feathers ; the
under surface is also a much richer fulvous ; the tail-feathers are
tipped with fulvous and have little or no indication of the sub-
terminal band.

Mr. Hume has given a very full account of the changes of plumage
of this species (' Stray Feathers,' 1876, p. 427) : and Mr. Brooks's
paper in ' Stray Feathers,' 1878, vol. ii. p. 468, should be consulted.
Mr. Hume seems inclined to consider the South-Indian bird distinct
from the North-Indian species, and he proposes to keep Hodgson's
name oi fusca for the latter species, which is figured in Hodgson's
drawings. Appendix, plate 14 (no. 388). This name would belong
properly to the Himalayan bird, if it were really distinct.

The Chinese and Burmese Wren- Warblers, called Drgmceca exten-
sicawla by Swinhoe and D. blanfordi by Waldeu respectively, both
of which siipposed species are recognized by Mr. E. W. Gates as
occurring in Pegu, are really scarcely separable : the lores are a
little more fulvous than in P. inornata, and, as far as the specimens
have been examined, there appears to be a little less white on the
tail of the breeding bird in the Burmese race. The winter plumage
also has rather a longer tail ; but there is really nothing of any
consequence to separate these species from P. inornata.

Jfah. The whole of India and. Ceylon, ranging westwards into
Scindc, and eastwards through Assam and the Burmese countries

198

TIMELTIDJE,

to Tenasserim,
Hainan.

extending into Southern China, rormosa, and

a. cJ sestiv. ad. ;
aa. Juv. sk.

b, c. Hieni. sk.

d. c? hiem. sk.

e, f, g. Hiem. sk.
h. Hiem. sk.

i. S hiem. sk.

k~n, (5 ad. ; o. 2

ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.

q. Juv. sk.

r. Ad. sk.

s. $; t, u. Hiem.
sk.

V. 5 ad. hiem. sk.

ic. Hiem. sk.

X, y. Ad. sk.
z. Hiem. sk.
a' , b' . Hiem. sk.

c'. S ad. sk.

d'. Ad. sk.
e'. Ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.
(/', h' . Ad. sk.
»'. Ad. sk.

k'. Ad. sk.
v. Juv. sk.

m'. (S ad. sk.

«'. c? ad. sk.
o'. Ad. sk.
p'. Juv. sk.

q', }•'. Juv. st.

$'. Ad. St.

Prinia inornata.

India.

Gould Collection.

Meeanee, Scinde

Gould).
N.W. India.

Nepal {Hodgson).

Banks of the Ganges

(Jerdon).
Benares, Jime 28, 1876

{W.E.Brooks).
Muddapoor, June 1880

( W. E. Brooks).
Muddapoor, Oct. 1, 1880

( W. E. Brooks).
Calcutta {Blyth).

Bengal (Tytler).
Biiniir, near Hurdwar,

"Rohilcund, Nov. 1872

{G. F. L. Marshall).
Manikpoor, Bundelkund,

Dec. b{G.F. L. M.)
Roorkee, Nov. 1872 {G. F.

L. M.)
Khandeish.
Deccan (Burgess).
Deccan {Sykes).

Wadale, Oct. 9, 1865 {Fair-
bank).

Madras {Jerdon).

Mvsore District, April 17,
'1874.

Ceylon.

Ceylon.

Ceylon.

Nuwara Eliya, Ceylon.
Cachar {Constable).

Dilkoosha, Cachar, Feb. 19,

1880.
Dilkoosha, May 22, 1879.
Assam {McClelland).
Momien, Yun-nan, May 29,

1868.
Behar.

Madras.

{Dr. H. Gould Collection.

Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.].
India Museum.
(Types of D. nipalensis.)
Gould Collection.

India Museum.

E. W. Gates, Esq.

E. W. Gates, Esq.

India Museum.

(S. n. Drymoicafusca.)

India Museum.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].

Sharpe,
Sharpe,

Esq.

Es

R. B.

[P.].
R. B.

[P.].
India Museum.
Gould Collection.
India Museum.

(Types of species.)
Gould Collection.

Gould Collection.

Capt. C. H. T. Mar-
shall [P.].

Gould Collection.

Hugh Cuming, Esq.

F. D. Godmau and 0.
Salvin, Esqrs.

Mr. E. Boate

R. B. Shan
[P.].

J. Inglis, Esq. [C.].

au anu kj.
sqrs. [P.].

te [C.T
irpe, Esq.

J. Inglis, Esq. [C.].

India Museum.

Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
Sir W. Elliot [P.].

2. PEDTIA.

/3. Prinia blanfordi.
t', u'. c? 5 ad. sk. Pegu, Jan. .3.

v'. c? ; w', x'. 2 Pegu, Febraary.

ad. sk.
2/'. 2 ad. sk. Pegu, April 15, 1881.

z', a, /3. S ad. sk. Pegu, July 1880.

y. c? ad. sk. Pegu, August 1880.

8. c? ad. hiem. sk. Pegu, December 21, 1880.

€, f. Juv. Mem. sk. Pegu, December 1877.

ri, e. Ad. sk.
i,K. Ad. sk.
X. Ad. sk.

II. Juv. sk.

V. Juv. hiem. sk.

y. Prinia extensicauda.

Amoy, May 1866
Amoy (Sivinhoe).
Amoy, April 1866

(Sivinhoe).
China.

N. Formosa.

199

Eugene W. Gates,

Esq. [C].
Eugene W. Gates,

Esq. [0.].
Eugene W. Gates,

Esq. [C.].
Eugene W. Gates,

Esq. [C.J.
Eugene W. Gates,

Esq. [C.].
Eugene W. Gates,

Esq. [C.].
Eugene W. Gates,

Esq. [C.].

R.Swinlioe,Esq.[C.]
Gould Collection.
F. D. God man and G.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
E.. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
J. Hobson, Esq. [P.].

7. Prinia sylvatica. (Plates YII., YIII.)

Prinia sylvatica, Jerd. Madr. Joum. xi. p. 4 (1840) ; Blyth, J. A. S.

Beng. xiii. p. 376 (1844) ; Grmj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 196, no. 2716

(1869).
Prinia neglecta, Jerd. Madr. Joum. xiii. p. 130 (1844) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 196, no. 2715 (1869).
Drvmoica -svlvatica, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 458 (1847) ; Gray,

Gen.B. i. p. 164 (1848); Bh/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 142

(1849) ; JTorsf. .y Moore, Cat] B. E.I. Co. Mas. i. p. 327 (1854).
Drvmoica jerdoiii, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 459 (1847) : id. Cat.

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 142 (1849).
Drvmoica neglecta. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 164 (1848) ; Blyth, Cat. B.

Mus. As. Soc. p. 142 (•1849) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.

Mus. i. p. 328 (1854) ; Bcdl, Sir. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 218.
Di-vmoica robusta {nee Biipp.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 812

(1849) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 142 (1849).
Suva robusta, Bp. Consp. i. p. 281 (1850).
Suva svlvatica, Bp. t. c. p. 281 (18.50).
Suva jerdoni, Bp. t. c. p. 281 (1850).
Suva nesrlecta, Bp. t. c. p. 281 (18.50).
Drvmoica valida, L'li/th, J. A. S. Beng. xx. p. 180 (1851); id. Cat.

B. Mus. As. Soc, App. p. xx (1851); Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 180

(1852); Layard, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 262 (1853);

Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B: E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 328, note (1854).
Drymoipus calidus, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 182 (1863) ; Holdsio. P. Z. S.

1872, p. 457.
Drymoipus svlvaticus, Jerd. i.e. p. 181 (1863); Hume, Nests and

Eggs Ind. B. p. 351 (1873).

200 TmELHD^.

Drymoipus jerdoni, Jerd. i.e. p. 180 (1863) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872,

p. 45(3; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 437, 1874, p. 453.
Drymoipus neg-lectus, Jenl. i.e. p. 182; Hume, Nests and Eggs Lid.

B. p. 352 (1873) : Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 414.
Drymoeca valida, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 302 ; mime, Str. F. 1879,

p. 101 ; Ler/qe, B. ^Ceylon, p. 525 (1880) ; Parker, Str. F. 1880,

p. 480.
Suya gangetica, Bhjth, Ibis, 1867, p. 23 ; mime, Str. F. 1877, p. 138,

1878, p. 6, 1879, p. 101.
Prinia valida. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 197, no. 2719 (1869).
Prinia gangetica, Gray, t. c. p. 197, no. 2730 (1869).
Drymoepus nifescens, Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 110.
Drymoipus rufescens, Hume, Nests and Fqqs Ind. B. p. 351 (1873) ;

Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 484; HunK, t.c.\. 484; Brooks, Str. F.

1876, p. 229.
Drymoipus insignis, Htime, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 351 (1873) ;

id. Str. F. 1873, p. 10; Ada77i, t. c. p. 382.
Drymoica rufescens, Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 217.
Drymreca insignis, Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 217, 1879,

p. 101.
Drymoeca rufescens, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101 ; Davidson <§• TVenden,

t. c. p. 407 ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 68.
Dr\Tnceca sylvaticn, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101.
Drymoeca jerdoni, Hume, t.c. p. 101; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 527

(1880) ; Parker, Str. F. 1880, p. 480.
Drymoeca neglecta, Hume, t. c. p. 101 ; Davidson Sf Wenden, t. c.

p. 407 : Butler, Cat. B. S. Bombay Pres. p. 50 (1880) ; Vidal, Str.

F. 1880, p. 68.

Adult male in hreeding -plumage. General colour above dark
brown, a little paler on the lower back and rump ; the head and
hind neck distinctly different to the back, and of a dusky ash-brown ;
lesser and median wing-coverts dark brown, with ashy margins ;
scapulars also dark brown washed with ashy ; greater coverts brown,
with reddish-brown margins ; bastard-wing feathers dusky, edged
with ashy ; quills brown, edged with reddish brown, inner secon-
daries a little more ashy on margins ; upper tail-coverts and centre
tail-feathers pale reddish brown, crossed with obscure dusky bars
in certain lights, the next feathers brown along the outer web,
white on the inner ; this white on the inner web is more or less
shaded witli pale sooty brown, diminishing in extent towards the
outer feathers of the tail, the external tail-feather being almost en-
tirely white; lores dull white; no eyebrow; ear-coverts dusky brown,
with obscure yellowish shaft-lines ; cheeks and under surface of
body yellowish white, ])ure white on the abdomen ; sides of upper
breast ashy ; flanks fulvescent ; thighs tawny brown ; under tail-
coverts pale yellowish white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
very pale tawnj' ; quills ashy brown below, rufescent along inner
web. Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-55, tail 2-85,
tarsus 0-9.

Winter plumage. Differs from the breeding-dress in having the
head brown like the back, but especially in the tail, which has no
white on the inner web, but, on the contrary, has the external

2. PRINIA.

201

feathers tipped with white, with a tolerably distinct subterminal
bar of black.

In this stage of plumage it is P. rohusta and P. valida of authors ;
bnt in the series collected by Mr. Brooks at Mnddapoor, and forming
part of the Gates collection now in the Museum, is a bird killed on the
2l8t of August, 1879, which is moulting from the worn breeding-
plumage of P. neglecta into the winter dress. In the latter stage of
plumage it is also the P. siflvatica of Jerdon and P.jerdoni of Blyth,
specimens of both of which species are in the Museum, the former
still bearing labels in Jerdon's handwriting.

The youmj bird resembles the winter plumage of the adult, and
has a similar tail, but is rather more ruddy on the flanks and sides
of breast ; the upper surface also is more rufesceut. Both the
young specimens collected by Mr. Brooks in November 1879 are
commencing to moult, and are putting on the rufous head, which
gives an indication of what the young bird in its first full winter
plumage will be like. We have no specimens identified as D. ru-
fescens of Hume ; but there can be little doubt from the description
that the latter name belongs to this stage of plumage ; and it is
equally certain that Suya gangetica of Jerdon also belongs here, as
the type was in the Gould Collection, aud is now before me.

As in most of the Grass-Warblers, the tail is considerably longer
in winter plumage, and measures 3"3 inches in length.

From an examination of Jerdon's specimens of P. sylvatica it
would appear that the white on the tail-feathers of the breeding
bird is gradually assumed by a partial change in the colour of the
feather ; but that some of the white tail-feathers are gained by a
direct moult there can be no doubt, as a Muddapoor specimen, shot
by Brooks on the 15th of May, is moulting its tail from the winter
to the summer dress.

Hah. The whole of India south of the Himalayas and Ceylon.

a, b. c? ad. festiv. sk

c. c? sestiv. sk.

d. (J sestiv. sk.

e. (5 juv. sk.
f,ff- 62 juv. sk.
h. Ad. sk,

i. Juv. bieni. sk.
/.-. Ad. aestiv. sk.

Muddapoor, Mavl879

( jr. E. Brooks).
Muddapoor, June 19,

1880 ( W. E. B.).
Muddapoor, Aug. 21.

1879 { W. E. B.).
Muddapoor, October 1 ,

1880([r. ^. ^.).
Muddapoor, Nov. 1879

( W. E. B.).
Madras.

Banks of the Ganges

{Dr. Jerdon).
N. Bengal {Dr. Fal-
coner).
l,m. Ad. et juv. hioni. South India (^s. >S'oc.).

sk.
n, 0. Ad. hiem. sk. Madras (Jerdon).

Eugene W. Gates, Esq.
Eiigene W. Gates, Esq.
Eugene W. Gates, Esq.
Eugene W. Gates, Esq.
Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

Dr. Jerdon [P.]. (S. n.

P.jerdoni.)
Gould Collection. (Type

of Siti/a gangetica.)
India Museum.

India Museum.

Gould Collection. (S.n.
Prinia sylvatica.)

202 TIMELITD^.

p. Ad. hiem. sk. Madras (Jerdon), Eytou Collection.

q. Ad. liiem. sk. Madras. India Museum.

?•. Ad. Mem. sk. Ceylon. E.L. Layard, Esq. [CJ.

s. Ad. hiem. sk. Ceylon. F. D. Godman and 0.

Salviu, Esqrs. [P.].

t, (S ad. sk. MahaOya, Eastern Province, Cant. W.Vincent Legge

Ceylon, Sept. 1875. [P.].

8. Prinia polychroa.

Malurus polychrous, Tenim. PI. Col. iii. pi. 466. fig. .S (1828).
Drymoica sp., Blytk, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 459 (1847) ; id. Cat, B,

Mus. As. Soc. p. 142 (1849).
Drymoica polychroa, Gray, Gen. B. 1844-49, i. p. 163 (1848) ; Horsf.

|- Moore, Cat. B. Mus'. E.I. Co. i. p. 328, note (1854).
Suya blythii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 281 (1850).
Drymoipus polychrous, Bp. C. H. xxxviii. p. 10 (1854) ; Jerd. B.

Ind. ii. p. 182 (1863).
Prinia polychroa, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 196, no. 2714 (1869).
Suya polychroa, Nicholson, Ibis, 1881, p. 150.

Adult male. General colour above brown, with slightly darker
centres to the feathers of the back, causing a faintly streaked ap-
pearance ; feathers of the head more plainly edged with ashy brown,
hoary on the forehead, the crown being very distinctly streaked ;
wing-coverts dark brown, the lesser and median series edged with
ashy, the bastard-wing feathers with dull whity brown, the greater
series, primary-coverts, and quills somewhat slightly edged with
riifescent brown ; tail-feathers light brown, edged with paler brown,
tipped with white, before which is a more or less distinct spot of
dusky ; lores white, extending into a tolerably distinct eyebrow ;
ear-coverts light fulvous ; cheeks and under surface of body yel-
lowish buff, whiter on throat and abdomen ; flanks and thighs rather
more pale tawnj- brown ; sides of upper breast ashy brown ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries light tawny buff ; quills dusky brown
below, rufescent along inner web. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen
0-55, wing 2-3, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-95.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but smaller; "bill
horny, pale beneath ; feet fleshy white ; iris light reddish brown "
(Wallace). Total length 5'7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-1, tail
2-5, tarsus 0-85.

ITab. Java.

a. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. W. Java {E. C. Buxton). F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.].
e. 2 ad. sk. W. Java. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
d. (S ad. sk. E. Java. A. R Wallace, Esq. [C.J.

3. BtTENESIA. 203

3. BURNESIA.

Type.
Prinia auct. nee Horsf.

Bumesia, Jerd. B. India, ii. p. 185 (1863, ex Blyth) B. lepida.

Herpystera, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 7 (1872) B. bairdi.

Bill of Burnesia lepida.

Range. Interior of Southern Africa. West Africa from Gaboon
to the Congo. N.E. Africa, extending through Egj'pt, Palestine,
and Asia Minor to India, being spread over the whole peninsula
with Ceylon, and ranging throughout the Burmese countries to
Southern China and Formosa.

Key to tlie Species.

a. With no subterminal bar on the tail-feathers.
«'. Flanks imiform.

a". Back olive-yellowish or olive-brown;
head grey.
a'". Abdomen and sides of body yellow ;

under wing-coverts yellow flaviventris ad., p. 204.

V". Abdomen yellowish ; .sides of body

and under wing-coverts tawny buff" so?m"<«?;s, p. 205.
c'". Abdomen white, like throat and
breast ; sides of body light ta^^aiy

brown superciliaris, p. 206.

b". Back brown ; fore neck narrowly

streaked with blackish substriata, p. 206.

c". Back ashj^ grey like head ; underneath
ash)' grey, with the upper throat and

fore part of cheeks white leucopoffon, p. 207.

b'. Flanks barred with black and white . . . bairdi, p. 207.

b. With a more or less dark subterminal bar on

the tail-feathers.
c'. Back uniform.
d". Head slaty grey.

d'". Back .slaty grey like head socicdis festiv., p. 208.

e'". Back chocolate-brown, contrasting

with slaty-grey head socialis hiem., p. 209.

e". Head olive or olive-brown.
/"'. Tail-feathers tipped with yellow . . flaviventris ]vi\ ., p. 204.
g'". Tail-feathers tipped with whitish . . superciliaris ]\xy., p. 206.
d'. Back streaked.
/". Darker brown, with broader streaks of
dark brown ; subterminal band on tail

very distinct gracilis, p. 210.

g" . Lighter brown, with narrower streaks
of dark brown ; subterminal band on
tail less distinct lepida, p. 211.

204

TIMELIIDJ!.

1. Burnesia flaviventris.

Orthotomus flaviventris, Deless. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 101 ; id. Voy.

Inde, part ii, p. 30.
Piinia flaviventris, Blyth, J. A. S. Bmg. xiii. p. 376 (1844), xvi.

p. 455 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 1(32 (1848) ; Blyth, Cat. B.

Mus. As. Soc. p. 144 (1849) ; Bjj. Cuiisp. i. p. 284 (1850) ; Ilorsf.

4- 3Ioore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 321 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. li.

p. 169 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 23; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 196,

no. 2702 (1869); Hume, Nests and Eggs Ltd. B. p. 334 (1875) ;

Hume &/■ Oates, Sfr. F. 1875, p. 340 ; Bli/th <S,- Wald. B. Burm.

p. 118 (1875) ; Godicin- Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlv. p. 202 (1876) ;

Oates, Sir. F. 1877, p. 158 ; Wardlaiv Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 46(5 ;

Hume ^ Damson, Sir. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 347 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879,

pp. 64, 101 ; Doig, t. c. p. 378 ; Butler, t. c. p. 386.
Calamodvta flaviventris, Giehel, Thes. Or//, i. p. 526 (1872).
Prinia rafliesi, Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 311, pi. vi. fig. 1.
Prinia hypoxantka, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 235.

Adult male. General colour above olive-green, becoming slightly
more yellow on the rump ; lesser wing-coverts and median coverts
like the back ; greater coverts, bastard wing, primary-coverts and
quills brown, edged with olive, a little browner on the secondaries ;
upper tail-coverts rather lighter olive than the back ; tail-feathers
light brown, with olive-yellowish margins, paler and more yeUow
round the tips, before which is an indistinct indication of a dark
brown spot ; occiput, nape, and hind neck dark olive ; lores and
feathers round the eye dusky ash-grey ; ear-coverts dark ashy grey ;
cheeks, throat, fore neck, and chest yellowish white ; breast and
abdomen bright yellow, sides of the body and flanks a little deeper
coloured ; thighs olive-brown ; under tail-coverts pale yeUow ; under
wing-coverts and axillaiies pale yellow : quills light brown below,
inner edges whitish, rufescent on the secondaries. Total length
■5-4 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 1*8, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-8.5.

Female. Very similar in plumage to the male, but smaller. Total
length 4-6 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1", tail 2-'6b, tarsus 0-8.

A male killed in Singapore on the 6th of February, by Mr. Davi-
son, difi'ers from the bird described in having'a distinct streak above
the lores and the eyelid white ; the subterminal dark spots are also
well developed and distinct ; these last apparently form a variable
character, as they seem to get abraded with the age of the bird's
plumage. The white superciliary streak appears to be a sign of
winter plumage.

Young. Wants the grey head of the adiilt, the upper surface being
entirely olive-yellowish, tinged with reddish on the back, and having
the head a little duller ; the outer aspect of the wings also a little
more reddish brown ; a distinct line above the eye and the eyelid
yellow, and the entire under surface of body, from chin to vent,
yellow ; tail-feathers tipped with yellow, before which are very di-
stinct subterminal marks of dark brown.

The young in first ivinter plumage maj' be described as like the
adult bird, but having a long tail, and a tinge of reddish buff on

3. BTJBNESIA. 205

the throat, and breast. The spotted tail, characteristic of the young
bird, seems to be retained in the first full winter dress ; and it is a
bird in this plumage which the late Lord Tweeddale described as
Prima raJJJesi, but which (thanks to the kindness of Capt. Wardlaw
Ramsay in lending me the type) I am able to affirm is not specifically
separable from P. Jlaviventris ; the larger bill, supposed to be a
distinguishing character of P. rafiesi, is equalled by more than one
Pegu specimen.

Hah. Grass-lands of Upper Bengal, extending westwards into
Scinde, and eastwards along the Terai to the vicinity of Calcutta
and the Bengal .Suuderbuns, and through the Burmese countries to
Malacca and Sumatra.

a. Ad.sk. Bengal. India Museum.

b. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

c. Ad. sk. Khasia hills {Jerdon). Gould Collection.

d. S ad. sk. Pegu, March 22, 1881. Eugene W. Gates, Esq. [C

e. Ad. sk. Pegu, April 2\, 1881. Eugene W. Gates, Esq. [C
/. 2 ad. sk. Pegu, April :?2, 1881. Eugene W. Gates, Esq. [0
ff. (S ad. ,sk. Mvitkyo, Pegu, May 7, Eugene W. Gates, Esq. [C

' 1875.
h. Juv. sk. Paghein, Pegu, Aug. 15, Eugene W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

1880.
i. (5 ad. sk. Malewoou, Tenasserim, W. Davison, Esq. [C.].

April 12, 1875.
k. Ad. sk. Malacca {Cantor). India Museum.

I. Ad. .'<k. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

[P-]-
m. (5 ad. sk. Singapore Island, Feb. (5, W. Davison, Esq. [C],
1877.

2. Burnesia souitans.

Prinia sonitaus, Swinh. Zooloyist, 1858, p. 6:?29 ; id. Ibis, 1860, p. 50,
1863, p. .302 ; Gray, Hund-l. B. i. p. l'J6,no. 2701 (1869); Sivinh.
Ibis, 1870, p. 345;' id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 351 ; David ^- Oustakt,
Ois. Chine, p. 262 (1877).

Adult. Very similar to P. jlaviventris, but distinguished by its
under wing-coverts, which are tawny buif instead of yellow ; on the
breast, too, is a tinge of tawny buff, such as is only seen in winter-
plumaged young of P. Jlaviventris, and the sides of the body are
tawny buff, with a little yellow on the lower abdomen ; " bill and
inside of mouth black ; feet brownish yellow, claws darker ; iris
oratige-yellow '' {David). Total length 4'1 inches, culmeu 0"5,
wing 1"8, tail 2-25, tarsus 0"85.

Hab. South China, Formosa and Hainan.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.J.
Gould Collection.
R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

a.

Ad. sk.

Formosa {Swinhoe).

b.

Ad. sk.

Formosa, March 1860.

c.

Ad. sk.

Amoy {Swinhoe).

d.

Ad. sk.

Amoy,

206 TIlTELirD^.

3. Burnesia superciliaris.

Prinia superciliaris, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. iU9 (1874) ; iS'harpe, Ibis,
1877, p. 16 ; id. Ibis, 1879, p. :^56 ; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 341.

Adult. General colour above dark olive-greenish, a little paler on
tlie rump ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater
coverts brown, washed with the same colour as the back ; bastard
wing and primary-coverts dark brown, margined with paler brown ;
quills brown, externally edged with olive-greenish ; upper tail-
coverts yello-n-ish olive ; tail-feathers light brown, edged with yel-
lowish olive and obscurely barred with dusky under certain lights,
the outer feathers tipped with dull whitish, with a distinct subter-
minal spot of darker brown ; crown of the head ashy grey ; occiput,
nape, and hind neck olive-greenish like the back ; lores dusky, sur-
mounted by a narrow streak of white ; feathers round the eye and
ear-coverts ashy, the latter with paler shaft-lines ; cheeks, throat,
fore neck, and breast white tinged with yellow : abdomen purer
white ; sides of the body and flanks pale yellow ; thighs pale tawny ;
under tail-coverts olive-yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
light tawny bufl', whiter near the edge of the wing ; quills light
brown : inner edge of quills fulvescent. Total length 5-3 inches,
culmen 0-55, wing 1-85, tail 2--1, tarsus 0-85.

In non-breeding plumage or young dress the upper surface is
browner, the head dark olive-brown instead of grey, the outer aspect
of the quills more rufescent brown ; lores and feathers round the eye
bright yellow ; entire under sm'face of body pale yellow from chin
to vent"; tail-feathers tipped with duU white, with a very broad sub-
terminal bar of black. Total length -l-S inches, culmen 0-5, M-ing
1-75, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-85.

Hab. Borneo.

a. 2 ad. sk. Borneo. Pm'chased.

b. Ad. sk. Labuan. Governor Ussher [C.].

c. d. Ad. : e. Juv. sk. Labuan (H. Loio). R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].
/■' (J. Ad. ; h, i. Juv. sk. Lumbidan. Hugh Low, Esq. [C^l
"A." 2 ad. sk. Biutidu, W. Borneo. A. Everett, Esq. [P.J.

I. Ad. sk. Sarawak {Rajah Goidd Collection.

Brooke),
m n. Ad. sk. Banj ermassing, J. Motley, Esq. [C.].

S. Borneo.

4. Burnesia substriata.

Drymoica substriata. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 72. fig. 1

Adult (type of species). Above light rufescent brown, more dusky
on the forehead ; least and median wing-coverts washed with grey ;
rest of the coverts and secondaries externally of the same rufous-
brown as the back, the primaries dull brown with narrow margins

3. BTOirasiA. 207

of paler bro-wn ; tail uniform brown ; lores dull white : round the
eye a distinct ring of white feathers ; ear-coverts washed with light
brown ; sides of neck greyish : cheeks, throat, and underparts duU
white, the sides of the body washed with fulvous ; the lower flanks,
thighs, and under tail-coverts tawuy buff ; the breast narrowly
streaked with dark brown down the centre of each feather ; under
wing-coverts dull white, as also the edge of the wing ; quills ashy
brown below, huffy whitish along the edge of the inner web ; bill
dark horn-colour ; legs, toes, and claws pale buff-orange, the latter
brown at the point. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-15,
tail 3-1, tarsus O'So.

A second specimen is probably the female, as the dimensions are
smaller. Total length -i-9 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-05, tail 2-5,
tarsus 0-8.

Hah. South Africa : north-western districts of the Cape Colony
only.

a. Ad. St. South Africa. Sh A. Smith [C.]. (Type

of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Colesberg (Ortlepp). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

c. c? ad. sk. Oi-ange River, Dr. R. F. Bradshaw fP.!.

May 16, 1881.

5. Buruesia leucopogon.

Drvmoeca leucopogon, Cab. J.f. O. 1875, p. 235; Sharpe 8f Bouvier,
'Bull. Soc. ZooL France, i. p. 42 (1876) ; Reichen. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 30;
Oustalcf, N. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. p. 104 (1879) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola,
p. 553 (1881). ^ '

Adult male. General colour above slaty grey, rather darker on
the head, the frontal plumes being somewhat scale-like with blackish
bases ; ear-coverts dark slate-colour ; fore part of cheeks, chin, and
upper throat light buff ; lower part of the throat and rest of under
surface light slaty grey, slightly washed with fulvous on the lower
flanks and under tail-coverts ; lower abdomen white ; under wing-
coverts whitish, mottled with slaty-grey bases to the feathers ; wings
above brown, the lesser and median wing-coverts slaty grey like
the back ; tail brown, slightly shaded with slaty grey and obsoletely
barred with dusky brown under certain lights : bill black ; feet
reddish brown (in skiu). Total length 5"li inches, culmen 0'55,
wing 2-2, taU 2-8, tarsus 0-85.

Hab. West Africa : Congo river.

a. Ad. sk. Landana, Congo (L. Petit). M. A. Bouvier.

6. Bumesia bairdi.

Drvmoica bairdi, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1855, p. 327 ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 201, no. 2834 (186'J).
Drvmceca bairdi, Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. pp. 59,271 (1857); id. J.f. 0.

1861, p. IIU ; Oustalet, X. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. p. 104 (1879).
Herpystera bairdi, Sundev. At. Meth. Tent. p. 7 (1872).

208

TIJIELnD^.

Adult. General colour above brown ; wing-coverts, bastard wing,
and primary-coverts dark brown, tipped witb white spots, preceded by
a subterminal bar of black ; quills brown, externally edged with
rufescent brown ; secondaries with a white bar at tip, preceded by a
subterminal bar of black : upper tail-coverts like the back, with a
narrow line of white at tip, and a subterminal shade of darker brown ;
tail-feathers brown, tipped with white, with a very distinct subter-
minal shade of blackish : crown of the head dusky blackish, darker
than the back ; lores, feathers round the eye, ear-coverts, and cheeks
dusky blackish ; sides of the neck brown like the back ; throat, fore
neck, and chest ashy whitish barred with black ; abdomen white ;
breast, sides of the body, and flanks white, more broadly barred with
black ; thighs blackish, barred with white ; under tail-coverts barred
with black and white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white,
with a few dusky bars near the edge of the wing ; quills below brown ;
inner edge of quills fulvescent. Total length 6 inches, cidmen 0*65,
wing 2-15, tail 2-85, tarsus 0-9.

Hah. West Africa : Gaboon.

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux,

7. Burnesia socialis.

Prinia socialis, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832. n. 89 : Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi.
p. 3 (1810) ; BIyth, J. A. S. Be^ig'. xiii. p. 376 (1844), xvi. p. 455
(1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 102 (1848) ; Blyth, Cat. B. 3Ius.
As. Soc: p. 143 (1849) ; Frasei: Zool. Typ. pi. 43 (1849) ; Bj}.
Cans}}. I p. 284 (1850); Layavd, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) xii.
p. 262 (1863) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 321
(1854); Jerd. B. Ltd. ii. p. 170 (1863): Blanf. Ibis, 1867, p. 464;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 196, uo. 2697 (1869) ; Blanf. J. A. S. Bern/.
xli. p. 273 (1871) ; Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 479 ; Morgan, Ihu,
1875, p. 321 ; Legqe, Ibis, 1875, p. 397 ; Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 259 ;
Godwin-Amten,J. A. S. Beng.xh. p. 79 (1876); Fairb. .Str. F.
1877, p. 406 ; Davids. ^- Wenden, Str. F. 1878, part 2, p. 83; Ball,
t. c. p. 217 ; mime, Str. F. 1879, p. 101 ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880,
p. 67 ; Butler, t. c. p, 406.

Prinia stewarti, Bh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 455 (1847) ; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 162 (1848) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 144 (1849) ;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 284 (1850) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 171 (1863) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 196, no. 2703 (1869); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873,
p. 412 ; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 480, 1876, p. 497 ; A. Anderson,
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 370 ; Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii, p. 319 ; id. Str.
F. 1879, p. 101.

Orthotomus socialis, Giebel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 769 (1875).

Prinia brevicauda, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 521 (1880).

Adult. General colour above dark slaty grey ; the rump with a few
tawuy buff feathers on each side : lesser and median wing-coverts like
the back : greater coverts dusky brown, with narrow edgings of paler
brown ; bastard-wing feathers brown, with ashy edges ; primary-
coverts sepia-brown ; quills dusky brown, externally edged with
light brown ; upper tail-coverts lighter slaty grey than the back and
slightly washed with brown : tail-feathers light brown, tipped with

i

3. BTTENESIA. 209

a bar of white, before which is a subterminal band of black, broad
and distinct ; crown of the head like the back ; lores and a streak
extending to above the eye buffy white ; in front of the eye a blackish
spot ; eyelid bnffy white, except where it adjoins the grey of the head
behind and the dusky spot in front, where it assunilatcs in colour
to these ; ear-coverts and cheeks light tawny buff, slaty grey along
the upper margin of the former ; throat whitish, slightly washed
with fulvous ; lower throat, fore neck, chest, breast, sides of'the body,
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts tawny buff, paler on the latter-
abdomen white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light tawnj'
buff : quills below dusky ; inner edge of quills ashy fulvous ; upper
mandible black, lower mandible pale horny; legs dull yellowish
brown ; iris brown. Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0-5, wiug 1-8
tail 1-8, tarsus 0-8.
^ The sexes and dates of specimens in the British Museum and in
Capt. Wardlaw Eamsay's collection are not sufEciently well deter-
mined to enable me to speak with positive certainty on the changes
of plumage of B. socialis ; but, as far as our series goes, my im-
pression is that B. steuarti of Indian authors is only the winter
plumage of B. socialis. If they are ever proved to be two species,
then they must interbreed; for there is an absolute gradation
in plumage from one to the other. But, from what we know of
these Grass-Warblcrs, there is nothing extraordinary in the supposi-
tion that B. stnuarti is B. socialis in winter dress. It is said to differ
in being reddish brown above instead of slaty grey, and in having a
long brown tail, measuring 3 inches in length, this may probably
be the young bird in its first H'inter plumage. The old bird in its
cold-weather plumage still retains somewhat of the grey head,
though the back is reddish brown. A male kiUed in December has
the tail 2-3 inches.

The young bird is rufous-brown above, a little more dusky on the
head, the rump and upper tail-coverts brighter rufous : tail-feathers
rufous-brown, tipped with fulvous-white, with a distinct subterminal
bar of black ; a superciliary streak and the under surface of the
body deep ochraceous bnff.

The colour of the adults in this species varies somewhat with
locality, and the size also. Birds from Xepal and Assam seem to be
of a darker slate-colour, sometimes almost blackish. Capt. Legge's
Ceylonese race cannot be kept distinct, as the measurements are not
smaller than Indian specimens, if sufficient skins are examined. A
Ceylon female measures 4-6 inches, wing 1-8, tail 1-95, tarsus 0-8.
Another bird has the tail 2-15, another 1-6 ; and a male measures
1-8. _ To determine these questions it is necessary to compare only
specimens of a similar age, in breeding- or cold-weather plumage, and
to judge the question in accordance with our recently acquired
knowledge on the Grass-Warblers.

With regard to the identity of B. socialis and B. steicarti, I may
further mention that the male from Saliarunpoor, shot on the 9th
August, is slaty blue above and has no eyebrow, whereas some

VOL. Til. p

210

XIMELIIBiE.

others killed iu the same place in December are brown above and
have a distinct ej'e-streak.

Hah. The whole of India and Ce)^lon, extending into the hills of
Assam.

a. Full plumage { = B. socialis, Sykes).

a. Ad. sk.

b. c? ad. sk.

c. c? ad. sk.
d,e,f. Ad. sk.

.7. Ad. sk.
h, i. Ad. sk.

k. Ad. sk.

«'. B.

Cashmere. R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].

Sahanmpoor, Aug. 9 {G. F. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

L. Marshall).

Saugor, Aug. 4 ( G. F. L. M.). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]-

Deccan (Si/kes).

Madras (Jerdon).
Madras (Jerdon).

ft'. B. brevicauda.

Ceylon.

;,m. c? 2 ad.sk. N.W. Ceylo

M. Ad. sk.

Ceylon.

India Museum. (Types

of P. socialis.)
Gould Collection.
Eyton Collection.

Hugh Cuming, Esq.
Captain Vincent Legge,

[P.].
E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.].

ft. Winter plumage ( — B.stewarti).

o. Ad. sk. Deccan (Si/kes). India Museum.

p. c? ad. sk. Coonoor, Neilgherries, Mar. Eugene W. Gates, Esq

^ 1, 1873 (Dr. F. Day),
q. Ad. sk. Sursve, Kattiawar, April 5,

1871.
r, s. Juv. sk. Khandeish.

t. Ad. sk. Cawupore.

u, V. Ad. sk. Umritzur (Jerdon).'

w,x. (S 5 ad.sk. Saharuupoor, Dec. 1872 (G.

F. L. Marshall),
y. Ad. sk. Deyra Doon.

2, a'. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson).

Major J. Hayes Lloyd

[P.].
India Museum.
A. O. Hume, Esq.
Gould Collection.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Gould Collection.
India Museum.

8. Bumesia gracilis.

Sylvia textrix (non V.), Audouin, Fxpl. somm. H. N. Eyypte, Ois.

p. 277, pi. V. fig. 4 (1825).
Prinia gracilis, Cretzschm. in Riipp. Atlas, p. 3, tab. 2. fig. b (1826).
Cm'ruca gracilis, Hempr. iif Ehr. 8ymb. Fhys. 1828, Aves, fol. cc.
Malurus gracilis, Temm. PI. Col. pi. 466. tig. 1 (1828).
Sylvia gracilis, Lieht. Verz. Doubl. p. 34 (1823).
Diymoica gracilis, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 56, no. 117 (1845) ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ; Bonap. Consp. i. p. 283 (1850) ; Heugl.

Syst. Uebers. p. 22 (1856) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 57 (1857) ;

ileugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 340 ; Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 37 (1864) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 201, no. 2832 (1869).
Drymceca gracihs, Cab. Mies. Hein. Th. i. p. 44 (1850) ; Tristr. Ibis,

1865, p. 82; Heuql. Ibis, 1869, p. 91 ; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 242

(1869) ; Blanf. Geol. 8f Zool. Abyss, p. 373 (1870) ; Fin'sch, Trans.

Z. S. vii. p. 321 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 31 (1871) ; Shelley,

3. BXJENESIA. 2 LI

B. Egypt, p. 98 (187:i) ; Antin. 8f Saltad. Viaqg. Bogos, p. 108
(187;3); Dresser, B. Europe, iii. p. 13, pi. 11 (1870); Danford,
Ibis, 1880, p. 84.
Suya gracilis, Leith Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 17 ; E. C. Taylor, Ibis,
1867, p. 63.

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, with broad longi-
tudinal centres of darker brown, the edges to the feathers of the
Lead and mantle being ashy fulvous ; rump brown, streaked nar-
rowly with dark brown ; wing-coverts dark brown, with narrow
ashy brown margins, more fulvous on the median and greater
series ; the bastard-wing feathers edged with whity brown ; pri-
mary-coverts and quills dark brown, with fulvous-brown edges ;
upper tail-coverts pale ashy brown, with darker centres ; tail-feathers
very pale brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, all
narrowly tipped with white, before which is a very distinct blackish
bar ; lores and feathers round eye whitish ; an indistinct eyebrow
of pale ashy brown ; ear-coverts ashy, slightly suffused with brown ;
cheeks, throat, and undcrparts white, tinged with yellow on the
breast and sides ; sides of breast ashy, and narrowly streaked with
brown ; thighs more distinctly rufous ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries light tawny buff ; quills brown below, ashy rufous along
inner web ; " bill brown ; legs brownish flesh-colour ; iris brownish
yellow " (Shelley). Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-7,
tail 2'3, tarsus 0"75.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but smaller. Total
length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-6, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-7.

With reference to the distinctness of this species from B. lepida,
it should be noted that even in Egypt Capt. Shelley observed two
forms, a light and a dark-coloured one, the latter being found in the
Delta, while the other occurs in Nubia and Upper Egypt. {Cf.
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 98.)

Hcih. N.E. Africa and Arabia, ranging through Palestine into
Asia Minor.

a. S ad. sk. Tiberias. Canon Tristram [CI.

b. 2 ad. sk. River Kishon. Canon Tristram [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Gennesaret (Trisfrav)). R. B. Sharps, Esq.

d. cJ ad. sk. Geuiit'sant, March 31, F, D. Godman and O. Sal-

1SU4 {Tridrum). vin, Esqrs. [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Nubia. Dr. Leith Adams [P.].

f. Ad. sk. Nubia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

g. cJ ad. sk. Nile, between 1st and Dr. A. Leith Adams [P.].

2nd Cataract.
h, I. S 2 ad. sk. Zoulla, Anuesley Bay, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
Jan. 28, 1868.

9. Burnesia lepida.

Priuia lepida, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beiuj. xiii. p. 376 (1844).

Drvmoica lepida, Bh/th, J. A. ti[ Benq. xvi. p. 460 (1846); Gray,
Om. B. i. p. 164 (1848) ; Bh/th, Cat. B. Mus. Asr. Soc. p. 143
(1849); id. Ibi", 1865, p. 44: Grai/. lland-l. B. i, p. 201,
no. 2832.

p2

212

TIMELIID^.

Suya gi-acilis, Bomp. Consp. i. p. 281 ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I.
Co. Mm. i. p. 327 (1854) ; Gould, B. of Asia, pt.vii. (1855).

Burnesia m-acilis (non Rupp.), Jerdon, B. of Ind. ii. p. 185 (1863) ;
Hume, Nests Sf- Eyqs Ind. Birds, p. 356 (1873) ; id. Str. F. 1873,
p. 195 ; Adam, t. c'. p. 382 ; Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 485 ; Hume,
t. c. p. 485 ; id. Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 58 ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 102 ;
Soiff, t. c. p. 371.

Burnesia lepida, A. Anderson, Ibis, 1872, p. 237 ; Brooks, Str. F.
1879, p. 476, 1880, p. 228.

Cisticola gracilis, Giebel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 709 (1875)^

Drymoeca gracilis, Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 206 (1876).

Diymoipus lepidus. Brooks, Str. F. 1876, p. 274.

Adult male. Similar to B. gracilis, but mucli paler and more
ashy above, with the longitudinal dark centres much paler brown ;
the bill smaller, and the subterminal black bars on the tail very
indistinct and sometimes absent altogether. Total length 5-1
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1-75. tail 2-75, tarsus 0-65.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 4-4
inches, wing 1-75, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-65.

Young. Eather more fulvescent brown above than the adult, and
much yellower below.

Hub. Erom Baluchistan to Scinde, and thence throughout the
valley of the Gauges.

a.

2 ad. sk.

b.

S ad. sk.

c.
d,

Imm. sk.
e. c? 2 ad. sk

f-

Juv. sk.

9-
h.

Ad. sk.
Juv. sk.

Baku Kelat, Persian Ba-

loofhistan, Feb. 1872.
Jalk, Baloochistan, March

17, 1872.
Shikarpore [Griffith).
Meeanee, Scinde (Dr.

Goidd).
Kurachee, Scinde {Dr.

Gould).
Scinde (Dr. Gould).
North Bengal.

W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.J.

India Museum.
India Museum.

India Museum,

India Museum.

Capt. Stackhouse Piuwiii

[P.].

4. SCOTOCEECA.

Scotocerca, Simdevall, Av. Meth. Tent. p. 7 (1872) .
Atraphornis, Sevei-tz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 124 (1873)

Type.
S. inquieta.
S. inquieta.

Tail of Scotocerca inquieta.

Range. Desert countries of the Southern Palaearctic Eegion ;
Mzab country in Southern Algeria ; Arabia Petrsea and eastwards

4. SCOTOCERCA. 213

through Persian Baluchistan to Southern Afghanistan and the North-
western Punjab.

Key to the Species.

a. Darker ; striations on head very distinct ; eye-

brow, ear-coverts, and sides of breast rich

vinous ; throat distinctly striated inquieta, p. 213.

b. Paler; striations on head paler and Ughter; eye-

brow, ear-coverts, and sides of breast very pale

vinous; throat very indistinctly striated .... s«Aar«, p. 214.

1. Scotocerca inquieta.

Malurus inquietus, Cretzschm. in Riipp. Atlas, p. 55, tab. 36. fig. 6

(1826).
Curruca famula, Hempr. S^- Eh: Sytnb. Phys. fol. bb (1828).
Prinia inquieta, Rujjp. Neue Wirb. Voc/. p. 113 (1835-49).
Drvmoica inquieta, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 57 (1845) ; Gray, Gen.

B. i. p. 163 (1848j ; Bp. Coiisp. i. p. 283 (1850) ; Heuy/. Si/st.

Uebers. p. 22 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2751 (1869).

Drynioica eremita, Trisfr. Ibis, 1867, p. 76 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 199, no. 2783 (1869).
Drymceca inquieta, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 129; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i.

p. 244 (1869) ; Bkmf. Ibis, 1874, p. 76.
Drymceca eremita, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 244 (1869) ; Wyatt,

Mamm. ^' Avif. Sinai, pi. xvii. fig. 2 (1873).
Scotocerca inquieta, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 7 (1872) ; Blanf.

East. Persia, ii. p. 207, pi. xiii. fig. 2 (1876) ; Hume, Sfr. F. 1879,

].. 102 ; Barnes, Str. F. 1880, pp. 217, 455.
Melizophilus striatus, Brcohs, Ibis, 1872. p. 180 ; Hume, Str. F

1873, p. 200, 1874, p. 329, 1876, p. 41.
Atraphornisplatyura, Severfz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 121 (1873); Dresser,

Ibis, 1876, p. 80.

Adult male. General colour above ashy isabeUine, with very faint
browner centres to the dorsal plumes : wing-coverts a little clearer
isabelline than the back ; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts
dusky brown, edged with isabelline ; quills light brown, edged with
isabelline, a little more rufescent on the secondaries ; upper tail-
coverts brown ; tail-feathers black, margined with isabelline, the
two centre feathers browner and more broadly edged with sandy
brown ; outer feathers with slightly paler ti])s ; crown of the head
and nape ashy isabelline, streaked with blackish brown along the
centre of the feathers ; lores and a narrow eyebrow sandy buff ; in
front of the eye a blackish spot and also a small streak behind the
eye ; ear-coverts uniform clear isabelline, as also the hinder cheeks,
the fore part of the latter being whitish like the throat ; an indi-
stinct moustachial line of blackish ; fore neck tinged with isabelline,
with a few longitudinal spots of darker brown ; breast and abdomen
whitish ; sides of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts
isabelline, deeper on the thighs : under wing-coverts and axillaries
sandy ; quills light brown below, inner edges isabelline ; " bill dark
brown, except basal half of lower mandible, which is dull brownish
orange ; legs and fi'ct yellowish brown : claws brown " {^Brooks).

214 TIMELIIDiE.

Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-95, tail 1-85, tar-
sus 0-8.

" In one of my specimens the streaks on the chin and throat are
altogether wanting ; the central tail-feathers are pretty conspi-
cuously margined with greyish brown, and both the lateral feathers
on each side arc tipped with white, in some specimens the external
pair being pretty broadly so tipped. The following are dimensions
of a male taken in the flesh : — Length 4*7 ; expanse 6"2 ; tail from
vent 2 ; wing 1'9 ; wings when closed reach to within 1-6 of end of
tail ; bill at front 0'35 ; tarsus O'S ; weight 0-3 of an oz. I should
note that in one specimen not only the sides and flanks, but the
whole abdomen, vent, and lower tail-coverts are strongly tinged
with pale rufous-fawn." {Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 200.)

Young. Darker than the adult and more ashy brown, with very
distinct streaks of blackish brown ; lores and eyebrow as well as
sides of face pale vinous ; throat and fore neck white, with distinct
though narrow black streaks.

Hah. Desert countries from Arabia Petraea eastwards to Persian
Baluchistan and Southern Afghanistan to the North-western Punjab.

a. (S juv. sk. Magas, between Dizak and W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

Bampiir, Baluchistan,
March 28, 1872.

b. S ad. sk. East of Shiraz, Jime 4, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

1872.

c. Ad. sk. El Eahab, Sinaitic penin- Claude W. Wyatt, Esq.

sula. [P.].

2. Scotocerca saharsB.

Mahu'us saharse, Loche, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1858, p. .395, pi. xi,

fig. 2.
Drymoica striaticeps, Tristr. Ibis, 1859, pp. 58 & 419 ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 199, no. 2782 (1869).
Drymoica saharse, Loche, Expl. Sci. de I'Algerie, Ois. p. 283 (1867).
DrymcBca striaticeps, JBlanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 76.

Adult. General colour above ashy isabelline, with indistinct
brown centres, forming a slightly streaked appearance, a little more
distinct on the head ; wing-coverts and quills pale brown, margined
with isabelline ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; centre tail-
feathers light brown in the centre, washed externally with pale
isabelline, remainder of the feathers dark brown, broadly edged with
isabelline, the outer feathers tipped with a spot of white and edged
externally with white : lores and a distinct eyebrow pale isabelline ;
in front of the eye a black spot, as also a small black streak above
the ear-coverts ,'\ ear-coverts pale isabelline ; cheeks, throat, and
under surface white ; a very faint line of black separating the cheeks
from the throat ; on the fore neck a few dusky spots ; sides of the
body, flanks, and thighs isabelline, streaked with pale rufous on the
flanks, and with brown on the sides of the breast ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries isabelline ; quills below light brown, inner

5. 8UT0BIA.

215

edges pale isahelline. Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 0-45, wing
1-85, tarsus 0-8.

Ohs. This is a form of S. inquieta, rather more vinous isahelline
than the latter and not so ashy in colour ; all the tints clearer, espe-
cially on the flanks, which are more rufescent than in the above-
named bird ; the streaks on the throat, too, are less distinct in
S. saharce, and are in fact nearly obsolete.

Hah. Southern Algeria, in the Sahara near the Mzab country.

a. c? ad. sk.

Algeria (Zoche).

M. Verreaux.

5. SUTORIA.

Sutoria, Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 195 .

Type.
S. sutoria.

Tail of Sutoria sutoria.

Eange. The whole of India and Ceylon ; Burmese countries, ex-
tending down the Malayan peninsula to Java ; South China.

Key to the Species.

a. Ear-coverts uniform, whitish, or ashy, or light j svtoria, p. 215.

brown | edela, p. 218.

h. Ear-coverts mottled with whitish ovate streaks mactdicoUis, p. 218.

1. Sutoria sutoria.

Motacilla sutoria, Forster, Ind. Zool. p. 17, pi. 8 (1781); Gm. 8ys1,

Nat. i. p. 997 (1788).
Le petit Figuier a longue queue de la Cliine, Sonn. Vol/. Ind. ii.

p. 20() (1782).
Loug-tailed Warbler, Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. part 2, p. 501 (178.3).
Tail.ir Warbler, Lath. t. c. p. 515 (1783).
Motacilla longicauda, Gm. S. X. i. p. 9.;4_(1788j.
Sylvia Lnitricauda, Lath. Ind. Orn. li. p. 54") ( 1790).
Sylvia sutoria, Lath. t. c. p. 551 (1790).
Svlvia gnzuvata, Lath. t. c. p. 554 (1790).
Orthotomus bemietti, Si/kes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 90 : Lafr. Mag. de

216 TIMELIIDiE.

Zool 1836, pis. 52, 53 ; Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 1 (1840) ; Oray,
Cat. 3Iamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 63 (1846).

Ortliotomus Hngoo, Syhes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 90 ; Lafr. Mag. de Zool.
1836, pi. 53.

Sylvia ruticapilla, Htttton, J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 504 (1833).

Ortliotomus sphenurus, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 343 (1837),

Maluru'j longicaudus. Pears. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 644 (1841).

Ortliotomus longicauda, Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 35 (1844) ;
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 377 (1844) ; Grag, Gen. B. i. p. 162
(1848) : Blgfh, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 144 (1849) ; Tickell, J.
A. 8. Bern/, xvii. p. 298 (1848) ; Hutton, op. cit. xvii. part 2,
p. 691 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 281 (1850) ; Lagard, Ami. N. H. (2)
xii. p. 262 (1853) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 81 ; Horsf. 8,- Moore,
Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 317 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 165
(1868) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 195, no. 2687 (1869) ; Godw.-
Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 271 (1870) ; Blanf. op. cit. xl. p. 273
(1871) ; Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 351 ; HokMv. P. Z. S. 1872,
p. 455 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. xxv. (1873) ; Ada7n, Str. F. 1873,
p. 381 ; Hume, t. c. p. 194 ; Ball, Sir. F. 1874, p. 414 ; Hmne, t. c.
p. 478; id. Nests ^ Eggs Ind. B. ii. p. 331 (1874); id. Str. F.
1875, p. 136 ; Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 479 ; David ^ Oustalet, Ois.
Chine, p. 291 (1877).

Ortliotouiua sutorius, Hodgs. in. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844) ;
Wald. in BlytJi's B. Bnrtn. p. 120, note (1875) ; Sharpe, Ibis,
1877, p. 109 ; Fairh. Str. F. 1877, p. 406 ; Hume 8f Davison, Str.
F. 1878, p. 345 ; Leqge, B. Ceylon, p. 516 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F.
1879, vol. viii. p. 101 ; Scully, t. c. p. 305 ; Oates, Str. F. 1882,
p. 219.

Orthotomus ruficapillus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844).

Orthotomus sphenurus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844).

Ortliotomus sutoria, Hodcjs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 29.

Orthotomus patia, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 29.

Sutoria agilis, Nichols. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 195.

Orthotomus phyUorrhapheus, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 49 ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 195, no. 2689 (1869).

Orthotomus edela, Blyth, B. Burni. p. 120 (1875, nee Temm.).

Adult male. General colour above bright olive-green ; crown of
head pale brick-red, shading off into brown on the nape ; wings
pale brown, the feathers edged with the same green as the back,
the primaries with paler brown ; tail olive-brown vnth greener
margins to the feathers, which are tipped with yellowish, having,
under a strong light, a scarcely perceptible darker subterminal shade
of brown ; lores, eyebrow, sides of face, and entire under surface of
body yellowish white, the ear-coverts shaded with brown ; thighs
tawny buff; under wing-coverts whitish, with a slight wash of
yellowish and pale rufous on the lower series, the edging to the
inner web of the quills also of the latter colour ; " bill blackish
brown above, pale fleshy beneath ; irides yeUow, golden bufp, or
orange ; feet reddish fleshy ; claws grey or pale yellowish horny "
(J. Scully) : " irides reddish yeUow ; the eyelids grey, but their
edges reddish yellow ; the upper mandible dark horny, the lower
pale whitish fleshy ; the inside of the mouth pale whitish fleshy ;
legs rufous fleshy ; claws pale brown " (E. Oates). Total length
5-4 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 1-95, tail 2-95, tarsus 0-75.

I

5. SITTOEIA.

217

In Ceylonese birds the soft parts are given by Capt. Vincent
Legge as follows: — "Iris pale reddish; ej'elid rufescent yellow;
bill fleshy, with dusky culmen ; legs and feet fleshy reddish or
flesh-colour.'' Dr. Jerdou had an idea that the Tailorbirds from
Ceylon were diff'erent from Indian specimens ; but Capt. Legge
carefully went into the subject in his 'Birds of Ceylon,' and found
certain slight difi'erences, but not enough to constitute specific
characters. See his remarks (t. c. p. 518).

Adult fimalc. Very similar to the male in plumage, but smaller
and with a shorter tail, the two centre taU-feathers not being
produced. Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 1-65, tail
1'25, tarsus 0*75.

Young. Very like the adult female, but with the head entirely
dull rufous, the general plumage more fluffy, the upper tatl-coverts
rufescent.

Hah. Occurs throughout India and Ce3'lon, both on the hills and in
the plains, breeding in both situations and ranging as high as from
3000 to 4000 feet. Westwards it extends into Sciude, and eastwards
through the Burmese countries to South China, where it occurs
from Canton to Foochow, as well as in the Chinese islands of
Formosa and Hainan. Mr. Blyth also gave the range of this bird
as extending to Singapore ; but this wants confirmation, and the
Malayan species is no doubt 0. macuUcollis.

a. Ad.; b. Juv. sk

Ceylon.

F. D. Godman and 0

Sah'iu, Esqrs. [P.].

c, d. Ad. sk.

Madras.

Sir VV. Elliot [P.].
Dr. Jerdon [P.].

e. Ad. sk.

Madras.

/. cJ ad. sk.

Madras {Jerdon).

Goidd Collection.

g. Ad. sk.

Dec-can {Sykes).

India Museuin.

(Type of 0. bennetti.)

/i. Ad. sk.

Deccan (Sykes).

India Museum.
(Type of 0. lingoo.)

i. Ad. sk.

Khandeish.

India Museum.

;t. Ad. sk.

Dacca {Tytler).

India Museiun.

I, m. Ad. sk.

Behar.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
India Museum.

n, 0, p. q, r. Ad.

sk.
s, t. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

Nepal (Hodgson).

u. 2 ad. sk.

Residency Grounds, Nepal,
Aug. 30, 1877.

Dr. J. Scully [P.].

V. Ad. sk.

Darjiling.

W. Fotheringham, Esq.

[C.].

10. cj ad. sk.

Pegu, April 3, 1881.

Eugene W . Gates, Esq .

[C.].

.r. 5 ad. sk.

Lower Pegu, .Inly 19, 1879.

Eugene W. Gales, Esq.

[C.].

y. Ad. sk.

Tenasserim (Heifer).

ludia Museum.

s. Ad. sk.

Tenasserim.

J. C. D. Packman, Esq.

[P.].
R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

a'. Ad. sk.

Anioy, China.

b'. Ad. sk.

Amoy (7?. SicinJwe).

F. D. Godman and G.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.J.

218 TIMELITD^.

c'. Ad. sk. Amoy (R. Sioinhoe). Gould Collection.

d', e'.f. Ad.sk. Folvien. Gould Collection.

g'. Ad. sk. Hongkong (J. Reeves). Gould Collection.

h'. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection.

2. Sutoria edela.

Motacilla sepium, Raffl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 313 (1820, nee
Horsf.).

Edela ruficeps, Less. Cent. Zool. p. 212, pi. 71 (nee Less. Traite, p. 309).

Ortbotomus edela, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 599. fig. 2 (1836) ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 144
(1849) ; Bp. Omsp. i. p. 282 (1850) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 79 ;
Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. 314 (1854) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 195, no. 2683 (1869) ; Walden in BlytKs B. Biirm.
p. 120 (1875) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 112.

A very doubtful species, of which I have seen three specimens. It
only differs from S. sutoria in having the lores and feathers round
the eye rufous like the crown. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-6,
wing 1'65, tail 1-45, tarsus 3'75.

Hab. Java.

a. Ad. sk. Java. Marquis of Tweeddale [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased.

3. Sutoria maculicoUis.

Orthotomus maculicoUis, F. Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 309; Gray,

Haml-1. B. i. p. 195, no. 2260 (1869) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 116 ;

mime, Str. F. vii. p. 452 (1878) ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 64.
Orthotomus huegelii, Pelz. Sitz. k. Akad. Wien, xxiv. p. 369 (1857) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 195, no. 2695 (1869) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877,

p. 116.

Adult (type of species). General colour above olive-green;
wings brown, the least wing-coverts edged with olive-green, the
greater series with brownish olive ; tail brown, undulated under
certain lights, the feathers margined with olive-green ; crown of
head rufous, the occiput and hind neck rather ashy brown ; feathers
in front of and behind the eye huffy whitish ; ear-coverts and sides
of neck blackish brown, with distinct longitudinal streaks of white ;
cheeks and under surface of body white, the throat purest, the breast
somewhat tinged with buff; flanks dull olive ; sides of upper breast
dark grey ; under wing-coverts and edge of wing light buff, slightly
washed with olive-yellow ; quiUs below ashy brown, with a tawny
buff edging along the inner web. Total length 4'3 inches, culmen
0'55, wing 18, tail 1-7, tarsus 0\S. (Mus. Derh., Liver]).)

Hah. Malayan peninsula.

a. Lc?] ad. sk. Malacca (Cantor). India Museum.

b. 5 ad. sk. Lumeet, Dingding river, W. Davison, Esq.

Malayan peninsula, Feb. 2ij, [C.].

1879.

6. OBTHOTOMTJS. 219

6. ORTHOTOMUS*. ^^p^

Orthotomus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 165 (1820). . O. sepium.

Edela, Lesson, Tr'aite d'Orn. p. 309 (1831) O.ruficeps.

Cf. Lafresn. May. de Zool. 1836, pis. 51, 52, 53 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854,
pp. 78-82 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, pp. 108-116.

Bill of Orthotomus cineraceus.
Mange. From the Burmese countries down the Malayan peninsula
to Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippines.

Key to the Species,
a. Wings externally greenish or olive-yellow or
gTey, never rufous.
a'. Chin white or buify white.

a". Mautle gi-een or olive yellowish.
a" '. No black thi-oat-spot.

a*. Forehead rufous hke the hinder

part of the crown ; no grey on head airif/idaris $ , p. 221.
¥: Forehead rufous, the hinder part of

the head grey, as well as the nape . frontalis, p. 220.
6'". With a more or less distinct throat-
spot,
c*. Smaller ; head chestnut ; cheeks and
sides of face white ; upper margin

of ear-coverts chestnut atrigulans S , p. 221.

d*. Larger ; ear-coverts with a pure

white spot. . .

a\ Head grey cmereiceps, p. 2-2'2.

b\ Head black nigriceps, p. 222.

b". Mantle grey ; head chestnut.

c'". Tail olive-brown, with yellow margins
and a blackish subterminal spot on

all the feathers castnjieiceps, p. 223.

d'". Tail chestnut.

e*. "\Mng-feathers externally olive-

oyeen .' derhianus, p. 224.

f. Wing-coverts and quills externally

grey hke the back nifceps, p. 224.

* The followiiig species I have not succeeded in identifying : —
Oktiiotomus longiuostris.
Orthotomus loiigirostris, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 343; Grmj, Gen. B
i p 162; Bp. Con.-^p. i. p. 282 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 18o4, p. 80; Horsf. #
i^luore,Cat. i. p. 315, note ; Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 195, no. 2693 ; Sharpe,
Ibis, 1877, p. 116. . .It

Ciuereous; heueath whitish; head, chin, and thighs ferrugmous ; hroat
black ; tail brownish, graduated; the latter with dusky black ends, tipped with
whitish. (Mui. Paris.) , . . , , „„n„

Probably 0. cineraceus, Blyth ; but the description does not agree exactly.

220 TIMELIID^.

h'. Chin black, like the throat

c" . Head grey cinereiceps S , p. 222.

d". Head black niffriceps (^ , p. 222.

c'. Chin cinnamon, like the sides of the face.
c". Baclv gi'ey, as also the throat and sides of

the body ; middle of abdomen white . . cineracetts, p. 225.
f". Back greenish ; throat gvey ; sides of
body greenish ; centre of breast and ab-
domen yellowish sepmm, p. 227.

b. Wings entirely rufous ; head like back, vina-
ceous grey or ashj', washed sometimes with
iTifous enjthropterus, p. 228,

1. Orthotomus frontalis.

Orthotomus frontalis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 112, pi. ii. fig. 1 ; id.
Trans. Linn. Soc. new series, Zool. i. p. 336 (1877) ; Tweedd.
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 828, 1878, pp. Ill, 710, 950.

Adult male (type of species). General colour above olive-green,
the wing-coverts coloured like the back : quills dark brown, ex-
ternally edged with the same green as the back, the innermost
secondaries exactly like the latter ; tail olive-brown, with dusky
undulations in certain lights, the feathers edged with bright olive-
yellow and tipped with whity brown, before which is an in-
distinct subterminal shade of darker brown : forehead and a narrow
superciliary line bright chestnut; crown, nape, and sides of neck
ashy grey ; lores fulvescent ; sides of face whitish, the ear-coverts
shaded with ashy grey ; cheeks and entire throat sUky white ; rest
of under surface of l3ody creamy white, the flanks pale greenish
yeUow ; thighs tawny: "iris light hazel" (/. B. Steere); bill
dark brown, mandible white ; legs light transparent brown ; iris
claj'-brown " {A. Everett). Total length 3*7 inches, culmen 0"55,
wing 1-6, tail 1-5, tarsus 0-75. {Mus. J. B. Steere.)

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length
4 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 1-G5, tail 1"3, tarsus 0-7. {Mus. B. G.
Wardlaw Ramsay.)

Youtvi female. Differs from the male in wanting the particoloured
head, which is only a shade darker olive-green than the back ; the
subterminal mark on the tail very much moi'e pronounced than in
the adult male ; entire under surface of body silky white. Total
length 3-7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 1*75, tail 1'6, tarsus Owo.

Hab. Confined to the Philippine archipelago, where it is at present
known from the islands of Mindanao, Dinagat, Basilan, and Bohol.

a. Juv. sk. Basilan. Prof. J. B. Steere [C.].

i, c. (S 2 ^^- ^^- Zauiboanga, Mindanao Capt. G. R. Wardlaw

(A. Everett). Ramsay.

d. S ad. sk. Dinagat, June 1877 Capt. G. R. Wardlaw

(A. Everett). Ramsay.

2. Orthotomus atrigtilaris.

Orthotomus atrigularis, Temm. PI. Col. iii. texte to livr. 101 (1836) ;
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848) ; Bp. Cotiap. i. p. 232 (laSO) ;

6. OETHOTOMUS. * 221

Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 78 ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.

Mus. i. p. 316. note; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 195, no. 2691 (1869);

Sahad. Ucc. Born. p. 249 (1874) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, pp. 16, 113 ;

Hume ^- Damon, Shr. F. 1878, ^ol. vi. p. 345 ; Hume, Sir. F.

1879, pp. 64, 101 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 259 ; Oates, Str. F. 1882,

p. 219.
Orthotomus flavoviridis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 72 ; Horsf. ^~ Moure,

Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 314 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 195, no. 2686 (1869) ; Walden in Blytlis B. Burm. p. 121 (1875).
Orthotomus nitidus, Hume, Str. F. 1874, pp. 478, 507, 1875, p. 325.

Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, the wings
dark brown, all the feathers edged with the same colour as the back,
the edge of the wing bright lemon-yellow ; upper tail-coverts brighter
and more yellowish green than the back ; tail-feathers dull brown,
shaded with green and edged with yellowish green, the tips paleyellow,
but with no subterminal dark bar ; crown of head light bay, as well
as the feathers round the eye ; ear-coverts uniform ashy whitish ;
cheeks and throat dull white, somewhat mottled with black, where
the bases show through ; lower throat entirely black, forming a large
patch, the plumes of the lower part of which are longitudinally
streaked with silky while ; rest of under surface of body silky white,
washed with grey on the sides of the upper breast, the sides of the
body dull greenish, the under tail-coverts pale yellow, thighs yel-
lowish tawny : under wing-coverts pale yellow, the lower ones
white ; under surface of quills pale brown, edged with whitish along
the inner web; bill in skin pale brown, the under mandible lighter
and more yellow ; legs dark brown, the toes much paler. Total
length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 1-75, tail 1-65, tarsus 0-75.

The birds which I take to be the adult female of this species
agree in most respects with the male, but want the black throat.
The tail-feathers also show a very distinct subterminal bar of blackish
brown, which is scarcely visible in the males. I am disposed, how-
ever, to consider this character of small importance, as it seems not
only to vary in individuals from the same locality, but even to de-
pend somewhat on the fresh state of the feather. A female from
Malacca ( Wallace ; mus. J. Gould) measures as follows — Total
length 3-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 1-5, tail 1-45, tarsus 0-7.

A specimen marked " 5 " by Mr. Davison, collected at Klang in
Salangore, has some black on the fore neck ; but as none of the otliers
except Mr. Inglis's Dilkoosha specimen have any black on the fore
neck, there may have been some mistake in sexiug the specimen.
The last-named specimen is more ashy black, and not such a deep
black on the throat as in Borncan and Malaccan examples ; the chest
has several longitudinal drops of white, very distinctly pronounced.
The same ashy blackish shade is perceptible in Mr. Oates's Pegu
specimens.

Hah. Borneo and Sumatra, extending throughout the Malayan
peninsula to British Bui-mah.

a, b. (S ad. sk. Lumbidan, N. W. Borneo. Governor Usslier [C.

r, rf. cJ ? ad. sk. Bintulu, W. Borueo. Alfred Everett, Esq. fC.].

e. Ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq.

•te

222 TIMELTID^.

/■, g. S ad. sk. Malacca. India Museum. (Types

of O.Jlavoviridis.)

h. (S ad. sk. Malacca. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.1

i. [ 2 ] ad. sk. Malacca. Hugh Cuminf^, Esq. [C.J.

k. 2 ad. sk. Malacca (A. R. Wallace). Grould Collection.

/. 2 ad. sk. Klang, Salangore, Malay VV. Davison, Esq. [C.].

peninsula, March 6, 1879.

m. (S ad. sk. Pulo Penang. M. Verreaux.

M. [ 2 ] ad. sk. Singapore. Gould Collection.

0. c? ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Aug. 21, 1879. Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

p. cS ad. sk. Zeingauein, 20 miles N. of Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

Pegu, June 27, 1877.

q. (S .juv. sk. Pegu, July 15, 1880. Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

r. 2 "ad. sk. Sauiewah, Pegu, June 7, Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

1876.

s. 2 ad. sk. Dilkoosha, Oachar, May 23, J. Inglis, Esq. [C].]

1879.

3. Orthotomus cinereiceps.

Grthotomus cinereiceps, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 113, pi. ii. fig. 2; id.
Tr. Linn. Soc. new series, Zool. i. pp. 337, 352 (1877).

Adult male (type of species), (general colour above olive-green ;
wing-coverts and quills dark brown, all the feathers broadly edged
with the same colour as the back, the greater coverts margined and
tipped with brighter yellow ; tail dark brown, narrowly tipped with
brighter yellow, but without any darker subterminal bar ; head
dark ashy grey, the lores fulvescent ; sides of face and a malar stripe
blackish grey ; ear-coverts white ; chin and sides of upper throat
white ; centre of throat and jugulum black, forming a large patch ;
fore neck, sides of body, flanks, under tail-coverts, and thighs bright
olive-green, the latter slightly tinged rufous ; under wing-coverts
yellowish, the edge of the wing bright yellow ; " iris light hazel "
{J. B. Sfeere). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 1-85, tail
1-9, tarsus 0-9. (Miis. J. B. Sfeere.)

Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay has kindly lent me the pair of birds shot
at Zamboanga by Mr. A. Everett. The female agrees in plumage
with the type ; but the male has the lores, sides of face, and entire
throat black, leaving only the ear-coverts white. The head is
slightly washed with blackish, showing an approach to 0. nigriceps.
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 1-85, tail 2-15, tarsus
0*9. The measurements agree almost exactly with those of the type.
The female collected by Mr. Everett, which answers in plumage to
the typical specimen, measures — -total length 4-7 inches, culmen
0-65, wing 1-8, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. Islands of Mindanao and Basilau in the Philippine archi-

4. Orthotomus nigriceps.

Orthotomus uigriceps, Tioeedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 828, pi. Ixxxv.;
Wardlaic Ramsay, Orn. Works Tweedd. pp. 554, 658 (1881).

Adult (type of species). General colour above olive-yellow ; lesser
wing-covorts like the back ; median and greater coverts, bastard wing

6. OETHOTOMTTS. 223

and primary-coverts blackish brown, tipped and edged with lighter
yellow ; quills dark brown, externally edged with yellow, brighter on
inner secondaries and inclining to yellowish white at tip ; upper
tail-coverts rather browner, washed with olive-yellow ; tail-feathers
brown, narrowly edged with olive-yellow ; crown of head, occiput,
and nape black ; lores, eyebrow, and feathers round the eye white ;
the hinder eyelid a little mixed with blackish ; ear-coverts black,
mottled with white near the eye ; cheeks white, narrowly edged
with black ; throat, fore neck, and breast white, mottled with black
bases ; abdomen yellowish white ; sides of body, flanks, and under
tail-coverts olive-yellow ; thighs somewhat washed with tawny ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries olive-yellow, with dusky brown
bases ; edge of wing bright yellow ; quills below brown ; inner edge
of quills paler ; " bill black, mandible Avhite ; legs pale brownish ;
iris clay-brown " (A. Everett). Total length 4"6 inches, culmen 0*6,
wing 1'7, tail 1-5, tarsus 0'85.

The type specimen appears to me to be not thoroughly mature,
as the throat in fuU-plumaged birds is doubtless entirely black as
in 0. cinereiceps. The black head, however, is a character which is
very strongly pronounced, and seems to point it oi;t as a very distinct
species.

Hab. Island of Mindanao, Philippine archipelago.

5. Orthotomus castaneiceps.

Orthotomus castaneiceps, Wulden, Ann. S) Mag. N. H. (4) x. p. 252
(1872) ; id. Tr. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 195 (1875) ; Shmye, Ibis, 1877,
p. 114 ; id. Tr. Linn. Soc. new series, Zool. i. pp. 337, 352 (1877) :
Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 546, 1878, p. 286.

Adult. Crown of head and nape, lores, and feathers below the
eye bright chestnut; sides of face white, the upper margin of the
ear-coverts chestnut ; interscapulary region dark slaty grey, gra-
dually shading off into olive-green, which is the colour of the rest of
the back and scapulars ; greater wing-coverts and quills dark brown,
all the feathers externally washed with bright olive-yellow ; tail-
feathers brown, margined narrowly with bright yellow, the ends of
the rectrices dull yellowish, with a subtcrminal mark of blackish
brown, becoming more distinct on the outer feathers ; under surface
of body silky white, the abdomen slightly washed with fulvous, the
sides of the upper breast greyish ; sides of body and under tail-
coverts olive-greenish ; thighs light tawny ; under wing-coverts
silky white, washed with yellow, brighter on the edge of the wing ;
bill dark horn-brown, the lower mandible much paler : legs fleshj'
yellow (in skin). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-1, tail
2-15, tarsus 0-i». {ColJ. J. B. Steere).

The type, an adult male, has the following measurements : —
Total length 4-7 inches, culmen ()-7, wing 2-05, tail 2, tarsus 0-9.
A female from Valencia, Xegros, measures : — Total length 5 inches,
culmen (>7, wing 1-95. tail 2-05, tarsus l>95.

Hah. Islands of Guimaras, Ncgros, and Panay, in the Pliilipjnne
archipelago.

224 TIMELIID^.

a. $ ad. sk. Ilo-Ilo, Panay {J. Murray). Voyage of H.M.S.

' Challenger.'
h. S ad. sk. Valencia, Negros, Aug. 1877 Capt. K. G. Ward-

{A. Everett). law Ramsay.

6. Orthotomus derbianus.

Orthotomus derManus, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 309, pi. Ixxvi. ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 196, no. 2690 (1869) ; Walden, Tr. Z. S.
ix. p. 195 (1875); Skarpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 114; Tiveedd. P. Z. S.
1877, p. 697.

Adult. Above grey ; the head bright chestnut ; least wing-coverts
grey like the back ; the rest of the wing-coverts olive-yellow, with
concealed brownish bases ; the quills dull brown, externally washed
with olive-yellow, these margins becoming much narrower towards
the tips of the quills ; tail-featliers pale chestnut-brown, marked
with grey towards the base of the feathers, which have narrow
paler tips ; lores pale chestnut ; sides of face and under surface of
body dull white, the feathers all margined with greyish, producing
a streaked appearance everywhere, excepting on the lower flanks,
which are more uniformly greyish, and on the centre of the abdo-
men, which is entirely white ; thighs chestnut ; under wing-coverts
and edge of the wing whitish, slightly washed with yellow ; " bill
sepia or dark brown, the under mandible grey ; legs and claws clear
or transparent brown ; iris bright claj'-brown "' {A. Everett). Total
length 5-2 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 1-95, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-7.

An adult male from Monte Alban, Luzon (A. Everett) measures
as follows: — Total length 4-9 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 1-95, tail
2-05, tarsus Q-S. {Mus. R. G. Wardlaiv- Ramsay.)

Hah. Island of Luzon.
a. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [P.].

6. Ad. sk. Manila. Gould Collection.

7. Orthotomus ruficeps.

Edela ruficeps, Lesson, Traite d'Orn. p. 309 (1831, nee Less. Cent,

Zool. pi. 71).
Orthotomus sexiceus, Temin. PL Col. texte to livr. 101 (1836) ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 282 (1850).
Orthotomus edela, Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 144 (1849).
Orthotomus ruficeps, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 79 ; Jlorsf. Sf Moore,

Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 316 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 195,

no. 2G85 (1869); Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 248 (1874); Sharpe, Ibis,

1877, p. 114; id. Tr. Linn. Soc. new series, Zool. i. pp. 337, 352
(1877) ; Tweedd. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 619 ; Hume ^- Davison, Str. F.

1878, vol. vi. p. 346 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 64, 101 ; Sharpe,
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 341, 1881, p. 798.

Adult. General colour above ashy brown, inclining to clearer
ashy grey on the rump ; wing-coverts and quills brown, edged with
ashy grey, the outer coverts and quills sHglitly washed with rufous
towards the tip of the outer webs, all the inner webs broadly edged
with rufous ; upper tail-coverts dull rufescent brown ; tail-feathers

6. ORTHOTOMUS. 225

chestnut-rufous, the centres of all of them brown for nearly their
basal half ; head and nape bright chestnut, including also the lores ;
rest of sides of face j-eUowish buff, the upper margin of the ear-
coverts bright chestnut like the crown ; entire under surface of body
yeUowish buff, clearer fulvous on the flanks and under tail- coverts,
the sides of the upper breast washed with greyish brown ; thighs
chestnut ; under wing-coverts fulvous, the outermost of the lower
series bright chestnut ; iris yellow. Total length 4'9 inches, culmen
0-75, wing 2-05, tail I'S, tarsus 0-9.

The following measurements taken from Tenasserim specimens
are given by Mr. Hume (I. c.) : —

Males. Total length 5-12-5'2 inches, expanse 6-5, tail from vent
1-5-1-75, wing 1-S2-2-0, tarsus 0-8-0-85, biU from gape 0-7o-0-8.

Females. Length 5 inches, expanse G"2, tail from vent l"4,wing
1-82, tarsus 0-8, biU from gape 0-8.

The colours of the soft parts in the males were not recorded.
Both females had the lower mandible fleshy pink ; upper mandible
homy brown. One female had the legs and feet fleshy pink ; the
other had the feet, claws, and back of tarsi fleshy, front of tarsi pale
brown ; in one the irides were salmon, in the other deep brown.

Youny. Browner above than the adults, the sides of the face and
underparts yellowish buff ; throat white ; sides of crown brick-red,
but the centre of the head and the nape brown like the back ; tail-
feathers reddish brown, paler at the tips, and all except the outer-
most blackish in the centre of the feathers, gradually deepening in
intensity towards the tip and becoming subterminally much darker.

Hah. The Indo-Malayan islands, having been found in Borneo,
Sumatra, and the Philippine island of Palawan. It is also met
with in the Malayan peninsula, and is a rare straggler into the
southern boundary of Tenasserim.

a. Ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

[P.].
h. Ad. sk. ]\ralacca. India Museum.

c. S ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Sumatra. M. Verreaux.

e. Ad. sk. Labiian. Governor Ussher [C.].

/. Ad. sk. Sarawak. Hemy Everett, Esq. [C.].

g, h. Ad. sk. Lumbidan. Hugh Low, Esq. [0.].

i. 5 ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Capt. E. G. Wardlaw

Dec. 1877 {A. Everett). Ramsay.

8. Orthotomus cineraceus.

Orthotomus sepium, Lafr. Hlnf/. cle Zoo/. 1836, pi. 51 (nee Horsf.').
Oithotomus cineraceus, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 489 (1845) ; id.

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 144 (1849) ; Bp. Consj>. i. p. ■282 (1850) ;

Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 80 ; Hoisf. i,- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.

Mus. i. p. 315 (1854) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 215 ; Grag, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 195, no. 2692 (1869) ; Sahad. Ucc. Born. p. 248 (1874) ;

Sharjje, Ibis, 1877, p. 114 ; Ttcvedd. t. c. p. 312 ; Hume, Str. F.

1879, p. 64 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1(^79, p. 341, 1881, p. 798.
Orthotomus borneonensis, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 247 (1874) ; Sharpe.

Ibis, 1876, p. 41, pi. ii. fig. 1; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv.

p. 235 (1879).

vox. VII Q

226 TIMELnD^.

Adult male. General colour above clear ashy grey ; the crown,
sides of head, including the cheeks, ear-coverts, and chin bright
cinnamon-rufous, the hinder crown and occiput gradually shading
off into brown as they approach the hind neck ; throat, neck, and
underparts generally ashy grey; the centre of the abdomen and
under tail-coverts pure white ; thighs deep cinnamon-rufous ; under
wing-coverts washed with rufous, as also is the edge of the wing ;
lower surface of quills dark brown, edged along the inner web with
rufous white ; wings above brown, somewhat washed with olive
and not so grey as the back, the primaries narrowly edged with
whity brown ; tail light brown, with paler brown margins, the
outer feathers tipped with white, before which is a tolerably distinct
subterminal bar of dark brown ; bill in skin light hoin-brown, the
under mandible paler and more yellowish; "legs pale warm
brown ; iris naples yellow " (A. Everett). Total length 4-7 inches,
culmen 0-55, wing 1-85, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-75.

Female. Differs from the adult male in being white below, without
the grey throat, although indications of the latter are generally
seen in the greyish shade more or less observable on the lower
throat and sides of breast. The cinnamon-colour of the chin is also
difficult to trace, being so faintly pronounced.

Ohs. In my opinion 0. homeonensis, Salvad., is the fully adult
male, and 0. cineraceus the female of the present species. The
only female in the Museum, so determined by dissection, is a
Lombock skin of Mr. Wallace's, and this is whitish below; both
grey- and white-breasted birds have also occurred together in the
Bornean collections of Mr. Motley (Banjermassing) and Mr. Hugh
Low (N.W, Borneo). I feel the more certain, therefore, that the
white-breasted birds are adult females, and not young birds, as
we have specimens of the latter in the Museum from Banjermassing,
and they are different from the adult, resembling much more 0. sepium
in appearance.

Young. General colour above olive-brown : quills brown, exter-
nally washed with olive-green ; tail brown, tipped obscurely with
whity brown, with a subterminal shade of black, scarcely forming
a spot ; ear-coverts pale rufescent ; under surface of body dull
yellowish white, the thighs obscure fawn-colour ; centre of the
body pale yellowish, the sides of the breast and flanks obscurely
washed with greenish.

Hah. The islands of Sumatra and Borneo, extending also into
the Malayan peninsula. Count Salvadori considers that the Suma-
tran bird is the same as the Bornean (0. homeonensis, Salvad.). I
ao'ree with Lord Tweeddale, however, that neither can be separated
from the Malaccan.

a. Juu. sk. Malacca. Capt.StackhousePinwi]l[P.].

J.'cC imm.sk. Malacca (TFrt//ac('). Gould CoUectioi).

c. Ad. sk. Malacca (Cttrtfor). India Museum,

fi. "c? ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

c. [ $ ] ad. sk. Borneo. Purchased.

fa \ S^ ad. sk. N.W. Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq. [0.1.

i i, k. f 2 1 ad. sk. N.W. Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.].

/ Juv sk. N.W. Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.].

6. OBTHOTOMTJS. 227

7)1. (S ad. sk. Jambusan, Borneo, Sept. Alfred Everett [C.].

18, 1874. (Spec, figured in ' Ibis,' 1876, /. c.)

n. [$]ad. sk. Sarawak. Henry Everett, Esq. [C.].

'^tl^- [d^Jad. sk. Banjermassiug (itfo^fe?/). A. R. Wallace, Esq.
q. Juv. sk. Banjermassiug {Motley), A. R. Wallace, Esq.

r. Ad. sk. Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.].

9. Orthotomus sepium.

Orthotoraus sepium, Ilorsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 166 (1820) ; Temm,
PL Col. iii. pi. 590. fig."l (18.36J; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848);
Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 145 (1840) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 282
(1850) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 78 ; Iforsf. |- Moore, Cat. B. E.I.
Co. Mus. i. p. 314 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 195, no. 2682
(1860) ; Sharpe, Ibis,lS77, p. 115; Tioeedd. t. c. p. .313; Nicholson,
Ibis, 1879, p. 169.

Adult male. General colour above dull grass-green ; the forehead
and sides of the head, including the ear-coverts and cheeks, as well
as the chin pale cinnamon-rufous, the hinder part of the crown
becoming gradually olive-brown, and shading off into the green of
the back, causing the bird's neck to have a brownish shade ; lower
throat greyish black, forming a distinct patch ; the fore neck and
sides of neck duU greenish, shading off rather paler on the sides of
the upper breast, where there are a few narrow white shaft-streaks ;
rest of under surface of body pale yellowish, the flanks and sides of
the body washed with green ; thighs deep tawny ; under tail-coverts
yellowish ; under wing-coverts white, slightly washed with yellow,
as also the edge of the wing; quills dark brown, edged with pale
rufous white along the inner web ; wings above dark brown, the
feathers washed exteruallj' with the same green as the back, the
primary-coverts and primaries outwardly margined with olivaceous ;
tail light, the feathers faintly edged with the same green as the
back, and narrowly tipped with white, before which is a distinct
broad subterminal bar of blackish brown, less pronounced on the
two centre feathers ; " biU and feet pale dusky reddish ; iris pale
olive-brown" (Wallace). Total length 4-8 inches, culmeu 0"6,
wing 1-85, tail 2, tarsus 0-75.

Yowiff. Differs from the adult in being everywhere paler coloured,
and in having the black throat-spot only indicated by a few greyish
black feathers.

Obs. Both the birds marked females in the collection want the
distinct black throat of the old male ; but they appear to me to be
young birds. It is just possible, however, that the old females do
not have a very distinct patch on the throat, and that in this re-
spect the young birds resemble them. The following measurements
show some variation in the size of the species : —

Total

length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. iu. in. in. in.

a. cJ ad. E. Java ( Wallace) 4-8

b. 2 [juv.?]. Y,. J &\a. (Wallace) 4-3

c. cT acl. W. Java 4-4

d. $ [juv. ?]. Java ( Venrau.v) 4-1

e. Juv. Sumatra ( Vcrreau.v) . . 4'0

0-6

1-85

20

0-75

0-55

1-8

1-6

0-75

0-55

1-75

1-8

0-75

0-55

]-7o

1-6

0-75

0-5

165

l-.'iS
q2

0-7

228 TIMELIID^.

The Sumatran specimen appears to be smaller ; but not being adult,
it cannot be compared with full-plumaged 0. sepium.
Huh. Java, Madura, Sumatra, and Lombock.

a,h. r d 2 1 ad. sk. Java. Gould Collection.

c. 6 ad. sk. W. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

<?;«•[ c? ];/•[? ] W. Java {E. C. Bux- F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.].

ad. sk. ton).

g,h. c? 2 ad. sk. E. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

i. [(5 juv.]sk. Java. Purchased.

k. Ad.sk. 3a,\a (Dr. Horsjield). India Museum. (Type of

species.)

/. Ad. sk. Sumatra. M. Verreaux.

m. 2 ad. sk. Lombock. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

10. Orthotomus erythropterus.

Drymoica erythroptera, Jard. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 15, Y>l.;Grai/,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2787 (1809).
Drymceca erythroptera, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 55 (1857) ; Sharpe,

Ibis, 1870, p. 475; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 31 (1871).
DrymcEca iodoptera,, Heugl. J. f. O. 1864, p. 268 ; id. Ibis, 1869,

p. 93.
Drymoica iodoptera, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2774 (1869).
Cisticola iodoptera, Heuc/l. Ibis, 1869, p. 143; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i.

p. 247 (1869).
Cisticola erythroptera, Hevgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 248 (1869).
Cisticola rhodoptera, Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 383 ; id. P. Z. S. 1881,

p. 572.
Drymceca pyrrhoptera, Eeichen. J.f. O. 1882, p. 210.

Adult. Above vinous grey, with a slight tinge of rufous, the
lower rump straw-yeUow ; upper tail-coverts brick-red ; scapulars
grey like the back ; wing-coverts bright brick-red ; the quills sepia-
brown, the innermost secondaries paler brown, all the other quills
externally edged with bright brick-red for about two thirds of their
length ; tail-feathers sepia-brown, with numerous dusky bars under
certain lights, the middle feathers washed, the remainder edged, with
rufous, aU of them tipped with white, before which is a distinct
Bubterminal bar of black ; lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-
coverts grey ; cheeks and throat white, rest of the under surface
bright straw-buff, deeper on the sides of the body, thighs, and
under tail-coverts ; centre of breast and abdomen whitish ; under
wing-coverts buff, the edge of the wings whitish ; lower surface of
the quills ashy brown, edged with rufous along the inner web ; bill
black ; feet yellowish (in skin). Total length 5-2 inches, culmen
0-6, wing 2-1, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-8.

Ohs. The remains of rufous on the upper surface are probably
either indications of young or of winter plumage, as one of the three
specimens examined seems to be moulting from a rufous to a perfectly
grey back. A female in Captain Shelley's collection, shot by
him at Accra on the 15th of February, 1 872, seems to be in full
winter dress, being in the vinous stage, nearly uniform above, with
the lores and ear-coverts grey. One feature about this bird is the

7. PHYLLERGATES, 229

colour of the upper tail-coverts, which are deep orange-red, not
brick-red. The type of D. pyrrhoptera, lent me by Dr. Peters
from the Berlin Museum, is a bird changing from one plumage
into the other, and has not yet got the brick-red upper tail-coverts
of the old bird. Tail 2-15 inches.

The type of C. rhodoptem of Shelley is, I think, a young bird :
it is dull ashy brown, duskj- on the head and neck, lores and ear-
coverts ; the upper tail-coverts are brown like the back. I have now
seen six specimens of this species, showing the gradations of plu-
mage pretty satisfactorily ; and it is not surprising, seeing how the
bird varies, to find that its different changes have been considered
to be specific chai'acters.

Ifab. West Africa, on the Gold Coast. Interior of North-eastern
Africa, extending into equatorial Africa and the interior of
Zanzibar.

a. Ad. sk. Fantee ( Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

J. Ad. ; c. Juv. sk. Wi\er Yolta. (Ussher). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

7. PHYLLERGATES.

Bill of Phyllergates coronatus.

Range. Mountains of Java and Sumatra. Tenasserim and Burmese
hills, extending to the Eastern Himalayas.

Key to the Species.
a. Outer tail-feathers likfi the others, or at most

minutely tipped with white on the inner web . . cucullatus, p. 229.
I. Outer tail-feather with the inner web entirely

white coronatus, p. 230.

1. Phyllergates cucullatus.

Orthotomus cucullatus, Temm. Fl. Cul. iii. pi. 599. fig. 2 (1836) ;
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 282 (18o0);
Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 31 ; Horsf. <$■ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.
Mus. i. p. 315, note (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 195, no. 2684
(1869); Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. ll5.

Adult nude. General colour above olive-green, a little brighter on
the rump, the hind neck inclining to ashy brown ; the forehead and
fore part of the crown bright orange ; round the eye a tiny ring of
Avhitish feathers ; over the eye a narrow streak of bright yellow,
forming a narrow eyebrow ; sides of face silky white, the lores as
well as the upper and hinder margin of ear-coverts dull greyish like
the sides of the neck ; throat and fore neck silky white, the rest of
the under surface bright yellow, inclining to white in the centre of
the breast ; thighs externally olive, internally yellow like the rest

230 TlMELnD^.

of the under surface ; under wing-coverts bright j'ellow, the lower
ones whitish, like the inner edging of the quills, which are brown
below ; wings above brown, the least series of coverts uniform with
the back, the greater coverts and the quills edged with olive-green,
the primaries with brighter and slightly more yellowish green ; tail
brown, all the feathers margined with olive-green ; no subterminal
bar, and only a faint trace of a narrow little whitish spot near the
tip of some of the outer feathers ; bill (in skin) dark horn-brown,
with a slightly paler shade at base of lower mandible ; feet pale
brown in skin. Total length 4'7 inches, culmen 0"7, wing 1'85,
tail 2, tarsus 0-75.

Hab. Java and Sumatra.

a. S ad. sk. W. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

b. Ad. sk. Java. M. Verreaux.

2. Phyllergates coronatus.

Orthotomus coronatus, Jenl. 4'- Bh/tJi, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 200 ; Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. p. 168 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 195, no. 2688 (1869) ;
Godiv.-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxviii. p. 107 (1870) ; Hume, Nests 8f
Eggs Ind. B. p. 334 (1873) ; Wcdden in Blgth's B. Burm. p. 121
(1875) ; Shurpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 115 ; Hume and Davison, Sir. F.
1878, vol. vi. p. 346; Hume,8tr. F. 1879, p. 101.

Adult. General colour above olive-green, the rump and upper
tail-coverts bright yellow ; forehead and fore part of crown bright
orange ; the nape greenish, the hind neck and sides of neck grey ;
round the eye a tiny ring of yellow feathers, and above the eye a
narrow and nearly concealed streak of bright yellow, forming an
eyebrow ; lores and sides of face grey, the ear-coverts whitish on their
lower margin, the cheeks, throat, and fore neck silvery white ; rest
of under surface bright yellow, including the thighs and under tail-
and wing-coverts, the lower series of the latter whitish, like the
inner edging of the quills, which are brown below ; wings above
brown, the coverts and quills all narrowly edged with the same
green as the back ; tail dark brown, the feathers narrowly edged
with olive-green, the outermost feather white along the entire inner
web, the penultimate white also for the greater part of its extent ;
" bin above dark horny, the basal half of lower mandible yellowish ;
legs brownish white ; iris brown'' (R. G. War dlaw Ramsay); "upper
mandible, tip and edges of lower mandible along commissure black,
rest of bill yellowish fleshy ; legs and feet yellowish fleshy ; iris
brown" (Davison). Total length 4 inches, ciilmen 0-6, wing 1-9,
tail 1-8, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, where it occurs in the warmer valleys
and plains below Darjiling, and in Nepal. Further east it is found
on the hills of North Cachar and the Tsankoo hills in Burmah at
an elevation of 3000 feet. It also extends into the Tenasserim hills.

a, b, c. Ad. sk.

Darjiling.

Dr. Jerdon [P.].
(Type of species.)

d. Ad. sk .

Khasia hills {Jerdon).

Gould Collection.

e. (^ ad. sk.

Sikhim, Dec. 1873 (Z. Mandelli):

A. 0. Hume, Esq.

/. Ad.sk.

Nepal.

Gould Collection.

9. SPILOPTILA. 231

8. THAMNORNIS.

Type.
Thamnornis, Milne-Edicanh i^- Grandul. m Gra7id.

Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 335 (1881) T. chloropetoides.

This gemis, which is allied to the Tailorbirds and Prinice, is
characterized bj' its long, pointed and strongly compressed bill, with
the edge sharp and slightly inflected, not hooked, furnished at the
base with some little soft hairs. (The bill recalls that of Aedoa
familiaris; that of Orthotonnis is straighter and more compressed;
these latter birds have, on the other hand, the tail otherwise formed
and marked with dark spots at the tips of the tail-feathers.) The
nostrils opening in a linear cleft, with a superior cutaneous mem-
brane covered with small feathers ; the wings small, with the first
quill decidedly short, the second strikingly longer, the third nearly
twice the length of the first, and the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh
subequal; the tail rather long, narrow and much rounded, with
the tail-feathers decidedly pointed ; the feet small and feeble, with
the tarsus scutellated in front. {Milne-Edwards Sf Orandidier, I. c.)

Raage. Madagascar.

1. Thamnornis chloropetoides.

ElHsia chloropetoides, Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 256.
Prinia chloropetoides, Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 357.
Drvmoica chloropetoides, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2847

(18G9).
Orthotomus grandidieri, Hartl. Vog. Madag. 1877, p. 109.
Thamnornis chloropetoides, Milne-Edxo. Sf Grandid. in Grandid. H.

N. Madag., Ois. p. 336, pis. 128, 128 a (1881).

Above grej', with a slight rufous tinge ; head darker than the
rest of the upper parts ; margins of the quills and tail-feathers
greenish yellow ; the under surface is whitish grey, and the flanks
brown ; feet yellowish ; iris brown. Total length 5-S inches, wing
2-2, tail 2-5.5', tarsus 0-75, {lid. I. c.)

Hah. Arid plains to the north of Cape St. Mary, at the extreme
south of Madagascar.

9. SPILOPTILA.

Type.
Spiloptila, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 6 (1872) S. damans.

Range. Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Back uniform clear pale rufous ; ear-coverts yellowish

white ; head scaled, the forehead black with narrow
greyish marghis; tail-feathers with distinct sub-
terminal spots of black damans, p. 231.

b. Back streaked like the head; ear-coverts bright

rufous ; no subterminal spot on tail-feathers ocularia, p. 232,

1. Spiloptila damans.

Malurus damans, Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 466. fig. 2 (1828) ; Riipp.
Xeue Wirb. Vog. p. 2, Atlas, tab. 2. fig. a (1835-40).

232 TIMELIID^.

Drymoica damans, Riipp. Syst. Uehers. p. 56 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B.

1. p. 163 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 283 (1850); Heugl. Syst.

Uebers. p. 22 (1856) ; Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2750 (1869).
Drvmceca damans, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 91.
Cisticola damans, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 143 ; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr.

i. p. 246 (1869), iv. p. Ixxiii (1871).
Spiloptila damans, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 6 (1872).

Adult. General colour above uniform dear pale vinous red, the
lower back and rump j-ellowish buff, a little brighter fulvous on the
upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts dusky, edged with ashy ;
median and greater series black, margined with ashy white ; primary-
coverts and quiUs light brown, edged with ashy, the secondaries with
pale rufous like the back ; centre tail-feathers very light brown, the
remainder paler brown, broadly tipped with white, before which is a
broad subterminal band of black ; fore part of crown and vertex
strongly mottled, the feathers being black with ashy-white margins ;
the hinder head ashy, shading off into the j)ale rufous of the back ;
lores and a narrow eyebrow ashy whitish ; ear-coverts yellowish
white, a little dusky on upper margin ; cheeks and under surface of
body pale yellowish, white on the abdomen ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries like the breast ; quills light brown below, whitish
along the edge of inner web ; " bill clear tawny yeUow, the tip
blackish ; feet reddish yellow ; iris clear brown" \Heuglin). Total
length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-8, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-7.

Hah. N.E. Africa from Southern Kubia and Kordofan.

a, b. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Pm-cbased.

c. Ad. sk. Nubia {Mus. Holm.). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

2. Spiloptila ocularia.

Drvmoica ocularia, Smith, HI. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 75 (1843) ;

Grmj, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 282 (18.50) ;

Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 87 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 197,

no. 2732 (1869) ; 'G^/;•«e^/, in Anderss. B.^Dam. Land, p. 75 (1872).
Drymosca ocularia, Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 31 (1859) ; Sharpe, Cat.

Afr. B. p. 30 (1871) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 101 ; Sharpe, ed.

Layard B. S. Afr. p. 256 (1876) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 253.

Adult male. Above sandy brown, very distinctly striped with
black on the back, less plainly so on the head, which is rather
darker brown ; wing-coverts dark brown, margined with dull sandy,
the quills also dark brown, narrowly margined in the same manner
as the coverts ; rump and upper tail-coverts exactly the same as the
back, the mesial streaks rather broader on the latter ; tail deep
brown, waved with dusky cross bars in certain lights, the centre
tail-feathers edged with ashy fulvous, the outer ones with deep buflp,
more broadly on the external feathers ; lores, eyebrows, feathers
round the eye, and ear-coverts bright chestnut-red; cheeks and
entire throat white ; across the chest a distinct collar of black ; rest
of under surface buffy white, inclining to dull tawny buff on the
sides of the body ; thighs blackish ; under tail-coverts dark brown,
margined with ashy fulvous ; on the sides of the body a few hair-
like streaks of dark brown, a little broader on the flanks ; under

10. GEAMINICOLA. 233

■vring-coverts tawny buff; " bill black ; legs and toes flesh-coloured ;
iris ochry-brown'" ( J.nc?tfrssoH) ; i™ reddish hazel (T. C. Atmore).
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-9, tail 3-05, tarsus 0-85.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but has the rufous ear-
coverts a little paler. Total length o'o inches, culmen O'o, wing
2-05, tail 3-05, tarsus 0-85.

06s. This species possesses a winter dress, when the general aspect
of the bird is more mealy, a shade of rufous overspreading the hind
neck and mantle ; the forehead and neck are washed with grey, the
sides of the upper breast greyish, the pectoral collar much narrower
or entirely absent, and remains of tiny dots are more or less apparent
on the throat. Mr. Atmore coDected several in this plumage near
Hopetown.

hah. South Africa : from the eastern Cape colony north into the
Transvaal, and westwards into Great Namaqua Land.

a,b. d 2 ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Type of species.)
e. Ad. sk. Grahamstown (E. L. E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Layard).

d. S ad. sk. Hope-town {T. C. Atmore). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

e, /"• d" 2 ad. sk. Transvaal (T.Ai/res). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
ff,/i. ij 2 ad. sk. Hountop river, Great E. B. Shai-pe, Esq.

Namaqua Land, June 6,
1864 ( C. J. Andersson).
i. c? ad. sk. Orange river. Dr. E. F. Bradshaw

[P.].

10. GRAMINICOLA. ^^p^

Gramiiiicola, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. ]77 nSO.S) G. bengalensis.

I\

Bill and tail of Graminicola bengalensis.
Range. Eastern Bengal, extending into Assam.

234 TIMELIIBJ!.

1. Graminicola bengalensis.

Mesalurus verreairsi, TyUer, Ann. ^Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) xiv. p. 176
(l8o4) {descr. nulla).

Graminicola bengalensis, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 177 (1863) ; Godwin-
Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xliii. p. 1G7 (1874) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879,
p. 101, 1880, p. 255.

Drjmoica bengalensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 201, no. 2826 (1869).

Drjmoeca bengalensis, Hume, Nests i§- Bggs Ind. B. p. 345 (1873).

Adult. General colour above streaked, the feathers black in the
centre, with bright tawny margins, the rump iiuiform tawny buff ;
the lesser, median, and greater wing-coyerts tawny buff, with cen-
tral streaks of blackish, less distinct on the greater series ; bastard
wing and primaiy-coverts dusky brown, edged with tawny ; quills
dusky brown with tawny rufous edgings ; upper tail-coverts streaked,
black in the centre, edged with tawny rufous : tail-feathers blackish,
washed with ashy olive on the margins, which are tawnj- on the
extreme edge, all tipped with wliite, increasing on the outer feathers ;
crown of the head, occiput, and nape streaked ; feathers black, with
tawny fulvous edgings ; huid neck much paler, the edges being huffy
whitish, hoary white on the sides of the neck ; lores and eyebrow
white, narrowlj' streaked with black ; feathers round the eye, ear-
coverts, and cheeks whitish ; upper margin of the ear-coverts washed
with tawny, the feathers tipped narrowly with black ; under surface
of the body dull white, purer white on the abdomen ; sides of the
body, flanks, thighs, and under taU-coverts tawny buff, the sides of
the breast with narrow black shaft -lines ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries pale tawny, the former whiter ; quills below ashy ; inner
edge of quills paler ; " bill reddish horny ; tarsus fleshy yellow ; iris
yellow brown" (.lerdon). Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-5,
wing 2-25, tail 3, tarsus 0-9.

Young. More fluffy in plumage than the adult and much more
yellow, the hind neck like the rest of the upper surface, instead of
showing the greyish appearance so consjiicuous in the adult speci-
mens ; " upper mandible light black, the lower one hght pink ; legs
light yellow ; iris brown " (L. G. Layard).
Bab. Eastern Bengal, extending into Assam.

a,b. Ad. et juv. sk. Khasia hills (Dr. Jerdnn). Gould Collection.
c. Ad. sk. Sengmai, Munipur. Col. H. H. God-s\in-

Austen [P.].

11. CISTICOLA. 235

11. CISTICOLA. Tji,e.

Cisticola, Kaup, Skizz. nat. Si/sf. eur. Thienv. p. 119

(1829) C. cisticola.

Hemipteryx, Swainson, Classif. B. ii. p. 2:24 (1837) .... C. textrix.

Melocichla, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 271 (1857) C. mentalis.

Calamanthella, Swiuh. N. China Branch As. Soc. p.

(1859) C. cisticola.

Franklinia, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 18G (1863) C. buchanani.

Drvmodyta, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. (JO (1872) .... C. tinniens.

Cis'todyta, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 6 (1872) C. ruficeps.

Bill and tail of Cisticola cisticola.

Range. Southern Europe and countries bordering the Mediter-
ranean, eastwards to India, Ceylon, the Burmese countries and
China, as well as Japan, the Malayan peninsula, and throughout
the whole of the Indo-Malayan and Austro-ilalayan subregions, the
Papuan subregion and Australia. The whole of Africa and Mada-
gascar.

I have examined the types of Heuglin's species of Cisticolte con-
tained in the Museums of Berlin, Stuttgardt, and Tienna, as well as
all the specimens of Grass-Warblers in the collections of Mr.
Seebohm, Capt. Shelley, and Captain Wardlaw Ramsay ; and I have
come to the following conclusions respecting the changes of plumage
in the Cisticolce : — (1) That the male and female are more or less
different in the breeding-plumage, the tendency being in the male to
have a uniform head, while the female's is striped ; (2) The female's
winter plumage resembles her summer dress, but is rather more
mealy and the tail is longer ; (3) A moult takes place in spring and
autumn, and at the latter season the male passes into a winter plu-
mage, when he resembles the female ; (-4) The young on leaving the
nest resemble the old female in her winter plumage ; (o) The young
in their first winter plumage resemble the old female, but have very
much longer tails and appear larger ; (6) The raale is always larger
than the female. The above points are generally characteristic of
the genus Cisticola ; but there are probably exceptions, especially
among the plain-backed species, as the plumages of many of these
have not yet been discovered.

236 TIMELIIDJE.

Key to the Species.
a. Back perfectlj' uniform, not striated.

«'. Tail-feathers tipped with ashy fulvous or

white, but not having a distinct subter-

niinal bar.

a". Size large : rump more rufous than

back : ear-coverts rufous with paler

shaft-lines ; wiug 2'8-3 inches.

a. Under surface of body tawny, whiter

on the throat and centre of breast.

(Melocichla.) mentalis, p. 241.

a '. Dark umber-brown above ; lesser
wing-coverts not much lighter
than the back ; rump and upper
tail-coverts of much the same
shade of rufous .... tnentalis, p. 241.
0'. Fulvous brown above, the lesser
wing-coverts decidedl}' more
tawny ; lower back and rump
more rufous ; upper tail-coverts

chestnut orientaKs, p. 245.

y'. Under surface of body ashy, more

tawny on the sides . . meridionalis, p. 243.

h". Size smaller : wing 1 •75-2-05 inches;

rump of the same colour as the

back.

a'". Tail-feathers with inconspicuous

pale tips ; entire head rufous,

forming a cap contrasting with

ashy olive-back aberrans, p. 245.

b'". Tail-feathers conspicuously tipped
with white. (Franklinia.)
«*. Back rufous like the head ; no
second white mark on outer tail-
feathers buchanani, p. 246.

6*. Back ashy, contrastmg with pale
rufous crown ; on outer feather
a second subterminal spot of

white on inner web incana, p. 247.

V . Tail-feathers with a veiy distinct sub-
terminal bar of blackish,
c". Crown of head of a diiferent colom* to
the back, forming a more or less di-
stinct cap.
c'". Crown of head rufous, contrasting
with the back,
e*. Outer aspect of quiUs light brown

or ashjf brown nificapiUa, p. 248.

#. Outer aspect of quills very di-
stinctly rufous, forming a con-
spicuous wing-patch cinerascens, p. 248.

d'". Crown of head grey.

e*. Base of forehead and eyebrow

light tawny buff cinereicapilla , p. 256.

f*. Base of forehead ashy grey like
the head,
a'. With a whitish eyebrow .... beavani ad., p. 255.

I

11. CISTICOLA. 237

6'. With no eyebrow ; the sides of

the crown like the head .... poUocephala, p. 257.
d". Crown of head of the same colour as
the back, the forehead sometimes a
little lighter.
e'" . Lores rufous like base of forehead

and ear-coverts eryth ops, p. 250.

/"'". Lores fulvous or whitish ; fore-
head like the head.
g^. Tips of tail-feathers ashy rufous
or light brown.
c'. Larger : wing 2"8 inches ; sides

of body ashy grey lateralis, p. 251.

d^. Smaller: wing 1'65 inches;
sides of body fulvous.
rt". Back dark brown, head uni-
form with back I'^ufa, p. 252.

b'^. Back rufesceut; head more

diugy; a distinct e3'ebrow. . beavani]\.iY., p. 255,
c". Back light chestnut; head of
the same colour as the

back ferruginea, p. 257.

h*. Tips of tail-feathers white.
e^. Breast crossed with an ashy

grey band gracilis ad., p. 253.

f^. Breast pale fulvous, with no

cross band gracilis juv., p. 254.

b. Back streaked,
c'. Head streaked.

e". Breast spotted with dusky.
g'". No streaks on flanks; tail-feathers

ashy rufous at tip subrtificapilla juv., p. 285.

h'". Flanks streaked like the breast; tips

of tail-feathers white textri.v ad., p. 206.

f". Breast not spotted.

i". Flanks streaked with blackish .... tinniens hiem., p. 273.
k'" . Flanks not streaked.

i*. No subtermiual bar on the tail-
feathers as seen from above ;
tail-feathers black for entire
length, tipped with white .... terrestris, p. 266.
k^. A distinct subtermiual bar on tail-
feathers when seen from above.
g^. Upper tail-coverts perfectly imi-

lorm rtifa hiem., p. 252.

h\ Upper tail-coverts centred with
black.
<r^. No nuchal rufous collai-, the
nape like the back or head.
a'. Head coloured like the
back,
a*. Lower back and rump
ashy.
a^. Bill slender; back
ashy, with broad
black centres to the
feathers lugiibris jnv., p. 280.

238 TIMELIID^.

6". Bill stout ; back brown

with darker brown , , , • ,. -,. ,

, 1 7iatalensis sestiv., p. 2/8.

b\ Lower back "and" rump \stran</ei ^stiv., p. 277.
fulvesceut.
c^. Size large: wing 2 '35-
2'85 in. ; general co-
lour above light

1 , ,?', ^ I nntalensis hiem., p. 279.

blackish { . • ,• ' \i>7'7

r, a- 11 • stranqei hiem., p. 277.

(F. Size smaller : wiiig ^ •> ' r

l'9o-2-2 inches; gene-
ral colour above dark
biv^wn, streaked with . ^ .^^ .^^^ gSQ.

fulvous cherinal 264.

0'. Head contrasting some- ' ' '^

what with the back,
c^. Tips to tail-feathers ashy-
rufous ; centre tail-fea-
thers rufous - brown
with scarcely any per-
ceptible darker centre,
e'. Back light ashy, streak-
ed with dark brown,
contrasting strongly

with head suhrtificapilla {chiniana)

/^.Baclf dullrufous-brown [hiem., p. 287.

streaked with black ;
head a little more

rufous subruficapiUa, p. 283.

f?'. Tips to tail-feathers
white ; centre tail-fea-
thers bright rufous with
a nnrrow black longi-
tudinal centre.
^r^. Inner secondaries

margined with rufous
buff along the inner
web ; wing-coverts
black, edged with

rufous luyuhris, p. 280.

A". Inner secondaries ed-
ged wdth white along
inner web ; wing-co-
verts bright rufous
with narrow black
centres marffinalis , p. 268.

'. A nuchal collar of rufous,
more or less distinct, either
uniform or streaked with
black, but always separa-
ting the crown from the
hack.
c'. Sizelarge: wing2'oinches;
wing-coverts edged with
ashy ; below fulvesceut . . erythrogenys, p. 275.

11. CI8TIC0LA. 239

t?". Size smaller; •wing2'25in.;
underneath yellow; wing-
coverts edged with fid-

vous mai-ginalis juv., p. 258.

e'. Size very small ; wing not
exceeding TO in. : wing-
coverts edged with ful-
vous.
e^. No subterminal bar on
tail-feathers, which are
imiform blackish with

pale tips terrestris 5 et ptil. hiem.,

/«. Tail-feathers blackish, [p. 268.

but showing a subter-
minal bar of black, not

very distinct exilis 2 et ptil. hiem.,

d'. Head uniform. [p. 270.

ff". Head ashy rufous on forehead.

I"'. Rump fulvous or rufous ; size
smaller: wing l"8.5-2'2 inches.
I*. Head brown or ashy brown; no
rufous collar.
1°. Tail-feathers with a shade of
light brown or rufous on inner
web before the subterminal j cisticola, p. 259.

bar < cherina, p. 264.

k^. Tail-feathers perfectly uniform ( htesitata, p. 265.
black, with pale tips but no
distinct subterminal bar .... terrestris, p. 266.
m'^. Head black ; a distinct rufous

collar exilis, p. 269.

m'" . Rump ashy grey, contra.sting with
back ; size larger : wing l-95-2'35

inches higuhris, p. 280.

h". Head entirely pale or dark rufous, quite
uniform.
«'". With a subterminal bar of black on
the tail-feathers when seen from
underneath.
n*. No streaks on the flanks.
l^. Rump and upper tail-coverts
rufous.
/■". Larger: wing 2'25 inches; tail-
feathers tipped with white . rttficeps, p. 282.
</". Smaller: wing r75-l'9in. ;
tail-feathers tipped with

ashy fidvous e.vilis S ffistiv., p. 270.

»h\ Rump and upper tail-coverts

gi-eyish, the latter sometimes

ashy fulvous.

h". Upper tail-coverts streaked

with black; back broadly

streaked with black ; tips to

outer tail-feathers white

below luffitbris hiem., p. 281.

t**. Upper toil-coverts not me-
sially streaked; back nnr-

240

rowly streaked witli brown ;
tips to outer tail-feathers

ashy fulvous below subrujicapilla, p. 283.

'. Flanks streaked with black .... tinniens aestiv., p. 273.
With no distinct subtermiual bar
on the tail-feathers, which have
paler tips only ; back nearly uni-
form aherrans hiem., p. 246.

The following species, of none of which have I been able to see a specimen,
I have been unable to place satisfactorily in the above ' Eey.'

1. CiSTICOLA L.lNDAN^.

Oisticola landanre, Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 228 (1876);
Skarpe ^ Bouvier, op. cit. p. 305 (1876); Bocage, Orn, Angola, p. 554
(1881).

Above brown, the head indistinctly mottled with darker brown, not distinctly
streaked ; back broadly streaked with black, the feathers with a broad black
streak down the middle ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more of a
reddish brown ; wings dark brown, the wing-coverts and quills distinctly mar-
gined externally with rufous ; tail-feathers dark brown, the centre ones edged
with rufous, the rest tipped with rufous, all with a broad subtermiual black
mark ; lores and sides of face fulvous, the ear-coverts brownish ; entire
throat and jugulum whitish ; remainder of the body below fulvous, the thighs
brighter buff ; sides of the upper breast brownish ; under wing-coverts buff ;
biU blackish, the lower mandible pale. Total length 425 inches, bid 0'55,
wing 1-95, tail 1-6, tarsus 0'75. {Bouvier.)

Hob. Congo region. West Africa.

This species, which is closely allied to C. cherina, Smith, cannot be confounded
with that bird, as it differs in the flanks being entirely buff, in the reddish margins
of its qtdlls, and in its rufous upj)er tail-coverts. {Bouvier.)

2. CiSTICOLA ORYZIOIiA.

Drymoica oryziola, 8. Mull. ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 200, no. 2818 (1869).

Hah. Timor ; Java.
Probably the same as C. exilis.

3. CiSTICOLA LADOENSIS.

Oisticola ladoensis, Eartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 189 (1882).

Head rufescent, verj- distinctly spotted with dusky ; the back ashy, with large
spots of dusky blackish ; back unspotted ; scapulars dusky with pale margins ;
imderneath whitish with an ochraceous tinge ; under tail-coverts whitish ; under
wing-coverts isabelline ; maxiUa horn-colour, the manchble pale ; the quUls less
distinctly edged with rufous. Total length 59 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2'5,
tail 2-1, tarsus 0-85. {Hartlatib.)

Hab. Lado, Equatorial Africa,

4. CiSTICOLA SI.MPLEX.

Drymoeca simples, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 105.

Drymoica simplex. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 200, no. 2796 (1869).

Cisticola simplex, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 261 (1869).

11. CI8TIC0LA. 241

1. Cisticola mentalis.

Drymoica mentalis, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 16 ; Allen 8j- Thonips.

Expecl Nujer, ii. p. 490 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ;

Jard. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 14 (cum fig.) ; Gordon, t. c. p. 7 ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 284 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 201, no. 2835

(1869).
Drymceca mentalis, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr: -a. 58 (1857).
Melocichla mentalis, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 271 (1857) ; Sliarpe,

Ibis, 1869, p. 187; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 32 (1871); Vssher, Ibis,

1874, p. 57; Beichenow, J.f. O. 1875, p. 46.

Adult. General eoloiir above ashy brown, the rump shading into
riifous-broTTO, the upper tail-ooverts dai'k chestm;t ; forehead and
sinciput chestnut, the feathers stiff and pointed, the small plumes

Similar to C. rujlceps, but with the head uniform with the back (not rufous),
obsoletely streaked with dusky ; the bill longer and higher ; wings shorter ;
upper tail-coverts pale ashy brown (not rufous) ; the outer toe shorter. Above
pale dusky ash-browu ; the head streaked with dusky ; interscapulary region
and scapulars more conspicuously streaked with smoky black ; quills smoky
brown, the outer web obsoletely paler-margined ; inner secoudsries and greater
wing-coverts smoky blackish.margined with rufous buft"; rump whitish; middle
tail-feathers dusky, slightly washed with rufous, the remainder more dusky
greyish, marked with blackish before the tip, which is whitish waslied with grey ;
under surface of the body buffy whitish, with the lores, throat, and middle of
the abdomen purer white ; the sides of body shaded with fulvous grey ; bill flesh}'
horn-colom-, the culmen duskv ; feet pale fulvous ; iris clear brown. Total length
4|", bill at front 5" 2'", wing 1" 11'", tail 1" 10'", tarsus 9'". {Hcuglin.)

One would be led on superficial examination to regard the bird desci-ibed as
a somewhat faded yoimg state of D. ruficep?, if the difference in the proportion
of the toes were not observed ; for the outer toe is shorter than the inner one,
while in the other species the contrary proportion occurs. Moreover the vertex
and nape are not bright ferruginous, but light greyish browu, with narrow, not
clearly defined, yet tolerably distinct smoky -biOwn streaks on the shafts ; the
upper tail-coverts and margins of the rectrices are not bright ferruginous, but
light greyish brown. {Heuglin.)

Described from a specimen killed on the 6th February in the country of the
Kidj negroes on the Bahr el Djebel. {HewjHn.)

5. Cisticola modesta.
Drymoica (Cisticola) modesta, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. yiii. p. 57 (1880).

Upper parts reddish brown, more decidedly brown on the head ; lores greyish ;
ear-coverts brown streaked with grey ; wings coloured like the back, with the
edges of the wing-coverts paler; quills brown, the primaries bordered externally
with reddish buff and internally with pale isabelline, the secondaries coloured
like the back, with paler edges, those nearest the body marked across with more
or less distinct bars of brown ; lower parts dirty white, purer on the tliroat,
slightly tinged with buff on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; sides of the
breast and flanks washed with ashy and brownish ; thighs reddish ; tail of the
sane coloar as the back, moderate, graduated, the two centre tail-feathers of
the same colour as the back, the others nuu-ked with a subterminal black spot
and tipped with reddish ; bill black, strorg and curved ; feet flesh-colour.
Total length 5-25 inches, wing 2-45, tail 2-1, bill 05, tarsus 1. {Bocage.)

Sab. Loango coast.

" The dimensions of the typical specimen agree well with those of C. pachy-
rhyncha ; but, to judge from the description and figure given by Heuglin, the
biU should be less strong in our new species, and certain peculiarities of colora-

VOL. VII. K

242 TIMELirD^.

above the lores pure white, and pointed like the frontal feathers ;
lores duU -white ; round the eje a ring of -whitish feathers ; ear-
covcrts chestnut, the feathers -with rufous-buff strealis ; cheeks
-white, as also the throat, -which is separated from the cheeks by a
narrow line of black ; rest of under surface of body ta-wny buff,
paler on the centre of the abdomen, and very deep ta-wny on the
sides of the body and under tail-coverts : under -wing-coverts light
ta-wny ; -wings dark brown, the least -wing-coverts externally ful-
vous-brown, the edges of the greater series more rufous, the primaries
externally edged with rufous ; tail-feathers dark brown, all obscurely
waved with dusky under certain lights, the outer ones with a ter-
minal spot of rufous buff; iipper mandible black, lower one bluish
grey ; " feet and claws bluish grey ; iris dark bro-wn " {Beiclienow) ;
"iris bright orange " (Gordon). Total length 7'8 inches, culmen 0'7,
wing 2-95, tail 3-6, tarsus 1-15.

tion render tbeir non-ideutity Tery pi-obable : the uniform reddish bro-vrn tint of
the back, more brcwnish on the head, the presence of an auricular spot of brown
streaked with grey, and the absence of greyish edges to the wing-coverts and
secondaries, such are some of the principal differences -which we have to point
out in the coloration of our specimen.'' {Bocage, I. c.)

6. CiSTICOLA ANGOLEXSIS.

Drymoica angolensis, Socage, Jorn. Lish. 1877, p. 160, 1880, p. 56 ; id.
brn. Angola, p. 278 (1881).

Adult male. Above strongly spotted with brown on a rufous-ashy ground ;
the feathers on the top of the head of a lively rufous with a dai-ker centre ; be-
low whitish buff, turning to buff on the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts ;
wing-coverts and quills Isrown with rufous edges, marked with a black spot near
the extremity, which is reddish white ; bill strong and black, the mandible
yellowish at'the base; feet clear brown ; irisbro-mi.

The female is coloured like the male, but is smaller.

Dimensions are as foUow : —

(J . Total length hlb inches, wing 3, tail 245, bill 0-6, tarsus I'l.

2 . Total length 5 inches, -wing 245, tail 2, bill 0-55, tarsus 1.

Hah. Caconda in Benguela.

Ohs. This species is close to C. natalensis and C. ctirvirostris ; but its bill is
perceptibly less stout. The figure published by Smith of his C. Icvailkun'iig'wes
a good idea of the system of coloration in the two specimens : but they exceed
by so much the dimensions attributed to the last named species that it is im-
possible to refer them to it. {Socage, I. c.)

This bird will probably turn out to be C. natalensis.

7. CiSTICOLA ANTINORII.

Drymceca sp., Antiii. Cat. descr. TJcc. p. 37 (1864).
Drymoeca autinorii, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 102.
Drymoica antinorii, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2772 (1869).
Cisticola antinorii, Hcugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 257.
Adult. Of large size ; above uniform dusky with a rufous shade, underneath
whitish ; the flanks and under tail-coverts isabelline rufescent ; tail-feathers dusky
reddish, transversely streaked with indistinct very small lines, marked on the
inner web and partly on the outer one towards the tip with a black spot ; quiUs
dusky, margined with rufous ; bill horn-colour, robust and incurved ; iris dusky.
Hah. Gazelle river, iS'.E. Africa {Antinori).

According to Yon Heuglin nearly allied to OrtJwtomus erythroftervs {vide
antea, p. 228).

11. CISTICOLA. 243

Hah. West Africa : apparently only found on the Gold Coast.

a. Ad. sk. Accra.

L. Fraser, Esq. [C.].

(Type of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Fantee. E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

c, d, e. Ad. sk. Accra (J. Smith). R. B. Sbarpe, Esq.
^. Ad. sk. Accra, Feb. 10, 1871 (^H. T. E. B. Sliarpe, Esq.

Ussher').
g. Ad. sk. Eiver Volta {H. T. Ussher). E. B. Sliarpe, Esq.

Subsp. a. Cisticola meridionalis.

Melocichla meutalis (non Fraser), Boccuje, Jorn. Lisb. 1870, p. 340;
Sharpe Sf Bouvier, Bull. Sue. Zool. France, i. p. 42 (1876) ; Beichen
J.f. O. 1877, p. .30; Bocage, Orn. Am/ola, p. 279 (1881).

Melocichla pyrrhops (iion Cab.), Sharpe,' ed. Laijard B. S. Afr. p. 282

(1877).

Adult female. General colour above ashy brown, the rump gra-
dually inclining to rufous-brown ; forehead rufous, shading off into
ashy brown on the hinder crown ; lores duU white ; round the eye

8. Cisticola grandis.

Drymoeca (Cisticola) grandis, Socage, Jorn. 8c. Lisb. viii. p. 56 (1880)-
id. Orn. Angola, p. 553 (1881).

Adxdt mcde. Above pale earthy bro\vn, the feathers of the back and scapulars
showing darker cross bars under certain lights ; rump and upper tail-coverts
inclining to rufous ; forehead and ear-coverts ierruginous red, the auricular
spot streaked with fulvous; lores and feathers round the eye whitish ; a narrow
superciliary streak of pale rufous, not very distinct ; lower parts white washed
with dull rufous, the flanks shaded with brown, the throat and the middle of
the belly purer white ; on each side of the chin a black streak, commencing at
the base of the lower mandible and forming a moustache; under winf-coverts
reddish white; wing-coverts reddish brown, more decidedly browi? in the
centre ; quills dark brown, edged externally and internally with rufous ; two
centre tail-feathers earthy brown with reddish edges, the rest brown for a small
basal portion, afterwards black, and ending in reddish white, the outside tail-
feather edged with the latter colour on the external web; bill long, arched,
and compressed, black for the upper half, the lower mandible dirty white,
darker at the tip ; tarsi leaden brown, the toes darker in tint. Total length
7-5-8 inches, wing 3-25, tail 385, tarsus 1-05, bill 0-7. (Bocage.)

Hab. Caconda in Benguela.

The uniform pale earthy brown colour of the back, the presence of the black
streaks on the sides of the chin, and the leaden brown, almost blackish, colour
of the tarsi and toes seem to distinguish this species easily from all those
which approach it in size. {Bocage.)

9. Cisticola uartlaubi.

Cisticola marginabs, Hartl. {ncc Hcugl.) Orn. Centralhl. 1881, p. 12 ; id.
Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii, p. 89 (1881).

Head olivaceous brown, with scarcely conspicuous darker spots, whence the
shade of the head becomes somewhat rufous; lores whitish; back dull ashy,
longitudinally marked with large d Ufky blackish spots ; back and rump ashy,
unspotted ; greater wing-coverts and iiiner secondaries dusky, margined with

b2

244 TIMELIID^.

a ring of whitish feathers, and above the eye a very narrow line of
white stiffened plumes, forming, with a streak of buff above the ear-
coverts, a faintly-defined eyebrow ; ear-covorts duU rufous, with
whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks white, as also the throat ; a narrow
moiistachial line of black ; rest of the under surface of body ashy
white, with a slight tawny tinge on the sides of the neck ; the sides
of the body light tawny buff, deepening on the lower flanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts ashy white, the lower
ones washed with pale tawny buff; wings above dark brown, the
least wing-covoits washed with ashy brown like the back, the greater
coverts and quills externally edged with rufous ; upper tail-coverts
deep rufous ; tail dark brown, obscurely waved under certain lights,
the feathers externally washed with rufous, the outer feathers tipped
with ashy fulvous ; bill black in skin, the edge of the upper mandible
whitish, the lower mandible yellowish white ; eyes dark brown ;
" iris yellow, with an outer ring of brown " (Petit). Total length
7*8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-05, tail 3-35, tarsus 1-15.

Hub. West Africa, from the Congo district extending into Ben-
guela.

Ohs. The above description is taken from a female bird procured
by M. Petit at Chinchonxo, in the Congo district. I do not know
where the specimen is now; and I retain the southern Melocichla
as distinct on the faith of the comparisons I made in 1876, which
showed thai it differed in the grey coloration of the under surface.
We mi;st wait for additional specimens before finally determining
whether the Congo bird is really distinct, as Prof. Barboza du Bocage
believes it to be the same as M. mentalis.

pale fulvous, the greater series externally pale cinnamon-colour ; tail-feathers
pale dusky brown, with a somewhat larger subterminal spot of blackish ; under
surface of body pale fulvous, the throat and centre of the abdomen whitish;
thighs brighter rufous buff; under tail-coverts whitish; bill dusky, the man-
dible pale at the base : feet pale. Total length 4-7 inches, bill 0'45, wing 1-95,
tail 1-77, tarsus 0-85. {Hartlmib.)
Hah. Lado {Emin Bey).

10. CiSTICOLA OBSCURA.

Dryraoica obscura, Sundev. QSfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. StocM. 1860, js. 103 ;
Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2768 (1869).

Adult male. Back dull grey, centre spotted with dusky, the head rather more
rufescent, the forehead brighter, the occiput obsoletely spotted with dusky, the
hind neck dusky ; under surface imspotted, dull whitish, greyish on the sides
of the body ; quills externally edged with deep dusky rufous ; tail-feathers
above greyish, rather pointed at the tips, wliich are whitish, with a black sub-
terminal spot ; bill hooked and sharply elongated. Total lengtli 5J inches,
wing 2'55, tarsus 1, tail 2'4, bill frum front 0'45, its height 0'2. (Sundcvall.)

Hah. Oaffraria. This locality with Sundevall often means the Transvaal.

11. OlSTICOLA FLAVIGULARIS.

Drymoica flavogularis, Sundcv. ubi?; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p, 198, no. 2766
(1869).

11. CISTICOLA. 245

Subsp. j3. Cisticola orientalis.

Melocichla mentalis (non Fraser), Cab, J. f. 0, 1878, p. "221 ; Shelley,
P. Z. S. 1881, p. 572.

Adult. General colour above light fulvous-brown, becoming a
little deeper on the rump ; wing-coverts sandy brown ; median and
greater coverts dusky, externally sandy brown ; bastard wing dusky
brown, with buffy-white edges ; primarj--eoverts and quills dark
brown, externally edged with bright sandy rufous ; upper tail-
coverts deep rufous-brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, the outer ones
edged and tipped with sandy buff; crown of the head a little darker
brown than the back, the forehead and sinciput rufous, with black
shaft-streaks ; lores and feathers roimd the eye white, extending a
little above the eye and forming a narrow white eyebrow tinged
with fulvous posteriorly ; ear-coverts rufous, with fulvous shaft-
lines ; cheeks white, fulvesoent behind ; throat white, separated
from the cheeks by a distinct moustachial line of black ; the lower
throat, fore neck, chest, sides of the body, flanks, thighs, and under
tail-coverts tawny buff ; centre of breast and abdomen buff ; under
wing-coverts tawny ; axillaries buiiy white ; quiUs below ashy
brown ; inner edge of quills pale rufous. Total length 7 inches,
culmen Owo, wing 2-8, tail 3-2, tarsus 1-1. (Mus. G. E. Shelley.)

Hah. Eastern Africa : Pangani river. This is probably the
form which extends northwards to Lado {Melocichla mentalis, Hartl.
Abhandl. nat. Yer. Bremen, viii. p. 190).

2. Cisticola aberrans.

Cisticola ruficapilla (non Fraser), Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves,

pi. Ixxiii. fig. 1 (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 2G.3 (1848)"; Gurney,

P. Z. S. 1874, p. 2 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 90 (1867 ).
Drymoica aberraus, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. bixviii. (1843) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 283 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 88 (1867) ;

Graxj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2742 (1869).
Drymoica smithii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 283 (18o0) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 199, no. 2736(1869).
Drymoeca smithii, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 31 (1871) ; Gurney, in

Ajiderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 86 (1872) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 71.
Cisticola aberrans, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 27l (1876) ;

Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 101 ; Sharpe, App. to Oates's Matabele Land,

p. 309 (1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 254.

Adult in breedinrf-jihimaife. Above nearly uniform ashy brown,
slightly washed with dull ochraceous ; rump and upper tail-coverts
uniform dull ochraceous ashy ; least wing-coverts coloured like the
back, the rest dark brown, externally margined with dull sandy
brown, paler towards the tips of the greater scries ; quills dark
brown, externally edged with lighter brown : tail nearly uniform
brown, with a few indications of wavy bars in certain lights, the
feathers rather paler at tips but without subterminal bars ; head
and nape uniform rufous ; lores and a distinct eyebrow yellowish
white; ear-coverts browner than the rest of the side face, the shaft-

246 TIJEELIID^.

lines whitish ; cheeks, throat, and underparts generally yellowish
or yellowish white, whiter on the ahdomen, the sides of the body
ashy brown ; flanks and thighs pale tawny ; under tail-coverts
fulvous; under wing-coverts tawny buff; upper mandible light
orange-brown, shaded with deep reddish brown ; lower mandible
straw-yellow ; feet pale reddish yellow. Total length 5-2 inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 1-85, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-85.

The female is smaller, measuring only 1'75 inch in the wing and
0-75 in the tarsus.

In full ivinter plumage the bii'd is larger than in summer, the
wing in the male measuring 2-1 inches, tbe tail 2-9. The colour
also is far more olive-ashy above and far more fulvous below, the
sides of the body ashy ; the tail-feathers are also plainly margined
with fulvous.

This species bears considerable resemblance to two others, with
either of which it may be easily confounded. One of these is
C'isticola ruJiccqjiUa of Western Africa, which is distinguished by its
shorter tail with a distinct black subterminal bar, and by the want
of an eyebrow. It is not so easy, however, to distinguish C. aher-
rmis from the winter plumage of Dri/odromas fulvicapiUa, excepting
by its long tail (exceeding the wing in length) and by its larger size,
and especially by its larger bill.

Hab. South Africa, from the interior of the Cape colony to Natal,
and thence northwards to the Mashoona country.

a, 5. [c?] a^d. sb. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Types of D. aherrans^
«. [ 2 ] ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Type of D. ruficapilla, Smith.)

d. cJ ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown, June Capt. H. Trevelvan [P.].

24, 1877.

e. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].
/. S ad. sk. Natal. Dr. Gueinzius [C.].

<7, h. tS $ ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal, Jan. 29, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
1875 (T. L. Ay res).

3. Cisticola buchanani.

Prinia rufifrons {non Miipp.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 4 (1840).
Drymoica buchanani, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 376 (1844) ; id.

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 14:3 (1849).
Franlilinia buchanani, Jevd. B. Ind. ii. p. 186 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis,

1867, p. 24 ; Beavan, t. c. p. 455 ; Hume, Nests S)- Eggs Ind. B.

p. 359 (1873) ; id. Sir. F. 1873, p. 195 ; Adam, t. c. p. 382 ; Butl.

Str. F. 1875, p. 486 ; mime, t. c. p. 486 ; Fairb. Str. F. 1876,

p. 259 ; Butl. Str. F. 1878, p. 183 ; Ball, t. c. p. 218 ; Hume, Str.

F. 1879, p. 102 : Doig, t. c, p. 371 ; Butl. Str. F. 1880, p. 407.
Franklinia cleghornise, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 24 {ex Jerd. MS.).
"Prinia buchanani, Gray, Hand-l. B. 1. p. 196, no. 2707 (1869) ;

Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 57 (1882).
Prinia cleghornic-e. Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 196, no. 2708 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above pale brown, rather ashy in
shade ; the lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; the

11. CISTICOtA. 247

greater and primarj'-coverts and quiUs brown, edged with the same
colour as the back, more ashy at the tips, and slightly rnfescent on
the outer greater coverts and secondaries : bastard-wing feathers
plainly margined with white ; npper tail-coverts and the centre tail-
feathers pale brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, all
the tail-feathers margined with pale brown, and tipped with white,
the centre ones slightly, but the other ones more broadly, the outer
feathers being also of a darker brown, incKning subterrainaUy to
blackish ; crown of the head light rufous, duller on the occiput and
nape ; lores white : eyebrow, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts
pale ashy grey, white on the fore part of the ear-coverts and below
the ej-e ; cheeks, throat, and the under surface of the body pure
white ; sides of the fore neck and sides of the chest slightly streaked
with ashy: sides of the body and flanks with a faint tinge of
fulvous ; thighs light tawny : under tail-coverts white : under wing-
coverts and axiUaries white, washed with tawny : quills below light
brown : inner edge of quills pale fulvescent. Total length o'l inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 2'05, tail 2'3, tarsus 0'8.

Female. Like the male in colour. Total length 4*7 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 1 -O, tail 2*2, tarsus 0-7o.

The winter plumage is paler and more mealy than the summer
dress, the head only a little more rufous than the rest of the upper
surface : the bill is darker, the upper mandible being blackish.

The Madras birds seem to be more rufous generally than those
from Jodpur, Scinde and Sambhur, their general colour being rufes-
cent brown, very little lighter on the head.

Hah. Central and Southern India, extending westwards into
Scinde.

a. Ad. sk. Madras. Dr. Jerdon [P.]. (Type of

Trinia riififrons, Jerd.)
h. Ad. sk. Madras {Jerdon). Gould Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Madi'as. Eyton Collection.

d. Ad. sk. Banks of the Ganges Gould Collection. (Type

(Jerdo)i). of F. cleyhornice.')

e. Ad. sk. Dehra Doon. F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].
/. Ad. .sk. Dehra Doon. Gould Collection.

ff. c? ad. sk. Sambhm-, June 11, 1873. E. M. Adam, Esq. [CJ.

h. O ad. sk. .lodpiu", Jan. 29, 1878. A. O. Hume, Esq. [C.].

t. Ad. sk. Scinde {Dr. H. Gould). India Museum.

<^ 4. Cisticola incana.

Cisticola incana, Sclatcr 8,- Hartlaid), P. Z. S. 1881. p. IHO; ffartl.
t. c. p. 954.

Afhilt male. General colour above ashy brown : wing-coverts
like the back : bastard wing and piimary-coverts dusky bro\vn with
ashy edges : quills dusky brown, edged with the same colour as the
back, the primaries with ashy grey ; upper tail-coverts like the back ;
tail-feathers brown with ashy-brown margins, all but the centre
tail-feathers tipped with white, before which is a subterminal

248 TIMELIID^.

shade of blackish, indistinct on the centre feathers, the two outer-
most with a second white spot on the inner web, just before the
dark subtermiual bar ; lores ashy whitish, as also a faint eyebrow ;
ear-coverts pale ashy : cheeks and the under surface of the body
ashy whitish, greyer on the fore neck and breast ; abdomen whiter ;
sides of the body and flanks ashy grey ; thighs brown : under tail-
coverts ashy whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills
below dusky ; inner edge of quills ashy whitish. Total length 4'3
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 1-9, tail 1"75, tarsus 0'8.
Hah. Island of Socotra.

a, b. (S ad. sk. Socotra. Prof. Balfour [C.].

(Types of species.)
c. 2 juv. sk. Socotra. Prof. Balfour [C.].

5. Cisticola ruflcapilla.

Drymoica ruflcapilla, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 16; Gray, Gen. B. i.

p. 163 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 284 (1850) ; Gray, Hancl-l. B. i.

p. 198, no. 2753 (1869).
Drymo?ea rulicapiUa, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 57 (1857) ; Beichenow,

J.f. O. 1875, p. 45, 1877, p. 30. '

Drymoica lateralis {noti Fraser), Cass. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1859, p. 37 ;

Hartl. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 110.

Adult. General colour above uniform dark brown, more ashy on
the lower back and rump ; lesser wing-coverts ashy ; median and
greater coverts, bastard wing and primary-coverts dark brown, with
lighter brown edges ; quills dark brown, with margins of paler
brown, slightly rusty in colour ; upper tail-coverts ashy brown,
like the rump ; centre tail-feathers brown, with paler brown edges,
the remainder of the feathers brown, tipped with ashy fulvous
or whity brown, and preceded by a broad subtermiual spot of
black : crown of the head and nape rufous-brown, uniform and con-
trasting with the bu.ck ; lores and the feathers round the eye yel-
lowish buff; ear-coverts yellowish buff, rufous along the upper
margin and having paler shaft-lines ; cheeks yellowish buff; throat
and under surface of the body dull white : fore neck and chest
washed with yellowish buff, sides of the breast washed with ashy ;
abdomen purer white ; sides of the body ashy, inclining to fulvous
on the flanks ; thighs tawny bufli'; under tail-coverts pale fulvous;
under wing-coverts pale fulvous ; axillaries ashy fiUvous ; quills
below light brown : inner edge of quills ashy rufous ; " bill black ;
feet flesh-colour ; iris clear brown " (Reichenow). Total length 5*1
inches, culmeu U-65, wing 2'45, tail 2-05, tarsus 0'95.

Hub. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to Gaboon.

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon {DuCliaillu). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

b. Ad. sk. Gaboon. P. B. DuChaUlu, Esq. [0.].

6. Cisticola cinerascens.

Cisticola semitorques, Heuql. J. f. O. 1862, p 40 (part.) ; id. Orn.
N.O.-Afr. iv. p. Ixxv (18^3)

11. CISTICOLA. 249

Drymoeca cinerascens, Heugl. J. f. 0. 1867, p. 296 ; id. Ibis, 1869,

p. 131.
Drymceca concolor, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 97, pi. 2. fig. 1.
Drjmoica concolor, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2791 (1869).
Drymoica cinerascens, Gray, t. c. p. 199, no. 2784.
Drvmoica semitorques. Gray, t. c. p. 201, no. 2823.
Cisticola concolor, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 253 (1869), iv. App.

p. Ixxiv (1873).
Cisticola cinerascens, Heugl. t. c. p. 264 (1869).
Diymoeca swauzii, Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 476 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 31

(1871).
Drymceca swartzii (lapsu), Shelley c^- Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 287.

Adult (Gold Coast ; type of D. siuanzii). General colour above
dull grey, the crown of the head rufous-brown, the upper tail-
coverts shading oil' into dull fulvous ; wing-coverts ashy brown, the
least series greyish, slightly washed with olive-fulvous, the greater
series and the primary-coverts narrowly margined with yellowish
buff; quills dark brown, externally washed with rufous, so as to
give a very rufous appearance to the outer aspect of the wing ; tail
greyish brown, obscurely undulated under certain lights, the two
centre feathers rather browner and without a subterminal bar, all
the other feathers tipped with ashy fulvous, preceded by a tolerably
broad bar of black : lores, feathers round the eye, and sides of face
buffy white, slightly shaded with brown on the upper margin of the
ear-coverts ; entire under surface of body light yellowish buff, whiter
on the throat, and deepening into tawny buff' on the flanks, thighs,
and under wing- and ta-1-coverts ; lower surface of quills ashy
brown, edged with pale tawny along the inner web. Total length
4-8 inches, culmeu 0-6, wing 2'1, tail 2*1, tarsus 0"85.

Obs. Xone of the specimens examined by me have had the sex
determined ; but they do not seem to vary much in size ; two mdi-
viduals, however, have the wing and tail 2-'2 inches in length.

Adult in ivinter plumage (type of C. concolor, Heugl.). General
colour above light earthy brown, slightly ashy, and quite uniform ;
lesser wing-coverts and median coverts asby brown, edged with
reddish brown ; greater coverts ashy brown, edged with brighter
rufous ; bastard-wing feathers ashy brown, margined with buffy
whitish ; primary-coverts and quills light brown, externally rufous,
especially near the base of the quills ; secondaries lighter brown,
washed with pale rufous; (upper tail-coverts shot away;) tail-feathers
light brown, barred with dusky under certain lights, margined with
reddish brown, two centre feathers not paler-tipped, and having a
very slight subterminal black shade, the remainder tipped with
ashy, buffy white on the external feathers, and all having a very
broad and distinct subterminal bar of black : crown of the head,
occiput, and nape uniform rufous, a shade of which colour extends
to the hind neck ; lores and a narrow line above the eye, as well as
the feathers at the base of the forehead, with fulvous shaft-lines ;
feathers round the eye yellowish white, the sides of the crown
rather brighter rufous ; ear-coverts light brown washed with rufous,
and having pale shaft^streaks ; cheeks, throat, and underparts of the

250 TTMELnD^.

body bii% whitish, purer white on the throat and abdomen ; sides
of the body and flanks washed with deeper fulvous ; thighs tawny
buff: under tail-coverts pale yellowish buff: under wing-coverts
and axiUaries light tawny butf: (juills below ashy brown; inner
edge of quills rufescent. Total length 4'8 inches, culmen 0-5, wing
2-15, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-9. (2Ius. Berol.)

The chief difference in the winter and summer plumage consists
in the more orange-rufous colour of the wing, the generally more
ashy colour of the back, which extends onto the nape and occiput.
The sides of the crown also are brighter rufous in the winter dress.
The types of C. cinerascens, Heugl., lent to me from the Stuttgart
Museum, are in worn breeding-plumage, when the colours are
everywhere more faded out. I am also indebted to Dr. Peters for
the loan of the type of Heuglin's C. concoJor.

Hah. Gold Coast, West Africa ; Bogos country, in jS^.E. Africa,
extending southwards into the Zanzibar district in Eastern Africa.

a. Ad. sk.

West Africa.

L. Eraser, Esq. [C.].

h, c, d, e. Ad. sk.

Fantee {Ussher).

R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. (Type
of D. swcoizii.)

/. Ad. sk.

Fantee {G. E. Shelley).

R. B. Sbarpe, Esq.

(/. Ad. sk.

Denkera {Auhinn).

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.

■/(. Ad. sk.

Accra [Ussher).

i. Ad. sk.

River Volta ( Ussher).

R. B. Sbai-pe, Esq.

k. Ad. sk.

Dar-es-Salaam, Zanzibar.

Messrs. Moir [0.].

7. Cisticola erythrops.

Drymoeca erythrops, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 58 (185G) ; Sharpe, Ibis,

1870, p. 475 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 3i (1871) ; Shelley S)- Buckley,

Ibis, 1872, p. 287.
Di7moica erythrops, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2788 (1869).
Melocichla p^i-rhops, Cab. J.f. O. 1875, p. 236; Reichn. J.f. 0.

1877, p. 30'; Cab. J. f. O. IS/^S, p. 222.
Cisticola erythrops, Sharpe ^ Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii.

p. 476 (1877) ; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1880, p. 57 ; id. Orn. Angola,

p. 553 (1881).
Drymoica (Cisticola) erythrops, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1880, p. 57.

Adult. General colour above ashy olive-brown, with tufts of silky-
buff feathers on each side of the rump ; lesser wing-coverts like the
back ; median and greater coverts, bastard wing, primary-coverts
and quills ashy, with narrow rufescent margins ; quiUs ashy brown,
with rufous-brown edges ; the inner secondaries more ashy, with
indistinct dusky cross markings and pale fulvescent edges ; upper
tail-coverts like the back ; centre tail-feathers ashy olive, the re-
mainder clearer ashy, with broad yellowish-buif ends to the feathers,
preceded by a broad bar of black ; crown of the head like the back,
the base of the forehead tawny rufous, with a shade of the latter ex-
tending over the hinder crown and occiput ; lores and eyebrow
tawny buff, paler on the former ; feathers round the eye, ear-
coverts, and cheeks also tawny buff; throat and under surface of
the body pale tawny buff, whiter on the throat, breast, and abdo-
men ; sides of the body and flanks ashy grey : thighs deep tawny ;

11. CISTICOLA. 251

under tail-coverts tawny buff; uuder wing- cot erts and axillaries
deep tawny ; quills below dusky ; inner edge of quills tawny. Total
length 5'3 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-15, tail 2"25, tarsus 0'95.

Young. Like the adult, distinguished by its rufous face, but dif-
fering from it by its nearly uniform rufous-brown coloration and
deep tawny under surface, only the throat and abdomen being
white.

Eab. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo ; jS^orth
Africa, in the Zanzibar district.

a. Juv. sk. Senegambia. Purchased.

b, c. \d. sk. Fantee ( Ussher). R. B. Shaipe, Esq.
d. Ad. sk. Elmina, May 1872 (H. F. BlkseU). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
e,f. Ad. sk. River Volta (^Ussher). R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.
g. Ad. sk. Landana, Congo {L. Petit). M. A. Bouvier.

8. Cisticola lateralis.

Drymoica lateralis, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 16 ; Alleyi ^- Thomps.

Exped. Niger, ii. p. 490 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ;

Bp. Con-sp'. i. p. 284 (1850) ; Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2754

(1869).
Diymceca lateralis, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 55 (1857).
Drymoeca ruficapiUa {non Fraser), Sharpe ^- Bouvier, Bidl. Soc, Zool.

France, i. p. 42 (1876).
Cisticola ruBcapilla (non Fraser), iid. t. c. p. 305.

Adult (type of species). General colour above uniform dusky
brown ; lesser wing-coverts like the back, with paler brown
margins ; outer median and greater coverts, bastard-wing feathers,
primary-coverts and quills dusky, externally edged -nith rufous, very
distinct at the base of the primaries and forming a wing-patch ;
inner secondaries dusky brown hke the back ; upper tail- coverts dusky
brown ; taU-feathers dusky, externally dull rufescent brown, the
tips lighter and more ashy brown with a broad subterminal bar of
black ; crown of the head like the back : lores dull whitish ; ear-
coverts dusky brown like the head, with whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks
and under surface dull whitish ; the sides of the body and flanks
ashy brown ; thighs deep nifous ; under tail-coverts fulvescent.
Total length 5"1 inches, wing '2-b, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*95.

Ohs. The type specimen was never in good condition ; and some of
the characters, such as the axiUaries &c., are too much injured to be
described. The specimens from the Congo, which I believed in 1876
to be the young of C. rnJicapiUa. are evidently immature, or winter-
plumagcd birds of the present species. They are lighter rufous above,
uniform in tint, the wing-coverts and quills broadly edged with deep
rufous; below, the body is sandy buff, whiter on the tliroat, fore neck,
and abdomen ; under wing-covcrts and axillaries light tawny, the
latter whitish at the base ; quills dusky brown below, rufous along
the edge of the inner web. One of these specimens shows on the
head some of the dusky brown feathers of the adult plumage.

Hah. "West Africa, from Cape Pahnas to the Congo.

252 TIMELirD^.

a. Ad. sk. Cape Palmas. L. Fraser, Esq. [0.].

(Type of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Cape Palmas (Fraser). Eyton Collection.

Juv. sk. Coudd, Congo. Mr. L. Petit [C

a

d. Juv. sk. Eio Massala, Congo. Mr. L. Petit [C

9. Cisticola rufa.

Drymoica riifa, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 17 ; id. Zool. lyp. pi. 42.

lig. 3 (1849) ; Allen (§• Thomps. Exped. Niger, ii. p. 491 (1848) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2758 (1869).
Drymreca nifa, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. .58 (1867).
Di'-sauoeca bracbyptera, Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 476, pi. xiv. fig. 1 ; id.

Cat. Afr. B. p. 31 (1871) ; Shelley | Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 287.
Cisticola bracbyptera, Sharpe ^- Boiivier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii.

p. 476 (1877) ; Bocaye, Orn. Ajigola, p. 554 (1881) ; Hartl.

Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 190 (1882).
Cisticola bypoxantba, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 624.

Adult. General colour above uuiform dark brown, a little more
reddish brown on the rump and upper tail- coverts ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back, some of the outer ones with fulvous margins ;
median and greater coverts, bastard-wing feathers, primary-coverts
and quills dusky brown, externally edged with rufous, deeper and
more chestnut on the latter ; tail-feathers dusky brown, with rufous-
brown margins, the feathers tipped with lighter brown, before
which is a perceptible blackish shade on all but the two centre
feathers, which have not a paler tip : crown of the head a little
darker than the back ; lores and a narrow eyebrow whitish, the
hinder part of the latter slightly washed with rufous ; feathers
roimd the eye whitish ; ear-coverts brown, with narrow whitish
shaft-lines ; cheeks and throat dull whitish ; fore neck and breast
reddish buif, deeper on the sides of the body and flanks ; abdomen
whitish ; thighs tawny brown ; under tail-coverts reddish buff;
under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny buff; quills below dusky ;
inner edge of quills rufous. Total length 3'3 inches, culmen 0"45,
wing 1-65, tail 1*25, tarsus 0'65.

This species appears to have a striated stage, when the head and
back have blackish-brown stripes ; the only example I have seen in
this stage is a bird killed by the late Governor Ussher at Christians-
borg, Accra, in December 1879. Whether it is the full winter
plumage I am unable to say.

Young. Very similar to the adult, but yellow underneath with
reddish-brown flanks.

Hah. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo. Also
occurring at Lado in E"quatorial Africa.

a, b. Ad. sk. West Africa. L. Fraser, Esq. [C.]. (Types

of species.)

e. Imm. sk. River Gambia. Purchased.

d, e,f. Ad. sk. River Volta ( Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. (Types

of D. brachyptera.)

g, h. Ad. sk. Accra. Governor Ussher [C],

i. Juv. sk. Gaboon. M. A. Bouvier.

k, I, Ad. sk. Cond^, Congo {Ih\ Lvcan), M. A. Bouvier.

11. CI8TIC0LA. 253

10. Cisticola gracilis.

Prinia gracilis, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 119 ; Je)-d. Madr. Journ. xi.
p. 3 (1840) ; Grmj, Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus.
As. Sue. p. 143 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 284 (1850) ; Jerd. B. Lid.
ii. p. 172 (1863) ; Beavcm, Ibis, 1867, p. 459 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 196, no. 2699 (1869) ; Hume, Nests 8; Eqgs Ind. B. p. 341
(1873); Ball, Sir. F. 1874, p. 414; Wald. 'in Blyth B. Burm.
p. 119 (1875) ; Hume S,- Oates, Str. F. 1875, p. 136; Brooks, t. c.
p. 242 ; Butler, t. c. p. 480 ; Ball, Str. F. 1877, p. 217 ; Hume, t. c.
p. 217 ; Lloyd, Ibis, 1876, p. 280 ; Anders. Zool. Exped. Ytmnan,
Aves, p. 641 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101 ; Brooks, t. c.
p. 476 ; Butler, Str. F. 1880, p. 406.
Prinia hodgsoni, Blyth, J. As. Sac. Beny. xiii. p. 376 (1844), xvi.
p. 456 (1847) ; Gray, Cat. Mamtn. etc. Nepal pres. Ilodys. p. 63
(1846) ■,id. Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.
p. 143 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 284 (1850) ; Horsf. 8,- Moore, Cat.
B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. 322 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 173 (1863) ;
Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 354; Gray, Hand-l. B.i. p. 196, no. 2698;
Wald. Ibis, 1871, p. 112 ; Htone, Nests ^- Eyqs Ind. B. p. 342
(1873) ; Adams, Str. F. 1873, p. 381 ; Hume 8,- Oates, Str. F. 1875,
p. 136 ; Brooks, t. c. p. 243 ; But.l. t. c. p. 480 ; Wald. in Blyth's B.
Burm. p. 119 (1875) ; Ball, Str. F. 1876, p. 2.34; Fuirb. t. c. p. 259 ;
Bourd. t. c. p. 401 ; Hume Sf Dacis. Str. F. 1878, pt. 1, p. 348 ;
Gates, Str. F. 1878, pt. 2, p. 48 ; Ball, t. c. p. 217; Hume, t. c. p. 217,
note ; Anders. Zool. Eaped. Yunnan, Aves, p. 641 (1878) ; Legge, B.
Ceylon, p. 523 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101 ; Vidal, Sir. F.
1880, p. 67 ; Butler, t. c. p. 406.
Priuia lufula, Godiv.-Aust. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 47 ; id. J. A. S. Beng.
xliii. pt. 2, p. 165, pi. ix. fig. 1 (1874) ; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 397 ;
Hume 8> Davis. Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 348 ; Hutne, Str. F. 1879,
p. 101.
Prinia albogularis, Wald. Ann. Nat Hist. (4) v. p. 219 (1870).
Prinia pectoralis, Legge, Mem. B. Ceylon in Ceylon Blue-book, p. 9
(1874).

Adult. General colour above cindery grej', a little paler on the
lower back and rump ; lesser wing-coverts light brown ; the median
coverts, greater coverts, bastard wing, and primary-coverts ashy
brown, margined with light brown ; quills dusky brown, externally
margined with rufous, the inner secondaries more ashy ; U2}per tail-
coverts like the back ; tail-feathers ashy brown, barred across with
dusky under certain lights, the centre leathers with a blackish sub-
terminal mark but no pale tip, all the rest tipped with white, with
a distinct subterminal bar of black ; crown of the head like the
back ; lores dusky, as well as the feathers above the eye ; ear-
coverts cindery grey like the head on the upper parts, yellowish
white on the lower half like the cheeks and throat : fore neck and
chest cindery grey, forming a broad band across ; breast and abdomen
yellowish white : sides of the body and flanks slightly tinged with
ashy; thighs tawny buff ; under tail- coverts white; under wing-coverts
and axUlavies yellowish white ; quills below brown ; inner edge
of quills buffy whitish ; " bUl black ; legs and feet fleshy yellow, in
some with a faint tinge of brown on the tarsus ; claws brown ; eye-

254 TIMELITD^.

lid brownish j-ellow ; iris reddish yellow " (Legge). Total length
4-3 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-8, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-75.

A pair of birds from Mr. Oates's collection measures as follows : —

Total length.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

in.

in.

in.

in.

2 . Lower Pegu, Jidy .... 4-2

1-75

1-75

07

cJ . Lower Pegu, August . . 3*7

1-75

1-55

07

The young bird differs very little from the adult, but seems to be
slightly more yellow on the throat.

Winter plumage. Brown where the summer plumage is grey, but
without any distinct eyebrow ; the rump and upper tail-coverts more
rufescent ; wings with distinct rufous edgings to the coverts and
quills ; tail ashy as in adult, with white tips and subterminal black
bars ; below yellowish, with a strong ashy shade on the sides of the
body and flanks. Wing 1-85, tail 2-1.

Captain Legge says that the female is smaller on the average than
the male ; it is less cinereous above, and the wings are paler brown ;
a light streak above the lores ; the pectoral band about the same
width, but much paler; flanks the same; iris as in the male;
tarsus not so clear in colour.

According to the same observer the nestling just fledged has the
iris olive, the bill dai'k brown, yellow beneath at the base, the
legs and feet brownish yellow, the claws light yellowish. The
colour is brownish olivaceous above, inclining to rusty on the rump ;
wings brown, edged with light ferruginous ; beneath white, a faint
dark band across the chest, and a slight tinge of buff' over the
whole ; edge of wing white. For some little time the upj:>er
parts remain the same ; but the pectoral band darkens, the tips
of the rectrices are whiter than in the adult, and the soft parts
undergo a gradual change, the iris becomes yellow, the bill
blackish with a pale base below, and the legs less brownish. At
the end of the first year the head is cinereous as in the adult, but
the back is more olivaceous, the wing-coverts and quiUs still edged
rusty, and the pectoral band of not quite the normal depth, with
the lower part still tiuged with buff. During nonage females
are distinguishable at all ages by the pectoral band being lighter
than in the male and slightly incomplete in the centre.

Hah. India and Ceylon, ranging eastwards into the Burmese
countries as far south as Pegu.

«. c? ad. ; &. d" S.E. Ceylon, July 1873. Captain W.Vincent Legge

juv.^

Cp.].

c. 2 ad.sk. Eastern Province, Coy- Captain W.Vincent Legge

Ion, Sept. 10, 1875. [P.].

d, e. Ad. sk. Madras (Jerdon). Eyton Collection.
/. Ad. sk. Madras {Jerdon). Goidd Collection.
g, h. Ad. sk. Deccan (Si/kes). India Museum.

V. Imm. sk. Barahaut, May 7, 18.54. A. O. Hume, Esq.

A. Ad. sk. Muddapoor, June 30, 1880 Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

{W.E.Brooks).

11. CISTICOIA.

255

/. Hiem. .sk. West of Cbanda, S.E. W. T. Blanford, Esa

Berar, Jan. 1,1870. ("P 1 ' h-

""•/k- '''• 1 JJ'P'l- . zr . ^ ^- H. Hodgson, Esq.

«-r. Hiem.sk. Nepal (iZbrfi/.o«). India MuseSm. ^

«, t.mem. sk. Bootan (Pe,«&er/on). India Museum.

u. Ad. sk. Muangrla, Rauda valley. Dr. J. Anderson rCl.

May 19, 1868. '- -^

V. c? ad. sk. Thayetmyo, April 4, Eugene W. Gates

1873. Bsq TQ -| '

w. cJ juv. sk. Thayetmyo, June 2, Eugene W. Gates

18/2. -Rcr, rn 1 '

. Esq. rC.l.

■>-'■ c? sk. Lower Pegu, Feb. 29, Eugene TV'

Gates,
Gates,
Gates,

^ , , ^ 18^0- Esq. [C.].

!/. 6 ad. sk. Lower Pegu, August 16, Eugene W. Gates,

o 1 , T ^^'^-^ Esq. [C.l.

s. 2 ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Jidy 24, Eugene i\

1^"9- Esq. [C.].

11. Cisticola beavani.

Piinia beavani, mild. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 5-51 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1867,
ip m- Gra^, Hand-l B. i. p. 196, no. 2704 (1869); Hume 4
Oates, Sir. F. 18/ o, p. 136; Oates, Str. F. 1877, p 1.58- Wald
B. Bunnah, p. 119 (1875) ; Hume ^- Davis. Str. F. 1878 toI i"

P" '^fn ' ^""fj ^x'"- ^- ^^"^' PP- 101' 1'^"; Bimjham, Str. F. 188o!
p. 18b; JJardl. Ramsm/, Orn. Works Tivced. p. -Ifi (1881)
Prima rufesceus, Bh/th, J. As. Soc. Beng. xvi. p. 456 (1847)'- Grav
?'\^- ^aP- 1^- (1S^'^> ; ^^y^^'' <^'«^- B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 143
^ £j^l ^J'- ^°"'''- ^- P- ^^^ (l'^-50); &''•«(/, ^««fW. B. i. p. 196.

Wald. B Bunn ^. 119 (1875); Anders. Zool. Expel Yunnan,
Aves, p. 640 (18/8) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101.

Adult male (type of species). General colonr above brown, with
tufts of fulvous-white feathers on each side of the rump, and indi-
cations of dusky cross bars on the lower back and rump ; lesser
wing-eoverts and median coverts like the back, the greater coverts
with a slight rufous tinge on the outer margin; bastard-wing
feathers and pnmary-coverts dusky brown, with narrow rufous
edgings ; quills dusky brown, edged with rufous, deeper towards
the base of the primaries ; inner secondaries brown like the back •
upper tail-covcrts a little more fulvous brown than the back ■ tail-
teat hers Hght brown with fulvous edgings, aU but tlie centre tail-
teathors tipped with white, before which is a distinct subterminal
spot of black ; crown of the head, occiput, and nape slaty grey •
lores white, as weU as a little streak above the eye : feathers round
the eye whitish; ear-coverts slatv grey with pale shaft-lines-
checks, throat, and fore neck white, the latter tinged with yellow
breast fulvous; abdomen whiter; sides of the 1)ody and Hanks
fulvous; thighs tawny; under tail-coverts buffy whitish ; under win--
coverts and axiUaries light tawny buff; quills below dusky browu-
inner edge of quills tawny buff; "bill black; legs and feet pale
or dark pinkish fleshy; claws light brown; irides orange-brown
hght wood-brown, or reddish yeUow " ( W. Davison). Total len<^th'

256

TIMELIID^.

4-1 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1"8, tail 1"65, tarsus 0*8. (Mus.
R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.)

An adult pair in breeding-plumage measure —

Total

length.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsu

in.

in.

in.

in.

3-8

1-8

1-65

0-75

.3-8

1-6

1-5

07

a. cJ. Pegu, June 20, 1879.
h. 5. Pegu, July 20, 1879.

There seems to be no difference in the colour of the sexes ; but
the female appears to be slightly smaller.

The winter plumage is reddish brown above, with verj^ distinct
rufescent upper tail- coverts ; the tail more rufous, as well as the
outer aspect of the quiUs ; the head is reddish brown like the back ;
and underneath the general colour is yellower, the flanks and
thighs being perceptibly more tawny ; upper mandible and lower
mandible from tip to angle of gonys dark horny brown ; rest of bill
bluish fleshy {Davison). Total length 4-5 inches, wing 1'77, tail 2,
tarsus 0*7.

The eyebrow is often very distinct in this species, and sometimes
nearlj'^ obsolete, and this in individuals killed at the same season of
the year.

Ifah. From Nepal throiigh the eastern Himalayas and the
Burmese countries as far as Salaneore in Malacca.

b. Hiem. sk.

c. c? ad. sk.

d. (S ad. sk.

e,f.s; g, h. 2

ad. sk.
i. (S hiem. sk.

k. (S ad. sk.

/. Juv. hiem. sk.

m. Hiem. sk.
n. Hiem. sk.

Bhamau, Upper
Jan. 3, 1868.

Burmah,

Zeinganein, Pegu, May 26,

1876.
Lower Pegu, June 20, 1879.

Lower Pegu, July 1878.

Pahpoon, Salween river,
Tenasserim, Dec. 30, 1873
(W. Davison).

Malewoon, Teuasserim,
April 30, 1875 {W. Davi-
son ).

Foot of Arakan hills, east-
ern side.

Nepal.

Nepal {Hodgson).

Dr. J. Anderson [C.].
{Prinia rufescens, An-
derson, /. c.)

Eugene W. Gates, Esq.
[C.].

Eugene W. Gates, Esq.
[0.].

Eugene W. Gates, Esq.
[C.l.

A. O.'Hume, Esq.

A. 0. Hume, Esq.

Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
India Museum.

12. Cisticola cinereicapilla.

Prinia ciuereocapilla, 3Ioorc, P. Z. >S. 1854, p. 77 (ex Hod(/s. M8S.) ;
Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 322 (1854) ; Jerd. B.
Ind.'\\. p. 172 (1859); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 23; Gray, Hand-l. B.
i. p. 196, no. 2700 (1809) ; Hume, Nests S,- Et/gs Lid. B. p. 341
(1873) ; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 242 ; A. Anders. P. Z. .S'. 1878,
p. 370 ; Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 320, 1879, p. 101, 1880, p. 286.

Adult. General colour above reddish brown, sides of the rump

I

11. CIBTICOLA. 257

fulvescent ; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard- wing feathers dusky,
externally fulvous ; primary-coverts dusky, with nari'ow rufous edges ;
quills light brown, externally rufous ; inner secondaries washed with
rufous; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers dull rufous, brighter rufous
on the edges, the centre feathers tipped with fulvous, with a subter-
minal dusky l)ar, the outer feathers with a whitish spot at the end ;
crown of the head bluish grey ; occiput and nape reddish brown like
the back ; a line across the base of the forehead, extending backwards
in a narrow eyebrow, pale tawny bufl"; in front of the eye an ashy
sjjot ; ear-coverts tawny buff, the upper edge ashy ; cheeks and the
under surface of the body tawny buff, paler on the abdomen ; sides
of the body and flanks richer fulvous ; thighs deep tawny ; under
tail-coverts pale tawny buff; under wiug-coverts and axillaries pale
tawuy buff, deeper on the edge of the wing ; quills below ashy brown ;
inner edge of quills rufescent. Total length 3-7 inches, culmeu 0'45,
wing 1-65, tail 1-95, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. Himalayas from Nepal westwards to the neighbourhood of
Gangaotri.

a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

c, d. x\d. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

«,/. Ad. etjuv. sk. Nepal (/fbctyson). India Museum.

(Types of species.)

13. Cisticola poliocephala.

Prinia poliocephala, A. Anderson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 370, pi. 19; Hume,
Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 319 ; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 101, 1880, p. 286.

Very closely allied to C. heavani, from which it differs only in it8
filaty-grey head and entire absence of eyebrow. Total length 3'8
inches, culmen 0"45, wing 1'75, tail 1'8, tarsus G'B.

Hah. Himalayas : Nepal and Kumaou.

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

14. Cisticola ferruginea*.

Cisticola ferruginea, Hewjl. Sijst. Uebers. p. 21 (1856) ; id. J.f. O.

18G4, p. 2.59; id. /Z-is, 1869, p. 143 ; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. •^.2Qb

(1809), iv. App. p. Ixxv (1873).
Drvmoica troglodytes, ^wi(«. Cat. descr. Ucc.^. 38(1864); Salvad.

Jiiv. Crit. Aniin. p. 733, pi. ii. fig. 1 (1870).
Drymceca ferruginea, Heuyl. Ibis, 1869, p. 135.
Drymoica ferruginea. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 201, no. 2822 (1809).

Adult (type of species). General colour above uniform rufous or
foxy red ; the wing-coverts dusky, edged with the same colour as
the back ; quills brown, edged with rufous like the back, the inner
secondaries entirely rufous ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; two

* Whether the bird from Landana (Sliarpe & Boiiv. Bull. Soe. Zool. Fmnce,
1877, p. 47(); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. oj3, 1881) was properly identilled, lam
not able now to say, as the specimen did not pa.s8 into the hands of the British
Museum.

VOL. VII. S

25S TIM'ELIID.Ji:.

centre tail-feathers nifons, the remainder dark brown, externally
rufous, with a bar of black before the tip, which is rufous-buif ;
lores whitish ; a narrow eyebrow of nifous-biiff ; ear-coverts pale
fulvescent, with paler shaft-lines ; cliecks and under surface of body
pale fulvous, whiter on the throat and abdomen, the sides of the
body more tawny ; thipjhs tawny rufous ; " bill reddish horny, the
tip blackish ; feet reddish ; iris clear brown " (Heuglin). Total
length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-8, tail 1-6, tarsus 1-05. (Mas.

Wini.)

Hah. iS'.E. Africa, near the sources of the Rahad and Dender rivers,

and about the Djur and Kosanga rivers.

15. Cisticola marginalis.

Drvmoica marginalis, Hem/l. Syst. Uehers. p. 22 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 199, no. 2781 (1869).
Cisticola Haveola, Heugl. Syst. Uehers. p. 21 (1856) ; id. Ibis, 1869,

p. 14-3 ; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 249 (1869), iv. A)yp. p. Ixxiii (1873).
Drvmceca flaveola, Heugl. J.f. O. 1862, p. 289 ; id. Ibis, 1869, p. 98,

pi. ii. fig. 2.
Drvmceca maTarinata, Heur/I. Ibis, 1869, p. 94, pi. i. fig. 1 ; Giehel,

Thes. Orn. ii^p. 64 (1875).
Cisticola marginata, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 248 (1869), iv. App.

p. Ixxiii (1873).
Drymoica flaveola, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2792 (1869).
Drvnioica eiythrogenys, Finsch, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 231 (1870,

7iec liiqyp.).

Adult female (Goon-goona; W.Jesse). General colour above black,
streaked with sandy buff, the feathers being black in the centre
with broad sandy-buff edgings on each side ; rump sandy buff, with
narrower black centres ; lesser wing-coverts ashy fulvous with black
centres, mostly concealed ; median and greater coverts black, ex-
ternally sandy rufous ; bastard-wing feathers black, externally
whitish ; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, externally rufous,
deepest at the base of the quills ; inner secondaries deep black, with
broad whitish margins to the inner webs ; upper tail-coverts sandy
buff, rufescent near the base and centred with black, broader on the
longer coverts ; two centre tail-feathers sandy buff, with a longitu-
dinal black streak along the centre, widening slightly towards the
tip ; remainder of the tail-feathers ashy brown, externally washed
with sandy buff, tipped broadly with dull white, before which is a
broad black subterminal bar, the blackish shade more or less per-
vading the centre of the feathers ; crown of the head and nape bright
rufous, with short black spots in the centre of each feather ; hind
neck nearly uniform tawny rufous ; lores huffy whitish, extending
over the fore part of the eye ; feathers round the eye huffy whitish ;
ear-coverts and cheelis light rufous, with pale shaft-lines on the
former ; throat huffy whitish, deepening into bright sandy buff on
the fore neck, breast, sides of the body, and flanks ; abdomeu huffy
whitish ; thighs light tawny ; under tail-coverts sandy buff ; under
wing-coverts and axillaiies light tawny ; quills below dusky ; inner
edge of quills rufous ; " bill reddish horny, the lower mandible more

11. crsTicoLA. 259

dusky ; feet reddish ; iris clear brown " {Heuglin). Total length
5-5 inches, culraen 0-55, wing 'I-lb, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-85. {Mus. R,
G. Wardlaw Ramsat/.)

Jfah. Abyssinia and the Upper-Xile region.

This species is very closely allied to C. tinniens, and requires
careful comparison with that species to assure its real distinctness.
Dr. Finsch has suggested that C. maiyiaalis is really the same as
C. eri/throrjeni/s, Riipp. ; and this accounts for his" identification
of Mr. Jesse's bird above described, which is certainly Heuglin's
C. marginalis, and which appears to me to be easily separable from
C. eriftJirogen)/.^, as Heuglin himself has pointed out. I have com-
pared Jesse's bird with the typo in the Vienna Museum, kindly lent
me by Dr. Steindachner.

16. Cisticola cisticola.

La Fauvette cisticole, Vieill. Faune Franc, p. 27, pi. 102 &<r 1
(1820). y f , L^

Sylvia cisticola, Temm. Man. d'Oni. i. p. 228 (1820) ; id. PI. Col. vi.
lig. 3 (1820j ; id. Man. d'Orn. iii. p. 123; Vonder Miihle, Monogr.
Europ. Si/h. p. 122 (18.56).
Priuia cursitaus, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 118; Jerd. Madr. Juurn.

xi. p. 0 (1840) : id. III. Ind. Orn. pi. vi. (1847).
Cj'sticola cisticola, Less. TraiU, p. 415 (1831); Licht. Nomencl.

p. 31(18-54).
Sylvia (Cisticola) typus, Rupp. Nem Wirb. Voff. p. 113 (183-5-40).
Drymoica cisticola, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 242 (1837) ; Gray, Gen.

B. i. p. 164 (1848).
Salicaria cisticola, Gould, B. Enr.^l. 113 (1837); Keifs. n. Bias.
Wirb. Eur. p. Iv (1840) ; SM. Rev. Crit. p. xxx (1844) ; Binder in.
Vd(/. Grierkenl. p. 9.5 (1860).
Cisticola schoenicola, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 4" iV". Amer. p 12
(18.38); Bli/th, Cat. B. Mus. Js. Soc. p. 145 (1849); Bp. Consp.
i. p. 286 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein.Th. i.p. 44 (1850); Heugl Si/st.
Uebers. p. 21 (1856) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 160 ; Humeijer, J. f. O.
1862, p. 283; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 174 (1863) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1863,
p. 303 ; Giylioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 52 ; Lunel, Bull. Soc. Orn. Suisse,
i. p. 10 (1865); Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 23 ; Loc/ie, E.rpl. Sci. Alqer.,
Ois. i. p. 281 (1867) ; Degl. 8; Gerbc, Orn. Eur. i. p. 537 (1867) ;
A.C. Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 441 ; Brooks, t. c. p. 130 ; Hume, Ibis,
1870, p. 136; Swinh. i.e. p. 345; Sharpe, f.c. p. 475; Gurneu,
Ibis, 1871, p. 83 ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 352 ; Holdsio. P. Z. S.
1872, p. 455 ; S/ielley, B. Eqi/pt, p. 97 ; Hume, Nests ^- Eggs Ind.
B. p. 343 (1873); id. Str. F. 1873, p. 4.39 ; Adam,t.c. p. 382 ;
Jatnes, t. c. p. 420 ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 412 ; Hume, Str. F.
1874, p. 233, 1875, p. 137 ; Butler, t. c. p. 481 ; Hume, t. n. p. 481,
note ; Irby, B. Gibraltar, p. 91 (1875) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 17 ;
Blyth S,- Wald. B. Burm. p. 119 (1875) ; Wharton, Ibis, 1870.
p. 19; Ball, Str. F. 187(5, p. 234.
Drymoica uropygialis, Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 17; Allen 8c Thomps.
Exped. Niger, ii. App. p. 491 (1849) ; Eraser, Zool. Typ. pi. 42.
fig. 2 (1849) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 164 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B. i.
p. 198, no. 2756 (1S69).
Prinia subhimalayaua, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 377 (1844).
Priuia cisticola, Blyth, t. r. p. 377 (1844;. "

62

280 iniELTID-T!.

Cisticola snliheTnalayana, Hodf/s. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Pa.'^spres,

pi. 51 (no. 437); id. in Grai/s Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844).
Cisticola cursitins, frrai/, Cat. yiamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hudf/s. p. 62
(184G) ; Bli/t/i, J. A. 'S. Ben//, xvi. p. 457 (1847) ; Tickel'l, op. c-it.
xvii. p. 300 (1849) ; Bli/th, 'Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 14-5 (1849) ;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 286 (1850); Horsf. 8c Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.
Mus. i. p. 324 (1854); Cass. Pro'c. Bhi/ad. Acad. If^oC^, j,. :M8 ;
Knrth Orn. W.-Afr. ^i. 264 (18.-i7) ; Su-i)i/i. Ihi.% 18(31, p. 329;
Antin. Cat. descr. 'Ucc. p. 37 (1804) ; Harfl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 825;
Finscli S,- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 229 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital.
Ucc. p. 119 (1871) ; Sharpe', Cat. Afr. B. p. 29 (1871 , pt.) ; Gurney,
in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 88 (1872) ; Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii.
p. 64 (1872); Antin. 4- Salrad. Viaf/ff. Boffos, p. 108 (1873);
Sharpe ^- Bourier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 305 (1876) ; Dresser,
B. Eur. iii.p. 3, pi. m (1877); Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 90: David-
son i^- Wendcn, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 8o ; Ball, t. c. p. 217; Cnpps,
t. c. p. 235 ; Tu-eedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 710 ; Hume S^- Davison, Str.
F. 1878, p. 349; Lecjge, B. Cet/lon, p. 531 (1879): Meyer, Ibis,
1879. p. 146; Hume,' Str. P. ls79, p. 101 ; Tidal, Str. F. 1880,
p. 67 ; Biiif/ham, t. c.p. 186 : Butter, t. c. p. 407 ; Wardlaiv Bamsay,
Orn. Works Tweedd. p. 658 (1881) ; Bocaqe, Orn. Angola, p. 55-4
(1881) : Beid, Str. F. 1881, p. 46 ; Kelham, Ibis, 1881," p. 516.
€isticola omaliira, Bli/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 145 (1849, descr.
nulla] ; id. J. A. S'. Bene/, xx. p. 176 (1851) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 286
(l,s50) ; Kelaart,Prodr. Cat. p. 120 (1852, pt.); Blyth, Ibis, 1867,
p. 302 ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 90.

Salicaria (Cisticola) brunneiceps, Temm. <§• Scldeg. Faun. Jap., Aves,
p. 134, pi. 20 (1850).

Cisticola brunneiceps, Bp. Consp. i. p. 286 (1850).

Caiicicola cisticola, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 237 (1855).

Sylvia arquata, Von Midler, J.'f.' O. 1856, p. 224.

Diymoeca uropypialis, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 56 (1857).

Calanianthella tintinnabulans, Swinh. J. As. Soc. N. China Br.
1859, p. .

Cisticola tintinnabulans, Sicinh. Ibis, 1860, pp. 51 & 131, 1861, p. 32.

•Scbcenicola cisticola, Blasius, List B.Eur., ed. Xewton,^. 11 (1862) ;
Salvad. Ucc. Sardegn. p. 56 (1864) ; BoUe, J. f. O. 1865, p. 142 ;
Broohe. Ibis, 1873," p. 344.

Cisticola fuscicapilla, Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 489.

Cisticola europaja, Hartl. Ibis, 1863, p. 325.

Drvmoeca cisticola, Heuql. Ibis, 1869, p. 132.

Drymoica omalura, Gra'y, Hand-l. B. i. p. 200, no. 2812 (1869).

Drymoiea cursitans, Gray, t. c. p. 200, no. 2806 (1869).

I^rvnioica fuscicapilla. Gray, t. c. p. 200, no. 2810 (1869).

Cisticola luunipurensis, Godicin-Au.iten, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 47 ; id. J.
A. S. Beng. xliii. pt. 2, p. 165, pi. ix. fig. 2 (1874) ; Hume, Str. F.
1875, p. 398, 1877, p. 90, 1879, p. 101.

Loc-ustella brunneiceps, Seebo/im, Ibis, 1879, p. 37.

Cisticola cisticola, Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 115 (1883).

Adult male (Villacidio, April 26, 1871). Above streaked, the
feathers blackish in centre, with sandy-buff margins ; rump uni-
form rusty ; the feathers of mantle with paler edges ; wing-coverts
and bastard wing blackish, edged with sandy buff like the back ;
primary-coverts and quills black, with rufous-brown margins, deeper
near base of primaries ; inner secondaries blackish, with sandy-
l)uff margins all round ; upper tail-coverts rusty fulvous, with

11. CISTICOLA. 261

black longitudiual streaks ; centre tail-feathers brown, with whity-
brown margins, remainder dark brown, edged with pale sandy buif,
the tips white or brownish white with a distinct black snbterminal
bar ; crown of head streaked like back ; hind neck a little more
rufescent than back ; lores whitish ; a narrow eyebrow and feathers
round eye sandy buff; ear-coverts pale sandy buff, with whitish
shaft-lines ; cheeks whitish like the throat ; sides of neck decidedly
more rufous like hind neck ; foro neck and breast a pale sandy buff ;
sides of upper breast streaked with darker brown ; abdomen lighter
and more buffy white ; sides of body ferruginous, deepening on Hanks
and tawny on thighs ; under tail-coverts sandy buff; under wing--
coverts and axillaries the same, but a little more rufescent ; quilb
below dusky brown, ashy rufous on their inner edge ; " bill fleshj',
the culmen varying from dusky to blackish brown, tip of l&wcr
mandible dusky ; inside of mouth blach ; legs and feet fleshy, joints
of toes dusky ; iris varying from greyish yellow to olive-grey or pale
olive" (TF. Vincent Leiige). Total length 4-1 inches, culmen 0'45,
wing 2, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-75.

The female is exactly like the male in colour ; but the inside of
the mouth is always fleshy, according to Capt. Legge. Total length
4*3 inches, wing 1-8, tail 1-7, tarsus tl-7o.

Young. Similar to the adult, but rather more fluffy and tinged
with yellow below. In its first autumn plumage it resembles the
full winter plumage of the adult ; but the white tips to the tail-
feathers are not so strongly pronounced ; " bill dark horn-colour,
the under mandible yellowish fleshy ; legs and feet flesh}' reddish ;
iris greyish olive " ( W. V. Legge).

The series of specimens examined by me from Europe does not
contain an adult female in the breeding-plumage ; and I am not
able to state the different phases of plumage through which the
hen passes. As in the case of the C. e.vilis group, tLe male bird
seems to have a more uniform brown head during the breeding-
season, and as soon as the latter is past he assumes a striped dress.
The female will probably be found to have a striped head at all
seasons ; and it is evident that in winter the birds are not only
striped, but have a longer tail than in summer, as is usual in the
Cisticolce. Thus a male in breeding-plumage has the tail 1-25 inch,
while a male killed in December has the tail 185 inch.

Specimens from the plains of India sometimes present a remark-
able dift'ereuce from European specimens in the tail-feathers, which
hare the light subterminal shade of the latter bright tawny instead
of dull brown. So different does such a specimen as Mr. Brooks's
Muddapoor skin (vidi; infra ) look, that few would hesitate to separate
it as a distinct species ; but I find that, although this tawny spot
is never seen in European skins, yet it often occurs in Indian ones,
and is present also in some of the West-African birds in a varying
degree of intensity. Thus it is not possible to make it a specific
character; and it is probably remains of some older plumage (when
the species was not so widely spread as it is now) which survives
still in full force in the Indian plains, but has become obliterated iu

262 TIMELIID^.

the European birds, and has become nearly so in those from West
Africa.

The birds from Japan appear to me to represent a permanently
large race, with the wing ranging from 2 to 2-2 inches. Too
much stress, however, cannot be laid on these differences, as all the
Japanese specimens in the collection appear to be in winter plumage
(tail 2 to 2-2 inches).

In Cevlon Capt. liCggo notices a difference between the birds from
the low country and those from the hills, the latter being darker.
He finds very little variation iu the dress of the male in summer
and winter ; but the male is always more or less uniform, while the
female is striated at all seasons.

Mr. Hume states that the specimens with the rufous subterminal
mark on the inner webs of the tail-feathers are the breeding birds,
whereas the more uniform-tailed specimens arc the cold-weather
birds. As far as I have examined European specimens, there is
never any sign of this rufous bar, which is characteristic of the speci-
mens from the plains of India in full plumage ; and the birds from
West Africa and Nepal mentioned above (wherein some of the spe-
cimeus show a trace of the rufous bar) do not indicate any change
of plumage in the tail by a direct mouU. The presence of this rufous
bar in occasional specimens can only be accounted for by supposing
that the birds change from their plain tail to the rufous-spotted one
witliout a moult, but by direct alteration of the colouring of the
feather itself.

In India according to Mr. Hume, the male is always larger than the
female ; in the former the average length of wing is 2-1 inches, and
in the females 1"95 inch, but he has specimens of both sexes with the
wing 2 inches.

Hah. Southern Europe, extending southwards throughout Africa
and eastwards throughout India and Ceylon, the Burmese countries,
Malayan peuiusula, and Indo-Malayan islands. China and Japan.

a r? ad '^k Villacidio, Sardinia, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

April 26, 1871 (A. B.

Brooke ),
b c Ad sk Oristano, Sardinia, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

' ■ ■ March 1, 1872 {A. B.

Brooke),
d Ad. sk. Savoy. Gould Collection.

e. Juv. sk. Italy (Suvi). Gould Collection.

f. Ad. sk. Gibraltar. Colonel Irby [P.l
V/' h. Ad. sk. Tangiers. Colonel Irby [P.].

i. Ad. sk. Taugiers (Olcesc). E.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

ii Ad. sk. Algeria, May 3, 1856 F. D. Godmau and O.

(^Tristram). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

I. Ad. sk. Algeria. E. B. Shai-pe, Esq.

•in. cj'ad. sk. Meroni. Canon Tristram [C.l.

w.'s ad.sk. Plains of Acre. Canon Tristram [C.].

o. Ad. sk. Dakar, Senegal(7lf«?T^f). M. A. Bouvier.

Ad. sk. Cape Coast, \V. Africa E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

( TIsg/ier).

V

n r a t v,r. Ad. sk. Eiver Volta (Ussher). E, B. Sharpe, Esq.

11. CISTICOLA,

263

w. Ad. sk.

Accra (<Sy/«(V/j).

x: Ad. sk.

Accra.

y. Ad. sk.

Accra.

a. Ad. sk.

Niraboo, Confjo.

a'. (J ad. sk.

Ondoiiga, Feb. 4 (C. .7.

^rjf/e/-«so/i).

b'. Ad. sk.

Daiuara Land (C J". ^.).

c', <^'. cJ 2 ^d. sk.

Omaniru river, Oct. 18G6

(C.J. A.).

c'. $ ad sk.

Otjimbiuque, Dec. 1866

{C.J. A.).

/'. Ad. sk.

Zanzibar {Sir J. Kirk).

ff', h', i'. Ad. sk.

N. Bengal.

k', I'. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

m'. Ad. st.

Nepal.

n', o', p', q'. Ad. sk.

Nepal (B. H. Hodgson).

r'. Ad. sk.

Muddapoor, .June 21,

18S0 ( ]V. E. Brooks).

s'. Ad. sk.

Madras.

f . Ad. sk.

Madras.

u'. S ad. sk.

Zindvola Patnas, Ceylon,

Nov. 16, 1870.

v'. $ ad. sk.

Tsitkau, Upper Burmali,

Feb. 9, 1875.

w'. Ad. sk.

Thavetmyo, Sept. 20,

1872.

y. c? hiern. sk.

Pegu, Jan. 7, 1881.

«/'. c5" tiem. sk.

Pegu, Feb. 24, 1880.

z'. S ad. sk.

Pegu, March 1, 1880.

a. c5' ad. sk.

Pegu, April 4, 1880.

i3. 5 ad. sk.

Pegu, June 15, 1880.

y, S, t, C d ad. sk.

Pegu, July 1880.

Tj. c? ad. sk.

Nicobar Islands, Jan. 18,

1874 (Capt. Wimber-
ley).
Camorta Island, Nico-

(9, I. cJ ? ad. sk.

bars, Jan. 3, 1874

{Capt. Wiinhcrley).

K. cJ ad. sk.

Singapore Island, Jan.

31, 187'J.

\, jLi. Ad. sk.

East Timor.

V. Ad. sk.

Flores.

^. c^ ad. sk.

Makassar.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Governor Ussher [C.].
L. Fraser, Esq. [0.].
(Type of -D. uropyyialis.)
Dr. Lucan [P. ].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.].

B. 11. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P-l-
India Museum.
E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

R. Cole, Esq. [P.].

T. C. Jerdon,Esq.[P.].

Capt. W. Vincent

Legge [P.].
Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

[C.].
Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

[C.].
Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

[C.].
Eugene \V. Gates, Esq.

[C.].
Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

[C.].
Eugene W. Gates, Esq,

[C.].
Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

[C.].
R.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

W. Davison, Esq. [C.].

A. R. Wallace, Esq.

[C.]. (Type of C.

fuscicapilln.)
A. R. WaUace, Esq.

[C.].
A. R. Wallace, Esq.

[c.].

264 TIMELIID^.

o, TT, p, 0-, T Ad. hiem Yokohama, Japan. H. Pryer, Esq. [C.].

ek.
V. Ad. 6k Europe. Baron Laugier.

17. Cisticola cherina*.

Drvmoica clierina, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 77. fig. 3 (184.S) ;

Bp. CoHsp. i. p. 283 (1850) ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 31 (1857) ;

Grill/, Iland-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2742 (1869).
Drymoica niadagascarieiisis, Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 53 (1801) ; Verr.

In Vinson, T'oi/. Madaq., Ann. B, p. 2 (1805) ; Gray, Hand-l, B.

i. p. 198, no. 2749 (1869).
Drymoeca madagascariensis, Roch ^ Newton, Ibis, 1803, p. 343 ;

tScMer, P. Z. S. 1803, p. 102.
Cisticola madagascariensis, Netcton, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 835 ; Schl.

P. Z. S. 1860, p. 421 ; Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1807, p. 357 ;

Schlegel ^- Poll. Faun. Madaq., Ois. p. 9] (1808) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.

1870, p. 391 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 29 (1871) ; Bartl. P. Z. S. 1875,

p. 05; Hartl. Viig. Madag. p. 118 (1877); Milm-Edwards (^

Grandid. in Grayidid. Hist. Madag., Ois. p. 325, pi. 130 (1881).
Cisticola cherina, Sha7-]}e, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr, p. 278 (1870).

Adult male. General colour above blackish brown, streaked with
lighter brown, the feathers being blackish in the centre, with sandy-
brown edges ; rump uniform rufous-brown ; lesser wing-coverts dull
sandy brown ; median and greater coverts dark brown, margined with
Bandy brown like back ; primary-coverts dusky brown, with very nar-
row edges of sandy brown ; quills dark brown, margined with sandy
brown, broader on secondaries, the primaries more rufous on outer
web ; upper tail-coverts dark brown, with sandy-brown edges ; tail-
feathers dark brown, edged with sandy or whitish brown, all but the

* It is well known tliat the late Sir Andrew Smith obtained several birds from
Madagasoar during his residence in South Africa, and more than one species
has been put down on bis authority as South-African which is now known to
occur only in Madagascar. This seems to have been the case with the present
bird, as the tvpeof Z^. cherina turns out to be identical with the common Grass-
Warbler of Madagascar. It is to be noticed, however, that Grill is said to have
identified one of Victorin's specimens as D. cherina of Smith ; and it is possible
that the Madagascar species is also found on the mainland of Africa, though I
do not think this at all likely.

I add a detailed description of Smith's type :^

Adult. General colour above brown, with darker centres to the feathers,
giving a slight appearance of streaks to the head, much more distinct on the
back, where the centres are black ; rump (damaged) apparently uniform falvous-
brown, the upper tail-coverts with narrow blackish streaks; wing-coverts dark
brown with ashy-fulvous margins, especially distinct on the greater series ;
quills dark brown also, the primaries margined with lighter brown, the
secondaries with ashy fulvous exactly like the wing-coverts; tail dark brown,
with obsolete dusky bars under certain lights, tiie Tour centre feathers tipped
with lighter bri)wn, with an obsolete subterminal bar of blackish ; all the other
tail-feathers tipped with white, before which is a very distinct subterminal bar
of black, the outermost feather edged with whitish ; lores and an almost imper-
ceptible eyebrow huffy white, the ear-coverts browner ; cheeks and throat dull
white, as also the centre of the body, the sides of which are clear brown, darker
OQ the thighs ; under wing-coverts fulvous. Total length 4-1 inches, cuhnen
Ono, wing 19, tail 17, tarsus 0 8.

11. C18TIC0LA. 265

centre feathers tipped with a bar of whitish, before which there is a
very broad and distinct blackish bar ; crown of head a little browner
than back, and less distinctly streaked, with paler edges to the
feathers ; nape and hind neck rather paler than back, sandy brown
with dark-brown centres ; lores and a tolerably distinct eyebrow
white, as also are the feathers round the eye ; ear-covcrts light brown,
mottled with darker tips to feathers, which have pale shaft-streaks ;
cheeks whitish, washed with sandy eolonr ; sides of hinder crown
and sides of neck like hind neck, rather paler, with dark centres to
feathers ; throat white in centre, washed with sandy buff on sides ;
fore neck and breast light sandy buff, deepening on the sides of body,
flanks, and thighs ; abdomen whiter ; under tail-coverts pale fulvous ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale fulvous, deeper on lower series
of coverts ; quills below dusky brown, light rufous on their inner
edge. Total length 4--1 inches, culmen U-45, wing 1-95, tail 1-7,
tarsus 0-8.

The female does not differ from the male in colour. Total length
4-2 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-95, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-75.

There are two distinct phases of this species, with a uniform
crown and a striped crown, while intermediate specimens are plentiful
— that is to say, those which have a more or less uniform crown with
a few indications of sandy-brown streaks. Mr. Cowan procured
birds with plain and with streaked heads in March 1881 ; so that
the difference does not depend upon the season of the year, nor is
it apparently a sexual difference, as females of both forms were in
Mr. Cowan's series.

Young. A little lighter than the adult, the margins to the feathers
of the upper surface being paler ; throat and chest pale yellow ;
flanks rather clearer rufous.

Hab. Madagascar.

a. Juv. sk. Madagascar. E. B. Sharjie, Esq. [P.l.

b. cJad. ; c. Juv. sk. Madagascar. K. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.J.

d. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased.

e. 2 ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased.

f. Ad. sk. Aukafana forest. Rev. W. Deans Cowan [CI.

g. cj'ad. ; h, i. J ad. sk. Anknfana forest. Pev. W. Deans Cowan [C.J.
k, I. 5 juv. sk. Ankafaiia forest. Kev. W. Deans Cowan [C.].
m. Ad. sk. [Madagascar.] Sir A. Smith [C.]. (Type

of C. cherina.)

18. Cisticola haBsitata.
Drymoeca haesitata, Sclattr 8f Hartl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 166.

Adidt male (type of species). Very similar to C. cJurina, if indeed
really distinguishable, the only difference being that the Socotra
specimen is more ashy grey than any of the Madagascar specimens
in the Museum. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-85,
tail 1-5, tarsus 0'7.

a. (^ ad. sk. Socotra. Prof. Balfour. (Type of species.)

206 TIJIELIID.B.

19. Cisticola textrix.

Le Pinc-pinc, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 131 (1802).

Sylvia textrix, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 208 (1817).

Cysticola textrix, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 415 (1831).

Hemipteryx textrix, S^vains. Classif. B. ii. p. 224 (1837) ; Cab. Mus.

Dryi

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ; Laijard, B. S. Aft: p. 85 (1867) j
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 201, no. 2827 (1869).

Adult. General colour above mottled, the back blackish brown,
with ashy-whitish edges to the mantle-feathers ; lower back and
rump reddish buff, slightly varied with dark centres to the feathers ;
lesser wing-coverts reddish buff; median and greater coverts
blackish brown, edged with reddish fulvous, rather more ashy on
the latter ; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts dusky brown,
with narrow rcddish-buif margins ; quills blackish brown, edged
with reddish buff, the secondaries narrowly margined and tipped
with ashv whitish ; upper tail-coverts blackish brown, with fulvous-
brown margins ; tail-feathers blackish brown, ceutro feathers paler
brown, all marked with whity brown on the edges and tipped with
white, more largely on the inner webs ; crown of the head rather
more rufcscent than the back, but streaked with dark brown in the
same manner ; hind neck paler reddish buff, with very small dark
centres ; lores and a tolerably distinct eyebrow buffy whitish, as
well as the feathers round the eye ; ear-coverts brown, M'ith blackish-
brown streaks ; cheeks and under surface whitish ; the throat and
fore neck minutely spotted with blackish, the spots much larger and
more distinct on the chest and breast, and disappearing into hair-
like lines on the abdomen ; sides of the body and flanks fulvous,
with longitudinal streaks of blackish brown ; tliighs tawny buff ;
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny
buff ; quills below ashy brown ; inner edge of quills pale reddish ;
" bill, legs, and toes pale buff-orange, the upper mandible deepened
with a shade of brown ; claws the same colour, rather brownish at
the tips ; eyes reddish " {Sir A. Smith). Total length 4-3 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 2-05, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-9.

Female. Similar to the male in colour, but smaller. Total length
3-7 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-85, tail 1, tarsus 0-8.

Eab. South Africa.

a. [ $ ] ad. sk. S. Africa {Layard). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

*• [ d ] ad. sk. Swellendam ( W. Cairncross). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

c, d. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.J.

e. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.J.

20. Cisticola terrestris.

Drymoica terrestris, Sviith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 74. fig. 2
(1849); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. lCi3 (1348); Bp. Consp. i. p. 283
(1850) ; Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 01 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 197, no. 2738 (1809).

11. CISTICOLA. 267

Cisticola brunnescens, Heuc/I. Ibis, 1862, p. 289.

Cisticola ayresii, Hartl. Ibis, 1863, p. 325, pi. viii. fig. 2 ; Finxch,

Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 321 (1870) ; id. <§■ Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 231,

note (1870).
Hemipteryx imniaculata, Ilartl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 22 ; Gurnei/, Ibis,

18U8, p. 165.
Dr^-moica ayresii, Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 94 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i.

p. 200, uo. 2811 (1869).
Hemipteryx habessinica, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 138; id. Orn. N.O.-

Afr. i. p. 272, pi. yiii. fig. 1 (1869).
Hemipteryx oligura, Ilciiql. Ibis, 1869, p. 136, pi. iii. fig. 3 ; id. Orn.

N.O.-Afr. i. p. 270 (1869).
Hemipteryx iodopyga, Heur/l. Ibis, 1869, p. 137; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr.

i. p. 271, pi. yiii. fig. 2 (18G9).
Drymoeca eximia, Heuyl. Ibis, 1869, p. 100, pi. iii. fig. 1.
Cisticola eximia, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 262 (1869).
Urymoica immaculata, Grai/, Iland-l. B. i. p. 201, no. 2828 (1809).
Drymoica oligura, Gray, ihuid-l. B. i. p. 201, no 2829 (1869).
Drymoica iodopyga. Gray, t. c. i. p. 201, no. 2830 (1869).
Drymoica habessinica, Gray, t.c.i. p. 201, no. 2831 (1869).
Drymoica eximia. Gray, t. c. p. 201, no. 2824.
Cisticola habessinica, Blanf. Geol. Sf Zool. Abyss, p. 376 (1870).
Cisticola cursitans (wee Frankl.), Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 29 (1871) ;

Gurney, Ibis, 1874, p. 106 ; Ay res. Ibis, 1878, p. 291 ; Sharpe in

Oatess Matabele Land, App. p. 310 (1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882,

p. 254.
Cisticola terrestris, Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 151 ; Gumei/, Ibis, 1873,

p. 257 ; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 372 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 100.
Hemipteryx bruunescens, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iy. Ann. n. Lxxyi

(1871).' ^ ^

Cisticola iodopygia, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. App. p. Ixxy (1871).
Diymoeca oligura, Giebel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 63 (1875).
Drymoeca terrestris, Giebel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 66 ( 1875).
Drymo3ca iodopyga, Giebel, Tlies. Orn. ii. p. 63 (1875).

Male in hreeding-plumarie. General colour aboye black, very
slightly varied yyith ashy-fulvous margins to the feathers of the
back and scapulars ; lower back and rump tayyny buff, slightly
streaked yyith black centres ; wing-coverts blackish, edged with
ashy fulvous, inclining to whitish on the margins of greater coverts ;
primarj'-coycrts and quills dark broyvn, edged with rufous, especially
near the base of primaries, which are ashy brown along the re-
mainder of their outer margins ; upper tail-coverts nearly entirely
black, with only a very narrow margin of pale fulvous ; tail-feathers
black, margined with ashy fulvous and tipped with white, more
especially on the inner webs, the white increasing in extent on the
outer feathers and extending along the outer web of the external
tail-feather ; crown of head nearly uniform brown, with paler shaft-
streaks ; hind neck lighter brown, forming an indistinct coUar ;
lores and a tolerably distinct eyebrow, as well as sides of face, yel-
lowish butf, the upper edge of ear-coverts dark brown ; checks "and
under surface of body yellowish buff, mottled with blackish centres
to the feathers on the sides of upper breast ; sides of body and flanks
washed with tawny, thighs a little deeper tawny ; lower abdomen
and under tuil-coverts whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries

268 TI1IELII1)J5.

pale tawny ; quills below ashy brown ; inner edge of quills rufcs-
cent ; "upper mandible brown, lower mandible tlesh-colour ; legs
flesh-colour ; iris brown " {Ayres). Total length 3-5 inches, culmen
0"45, wing 2"05, tail 1'2, tarsus (J-So.

The winter plumage of the mule differs from the summer dress in
being very much more tawny and more striated ; the upper surface
generally has the centres to the feathers blackish brown, all of them
broadly margined with pale fulvous or tawny, with an indication of
a lighter collar and mantle. The rump is deeper tawny, but shows
signs of blackisl^ striations. Underneath, the general colour is a
very pale tawny buff, whiter on the alxlomen and vent, with the
sides of the breast distinctly striated with dark brown ; the throat
cheeks, lores, and eyebrow pure white ; the tail-feathers are
broadly tipped with white. Total length 4 inches, wing 2-05, tail
1-4, tarsus 0-85.

The female in winter does not differ appreciably from the male ;
the only female specimen in breeding-plumage seems also much to
resemble the male in the worn character of the feathers, but still
preserves the striated head.

The female measures : — Total length 3"7 inches, wing 1-9, tail 1'5,
tarsus 0*7.

The young on leaving the nest is striated like the old female, but
is very pale in colour, and tinged with yellow, especially on the
lores, eyebrow, sides of face, sides of neck, and breast ; the light
margins to the tail-feathers are rather broad, the centre ones being
reddish brown with narrow black median stripes.

The young after its first moidt (= C. ayresi) is more rufous above,
with pronounced black centres, the mantle and back varied with a
few greyish-white margins, the rump very decidedly rufous, with
narrow black striations ; under surface of body tawny buff, brighter
on the flanks and sides; the throat, centre of breast, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts white.

A female measures : — Total length 3'8 inches, wing 1-9, tail 1-5,
tarsus 0'8.

Iris light brown ; upper mandible dark hazel, under mandible
pale; tarsi and feet pale (Ayres).

The type of IIemi23teryx olignra, kindly lent me by Dr. Krauss,
is the present bird in full breeding-plumage. Total length 3-75
inches, wing 2-5, tail 1-35, tarsus 0"9.

The type of Hemipteryx iodopyga is the present species in full
winter plumage, and is apparently a female. Total length 3-6
inches, wing 2-15, tarsus 0-S. For a sight of this typical specimen
I am indebted to Dr. Krauss.

Hah. The whole of South Africa. N.E. Africa.

a. S hiem. ad. sk. Goon Goona, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford, Esq.

March 1868 (W.'T. B.). [C.].

b. c? hiem. ad. sk. Ondonga, Nov. 1856 (C. J. R. B. Sharps, Esq.

Andi'rsson). [P.],

<!,d. cJ $ hiem. ad. Trausvaal. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

8k. [P.].

11. CISTICOLA.

269

c. Ad.,/,(7. c?2juv.

sk.
h, i. (S 2 ffistiv. ad.

ak.
Ti. $ liiem. ad. sk.

I, m, n. c? hiera.

ad. sk.
o. Hiera. ad. sk.

p, q. Hiem. ad. sk.

r,s. c? $ juv. hiem.

sk.
t. 2 ad. sk.

M. d, i". Ad. sk.

w, .r. Ad. hiem. sk.

Potchefstroora, Transvaal

( IV. Lucas).
Potchefstroora, Transvaal,

Jan. 1877 ( IV. Lucas).
Potcbefstroom, Transvaal,

June 1876 ( 7T'. Lucas).
Potchef.stroom, Transvaal,

July 1870 (TF. Lucas).
Newcastle, Natal, May {F.

Gates).
Pinetown, Natal (F. L.

Ai/res).
Natal {T. Ay res).

British Caftraria (F. A.

Bar raft).
Kingwilliamstown.

Eland's Post (T. C. Atmore).
21. Cisticola exilis.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Dr. Exton [P.].

Dr. Exton [P.].

Dr. Exton [P.].

W. E. and C. a. Gates,

Esqrs. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
J. H. Gurney, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Cant. H. Trevelyan

[v.-].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Malurus exilis, Vig. 4' Llorsf. Trans. Linn. Sue. xv. p. 223 (1827, e.v

Lath. MSS.).
Cisticola lineicapilla, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 1 ; ul. B. Austr. fol. iii.

pi. 43 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 287 (1850) ; Guukl, Handb. B. Austr.

1. p. 351 (1865) ; Bamsai/, Ibis, 1866, p. 328.
Cisticola rnficeps, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 150; id. B. Austr. fol. iii.

pi. 45 (1848) ; Bp. Co?iy}. i. p. 287 (1850) ; Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863,

p. 485; Goidd, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 353 (1865); liamsai/, Ibis,

1868, p. 277 ; id. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 385 ; id. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 589 ;

Shai-pe, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. pp. 315, 494 ; Bamsaif, Proc. Linn.

Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878), iii. pp. 108, 275 (1879), iv. p. 98

(1880) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. viii. p. 37<J (1876), xvi.

p. 189 (1880); Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 297; Finsch, Ibis, 1881,

p. 335; Nichols. Ibis, 1881, p. 150; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia, ii.

p. 423 (1881).
Cisticola isura, Go^^ld, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 32 ; id. B. Amtr. fol. iii. pi. 44

(1848) ; Bp Consp. i. p. 287 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i.

p. 352 (1865) ; Pamsat/, Ibis, 1866, p. 326.
Cisticola exilis, Gotdd, B. Amtr. iii. pi. 42 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 287 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 350 ( 1865) ; Ramsay,

Ibis,\Sm, p. 328; Gates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 117 (1883).
Drvmoica ruficeps, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 164 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B. i.

p. 200, no. 2817 (1869).
Drvmoica exilis. Gray, Gen. B. L p. 104 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B. i.

p. 2(J0, nn. 2807 (1869).
Drymoica lineicapilla, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 164 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B.

i. p. 200, no. 2808 (1869).
Drvmoica isura, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 164 (1848); id. Hand-l. B. i.

p. 200, no. 2816 (1869).
Ci-ticola ervthrocephala, Bh/th, J. A. S. Beny. xx. p. 523 (1851) ;

Jcrd. B. 'Ind. ii p. 175 (1863) ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 91 ; id.

Str. F. 1879, p. 101.
Cisticola volitans, Swinh. Journ. N. China Branch As. Soc. 1859,

p. ; id. nis, 1863, p. 304; id P. Z. S. 1871, p. 352; Darid ^

Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 256 (1878).

270 TIMELIID-T..

Cisticola tytleii, Jer<l. B. Lid. ii. p. 176 (1863, ex Blijth MSS.) ;
Bh/th, ibis, 18(i."), p. 24; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlv.
p. "199 (187G) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1877, pp. 90, 350.
Cisticola rustica, Wa//. P. Z. H. 1803, pp. 19, 2o; Finsch, Neu-

Guiiiea, p. 160 (180-)).
Cisticola semirufa, Cab. J. f. O. 18(>0, p. 10, 1872, p. 310; Wald.

Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 19.5 ( 1875j ; Sharpe, Tr. Linn. 8oc. new ser. 1.

p. 352 (1877) ; Wwdlaw Ramsay, Orn. Works Tweedd. p. 657

(1881).
Drymoica tvtleri, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 200, no 2813 (1869).
Drjmoica volitans, Grai/, t. c. p. 200, no. 2815 (1869).
Cisticola delicatula, Bltjih, Ibis, 1870, p. 170 (ex. MSS. in Mus. Lngd.).
Cisticola melauocephala, J. Anderson, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 212; Sioinh.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 352; Godwin-Ausi. J. A. S. Beng. xliii. p. 165,

pi. X. fig. 1 (1874); JIu7ne, Sfr. F. 1877, p. 90; Anderson, Zool.

Exped. Yun-nan, Aves, p. 041 (1878) ; David ^ Oustalet, Ois.

Chine, p. 257.
Cisticola ruficoUis, Walden, Ann. cV Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vii. p. 242

(1^71) ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xliii. p. 105, pi. ix. fig. 2

(1874) ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Orn. Works Tweedd. p. 664 (1881).
Cisticola gravi, Walden, Ann. cS'- Maq. A^at. Hist. (4) ix. p. 400

(1872) ; id. Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 1 17 (1874) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877,

p. 828, 1878, p. 285; Wardlaiv Ramsay, Orn. Works Tweedd. p. 664

(1881).
Cisticola ruficapilla, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. viii. p. 376

(l'^^6). . . . _ .

Cisticola, sp., Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. ix. p. 35 (1876); id.

Orn. Pajniasia etc. p. 424 (1881).
Cisticola erytbrocephalns, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101.
Cisticola melauocephalus, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101.

Adult male in hreeding-iJilumage. General colour above ashy grey,
broadly streaked with blackish centres to the feathers of the mantle ;
lower back and rump ashy grey washed with sandy buff; wing-
coverts and bastard wing dusky brown, edged with ashy fulvous ;
primary-coverts and quills light brown, narrowly edged with ashy
fulvous, more rut'escent towards base of quills ; inner secondaries
edged all round with ashy ; upper tail-coverts sandy buff ; tail
feathers blackish, edged at extreme tip with dull white ; ci'own of
head uniform golden buff, a little dingy towards nape and hind
neck ; lores and feathers round eye buffy white ; ear-coverts hoary
whitish, washed with reddish on upper margin ; cheeks and sides of
neck golden, almost a reddish, buff; under surface of body whitish,
washed with reddish buff, which is deepest on breast, sides of body,
and flanks ; thighs tawny ; under tail-coverts white, washed with
reddish buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale reddish buff
like sides of breast ; quills below dusky, with their inner edge
ashy rufous ; " upper mandible dark brown, lower mandible and
gape fleshy pink ; nails and claws flesh-colour ; iris hazel-brown "
(Gates). Total length 3-5 inches, culmeu 0-45, wing 1-75, tail 1-15,
tarsus 0"7.

Females are different from the males in having the head and
upper tail-coverts fiilvous-brown, broadly streaked M'ith black ; the
nape and hind neck uniform fulvous-brown, shaded with ashy ;

11. CISTICOLA. 271

otherwise like the male. Total length 3-7 inches, culmcn 0-45,
•wing 1"7, tail 1-35, tarsus 0-7.

Young. With striped head like the female, but browner, with
blackish centres to the feathers, the hind neck also brown; rump
sandy rufous ; uriderueath pale yellowish.

Winter plumar/e (= C. exilis. Lath.). Above streaked, the
feathers black, edged with ashy fulvous or sandy buff on mantle ;
lower back and rump sandy rufous streaked with black ; wing-
coverts dusky blackish, externally edged with sandy rufous ; bastard
■wing dusky, externally washed ashy ; primary-coverts and quills
brown, edged with rufous-brown ; inner secondaries black, edged
all round with whitish ; upper tail-coverts sandy rufous, with broad
black longitudinal centres ; two central tail-feathers dull sandy
brown, with an indistinct subterminal bar ; remainder blackish,
washed externally with sandy brown and tipped with rusty fulvous ;
crown of head black, the feathers margined with sandy whitish ; nape
and hind neck more rufous, narrowly streaked with black, and form-
ing an indistinct collar; lores and feathers round eye whitish, with
a distinct eyebrow of rufous along sides of crown ; ear-coverts dusky
ash-brown, mottled with darker tips and whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks
yellowish, with tiny tips of dusky ; sides of neck sandy rufous like
eyebrow and hind neck ; throat, centx'e of breast, and abdomen,
whitish ; fore neck, sides of body, and flanks tawny buff, deeper on
thighs ; under taU-coverts tawny ; under wing-coverts and axU-
laries light tawny buff ; quills below dusky, ashy buff on their
inner webs. Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1-9,
tail 2-05, tarsus 0-75.

Mr. Gates collected a series of birds in Pegu, with the sexes care-
fully determined, from which it is perfectly evident that the full-
plumaged female is different from the male and has the head striped.
All birds collected by Mr. Gates in the month of April are in full
moult, from which it appears that before breeding in May they
change at least the greater part of their plumage. In one speci-
men, otherwise red-headed, Mr. Gates found a single dusky feather ;
and from that he suggested that the winter plumage of the adult
male was, in all probability, like that of the old female, a striped one.

Leaving Biirmah, and examining a scries from Australia, we find
the full-plumaged males with rufous heads, while the females have
striped heads ; but one skin shot by Mr. Goodwin in March on the
Eichmond river is moulting from the black-headed strii)ed stage
into the rufous-headed dress ; and there can be little doubt that the
winter plumage of loth sexes is blackish with streaked backs and
heads. The tail is longer, as in so many winter plumages of Cisticolce.

Viewed from the light of these determinations, the whole dif-
ficulty of the question of the various species vanishes. In Aus-
tralia C. ruficeps is the adult male, C. exilis is the bird in full winter
plumage, while C. isitra is only the square-tailed, summer-plumaged
female bird.

At first sight Formosan C. volitam^ and C ti/tleri from Assam
would appear diifcrcnt from C. rvjiccps by reason of their very

272

TIMELIID^.

much paler crowns, which are yellowish white. I think this pale
colour is only due to abraded breeding-plumage ; and it is certain
that a Cape-York bird matches them exactly. Blyth also noted
(Ibis, 18()5, p. 45) a bird in the Leiden Museum from Xew South
Wales which he remarked was C. tijtleri.

Hub. All over Australia, extending northwards through many
of the Papuan and Moluccan islands to the Philippines and
Formosa ; also occurring in the Malayan peninsida and throughout
the Burmese countries and Assam, extending into Eastern Bengal.
C. eri/throcephala from Coorg is also probably identical.

a,h. S ad. sk. Pegu. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

c, d, e,f, g, h. 6 Pegu. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

ad. sk.
», k, I, 771. $ ad. Pegu. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

sk.

Dr. J. Anderson [C.].
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1.
A. R. WaUace, Esq. [C.J.

A. R. Wallace, Esq. fC.].

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J.
(Tvpe of Cisticola rustica.^
0. C. Stone, Esq. [P.J.

Mr. A. Goldie [C.].

Rev. G. Brown [C.].
GodefFroy Museum.

Linnean Society. (Type
oi Malurus exilis, Lath.)
Gould Collection.
Eyton Collection.
Sir George Grey [P.].
Gould Collection.

Sir George Grey [P.J.
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.
Mr. A. P. Goodwin [C.J.

Mr. A. P. Goodwin [C.J.

Mr. A. P. Goodwin [C.J.

Mr. A. P. Goodwin [C.J.
Gould Collection.
n. Flower, Esq. [C.J.

Gould Collection.

Gould Collection.

J. Macgillivray, Esq. [P.J.

n. Ad. sk.

Sanda valley.

0. 5 ad. sk.

E. Java.

p,q. 6;r.'^ ad.

E. Timor. *

.sk.

a,t. (S ad. .1- juv.

Lombock.

sk.

M. Ad. sk.

Flores.

V. Imm. sk.

Bouru.

xc. Ad. sk.

Port Moresby, S.E. New

Guinea.

X. Ad. sk.

Astrolabe mountains, S.E.

New Guinea.

y. Ad. sk.

Duke of York Island.

z. S ad. sk.

New Bi-itain (Klein-

schmidt).

a'. Ad. sk.

Australia.

b'. Ad. sk.

Port Phillip.

c'. Ad. sk.

Port Phillip.

d', e'. Ad. sk.

South Australia.

f. Var. alb. ad.

South AustraUa.

sk.

g', A'. 2 ad. sk.

South Australia.

t'. k' Ad. sk.

New South Wales.

V, in'. Ad. sk.

East coast, Australia.

7i'. d" ad. sk.

Richmond river, Aug. 10,

1878.

o'. (S ad. sk.

Richmond river, March 10,

1878.

p', q'. (5 $ ad.

Richmond river, Sept. 11,

sk.

1878.

>•', s'. Ad. sk.

Richmond river.

f. Ad. sk.

Brisbane, Queensland.

m', v'. Ad. sk.

Queensland.

hiem.

w', x'. [ c? ? ] ad.

Moreton Bay.

sk.

y', z'. 2 ; a. c?

Moretou Bay.

ad. sk. hiem.

/9. Ad. sk. hiem.

Moretou Bay.

11. CISTICOLA. 273

y. Ad. sk. Cape York. Capt. Stanley [P.].

6, e. (S ad. sk. Cape York. F. D. Godman and O. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].

C, rj, 6, 1. Ad. sk. Cape York. F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

hiem. vin, Esqrs. [P.].

K, X. Juv. sk. Cape York. Gould Collection.

fi. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Gould Collection.

v. tj ad. sk. Mount Ernest, Torres J. MacgilUvray, Esq. [C.].

Straits.

^. Ad. sk. Pelican Island. J. MacgilliTraj, Esq. [C.].

22. Cisticola tinniens.

Malurus tinniens, Licht. 7 e?x. Samml. Kaffernl. p. 13, no. 70 (1842).
Drymoica levaillantii, Smith, 111. Zool. S. Aft: pi. 73. fig. 2 (1842) ;

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 1G3 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 283 (1850) ;

Gurney, Ibis, 1863, p. 324, 1865, p. 274 ; Lmjard, B. S. Afr. p. 90

(1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 197, no. 2737 (1869): Gurney in

Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 87 (1872).
Drymceca tinniens, Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 31 (1858).
Drymceca levaillantii, Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 291.
Drvmoica elegans, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 200, no. 2799 (1869, ex

Finsch ^- Hard. 31 S.) ; Finsch i^- Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 237,

note (1870).
Drymodyta tinniens, Sundev. At: Meth. Tent. p. 6 (1872).
Cisticola tinniens, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 265 (1876) ;

Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 408.

Adult female. Head and nape entirely rufous, with the exception
of the centre of the cro-vru, which is obscured by broad streaks of
dull black ; back black, slightly streaked with pale ashy buff, some
of the feathers edged with this colour ; the wing-coverts also black,
broadly edged with ashy tulvous slightly iucliuing to rufous ; quills
brown, broadly margiued with dull rufous, so that the external
aspect of the wing is of this colour ; the inner secondaries black like
the back, and margined in the same way with fulvous ; lower back
and upper tail-coverts black, with very broad margins of sandy or
rufous-bufl' ; tail-feathers brown in the centre, broadly margiued
^\"ith duU rufous, all but the two centre feathers having a broad bar
of blackish before a pale fulvescent tip, the outermost edged with
pale fulvous externally : lores and a very distinct eyebrow pale
rufous-buff : sides of face light fulvous, with a few whitish streaks
on the ear-coverts, the hinder margins of which incline to rufous like
the sides of the ueck ; throat and underparts generally fulvescent
as also the cheeks, on the latter beuig a few indications of dusky
tips to the feathers ; the chest and sides of the body darker and
more ashy fulvous ; the sides of the breast and flanks very broadly
streaked with black, extremely pronounced on the flanks ; nnder
tail-coverts uniform ashy fulvous ; thighs orange-rufous ; under
wing-coverts pale tawny buff ; " bill black, the lower mandible
reddish, but black at the extremity ; legs pale flesh-colour ; iris
brown " (Andirsson). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing
1-95, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-8.

VOL. VII. T

274 TIMELIIP.!!:.

The male is a little larger, and measures : — Total length 5-4
inches, wing 2'15, tail 2-55, tarsus 0-85.

Ohs. I have examined the type of D. elegans, which is preserved
in the Bremen Museum. I cannot admit the species to be distinct,
and believe it to bo only the female of D. levaillantii. I have com-
pared it with a Natal bird, and it agrees exactly in dimensions, but
the head and flanks are more thickly streaked with black. These
differences, however, are worthless for specific distinction, for in
nearly all Cisticolce the plumages vary between a uniform and a
striped head. In the present species, too, they seem to be of
particularly little value, as the head is as often nearly uniform as
streaked ; and in the breeding-plumage, where the general tone of
colour is more fulvous below, the streaks on the flanks are traced
with some difficulty.

A young bird, " taken from the nest " by Mr. Lucas, on the 7th of
April, 1877, is everywhere duller than the adult, and much more
rufous, the quills and their coverts being- externally broadly rufous,
while there is a strong shade of rufous on the rump, and the back
is pervaded with a rufescent tinge ; the head is nearly uniform
rufous, with a few, scarcely ])erceptible, dusky streaks on the centre
of the crown ; the under surface of the body is yellowish white, a
little more tawny buff on the flanks.

The ^/oimr/ after their first moult are similar in plumage to the
adult ; but can be told by the breadth of the light margins to the
feathers of the upper surface and of the tail-feathers and by the
general fidvescent tone of the underparts. The Ireeding-plumage
is gradually attained by the attrition of these margins, whence the
plumage becomes much darker, the back becoming gradually black
with sandy-buff edgings, producing a striped appearance. No rule
seems to guide the presence or absence of the blackish stripes on the
head, which seem to be always confined to the centre of the crown
and nape. Both sexes have them and want them occasionally ; nor
are they a sign of maturity, as young birds sometimes have them
very plainly marked, and sometimes show none at all.

The following are the measurements of an adult male from the

Transvaal : —

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.

rt. (5 . Potchefstroom, March 1877 47 2-11 215 08

Birds in winter ph;mage rather exceed the above, which is still
in its breeding-dress.

b. S hiem. Potchefstroom, July 1871. .5-5 2-2 2-5 0-8

c. 5 hiem. Potchefstroom, June 1876. 4-8 2-1 2-2o 0-8

Hah. The whole of South Afiica.

a. 6. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A.Smith [C.]. (Types

of C. levaillantii.)

11. CISTICOLA.

275

c. Ad. sk.

d. (S ad. sk.

p, /•. Ad. sk.
.9."^- 6 ? ad.

sk.
/. <S ad. sk.

A-. (j' imm. sk.

/. Jun. sk.

m. Ad. ,sk.
n. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
;>, y. d" , r, s. 2

ad. sk.
t. Pull. sk.

?<. c? ad. sk.

V, u: d 2 juv.

sk.
.r. 2 ad. sk.

y. Ad. sk.

South Africa {E. L.Layard).
Piquet Bay, Aug. 22, 1862

(C. J. Andevsson).
KiDgwilliamstown.
King-w-illiamstown, Jxuie 24,

1877.
Eland's Post, S.E. Africa

{T. a Afmore).
Pietermaritzburg, July 2,

1842 ( Wahlberg).
Newcastle, Juue 1 {F. Oates).

Natal.

Natal (T. Aip-es).
Transvaal (7". Ayres).
Potchefstroom, Juue 1876

( TV. Lucas).
Potchefstroom, April 7, 1877

{W.Lucas).
Potchefstroom, March 15,

1877 {W. Lucas).
Potchefstroom, May 10 & 17,

1877 ( W. Lucas).
Macamac, Oct. 187.S (T.

Ayres) .
Macamac, April 16, 1877

{T. Ayres).

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].
Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
Thomas Ayres, Esq. [C. I
J. H. Gurnev, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Dr. H. Exton [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].

J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].

23. Cisticola erythrogenys.

Sylvia (Cisticola) ei-ythrogenys, Eiipp. Neue Wirb. p. Ill (1835).
Drvmoica ervthrogenvs, Hiipp. &ysf. Uebers. p. 34, pi. 12 (1845) ;

'Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 103 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 284 (1850) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, uo. 2780 (1869).
Drvmoica rohusta, Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 35, Taf. 13 (1845) ; Des

Murs in Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss., Zool. i. p. 9 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B.

i. p. 163 (1848) ; Bji. CotiS2). i. p. 283 ( 1850) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers.

p. 22 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2775 (1869) ; Fimch,

Trails. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 322 (1870).
Drvmoica malzacii, Hcuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 22 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 199, no. 2793 (1869).
Cisticola (?) erythrogenys, Heugl. Syst. ITebers. p. 21 (1856).
Drvmoica bizonura, Heiiyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 22 (1856).
Drymoeca erythrogenys, Heuyl. Ibis, 1869, p. 95.
Drymoeca robusta, Heugl. Ibis, 18(i9, p. 99.
Drvmceca malzaei, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 100; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr.

1. p. 255 (1869), iv. App. p. Ixxiv (1871).
Cisticola erythrogenys, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 250 (1869), iv.

App. p. l.xxiii (1871).
Cisticola robusta, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 254 (1869), iv. App.

p. Ixxiv (1871).
Graminicola erythrogenys, Blanf. Geol. 6; Zool. Abyss, p. 375 (1870).
Graminicola robusta, Blanf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 375 (1870).

Adult. Head black, streaked with tawny-rufous margins to the
feathers ; the hind neck tawuy rufous, sparsely streaked with minute

t2

276 TIMELIIDJi:.

black spots ; entire back black, tbe feathers margined with ashy
fulvous or straw-yellow, the filarucnts long and hair-like on the
rump ; upper tail-coverts black, all broadly margined with ashy
fulvous ; wings black, all the coverts broadly margined with ashy
fulvous, more inclining to tawny buff on the greater series and on
the primary-coverts ; quills dark brown, externally edged with
tawnj- rufous, giving a very rufous aspect to the outer surface of the
wing; the secondaries black, margined all round with fulvous ; tail-
feathers dark brown, margined with fulvous-brown and tipped with
tawny buft', much more broadly on the outer feathers, before the tip
the colour deepening into black and forming a subterminal bar,
scarcely visible from above but very distinct below ; lores and a
broad eyebrow fulvous ; sides of neck rufesceut like the hind neck ;
cheeks and sides of face fulvous, the ear-coverts washed with ashy
brown and indistinctly waved with tiny cross bars of blackish ;
throat buffy white ; the rest of the under surface yellowish, deepening
into tawny yellow on the lower flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts ; sides of the body somewhat washed with brown, inclining
to greyish brown on the sides of the upper breast, where the plumes
have blackish bases ; under wing-coverts light tawny buff; lower
surface of the quiUs light brown, edged with rufous along the inner
web ; " bill dusky horn-colour, the lower mandible yellowish ; feet
reddish ; iris clear brown "' (ffeuglin). Total length 5-3 inches,
culmen 0"65, wing 3"05, tail 2'65, tarsus 1"1.

The female {I), erytlirofienys, lliipp.) is smaller than the mule
(D. robusta, Riipp.), and measures as follows : — Total length 5-2
inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-5, tail 2-3, tarsus 1"05.

The type of Drymoeca malzacii, Heugl.,is in the Vienna Museum,
and is certainly either the young or winter plumage of D. luguhris.
It is more yellow below, and has a much paler bill. On the upper
surface it is more fulvous than adult C. robusta, the edges to the
feathers being fulvous-brown, not ashy, and the hind neck is fulvous-
brown, not rufous. The ashy colour on the sides of the breast is
uniform, and not streaked with black as in the full-plumaged bird.

Hab. North-eastern Africa.

a. [ 2 1 ad. sk. Senafe, Abyssinia, Feb. 2o, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

1868.

b. [d] ad.* sk. Adi^rat, Alarch 24, 1868, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

8J00 feet.

24. Cisticola strangei.

Brvmoica strangei, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 16 ; Allen ^ Thomps.

Rvped. Niqer, ii. p. 490 (1848j ; B^h Consp. i. p. 284 (1850) ;

Slielley, Ibis, 1875, p. 380.
Drymnica stangeri, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 1<)3 (1848).
Drymoica fortirostris, Jard. i^- Fraser, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 60; Cass.

Pr. PJnlad. Acad. 1859, p. 37 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2757

(1869).

* Marked a female, but I tliink it is undoubtedly a male, from its size.

11. CISTICOLA. 277

Di-ymoeca fortirostris, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 56 (1857) ; id. J. f. O.

18G1, p. 110; Shelley if Buckley, Ibis,'lS72, pp. 267, 291 ; Beu/ien.

J. f. O. 1875, p. 45.
Drymceca \alida, Heui/l. J. f. 0. 1864, p. 258 (nee Blyth, nee Peters

MSS.). > ■ J >f J >

Drymceca pach\Thyncba, Heiir/l. Ibis, 1869, p. 1-30.

Cisticola pachyrhyncha, Hem/l. Ibis, 1869, p. 143 ; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr.

p. 262, tab. yii. (1869) ; id. op. eit. iy. p. Lxxy (1871).
Drymoica pachyrliyncha, Gray, Haml-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2773 (1869).
Dryinoica yalida. Gray, t. c. p. 200, no. 2802 ( 1869).
Drymoica sh-aogeri, Gray, f. c. p. 198, no. 2755 (1869).
Cisticola strangei, Shar2)e Sf Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 306

(1876).
Cisticola fortirostris, Cab. J.f. O. 1878, p. 222.

General colour above dusky brown, witb ashy margins to the
feathers of the back ; lower back and rump more uniform ashy ;
wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts and bastard-
wing feathers with ashy-fulvous margins: primaiy-coverts dusky
brown, narrowly edged with ashy fulvous : quills dark brown, with
ash}--fulvous margins to the secondaries, more rufous on the pri-
maries ; upper tail-coverts dark brown, margined with ashy ; tail-
feathers brown, with white shafts, margins more ashy, 'all the
feathers tipped with ashy whitish, before which is a broad bar of
black ; crown of head like the back ; lores huffy whitish, extending
over the eye and forming a short eyebrow; feathers round the eye,
ear-coverts, and cheeks huffy whitish, the upper and hinder edge of
the ear-coverts brown ; throat and under surface of the body yel-
lowish white ; sides of body and flanks a little more ashy fulvous ;
thighs very pale tawny buff; under taU-coverts clear " yellowish
white ; under ^ving-poverts and axillaries pale yellowish buff; quills
below ashy brown, inner edges light tawny rufous. Total length
b-o inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-7, tail 2-2, tarsus 1.

This species has a very distinct winter plumage, which is very
different from the dark phase described. It is .sandy rufous washed
with ashy, %vith very broad central streaks of black to all the feathers
of the upper surface, including the head. That the youmj bird
also commences its plumage in this tawnv phase seems to be
certain.

The type of Drymceca strangei in the liritish Museum is D. forti-
rostris of Jardiue, and it agrees with Eraser's short description ; but
the measurements are surely wrong as regards the wing, 4^ inches,
nearly equal to the entire length of the bird ; in reality the wing
measures 2-55 inches, so that there must be a misprint of a 4
for a 2.

The t}pe of Cisticola pachyrhyncha of Heuglin having been kindly
forwarded to me by Dr. Krauss, from the Stuttgardt Museum, I
have no hesitation in uniting it with C. strangei, of which it is a
specimen in breeding-plumage. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-5.5,
wing 2-6.5, tail 2, tarsus 1 •()>).

Hah. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo.

278 TTMELIID^.

a. Sunwier jjliimaye.

a, h. Ad. sk. Accra. L. Fraser, Esq. [C.]. (Type.s

oi D. strangd.)

c. Ad. sk. Accra. Governor Ussher [C.].

d, e, f. Ad. sk. Accra (J. Smifh). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
5^. Ad. sk. Accra {G.E.Shellei/). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

fj. Whiter plumage.

a, b. Ad. sk. Accra, Jan. 1880. Governor Ussher [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Accra, Feb. 7, 1872. Capt. Shelley [P.].

f?. Ad.; e. 9 iuv. sk. Laudana, Cono-o. Messrs. Lucan and Petit

[C.].

25. Cisticola natalensis.

Dryinoica natalensis, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 80 (1843) ;

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 103 (1848); Bp. Consn. i. p. 283 (1850);

Gurnep, Jbis, 1863, p. 324 ; Lcu/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 87 (1867) ;

Gurneij, Ibis, 1868, p. 155 ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 193, no. 2744

(1869) ; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 372 ; Shellei/, Ibis, 187-5, pp. 380, 381.
Drymoica curvirostris, Siindev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh.

1850, p. 104; Gurneij, Ibis, 18Q3, p. 323, 1865, p. 273 ; Layard, B.

S. Afr. p. 93 (1807) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 275 ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 198, no. 2747 (1869).
Drymoica chloris, Simdev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1850,

p. 104 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2765 (1869).
Drymreca curvirostris, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. 5. p. 30 (1871) ; Shelley,

iUs, 1875, pp. 380, 381.
Cisticola natalensis, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 261 (1876) ;

Shelley, Ibis,_ 1882, p. 253.
Cisticola cui-virostris, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 263 (1876) ;

id. in Oates's Matabele Land, App. p. 309 (1881).
Cisticola chloris, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 203 (1876).

Adult male in summer 'plumage (C. curvirostris). General colour
above brown, all the feathers margined with ashy buff, giving a
strikingly grey appearance to the U])per surface, the head more or
less uniform brown without dark mesial streaks ; the feathers of the
hinder neck slightly margined with sandy colour ; wing-coverts
brown, the edgings to the majority clear grey, the least and some
of the greater series margined with sandy ; quills dai-k brown, with
indistinct light tips, the primaries edged with rufous sandy, the
inner secondaries margined all round with light buff; rump and
upper tail-coverts nearly uniform greyish, the latter with dark
brown bases or centres to the feathers, giving a streaked mottled
appearance ; tail ashy brown, tipped with white and faintly mar-
gined with pale sandy ; the white tips indistinct on the two centre
feathers, which have a plain subterminal bar of black, as also have
all the other feathers ; lores yellowish white ; eyebrow greyish ;
sides of face dull white, the ear-coverts washed with greyish brown
and narroAvly streaked with white down the shaft ; sides of neck
greyish ; throat and centre of the body white, the sides dull tawny
yeUow, the upper breast laterally ashy browu ; thighs deep tawny.
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-85, tail 2-4, tarsus 1-15.

11. cisTicoLA. 279

Adult fenuile. Similar to the male, but much smaller. Total
length 4-8 inches, culmeu 0-6, wing 2-35, tail 2, tarsus 1-05.

Adult hiah ill winter plumcKjf (C. natalensis). General colour clear
tawny brown, with paler and more fulvous margins to the feathers
of the back ; all the upper surface broadly streaked with black down
the centre of the feathers, these black streaks slightly shaded on each
side with rufous ; wing-coverts dark brown, externally fulvous,
rather inclining to ashy buff on the median series ; primaries dark
brown, tipped with whitish, and externally sandy rufous ; the inner
secondaries blackish in the centre, edged all round with broad
margins of tawny buff; rump uniform ashy fulvous; iipper tail-
coverts tawny buff, mesially streaked with blackish ; the tail-
feathers dark brown, with margins of clear tawny buff, the centre
feathers paler at tip, with a faintly indicated subterminal bar of
black ; this subterminal bar very distinct and broad on all the other
feathers, which are conspicuously tipped with pale tawny buff, the
outermost feathers being externally edged with the latter colour,
and only having the black subterminal bar on the inner web ; lores
dull whitish ; feathers round the eye light fulvous, as also a very
faint eyebrow ; cheeks and sides of face yellowish buff, wi th a shade
of brown on the ear-coverts ; throat white, as also the centre of
the abdomen ; rest of under surface of body tawny yellow, browner
on the sides of the upper breast ; the under wing- and tail-coverts
tawny, the edge of the wing whitish ; quills ashy brown below, the
inner web rufous from the base upwards ; thighs deep tawny
rufous ; " bill yellow, the culmen black ; legs light brown ; iris dark
hazel " {Bucl-ley). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen O-To, wing 2-9,
tail 3-28, tarsus 1-2.

The female is smaller. Total length o*6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing
2-45, tail 2-7, tarsus 1-05.

It is evident that C. natalensis is nothing but the winter plumage
of C. curvirostris. The latter, as is usual with the genus C'isticola,
is more uniform in summer than in winter ; but the hen bird, even
in breeding-plumage, would seem to be always rather more striated
than the male.

The young bird resembles the winter plumage, but is always
distinguished by the yellow tint on the under surface. In May it
begins to assume the winter dress by a direct moult. In young
birds the bUl is more or less yellowish, and this character is pre-
served in the winter plumage of the adult. In the breeding-season
the bill becomes more or less black.

JJab. Natal, extending north into Matabele Land and the ila-
shoona country.

a. Sinnyner 2^lit')nage (C. curvirostris).
a. S ad. sk. Natal ( T. Ayres). J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].

h. Juv. sk. Pinetown {T. L. Atjres). P. P. Sharpo, Esq.

c. Ad. sk. Pinetown, April 30, 1874 P. B. Sharps, Esq.

{T. L. Ayres),

280 TiMELiiiu:.

/3. Winter plumage (C. natalensis).

a, b. S9. ad. sk. Natal (T. Ayres). J. H. Gurney,Esq. [P.].

e. S ad. sk. Natal {T. Ayres). J. II. Guruey, Esq. [P.].
d,e. S 2 ad. sk. Natal. Br. Giieinzius \_G.].

f. Ad. sk. Natal. T. Ayres, Esq. [C.].

g. S ad. sk. Natal ( T. Ayres). II. B. Sliarpe, Esq.
h. Ad. sk. Natal {T. Ayres). R. B. SLarpe, Esq.
/,^. Ad. sk. Natal. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Types of species.)
L Ad. sk. Tibakai's Pau {F. Ontes). W. E. and C. G. Gates,

Esqrs. [P.].

26. Cisticola lugu'bris.

Sylvia (Cisticola) liigubris, Miipp. Neue WirbeUh., Vog. p. Ill (1835

-40).
Drymoica lugiibris, Siipj). Syst. Uebers. p. 56, tab. xi. (1845) ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ; Bj). Cunsj}. i. p. 283 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l.

^.i. p. 198, no. 2752(1869).
Cisticola lugubris, Des Murs in Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss, p. 89 (1845) ;

Heuyl Syst. Uebers. p. 21 (1856); id. Ibis, 1869; p. 143; id. Orn.

N.O.-Afr. i. p. 251 (1868), iv. App. p. Ixxiii (1871).
Drymoica fulvifrons, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockholm,

i850, p. 104 ; Gray, Hand-l. IS. i. p. 199, no. 2770 (1869).
Drvmoica bizonura, Heuql. Syst. Uebers. p. 22 (1856).
Drymwca na-via, Hartl. 'Orn!W.-Afr. p. 56 (1857) ; id. J. f. 0. 1861,

p. 1 10 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 475 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 31 (1871) ;

SMley S( Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 287.
Drymoica nsevia, Cass. Br. Bhilad. Acad. 1859, p. 37 ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 190, no. 2786 (1869).
Cisticola isodactyla, Fcters, J. f. 0. 18G8, p. 132 ; Gray, Hand-l. B.

i. p. 200, no, 2819(1869).
Cisticola hiematocephala, Cab. in Von der Decken, Beis., iii. Zuol.

Aves, p. 23, tab. ii. fig. 2 (1869).
Drymoeca lugubris, Hevglin, Ibis, 1869, p. 101.
Drymoica isodactyla, Finsch l^ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 236 (1870).
Drymoica stulta, Finsch i^ Hartl. t. c. p. 235.
Cisticola fulvifrons, Sharjje, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 264 (1876).
Cisticola naevia, Sharpe 8f Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876,

p. 306; Bocage, Orn. Angola, -p. 551 (1881) ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat.
Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 189 (1882).
Cisticola amphilecta, Reichetiow, J.f. 0. 1875, p. 44.

Adult. General colour above ashy grey, broadly streaked with
black centres to the feathers; rump uniform ashy grey; wing-coverts
ashy grey with blackish centres, the median and greater coverts
slightly washed with rufous on their outer webs ; bastard-wing
feathers dusky, externally ashy fulvous, the outermost whitish
along the outer web ; primary-coverts dusky, with a narrow edging
of ashy rufoiis ; quilJs dusky, externally rufous, forming a conspi-
cuous wing-patch ; inner secondaries black, externally edged with
ashy whitish along the inner web ; upper tail-coverts ashy grey,
slightly fulvescent on the margins and with faint dusky centres ;
tail-feathers ashy brown, slightly greyer on the edges and tipped
with ashy brown, before which is a broad subterminal band of black;

11. CISTICOLA. 281

outer feathers tipped with white ; crown of the head a little more
ashy fiilvous than the back, slightly rufescent on the forehead ; lores
and feathers round the eye yellowish white, extending above the
eye ; in front of the eye a dusky spot ; ear-coverts and cheeks yel-
lowish white, the former browner on their ujiper and hinder margins ;
throat and under surface of the body pale yellowish, the abdomen
a little whiter ; sides of the body and flanks washed with ashy ;
sides of the upper breast dark ashy grey ; thighs light tawny ; under
tail-coverts very pale tawny butf ; under wing-coverts very pale
tawny buff ; axillaries whiter ; quills light brown below, inner edges
rufescent. Total length 5-4 inches, culmen U"6, wing 2'35, tail 2-1,
tarsus 0"95.

The specimen above described is an adult bird in full plumage
from the Gold Coast.

Young. Much more yellow underneath than the adult and more
sandy coloured above, as the rump is sandy brown and the feathers
of the back are edged with sandy buff instead of ashj^ grey ; the
hind neck, too, is sandy ; the head is streaJced liJce the back, the centres
of the feathers being blackish brown, the edges sandy buff ; under-
neath, the yellow tinge is very strong.

The head even iji fully adult birds is often slightly mottled with
dusky ; but beyond the fact that the young bird is decidedh/ streaked
on the crown, I have not been able to establish that the uniform
head is a sign of old age alone, as specimens undoubtedly adult are
found both with perfectly uniform as well as with slightly mottled
heads ; the latter may, however, be in winter plumage. The colour
of the crown also varies from ashy brown to j)ale fulvous or even
rufous-brown ; and even C. ampMlecta of Reichenow, the type of
which has been kindly lent to me by Dr. Peters, seems to me to be
only a more than usually rufous example of C. ncevia. The sides
of face, rump, and especially the lower tail-coverts are very rufous,
but the latter are approached in tint by some of the specimens in
the British Museum.

The specimen of C. hic/uhris lent to me by Dr. Krauss, from the
Stuttgardt Museum, is undoubtedly the same as the West-African
C. ncevia. It is either a young or winter-] dum aged specimen.

The East-African bird seems to me to be inseparable from the
true C. ncevia. The type of C'inticola isodact>/la, Peters, kindly lent
me by the original describer, is very similar to "West-African speci-
mens, but has the crown of head nearly uniform rufous, forming a
distinct cap. This is not always strongly defined in "West-African
birds, which often have the nape of the same colour as the hind
neck. Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0-5o, wing 2-05, tail 1-9,
tarsus 0"1).

A female (Mombasa ; Dr. Fischer) measures : — Total length 4-.5
incliCi. culmen 0-55, wing 1'95, tail 1-65, tarsus O-So.

In South Africa the colours are somewhat paler ; but the species
usually known as C. fidvifrons cannot be specifically separated from
C. Ingubris. It is perfectly identical with C. isodactijJa of Peters.

An adult female from S.E. Africa has the head pale rufous, inclining

282 TIMELIID.T,

to ashj browu on the nape ; the back and scapulars ashy brown, espe-
cially the mantle, the rest broadly black in the centre of the feathers,
some of which are edged with sandy buff; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts ashy grey, the latter rather more dusky, with
slightly paler edges ; lores and a faint eyebrow bufJy white ; ear-
coverts very pale fulvous-brown, clearer buff on the lower parts
adjoining the cheeks, which are yellowish ; throat and centre of
abdomen white ; breast whitish, washed with pale yellow, the flanks
slightly shaded with ashj- brown ; thighs tawny ; under wiug-coverts
whitish, with a pale wash of fawn-colour; bill dusky ; tarsi and feet
pale ; iris light reddish brown. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 2'1, tarsus 0'95.

The male is somewhat larger, measuring as follows : — Culmen 0-(J,
wing 2"35, tarsus 1.

Hah. West Afi-ica from the Gambia to the Congo districts. N.E.
Africa, extending along the eastern coast to Natal.

a. Ad. sk. Bissao {Beaudouin). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

b. Ad. sk. Cape Verde, Senegambia. M. L. Laglaize [0.].
e. Ad. sk. Fantee {A. Swanzy). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
d,e,f,g. Ad. sk. Fautee {Governor UssJier). E.. B. Sharpe, Esq.
h, I. Juv. sk. Fantee (Governor Uss/ier). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
k. Ad. sk. Elmina, April 1872 (H. F. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Blissett).

/, >n. Ad. sk. Accra. Governor Ussher [C.].

n. Ad. sk. Denkera [Aubinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

0, Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq.

p. Ad. sk. River Volta ( Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

q. 2 *id. sk. Landana, Congo. MM. Lucan & Petit

[C.].

r. 2 ad. sk. Natal, December. Dr. Gueinzius [C,].

s. $ ad. sk. Natal. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

t. Ad. sk. S.E. Africa. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

27. Cisticola ruficeps.

Malurus ruficeps, Cretzschm. in Riipp. Atlas, p. 54, tab. 36 a (1820).
Di-ymoica ruficeps, Bujjp. Syst. Uebers. p. 66 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B.

i. p. 16.3 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 283 (1850) ; Vierth. Nau7n. 18.52,

p. 45 ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 37 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. \.

p. 199, no. 2779 (1869).
Drymoica scotoptera, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh.

1850, p. 129 ; Gray, Hand-l. B'.i. p. 198, no. 2763 (1869) ; Heuyl.

Ibis, 1869, p. 104; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 259 (1869).
Drymoica fulvescens, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fbrh. Stockh.

1850, p. 129 ; Gray, Hund-l. B.i. p. 198, no. 2764 (1869) ; Heuyl.

Ibis, 1869, p. 104 ; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 260 (1869).
Cysticola ruficeps, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 22 (1856).
Drymoica leucopygia, Heuql. Syst. Uebers. p. 22 (1856) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2794 (1869).
Drvmoeca ruficep.s, Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 110; Hewjl. Ibis, 1869,

p. 103 ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 30 (1871) ; Antin. S,- Salvad. Viagg.

Bogos,-p. 108 (1873).
Drjmceca cordofan^ Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 105.

11. CISTICOLA. 283

Drymoeca leucopygia, Hetigl. t. c. p. 104.

Drymoica cordofana, Gray, Haiid-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2795 (1869).

Cisticola leucopygia, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 259, iv. App. p. Ixxiv

(1809-71).
Cisticola cordofana, Heugl. t. c. i. p. 2G0 (1869).
Cisticola ruficeps, i/twy/. /6/s, 1869, p. 143; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i.

p. 2-58, iv. App. p. Ixxiv (1876-71).
Cistodyta scotoptera, Stindev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 6 (1872).

Adult. General colour above pale brown, streaked on the back
and scapulars, the feathers edged with whity brown or pale fulvous ;
the lower back and rump uniform dark brown ; wing-coverts light
brown, with paler brown edges, a little more rufescent on the greater
series ; quills and primary-coverts dark brown, externally rufous,
with pale fulvescent edges, broader and lighter on the secondaries ;
upper tail-coverts clear rufous ; tail-feathers dark brown with rufes-
cent edges, all tipped with white, before which is a subterniinal
blackish shade, the centre feathers light brown with rufescent mar-
gins ; crown of head and nape uniform rufous, the hind neck very
pale fulvous, lighter than the back ; lores and eyelid yellowish white ;
ear-coverts dusky pale rufous, with pale shaft-lines ; cheeks and
under surface yellowish buff, whiter on the chin and centre of the
abdomen ; thighs more tawny ; under tail-coverts yellowish bufif ;
on the lower flanks the feathers long and silky, and of a pale fulvous
or white colour ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish buff;
quills brown below, whitish along the edge of the inner web ; bill
clear rufous, darker at the tip and on the culmen ; feet i-eddish
3-ellow ; iris clear brown. Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0'45,
wing 2-25, tail I'D, tarsus 0-85.

Obs. The type of Drymceca leucojjyyia of Heuglin is a damaged
specimen of C rnjiceps in the Vienna Museum. The rump having
been shot away, the long silky white feathers of the lower flanks
have been pulled over on each side, so that the bird looks as if it
had a white rump, which is not really the case.

Hah. North-eastern Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Southern Nubia (Kofschy). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

28. Cisticola subruficapilla.

Drymoica subruficapilla, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 76. fig. 2
(1843); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ;"i>/;. Consp. i. p. 283
(1850) ; Gtirney, P. Z. S. 1^64, p. 2; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 91,
no. 160 (1867) ; Gray, JIand-l. B. i. p. 197, no. 2739 (1869).

Drymoica chiniana, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 79 (184;1) ;
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 283 (1850) ; Giir-
ney. Ibis, 1864, p. 2 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 91, no. 158 (1867) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2743 (1869).

Cisticola campestris, Gould, I'. Z. S. 1845, p. 20.

Cisticola magna, Gould, B. Aiisfr. fnl. iii. pi. 41 (1848); Bp. Consp.
i. p. 287 (1850) ; Gould, Ilandb. B. Austr. i. p. 349 (1865)*.

* Cf. Salv. Strickl. Cat. p. 54 (1882).

284 TIMELllD^.

Drvmoica procerula, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stuckh.

iS-JO, p. 104.
Drvmoica obscm-a, Sundev. t. e. p. 103 ; Grai/, Ha?id-l. B. i. p. 199,

no. 2768 (1869).
Drymoeca levaillantii, SiricM. i^- Scl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 64 (nee

Smith).
Dmuoica cantans, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 22 (1856) ; Grm/, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 199, no. 2790 (1869).
PDrymoica lugubris, Heugl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 194.
Cisticola procera, Peters, J.f. O. 1868, p. 132; Sharps, ed. Layard

B. S. Afr. p. 275 (1876).
DrymcEca subruficapilla, Layard, Ibis, 1868, p. 244; Sharpe, Cat.

Afr. B. p. 30 (1871) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. SI

(1872) ; id. Ibis, 1873, p. 254; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 71.
Drymoeca virgata, Heuyl. Ibis, 1869, p. 106.
Drymoica prucera, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 200, no. 2820 (1869).
Drymoica virgata, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 200, no. 2797 (1869).
Drymoeca cantans, Heuyl. Ibis, 1869, p. 96.
Drymoeca striolata, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 262 (1869), iv.

App. p. Ixxiv (1871).
Cisticola cantans, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 252 (1869).
Gramiuicola levaillantii, Blanf. Geol. Sf Zool. Abyss, p. 375 (1870,

tied Smith).
Drymoeca levaillantii, Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 322 (1870, ex

Blanf. ut supra).
Drymoica procera, Finsch Sf Hartl. Voy. Osf.afr. -p. 233 (1870).
Drymoica lais, iid. t. c. p. 237 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 200,

no. 2800 (1869, ex F. c^ H. MSS.).
Drymoica rufilata, Hartl. in Finsch ^ Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 238

(1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 200, no. 2801 (1869, ex F. ^ H.

MSS.) ; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 87 (1872).
Cisticola levaillanti (wee Smith), Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. App.

p. Ixxiii (1871, ex Blanf. ut supra).
Drjnnoeca cliiuiana, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 30 (1871) ; Ayres, Ibis,

1871, p. 151; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 86 (1872);

Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 373 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 425.
Drymoeca isodactyla (nee Peters), Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 712; id.

ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 269 (1876).
Cisticola subruflcapiLla, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 266 (1876).
Ci.sticola lais, Sharpe, t. e. p. 270 (1876).
Cisticola obscura, Sharpe, t. e. p. 275(1876).
Cisticola cbiuiana, Sharp)e, t. e. p. 268 (1877); Ayres, Ibis, 1878,

p. 290, 1880, p. 101 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 253.
Cisticola rufilata, Sharpe, t. c. p. 269 (1876).
Drymoica bolubi, Von Pelz. in Holub, Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 76, pi. i.

(1882).
Cisticola isodactyla, Sharpie (nee Peters), t. e. p. 269 (1876).
Drymoeca lais, Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 55 (1882).

Adult male. Above ashy brown, all the feathers of the back
streaked down the centre with black ; the head rufous with less
distinct mesial streaks of black, becoming still more obscure on the
hind neck, where the rufoiis shades off into the ashy grey of the
back : wing-coverts dark brown, margined with the same ashy grey
as the back, the greater series faintly washed with rufous ; quills
dull brown, externally edged with rufous, the inner secondaries

11. CISTICOLA. 285

margined all round with ashy grey ; tail rufous-brown, margined
■with fulvous, tipped Avith dull white or rufous, before which is a
distinct bar of black on all except the two centre feathers ; lores
and a narrow eyebrow dull white ; round the eye a tiny ring of
buff feathers ; sides of face dull white, browner on the ear-coverts ;
entire under surface of body dirty white, the sides of the body and
under tail-coverts ashy brown, the breast with a few small spots of
brown ; thighs tawny buff ; under wing-coverts buffy white, the
lower surface of the wing broadly edged with rufous along the inner
web. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-05, tail 2-2,
tarsus 0*7.

The bird above described is a male in breeding-plumage (=C.
subriificapilla of Smith). The head in the breeding-dress appears to
have always some blackish streaks on the crown.

At present I have not seen an example, the female sex of which
has been ascertained by dissection in the breeding-season.

The yowig bird is browner than the adult, without the grey
mantle, and is always very distinctly and broadly streaked with
dark brown ; the under surface is yellowish, with triangular spots
of dusky on the breast, inclining to linear streaks on the flanks.
After its first moult the male bird loses the spots on the breast, and
is more of a yellowish-buff colour underneath, and has a more di-
stinct rufous forehead ; the female after the first moult, however,
appears not to lose the streaks on the breast so soon as the male,
and is much more thickly and distinctly streaked with black above.
The advlts in full winter plumage (:=C. isoclaetyla, Sharpe, nee
Peters) are more reddish brown above, with the streaks less strongly
pronounced ; the head is nearly uniform rufous, the eyebrow f'ul-
vesccnt, and the underparts strongly washed with fulvous.

Adult female in winter plumage. General colour above fulvous-
brown, almost tawny, -n ith indistinct mesial streaks of darker brown
on the back and scapulars ; the upper tail-coverts and rump uniform;
crown uniform tawny rufous, shading off into the brown of the
back ; outer scapulars and least wing-coverts shaded with grey, the
centres of the feathers dark brown, the greater series and primary-
coverts dark brown, bi'oadly edged with fulvous ; quills dark brown,
externally margined with rufous, the inner secondaries edged all
round with fulvous ; tail rufous-brown, fulvous at tip, with a sub-
terminal bar of black, very distinct on all excepting the two centre
feathers, where it is only obscurely indicated ; lores and a faint line
above the eye yellowish white ; round the eye a circlet of buff ;
cheeks and sides of face yellowish white ; the ear-coverts marked
with brown, especially on the hinder margin ; imder surface of body
pale tawny yellow, deeper on the flanks, the sides of the upper breast
washed with ashy brown : the throat and centre of the belly whitish ;
thighs bright tawny ; under wing-coverts pale tawny, the lower
series ashy brown at tip ; the lower surface of the quills brown,
margined with rufous along the inner web ; bill (in skin) horn-brown,
the lower mandible yellowish ; feet deep yellow in skin. Total
length 4-7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-1, tail 2-] 5, tarsus 0-85.

286 TIMELIID^..

The above description is taken from a female killed in Damara-
land by Mr. Anderssou on the 12th April, 1865, Two other dissected
females also obtained by him agree in dimensions. A male shot at
Elephant Vley on 5th of August, 1859, has the wing 2-1 and the
tail 1-95. Young birds of both sexes after their first moult are the
C. lais of Finsch and Hartlaub.

As in the case of many Cisticolw the tail-feathers are longer in
winter than iu summer — a male in the C.-lais plumage having the
tail 2-45, while a female has it 2-3.

Young in winter plumnge (type of C. lais). Above fulvous-brown,
very broadly streaked with black, the margins to the dorsal feathers
rather rufescent : head and hinder neck more rufous than the back,
the blackish stripes miicli less distinct and indeed almost obsolete on
the nape and hinder neck ; rump uniform fulvous- brown ; the upper
tail-coverts also with very faint mesial streaks of blackish ; wing-coverts
ashy fulvous with dark-brown centres, the greater series more shaded
with rufous externally ; quills dark brown, broadly edged with,
rufous externally so as to give a rufous aspect to the wings ; the
margins of the secondaries paler and more fidvescent ; tail rufescent
brown, lighter rufous on the margins, the two centre feathers with-
out any subterminal black mark and irregularly waved across with
di;sky bars under certain lights ; all the other feathers with a broad
black subterminal bar, the tips being fulvescent, this pale ending
being more distinct on the outer plumes and forming a margin to
the last rectrix ; lores and feathers round the eye yellowish buif,
forming a tolerably distinct eyebrow ; sides of face ashy fulvous, the
ear-coverts rather browner with obsolete dusky tips to the feathers;
cheeks fulvous ; chin and centre of the body white ; the throat and
sides of the body tawny fulvous, clearer on the thighs, the flanks
slightly shaded with brown ; under wing- and tail-coverts tawny
buff; bill brown, yellowish at the base of the under mandible ; legs
yellowish. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-1, tail 2-35,
tarsus 0-75. {Mas. Brem.)

In the above stage of plumage the head is frequently of the same
colour as tbe back, though the latter often gives an indication of the
approaching grey back characteristic of the fully adult bird. Below,
the younrj hirds in u'inter plumage are of a deeper ochraceous buff
than at any other time of their life.

C. chiniana is nothing more than a large race of C. subntjicapilla,
with a general tendency to a more uniform rufous crown.

Adult male of larger race in Irecding-plunwge. Head and na])e
uniform rufous ; back ashy brown, with dark-brown centres to the
feathers, the scapulars more grey ; wing-coverts coloured like the
back, with pale fulvous margins to the feathers ; quills dark brown,
externally margined with rufous, becoming paler towards the tips of
the feathers, especially of the primaries, the innermost secondaries
edged all round with ashy fulvous ; tail light brown, slightly rufes-
cent, the two centre feathers darker brown with fulvous margins,
and tipped with pale fulvous, the outer ones with white, all having
a blackish subterminal bar ; lores yellowish buff, as also a ring of

11. CISTICOLA. 287

feathers round the eye ; feathers over the eje fulveseeiit, but not
forming a very distinct eyebrow ; ear-coverts greyish brown, with
narrow whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks, throat, and underparts white,
the flanks somewhat washed with fulvous-grey, the sides of the
upper breast greyish brown ; thighs tawny buff : under wing-coverts
also pale tawny buff; lower surface of cpiills brown, the edge of the
inner web pale rufous ; bill brown, the lower mandible lighter ; feet
very light brown ; iris light hazel. Total length 5-G inches, culmen
0-55, wing 2-G, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-9.

The description is taken from a specimen collected by Mr. T. E.
Buckley in Bamangwato on the 10th of June, 1873.

The winter ph(ma()e is, as usual the case with these Warblers,
much more mealy in appearance, the feathers not being abraded,
but having broad fulvescent margins to the feathers ; the head is
always lighter, but the colour of the back varies from greyish to
fulvous-brown, the mesial black streaks, however, being always
distinct. In winter the breast and sides of the body are light tawny
buff, leaving the throat and centre of the belly more conspicuously
■white.

A series of male specimens obtained by Mr. Andersson give the
following measurements : — Total length 4'8-.5-3 inches, culmen O'o5-
0-6, wing 2-4-2-65, tail 2-5-2-75, tarsus 0-9-0-95.

Females measure : — Total length 4-7-5-2 inches, culmen 0-5-0'55,
wing 2-1-2-15, tail 2-25-2-45, tarsus 0-85.

The only character by which C. chiniana could ever be separated
from C. svhruficaj^nUa is by the larger bill, which measures 0"35
from the anterior dejiression of the nostril to the tip of the biU,
while C. suhriiJicapUJa has it 0'25. Intermediate specimens, how-
ever, are found which render it impossible to do more than consider
C. chiniana a race of the Cape bird.

In Ireeding-plumafie the feathers become so abraded that the
ashy colour almost disappears from the mantle, the brown central
streaks are nearly obsolete, and the head becomes rufescent brown,
so that there is very little difference in the colour of head and back.
In this plumage it is C. proccra of Peters, the type of which I here-
with describe : —

Adult (type of C procera). General colour above light brown,
a little washed with ashy on the back, with indistinct centres of
slightly darker brown : the wing decidedly more ashy : wing-coverts
light brown, margined with ashy, slightly tinged with rufous on the
greater series ; bastard-wing feathers brown, edged with dull whitish;
primary-coverts and quills brown, edged externally with very pale
rufous, lighter towards the end of the quills, and ashy on the outer
web of the inner secondaries ; upper tail-coverts light brown, edged
with ashy fulvous : tail-feathers light brown, barred across with
dusky under certain lights, all tipped with ashy fulvous, and having
a distinct subtcrminal bar of blackish brown, the tips to the outer
feathers whiter; crown of the head and nape dull rufous-brown, a little
clearer on the forehead ; lores and feathers round the eye yellowish
white ; car-coverts pale reddish, with whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks

288 Ti.uEUiD.i';.

and imder surface of the body dull 3'ellowish white ; sides of the
body and flauks slightly tinged with fulvescent ; thighs pale tawny ;
under tail-coverts yellowish white ; uuder wing-coverts very pale
fulvous ; axillaries whiter ; quills below ashy brown ; inner edge of
quills pale rufous. Total length 4-4 inches, culnien 0-55, wing 2'6,
tail 2-2, tarsus 0-9.

Of Cisttcola cantans I have examined two of the typical speci-
mens in the Museums of Stuttgardt and Vienna ; it is the large form,
and identical with C cJiiniana of South Africa.

In Damara Land a peculiarly rufous form occurs (C. nifilata,
Hartl.). I have seen one other specimen besides the type, of which
I give a full description.

Adult nude of rufous race. Above sandy brown, the dorsal feathers
mesially dark brown, giving a slightly streaked appearance, these
streaks shaded with rufous on each side, imparting a rufous appear-
ance to the back ; head and neck uniform light chestnut ; wing-
coverts light brown, washed and tipped with ashy fulvous, the median
series with obsolete indications of a I'ufesceut streak near the tip ;
quills brown, externally edged with pale rufous, especially near the
base of the primaries, the margins to the inner secondaries paler ;
rump uniform sandy brown ; upper tail- coverts pale rufous, with
lighter buff margins ; tail light chestnut, all the feathers tipped with
huffy white, before which is a blackish-brown subterminal bar, the
two centre feathers much more narrowly tipped, and the subterminal
bar very indistinct ; lores and a very well-marked eyebrow dull
white ; sides of face yellowish, the upper margin of the ear-coverts
inclining to chestnut; cheeks and throat dull white ; rest of under
surface of the body yellowish ochre, darker on the sides and much
lighter down the centre ; thighs pale chestnut ; under wing- and
tail-coverts yellowish ochre ; inner lining of quiUs ashy brown, mar-
gined with rufous along the inner web ; bill dark brown, the under
mandible yellowish ; feet yellowish. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen
0-55, wing 2-3, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-95. {AIus. Brem.)

Hah. The greater part of Africa, excepting the west coast above
the Quanza river.

A. iSmall Race.
a. D. suhrujlcapdla, Smith.

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. (Type

of species.)

b, c, d. Imm. sk. South Africa (Laijard). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

e. [Jhiem.] sk. Berg river [Lm/ard). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

f. S iiuui. sk. Cape Town, Sept. 17, 1865 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(C. J. Andcrsson).

g. Imm. sk. Cape Town, Nov. 16, 1865 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(C. J. A.),
h. c? juv. sk. Kuysna. C. J. Andersson, Esq. [C] ,

i. Juv. sk. Knvsna, Feb. 7, 1866 (C. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

J. A.).
k. (5 ad. sk. Piquet Bay, Aug. 22, 1862 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(G /. A.).

11. CISTICOLA. 289

I, VI. Inim. sli. George (T. Atmore). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

n. cJ ad. sk. Koma<igos, Little Namaqua E. B. Sliai-pe, Esq.

Laud, July 27, 18(32 {C.

J. A.)

j8. C. lais, F. & H. (=juv. iu ptil. hiem.).

0. (S hiem. sk. Kingwilliamstown, May 28, Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].

1877 ( C. Newly).
p.\^6 liiem.] sk. Kiugwilliamstowu,June 25, Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].

1877 (C Neiobi/).
q. $ hieui. sk. Pinetown, Natal, May 27 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{T. L. At/res).
r. (S liiem. sk. Potchefstroom, July 1876 Dr. Exton [P.].

{ W.Lucas),
s, t. (S hiem. sk. Potchefstroom, May 1877 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

( W. Lucas),
u, V. (^ ^ hiem. Macamac, Jiiue and July J. H. Guruey, Esq. [P.].
sk. 1874 ( T. L. Ayres).

y. Ad. in ptil. hiem. (=(7. isodactyla, Sharpe, nee Peters).

ID. 2 hiem. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara Land, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.

Feb. 9, 1801 (C. J. A.).
X. $ hiem. sk. Otjipatna, Jidy 18, 1866 (C. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

J. A.).
y. Ad. st. Damara Land. C. J. Andersson,Esq. [C.].

z. $ hiem. sk. Ondouga, March 27, 1869 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{C.J. A),
a'. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (^Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped.

B. Large Race (C. chiuiana).
Z. Ad. in ptil. sestiv. {=G. jprocera, Peter8, = C. cantans, Heugl.),

a. Juv. sk. Weenen, Natal {Arnold), R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P-]-

b, c. J ad. ; d. Transvaal {T. Ayres). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.
var. sk.

e. d;f,ff- 2 ad. Tati, Matabele Land, March W. E. & C. G. Gates, Esqrs,

sk. 1874 (F. Oates). [P.].

h. Ad.sk. Bet^Yeen Sibanane and Ta- W.E.&C.G. Oates, Esqrs.

masauka, Dec. 9, 1874 [P-]-

{F. Oates). ^

i. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi {Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped.

k. Ad. sk. Otiimbinque, Dec. 20, 1862 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

\C. J. A.).

1. 2 ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Feb. 9, 1861 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l.

iC.J.A.).
m,n. (S 2 ad. sk. Otjimbinque, March 1866 R. B, Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.

{C.J. A.).
0. cJ ad. sk. Omaruru river, Nov. 7, 1868 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

{CJA.).
jy. S ad. sk. Swakop river, Feb. 1, 1864 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(C. J. A.).
q. 2 ad. sk. Oudonga, Jan. 22, 1867 ( C. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

J. A.).

VOL. VII. U

200 TTMEI.IID.'E.

;•. 2 ad. sk. Taita, E. Africa, Feb. 1;3, J. M. Hildebrandt [C.].

1870.
s. Ad. sk. Mombas ( Wakefield). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

<. Ad. sk. Senaf^, Abyssinia, Feb. 23, W. T.Blanford,Esq.[P.].

1808.
u. Ad. sk. Quilombo, Angola {A. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Heath),
r. Ad. sk. Angola. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.].

e. Ad. in ptil. hiom. ( = C. cMniana, Sm.).

w. <S fid. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara Land, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

June 18, 1866 (C. J. A.),
.r. (S ad.sk. Otjimbinque, Damara Land, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Aug. 25, 1860.
y, s. c? ? ad. Elephant Vley, Aug. 1859 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

sk. {C.J. A.),

a' ,i' , c' . (S ; d' ,e' . Swakop river, April 1865 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

2ad.sk. {C.J. A.),

f. (S ad. sk. Otjipatna, July 18, 1866 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

{CJA.).
</'. (5 ad. sk. Damara Land, July 12, 1866 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

{C.J. A.).

12. CHTHONICOLA.

Type.
"Chthonicola, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 35 C. sagittata.

Range. Australia.

1. Chthonicola sagittata.

Streaked Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn., Suppl. ii. p. 247 (1801)'.
Sylvia sagittata. Lath. Lnd. Om., Suppl. ii. p. liv (1801).
Anthus minimus, Vig. fy Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 230 (1837).
Chthonicola minima, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 34; id. B. Austr.iol,

iii. pi. 72 (1848) ; Eeichenb. Vog. Keuholl. p. 295 (1850).
Calamanthus strigatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 104 (1848).
Chthonicola sagittata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 280 (1850) ; Gould, Handb.

B. Austr. i. p. 390 (1865) ; Ra-)nsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.

ii. p. 186 (1878).
Calamanthus sagittatus. Gray, nand-l. B. i. p. 204, no. 2875 (1869).

Adult. General colour above light olive-greenish mottled with
brown, the feathers brown in the centre, edged with olive-greenish ;
rump olivaceous buff; upper tail-coverts olive; wing-coverts brown
margined with olive, paler on the greater coverts ; quiUs browTi,
narrowly edged with whity brown, olive on the secondaries; centre
tail-feathers brown, shaded with darker brown down the middle of
the feathers ; remainder of tail-feathers brown, edged with olive,
becoming black towards the end of the tail, which i.s tipped with
white ; head and nape brown, the forehead and crown mesially
streaked with whity brown ; lores, feathers round the eye, and a
slight eyebrow, as well as the sides of the face and ear-coverts whitish,
the latter slightly shaded with brown ; along the side of the hinder

13. ACANTHIZA. 291

cro^Ti a black streak just above the ear-coverts ; cheeks white ;
under surface of bodj- pale yellowish streaked with black, the streaks
broader on the breast and sides of the body ; lower abdomen and
under tail-coverts uniform yellowish ; axillaries yellowish ; under
wing-coverts brown ; under surface of quills light brown, whitish
along the edge of the inner web ; " bill brown ; feet fleshy brown ;
iris straw-yellow" (Goidd). Total length 4*75 inches, culmen 0-4,
wing 2'35, tail 1"8, tarsus 0-75.

Hab. Victoria, South Australia, and New South Wales, extend-
ing along the east coast as far as the Wide-Bay district.

a, b. Ad. sk, Australia. Linnean Society [P.].

(T\-pes of A. mtfiimus.)

c. Ad. sk. Australia. Baron Laugier.

d. Ad. sk. Australia, J. Gould, Esq. [C.].

<■, f. Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. F. D. Godman and 0.

Cockerell). Salvia, Esqrs. [P.].

g. Ad. St. AustraHa. Sir T. MitcheU [P.].

13. ACANTHIZA*.

Type.
Acanthiza, Vig. 8f Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 224

(1827) A. nana.

Geobasileus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 32 (1850) .... A. chiysorrhoa.

Range. Australia and Tasmania.

Key to the Sjiecies.

a. Band on tail strictly subterminal, and not equal
to basal half of tail.
a'. Throat rufescent, streaked with whitish shaft-
lines ; upper surface uniform olive-green. . . . nana, p. 292.
. b'. Throat ashy white or yello\\-ish white.

a". Head like back, with the exception of the
scalj^ feathers on the forehead.
a'". No perceptible dusky streaks on the
throat and breast, which are plain
whitish ; upper tail-coverts ding^' olive-
brown, but not strikingly different from

the back inornata, p. 293,

h'". Throat and breast perceptibly streaked
with dusky black ; upper tail-coverts
reddish, contrasting with the upper parts
of the bodv.

* ACANTUIZA BUCHANASI.

Acanthiza buchanani, Vig. cf- Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 227 (1827);
Grat/. Gen. BA. p. 189(1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 292 (1850); Gray,
Hand.l. B. i. p. 219, no. 2121 (1869).

This species, described with the following characters, "rectricibus nigris, uro-
pygio poccineo," can scarcely be a true Acanthiza. It appears to he a femule of
Ephthinnura incolor.

r2

292 TIMELIIDJ5.

a'. No white ti|,s to tail-feathers; forehead
pale rufous, with dusky-brown tips to
the feathers.
a\ Smaller: bill 0'45 inch ; colour above
light olive-greenish ; abdomen pale
yellow; ilanka light fulvous- brown, pusilla, p. 294.
b'. Larger : bill Oo inch ; colour above
dull olive-brown; abdomen yellow-
ish white ; flanks olive-brown .... diemetiensis, p. 295.
6*. Tail-feathers with distinct white tips
to the inner webs.
c'. Upper tail-coverts rufous-brown;
frontal feathers black, with whitish

or fulvous margins cqncalis, p. 296,

<?'. Upper tail-coverts bright rufous ;
/■ forehead pale rufuus, with dusky

; . . margins to the feathers pyrrhopygia, p. 296.

h" . Head a little more rufescent brown than
■ the back, and streidied conspicuously with

whitish shaft-lines ; back olive-greenish . . Uneata, p. 297.
h. Dark band on tail occupying ne^irly the terminal
half of the feather ; base of tail brightly coloured
like the rump and upper tail-coverts.
e'. Base of tail rufou>, like upper tail-coverts .... uropygialis, p. 298.
d'. Base of tail bright yellow like upper tail-
coverts c/irysorrJioa, p. 298.

e'. Base of tail pale fulvous-brown; upper tail-
coverts dull yellow reyidoides, p. 299.

1. Acanthiza nana.

Acanthiza nana, Viy. 4" Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 226 (1826) ;

■ Goidd, B. Amtr. fol. iii. pi. 60 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 189
(1848) ; Eeichenb. Voy. Neitholl. p. 76 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 292
(1850) ; Guuld, Ilandb. B. Austr. i. p. 371 (186.5) ; Von Miiller,
1>. Z. S. 1869, p. 279 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 219, no. 3113 (1869) ;
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. M. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878).

Adult. General colour above dull olive-green ; wing-coverts like
the back but more ashy, washed externally with olive-greeu ; the
outer median and greater coverts ashy along the outer webs; bastard-
wing feathers dusky brown, narrowly edged with ashy ; primary-
coverts dusky brown, with a very narrow margin of olive-green;
quills dusky brown, edged with olive-green, more yellow on the
primaries ; inner secondaries ashy ; upper tail-coverts olive-brown,
strongly washed with yellowish green ; tail-feathers ashy, narrowly
margined with olive-yellowish, with a broad subterminal band across
the tail, succeeded by an ashy tip ; crown of the head like the back ;
base of the forehead yellowish white, with olive-green tips to the
feathers, producing a slightly .scaled appearance ; lores and feathers
round the eye dusky, the featliers minutely tipped with dull whitish ;
ear-coverts dusky, plainly streaked with white ; cheeks and throat
light rufous, narrowly slreakcd with white ; sides of the neek olive
like the back; foie neck, breast, and abdomen yellow, tinged with

13. ACANTIIIZA. 293

nifous on the fore neck ; sides of the body and flanks olive-greenish ;
thighs dusk}' extern.ill}', yellow on the inner aspect ; under tail-
coverts yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow, with
white bases to the feathers ; quills below dusky ; inner edge of
quills whitish ; " bUl and feet blackish brown ; iris brown, with a
ver}- narrow rim of yellowish white" (Gotdd). Total length
3-8 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-15, tail 1-5, tarsus 0"7.

Sexes alike in colour (Gould).

Hah. Victoria and South Australia. New South Wales, extend-
ing along the east coast as high as the Wide-Bay district.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.].

(Type of species.)

b. Ad. sk. N. S. Wales. Gould Collection.

c. d. Ad. sk. Queensland (Cockerel!). F. D. Godmaii and 0. S.il-

viu, Esqrs. [P.j.

2. Acanthiza inornata.

Acanthiza inornata, Gould, P. Z. >S. 1840, p. 171 ; id. B. Austr.
fol. iii. pi. 59 (1848); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 189 (1848); Bp. Consp.
i. n. 292 (1850); Eeichenh. Vin/. Ncuholl. p. 73 (1850); Gould,
Handh. B. Austr. i. p. .370 (1865); Graij, Iland-l. B. i. p. 219,
■an. .S117 (1869); Di!!(jles, Orn. Austr. pi. 45. fig. 1 (1870);
Banisay, Proc. Linn. Sue. N. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878).

Adult. General colour above ashy olive-brown, with concealed
pale shafts to the mantle-feathers ; lesser wing-coverts like the
back ; median and greater coverts, bastard-wing feathers, and pri-
mary-coverts dusky brown, edged with the same colour as the back ;
(juills dull brown, edged with olive, paler on the margin of the pri-
maries ; rump lighter olive than the back, with concealed whitish
subterminal spots ; upper tail-coverts pale olive-brown ; tail-feathers
light brown, edged with olive, and having a distinct subterminal
band of blackish before the pale brown tip ; crown of the head like
the Itack ; forehead mottled with whity brown, the feathers edged
with dark brown, producing a scaly appearance ; feathers round the
eye buffy whitish, mottled with brown ; ear-coverts light earthy
brown, with indistinct paler shaft-lines; checks, throat, fore neck,
and chest ashy whitish, quite uniform ; breast, abdomen, sides of
the body and flaniis a little yellower, inclining to olive on the sides
of the body ; thighs light brown ; under tail-coverts like the flanks ;
under wing-coverts light fulvous : axillaries pale ashy ; quills below
dusky ; inner edge of the quills ashy fulvous ; " bill aud feet black ;
iris greenish white " (Gould). Total length 3"6 inches, culmen 0-45,
wing 2-75, tail 1-4, tarsus 07.

Sexes alike (Gould).

The specimen from King George's Sound is altogether darker than
the one described, being dark brown above and below fulvescent,
much deeper than the Swan-river bird.

Iltd). Southern and Western .Australia.

294 TIMELIID.^.

a. 5 ad. sk. Perth, Swan river, March 31, Eyton Collection.

1889 {J. Gould).

b. Ad. sk. King George's Sound. Gould Collection.

c. S ad. St. King George's Sovind. J. Gould, Esq.

d. Ad. St. Murray river. Sir George Grey [P.].

3. AcantMza pusilla*.

Motacilla pusilla, JJliite, Voy. N. S. Wales, pi. in p. 257 (1790).

Dwarf Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn., Suppl. ii. p. 251 (1801).

Sylvia pusilla, Lath. Ind. Orn., Suppl. ii. p. Ivi (1801) ; Shaiv, Gen.

Zool. X. p. 647 (1817).
Acanthiza pusilla, Viff. ^ Llorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 227, note

(1827); Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 5.3 (1848); Gray, Gen. B. i.

p. 189 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 292 (1850) ; Reichenb. Vog. Neiiholl.

p.. 74 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 364 (1865) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 219, no. 3115 (1869) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.

N. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878).

Adult. General colour above dull olive-green, with a tuft of
■whitish feathers on each side of the rump ; lesser wing-coverts like
the back ; median and greater coverts dusky, with olive-green
margins ; bastard-wing feathers blackish brown, with ashy margins ;
primary-coverts dusky, narrowly edged with olive-green ; quills
sepia-brown externally, edged with olive-brown, yellower on the
primaries; upper tail-coverts light rufous-brown; tail-feathers pale
brown, externally light rufous-brown ; tips ashy, with a distinct
subterminal bar of black, less distinct on the centre feathers ; the
outer tail-feathei's with a narrow edge of whitish to the tips of the
inner webs ; lores fulvous, with dusky tips to the feathers ; feathers
round the eye dull whitish, extending a little behind the eye ; ear-
coverts light olive-brown, shafted with dull white ; cheeks, throat,
and fore neck dull white, streaked with blackish, the feathers edged
with dusky ; breast and abdomen yellowish white, ashy on the sides
of the breast ; Hanks pale olive-yellowish, or light fulvous-brown ;
thighs olive externally, white on the inner aspect ; the sides of the

* The following species I cannot identify from the description or the figure ;
but it will probably prove to be the same as A. pusilla.

Acanthiza macularia.
Saxicola macularia, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de VAstroL, Zool. i. p. 199, pi. 10.

fig. 3 (183U).
Acanthiza macularia, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 189 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 292

(1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 219, no. 3120 (1869).

Above rufous-brown, the frontal feathers loose and elevated in front, covering
the base of the bill, and of a reddish colour with whitish spots ; the bill is
brown, straight, and a little curved at the point ; the throat, breast, and belly
are dull white streaked with brown ; the tail, which is slightly rounded, is uni-
form rufous, and is marked near its tip with a broad transverse band; the feet
are long, slender, and brown, like the toes. {Q. cf- G. I.e.)

The female or young male differs in having the belly buff without striations.
{Q.^G.l.c.)

Hah. Port Western.

]3. ACANTUIZA. 295

vent white ; under tail-coverts pale yellowish ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries yellowish white ; quills below ashy brown ; inner
edge of quills whitish; " bill dark brown ; feet brown ; iris brownish
red " (6rOM?cZ). Total length 3'9 inches, culmen 0-45, wing l-'Jo,
tail 1-75, tarsus 0-75.

Sexes alike {Gould).

Hah. Victoria and New South Wales, extending along the cast
coast as far as the Wide-Bay district.

a, b, c, d. Ad. sk. Brisbane, Queensland F. D. Godmau and 0. Sal-

(Cockerell). \-in, Esqrs. [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Richmond river. Mr. A. P. Goodwin [C.].

/. Ad. sk. Moreton Bay. Gould Collection.

(/, Ad. st. Australia. J. Gould, Esq.

4. Acanthiza diemenensis.

Acanthiza diemenensis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 146; id. Si/n. B.

Aiistr. part iv. pi. 4. tig. 3 (1838) ; id. B. Austr. folio iii. pi. 54

(1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 189 (1848); Cab. Mus. Ilnn. Th. i.

p. 34 (1850) ; Beichenb. Vog.Neuholl. p. 80 (1850); Gould, Handh.

B. Austr. i. p. 365 (1865) ; Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 219, no. 3116

(1869) ; Dif/ifles, Orn. Austr. pi. 45. fig. 5 (1870) ; Ramsay, Proc.

Lirm. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878).
Acanthiza ewingii, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 32; id. B. Austr. fol. iii.

pi. 65; Reichenb. Viig. Neuholl. p. 81 (1850).
Acanthiza diemensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 292 (1850).

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, with concealed pale
shaft-streaks to the dorsal feathers ; rump with tufts of dull white-
tipped feathers on each side ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ;
median and greater coverts dusky brown, externally edged with
olive-brown ; bastard-wing feathers dusky brown, with ashy olive
margins ; primary-coverts dusky, narrowly edged with olive ; quills
brown, externally like the back, the primaries edged with lighter
olive ; upper tail-coverts light rufous ; tail-feathers ashy brown,
edged externally with light rufous, with a broad subterminal band of
black, the tips ashy ; crown of the head like the back, the forehead
rufesceut, mottled with dusky edges to the feathers, producing a scaly
appearance ; lores dusky, tipped \\ ith whitish ; eyelid dull whitish ;
ear-coverts dusky, thickly streaked with duU whitish shaft-lines ;
cheeks and throat dull white, mottled with narrow streaks of dusky
blackish, with which the feathers are edged ; fore neck, breast, and
abdomen yellowish white ; sides of the body and flanks light olive-
brown or pale fulvous ; thighs olive-brown ; under tail-coverts
whitish with light-brown centres ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries white with a pale wash of yellow ; quills below ashy brown ;
inner edge of quills whitish ; " bill dark brown ; feet brown ; iris
lake-red" {Gould). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0"5, wing 2*1,
tail I'S, tarsus 0-8.

Sexes alike (Gould).

Ilah. Tasmania.

296 TIMELIID^.

a. cJ ad. sk. Tasmania {Gould). Eyton Collection.

6, c. Ad. sk. Tftsmania. Gould Collection.

d, e. Ad. St. Tasmania. Ronald Gunn, Esq. [P.].

f. $. Skeleton. Purchased.

5. Acauthiza apicalis.

Acanthiza apicalis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 31 ; id. B. Ausfr. fol. iii.
pi. 57 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 189 (1848) ; Bj). t'onsp. i. p. 292
(1850) ; Reichenh. Vog. Neuholl. p. 72 (1850) ; Gould, Hajidh. B.
Austr. i. p. 368 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 219, no. 3123 (1869) ;
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. IF. ii. p. 185 (1878).

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, a little lighter
olive on the rump, with half-concealed spots of silky whitish on the
sides of the latter ; lesser wing-coverts ashy olive ; median coverts
and outer greater coverts dusky brown, margined with olive, paler
on the edge of outer greater coverts ; bastard wing and primary-
coverts dusky brown, with very narrow olive margins ; quills dusky
brown, edged with ashy olive, paler on the primaries ; upper tail-
coverts rufous-brown ; tail-feathers ashy brown, edged with olive
and crossed with a tolerably broad subterminal band of black, and
a broad spot of white at the end of the inner web ; crown of head
like the back, the forehead scaly, the feathers blackish, with whitish
or pale rufous cross markings ; lores dull whitish ; eyelid whitish,
slightly mottled with dusky tips to the feathers ; ear-coverts ashy
brown, streaked with whitish ; cheeks, throat, fore neck, and breast
white, streaked with dusky blackish margins to the feathers ; ab-
domen white ; thighs ashy brown ; sides of the body, flanks, and
under tail-coverts pale fulvous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
yellowish white, with ashy bases ; quills below dusky brown ; inner
edge of quiUs white ; " bill, legs, and feet dark brown ; iris light
red" (Gould). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0"45, wing 2-05, tail
1-85, tarsus 0-8.

Sexes alike in colour ; but the female is somewhat smaller (Gould).

Hah. West Australia ; ? South Australia.

a. $ ad. sk. Near Perth, W. Australia, Eyton Collection.

MTiy 1, 1839 (Gould).

b. (S ad. sk. King George's Sound, Gould Collection,

April 4.

c. Ad. sk. South Australia, July 21, Gould Collection.

1835.

d. Ad. sk. Queensland (Cockered). F. D. Godman and 0.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

6. Acanthiza pyrrhopygia.

Acanthiza pvrrhopygia, Gould, B. Ausfr. fol. iii. pi. 58 (1848); Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 189 (1848) ; Hturt, Exped. Centr. Austr. ii. App.
p. 30 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 292 (1850) ; Reichenb. Voq. Neuholl.
p. 75 (1850) ; Goidd, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 369 (186'5) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 219, no. 3124 (1869) ; Dirjyles, Orn. Austr. pi. 45.
tig. 4 (1870) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. iV.'.S'. JF. ii. p. 185 (1878).

13. ACANinizA. 297

All the upper surface and wings olive-brown, the feathers of the
forehead margined with bulf ; wings brown with pale edges ; throat
white, each feather margined with black ; abdomen whitish ; flanks
pale buff ; upper tail-coverts rufous ; tail olive, crossed by a broad
band of black, and tipped on the outer webs with pale olive, on the
inner webs with white ; bill blackish brown, under mandible some-
what lighter ; feet brown ; iris reddish brown. Total length 4 inches,
bill |, wing 2, tail 1|, tarsus |. (Gould.)

Mab. West Australia.

This species seems to me to be very doubtfully distinct from
A. aj^)icalis.

7. Acauthiza lineata.

Acanthiza lineata, Gould, P. Z. S. 18.37, p. 146 ; id. Sijn. B. Austr.
part iv. pi. 4. fig. 4 (1838) ; id. B. Austr. fol. iii.pl. 01 {1848J ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 189 (1848) ; Bj}. Consp. i. p. 292 (1850) ; Beichenb.
Vog. Keuholl. p. 74 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 372
(18(J5) ; Von Midler, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 279 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 219, no. 3114 (1869) ; Biggies, Orn. Au^tr. pi. 45. fig. 2 (1870);
Mamsay, Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878).

Adult. General colour above duU ohve-green, with concealed
whitish shafts to the mantle-feathers ; wing-coverts light brown,
narrowly edged with olive-green ; bastard-wing feathers uniform
light brown ; primar^'-coverts hght brown, with narrow olive-green
margins ; quills light brown, narrowly edged with olive-green,
yellowish on the primaries ; upper tail-coverts dull reddish brown ;
tail-feathers ashy with olive-green margins, a tolerably broad subter-
minal bar of black before the tip, which is ashy, and inclines to ashy
whitish at the tip of the inner web on all the outer feathers ; crown
of the head and nape duU rufous-bro-\vn, contrasting with the back,
and with distinct shaft-lines of white : lores dull whitish, with dusky
margins to the feathers ; eyelid dull rufous minutely spotted with
white; ear-coverts dusky thickly streaked with dull white centres
to the feathers ; sides of the neck olive like the back ; cheeks, throat,
fore neck, and breast duU whitish with a slight tinge of yellow, and
slightly streaked with dusky blackish, with which the feathers are
edged ; abdumcu yellowish white ; sides of the body and flanks a
little more olive ; thighs ashy brown ; under tail-coverts a little
more fulvescent ; under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish slightly
washed with yellowish buft': quills below ashy brown; inner edge
of quills whitish; " biU and feet black; iris brown" (Gould).
Total length 3-9 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-1, tail 1*65, tai-sus 0-7.

iSexes alike (Gould).

Hah. South Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales, extending
along the east coast as far as Queensland.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Collection.

b. Ad. sk. liiver Hunter (Gould), Eyton Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Kichmond river. Mr. A. P. Goodwin [C.l

d. Ad. sk. Queensland. Herbert Flower, Esq. [C.].

298

TIMELIlD-i;.

e. Ad. t-k. Brisbane (J. T. Cockerell).

f. Ad. St.
(J. Skeleton.

Australia.

F. DuCane Godnian and O.

Salviu, Esqrs. [P.].
J. Goidd, Esq.
Purchased.

8. Acanthiza uropygialis.

Acantliiza uropygialis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 146; id. Syn. B.
Atistr. part iv. pi. 5. tig. 2 (1838) ; id. B. Austr. folio iii. pi. 56
(1848) ; Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 189 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 292 (1850) ;
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 367 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 219, no. 3122 (1869) ; Diggle.s Orn. Amtr. pi. 45. fig. 4 (1870) ;
JRamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. JS\ S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878).

Adult. General colour above light brown, ■with a patch of silky
white feathers on each side of the rump ; lesser wing-coverts like
the back ; median and greater coverts dusky brown, edged with the
same colour as the back ; bastard-wing feathers dull brown, edged
with whity brown ; primary-coverts dusky brown ; quiUs dusky
brown, the primaries edged with whity brown, the secondaries with
light brown like the back, the inner secondaries tipped with narrow
whitish margins ; rump, tipper tail-coverts, and tail-feathers light
tawny rufous or bay, the latter black for the terminal half, with a
distinct tip of light brown on the outer web, whiter on the inner
one; crown of the head like the back; forehead mottled, the
feathers dark brown with whitish edges ; lores whitish ; feathers
round the eye and ear-coverts mottled, being brown with minute
dull whitish streaks and centres to the feathers ; cheeks and throat
white, with slight evidences of dusky edgings to the feathers, pro-
ducing an obscurely streaked appearance ; fore neck and chest ashy
whitish ; breast and abdomen j^urer white ; sides of the breast
ashy ; flanks pale rufescent brown ; thighs dusky brown ; under
tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy ;
quills below dusky brown ; inner edge of the quiUs ashy whitish ;
"bill and feet black" {Gould). Total length 3-7 inches, culmen
0-4, wing 2-1, tail 1-55, tarsus 0-75.

Hah. Victoria and New South "Wales, extending into the interior
of Australia.

a, b. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.

New South Wales (J. T.

Cucherell).
Australia.
Burke, river Darling

{Dr. Peechey).

F. D. Godman and O. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].
Gould Collection.
Gould CoUecliou.

9. Acanthiza chrysorrhoa.

Saxieola chrvsorrhoa, Quay et Gaim. J"oy. de FAstr., Zvol. i. p. 198,

pi. 10. tig. "2 (1830).
Acanthiza chrysorrhoa, Gould, Syn. B. Austr. part iv. pi. 5. tig. 3

(1838); id. B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 63 (1848); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 189

(1848); Sturt, E.iped. Cent r. Austr. ii., App.^-^.'iO (1849); Bp.

Consp. i. p. 292 (1850); Reicheiib. Voq. Neuholl. p. 81 (1850);

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 219, no. 3125 (1809); Von Midler, P. Z. S.

18U9, p. 279: I)i(/f/les, Orn. Austr. ])1. 45. fig. 3 (1870).

13. ACAK'jnizA. 299

Geobasileus chr}'Sorrbous, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 32 (18G0) ;

Gould, Handb. B. Audi: i. p. 374 (1805).
Geobasileus chrysorrhoea, Bamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii.

p. 180 (1878).

Adult. General colour above olive-yello-wish, with a tiift of silky
-svbitish feathers on each side of the lower back ; lesser wing-coverts,
median, and greater coverts ashy brown, with paler edges slightly
tinged with olive ; bastard wing and primary-coverts dark brown,
margined with whitish ; quills dark brown, externally washed with
olive-brown, ashy whitish on the edge of the primaries ; rump and
upper tail-coverts bright yellow ; tail-feathers yellow at base, ashy
on the inner webs, the terminal half dark brown, with a pale ashy-
brown tip, whitish at the ends of the inner webs ; crown of the
head and nape more ashy than the back ; the forehead scaly, the
feathers blackish, tipped with spots of dull whitish; lores, a narrow
eyebrow, and the eyelid duU whitish ; ear-coverts dull whitish,
slightly mottled with dusky-brown edges to the feathers ; in front of
the eye a dusky spot : cheeks and throat white ; lower throat and
the rest of the under surface of the body yellowish buff ; abdomen
whitish ; sides of the body and flanks ochraceous buff, a little more
ashy on the side of the breast ; thighs dusky brown ; under tail-
coverts white with a tinge of yellow : under wing-coverts and axil-
laries white slightly washed with yellow ; quills below ashy brown ;
inner edge of quills whitish ; " bill and feet blackish brown ; iris
very light grey" (Gould). Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0'45,
wing '2-25, tail 1-5, tarsus 0*7.

Sexes alike (Gould).

The specimen from Swan river differs in having the hinder part
of the crown dark brown, and the whole upper surfjice darker than
the one described ; while the body is whitish underneath, with an
ashy shade on the fore neck and breast. It is probably a distinct
species.

Hub. Western Australia and along the southern and eastern
provinces of the continent as high as Port Denison. Tasmania.

a. Ad. sk. Tasmania. Antarctic Expedition.

b. Ad. sk. Tasmania. Ronald Gunn, Esq. [P.^.

c. Ad. St. Tasmania. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. '

d. c? ad. sk. South Australia (J. G.). Gould Collection.

e. Ad. sk. Adelaide. Eytou Colleetiou.
/. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Colleetiou.

ff,h. Ad.sk. Brisbane, Queensland (/. T. F. D. Godman and (J. Sal-

Cockerell). vin, E.-qrs. [P.].

/. (S ad. sk. Mount Eliza, Swan river, Goidd Collection.
March 14, 1839 (J. <?.).

k. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.].

10. Acanthiza re^oides.

Acanthiza rej^idoides, Viy. i)- Ilor^f. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. '22G
("1827) ; Gould. B. Austr. fob iii. pi. 02 (1848) ; Gra;/, Gen. B. i.

300

TIMELIID^.

p. 189 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 292 (1850) ; Bekhenh. Viig. Neu-
hoU. p. 75 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 219, no. 3126 (1869) ;
Dif/c/les, Oni. Austr. pi. 45. fig. 5 (1870).
Geobasileus reg'iiloides, Cah. Mus. Hein, Th. i. p. 32, note (1850) ;
Gould, Haiidb. B. Austr. i. p. 377 (1865) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. TV. ii. p. 185 (1878).

Adult. General colour above duU olive-brown, with half-concealed
ashy shaft-lines to the mantle-feathers ; wing-coverts browner than
the hack, slightly edged with olive ; bastard wing and primary-
coverts dusky brown, with scarcely any indications of olive mar-
gins ; quills dusky brown, edged with olive, lighter on the primaries ;
rump and upper tail-coverts pale ochraceous yellow ; tail-feathers
rufescent ochre at base, blackish brown for the terminal half, and
tipped with pale ochraceous brown, lighter on the outer feathers ;
crown of the head the same as the back, feathers of the forehead
pale rufescent brown with blackish margins, producing a slightly
scaled appearance ; lores like the forehead, but a little more dusky ;
eyelids and ear-coverts dusky brown, with small buffy whitish
streaks ; cheeks, throat, and breast ash)' yellowish, slightly mottled
with dusky margins to the feathers ; abdomen, sides of the body, and
flanks dull ochraceous buff; thighs olive-yellowish ; under tail-
coverts ochraceous yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillarics pale
yellowish buff; ([uills below ashy brown ; inner edge of quills
fulvesceut ; " bill brown, the under mandible paler than the upper;
feet olive-brown ; iris beautiful straw-colour" {Gould). Total length
3'9 inches, culmeu 0*4, wing 1-95, tail 1-45, tar.sus 0'65.

Hab. From South Australia to New South Wales, including the
interior province, and ranging along the east coast as high as the
Wide-Bay district.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society. (Type

of species.)

b. 2 ad. sk. S. Australia. Gould CoUectiou.

c. Ad. st. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Dobroyde, near Sydney Gould Collection.

{Ramsay).

e. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Collection.

f. Ad. sk. Upper Hunter {Gould). Eyton Collection.

g. Ad. sk. Queensland. Jlerbert Flower, Esq. [C.].
h, i. Ad. sk. Brisbane, Queensland F. P. Gddmau and O. Sal-

{J. T. Cockerell). vin, Esqrs. [P.].

k. Ad. sk. Australia. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

14. SERICORNIS.

Type.

Sericornis, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 133 S. frontalis.

■Pyrrholfemus, Gould, P. Z. 6'. 1840, p. 173 S. brunnea.

Range. Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, and the Aru Islands.

1-1. SERICOKNXS. QQj

Key to the Species.
"' '^baml'''*^'"'' ""''*'' "° '^''*'"''* subterminal dark
«'. Tail-featliers broadly tipped witli white;
throat bno-ht rufous ' ;

6'. No white tfp.^ to tan-feathe-rs; ^'■"""^"' P" S^^-

a . Throat bright yellow ; lores and ear-co-
verts black; no white tips to bastard-
■wmg- leathers or wiuo--po\pvtvi v i ■

h". Throat white, with ^black^ ^ ts ' ;; "^'-^"'--' P- 302.
edgmg-sto the feathers; wing-coverts
black tipped with white; a white spot
over the lores. ^

a'". Under tail-coverts pale yellowish ; ear-
coverts light rufous (juv.) or blackish
(ad.) ... ^ , ,.

h'". Under taU-coVerte dusky wiih 'fulvous ^ '''' ^^ '^'•
tips or light fulvous; ear-coverts
dusky brown .... i ■■ „r^~

o". Throat, lorcs^ and base of "forehead- Very ""'""' ^^ ''"
pale tawny fulvous. ^

C". Ear-coverts very pale ashv rufous;
general colour above pale olivaceous;
underneath pale ashy with an olive
tinge ; legs pale • , .

d'". Very mucS dL-ker ihan-t-he p-i;c;dino: '"''^""-^'-' P- 305.
bird; dark olive-brown above; undei-

' feathers'^ ^^^ ^''°'''° *° ''^ ''^ '^"^'^ *'''^"

e'". Liner secondaries not edged with white.

^ase of forehead black; ear-coverts

blackish; throat white, and fore

neck yellow, with scarcel van v spots-

M ,"'"^">''i^-c"^'"-tsuuifornivellowish. l<Bv!nastra n S07
K Ease of forehead brown like head- '^''^"*^"'' P- '^O/.
throat and chest very thickly spot-
ted with blackish; under tail-
coverts yellowish, with concealed
darker centres .... ,.,^ ; . „^„

/". Inner secondaries narrowlV ed;;d"and "'""'^'''^'' P" ^O'-
tipped with white ; a white edcnuo- to
the outer tail-feathers near the'' tip of
outer web ; under tail-coverts brown,
edged with vellowish
.". With no white Jdgiug':i tip' to' ih^ tail! '''"'""' '^ '''■
leathers.
ff'". Breast uniform ; throat streaked with
black ; outer under tail-coverts vel-
,.,. ^^Ji ^^'liite, with brown centres . . osculant n 300
/* . Breast streaked mth duskv throat ''' P' "^"•^•

with blackish; under tail-coverts
uniform dark olive-brown like the

flanks 7 ;■ „,«

finiinhs, p. 310.

302

TI.MEI.IID.E.

1. Sericomis brunnea.

Pyrrholsemus brunneus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 173 ; id. B. Austr.
'iii. pi. 68 (1848) ; Sturt, Eiped. Centr. Austr. ii. Ai)p. p. 26 (1849) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 292 (1850) ; Eeichenh. Vog. NeiihoU. p. 86 (1850) ;

Gould, Handh. B. Ausir. i. p. 384 (1865) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn.

Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 168 (1878).
Acauthiza brunnea, Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 189 (1848) ; id. Iland-l. B. i.

p. 220, no. 3150 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above broTvu, darker and more earthy
brown on the lower back and rump, and with half-concealed silky
white or fulvous feathers on the sides of the latter ; lesser wing-
coverts ashy, median and greater coverts brown, externally mar-
gined with lighter brown, ashy at the ends of the median series and
ashy whitish at the tips of the outer greater coverts ; bastard-wing
feathers dusky brown, edged with ashy ; primary-coverts dusky
brown ; quills dusky brown, secondaries margined with lighter
brown, whity brown on the primaries ; upper tail-coverts and tail-
feathers dark brown, edged with lighter brown and tipped with
white ; crown of head like the back, slightly mottled with darker
centres to the feathers ; the forehead scaly in appeai-ance, the feathers
edged with ashy ; lores white, with a ruf ovis tinge at the base of the
nostrils ; eyelid white ; ear-coverts ashy grey ; cheeks and sides of
the neck clearer ashy grej', whitish on the fore part of the cheeks ;
throat bright rufous ; lower throat, fore neck, and chest ashy grey,
extending onto the sides of the breast ; centre of the latter and
abdomen white, purer on the latter, the breast washed with ashy ;
sides of the body ashy grey ; flanks light brown ; thighs dark
brown ; sides of the vent and under tail-coverts light tawny rufous,
the longer coverts whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale
tawny fulvous ; edge of the wing ashy ; quills brown below, inner
edges ashy whitish ; " upper mandible reddish brown ; lower man-
dible greenish white ; legs and feet dark greenish grey ; iris reddish
brown, with an outer ring of yellowish white" (Gould). Total
length 4-6 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*25, tail 2-1, tarsus 0"85.

Nab. Victoria and South AustraUa, extending into West Aus-
tralia and the interior, and on the east coast as far as Rockingham
Bay.

a, b. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. York, West Australia, Aug. Eyton Collection.

22, 1843 (Gutdd).

d. Ad. St. Australia. Edward Wilson, Esq. [P.].

2. Sericornis citreogularis.

? Muscicapa barbata, Lath. hid. Orn., Sirjipl. ii. p. 21 (1801).
Sericornis citreogularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 133 ; id. Syn. B.
Austr. pt. iv. pi. 3. fig. 4 (1838) ; id. B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 46

14. SEIiKORNIS. 303

(1869) J Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 590 ; id. Proc. Limi. Soc. N. S.
W. ii. p. 185 (1878).

Adult male. General colour above dull olivaceous, rump with con-
cealed ashy whitish subterminal marks on the feathers ; lesser and
median wing-covcrts light olive-greenish, the latter with narrow
tips of dull whitish and black longitudinal centres ; greater coverts
dusky blackish, externally light olive-green, yellower towards the
tips ; bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky black ; quills sepia-
brown, the primaries edged with olive-yellow for the basal half ;
the secondai'ies olive-brown externally, margined with black ; inner
secondaries eutirely olive-brown ; upper tail-coverts olive-brown ;
tail-feathers olive-brown, more ruddy olive on the outer webs ; crown
of the head dull ashy brown, more dusky than the back, and incli-
ning to olivaceous on the nape and hiud neck ; lores and base of the
forehead black ; eyebrow, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts
black, surmounted by a broad streak along the sides of the crown,
white above the lores, pale sulphur-yellow above the ear-coverts ;
sides of the neck olive-greenish ; cheelvs and throat pale sulphur-
yellow, the bases to the feathers white ; chin white ; fore neck and
chest ashy, with sulphur-yellow margins to the feathers, producing
a faintly streaked appearance ; breast and abdomen white, slightly
streaked with sulphur-yellow ; sides of body ashy brown, washed
with olive on the sides of the breast ; flanks clearer brown ; thighs
ashy, whitish internally ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-
covorts and axillaries ashy whitish, washed with yellow near the
edge of the wing, with a dusky spot on the edge of the median series
below ; quills ashy brown below, inner edges whitish ; " bill
brownish black ; legs purplish flesh-colour, in some fleshy white ;
iris reddish brown " (Gould). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-65,
wing 2-7, tail 2'1, tarsus 1"1.

Youwj. Rather more ruddy brown than the adult, especially on
the tail ; base of forehead and sides of face not black, but dusky
olive ; streak above the eye entirely sulphur-yellow, the fore part
paler ; throat dingy yellow ; fore neck, chest, and sides of body
light earthy brown, centre of breast and abdomen whitish, slightly-
washed with yellow.

Hah. New South Wales, along the east coast of Australia as high
as Port Denison.

a, h. Ad. sk. Brisbane, Queensland, F. DuCane Godman and

(Cuckerell). O. Salviu, Esqrs. [P.].

c. Ad. ; d. Juv. sk. Richmond river. Mr. A. P. Goodwin [C.].

3. Sericornis frontalis.

Acauthiza froutalis, 77</. Sf Ilorsf. Tram. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 226

(1827).
Sericornis parvulus, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 134 ; id. Sijn. B. Austr.

part iv. pi. 3. fig. 1 (1838).
Sericornis frontalis, Gould, Syn. B. Aitstr. part iv. pi, 3. fig. 2

(1838); id. B. AuHr. fob iii. pi. 49 (184.-*) : Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 188

304 TIMELIID^.

(1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 306 (1850) ; Reichenh. Vog. Neuholl p. 68

(1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austi: i. p. 3o9 (1865) ; Gratj, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 218, uo. 3106 (1869) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.

ii. p. 185 (1878).
Sericornis minimus, Goidd, B. New Guinea, part 1 (1875) ; Ramsay,

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878).
Sericornis brunneopygius. Masters, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 53

(1877).
Adult male. General colour above rufescent brown, more deci-
dedly rufous on the lower back and rump, a little more olive on
the mantle, the dorsal feathers with paler shaft-streaks ; wing-
coverts like the back ; outer median and greater coverts black, with
a white tip to the outer web ; bastard-wing feathers black, tipped
with white ; primary-coverts black ; quills lighter brown, exter-
nally rufescent brown, the primaries a little more ashy ; upper tail-
coverts clear rufous ; tail-feathers light brown, rufescent on the
outer webs ; crown of the head more rufous than the mantle ; base
of the forehead and lores dusky blackish, surmounted by a white
spot above the lores, followed by a dusky line across the forehead ;
eyelid white below, dusky in front and behind, with the hinder
portion of the upper margin white, extending into a little white
streak behind the eye ; ear-coverts rufous ; feathers below the eye
dusky blackish ; cheeks and throat white, with a few dusky spots ;
fore neck, breast, and abdomen pale yellow, with a few spots of
pale brown on the fore neck and chest ; sides of body and flanks
olive-brown ; thighs light brown ; under tail-coverts pale yellow ;
under wing-coverts yellowish white ; axillaries white tinged with
yellow ; quills brown below, inner edges ashy ; " bill blackish
brown; iris yellowish white" {Gould). Total length 4-5 inches,
culmen 0*55, wing 2-35, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-8.

Toung. Differs from the adult in its paler coloration and more
olive colour above, the head being light rufous-brown ; lores and
ear-coverts light rufous, with only a slight indication of the white
spots above and below the eye.

The spotting on the throat appears to be clearly a sign of age,
the black lores being an accompaniment of more distinct spotting
on the throat.

S. minimus is only a small specimen of this species ; the bird so
marked by Gould has a longer wing than several of the Queensland
skins.

Hah. South Australia and Victoria, extending into the interior,
through New South Wales, along the east coast of Australia to
Cape York, and to the Gulf of Carpentaria on the north coast.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.].

(Type of species.)
b-h. Ad. sk. Brisbane, Queensland {J. T. F. D. Godman and 0.

Cockerell). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

i, k. Juv. sk. Brisbane, Queensland {J. T. F. D. Godmau and 0.

Cockerell). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

I. Ad.; m. Juv.sk. Cape York {Cockerell). F. D. Godman and 0.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

14. sEiucoKxis. 305

}>, o. Ad. sk. Uape York. Gould Collection.

p. Juv. sk. Cape York, Oct. 25, 1848 Gould Collection.

{J. Macffi/livruy) .

q. Juv.sk. Somerset, Cape York (CocA;- Gould Collection.

erell). (Type of <S'. mitmnus.)

r, s. Ad. St. New South Wales. J. Gould, Esq.

4. Sericornis beccarii.

Sericornis beccarii, Salvad. Aim. Mus. Civic. Genov. vi. p. 79 (1874),
xvi. p. 186 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. p. 407 (1881).

Adult male (Aru Islands ; Beccari : type of the species). General
colour above dark olive-brown, gradually becoming more rufous-
brown on the lower back and rump ; the upper tail-coverts deep
rusty brown ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater
coverts and bastard-wing feathers blackish with narrow white tips,
the inner greater coverts brown ; primary-coverts black ; quills
duslcy brown, with olive edges to the primaries, the secondaries ex-
ternally rusty brown ; tail-feathers brown with dusky bars under
certain lights, externally washed with reddish brown ; crown of the
head a little more dingy than the back, the foi-ehead black, as also
the lores, which are surmounted by a white streak ; no eyebrow ;
eyelid above and below the eye white ; below the eye a blackish
shade ; ear-coverts brown ; cheeks and throat white, the feathers
with narrow blackish margins and spots ; remainder of the under
surface of the body white slightly tinged with olive-yellow ; the
fore neck and chest washed with dusky ; sides of the body and flanks
washed with olive-brown ; thighs dusky brown ; under tail-coverts
yellowish buff, the long ones brown with broad yellowish-buff
uiaigins ; under wing-coverts dusky brown, the ones near the edge
of the wing white, spotted with black ; axillaries white ; quills
below dusky brown, inner edges asby grey ; " iris cinnabar-red "
(Beccari). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0"6, wing 2*35, tail 1-65,
tarsus U-85. (Alus. Civic. Genov.)

5. Sericornis magnirostris.

Aeanthiza magnirostra, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 146 ; id. Syn. B.

Aiistr. part iv. pi. v. tig. 4 (1838).
Sericornis magnirostris, Gould, B. Avstr. folio, iii. pi. 52 (1848) ;

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 188 (1848) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 306 (1850);

Reichenh. Viiq. Neuholl. p. 6i) (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Amtr. i.

p. 362 (1805): Gray, Hand-L B. \. p. 218, no. 3108 (1869);

Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1875, p. oUO ; id. Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. Jf. ii.

p. 185 (1878).

Adult. General colour above dull olive-grccuisli, the head more
umbcr-brown ; rump with concealed subtcrminal marks of silky
white on external feathers; upper tail-coverts reddish olive-brown,
tlie tail-feathers darker brown with olive-brown edges ; wing-coverts
like the back, the bastard-wing feathers and outer greater coverts
yellowish white near the tip of the outer web : quills dark brown,

VOL. VII. X

'S06 riMELllD-t.

the primaries narrowly margined with olive-brown, the secondaries
more reddish brown ; primary-coverts dark brown, contrasting with
the quills and narrowly edged with olive ; outer greater coverts
with small white tips to the feathers ; a frontal shade of pale rufes-
cent buft', extending above the eye ; eyelid ashy whitish ; sides of
face light rufescent brown ; under surface of body very pale ashy
on the throat, lighter on the breast and centre of the body, the sides
of the upper breast somewhat more ashy, the flanks washed with
olive-green ; under tail-coverts clearer olivaceous brown ; thighs
ashy brown ; under wing-coverts ashy, slightly washed with olive-
brown ; quills below dusky brown, with whitish edgings to the
feathers below. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0"55, wing. 2-3,
tail 1'8, tarsus 0'9.

Young. Much more ruddy than the adult above, and more dingy
olive below, especially on the sides of the body and the under tail-
coverts ; sides ot face and throat more dingy than in the adult.

Hab. From xv'ew ISouth Wales northwards along the east coast as
far as Port Denison.

a, b, c. Ad. ; d. Brisbane, Queensland F. DuCane Godman and 0.

Juv. sk. (J. T. Cockerell). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Eiver Hunter (Gould). Eyton Collection.

6. Sericomis arfakiana.

Sericornis arfakiana, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 902
(1875), xvi. p. 187 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 408 (1881).

Adult onah (Proii, Arfak ; Bruijn : type of the species). General
colour above dark olive-brown, browner on the lower back and
rump, and rusty brown on the upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-
coverts and median coverts like the back ; greatei' coverts darker
brown, edged with olive-brown, and with tips of dull fulvous forming
an indistinct wing-bar ; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts
blackish; quills dark brown, edged with rusty olive, paler along the
margin of the primaries ; tail-feathers dark brown, washed with
reddish brown on their margins ; crown of the head more rusty
brown than the back ; lores and base of the forehead light rusty
colour, the latter slightly mottled with dusky tips to the feathers ;
no eyebrow ; feathers round the eye and ear-coverts pale rusty red,
the latter with paler shaft-streaks ; cheeks and throat pale rusty
fulvous ; fore neck and remainder of under surface of body pale
ashy olive ; the chest somewhat washed with rusty ; sides of the
body and flanks rather deeper olive ; thighs and under tail-coverts
rusty ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky olive with some-
what of a reddish tinge ; quills below dusky brown, inner edges
ashy. Total length 4-5 inches, crdmen 0'(J, wing 2"3o, tail 1-75,
tarsiis 0-85. (Mus. Civic. Genov.)

Hah. Arfak mountains, N.W. Xew Guinea.

1-i. sERrcoRxis. 307

7. Sericornis laevigastra.

Sericornis lae\'igastra, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 8; id. B. Austr. iii.
pi. 50 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 188 (1848) ; Bp. Comp. i.
p. 306 (1850): Reichenb. Viig. Neiiholl. p. 60 (1850); Gotdd,
Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 3(i0 (1865) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 218,
no. 3111 (1869); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. TV. ii. p. 185
(1878).

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, lower back and
rump more rufescent ; wing-coverts like the back ; median coverts
tipped with grey or whitish ; outer greater coverts with a white
spot at the end of the outer feathers ; bastard wing black, tipped with
white ; primary-coverts black ; quills brown, externally dark olive-
brown, primaries edged with olive ; upper tail-coverts rufescent
like the rump ; tail-feathers olive-brown, slightly dusky before the
end of the centre feathers, remainder with a white tip and broad
subterminal bar of black ; crown of the head a little more dusky
than the back ; base of the forehead black, extending in a black
line so as to separate the crown from the white eyebrow, which is
long and narrow ; lores, feathers round and below the eye, and
( ar-coverts black : cheeks and chin white, the former with a few
feathers tipped with dusky ; sides of the neck ashy ; throat, fore
neck, breast, and abdomen pale yellow ; sides of the body and flanks
light brown, sides of the breast ashy ; thighs ashy, tipped with
white ; under tail-coverts pale j-ellow ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries white slightly washed with yellow ; quills below dusky ;
inner edge of quills pale rufous or ashy; "iris greenish white"
(Gould). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2*15, tail 1-6,
tarsus 0-8.

Mr. Gould's specimen seems scarcely adult, as the black of the
face is not strongly pronounced, and one in the Cockcrell collection
has dusky spots on the throat, which Mr. Gould says are wanting
in the species. A specimen in the Cockerell collection agrees with
Mr. Gould's type and differs from the bird described in having the
sides of the face and ear-coverts greyish, and in having the under-
parts generally paler.

Hab. Northern Australia, from Cape York to Port Essington.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Collection.

b. Ad. ; c. Juv. sk. Cape York F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

{Cockerell). vin, Esqrs. [P.].

8. Sericornis maculata.

Sericornis maculatus, Gould, P. 7,. S. 1847, p. 2 ; id. B. Austr. iii.
pi. 51 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 188 (1848) ; Bf). Cnn.<:p. i. p. 300
(1850) ; Reichenb. 'Vog. Xeuholl. p. cO (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B.
Austr. i. p. 301 (1865) ; Gray. Hand-l. B. i. p. 219, no. 3107
(1869); Ramsay, P-oc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878).

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, a little more
i-ufesccnt on the lower back and rump ; wing-coverts like the back;
outer median coverts tipped with white, with a subterminal bar of

X 2

308 TIMELIIDJC.

black ; outer greater coverts blackish, on the outer web tipped with
white ; bastard-wing feathers black, with a conspicuous margin of
white : primary-coverts black ; quills brown, the primaries edged
with hoary grey, the secondaries with olive-brown ; upper tail-
coverts rufescent brown ; tail-feathers olive-brown, the two centre
feathers subtcrminally shaded with dusky, the remainder with a
distinct subtermiual band of black, the tips ashy, the four outer
feathers with a white bar at the tip of the inner web ; crown of the
head a little more dusky than the l)ack ; lores and a nairow eyebrow
white, the feathers tipped with black, so as to form a black line
separating the eyebrow from the crown ; eyelid white ; in front of
the eye a dusky spot ; ear-coverts ashy brown ; cheeks, throat, and
fore neck greyish white, spotted with longitudinal streaks of dusky
blackish, less pronounced on the chest, which is washed with yel-
low ; breast and abdomen pale yellow ; sides of body, flanks, and
thighs olive-brown ; under tail-coverts pale yellow, with light-
brown centres ; under wing-coverts ashy whitish, mottled near the
edge of the wing with blackish streaks, the lower series ashy ;
axillaries pale yellow ; quills below dusky brown ; inner edge of
quills pale ashy ; " bill blackish brown ; legs dull brown ; iris
straw-yellow" {Gould). Total length 4-7 inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 2-1, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*8.

Hah. New South Wales, throughout Southern Australia to Western
Australia.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased.

h. cJ ad. sk. King George's Sciund F. U. Godman and 0. Sal-

{Cockerell). vin, Esqrs. [P.].

c. 5 ad. St. Murray river. J. Gould, Esq. [C.].

d. Ad. St. Australia. Purchased.

9. Sericornis magna.

Acanthiza magna, Gould, Siippl. to Birds of Ausir. part 2 (1855);
id. Handb. B. Amtr. i. p. 373 (18G5; ; Gra>/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 219,
no. 3118 (1869).

Adult (type of species). General colour above reddish brown
tinged with olive ; wing-coverts dark sepia-brown, the outer median
and greater coverts tipped with white ; bastard wing and primary-
coverts uniform dark sepia-brown ; quills dark sepia-brown, slightly
washed with the same colour as the back; primaries edged with
ashy whitish ; inner secondaries edged with white along both webs ;
upper tail-coverts reddish brown ; tail-feathers ashy brown, exter-
nally washed with reddish brown, with a broad subterminal black
band, the two outer feathers tipped with white at the end of the
inner webs ; crown of the head like the back, but a little duller in
colour ; lores and feathers round the eye whitish ; spot in front of
the eye dusky blackish ; feathers below the eye and ear-coverts dull
ashv Tjlackish ; cheeks, throat, and underparts pale yellow or yel-
lowish white ; sides of the body, flanks, and thighs reddish olive-
brown ; under tail-coverts yellowish white, the larger ones reddish

14. SEEICORNIS, 309

brown tipped with white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white,
washed with yellow near the edge of the wing ; quills below dusky ;
inner edge of quills whitish. Total length 4*7 inches, culmenO'G,
wing 2-3, tail 1-9, tarsus U-9.
Hah. Tasmania.

a. Ad. sk. Tasmania {R. Gunn). Gould Collection.

b. Ad. sk. Tasmania {R. Gunn). John Gould, Esq.

(Type of species.)

10. Sericornis osculans.

Sericornis osculans, Gould. P. Z. S. 1847, p. 2 ; id. B. AuMr. fol. iii.
pi. 48 (1848) ; Gratj, Gen. B. i. p. 188 (1848) ; Bp. Cnnsp. i. p. 306
(1850); Reichenb. Vog. NeuhoU. p. 65 (18-50) ; Gould, Handb. B.
Austr. i. p. 358 (1805) ; Von Milller, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 279; Grat/,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 218, no. 3109 (1869) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Sac.
N. S. TV. ii. p. 185 (1878).

Adult. General colour above rufous-brown, inclining to more
distinct rufous on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ;
wing-coverts like the back ; outer median coverts blackish sub-
terminally, with an ashy spot at the end of the outer web ; outer
greater coverts subterminally blackish, tipped with white ; bastard-
wing feathers black, white at the tips of the inner webs ; primary-
coverts black ; quills brown, externally rufous-brown, more olive-
brown on the edge of the primaries ; upper tail-coverts clearer
rufous ; tail-feathers rufescent brown, the outer feathers dull ashy
at tip, with a broad bar of blackish brown ; crown of the head a
little duller than the back, and mottled anteriorly with dusky mar-
gins to the feathers, producing a somewhat obscurely scaled appear-
ance ; lores and the base of the forehead black, surmounted by a '
line of white above the lores, separated from the crown by a narrow
black line ; eyebrow indistinct and inclining to ashy posteriorly ;
below the eye a few white spots ; ear-coverts and remainder of
feathers below the eye dusky blackish ; cheeks and chin yellowish
white ; throat white, with broad and distinct black streaks ; fore
neck, breast, and abdomen pale yellowish, ashy on the chest ; sides
of the body, flanks, and thighs rufescent brown, ashy olive on the
sides of the breast ; under tail-coverts light brown in the centre,
with pale yellowish margins ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
ashy whitish, the former ^vith a tinge of light brown ; quills below
dusky brown ; inner edge of quills ashy. Total length 4-6 inches,
culmen 0'6, wing 2-25, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-9.

Yomig. Differs from adult in being duller, and in not having
black spots on the throat ; uuderparts dull yellow, mottled with
brown on the throat and breast : flanks and under tail-coverts clear
rufous ; subterminal spots on the tail very indistinct ; greater wing-
coverts edged with ochraceous buff.

Hub. South Australia and Victoria.

o. Ad. sk. Australia. John Gould, Esq. [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Australia. John Gould, Esq. [C.].

310

TIMELIID^.

c. Ad. ; d. Juv. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

f,g, h. Ad.; i. Juv.

sk.
k. Imm. sk.
/. Ad. St.

New South Wales.
S. Australia.
Mount Gambier, S.

Australia.
Australia {Gould).
S. Australia.

Gould Collection,
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.

Eyton Collection.
Sir G. Grey [P.],

11. Sericornis liumilis.

Sericoruis liumilis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 133 ; id. Syn. B. Austr.
iv. pi. iii. fig. 3 (1838) ; id. B. Austr. folio, iii. pi. 47 (1848); Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 188 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 306 (1850) ; Reichenb.
Vof/. Nmholl. p. 67 (1850) ; Gotdd, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 356
(1865) ; Grmj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 218, no. 3112 (1869) ; Ramsay,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878).

Adult. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, rather more
rufous on the lower back and rump, the latter with concealed sub-
terminal marks of ashy whitish on the feathers ; wing-coverts like
the back : the outer greater coverts and bastard wing black, with a
small white tip ; primary-coverts black ; quills sepia-brown, exter-
nally chocolate-brown like the back ; upper tail-coverts and tail-
feathers reddish brown ; crown of the head a littte more dusky
brown than the back, and with obscure dark margins to the frontal
feathers, giving a slightly scaled appearance ; aloral streak of white,
the feathers margined with black, producing a scaled appearance
an eyebrow of dull slaty grey ; feathers in front of the eye and
eyelid blackish ; ear-coverts dark ashy, slightly mottled with dusky
cheeks and throat white, the latter with blackish centres, produ-
cing a spotted appearance, the cheek-feathers tipped with dusky
the hinder cheeks ashy ; sides of the neck like the back ; lower
throat, fore neck, breast, and abdomen pale yellow, with ashy
centres to the feathers, making these parts look slightly mottled ;
sides of the body, Hanks, and under tail-coverts light reddish brown ;
thighs ashy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries olive-brown, dusky
near the margin of the wing ; qnills below ashy brown ; inner edge
of quills ashy. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-45,
tail 2, tarsus 1-05.

Hah. Tasmania, and some of the islands in Bass's Straits.

a. Ad. sk.

Tasmania.

John Gould, Esq.

311

Group V. CHAM^^.

The curious little bird which forms the single representative of
the present group possesses characters which seem to ally it to
several other groups ; and it is not surprising that it has been con-
sidered by Prof. Baird to belong to a separate family Ghamceadce.
The wing is essentially Timeliine, being concave and rounded, with
a large first primary ; the legs, too, are strong ; but in other re-
spects the general aspect of the bird is Tit-like, and Prof. Baird
places it in close proximity to the Tits in his ' Review.'

1. CHAMPA.

Type.

Chamasa, Gamhel, Proc. Phi/ad. Acad. iii. p. 154 (1847) . . C. fasciata.
Range. Confined to the coast-region of California.

1. Chamsea fasciata.

Parus fasciatus, Gambel, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1845, p. 265.

Chamsea fasciata, Gamhel^ Proc. Philad. Acad. iii. p. 154 (1847) ;
id. Journ. Philad. Acad. (2) i. p. 34, pi. viii. fig. 3 (1847) ; Cah.
Arch. f. Nature/. 1848, p. 102 ; Pp. Consp. i. p. 206 (1850) ; Cas-
sin, Iii. B. Calif. <§• Texas, p. 39, pi. vii. (1853) ; Baird, B. N.
Amer. p. 370 (1858); id. Review Amer. B. p. 76 (1864) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 238, no. 3446 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 39
(1870); Coues,Key N.Am. B. p. 79(1872); Baird, Brewer, ^
Eidgio. N. Am. B. p. 84, pi. 6. tig. 8 (1874) ; Coaes, B. Color.
Vail. p. 108 (1878) ; Eidqway, List N. Amer. B. no. 35 (1880) ;
Coues, Checklist N. Amer. B. p. 27 (1882).

Adult. General colour above brown, rather more ashy brown on
the crown of the head and hind neck ; wing-coverts like the back;
quills dusky brown, the piimaries edged with ashy brown, the
secondaries with the same colour as the back ; tail-feathers dusky
brown, margined with lighter brown; lores and feathers round the
eye dull ashy whitish ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck dark
ashy grey ; throat and under surface of body pale vinous, duller
towards the vent and under tail-coverts ; the sides of the breast and
flanks dull brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale isabelliue
or vinous ; quills light brown, yellowish white along the edge of
the inner web; "bill and feet brown; iris white"' {Gamhel).
Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-25, tail 2-25, tarsus.
1-05.

Hah. California.

a, b. Ad. Pk. California.

312 TIMELIID^.

Group VI. HENICURI.

The Fork-tails have many habits in comnion with the "Wagtails
(j\lotaciUidcp), which they also resemble in their style of coloration.
In the form of wing, however, they are essentially Timeliine, and
are placed in this family as an aberrant group. It is somewhat
curious that three genera so strikingly different in characters should
not have received names before, but, as far as I can find out, they
have all been hitherto included in one genus, Henicurus.

Key to the Genera.

a. Tail longer than wing ; tail forked, the dif-

ference between tip of centre and tip of
outer feather more than two thirds of the
length of wing 1. Henicuhxjs, p. 312.

b. Tail and wing about equal in length, the

latter slightly exceeding the tail ; tail

forked 2. Hydeocichxa, p. 318.

c. Wing much longer than tad; the latter

nearly square 3. Microcichla, p. 322.

1. HENICURUS. Type.

Enicurus, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 113 (1824) H. leschenaulti.

AUocoturus, Van der Soeven, Sandb. Zool. ii. p. 536

(1856) II. leschenaulti.

Cf . Elwes, Ibis, 1872, pp. 250-262.

Range. India and China, ranging through the Burmese countries,
down the Malayan peninsula, to Java,

Key to the Species.

a. Back uniform, without spots or bars.
a'. Back black.

a". Throat and breast black.

a'". Rather smaller : white frontal patch
ending in a point on the crown; tail-
feathers with a white spot at tip leschenaulti, p. 313.

b'". Larger: white frontal patch roimded pos-
teriorly ; tail-feathers with an oblique

white bar at the end sinensis, p. 313.

b". Throat only black immacidatus,

[p. 314.
b'. Back grey schistaceus, p. 315.

b. Back spotted or barred with white.

c'. Back with a few rounded white spots guttatm, p. .316.

d'. Back with white bars, not rounded spots .... maadatus, p. 317.

1. HExicuRrs. 313

1 . Henicurus leschenaulti.

Turdiis leschenaulti, Vieill. N. Diet. (VHist. Nat. xx. p. 269 (1818).

Enicurus coronatus, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 113 (1824).

Motacilla speciosa, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 155 (1820) ; id,

Zool. Researches ifi Java, pi. 48 (1824).
Enicurus leschenaulti, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 204 (1847) ; Bj}. Consp.

i. p. 251 (1850) ; Horsf. |- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 345

(1854) ; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 248, no. 3596 (1869).
Allocoturus coronatus, Van der Hoeven, Handb. Zool. ii. p. 536

(1856).
Henicurus leschenaulti, Elices, Ibis, 1872, p. 258 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S.

Beng. xxxix. p. 304 (1870) ; Hume Sr Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. i.

p. 360; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, pp. 65, 103 ; Nichols. Ibis, 1879, p. 169 ;

Oates, B. Brit. Biirm. p. 27 (1883).

Aclidt. General colour above black : lesser, median, and greater
wing-coverts like back ; greater series tipped ■with white, increasing
in extent towards the innermost, which have the terminal half white ;
bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the secondaries
with ver}- broad white bases, half concealed bj- white tips to greater
wing-coverts ; inner secondaries edged with white at tip, the inner-
most entirely white ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure
white ; tail-feathers black, broadly tipped with white : the two
outermost entirely white ; crown of head white, the crest tapering
towards a point ou the vertex, where the long feathers are white,
tipped with black ; occiput, nape, and sides of crown like the back ;
lores and eyebrow black ; ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, throat,
fore neck, and breast black ; abdomen, sides of body, flanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts white ; under wing- coverts black, the lower
outer coverts white, forming a patch ; axillaries black, the inner ones
externally white ; quills below black, with a large patch of white on
the base of secondaries. Total length 10 inches, culmen 0-95, wing
4-3, tail 5-2, tarsus 1-2.

Young. Differs from the adult in having no white on the crown,
the black being of a more brownish cast.

Hah. Java. Said to occur in the Malayan peninsula, and to ex-
tend into Tenasserim. A further comparison of specimens will pro-
bably prove the species from the latter locality to be H. sinensis.

a. Ad. sk. W. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1.

b. Juv. sk. W. Java (F. C. Buxton). F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Java. Gould Collection.

d. Ad. sk. Java {Horsjield). India Museum. (Type of

Motacilla speciosa, Horsf.)

e. Ad. St. Java. Purchased.

2. Henicurus sinensis.

Henicurus .«peciosus (wow Horsf.), SicinJt. Ibis, 1801, p. 262, 1862,

pp. 261, 264.
Enicurus loschenaiilti (non V.), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 276.
Enicurus sinensis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 665.
Enicurus chinensis, Gould. Birds of Asia, pt. xviii. (1866) : Gratj,

314 TiMiJLiin^.

Hand-l. B. i. p. 248. no. 3602 (1869;; Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871,

p. 36o ; Gorbvin- Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xliii. p. 168 (1874).
Heniciinis sinensis, Swinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 404; Godwin- Austen,

J. A. S. Beng. xlvii. p. 19 (1878).
Henicurus chinensis, Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. .^04 (1870) ;

Elwes, Ibis, 1872, p. 258.
Henicurus leschenaulti {non V.), David S) Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 295,

pi. 37 (1777).

Adult. Very similar to //. leschenaulti of Java, but having very
much broader tail-feathers, the black ones of which are broadly
margined with white along the tip of the inner web, just reaching
across the tip of the outer ; the frontal patch of white is also larger,
and is rounded on its hinder margin; "bill black; feet white,
claws washed with brown ; iris black " (David). Total length
11 inches, culmen iMJo, wing 4-45, tail 6-2, tarsus 1-3.

ffab. China, ranging southwards into Assam, and said to occur
in Province WeUesley in Malacca.

a. Ad. sk. Shanghai. Gould Collection. (Type

of species.)

b, c. Ad. sk. N. China. Mr. Fortune [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Fokien. Gould Collection.

e. Ad. sk. Nazeerah, Upper Assam R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(Dr. lieid).

3. Henicurus immaculatus.

Enicurus immaculatus, Hodgs. Asiat. Researches, xix. p. 190(18.36);

id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 115 b. tig. 3 (no. 350),

116. fig. 2 (no. 350) ; id. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; Gray,

Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal jjres. Hodr/s. p. 76 (1846) ; Bh/th, J. A. S.

Bene/, xvi. p. 157 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 204 (1847) ; Bli/th,

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 159 (1840) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 251 (1850) ;

Horsf. S)- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. 3Iu^. i. p. .346 (1854) ; Jerd. B.

Ind. 'ii. p. 213 (1863) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 248. no. 3600 ( 1869) ;

Godwin-Aust.J.A. S.Beng. xxxix. p. 107 (1870) ; Hume Sf Oates,

Str. F. 1875, pp. 9, 141.
Henicurus immaculatus, Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 466; Elwes, Ibis, 1872,

p. 254 ; Godtcin-Ansten, J. A. S. Beng. xliii. p. 168 (1874), xlv.

p. 80 (1876), xlvii. p. 19 (1878) ; Inglis, Str. F. 1877, p. 37 ;

Hume ^ Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 360; Hume, Str. F.

1879, p. 103 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 25 (1883).

Adult. General colour above black, scapulars broadly tipped with
white ; lesser, median, and greater wing-coverts black, the greater
series with broad white tips ; bastard wing, primary-coverts, and
quills black ; the inner primaries externally white at base ; secon-
daries white at base, which is half concealed by the white tips of the
greater coverts ; these secondaries also tipped with white at their
outer web ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white ;
tail-feathers black, white at base and having a white spot at tip,
two outside feathers pure white ; crown of head black, with a
broad frontal band of white extending backwards above the eye,

1. HENictTKra. 315

and foi-ming a spot behind the latter ; a line across the base of the
forehead, lores, eyelid, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, and throat
black ; the hinder edge of eyelid white ; fore neck and remainder
of under surface pure white, the feathers on the sides of the upper
breast edged with black ; under wing-coverts black, the lower series
white ; axillaries white, the outer ones black, edged with white ;
quills below ashy blackish ; •' bill and inside of mouth black : feet
and claws pale j^ellow ; irides brown; eyelids well-feathered"
(E. W. Oatcs). Total length 10 inches, cuLmen 0-8, wing 3-95,
tail 5-1, tarsus 1-1.

The female is like the male but smaller. Total length 9 inches,
culmen 0-8, wing 3-5, tail 4-6, tarsus 1.

Hab. Himalayas, extending into the Burmese countries.

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

^- Ad. sk. Kha-^ia liills* India Museum.

{Grrffif/i).

€. Ad. sk. Ai-racau hills. \V. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].

f,ff. c? 2 ad. sk. Pegu, April 1880. Eugene W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

4. Henicurus schistaceus.

Enieurus schistaceus, Hodgs. Asiat. Researches, six. p. 189 (1836) ;
id. Icon. ined. in Brit. 3Itis., Passeres, pi. 11,5 b. tig. 2 (n. 349), lie!
fig. 1 (no. ;Un) : id. in Grat/'s Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; Gray', Cat.
Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 76 (1846); id. Gen. B. i. p. 204
(1847) ; Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 157 (1847) ; id. Cat. B. Mus.
As. Soc. p. lo9 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 251 (1850); Hursf. Sf
Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. .346 (1854); Swink Ibis, 1861,
p. 409; Jerd. B.Ind.ii. Tp. 214; Svmih. Ibis, lH67, pp. 29, 404;
C^rai/, Iland-l. B. i. p. 248, no. 3601 (1869) ; Hume, Nests &■ Eqqs
Ind. B. p. 376 (1873). ''•'

Henicurus schistaceus, Swinh. P. Z. S'. 1863, p. 276; Blyt/i Ibis
1867, p. 29 ; Ehces, Ibis, 1872, p. 376 ; Bii/th .V TVald. B. Burm.
p. 97 (1875); Godwin-Aust. J. A. &'. Bern/, xlv. p. 80(1876),
xlvii. p. 19 (1878); David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 296 (1878);
Himie S,- Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. i. pp. 361, 517; Hmne, Str. F.
1879, p. 103 ; ScuUtj, t. c. p. 311 ; Bi/ighatn, .^r. F. 1880, p. 189-
Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 28 (1883). '

Henicurus leucoschistus, Stcinh. Ann. & Man. Nat. Hist. (4) vi n 154
(1870) ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 365. ' ^'

Adult. General colour above dark slaty blue, the scapulars like
the back and broadly tipped with white ; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back; the greater coverts and the bastard wing
blackish ; the innermost greater coverts very broadly tipped with
white ; primary-coverts and quills black, the primaries tipped with
white on the outer web, the secondaries on outer web alone ; all
but the outermost primary white at base, forming on primaries a
large alar speculum, and on secondaries a white base adjacent to
the inner white-tipped greater coverts ; rump and upper tail-coverts
pure white : tail-feathers black, white at base, and more minutely

» Wrongly enttred as from .Afghanistan in Horsfield and Jfoore's Cat. /. c.

316 TIMELnDiE.

tippeo with white ; crown of head like the back, with a frontal
band of white extending to the fore part of the eye, separated from
the crown by a narrow line of blackish ; npper edge of ej'elids also
white ; lores and base of forehead, cheeks, throat, and eai-coverts
black, the npper part of the latter slaty blue, as also sides of neck ;
throat black, widening onto the sides of the latter ; centre of lower
throat, fore neck, breast and abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts
pure white ; under wing-coverts black, except the lower series, which
are white ; axillaries white with blackish bases ; quills below dusky,
tipped white, and having a large white patch at base of inner web ;
" bill black ; feet fleshy white ; the tarsi livid in front ; claws
whitish; iris blackish brown'' (Scidhj). Total length \)'\i inches,
culmen 0'8, wing 3'8, tail 5'1, tarsus 1-05.

The young differs from the adult principally in the browner
colour of the upper parts, in having a white throat, and the feathers
of the fore neck and breast edged with dusky.

Hob. Himalayas, extending into Burmah.

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection.

d, e, f. Ad. ; g. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

Juv. sk.

h. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Plodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Type of species.)

i. Ad.; A". Juv.sk. Nepal {B. H. Hodgson). India Museum.

I. Imm. sk. Darjiling. Gould Collection.

VI. Ad. sk. Sikiiim, September 1873 Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

{Mandelli).

w. Ad. sk. 'Rootan {Pemherton). India Museum.

o. 5 ad. sk. Thoungyah, British Bur- A. 0. Hume, Esq.

mah Nov. 13, 1878 (/.

Darling).

5. Henicurus guttatus.

Euicurus maculatus, pt. (non Vig.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal

pres. Hodqs. p. 76 (1846) ; Blyth,J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 156 (1847) ;

Horsf. ^- 'Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 346 (1854) ; Jerd. B.

Ind. "ii. p. 212 (1863) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 75.
Euicurus guttatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 664 ; id. B. Asia, part

xviii. (1866) ; Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 248, no. 3599 (1869) ; Hume,

Nests 4r Eggs Ind. B. p. 376 (1873) ; id. ^ Gates, Str. F. 1875,

p. 342.
Enicurus maculatus (^tion Vig.), Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix.

p. 109 (1870).
Henicurus guttatus, Blyth,Ibis, 1867, p. 29 ; Eiwes, Ibis, 1872, p. 261 ;

Blgth (^ Wald. B.' Burm. p. 97 (1875); Hume, Str. F. 1878,

vol. ii. p. 399; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 103; Scully, t. c. p. 311 ; Gates,

B. Brit. Burnt, p. 26 (1883).

Adult. General colour above black, spotted with white, the spots
being small, ovate or oval in shape, rather larger and in the form of
oval drops on the sides of the neck ; lesser median-coverts and greater
wing-coverts black, the greater series tipped with white ; bastard
wing, primary-coverts, and quills black ; the inner primaries white
at base, concealed by the coverts ; the inner secondaries with broad

]. HENICURUS. 317

white bases, partly concealed by the white tips to the inner greater
coverts ; rump and upper tail-coTerts pure white ; taU-feathers black,
obliquely tipped with white, the two outer feathers entirely white ;
crown of head brown, the feathers tipped with black ; occiput and
nape black, with a broad frontal patch of white ; hind neck thickly
mottled, the feathers white, edged with a narrow line of black ; lores,
sides of face, ear-coverts, throat, fore neck, and breast black •
feathers in centre of breast black, tipped with white ; abdomen,
Hanks, thighs, and uuder tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts
black, the lower greater series white; axillaries white, inner ones
black; quills below dusky, with inner edge white at base of pri-
maries; "bill black; feet pale whitish fleshy; iris dark brown"
(ScuUi/). Total length 9 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 3-9, tail 5-1,
tarsus 1-15.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, extending throughout Burmah and
Tenasserim and Southern China.

a. Ad. sk. Jlimalayas. Gould Collection.

b. Ad. sk. Hnnalayas (Bli/t/i). Gould Collection. (Type

of species.)

c. d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. rP.l.
e,/, /7 Ad. sk. Nepal (//or/yi-ow). India Museum.

/i. Ad. sk. Arakan hills. Eugene W.Oates.Esq.fC.l

». Imiu. sk. Khasia hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

6. Heniciirus maculatus.

Enicurus maculatus, Vii/ors, P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 9; Gould, Cent. B
HtmaLMts. pi. xxvii. (1832) ; Hodgs. Icon. hied. inBrit.Mus., Pas-
seres, pi. 115 (no. 347), 116. fig. 4 (no. 347) ; Gratj, Cat. Mamm.
etc. Aepal2>res. Hodtjs. p. 70 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 204 (1847) •
Jameson, Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 363 ; B/i/th, J. A. S Benq
XVI. p. 156 (1847); id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 1,59 a849) • Bp
Consp. 1. p. 251 (1850) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus i
p. 346 (1854, pt.); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 489, 1859 p 179-
Jerd.B. Ind. ii. p. 212 (1863); Gray, Hand-/. B. i. p. 248, no. 3598
(lb69) ; Hume, Nests ^- Eggs Ind. B. p. 374 (1873).

Emcurus f uliginosus, Ilodgs. Asiat. Researches, xix. p. 190 ; id. Icon,
ined. in Bnt. 3Ius., Passeres, pi. 115 b. (no. 348), 116 fio' 3
(no. 348). "

Henicurus macidatus, Bh/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 29; Bearan, Ibis, 186fi
?; '°^ ^>-ooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 57; Elwes, Ibis, 1872, p. 260; Hume,
Sir. F. 18/9, p. 103 ; Scully, t. c. p. 310. ' ' ^ '

Adult. General colour above black, with very distiuct white tips to
the feathers, producing a barred appearauce, especially on the back and
scapulars ; median coverts and greater wing-coverts black, the latter
very broadly tipped with white, forming a broad wing-bar ; bastard
wmg. primary-coverts, and quills black, the primaries with con-
cealed white bases to shafts ; secondaries white at base, half hidden
by the white tips to greater coverts, also tipped with white on the
outer web ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white ;
tail-feathers black, bordered with white along the tips, extending
further along inner web, two outer feathers white, the next Idack

318 TIMELIID.E.

■with white tips ; crown of head black, the cbutre browner with black
tips to the feathers ; forehead entirely white ; nape and hind neck
black, -with very large ovate spots of white, those on the sides of the
neck white fringed with black ; lores, eyebrow, sides of face, ear-
coverts, fore neck, and chest black ; breast, abdomen, sides of body,
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts white : lower chest-feathers and
sides of breast black fringed with white ; under wing-coverts black,
with a white patch formed of outer greater coverts ; axillaries black,
the inner ones white ; quills below dusky : inner edge of quills white
at base ; " bill black ; feet and claws fleshy white ; iris dark brown "
(SciiUj/). Total length 11 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4-15, tail 5*8,
tarsus I'l.

Young. Differs from the adult in being earthy brown, with white
shaft-lines to the mantle-feathers ; lesser wing-coverts centred with
ochraceous brown, white on inner greater coverts, tinged with ochra-
ceous ; sides of face, throat, and breast light earthy brown, mesially
streaked with whitish shaft-lines ; the lower breast also dull white
washed with earthy brown.

Hah. Western Himalaya mountains, not extending eastwards be-
yond Nepal.

a, b. Ad. ; c. Juv. Himalayas. Gould Collection,

sk.

d. Ad. sk. Cashmere. E. M. Laugworthv, Esq.

[P.].

e, f,q, h,i,k. Ad. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill
sk [P-]-

I. Juv. sk. Mun-ee, Sept. 15, 1878. Colonel Way [P.].

»«, n. c? 2 ad. sk. MmTse. Major J. Biddulph [C.].

0. c? ad. sk. iSepal vaUev, Dec. 12, Dr. J. Scully [P.J.

1877. ■ -

p, q, r. Ad. ; s, t, u. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

Juv. sk.

V. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Type oi E.fuUginosus.)

w. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

2. HYDROCICHLA.

Rant/e. From Tenasserim down the Malaj-an peninsula to Java,
Sumatra, and Borneo.

Kei/ to the Species.

a. Throat black ; remainder of under surface pure
white, or with a few blackish bars on the
breast.
a'. Back black ; head and hind neck rufous, with

white frontal baud rvJicapiUa J , p. 319.

b'. Back grev ; head brown, with white ii'ontal

band . ." vplatus, p. 320.

h. Throat and breast black; back black ; forehead

and verte.x white frontalis, p. 321.

c. Throat black ; hack rufous like the hind neck. . ruficapilla 9 , p- 319.

d. Throat white ; back rufous rufidvrBalis, p. 320.

2. JiyDROciciii.A. 319

1. Hydrocichla ruflcapilla.

Eulcurus ruficapillus, Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 534(1832) ; Crray, Gen.

B. i. p. 204 (1847) ; Bhiih, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 155 (1847) ; id.

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p". 159 (1849) ; Bp. Cansj). i. p. 251 (1850) ;

Graj/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 248, no. 3004 (18G9).
Enicurus diadematus, S. Miill. Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. 1835, p. 346

{ex Boie M8S.) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 204 (1847) ; id. Hand-l. B.

i. p. 248, no. 3005 (1869).
Allocoturus ruticapillus, Van der Hoeven, Handb. Zool. ii. p. 536

(1856).
Henicurus ruficapillus, Elioes, Ibis, 1872. p. 257; Stoliczka, J. A. S.

Bene/, xxxix. p. 304 (1870) ; Hume ^- Davison, Sir. F. 1878, vol. i.

pp. 361, 518 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 65 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Ciuic.

Genov. xiv. p. 234 (1879).

Adult male. General colour above black ; wing-coverts black, the
greater coverts tipped with white, broader on the inner ones ;
bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quiUs black; the secondaries
white at the base and also tipped with white, the innermost secon-
daries entire!}' white ; rump and upper tail-coverts pure white ; tail-
feathers black, tipped with white, and white at base, two outer-
most white, next one white with a black mark towards the end ;
crown of head, occiput, nape, and hind neck orange-chestnut ; base
of forehead, lores, eyelids, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat bhick ;
across the forehead a broad band of white, followed by a narrow
line of black, separating the white frontal band from the rufous
crown ; fore neck with a triangular patch of pure white ; sides of
neck and breast white, tipped with blackish, producing a barred
appearance, these bars broader but less distinct on the flanks ;
remainder of under surface, thighs, and under tail-coverts pure
white ; under wing-coverts black, except the lower series, which are
white ; axillaries white, with an inner web of black on most of
them ; quills below blackish ; inner edge of quills with white patch
at base of secondaries ; " bill black ; legs, feet, and claws pale pinky
or fleshy white; iris dark brown" {W. Davison). Total length
7 inches, culmcn 0-9, wing 3-25, tail 2-9, tarsus 1-05.

In the females the red extends over the whole upper back in
undiminished purity of colour, and thence over the scapulars and
nearly that portion of the back which is black in the male, leaving
only a black band from 0*1 to 0-2 inch wide dividing the red from
the white of the rump ; but on all these parts the red is duller,
browner, and less pure {Hume 4" Davison, Sir. F. 1878, i. p. 362).

Hah. From the foot of Mount Xwalabo in Tenasserim throughout
the Malayan peninsula. Borneo.

a. S ad. sk. Poak hill, Sarawak, Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.].

Sept. 14, 1874.

320

2. Hydrocichla rufldorsalis.

Henicm-us rufldorsalis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 255.

Similar to H. riiJicapiUa, but distinguished by the white throat
and rufous back. Total length 7*2 inches, eulmen 0'95, wing 3'5,
tail 3, tarsus 1-15. (Sharpe, I. c.)

Hah. Lawas river, N.W. Borneo {Treacher, Mus. Oxon.).

The rufous back, which I considered to be sufficient for the
separation of the present species from H. rttji^apilla, is not reallj- a
specific character, as the hen of ff. ruJicapiUa has the back rufous.
In no stage of plumage, however, has the last-named bird been
described with a white throat ; and as the bird from the Lawas
river described by me appeared to be perfectty adult, I have
thought it better to keep the two distinct for the present.

3. Hydrocichla velatus.

Euicurus velatus, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 160 (1823) ; Gray, Gen. B.

i. p. 204 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 251 (1850); Horsf. Sf Moore,

Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 347 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 248,

no. 3597 (18G9).
Henicurus velatus, Elices, Ibis, 1872, p. 253 ; Salrad. .inn. Mm.

Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 2.34 (1879).
Allocoturus velatus, Va7i der Hoenen, Handb. Zool. ii. p. 536

(1856).

Adult female. General colour above dark slaty grey ; wing-coverts
blackish, externally edged with dull slaty grey ; quills blackish
brown, with au alar speculum formed by the base of the inner secon-
daries, the innermost of which are entirely white ; rump and upper
tail-covcrts pure white ; centre tail-feathers blackish, white at base
and tipped wdth white, the two outer feathers entirely white, the next
one white rather broadly fringed with blackish on both webs ; crown
of head dull chocolate, forming a cap ; lores and base of forehead
black, followed by a broad band of white across the forehead, which
is separated from the chocolate crown by a narrow blackish band ;
upper edge of eyelid and a small spot behind upper eye white; ear-
coverts slaty black ; cheeks, chin, and upper throat black ; lower
throat and remainder of under surface of body white, with dusky
margins to some of the feathers of the fore neck ; sides of breast
slaty black ; thighs and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-
coverts white ; axillaries white, dusky on inner web ; quills below
dusky brown, wilh a white patch at base of secondaries. Total
length 6 inches, eulmen 0'7, wing 2-9, tail 2*95, tarsus 0*9.

Adult rwa?e (Hoedjoeng, Sumatra ; H. O.Forbes). Differs in having
the head grej" instead of chocolate- brown. Total length 6'8 inches,
wiag 3-25, tail 3-3, tarsus 0-95. (Mus. F. Nicholson.)

A female collected by Mr. Forbes measured : — Total length
65 inches, wing 3-15, tail 3"1, tarsus 1.

Hah. Java and Sumatra.

2. HTDROCICHXA. 321

a. Ad. sk. Java. Pm-chased.

h. $ ad. sk. Gebbrok, Java, Dec. 1827 Gould Collection.

(Leiden 3Ius.).

c. cJ ad. St. Java. Purcliased.

4. Hydrocichla frontalis.

Enicnrus diadematus (>i07i Temm.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 156

(1S17).
Enicurus frontalis, Blyth, ut suprd. ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 159

(1819) ; Bj). Consp. i. p. 251 (1850) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 284 ;

Sorsf. 4- 3Ioore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 346 (1854) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 248, no. .3606 (1869).
Henicurus frontalis, JShves, Ibis, 1872, p. 259, pi. ix. ; Salvad. Ucc.

Born. p. 259 (1874) ; Oates, Str. F. 1877, p. 248 ; Tweedd. Ibis,

1877, p. 310; Hume ^- Davison, Str.F. 1878, vol. i. p. 360; Hutne,

Str. F. 1879, pp. 65, 103 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 255 ; id. P. Z. S.

1881, p. 798.

Adult male. General colour above glossy black; wing-coverts like
the back, the inner greater coverts tipped with white ; bastard
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown ; secondaries
white at base, forming a large alar speculum, innermost secondaries
pure white ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white ;
tail-feathers blackish, tipped with white and conspicuously white at
base, two outer tail-feathers entirely white, the third blackish but
with increased white base ; forehead and sinciput white ; hinder
crown, occiput, and nape like back ; lores and sides of crown,
feathers round eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck,
throat, fore neck, chest, and breast black ; abdomen, flanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts black ; asillaries
white, with black on the outer edge of some of them : lower greater
coverts white, tipped with dusky ; quills below dusky blackish ; base
of inner primaries and a large patch of the secondaries pure white.
Total length 8 inches, culmcu 0-85, wing 3'4, tail 3"G, tarsus I'l.

The female is like the male but duller, and the throat and breast
rather browner black. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-45,
tail 3-5, tarsus 1-1.

Toumj male. Yery much browner than the adult, with white
shaft,-streaks to the breast-feathers ; the white tips to the inner
greater wing-coverts tinged with ochraceous buff ; inner secondaries
tipped with white on the outer web : upper abdomen white, but
slightly mottled with dusky brown margins to the feathers adjoining
the breast.

Hah. From South Tenasserim down the Malayan peninsula.
Borneo.

a. $ ad.; b. (S]\x\. Malewoon, S. Tenas- E. W. Oates, Esq.

sk. scrim.

c, d. Ad. sk. Malacca. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [CI.

e. (S ad. sk. Mount Ophu-, Ma- A. E. Wallace, Esq. | C.].

lacca.

322 TnTELIID^.

3. MICROCICHLA.

Range. From Samarcand, throughout the Himalayas, to the hills
of Assam, and extending into Western China,

1. MicrocicMa scouleri.

Enicurus scouleri, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 174 ; Gould, Cent. B.

Himal. Mts. pi. xxviii. (1832) ; Jameson, Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist.

vii. p. 363 ; Hodgs. Icon. hied, in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 117.

figs. 1, 2 (no. 698); id. in Graifs Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844);

G7-at/, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 76 (1846) ; id. Gen.

B. i. p. 204 (1847) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 157 (1847) ; id.

Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 159 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 251 (1850) ;

Horsf. Sj- 3Ioore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 347 (1854) ; Adams,

P. Z. S. 1858, p. 489, 1859, p. 179 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 214 (1863) ;

Goidd, B. Asia, pt. xviii. (1866) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 248,

no. 3603 (1869) ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 377 (1873).
Enicurus heterurus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).
Enicurus nio-rifrons. Gray, P: Z. S. 1859, p. 102 {ex Hodgs. MSS.) ;

Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 214 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1869, p. 29 ; Godioin-

Aifsten, J. A. 8. Beng. xxxis. p. 107 (1870).
Henicurus scouleri, Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 75 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. Betig.

xxxvii. p. 47 (1868) ; Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 365 ; Ehces, Ibis, 1872,

p. 256 ; Godivin-Austen, J. A. S. Bern/, xlv. p. 80 (1876), xlvii.

p. 19 (1878) ; David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 297 (1878) ; Hume,

Sir. F. 1879, vol. ii. p. 457 ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 103 ; Scully, t. c.

p. 311 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 67 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 423.

Adult. General colour above deep purplish black ; lesser and
median wing-coverts like back ; greater coverts broadly tipped with
white, forming a wing-bar ; bastard wing, primary-coverts, and
quills black ; primaries conspicuously white-shafted, secondaries
edged with white near the ends, their bases white, concealed by
white ends of greater coverts ; innermost secondaries jiure white ;
lower back white, followed by a black bar across rump, which is
otherwise white like u])per tail-coverts ; tail-feathers black, with
broad white bases, outer feather entirely white, next two feathers
white with an oblique black mark at tip ; forehead pure white ;
hinder crown, occiput, and nape like the back : lores and feathers
above eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, throat, and
fore neck purplish black ; remainder of under surface white, with
the sides of the breast purplish black ; flanks slightly mottled
with dusky blackish tips to som« of the feathers ; under wing-coverts
black, except the outer lower series, which malce a M'hite patch ;
axillaries white, with dusky blackish bases ; quills below dusky,
with a white patch at base of inner edge of secondaries; "bill
black ; feet and claws pure fleshy white ; iris dark brown "
(Scully). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3"1, tail 2*2,
tarsus 0'95.

Young. Differs from the adult in having the forehead black and

3. MICROCICHLA.

323

the throat Avhite, this and the breast being slightly mottled wW.
blackish margins to the feathers. ^ a i> mouied with

Hab. The same as that of the genus.

a,h. ^ 2 ad. sk.

c. c? juv. sk.

d, e. Ad. et juv. sk.

/. Ad. sk.

^. Ad.; h. Juv.sk.

i. Ad. sk.

k,l. Ad. st.

m, n. Ad. sk.

0. Ad. ; p. Juv. sk.

Gilgit, March 12,

1878.

Sai, Gilgit, Sept. 12,

1880.
N.W. Himalayas.

Nepal.

Nepal.

Nepal (^0(%r5ore).

Nepal.

Bootau {Pemberton).

Himalayas.

Major J. Biddulph [C.].

Major J. Biddulph [C.].

Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
C^JV&oi E.iiigrifrons.)
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
India Museum,
B. H. Flodgiou, Esq. fP.l
India Museum.
Gould Collection.

t2

324 TiMEirrD^.

Group VI. CRATEROPODES.

In this group are placed the true Babbling-Thrushes, remarkable
for their strong clumsy feet and claws and powerful rounded wings.
As a rule they are gregarious in their habits, and are poor songsters ;
but there is much in their form which is suggestive of the true
Thnishes. All the genera here enumerated seem to me to be closely
allied inter se, though it is not easy to place them in linear order ;
but the true C rateropodes extend in an unbroken series of genera
through Garrula.v and its allies to Suthora and Paradoxornis, which
cannot be far removed from the Paridce. Eupetes is an aberrant
Timeliine form, with affinities towards Oinclus and ffenicurus, and
Dnjmcedus seems to be allied to the true Timelm. The genera
most out of place in the present group appear to me to be Mega-
luridus, CindorhampJms, and Calamanthus, the two latter being
quite aberrant, whilst Mcr/aluridits seems to be a Grass-Warbler in
its habits. Farther research will perhaps lead to the disposition of
these genera in other groups of birds ; but, after considering all
points of their structure, it seems to me that their natural affinities
are rather with the Crateropi than with any of the other groups
admitted into the present volume.

Key to the Genera*.

a. Bill equal in height and breadth at nostrils,
or at least not higher than it is broad.
a'. Shafts of tail-feathers produced and stiff-
ened 1 . Ortho.nyx, p. .329.

b'. Shafts of tail-feathers ordinary.
a". Tail longer than wiug.

a'". Wing rounded, the distance between
the first and second primaries less
than the tarsus.
a*. Tail less graduated, the distance
between the outer and the middle
tail-feathers much less than the
tar.sus.
a'. Wing slightly more pointed ; first
primary long, and equal to the
long secondaries; tarsus short,
not more than one fourth of
length of tail 2. Cinclosoma, p. 331.

* Amongst the Crateropodes lias hitherto been placed the genus Tkaniaoca.-
taphus of Tickell. This genus was established by this author in 1849 from a
single specimen said to have been procured near Darjiling, and named by him
Thamnocataphiis picatus. This specimen has remained unique in the Indian
Museum at Calcutta, and has been considered to be an Indian bird by all sub-
sequent writers, who have placed it in the vicinity of Gampsorkynchus, a true

CEATEE0P0DE9. 325

Wing very much rounded ; first

primary short, much less than

the long secondaries; tarsus

very long, and equal to one

third of length of tail.

8°. Bill very long, equal to head,

the culmen exceeding length

of hind toe and claw ; no

rictal bristles . 3. Eupetes, p. 838.

i". Bill not so long as head, the
culmen not exceeding the
hind toe and claw ; rictal
bristles present, though small.
a'. Legs not very stout, the
hind toe and claw less
than half the length of the
tarsus.
a". Quills very much gra-
duated, the 3rd much
shorter than the 4th,
which is again shorter
than the 5th, which is

one of the longest .... 4. Fycnoptilus, p. 342.
¥. Quills less graduated, the
3rd nearly equal to the
4th, which is one of the
longest 6. Drymacedus, p. 343.

Crateropodine form. Thus Jerdou, writing in 18(53, observes, concerning
Thamnucataphus : — -

" This reiuarkable form differs from all the other members of this family
(except Sibia and Gampsorhynchus) by its white wiug-spot, assimilating it still
nearer to the Shrikes ; and indeed it is very similar in its mode of coloration to
some of the African Shrikes. The general character of its plumage, however,
combined with its elevated and strong tarsi and feet, its habitat in a region rich
in varied forms of this family, and its near affinity to Gampsorhi/nchus. have
influenced me in placing it here."

Since the above date the species has been duly catalogued in the lists of
Indian birds, including the latest and most complete one by lilr. Hume, pub-
Ushed in 1879.

On reading Jerdon's description, however, I came to the conclusion that the
species must be an African Dryoscopiis ; and an application made to Dr. Ander-
son, the Director of the Indian Museum, for a loan of the specimen, was readily
acceded to. When the skin arrived in England it needed but a glance to see
that Thamnocataphus picatus was nothing but the common Bush-Shrike of
South Africa, Dryoscopits rujiveniris (Swains.). The following synonymj,
belongs to the specimen, and must be added to that of jD. riijiveniris: —

Thamnocataphus jiicatus, Tickell, J. A S. Beng. xviii. p. 812 (1849) ;

Bli/th, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soo. p. 150 (1849) ; Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 13 (1863);

U'ume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95.
Garrulax picatus, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 282, no. 4175 (18G9).

How the mistake arose is impossible to say, but it is probable that the skin of
the African Bush-Shrike was received by Colonel Tickell in exchange from
M. Verreaux or some other collector, and that it got mixed up with his
Darjili'jg coUeclion, and was described by him as a new species and the type of
a new genus.

326 TiiiELiiDJi:.

v. Legs more powerful, the

hind toe and claw equal to

more than half the tarsus.

c'. Bill shorter and stouter,

when measured from

gape equal to hind toe

and claw 6. Htlacola, p. 346.

d?. Bill longer and more
slender, when measured
from gape exceeding
length of hind toe and

claw 7. Ch^tops, p. 347.

6*. Tail strongly graduated, the dis-
tance between the outer and
inner tail-feathers as much as, or
more than, the length of the tarsus.
c'. Wing very much rounded, the
secondaries nearly equal in
length to the primaries, the dis-
tance between them less than
the culmen.
c'. BUI without a notch in the
upper mandible.
c'. Nostrils exposed.

e^. With a large crest ; nos-
ti-ils ovate, with distinct

operculum 8. Psophodes, p. 350.

/*. With no strongly pro-
nounced crest.
a^. Nostrils with a distinct
operculum ; bill very
long and exceeding
length of middle toe

and claw 9. Hypeegertjs, p.- 351.

6'. Nostrils rounded, with
a small operculum ;
rictal bristles very di-
stinct; bill moderate,
the culmen not ex-
ceeding the length of
the middle toe and

claw 10. Babax, p. 352.

<r. Nostrils absolutely hidden
by plumes and bristles ;
bill curved, the culmen
lower than the hind toe

* and claw 11. Pteeorhixijs,

d\ Bill with a notch. [p. 353.

e'. Nostrils nearly covered with
bristles ; nasal opening
longitudinal, with a large
operculum ; rictal bristles
soft and long.
g^. Feathers of head ordinary,

without stiifened shafts. 12, Tkochaiopteeum,

[p. 354.

I

\

CEATEEOPODES. 327

A'. Feathers of head with

stiffened shafts 13. Acanthoptila,

/'. Nostrils nearly hidden by [p. 380.

bristles, rounded and ex-
posed in front; bill long,
exceeding the hind toe

and claw 14. Ianthocincla,

g'. Nostrils exposed, rounded, [p. 382.

with a posterior opercu-
lum ; rictal bristles stiff

and very long 15. Gampsoehyxchtjs,

rf'. Wing not so much rounded, the [p. 336.

distance between the primaries

and the secondaries as great as

the length of the culmen.

e'. BiU stout and strongly cm'Ted ;

operculum of the nostril stout

and swollen 16. Aegya, p. 388.

/°. Bill slender, the culmen not
so strongly decurved ; oper-
culum of the nostrils not so

developed 17. MEGALtTRULUs,

6'". Wing rather more pointed, the dis- [p. 400.

tanee between the first and the
second primaries about equal to or
greater than the tarsus.
c*. Tail only slightly rounded ; no

rictal bristles 18. Pinarorxis, p. 401.

d^. TaU strongly graduated ; rictal
bristles evident,
e'. Tail more than once and a half

length of wiug 19. Sibia, p. 401.

/°. Tail only a trifle longer than

wing 20. Malacias, p. 403.

h" . Wing equal to or longer than the
tail,
c'". Bill long, the culmen longer than
the tarsus,
e'. Bill moderately curved and stout. 21. Pomatoehinus,
/■*. Bill very thin and long and greatly [p. 408.

curved 22. XiPHOEHAMPHrs,

d'". Tarsus much longer than the cul- [p. 433.

men.
g^. Nostrils rounded, pierced in the
anterior part of the nasal depres-
sion, and nearly hidden by plume-
lets ; a faU crest.
g^. Nostrils rather exposed, the over-
hanging bristles scanty; rictal
bristles strong, but not reach-
ing far beyond nostrils ; out-
stretched feet not reaching to

end of tail 23. Gahrulax, p. 434,

A'. Nostrils hidden by plumes; rictal
bristles very strong and reach-
ing beyond nostrils ; out-

328

TIMELIID^.

stretclied feet reaching to end

of tail i^4. Stactocichla,

/**. Nostrils linear, -with a very distinct [p. 449.

superior membrane.
i'. Legs strong, but not so powerful
as in the preceding genera, the
outstretched feet falling far
short of the tail.
^^ Head very strongly crested . . 29. AcTiNODUEA,p.463.
A". No crest ; bill stout.

If. No bare space round the eye.
i^. 1st primary short, not
equal to length of tarsus;
upper tail-coverts very
long, falling short of tip
of tail by once and a
quarter the length of the

tarsus 30. Neocichia, p. 468.

k^. 1st primaiy equal to or
exceeding length of tar-
sus ; upper tail-coverts
falling short of tail by
more than twice the
length of the tarsus. . . . 31.

i'. Sides of face bare 32.

k'. Legs very strong, the out-
stretched feet reaching to the
tip of the tail.
i^. Wing Pipit-like, the inner
secondaries produced, so as
to nearly equal the primaries

in length 38.

k^. Wing not so pointed or Pipit-
like, the inner secondaries
not much longer than the
rest of the secondaries .... 39.

Ceatehopus, p. 469.
JiIthocichxa,

[p. 484.

Cincloehamphus,
[p. 498.

CaIAM.'VNTHUS,

[p. 501.

b. Bill deeper at nostrils than it is broad.

c". Nostrils exposed, with a .^lightly pos-
terior operculum ; a notch in man-
dible ; a huge crest 25.

d". Nostrils exposed, with large superior
operculum ; no notch, n mandible ; a

moderate crest 26.

e". Nostrils hidden by plumes.

e'". Rictal bristles very strong ; bill
rather longer.
«*. Tail long, perceptibly exceeding
the length of the wing ; out-
stretched feet falling short of tail
by twice the length of the tarsus. 27.
/:'. Tail moderate, ouly slightly ex-
ceeding the wing in length ; out-
stretched feet falling short of tail
by not more than the length of
the tarsus 28. Ueyonastes,p.454.

Geammatoptila,

[p. 450.

Melaxocichla,

[p. 451.

liHINOCICHLA,

[p. 452.

1. OETHOirrx. 329

f". Eictal bristles nearly obsolete ; bill
veiy deep.
l^. With four toes.
P. Upper mandible not deeply fes-
tooned.
l^. Tail perceptibly longer than
wing ; upper mandible

deeper than lower 33. Conostoma, p. 485.

m^. Tail and wing about equal

in length ; under mandible

about as deep as the upper.

k''. Tip of culmen tapering- to a

point ; culminal ridge

rounded 34. Suthoea, p. 486.

f. Tip of culmen obtuse and
nearly as broad at tip as it
is at base ; culminal ridge

flattened 35. CHLErASicus,p.494.

nr'. Upper mandible deeply fes- [p. 496.

tooned 36. Paeadoxoekis,

w*. With only three toes 37. Cholohnis, p. 498.

1. ORTHONYX.

Type.
Orthonyx, Tem7n. Man. d Orn. i. p. kxsi (1820) 0. spinicauda.

Range. Australia.

Key to the Species.

a. Wing-coverts tipped with grey ; eyebrow and

ear-coverts grey.

a'. Throat white spinicauda J, p. 330.

6'. Throat orange-rufous sjiimcauda §, p. 330.

b. Wing-coverts blackish without grey bars.

c'. Throat white spaldingi ^ , p. 331.

d'. Throat orange-rufous qmldinyi 5, p. 331.

1. Orthonyx spinicauda*.

Orthonyx spinicaudus, Temm. PI. Col. iv. pis. 428, 429 (1827) ■
Gouhl, B. Austr. foho, iv. pi. 99 (1848) ; Gratj, ~Gen. £. i. p "151
(1847) ; £p. Comp. i. p. 216 (1850) ; JReichtnh. Vog. :Seulioll.
p. 214 (1850) ; Goidd, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. G07 (1865) ; Gray
Hand-l. B. i. p. 185, no. 2532 (18G9) ; Higgles, Orn. Austr. pi. 70
(c. 1870) ; liumsay, Froc. Linn. 80c. N.lS. W.i\. p. lyi (1876).

Orthonyx temminckii, Vig. S; Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc xv p -594
(182U). • tf- - )

Orthonyx maculatns, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 186 (1826).

* Temminck founded the genus Orthoni/x in 1820, but did not name any
species. In 1826 Vigors and Horsfield and Stephens gave names to the
typical species ; but neither of these were recognized by Temminck in IS^T
when be called it 0. spinicaudus. Although there can be little doubt that both
the names temminckii and maculatus were published before that of spinicaudus
yet the impossibihty of stating which of these two names was published first
and the general acceptance of Temminck's name by all ornithologists detep^
mine mc to retain it. '

330 TIMELIIDJE.

Adult female. General colour above fulvous-brown, mottled witli
black on the mantle, the feathers having white shaft-lines and a
large longitudinal mark of black, general])' confined to the inner
web ; wing-coverts black, with broad grej' ends, somewhat tinged
with fulvous on the greater series ; quills brown, with a grey band
at the base, succeeded by a broad blackish band and then by an
ashy fulvous one, these three bands being produced by the outer
aspect of the quills, which are successively grey, blackish, and ful-
vous ; the inner secondaries externally ashy fulvous, blackish on
the inner web ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ferrugi-
nous ; centre tail-feathers reddish brown, the remainder blackish,
externally reddish brown ; crown of head dull rufescent brown, the
feathers edged with blackish, producing a scaly appearance ; fore-
head, sides of crown, sides of face, and cheeks dark ashy grey, a
little deeper on the latter; throat and fore- neck orange-rufous,
whitish on the chin ; sides of neck and sides of breast ashy grey,
separated from the rufous throat by a black band ; breast and
abdomen white, the latter mixed with ashy ; flanks dull ferruginous,
washed with ashy grey ; under tail-coverts reddish brown ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries ashy grey, the lower ones washed with
reddish ; quills dusky brown below, narrowly edged with brown ;
"bill and feet black; iris very dark hazel " {Gould). Total length
7*3 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-2, tail 3-1, tarsus V2.

Adult male. Like the female on the upper surface, but dis-
tinguished by the absence of the rufous throat, the whole under
surface from the chin to the lower abdomen being white, the sides
of the body as in the female. Total length 7"5 inches, culmen 0-65,
wing 3*6, tail 3-05, tarsus 1-3.

Young. Differing from the adults in being mottled all over, the
feathers of the upper surface being rufous with blackish margins,
the mantle-feathers and wing-coverts with subterminal spots of
golden buff, forming a double wing-bar on the latter ; quills blackish
near the base, succeeded by a bar of pale fulvous ; throat and breast
mottled, the feathers reddish, edged with black ; the breast whiter,
but the feathers also narrowly margined with black ; flanks reddish,
with black margins and subterminal spots of golden buff.

The full plumage is gained at the first moult ; but many of the
new feathers on the throat and breast have blackish edgings, show-
ing a trace of the previous young dress.

Hah. Victoria, ISTew South Wales, extending throughout the
Richmond-river district to Wide Bay.

a. (5 ad. sk.

Australia.

Purchased.

b. Juv. sk.

Australia.

Zoological Society.

c, d. 6 2

sk.
e,f.6 2

ad.

AustraHa.

Gould Collection.

ad. ;

Queensland

{Cocker ell F. D. Godmanand 0, Sal-

ff.ju\. sk.

Coll.)

vin, Esqrs. [P.].

k. (S ad. sk

Australia.

Linuean Society [P.].
(Type of Orthonyx temmmcki.)

i. 2 ad. St.

Australia.

Purchased.

k. juv. St.

Australia.

Zoological Society.

2. CINCLOSOMA. 331

2. Orthonyx spaldingi

Orthonyx spaldingi, Eamsay, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 386 ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 185, no. 2533 (1869) ; Gould, B. Austr., Suppl. pi. 53
(1869) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 191 (1878).

Adult female. General colour above dark chocolate -brown,
darker on the mantle ; wing-coverts blacldsh brown, the greater
series edged with chocolate-brown ; quills dark brown, externally
washed with chocolate : upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-
feathers blackish brown ; head and hind neck, as well as the lores,
sides of face, cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck black ; throat
and fore neck deep orange-rufous ; centre of chest and breast
white ; sides of body and abdomen chocolate-brown, the sides of
the upper breast blackish ; thighs and under, tail-coverts dingy
chocolate-brown ; axillaries and under wiug-coverts dull chocolate,
the edge of the wing blackish; "eyelid fleshy white; bill black;
legs, feet, and iris blackish brown " {Spalding). Total length 9*5
inches, culmen 0-95, wing •1-45, tail 4, tarsus 1-75.

Adult male. General colour above like the female ; lores and
sides of face black as in the female ; the under surface from the chin
to the lower breast pure white ; the abdomen ashy ; the sides of
the body and under tail-coverts chocolate-brown as in the female,
with a black patch on the sides of the uj^per breast. Total length
10-5 inches, culmen U-91, wing o'l, tail 4-8, tarsus 1-85.

Hah. Neighbourhood of Eockingham Bay, K.E. Australia.

a, 6. c? 2 ad. sk. Eockingham Bay {Spalding). Gould Collection.
2, CINCLOSOMA.

Type.
Cinclosoma, Vig. 8)- Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 219

(1826) " C. punctatum.

Ajax, Less. Compl. Buff., Ois. p. 422 (1838) C. ajax.

Range. Confined to the continent of Australia and the southern
portion of New Guinea.

Key to the Sjpecies.

a. Back spotted -with black, the feathers longi-

tudinally streaked with this colour; a broad
groy baud across the chest.
a'. Throat black ; hinder cheeks white, form-
ing a large patch bordered with black . . jmjictatum (S , p. 332.
6'. Throat ashy ^Yhitish ; cheek-patch orange-

bidf jnmctatum 2 , p. 333.

b. Back uniform, without any longitudinal spots,
c'. Wing-coverts black, spotted with white.

a" . Throat black.

a'". Back not entirely concolorous ; the
upper back brown like the head ; the
scapulai-s and lower back maroon. . . . castanonotum, p. 833.

332 TIMEIIID^.

b'" Back entirely concolorous.

a*. Fore neck white, separating the

hlaclf throat from the black chest cinnamomeuyn, p. 334.
h*. Fore neck and chest chestnut .... castanothorax, p. 335.
c*. Fore neck and chest cinnamon .... marginatum, p. 336.
b". Thi'oat white, the lower throat, fore

neck, and chest orange ajax $ , p. 337.

c" . Throat dusky brown ; fore neck and

chest orange ajax S juv., p. 337.

d". Throat bufly whitish; chest and fore

neck ashy cinnamomeum $ , p. 335.

d'. Wing-coverts black without spots; sides

of body orange aja.v cJ ad., p. 337.

1. Cinclosoma punctatum.

Punctated Thrush, Lath. Gen. Sijn., Suppl. ii. p. 187 (1801).
Tm-dus punctatus, Lath. Lnd. Orn., Snppl. p. xliv (1801).
Cinclosoma punctatum, Vi</. ^- Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 220

(1826) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 224 (1846) ; Gould, B. Austr. fol. iv.

pi. 4 (1848) ;■ Cab. Mas. Rein. Th. i. p. 85 (1850) ; Reichenb. Vog.

Neuholl. p. 106 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 433 (1865) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 280, no. 4124 (1869) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn.

Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 187 (1878).
Cinclosoma punctatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 278 (1850).

Adult. General colour above brown, mottled all over the back
with blackish centres to the feathers of the entire upper surface
except the head, which is uniform brown, and the upper tail-
coverts, which are brown with fulvescent edges ; wing-coverts ashy
grey, with black centres and tipped with white ; bastard-wing
feathers and primary-coverts dusky brown, externally ashy and
broadly edged with white towards the end of the outer web ;
greater wing-coverts blackish brown, tipped with white and ex-
ternally fulvous-brown, margined with ashy on the extreme edge ;
innermost greater coverts chestnut, tipped with fulvous-brown and
mesially streaked with black ; quills brown, externally edged with
fulvous, and margined on the primaries with hoary white ; the
innermost secondaries wa.shed witli rufous on the inner web, chest-
nut ou the outer one, with a broad central streak of black ; centre
tail-feathers olive-brown, edged with fulvous, the remainder black,
washed with grey near the base and broadly tipped with white ;
forehead grey ; lores, eyelid, and feathers round the eye ashy whitish,
continued into an eyebrow above the lores, which becomes fulvous
above the ear-coverts ; ear-coverts brown ; sides of neck behind the
latter ashy ; cheeks and throat ashy whitish, the hinder part of the
cheeks and sides of the throat adjacent orange-buif, forming a
patch ; lower throat and fore neck bluish grey, forming a broad
band across to the sides of the chest ; breast and centre of body
creamy buff with whitish endings to the feathers, the sides of the
breast and flanks light tawny, the feathers tipped with creamy
white, with broad longitudinal centres of blacldsh brown ; feathers
on sides of breast slightly washed with ashy ; under wing-coverts

2. ciNCLosojiA. 333

and axillaries ■white, except the greater and primary-coverts of the
lower series, which are smoky brown, the former with indistinct
dusky subterminal spots ; quills ashy brown below, lighter ashy
along the inner web ; " bill black ; legs fleshy white, feet darker ;
iris very dark lead-colour, with a naked blackish-brown eyelash "
(Gould). Total length 10 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 4-5, tail 4-5,
tarsus 1-3.

Adult female. Similar to the male in general appearance, but
easily distinguished by the orange-rufous patch on the hinder cheeks
extending some distance along the sides of the neck, and by the ashy
throat and dull whitish chin replacing the glossy black throat of
the male ; the grey chest-band is present, but is somewhat paler.
Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-35, tail 3-9, tarsus
l-2o.

Hah. Tasmania and South Australia, as well as the whole of the
eastern portion of the continent as far as the Wide-Bay district.

a, b. 2 ^d. sk. New South Wales. Gould Collection.

e. cJ; d,e. 5 ad. sk. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].

/, ff. cS ad. sk. Australia. Goidd Collection.

h. Ad. sk. Austraha. Sir T. Mitchell [P.].

I. cJ ad. st. S. Austraha. C. D. E. Fortnum, Esq.

[P.].

k. S ad. st. Australia. G. Macleay, Esq. [P.l.

/. Juv. sk. Tasmania. Konald Gimn, Esq. [P.].

m,n. (S ad. sk. Tasmania. Antarctic Expedition [C.].

2. Cinclosoma castanonotum.

Cinclosoma castanotus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 113 : id. B. Austr.

fol. iv, pi. 6 (1848) ; Sturt, Exp. Centr. Austr. ii. Apjy. p. 27

(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 278 (1850); Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 107

(1850).
Cinclosoma castanotum, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 224 (1846) ; Cab. Mus.

Hein. Th. i. p. 85 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 280, no. 4125

(1869).
Cinclosoma castaueonotum, Goxdd, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 435 (1865) ;

Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 187 (1878).

Adult. General colour above dtill brown, the mantle with slight
remains of dusky centres to the feathers ; scapulars, lower back, and
rump dark maroon ; upper tail-coverts dusky brown, with paler
brown edges ; wing-coverts glossy black, all the feathers tipped with
white, this white spot longer and more elongated at the tip of the
outer web on the bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts ; the
inner greater coverts washed with light brown externally ; quills
dark brown, externally edged with lighter brown, the primaries
white at base of outer web, concealed by white tips to primary-
coverts, and having also a light fulvous bar obliquely across the
primaries: centre tail-feathers brown, the next darker brown, tipped
with white, before which is a subterminal shade of black, the
remainder with more of the black and the brown colour only to-
wards the base, the white tips of these feathers rather broader ; an

334 TITSIBLIID^.

eyebrow of buffy whitish running from the base of the bill to
the sides of the nape ; lores black, as also the feathers below
the eye, the latter with whitish streaks ; ear-coverts brown, the
fore part with whitish shaft-lines to the feathers ; cheeks white,
broadening towards the sides of the neck ; throat and chest glossy
blue-black ; sides of fore neck and sides of breast ashy, the flanks
fulvous brown ; breast and abdomen pvire white, separated from the
brown flanks by a line of glossy black, the feathers composing it
being white with a broad streak of black ; vent-feathers brown,
tipped with white, before which is a subterminal bar of black ;
under tail-coverts pure white on the inner web, brown on the outer
one, the latter with a longitudinal broad streak of black near the
end ; thighs brown : under wing-coverts and axillaries white, slightly
spotted with black near the edge, the lower series of coverts dull
ashy brown ; quills ashy brown below, lighter ashy along the edge
of the inner web ; " bill black, the base of the under mandible lead-
colour ; legs blackish brown; iris reddish hazel" (Gould). Total
length 9'7o inches, culmen 0-95, wing 4-1, tail 4-2, tarsus 1-2.

Adult female. Differs in having the whole of the plumage much
lighter, and with only a slight tinge of chestnut on the rump ; the
stripes of white over the eye and down the sides of the neck less
distinctly marked ; the chin, throat, and breast grey instead of black ;
the irides hazel, and the feet leaden brown. (Gould, I.e.)

Hah. Interior of South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria,
and extends to the Swan-river district in Western Australia.

a. Ad. sk. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].

b, c. Ad. sk. South Australia (J. T. F. D. G odman and 0. Sal-

Cockerell). vin, Esqrs. [P.].

3. Cinclosoma cinnamomeum.

Cinclosoma cinnamomeus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 68 ; id. B. Austr.

fol. iv. pi. 5 (1848) ; Sturt, Exped. Centr. Austr. ii. App. pi.

(1849) ; Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. 51.
Cinclosoma cinnamomeum, Grag, Gen. B. i. p. 224 (1846) ; Bp.

Consp. I. p. 278 (1850); Reichenh. Vog. Neuholl. ii. p. 84 (1850);

Gould, Handh. B. Austr. i. p. 4.37 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 280, no. 4126 (1869) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii.

p. 187 (1878).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above cinnamon-
rufous, the head a little duller ; wing-coverts glossy blue-black,
tipped with large triangular spots of white on all except the inner
greater coverts, which are cinnamon-rufous like the inner seconda-
ries ; quills brown, externally margined with pale cinnamon near
the base, with a faintly indicated fulvous bar across the middle of
the primaries, the first of which has a streak of light fulvous at the
tip of the outer web ; middle tail-feathers cinnamon with dusky
brown centres ; next pair black, washed with cinnamon near the
base ; remainder black, broadly tipped with white ; ear-coverts dark
cinnamon ; a distinct eyebrow of pale sandy buff; lores and feathers

2. CINCLOSOITA. 335

below the eye blue-black, extending in a narrow line down the sides
of the neck, fringing the white cheek-patch, which extends to the
sides of the fore neck ; base of lower mandible and throat blue-
black, separated by a band of white from the sides of the chest,
which are light cinnamon, as are also the sides of the body ; lower
breast and abdomen white, with a large patch of blue-black across
the upper breast ; the cinnamon flanks also separated from the white
abdomen by a line of blue-black streaks on the feathers ; thighs
sandy brown ; under tail-coverts white, the outer ones blue-black
for the greater part of the outer web, imparting a broadly streaked
appearance ; under wiug-coverts white, with a few dusky blackish
spots near the edge of the wing, the lower series dusky blackish ;
quills light ashy below, pale sandy buff along the inner web. Total
length 7'7o inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-5, tail 3-1, tarsus 1-1.

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black throat,
this being pale ashy fulvous or huffy white, succeeded by a band of
light ashy brown across the lower throat and fore neck ; there is no
black on the breast, nor are there any of the black streaks which
separate the white abdomen from the cinnamon-coloured flanks ;
instead of being streaked with black, the under tail-coverts are
cinnamon-brown on their outer webs ; on the iipper surface the head
and hind neck are light earthy brown, contrasting with the rest of
the back ; the wing-covcrts are brown, tipped with white, with a
subterminal bar of black ; the greater coverts are cinnamon-brown,
only the outer ones having huffy white spots at the tip. Total
length 7-5 inches, culmen 6-75, wing 3-5, tail 2-9, tarsus 1.

Hah. Interior of Australia, Victoria, and the Southern Pro-
vince.

a. S ad. sk. Central Australia. " The Capt. Sturt [P.l. (T-^-pe

Dep6t,lat.29°40'; Jime of species.)
9, 1845."

b. S ad. sk. Interior of Australia. Gould CoUection.

c. 2 ^^- sk. Interior of Australia. J. Gould, Esq.

d,e. cj 5 ad. sk. AustraUa (Coc^ere// Coll.). F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.],

4. Cinclosoma castanothorax.

Cinclosoma castaneothorax, Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 139, Aves, pi.
vi. ; id. B. Austr. fol. Suppl. pi. 32; id. Handb. B. Amtr. i. p. 438
(1>G5; ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 187 (1878).

Cinclosoma c-astaneithorax, B2). Consp. i. p. 278 (1850).

Cinclosoma erythrothorax, Sharpe, Ibis, 1881, p. 60-5 {err.).

Adult (type of species). General colour above chestnut-brown,
the head and neck umbcr-brown, overshadowing the mantle slightly ;
inner coverts of the lesser series brown, the remainder glossy" black
tipped with white, including the bastard- wing feathers and the pri-
mary-coverts : the innermost of the greater coverts rufous-brown
with a blackish centre ; quills dark brown, the primaries externallv
lighter brown, with a bar of buffy white across the centre of these

336 TIMELIID^.

quills ; secondaries externall}' rufous, the innermost entirely rufous,
with dusky brown margins to the inner webs ; centre tail-feathers
blackish, washed with chestnut near the base, the outer feathers
black with broad white ends ; a distinct ej-ebrow of ochraceous buff
from the base of the bill to the sides of the nape ; lores and feathers
below the eye black ; ear-coverts brown like the head ; cheeks white,
extendiug onto the sides of the neck : throat glossy blue-black ;
fore neck and chest chestnut-rufous, forming a broad band across,
extending down the sides of the breast ; remainder of under surface
white, separated from the rufous chest-band by a bar of black across
the lower chest ; thighs brown ; under tail-coTerts white, the long
outer ones brown on their outer web, with a subteiTainal black spot;
under wing-coverts white, mottled with black on the edge of the
wing, the lower series brown ; quiUs dusky brown below, ashy along
the inner web. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-95,
tail 3 wo, tarsus I'l.

Hah. Eastern Australia, having been found in the interior and
also in the Wide-Bay district.

o. S ad. sk. Darling Downs {J. Co.ren). J. Gould, Esq. (Type

of species.)

5. Cinclosoma marginatum.

Cinclosoma castaneothorax, Gray, Hancl-I. B. i. p. 280, no. 4129
(1869, nee Gould).

Adult male. Similar to C. castanoihorax, but distinguished by the
colour of its under tail-coverts, which are black margined with white
and washed with brown near the base : the breast-band also is paler
and more of a cinnamon-rufous, as are likewise the flanks. The latter
are separated from the white abdomen by a line of black feathers as in
the other Cindosomafa ; and this appears not to be the case in C.
castanotliorax. The bad condition of the skin, however, renders it
difficult to say for certain, though Mr. Gould had no doubt on the
subject and has figured it without the stripes. Total length 9-5
inches, wing 3-8, tail 4-1, tarsus 1-2.

Hah. jSTorth-western Australia, where it replaces the former
species.
a, b. (S ad. sk. N.W. Australia. J. E. Elsey, Esq. [P.].

6. Cinclosoma ajax. I

Eupetes aiax, Temm. PI Col. ii. pi. 573 (18.35) ; S. MM. Natuvrl.
Geschied.Land-en Volkenk. p. 22 (1839-44); Gray, Gen. B. ii
p 208 (1846) : Bp. Consp. i. p. 252 (18-50) ; Selater, Proc. Linn
Soe. ii. p. 158 (1858); Grai/, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 191 ; id. Cat. B
New Guinea, pp. 25. 56 ; id. P. Z. S. 1861 , p. 4-34 ; Eosenh. J. f. 0
1864, p. 119; Finsch, Nen-Guinea, p. 167 (I860); Gi-ay, Hand-l
B i. p. 267, no. 3913 (1869) ; Eamsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W
iv. pp. 90, 98 (1879).

2. CINCLOSOJIA. 337

-Vjax ajax, Less. Cvmpl. Buff., Ois. p 422 (1838).

Ajax eupetes, Less. Meu. Zool. 1849, p. 226.

Ajax typicus, Less., teste Bp.

Eupetes goldiei, Ramsay, I'r. Linn. Soc. JV. S, W. iii. p. 303 (1879) ;

ISalvad. Ibis, 1879, p. 324.
Ciuclosoma ajax, D'Alb. Sf Salvad. Ami. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv.

p. 85 (1879) ; Sharpe, Pi: Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 631 (1879) ; D'Albei-t.

I'. Z. S. 1879, p. 218; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 188

(1880); id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 416 (1881); Gould, B. New

Guinea, part xii. (1881).

AduU male. General colour above dark earthy brown, the head
a little lighter than the back ; wing-coverts black, excepting the
inner greater coverts, which are like the back ; primary-coverts
black, the inner ones browner ; quills dusky, externally like the
back, the primaries less strongly washed on the outer web ; upper
tail-coverts and central tail-feathers rather more olive-brown than
tlie back, with indistinct wavy bars under certain lights ; remainder
uf tlie tail-feathers black, those near the centre of the tail washed
with olive-brown near the base, the three outer feathers on each
side tipped with white; lores, eyebrow, feathers below the eye, and
ear-coverts black, this colour extending down the sides of the neck,
gettiugnarrower as it joins the black throat andenclosinga large white
patch, which occupies the entire cheeks, widening out behind ; throat
and chest glossy black ; centre of breast and abdomen white, bordered
with a narrow line of black down each side, the feathers forming
this being black on the inner web, white on the outer ; sides of
breast and flanks orange-rufous, browner on the lower flanks and
sides of vent ; thighs whitish, ashy brown behind ; under tail-coverts
white, the lateral ones varied with black outer webs ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, the edge of the wing black, the iuner
greater coverts also tipped with black ; lower greater coverts ashy
like the quills below, which are lighter grey along the edge of the
inner web; " biU black; feet whitish; iris yellew" (I)' Albert is).
Total length 9-3 inches, culmen 1, wing 3'9, tail 3'7, tarsus 1'3.

Adult female'? Difters from the male in being duller brown above
and in having the wing-coverts brown like the back, the median
and greater coverts with triangular spots of black at the tip ; the
outermost of the former with a white spot at the end ; primarj--
coverts blackish brown ; lores and ear-coverts brown, forming a
streak along the sides of the head, above which is a tolerably well-
defined white eyebrow ; checks and throat pure white ; remainder
of under surface of body from the lower throat downwards orange-
chestnut, shading into fulvous-brown on the flanks; imder wiug-
and tail-coverts as in the male. Total length 8'75 inches, culmen
0-95, wing 3-75, tail 3-5, tarsus 1-2.

Yoiait/ male'? Similar to the supposed old female, but the throat
dull umber-brown instead of white.

JJah. Western Xew Guinea, cxtendiug to the Fly river and the
mountains of the south-eastern portion of the island.

VOL. VU. Z

338 TIMELIIB^.

a. S ad. sk. Fly river. Gould Collection.

b. (S ad. sk. Inland from Port Moresby. Mr. Kendal Broadbent

[C.].

c. 2 ad. sk. Goldie river, S.E. New Guinea. Mr. A.Goldie [C.].
rf.cJ juv.sk. East Cape (^zMts^em). Gould Collection.

e. $ ad. sk. East Cape. Mr. C. Huustein [C.].

3. EUPETES.

Type.
Eupetes, Tetiim. PI. Col. livr. 87 (1831) E. macrocercus.

llamje. Malayan peninsula ; New Guinea.

Key to the Sjjecies.

a. Throat deep chestnut macrocercus, p. 338.

b. Throat white.

a '. Lores black.

«". Back blue like the belly.

«'". Under tail-coverts plain blue cceridescem, p. 339.

b'" . Under tail-coverts blue with black tips iiif/ricrissus, p. 339.

b". Back chestnut; belly blue castanonotHs,^p. 340.

b'. Lores white ; upper surface brown incertus, p. 341.

c. Throat black ; back oily gi-een leucostictus, p. 342.

1. Eupetes macrocercus.

Eupetes macrocercus, Temm. PL Col. ii. pi. 616 (1831) ; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 208 (1846) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 102 ; Blyth, Cat. B.
Mus. As. Soc. p. 158 (1849) ; Bp. Consjj. i. p. 252 (1850) ; Horsf.
S,- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 395 (1854) ; Gray, Hcmd-l.
B. i. p. 267, no. 3912 (1869) ; Stoliczkn, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix.
p. 305 (1870) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 65 ; Sulvad. Ann. Mus.
Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 233 (1879) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 837.

Adult. General colour above reddish brown, the plumage very
full and loose, especially on the rump, the upper tail-coverts a
little more reddish brown ; tail reddish brown, more ochraceous ou
the margins; wings ochraceous brown with a slight olive tint, the
coverts and quills margined with golden or "rhubarb"'-brown colour,
the quills dusky brown on their inner webs ; forehead rich ochra-
ceous buff, the vertex and crown chestnut-red, narrowing on the
nape and hind neck, and bordered on each side by a white band
which springs from above the eye ; this is followed by another
broader band of black, which includes the lores, cheeks, lower mar-
gin of eyelid, sides of face, and ear-coverts, and accompanies the
foregoing white band down the sides of the neck ; throat and fore
neck rich chestnut ; rest of under surface of bod)' yellowish or
ochraceous brown, the breast enlivened by a slight wash of the
chestnut-colour of the throat, the abdomen washed with grey ;
under wing-coverts like the back ; quills ashy brown, shaded
lighter along the edge of the inner web ; " bill black ; feet slate-
colour j ii'is brown; lower part of face clear azure blue "' (Bcccari).

3. EUPETES. 339

Total length 1 L'o inches, culmen 1-1, wing 3-75, tail 5-1, tarsus
1-7.

A young bird appears to be dusky blackish below, through which
the ochraceous-brown plumage is appearing. It further differs from
the adult iu having the throat white, the head reddish brown, with
scarcely any indicatiou of the brighter forehead beyond a dull greyish
shade above the lores. The general tone of the plumage also is
much dullej-, especially as regards the brilliant golden-brown edges
to the cjuills and tail-feathers.

Hah. Malayan peninsula, as high as Province Wellesley ; Sumatra.

a. Juv. sk. Malacca. Purchased.

h, c, d. Ad. sk. Malacca {Cantor). India Museum.

e,f. Ad. sk. Malacca. W. Harvey, Esq. [P.].

2. Eupetes cserulescens.

Eupetes cferulescens, Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. o74 (18;^5) ; Mull. Nat.
Gesch. Lmid-en Vulk. p. 22 (1839-1844); Grai/, Gm.B. i. p. 208
(1846) ; Bi). Consp. i. p. 2-52 (18.J0) ; Sclafer, Proc. Lmn. Soc.
ii. p. 158 (1858) ; Grai/. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 191 ; id. Cat. Mamm.
4r. A>w Guinea, pp. 25, 66 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 434 ;
Wall. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 165; Poseni. J.f. O. 1864, p. 119; Finsc/i,
Ni'u-Guinen, p. 107 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 267, no. 8914
(18(59); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 036; Gmdd, B. Neiv Guinea,
part iii. (1876) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Geitov. x. p. 147 (1877),
xvi. p. 187 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papimsia S,-c. p. 413 (1881).

Xotodela cferulescens, Less. Comjjl. Buff., Ois. p. 422 (1838) ; id.
Eev. Zool. 1839, p. 225 (1881).

Adult. General colour above grejish blue, the wing-coverts like
the back : bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, ex-
ternally edged with greyish blue, the inner secondaries like the back ;
tail greyish blue ; lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts
blue, extending down the sides jof the neck and encircling the
throat, which, with the cheeks, is pure white ; remainder of under
surface of body greyish blue like the back ; under wing-coverts and
axillarics greyish blue, the lower series ashy, washed with greyish
blue ; quills dusky below, more ashy along the inner web ; " bill
black; feet lead-colour; iris black" (D'AJbcrtis). Total length
9 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 3-35, tail 3-8, tarsus i-15.

The female is like the male.

Bal>. New Guinea.

a. Ad. >k. New Guinea. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

3. Eupetes nigricrissus.

Eupetes nigricrissus, Salrad. Ann. Mug. Civic. Genov. ix. p. 36 (1876) ;
b' Albert, l^f Salvad. op. cit. xiv. p. 87 (1879) ; Batnsay, Pioc.
Linn. Soc. X. S. W. iii. p. 277 (1879), iv. p. 98 (1879) ; S/tarpe,
Joxirn. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 032 (1879); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic.
Genov. xvi. p. 187 (1^80) ; id. Orn. Papuasia, ii. p. 413 (1881).

z 2

340 TIMELIID^.

Eupetes ca^iulescens, Bamsay {nee Tcmm.), Froc. Linn. Soc,
N. S. JV. iv. p. 91 (1870).

Adult male. General colour above ashy blue, the wing-covei'ts
like the back ; bastard-wing feathers, primary-coverts, and quills
black, externally slightly fringed with blue, the secondaries ex-
ternally washed with blue like the back ; tail-feathers blue ; nasal
plumes, lores, eyelid, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts black,
extending in a band down the sides of the neck and forming a
collar across the fore nock, so as to encircle the throat, which s
])urc white, as well as the cheeks ; under surface of body a little
duller ashy blue than the upper surface ; under tail-coverts slaty
blue, becoming black towards their ends ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries dingy leaden blue, the edge of the wing black ; quills
blackish below, ashy along the edge of the inner web ; " bill and
feet black ; iris chestnut " (D'Albertis). Total length 8-5 inches,
culmen 0*9, wing 3"5, tail 3-G5, tarsus 1*2.

Adult female. Similar to the male iii colour, but a little smaller,
and having a distinct streak above the eye, reaching from the base
of the nostril to above the sides of the hind neck. Total length
7*5 inches, culmen 0'8, wing 3'3, tail 3'7, tarsus I'l.

llah. South-eastern New Guinea.

a,h. (S 2 ad. sk. Port Moresby, S.E, Mr. Kendal Broadbent [C.].

New Guinea.
c. Ad. sk. Astrolabe mountains. Mr. A. Goldie [C.].

4. Eupetes castanonotus.

Eupetes castanonotus, Salvad. An7i. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 966
(1875), xvi. p. 187 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papttasia etc. ii. p. 411 (1881) ;
Goidd, B. New Guinea, ]xirt xiv. (1883).

Eupetes pulcher, Sharps, Jouni. Linn. Soc. xvi. pp. 319, 440 (1882).

Adult male. General colour above rich chestnut, including the
hinder head and neck, mantle, and back ; lower back, rump, and
npper tail-eoverts blue ; scapulars blue, washed with light reddish,
with paler shaft-lines, indications of which are also seen on the
feathers of the mantle ; wing- coverts bright blue ; bastard wing-
feathers black ; primary- coverts black, edged with blue ; quills black,
the primaries slightly, the secondaries more plainly washed with
blue externally, the innermost with olive-brown ; tail dull blue,
brighter blue on the edges of the feathers ; base of forehead and
lores black, succeeded by a band of dull blue across the forehead,
and forming a distinct eyebrow, which extends to behind the ear-
coverts, which are black ; cheeks, lower portion of ear-coverts, and
entire throat pure white, narrowly edged with a line of black, in-
creasing in extent on the fore neck ; remainder of under surface
bright blue ; the under tail-coverts blue, with a broad spot of black
at the ends ; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish, the outer
ones washed with blue ; quiUs ashy blackish below. Total length
9 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 3-7, tail 4-3, tarsus 1-35.

3. ETJPETES. 341

Adult female (Dorei Hum ; Beccari). Diffei's from the male in
having the entire upper surface chestnut, without any blue ; the
chestnut-colour, however, is much duller than in the male, except
on the lower back and rump ; wings as in the male ; cheeks and
throat white; remainder of under surface blue, as in the male. Total
length 8-5 inches, culmen 1, wing 3"6, tail 3-9, tarsus 1*25 (Mns,
Civic. Genov.).

Ohs. The Marquis Doria having very kindly lent me the types of
Count Salvadori's Eupetcs castanonotus, I found, on comparing the
types of my E. puldicr, that the two species are not separable. The
preparation of Mr. Goldic's skins quite hides the black collar which
encircles the white throat; and thus I overlooked this character.

It seems from the two specimens obtained and sexed by Eeccari,
that the female only differs from the male in having the rump and
upper tail-coverts chestnut instead of blue, and in being duller in
colour. The bird described by me as the adult female of E. pulcher
turns out not to have been fully adult. It has the crown of the head
dusky brown, the tail dull blue, with the two centre feathers brown,
the lores and plumes at the base of the nostril black, surmounted
l)y a narrow line of rufous, washed with blue above the eye, and
inclining to whitish above the ear-coverts. The dusky brown head
and the particoloured eyebrow are both signs of immaturity, as the
adult female shot by Beccari has the eyebrow of as bright a blue
as the male. The specimen alluded to also has the under tail-
coverts spotted with white ; and this I find to be an unfailing mark
of nonage.

In another young bird in the Museum the head is dusky bluish,
and the abdominal feathers are fringed with ashy fulvous.

Hah. New Guinea.

a. S ad. ; b. 2 imm. Astrolabe mountains, S.E. Mr. A. Goldie [C.].

sk. New Guinea.

c. cf iuim. sk. Astrolabe mountains. Mr. A. Goldie [C.l.

(I. 2 ivd. ; e,f. .Tuv. sk. Astrolabe mountains. Mr. A. Goldie [C.J.

5. Eupetes incertus.

Eupetes incertus, Salvad. Ann. Miis. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 9G7 (IST-j),

xvi. p. 188 (1880)
Eupetes? incertus, Salvad. Orn. Pcqniasia, ii. p. 41.5 (1881).

Above brownish rufous ; a spot on each side of tlie forehead,
throat, and abdomen white ; plumes of the throat margined with
dusky ; a broad pectoral band and sides of body rufescent ; under
tail-coverts pale rufous ; quills dusky, externally margined with the
colour of the back, internally marked near the base with a rufous
spot, excepting on the first four primaries ; tail-feathers dusky,
brownish rufous on the outer web ; bill and feet dusky. Total length
7 inches, wing 3-0(), tail 2-25. bill 0-0, tarsus 1-4. (Sulvadori.)

J/(il>. Arfak mountains, N.W. New Guinea.

342 TIMELIIPJ).

6. Eupetes leucostictus.

Eupetes leucostictus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 690, pi. lii. ; Salvad.
Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. x. p. 147 (1877), xvi. p. 187 (1880) ; id.
Oni. Papuasia, ii. p. 414 (1881).

Above dark oily green, the head and the neck chestnut ; wings
black, their coverts ornamented Avith rounded white spots ; secon-
daries and tertiaries uniform with the back ; lores, region of the eye,
and a streak behind the eye on both sides, with the chin and middle
of the throat, black ; a large white patch on each side of the neck ;
a semilunar patch of black on the fore part of the breast, spotted
with white: breast and abdomen bluish ashy, lateially shaded with
oily colour ; tail black, the lateral tail-feathers broadly tipped with
white, but the middle ones entirely oily colour, uniform A\ith the
back ; bill black ; feet dull lead-colour : iris black. Total length
1-9U inch, wing 0-75, tail 0-82, bill 0-17, tarsus 0-20 (Sahadori).

Huh. N.W. New Guinea.

4. PYCNOPTILUS.

Type.

Pycnoptilus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1850, p. D.J P. fluccosus-

Range. Australia.

1. Pycnoptilus floccosus.

Pycnoptilus floccosus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 95 ; id. B. Avstr. fol.
' Supjil. pi. 27 (1850) ; id. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 348 (1865) ; Ram-
say, Proc. Linn. Sue. N. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878).
Sphenura floccosa, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 205, no. 2901 (1869).

Adult. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, more sooty
brown on the head, neck, and mantle : wing-coverts like the back ;
quills dark brown, externally washed with chocolate-brown : upper
tail-coverts and tail rather more rufous-chocolate ; base of forehead,
lores, feathers above and below the eyes, eyelid, and cheeks rufous-
ochre, the feathers tipped with dark brown, very plainly- on the fore-
head, but less distinctly on the other parts ; ear-coverts sooty brown,
with narrow pale shaft-lines ; throat arid breast rufescent-ochre,
mottled with dusky margins to the feathers, less distinct on the
throat, the breast more ashy, the abdomen white ; sides of breast
sooty brown, the flanks rufous-brown, as also the thighs ; under
tail-coverts bright chestnut ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ful-
vous, with a few dusky edgings to some of the feathers ; quills dusky
brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 6 inches, culmen 0-05, wing 2-8, tail 2-8, tarsus 1"05.

Hah. Victoria and New South "Wales.

a. Ad. sk. New South Wales. J. Gould, Esq.

h. Ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq.

5. DRYMA(EDUS. 343

c. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased.
d,e,f. Ad.sk. Australia (C'ocA-?;W/ F. I). Godman and 0. Sal-
Co//.), vin, Esqrs. [P.].

5. DRYMACEDUS.

Type.

Drymodes, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 1/0 D. bruuneopygius.

Drymos, Giebel, Thts. Orn. ii. p. 60 (Japsii).
Drymacedus, Salvad. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 97 (nom. emend.).

Range. Australia, extending into Ne\v Guinea and the Am
Islands.

Keif to the Species.

a. Upper wing-coverts brown, tipped with ashy

whitish ; a small black spot above and below
the eye.
a' . Underneath ashy brown, a little paler on the

throat brunneopt/gius, p. 343.

b'. Underneath bufly white, a little browner on

the sides of the breast and flanks pallidus, p. 344.

b. Upper wing-coverts black, broadly tipped yitli

white ; a distinct black spot above the eye, as
well as a black streak crossing the fore part
of the ear-coverts nearly vertically.
c'. A broad line of white above the ear-coverts ;

under tail-coverts fulvous superciliaris, p. 344.

d' . No white eyebrow, but a slight shade of
ashy grey ; under tail-coverts chestnut-
brown becrarii, p. 345.

1. Drymacedus brunneopygius.

Drjinoedus brunneopvEria, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 170; id. B. Austr.
fol. iii. pi. 10 (1848)'; Grin/, Gen. B. i. p. 183 (1846) ; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 328(1850); Reichmb. Viig. Xeuholl. p. 109 (1850); Gould,
Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 290 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 229,
no. 3310 (1869) ; Eamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. W. ii. p. 183
(1878).

Adult. General colour above dark earthy brown, somewhat
washed with ashy brown on the back : least wing-coverts like the
back, the median and greater series dai'k brown, tipped with light
ashy ; primary- coverts dark brown ; quills dark brown, the primaries
ashy at the base of the outer web, and having also a bar of whitish
across their middle, the secondaries tipped with ashy and edged
externally with fulvous-brown, like some of the innermost greater
coverts ; upper tail-covert s rufous-brown ; tail-feathers brown,
slightly washed with rufous-brown external!}', the outer feathers
darker brown, tipped with white ; lores and feathers in front of the
eyo dull white ; eyelid white, excei)tiug where it adjoins^a black
spot above and below the eye, where it is also black ; sides of hinder

844 TIMELITB.E.

crown asliy ; ear-coverts brown, with a few white shaft-lines near
the base, which is also black and forms part of the subociilar black
spot ; cheeks and nnder surface of body ashy brown, the throat
paler, the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts browner ; lower
abdomen whitish ; axillaries light ashy ; under wing-coverts dusky
brown, broadly tipped with white ; quills dull brown below, with a
white bar near the base, formed of white spots on the inner webs
of the quills ; " irides, bill, and feet blackish brown " {Gould).
Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-85, tail 4-2, tarsus 1-55.
Hah. Victoria and South Australia.

a, b. Ad. St. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Murray river {J. Eytou Collection.

Gould).

d. Ad.; e. Juv. sk. S. Australia {Cockerell F. D. Godman and O.

Coll.). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

2. Drymacedus pallidus.

Adult. Similar to D. hrimneopugius, but lighter brown above and
having a much larger extent of white border to the primaries ;
underneath the general colour is creamy white, including the under
tail-coverts and axillaries ; sides of the fore neck brown ; flanks
also pale brown. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-7, tail
3-!J, tarsus 1-55.

Youmj. Ditfers from the adult in being mottled all over, the
upper surface being streaked with whitish centres to the feathers,
Avhile underneath the feathers are dull white with dusky margins ;
under tail-coverts uniform pale tawny.

Hah. Apparently represents the common species in Western
Australia.

a. Ad. sk. Peron's Peninsula, Shark Bav, Vov. of H.M.S.

May 1858 {Dr. F. M. liai/'ner). ' Herald.'

h. Juv. sk. Botherliug, interior of Western Eyton Collectiou.

Australia, Oct. 29, 1823 {J.

Gould).

3. Drjnnaoedus superciliaris.

Drymodes siiperciliaris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 200; id. B. Austr,,
Stippl. pi. 16 ; id. Handh. B. Austr. i. p. 291 ( 1805) ; Grmj, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 229, no. 3^11 (1869) ; Ramsm/, Froc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.
ii. p. 183 (1878).

Adtdt. General colour above rufous-brown, a little more dingy
on the head ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brighter
rufous ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater
series black, with a broad bar of white at the tip ; primary-coverts
black; quills black, margined with white, which narrows in the
centre of the outer web ; secondaries externally edged with bufly
white and tipped with ashy white, the innermost secondaries exter-

5. DRTMA(EDrs. 345

nally brown, like the innermost greater coverts : central tail-feathers
rufous, with rufous shafts ; the next ones blackish towards the
ends, which have a white tip, the outer feathers black, tipped with
white, the latter increasing in extent towards the outer feathers,
which are edged with white also ; lores and a distinct eyebrow
white, interrupted by a black spot above the eye ; ear-coverts and
sides of neck sandy brown, streaked with white ; cheeks and throat
also white, with a broad, almost vertical, streak of black below the
eye ; remainder of under surface of body white, with a band of
whity brown across the lower throat ; sides of body light sandy
brown ; thighs white, streaked with brown ; axillarics white ; under
wing-coverts dusky blackish, broadly tipped with white ; quills
blackish below, white along the inner webs, and having a broad
white bar across the basal part ; " legs and feet flesh-colour ; iris
umber-brown " {MacGillivrati). Total length 7 inches, culmcn 0-7,
wing 3"o5, tail 3-7, tarsus Vb.

There is very great difference in size exhibited by the Museum
series ; but I do not know if it indicates a difference in sex, as none
of the specimens are marked.

Hah. Cape York, extending to the GuK of Carpentaria.

a. Ad. St. Cape York (J. Mac- Capt. Stanley [P.].

Gillivray'). (T^'^ie of species.)

b, c, d, e,f. Ad. sk. Cape York (J. Mac- Gould Collection.

GillivrfU/).

g. Ad. sk. Cape York (Cockerell F. Godman and O. Sal-

^- T/torpe). vin, Esqrs. [P.].

h, i. Ad. sk. Port Albany. Pmchased.

k,l,m. Ad. ; H. Ca^eYoY]i{ Cockerell F. D. Godman and O.

Juv. sk. Coll.). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

4. Drymaoedus beccarii.

Drymacedus beccarii, Salvacl. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 9G5
(1875) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 97 ; Sharpe, Proc. Linn. Soc. xiv.
p. C.33 (1879); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 188 (1880);
id. Orn. delta Papuasia, p. 416 (1881).

Adult. General colour above chestnut>-brown, the head more
dusky, and of a deep chocolate-brown ; lesser wing-coverts ashy
brown, the remainder black, barred vn.i'h white at the tip, the
primary-coverts entirely black ; quills blackish, with a white spot
at the base of the primaries, which have also a bar of whitish across
the middle of tho outer web ; the secondaries washed with rufous
towards the ends of the outer webs ; centre tail-feathers chestnut-
brown, the remainder blackish, externally chestnut-brown, and
tipped with white ; forehead blackish ; lores and eyelid white, with
a black spot above the eye, as well as another broad patch of black
below the eye at the base of the ear-coverts ; adjoining these black
spots the eyelid is also black ; a slight ashy shade along the sides
of the crown : ear-coverts ashv brown, streaked with white near

346 TllIELHU.E.

their bases ; clieeks and throat white ; remainder of nnder surface
whity brown or whitish washed with brown, the sides of the breast
ashy brown, more rufesccnt on the flanks ; under tail-coverts chest-
nut-brown ; axillaries ashy, tipped with white ; under wing-coverts
blackish, tipped with white, forming broad bars; quills blackish
below, with a patch of white near the base of the primaries and
outer secondaries ; feet pale in skin ; bill black. Total length 7
inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-2, tail 3-5, tarsus 1-7.

Hah. South-eastern New Guinea, extending into the Aru Islands.

a. S ad. sk. Wanumbai, Aru Islands Voy. of H.M.S. ' Chal-

(/. Mun-ay). lenger.'

b, c. Ad. sk. Port Moresby! Mr. A. Goldie [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Port Moresby. Mr. K. Broadbeut [C.].

6. HYLACOLA. ^^.^^

Hylacola, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 1^5 H. pyrrhopygia.

Range. Australia.

1. Hylacola pyrrhopygia.

Acanthiza pyrrhopygia, Viy. Sf Horsf. Trans. Zool. Soc. xv. p. 227

(1826).
Hylacola pyrrhopygia, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 13o ; id. B. Austr.

fol iii pi. 39 (1848); Bp. Comp.i. p. 280 (1850); JReiche^ib. Vog.

Neuholl p 82 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 346 (1865) ;

Ramsay, P roc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878).
Calamauthus pyrrliopygius, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 164 (1848); id.

Hand-!. B. i.'p. 204, no. 2873 (1869).

Adult. General colour above russet-brown, shaded with umber
or ashy brown ; the head and hind neck more decidedly ashy brown ;
upper tail-coverts light chestnut ; wing-coverts like the back, the
median and greater series faintly tipped with whitish ; quills brown,
externally edged with russet-brown, the primaries with ashy brown ;
tail-feathers light reddish brown, washed with lighter brown on the
e'do-es, all but the two centre feathers with a distinct subterminal
bar of black, the ends of the feathers being ashy brown ; lores,
eyelid, and a narrow eyebrow whitish; earcoverts ashy brown,
like the head, with narrow whitish shaft-lines, more distinct below
the eye ; cheeks dull whitish, mottled with dusky tips to the feathers ;
under surface of body dull white, thickly spotted with dusky brown
on the throat, breast, and sides of body, the abdomen being uniform
white ; under tail-coverts bright chestnut, the feathers tipped with
white • under wing-coverts and axillaries whity brown, the lower
series a little tinged with reddish ; quills brown below, ashy fulvous
along the edge of the inner web ; " bill dark brown ; legs flesh-
brown ;' iris buffy white" (Gould). Total length o-25 inches, cul-
men 0-55, wing 2-1.5, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-85.

7. CH^Tops. 347

Hah. Victoria aud South Australia, extending as far as the Wide-
Bay district.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Linueau Society. (Type

, , of species.) '

tj. Ad. St. Australia. Edward Wilson, Esq. rP.l

c. Ad. St. Liverpool Plains. J. Gould, Esq. [C.].

2. Hylacola cauta.

Hylacola cauta, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 1.35; id. B. Austr. fol.iii.
pi. 40 (1848) ;^/.. Consp. i. p. 280 (1850); Reichenb. Vog. Neu-
holl. p. 182 (185ft); Gould, Kandb. B. Ausfr. i. p. 347 (1865) •
Mamsay, Fr. Linn. Soc. N. -S'. IT", ii. p. 185 (1878). ^ ^ '

Calamanthus cautus, Grai/, Gen. B. i, p. 104 (1848) ; id. Hand-l B
1. p. 204, no. 2874 (1809).

Line from the base of the upper mandible along the side of the
lace and over the eye white; above this a narrow line of black-
crown of the head and all the upper surface brown ; upper and
under tail-coverts bright chestnut ; wing-coverts brown, edged with
brownish white ; primaries with the outer web white at the base
tormmg a conspicuous spot in the centre of the wing ; tail blackish
brown, tipped with white ; throat striated wath black and white
produced by each feather being black down the centre and fringed
with white ; Hanks mottled with brown and white ; abdomen white ;
bill dark brown ; feet tlesh-brown ; iris buffy white. Total leno-th
o| inches, bill ^«^, wing 2^, tail 2^, tarsus 1. {Gould.)

In size H. cauta is rather less than H. injrrUpyijm, has the
markings of the under surface much bol.der, and the chestnut-coloui.d
mark on the rump of a much deeper tint. (Gould.)

Hah. South Australia.

7. CH-ffiTOPS.

Chfetops, Swains, in Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birdg, p 480 ^^^'

(18^1) ^' n e .

^ ' L. irenatus.

Rancje. Confined to South Africa.

Key to the Spene-f.

a. Larger ; throat black, with white cheeks.

«;. Under surface deep chestnut frenafus J , p. 348

b Lnder surface orange \iurantius cT, p. 348

u. Larger; throat ashy, washed witli rufous ur 'f •

orange on the lower part.

C Under surt]ice chestnut frenatus 9 , p. 348

d Under surface orange 'aurantius 9 , p. 349

c. bmaller ; throat and chest white pijcnop>,<jius, p. 349*

348 TIMELIIDiE.

1. ChaBtops frenatus.

Malurus frenatus, Temm. I'l. Col. iii. pi. .'385 (1826).
Uhastopsbuichelli, Swains, in Faun. L'or.-Ame?'., Jiirds, p. 486 (1831);

id. tiassif. B. ii. p. 23.3 (1837).
Chsetops frenatas, (Jray, Gen. B. i. p. 217 (1847) ; -B?5. Consp. i.

p. 278 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 125 (1867j ; Sharpe, F. Z. S.

1869, p. 163 ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 264, no. 3863 (1869) ; ISharpe,

Cat. Afr. B. p. 24 (1871) ; id. ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 216

(1875).

Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, broadly streaked
with black down the centre of the feathers, the head a liltlo
browner ; lower back, rump, and upper «tail-covcrts chestnut ;
scapulars like the back ; wing-coverts black, tipped with white, the
primary-coverts white, forming a wing-patch ; quills dark brown,
the primai'ies edged with ashy grey ; tail-feathers black, all but the
central feathers tipped with white ; over the eye an indistinct line
of greyish-white feathers ; lores and feathers below the eye black,
the ear-coverts a little browner ; cheeks white, extending in a
broad streak along the sides of the neck ; throat and fore neck
black ; remainder of under surface chestmit, the lower flanks,
vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts blackish brown ; under wing-
coverts and axillarics black, with a few white spots along the edge
of the wing ; quills brown below, light ashy along the inner web ;
" iris bright red" {E. L. Layard). Total length b-5 inches, culmen
1-05, wing 3-4, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-6.

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black throat,
this being ashy grey ; the under surface is chestnut, with some
black streaks on the sides of the chest ; cheeks light rufous, washed
with ashy ; upper surface as in the male, but the upper tail-coverts
having black shaft-streaks ; eyebrow ashy grey ; lores and ear-coverts
dark brown ; wing-coverts black tipped with grey, except the
greater series, which are tipped with white. Total length 8'25
inches, culmen O-So, wing 3'15, tail 4, tarsus 1-35.

Hah. Confined to the Cape colony, where it is found on the bare
mountain-sides at a considerable elevation.

a. Ad. St. South Africa. South-African Museum.

6. c? ad. sk. South Africa. Earl of Derby [P.].

c. 5 ad.sk. South Africa (^.i.Z«y«/Y/). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

2. Chaetops aurantiacus.

Chaetops auiantius, Layard, B. S. Afr. i. p. 126 (1867) ; Sharpe.,
F. Z. S. 1869, p. 164; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 264, no. 3864
(1869) ; Sharpe, ed. Layardh B. S. Afr. p. 218, pi, vi. (1875).

Adult male. Similar to C. frenatus, but rather lighter ashy above,
somewhat washed with sandy on the head and back ; car-coverts
and sides of neck ashy ; a distinct white eyebrow ; throat and fore
neck glossy black, separated from the sides of the head by a broad
cheek-stripe of white : remainder of under surface of body orange,

7. cn^Tors. 349

tlic uiuler tail-coverts blackish, broadly margined -with orange ;
" iris bright red" {2\ C. Atmore). Total length 8-75 inches, cul-
men 0-95, wing 3"5, tail 3-G, tarsus 1-6.

Adult female. Differs from the male in exactly the same way as
the same sex in C. frenaius diifers from the male of the latter
species, in wanting the black, &c. Total length 8-5 inches, cul-
men 0*9, wing 3-25, tail 3'5, tarsus 1'55.

Hah. llepreseuts the foregoing species in the same eastern por-
tions of the Cape colony, and it is said to have been procured in
Natal.

a, 6. (? 5 ad. st. South Africa. Purchased.

c, (I- S $ ad. sk. Stortnberg, Bm'gliersdorp R. B. Sbarpe, E.sq.

{T. C. Atmore).
e. S ad. sk. Port Natal {ex coll. T. C. R. B. Sbarpe, Esq.

E>/fon).

3. Chaetops pycnopygius.

Sphenoeacus pvcnopvgius, Stn'ckl. Sf Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1852,

p. 148 ; Trii't. Ibis, 1870, p. 497.
Drymoica anchiette, Bocar/e, Jorn. Lkh. 18G8, p. 41; Gray, llaml-l.

B. i. p. 200, no. 2798 (1809).
Megalurus pycnopygius, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 206, no. 2912 (1869).
Chffitops gravi, Sharpc, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 164, pi. 14 ; Gray, Haml-l.

B. i. p. 264, no. 3865 (18(19).
Cbfetops pycnopj'gius, &harpe. Cat. Afr. B. p. 25 (1871) ; Gurney

in Anderss. B. I)am. Ld. p. 117 (1872) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. i>.

Afr. p. 218 (1875) ; Bocaye, Orn. Angola, p. 256 (1877).

Adult (type of CJuetops grayi, Sharpe). General colour above
brown, lighter on the head, the whole broadly streaked with dark
brown down the centre of tlie feathers ; lower back, rump, and
iippcr tail-coverts uniform rufous ; wing-coverts like the back, the
outer ones edged with whity brown; primary-coverts dusky brown,
with narrow lighter brown margins ; quilLs dark brown, edged with
ligliter brown, somewhat rufescent near the base of the primaries ;
tail-feathers blackish brown, the outer feathers tipped with a lighter
brown bar ; a narrow but distinct eyebrow and the eyelid white ;
lores, feathers below the eye, and a streak above the ear-coverts
black ; the car-covcrts brown with white shaft-streaks ; cheeks white,
separated from the throat by a narrow malar streak of black ; throat
and fore neck as well as the chest white, the sides thicldy spotted
with triangular black marks arranged for the most part in stripes ;
centre of breast buffy whitish, the sides of the body, flanks, and
under tail-coverts liglit rufous ; thighs brown ; axillaries rufous
like the breast ; wing-coverts brown, edged with whity brown ;
" upper mandible dark horn-colour, the lower livid lead-colour ;
tarsi pale brown, the toes a shade or two darker ; under the eye a
naked space ; iris dark brown" (C. J. Andersson). Total length
G-75 inches, culmen Q-So, wing 2 8, tail 3, tarsus 0'S5.

According to Prof. J3arboza du Bocage the sexes are alike.

350 TIMET riD.?:.

ITah. Damara Land, whence it ranges into Mossamedes and
Benguela.

a. Ad. sk. Oruaniru river, Damara R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Laud, Oct. 30, 1866 (C. J. (Type of C. grayi.)

Andersson.)

h. Ad. St. Damara Land. C.J. Andevsson, Esq.

PSOPHODES.

[C.].

Type.

Psophodes, Viff. 4" Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. -329

(1826) r. crepitans.

llanye. Australia.

Key to the Species.

a. LTnder surface of body black, with some white

mottling on the centre of the breast crepitans, p. -joO.

b. Under sui-face of body greyish brown ; throat

black ni(/ro(/iilari.s, p. 3.51 .

1. Psophodes crepitans.

White-cheeked Crow, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 118 (1801).
Coach-whip Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Suppl. ii. p. 222 (1801).
Corvus olivaceils. Lath. Lnd. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. xxvi (1801).
Muscicapa crepitans, Lath. lnd. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. U (1801).
Pica olivacea, Vieill. X. Diet, d' Hist. Xat. xxvi. p. 129 (1818).
Psophodes crepitans, Vig. Sf Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 329

(1826) ; Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 128 (1846) ; Goidd, B. Austr. fol.

pi. 15 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 216 (1850) ; Reiclienb. Vog. Xeuholl.

p'66 (1850); Gould, Handh. B. Austr. i.t^. 312 (1865); Grmj,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 284, no. 4204 (1869) ; Diggles, Orn. Austr. pi. 43.

fio-. 2 (c. 1870) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 184

(1878).
Pica gularis, Wagler, Syst. Av., Pica, sp. 13 (1827).

Adult. General colour above olive-green from the nape doM-n-
wards ; wing-coverts like the back, excepting the bastard-wing
feathers and primary-coverts, which are ashy blackish, the latter
slightly edged with olive-green ; quiUs dusky browu, externally
olive-o-reen, the primaries browner on their outer webs, the inner-
most secondaries entirely washed with olive-green ; tail-feathers olive-
green, dusky blackish on the inner webs, the outermost feathers with
a spot of white at the tip, the rest tipped with dull ashy ; head much
crested, and nape black, as well as the lores, feathers below the eye,
ear-coverts, and sides of neck ; cheeks and sides of throat white, form-
ino- a broad patch ; throat and under surface of body black, more ashy
brown on the flanks, the sides of the breast washed with olive-green ;
feathers of chin and upper throat margined with white: centre of breast
and of abdomen mottled with white, with which many of the feathers
are broadly tipped : under tail-coverts olive-green ; axillaries olive-
o-reen • under wing-coverts blackish, the lower series ashy brown :

9. hypergi;rcs. 351

quills ashy browu below, edged with paler ashy along the edge of
the inner web ; " bill, inside and out, and base of the tongue black ;
feet reddish browu; iris brownish red" (Gould). Total length
10-75 inches, culnien 1, wing -4, tail o'To, tarsus 1-35.

Young. Differs from the adult in having a much shorter crest,
which is also browner, in having the whole throat white, mottled
with a few black bases to the feathers : the under surface of the
body earthy brown, rather more reddish on the flanks, the centre
of the body white.

Hah. Victoria and Xew South Wales, extending along the east
coast as high as Rockingham Bay.

a. Ad. sk. Somerset, Cape York F. D. Godman and 0.

{Cockerell ^- Thorpe). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

b. Ad. ; c. Juv, sk. Queensland. Purchased.
d. Ad. tk. Queensland. Purchased.

e,f,g. Ad. ; h. Juv. Cape York {Cockerell F. D. Godman and O.

sk. Coll.). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

2. Psophodes nigrogularis.

Psophodes nigrogularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 5 ; Grai/, Gen. B.
i. p. 129 (lf<46) ; Gould, B. Aust. fol. iii. pi. 1(3 (1848) ; ^Bp. Cunsp.
i. p. 216 (18.50) : Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 85 (1850) ; Reichenh.
Vog. Neuholl. p. 67 (1850) ; Gotdd, Handb. B. Ausfr. i. p. 314
(1866) ; Grni/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 284, no. 4205 (1869) ; Biggies, Orii.
Austr. text to pi. 43 (c. 1870) ; Ramsay, Proe. Linn. Sac. N. S. TV.
ii. p. 184 (1878).

Adult. Plumage of the upper surface olive ; under surface ashy,
passing into brown on the flanks and white on the centre of the
abdomen; primaries brown ; tail light olive-brown, the four lateral
feathers crossed near the extremity with a baud of black and tipped
with white ; thr-oat deep black, with a stripe of white from the angle
of the lower mandible, just within the black ; bill and feet dark
horn-colour ; iris dark brown. Total length 6| inches, bill |, wing
3g, tail 4|, tarsus Ig {Gould).

Bab. West Australia.

9. HYPERGERUS.

Type.
Hypergerus, Reichenb. Syst. Av. Sat. pi. liv. fig. 9 (1850) H. atriceps.
Hypochloreus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 85, note (1850) . . H. atriceps.

Head of Hypergerus atriceps.
Range. West Africa

352 TIMELIID.^.

1. Hypergerus atriceps.

Moho atriceps, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 04G (1831).

Crateropus orioloides, Stcains. B. XT'. Afr. i. p. 280, pi. 31 (1837) ;

Ilartl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 300.
Crateropus atriceps, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 22-1 (1846) ; Bp. C'onsp. i.

p. 278 (1850); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 281, no. 414G (1869).
Ilypergerus atriceps, Meichenh. Syst. Nat. pi. liv. fig. 9 (1850) ;

'Marti. Orii. TJ'estafr. p. 80 (1854) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 24

(1807) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 69.
HypocLloreus atriceps, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 85, note (1850).

Adult. General colour above olive-yellowish ; tail of the same
colour as the back but a little more olivo-browu along the inner
webs ; wing-coverts like the back, the quills dark brown, externally
olive-yellowish, the inner secondaries entirely of this colour ; crown
of head and nape black, with hoary grey margins to the feathers,
imparting a scaly appearance, which extends onto the sides of the
liead behind the car-coverts ; lores black ; ear-coverts hoarj^ grey
with black centres ; checks and entire throat black, with a few hoary
grey edges to the feathers of the former and some of the lower
throat-feathers ; remainder of under surface deep yellow, inclining
to deep fawn-colour on the under taU-coverts ; thighs duller yellow ;
sides of body and flanks olive-yeUowish ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries deep yellow, as also the edge of the wing ; some of the
lower coverts with a tinge of fawn-colour ; quiUs light brown below,
whity brown along the edge of the inner web, which has also a
yellowish tinge. Total length 7'5 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 3-2,
tail 3-6, tarsus 1-1.

Uah. West Afi-ica from Senegambia to the Gold Coast.

a. Ad. sk. River Gambia. E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

b. Ad. sk. Accra (Capt. Haynes). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

10. BABAX.

Babax, David, Journ. 3me E.vpl. Chine, i. p. 181

(1876) B. lanceolatu'?.

Head of Babax Janeeohtus.
Ranrje. China,

1. Babax lanceolatus.

Pterorhinus lanceolatus, J. Vcrr. N. Arch. Mas. vi. Bull. p. 36 (1871),
vii. p. 40, pi. 2 (1872).

11. PiERORHixus. :3.53

Babax lanceolatus, David, Joum. 3we Expl. Chine, i. p. 181 (1876) ;
id. Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 187, pi. 51 (1877).

Adult male (IToupin, March 1st, 1869 ; A. David). Above streaked,
the gcueral colour being dark chestnut-brown and ashy, the margins
to the feathers being of the latter colour ; rump and upper tail-
coverts more uniform ashy brown, the central streaks not so marked;
wing-coverts coloured like the back, except the bastard-wing feathers,
which are dusky brown edged with ashy ; primary -coverts unifonn
brown ; quills brown, the primaries sHghtly margined with ashy,
the inner secondaries more riifous-brown and with plainer ashy
margins : tail olivaceous brown, with indistinct cross bars under
certain hghts ; crown of head chestnut-brown ; nape and sides of
neck streaked like the back, but the edges to the feathers rather
clearer and more hoary grey ; lores and feathers in front of the eye
fulvous-brown ; ear-coverts, as well as a tolerably broad eyebrow,
hoary white, spotted or streaked with dark brown ; cheeks blackish,
the hinder part mottled with chestnut-brown edged with hoary
white ; throat and under surface of body buffy white, a little purer
on the breast and abdomen ; the fore neck and breast streaked with
nearly obsolete shaft-lines of black : the sides of the breast and
flanks broadly streaked with chestnut, relieved by a black streak
down the centre of the feather ; sides of vent and thighs brown
with dusky streaks ; under tail-coverts more fulvescent with dusky
brown centres ; under wing-coverts fulvous-brown streaked with
chestnut ; quills ashy brown below, strongly washed with pale
rnfous along the inner web ; " bill brown ; feet and claws grey ; iris
pale yellow" (Drti7'(/). Total length 10-8 inches, culmen 1-05,
wing 3-75, tail 5, tarsus l-o. {Mm. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.)

Hah. High mountains of Moupin, Western Szechuen, and South
Chensi, in China.

11. PTERORHINUS. ^

Pterorhinus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 60 P. davidi.

Range. China and Mongolia.

1. Pterorhinus davidi.

Pterorhinus davidi, Stcinh. His, 1868, p. 61 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 371 ;
Gould, B. A»ia, part xxiii. (1871); Prjev. in Dawson Roiilei/'a
Orn. Mi.^c. ii. p.20:> (1877) ; David 4- Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 187.
pi. 50 (1877).

Pouiatorhinus davidi, Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4104 (1864).

Adult female (t}-pe of species). General colour above unifonn
dark ashy brown, clear ashy on the upper tail-coverts; wing-
coverts like the back, with a wash of lavender-grey on the bastard
wing and outer primary-coverts ; quills dusky brown, the primaries
externally lavender-grey, the inner secondaries like the back ; centre

VOL. VII. 2 a

354 riMEiJiD^.

tail-feathers brown like the back, blackish towards their ends, the
remainder blackish, washed with ashy near the bases; nasal plumes
hoary grey ; feathers of forehead slightly lanceolate and washed
withhoary grey ; lores ashy whitish, mottled with dusky bases to the
feathers ; over the eye a broad superciliary patch of creamy white ;
cheeks and ear-covcrts light earthy brown, washed with hoary grey
on the fore part of the former ; on the chin a blackish spot, succeeded
by a small patch of hoary grey : lower throat and rest of nndcrparts
light earthy brown, becoming duller on the breast ; lower flanks,
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts ashy, darker on the latter ;
under wing-coverts and axillarios like the breast ; quills ashy brown
below, lighter along the inner web ; bill yellow ; feet and claws
brownish; iris clear brown. Total length 9-o inches, culmeu 1,
wing 2-3, tail 4-6, tarsus 1-3. (Mas. H. Seebohm.)

Sexes alike in plumage (David).

Hub. Mountains of Xorth China and Mongolia.

12. TROCHALOPTERUM.

Type.

Trochalopteron, Bhjth, J. A. S. Benij. xii. p. 952

(1843; Tj-po nullo.

Trochalopteron, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83

(1844) T. squamatura.

Pterocyclus, Graj/, Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846) .... T. erythrocephalum.

liSucodioptron, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 54 (1854,

ex Schiff. MS.) T. canorum.

Eari'je. Hills of Southern India ; Himalayas ; Burmese countries,
and the whole of China, with Pormosa and Hainan.

Key to the Species.

a. Outer aspect of quills more brilliant than the
back, either golden or grey; mantle some-
times spotted, but never streaked.
a'. Throat black.

a". Ear-coverts uniform ; cheeks with a
large patch of white or fulvous ; pri-
mary-coverts black, forming a patch
on the wing.
a'". Upper tail-coverts rufous ; secon-
daries ashy grey at their ends;
breast rufous, with ashy margins
to the feathers.
a^. With a whitish patch on the sides
of the neck ; size smaller ; back

rufous ; head brown offine, p. 357.

6*. No patch of whitish on sides of
neck ; size larger : back ashy olive ;
head dusky brown,contrasting with

rufous hind neck hlythi, p. 358.

b'" . Upper tail-coverts ashy ; inner secon-
daries tipped with white on their
outer webs ; breast ashy washed

12. TROCHALOPTEKtIM. 355

with fulTous ; upper surface ashy

olive-brown rariegatum, p. 359.

b". Ear-coverts scaly, black, with silverv-
white niaroius ; hind neck and breast
mottled with black crescentic spots.
c'". Entire crown rufous, the sinciput
with a few black streaks ; under-
neath ochraceous buff erythrocephalum, p. 360.

d'". Forehead rufous ; sinciput and sides
of crown dark ash}' grey ; hinder
crown and nape rufous ; under siu--

face of body rufesc?nt chrysopterum, p. 362.

h'. Throat not black, sometimes a little black
on the chin,
c". Cap chestnut, as also the throat,

e'" . Primary-coverts olive goldeu like the
primaries ; chin hoary grey.
c*. Mantle and chest mottled with sub-
terminal rufiius markings ?-iiJicapil!um, p. 363.

d'. Mantle and chest mottled with sub-
terminal black markings erythrolcenia, p. 363.

/'". Primary-coverts black, forming a
wing-patch ; chin black ; hind neck
and mantle uniform ; ear-coverts
ashy, streaked with black and

slightly washed with rufous melanostigma, p. 364.

d". A black cap.
g'". Plumage scaly above, with black
margins to the feathers ; throat
orange ; lower surface spotted with

black rvjigulare, p. 365.

h'" . Plumage uniform ; throat yellowish

white; lower surface uniform .... cineraceum, p. 366.
e". Xo distinct cap, the head like the back
or nearly so.
i'". Plumage above scaly in appearance,
the feathers margined with black.
e*. Upper tail-coverts dark chestnut ;
tail black, tipped -with rufous ;
greater wing-coverts chestnut ;
primaries externally blue-grey . . squamatum, p. 367.
/■*. Upper tail-coverts olive-brown ;
tail brown, externally golden olive,
the outer feathers blackish towards
their ends and tipped with whitish ;
greater wing-coverts olive-brown ;
primaries e.Kternally golden olive sjiiunicolor, p. 368.
k'". Plumage above uniform ; tail-feathers
tipped with wiiite; primaries ex-
ternally grey.
g*. Secondaries externally rufous-brown
like the greater wing-coverts ;
breast-feathers banded with white ;
abdomen white ; under tail-coverts
ohve-brown tipped with white . . ausfeni, p. 369.
/»'. Secondaries externally golden olive,
aa also the base of the primaries ;

2a 2

856 XIMELIID.E.

no white bars on breast or abdo-
men, the Latter being vinous brown

lilve the under tail-coverts ellioti, p. 370.

h. Outer aspect of quills bright crimson.

c'. Tail black, tipped with reddish brown ;
ear-coverts crimson ; under tail-coverts
crimson ; throat and breast dark olive-
brown ^j/jceHjcewOT, p. 371.

d' . Ear-coverts grey, streaked with black ; tail-
feathers crimson above, black below; under
tail-coverts olive ; throat and chest black formosum, p. 372.
e' . Ear-coverts white; tail entirely red milni, p. 372.

c. Outer aspect of quills olive-brown, the feathers

edged with the same colour as the back.
/'. Head uniform.

f". Abdomen orange-rufous.

I'". Ear-coverts olive-brown with a slight
orange tinge ; fore neck and chest

deep orange like the breast cachmnans, p. 373.

m'". Ear-coverts and lower throat hoary
whitish ; fore neck and chest ashy

grey jerdoni, p. 373.

ff". Under surface of body ashy or ashy
white, the sides of the body orange-
rufous.
»»'". Eyebrow very distinct and extending
over the ear-coverts ; throat and
breast ashj', with no distinct dusky
streaks ; npper surface olive-brown,

the head dark brown fairhanki, p. 374.

o'", A white streak above the lores, not
forming an eyebrow ; throat and
breast whitish, distinctly streaked
with dusky blackish ; upper surface
darker ashy brown, the head more

dusky meridionale, p. 375.

g'. Head streaked with black.

h" . With a very distinct white eyebrow ;
upper surface of body rufescent brown
in tint, more rufous on the head ; throat

rufous canorum, p. 376.

i" . With no white eyebrow ; general colour
of upper suface ashy or olive-brown ;
throat ochniceous taivaniim, p. 376.

d. Outer aspect of quills only a little lighter than

the back, the rump dark ashy olive ; back
longitudinally streaked.

h'. Crown of head and mantle ashy grey, lon-
gitudinally streaked with brown, and con-
trasting witli the hack, which is brown
with white shaft-streaks ; ear-coverts
uniform chestnut lineatum, p. 377.

t'. Crown of head, as well as the mantle and
back, brown, with black shaft-streaks on
the head and neck, the mantle with
whitish shaft-streaks ; ear-coverts pale
brown, with whitish shaft-lines imbricatum, p. 879.

12. TEOCHALOPTERrM. 857

Wing particoloured, the quills externally
chestnut ; back longitudinally streaked with
■whitish like the head ; a white eyebrow ;
throat chestnut virgatum, p. 379,

1. Trochalopterum affine.

Garrulax affinis, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 950 (1843, ex Hodgs.

MS.) ; id. op. cit. xv. p. 099 (1845) ; Gray. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal

pres. Hodqs. p. 83 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 97

(1849).
Crateropus affinis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 168

(no. 768) ; id. in Grai/s Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).
Pterocyclus affinis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 373 (1850) ; Horsf. S{ Moore,

Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 207; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 283,

no 4183 (1869).
Trochalopteron affine, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 45 (1863) ; Goidd, B. Asia,

part xxviii. (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adult. General colour above reddish brown, mottled on the back
■with ashj'-olive tips to the feathers, which have also an obscure
dusky margin ; lower back olive-brown ; rump more rufous ; the
upper tail-coverts olive-brown, rufescent in the centre ; wing-
coverts reddish brown, the inner ones washed with olive ; the
greater coverts clearer rufous on the outer webs ; bastard-wing
feathers blue-grey ; primary-coverts black ; quills dusky, slaty
grey at the ends, the outer webs otherwise golden olive ; the
primaries lighter grey towards the end of the outer web ; tail-
feathers dull slaty grey, washed with golden olive on the outer
webs, especially towards the bases of the feathers ; crown of head
darker brown than the back ; the sides of the crown black, as are
also the lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts ; the hindermost of the
latter tipped with white, like the white spot which is conspicuous
behind the ear-coverts, this being succeeded by a dull white patch
on the sides of the neck, which is mottled by rufous centres to the
feathers ; on the cheeks a broad band of white ; chin and upper
throat black; the lower throat chestnut-brown; remainder of
under surface from fore neck downwards reddish brown, mottled
with ashy margins to the feathers ; the lower abdomen uniform
pale fulvous brown ; the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts dull
olivaceous brown ; under wiug-coverts and axillaries light reddish
brown, the lower series dusky like the under surface of rhe quills,
■which are ashy along the margin of the inner web ; " bill black ;
legs reddish brown ; iris brown " (Jerdun). Totallength 8"8 inches,
culmcn 0-95, wing 3-9, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-5.

The sexes are alike in plumage ; and a pair measure as follows : —

Total
length.

Culiuen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

in.

<J . Native Sikhim 9-75 0-85 42 50 1-45

$ . Native Sikhim 9-75 0-9 40 60 1-6

358 TIMELIIDJE.

Young. Differs from the adult in being more rufous above and
more uniform, the bead more duskj' than the back ; wings and tail
as iu adult ; underneath, the colour is more unit'oim, ^vithout ashy
edgings to the feathers of the breast ; cheek-patch visible, but not
so pronounced as in the adult.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas.

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Tvpes of species.)
d, e. Ad. ; /, g. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [r.].

Juv. sk.
k, i. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

k, I. Ad. sk. DarjiUng {Eccles). F. D. Godman and O. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].
m. Ad. sk. Sikhim (Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

«. Ad. sk. Sikhim. Major J. Biddulph.

0, /). J ? ad. sk. Native Sikhim (Man- A. 0. Hume, Esq.

delli).
q, r. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pe}nberton) . India Museum.

2. Trochalopterum blythi.

Trochalopteron blythii, J. Verr. Nutiv. Arch, du Mus. iv., Bidl. p. 37
(1S70) ; id. op.' cit.\\\., Bull, p. 4o (1871); Gonld, B, Asia, T^ait
xxvi. (1874); Harid l^- Oust Ois. Chine, p. 201 (1877).

Adult male. General colour above ashy olive-brown ; feathers of
the back mottled by the half- concealed rufesceut bases of the
feathers ; wing-coverts a little more rufescent than the back,
especially the greater series ; bastard-wing feathers blue-grey,
shaded with golden olive near the base ; primarj'-coverts black ;
quills dull blackish, externally golden olive ; the primaries edged
with bluish grey, the secondaries all bluish grey towards the tips ;
upper tail-coverts chestnut ; tail-feathers golden olive externally,
bluish grey on the inner web and the tips ; hind neck rufous-
brown ; crown of head and nape deep chocolate- brown ; lores, as
well as a broad eyebrow, and feathers round the eye and fore part
01 the ear-coverts blackish ; the hinder part of the latter rufous-
brown ; on the cheeks a broad patch of white ; the chin and upper
throat blackish ; remainder of under surface of body light rulous,
deepening into chestnut on the thighs and under tail-coverts ; the
fore neck and breast slightlj' moitled with ashy margins to the
feathers ; axillaries and under wing-coverts also liglit ashy, the
lower series ashy brown like the quills below ; " bill black ; feet
clear rufous ; iris chestnut-brown " {A. David). Total length 11
inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-25, tail 5-1, tarsus 1-6.

The sexes are alike in plumage, according to Pere David.

Hah. High forests of ^Yestern Szechuen, at Moupin and in
Eastern Kokonoor.

a. cJ ad. sk. Western Szechuen, Feb. 16, 1870. Abbe David [C.].

12. XROCUALOPXEKIM. 359

3. Trochalopterum variegatum.

Cinclosoma variejratum, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 56; Gould, Cent.

Himal. B. pi. IG (1832).
Garnilax abeillii, Less., tesfn Gray.

Crateropu3 variegatus, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 170 (1842).
Gairulax %-aviegatus, Blgth, J. A. S. Bcng. xii. p. 950 (1843), xiv.

p. 5119 (1844); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Xepal pres. Hodgs. p. 83

(1840) ; Bbjfh, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 97 (1849).
Pterocvclus variegatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 372 (IBoOj ; Harsf. 4- Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 207

(1654) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 283, uo. 4181 (1869).
Tvoehaloptevon variegatuni, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 45 (1863) id. Ibis,

1872, p. 305; Cock .S" Marsh. Str. F. 1873, p. 354; Hume, Nests

^- Eqgs Ind. B. p. 260 (1873); id. Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 457,

1879, p. 97.
Trochalopteron simile, Hinne, Ibi-i, 1871, p. 408; id. Sj- Henderson,

Lahore to Yark. p. 193, pi. vii. (1873); Hume, Str. F. 1875,

p. 407, 1879, p. 97 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 53.

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, rather more ashy on
the hind neck ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series orange-
rufous at the tips and on the outer webs of the external ones,
forming a wing-patch ; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts
black : quills dusky, externally olive-golden, the primaries ashy-
grey on the outer webs, the secondaries also ashy towards their ends,
with a black band across the centre of the feather on its outer
web ; the innermost secondaries blacki.sh, pale ashy grey externally,
shading off into white at the tip ; centre tail-feathers black, broadly
tipped with ashy grey with a narrow white ending ; the remainder
black, cxrernjill}' golden-olive, the inner webs ashy brown towards
the tips, which have a broad white ending, increasing in extent on
the outer feathers ; forehead fulvous ; crown of head and ear-coverts
ashy brown ; behind the eye a little white streak ; lores and
feathers above and below the eye black, extending a little way
onto the ear-coverts ; cheeks and sides of throat fulvous, separated
from the ear-coverts by an indistinct streak of whitish, on the
hinder part of which is a black spot ; the fulvous sides meeting on the
lower part of the throat , centre of the throat black : fore neck and
chest, as well as the sides of the breast and flanks, ashy olive-brown,
slightly Avashcd with fulvous ; centre of breast, abdomen, thighs,
rent, and under tail-coverts tawny buff, deepening on the latter ;
under wing-ooverts and axillaries tawny buff, the edge of the wing
rufous, the lower series dusky like the inner lining of the (]uills,
which arc ashy along the margin of the inner web ; " biU black ;
legs reddish ; iris brown '' (Jerdon). Total length 10*8 inches,
culmeu 1, wing 4-1, tail 4-9, tarsus 1-5.

The sexes are alike in colour ; and a pair measure as follows : —

. ', Cuhiien. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

ill. in. in. in. in.

a. d. Cashmere (Biddtdph). . 100 OO 4-1 47 1-45

b. $. Simla {Davison) 10-75 085 41 61 1-45

360

TIMELIID^.

The type of T rocTialopterum simile of Hume is in the British
Museum, and differs in having the outer aspect of the wings and
tail ashy grey instead of golden olive. At first sight this seems to
be a good specific distinction ; but on examining a series it is found
that both golden-winged and grey-winged birds are found inhabit-
ing the same locality, and on some of the golden-winged birds a
shade of grey is apparent, as if the golden passed into the latter colour.
Mr. Hume (Str. P. 1878, vol. ii. p. 457), however, maintains the
specific distinctness of the two forms, and says that " at their head
quarters each is perfectly true to type without any admixture of
the other ; and these their head-quarters are widely separated."

Hah. Himalayas, from Gilgit eastwards to Nepal.

a. c? ad. sk.

h. (J ad. sk.

c, d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/. (S ad. sk.

g,h.S 2 ad.; 2. Ad.

sk.
k. Ad. sk.
I. (S ad. sk.

m. 5 ad. sk.

n. $ ad. sk.

o,p. 2 ad. sk.

q, r. Ad. sk.
s, t. Ad. sk.

M. Ad. sk.

V, xo. Ad. sk.

GUgit, Jan. 1881.

Cashmere, May 5, 1876.

Cashmere {JDr. Bellew).

Cashmere.

Naoshira, Cashmere, Nov. 9,

1870.
N.W. Himalayas.

MmTee.
Murree.

Near Simla, Sept. 1875.

Simla, Nov. 22, 1873 {W.

Davison).
Mahasoo, near Simla, Sept.

1879 ( W. Davison).
Kumaou (Strachey).
Nepal.

Nepal (^Hodgson).
Himalayas.

Major J. Biddulph

Major J. Biddulph

[C.].
India Museum.
Pm'chased.
Dr. G. Henderson [C.].

(Type of 7'. simile.)
Capt. Staekhouse

Pinwill [P.].
Colonel Way [P.]
Major J. Biddulph

Major J. Biddulph

A. 0. Hume, Esq.

A. 0. Hume, Esq.

India Museum.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].

India Museum.
Gould Collection.

4. Trochalopterum erythrocephalum.

Cinclosoma erythropterum, Viqors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 171 ; Gould,

Cent. Himul. B. pi. 17 (1832).
Crateropus erythrocephalus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. 3fus., Passeres,

pi. 169 (no". 163) ; Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 179 (1842) ; Hodgs.

in Gray's Zool. 3Iisc. p. 83 (1844).
Garrulax erythrocephalus, Blytli, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 951 (1843),

xiv. p. 599 (1845) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs.

p. 83 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 97 (1849).
Pterocvclus erythrocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 372 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 283, no. 4180

(1869).
Trochalopteron erythrocephalum, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 43 (1863) ;

Hume, Nests 8; Eggs Ind. B. p. 258 (187.3) ; id. Str. F. 1879,

p. 97 ; .ScM%, t. c. p. 296.

12. TROCHALOPTEEUII. 361

Adult. Above particoloured ; entire head and nape bright chest-
nut ; hind neck mottled, the feathers black, edged with olive or
ashv grey on the sides of the neck ; mantle and upper back olive-
brown ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy olive ;
wing-coverts like the back but washed with rufous, the greater
series chestnut, the innermost of the latter olive-brown washed with
rufous ; bastard-wing feathers ashy grey, externally olive-yellow ;
primarj--coverts olive-yellow ; quills dusky brown, externally
golden olive, the secondaries duller olive on the inner secondaries,
most of which are reddish near the base of the inner web ; all the
quills ashy grey at their ends ; tail-feathers dull ashy, externally
golden olive, brighter towards the base of the feathers ; lores
black ; sides of c^o^^-n streaked with black, as also some of the
feathers of the sinciput ; above the ear-coverts a slight ashy shade ;
ear-coverts black, varied with silvery -grey edges to the feathers,
with a slight rufous tinge, especially near the eye, all the bases to
the feathers being rufous ; cheeks and throat black ; remainder of
under surface of body fulvous, washed with ashy on the fore neck,
breast, and flanks, as well as the thighs and under tail-coverts ; the
fore neck and breast mottled with semilunar spots and subterminal
bars of black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries fulvous brown ;
lower series duskj', like the quills below, which are ashy fulvous
along the inner web ; "bill horny black ; feet brown fleshy ; claws
brownish grey horny ; iris greyish brown " (Scidli/). Total length
9-S inches, culmen O'O, wing -i'lo, tail 4-8, tarsus 1'5.

Specimens from the north-western Himalayas are rather paler in
plumage and have the ear-coverts lighter rufous. Young birds are
more fluffy in plumage than the adults, have the head dull chestnut,
the hind neck dusky brown without any black semilunar markings;
the centre of the back fulvous brown ; lower back and rump earthy
brown ; the golden olive of the wing is less pronounced, and the
inner secondaries entirely ashy grey ; ear-coverts blackish with
silvery-grey edges ; throat blackish ; remainder of under surface
rufescent brown, without any black bars on the breast.

Hah. X.W. Himalayas to Nepal.

a, b, c, d. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse

Pinwill [P.].
e. 2 ad. sk. Lushta, Kotegm-h, Nov. A. O. Hume, Esq.

1870.
/. Ad. sk. Kumaon (^Strachey). India Museum.

g. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
(Type of T. erythrocephalum.)
h, i, k. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
/, m, n. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
0. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

362 TIMELIID^E.

5. Trochalopterum chrysopterum.

lanthocincla clirysoptera, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 48.
Crateropiis erythropterus, Ilodgs. in Gnnfs Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1S44).
Crateropus chrysopterus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 170 (1842).
GaiTiilax chrvsopterus, Bli/th, J. A. S. Ben(j. xii. p. 951 (1843) ; id.

Cut. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 07 (1.^49).
Pterocyclus chrysopterus, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 226(1840) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 372 (1850) ; Horsf. ^ jilvore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mas. i. p. 206

(1«54) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 283, no. 4182 (1869).
Trochalopteron clirvsopterum, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 43 (1863) ; Hume,

Nests k Eggs Ind. B. p. 259 (1873) ; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adult. Above particoloured ; forehead dark rufous, with black
streaks ; lores ashy black, surmounted by a black line forming- an
indistinct eyebrow ; sinciput and sides of crown dark ashy grey,
the former streaked with black centres to the feathers ; occiput
and nape chestnut ; hind neck and mantle reddish brown, as also
the sides of the neck, mottled all over with a black subterminal
bar on each feather; back reddish brown ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts ashy olive-brown ; lesser and median wing-coverts
reddish brown, ttie greater series chestnut ; primarj'-covcrts and
quills blackish, externally golden olive ; all the feathers ashy towards
the tips, this colour plainer on the secondaries ; tail-feathers golden
olive-dusky on the inner webs; ear-coverts black, edged with silvery
white ; clieeks aud throat black, the former with indistinct ashy
margins ; lower throat and sides of upper neck chestnut-brown ; fore
neck and breast light reddish brown, mottled with subterminal
black bars ; lower breast and abdomen uniform reddish brown ; the
sides of the body olivaceous brown, darker on the thighs and under
tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries reddish brown, the
lower series dusky like the quills below, these being more asliy along
the inner margin ; " bill dusky brown ; legs horny yellow-brown ;
irides red" (Jerdon). Total length 10-8 inches, culmen 1, wing 4,
tail 4-7, tarsus 1"55.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. A pair measure: —

Total
length.

Culiuen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

fl. cJ. Sikhim 9-25 0-95 3-8 4-4 I'So

h. $ . Sikhim 100 10 3-95 45 1-55

Young birds have the wings and the tail like the adults, but are
otherwise different, being more uniform on the back, without any
of the black spots on the hinder neck ; the head entirely rufous,
except in the centre of the crown, which is dusky where it is ashy
in the adult bird ; the throat is black, and the under surface is like
the adult but duller, and it is uniform on the fore neck and chest,
which have not the black spots of the adult ; the ear-coverts are
black, edged with hoary grey as in the old bird.
Hah. Eastern Himalayas from Nepal to Bootan.

a. Ad. sk. Himalayas. J. Gould,_Esq. [C.]. (Type

of species.)

12. TEOCHALOPTERUM. 363

b. Ad. sk. Nepal. Gould Collection.

c, d. Ad. ; Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
e, Juv. sk.

f, ff. Ad.sk. Nepal (7/o(/(/so«). India Museum.

h, i. Ad. sk. Darjiling {Eccles). Y. 1). Gndmau and O. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.]-

k. Ad. sk. D.iriiling (Pearson). India Museum.

I. Ad. sk. Parjiling-. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

m,7i. Ad.sk. Darjiling. Henry Seebohra,Esq. [P.].

o, p. d $ fid. sk. Sikhim. A. O. Hume, Esq.

q. Ad. sk. Bootan (^Temherton). India Museum.

6. Trochalopterum ruficapillum.

Garrulax ruficapillns, Bh/th, J. A. S. Bemj. xx. p. 521 (18ol).
Trochalopteron ruiicapillum, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 44 (1863) ; Hume,

Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 385, 1879, p. 97.
Pterocyclus ruficapillus, Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 283, no. 4190 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above ashy olive, the upper back
lunulated, •with ashy tips to the feathers, before which is a reddish
brown bar ; the mantle reddish brown, broadly margined with paler
reddish; lesser wing-coverts olivaceous, washed with reddish ; median
and greater coverts deep chestnut-brown ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts golden olive, the former brighter ; quills blackish, externally
golden olive, the inner secondaries golden olive, ashy for their ter-
minal third ; upper tail-coverts ashy olive ; tail-feathers olive, golden
on their outer webs ; foreheiid and vertex grey, more or less washed
with rufous ; nape bright chestnut, forming a patch ; lores and
feathers in front of the eye grey ; a broad superciliary baud of hoary
grey ; ear-co.verts deep vinous chestnut, hoary grey on the upper
part ; checks and throat deep chestnut-red, the fore part of the cheeks
washed with hoary grey ; fore neck a little lighter chestnut than the
throat and somewhat lunulatcd with lighter rufous margins to the
featliers with a sixbtcrminal bar of deeper rufous ; remainder of under
surface rufous, ashy olive on the lower flanks, thighs, and under
tail-coverts; axillaiies olivaceous buff ; under wing-coverts washed
with chestnut, with a spot of hoary grey on the edge of the wing ;
lower series of under wing-coverts dusky, as also the lower surface
of tlie quills, which are lighter brown along the inner web. Total
length 8-(i inches, culmcn 0-95, wing 3-95, tail 4-35, tarsus 1-6.

Hub. Khasia and Naga hills.

a. 5 ad. sk. Shillong (.4. JV. Chcnncll). Capt. E. G. Wardlaw

Eamsay [P.].

7. Trochalopterum erythrolaeina.
Trochalopteron erythrolsema, Hume, Str. F. 1881, p. 154.

Male. The lores blackish dusky ; the extreme tip of the chin
dusky ; rest of chin, entire throat, cheeks, car-coverts, upper neck
all round, forehead, crown, occiput, and upper part of nape deep

364 TIMELIID^.

chestnut-red, a little brighter on top of head, a little duller on the
throat ; upper breast similarly coloured but paler ; lower breast
and upper abdomen paler again and much yellower and rustier ;
most of tbe feathers on these parts with subterminal blackish spots,
beyond which the tips are fringed paler ; middle of lower abdomen
pale ferruginous, unspotted ; sides of body and abdomen, flanks,
vent, and lower tail-coverts a dull olivaceous earth-brown ; tibial
plumes much the same, but with just a faint touch of the colour of the
middle lower abdomen ; wing-lining grey, but some of the feathers
just tipped with reddish or orange-ferruginous ; interscapulary region
a pale greenish olive-grey, all the feathers with large blackish-brown
subtei'minal spots, succeeded by a paler fringe ; space between inter-
scapulary region and where the uniform red of the nape ends simi-
lar and similarly spotted to the former, but more or less overlaid
with the bright red of the crown, and with a yellower tinge of this ;
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, tertiaries, and tail, where not
tinged with golden, the same pale greenish olive-grey as the ground of
the intersca2)ulary region ; all the tail-feathers tinged and margined
on their outer webs, most strongly towards their bases, with a some-
what olivaceous golden ; outer webs of primaries and secondaries
a bi'ighter shade of this same golden ; secondary and tertiary greater
coverts rich maroon-chestnut, their median and lesser ones a paler
tint of this mingled with j-ellow ; legs and feet fleshy brown, pinker
on feet ; bill blackish brown ; irides grey. Length 10'3 inches, bill
from gape 1'07, wing 3'7, tail 4"5, tarsus 1-5. {^Uume, t.c.)
Hab. Eastern hills of Munipur.

8. Trochalopteron melanostigma.

Trochalopteron me\&ao&ii'£ma,,Bhjth,J.A. S.Beng. xxiv. p. 268 (1855) ;

Bhjfh ^- WaUtn,B. Biirm. p. 108, no. 31(3 (1875); Wardlaio

Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 464 ; Hume 4" Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. i.

p. 291 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97 ; Gould, B. Asia, part xxxiii,

(1882) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. .39 (1883).
Pterocyclus melanostigmus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 283, no. 4192

(1869).

Adult female. General colour above greenish brown, slightly
more olive on the hind neck and mantle ; wing-coverts like the
back except the greater series, which are externally bright chest-
nut ; bastard-wing feathers blackish, externally olive slightly
washed with chestnut ; primary-coverts black ; quills dusky, ex-
temallj' olive-greenish, rather yellower on the outer webs of the
primaries ; tail-feathers dusky, olive-greenish on the outer webs ;
crown of head and nape bright chestnut ; base of forehead, lores,
feathers in front of eye, fore part of cheeks, and chin black ; hinder
part of eyelid white ; feathers along the sides of hinder crown and
the sides of the nape light bluish grey, extending down behind
the ear-coverts, the latter silvery grey with rufous-brown shaft-
streaks ; hinder part of cheeks and throat chestnut ; remainder of
under surface light reddish brown or dull tawny ; sides of breast,

12. TKOCHALOPIEEUM, 365

flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts greenish brown, as also the
axillaries; under wing-coverts light reddish except the lower series,
which are dusky like the inner lining of the quills, which are edged
with ashy along the inner web ; " bill black ; legs pinkish brown ;
iris deep chocolate " {E. G. Wavdlaw lictmsaj/). Total length 9-2
inches, culmen 1, wing 3-55, tail 4-2, tarsus 1-5.

Adult male. Similar in colour to the female, but a little larger,
and having the breast pervaded with a brighter shade of chestnut ;
" legs, feet, and claws very pale brown to reddish-brown ; bill black ;
irides brown or hazel-nut brown " (Davison). Total length 10 inches,
culmen 1, wing 3-i).5, tail 4-45, tarsus 1-.55.

Bah. Karen hills in Eurmah, extending into Tenasserim.

a. $ ad. sk. Karen hills, April 17, 1875. Capt. R. G. Wardlaw

Kamsav [C.].

6. 6 ad. sk. Karen-nee, April 1, 1874. Capt. R. "G. Wardlaw

Kamsav [C.l.

c. (S ad. sk. Near Mooleyit, Jan. 30 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

( W. Davison). [P.].

d. 5 ad. sk. Between Mooleyit and Para- R. B. Sharpe, Esq

duba, Jan. 27 ( W. Davi- [P.].

son).

9. Trochaloptenim rufigulare.

lanthocincla rufogularis, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1835, p. 48 : Bp. Consu. i.

p. 371 (1850).
Cinclosoma rutimenta, Hodgs. Asiat. Res. xix. p. 148 (1836); id.

Icon, ined., Pusseres, pi l(iO. fig. 2 (no. 187).
Garrulax rufogularis, Pli/th, J. A. S. Pen//, xii. p. 951 (1843) xiv

p. 599 (1845) ; id. Cat. B. 3Ius. As. Soc. p. 96 (1849).
Crateropus rufimentum, Hodc/s. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).
Trochalopteron rufigulare, Grai/, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs.

p. 84 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. i.'p. i>20 (1846) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat

B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 210 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind.'n. p. 47 (1863) ;

Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 282, no. 4170 (1869); Jerd. Ibis, 1872,

p. 306 ; Hume, Nests and Egqs Ind. B. p. 261 (1873) ; id. Sir. F.

1878, vol. ii. p. 156, 1879, p. 97.

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, a little more ochraceous
on the rump and upper tail-coverts, the latter tipped with rufous,
all the feathers with a black bar at the tip ; wing-coverts like the
back, and tipped with black in the same manner; bastard- wing
feathers ashy grey, black at the tip ; primary-coverts black ; quills
dusky : the primaries externally ashy grey, with a black band across
the middle ; secondaries pale olive-brown like the back, narrowly
tipped with white, before which is a broad subterminal bar of
black ; tail-feathers olive-brown slightly washed with rufous, with
a weU-marked tip of light bay, before which is a broad bar of black ;
crown of head black, with ashy-grey bases to the feathers ; lores
white, forming a conspicuous spot ; an eyebrow of pale brown ; ear-
coverts dusky ash-colour, tipped with black and slightly washed
with rufous ; cheeks ashy, the feathers tipped with a black spot ;

366 TIIIELIID^.

chin bright rufous ; lower throat white ; fore neck and chest ashy,
with triangular spots of black ; centre of breast and abdomen white ;
sides of body and flanks pale olivo-brown, sparsely spotted with
black ; thighs olive-brown, tinged with fulvous ; under tail-coverts
brio-ht rufous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale olive-brown ;
quills dusky below, ashy along the margin of the inner web ; " bill
hornv yellow ; legs tleshy brown ; orbital skin blue " (Jerclon). Total
length"9 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 3-6, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-4.

The specimens from the north-western Himalayas are very similar
to 1\ rujigulare, but are everywhere very much paler, and have the
ear-coverts light uniform rufous, fringed with black at the back ;
the rufous on the throat, under tail-coverts, and end of tail is also
lighter than in the more eastern birds. Total length 9-5 inches,
culmen 0-85, wing 3-55, tail 4, tarsus 1-4.

Mr. Hume (Str. F. 1S78, vol. ii. p. 150) enters fully into the
question of the variation in plumage of the present bird.

The sexes are alike in plumage. A pair measure : —

Total
length.

Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

a. J. Sikliim 9-0 I'O 3-6 4-15 1-5

b. $ . Darjiling 8-5 095 3-6 4-25 1-3

Hah. Himalaya mountains, from the north-west eastwards to
Bootan, and extending into the Khasia hills.

a. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas India Museum.

{Griffith).

h. Ad. sk. Murree, Jan. 1873. Major C. H. T. Marshall [P.].

c. (S ad. sk. Murree. Major J. Biddulph [ C.].

d. Ad. sk. Mussoorie. Capt. Stackhouse Plnwill [P.].
e,/,^. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. (^Types

of Cinclosonia riifintentum.^
h, i, k, I. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

m. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

n. Ad. sk. DarjiUng. Gould Collection.

o. 5 ad. sk. DarjiUng. A. 0. Hume, Esq.

p. S ad. sk. Sikhim, Dec. 1877. A. 0. Hume, Esq.

q. Ad.sk. Bootan (Pemfterion). India Museum.

r. Ad. sk. Himalayas. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. (Type of

species.)

10. Trochalopterum cineraceum.

Trochalopteron cineraceum, Godicin-Aust. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 46,
pi. xi. ; Gould, B. Asia, part xxvii. (1875).

Adult male (Thobal valley, Munipur : type of species). General
colour above ashy olive, more fulvescent on the lower back and
rump, the upper tail-coverts more decidedly olive ; the hind neck
and mantle slightly marked with black tips to a few of the feathers ;
wing-coverts like the back, the greater series a little more ashy at
their tips ; bastard-wing feathers lavender-grey with broad black

12. TROCHALOPTERUM. 3G7

centres ; primarj'-coverts black, forming a wing-patch ; quills
blackish, the primaries cxternalh' lavender-grey, the secondaries
externally ashy olive like the back for two thirds of their length,
the remaining third blackish like the inner web, witli a terminal
border ot' white ; tail-feathers ashy olive tipped with white, before
which is a broad subterminal band of black ; crown of head black,
forming a cap ; feathers at base of nostrils also black ; lores, feathers
round the eye, and a broad eyebrow ashy whitish, separated from
the car-coverts by a narrow line of black ; ear-coverts ashy whitish,
fringed behind with isabelline feathers having dusky bases ; checks
and sides of neck isabelHne brown, spotted with longitudinal black
centres, with a black patch below the eye ; under surface of body
isabelline buff, whiter on the throat, wliich has a few narrow lines
of black ; centre of abdomen paler ; thighs and under tail-coverts
ochraceous buff like the lower flanks, axillaries, and under wing-
coverts ; lower series of the latter dusky brown, as also the quills
below, the latter ashy brown along the inner web. Total length
8-5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-25, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-3. (3Ius. H. H.
God win- Austen.)
Hah. Munipur.

11. Trochalopterum squamatum.

lanthocincla sqnamata, Gould, P. Z.'S. 1835, p. 48; Jard. 8f Selby,

III. Orn. new series, pi. iv. (183U).
Cinclosoma melanurum, Jlodys. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 147 (1836);

id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Miis., Passi'res, pis. 169, 170. tig. 2 (no. 376).
Garrulax squamatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 951 (1843), xiv.

p. 599 (1845) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 96 (1849).
Trochalopteron melanurum, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83

(1844).
Trochalopteron squamatum, Grag, Cat. Manun. etc. Nepal pres.

Hodgs. p. 83 (1846); id. Gen. B. i. p. 226 (184G); Bp. Cons2). i.

p. 372 (1850); Horsf. c^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 211

(1854) ; Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 46 (1863) ; Grag, Iland-l. B. i. p. 282,

no. 4177 (1869); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 306 ; Iltane, Kests &■ Eggs

Ind. B. p. 200 (1873) ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adult. General colour above dark olive-browu, each feather very
distinctly edged with black ; the crown rather lighter olive-brown,
with narrower black edges, sides of crown bordered by a black
stripe ; least and median wing-coverts like the back, and edged
with black in the same way ; greater coverts externally ferru-
ginous ; bastard-wing feathers black, externally blue-grey ; primary-
coverts black ; quills black, externally blue-grey, the secondaries
ferruginous on the outer web, the inner ones washed externally
with olive-brown ; upper tail-coverts dark chestnut ; tail-feathers
black, tipped with ferruginous, extending a little way along the
outer web, the centre feathers washed with olive, and dull chestnut
near the base ; lores fulvescent ; ear-coverts uniform dusky olive-
brown ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body rufescent brown,
more fulvous in the centre of the body, all the feathers margined
with black, the flanks rather browner; under tail-coverts chestnut ;

363

TIMELIIDJE.

under wing-coverts like the breast, the lower series dusky ; quills
dusky brown below, more ashy along the margin ; " bill black ; legs
shining fleshy brown ; iris red-brown " {Jerclon). Total length
8'S inches, culmeii 0-95, wing 3"9, tail 4, tarsus 1-5.

Some of the specimens have grey lores and a slight greyish shade
on the upper ear-coverts, and there is a perceptible difference in the
rufous or olive shade of the underparts. Young birds differ from
the adult in being much more rufous, and are uniform above and
below, without any of the black edges to the feathers of the back or
underparts, the pattern of the wings and tail being the same as ia
the adult.

Hab. Eastern Himalayas.

a. Ad. sk. Himalayas. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. (Type

of species.)

b, c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Tvpes of T. melannriim.)

d, e,f, ff. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

h. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

i. Juv. sk. Nepal. Gould Collection.

k,l. cJ ad. sk. Darjiling. A. O. Hume, Esq.

m, n. Ad. sk. Daijihng. H. Seebobm, Esq.

0. Ad. sk, Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum.

12. Trochalopteram subunicolor.

Trochalopteron subunicolor, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 952 (1843,
descr. ntdld) ; Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 172
(no. 842) ; Gray, Cat. Mamni. etc. Nepal jjres. Jlodi/s. p. 84 (1846) ;
id. Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 372 (1850) ; Jerd.
B. Ind. ii. p. 44 (180.3) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 282, no. 4179
(1869) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 306 ; Hume, Nests 8f Eggs Ind. B.
p. 259 (1873) ; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 97.

Garrulax subunicolor, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xiv. p. 599 (1845, descr,
p-inc); id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Sue. p. 96 (1849).

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, mottled with blackish
margins to the feathers, before which is a subterminal bar of lighter
olive, these margins more narrow and less conspicuous on the lower
back, rump, and iipper tail-coverts ; sides of neck like the back, but
more decidedly mottled with a pale subterminal bar ; crown of head
dark ashy, with black edges to the feathers, the forehead tinged with
fulvous ; wing-coverts olive-brown, lighter on the bastard-wing
feathers ; primary-coverts blackish, externally olive-brown ; quills
dusky, externally golden-olive, the primaries ashy grey towards
their ends ; the secondaries externally olive-greenish, the innermost
tipped with ashy ; tail-feathers blackish, washed with golden olive
on the outer webs, the centre feathers shaded with olive for nearly
their entire length, the outer ones narrowly tipped with white ;
lores ashy grey, mottled with dusky margins to tlie feathers ; cheeks
and ear-coverts dusky brown, with pale shaft-lines ; under surface
of body light ochraceous buff, the feathers mottled with dusky bases

i

12. TEOCHALOPTERUM. 369

and olive-brown margins ; the throat dark ashy, shaded Muth olive ;
fore neck and chest more olive-hrovrn, with a subterminal bar of
pale ochraceous before a dusky-brown edj:;ing to the feathers ; flanks,
thighs, and under tail-coverts dull olive-brown, as also the axillaries
and under wing-coverts ; the lower series of the latter dusky like tlie
quills below, these latter being more ashy along the margin of the
inner web ; " bill dusky ; legs reddish brown ; iris reddish brown ''
(Jerdon). Total length 8 inches, culmcn 0-8, wing ,3-65, tail 3-85,
tarsus 1'45.

06s. The plumage in this species appears to be subject to con-
siderable bleaching, especially as regards the golden colour of the
wing, which fades to a whity brown.

Young birds always have the outer aspect of the wing thus faded
in tint, and are more rufous-brown as well as more uniform on the
upper surface, some of the feathers with blackish edges, but the
subterminal light markings of the old bird not perceptible ; the
under surface of the body is also uniform dull brown, darker on the
throat, but without the least appearance of the ochraceous mottling
which is such a conspicuous feature of the adult.

Ilah. Eastern Himalayas.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of species.)
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

India -Museum.

Gould Collection.

H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

13. Trochalopterum austeni.

Trochalopteron austeni, Jcrd. Ibis, 1872, p. 304 ; Gould, B. Asia,
part XXV. (1873) ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Bent/, xsxix. p. 105
(1870) ; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 414, 1879, p. 97.

Adult. General colour above reddish brown, inclining more or
less to olive, especially on the lower back and rump ; wing-coverts
like the back, the greater series rufous tipped with yellowish white,
before which is an indistinct bar of black ; bastard-wing feathers
externally ashy olive ; primary-coverts rufous, dusky blackish at
tip ; quills dusky, externally rufous-brown ; the primaries ashy along
the inner web; the secondaries spotted with white at the tip like
the greater coverts ; centre tail-feathers reddish brown, the remainder
blackish, externally reddish brown except towards the ends, which
are tipped with white ; crown of head, hind neck, and sides of neck
more rufous than the back, and relieved by yellowish shaft-streaks ;
lores ashy grey; ear-coverts dark chestnut-brown, with pale shaft-
streaks ; the region of the eye dusky ; cheeks, throat, and fore neck
reddishbrown, mottled with dusky bars, eachfcatherhaving an obscure
subterminal paler bar ; the chest and rest of underparts reddish brown,
strongly barred with white before a dusky margin to each feather ;
the sides of the breast more strongly shaded with rufous ; feathers
of the abdomen white, with a distinct terminal bar of dusky, and

VOL. VII. 2 B

a. Ad. ; b. Juv. sk.

Nepal.

c, d, e. Ad. ; /. Juv. ;

g. Imm. sk.
h, i. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
I Ad. sk.

Nepal.

Nepal (Hodgson).

UarjiUug.

Sikliim.

370 TIMELIIBJE.

remaius of indistinct duskj' bars on the base of tlio feather ; lower
flanks and thighs dull olive-brown; the under tail-coverts olive-
brown with pale fulvescent tips ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
olive-brown, the lower series duskj' like the under surface of the
quills, which are more ashy along the margin of the inner web.
Total length 10 inches, culmen O-SJ, wing 3-85, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-5.
(il/ws. .B. G. Wardlaiu Hamsay.)

Hah. Hill-ranges of North-eastern Bengal.

14. Trochalopterum ellioti.

TrochalopteroD ellioti, J. Verr. Nouv. Arch, dii Mus. vi. Btdl. p. 36
(1870) ; id. op. cit. vii. Bull. p. 44 (1871); Gould, B. Asia, part
XXV. (1873) : Pijev. in Bowlei/'s Oni. Misc. ii. p. 203, uo. 117
(1877) ; David i^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 202, pi. 57 (1877).

Mule (not quite adult). General colour above earthy brown washed
with olive, the head a little lighter than the back, the forehead and
eyebrows pale lavender-brown ; wing-coverts like the back, the
greater coverts slightly tinged with rufous, the bastard-wing feathers
shaded with ashy ; primary-coverts black ; quills dusky, externally
golden olive, brighter golden colour near the base of the primaries,
which are bluish ashy to^^'ard8 the ends of the outer webs ; the
secondaries also ashy at the tips and along the outer webs; the
innermost secondaries entirely bluish ash-colour ; centre tail-fea-
thers golden brown, ashy at the tips ; all the other tail-feathers
dark ashy on the inner web, golden brown for the greater part of
the outer web, tipped with white, increasing in extent towards the
outermost feather ; lores and nasal plumes blackish ; ear-coverts
chocolate-brown, with narrow edges of hoary white to the tips of
the feathers ; cheeks lighter brown ; throat chocolate-brown, with
the same obsolete tips to the feathers as on the ear-coverts ; remainder
of under surface earthy brown, fading into didl vinous red on the
abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts duU
vinous brown, the lower series dusky like the inner lining of the
quills : " bill black ; feet rufous ; iris yellowish white " {A. David).
Total length 10 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3"6, tail 5, tarsus 1-45.

The specimen described is not quite adult ; but an old bird in
Capt. "Wardlaw llamsay's collection only diflcrs in being rather
clearer in coloration, the upper tail-coverts being ashy and the fea-
thers of the mantle being tipped with white, before which is a sub-
terminal dusky bar; underneath, the colours are brighter, especially
as regards the vinous red colour of the abdomen and under tail-coverts.
The iris in the adults is clear yellow.

Hah. Mountains of Western China, at Moupin, in Northern
Setchuen and at Chensi, as far as Hoangho. It also occurs in Kansou.

a. S imm. sk, Moupin, Oct. 28, 18C9. Abbe David [C.].

12. lEOCHALOPTEETJM. 371

15. Trochalopterum phceniceum.

laiithocincla phcenicea, Gouhl, Icunes Avium, pi. 3.
Crateropus puniceus, BIytJi, J, A. IS. Beng. xi. p. 180 (1842).
GaiTulax phcvniceus, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xii. p. 9ol (1843), xiv.

p. 599 (1845) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 97 (1849).
Trochalopteron phoeniceum, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres.
Hodgs. p. 83 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 372 (1850) ; Horsf. S; Moore, Cat. B. E.l. Co. Mus. i. p. 210
(1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 48 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 282,
no. 4178 (1869) ; Hume, Nests ^- Eggs Ind. B. p. 262 (1873) : id.
Str.F.l%7Q,^.Q7.
Adult. General colour above dark fulvous-brown, inclining to
dark rufous-brown on the upper tail-coverts, as also the wing-
coverts, most of which are tinted on the outer web with crimson ;
bastard-wang feathers dusky fulvous-brown washed with crimson
externally ; primary-coverts black ; quiUs black, externally edged
with crimson, inclining to reddish buff towards the tips ; the outer
secondaries margined with grey in the middle and with crimson
towards the tip, which is narrowly edged with reddish buff; inner
secondaries black, externally fulvous-brown near the base, with a
large patch of crimson near the end of the outer web, this being
separated by a line of black from the fulvous-brown of the outer
web, the tips rather more broadly edged with reddish buff: the inner-
most secondaries like the back ; tail-feathers black tipped with
reddish, increasing in extent towards the outermost ; head a little
more olive-brown than the back, the forehead washed with crimson
at base ; lores, cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of face crimson, as well
as a narrow line above the eye, separated from the crown by a
broader streak of black : entire under surface of body dark earthy
brown, washed with crimson on the chin ; centre of breast dull
ashy ; long upper taO-coverts bright crimson with black bases ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast, the edge of the
wing crimson ; quills dusky brown below, reddish along the outer
web, more ashy brown along the inner one ; " bill black ; legs
livid brown ; iris red-brown " (Jerdon). Total length 8"5 inches,
culmen 0'85, wing 3*5, tail 4-25, tarsus I'o.

Younr/ birds differ from the adult in being duller brown, and in
having the crimson on the wings much less vivid, and especially on
the sides of the face, whcie the red is not nearly so extended as in
the old birds.

Hab. Eastern Himalayas.

a. Ad. St. Nepal. R. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

c. d. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museimi.

e. Ad. sk. Darjiling {Eccles). F. D. Godman and 0 Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].

/. Imm. sk. Darjiling. Capt. E. G. Wardlaw

Ramsay.

g. c? ad. sk. Darjiling. A. O. Hume, Esq.

A, /. Ad. sk. Sikliim. HenrvSeebohm.Esq. [P.].

k. Ad. sk. Sikhim. Major J. Biddulph [C.].

1. Ad. ; m. Juv. sk. Ilimalavas. Gould Collection.

2b 2

372

TIMELIIDJE.

16. Trochalopteruin formosuni.

Trochalopteroii formosum, J. Vet-r. Nouv. Arch, du Mus. v. Bull.
p. 35 (1869) ; id. op. cit. vii. p. 43, pi. 2 (1871); Swinh. P. Z. S.
1871, p. 372; Gould B. Asia, part xxiv. (1872); David ^- Oust.
Ois. Chine, p. 199, pi. 59 (1877).

Adult female (Western Szechucn, Jan. 20 ; A. David). General
colour above rufous-brown, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts dark olive-brown ; wing-coverts like tlie back, the greater
series washed with crimson ; bastard-wing feathers and primary-
coverts crimson, streaked with ashy grey near the tips ; quills black,
externall}' bright crimson except the innermost secondaries, which
are entirely black ; centre tail-feathers dull crimson, the remainder
blackish on the inner webs, dull crimson on the outer, becoming
brighter crimson on the margin of the feathers ; forehead and
sinciput ashy grey, streaked wi*h black centres to the feathers ; the
hinder part of the crown rufous-brown, all the feathers broadly edged
with ashy grey ; lores and extreme base of forehead, as well as
a line along the sides of the crown, black ; car-coverts hoary grey,
streaked with black down the centre of the feathers ; sides of neck
bordering the ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and fore neck black ;
breast reddish brown, a few of the feathers adjoining the chest edged
with black ; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts olive-brown ;
thighs dark ashy, slightly washed with olive ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries like the breast, the lower series dusky like the under
surface of the quills, which are paler along the margin of the
inner web. Total length 10*8 inches, culmen 1, wing 4, tail 4"5,
tarsus 1'6. {Mus. JR. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.)

Hah, Western Szechueu.

17. Trochalopterum milni.

Trochalopterum milni, David, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5) xix. art. 9 (1874) ;
id. Jom-n. 3"= Expl. Chine, ii. p. 271 (1876) ; id. i^- Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 200, pi. 58 (1877).

Adult male. Crown of head and upper part of neck of a buffy
rufous colour ; ear-coverts pure white ; throat and lores black ; back
olive, with the large feathers edged with a darker border ; rump and
upper tail-coverts of a golden olive tint ; lower parts ashy ohve,
passing to greenish on the neck, breast, flanks, under tail-coverts,
and tibial plumes ; upper surface of the tail bright red, lower surface
blackish ; quills above briUiant and glossy red, with the inner webs
of the innermost secondaries white ; bill and feet black : iris brown.
{David Sf Oustalet.)

Adrdt female. Like the male. (lid. 1. c.)

Younq. Want the rufous cap on the head, and have not any white
on the ear-coverts or inner secondaries. (lid. 1. c.)

Hah. Wooded mountains of Western Fokien.

12. TROCHALOPTERUM. 373

18. Trochalopterum cachinnans.

Crateropiis cachinnans, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 255, pi. 7 (1839).

Crateropus delesserti, Lafr.

Garrulax cachinnans, Blyth, J. A. S. Beiig. xii. p. 952 (1843), xiv.

p. 599 (1845) ; id. Cat. B. 3Ius. As. Soc. p. 97 (1849).
Pterocyclus cachinnans, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 372 (1850) ; Horsf. 8f Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 263

(1854) ; Gray, Hand-'l. B. i. p. 283, no. 4184 (1869).
Trochalopteron cachinnans, Jerd. B. Ltd. ii. p. 48 (1863) ; id. Ibis,

1872, p. 306 ; Hume, Nests ^ Eygs Ind. B. p. 263 (1873) ; id. Str.

F. 1879, p. 97.

Adult. General colour above olivaceous brown, a little more ashy
on the mantle and back ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills brown,
externally olivaceous brown, lighter brown on the outer web of the
primaries ; tail brown, washed with olivaceous brown ; crown of
head and nape ashy, the base of the forehead black, as also the
lores ; a very distinct white eyebrow, bordered both above and
below by a streak of black ; eyelid white ; ear-coverts light rufous ;
base of cheeks, chin, and upper throat black ; remainder of under
surface of body deep orange-rufous, lighter towards the abdomen ;
the sides of the body and under tail-coverts olive-brown, the thighs
dark olive-brown ; axillaries olive-brown ; under wing-coverts ru-
fous ; quills dusky brown below, fulvescent along the edge of the
inner web ; " bill black ; legs dusky greenish ; iris fine red " (Jerdon).
Total length 2-8 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-5, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-35.

Adult female. Like the male in plumage.

A pair measure : —

'^°^^} Culmen. Wing. Tail Tarsus,
length. °

iu. in. in. in. in.

a. S ■ Nilghiris (Morgan) 8-0 0-8 3-15 3-5 1-35

b. 2- „ „ 8-0 0-8 3-4 3-7 1'35

Hab. Nilghiri hiUs in Southern India.

a. Ad. sk. Nilghiris {F. Day). India Museum.

b. Ad. sk. Nilghiris. Gould Collection.

c. d. d' 5 ad. sk. Nilghiris (B. W. Morgan). Capt. R. G. Wardlaw

Ramsay.
e. Ad. .sk. Ootacamund, Aug. 1876. Capt. R. G. Wardlaw

Ramsay.
/. c? ad. sk. Kotergherry, June 18, 1877. A. O. Hume, Esq.

g. Ad.sk. Madras ( IF^v^^O- India Museum.

h. Ad. sk. Coonoor, Nilghiris, April 2, W. Davison, Esq. [P.].

1882.

19. Trochalopterum jerdoni. (Plate X.)

Garrulax jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xx. p. 522 (1851).
Trochalopteron jerdoni, Jerd. B. Ltd. ii. p. 49 (1863) ; id. Ibis, 1872,
p. 366 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adtdt male. General colour above olive-brown, a little darker

374 TIMELIID.^,

oa the ramp and upper tail-coverts ; head slaty blackish ; hind neck
ashy grey, shading off on the mantle ; wing-coverts olive-brown
like the back ; primary-coverts dusky brown, edged with olive ;
quills dark brown, externally deeper olive-brown, the inner secon-
daries entirely of the latter colour ; tail-feathers rather deeper-coloured
and more ruddy olive-brown ; lores black, as also a patch behind the
eyes ; over the latter a broad superciliary streak of white, com-
mencing at the base of the bill and extending a little behind the
eye, being continued above the ear-coverts in a streak of light ashy
grej' ; eyelid white above and below, black before and behind ; fore
part of cheeks dusky ashy grey : ear-coverts lioary whitish washed
with ashy ; chin and upper throat black ; remainder of throat hoary
whitish, strongly washed with ashy ; fore neck and chest ashj' grey,
forming a band ; remainder of under surface of body orange-rufous,
the sides of the body and flanks, thighs, and i;nder tail-coverts olive-
brown ; axillaries olive-brown ; under wing-coverts light orange-
buff washed with olive, the lower series dusky ash-brown ; quills
dull brown below, pale rufous along the inner web ; " bill black ;
legs hoary ; iris red " (Jerdon). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0'8,
wing 3.3, tail 3*65, tarsus 1"3.
Ifah. Wynaad district.

a. cJ ad. sk. Brahmagherries, Coorg, A. O. Hume, Esq. [P.].

April 18, 1881 (Tf.
Davison).

20. Troclialopterum fairbanki.

Trochalopteronfairbanld. Blanf. J. A. S. Bene/, xxxviii. pp. 17.5,177,
pi. 17 (18G9) : Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 30(3; Hume, Str.F. 1875, p. 413;
Fairb. Sfr. F. 1877, p. 404 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97.

Pterocyclus faii-bauki, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 283, no. 4185 (1869).

Adult. General colour above olive-brown ; wing-coverts like the
back; bastard- wing feathers and primarj^-coverts dusky brown,
narrowly edged with olive-brown ; quills dusky brown, externally
olive-brown, the secondaries almost entii'ely of the latter colour ;
tail-feathers brown, edged with olive-brown ; crown of head brown,
the sides of the crown darker ; hind neck washed with ashy grey ;
over the eye a broad band of white ; lores dusky brown ; eyelid
white ; ear- coverts and sides of face dull ashy, blackish along their
upper margin ; sides of neck bluish grey ; cheeks ashy, clearer than
the ear-coverts ; throat dull white ; fore neck and chest ashy grey,
paler in the centre, with dusky stripes down the feathers; remainder
of linder surface orange-rufous, paler in the centre of the body ;
thighs fulvous-brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries orange-
rufous ; quiUs dusky below, pale ashy brown along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 9 inches, culmen O'So, wing 3"45, tail
3*7, tarsus 1'4.

There is no difference in the colouring of the sexes. A pair in
Capt. AYardlaw Ramsay's collection measure as follows : —

12. TROCHALOPTERUM. 375

length. ^"l'"P"- ^ing- Tail. Tarsus.

in. in. in. in. in.

a. S • Palani hills (Fairbank) . . 87 0-85 3-5 37 1-35

b. 2 • Palani hills (Fmrbank) . . 87 0-85 3-45 37 1-3

Young. Similar to the adults, but duller in colour and having the
head of the same colour as the hack, the upper tail-coverts rufous-
brown, the white eyebrow tinged with rufous above, the ear-coverts
light rufescent brown ; breast entirely ashy, with no appearance of
dusky streaks. (JIus. R. G. Wardlaw liamsay.)

Hah. Palani hills in Southern India.

a. Ad. sk. Palani hiWs {Fairhanh) . W. T. Elanford, Esq. [P.].

(Type of species. Spec. fig. I. c.)

21 . Trochalopterum meridionale,

Trochalopteron fairbanki (non Blanf.), Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 36.
Trochalopteron meridionale, Blanf ! J. A. S. Benq. xlix p 142 ( 1880) •
Hume, Str. F. 1880, p. 500. " v ."

Adult male (tj-pe of species). General colour above slaty grey
washed with olive, the lower back and rump being perceptibly more
olive : wing-coverts like the back, but also washed with olive ; quills
dusky brown, externally ashy grey with a tinge of olive; tail-
feathers dark brown, washed with olive on the outer webs and
barred with dusky under certain lights : crown of head slaty brown,
darker than the back ; lores sooty blackish, relieved by a spot of
white just in front of the eye ; ear-coverts and sides of face light
slaty brown, the sides of the neck more ashy ; under surface of body
dull white, the fore neck washed with ashy ; the throat and breast
streaked with ashy-brown centres to the feathers ; sides of breast
and flanks bright chestnut ; thighs olive-brown ; under tail-coverts
darker chestnut; under wing- coverts and axillaries light rufous,
the lower scries of the coverts ashy brown like the under surface of
the quills, which are pale rufous along the margin of the inner web.
Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3-5, tail 3-6, tarsus

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 7-5 inches
culmen 0-9, wing 3-25, tail 3-4, tarsus 1-25.

Hah. Highlands of Travancore, where it is found at an elevation
of 4000 feet.

«. <S ad. sk. ^Tinevelley boundary, F. W. Boiu-dillon, Esq. [C.].
Travancore, 4000 (Type of species.)

feet, April 3, 1880.

b. $ ad. sk. Travancore. F. W. Boiu-dillon, Esq. [C.l

c. Ad. sk. Travancore. F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. [C]

376 TIMELIID^.

22. Trochalopterum canorura.

Tardus cliinensis, Osheck, Itia. p. 309.

L(i Grive de la Chiue, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 221, pi. 23. fig. 1 (1760).

Laniiis faustus, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 138 (1766).

Tardus canoru.s, Linn. t. c. p. 293 (1766).

L'Hoamy de la Chine, Month. H. N. Ois. iii. p. 316 (1775).

Chinese Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 36 (1783).

Turdus sinensis, Om. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 826 (1788).

Garrulax sinensis. Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846).

Leucodioptrou canoruiu, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 65 (1854).

Leucodiopteron sinense, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 278 ; id. Ibis, 1870,

p. 250.
Pterocyclus canorus, Gray,.Hancl-l. B. i. p. 283, no. 4193 (1869).
Leucodioptron chinense, Swinh. P. Z. S, 1871, p. 371.
Leucodiopteron hoamy, David S,- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 189, pi. 56

(1877).

Adult. General colour above dark rufescent or deep olivaceous
brown, the head a little more rufous than the back; this and the
hind neck streaked with black shaft-lines to the feathers ; wing-
coverts like the back ; quills sepia-brown, externally like the back,
the primaries rather more rufescent olive on the outer web ; tail-
feathers olive-brown at the base and on the margin, dusky brown
towards the tips, and barred with dusky under certain lights ; fore-
head brighter rufous than the crown and having distinct black shaft-
streaks, so as to appear somewhat scaly in appearance ; lores, sides
of face, and ear-coverts dusky brown washed with tawny buff;
cheeks, sides of neck, throat, and underparts tawny buff, with black
shaft-streaks on the three former ; the under surface uniform from
the chest downwards ; sides of body darker fulvous-brown and more
olivaceous ; centre of body ashy grey ; lower abdomen, thighs, vent,
and under tail-coverts deep tawny buff; axillaries like the sides of
the breast ; under wing-coverts tawny buff, the lower series ashj'
brown ; quills dark brown below, rufescent along the margin of the
inner web ; " bill brown, with the base of the lower mandible yel-
lowish, becoming almost entirely yellow in old birds ; feet and claws
yellowish ; iris yellow " (David). Total length 8'5 inches, culmen
0-95, wing 3-95,' tail 4, tarsus 1-5.

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. (David Sf Oustalet.)

Hah. China.

a, b. Ad. sk. China.

c d. Ad. sk. Fokien, China. Gould Collection.

e'. 5 ad. sk. Shanghai, April 1851. J. Webb, Esq.

f. Ad. sk. Amoy. R. Swiuhoe, Esq. [P.].

(/. Ad. sk. China (Beeves). India Museum.

h, i. (S $ ad.sk. Chekiang Province. R. BSSharpe, Esq. [P.].

23. Trochalopterum taivanum.

Garrulax taewanus, Stvinh. Juiirn. N.- China branch As. Sue. 1859,

p. 228.
Malacocercus taivanus, Stvinh. Ibis, 1865, p. 546.

12. THOCHALOPTERUM. 377

Pterocyclus taivanufi, Gray,Ha)i(l-l. B. i. p. 283, no. 4194 (1869).
Leucodiopteron taivanum, Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 371 ; David 1^
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 190 (1877).

Adult. General colour above olivaceous brown, more fulvescent on
the rump and upper tail-coverts, the mantle somewhat washed with
ashy ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills brown, externally oliva-
ceous brown, lighter on the outer web of the primaries ; tail-feathers
dark sepia-brown, barred across under certain lights, and washed
with ashy olive on the margins of the feathers ; crown of head
dusky black, the feathers edged with ochraceous buff, much brighter
on the forehead and over the eye, the feathers being narrowly edged
with black and having a scaly appearance ; hind neck a little more
ashy fulvous than the back, the feathers mesially streaked with
black ; lores and base of cheeks tawny ; ear-coverts brown, with
obscure longitudinal markings of black ; cheeks, throat, and fore
neck tawny buff, narrowly streaked with black shaft-stripes ; centre
of body ashy grey ; lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts
fulvous-brown ; sides of breast and flanks ochraceous brown ; axil-
laries like the breast : under wing-coverts light tawny buff'; quills
dusky brown below, tawny buff along the inner web. Total length
9 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 3-6, tail 4-3, tarsus 1-5.

Hah. Island of Formosa.

a. Ad. sk. S.W. Formosa, 18G1 {R. Grould Collection.

Swinhoe).

b. Ad. sk. S.W. Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.

c. Ad. sk. N. Formosa, 1862. R. Swinhoe, Esq.
(/. Ad. sk. N. Formosa. H. C. Hobson, Es

e. Ad.sk. Formosa, December 1863 H. Seebohm, Esq.

(-R. Swinhoe).

f. Ad.sk. N. Formosa, 1862 {R. F. D. Godman and O. Sal-

Swinhoe). vin, Esqrs. [P.].

(J. Ad. sk. Gholoshan, Formosa, No- H. Seebohm, Esq.

vember 1865 {R. S.).

24. Trochalopterum lineatum.

Cinelosoma lineatum, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 56.

Cinclosoma setiferum, llodgs. Asiaf. Research, xix. p. 148 (1836) •

id. Icon, ini'd., Passeres, pis. 171, 173 «. tig. 3 (no. 317).
• Garrulax lineatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 951 (1843), xiii

p. 391 (1844), xiv. p. 599 (1845).
Garrulax setifer, Bhjth, J. A. 8. Beng. xii. p. 951 (1843).
Trochalopteron setifer, Hodgn. in Grag's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) •

Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 84 (1846).
Pterocvclus lineatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846) ; Bj). Consp. i.

p. 372 (1850) ; Ilorsf. |- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p 209

(1854); Gray, Ilayi'd-l. B. i. p. 283, no. 4187 (1869).
Garrulax lineatus, Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 97 (1849).
Trochalopteron lineatum, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 368 (1863) ; id Ibis

1872, p. 308 ; Cock .V Marsh. Str. F. 1873, p. 352 ; HumeS,- Henders.

Lahore to Yark. p. 195, pi. 8 (1873); Hume, Nests S^- Eggs Ind

B. p. 264 (1873); Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 238; Hume', Str F'.

1879, p. 97 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 34 ; Scully, t. c. p. 440.

Esq. [C.].
Esq. [C.I.
1, Esq. [P.].

378 TIMELIID-i;.

Adult. Head, neck, and mantle dull ashy grey, with central
streaks of reddish brown relieved by a blackish shaft-stripe, and
imparting a pointed appearance to the feathers ; middle of back
reddish brown, the feathers edged with ashy grey at the tip, with a
white shaft-streak ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back,
with white sliaft-lincs, the greater series with fulvous shaft-streaks ;
quills light brown, externally bright tawny brown, the primaries
somewhat ashy towards the ends of the outer webs ; lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts dull ashy grey, washed slightly with
olive ; centre tail-feathers ash}', washed with olive and barred with
dusky under certain lights, the tips light ashy grey ; remainder of
the feathers fulvous or dull tawny brown, broadly tipped with ashy
grey, before which is a subterminal shade of blackish, the outer
feathers blackish brown on their outer webs ; lores and feathers in
front of the eye ashy, with M'hite streaks ; over the eye a very
narrow line of bright rufous, the superciliary plumes being tipped
with the latter colour ; ear-coverts uniform bright rufous ; sides of
neck like the head, and streaked in the same manner ; cheeks,
throat, and breast ashy grey, with bright rufoirs centres to the
feathers, larger and more pronounced on the chest and breast ; re-
mainder of under surface dull ashj-, slightlj' washed with olive, the
centre of the abdomen and thighs fulvous-brown ; under tail-coverts
ashy washed with fulvous-brown ; axillaries like the breast ; under
wing-coverts and inner lining of quills dull fulvous-brown, lighter
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 7"5 inches, culmen
0-7, wing 3"1, tail 3*S, tarsus 1.

Young. Similar to the adult, but the plumage rather more fluffy,
and the upper surface not so distinctly streaked, the feathers being
dark brown in the centre, edged with ashy. The throat and breast
are also more rufous, with less ashy on the former.

Hah. Himalayas, from Gilgit to Jfepal.

a, h. Ad. sk. Himalayas. India Museum.

? ad. sk. Gilgit, Dec. 1877. Major J. Biddulph [C.].

il 5 ad. sk. Gilgit, Jan. 1881. Major J. Bipdulph [G.].

' ' ' '■" '~' "" 'h[C.].

/. c? ad. sk. Baltistan,May29,1876. Major J. BiddiUph [C.J.

2 ad. sk. Gilgit, March 1879. Major J. Biddulph

f/, h. S 2 acl- sk. Cashmere, May 1876. Major J. Biddulph [C.J.
i. Ad. ; k. Juv. sk. Cashmere (Belleiv). India Museum.

/. cJ ad.sk. Samgurh, May 1875. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

■m,n,o. Ad.sk. N.VV. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

fp.].
w. Ad. ; 17. Juv.sk. N.W.Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

[P.].
r. (S ad. ; s. Ad. sk. Simla {Bcavan). Gould Collection.

t. Ad. sk. Kumaon {Strachey). India JIuseum.

n. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson Esq. [P.].

(Type of C. setifer.)
v,w,x. Imra. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

y. Ad. : ;:. Innn.sk. Nepal (Horlyson). India Museum.

12. TEOCHALOPTEEUM. 379

25. Trochalopterum imbricatum.

Gan-ulax imbricatus, Bhith, J. A. S. Bemj. xii. p. 951 (1843), xiv.

p. 599 (1845) ; id. Cat. B. Miis. As. Soc. p. 98 (1849).
Pterocj'clus imbricatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846) ; Bp. Comp.

i. p. ;372 (1850) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 208

(1854) ; Gray, Hand-i B. i. p. 283, no. 4186 (1869).
Trochalopteron setifer, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 51 (1863).
Tvochalopteron imbricatum, Hume, Nests and Eyys Ind. B. p. 266

(1873); id. 8tr. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adult male. General colour above dark chestnut-brown, the crown
with blackish shaft-streaks ; the feathers of the mantle and back
edged with ashy brown, the latter mesially streaked with dull
whitish shaft-linos ; wing-coverts rufesccnt brown, the least series
with fulvous shaft-streaks; quills dark brown, externally dark
fulvous-brown, the inner secondaries deep rufous-brown, the pri-
maries ashy grey towards the end of the outer web ; lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts dark ashy olive-brown, with nearly
obsolete tiny tips of fulvous at the ends of the shafts ; tail-feathers
rufous-brown above, blackish towards the ends of the feathers,
which have a narrow tip of bufFy white, the black increasing towards
the outermost feathers, and extending along the outer web of the
external one ; lores and feathers round the eye dull white ; feathers
over the eye lighter brown with small whitish tips, not sufficiently
pronounced to form an eyebrow; ear-covei'ts lighter brown, with
pale shaft-lines; checks and under surface of body dark rufous-
brown, with pale fulvous shaft-lines on all the parts except the
throat ; flanks and thighs somewhat washed with ashy olive ; under
tail-covcrts dark olivaceous brown, with indistinct whitish spots at
the end of the shaft; under wing-coverts rufous -brown ; quills
brown below, dusky brown along the inner web. Total length
8-5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3, tail 4, tarsus 1*15.

Hah. Bootan.

a. S ad. ; b. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pemherton). India Museum.

c. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). Gould Collection.

26. Trochalopterum virgatum.

Trochalopteron virgatum, Goduin-Axsf. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 43; Gmdd,
B. Ada, part xxvii. (1875).

Adidt male (Xaga hills ; H. H. Godwin-Austen : type of species).
General colour above striated, the back olive with dusky margins
to the feathers, all of which have very distinct white shaft-streaks,
the upper tail-covcrts a little more reddish olive ; scapulars olive,
with very distinct white shaft-lines ; lesser wing-covcrts dark olive
streaked with white, a few of them slightly tinged with rufous at
the base ; primary-coverts very conspicuous, ashy olive, with a broad
central streak of "white ; median and greater coverts rich chestnut,
tipped with fulvous, and with distinct shaft-linos of reddish buff;
quills sepia-brown, the primaries externally ashy grey, the secon-

380 TIMELIID^.

claries deep chestnut, the innermost edged with olive-brown and
having distinct shaft-lines of whitish like the back ; quills dark
olive-brown near the base, inclining to dull ashy brown towards
their ends, all crossed with dusky cross bars ; head and hind neck
dark chestnut, with distinct white shaft-streaks, the feathers on the
neck tipped with dusky margins ; lores orange-chestnut, extending
below the eye ; from the base of the bill a broad white eyebrow of
lanceolate feathers ; eyelid also white ; ear-coverts chestnut with
fulvous centres, pi'oducing a broadly streaked appearance ; cheeks
and feathers below the eye fulvous white, somewhat mottled with
dusky or chestnut margins to the feathers ; throat deep chestnut,
separated from the cheeks by a black moustachial line ; lower throat
and fore neck chestnut, with distinct shaft-streaks of yellowish
white ; remainder of under surface of body and thighs yellowish
buff, with white shaft-lines ; sides of the body and flanks olive, with
whitish shaft-liues ; under tail-coverts deeper orange-buff ; axil-
laries pale orange-buff, the under wing-coverts duller fulvous, the
outer ones washed with olive ; quills dusky brown, edged with paler
brown along the inner web ; " legs and feet dull grey ; iris dull red-
dish brown " (A. W. Chennell). Total length 9 inches, culmen 0-75,
wing 3"75, tail -4"75, tarsus 1*3. (Miis. H. H. Godwin-Austen.)
Hah. Naga hills and Mimipur.

13. ACANTHOPTILA.

Type.

Acanthoptila, Bli/th, J. A. S. Beny. xxiv. p. 478 (1855) , , A. nipalensis.

Head of Acanthoptila nipalensis.
Range. Nepal.

1. Acanthoptila nipalensis.

Timalia nipalensis, Hodgs. As. Research, xix. p. 182 (1836).
Timalia pellotis, Hodgs. As. Research, xix. p. 182 (1836) ; id. Icon,

ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pis. 172 a, 172 b (no. 316) ; Gray,

Cat. Manitn. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 85 (1846).
Timalia leucotis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. pis. 172 a, 172 b

(no. 315) ; id. in Grag's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; Grag. Cat. Mamm.

etc. Nepal iwes. Hodgs. p. 85 (1846).
Malacocercus nipalensis, Bli/th, J. A. S. Benq. xiii. p. 370 (1844) ; id.

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 140 (1849) ; Bji. Consp. i. p. 373 (1850) ;

Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 222 (1854) ; Grug,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 280, no. 4123 (1869).

13. ACANTHOPTILA. 381

Acantlioptila nipalensis, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xxiv. p. 478 (1855) ;

Jenl. B. Inch ii. p. 57 (1802) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 309 ; Hu7ne, Sir.

F. vii. p. 459 (1878) ; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 97.
Malacocercus peUotis, Bh/tli, J. A. S. Beny. siii. p. 370 (1844) ;

Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 461 (1878) ; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adult. General colour above brown, slightly olivaceons in shade,
the feathers of the head and mantle with stiiFened black shafts,
which are not seen on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; upper wing-
coverts like the back; quills brown, externally like the back; tail-
feathers brown, edged with olive near the base, and having indistinct
dusky cross bars under certain lights ; lores and a distinct eyebrow,
sides of face, and throat pure white ; the ear-coverts white, with
brown longitudinal streaks ; remainder of under surface dull white,
washed with reddish brown on the breast and sides of body ; the
flanks brown ; feathers of the under surface with brown longitudinal
centres and blackish shaft-lines ; thighs ashy brown ; under tail-
coverts dark brown, margined with ochraceous ; under wing-coverts
dark brown, the lower series tinged with rufous ; quills light brown
below, ashy along the edge of the inner web ; " bill and legs dark
plumbeous ; iris hoary blue " (Bode/son). Total length 9 inches,
culmen l-Oo, wing 3-3, tail 4-2, tarsus 1-25.

Obs. Mr. Hume (cf. Str. F. vii. p. 459) hesitates to believe that
Hodgson's Timalia pellotis and T. leucotis are identical ; but I have
little doubt that T. i^eUotis is the young of T. leucotis or T. nipa-
lensis. The type of the latter does not seem to be in the Museum :
and I must remark with regard to Mr. Hodgson's drawings, that
they are not so accurate as is usually the case ; for the ear-coverts
in the young birds are not so entirely uniform brown as he repre-
sents, nor is the old bird's face so entirely white. From an exami-
nation of the skins in the British Museum it is evident that the
younger birds are much more rufous underneath than the old ones,
and this rufous colour gradually disappears. This may hajipen
irregularly, as Hodgson's i)late of T. leucotis represents that bird
with a bright rufous breast, whereas in the adult white-eared skins
in the museum this colour has almost disappeared. The white ear-
coverts always retain a few brown feathers, as far as our specimens
prove ; and in the young birds, instead of being luiiform, they are
mixed with white.

Hab. Nepal and Eastern Kuraaon.

a. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Type of Timalia pel/otis.)

b. Ad.sk. Nepal (^.^.ZTorf^so/i)- India Museum.

c. d. e. Ad. et juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
/. Ad. .St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
(/. Ad. tk. Xioohoo Ghat, N.W. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

frontier of Nepal. [P.].

382 TIMELIIDiE.

14. lANTHOCINCLA. r^^^pp

lanlbociucla, Go,dd, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 47 I- ocellata.

Bill of lanthocincla ocellata.
Bamje. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of China.

Key to the Species.

a. Ear-coverts riifous ; lores orange-rufous or whitish.

a'. Smaller : wing 6-25 inches ; lower throat hlack . ocellata, T^.iQ2.
b'. Laro-er : wing 5-7 inches; entire throat rufous. . maxima, p. 383.

b. Ear-coverts bhick like the throat; lores and chin

orange-buff ariemisia, p. 384.

c. Ear-coverts and throat ashy brown ; lores and fea-

thers round eye white lunulata, p. 385.

1. lanthocincla ocellata.

Cinclosoma ocellatum, Viyors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 55; Gould, Cent.

Himal. B. pi. 15 (1832).
Crateropus ocellatus, Blijth, J. A. S. Benr/. xi, p. 179 (1842) ; Hodc/s.

in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).
Garrulax ocellatus, BIyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 951 (1843), xiv.

p. 599 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846) ; id. Cat. Mamm.

etc. Nepal j^res. Hodys. p. 82 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mtis. As. Soc.

p 96 (1846) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 205

(1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 41 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 282,

no. 4169 (1869) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 304 ; Hume, Nests ^ Eggs

Ind. B. p. 257 (1873).
lanthocincla ocellata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 371 (1850).

Adult. General colour above chestnnt-brown, the hind neck and
mantle paler ochraceous brown, the feathers of the latter part
tipped with yellowish buff, before which is a distinct subtcrminal
bar of black ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts with a
laro'e triangular spot of white at the tip of each feather, preceded
by a large bar of black ; wing-coverts like the back and spotted in
the same way ; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts black,
with a white spot at the tip of each feather ; quills blackish, all
tipped with white, the primaries more or less grey along the outer
web, the remainder of the quills chestnut externally, grey towards
the tip ; the innermost secondaries rather more olivaceous brown,
tipped with white, with a subtcrminal bar of black ; centre tail-
feathers chestnut-brown, with a narrow white tip, before which

14. lANTHOCINCLA. 383

is a broad subtermiiial band of black, this band, as well as the
white tip, gradually increasing in size towards the outer feathers,
which are also more or less ashy grey in the middle and up the
inner web ; head and nape black ; lores, eyebrow, feathers round
the eye, and base of cheeks tawny buff; car-coverts chestnut ; cheeks
black, the hinder part chestnut with narrow black bars ; throat
black, tawny near the base of the chin ; lower throat, fore neck, and
chest ashy fulvous, with subterminal cross bars of black before a
very pale fulvous tip ; remainder of under surface ochraceous bufl',
deeper and more tawny on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ;
vinder wng-coverts and axillaries dusky blackish, tipped with ful-
vous ; quills dusky blackish below, with the margin of the inner
web ashy, the primaries conspicuously white at the tip ; " Inll
yeUowish, dusky on the ridge and tip ; legs dull yellow ; iris
yellow-brown" (Jerdon). Total length 12"5 inches, culmen l"2o,
wing 5-25, tail G"2(J, tarsus 1"85.

Young. Ecproduces the colours of the adult bird, but is more
fluffy in plumage and much duller everywhere ; the bars and tips
to the feathers of the hind neck not nearly so pronounced ; crown
dusky black ; ear-coverts and sides of face chestnut ; throat tawny
buff", only the lower throat blackish.

Hub. Eastern Himalayas.

(I. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould CoUectiou.

b. Ad. sk. Davjiling. Gould Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Darjiling {Pearson), India Museum.

(/, e. Ad. sk. Sikhim (Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.l.

f, ff, h. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

'i. Juv.; k. Ad.sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

/. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodysmi). India Musemn.

m. Ad. st. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

2. lanthocincla maxima.

Pteroi'binus luaximus, /. Verr. N. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 36 (1870).
lanthocincla maxima, J. Verr. N. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. pi. 3. fig. 1

(1870) ; id. op. cit. vii. Bull. p. 38 (1871).
Ciuclosoma maximum, David 4" Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 196, pi. 55

(1874).

Adult male. General colour above fulvous-brown, the feathers
rufesccnt towards their tips, which are ornamented with rounded
spots of white, with a broad subterminal mark of black ; the hind
neck and mantle more ashy, the terminal spots and bars smaller
and less pronounced ; the rump and upper tail-coverts chestnut-
brown, with the same sul)terminal spots and bars as the back ; wing-
coverts rufous-brown spotted with white, and subterminally barred
with black at the tips ; bastard-wing feathers and primary wing-
coverts black, with a large white spot at the tip ; quills blackish,
tip]>ed with white, the primaries very broadly so, the latter exter-
nally washed with ash)- grey ; the secondaries extern;illy rufous-
brown, ashy grey towards their ends ; the two centre tail-feathers
brown, washed with ashy grey on their margins, tipped with white

384 TIMELIIDJJ.

and subtermiually shaded with black, the remainder ashy grey at
the base, blackish at the end before the white tip, the black in-
creasing in extent towards the outermost feathers ; crown of Jiead
and nape black, with obsolete ashy tips to the feathers ; lores ashy
grey ; over the eye an indistinct streak of fulvous-brown mixed with
ashy grey ; nasal plumes black ; cheek, sides of face, ear-coverts,
and throat chestnut-brown, the feathers of the latter mesially
streaked with black, those on the lower throat tipped with creamy
buff, before which is a subtermiual bar of black ; remainder of under
surface tawny buff, deeper on the flanks, thighs, and nnder tail-
coverts ; the chest with more or less concealed bars of black ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries blackish, tipped with a spot of white
or fulvous ; quills blackish below, with large white tips to the
primaries ; " bill horny brown, with the lower mandible clearer ;
feet whitish ; iris clear yellow '' (David). Total length 14-5 inches,
culmen 1'3, wing 5'7, tail 7'4, tarsus 1'8. (Miis. li. G. WarcUaw
liamsay.)

Hah. Highland forests of Moupin and Yaotchy, where it is resi-
dent between 9000 and 10,000 feet above the sea-level.

3. lanthocincla artemisiae.

Oinclosoma artemisife, David, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vii. p. 256

(1871) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 372.
Yanthocincla arthemisiae, David, Nouv. Arch. Mus. vii. Bull. pp. 6,

14 (1871).
lanthocincla artemisise, Gould, B. Asia, part xxv. (1873).
Cinclosoma arthemisife, David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 197, pi. 54

(1877).

Adult male (Western Szechuen, Feb. 16, 1870 : A. David).
General colour above chestnut-rufous, a little brighter on the upper
tail-coverts, the back mottled all over with terminal spots of light
ochreous buff, before each of which is a broad subterminal bar of
black ; the upper tail-coverts tipped with white, with a narrower
subterminal black bar ; wing-coverts chestnut, tipped with white
and subterminally barred with black ; feathers of bastard wing and
primary-coverts black, tipped with white ; quills black, externally
chestnut and tipped with white, the primaries for the most part
lavender-grey on the outer web, excepting the first two, which are
entirely black with a white tip, the innermost secondaries with a
well-marked subterminal bar of black before the white tip ; centre
tail-feathers chestnut, tipped with white, the remainder duU brown
with a broad white ending, before which is a distinct subterminal
band or shading of black, the outer feathers chestnut near the base
of the outer web, and shaded with lavender-grey a little higher up
the feather ; head slightly crested and jet-black ; hind neck ochra-
ceous brown, with paler ochreous tips to the feathers, before which
is a bar of black ; lores, feathers below the eye, base of cheeks, and
chin rufesceut bufl' ; a ring of feathers round the eye, ear-coverts,
hinder cheeks, and throat black, descending to the fore neck ; above
the ear-coverts an iU-defined streak of ashy, and behind the ear-

1-1. lAN'rnociJfn.A. :585

coverts a spot of crcamj' white, afljoining the sides of the neck,
which are ochraccous buff witli dusky hlack cross bars, enlivened
by a grey shade near tlie liiuder ear-coverts ; fore neck ochraccous
buff, with distinct black cross bars ; breast more asliy ochraceoiis,
with the black bars less distinct ; the flanks slightly more rufesceut,
with pale tips, before which is a narrow subterminal bar of black ;
abdomen, thiglis, and under tail-coverts pale fawn-colour, rather
deeper on the latter ; under wing-coverts and axillaries black with
white tills, the carpal edge of the wing white ; quills blackish below,
with broad white ends to the primaries ; " bill blackish brown, the
base of the lower mandible greenish grey ; feet whitish rufous ; iris
yellow '" (David). Total length 13-5 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 4-75,
tail 6, tarsus 1*9, (3Ihs. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsai/.)

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length
13 inches, culmen 1-15, wing -l-G, tail 5-7, tarsus 1-85.

Huh. Forests on the hills of Szechuen, and the frontiers of that
province and Kokonoor.

a. $ ad. sk. Western Szechuen, Feb. 16, 1870. Abbe David [0.].

4. lanthocincla lunulata.

lanthocincla lunulata, J. Vcrr. Nouv. Arch. Mits. vi. p. 3(), pi. 3.

fig. 2 (1870) : id. op. eit. vii. Bull. p. 41 (1871) ; Gould, B. Asia,

part XXV. (187o).
Cinclosoma lunulatum, David 8c Oust. Ois. Chitie, p. 195, pi, 53 (1877).

Adult male ( Southern Shensi ; A. David). General colour above
light brown, the feathers tip])ed with ochraccous buff, before which
is a broad black bar ; on the rump and irpper tail-coverts these pale
tips are less marked and the black subterminal bars are narrower;
wing-coverts coloured like the back and marked in the same manner ;
bastard-wing plumes lavender-grey ; primary-coverts black, tipped
with white; ijuills blackish, tipped with white, the primaries exter-
nally lavender-grey, the secondaries light brown like the back, the
innermost secondaries tipped with white, with a subterminal black
bar ; centre tail-feathers olivaceous brown, with a narrow white
tip, before which is a black bar, the remainder of the feathers
lavender-grey, more or less washed with brown near the base,
broadly tipped with white, before which is a broad subterminal
liand of black ; crown of head and nape uniform mouse-brown, as
also the feathers concealing the nostrils ; lores white, extending
under the eye, and also forming an indistinct eyebrow mixed with
mouse-brown ; feathers round the eye mouse-brown ; cheeks, car-
coverts, thi'oat, and fore neck mouse-brown, and the feathers varied
with white at the tip ; sides of neck ashy, with Avhite tips to the
feathers ; breast ashy, the feathers tipped with white ; abdomen
uniform white ; sides of body pale rufescent brown or fawn-colour,
with a few black cross bars ; thighs and under tail-coverts fawn-
colour, the latter si)arsely barred with black ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts light fawn-brown, the lower series ashy, black at the
tips ; under surfice of (piills ashy, dusky toward the tips, Avhich

VOL. VII. 2 c

386 timeliid.t;.

are white. Total leugtli 11-2 inches, cuhnca 1-2, wiug 4-15, tail
5, tarsus I'T. (Mus. li. G. WanUaw Ramsay.)

Adult female, llesenibling the male in general coloration, but
slightly smaller, and differing only in the colour of the head, which
is dusky fulvous-hrown, a little deeper than the colour of the hack.
Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 3-95, tail f), tarsus 1-7.

Hah. Hills of Western Szechuen, Moupin, Western Kokouoor,
and extending to Southern Chensi and Tsiuliug.

15. GAMPSORHYNCHUS.

Type.
Gampsorhynchus, ^///M, /. A. S. BeiKj.xm. p. 370 (1844) G. torquatus.

Bill of Gcnnpsorhi/ncJius rvfulus.

Banfje. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of Burmah
and Tenasserim.

Key to the Species.

a. Tail-feathers edged along the inner web and tipped

with golden buff rufvhis, p. 386.

h. Tail-feathers edged along the inner web and tipped

with white torquatus, p. 387.

1. Gampsorhynchus rufulus.

GampsorhTnchus rufulus, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 371 (1844),

xiv. p. 596 (1845), xvi. p. 452 (1847), xviii. p. 813(1849); id.

Cat. B. Mils. As. Soc. p. 150 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 358 (1850) ;

Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 14 (1863) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Oates,

B. Brit. Burm. p. 40 (1883).
Garrulax rufulus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 10 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. i.

p. 282, no. 4176 (18(39).
Thamnocataphus senilis, Tickell MSS.

Adult. General colour above golden brown, including the scapu-
lars ; lesser and median wing-coverts white, forming a shoulder-
patch ; bastard- wing and primary-coverts dusky, externally golden
brown, the greater series also of the latter colour ; quills dark
brown, externally golden brown, more hoary on the edge of the
primaries : upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers golden
brown, duskier on the inner web, edged along the latter and at the
tips with pale yellowish buff; entire head and hind neck pure
white ; throat and breast also pure white ; remainder of under
surface of body pale yellowish buff, whiter on the lower ab-
domen and lower flanks ; under tail-coverts also yellowish buff ;

15. GVMPSORHYNCHCS. 387

axillaries and under wing-coverts yellowish buff with white
bases ; quills duskj' brown below, j-ellowish buff along the inner
web ; " bill dusky horny above, pale beneath ; legs reddish horny ;
irides orange-yellow in some, straw-yellow in others" {Jcrdon).
Total length 8-3 inches, culnien 0-S5, wing 3-85, tail 4-5,
tarsus 1-15.

Young. More reddish brown than the adult, the outer aspect of
the wings and tail deeper golden buff ; head and hind neck bright
chestnut; car-corerts rufous; cheeks and under surface of body
yellowish buff, more reddish on the fore neck and chest; the white
shoulder-patch absent.

Intermediate specimens are often met with, having the white
head intermingled with a few reddish feathers, the remains of
young plumage.

Hub. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of Arakan.

a, b, c. Ad. ; d. Juv. Xepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

sk.
e. Ad. ; /, ff. Juv. Xepal (Hodgson). India Museum.

.<k.
/i. ? imm. sk. Arakau hills, lat. 19= X. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

2. Gampsorhynclius torquatus.

Gampsorhynchus torquatus, Hume, Proc. A. S. Beng. 1874, p. 107 ;

id. Str.~F. 1874, p. 440; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1875, p. .3-52 ;

Hu7}ie 4'- Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 258 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879,

p. 95.
Gampsorhynchus rufulus, Wuld. Ibis, 1875, p. 460 {nee Blyth).

Adult. Similar to G. rufulus, but more fulvous in general appear-
ance, and having an orange shade round the neck forming an indi-
stinct collar ; but the most striking difference is in the white tips
and edgings to the tail-feathers, instead of the golden-buff colourino"
of these parts in G. rufuJus; the undcrparts are also much brighter
golden buff in colour, and there seems to be some slight mottling of
black spots on the sides of the fore neck ; " bill greyish horny or
fleshy white, with, in some cases, a dusky line on the culmen ; the
legs and feet greyish white, slaty white, or fleshy white, with a
blue tinge ; irides pale to bright golden " (TF. Davison).

Ohx. Xone of the specimens in the Museum are quite adult, all of
them having a few remains of the immature plumage visible in the
white head.

The pair shot by Capt. Bingham measure as follows : —

, ', Culuien. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

in. in. in. in. in.

a. (S ad. Meplav, Xov. 24. . .

b. 2 ad. Meplay, Xov. 24. .

The sexes are alike in plumage ; but the female is a trifle larger
than the male.

2c2

00

0-85

3-8

4-75

115

9G

0-9

405

4-9

115

3S8 TIMKLIIBJ:.

Hah. Hills of Tenasserim, ranging north into the Karon hills in
Burmah.

a. $ ad. sk. Karen-uee (Lloijd). E. W. Dates, Esq.

b, c. S 2 atl- sl^- Meplav, Thouiipveen river, Capt. Bingham [C.].

Teuasserini, Nov. 24, 1879.

16. ARGYA.

Type.

Argya, Lesson, Trade d Orn. p. 402 (1831) A. sqiiamiceps.

Chatorhfea, Bh;th, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 478 (1855) A. gulaiis.

Layardia, Bhftlu t. c. p. 478 (1855) A. suhrufa.

Malcolmia, Bhjth, t. c. p. 478 (1855) A. malcolmi.

Ranne. Indian peninsula and Ceylon, extending eastwards to the
Burmese countries, and westwards through Scinde and Afghanistan
to Persia, reocurring in the Jordan valley in Palestine, and extending
throughout the whole of Xorth-eastcrn Africa and Arabia as far
Bouth as Zanzibar ; also found in Tripoli and Algeria,

Key to the Species.

a. Tail uniform, the outer feathers sometimes with
paler tips.
a'. Throat rufous; bill yellow on the lower
mandible.
a" . Mantle uniform.

a'". Entire bill yellow; head grey; back

chestnut-brnwn, as also the tail rufescens, p. 389.

h'" . Upper mandible hoi-n-brown or blackish.
a*. Lores dusky blackish ; forehead grey ;
ear-coverts brown, contrasting with
the rufous throat,
a'. Upper surface olive-brown, the tail

also of this colour suhrufa, p. 390.

6'. Upper surface reddish brown, the

tail chestnut-brown hyperythra, p. 390.

h*. Lores vinous chestnut Hke ear-coverts,

which resemble the imder surface ; no i rubigmosa, p. 391.

grey on forehead j rufescens, p. 389.

h". Mantle light brown, streaked with dark
brown like the head ; bill horn-brown, yel-
low at base of lower mandible earlii, p. 392,

b'. Throat white ; bill horn-brown.

c". Upper siu'face distinctly streaked with dark
brown centres to the feathers.
c'". No ashy grey on base of forehead ; ear-
coverts and sides of body pale Isabel- I caudata, p. 393.

line \ eclipes, p. 394.

d'". Base of forehead ashy, the feathers edged ( huttoni, p. 394.
with this colour and scaly in appear-
ance ; ear-coverts light ; sides of body
pale ashy tinged with isabelliue ; chest
and throat streaked with black shaft-
lines sqvamiceps, p. 395,

16. ARorA. 089

e'". Base of forehead ashy grey contrasting
with the reddish head; ear-coverts
chestnut-red ; sides of body deep fawn-
colour gularis, p. 396.

d". Upper surface uniform, without dark central
streaks to the feathers, or at least scarcely
perceptible ones.
f". Head and neck sandy brown, scarcely
darker than the rest of the upper sur-
face fulva, p. 397.

g'". I]ead and neck ashy brown, contrasting

with the rest of the upper surface .... acaciee, p. 397.
b. Outer tail-feathers entirely white ; rump and
upper tail-coverts pale ashy : ba-se of forehead
ashy grey ; throat very pale vinous malcolmi, p. 398.

1. Argya rufescens.

Malacocereus rufescens, Blyth, J. A S. Beng. xvi. p. 453 (1847) ; id.

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p.' 141 (1849) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 373 (1850) ;

Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. \22 (1852) ; Layard, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat.

Hist. xii. p. 271 (1853); Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 279, no. 4122

(18G9) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 497, pi. xxi. fig. 2 (1879).
Lavavdia rufescens, Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. G7 (1863) ; Iloldsiu. P. Z. S.

1872, p. 449 ; Bhjth, Ibis, 1867, p. 300 ; Legge, op. cit. 1874, p. 18 ;

id. Str. F. 1875, p. 368 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adult. General colour above warm earthy brown, the wing-
coverts like the back ; quills reddish brown, externally edged with
olive-brown, the inner secondaries like the back ; tail-feathers
rufous-brown edged with olive, and with indistinct dusky cross
bars under certain lights, the feathers olive on their edges ; head
and nape light ashy ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts rufous, the
latter rather darker with paler shaft-streaks ; throat and breast
rufous ; sides of body, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts
rufous-brown ; under wing-coverts and axillarios light; tawny ;
([uills pale brown below, light tawny along the inner web ; " bill
orange-yellow, deepest on the basal half; legs and feet dull chrome-
yellow, claws yellowish horn ; orbital skin and eyelid pale greenish
yellow ; iris white, yellowish white, or greenish white " ( W. V.
Lec/ge). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen U-9, wing 4-Uo, tail 4-S5,
tarsus 1"4.

The sexes are alike in plumage, and when adult measure as fol-
lows:—Length 0-3-10-8 inches, bill to gape I'O-l-l, wing 4-0-4-2,
tail 4-2-4-6, tar.sus 1-3-1-4 ( W. V. Legge).

Young. Birds of the year have the ehin and gorge gre3-er than
adults, and the lower parts are pervaded with a brownish hue ; iris
as in adults ( IF. V. Lcgge).

Though Capt. Legge does not state the fact, the species appears to
me to have a winter plumage, when the feathers of the upper
surface are edged paler.

Hah. Ceylon, where its range is rather restricted, according to

390 TIMELIIDJ2.

Lcgge, extending over the western and damp portion of the soutliern
province, and through the western highlands to the main range.

a, b. Ad. sk. Ceylon. ruvcliased.

c. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Marquis of Tweeddale [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Ceylon. F. I). Godman and 0. Salvin,

Esqrs. [P.].

2. Argya subrufa,

Timalia subrufa, Jerd. Madr. Jouni. x. p. 259 (1839).
Malacocercus subrufus, Bhjth, J. A. S. JJenq. xiii. p. 3ti9 (1844') ; id.

Cat. B. Mus. As. Svc. p. 141 (1849) ; Jerd. III. 0;-w.,text topi. xix.

(1849); Bp. Cotisp. i. p. :i73 (1859); Ilorsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B.

E.I. Co. 3Im. i. p. 217 (1^4:); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 279,

no. 4121 (18G9); Ehves, Ibis, 1870, p. 527.
Timalia pcecilurhyncha, Lafr. Ber. Zool. 1840, p. C5.
Layardia subrufa, Bli/tJi, J. A. S. Beiir/. xxiv. p. 478 (1855) ; Jerdon,

B. India, ii. p. 60 (1863) ; Fairb. 'Str. F. 1876, p. 258 ; Hume,

Str. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, a little lighter on the
rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the back ; primar)'-
coverts and primaries brown, external!}' paler brown, the secon-
daries externally olive-brown ; tail-feathers brown strongly washed
with olive (especially the centre ones), and crossed with numerous
dusky bars uiKler certain lights ; forehead hoary grey, exteudiiig
backwards a little over the eye ; lores and feathers round the eye
dusk)' grey ; ear-coverts light olive-brown like the head ; cheeks
dull rufous ; remainder of under surface of body bright rufous or
tawnj', the flanks browner ; the lower throat and chest slightly
streaked with hair-like blackish shaft-lines ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries like the breast ; quills light brown below, light rufous
along the margin of the inner web; "bill dusky above, yellow
beneath ; legs dull yellow ; iris light yellow " {Jerdon). Total
length 9 inches, culmen 0"9, wing 8-0, tail 4-4, tarsus 1-35.

Hah. Higher wooded regions of Southern India, along the crests
of the "Western Ghats from the southern Mahratta country to Coorg,
the Wynaad, and Malabar, descending sometimes, but rarely below,
the Ghats in the latter country.

India Museum.

Horace Plower, Esq. [C.].

Massena Collection.

3. Argya hyperythra.

Malacocercus subrufus, Horsf. ^' Moure, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i.
App. p. 420, no. 315 {nee Jerd.).

Adult. Similar to A. subrufa, but reddish brown instead of olive-
brown ; the upper tail-coverts and tail dark reddish brown ; ear-
coverts like the head ; cheeks and under surface bright chestnut,

a.

Ad. sk.

South India.

b.

Ad. sk.

Madras ? ( Wi(/Jd).

c.

Ad. sk.

Malabar.

d.

Ad. St.

S. India.

10. AKGYA. 3f»l

much defi)er thau in A. subrufa ; forehead dull ashy with black
shaft-lines, not distinctlj- hoary grey as in the last-named species.
Total length 10 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-4, tail 4-3, tarsus 1-35.
Hah. Kcplaccs the foregoing species in Madras.

a. Ad. sk. Madras (J. Gould). India Museum.

/>. Ad. sk. Madras. Gould Collection.

4, Argya rubigiuosa.

Crateropus rubigiuosus, Eiipp. Si/si. Uebers. p. 47, Taf. 19 (1845) ;
Grm/, Gen. B. i. p. 'I-li (1840); Bp. Consp. i. p. 278(1850)
ILm/l. Stjd. Uebers. p. 30 (1856) ; id.J.f. O. 1862, p. 300.

Chatorhea rubigiuosa, JBlyth, Ibis, 1807, p. 6.

Malacorercus rubiginosus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 272, no. 4120
(1869).

Argya rubigiuosa, Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 390 (1809).

Adult. Above brownish ashy with an olivaceous shade, the rump
slightly paler ; underneath rufous-bufF, the middle of the throat
and under tail-coverts purer white ; under wmg-coverts brighter
rufous ; shafts of the frontal plumes and of the breast-feathers rather
rigid, ashy white ; lores smoky grey ; primary quills washed with
smoky brown on the inner web, all edged with rufous-])uff on the
inner web, and rather broadly on the outer one towards the base ;
bill and feet apparently horny rufous ; iris yellowish ; 4th quill
longest, 3rd and 5th subequal. Total length about 8 inches, bill
from front 7'", wing 3" 4i"', tail (moulting) 3" 6"', tarsiis 1" V" .
{Heui/lin.)

Hah. Shoa. ? White Xile (Heuglin).

5. Argya heuglini.

Crateropus rufescens, Heuyl. Si/sl. Uebers. p. 30 (1856, 7iec Layardia
rufesceus, Blyt/i, 1847); id. J. f. O. 1802, p. 301, 1863, p. 24 ;
Gray, Hoiul-l. B. i. p. lAsO, no, 4140 (1809).

Argya rufescens, lleityl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. p. 389 (1809).

Crateropus rubiginosus, Cab. J. f. O. 1877, p. 220.

Argya rubigiuosa, Hhelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 575.

Adult. General colour above dark brown, with a slight tinge of
olive, rather lighter on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; frontal
feathers rather stiffened and pointed, the shafts glossy and black,
the feathers of the hind neck and mantle having also glossy black
shafts ; wing-coverts olive-brown like the back ; quills dark brown,
externally lighter brown, ochraceous towards the ends of the pri-
maries, the inner secondaries entirely dark olive-brown ; tail-
feathers dingy olive-brown, with numerous cross bars under certain
lights, the outer feathers with a narrow edging of pale brown at tho
tip ; lores and sides of face rufous : eyelid and a narrow line sepa-
rating the lores from the crown pale fulvous ; remainder of under
surface rufous, the feathers of the throat and fore. neck with paler
shaft-streaks ; throat and sides of face slightly paler rufous and

392 TlMELIlDJi.

more vinous red than the undorparts ; under tail-coverts lighter
than the ahdomeii ; under -vring-covcrts and axiilaries like the
breast ; quills light brown below, pale rufous along the inner web,
of the same colour as the lower under wing-coverts. Total length
9 inches, wing 3-3, tail 4-1, tarsus 1-1.

Uab. Discovered near Gondokoro (5° IS", lat.), where it was very-
rare. It appears to extend down the east coast of Africa, if I am
correct in my identifications of the specimens in the Museum. The
difl'eronces between A. hntr/lini and A. ruhiijlnom, as set forth by
Heuglin {t. c), do not seem to me particularly clear.

a. Ad. sk. Zanzibar. R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.

h. Ad. sk. Mombasa. Rev. F. A. Buxton [P

6. Argya earlii.

Malacocercus earlii, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xiii. p. 309 (1844) ; Jerd.
111. Ind. Orn. text to pi. 19 (1847) ; Bli/tJt, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc.
p. 141 (1849) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 10 (1849); Bp. Consp.
i. p. 373 (1850) ; Horsf. 4" Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 2-'2
(1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 279, no. 4118 (1869).

Malacocercus geochrous, Hodf/s. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Pas-
seres, pi. 180 (no. 868) ; id. 'in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).

Chatorhea earhi, Blyth, J. A. S. i?^'^//. xxiv. p. 478 (1856) ; Jerd.
Ibis, 1862, p. 19 ; 'id. B. Ind. ii. p. G8 (1862) ; Blnnf. Ibis, 1870,
p. 466 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 310 ; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 180; id.
Nests iff Eggs Ind. B. p. 275 (1873) ; James, Str. F. 1873, p. 420 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 124, 1876, p. 41, 1877, p. 34, ltt79, p. 97 ;
Btitler, Cat. B. Sindetc. p. 29 (1879) ; Gates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 30
(1883).

Crateropus earlii, Blyth l^- Wald. B. Barm. p. 118 (1875).

Adult. General colour above dull fulvous-brown, thickly mottled
on the head and mantle and back with blackish-brown centres to
the feathers; rump and upper tail-coverts more uniform fulvous-
brown, with darker longitudinal centres to the latter feathers ;
-wing-coverts light earthy brown, with blackish shaft-lines ; quills
light brown, externally ashy brown, the inner secondaries with
blackish shaft-lines ; tail-feathers light brown, with indistinct dusky
cross bars under cei'tain lights, the outer feathers paler on their
edges and tips ; base of forehead and feathers over the eye ashy,
with minute blackish centres ; lores dull whitish ; ear-coverts dull
brown, with a vinous tinge ; cheeks and throat light vinous, Avith
ashy margins to the feathers, the fore part of the cheeks light ashy
along the gape ; fore neck darker brown washed with vinous, and
having blackish shaft-lines ; remainder of under surface of body
light fulvous-brown, more earthy brown on the flanks and thighs ;
under tail-coverts darker fulvous-brown ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries light tawny buff; quills pale brown below, fulvescent
along the edge of the inner web ; " bill pale greenish yellow, dusky
above and at the tip ; legs dirty greenish horn ; iris bright yellow "
{Jerdon). Total length S'T inches, culmen 0-9, wing 8-45, tail 4-3,
tarsus 1'3,

IG. ARGYA. 393

Ilab. Found from Sindh eastwards through Lower Bengal, hut
docs not extend into Central or Southern India ; it is very common,
however, in the Burmese countries as far as Thayetmyo.

a, b, c. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

fp.].
d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of Malacocercits (/eochrous, Hodgs.)
f, q, h. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodijson). India Museum.

/, 'k. Ad. sk. Nepal. P.. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

/. Ad. sk. Bengal {As. Soc). India Museum.

in. Ad. sk. Dacca [Tijtler). India Museum.

n. 5 ad. sk. Calcutta. Major J. Biddulph [C]

o. Ad. sk. Near Ava. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].

;). d" ad. sk. Pegu, July 8. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

q. $ ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Jan. 13. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

r. Ad. sk. India. Purchased.

7. Argya caudata.

Cossyphus caudatus, Drapiez, Bid. Class. d'lIUt. Nat. x. p. 219.
Timalia chatorhcea, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 118; id. J. A. S. Beng.

i. p. 313 (1832): Sykes, P.Z.S. 18.32, p. 89; Jerd. Madt: Journ.

X. p. 2(jO (1839).
Malacocircus chattarha?a, Blyth, J. A. S. Bemj. xiii. p. 369 (1844) ;

Jvrd. III. Lid. Oni. text to pi. 19(1847).
Timalia caudata. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 228 (1845).
Malacocercus caiidatiis, Bh/lh, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 141 (1849) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 373 (1830) ; Horsf. li, Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.

Mus. i. p. 223 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 279, no. 411(3 (18G9).
Chatorliea caudata, Biytli, J. A. S. Bene/, xxiv. p. 478 (1856) ; Jerd.

B. Ind. ii. p. 67 ( I8(i.!) ; Bli/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 6 ; Beav. t. c. p. 438;

Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 310; Lloyd, Ibis, 1872, p. 310; Batter, Str. F.

1872, p. 472 ; Hume, Nests S; Eyqs Ind. B. p. 274 (1873) ; id. Str.

F. 1873, p. 180; Adam, t. c. p. 378; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 409,

1875, p. 206 ; Fairb. Sir. F. 1876, p. 258 ; Hume, t. c. p. 458,

1879, p. 97 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 29 (1879).
Crateroi)us caudatus, Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 76 ; Bh/th S,- Wald. B.

Burm. p. 118 (1875) ; Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 258; Oates, B. Brit.

Burm. p. 32 (1883).

Adult. General colour ahove light earthy hrown, broadly streaked
with hlackish brown down the centres of the feathers, these streaks
less distinct on the rump and under tail-coverts, which are more
ashy brown ; wing-coverts asliy brown with darker brown shaft-
lines, Avhich are also seen on the inner secondaries ; the primaries
brown, witli ashy-brown margins ; tail-feathers light brown, edged
with ashy ])rown and very plainly barred with dusky brown, the
outer feathers fulvescent along the outer web and at the tips ; lores
ashy wliite, surmounted by a line of fulvescent white, with narrow
blackish shaft-lines ; ear-eovcrts uniform brown with a reddish
tinge ; the sides of the neck also tinged withrut'ous; feathers below tlie
fore part of the eye and at l)ase of lower mandible, cheeks, and throat
white, the hitter washed with isabelline on tlie lower part ; fore
neck, breast, and centre of body light isabelline, as also the thighs

394 TiMEI,IID,E.

and under tail-coverts ; the sides of the body reddish fawn-colour,
with a few brown central streaks on the sides of the breast ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries paki fawn-colour ; quills light brown
below, pak^ fawn-colour along the edge of the inner web ; " bill pale
brownish horny ; legs dull yellow ; iris red-brown " (Jtrdon). Total
•length 8-5 inches, culmcn U"7, wing 3, tail 4-4, tarsus 1.

I/ah. S])read over the whole of the Indian peninsula, ranging west-
wards into Scinde and eastwards into Assam and British liurmah.

a. Ad.sk. Kurrachee, Sciude (Z>/-. if. India Museum.

Guuld).

b. Ad. sk. Eajkdte, Kattiawar, Nov. Major Hayes Lloyd [P.].

1871.

c. d, e, f. Ad. sk. N. India. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

[P.].

.9. Ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.],

h. J ad. sk. Kawul Pindi. Major J. liiddidph [U.l.

i. 2 ad. sk. Saharunpoor. Major J. Biddidph [C.].

A. Ad. sk. Kamptee. Di-.'B. Iliude [P.].

I. Ad. sk. Deccan {Sijkes). India Museum.

m. Ad. St. Nilghiris. Massena Collection.

n. Ad. St. India. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].

8. Argya eclipes.

Chattarhoea caudata, Hume &)• Hcndeis. Lahore to Ycirk. p. 197,

pi. ix. {iiec Dum.).
Chatorhaea eclipes, Hume. Sfr. F. 1877, p. 337 ; id. 8tr. F. 1879,

p. 97.

" Like Chaforhcea caudata, but much larger ; the upper surface
darker and more strongly striated ; tail more strongly banded ; fea-
thers of breast and sides dark-shafted." (Hume.)

Bab. Punjab, Trans-Indus and the lower valleys of the surround-
ing hills.

9. Argya huttoni.

Malacocercus huttoni, lihjth, J. A. S. Benr/. xvi. p. 470 (1847); id.

Ibis, 18(57, p. 6; Jerd. Ibis, 187:?, p. 310; Hume, Str. F. 1877,

p. 337, 1879, p. 97.
Chattorhfea caudata (pt.), Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 67 (1863).
Crateropus salvadorii, l)e Fi/ij/ju, Viae/i/. Pers. p. 346 (1865).
Malacocercus huttoni, Orai/, Iland-l. B. i. p. 279, no. 4117 (1869).
Crateropus huttoni, Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 7-5 ; id. East. Pers. ii. p. 203,

pi. xiii. tig. 1 (1876).

Adult female. General colour above very pale ashy brown, streaked
with broad centres of dark brown ; lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts more greyish brown, with obscure brown centres ; wing-
coverts like the back, with narrow brown longitudinal centres ; pri-
mary-coverts and quills light brown, externall}' mai'giued with ashy
brown; tail-feathers asby brown, with duskj' cross bars under certain
lights, the outer feathers distinctly paler-edged along the outer web
and at the tip; lores dusky; ear-coverts uniform pale brown ; cheeks

IG. AROi-A. 8<J5

and throat dull wliite ; remainder of under surface of body pale
isabelline fulvous, longitudinally streaked with dark brown on the
sides of the fore neck and breast, which are ashy brown ; the sides of
the body entirely ashy brown ; flanks fulvous-brown ; under tail-
coverts light ashy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale tawny
buff; (piills light brown below, isabelline along the margin of the
inner web. Total length 9-4 inches, culmcn 0-8, wing 3-25, tail 5,
tarsus 1"1.

Hah. Afghanistan westwards to Persia.

a. 2 ad. sk. Ispidan, near Aftan, east of W. T. Blauford, Esq. [C.].

JSampur, Baluchistan,

March 31, l87i^

h. (S ad. sk. Ivazeruni, west of Shiraz, Col. St. John [C.].

28()() feet.

c. Ad. sk. Near Shiraz {Keith Abbott). Gould Collection.

d. Ad. sk. Bagdad. K. Loftus, Esq. [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Candaliar. Capt. Ilutton [P.l.

f. d ad. sk. Candahar, Dec. 30, 1880. Col. C. Swiuhoe [P.],

10. Argya squamiceps.

Malurus squaruiceps, Cretzschm. mRiip2). Atlas, p. 19, Taf . 12(1826).
Sphenura squamiceps, Hempr. Sf Ehr. iSi/mb. Phys. fol. cc, dd (1828);

liiipp. Sijst. Uebers. p. CO (1845) ; Heuyl. 8)jst. Uebers. p. 30

(1850).
Argya rueppelli. Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 402 (1831).
Crateropus squaiuatus. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 224 (184G).
Argya squamiceps. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 84 (18o()); Dresser, B.

Eur. iii. pi. 23 (1875).
Crateropus squamiceps, Bp. Consp. i. p. 278 (1850); Gray, ILand-l.

B. i. p. 279, no. 4114 (18C9).
Crateropus chalvbeus, Bp. C. i?. xlii. p. 705(1850); Tristr. Ibis,

1859, p. 30, 1802, p. '278, 1805, p. 79.
Chatorhea chalybeius, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 6.

Adult male. General colour above pale ashy brown, with indistinct
shaft-streaks of dark brown on the head, mantle, and back, but
absent on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, which
arc lighter ashy ; head more broadly streaked with blackish brown,
the forehead greyer, the feathers being edged with ashy grey, like-
wise those of the supcrciliar}- lino and sides of neck; wing-coverts
jialc ashy brown with narrow darker brown shaft-lines ; quills light
brown, cxternan}' ashj' brown, lighter along the outer edges of the
primaries ; tail-feathers light ashy brown, the outer ones paler along
the edges and at the tips ; lores dusky whitish ; ear-coverts pale
brown, somewhat mottled with ashy margins to the feathers; cheeks
a little paler ashy ; throat whitish ; remainder of under surface of
body pale ashy brown, somewhat washed with isabelline on the
flanks, the breast faintly mottled with dusky centres to the feathers,
with dark shaft-lines; centre of abdomen, vent, and under tailcoverts
light ashy fulvous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale sandy
buff; quills light brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the

396 TIMELllD-ll.

inner -web ; bill horu-brown, yellowish at base ; feet light brown ;
iris reddish brown. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-4,
tail 5-9, tarsus 1-4.

Aihilt female. Similar to the male in coloration. Total length
11 inches, culmen 1"05, wing 4'2, tail O'To, tarsus 1'3.

Hab. Jordan valley in Palestine, but is also found in Arabia
Petraea.

a, b. c? ? ad. sk. Jericlio, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Palestine (Tristram). F. D. Godman and O.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Jericho, Jan. 1, 1804 Gould Collection.

[Tristram).

11. Argya gnlaris.

Chatorhea gularis, B/i/t/i, J. A. <S'. JBoiff. xxiv. p. 478 (1855); Jerd.

Ibis, 1862, p. 19; BUinf. Ibis, 1870, p. 4U6; Hume, Str. F. 1875,

p. 124; Anders. Zool. JExped. W. Yunnan, Aces, p. 639, pi. xlviii.

lig. 1 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97.
Malacocercus gularis, Girtij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 279, no. 4115 (1869).
Crateropus ffularis, Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 76 ; id. Str. F. 1874, p. 329;

Blyth ^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 117, no. 379 (1875); Oates, B. Brit.

Burm. p. 31 (1883).

Adult female. General colour of upper surface ashy brown, the
head more rufous, all the feathers of the upper surface medially
streaked with dull brown ; the rump i;iiiform sandy brown, the .
upper tail-coverrs olive-brown ; wings pale brown, the greater scries
of wing-coverts and secondaries rather greyish, the primaries ex-
ternally washed with olive, the outermost plainly margined with
whit}' brown ; tail ashy brown, crossed with numerous duskj- bars,
the outermost feathers externally washed and tipped with sandy
buif ; frontal feathers extending backwards over the fore part of the
eye greyish white with narrow black centres ; lores black ; ear-
coverts rufous : cheeks, throat, and fore neck pure white ; rest of
under surface rich sandy buff, deeper on the flanks ; sides of upper
breast vinous ; under wing-coverts sandj- ; lower surface of wing
dull brown, edged along the inner webs with pale sandy buff. Total
length 10 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3'4, tail 6, tarsus 1*25.

Adidt nude. Similar to the female. Total length 11 inches, cul-
men O'S, wing 3"35, tail 6-3, tarsus I'lo.

Hcd). Upper Burmah, ranging southwards into Pegu, being very
common in these countries.

a. Ad. sk. Upper Burmah. Dr. Jerdon [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Upper Burmah (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

c. d, e. Ad. sk. Upper Burmah. W. T. Bhmford, Esq. [P.].
f. cS ad. sk. Bbamau, Upper Baiiiiab, Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

Feb. 6, 1868.
a. 2 ad. sk. Palow, Upper Pegu, E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.].

March 13, 1873.

1G. ARGYA. 397

12. Argya fulva.

Tardus fulvus, Besfonf. Mem. de TAcad. Roy. Sci. 1787, p. 498,131 xi
(1789). '■ ^' '

Malurus numidicus, Levaill. jun. Expl. Scientif. Alger., Atlas Ois.
pi. 0 Us. fig. 1 (ISoO) ; Malh. Faun. Orn. Alger, p. 11 (1855).

Crateropus acacife, Malh. Faun. Orn. AUjer. p. 18 (18oo).

Crateropus fulvus, Bp. Cat. Parzud., App. p. 18, sp. 2.3 (1856) ;
Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 420; id. Ibis' 1865, p. 80; Brake, Ibis, 1869,
pp. 152, 153; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 280, no. 4136 (1869);
Gurneij,Jiin., Ibis, 1871, p. 78.

Crateropus numidicus, Loc/ie, Cat. Mamm. e.t Ois. Alger, p 75 (1858) •
id. E.ipl. Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 236 (1867).

Chatorhea fulvus, Blgth, Ibis, 1867, p. 6.

Argja fulva, Dresser, B. Fur. part xlv. (1875).

Adult male. General colour above pale sandy brown, with indi-
stinct sbaft-lines on the feathers of the back ; the lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts lighter fawn-colour than the back; head
slightly more rufous fawn-colour than the back, like which it ex-
hibits dusky shaft-lines ; wing-coverts and quills very pale fawn-
colour, the quills ashy brown on the inner webs ; tail-feathers pale
brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, the feathers
rather paler on their edges, especially the outermost, which is
margined externally with sandy white ; lores dusky ashy, as also
the feathers below the front part of the eye ; ear-coverts pale sandy
rufous, as also the cheeks, the base of which are shaded with ashy ;
moustachial lino and throat white, shading off on the lower part of
the latter into sandy buff, which pervades the whole of the under
surface, being paler on the centre of the abdomen and deeper on the
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries Hght fawn-colour ; quills pale ashy brown below, pale fawn-
colour along the inner web; "bill horny black; feet yellowish
brown ; claws brown ; iris hazel " (LocJie). Total length 10 inches,
culmen 0-95, wing 3-75, tail 5, tarsus 1-25.

Adult female. Like the male. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1,
wing 3-7, tail 5, tarsus 1-3.

Hah. Found in the oases of the Algerian Sahara and also
between Morocco and Mogador ; it was originally discovered in
Tunis, and extends into Tripoli.

a. 2 ad. sk. Fezzan (Gagliuffi). Gould Collection.

b. ^ ad. sk. Algeria. M. Verreaux.

c. $ ad. sk. Algeria, April 28, 1870. J.' H. Gurnev, Esq.,

Jun. [P.].

13. Argya acacise.

Sphenura acaciae, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 40 (1823); Riipp. Syst.

Uebers. p. 30 (1845) ; Heugl. Sijst. Uebers. p. 30 (1850).
Malurus acacise, Cretzschm. in Riipp. Atlas, p. 28, Taf. 18 (1826).
Crateropus acaciae, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 10 (1849) ; Bp. Consp,

3US ttmkuid.t;.

i. p. 278 (1850); Gray, Ihuvl-J.B. i. p. 279, no. 4113 (18C9) ;

SheUey, B. Egypt, p. m, pi. 1 (1872).
Argya acacifB, L'ah. Mus. Ilcin. Tli. i. p. 84 (1850).
Malacocercus acazire, Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 325 (1870).
Malacocercus (Chatarrbaja) acaciai, Blunf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss.

p. 372 (1870).

AdnU male. General colour above sandy brown, paler on the
lower back and rump, the mantle with a slight shade of ashy-
purplish brown ; wing-coverts pale sandy brown ; quills pale earthy
brown, externally sandy brown, rather rufous on the primaries, the
inner secondaries entirely sandy brown ; tail-feathers light sandy
brown, externally lighter sandy colour, the outer feathers decidedly
paler on the outer webs and at the tips ; the tail-feathers with
dusky cross bars under certain lights; head and neck ashy brown,
the feathei's marked with blackish shaft-lines, imparting a streaked
appearance, which is less distinct on the hind neck ; forehead
washed slightly with hoary grey, the feathers acutely pointed ; lores
and feathers below the fore part of the eye dull ashy ; ear-coverts
ashy brown or earthy .brown, like the head in shade, and uniform ;
cheeks pale ashy ; throat dull white, shading off on the lower part
into the fawn-colour of the under surface of the body, the centre of
the breast and abdomen being creamy buff; asillaries and under
wing- coverts like the breast and sides ; quills pale ashy brown
below, light fawn-colour along the inner webs, the lower under
wing-coverts being of the same tint ; " bill j-ellowish flesh-colour,
darkest on the culmen ; legs pale brown ; iris hazel " (Shelley).
Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 3-85, tail 5-5,
tarsus 1-3.

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. " Bill dusky,
paler along edges of mandibles ; legs greenish hoi-ny '" ( W. T. Blan-
ford). Total length 10 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3-5, tail 5-2,
tarsus 1*2.

Hub. North-eastern Africa.

a. S ad. sk. Nubia.

b. S ad. sk. Nubia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

c. Ad. sk. Nubia (.S'. S. Allen). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

d. 5 ad. sk. Zoulla, Annesley Bay, W. T. Blauford, Esq. [C.].

Jan. 7, 1868.

e. Ad. sk. White Nde, F. Gallon, Esq. [P.].

14. Argya malcolmi.

Timalia malcolmi, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 88 ; id. J. A. S. Beng. iii,
p. 530 (1834) ; Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 257 (1839) ; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 228 (1846) ; Fraser, Zool. Typ. pi. 41 (1850).

Garrulus albifrons, Gray 8f Hardw. III. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 36. fig. 1
(1834).

Malacocercus malcolmi, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 369 (1844) ; id.
op. cit. xvi. p. 454 (1847) ; Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. text to pi. 19
(1847) ; Bli/fh, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 141 (1849) ; Bp. Consp.
I p. 373 (1850) ; Ilorsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. F.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 218
(1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 64 (1863) ; Beavan, Bns, 1867, p. 438 ;

I

IG. AEGYA. 399

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 279, no. 4112 (1869) ; Jerd. Has, 1872,
p. 310; Hai/es Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 410; Adam, Sfr. F. 1873,
p. 378 ; Butler, Sir. F. 1875, p. 472 ; Fairb. Sfr. F. 1876, p. 258 ;
Ball, Sfr. F. 1877, p. 416 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 29 (1879).

Malcoliuia albifrons, Bli/t/i, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 478 (1855).

Ari^ya malcolmi, Hume, Sfr. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adah (Decean ; Sykes : type of species). General colour above pale
brown, mottled ou the head, neck, mantle, and scapulars with darker
brown ; rump and upper tail-corerts ashy grey, lighter than the Ijack ;
wing-coverts pale brown, the quills dark brown, externally pale brown
like the back, the primaries having a narrow paler whity brown
edging near the tip ; tail-feathers brown, with dusky cross barrings
under certain lights, the three outside feathers ashy whitish, a
narrow edging of which appears also on the outer web of the fourth ;
base of forehead and lores hoary grey, with white shaft-lines, this
grey shade extending a little over the eye : below the fore part of
the eye a dusky brown spot ; ear-covei-ts light brown ; cheeks pale
vinous buff, the feathers at the gape and base of lower mandible
ashy ; under surface of body light fulvous, including the thighs and
under tail-coverts, the throat and breast pale vinous buff shaded with
ashy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale fawn-buff; quills dull
brown below, lighter brown along the margin of the inuer web ;
" bill horny ; legs dirty yellow ; iris light yellow " (Jerdon). Total
length 11 inches, culraen O'So, wing -l-So, tail 5-4, tarsus 1*25.

Young. Coloured like the adult, but much more fluffy and rather
more ashy, the u))per surface more uniform, and having none of the
dark centres to the feathers of the back.

llah. Sindh and throughout the whole of North-western India,
whence it ranges down the western coast as far as the slopes of the
Neilgherries, becoming apparently more and more local and not so
generally distributed. It extends from the Decean to Allahabad ;
but east of this line it is by no means so common.

a. Juv. sk. Madras. Sir W. Elliot [P.].

b. cS ad. sk. Western Ghats (^Couss- Gould Collection.

maker^.

c. Ad. sk. Decean (^Sykes). India Museum. (Type

of species.)

d. Ad. sk. Decean (Sykes). India Museum.

e. Ad. ; f. Juv. sk. Saugor (^Hooper), India Museum.

«jr, A. Ad. St. Bahar. B.H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

i. Ad. sk. N.W. Provinces. F. D. Godman and O.

Salvin. Esqrs. [P.].
k. Ad. sk. N.W. Provinces. Capt. Stackhouse I'in-

will [P.].
I. 2 ad. sk. N.W. Provinces. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

will [P.].
m. Ad. sk. Gondul, Kattiawar, Major Hayes Lloyd [P.].

March 15, 1871.

400

TIMEL1IDJ5.

17. MEGALURTJLUS.

Type.
Megalurulus, J. Verr. N. Arch. Mus. v., JBull. p. 17, pi. vi.

fig. 2 (1869) M. mariei.

Bange. New Caledonia.

1. Megalurulus mariei.

Megalurulus marise, J. Verr. N. Arch. Mua. \., Bull. p. 17, pi. vi.

fig. 2 (1869) ; Marie, Actes Soe. Linn. Bordeaux, xxvii. p. 327

(1870).
Megalurulus mariei, E. L. S; L. C. Layard, Ibis, 1882, p. 511.

Adult male. General colour above warm brown, a little more
rufesceut on the rump ; lesser and median wing-eoverts like the
back, the greater scries a little more rufous on their margins ; quills
sepia-brown, externally rufous-brown, the secondaries with indi-
stinct dusky cross bars under certain lights ; upper tail-coverts
reddish brown ; tail-feathers reddish brown, margined with rufoiis
and with dusky cross bars under certain lights ; crown of head
rufous-brown, slightly contrasting with the back ; lores dusky
blackish, as also the feathers below the eye ; a white eyebrow, very
distinct, extending from the base of the nostril and tinged with
grey above the ear-coverts ; eyelid dusky, except Avhere it adjoins
the eyebrow, where it is white ; ear-coverts dark brown ; cheeks
and throat pure white : sides of neck brown washed with ashy ;
fore neck and chest light tawny buff; breast and abdomen white;
sides of breast washed with light tawny buffi and brown ; flanks
fulvous-brown ; thighs fulvous-brown externally, white internally ;
under tail-coverts fulvous-brown ; under wing-coverts white, mot-
tled with blackish bases ; axillaries white, washed with fulvous-
brown ; quiUs ashy brown below, the inner edge of the quills paler
ashy ; " bill dark horn-colour ; legs reddish brown ; iris brown "
{E. L. L(njard). Total length 7-5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-75,
tail 3-6, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Very like the male in colour, but paler, especially
on the fore neck, which is very light fulvous ; the back also tiuged
with olive, and the inner tail-coverts brown edged with whitish ;
" legs light brown ; iris reddish brown " {E. L. Layard). Total
length 7*2 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-55, tail 3-3, tarsus 0'95.

Hah. New Caledonia.

a. S ad. sk. Moindu, New Caledonia, E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.].

Nov. 1, 1880.

b. $ ad. sk. Moindu, Oct. 19, 1881. E. L. Layard, Esq. [C],

18. PIXAHORXIS. 401

18. PINARORNIS. „,

iype.

Piuarornis, Sharpe, cd. Layard's B. S. Afi: p. 230 (1875) P. plumosua.
Range. Zambesi region.

]. Pinarornis plumosus. (Plale IX )

Pinarornis plumosus, Sharpe, ed. Lai/ard's B. S. Afr. p. 230 (187o) ;
Shellei/, Ibis, 1882, p. 251.

Adult (type of species). General colour above and below sooty-
brown, a few of tlie frontal plumes, the lores, and the throat edged
-with greyish white; wings and tail darker than the body, and
ap[)roaching to black, the primaries with a very large spot of white
ou the inner webs, and the three outer tail-feathers with a large
spot of white at the tip ; bill and legs black. Total length 10-2
inches, culraen 0-95, wing •4-2, tail 5-5, tarsus 1-25.

Hab. Zambesi and Mashoona country in S.E. Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Victoria Falls, Zambesi. Purchased. (Type

of species.)

19. SIBIA. T^p^

Sibia, ITodffs. J. A. S. Bern/, riii. p. 37 (1839; S. picoides.

Alcopus, Hodffs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 27 (1841, worn, emend.) S. picoides.
Heterophasia, Blyth, J. A. !S. Beng. xi. p. 187 (1842). . . . S. picoides.

Ramje. Eastern Himalayas, extending to Bootan and the hills of
Assam, Burmah, and Tenasserim, reappearing in Sumatra.

Key to the Species.

a. Flanks slaty grey like the rest of the under surface

of body, the uuder tail-coverts of the same colour;

wing-spot longitudinal, nearly as long as the tarsus incoides. p. 401.

b. Flanks browner than the throat, which is slaty grey;

vent and under tail-coverts dull whitish ; wing-
spot smaller and oblong, about half the length of
the tarsus siniiUima, p. 402.

1. Sibia picoides.

Sibia picaoides, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mtis., Passeres, pis. 195.

19G (no. 246) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. viii. p. 38 (1839) ; Gray, Cat.

Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodijs. p. 88 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 238

(1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 98 (1849): Hor.-^f. ^•

Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 216 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Lid. ii.

p. 55 (1863) ; Gray, Iland-I. B. i. p. 273, no. 3998 (1869) ; Hume.

Nests ^- E(/(/s Lid. B. p. 268 (1873); Biyth ^- Wald. B. Biirm.

p. 108 { 187"5*) ; Hume Sf Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 294 ; Hmne, Str.

F. 1879, p. 97 ; Oates, B. Brit. Barm. p. 43 (1883).
Heterophasia cuculopsis, Blyth, J. A. S'. Beng. si. p. J 87 (1842).
Actinodura picaoides, Blyth, J. A. 'S. Beng. xii. p. 958 (1843).
Alcopus picaoides, Ilodt/.i. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844); Bp.

Consp. 1. p. 260 (1850).

VOL. VII. 2 D

402 TIMKLIlDJi.

Adult. General colour above slaty grey, the wing-covert8 like the
back : the greater scries inclining to slaty black ; quills black, the
primaries narrowly edged with grej', four of the secondaries exter-
nally white in the middle, forming a wing-patch ; tail-feathers
blackish brown with broad grey ends ; lores blackish ; sides of face
and under surface of body light slaty grey, inclining to greyish
white on the centre of the abdomen ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries slaty grey ; quills ashy brown below, whitish along the
margin of the inner web ; " bill horny black ; feet greyish dusky,
claws horny black ; iris scarlet" (Scully). Total length 13'5 inches,
culmen 1, wing 4-9, tail 8-5, tarsus 1-1.

Bah. Eastern Himalnyas, extending into the hills of Assam,
Burmah, and Tenasserim.

a, b. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P,

c, d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P,

(Types of species.)
/, [/. Ad. sk. Nepal (£. H. Hodf/son). India Museum.

h,i. Ad.sk. Darjiling- (i'cc/es). F. D. Godmau and 0. Sal

vin, Esqrs. [P.].
k. Ad. sk. Darjiling (Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

/, m. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton) . India Museum.

2. Sibia simillima.

Heterophasia simillima, Scdvud. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 232
(1879).

Adult. General colour above dull slaty grey, slightly washed with
brown on the rump, the head rather more dusky than the back ;
least and median coverts like the back, the greater series and pri-
mary-coverts brown edged with slat}' brown ; quills dark brown,
with a white spot on four of the inner secondaries, slightly shaded
with ashy near the base, and forming a wing-patch ; tail-feathers
brown, broadly tipped with light ashy ; lores, feather's in front of
eye, and base of cheeks blackish ; rest of cheeks and ear-coverts dull
slaty grey ; throat and breast light slaty grey ; centre of abdomen
and under tail-covcrts dull white shaded with ashy ; sides of body,
flanks, and thighs brown, as also the axillaries and under wing-
coverts, the latter shaded with ashy grey ; quills dark brown below,
yellowish white along the basal margin of the inner web. Total
length l]-5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4'6, tail 6'75, tarsus 1"15.
Hah. Mountains of Sumatra.

a. Ad. sk. Sumatra {C. Bock). Capt. K. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.

20. MALACIAS. 403

20. MALACIAS.

Type.
Malaciaa, Cah. Mus. Heia. Th. ii. p. 113 (1850) M. capistratus.

Range. Himalayas and the hills of Assam, Burmah, and Tenas-
serim ; Southern China and Formosa.

Key to the S2:>ecies.

a. Kuiup and upper tail-coverts orange-rufous.

a'. No white tuft above the ear-coverts; centre
tail-feathers orange-rufous, paler than rump ;
throat orange-rufous hke rest of under sur-
face ; inner secondaries orange-rufous with
grey edges ; a white bar across the wing-
coverts capistrata, p. 40.'i

b' . A large white tuft of feathers on the ear-
coverts ; lores white ; centre tail-feathers black
with grey tips ; throat and fore neck dark ashy-
grey, contrasting with orange-rufi ais abdo-
men ; inner secondaries black ; no white bar
on the wing-coverts, which are black auricularts, p. 405.

b. Rump and upper tail-coverts grey or brown.

c'. Centraltail-feathersuniform,without any black ■
subterniinal band ; remainder of tail-feathers
tipped -nith white ; entire under surface pure
white ; back chocolate-brown, contrasting

with the black cap meUinnleuca, p. 405.

d'. Central tail-feathers with no subterminal black
band, the feathers simply tipped with grey ;

inner secondaries entirely black dcsgodinsi, p. 406.

e'. Central tail-feathers grey, with a grey tip, be-
fore which is a broad black band ; inner secon-
daries edged with black.
a". Cap black, becoming less defined on the nape gracilis, p. 40(5.
b" . Above ashy grey, bluer on the head ; a

narrow frontal band and lores black pulchella, p. 407.

1 . Malacias capistrata.

Cinclosoma capistratum, T'/c/. P. Z. 8. 18-'31, p. 56.

Sibia nigriceps, IIod(/s. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pis. 197,
198 (no. 258) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. viii. p. 38 (1839) ; Blyth, op. cit.
xiv. p. GOO (1845).

Cinclosuma melanocephalnra, Rogle, 111. Bot. Himal. p. Ixxv (1839).

Alcopus nigriceps, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 182 (1842).

Actinodura nigriceps, Bh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 958 (1843).

Garrulax capistratus, Bli/t/i, t. c. p. 951 (1843).

Sibia capi.sirata, Gray, Cat. Ma mm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 88
(1846) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 2:1S (1847) ; Bh/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac.
p. 9.^ (1849); Ilursf. ^- .Ifoore. Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 217
(1854) ; Jerd. B. Ltd. ii. p. 55 (1863) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 273,
no. .3<.)99 (1869) ; Ilume, Nests Sf Eggs LuL B. p. 267 (1873).

Alcopus capistratus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 260 (1850).

Malacias capistratus, Ilume, Sfr. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adult. Head much crested, black, overhanging the nape : hind
neck and sides of neck rufous ; middle of the back and scapulars

2d2

404 TiMF.i.iii).*:.

ashy brown : lesser and median wing-coverts blackish, washed with
ashy brown, the greater covertt' bhiish grey tipped with black, and
white at the base, forming a bar across the wing ; primary-coverts
blue-black; quills blackish, externally bluish grey, paler on the
outer webs of the primaries ; inner secondaries chestuut-rufous,
externally rather broadly margined with bluish grey ; lower back,
rump, and iipper tail-coverts chestnut-red ; tail-feathers black,
broadly tipped with dull bluish grey, the centre feathers rufous-
brown, with a broad subterminal band of black before a broad grey
band ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of face black ; malar line and
base of chin white : under surface of body rufous, including tho
thighs and under tail-coverts ; the centre of the abdomen fulvescent ;
under wing-coverts like the breast ; quills blackish below, ashy
along the margin of the inner web ; " bill black ; legs yellowish
brown ; iris brown " (Jerdon). Total length 7"7 inches, culmen
0-95, wing 3-45, tail 3-5, tarsus 1-1.

Obs. In N.W. India the birds are much paler than Nepal or
Bootan specimens, especially on the hinder neck, and the ear-
coverts are browner black than the head.

The sexes are alike in plumage.

cJ . Bootan (Pemherfon) .
2 . Nepal {Scull}/) .....

Total

length.

Culmen.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

9-0

0-9

ti-m

4-55

1-2

9-0

0-8

3-55

3-75

1-0

Young. Differs from the adult in being more dingy in colour
and in having the head less glossy black, the white bar on the
wiug less distinct and washed with rufous, and the back rufous, a
little duller than the neck and rump, and not showing a distinct
mantle-patch as in the adults.

Hab. Himalayas from Cashmere to Bootan.

a. Ad. sk. [N.W. Himalayas.]

b. Ad. sk. Cashmere (Bellew). India Museum.

c. 2 ad. sk. Murree. Major J. Biddulph [C.].

d. e, f. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

[P.].

g. Ad. sk. Kumaon {Strachey). India Aluseum.

h, i, k. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of S. niffriceps.)

I Ad. sk. Nepal (Hock/son). India Museum.

in. 2 jiiv. sk. Vallev of Nepal, July 29, Dr. Scully [P.].

1S77.

n. 2 i^d. sk. Valley of Nepal, Dec. 11, Dr. Scully [P.].

1877.

o Vd. sk. Vallev of Nepal, Feb. 14, Dr. Scully [P.].

1878.

p. cJ ad. sk, Khatu, May 17, 1875. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.l.

q, i: \d. sk. Darjiling (Manclelli). 11. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

s, /. c? ad. sk. Bootan (Pemherton). India Museum.

20. MA I, A CI AS. 405

2. Malacias auricularis.

Ivittacincla auricularis, Swi/i/i. Ibis, 18U4, p. 361.

Sibia auricularis, Sdatcr, Ihis, 18G0, p. 109, pi. iv. ; Szvink. t. c.

pp. 400, 401 ; Grai/, Hand-/. B. i. 27?>, uo. 4003 (1869) ; Swinh.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 3i"0; David ^ Omtal. Ois. Chine, p. 182 (1877).

Adidt. General colour above slatj- grej-, the lesser wing-coTerts
like the back ; greater, median, and primary-coverts glossy black ;
quills blackish, externally edged with blue-black, the inner secon-
daries entii'cly of the latter colour, the primaries externally margined
with hoary grey, except the two outermost, which are black ; rump
and upper tail-coverts orange-rufous, lighter on the latter ; tail-
feathers black, all but the two centre ones tipped with a spot of
white on the inner M'eb, which is greyish on the outer one ; crown
of head g'ossy black ; lores, feathers round the eye, and a broad
band on the upper part of the car-coverts pure white, the latter
produced into a tuft, which reaches to the sides of tlie neck ; chin,
cheeks, and remainder of ear-coverts black ; throat, breast, and sides
of neck slaty brown ; remainder of under surface of body vinous
fawn-colour, the centre of the breast whitish ; under tail-coverts
orange-rufous ; edge of wing, under wing-coverts, and axillaries
white ; quills ashy blackish below, whitish along the margin of the
inner web. Total length 7'5 inches, culmen 0'9, wing 4, tail 4,
tarsus l-2o.

Hal). Island of Formosa.

a. Ad. sk. Formosa. E. Swinlioe, Esq. [C.'l.

b. Ad. sk. Fungshan, Formosa, Dec. 1865. R. Swiuhoe, Esq. [CJ.

c. Ad. sk. Fungshan, Formosa, Dec. 1865 Gould Collection.

{R. Swinhoe).
<^, e. Ad. sk. Fungshan, Formosa, Dec. 1865 H. Seebohra, Esq. [P.].

(^R. Swinhoe).

3. Malacias melanoleuca.

Sibia melanoleuca, Tickcll MSS., unde

Sibia melauoleuca, Blyih, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xviii. p. 413 (1859) ;
Graij,Hnnd-l. B. i. p. 273, no. 4002(1869); Miwte ^- Davison,
Utr. F. 1878, p. 293 ; Goidd, B. Asia, part xxxiii.

Sibia picata, TickeU, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xx\iii. p. 451 ; Walden,
Ibis, 1866, p. 355.

Malacias melauoleucus, Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adult female. General colour above blackish chocolate, washed
with grey on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts jet-
black ; quills blackish, externally washed with glossy greenish
black, and having a concealed white patch at the base of the inner
web^ the inner secondaries blackish brown, like some of the ad-
joining greater coverts ; centre tail-feathers brown, the rest blackish
at the base, browner towards the tips, which have a conspicuous
white terminal spot, increasing towards the outermost feather ;
crown of head and nape glossy jet-black ; sides of face also black ;

40G Tl.MELIID.i:.

the ear-coverta slightly browner ; entire under surface of body pure
white, excepting a small black chin-spot; under wing-coverts and
axillaries also white, the edge of the wing mixed with black ; quills
dusky blackish below, white at the base of the inner web; "bill
black ; legs, feet, and claws very dark horny brown ; iris lake "
( W. Davison). Total length 8 inches, culmen U*75, wing 3'35, tail
3'95. tarsus 1"15. {Mus. H. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.)
Hah. Hills of Tenasserim.

a. 2 ad. sk. Mooleyit, 5000 feet, Jan 29, A. 0. ITume, Esq.

1877 ( W. Davison).

4. Malacias desgodinsi.

Sibia desgodinsii, Oust. 4' David, Bull. Sac. Philom. Pan's (7) i.
p. 139 (1877) ; David ^ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 550 (1877).

Adult. Head and nape deep black, with blue reflections, this tint
descending on the cheeks as far as the chin and stopping abruptlj'
on the sides of the throat ; back grey slightly washed with rufous ;
rump and upper tail-coverts of a clearer grey ; primary and secon-
dary quiUs of nearly the same shade as the head, with the inner webs
whitish at the base ; a little white spot on the carpal joint : median
tail-feathers black with blue or greenish reflections, and broadly
bordered with ashy grey at the tips ; lateral tail-feathers blackish
brown, with clearer and broader borders than those of the centre
tail-feathers, the grey traversing the greater part of the outer
feathers ; chin and under tail-coverts pure white ; lower parts
white slightly washed with reddish, washed with grey on the
flanks. Total length 8 inches, wing 3*95, tail 3-35, tarsus 1*25,
bill from forehead 0-7. (David tf- Oustalet.)

Hal. China : Yer-ka-lo, on the Me-Kong river, 29"' 2' 30" N. lat.

5. Malacias gracilis.

Hypsipetes gracilis, McClell. P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 159.

Actinodura gracilis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 958 (1843).

Sibia gracilis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beruj. xvi. p. 449 (1847), xx. p. 521

(1851) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. .S'oc, A2)p. p. viii (1849) ; Gray, Gen.

B. i. p. 238 (1847) ; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i.

p. 216 (1854) ; Jerd. B. liid. ii. p. 5G (1863) ; Gray, Hafid-l. B. i.

p. 273, no. 4008 (18G9) ; Godioin- Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix.

p. 105 (1870) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 413.
Alcopus gracilis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 260 (1850).
Malacias gracihs, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adult. General colour above slaty brown, the rump and upper
tail-coverts ashy grey ; lesser and median wing-coverts black, the
greater series slaty grey, edged with black at the tip, the basal
portion whitish, forming a conspicuous band across the upper part
of the wing ; the outer greater coverts black, with only a small
basal part whitish ; primar3--coverts black ; quills black, the pri-
maries margined with hoary grey ; the innermost secondaries ashy

20. MALAC'IAS. 407

grey, with black margins to both webs ; tail-feathors black, broadiv
tipped with ashy grey, increasing in extent towards the outermost,
two centre feathers ashy grey, with a broad subtermiual band of
black, the next feathers ashy grey at the base, this grey colour
gradually disappearing on the outside tail-feathers : crown of head
black, shading into blackish brown on the nape ; lores and sides of
face black, as also the fore part of the ear-coverts, which shade off
into brown on the hinder part, and resemble the sides of the neck,
which are sbghtly washed with slate-colour ; cheeks, throat, and
centre of belly whitish, the lower throat and breast washed with
yello^vish buff; the sides of the breast and flanks beautiful lilac-grey
with a vinous tinge ; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts sandy buff;
under wing-coverts and axillaries, as well as the edge of the wing,
white ; quills blackish below, white along the edge of the inner
web. Total length *J inches, culmeii U'Uo, wing 3-05, tail 4-25,
tarsus 1-15.

Hab. Hills of Assam.

a. Ad. sk. Assam {^McClelland). India Museum. (Type of

species. )
b,c,d. Ad.sk Assam {3IcClella)id). India Museum.

e. Ad. sk. Shillong. Col. Godwin-Austen [P.].

f.ff. Ad. ; h. Juv. sk. Kliasia liills (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

6. Ilalacias pulchella.

Sibia pulchella, Godwin- Aust. Ann. if- Mag. Nat. Ilisl. (4j xiii.

p. 160 ; id. J. A. S. Beny. xliii. pt. 2, p. I(i4 (1874).
Malacias pulchellus, Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adult. Above ashy grey, bluer on the head, the two centre tail-
feathers umber-brown, terminating (each colour | inch) in rich
black followed sharply by dark grey ; the outer tail-feathers are
tipped in like manner with grey, but the black increases on each
feather outwards, and on the last extends to its base ; shoulders of
wing blue-grey, with a bar of pale chocolate-brown coming in at
the base of the black primary- and secondary-coverts. Quills grey-
black, the primaries edged with pale hoary blue, the secondaries with
blue-grey : the last three are umber-brown, and the last two are edged
narrowly on the outer web with black. A narrow frontal band and
lores black, extending both over and below the eye to base of the
ear-coverts. Beneath ashy blue, with a vinous-brown tinge upon
the lower breast and abdomen. Bill black ; legs horny brown.
I.«ngth 9-5 inches, wing 4-1, tail 4-8o, tarsus 1-3, bill at front 0-75.
( Godwin- A usten . )

Huh. Xaga hills, SoOit feet.

408 TlAlELIIUJi.

21. POMATORHINUS.

Poiuatorliinus, Horsf. IVans. Linn. Hoc. xiii. p. 164

(18i0) P. luontanus.

Ortborhiinis, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 371 (1844) . P. hypoleucus.

Pomatostomus, Cab. Miis. Ilein. Th. i. p. 83 (1850) . . P. temporalis.

Cf. Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, pp. l:.'0-14o.

Range. The hill-countries of India and Ceylon, extending
throughout the Himalayas to the mountains of China, Formosa, and
Hainan ; southwards through the Burmese and Tenasserim hiUs,
down the Malayan peninsula, to Java, .Sumatra, and Borneo, re-
appearing in New Guinea and in Australia.

Key to the Sjiecies.

a. With a distinct white eyebrow.
«'. Chest uniform, not streaked.

a" . Throat and breast of the same colour,
white or creamy white.
a'". Tail-feathers not tipped with white.
«\ Mantle chestnut, contrasting with

head, which is dark slate-colour , . , , ^

, X montunus, p. 4iU.

and forms a cap < , •' ^ n i

,, T-r ii 1- r ^ c 4. uunieensis, \). 4 LI.

0'. Mantle olive, tulvous, or rutescent ' ' ^

brown, the head slightly darker,
not forming a cap.
a\ Cnder tail-coverts dark olive-
brown or riifous-brown ; back
dark olive-brown ; the head
darker-coloured than the back,
being blackish, or slaty grey, or
deeper olive-brown.
a'. Sides of neck and sides of
breast rufous or rufescent
brown with white streaks. , ,.,. ,,,

a\ Head slaty gi-ey andTi' .^'

5". Head dark olive-bro\s'n or ' ' *■

blackish, deeper in colour

than the back tnelanurus, p. 414.

b". Sides of neck and sides of breast . , j; / 1- 1 1 ^
black streaked with white . . 'f^J"'"''^ P- ^ f •
J.- T' J 4. -i ^ 1 ubscurus, p, 410.

0 . L nder tail - coverts ochraceoua ' ' ^

brown; upper surface bright
ochraceous brown ; the head a
little richer in colour, but other-
wise like the back.

c'^. Flanks ochraceous ochraceicejjs, p. 417.

6?". Flanks olivaceous austeni, p. 418.

6". Tail-feathers broadly tipped ^vith white.
c*. With no white wing-bar.

(fi. Larger ; wing 4'65 inches : lower
breast rufescent ; forehead paler

brown than the nape teinpuralis, p. 418.

d^. Smaller ; wing 3'05 inches : lower
breast whitish, without any
rufous; forehead like the rest
of the crown snperciliums, p. 419.

21. P0MAT0RUINU3. 409

(1 *. With two bars of whitu on the wing ;

head chestnut riificeps, p. 420.

b". Throat white, but the breast of a dif-
ferent colour, bright rufous or fulvous.
c'". Tail-feathers tipped with white .... rubeculm, p. 421.
d'". Tail-feathers uniform, with no white
tips,
e'. Lores white, tipped with rufous,
forming a tuft of the latter colour ;

crown of head black , , ferrugiiiosus, p. 422.

/*. Lores white, with no tuft of rufous ;

head of the same colour as the

back.

e\ Under siu-face of body bright

orange-rufous, extending onto

the throat, and leaving the chin

white 2)/iai/rii, p. 422.

f'. Under siu-face of body pale
ochraceous buff.
e". Sides of crown with a distinct
line of black, fringing the

white eyebrow albiyularis, p. 423.

/*". Sides of crown without a black

fringe to the white eyebrow . stenvrliyucluis, p. 424.
h'. Uhcot streaked with black or brown.

(■". Head slaty grey, separated from the

olive back by a rufous coUar mustcus, p. 424.

d". Head olive-brown or rufous-browu, the
collar roimd the neck only slightly pro-
nounced, and the back riifescent olive-
brown.
e'". Streaks on the lower throat, fore
neck, and cbest black, succeeded by
rufous centres to the feathers of

the breast tiigrostellatus, p. 425.

/'". Central streaks to the feathers of the
lower throat, fore neck, and breast

light fid\ ous-browu nificollis, p. 426.

, With no white eyebrow.
c'. ^^'ith broad black streaks on the fore neck

and chest ; thighs chestnut erythrocnemis, p. 427.

d'. With no streaks on the fore neck, or with
only a few dusky spots.
e" . Breast white ; tail-feathers warm brown
or olive-brown.
g'". Ear-coverts dusky or ashy brown ;
flanks olive-brown or ashy ; side of
breast ashy with arrow-shaped marks
of white.
</'. Sides of neck uniform.

g^. No line of rufous behind the ear-
coverts hypdleticus, p. 428.

/t*. A thin line of rufous behind the

ear-coverts inylini, p. 429.

h*. Sides of neck numerously streaked
with triangular spots of creamy
bull'; behind tlie ear-coverts a
large patch of bright chestnut .... tickelli, p. 420.

410 TIMELIUI-E.

h'" . Ear-coverts bright rufous ; dauks also
bright rufous,
t^. Breast uniform white, or wliite

shaded with ashy grey erythrugenys, p. 4.30.

kK Breast white, with triangular dusky

spots macleUandi, p. 4.'il.

/". Breast and under surface also rufous;

tail-feathers rufous isidorii, p. 4o2.

1. PomatorMnus montanus.

Pouiatorhinus montanus, Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. 8oc. xiii. p. 1(35
(1820) ; id. Zool. Research, in Java, pi. 51 (1824) ; Bhjth, J. A. S.
Be7ig. xi. p. 175 (1842), xii. p. 946 (1843); Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 229 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mns. As. Soc. p. 147 (1849) ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 220 (1850) ; Cab. 3Ius. Hein. Th. i. p. 84 (1850) ;
Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 233 (1854) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 277, no. 4081 (1869) ; Ward/aw Ramsay, Ibis,
1878, p. 131 ; Nichols. Ibis, 1881, p. 149.

Adult male. General colour above rufous, crown of head and
nape dark slate-colour, rather blacker on the forehead ; lores,
feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts slaty black ; a distinct white
eyebrow drawn from the base of the nostrils over the eye, and
becoming a little broader towards the sides of the nape ; lesser
wing-coverts ashy grey, the inner ones washed with rufous ; median
and greater coverts, as well as the secondai'ies, dark bi'own, ex-
ternally fulvous-brown ; primary-coverts and primaries dark brown,
externally slaty grey with a slight wash of fulvous-brown ; tail-
feathers blackish brown, externally washed with rufous-brown, the
two centre ones washed all over with the latter colour ; cheeks and
under suface of body white, the sides of the neck and sides of
breast rufous, the flanks rufous-brown, as also the under lail-
coverts ; thighs and feathers of lower abdomen dark slaty grey ;
under wing-coverts slaty grey, with a white patch near the upper
baud of the wing, the axillaries washed with rufous ; quills ashy
brown below, slightly rufescent along tlie edge of the inner web ;
"iris pale straw-colour" {B. 0. Forhes); "bill yellow, with a black
mark at base of upper mandible ; legs brown with a plumbeous hue,
the claws pale horn-colour ; iris yellowish Avhite " {Ilorsjielcl). Total
length 8'7 inches, culmen U'OS, wing t3-55, tail 3' 8, tarsiis 1*3.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length
7'2 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 3-65, tail 3-7, tarsus 1"35.

Young. Similar to the adults in colour, but the plumage more
fluffy, the head duller, the nape and car-coverts slightly washed
with rufous, the grey on the wings and on the thighs and vent
washed with rufous.

Hah. Java.
rt. Ad. sk. Juvn (Ilor.^field). India Museum. (Type of

species.)

b. c? ad. sk. West Java. A. K. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

c, d. Ad. sk. West Java. A. U. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
e, f. c? 9 'id. sk. .Tava (Lryden Mnsenm). F. T). (Todiman and O. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].
r/. Imra. sk. Java. Gould Collection.

h. Ad. .'it. Java (Ilorxjiehl). India Museum.

21. POMATORHINtJS. 4U

2. Pomatorhinus borneensis,

Poniatorbinus montanus (non Horsf.), S. Mull. Natuurl Gesch

Land- £r Volkenk. p. 405 (1839-44).
Pomatorhinus borneensis, Cab. 3Iiis. I£ei?i. Th. i. p. 84, note (1850) •

£p- C. R. -xxxviii. p. 50 (1854); Blyth, J. A. 8. Benq. xxiv!

p. 274 (1855) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4091 (1869) ;

tialvad. Ucc. Born. p. 210 (1874); Bamsay, Ibis, 1878. p 131-

Ifume, Sir. F. 1879, p. (51. ' ^' »

Adult male. Similar to P. montanus, but smaller and of a brighter
chestnut ; the wings greyer, with less rufous-brown on the outer
webs ; " bill black, the mandible pale lead-colour ; legs greenish
lead-colour ; iris lemon-yellow " {A. Everett). Total length
7-5 inches, culmcn 0-9, wing 3-25, tail 3-25, tarsus 1-1.

Adult female. Similar to the male, and only a little lighter in
colour. Total length 7-4 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3-15 tail 3-2
tarsus 1*1. ' -»

Hah. Replaces the foregoing species in Borneo and in the
Malayan peninsula, but does not extend into Tenasserim. It has
not as yet been discovered in Sumatra.

a. Ad. sk. Malacca.

. . , , -, , Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

b. Ad. sk. Malacca. [p.]

c. Ad. sk. Malacca. Gould 'Collection.

d. AA.sk Malacca (ft 'i^^/O. India Museum.

e c^ ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. rC.l.

/. 5 ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 'C: .

g. d ad. sk. Jambusan, Sarawak, Sept. Alfred Everett, Esq. 10 "

1874. 1 L J-

3. Pomatorhinus schisticeps.
Pomatorhinus schisticeps, Ilodys. Adat. Research, xix. p. 181 (1836) •
id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 183 fio- 2 184 fio- 2

^nl\^f%f'^"'-' r- ^: *'• ^'"f^- ^'- P- 1^-5 (1842),'xii.p. 940
(1843) ; Hodf/s. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) : Bhjth, J. A S
Beng. XIV. p. 598 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 229 (1846) ; id. Cat
Mamm.etc. Aepalpres. Ilodys. p. 80(1846); Blyfh, Cat. B. Mus
As. -Sor p. 146 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 220(1850); Horsf . &
Z'vf^if ^-^- ^'^•^''^•i- P- 234(1854); Jerd.B. Ind. ii.
P' ?no '^^^^^^ ' ^««"«"' -^K 1867, p. 433 ; Buhjer, Ibis, 1869,
p. 163 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4086 (1809) ; Hinne, Str F.
18/0, p. 121 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 133, pi. iii. fio-s 1, 2 •

"T;.fj'; ^- ^^^'^' P- ^^ 5 ^''""y> ^- "■ P- -'88 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
p. 1 2 (1883).

Pomatorhinus leucogaster, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 137; Blyth, Cat
h. Mus. As. Soc. p. 140 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 220 (1850) •
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 277, no. 4083 (1809). v / '

Pomatorhiuus montanus, MeClell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 166 {mc Horsf.).

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown ; wing-coverts
like the back ; the bastard wing and primary-coverts a litde more
ashy brown ; quills dusky brown, externally dark olive, shaded

412 TIMELIID^.

with grey near the base of the primaries ; tail-feathers dusky brown,
washed with olive-brown on the outer webs and barred across under
certain lights, the centre tail-feathers washed with olive for nearly
their whole length ; crown of head and nape dark slate-colour ; the
hind neck a little brighter olive-brown than the rest of the back ;
from the base of the bill a broad white eyebrow ; lores, feathers
below the eye, and ear-coverts black ; the feathers of the neck
rich ferruginous or chestnut ; cheeks, throat, and breast white ;
sides of breast ferruginous streaked with white, some of the feathers
on the sides of the chest being pui'e white, with rufous margins or
tips ; flanks fulvescent olive-brown, tinged with rufous on the upper
flanks ; thighs ashy olive ; under tail-coverts olive-brown ; axil-
laries olive-brown, slightly tinged with rufous ; under wing-coverts
light rufous, those near the edge of the wing ashy grey ; quills
dusky below, light rufous along the edge of the inner web ; " bill
horny yellow, base of upper mandible dusky : feet plumbeous,
claws horny ; iris reddish cream-colour " (ScuUij) ; " bill orange-
yellow, base of lower mandible and gape dusky ; inside of mouth
flesh-colour ; eyelid and naked skin behind eye pale yellow " (Oafes).
Total length 10 inches, culmen 1"2, wing 4, tail 4-5, tarsus 1'4.

Total length.

Culuien.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

.... 9

l-lo

3-8o

4-1

1-4

.... 9

}-2

3-55

3-9

1-25

cJ ad. (Darpling)
2 ad. (Darjiling)

There is no perceptible difl'erence in the colour of the sexes,
beyond the fact that the /(?/Ha?e appears rather duller and has the
crown shaded with olive ; she is also slightly smaller.

Young birds also have the head shaded with olive and the wings
externally more reddish brown ; the sides of the breast and flanks
are dull brick-red, with which colour also the breast is washed.

Ohs. Having examined a large series of the true P. schisticeps in
the collection of the British Museum and that of Captain Wardlaw
Ramsay, I find it extremely difiicult to separate P. nuchaJis and
P. olivaceus as has been done by the last-named gentleman in his sy-
nopsis of the genus (I. c). I agree with him in uniting P. leucoijaster
of Gould to P. schisticeps; and though Gould's name has been em-
ployed for the Bui'mese bird, his specimen originally came from
Darjiling, and there is every reason to believe that it was the
ordinary species of that locality, of the descj-iption of which in the
previous year by Mr. Hodgson Gould was ignorant at the time he
wrote. As with most of the Pomatorhini, the present species differs
in size and to a certain extent in colour, many of the specimens
being more rufescent olive and having the head shaded with olive
also. The amount of white striping on the sides of the breast is
also more pronounced in some than in others, nor is an indication of
a rufescent collar always absent. Thus I consider that P. nucludis,
Tweedd., is nothing more than a race of P. schisticeps, and P. oliva-
ceus is also not deserving of specific rank. I therefore separate
them as subspecies merely, adding the bird from the North-western
Himalayas as another rufous-collared race.

21. POMATORHINUS. 413

Hah. Eastern Himalayas from Nepal, extending through 8ikhim
to Bootan, Assam, and the Tipperah hills to Burmah and Upper Pegu.

a. Ad. sk. Ahnorah. Capt. Stackliouse PinwDl

[P.].

h, c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of species. )

(/, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

/. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

//. Ad. sk. ])ai'jiling. Gould Collection.

h, i. cS 2 ad. sk. Daijiling. A. (). Hume, Esq.

k. Ad. sk. Darjiling. India Museum.

I. Ad. sk. Assam (McCklland). India Museum.

m. (S ad. ; n. J Cacliar, April and IMay J. luglis, Esq. [C.].

juy. ; o. $ ad. 1879.

sk.

}). Ad. sk. Upper Assam (Reid). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

q. Ad. sk. Aracan {As. Soc). India Museum.

»•. cJ ad. sk. Thayetmjo, Sept. 7, 1872. £. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

Subsp. ii. Pomatorhinus pinwilli.

Adult. Similar to P. schisticeps, but verj^ small, and having a di-
stinct ferruginous collar separating the head from the mantle ; sides
of neck and sides of chest ferruginous, distinctly streaked with
white. Total length 8 inches, culmeii 1, wing 3"25, tail 3'7,
tarsus 1"2.

Hah. This is a rufous-necked race of P. sch{stice2}S, representing
that species in the North-western Himalayas.

a. Ad. sk. N.AV. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.].

b. Jun. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.J.

Subsp. i3. Pomatorhinus nuchalis.

Pomatorhinus leucogaster, IJ'tdde/i in Bhjth's B. Burm. p. 113 (1875,
nee Gould) ; Hume i^- Davis. Sir. F. 1878, p. 282 ; Hume, Sfr. F.
1879, p. 96.

Pomatorhinus nuchalis, Tweed. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 535
(1877) ; Wardlaiv Hamsai/, Ibis, 1878, p. 134; Hume ■^- Davison,
Str. F. 1878, p. ■2S2; Hume, Sfr. F. 1879, p. 96; Oafes, B. Br.
Burm. p. 71 (1883).

Adult male (Karen-nee, March 25, 1874 ; R. G. Wardlaw
Ramsay : type of species). Similar to P. sc/tisticeps, but of a warmer
olive-brown, and having the crown of a duller brown than the
back, and separated from the latter by a distinct rufous collar ;
" bill orange, black near the nostrils ; legs slaty ; iris straw-yellow "
{R. G. W. li.). Total length 7"7 inches, culmen I'l, wing 3'15,
tail 3-3, tarsus U25. {Mus. Ii. G. Wardlaiv Eamsat/.)

Adult female (Thayetmyo, Sept. 1874). Similar to the male in
colour. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 3-4, tail 3-9,
tarsus 1-2. {Mas. R. G. W. It.)

414 •riMiaiiDJ;.

Hah. Represents P. schisticeps in the hills of Kai-en-nee and tlie
north-eastern portion of Tenasserim.

a. ? ad. sk. Karen hills, April 17, 1875. Capt. R. G. Wardlaw

Ramsay [C.].

Subsp. y. Pomatorliinus olivaceus.

Pomatorhinu3 olivaceus, Blyth, J. A. H. Bemj. xvi. p. 451 (1847) ;

Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 137 ; Wardlaiv Eamsai/, Ibis, 1878, p. 133;

Hume Si- Davis. Str. F. 1878, p. 283; Hume, '.Str. F. 1879, p. 96.
Pomatorhinus leucogaster, Hirsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i.

p. 234 (nee Gould).

Adult male. Yery similar to P. nuchalis, and having a rufescent
collar tolerablj' well pronounced, but having the -whole head dark
olive-brown like the back, or only a little darker on the latter ;
" bill deep yellow : legs and feet greenish plumbeous ; iris light
j-ellow " (B))if/hiim). Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 'd'Ho,
tail 4, tarsus 1-8j.

Nab. Lower hills of Central and Southern Tenasserim.

a. Ad. sk. Tenasserim (Heifer). India Museum.

b. Ad. sk. Meetan, British Buriuah, Feb. 26, A. O. Hume, Esq.

1877 (ir. Davison).

c. cJ ad. sk. Zamu river, Tenasserim, Jan. 2, Capt. Bingham [C.].

1879.

4. Pomatorhinus melanurus.

Pomatorhinus melanurus, Bh/fh, J. A. S. Bene/, xvi. p. 451 (1847);
id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 146 (1849) ; Bj). Consp. i. p. 220 (1850) ;
Eelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 122 (1852); Lai/ard, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat.
Hist. xii. p. 271 (1853) ; Bli/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 301 ; Giai/, Hand-l.
B.\. p. 278, no. 4087 (1869) ; Leqqe, J. A. S. Benq., Ceqlon Branch.
1870-71, p. 41; Holdsiv. P. Z.'S. 1872, p. 447; Legqe, Str. F.
1873, p. 437; id. Str. F. 1876, p. 245: ]]luite. Str. F. 1877,
p. 202 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 132 ; Hume, Str. F. 1878,
p. 383; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 96; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 501 (1879).

Adult male. General colour above dark olive-brown ; the wing-
coverts like the back, washed with ashy on the edge of the wing
and on the bastard wing and primary-coverts ; quills dusky brown,
externally washed with dark olive-brown like the head ; tail-feathers
blackish brown, washed with olive-brown on the margins and
barred with dusky under certain lights ; crown of head darker
olive-brown than the back; the base of the forehead and a line
along the side of the crown black, succeeded by a broad eyebrow of
white, as also is the upper edge of the eyelid ; the remainder of the
eyelid, lores, and ear-coverts black ; sides of neck washed with
rufous ; cheeks, throat, and underparts white ; the flanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts olive-brown like the back ; the sides of the
breast and sides of chest obscurely streaked with white, many of
the feathers being white on their outer webs ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries like the sides of the breast, the former somewhat
more ashy ; quiUs dusky brown below, ashy fulvous along the

21. rOMATURHIMJS. 415

margin of the inner web ; " iris brownish red, dull red, or reddish
brown ; orbital skin and eyelid dull blue ; bill gamboge-yellow,
more or less blackish from the forehead to a short distance in front
of the nostril ; legs and feet plumbeous or greenish plumbeous ; feet
generally more bluish than tarsi ; claws dusky, pale horn at base "
(IF. V. Li'iigi'). Total length 8 inches, cijmen 1-1, wing 3"5,
tail 3-G, tarsus 1-2.

Yomuj. A bird in nest plumage, shot at Nuwara EUiya, is very
ferrugiuous above, and likewise on the sides of the chest and flanks ;
the head and ear-coverts are not so black as in the adult ; and the
white of the chest is very much contracted, and does not extend so
far down on the breast. The bill is much straighter tlian in the
adult.

The sexes are alike in plumage, according to Captain Lcgge, who
states, however, that the bill varies in length and curvature accord-
ing to age. Captain Wardlaw Kamsay, in his paper on the present
genus, published in the 'Ibis" for 1878, calls attention to the dif-
ference in colour which is shown by specimens of the pi'esent species ;
and on looking over his series, as well as that in the collection of
the Eriti.sh Museum, it would seem that two races, one olivaceous
in tint and the other rust j--coloured, can be distinguished; but
Captain Lcgge enters fullj' into this subject in his book on the
Birds of Ceylon, and finds " that a gradation from the plumage of
the most ferruginous birds, which come from the damp districts of
the south, where moist climate and heat are combined, to that of
hill birds from the upper zone is verj' perfect, a complete sequence
being obtainable on going up " through the wilderness of the Peak
from the low-lying portion of 8afiragam to the Horton plains."' His
remarks on this subject are well worthy of perusal.

Hull. Peculiar to Ceylon, where it is distributed throughout the
central and southern bills.

a, h. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Hugh Cuming, Esq.

c. Ad. sk. Cevlon. E. L. Lavard, Esq. [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Ceyluu. Dr. Kelaart [P.].
e,f. Ad. sk. Nuwara Eliya. Mr. E. Boate [C.].

g. J ad. sk. Pusiwella, Dec. 19, 1865 Marquis of Tweeddale [P.J

(Chapman),

h. Ad. sk. Ceylon (Laurie). Capt. Vincent Le^^e [P.

i. 2 ad. sk. Buddyamma, Dec. 12,1871. Capt. Vincent Legge [P.'

h. S ad. sk. Saffragam, Aug. 19, 1876. Capt. \'iucent Legge [P.'

/. (S ad. sk. Bandarawella,Mayl8,1876. Capt. Vincent Legge fP."

m. 2 ad. sk. South Ceylon,June 29, 1872. Capt. Vincent Legge [P.'.

5. Pomatorhinus horsfieldii.

Pomatorhinus horsfieldi, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 89 ; id. J. A. S. Beny.
iii. p. 5a7 (18:34) ; Jcrd. Madr. Joum. x. p. 25G (1839) ; Blyth, J.
A. S. Beng. xi. p. 175 (1842), xii. p. 946 (1843) ; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 229 (1846): Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 146 (1849); £p.
Consp. i. p. 220 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. llein. Th. i. p. 84 (1850) ; Horsf.
Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. ji. 234 (18C4) : Jerd. B. Ltd. li.

41 G TTMETJID.'E.

p. 31 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-/. B. i. p. 1>77, no. 4084 (1860) ; Ball, Sir.
F. 1874, p. 409; Morqan, IMs, 1875, p. 320; Bourd. Sir. F. 1876,
p. 399 ; JVardkuv Rainmi/, Ibis, 1878, p. 137 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879,
p. 96.

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, the ■wing-coverta
like the back ; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts a little
more ashy than the back ; qnills dark brown, externally dull olive-
brown ; tail-feathers dark bj'own, washed with olive-brown near
the base and on the outer web, with indistinct dusky bars under
certain lights ; head darker than the back, being dark iimbei'-
brown, the feathers with blackish tips ; on each side of the crown
a line of black, succeeded by a very distinct white eyebrow, which
extends from the base of the bill to the sides of the hind neck ;
upper edge of eyelid white, the remainder black like the adjoining
lores and ear-coverts, the hindermost of the latter slightly browner ;
sides of neck behiud the ear- coverts black, narrowly streaked with
white ; checks and under surface of body pure white, except on the
lower abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail- coverts, which are
dark olive-brown ; the sides of the fore neck and of the chest and
breast black, fringing the white neck and breast, the feathers
either externally white or streaked with white ; under wing-covcrts
and axillaries dark olive-brown : quills dusky below, rather more
ashy along the margin of the inner web ; " bill yellow, basal half of
maxilla dark brown ; legs dusky green ; iris red-brown " {It. G. Ward-
law Ramsay). Total length 9-2 inches, culmcn 1-2, wing 3*75, tail
4, tarsus VA.

Hab. Southern India ; breeding on the Nilgherries and in the
Travancore hills. It extends into Central India, having been
procured in Cuttack, but was not found by Mr. Ball in Chota
Nagpore.

a, h. Ad. sk. Deccan {Sykes)*. India Museum. (Types of

species. )

c, d. Ad. sk. Nilgherris. India Museum.

e. 2 ad. sk. Mynall, Travancore, F. C. Bourdillon, Esq. [C.].

Dec. 15, 1879.

/. 2 ad. sk. Mynall, Apr. 20, 1880. F. C. Bourdillon, Esq. [C.].

g. Ad. St. South India.

Subsp. a. Pomatorhinus obscurus.

Pomatorhinus obscurus, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 7 ; Butler, Str. F.

1875, p. 471; IFardlaw Ramsay, Ibis. 1878, p. 137; Butler, Cat.

B. ofSind ^-c. p. 29 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96.
Pomatorhinus horstieldi, Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 265 {nee Sykes).

Adult male. Similar to P. hor-ificldi, but lighter and more ashy
olive-brown ; the black on the head and on the sides of the breast
and sides of neck not so strongly marked, and the flanks rather
lighter ashy than in that species : " bill ivory-yellow, horny at base

* See note to P. dhsciirus.

21, POMATOEHTNUS. 417

of upper mandible ; legs olivaceous slate; iris dark reddish brown "
(Butler). Total length 8-8 inches, culmcn 1-25, wing 3-7, tail 3-8,
tarsus 1"3.

Ohs. The t3^pes of P. horsfield'd of Sykes appear to me to belong
to the pale race (P. ohscurus, Hume), in which case the dark Tra-
vancore birds would require a new name. The typical specimens,
however, are so faded from long exposure to the light that I do
not like to refer them positively to the pale form.

05s. Although Mr. Hume has separated this species as distinct
from P. liorsjieldii, I cannot see that it is any thing more than a
race ; and occasionally specimens come so close to the typical P. hors-
field'd that it is difficult to find any ground for separating them.
The Travancore specimens of the latter vary almost as much in the
direction of a dark race as P. ohscurus does towards a light one.

Hah. Replaces the foregoing species in South-western India,
ranging from the neighbourhood of Khandala as far northwards as
Mount Aboo.

a, b. Ad. sk. [S.W. India.] T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. [S.W. India (Jerdon).'] Gould Collection.

d. (S ad. sk. Matheran, Bombay, Jan. 21, Major Hayes Lloyd [P.].

1872.

6. Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps.

Pomatorbinus ochraceiceps, Tf'cdden, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)
xii. p. 487 (1873) ; id. in Bh/tJis B. Burm. p. 113 (1875); Hume,
Str. F. 1875, p. 282 ; Wardlaw Banisai/, Ibis, 1877 , p. 46o,pl. xiii. ;
id. Ibis, 1878, p. 136 ; Hume S,' Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 281 ;
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 96 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. 73 (1883).

Adult male (Karen-nee, March 187-1 ; R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay).
General colour above bright ochraceous brown, richer and inclining
to reddish ochre on the head and nape ; wing-coverts like the back ;
quills dusky brown, externally reddish ochre ; tail-feathers dark
brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, washed on the
outer webs with olive-brown, the centre feathers almost entirely of
the latter colour ; a distinct white eyebrow extending from the base
of the ))iU to the sides of the nape ; lores and extreme base of fore-
head, feathers around and below the eye black, extending onto the
foro part of the ear-coverts, which are otherwise chestnut-brown ;
cheeks and under surface of the body white ; the sides of the breast
and flanks, as well as the thighs, hght ochraceous brown ; under
tail-coverts olive-brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale
reddish ; edge of the wing ashy grey ; lower series of wing-coverts
more dusky ; quills dusky brown below, light rufous along the
inner web ; " bill coral-red, with a considerable tinge of orange ;
legs greenish ; iris pale straw-yellow " (II. G. Wardlaw Eamsai/).
Total length 9-u inches, culmcn 1-45, wing 3-(i, tail 4-4, tarsus 1-3.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little lighter on the
back ; " legs, feet, and claws pale dingy green or greenish brown ;

VOL. VII. 2 E

418 TIMELnD^.

bill pale bright vermiliou-red ; shelf of nostrils black ; irides
varying from pale greyish brown, very pale yellowish red, light
Indian red and imikish yellow " (Davison). Total length 8'o inches,
culmen 1-25, wing 3-4, tail 4-2, tarsus 1-3. (Mus. R. G. W. B.)

Hub. Karen hills in Burmah, and Mooleyit, further south in the
same range of hills in Tenasserim.

a. Ad. sk. Kareu-nee. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

b. (S ad. sk. Kareu-nee, March 14, Capt. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay

1874.

apt. R
[C.].

7. Pomatorlimus austeni.
Pomatorhinus austeni, Hume, Str. F. 1881, p. 152.

Lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts black, brownish on the latter ; a
long narrow pure white supercilium from the nares nearly to the
nape ; entire upper surface a duU earthy olive-brown, only on the
head and just behind the car-coverts a faint ochraceous tinge ;
chin, throat, breast, and abdomen pure white ; flanks, sides, vent,
and lower tail-coverts the same dull earthy olive-brown, with a
faint butfy tinge on the sides of the breast ; legs and feet pale grey-
brown with a duU green shade, or greyish olive ; claws light brown
or horny yellow, brownish towards tips ; soles yellowish ; bill coral-
red to orange-vermilion ; irides pale buff, or very pale orange, or
white with an orange tint (Hume.)

Male. Length 10"2 inches, tail 4-5, wing 3'66, tarsus 1-26.

Female. Length 10 inches, tail 4-75, wing 3'5, tarsus 2'3. (Hume.)

Hob. Munipur hills.

8. Pomatorhinus temporalis.

? Frivolous Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn., Suppl. ii. p. 186 (1801), undk
? Tmdus frivolus, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. xliii (1801) ; Gray, Ann. Sf

May. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 192 (184-3).
Pomatorhinus temporahs, Viy. Sf Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. -3.30

(1826) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 229 (1846) ; Sturt, Exp. Centr. Atistr.

ii. Aj}]). p. 32 (1849) ; Gould, B. Austr. fol. iv. pi. 20 (1848) ; Bh/th,

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 146 (1849); Beichmb. Vor/. Neuholl.

p. 217 (1850); Bj}. Consp. i. p. 220 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 278, no. 4097 (1869).
Pomatorhinus trivirgatus, Temm. PI. Col. iv. pi. 443 (1828).
Pomatorhinus frivolus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 229 (1846).
Pomatostomus temporahs, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 83 (1850) ;

Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 479 (1865) ; Ranisny, Proc. Linn.

Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 188 (1878). ■

Adult male. General colour above greyish brown, deepening into
blackish brown on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ;
centre of crown very light greyish, bordered on each side by a very
broad band of dull white drawn from the base of the forehead to
the sides of the nape ; wings brown, the lesser coverts ashy like the
back, the remainder of the coverts and the quills with obscure edges
of paler brown or ashy brown, the iuuer webs rufous for a great

21, poMATOKHnnrs. 419

part of their extent, dark brown at the ends ; tail blackish brown,
tipped with white, increasing in extent towards the outer feathers,
which haye very broad ends ; lores, eyelid, and ear-coverts dull
ashy brown, greyer on the latter ; cheeks, throat, and breast dull
white, the sides of the breast dull rufous, deepening into brown on
the flanks and thighs, and becoming blackish on the under tail-
coverts, which have white ends ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
rufous-brown slightly washed with grey : wing-lining rufous ;
" biU blackish olive-brown, except the basal portion of the lower
mandible, which is greyish white ; feet blackish brown ; iris straw-
yellow " {Gould). Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 4-65,
tail 4-9, tarsus 1*4.

Adult female. Similar to the male in coloration, but smaller in
the bill and tarsus. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-65,
tail 4-7, tarsus 1-25.

Youwf birds have the iris brown (Gould).

Hah. The whole of Western Australia, from Hockingham Bay
down to Kew South Wales, and is found also in South Australia and
Victoria. Though not yet recorded from Cape York, it occurs in the
Gulf of Carpentaria.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.].

(Type of species.)

b. S ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir T. ISIitcheU [P.].

e. § ad, sk. Dobbo, New South Wales, Australian Musemn [P.].

July 1876 (Hearn).

f. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Collection.

g. Ad. sk. Moretou Bay {F. Strange). Gould Collection.

h,i. Ad.sk. Queensland (</. T. Cockerell). F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.],

9, Poinatorhinxis superciliosus.

Pomatorhinus superciliosus, Vig. <§• Sorsf. Trans. Linn. Sac. xv.

p. 330 (1825) ; Grag, Gen. B. i. p. 229 "(1840) ; Gould, B. Austr.

fol. iv. pi. 22 (1848) ; Sturt, Exp. Centr. Austr. ii., App. p. 32

(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 220 (ISoO) ; Reichenb. Voe/. Neuholl.

p. 120 (1850) ; Tlorsf. l^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 236

(1854) ; Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4099 (1869).
Pomatostoraus superciliosus, Cab. Mug. Hem. Th. i. p. 84 (1850) ;

Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 482 (1865) ; Bamsag, Proc. Linn.

Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 188 (1878).

Adult male. General colour above duU ashy brown, the feathers
being brown with ashy margins ; tail-feathers brown, the middle
ones narrowly tipped with white, gradually increasing in extent
towards the outermost, which have broad white endings ; wings
brown, the coverts and quills edged with ashy brown, a little more
rufescent on the quills ; head like the back, the forehead slightly
mottled -with paler tips of fulvous-brown ; from the baso of the
nostrils to the sides of the nape a broad white eye-streak, fringed

2e2

420 TIMELnDJE.

on its upper margin by a narrow border of black ; lores, feathers
round the eye, and ear-coverts dark brown, blackish in front of
the eye; cheeks, throat, and breast white, more or less washed
with brown on the latter ; sides of body ashy brown, more or
less tinged with fawn-colour, the lower flanks, under tail- coverts,
and vent darker brown ; under wing-coverts ashy brown, the
greater series slightly washed with rufous ; quills dark brown
below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web ; " bill blackish
brown, the lower part of the under mandible greyish white ; feet
blackish brown; iris straw-yellow" (Gould). Total length 7'5
inches, culmen 1, wing 3-05, tail 3, tarsus 1.

The sexes, as well as the young, so closelj' resemble each other
that they can only be distinguished by the aid of dissection. In the
young the iris is brown (Gould).

Hah. Southern Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales, ex-
tending into the interior. It ranges iip the east coast as far as
Rockingham Bay, though it has not yet been recorded from the
Richmond and Clarence-river district, nor from the Cape-York
peninsula. It appears again in the Gulf of Carpentaria and reaches
as far as Port Darwin and Port Essington ; and it is found also in
Western Australia.

a. Ad. sk. " South coast of New HoUand," Liuneau Society [P.].

1802. (Type of species.)

h. S ad. sk. Murray river, South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.].

d. Ad. sk. New South Wales. J. Gould, Esq.

e. Juv. sk. New South Wales. Gould Collection.
/. Ad. sk. AustraUa. Gould Collection.

g. Ad. St. South Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [C.].

h,i,k. Ad. sk. South Australia. F. D. Godmau and 0. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].

10. Pomatorhinus ruiiceps.

Pomatorhiuus ruficeps, Hartl. J. f. O. 1853, p. 31 ; Gould, B. Austr.,
Suppl. pi. 08; Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4101 (1869).

Pomatostomus ruficeps, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 484 (1865) ;
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. iV". S. W. ii. p. 188 (1878).

Adult. General colour above ashy grey, slightly mottled in
appearance, the feathers being brown with ashy-grey margins ;
upper tail-coverts brown, narrowly edged with grey ; wing-coverts
like the back and margined with grey in the same manner ; the
median and greater sei'ies with white margins, forming two narrow
bars across the wing ; quills brown ; tail-feathers blackish, tipped
with white, more broadly towards the outer ones, the centre feathers
browner and not tijjped with white ; head chestnut, bordered with
a narrow line of black along the side of the crown, this being
separated from the ear-coverts by a broad white eyebrow extending
from the base of the biU to the sides of the hind neck ; eyelid white
above, blackish brown on the remainder of the circlet where it
adjoins the lores and ear-coverts, which are also blackish brown ; the

21. POMATOKHrN'TTS. 421

ear-coverts rather lighter brown, extending onto the sides of the
neck ; cheeks and under surface of body white, with a line of black
fringing the fore neck and chest, the sides of the breast washed with
rufous ; sides of body ashy brown, greyer on the flanks, which are
obscured with white tips to some of the feathers ; under tail-coverts
dull ashy, tipped with white ; azillaries and under wing- coverts
ashy, the lower scries tipi^ed with chestnut, those near the edge of
the wing ashy brown edged with white ; quills light brown below,
ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length 9-3 inches,
culinen 1-2, wing 3-5, tail 3-75, tarsus 1"15.

Hah. Interior of South AustraUa, Victoria, and New South
Wales.

a, 6. Ad. sk. Interior of Victoria (i^' Co//), Gould Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Burke, river Darling {Dr. Gould CoUection.

Pechen),

d, e,f. Ad. sk, South Australia. F. D. Godman and 0.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

11. PomatorMnus rubectilus.

Pomatorhinus rubeculus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 144 ; Gray, Gen,

B. i, p. 229 (1846) ; Gould, B. Austr. fol. iv. pi. 21 (1848) ; Eeichen.

Voff. Neulwll. p. 121 (1850) ; Bj). Consp. i. p, 220 (1850) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4098 (1869),
Pomatostomus rubeculus, Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 83, note (1850) ;

Gould, Handh. B. Austr. i, p. 481 (1865) ; Ramsay, Proc, Linn.

Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 188 (1878),

Adult. Above dark chocolate-brown, gradually deepening into
blackish on the lower back and rump ; the upper tail-coverts and
tail black, the latter tipped with white, which increases in extent
towards the outermost feathers ; wings brown, with slight remains
of rufescent edges to the wing-coverts and near the tips of the outer
webs of the primaries ; all the qiiills fawn-coloured on the inner
webs, this colour more extended on the primaries, which are brown
only at the tips of the inner webs ; centre of the crown having a
narrow longitudinal band of chocolate-brown, bordered on each side
by a very broad band of creamy white ; lores, feathers round the
eye, and ear-coverts blackish brown, the latter somewhat washed
with ashy ; cheeks and upper throat white, the lower throat gra-
dually inclining to rusty rufous on the fore neck and chest, which
deepens into rufous-brown on the breast and into blackish on the
lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts, the latter being
obscurely margined with rufous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
rufous-brown with darker brown tips ; quill-lining deep fawn-
colour below ; " bill blackish grey, becoming paler at the base ;
legs and feet greenish grey; iris straw-yellow "(Gould). Total
length 9-5 inches, culmen 1, wing 3-7, tail 4-1, tarsus I'lo.

Hub. Northern and North-western Australia, and extending
down the western coast as far as Champion Bay.

422

a. Ad. sk.

TIMELIID^.

Purchased.

J. R. Elsey,Esq. [P.].

J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.].

Cliainpion Bay, W. Aus-
tralia.
b, c, c? $ ad. sk. Depot, Victoria river, Dec.
1855.

d. cJ ad. sk. N.W. Australia, Jan. 14,

1856.

e. d ad. sk. N.W. Australia, Oct. 16, J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.].

1856.
/. Ad. sk. N.W. Australia. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.].

g. Ad. st. Port Essiiigtori. Capt. Chambers [P.].

h,i. Ad.sk. N. Australia (/. 7". CocA-ere^O- ^- D. Godman and 0.

Sahin, Esqrs. [P.].

12. Pomatorhinus ferruginosus.

Pomatorhinus ferruginosus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mtis., Passeres,
App. pi. 92 (no. 967) ; Bbjth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 597 (1845) ;
id. op. cit. xvi. p. 452 (1847) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 146
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 220 (1854); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 29
(1803) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4090 (1869) ; Wardlaw
Mamsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 134, pi. iv. fig. 1 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879,
p. 96 ; Scully, t. c. p. 288.

Pomatorhinus rubiginosus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 273
(1855).

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown ; wingr-coverts like
the back ; quills brown on the inner web, dull reddish brown exter-
nally ; tail-feathers light brown, with dusky bars under certain
lights, and washed with olive-brown on the edges ; crown of head
and nape black, relieved by a broad white eyebrow extending to the
sides of the nape, and ornamented above the lores by a tuft of
chestnut-tipped plumes; lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-
coverts black : cheeks, chin, and upper throa^ white : lower throat,
fore neck, and chest bright orange-chestnut, fading-off paler in the
centre of the breast; sides of body, abdomen, thighs, and iinder tail-
coverts olivaceous brown slightly tinged with rufous ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries olive-brown ; quills dusky brown below, pale
rufous along the margin of the inner web ; " bill coral-red ; legs
greenish brown; iris red-brown " (Jerdon). Totalleugth 7*5 inches,
culmen 1"2, wing 3"4, tail 3'7, tarsus 1"35.

Hub. Eastern Himalayas.

a. Ad. sk.

b, c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

f. Ad. sk.

Darjiling.

Darjiling.

Native Sikhim {Mandelli).

Native SiHiim {Mandelli) .

Nepal.

Gould Collection.
A. 0. llurne, Esq.

A. 0. Hume, Esq.

H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

13. Pomatorhinus pliayrii.

Pomatorhinus phayrii, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 452 (1847) ; id.
Cat. B. 3Ius. As. Soc. p.' 146 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 220 (1850) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4102 (1869) ; Godioin- Austen, J.
A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 103 (1870) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 301 ; Ward-

21. POMATORHINTIS. 423

Imc Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 135, pi. iv. fig. 2'; Hume 8,- Davison,
Str. F. 1878, vol. i. pp. 279, 515 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 96 ; Oates,
B. Br. Bunn. p. 73 (1883).

Adult. General colour above olivaceous brown, the head of the
same colour as the back ; wing-coverts also like the back ; quills
dusk)-, externally like the back ; the secondaries slightly washed
with rufous ; tail-feathers light brown, washed with olive-brown on
their margins ; extreme base of forehead black, as also a line along
the sides of the crown, separating from the latter a very broad and
distinct eyebrow ; lores also white, surrounded with black ; eyelid,
feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts black ; cheeks white ; under
surface of the body light tawny rufous, except the chin and upper
throat, which are white slightly washed with yellow ; flanks and
under tail-coverts olive-brown ; thighs like the breast, but duller ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts pale olive-brown ; quills dark
brown below, fiilvous along the edge of the inner web ; " iris pale
yellow" (Godwin-Austen). Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*2,
wing 3*6, tail 4'1, tarsus 1*3.

Hab. Arakau, extending to the Khasia hUls and ITunipur. Its
occurrence, as reported, in the Eastern Himalayas and in Tenasserim
is very doubtful.

a. Ad. sk. Khasia hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

14. Pomatorliiiius albigularis.

Pomatorhinus albogularis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 274 (1855) ;

Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4894 (1869) ; Blyth Sf Wald. B.

Bunn. p. 113 (1875) ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 136 ; Wardlaio

Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 135, pi. v. fig. 1 ; Hume 4' Davison, Str. F.

1878, vol. i. p. 281 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96 ; Oates, B. Brit.

Burm. p. 74 (1883).
Pomatorhinus marite, Wald. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xv. p. 403

(1875) ; id. B. Burm. p. 113 (1875) ; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 404;

id. Sj- Davison, Str. F. 1878, i. p. 280.

Adult female (Karen hills, April 1875; E. G. Wardlaw Ramsay).
General colour above fulvescent olive-brown ; the wing-coverts like
the back ; the quills dusky brown, externally reddish brown, paler on
the outer webs of the primaries : upper tail-coverts slightly darker
than the back ; tail-feathers umber-brown, barred with dusky under
certain lights and shaded with reddish brown on their margins ;
crown of head a little more reddish brown than the back ; extreme
base of forehead black, continued in a narrow line along the sides of
the crown to the nape, and skirting a conspicuous white eyebrow ;
lores also white ; feathers round the eye, eyelid, and ear-coverts
black ; cheeks and throat white ; remainder of under surface light
ochraceous buff : the sides of breast and flanks olivaceous brown ;
thighs pale tawny ; under tail-coverts olivaceous brown ; axillaries
like the sides of the breast ; under wing-coverts pale tawny buff ; the
lower series brown ; edge of wing ashy grey ; lower series of quills
dusky brown, pale rufous along the edge of the inner web; "bill

424

TIMELUDJJ.

Termilioii-red ; legs and feet pale greenish brown, sometimes a
dingy broTrnisla green ; iris creamy ■white " (Davison). Total length
9 inches, cnlmen l-lo, wing 3-7, tail 4"1, tarsus 1"3. (J/»s. li. G.
Wardlaw Hamsco/.)

Hah. Tenasserim hills at 5000 to 6000 feet, extending to the
Karen hills.

15. Pomatorhinns stenorhynchus.

Pomatorhinus stenorhynclius, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlvi.
p. 43 (1877) ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 342 ; Wardlatc Ramsay,
Ibis, 1878, p. 135, pi. v. fig. 2; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96.

Adult male. General colour above Hght ochraceous olive-brown ;
the head like the back, but rather richer ochraceous ; wing-coverts
like the back, those near the edge of the wing somewhat washed
with ashy ; quills dusky, externally like the back ; tail-feathers dark
olive-brown, obscurely barred with dusky under certain lights and
washed on their margins with the same colour as the back ; a broad
white eyebrow from the base of the forehead reaching nearly to the
occiput, but not fringed above by a line of black on the sides of the
crown ; lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts black, not ex-
tending onto the sides of the neck ; cheeks and throat white, fading on
the latter into the light fulvous of the uuderparts ; the abdomen whiter ;
the sides of the body a little deeper than the breast, and inclining to
tawny; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts olive-brown; under
wing-coverts and axillaries very light reddish ; the edge of the wing
ashy ; quills dark brown below, with a light margin along the edge
of the inner web ; " legs and feet horny grey ; bill bright orange-red "
(God win- Austen). Total length 8'5 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 3"7,
tail 4-1, tarsus 1-2. (Mus. B. G. Wardlaw Eamsay.)

Hah. Upper Assam,

16. Pomatorhinus musicus.

Pomatorhiuus musicus, Sicinh. Journ. K. China Branch As. Soc. ii.
p. 228 (1859) ; id. Ibis, 1860, p. 360, 1863, p. 284, pi. vi. ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4088 (1869) ; Swi7di. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 370 ;
Wttrdlaio Ramsaij, Ibis, 1878, Tp. 139; David S,- Oustalet, Ois. Chine,
p. 185 (1877).

Adxdt male. General colour above olive-broAvn ; the head ashy
grey, separated from the back by a bright rufous collar, which occupies
the nape and hind neck ; the wing-coverts like the back, the bastard-
wing feathers and primary-coverts duU ashy brown ; greater coverts
and quills ashy brown, edged with the same colour as the back, a
little more rufcscent-brown on the margins of the secondaries ; tail-
feathers dusky brown, washed with olive-brown near the base ; fore-
head dusky blackish, slightly streaked with white ; a very distiuct
eyebrow extending from the base of the bill to the sides of the nape ;
lores, feathers round and below the eye, as well as oar-coverts
black; the upper edge of the eyelid, adjoining the eyebrow, white;
cheeks and throat white ; fore neck white, with broad central streaks

21. poiiATOEHrsrs. 425

of bro-mi ; centre of breast and abdomen white, the latter streaked -mth
reddish brown ; the sides of the body tawny buff, shading off into olive-
brown on the flanks ; thighs ashy brown ; under taU-coverts olive-
brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts olive-brown, the latter a
little more reddish ; the lower series duU ashy brown Uke the under
surface of the quills, which are ashy fulvous along the edge of the
inner web ; '•' upper mandible brownish black, under and apical
edge of iipper half flesh-white with a wash of lemon, inside of
mouth pale lemon flesh-colour ; legs dusky leaden gi'ey, whitish on
edge of scales, and claws and toes dingy ochreous grey " (Sivinhoe).
Total length 7'3 inches, culmen 1, wing 3-35, tail 3-4, tarsus
1-35.

Considerable difference is shown in the plimiage of this bird in a
series of specimens. Some are more ashy on the head and back
than others ; and certain individuals have the latter rufous-brown,
while the head is also washed with rufous-brown. Again, the black
streaks vary very much in breadth on the breast, and are much
browner in some individuals than in others.

Hub. Formosa.

a. Ad. sk. Takow, Formosa. E. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

b. Ad. sk. Takow (J. B. Steere). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
e, d. Ad. sk. N. Formosa (It. Sicinhoe). F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

viu, Esqrs. [P.].
e,f. Ad. sk. N. Formosa {R. Swinhoe) Gould Collection.
^,^. Ad. sk. N. Formosa (i?. iSiCTK^oe). Hemy Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

Pomatorhinus nigi-ostellatus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 250 ; id. P. Z. S.
1871, p. o71 ; Wardlaiv Hamsai/, Ibis, 1878, p. 139 ;

17. Pomatorhinus nigrostellatus.

. 250 ; id

David 8f
Oustakt, Ois. Chine, p. 186 (1877).

Adult. General colour above reddish olive-brown, the head like
the back, from which it is separated by a tolerably well-marked
rufous collar ; wing-coverts like the back, but slightly more olive-
brown ; the bastard-wing feathers and primary- coverts somewhat
more ashy ; quills dusky brown, externally like the back, the mar-
gins to the primaries somewhat paler ; tail-feathers dusky brown,
with indistinct cross bars under certain lights, the middle feathers
washed with olive-brown, as also the others on their margins ; a
very distinct white eyebrow from the base of the bill to the sides of
the nape ; lores and lower margin of eyelid black ; cheeks and throat
white ; lower throat, fore neck, and chest white, thickly streaked
with blackish centres to the feathers ; breast chestnut with whitish
margins to the feathers, broader on the abdomen, where the centres
of the feathers are reddish brown ; flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts ohve-brown, the former washed with rufous ; axillaries
rufous, margined with white ; under wing-coverts ashy brown ;
quills dusky brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner
web ; " bill pale ycUow, brownish black on the basal half of the

426 TTMELnD^.

culmcn; legs and feet leaden grey; irisyellowisli"(;S'iyMi7ioe). Total
length 6-1 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 2-9, tarsus I'l. {Mus. R. G.
Warcdaiv Bamsaj/.)
Hah. Island of Hainan.

18. Pomatorhinus ruficollis.

Pomatorliimis ruticollis, Hodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 182 (1836);

id. Icon. ined. in. Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 183 (no. 239), 184.

fig. 3 ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 175 (1842) ; Hodgs. in Gray's

Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres.

Hodqs. p. 86 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 229 (1846) ; Bh/th, Cat.

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 147 (1849) ; Bjj. Consp. i. p. 220 (1850) ; Cab.

Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 84 (1850) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.l. Co.

Mus. i. p. 236 (1854) ; Jcrd. B. Ind. ii. p. 29 (1863) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, n. 4085 (1869) ; David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine,

p. 186 (1877) ; Wardknv Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 138 ; Hume,

Str. F. 1879, p. 96 ; Scully, t. c. p. 287.
Pomatorhinus stridulus, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 265; id. P. Z. S.

1863, p. 278 ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4096 (1869) ; Swinh.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 371.
Adidt male. General colour above fulvous-brown, rather olivaceous
in tint, the head more dusky brown, the neck chestnut-rufous all
round, especially on the sides, forming an indistinct coUar ; wings
resembling the back, the outer coverts slightly greyish, the primaries
washed with olive externally ; tail brown, waved with dusky bars
under certain lights, and washed with olive on the outer margin ;
a very broad white eyebrow from the base of the biU to the sides of
the nape ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts black ; cheeks and
entire throat white, the former tipped with yellowish-brown edgings
to the feathers ; breast also whitish, broadly streaked with yellowish
brown, the shaft-streak of each plume very distinctly white ; sides
of body olive fiilvous-browu, as well as thighs and under tail- and
wing-coverts, the latter slightly more rufous : " bill horny yellow,
paler at tip, and the base of the maxilla and basal three fourths of
culmen brownish black ; feet grey or greenish plumbeous ; claws
brownish horny ; eyelid plumbeous ; iris varying from pale red to
crimson '' (ScuUi/). Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 3-15,
taU 3-7, tarsus 1-2.

Youmj. Much yellower and more tawny than the adult, the head
rufescent, and the sides of the neck bright foxy red ; forehead also
foxy red ; cheeks and chin white ; the throat and breast tawny
fulvous, inclining to olive-brown on the abdomen and sides of the
body ; a broad white eyebrow ; ear-coverts blackish, inclining to
tawny rufous on their hinder margin ; lores and feathers under the
eyes black.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, extending into Bootan and the Khasia
hiUs ; throughout the hills of Southern China to the river Hoang-ho.

a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of species.)
c, d, e,f. Ad. ; Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

g. Juv. sk.

21. POMATOEHTNTJS,

h, i, k. Ad. sk.
I. Ad. St.
m, n. Ad. sk.

Nepal (Hodgson).

Nepal.

Daijiling.

0. Ad. sk.

Ih 9.- <S 2 ^^- sk.
r, s. Ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.

Darjiling (Mandelli).

Sikliim.

Bootan {Pemherton).

Cliuug-king, Szechuen,

May 29, 1869 {R.

Sivinhoe).

427

India Museum.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

Mai or C. H. T. MarshaU

[P.].
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].
A. 0. Hume, Esq.
India Museum.
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

19, Pomatorhiuus erythrocnemis.

Pomatorhiuus erytbrocnemis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1802, p. 281 ; id. B.
Asia, part xvi. ; Swinh. /&/*% 1863, p. 286; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 278, no. 4089 (1869); Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 370; David ^
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 182 (1877) ; Wardlaiu Ramsay, Ibis, 1878,
p. 144.

Adtdt. General colour above chestnut-brown, a little more dusky
and tinged with olive on the hind neck and sides of neck ; wing-
coverts like the back ; quills brown, externally chestnut-brown like
the back ; tail-feathers brown, washed with chestnut-brown on the
outer webs ; head dull ashy brown, slightly washed with olive, the
base of the forehead chestnut, forming a patch on each side of the
bill ; lores fulvous, tipped with black ; eyelid and cheeks black, as
well as the feathers below the eye ; ear-coverts ashy brown, with a
red patch on the basal portion ; throat white ; fore neck and chest
white, very broadly streaked wiih black ; centre of breast and abdo-
men dull white ; the sides of the body olive-brown, strongly tinged
with fulvous on the sides of the breast ; the lower flanks rather
more reddish brown ; thighs olive-brown on the upper part, bright
chestnut on the lower ; under tail-coverts bright chestnut ; axillaries
olive-brown, the under wing-coverts more fulvescent ; lower series
ashy brown like the inner lining of the quills, which are slightly
rufescent along the margin of the inner web ; " biU blackish grey
with pale edges ; legs leaden grey, claws brownish ; iris light reddish
brown " (Siuinhoc). Total length 8-6 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 3-8,
tail 4, tarsus 1-5.

Hub. Island of Formosa.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

North Fonnosa, April 1862.
North Formosa {R. Siuinkoe).

c, d. Ad. sk. North Formosa (JR. Swivkoe).

R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
F. D. Godmau and O. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

20. PomatorMmis swinhoii.

Pomatorliinus swinhoii, David, Ann. Set. Xat xix. art. 9 (1874) ;
id. &■ Oustalct, Ois. Chine, p. 184 (1877) ; Wardlaio Ramsay, Ibis,
1878, p. 144.

Upper part of head olive-brown, with the centre of the feathers
dark brown ; upper part of neck and nape olive-rufous ; back and

428 TIMEMID^.

upper surface of the wings very bright chestnut-red ; tail rufous,
lightly sharled with olive ; forehead, eyebrow, and ear-coverts bright
rufous : lores and cheeks spotted with black ; ocular region white
on the hinder part, black anteriorly ; throat white, with some black
hairs on the middle, and at the sides of the black spots, not forming
a well-defined moustache ; upper part of the chest white or whitish,
with large black triangular spots which end higher up than in P.
macddlaiuU ; lower part of chest and abdomen ashy grey, with the
flank-feathers shaded with olive-rufous at the extremities ; under
tail-coverts dark chestnut-red ; tibial plumes greyish, shaded with
brown and rufous ; bill blackish brown, greyish at base ; feet brown,
claws grey with brown tips ; iris pale yellow. {David 6f Oustalet.)

Obs. Capt. Wardlaw Eamsay remarks : — " Of this species I have
not seen specimens ; but, judging from the plate and description in
the ' Oiseaux de la Chine,' it is doubtfully distinct from P. ery-
throcnemis, Gould (Ibis, 1878, p. 144), from which it appears to
differ chiefly in the iris being pale yellow."

Hah. S.E. China.

21. Pomatorhinus hypoleucus.

Orthorhinus hypoleucus, Blytli, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 371 (1844) ;
Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 31, 1879, p. 96, 1880, p. 253.

Pomatorhiuus hypoleucus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 597 (1845) ;
id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 146 (1849) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 220
(1850) ; Horsf. 8f Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 236 (1854) ;
Jerd. B. Ind. 'ii. p. 32 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4103
(1869) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. .301 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 113 (1875) ;
Godwin-Austen, Pr. A. S. Beng. 1877, p. 147 ; Wardlaiv Eamsay,
Ibis, 1878, p. 140 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. 75 (1883).

Pomatorhinus albicoUis, Gray ^ Mitch. Gen. B. i. p. 229, pi. 57
(1846, ex Horsf. MSS.).

Adult. General colour above brown, the head like the back;
wing-coverts also like the back, the greater coverts a little more
rufous ; quills dusky brown, externally dull rufous-brown ; tail-
feathers dusky brown, dull rufous-brown along the outer webs ;
lores dull ashy ; sides of face and ear-coverts dusky brown ; a line
of dull rufous feathers runniug behind the latter on the sides of the
neck, where it is a little more distinct ; cheeks, throat, and under-
parts white ; the sides of the chest and of the breast slaty grey,
varied with arrow-shaped longitudinal streaks and mavkings down
the feathers ; flanks olive-brown ; thighs dark ashy ; under tail-
coverts ferruginous ; axillarics and under wing-coverts ashy ; quills
ashy brown, lighter ashy ahmg the margin of the inner webs ;
" culmen and basal portion of the upper mandible horny blackish
brown ; tip and lateral portion of upper mandible (except at the
base) and greater portion of lower mandible pale whity brown or
greyish ; legs, feet, and claws pale " {Hume). Total length 10-5
inches, culmen 1-75, wing 4-15, tail 4, tarsus 1-65.

06s. Mr. Hume separates the Cachar bird as distinct from P. hypo-
leucus, and calls it P. inglisi, chiefly on account of the absence of

21. POMATORHINirS. 429

the rufous line behind the ear-coverts, no mention of which is raade
by Dr. Jerdon either in his description (' Ibis,' 1872, p. 801). The
rufous line is mentioned by Bljth in his original description of P.
hypoUums, and is present in all specimens examined by me from
Aracan, Cachar, and the Khasia hills; but in one bird from the
Garo hills it is absent, and this is the P. hijpoleucus of Jerdon (nee
Blyth)*. ^ The Cachar specimen in the Museum has the rufous line ;
but this is feebly developed in several others, and I doubt whether
the two species will be ultimately found to be distinct.
Hah. The Khasia hills and Cachar, extending to Aracan.

a Ad. sk. Khasia hiUs {Griffith)'^. India Museum.

6. Ad. sk. Aracan {As. Soc). India Museum,

e. cJ ad sk. Dilkovsha, Cachar, Feb. 28, 1879. J. Inglis, Esq. [C.].

Subsp. a. Pomatorhinus inglisi.

Orthorhinus inglisi, mime, Str. F. 1877, p. 31, 1879, p. 96.

Similar to P. hypoleiicus described above, but without the rufous
band behind the ear-coverts. Total length 10-5 inches, wing 4-1,
tail 3-9, tarsus 1-6. {Mus. H. H. Godiuin- Austen.)

Hah. Sikhim (?) to the Garo hiUs.

22. Pomatorhinus tickelli.

Pomatorhinus hypoleucus, Bbjth, J. A. S. Beni/. xxiv. p. 273 (1855)
Pomatorhinus tickelli, Mi/tk, MSS. ; TicMl, Ibis, 1863, p 11.3 •

Grcq/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4095 (1869) ; Wardlaiu Bamsay,

Ibis, 16,8, p. 142 ; Oafes, B. Brit. Bunn. p. 76 (1883).
Orthorhinus tickelli, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 32; id. ^ Davison, Str.

f- 18^8, p. 285; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96; Bingham, Str. F.

1880, p. 181 ; Hume, t. c. p. 253.

Adult male. General colour above warm olive-brown, the lesser
wing-coverts like the back, the greater series more distinctly rufous
externally ; primary-coverts and quills blackish, externally rufous,
the inner secondaries entirely reddish brown ; rump slightly more
ashy than the rest of the back ; ui^per tail-coverts reddish brown ;
tail-feathers deep chestnut-brown ; head and nape a trifle more olive
than the back, with a very distinct superciliary streak of ferruginous
feathers, mcsially streaked with creamy white ; lores and the fea-
thers round the eye ashy ; ear-coverts pale creamy brown, Avith a
large patch of bright ferruginous behind ; on the sides of the neck
a number of ovate longitudinal spots of creamv white, the hinder-
most being edged with black ; cheeks and under surface of body
creamy white, the flanks and thighs olive-brown, narrowly streaked
with bufiy whitish, the sides of the breast ashy grey, with a long
mesial streak of white laterally bordered with black; some of

* Cf. Wardlaw Eaiiisay, I, c.

t Erroneously stated to be from Afghanistan (Ilorsf. & Moore, I. c).

430 HMELIED^.

the adjoining breast-featliers edged with ashy grey ; thighs some-
what more ashy olive, with narrow white shaft-streaks ; under tail-
coverts bright chestnut ; axillarics ashy grey ; under wing-coverts
a little more olive-brown, the inner ones streaked with white ;
quills sepia-brown below, edged with ashy along the inner web ;
" bill horny, darker at base of upper mandible ; legs and feet fleshy
white; iris dark reddish browu" (Bi)u/ham MSS.), Total length
12 inches, culmen 1*85, wing 4"3, tail 4*45, tarsus 1"75.
Hah. Tenasserim.

a. cJ ad. sk. Houndraw valley, Tenasserim, Capt. Bingham [0.].
Feb. 2.3, 1882.

23, Pomatorhinus erythrogenys.

Pomatorhinus erythrogenys, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 173 ; Gould,
Cent. Himal. B. pi. 55 (1832) ; Blytli, J. A. 8. Beng. xi. p. 175
(1842), xii. p. 946 (1843) ; Hoclgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Pas-
seres, pis. 183, 184. fig. 1 (no. 237) ; id. in Graifs Zool. Misc.
p. 83 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 229 (1846) ; id. Cat. Ma7nm. etc.
Nepal pres. Ilodgs. p. 87 (1846) ; Hutton, J. A. S. Beng. xvii.
pt. 2, p. 10 (1848) ; Blyih, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 146 (1849) ;
Bp. Consj}. i. p. 220 (1850) ; Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 84 (1850) ;
Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 31 (186.3) ; Gray, liand-l. B. i. p. 277, no. 4082
(1869) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 301 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 251 (1872) ; Wold, in Blyth B. Burm. p. 113 (1875) ; Wardlaw
Bamsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 142 ; Anders. Zool. Exyed. Yunnan, Aves,
p. 634 (1878) ; mime, Str. F. 1879, p. 96 ; Scully, t. c. p. 288 ;
Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 75 (1883).^

Pomatorhinus ferrugilatus, Hodgs, Asiat. Research, xix. p. 180
(1836).

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, the head of the
same colour as the back ; wing-coverts like the back, the primary-
coverts a little more dusky ; quills dusky brown, externally like the
back, the primaries a little paler on the outer edge ; tail-feathers
diisky brown, barred across under certain lights, the edges of the
feathers olive-brown ; base of forehead bright chestnut-red, extend-
ing as a slightly paler eyebrow along the sides of the crown ; lores
ashy whitish ; eyelid dusky ; cheeks and ear-coverts bright chest-
nut-red, rather whiter near the base of the former, which is sepa-
rated from the throat by an indistinct moustachial streak of dusky
blackish ; throat and fore neck dull ashy, mottled with whitish
centres to the feathers ; centre of l:)reast and abdomen whitish ; the
sides of the body orange-rufous, the flanks more olive-brown ;
thighs and under tail-coverts bright chestnut-red ; axillarics pale
orange-rufous ; the under wing-coverts a little deeper in colour, the
lower series light ashy browu, like the inner lining of the quills,
which are ashy fulvous along the margin of the inner web ; " bill
dingy grey horny ; base of maxilla blackish, and base of mandible
greenish ; feet brownish fleshy ; claws brown horny ; iris yellowish
white or horny" {Scully). Total length 8-8 inches, culmen 1-3,
wing 3-55, tail 3-8, tarsus 1-35.

21. POMATORHXNTTS. 431

Young. More rufous than the adult, especially on the head, sca-
pulars, and upper tail-coverts ; the under surface is dull rufous,
except on the throat and centre of breast and abdomen, which are
whiter.

The specimen described is from Darjiling ; and on comparison with
examples from the N.W. Himalayas it appears at first sight to
be different on account of the greyish shade on the throat, this
being white in the latter. Although some of the birds from the
north-west occasionaUy show an ashy shade on their throat, there
can be no doubt that their general character is rather lighter than
those from the eastern Himalayas ; but Nepalese specimens show
great variation in the amount of ashy shading on the throat ; and so
it becomes impossible to separate them even into two races.

Hah. Entire range of the Himalayas, throughout the hills of
Eastern Bengal, reaching to Tenasserim.

a. c? ; b,c. $ N. W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

ad.sk. [P.].-

d. c? ad. sk. Miirree, Oct. 27, 1872. Major C. H. T. Marshall

[P.].

e,f. cJ 2 ad. sk. Simla, Sept. and Oct. A. 0. Hume, Esq.

g, h. Ad. sk. Kumaon {Stracheij). India Museiun.

i. (S ad. sk. Near Kotegurh, Dec. 4. A. O. Hume, Esq.

k. Ad. sk. Nepal valley, Aug. 2, 1877. Dr. Scully [P.].

I, m, n. 0. Ad. ; Nepal. " . B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
2). Juv. sk.

q. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museiun.

r. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Major C. H. T. Marshall

s. Ad. sk. Darjiliug. India Museum.

t. (S ad. sk. Darjiling. A. 0. Hume, Esq.

w, V. Ad. sk. Bootan [Pemherton). India Museum.

24. Pomatorhinus macclellaudi.

Pomatorhinus macclellaudi, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 32 (1863, descr.

nulla); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4092 (1869); Godioin-

Austen, J. A. S. Bern/. xxxLx. p. 104 (1870, descr. princ.) ; Jerd.

Ibis, 1872, p. 302 ; Wardknv Bamsay, His, 1878, p. 143 ; Hume,

Sir. F. 1875, p. 412, 1879, p. 96.
Pomatorhinus gravivox, David, Ann. 8ci. Nat. x^•iii. art. v. p. 2

(1873) ; id. ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 183, pi. 49 (1877).

Adult. General colour above dull olive-brown, a little clearer
brown on the head ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills brown, ex-
ternally a little more fulvous-brown than the back; tail-feathers
light brown, washed with olive-brown near the base ; lores duU
whitish, surmounted by a bright rufous base to the forehead ; eyelid
and feathers below the eye dusky ; ear-coverts and cheeks bright
rufous, the base of the cheeks mottled with white bases to the
feathers ; a tolerably broad moustachial streak of dusky blackish ;
throat and underpails white, the sides of the body olive-brown,
the thiffhs and under tail-coverts bright rufous ; fore neck and

432 TISIELIIB^.

chest witli triangular spots of duskj' olive-brown, becoming smaller
on the breast, tlie flanks somewhat varied with white outer webs
to some of the feathers ; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the
sides of breast ; quills duskj- brown below, light rufous along the
margin of the inner web. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1-15,
wing 3, tail 3, tarsus 1"35.

Hah. Assam and the hill-ranges of North-eastern Bengal, extend-
ing into Szechuen in Western China.

a. Ad. sk. Debrugbur, Assam (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

(Type of species.)

25, Pomatorhinus isidorii.

Pomatorhinus isidorii, Less. Voy. CoquiUe, Zool. i. p. 680, pi. 29.

fig. 2 (1826); id. Traite d'Orn. p. 309 (1831); Miill. Nat.

Gesch. Land- en Volkenk. p. 22 (1839-44); Bp. Consp. i. p. 220

(1850) ; Sclater, Proc. Linn. Soc. Zool. ii. p. 158 (1858) ; Gray,

P. Z. S. 1858, p. 102; id. Cat. B. New Guinea, pp. 27, 57 (1859) ;

id. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 156, 1860, p. 134; Finsch, Neu- Guinea,

p. 168 (1865) ; Salvad. Sf D' Albert. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii.

p. 826 (1875), X. p. 146 (1877) ; H Albert. 8f Salvad. op. cit. xiv.

p. 83 (1879) ; Salvad. op. cit. xvi. p. 187 (1880) ; id. Orn. Pa-

puasia ^-c. ii. p. 410 (1881).
Pomatorhinus geoflroyi, Less. Compl. Buff. p. 542 (1838) ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 229 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4100 (1869).
Pomatostomus isidori, Bp. C. It. xxxviii. p. 56 (1854) ; Ramsay,

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 391 (1876), iii. p. 112 (1878), iv.

p. 99 (1879).

Adult male (Dorey). General colour above dull earthy brown, the
upper tail-coverts and entire tail chestnut-red ; wings light rufous-
brown, the outer greater coverts, primary-coverts, and primaries
externally tawny rufous ; lores pale fulvous-brown ; entire sides of
face, a ring of plumes round the eye, and a slight superciliary
streak above the ear-coverts tawny buff; throat light tawny rufous,
deepening on the lower throat towards the breast, which is deeper
tawny rufous ; the under tail-coverts chestnut ; sides of lower flanks
and thighs dusky brown ; under wing-coverts like the breast ; quiUs
rufous below, inclining to dull brown towards their ends. Total
length 8-3 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-2, tail 4-7, tarsus 1-3.

Adult female (Mysol). Not to be distinguished from the male.
Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 4-55, tail 4*5, tarsus 1-35.

Hah. New Guinea and the adjacent islands.

a. Ad. sk. New Guinea. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

b. S ad. sk. Dorey, New Guinea. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.1.

e. Ad. sk. Port Moresby, S.E. New Mr. Kendall Broadbent [C].

Guinea.

d. Ad. sk. Astrolabe Mountains, Mr. A. Goldie [C.].

S.E. New Guinea.

e. Ad. sk. New Guinea (S. Miiller). Gould Collection.

/. Ad. sk. Waigiou. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.1.

g, h. ? ad. sk. Mysol. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

I

22. xiPHORHAMPnus. 433

22. XIPHORHAMPHUS.

Type.
Xiphorli3'nclius, Blyth, J. A. S. Bctir/. xi. p. 175 (1842,

nee Siuainson) X. superciliaris.

Xiphorhaniphus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 947

(1843) X. superciliaris.

llanr/e. Eastern Himalayas.

1. Xiphorhamphus superciliaris.

Xiphoiliyuclius superciliaris, Blyth, J. A. S. Bang. xi. p. \l^i (1842).

Xiphorhamphus superciliaris, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xii. p. 947 (1843);
id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 147 (1849) ; Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. pi. 49
(1849); Hodf/s. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, App. pi. 93
(no. 910) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 220 (1856); Rorsf. if Moore, Cat. B.
B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 238 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 33 (1863) ;
Hmne, Str. F. 1879, p. 96.

Pomatorhinus superciliaris, Grarf, Gen. B. i. p. 229 (1846) ; id.
Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4105 (1869).

Adult. General colour above olivaceous brown ; head and sides
of face dark slaty grey, rather blacker on the forehead and sides of
face : over the eye a superciliary streak of white, composed of
white-tipped feathers; wing-coverts ashy brown, the leathers edged
narrowly with rufous-brown ; quills dull brown, the primaries
externally ashy brown, the secondaries rufous-brown on the outer
webs ; tail-feathers dark brown, slightly washed with rufous-brown
near the base of the feathers : throat dark ashy grey, slightlj'
mottled with white, some of the feathers being edged with whitish ;
lower throat and remainder of under surface of body rusty rufous ;
under tail-coverts dark ochraceous brown ; thighs dark slaty grey ;
under wing-coverts dusky brown slightly washed with rusty, like
the breast, the axillaries more strongly washed ; quills du.sky
brown below, rufescent along the inner web ; "bill dusky black,
plumbeous at tip ; legs leaden brown ; iris red-brown " {Jerdon).
Total length 7'4 inches, culmen 2-1, wing 2-9, tail 3-3, tarsus 1-1.

Jlcdj. Sikhim.

a. b, c. Ad. sk. Sikhim. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]*.

d, ('. Ad. .'^k. Sikhim (Hodyson). India Museum.

/, y. Ad. St. Sikhim. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

* Registered from '• Nepal ; " but the speciiueus probably came from Sikliim.

434 TIMELIID^.

23. GARRULAX. n.^

Garrulax, Lesson, Traite (VOni. p. 647 (1831) G. belaugen.

GaiTulaxia, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. I'OtJ {lapsu).

Range. Hills of Ceylon and Southern India. Entire range of the
Himalayas, extending into the hills of Assam, Burraah, Tcuasscrim,
Siam and Cochin China ; Formosa ; Sumatra ; Java.

Key to the Species.

a. With a large white crest, grey behind.

«'. Flanks rufous or reddish olive ; sides of neck
rufous.
«". Back and rump olive-brown, separated from

the head by a rufous collar leuculo-phus, p. 435.

h" . Back and rump of the same rufous as the
hind neck.
a'". Throat and fore neck pure white; breast

rufous belanyeri, p. 436.

h'" . Throat, fore neck, aud breast white, the

flanks rufous diardi, p. 437.

b'. Flanks deep maroon-brown hke the breast and

upper surface hiculor, p. 438.

h. "^^'ith no white on the crest.

(•'. VVitli white or rufescent tips to the tail-fea-
thers.

6'". Crown of head bright rufous rujiceps, p. 438.

d" . Crown olive-brown, not rufous.

(■!" . No black band across the forehead.

«■*. Hind neck uniform with the back ; a
rufous baud across forehead ; abdomen
yellowish bufi", fore neck and breast dull

olive-ashy (dbiyularis, p. 439.

b*. Hind neck bright rufous, forming a
collar,
ft' . A distinct black collar across the fore
neck.
«®, Black pectoral collar continued up-
wards and joining a black patch
beyond the ear-coverts ; eyebrow
white.
({'. Larger : bill about l'4o inch ;
tail-feathers always tipped with

white pcctoralis, p. 441.

i'. Smaller: bill about I'lS inch;
tail-feathers often tipped with

fawn-butf munilu/er, p. 442.

h'\ Black pectoral collar not joined to
the ear-coverts, but separated by
the bright rufous of the sides of the
neck ; eyebrow white, surmounted
by a streak of grey ; tail-feathers
Iroadly tipped with fawn-buff, . . . iiiouhoti, p. 444.

i

23. GAKUULAX. 435

b\ Across the fore neck a broad baud of

,,„ ^ , ,gi'fy jiicticuUis, p. 444.

a . A black band across the forehead exteiid-
intj over the eyes ; ear-coverts and cliiii

„ .1- , '^''^^"'^ ' throat yellow (jalhaniis, p. 44o.

d . W ith no pale tips to the tail-feathers, which
are quite uniform.
e". Ear-coverts black, contrasting with head;
feet yellow ; thighs ferruginous.
e'". Outer tail-feathers rufous^ the centre cues

dark bro^^^l ; throat yellow (/iclari.% p. 445.

/". Outer tail-feathers blackish like the centre

ones ; throat white delesserti , p. 44().

./ '. Ear-coverts dark ashy or blackish ; head and
throat ashy gi-ey like the under surface of

body ; feet dark brown ;;«;/«(<««, p. 44(3.

(J . Ear-coverts grey, a little lighter than the
head, and contrasting with the vinous-red

„ under surface ; feet dark cinereifrons, p. 447.

/( . Ear-coverts brown like the upper surface ;
lores and forehead rufous as well as the
chin ; feet dark rufifrons, p. 448.

1. Garrulax leucolophus.

Corvus leucolophus, Hardiv. Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. p. 208, pi. 15
(18L5).

Pica leucolophus, Wagler, Syst. Av., Pica, sp. 10 (1827).

Garrulus leucolophus, Gould. Cent. B. Himal. Mis. pi. 18 (18.32).

Cinclosoma leucolophum, Gould, Cent. B. Hintal. Mts. text (1832).

Crateropus leucolophus, Blyth, J. A. S. Bent/, xi. p. 170 (1842) ;
Ilodgs. Icon. ined. Passeres, pis. IGo, 166 (no. 205): id. in Grav's
Zoo/, .l/wc. p. 83 (1844). ^

Garrulax leucolophus, Blyth, J. A. S. Betig. xii. p. 048 (1843), xiv.
p. 508 (1845) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Ilodqs 'p 82
(1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 05 (1840); Bp. Cmsp.
i. p. 370 (1850) ; Cab. in Ersch 4'- Gritber, Ally. Encycl. Band 54*
p. 61(1852); Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mu><.\ p 201
(1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 35 (180.{) ; Gra,/, IIand-1. B. i. p. -^Sl,
no. 4152 (1800); Hume, Nests and Egys Ind. B. p. 2.>3 (1873)'
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 107 (1875): Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p 2.38-
Hume, Str. F. 1870, p. 06; SmUi/, t. c. p. 280; Oates, B. Brit.
Burm. Y>. 3i (1883). f , ,

CJarrulax leucocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846).

Garrulax belangeri, Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 467 (nee Less.).

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, the wing-covei-fs
like the back ; quills dark brown, externally olive-brown like the
back ; tail-feathers blackish brown, washed with olive-brown near
the base ; head, which is much crested, pure white ; the occiput
grey, and separated from the back by a band of rufous round the
hiiul nock, the rufous shade slightly overspreading the mantle ;
nasal plumes, lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-covcrts black ;'
checks, throat, and fore neck pure white ; chest chestnut, the breast
also shaded with this colour; abdomen, Hanks, sides of breast

2i'2

436 TIJIELIIDJE.

thighs, and uudcr tail-coverts dark olive-brown, with a slight wash
of rufous on the latter and on the abdomen ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries also dark olive-brown ; " bill black ; legs plumbeous ;
iris red-brown, or brownish yellow in some " {Jerdon). Total
length 11 inches, ciilmen V2, wing 5"lo, tail 5-3, tarsus 1'8.

Young. Ilcjiroduces the colour of the adult, but is more rufous-
brown on the back and underparts, the rufous breast very slightly
indicated, all the feathers being white at their bases. The general
appearauce of the young bird is very fluffy.

Ohs. I notice that Mr. Oates does not give Pegu as a locality for
the present species in his ' Birds of British Bunuah ; ' but Mr. Blan-
ford's specimen from Bnssein is certainly this species and not
G. hclanr/eri. Both the Begu specimen and the Aracan bird arc not
quite typical, however, having the rufous on the hind neck and sides
of tlie neck much broader and more pronounced.

Hab. Himalayas, extending into Aracan and Pegu.

rt.Ad.sk. N.W. Himalayas (ff/vT^/ZO. India Museum.

b. Ad.sk. N.W. Himalayas (6-'/7/%Y/i). Capt. Stackhoiise Pin-

iill[P.].

c, d, e. Ad. sk. Kumaon (^Strachey). India Museum.

f-h. Ad. ; i. Juv. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

sk. [P.].

k. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodijson). India Museum.

I. Ad. sk. Aracan {As. Soc). India Museum.

m. Ad. sk. Bassein, Pegu. W. T. Blauford, Esq.

[P.].

2. Garrulax belangeri.

Garrida.x belangeri, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. (yiS (18.31); id.in Belanq.
Vinj. Inde, p. 258, pi. 4 (1834) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Binq. xii. p. 948
(1843), xiv. p. 598 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846) ; Bhitli,
Cat. B. Mtis. As. Soc. p. 95 (1849) ; Bj). Consp. i. p. 370 (1850) ; Cab.
in Erscli ^- Gruber, AUg. Enci/cl Baud 55, p. 61 (1852) ; Horsf. ^^
Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. 3Ius'\. p. 201 (18-54); Walden, P. Z. S.
1866, p. 548 ; Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 281, no. 4150 (1869) ; Blyth
cV Wald. B. Burm. p. 107 (1875); Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 122;
Oates, Str. F. 1877, p. 156; id. ^ Damson, Sir. F. 1878, p. 286;
Hnme, Str. F. 1879, p. 96, 1880, p. 292 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm.
p. 33 (1883).

lanthocincla leucolopha, var., BhjtJi, J. A. S. Beny. x. p. 924 (1841).

Adult. General colour above rufous, inclining to deeper chestnut
on the mantle and back ; least wing-coverts like the back ; median
and greater coverts olive-brown, with rufous-brown margins ; quills
dark sepia-brown, externally rufous-brown, washed with olive-
brown towards the tips ; tail-feathers blackish brown, washed with
olive-brown near the base ; head much crested, the feathers light
pearly grey tipped with white ; the nape more distinctly pearly grey,
as also the feathers of the hind neck and sides of neck, which are
broadly tipped with chestnut, merging thus into the chestnut
mantle ; forehead and feathers over the eye pure white ; the lores

23. GARRULAX. 437

aud nasal plumes, as well as a ring round the eye, and the ear-coveits
hlack ; cheeks, throat, breast, and upper abdomen white, sliaded
M'ith pearly grey on the sides of the breast, the feathers being
tipped with chestnut like the flanks, which are bright chestnut ;
thighs rufous-brown : under tail-coverts rufous ; under wing-covcrts
and axillaries rufous-brown, the lower series dusky brown ; quills
dusky brown, ashy along the inner web ; " bill black ; gape yellow ;
legs and feet dark plumbeous ; iris deep wood-brown ; eyelids
greemah." {Davison); " inside of mouth flesh-coloured; iris pinkish
hazel ; eyelids purplish grey ; legs plumbeous ; claws pale horn-
colour" (Oates). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 5,
tail 4-6, tarsus I'T.

The sexes are alike in plumage ; but one of the female skins has
some reddish spots on the white breast.

Total
length.

Culmen.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

10-8

1-3

5-1

4-7

l-6o

10-6

l-2o

oOo

■i-')

1-65

a. c?. Lower Pegu (Oa^f js).

b. $ . Lower Pegu {Gates). .

Young. Like the adult, but the plumage more fluff'y aud duller,
witli the sides of the body and flanks dull brick-red, the white of
the breast occupying the abdomen also.

Hah. Pegu and Tonasserim.

a. Ad. sk. Tonghoo, Burmah. Gould Collection.

h. (S ; c,d. 2 ad. Lower Pegu, December. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

sk.

e. J juv. sk. Lower Pegu, Oct. 28. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

3. Garrulax diardi.

Turdus diardi, Less. Traite (TOrn. p. 408 (18.31) ; Pitcher. Arch.

Mus. vii. p. 376 (1855).
Garndax leucogaster, Wald. P.ZsS. 1866, p. 549; id. Ibis, 1867,

p. 3S7 ; Hume, Str. F. 1880, p. 202.
Gairulax diardi, Grai/, Iland-I. B. i. p. i'81, no. 4151 (1869); Oates,

B. Brit. Burnt, p. 34 (1883).

Adult. General colour above bright chestnut from the hind neck
to the rump ; least wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater
coverts light brown, edged with rufous-brown; quills dark brown,
externally olivaceous brown margined with rufous-brown, the inner-
most secondaries entirely rufous-brown; upper tail-coverts olivaceous
blown : tail-feathers blackish brown, washed with olivaceous brown
near the base : forehead and crown pure white ; tlie hinder feathers
of the crest tipped with grey, resembling the nape and hind neck,
which are entirely grey, the latter slightly washed with rufous ;
nasal plumes, lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts black ;
sides of neck grey ; cheeks, throat, and underparts white, the sides
of the breast slightly washed with ashy; the flanks rufous-brcwn,
the thighs olivaceous brown ; under tail-coverts light reddish brown,

438 TiMELnD.i;.

■with ashy- white hases to the feathers ; under wing-coverts and
axiUarics dull reddish brown, the coverts near the edge of the wing
whitish, the lower series dusky brown, like the inner lining of the
quills, which are slightly fulvescent along the inner web. Total
length 11-2 inches, eulmen 1-2, wing 5-05, tail 4*75, tarsus 1-8.

Hah. Siam and the hills separating Teuasserim and Siam, extend-
ing into Cochin China.

a. Ad. sk. Siam [Schomhuryk). Gould Collection.

h. Ad. sk. Siam. ' M. Mouhot [C.].

c, d, e. Ad. sk. Saigon, Cochin China. M. E. Pien-e [P.]

4. Garmlax bicolor.

Garrulax bicolor, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 402 [ex Mull. MSS.);

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 370 (18o0) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 281, no. 4159 (1869) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic.

Genov. xiv. p. 229 (1879).
GaiTulus coronatus, Kreling, JaJire.^b. naturf. Gesettsch. Etnden,

1852, p. 20 ; Reichenb. J.f. O. 1854, p. 149. "

Adult. General colour above deep chocolate-brown, the wing-
coverts like the back ; quills blackish brown, externally edged with
chocolate-brown ; rump slightly browner thau the back ; upper
tail-coverts and tail-feathers blackish brown ; head much crested,
white, washed with ashy grey on the hinder crown and nape ; base
of forehead and lores black ; feathers in front of and below the eye
black, as also the ear-coverts, the white of the crown descending on
the sides of the face between the lores and the black plumes round
the eye ; cheeks, throat, and chest white ; rest of under surface of
body deep chocolate-brown, blacker on the breast on the borders of
the white chest ; under wing-coverts and axiUarics blackish like the
breast ; quills blackish below, ashy on the margin of the inner web ;
" bill, legs, and feet black ; iris sooty brown " {H. 0. Forbes).
Total length 10-8 inches, culraen 1-05, wing 4-9, tail 4-6, tarsus 1-8.
Ohs. A female, obtained by Mr. H. 0. Forbes at Hoedjong,
Sumatra, measured as follows : — Total length 9"5 inches, eulmen
1-2, wing 4-75, tail 4-2, tarsus 1*75. Another specimen had the
wing 4-9 and the tarsus 1'9. {Mus. F. Nicholson.)
Hub. Sumatra.

a, b. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased.

c. Ad. St. Sumatra. Purchased.

5. Garrulax ruficeps.

Garrulax ruiiceps, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 281 ; id. B. Asia, part
xvi. (1864) ; Stvinh. Ibis, 186.3, p. 282 ; Gray, Handel. B. i. p. 282,
no. 4161 (1869); Srcinh. P. Z.S. 1871, p. 371 ; Darid ^- Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 194 (1877).

Adult. General colour above olivaceous brown, a little paler on
the lower back and rumj) ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater

23. GAERDXAX. 439

series more ashy brown ; quills dark brown, externally olivaceous
browu ; the iuner secondaries entirely like the back ; upper tail-
coverts a little more fulvescent than the back ; tail-feathers brown,
the central tail-feathers ashy brown, the others washed on the edges
with the latter colour and broadly tipped with white, increasing in
extent towards the outermost feather, where the white extends
some distance up the inner web ; cro^ii of head and nape orange-
chestnut ; lores and feathers below the ej'e black ; ear-coverts dull
reddish brown ; cheeks and entire throat white ; centre of body
ashy whitish, becoming purer white on the abdomen and under tail-
coverts ; sides of body olivaceous brown, darker on the sides of the
breast, and paler and more fulvescent on the lower flanks and thighs ;
under wing-coverts ashy brown washed with fulvescent brown, the
axillaries white at the base ; quills dusky brown, ashy fulvous along
the margin of the inner web : '• bill black ; loral space round eye
and chin black " (SwuiJiol'). Total length 10-2 inches, culmen 1*05,
wing 4-9, tail 5, tarsus 0-8.

Jlah. The central wooded range of mountains in the island of
Formosa, very rarely descending to the lower hills.

a. Ad. sk. Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

fi. Garrulax albigularis.

lanthocincla albigularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 18.35, p. 187.

Cinclosoma albigula, Hodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 146 (1836) ; id.

Icon, ined., Passeres, pis. 16-3, 164 (no. 204).
Crateropus albogularis, Bli/th, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 179 (1842).
Garrulax albogularis, Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 1(33 ; BhjtJi, J. A. S.

Benq. xii. p. 949 (1843), xiv. p. 598 (1844) ; &;•«//, Cat. Mamm.

etc. 'Xejxdpres. Hodgs. p. 82 ^1846) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846);

Bhjth, Cat. B. Mxs. As. Soc. p. 95 (1849); Bi). Co)isp.i. ^.2,71

(1850) ; Cab. in Ersch Sf Gruber, Allq. Encycl. Band 55, p. 61 (1852) ;

Horsf. df Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 202 (1854) ; Jerd. B.

Ind. ii. p. .39 (1863) ; Grai/. Hand-l. B. i. p. 281, no. 41-55 (1869) ;

Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. *371 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. .303; Cock ^

Marsh. Str. F. 1873, p. 354 ; Hume, Nests and Eqgs Lid. B.

p. 255 (1873) ; David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 193 (18"77) ; Hume,

Str. F. 1879, p. 96 ; Scully, t. c. p. 289.

Adult. General colour above warm olive-brovm, a little duller on
the head ; across the rump an indistinct bar of orange-buff ; least
wing-coverts like the back ; the median, greater, and primary-coverts
rather more ashy brown, washed externally with the same olive-
brown as the back ; bastard-wing feathers decidedly shaded with
ashy ; quills dark brown, externally olive-brown, the inner secon-
daries almost entirely of the latter colour, the primaries more or
less ashy grey exteruall}', olive-brown near the base of the outer
web ; tail-feathers ashy olive, all but the four centre ones very
broadly tipped with white ; the feathers of the crown with obsolete
dusky margins ; lores and nasal plumes, as well as the feathers
below the eye, blaclc, with a large mark of dull orange-rufous ex-

410

TIMELIID.E.

tending above the lores from the base of the forehead to above the
eye ; ear-coverts olive-brown like the upper surface ; cheeks and
throat white ; a spot at base of chin black ; fore neck and chest
olive-brown, dividing the white throat from the rest of the under
surface, which is bright orange-rufous ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries light orange-rufous ; quills aslij- brown below, lighter ashy
along the margin of the inner web ; " bill horny black, brownish at
tip ; gape and orbital skin plumbeous ; feet pale leaden grey, claws
pale horny; iris bluish white" (Scully); "orbital skin greenish"
(Jerdon). Total length 11-5 inches, culmen l-i!5, wing 5"4, tail 5-8,
tarsus 1-8.

The sexes do not appear to differ in colour ; but the female is
a little smaller. A pair presented by Dr. Scully measure as
follows : —

Totiil

length.

in.

ff. c?. Nepal vallev. . 11 '0

b. 5. Nepal valley. . lO-o

Culmeu.

l-Oo
11

Wing.

5'05
4-4.J

Tail.

4-9

Tarsus.

1-7.:

1-7

Youmj. Similarly coloured to the adult, but everywhere much
paler, and the whole plumage more fluffy. The olive-brown chest-
band not very distinct, the feathers being white with olive-brown
tips.

Specimens from all parts of the Himalayas appear to be identical ;
but some of the N^cpal skins have the chest-band rather more ashy
brown than those from other localities.

Hah. Himalayas from Cashmere to Eootan, at an elevation of
about GOOO feet, extending to the wooded mountains which separate
Szechuen from Thibet and Kokonoor.

a. Ad. sk.

b, c, d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

/. S ; (/, h. 2 ad- sk.

i. Ad. sk.

k, /. cJ ? ad sk.

■m,n,o. Ad. ; p. Juv. Nepal.

q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. st.
s. Ad. sk.

t. Ad. sk.
u. Ad. sk.

Cashmere.
N.W. Himalayas.

Murree.

Eamgurh, May {A. An-

defson),
Kumaou (Strachey).
Valley of Nepal.

Nepal (Ilodffson).

Nepal.

Darjiling (Jerdon).

Darjiliug {Pearson).
Bootan [Pembeiion).

E. M. Langworthy, Esq.
Capt. Stackhouse Piuwill

[P.-J.
Col. Way [P.].
Henry Seebohm,Esq. [P.].

India Museum.

Dr. Scullv [P.].

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

India Museum.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

C. Bvgrave Wharton, E.sq.
[P.].

India Museum.
India Museum.

23. GARRTJLAX. 441

7. Garrulax pectoralis. '

lanthociucla pectoralis, Gould, P. Z. S. 183o, p. 186.

Ciuclosoma grisaure, JIudi/s. Asiat. Hesearc/i. xix. p. 14G (18315) ;

id. leon. ined. in Bril. Mus., I'asseres, pi. 1G2 (no. 193).
Crateropiis pectoralis, Blytlt, J. A. S. Bciuj. xi. p. 179 (1842).
Garrulax melanotis, Bhjth, J. A. S. Bemj. xii. p. 949 (1843), xiii.

p. 391 (1844) ; Gruij, Gen. B. i. p. 255 (184G) ; Cah. in Ersch ^■

G ruber, Ally. Uncycl. Band 55, p. 61 (1852).
Garrulax pectoralis, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beny. xii. p. 949 (1843), xiv.

p. 598 (1845), xvi. p. 450 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846) ;

id. Cat. Mainm. etc. Nepal pres. IIod(/s. p. 83 (1846); Blyth, Cut.

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 95 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 371 (1850) ; Cab.

in Ersch ii; Grueber, Ally. Encycl. Baud 55, p. 62 (1852) ; Horsf. ^•

Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 204 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii.

p. 39 (1863) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 281, uo. 4156 (1869) ; Hume,

Nests ^- Eiiqs Ind. B. p. 256 ( 1873) ; id. 8tr. F. 1875, p. 122 ; Blyth

1<C Wuld. B. Burm. p. 108 (1875); Oates, Sir. F. 1877, p. 156;

Wardlaw Ramsay, His, 1877, p. 463 ; Hume 8,- Davison, Sfr. F.

1878, p. 291 ; Hutne, 8tr. F. 1879, pp. 90, 169; Binyham, Str. F.

1880, p. 181 ; Oates, Str. F. 1881, p. 208 ; id. B. Brit. Burm. p. 36

(1883).
Gari ulax uropygialis, Cab. in Ersch Sf Gruber, Ally. Encycl. Band 55,

p. 62 (1852) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 371 (1850) : Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 41

(1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 282, no. 4164 (1864).

Adult. General colour above ashy olivaceous brown, the croNvn of
liead and mantle of the same colour, the lower back and rump more
fulvescent brown ; wing-coverts like the back, the bastard wing
and primary-coverts dusky blackish washed with ashy grey ; quills
dark brown, externally fulvous-brown, edged with olive-brown, the
primaries externally hoary grey ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers
olivaceous brown, all but the two centre feathers with a distinct
white tip, before which is an extensive shade of black ; head like
the mantle, but separated from it by a broad band of orange-rufous ;
lores and a distinct eyebrow ashy white, edged below with a broad
line of black feathers from above the eye to the sides of the nape ;
feathers below the eye silvery whitish, varied with black shaft-
streaks ; a line of black running below the ear-coverts ; moustache
and throat white, separated from the rest of the under surface by a
broad black collar running across the fore neck from the sides of
the neck ; remainder of under surface creamy white, washed with
fulvous on the under tail- coverts ; sides of body orange-buff, the
thighs more ashy ; axillaries orange-buff like tlie sides of the
breast; under wing-coverts dusky brown ; quills brown, ashy ful-
vous along the inner web ; " upper mandible dark horn-colour, lower
one bluish horn at the base and tip and darker horn in the middle;
mouth bluish; iris orange-brown; eyelids and orbital skin dusky
blue ; edges of the eyelids orange-yellow ; legs light pluml)eous;
claws pale horn" (Ortto). Total length 10-5 inches, cuJmen 1*4,
wing 5"6, tail 5*2, tarsus 1-8.5.

The ear-coverts in this species are often quite black ; and between
these and the silvery white car-coverts there seems to be every gra-
dation. My impression is that the ear-coverts get blacker with age,

442

TIMELTIDJ5.

a. Ad. St.

b. Ad. sk.

Nepal.
Nepal.

c, (1. Ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk.

Nepal.

Darjiling {Eccles).

/. Ad. sk.

Darjiling.

9, h. -Ad. sk.
V. Ad. sk.

Darjiling.
Garo hills.

h. Ad. sk.
I. 2 ad. sk.

Aracan {As. Soc).
Aracan hills, lat. 19° N.

m. <S ad. sk.

Eastern slopes of Pegu hills.

n. Ad. sk.

Tha3'etmyo.

as young birds have entirely white car-coverts. In Biirmah the
specimens are very much paler than the Himalayan examples, and
have the tips of the tail-featliers more or less fuwn-buff in tint ;
the colour of the orange-rufous flanks is also reduced to a pale fawn-
buff. These characters, however, seem to vary in intensity : and I
think it best therefore not to consider them of sjiecific value, but
as indicating a pale Burmese race.

Hab. Eastern Himalayas, extending throughout Assam and Arakan
to Pegu and Tenasserim hills.

B. H. Hodgson Esq. [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Ty]3e of C. i/rismtre )
B. H. Hodgsoii, Esq. [P,].
F. D. Godman and O. 8al-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].
Major C. H. T. Marshall

[P.]-
Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.].
Capt. R. G. Wardlaw

Ramsay.
India Museum.
Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

[C.].
Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

[C-]-
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].

8. Garrulax moniliger.

Cinclosoma moniliger, Hodr/s. Asi'af. Sesearch. xix. p. 147 (1836) ;

id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. IGl (no. 192).
lanthocincla pectoralis («o« Goidd), McCiell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. IGO.
Crateropus moniligerus, Blyth, J. A. S. Benr/. xi. p. 179 (1842).
Garrulax maelellandi, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 949 (1843), xvi.

p. 451 (1847) ; Gmy,'Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846) ; Cab. in JErsch dr

Gniber, Allg. Encycl. Baud 55, p. 62 (1852).
Garrulax moniliger, Blyth, J. A. S. Be/u/. xii. p. 949 (1843), xiv.

p. 598 (1145) ; Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846); id. Cat. Mamm.

etc. Nepal pres. Hodt/s. p. 82 (1846) ; Bhith, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.

p. 96 (1849) ; Bj}. Consp. i. p. 371 (1850) ; Horsf. Sr Moore, Cat.

B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 204 (1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 40 (1863) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 281, no. 4157 (1869) ; Godivin- Austen, J.

A. S. Beny. xxxix. p. 104 (1870) ; Hume, Nests Sj- Eqqs Ind. B.
p. 257 (1873) ; id. Sir. F. 1874, p. 476, 1875, p. 123 ; Blyth S,- Wald.

B. Burm. p. 108 (1875) ; Hinne, IStr. F. 1877, p. 34 ; Oates, t. c.
p. 156 ; id. c5- Davison, Str. F. 1878, pp. 291, 515 ; Hume, Str.
F. 1879, pp. 96, 169 ; Binyham, Str. F. 1880, p. 181 ; Oaies, Str.
F. 1881, p. 208 ; id. B. Brit. Burm. p. 35 (1883).

Adult. General colour above fulvous olive-brown, the wing-coverts
like the back, the bastard wing and primary- coverts somewhat
washed with ashy ; quills dark brown, externally olive-brown, the
innermost secondaries entirely of the latter colour, the primaries
ashy on the outer webs ; four centre tail-feathers olive-brown washed
with fulvous-brown near the base, the others olive-brown with a

23. GAERULAX.

443

broad subterminal baiid of black before the white tip, which is very
well marked and increases in extent towards the outer feathers ;
crown of head like the back, but separated from it bj- a broad collar
of orange-rufous : a broad white eyebrow extending from the base of
the nostrils to the sides of the occiput, and separated from the crown
by a dusky line ; lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts ashy
black, with a white patch on the fore part of the latter ; cheeks and
throat white, with a circular collar running from the hinder cheeks
down across the fore neck, and the tln'oat round this collar becomes
gradually orange-rufous ; remainder of under surface white, tinged
with fulvous on the under tail-coverts ; the sides of the body light
tawny, washed with brown on the inner flanks; thighs ashy brown;
axillaries light fulvous-brown ; under wing-coverts ashy brown, the
lower Ecries light tawny ; under wing-coverts dusky brown, light
fulvous along the edge of the inner web ; "iris bright yellow ; eye-
lids dull purple ; bill dark horn, the tip and margins pale horn ;
legs light plumbeous ; claws pale horn-colour ; the iris is sometimes
greenish yellow, which probably indicates immaturity " {'Dates).
Total length 11 inches, culmen I'lo, wing 4'55, tail 5, tarsus
1-65.

As a rule the ear-coverts in the series I have examined have not
varied much, having been mostly blackish with a large patch of
white ; the latter, however, often becomes quite obscured. The
wing ranges from 4'4 to 4'8 inches.

In Burmese specimens the tips to the tail-feathers are constantly
buff ; but in examples from the eastern Himalayas they are white ;
so that this colouring of the tail-feathers cannot be considered a
specific character. A pair shot by Mr. Gates measure : —

Total

length.

in.

S . Lower Pegu 11"3

2 . Lower Pegu 11-5

Hab. The same as that of G. pectoralis.
a. Ad. sk. Nepal.

Culmen. Winsr. Tail.

Tarsus.

m.

m.

m.

m.

1-15

5-15

5-2

1-6

1-15

4-85

5-0

1-55

h. Ad. St.
c, (I, e. Ad. sk.
/, g. Ad. sk.
h,'i. Ad.sk
k. 5 ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

Nepal.

Darjiliug.

Bootan {Pemberton).

N. Ivhasia hills {CJiemiell).

Tons:hoo.

m. S ad. sk. Thayetmyo, Sopt. 15.

n. 5 ad. sk. Near Pegu, July 4.

0,2). c? ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Dec. 1877.

q. $ ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Jan. 3, 1878.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Type of species.)
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. \v.\.
Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P
India Museum.
Capt. E. G. Wardlaw

Kamsav.
Capt. 11. 'G. "Wardlaw

Ramsay

E. W. Gates, Esq.
E. W. Gates, Esq.
E. W. Gates, Esq.
E. W. Gates, Esq.

444: TIMELIID.T.

y. Garrulax mouhoti.

Adah. General colour above pule olive-brown, slightly more fiil-
vescent on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts olive-browu
like the back, with somewhat of an ashy shade on the bastard wing
and primary-coverts ; quills dark brown, externally olive-brown,
the innermost secondaries almost entirely of the latter colour ; tail-
feathers fulvous-brown with an olivaceous tinge, the two central
feathers with a small tip of tawny buff, the remainder broadly tipped
with the latter colour and having a very broad subtermiiial band of
black ; cro'wii of head olivaceous brown ; nape and hind neck bright
orange-rufous, a shade of which spreads over the upper part of the
mantle ; a brood white eyebrow extending from the base of the nos-
trils to above the ear-coverts, and separated from the crown by an in-
distinct stripe or shade of grey, becoming blackish above the cy e ; lores,
feathers round the eye and the upper edge of the ear-coveits black ;
remainder of the latter as well as the cheeks and throat white, the
lower part of the latter orange-rufous, separated from the white
chest by a collar of black ; breast and abdomen white, the sides of the
body bright orange-rufous; thighs and under tail-coverts fulvous-
brown, the latter merely fulvescent ; axillaries whitish ; under wing-
coverts orange-rufous, the lower series dusky blackish ; quills dull
brown below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 12 inches, culmen 1'2, wing 4"95, tail 4'G, tarsus 1-8.

Hab. Cambodia.

a. Ad. sk. Cambodia. M. Moubot [C.].

(Type of species).

b. Ad. sk. Cambodia. M. E. Pierre [P.].

c. Ad. sk. [Cambodia.] Puvchased.

10. Garrulax picticoUis.

Garrulax picticollis, Sicin/ioe, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 554 ; Gould, B. Asia,
part xxvi. (1874) ; David ^- Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 194 (1877).

Adult. General colour above fulvous-brown, inclining to ashy
olive-brown on the mantle and scapulars, the forehead fulvous-
brown with paler shaft-streaks ; the hinder head darker brown, and
separated from the mantle by a broad collar of orange-rufous ; wing-
coverts resembling the mantle ; quills dark brown, externally ful-
vous-brown, the innermost secondaries entirely like the mantle ;
upper taU-coverts like the rump, the longer ones washed with ashy
brown ; centre tail-feathers ashy fulvous-brown, the remainder ful-
vous-brown, very broadly tipped with pale fawn-colour, before which
is a broad band of black ; lores buffy white ; a narrow eyebrow of
white extending to the sides of the nape : the feathers round the
eve and a streak skirting the white eyebrow black ; feathers below
the eye white ; ear-coverts black streaked with white ; sides of neck
bluish grey ; cheeks and throat buffy white, surrounded by a broad
prepectoral band of bluish grey extending up the sides of the neck ;
remainder of under surface of body orange-rufous ; the centre of the
body whitish, inclining to buffy white on the under tail-coverts ;

23. GAURULAX. 445

thighs orauge-rufous ; axilluries and under wing-coverts light orange-
rufous ; quills duskj' brown below, light rufous along the margin
of the inner web ; " bill brown, with the base of the lower mandible
whitish ; feet leaden blue, claws whitish ; iris chestnut "' (A. Djvid).
Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 5-15, tail 5-1, tarsus 1-75.

The adult female resembles the male, according to Abbe David,
who also notices that the ear-coverts are sometimes more or less
black, as is usual in this section of the Laughing Thrushes.

Hah. The well-wooded mountains of the Chinese provinces of
Chekiang and Fokicn.

a. Ad. sk. North China. — Fortune, Esq. [C.].

b, c. Ad. sli. Niiigpo. Pi. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

11. Garrulax galbanus.

GaiTulax galbanus, Gochvin-Austen, P.Z.S. 1874, p. 44, pi. 10;
id. J. A. S. Benff.xVni. p. 162 (1874) ; Hume, Str. F. ]87o, p. 394 ;
id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 9(3.

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, with a tinge of ochra-
ceous on the mantle and rump ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills
brown, externally like the back, the inner secondaries entirelj' of
the latter colour, the primaries externally edged with ashy olive ;
four centre tail-feathers ashy washed with olive, with a broad
blackish-brown band, beyond which is a narrow ashy tip ; all the
other feathers broadly tipped with white, before which is a shade of
blackish brown, the basal portion being ashy ; head light ashy
brown, extending onto the hind neck and sides of neck, the latter
washed with ochreous ; forehead and feathers over the eye black,
separated from the crown by a narrow line of hoary grej- ; lores,
feathers below the eye, ear-coverts, feathers at base of lower man-
dible and chin black ; remainder of cheeks, throat, and fore neck
ochreous buff ; remainder of under surface of body yellowish buff,
becoming paler towards the thighs and under tail-coverts, which
are white ; sides of body and flanks ashj' brown ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries like the sides ; quills light brown below,
whitish along the basal edge of the inner web; "bill black; legs
ash-grej' ; iris red-brown" (Godwin-Austen). Total length 7'7o
inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3'6, tail 3"8, tarsus 1-3.

Hah. Munipur hills.

a. Ad. sk. Sauting, Munipur. Col. Godwin- Austen [P.].

12. Garnilax gularis.

lantliocincia gulaiis, McC/cH. P. Z.S. isgy, p. lo9.
Crateropus gularis, Blyth, J. A. S. Ben;/, xi. p. 179 (184:?).
Garrulax gularis, Blyth, J. A. S. Ben';/, xii. p. 949 (184.3) : id. Cat.

B. Mm. A.^. Soc.,'App. p. .337 (1849) ; Cab. in Ersch ^S- Gruber,

Ally. Enci/cl. Baud 55, p. (il (1852) ; Homf. S)- Moore, Cat. B. F.I.

Co. Mus.'i. p. 203(1854); Jcrd. Ibis, 1872, p. 413; Hume, Str. F.

1875, p. 412, 1879, p. 96.
Pterocyclus gularis. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 283, uo. 4183 (1869).

4-i6 TIIIELUD.E.

Adult. General colour above reddish brown, the wing-coverts
like ihc back ; quills brown, externally reddish brown, tlie inner-
most secondaries entirely of the latter colour ; centre tail-feathers
dark brown, reddish brown at the base, the remainder of the feathers
rufous with black shafts, and shaded with blackish brown on the
inner web as they approach the centre ; entire head, hind neck, and
sides of neck dark slaty grey ; lores, nasal plumes, feathers in front
of the eye, ear-coverts, and a spot at the base of the lower mandible,
as well as another at the chin, black ; entire cheeks, throat, and
chest yellow, becoming whiter on the lower breast and abdomen ;
sides of bnnist dark slaty grey ; lower flanks, thighs, and under
tail-coverts chestnut, deeper on the latter ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries chestnut ; quills dusky brown below, rufescent along the
margin of the inner web. Total length 9-3 inches, culmen 1*2,
wing 3-85, tail 3-7, tarsus 1-5.

Hab. Assam and hills of North-eastern Bengal.

a. Ad. sk. Khasia hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

b. Ad. sk. Assam {McCkUand). India Museum. (Type

of species.)

13. Garrulax delesserti.

Crateropus delesserti, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 256 (1839) ; id. III.
Ind. Orn. pi. xii. (1847).

Tardus (Crateropus) griseiceps, Deless. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 101.

Pterocyclus delesserti, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846).

Cxarrulax delesserti, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. .37 (1863) ; Guidd, B. Asia,
part xix. (1876) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96.
Adidt. General colour above chestnut-brown, lighter on the upper
tail-coverts, the wing-coverts like the back ; primary-coverts dark
brown with reddish margins ; quills dusky brown, externally edged
■with reddish brown, the inner secondaries entirely chestnut-brown ;
tail-feathers black, washed with reddish brown near the base ; head
and neck dull slaty brown, extending a little onto the mantle, the
head more dusky ; base of forehead mottled with a few white
streaks ; lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts black ;
cheeks and throat white, the fore neck washed with ashy; breast-
ashy grey, lighter in the centre ; remainder of under surface of body
chestnut, paler in the middle of the abdomen ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts chestnut, those near the edge of the wing ashy brown ;
quills dusky brown below, more ashy along the margin of the iimer
web ; " bill dusky, yellow at the base beneath ; legs fleshy ; iris
dull red" {Jerdon). Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 4,
tail -l-l, tarsus 1-5.

Ilah. The Wynaad and Nilghiri hills in Southern India.

ft. Ad. sk. Nilghiris. Gould Collection.

14. Garrulax palliatus.

Ciuclosoma palliatuni, Tcnnn. MSS. in Mits. Lugd.

lanthocincla palliata, Bp. C'vnsp. i. p. 371 (1850, ex Tcinm. MSS.).

23. UAKKULAX. 447

GaiTulax palliatiis, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p, •26-1, no. 4102 (1869) ;

Salcdd. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 230 (1879) ; Nicholson,

Ibis, 1882, p. 61.
Garrulax poliocephalus, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 171 {tiec BIyth, Ibis,

186,5, p. 46).
Garrulax freuatus, Salvad. Ann. 3Ius. Civic. Gcnor. xiv. p. 230 (1879).

Adult. General coioiir above chestnut-brown, rather more oliva-
ceous towards the back and rump ; wing-coverts like the back, the
bastard-wing feathers and primarj'-coverts dusky brown, slightly
washed with ashy ; quills blackish brown, reddish brown on the
outer web ; the primaries more narrowly margined than the secon-
daries ; tail blackish brown, margined with rufous-brown ; crown
of head and hind neck slaty grey, extending a little onto the mantle ;
nasal plumes, lores, feathers in front of and below the eye, fore part
of checks, and chin black ; remainder of checks, ear-coverts, sides of
neck, throat, and breast dark slaty grey ; remainder of the under
surface reddish brown, including the thighs and under tail-coverts ;
tlie abdomen washed with slate-colour ; under wing-coverts dusky
brown washed with rufous ; quills below dusky brown, inclining to
ashy along the margin of the inner web ; " bill, legs, and feet
black ; iridcs dark mahogany-red : skin below the eye blue with
white streaks " (H. 0. Forbes). Total length 9-7 inches, culmeu 1-1,
wing 4-G-1, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-75.

A pair procured by Mr. Forbes in Sumatra, and lent to mc by
Mr. F. Nicholson, measure : —

Total
lentrtli.

Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

in. in. in. in. in.

d . Iloedjoung . . lO'O 1-15 5-0 4-6 1-75

2 . Iloedjoeng . . lO'O 1-0 5-1 4-75 17
Ilab. Sumatra.

(t. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased.

b. Ad. .sk. Sumatra (C i)W/i;). Capt. K. G. Wardlaw Eami-ay.

15. Garrulax cinereifrons,

Garrulax cinereifrons, Blyf/i, J. A. S. Bern/, xx. p, 176 (18,51) ;

pi. xxii. fig. 2 (1879).

Adult. General colour above rufous-brown, the wing-coverts like
tlic back, the ones near the carpal bend of the wing edged with
ashy grey ; quills dark brown, externally rufous-brown, the \m~
marics paler, the innermost secondaries almost entirely rufous-
brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, washed with rufous-brown near
the base ; bead and nape grey, as also the lores, sides of face, and
car-coverts ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body light rufous-
buff, paler on the abdomen, the cheeks and chin slightly washed
with grey ; sides of body darker rufous-brown, also the thighs ;
under tail-coverts light rulous- brown, with fulvous bases to the

44S

TIJIELIIDJ:.

feathers ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light rufous-bnff ; qnills
dusky brown below, fulvoscent along the edge of the inner web ;
" bill black, the inside of the mouth greenish yellow ; legs and feet
plumbeous brown, the claws dusky horny, posterior part of tarsus
bluish ; eyelid plumbeous ; iris white " ( IF. V. Le_'/ge). Total
length 10 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4-2, tail 4, tarsus 1-.3.

Younr/. Iris dull grej% with a dark outer circle: bill Idack, the
gape and base of lower mandible yellowish ; eyelid greenish yellow ;
legs and feet olivaceous brown, soles yellowish fleshj'^, claws ye\-
lowish brown ; forehead and head as in the adult, the nasal plumes
dark, and the grej' of the crown not continued so far back ; the
back is deeper rufous than in the adult, and the wing-coverts likewise
are more intense ; chin not so white, and the throat and under
surface more fulvescent. In the Jirst jjlwnage the feathers of the
chest and breast are fluffy. This dress appears to be quickly put
off; and in the next or yearlinri plumage the iris is pearly grej% or in
some white with a tinge of reddish ; gape and eyelid yellow ; legs
and feet bluish brown. There is scarcely anj^ perceptible difference
in the grey of the occiput; but the fore neck is paler and more
fulvescent. ( TF. V. Legge.)

Hah. Peculiar to the island of Ceylon, where it occurs up to an
elevation of 3500 feet in humid and inaccessible jungles. It seems
only to be found in the central province, as, according to Legge, it
is not known from the jiingles of the south-eastern, eastern, or
northern divisions of the island.

a. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Hugh Cuming. Esq. [C.].

h. Ad. sk. Dusiwella, Cevlou, Dec. 19, Marquis of Tweeddale

1865 {Chapman). [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Ceylon. F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].

16. Garrulax ruflfrons.

Qj-AmxX-As. ^uM^ons, Less, in Belang. J'oi/. Inch, p. 26, pi. 5 (1834);

id. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 163 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846); Bp.

Consp. i. p. 371 (1850) ; Cab. in JErsch S,- Gruber, Alh/. Encyd.

Baud 55, p. 61 (1852) ; Grarj, Iland-l. B. i. p. 281, no_. 4160.
(yrateropus rufifrons, Sivains. An. in Menag. p. 290 (1837).
Pterocyclus rufifrons, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846).

Adult male. General colour- above dark olive-brown, the wing-
coverts like the back ; quills dark brown, showing the rufous bases
when spread, the outer margins narrowly edged with olive-brown,
the innermost secondaries entirely of the latter colour ; tail-feathers
brown with olive-brown margins ; head and neck rather lighter
olive- brown than the back, and having a slight shade of ashy brown ;
forehead, lores, feathers extending above and below the fore part
of the eye, a spot at the base of the under mandible and another on
the chin, chestnut; ear-coverts and sides of face light ashy brown ;
a faintly indicated greyish shade over the eyebrow, not sufficient
to form an eyebrow ; throat pale whity brown, slightly washed with

24. STACTOCICHIA. 449

rufous ; remaiuder of under surface from the fore neck downwards
deep fulvous-brown, the sides of the body darker and more olive-
brown including the thighs and under tail-coverts; axillaries Hke
tbe sides of the breast ; under wing-coverts pale rufous ; quills
brown below rufous at the base of the inner webs and for some
distance^ up the latter. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 5-1
tail 4-/0, tarsus 1'7. ^ '

Hah. Java.

d xd tf t''"'"'''- ^^o^ld Collectiou. ^

a. Ad. St. Java. Purchased.

24. STACTOCICHLA.

Garrulax auct. recent.

Range. Hill-ranges of North-eastern Bengal.

1. Stactocichla merulina.

Garrulax merulinus, Bbjth, J. A. S. Beng. xx. p. 521 (1851) ; ,d
Cat. B. ^f»^-As_.%c., App. p. 7 (1851) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 303;"
Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 394, 1879, p. 96. ^ '

Trochalopterum merulinum, Horsf. 8,- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus.
1. p. 4Uo (1854).

Pterocyclus merulinus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 283, no. 4191 (1869).

Adult. General colour above rufescent brown ; the wing-coverts
a little duUer than the back ; quills brown, rufescent brown on the
outer webs ; tail brown, the feathers margined with the same colour
as the back ; lores dull ashy ; feathers in front of and below the
eye, as weU as the fore part of cheeks, dusky blackish ; hinder part
ot cheeks, and ear-coverts rufescent brown, separated from the
crown by an lU-dcfined streak of white ; throat, fore neck, and chest
yellowish buff, broadly streaked with central triangular spots of
black ; breast rufous buff, becoming paler on the abdomen ; sides of
the body rufous-brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts rufescent •
under wing-coverts like the breast, the lower series dull ashy brown'
like the under surface of the quiUs, which is pale fulvous. Total
length 8-2 inches, culmen 1, wing 3-55, tail 3-5, tarsus 1-5,

A second specimen, apparently younger, is of a rather more
ohvaceous tint both above and below, and has the throat paler buff
mchiuug to white on the chin. The amount of spotting on the
throat varies greatly in this species, as does also the extent of the
orange-buff tinge on the fore neck.

Hab. Khasia and Naga hills, extending into Munipur.

a. Ad. ; h. Juv. sk. Khasia hills {Jerdon). Gould Collection

^; 'Y\ ®'5- Khasia hills. India Museum.

''• ^^^- ^^- [Daijiliuo- {Pearson).-] India Museum.
VOL. vu. 2g

450

TIMDLim^.

25, GRAMMATOPTILA.

Keropia, pt., aitct. recent., nee Gray. Type.

Turnagva, pt., mict. recent., nee Less.

Grainmatoptila, Reichenh. Syst. Av. pi. Ixxxv. fig. 8

(1850) G. striata.

Kittasoma, Blt/th, 1855 {teste Gray) , G. striata.

Range. Himalayas, extending to the hills of Eastern Bengal.

1. Grammatoptila striata.

Garnilus striatus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 7 ; Gould, Cent. B. Himal.

Mts. pi. 37 (1832) ; Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,

pis. 181, 182 (nos. 266, 267).
Keropia striata, Hodgs. in Graifs Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; Gray, List

Gen. B. 1840, p. 28 ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 178 (1842) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 374 (1850) ; Horsf. S)- Moore, Cat. B. E.L Co. Mus. i.

p. 209 (1854).
Timiagra striata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 227 (1840) ; id. Cat. Mamm.

etc. Ne^mlprcs. Hodgs. p. 85 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.

p. 95 (1849) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 284, no. 4203 (1869).
Grammatoptila striata, Reichenh. Syst. Av. Nat. pi. Ixxxv. fig. 8

(1850) ; Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 11 (1863) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 298 ;

Hume, Nests Sj- Eqgs Ind. B. p. 237 (1873) ; Godicin-Austen,

J.A.S. Bene/, xlvii. p. 15 (1878); Ball, Str. F. 1878, Yol. ii.

p. 234 ; Scully, Str. F. 1879, p. 287 ; Hime, Str. F. 1879, p. 95.
Kittasoma striata, Blyth, 1855 (teste Gray).

Adult. General colour above rufous-brown, with a slight olive
wash, especially on the rump and upper tail-coverts, every feather
having a distinct white streak down the centre, this central white
streak having an obscure marginal shade of dusky ; wing-coverts
rather more reddish than the back, with fulvous shaft-streaks ; x^ri-
mary-coverts reddish brown, dusky at tip ; quills dull reddish brown,
dusky towards the tips, externally rufous-brown, the primaries
more or less ashy grey on the outer webs, rufescent towards their
bases ; the innermost secondaries washed with olivaceous and having
white shafts like the back ; tail-feathers reddish brown, externally
rufous-brown, lighter at their tips, the outermost margined at the
end with pale ashy ; head very much crested ; crown of head and
nape brighter rufous-brown than the back, with white shaft-lines ;
lores rufous buff, with white shaft-lines ; ear-coverts, cheeks, and
throat dark rufous-brown, with distinct shaft-streaks of white ;
remainder of under surface of body light ashy brown, with broad
dull white streaks down the centre of the feathers, these streaks
relieved by a dusky lateral margin and a narrow shaft-line of
pure white, the streaks becoming more and more obscure towards
the abdomen, which has a more uniform appearance ; under tail-
coverts light ashy brown, streaked with dull white like the breast ;
thighs dark olive-brown, with ashy-white mesial streaks ; asiUaries

26. MELANOCICHLA. 451

like the breast, washed with fawn-colour at the tips ; under wing-
coverts deep fawn-colour with paler shaft-streaks, the lower outer
coverts dusky ; quills dusky brown below, rufescent along the inner
margin ; " bill horny black, base of lower mandible plumbeous ; feet
grey-plumbeous ; claws brownish horny ; iris deep red or crimson "
{Scully). Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 5-8, tail 5-4,
tarsus 1"8.

" Sexes alike. All the specimens from Nepal are darker than
examples from the Himalayas further to the west ; the streaks on
the body-feathers above pure white, or slightly sullied white, not
yellowish " {Scully). Specimens from the Dafla hills are decidedly
darker than Himalayan examples. The rufous-brown colour is
more intense, and the black band on the sides of the head more
pronounced, while the ear-coverts are rufous-brown streaked with
white, without any admixture of black as in typical G. striata.
The light shaft-streaks on the crown are almost obsolete in the
Dafla bird. {Mus. H. II. Godiuin- Austen.)

Toung. Plumage more flufiy than in the adult, reproducing all
the colours of the old bird, but everywhere paler and not so rufous ;
the light central streaks to the feathers not so strongly pronounced,
either on the upper or under surface of the body.

Hub. Himalayas from Simla to Bootan, extending into the hill-
ranges of Eastern Bengal.

a. Ad. St. Himalayas.

h, c. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

will [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Near Simla. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

will [P.].

e,f. Ad.sk. Kumaon (/S'i!mc7(«y). . India Museum.

y. (S imm. sk. Nepal valley, June 26. Dr. J. Scully [P.].

h, i, k, I. Ad. ; Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

7n. .luv. sk. [P.].

n. Ad. sk. Nepal (Sodysoti). India Museum.

o. Ad. sk. Daijiling. Heni7 Seebohm, Esq.

2), q. Ad. sk. Darjiling {Eccks). F. D. Godman and 0.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
r. Ad. sk. Bootan {Pemberton). India Museum.

26. MELANOCICHLA.

Garrulax, pt., auct. recent.
Range. Sumatra.

1. Melanocichla lugubris.

lanthocincla lugubris, -S'. MUll. Nat. Tijdschr. 1835, p. 344, pi. 5.

fig. 2 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 372 (1850).
Garrulax lugubris, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 281, no. 4158 (1869).

Adult. General colour above and below blackish slate-colour; the

2g2

452 TIJIELIID^,

crown, lores, sides of face, feathers below aud round the eye, cheeks,
ear-coverts, and throat deeper black, the ear-coverts paling off into
blackish slate-colour like the sides of the neck ; wing-coverts like
the back, the quills externally blackish brown ; tail-feathers black ;
" iris dark brown ; bill light red ; legs and feet green " {H. 0.
Forbes). Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-8, tail 4-8,
tarsus 1'5.

Hah. Sumatra.

o. Ad. sk. Sumatra {Leyden Museum). Gould Collection.

b, c. Ad sk. Sumatra.

d. Ad. St. Sumatra. Purchased.

27. RHINOCICHLA.
Garrulax, pt., auct. recent.
Range. Sumatra and Northern Borneo.

Key to tlie Species.

a. Ear-coverts dark grey, as also the cbiu ; no light

streaks on the throat and chest mitrata, p. 452.

b. Ear-coverts bright chestnut like the cheeks and

chin ; throat and qhest ochraceous with whitish

shaft-streaks treacheri, p. 453.

1. RMnocichla mitrata.

TimaUa mitrata, S. Mull. Nat. Tijdschr. 1835, p. 345, pi. 5. fig. 3 ;

Gray, Gen. B. iii. Afp. p. 10 (1849).
Garrulax mitratus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846).
Garndax vittatus, de Filippi, Mus. Medial, p. 31 (1847); Salvad.

Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, 1861, p. 270.
lanthocincla mitrata, £p. Consp. i. p. 371 (1850) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.

1879, p. 248.

Adult. General colour above bluish slate-colour, the wing-coverts
like the back ; quills blackish brown, externally bluish slate-colour,
the innermost secondaries entirely of this colour ; the primaries
externally white towards the base, forming a conspicuous wing-
stripe ; upper tail-coverts slightly shaded with olive ; tail-feathers
blackish brown, more or less ashy towards the base ; crown of head
chestnut; the nape, sides of neck, ear-covcrta, and cheeks bluish
slate-colour ; base of forehead ornamented with some pointed hoary-
grey feathers ; lores, nasal plumes, feathers in front of the eye and
below the fore part of the latter, as well as a superciliary streak,
darker chestnut, the feathers tipped with black ; a spot at base of
lower mandible and another on the chin black ; remainder of under
surface of body ashy grey, including the flanks ; centre of abdomen,
vent, and under tail-coverts orange-rufous ; thighs grey ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast ; quiUs dull brown, ashy

27. EHINOCICHLA.

453

along the margin of the inner web ; "bill yellow, as also the legs
and feet, but the latter slightly lighter ; irides reddish brown ; skin
below the eye creamy white with a flush of blue " {H. 0. Forbes).
Total length 9 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4"1, tail 4-1, tarsus 1-45.

The female is like the male in plumage. A pair obtained by Mr.
H. O. Forbes in Sumatra measure as follows : —

Total ^ ,
length. <^^^^<^"'

Wing. Tail.

Tarsus.

in. in.

in. in.

in.

a.

d. Hoedjong 8-7 0-85

4-1 4-1

1-35

b.

$. Mt.

Kaba .... 8-1 0-8

3-8 3-7

1-3

Hab. Sumatra.

a.

Ad. sk.

Sumatra {Raffles).

Zoological Soci

iety.

h.

Ad. sk.

Sumatra.

A. R. Wallace,

, Esq. [C.].

c.

Ad. sk.

Sumatra.

d.

Ad. sk.

Sumatra {Ley den Museum).

Gould Collection.

e.

Ad. St.

Sumatra.

Purchased.

/•

Ad. St.

Sumati-a.

Dr. Lidth de Jeude.

2. RhinocicMa treacheri.

lanthocincla treacheri, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 245.

Adult (type of species). General colour above dark ashy grey, with
a very slight shade of ochraceous under certain lights ; the wing-
covcrts slightly more bluish grey than the back ; quills blackish,
externally bluish grey ; the primaries white along the basal part of
the outer web, giving the wing a conspicuous white outer aspect ;
tail-feathers dark slaty grey, shading into blackish at the end of the
feathers ; entire crown and nape, as well as the sides of face, ear-
coverts, and fore part, of cheeks, deep chestnut-red, the hinder cheek-
i'cathers slightly tipped with ochi'aceous ; frontal plumes with lan-
ceolate tips of light ashy grey or hoary whitish ; under surface of
Ijody dull ochraceous brown, with lighter shait-stripes of pale ochra-
ceous, imparting a striped appearance to the throat and breast ; the
sides of the body more ashy grey ; chin chestnut, like the sides of
the face ; thighs dark grey, with a few chestnut feathers near the
tarsal bend ; under tail-feathers chestnut : under wing-coverts ashy
grey, slightly marked with ochraceous ; quills sepia-brown below,
paler along the edge of the inner web. Total length 10 inches, cul-
men (»-85, wing 4- 15, tail 4*5, tarsus 1'5. (J/us. 0.von.)

Hub. N.W. Borneo.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

N.W. Borneo.
Kina Balu mountain,
N.W. Borneo.

Pm-chased.

H. Treacher, Esq. [C.].

454

28. DRYONASTES.
Gari'ulax, pt., mict, recent,

Uange. Himalayas, extending to the hills of Assam, Biirmah,
and Tenasserim, and thence through China to Formosa and Hainan.

Key to the Species.

a. Throat black or blackish brown.

(('. Under tail-coverts bright rufous like lower
abdomen : sides of neck also bright rufous ',
ear-coverts black ; head dark slaty grey , . rujlcollis, p. 454.
// Under tail-coverts olive-brown like the
lower abdomen.
a". Ear-coverts white, as well as hinder cheeks,
forming a large patch ; head dark grey,
separated from black forehead by a nar-
row line of silvery white ; fore neck and
chest greyish.
a'". Hind neck olive-brown washed with

grey chinensis, p. 455.

b'". Hind neck bright rufous, forming a

collar nuchalis, p. 456.

h". Ear-coverts chestnut-brown, succeeded
by a patch of white on sides of neck;
head and nape olive-brown, succeeded by

a grey mantle strepiians, p. 457.

e". Ear-coverts black like cheeks and throat ;
head bluish grey, separated from forehead
by narrow whitish line ; breast rufescent
olive-brown like upper surface monachus, p. 457.

b. Throat ashy grey like crown of head; ear-

coverts black like the eyebrow and cheeks ;
abdomen fulvescent, deeper on rmder tail-
coverts ^je;'s/>ec«7/a<MS, p. 458.

c . Throat brown, rufescent, or olive-brown.

c'. Lores white, as also an eyebrow and fore
part of cheeks and feathers below the eye ;

abdomen fulvescent , sannio, p. 459.

(T . Lores rufous; cheeks rufescent; abdomen
slaty grey ; mandible yellow.
d" . Tips to outer tail-feathers fulvescent .... paecilorhipichus, p. 4G0.

e" . Tips to outer tail-feathers white herthemyi, p. 461.

d. Throat white like the breast and centre of ab- ) ccendatus, p. 461.
domen ; bill black ] subccsridatus, p. 462,

1. Dryonastes ruficollis.

lanthocincla ruficoUis, Jard. ^- Selby, III. Orn. 2nd ser. pi. 21 (18.38) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. .371 (1850).
lanthocincla lunaris, McClell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 160.
Garndax ruficollis, Bb/th, >$,^A. S. Bmg. xii. p. 950 (1843), xiii.

28. DRYONASTES. 455

p. 391 (1844), xiv. p. 599 (1845) ; Grmj, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846) ;
id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 82 (1846) ; Bbjth, Cat.
B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 97 (1849) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.
Mus. i. p. 205 (1854); Jerd. B. tnd. ii. p. 38 (1863); Graij,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 282, no. 4172 (1869) ; Hume, Nests S)- Eggs Ind.
B. p. 254 (1873) ; id. Sti: F. 1879, p. 96.

Adult. General colour above ashy olive-brown, the wing-coverts
like the back, the primary-coverts slightly more ashy ; quills brown,
externally olive-brown like the back, the primaries ashy on the
outer web ; tail-feathers black, banded across with dusky under
certain lights, and slightly washed with olive-brown near the base ;
head and nape dark slaty grey ; a broad frontal band, lores and
nasal plumes, feathers over the eye, ear-coverts, sides of face, cheeks,
throat, and fore neck black, somewhat blackish brown on the latter ;
sides of neck bright rufous, extending behind the ear-coverts to
above the latter; remainder of lander surface of body from the
fore neck downwards ashy olive-brown like the back ; the centre of
the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts bright ferruginous; thighs
ashy olive- brown washed with ferruginous ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries ashy olive-brown, slightly washed with rufous ; quills
dusky brown, pale rufescent along the margin of the inner web ;
" bill black ; legs livid brown ; iris dull red " (Jerdon). Total
length 9 inches, culmeu 0-9, wing 3-75, tail 4-3, tarsus 1-4.

Hab. Himalayas from Nepal to Assam, and hills of Upper
Burmah.

a. Ad. sk.

Sikhim.

W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].

6. Ad. sk.

Sikhim.

Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk.

Darjiling.

Gould Collection.

d. Ad. sk.

Darjiling (Eccles).

F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].

e. Ad. St.

Nepal.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P." .

f, q. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.; .

X'/, ^. Ad. sk.

Nepal {Hodgson).

India Museum.

/. Ad. sk.

Assam {McClelland).

India Museum. (Type of
G. hmaris.)

m. Ad. .sk.

Upper Assam {Dr. Reid).

R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.l.
E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.J.

/(. Ad. sk.

Bhamo, N. Burmah.

2. Dryonastes chinensis.

Petit Geay de la Chine, Somi. Voy. Ind. Orient, ii. p. 188, pi. 107

(1782).
Black-faced Thrush, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 37 (1783j.
Lauius chiuensi.s, Scop. Del. Fhr. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 86 (1786).
Turdus sliauhu, Gm. Sgst. Nat. i. p. 814 (1788).
Turdus melanopsis, Gi'n. Syst. Nat. i. p. 820 (1788, e.v Lath.).
Corvus auritus, Daiid. Trnite, ii. p. 250 (1800)._
Crateropus leucogenys, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 180 (1842).
Garrulax chinensis, 'Bh/th', J. A. S. Benq. xiv. p. 598 (1845) ; Blyth,

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 95 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 370 (1850) ;

Horsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 202 (1854) ; Walden,

P. Z. S. 1860, p. 549 ; Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 281, no. 4153 (1869) ;

456 TrMELiTD.?;.

Blyth S,- Walden, B. Burm. p. 107 (1875); David ^- Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 191 (1877) ; Hume Sf Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 289
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 38 (1883).
Garrulax slianhu, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846).

Adult male. General colour above olive-browu, the wing-coverts
like the back, the bastard wing washed with ashy ; quiUs blackish
brown, externally olive-brown, the primaries ashy grey on the outer
web ; tail-feathers olive-brown, black at the ends, the outer webs
entirely black, washed with olive-brown near the base ; head and
nape slaty blue ; nasal plumes, lores, and base of forehead black,
separated from the grey crown by a frontal line of hoary white ;
feathers round the eye and a streak above the ear-coverts white ;
ear-coverts and hinder cheeks silvery white ; sides of neck light
drab-brown ; feathers at gape, fore part of cheeks, throat, and fore
neck black, the latter washed with reddish brown on the lower
part ; breast and sides of fore neck ashy grey, fading away on the
abdomen, which, like the sides of the body and thighs, is olive-
brown, deeper on the under tail-coverts ; axillaries -and under wing-
coverts olive-brown, the lower series of the latter dusky ; quills
dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web ; " bill
black ; legs dusky brown ; iris lake " (72. G. Wardlaw Hamsay).
Total length 10-5 inches, culmen I'l, wing 4-6, tail 4-7, tarsus 1-65.
(Mils. R. O. Wardlaiu Ramsay.)

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 11 inches,
culmen 1*1, wing 4*9, tail 5, tarsus 1'8.

Hab. Extreme south of China on the borders of Tonkin, ranging
into Burmah and Tenasserim.

a. Ad. sk. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P-].

b. Ad. St. China. Zoological Society.

c. Ad. sk. Karen hills, August 1875. Capt. R. G. Wardlaw

Ramsay [C.].

d. 2 ad.sk. Kyeikpadein, Lower Pegu, E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.].

'March 9.

e. 2 ad. sk. Shwavgheen, Pegu, May E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.].

187o.
/. Ad. sk. Meetan, Tenasserim (Lim- Captain R. G. Wardlaw

bo)-ff). Ramsay.

3. Dryonastes nuchalis.
Garrulax nuchalis, Godicin-Au^ten, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)
xviii. p. 411 (1876) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. xlvii. p. 17, pi. x. (1878) ;
Hume, Str. F. v. p. 58 (1877) ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 96.

Adult female. General colour above rufescent olive-brown, the
hind neck and mantle bright chestnut ; wing-coverts like the back ;
the bastard- wing feathers ashy ; primary-coverts du.sky, washed
externally with the colour of the back ; quills dark brown, externally
like the back, the primaries ashy on the outer web ; tail-feathers
dusky brown, blackish towards their ends and washed with olive-
brown on both webs ; crown of head and nape slaty grey ; the
lores, nasal plumes, and feathers in front of and round the eye black,

28. DKTOJTASTES. 457

as also the base of the forehead, which is separated from the grey
crown by a narrow line of pointed silvery-white feathers ; cheeks,
ear-coverts, sides of throat, and sides of, neck white ; the base of
the cheeks, the chin, and centre of the throat black; chest light
ashy, inclining to ashy grey on the breast ; abdomen, flanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts olive-brown ; under wing-coverts and axil-
larics also olive-brown; qniUs below dusky brown. Total length
10 inches, culnien 1-05, wing 4*2, tail 4-3, tarsus 1-55. (J/ms. B. G.
WarcUaw Ramsay.)
Hah. Lhota-K^aga hills in Jforth-eastem Bengal.

4. Dryonastes strepitans.

Garrulax sti-epitans, Tickell MSS. ; £li/th, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv.
p. 268 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 'If^^, no. 4165 (1869) ; Blyth,
B. Burm. p. 107 (1875) ; Kume &; Damson, Sti: F. 1878, p. 288 ;
mme, Str. F. 1879, p. 96 ; Oat.es, B. Brit. Burm. p. 37 (1883).

Adult female. General colour above olive-brown, the wing-coverts
like the back ; bastard-wing feathers blackish brown ; primar)--
coverts and quills blackish, the outer webs edged with olive-brown,
broader ou the secondaries ; tail-feathers blackish, washed with
olive-brown on the edge and obscurelj- barred with dusky under
certain lights ; mantle slaty grey, separated from the nape by a
shade of hoary grey, culminating in a white spot on the sides of
the neck ; crown of head and nape reddish brown, with some of the
feathers margined with ashy ; nasal plumes black, as also the basal
portion of the forehead and lores ; the fore part of the crown dark
chocolate-brown, shading ofl' into the rufous-brown of the head;
feathers over and round the eye, cheeks, and fore part of ear-coverts
black, the hinder part of the latter chestnut ; chin and edge of throat
black ; the centre of the throat and fore neck blackish chocolate, the
feathers of the latter tipped with reddish brown ; breast and centre
of abdomen slaty grey, inclining to hoary white where the grey
skirts the dark fore neck and chest; sides of bodj-, flanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts olive-brown ; axillaries olive-brown edged
with grey ; under wing-coverts olive-brown, the lower series dusky
brown like the quills below, these being more or less ashy along
the edge of the inner web ; " bill black ; legs and feet very dark
brown, sometimes brown-black, claws paler ; iris generally lake-red,
sometimes crimson" (Davison). Total length 11*5 inches, culmen
I'lo, wing o-2o, tail 5*1, tarsus 1-8.

Hab. Tenasserim.

II. 9 ad. sk. Halfway between Mooleyit and A. 0. Hume, Esq.

Paraduba, British Burmah,
Jan. 27, 1877 ( W. Daiison).

5. Dryonastes monachus.

ius, Swin/i. Ibis, 1870, p. 2~.
(^ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 198 (Ic

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown ; the wing-coverts

Garrulax monachus, Swin/i. Ibis, 1870, p. 248 ; id P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 372; David ^ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 198 (1877).

458 TIMELIID^.

like the back ; tlic bastard-wing feathers ■washed with grey ; pri-
marj'-covcrts olive-brown ; quiljs sepia-brown, the primaries ex-
ternallj' ashy, the secondaries olive-brown like the back ; tail-
feathers dull ashy, washed on the margins with olive-brown and
blackish at the tip, this black narrowing in extent towards the
centre feathers, which are olive-brown for three fourths of their
length ; hind neck and sides of the neck rufous-brown, contrasting
with the back and extending a little way onto the mantle ; crown
of head and nape slaty grey, separated from the black forehead by
a narrow band of hoary white formed by lanceolate plumes of this
colour ; nasal plumes, lores, feathers in front of and below the eye,
cheeks, ear-coverts, and throat black ; remainder of under surface
from the fore neck downwards rufous-brown, inclining to dark olive-
brown on the lower flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; axUlaries
dull rufescent brown ; under wing-coverts olive-brown, the lower
series sepia-brown like the under surface of the quills, which are
lighter brown along the margin of the inner web. Total length
9'6 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4-05, tail 4*5, tarsus 1'6.
Hah. Hainan.

a. Ad. sk.

Hainan, Feb. 1868.

R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

h. Ad. sk.

Hainan, April 18G8 (R.

F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

Swinhoe).

vin, Esqrs. [P.].

c. Ad. sk.

Hainan, Feb. 1868 (-R.
Sivinhoe).

Gould Collection.

6. Dryonastes perspicillatus.

Merle de la Chine, Daubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 604 ; Buff. Hist. Hat.

Ois. iii. n. 368.
Spectacle thrush, Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. pt. i. p. 61 (1783).
Turdus perspicillatus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 830 (^1788, ex Lath.).
Garrulax perspicillatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 948 (1843), xiv.

p. 598 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 370 (1850) ; Horsf. 8f Moore, Cat. B. E.L. Co. Mns. i. p. 204

(18.54) ; S^vinh. Ibis. 1861, p. 38 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 281, no.

4154 (1869); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 371; David ^ Oust. Ois.

Chine, p. 191, pi. 52 (1877).
Garrulax rugUlatus, Sivinh. Ibis, 1860, pp. 57, 358.

Adult female. General colour above brown, somewhat more tinged
with olive on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts brown ;
quills light brown, the secondaries externally like the wing-coverts,
the primaries somewhat lighter brown on the outer web ; the two
centre tail-feathers earthy brown, the rest light brown, blackish at
the tip, this black ending increasing toward the outer feathers, which
have only the basal part brown ; head ashy greyish, as also the hind
neck and sides of neck, the feathers of which have obsolete dusky
tips ; forehead, eyebrow, lores, sides efface, and car-coverts blackish,
the latter slightly washed with brown ; streaks and throat dull ashy
grey, the rest of the under surface from the fore neck downwards

28. DRYONASTES. 459

being pale fulvous, washed with ashy on the chest and deepening to-
wards the vent and thighs, which, wifch the lower flanks and under
tail-coverts, are tawny buft'; under wing-coverts pale tawny buff;
quills brown below, fulvesccnt along the margin of the inner web ;
"bill brown, horn-coloured at tip; feet greyish; iris rufous-brown"
{David). Total length 12 inches, culmeu 1-1, wing o-OS, tail 5'6,
tarsus 1"65.

Adult female. Rather brighter than the male in colour, but other-
wise similar. Total length 12'5 inches, wing 5"1, tail 6"1, tarsus
1"G5. (Mas. R. G. Wanllaiv Ramsay.)

Youw/. Similar to the adult but duller in colour, and the head not
so ashy but inclining to brown ; the plumage more fluffy, especially
on the under tail-coverts, which are shorter than in the old bird.

ffab. South China. Siam.

«. 2 ad. sk. Shanghai, March 9, 1876. R.-B. Sharps, Esq, [P.].

b, c. Ad. sk. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].

d. Ad. sk. China. Gould Collection.

e,f. Ad. sk, Folden, China. Gould Collection.

r/. Ad. sk. Amoy, China, April {R. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

S^vinhoe).

h. $ ad. sk. Chusan, May, \Sm{Capt. Mrs. Ince [P.].

Ince).

i. Ad. sk. Siam {Finlayson). India Museum.

7. Dryonastes sannio.

Garrulax sannio, Sivinh. Ihis, 1867, p. 403 ; Gray, Hancl-l. B. i.

p. 282, no. 4163 (1869) ; Swinli. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 371 ; David Sj-

Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 192 (1877) ; Anders. Zool. Exp, West Yunnan,

p. 627 (1878) ; mime, Str. F. 1879, p. 96.
Garrulax alhosuperciliaris, Godtvi7i- Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 45 ; id.

J. A. S. Peng, xliii. pt. 2, p. 161, pi. vi. (1874); Hume, Str. F.

1875, p. 393 ; Godivin-Austen, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvii.

p. 34 (1876) ; Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 602.

Adiclt. General colour above dull olivaceous brown ; the wing-
coverts like the back ; the primary-coverts rather more dusky brown ;
quills light brown, externally olivaceous brown like the back ; centre
tail-feathers rufous-brown, the remainder rufous-brown, inclining to
dusky blackish towards the ends of the inner webs, all transversely
barred with dusky under certain lights ; crown of head chestnut-
brown ; the hind neck slightly rufesceut brown with dusky shaft-
streaks, evidences of which are seen on the feathers of the back ;
nasal plumes blackish ; a conspicuous loral spot, as well as a broad
band below the eye along the sides of the face, yellowish white ;
above the ear-coverts an eyebrow of purer white ; ear-covorts dark
chestnut-brown ; the cheeks and throat lighter chestnut-brown ;
centre of body pale ochraceous buff ; the sides of the breast and
flanks ashy olive-brown, relieved by a tuft of fawn-coloured feathers
on each side of the lower back ; thighs olivaceous brown ; under
tail-coverts deep fawn-colour ; under wing-coverts light yellowish

460 TiMEinD^.

buff, the outer ones mottled with blackish streaks ; axillaries like
the sides of the breast ; lower under wing-coverts ash}' brown like
the under surface of the quills, which are clearer ashy along the
edge of the inner web ; " bill horn-brown ; feet greyish; iris chest-
nut-red '' (David). Total length 8-2 inches, culmen 1, wing 4-05,
taU -i'Oo, tarsus 1"5.

Hab. Southern China from Chensi to Yunnan, and the hills of
North-eastern Bengal.

a. Ad. .sk. Foochow, .Jan. 1867. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

b. c? ad. .sk. Ichang, Hoo-pih. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [O.J.

c. Ad. sk. Ichang gorge, Yangtze river. 0. Maries, Esq. [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Mungla, Sanda valley, 3000 Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

feet, July 1868.

8. Dryonastes pcecilorhynchus.

Garrulax poecilorliyncha, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 281 ; id. B. Asia,

part xvi. (1864).
Garrulax pfficUorliyncbus, Siuinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 283 ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 282, no. 4174 (1869). _
lanthocincla poecilorhyncha, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 372 ; David

^ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 198 (1877).

Adult. General colour above rufous olive-brown, with a slight
wash of olive ; wing-coverts rather more nifous than the back ; pri-
mary-coverts washed with olive externally ; quills dark sepia-brown,
the outer primaries externally ashy ; the secondaries rufous on the
outer webs, the innermost entirely rufous ; upper tail-coverts like
the back, but inclining to rufous at their ends ; centre tail-feathers
chestnut-brown, the remainder dark sepia-brown on the inner web,
chestnut on the outer, the two outermost tipped with white, the
third with pale rufous ; crown of head and nape brighter chestnut-
brown than the back, the feathers narrowly edged with black ; nasal
plumes and lores deep chestnut ; cheeks, ear-coverts, throat, and
chest rufous olive-brown, with a spot of black on the chin ; breast
and remainder of uuderparts slaty grey, the flanks and outer aspect
of thighs washed with rufous-brown ; vent and under tail-coverts
white, the latter washed with pale fulvous ; under wing-coverts rufous
olive-brown, the axillaries ashy, tipped with olivaceous ; the lower
series of coverts dusky brown, like the inner lining of the quills, which
are paler brown along the mai'gin of the inner web ; " bill black with
the tips yellow ; feet greenish grey ; iris blackish " (David). Total
length 10'5 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-35, tail 4-95, tarsus 1"65.

Hah. Formosa, where it inhabits the wooded mouutains, never
descending to the lower unsheltered hills.

a. Ad. sk. Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

b. Ad. sk. Formosa (P. Swinhoe). F. D. Godmau and 0. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].

28. DETONASTES. 461

9. Dryonastes berthemyi.

lanthocincla berthemyi, Dav. Sf Oust. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser.
6, vol. xii. p. 91 (1876) ; iid. Ois. Chine, p. 199, pi. 60 (1877).

Adult. Plumage in general similar to that of lantliocincla poecilo-
rhynclta, but having the shades of colour clearer and somewhat dif-
fereutl}- distributed. Head, neck, chin, and upper part of breast of
not so dark a shade as, but much more of a golden brown than in
the Formosan bird ; grey tint of the abdomen commencing much
higher and being purer in tint, with a slight shade of greenish ;
tail-feathers, excepting the four middle ones, ornamented with a
distinct spot at the tip, white, and not fulvous as in /. pcecilo-
rJiyncha, and tinged with grey on the outer web ; lower part of
forehead and the region between the eye and the base of the bill
deep black, and not purplish black, this black mark forming a sort
of mask, and being prolonged a little below and behind the eye ;
biU black, with a spot of yellow at the tip : feet green ; iris
blackish. Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-55, tail 4*75,
tarsus 1-7. (David cf- Oustalet.)

Hah. "Wooded mountains of Fokien, China.

10. Dryonastes caerulatus.

Cinclosoma casrulatum, Hodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 147 (1836) ;
ill. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mits., Passeres, pi. 167 (uos. 493^94).

Crateropus cieruleatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Bmg. xi. p. 179 (1842) ;
Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).

GaiTulax caerulatus, Bli/fh, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 951 (1843), xiv.
p. 599 (1845) ; Gray^ Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846) ; id. Cat. Mamm.
etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 82 (1846) ; Bhjth, Cat. B. Mits. As. Soc.
p. 96 (1849) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 205
(1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 36 (186.3) ; Gray. Hand-l. B. i. p. 282,
no. 4171 (1869) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. .302 ; Hume, Xests ^- Eggs
Ind. B. p. 254 (1873j ; Godivin- Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xliii.
p. 160 (1874) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96.

lanthocincla Ccerulatiun, Bp. Consp. i. p. 377 (1850).

Adult. General colour above rufous-brown, the lesser and median
wing-coverts like the back ; the greater coverts brighter rufous :
quills dusky brown, externally brighter rufous, the innermost
secondaries entirely of this colour, the primaries externally fulvous-
brown ; rump a little more olivaceous than the back, washed with
grey ; upper tail- coverts reddish brown ; tail-feathers chestnut, the
inner webs somewhat browner ; head like the back, but varied with
blackish margins to the feathers ; base of forehead, lores, and
feathers round the eye black, as are also the nasal plumes, the
feathers at the base of the lower mandible, and a streak below the
eye along the upper edge of the ear-coverts ; ear-coverts greyish,
tipped with reddish brown, forming a patch ; checks reddish brown,
the feathers narrowly edged with black ; throat and under surface
of body white, with the base of the chin and the edge of the throat

a. Ad. sk.

b, c. Ad. St.

Himalayas.
Nepal.

d, e. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

f, g. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
^. Ad. sk.

Nepal {Hodgson).
Nepal {Hodgson).
Darjiliug.

Darjiling {Pears07i)
Sikiiim.

462 TIMEXIID^.

black ; tlic sides of the body ashy grey slightly washed with brown ;
the thighs like the flanks ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries reddish brown, like the sides of the upper
breast, with ashy-grey bases ; quills pale brown below, clearer
along the margin of the inner webs ; " bill dusky, livid at base ;
legs fleshy white ; orbital skin livid ; iris red-brown " {Jerdon).
Total length 10 inches, culmen I'l, wing 4-1, tail 4-6, tarsus 1-65.
Hah. Eastern Himalayas, extending to Assam and the Naga hills.

Gould Collection.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of species.)
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
India Museum.
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.
India Museum.
Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

11. Dryonastes subcaenilatus.

Garrulax subcserulatus, Hume, Sir. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 140 ; id. Sir.
F. 1879, p. 90.

Like G. ccendatus, but more olivaceous and less rufescent above,
and with the ear-coverts, feathers behind the eye, and posterior
portions of cheeks silvery white, more or less tipped with black, and
vsdth the three exterior tail-feathers on either side broadly tipped
white. {Hume, ?. c.)

This markedly distinct but yet closely allied species replaces
G. cceridatus of Nepal, Sikhim, &c. on parts of the Khasia hills,
near Shillong. {Hume, I. c.)

On the difference of the colour of the upper parts, marked as it
is, I lay uo stress, because Sikhim and Nepal birds of this class are
always deeper-coloured and more rufescent than specimens of the
same species fi-om the Khasias. But I have examined over thirty
specimens of G. cceridatus ; and not one exhibits a trace of the broad
and conspicuous white tippings to the three external lateral tail-
feathers characteristic of the present species, nor does one of them
show a trace of the largo pure white patch on either side of the
head that distinguishes G. sahccnrulatus. {Hume, I. c.)

The following dimensions are taken from the skin : — Length 10
to 11 inches, wing 4-2-4-6, tail 5-5-8, tarsus 1-48-1-6, bill at
front from frontal bone 0*96-1 '03. {Hume, I. e.)

Ohs. Colonel Godwin-Austen's specimens from the Naga hiUs are
true 6r. cceridatus.

29. ACTINODURA. 463

29. ACTINODURA. ^

Type.

Actinodura, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 17 A. egertoni.

Leiocincla, B/i/th, J. A. S. Benr/. xii. p. 953 (1843).

Ixops, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844) .... A. nipalensis.

Bill of Actinodura nipal&)isis.

Ranije. Himalayas, extending into the hills of Assam, N.E.
Bengal, and Burmah.

Key to the Species.

a. A black spot ou the wing formed by the black pri-
mary-coverts ; ear-coverts ashy or fulvescent
brown.
a'. Throat rufescent or fulvous.

a". BiU yellow; chin and forehead chestnut, con-
trasting with the ashy-brown head and neck egertoni, p. 463.
h" . BUI dark horn-brown or dusky ; no chestnut
contrast on the chin and forehead, which are
sandy buff or brown,
ft'". Crown of head uniform; forehead sandy

bufl"; back olive-brown ramsayi, p. 464.

b'" . Crown of head streaked, the feathers dusky
brown with ashy whitish edges ; back

rufous timldeni, p. 465.

h'. Throat ashy or hoary whitish.

c". Feathers of crowu mesially streaked with

paler brown nipalensis, p. 466,

d". Feathers of crown imiform, without pale

mesial streaks dajlaensis, p. 467.

h. No black spot on the wing; ear-coverts black;

throat white oylei, p. 467.

1. Actinodura egertoni.

Actinodura egertoui, Gould, I\ Z. 8. 1836, p. 18 ; Hodgs. Icon. ined.
in Brit. Mus., App. pi. 82 (no. 882) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 226
(1846); id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodqs. p. 84 (1846);
Fraser, Zool. Typ. pi. 40 (1849) ; Blyth,Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 98
(1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 373 (1850) ; Ilorsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I.
Co. 31ns. i. p. 212 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. li. p. 52 (1863) ; Gould,
B. Asia, part xviii. (1866) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 283, no. 4195
(1869) ; Godwin- Anste7i, J. A. S. Bent/, xxxix. p. 105 (1870), xlv.
p. 76 (1876) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 308 ; Hume, Nests ^- Eggs Ind.
B. p. 266 (1873) ; id. Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 153, 1879, p. 97.

Leiociucla plumosa, Blyfh, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 953 (1843), xiv.
p. 600 (1S4.J).

Actiuodma rufifrous, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 24.

Adult. General colour above fulvous-browu ; wing-coverts bav,

464 TIMELIID^.

the inner ones fulvous-brown like the back ; bastard-wing feathers
fulrous-brown, dusky on the inner webs ; primarj'-coverts brown,
inclining to blackish at the ends ; quills sepia-brown, externally
ashy, barred with black towards the ends, bright bay near the base
of the outer web ; inner secondaries ashy olivaceous, narrowly barred
across with dusky black ; upper tail-coverts and tail rufescent
brown with dusky cross bars under certain lights ; remainder of
the feathers fulvous-brown, becoming dusky brown towards the
ends, which are tipped with white ; head, which is strongly crested,
ashy brown, with slight indications of rufous edges to the feathers ;
forehead and sinciput, nasal plumes, lores, feathers round the eye,
and fore part of cheeks chestnut-rufous ; ear-coverts and sides of
neck ashy brown ; chin chestnut, fading off on the throat into
fulvous-brown somewhat washed with ashy, which extends onto
the upper breast ; sides of body fulvous-brown ; thighs earthy
brown ; centre of body dull white ; under tail-coverts light ful-
vous-brown, tipped with white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
like the sides of the breast, but a little more tawny in tint ; quills
dusky brown below, tawny or light chestnut along the inner web ;
" bill light horny ; legs pale brown ; iridos brown " (Jerdon). Total
length 8 inches, culmen 0'7, wing 3'35, tail 4-5, tarsus 145.

Yoimff. Differs from the adult in being more rufous and more
fluffy in character of plumage ; the whole head is rufous-brown,
slightly vinous in cast ; the bars on the wings much more coarsely
defined.

Hub. Himalayas, extending into the hills of N.E. Bengal.

a. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Zoological Society. (Type

of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection.

c. d, e, f. Ad. ; g. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Juv. sk.

h, i, h. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgsoii). India Museum.

I. Ad. sk. Sikhim. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

m. Ad. sk. Native Sikhim. Gonld Collection,

w, 0. Ad. sk. Khasia hills* {Griffith). India Museum.

2. Actinodura ramsayi.

Actinura ranisavi, Walden, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hint. (4) xv. p. 402
(1875); Hiime, Str. F. 1875, p. 404 ; Walden in Blyth, B. Biirm.
p. 108 (1875); Godwin-Austen, Ann. iSj- Mag. N. H. (4) xvi. p. 340
(1875) ; Banisag, Ibis, 1877, p. 464, pi. xii.

Actinodura ramsayi, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97.

Achdt male (Karen-Nee, March 21, 1874; E. G. Wardlaw
Ramsay : type of species). General colour above ashy olive-brown,
indistinctly barred across with dusky ; lesser and median wing-
eoverts like the back and narrowly barred with dusky ; greater
series fulvous, the inner ones ashy brown, all distinctly barred

* These birds are marked as from Afghanistan [1. c.) ; but they are evidently
from North-eastern Bengal.

29. Af'TINODURA. 405

across with black ; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts
lilack ; quills blackish brown, chequered externally with bright bay
barred witli black, the outer primaries barred on the outer web
with black and ashy fulvous; innermost secondaries ashy brown
barred acrofs with black ; tail-feathers ashy fulvous, narrowlj' barred
with du^^ky black, the outer feathers inclining to dusky blackish
towards the ends, which are tipi)ed with white ; forehead sandy butf ;
the crown and nape pale sandy brown ; sides of crown, lores, sides
of face, and ear-coverts ashy brown, blacker on the lores and
below the eye ; round the latter a conspicuous ring of white
feathers ; cheeks and under surface of body sandy buff, a little
more dusky on the flanks, which have indistinct narrow bases of
dusky ; thighs and under tail-coverts more olivaceous, the latter
ti])])od with white ; axillarics and under wing-coverts fawn-colour ;
quills dusky brown below, pale fawn-colour along the inner web ;
" bill horny brown ; legs slaty brown ; iris light hair-brown "
{R. G. W. 'R.). Total length 9-0 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-8,
tail 5, tarsus 1*1. {Mus. R. O. Wardlatu Ramsat/.)

Adidt female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
8'4 inches, culmen 0"75, wing 3'4, tail 4'7, tarsus l-l.

Hcd>. Hills of Karen-nee in Burmah at a height of 3500 feet.
a. Ad. sk. Karen-nee. Capt. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay [P.].

3. Actinodura waldeni.

Actinodura waMeni, Godwin-Aust. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 4G; Gould, B.
Aiiia, part, xxvii. (1875) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adtdt (Munipur hills). General colour above rufous-brown, a
little clearer rufous on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-
coverts rufous-brown like the back, the greater series edged with
lavender-grey near the tips of the outer webs ; bastard-M'ing
feathers dull ashy with a tinge of rufous, and barred across with
black; primary-coverts black, forming a conspicuous wing-spot;
(piills black, externally rufous, brighter towards the base of the
l)rimaries, all barred with black on the outer web, the secondaries
dull brown and barred with black right across, the outer primaries
edged towards the tips with lavender-grc)' ; tail-feathers black, all
but the centre ones tipped with white, bright rufous towards the
base barred with black, this coloration much more extended on tlie
central rectrices ; hind Tieck dull ashy brown, overspreading the
mantle ; crown of head much crested, dusky brown, the feathers
■'dged with ashy whitish; lores and cheeks dusky ash-brown, the
latter washed with rufous; ear-coverts hoary grey; entire under
surface of l)ody rufous, paler on the throat and chest, which are
slightly mottled with dark rufous-brown centres to the feathers:
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts darker and more of a mahogany-
brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries rufous-brown like the
breast ; quills dusky brown below, rufous-brown along the inner web.
Total length 7-5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-05, tail 3-4, tarsus 1-3.
(J/(f.9. }f. Jf. Godicin-Austen.)

Hall. Munipur, X.E. Bengal,
vor.. VII. 211

466 TiMEu:i).E.

4. Actinodura nipalensis.

Cinclosonia nipalensis, HofJi/s. Asiat. Eesearch. xix. p. 145 (18.30).
Ixops nipalensis, Modf/s. Icon. vied, hi Brit. Mus., t'asseres, pi. 201

(no. 257) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).
Actinodui-a nipalensis, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 22() (1846) ; id. Cat.

Mamm. etc. JS'epal pres. Hodqs. p. 84 (1846) ; Bh/th, Cat. B. Mns.

As. Soc. p. 98 (1849) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B.E.I. Co. Mus. i.

p. 212 (1854); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 53 (18G3); Gould, B. Asia,

part xviii. (1866) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 283, no. 4195 (1869) ;

Jerd. Bn's, 1872, p. 308 ;* Godiuin-Austen, Ann. ^- May. Nat. Hist.

(4) xvi. p. 340 (1875) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adult. General colour above reddish brown, the head, neck, and
mantle more chocolate-brown than the back, the feathers mesially
streaked with whity brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts more
rufous than the back, the latter with indistinct dusky cross bars :
wing-coverts like the back, but the central streaks obsolete, the
greater series washed with grey at the tips ; bastard-wing feathers
grey, barred and tipped with black; primary-coverts black; quills
blackish brown, externally bright rulous, chequered by narrow
cross bars of black, the primaries narrowly edged with grey towards
the tips ; the inner secondaries fulvous-brown, inclining to ashy at
the ends and regularly barred across with black ; tail-feathers black,
barred with rufous and black near the base, and tipped with white,
the latter increasing as the rufous base diminishes in extent towards
the outer feathers ; lores like the crown and streaked with white in
the same manner : ear-coverts dark ashy brown ; cheeks black ;
under surface of body pale ashy brown, rather fulvescent on the
throat, the lower flanks and thighs more fulvescent, deepening to
tawny on the under tail-coverts ; axillaiies ashy fulvous ; under
wing-coverts light rufous, the edge of the wing whitish ; quills
blackish below, rufescent along the inner web ; " bill dusky horny ;
legs pale fleshy brown ; irides brown " (Jerclon). Total length
7"5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-6, tail 3-7, tarsus 1-25.

Young. Diiicrs from the adult in being much paler brown and
more rufescent on the head, where the white streaks are broader
and more plainly marked; ear-coverts light vinous brown ; cheek-
stripe Ijrown ; l)arring on the wings coarse as in the old bird ; and
the under surface light ashy.

JIab. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the liills of North-eastern
Eengal.

a, h. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection.

c, d. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of .species.)

e, f. Ad.; fj. Juv. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

sk.

h. Ad. ; i. Juv. sk. Nepal (Hodr/so}i). India Museum.

k. Ad. sk. Darjiling {Pearson). India Museum.

/. Ad. sk. Parjiling. Gould Collection.

?«, «. Ad. sk. Darjiling. II. Seebohni; E.-q. [P.].

29. AcriNODiRA. 4(i7

5. Actinodura daflaensis.

Actiuiira daflaensis, Godwin-Austen, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvi.

p. 839 (1870) ; id. J. A. S. Banff, xlvi. part 2, p. 77, pi. iv. (1870) ;

Jfiime, 8fr. F. 1870, p. 219,
Aclinodura daflaensi8, Ilume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adult female (Da?ia \\\\\ii, Fcbraary). General colour above dark
rufous chocolate, becoming lighter rufous on the rump and upper,
tail-coverts ; wing-coverts rufous-brown, the greater series edged
with laveivler-grey near the tips of the outer webs ; bastard-wing
feathers ashy grey barred with black ; primary-coverts black,
forming a wing-patch ; quills black, externallj' sandy brown, in-
clining to bright rufous near the base of the primaries, the outer-
most of the latter being margined with grey ; all the quills
chequered with black bars on the outer web, these bars more di-
stinct on the secondaries and continued right across to the innermost
of the latter, which are also browner ; tail-feathers black, bright
rufous towaids the base, with a few black bars, the rufous colour
extending for half the distance of the centre feathers, and dimi-
nishing towards the outer ones, all but the centre feathers tipped
with white : head strongly crested, dusky brown, the frontal feathers
narrowly fringed with greyish white : hind neck and mantle dull
earthy brown ; lores and feathers below the ej'e dusky ; over the
latter a shade of ashy not sufficient to form an ej-ebrow ; ear-
coverts dull ashy grey, slightly blacker towards the eye ; cheeks,
throat, and entire breast ashy greyish, a little whiter on the throat,
all the feathers obscurely centred with dusky brown ; flanks and
thighs dull rufous, the latter washed with grey like the abdomen ;
under tail-coverts rufous ; uuder wing-coverts and axillaries ashy,
the latter browner ; quills dusky brown below, rufescent along the
inner web. Total length 7"4 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*15,
tail 3-1, tarsus 1-25. {Mus. H. H. Godivin-Ausien.)

Hah. Dafla hills.

0, Actinodura oglei,

Actinura oglei, Goihvin- Austen, J. A. S. Beny. xlvi. part 2, p. 42,

pi. xi. (1877) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 341.
Actinodura oglei, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97.

Adult male (type of species). General colour above fulvescent
brown, with fine dusky cross markings on most of the feathers ;
wing-coverts like the back, the greater series a trifle more rufescent ;
quills dusky brown, externally fulvous-brown, barred with blackish,
these bars beiiig continued across the inner secondaries : ujiper tail-
coverts a little more fulvous than the back and with the same dusky
cross markings ; tail-feathers brown, externally washed with dull
fulvous-brown and regularly barred across with dusky cross lines ;
head and hind neck golden brown, slightl)' overspreading the mantle,
many of the feathers edged and tipped with black, which appears to
form a bar separating the head from the white-spotted plumes on the

2 712

468 TIMELIID.E.

cj'cbrow and sides of neck ; base of forehead and lores with blackish
shaft-linos ; a broad whito eyebrow continued onto the sides of the
nock and behind the ear-coverts in the form of ovate white drops
bordered with black ; car-coverts black ; cheeks and throat pure
white ; sides of neck and breast ashy grey ; sides of body and
abdomen rufescent brown, clearer on the under tail-coverts and
thighs ; under wing-coverts and axillaries fulvous-brown, more or
less washed with a^hy ; quills dusky brown below, ashy fulvous
along the inner web ; " bill black above, grey below ; legs and feet
umber-brown; iris crimson-lake " (0(/?e). Total length 6 inches,
culmen 0-85, wing 2-7, tail 2-5, tarsus 1-05. (Mas. H. II. Godwhi-
Austen.)

Hub. Sadiya, Assam.

This species is rather aberrant in form, having a thicker bill and
shorter tail than the other Adinodiirce.

30. NEOCICHLA.

Type.

Neociclila, Slutrpc, cd. Layard'&B. S. Afr. p. 215 (1875) N. gutturalis.
Range. S.W. Africa.

1. Neocichla gutturalis.

Crateropus gutturalis, Bocaye, Juni. Lisb. xii. p. 272 (1871).
Neocichla gutturalis, Shatye, cd. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 215 ; Bocayc,
Orn. Anyola, p. 253, tab. 1. fig. 1 (1877).

Adult female (type of species). Head and neck grey ; back and
scapulars brown, with straw-coloured margins to the feathers ; lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy, somewhat inclining to
creamy brown ; wing-coverts brown glossed with purple, the outer
ones purplish black ; quills purplish black, sliading oif into brown
at the tips, the secondaries externally white, forming a broad lon-
gitudinal bar down the wing, the innermost brown, edged with
fulvous inclining to white at the tip ; tail purplish black tipped with
■white, more broadly on the outer feathers, the two ceutre ones paler
brown, a shade of this colour being also apparent on the inner webs
of most of the others ; entire sides of face and throat light grey,
rather paler than on the crown and shading off into a black patch on
the fore neck, the lower feathers of which are edged with fulvous ;
rest of under surface orange-buff, inclining to white in the centre of
the abdomen and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts like the
breast; bill black; iris bright yellow. Total length 8 inches, culmen
0-8, wing 4-2, tail 3-6, tarsus 1-2. {Mus. Lish.)

Ohs. Professor Barboza du Bocage says that specimens not (juite
adult have the fore part of the neck and breast with transverse bars
of a pale brownish rufous, which disappears later on in life.

Hah. Provinces of Benguela and Mossamedcs in Houth-wcsteru
Africa.

31. CRATEEOPUS. 469

31. CRATEEOPUS.

Type.
Crateropiis, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer.,Aves, p. 487 (1831) C. reinwardti.
Malacocercus, Swains. Zool. Illustr. 2nd ed. series iii.

pi. 127 (1832) C. atripennis.

Iscliyropodus, lieichenh. Syst. Av. pi. Iv. fig. 3 (1850) . . C. atripennis.

Cf. Uli/th, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 478 (1856).

Range. The whole of Africa below the Sahara Desert ; Indian
Peninsula and Ceylon.

I see no reason why the Indian species of Malacocercus should be
kept apart from the African Crateropi. It is true that the latter, as
a rule, have the wing and tail equal in dimensions, and in the Ma-
lacoceirl. the tail is a trifle longer than the wing : but this is not in-
variably the case, and the difference is too small to be of generic
importance in this instance. More marked is the excess in the length
of wing over that of the tail in the two African species C. atripennis
and C. haiincsii, which are also aberrant in their style of colouring, and
further resemble the Indian Malacocerci in their yellow bill ; but I
can perceive no advantage in separating them from Crateropus, which
they otherwise resemble in form.

Key to the Species.

a. With the bill horn-brown or black.
«'. Without white rump.

a". Head not white, brown or blackish or
ashy.
«'". Breast uniform light ashy brown like
the rest of the under surface ; head and
ear-coverts black, forming a distinct
cap, which contrasts with the ashy-
brown back reimcardti, p. 470.

b'". Breast with rounded ashy margins to
the feathers ; these edges still more
distinct on the throat,
fl!*. Ijores white ; crown of head blackish
brown, with lighter-brown edges to

the feathers 2)latijcerei(s, p. 471.

b* . Lores black, contrasting with the

crown, which is ashy grey on the

forehead and over the ej^e ; rest of

head light brown like the back .... tnelanops, p. 472.

c'" . Breast with white lanceolate tips to

the feathers.

f^. Larger : cheeks and ear-coverts

streaked with grey jardinii, p. 472.

d^ . Smaller: ear-coverts uniform dark , jj ■ ^«.>

ashv M-ieiMs, p. 473.

^ I hijpostictus, p. 474.

d"'. Breast white bico/or juv., p. 470.

b". Head white.

e'". Ikck brown ; crown, sides of face, and

cliin wliitt^ leucoccpJialiix. p. 474.

470 TIMELIID-E.

/'". Entire body white excepting the wings

and tail, -which are brown hicolor, p. 475.

V , With a distinct white rump.

c" . Crown of head, sides of fiice, and upper

tliroat white leucopyyius, p. 476.

d". CrowTi of head brown; forehead brown,

with grey edges to the feathers hartlauhi, p. 478.

b. "With the bill yellow.

c' . Abdomen pale, ashy or ochraceous.

e". Tail-feathers brown or ashy brown, not

rnfescent.

y'". Belly ashy whitish or light buff; throat

not more dusky than the breast, the

feathers not mottled with blackish

bases ; back distinctly streaked with , . -o

whitish centres to the leathers < , t ■'^ ,-o

h . Jjelly ochraceous bun ; the throat dingy ' '^

and mottled with blacldsh bases to the
feathers.
e^. Head creamy whitish, in strong con-
trast to the back, which is distinctly
streaked with broad centres to the

feathers yn'seus, p. 480.

/*. Head ashy brown, scarcely different
from the rest of the upper siu'face ;
streaks on back iudistinct and con-
fined to the shaft-lines alone striatiis, p. 481.

f". Tail-feathers light rufotis-brown, with
pale tips to the outer ones ; upper tail-
coverts also pale sandy buff and contrasting

with the back somervillii, p. 482.

iV. Abdomen maroon-brown; throat pearly gTej'.

y". Head, throat, and breast pearly grey .... atripennis, p. 483.
h". Head black; sides of face and throat

only pearly grey haynesii, p. 483.

1. Crateropus reinwardti.

Crateropus reinwardtii, Sivains. Zool. Illudr. 2ud ser. ii. pi. 80 ( 1831) ;

id. B. W. Afr. i. p. 276 {1837) ; Gray, Gtn. B. i. p. 224 (1846) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 278 (1850) ; Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 23 ; id. Orn.

W. Afr. p. 79 (1857) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 280, no. 4128 (1869);

Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 52 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 24 (1871) ; Shelley ^

Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 287.
Tui'dus melanocephalus, Cuvier, Mns. Paris. ; PucJier. Arch, du Mits.

vii. p. 342.

Adult. General colour above ashy olive-brown, the least wing-
coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts darker brown
with only a slight wash of olive ; primary- coverts and quills dark
brown, the inner secondaries washed with the colour of the back ;
tail-feathers dark brown ; head, nape, cheeks, and ear-coverts black,
the sides of the neck also inclining to blackish brown ; lores slightly
ashj' ; feathers of crown not pointed, but having glossy black shaft-
lines ; throat pale yellowish white, shading off on the lower part

31. CRATEROPUS. 471

into liglit ashy brown with somewhat of an ochraceoiis tinge : fore
neck and chest slightly mottled with brown centres to the feathers ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries light fawn-buff, except the coverts
near the edge of the wing and the lower series, which are dark brown
and form a bar ; quills brown below, ashy brown along the edge of
the inner web ; " iiis white " (ShcUei/). Total length 9 inches,
culmen 1, wing -1-7, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-4.

Nothing is known of the plumage of the sexes or of that of the
young birds. Another Gambian specimen has the chin blackish and
the whole throat as well as the fore neck mottled with blackish
centres to the feathers. The Fan tee birds are greyer on the throat,
and have the cheeks dark ashy and not so black as the Senegambian
examijles.

JIab. West Africa, from Senegambia to the Gold Coast.

a, b. Ad. St. Senegambia. Governor Randall [C.].

c. Ad. sk. River Gambia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(I. Ad. sk. Fantee. R. B. Sharpe, E,-q.

e. Ad. sk. Fantee {Governor Usslier). R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.

2. Crateropus platycercus.

Crateropiis platycercus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 274 (1837) ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 224 (1846J ; Bp. Consp. i."p. 278 (1850) ; Hartl. J. f.

O. 1854, p. 2.3 ; id. Orn. W. Afr. p. 79 (1857) ; Grat/, Hand-l. B.

i. p. 280, no. 41.]1 (1869); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p*. 24 (1871);

Shelley .y Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 291.
Tm'dus testaceus, Temin. in Mus. Paris.

Ischyropodus testaceus, Beichenb. Syst Av. pi. Iv. fig. .3 (1850).
'i Crateropus plebeius, Hartl. Oni. W. Afr. p. 79 (1857, nee

Biipp. ).

Adult. General colour above brown with indistinct paler edges
To the feathers, the mantle rather darker iu the centre of the
feathers ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy bi"owu,
contrasting with the back ; wing-coverts like the back ; the greater
series and the quiUs rather darker brown ; tail-feathers dark brown,
with obscure dusky cross bars under certain lights ; head dark
brown, decidedly darker than the back and appearing scaly, the
feathers being edged with ashy and having black shaft-streaks ; no
distinct eyebrow, but the feathers above the eye obscurely tipped
with grey ; lores dull white ; car-coverts uniform greyish bro\^u ;
checks, throat, and breast light brown, varied with ashy fulvous
edgings to the feathers, the chin washed with ashy grey ; remainder
of under surface of body uniform light ashy brown somewhat washed
w ith ochraceous, the under tail-coverts light ochraceous brown ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries brown, the greater series washed
with fawn-colour ; quills brown below, ashy along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 8-7 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-1^5, tail 4-1,
tarsus 1-4.

Ilab. Western Africa, from Senegambia to the Gold Coast.

472 TIMELIID-E.

„ vd St Biver Ciambia. Governor RendaU [C.].

b. J ad. sk. 8eiH.gaiiiLia. M. Ven-eaux.

c d e \d sk. Kiver Gambia. li- B. bliarpe, Esq.

/! Ad. sk. Batluirst, liver Gambia li. B. Sliarpe, Esq.

(Quin).
(J, h. Ad. sk. Biver Gambia. Gould Collection.

3. Crateropus melanops.

Crateropus melanops, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 435, pi. 37 ; Grm/,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 281, no. 414-5 (1869) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 24

(1871); Gurney in Amhrss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 123 (1872) ; Sharjie,

ed. Laijanl B. S. Afr. p. 214 (1875) ; Bocar/e, Orn. Anyula, p. 251

(1877).

Adult. General colour above brown, with obsolete lighter edgings

to the feathers, the wings and tail much darker brown ; the lower

back, rump, and upper tail-coverts inclining to sandy brown, the

latter dark ; crown of head, sides of face, and throat hoary grey,

the feathers tipped with the latter colour, the grey shade especially

distinct over the eye and on the ear-coverts ; lores and plumes

below the eye black ; plumes of the throat and fore neck brown,

margined with hoary grey ; rest of under surface of body pale

fulvous-brown, inclining to white near the vent ; thighs and under

wing-coverts brown ; " biU black ; feet blackish ; iris yellow "

(Anchicta). Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-4, tail 4-7,

tarsus 1'4.

Bab. The northern parts of Damaia Land as far as the Cunene
river.
a. S ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Sept. 23, B. B. Sharpe, Esq.

1859 {C.J. Andersson).
b c d A.A sk Cunene river, June 1867 B. B. Sharpe, Esq.
' ' ' (C. J. A.).

e \d sk Cunene river, June 'lb, C. J. Andersson, Esq.

■ ■ 1867. [C.].

4. Crateropus jar dinii.

Crateropus iardiuei, Smith, Be}). B.rj}. Centr. Afr. p. 45 (1836) ; id.

III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 6 (1849) ; Gra;/, Gm. B. i. p. 224 (1846) ;

Bp. Co/isp. i.'p. 278 (1850); Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 1.33 (1867);

Gurney, Ibis, 1868, pp. 266 (note), 461 ; Girn/, Iland-l. B. i. p. 281,

no. 4144 (1869) ; Fimch ^- Ilarll. Vinj. Ostafr. p. 289 (1870) ;

Shurpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 24 (1871) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.

Ld. p. 123 (1872) ; Sliarpe, ed.Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 212 (1875);

Burratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 201 ; Bocaye, Orn. Anyo'la, p. 250 (1877) ;

Sharpe in Gates, Malahtle Land, App. p. 309 (1881 ).
Cratoiopus affinis, Bocaye, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 436; id. Jorn. Acad.

Lifh. 1870, p. 342 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 280, no. 4143.

Adult mule. Olivaceous brown, the feathers of the head pointed
and edged with ashy brown, imparting a streaked appearance, which
is increased by the black shaft-lines ; hind neck, mantle, and back
o-cncrally slightly varied by pale brown spots on the tips of the

31. CKATEROPus. 4y3

feathers; lower back and runii) rather more ashy olive-brown-
upper tail-covorts light brown, many of the shorter ones ashy •
wing-coverts rather more ashy brown than the back, with sniaU
spot^ on the tips of tlie feathers, less distinct on the greater series •
quills dark brown, externally edged with paler brown ; tail dark
brown, waved with dusky cross lines under certain lights • fore-
head slightly greyer than the crown, the margins to the feathers
being ashy grey ; lores and feathers below the fore part of the eye
ausjjy blackish ; ear-coverts brown, streaked with ashy • checks
ashy brown, the feathers with pointed tips of dull white, producing
a streaked appearance; throat and breast brown, very plainly varied
with white tips to the feathers, those streaks disaiiearing\n the
lower breast and abdomen, which are nearly uniform ashy brown
washed with pale ochraceous ; throat-feathers marked with"blackish
subteimmaJly as we 1 as streaked; under tail-coverts ashy brown,
tipped with dull white; under wing-coverts and axilkries pale
tawny buff ; qu.lls dark brown below, deeper tawny along the ed-e
of the inner web ; •' bill and feet black ; iris dark red " (T E Bucl-
M "hght red" (F. Oates), 01- " bright reddish yellow '' (T. Ayres).
Total length 10 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-35, tail 4-3, tarsus 1-95

1A r -^""f^- ''^™'^'''' *^ ^^^ ™ale in colour. Total length
10 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 4-25, tail 4-2, tarsus 1-25.

You)i>/ Much paler and more ochraceous brown than' the adults
with pale brown spots at the tips of the feathers: throat and
breast gieyish brown, with smaller white spots than in the adult
these spots with distinct subterminal markings of darker brown •
remainder ot under surface light ochraceous brown.

I/ab. Eesident in .South Africa, from about 20° S. lat (Potchef
stroom and Kurrichaine) northwards to the Zambesi on the east
coast and Lamara Land on the west.

«. ? ad. sk. Kurrichaine. Sir Andrew Smith [C.].

h Tnv ^l- « Af (Type oft-pecies.)

^. Jm.sk. S. Africa. Sir A. Smith I C.l

^ ^af :P P°t^-l^^*«troo^- ^ F.A.Barratt,^Esq.[C.].

foHi Transvaal (4y;rs). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. ^

e. ? ad.sk. Maiico river, Tiansvaal, W. E. & C CI Oates
. ,^ , Nov.l8,1873(i^. OffCes). Esqrs. rCl'

f,ff- 6 2 ad- sk. Tali, October {F. Oates). W. E. & C.' G. Oates

h. Ad. sk. Mctoria Falls, .Zambesi. rurcbased

t. Ad. sk. Cunene river, June 25, R. B. Sharpe. Esq

1809 {C. J. Amlersson). ^ ' ^'

5. Crateropus plebeius.

Ixos plebejus, CretzscJnn. in Jiiipp. Alias, Taf. 23 (182G).
Crateiopus plebeius, Gray, Gen. i?. i. p. 224(1840); Bp. Cmsp. i

fio^;i\*^^ri-'"^ ' ^"■^' ^^'*"' 1^^'-^' P- '^18; Antin. Cat.dcscr. p. 44
(18t4); Uartm. J.f. O. 1804, p. 148: Gra,,, Hand-l. B i n •>S0
no. 4133 (1809); Finsch ^- Uartl Viiq. O.^tafr. p. 287 (1870)'
//«y. 0;«. .Y.O.-^/r. i. p.393(1870).' ' ' '("^'";.

4 74 TiJLELiTD j:.

Crateropus jardinii (mn Smith), Hartl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 105 ; Scl.

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 108 ; Ileiir/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 394 (1870).
Crateropus ciuereus, Ileuyl. Syst. Ucbers. p. 30 ; id. J. f. O. 1862,

p. 300.
Crateropus kirtii, SJiarpe, cd. Lm/ard's B. S. Afr. p. 213 (1875) ;

Bociuie, Orn. Anr/ola, p. 2.50 (1877) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 226 ;

Shelki/, F. Z. S. 1881, p. 575.

Adult. Similar to C. jardinii, but with the ear-coTerts uniform
dai'k ashy brown, as well as the cheeks, which are not tipped with
grey streaks ; the feathers of the crown and neck are also tipped
more plaiuly with grey than in the allied species ; " iris bright
red " (KirJi-) ; '•'-bill black ; feet bluish brown ; iris yellow" {HewiJin).
Total length 7'8 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-85, tail 3-85, tarsus 1-25.

Sexes similar (^R'dpj)ell).

Hah. Xorth-eastern Africa from Kordofan to the Gazelle river
and probably down the whole of Eastern Africa to the Zambesi. I
think that Capt. Speke's specimens from Uzinza must have belonged
to this species, and not to 0. jardinii. C. cinereus is now con-
sidered by Heuglin to be a small race with a pearl-coloured eye.
A specimen in the Basle Museum, obtained by Kiis at Aguapim,
has been kindly lent by Prof. Eiitimeyer. I believe it to be the
true C. plehdus of Eiippell ; it is very much darker than the type
of C. lirJcii, the only specimen T have to compare with it. Whether
the bird in the Basle Museum has become bleached, and looks paler
on that account, I cannot say ; but if it is of the normal colour of
C. plebeias, then C. lirlii wUl certainly be a recognizable dark race.

a. Ad. sk. Zambesi. Dr. Kirk [P.]. (Type

of C. kirkii.)

6. Crateropus hjrpostictus.

Crateropus hypostictus, Cah. ^- Reiclien. J.f. O. 1877, pp. 25, 103.

Very like C. pleheius, but smaller and having blackish lores.
{^Cabanis ^' Beichen.)

ITah. Loango coast, W. Africa.

7. Crateropus leucocephalus.

Turdoides leucocephala, Cretzschm. in Riipp. Atl. Taf. 4 (1826).
Crateropus leucocephalus, Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 60, no. 198 (1845);

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 224 (1846); Bp. Cons]}. i. p. 278 (1850);

Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 85 (18-50); Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 30,

no. 281 (1856) ; id. J. f. 0. 1862, p. 300; Antin. Cat. descr. p. 43

(1864) ; Ilartiu. J. f. O. 1864, p. 148; Heuqlin, Orn. N.O.-Afr.

p. 391 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 280, uo. 41.34 (1869) ;

Blanf. Geol. &> Zool. Abyss, p. 372 (1870) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii.

p. 244 (1870) ; S/uirpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 24, no. 222 (1871) ; Antin.

^- Salmd. Viayg. Bogos, p. 106 (1875).

Adult male. General colour above pale earthy brown, the lower
back and rump rather lighter and more ochraceous, and the uj^per

31. CRATEROPTTS. 475

tail-coverts someu hat more ashy brown ; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back ; greater series and quills rather darker brown,
margined with pale brown ; tail-feathers brown, with obscure dusky
cross bars under certain lights, the feathers edged with reddish
brown near the base ; head pure white, as also the ear-coverts,
cheeks, and chin, the hinder cheeks light brown like the sides of the
neck ; under surface of the body, from the middle of the throat
downwards, light brown, inclining to pale ochraceous on the breast,
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; the throat and fore neck
rather washed with ashy, and having pale fulvescent margins aud
lighter shaft-lines down the feathers ; the brown of the throat
rather darker where it adjoins the white ; under wiug-coverts and
axillaries pale fawn-buff, those along the edge of the wing light
brown ; quills brown below, pale reddish along the edge of the
inner web ; '• bill horny black ; legs dusky lead-colour ; iris orange-
yellow " (Heiir/Uii) ; " legs purplish horn-colour " ( IF. T. Blanford).
Total length 0-6 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4-3, tad. 4-3, tarsus 1-35.

Adult female. Docs not differ from the male in plumage. Total
length S*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 4-2, tail 4, tarsus b-25. The speci-
men is moulting ; and the new feathers seem to be very ranch darker
brown, the plumage doubtless fading from exposure after a time.
As is usual with these white-headed Eabbling Thrushes, the [loung
birds have brown heads, and remains of the immature brown
plumage are often seen in white-headed individuals.

Hah. Widely distributed in Xorth-eastern Africa, being resident
in Xubia from about 17° ^. lat. to the Lower "White J^ile, and
occurring throughout Bogos Land, Abyssinia, and Sennaar, but not
higher than 500(J feet. The specimen enumerated below from
Senegambia is the first instance of this bird's capture in West
Africa ; and though by no means an improbable bird to find there,
its occurrence will require confirmation.

a. Ad. st. Abyssinia. Dr. Eiippell [C.].

b. Ad. sk. Anseba river (JEsler). K. B. Sharpe, Esq.

c. d ad. sk. Anseba vallev, Feb. 27^ 1868 W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

(4000 tet-tj.

d. $ ad.sk. Ain, Sambar, Julv 7, 1868 W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

(li'OO feet).

e. f. Ad. sk. White Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.].
g. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Purchased.

8. Crateropus bicolor.

Crateropus bicolor, Jard. in Edinh. Jouni. Sd. iii. p. 07, pi. 3 ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 224 (184G) ; Bp. (Junsp. i. p. 278 (1850) ; StricU'^-
Svl. Contr. Orn. Ifr52, p. 145 ; Anderss. F. Z. S. 1864, p. 7 ; Lai/ard,
£. S. Afr. p. 133 (1867 ) ; Grai/, Hattd-l. B. i. p. 280, no. 4129
(1869) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 24 (1871"); Gurnet/ in Anderss.
B. Dam. Ld. p. 121 (1^72) ; Sharpe, ed. Layards B. S. Afr.
p. 210 (1875) ; id. in Oafes, Matabele Land, App. p. 308 (1881).

Crateropus hypoleiicus, Cab. J.f. O. 1878, pp. 2U5, 226.

Adult male. Entirely white, with the exception of the quills and

476

TriIELIlD.E.

tail, which are dark brown ; least wing-coverts white, as also some of
the bastard-wing feathers ; median and greater series brown like the
quills ; " bill and feet black ; iris reddish orange " {T. E. Buckley).
Total length 9-6 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4-55, tail 4-6, tarsus 1-45.

Adult female. Exactly like the male. Total length 9-3 inches,
culmen r05, wing 4-5, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-4.

Many specimens have their white plumage interspersed with
brown feathers. These are the remains of the young plumage,
which is quite different from the adult.

Yoimr/. Light brown, with darker brown wings and tail ; fore-
head with dark shaft^stripes ; sides of face ashy brown, as also the
ear-coverts ; throat and breast greyish brown, with a few dark
shaft-streaks to the feathers of the throat ; remainder of under
surface pale fulvous-brown, lighter in the centre of the abdomen.

Ohs. The change from the brown plumage of the young to the
white livery of the adult bird appears to me to take place some-
what irregularh'. Some specimens seem to get their white head
and back befoi'e they have lost their brown under surface ; while
others, like the type of C. hj/poleucus in the Berlin Museum, get
the white throat and breast while the back is still dark brown. It
may be that two or three seasons elapse before this species com-
pletes its perfect white-and-brown dress, which would account for
the number of half-and-half-coloured individuals which are seen
in collections.

Eab. Interior of South Africa from northward of the Orange
river to the Zambesi, and along the east coast as far as the Zanzibar
district.

a. Ad. ; b. Juv. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.l.

c. Imm. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Transvaal. Capt. H. Trevelvan

(p.y

e. Ad. sk. Transvaal (Ayres). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
/,(/• <S 2 ad. sk. Tati, Matabele Land, Oct. C. G. & E. W. Oates,

lS7ijF. Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

h. Ad. sk. Lake Ngami (CJiaptnan). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

^, A;, c? $ ad. sk. Otjimbiuque, Damara Land, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Julv 1806 ( C. J.Andersson) .

I. Imm. sk. Otjimbiuque, March 12, 1803 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(C.J.A.).

m. Ad. St. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

9. Crateropus leucopygius.

Ixos leucopygius, Ri'qip. Keue Wirb. Taf. 30. fig. 1 (18-35).
Crateropus leucopvgius, Hiipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 60 (1845); Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 224 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 278 (1850) ; Cab. Mus.

Hein, Th. i. p. 85 (1850) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 30 (1856) ; id.

* This is the speoimen noticed in my edition of Layard's ' Birds of South
AlViea ' as killed not far from Kingwilliarastown. Capt. Trevelyan, however,
tells me that it really came from the Transvaal.

31. CKATEROPrS. 477

J. f. O. 1862, p. 300 : Brthm, Reis. n. Habesch, p. 302 (1863) ;
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 390 (1869); Gmij, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 280, no. 4132 (1869) ; Blanf. Geo}. ?^ Zool. Abyss, p. 371 (1870) ;
Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 243 (1870) ; Sharj)e, Cat. Afr. B. p. 24
(1871).
Crateropus limbatus, Rilpp. Syst. Uebers. pp. 48, 60 (1845); Bp.
Cunsp. i. p. 378 (18o0) ; Horsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. 3fm. i.
p. 214 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 280, no. 4135 (18G9) ;
Heitgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 392 (1869); Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii.
p. 243 (1870).

Adult female (Anseba valley, July 30, 1S6S; W. T. Blanf ord).
General colour above dark umber-brown, with obscure paler edges
to the feathers ; the hinder neck and sides of the latter mottled with
dark ashy centres and paler edges to the feathers ; wing-coverts
like the back : quills dark brown ; rump pure white ; upper tuil-
coverts brown, tipped and edged with ashy grey, the outer ones
washed with the latter colour ; tail-feathers dark brown with dusky
cross bars under certain lights ; lores, forehead, and a broad eyebrow
white, the frontal plumes pointed aud slightly washed with hoary
grey, which increases on the crown, the hinder part of the latter
being ashy grey or brown in the centre of the feathers, which
arc margined with hoary grey ; cheeks and throat pure white ; the
under surface from the centre of the latter brown, the feathers
margined with hoary grey, before which is a subterminal shade of
darker brown ; flanks slightly tinged with pale ochreous brown ;
lower abdomen, vent, thighs, aud uuder tail-coverts pure white ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries fawn-coloured, those near the
edge of the wing mottled with brown centres, as are also some of
the greater series ; quills brown below, tawny along the margin of
the inner web ; " bill black ; feet dusky greyish ; iris crimson "
{HeiKjlin) ; "feet ohvaceous ; iris orange- yellow, almost scarlet"
(TF. T. Blanford). Total length lO'o inches, culmcn 1, wing 4-75,
tail 4*75, tarsus 1-4.

The bird described, though in iine plumage, is probably not quite
adalt, as the head becomes pure white washed with hoary grey in
the very old bird. A male with white head from Adigrat (Blan-
ford) measures — total length lO'o inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-(J5,
tail 4*7, tarsus 1-45.

Young. Differs from the adult in being more fluffy in plumage,
which is more reddish brown, having also the feathers edged with
light rufous; the rump dull white; the head duU ashy brown, with
only the lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and chin dimly indicated by
dull white ; under surface pale brown, more or less washed with
ashy, and inclining to whitish on the vent aud under tail-coverts.

In the full-grown young bird (C. limbatus, Riipp.) the general
plumage is darker brown, and more like that of the adult, excepting
that the head is dusky brown, leaving only the lores, eyebrows,
cheeks, car-coverts, and throat white, the frontal feathers washed
with hoary grey ; the centre of the throat and hinder surface
brown with narrow lighter edges to the feathers, the thighs also

478 TIJIELIID.T..

brown, the under tail-coverts and vent dull white ; under winf
coverts &c. as in adult.

Hah. K'orth-eastern Africa, Abyssinia, and Bogos Land.

a. Jiiv. ; h. Imm. si

;. N.E. Africa.

Purchased.

c. (S imm. sk.

Ali-Aniha, Schoa, Feb.

India Museum. (Type

1842 {Sir W. C. Harris).

of Crater opus Um-
brtf7ift, Eiipp.)

d. Ad. sk.

Abyssinia.

E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

e. Ad. St.

Abyssinia.

Dr. Eiippell [0.].

/. 6 ad. sk.

Adigrat, Tigre, April 29,

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

1868 (8(300 feet).

[C.].

g. 2 ad. sk.

Anseba valley, Juh' 30,

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

1868 (4000 feet).

[C.].

10. Crateropns hartlaubi.

Crateropus hartlaubi, Bocage, Jorn. Acad. Lish. 1868, p. 48 ; Grat/.
Hand-l. B. i. p. 280, no. 4142 (1869) ; SJwrpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 24
(1871); id. ed. Lai/ard'.'^ B. S. Afr. p. 214 (1876); liocar/e, Orn.
Angola, p. 2.52, tab. 1. fi<?. 1 (1877).

Crateropus senex, Fitisch 4- Ilartl Vog. Osfafr. p. 290 (1868).

Adult. General colour above earthy brown, with paler margins to
most of the feathers ; wing-coverts like the back, the median and
greater series not so plainly edged ; quills dark brown, the primaries
somewhat lighter on their margins ; lower back more ashy brown ;
rump white ; upper tail-coverts light ashy ; tail-feathers dark brown,
with indistinct wavy lines of dusky under certain lights ; fore part of
ci'own lighter than the head, the feathers edged with hoary grey, as
also those above the eye ; lores and feathers below the fore part of
the eye blackish ; ear-coverts brown ; cheeks and feathers below the
eye brown, edged with grej^ ; base of chin hoary ; remainder of
under surface of body brown, the feathers edged with ashy white,
ihose on the breast and sides more broadly fringed ; feathers of the
throat and fore neck with dark brown shaft-lines ; lower abdomen
and flanks slightly tinged with ochraceous ; vent, thighs, and ttnder
tail-coverts white, the latter with light-brown centres ; axiUaries
brown with light fawn-coloured or whitish edges ; wing-coverts
brown, excepting the greater series, which are pale fawu-colour :
quills light brown below, very pale fawn-colour along tlie inner
webs. Total length 9 "3 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 4-5, tail 4-5,
tarsus 1"5.

The sexes are alike (Bocage).

Hnh. Routh-western Africa : Bengucla and Mossamedes, as far
south as the neighbourhood of the Cunene river.

«. Ad. sk. Cunene river, June 25, 1867 E. B. Sbarpe, Esq.

(C. J. Andersson).

11. Crateropus canorus.

Brown Indian Thrush, Edu-ards, Nat. Hist. B. iv. p. 184, pi. 184.
? Le Merle de Bengale, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 2C0 (17C0, ex Alhin).

:51. CKATEKOPUS. 479

Turdus cauoi'us, Linn. Si/st. Kaf. i. p. 293 (17G6, ex Edirarrh).

Pastor terricolor, Hodgs. J. A. 8. Beng. v. p. 771 (18G3, descr.
mdla).

Peugia terricolor, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 178
(no. 371).

Malacocevcus griseiis t. terrsecolor, Hodqs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus.,
App. pi. 80 (no. 371) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).

Malacocercus terricolor, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 367 (1844) ;
Jerd. VI. Ind. Orn. text to pi. 19 (1847) : id. B. Lid. ii. p. o9
(1863); Gray, Hand-l. ^. i. p. 279, no. 410S (1869) ; Jerd. Ibis,
1872, p. 309; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 180; Bcdl, 8tr. F. 1874,
p. 409 ; id. op. cit. 1876, p. 206 ; Butler, t. c. p. 472 ; Hume, Str.
F. 1879, p. 97 : Scidly, t. c. p. 293 ; Doiq, t. c. p. 371 ; Brooks,
t. c. p. 471 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sitid ^-c. p. 27 (1879).

Malacocercus uialabaricus, Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. text to pi. 19 (1847);
Bp. Consp. i. p. 373 (18-30) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 62 (1863) ; Grai/,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 279, no. 4107 (1869); Jerd. 7iw, 1872, p. 309 ;
Lloyd, His, 1873, p. 410 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97.

Malacocercus orientalis, Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. text to pi. 19 (1847).

Malacocercus beno-alensis, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 140
(1849).

Malacocercus canorus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 373 (1850) ; Horsf. Sf Moore,
Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 220 (18-54).

Malacocercus somervillei, pt.,2ro/-s/. <§• Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus.
i. p. 219 (1854).

Adult. General colonr above browu, slightly rufcscent, the feathers
■with whitish shaft-lines ; head more ashy than the back ; rump and
Tipper tail-coverts ashy brown, the latter decidedly paler ; wing-
coverts ashy brown ; quills dark brown, externally ashy brown,
broader on the secondaries ; tail-feathers dark brown, with dusky
cross bars under certain lights; the centre tail-feathers more ashy
brown, the outer tail-feathers distinctly paler brown at the tips ;
lores dull white, surrounded by a narrow dusk}' line ; .sides of face
ashy browu, the cheeks and throat clearer ashy, the bases dusky,
producing a somewhat mottled appearance ; under surface of body
pale ashj' fulvous, the breast aud sides of the body ashy brown, all
the fealhers with white streaks ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
pale fulvous ; quills dark brown below, ashy fulvous along the mar-
gin of the inner web ; " bill horny brown ; legs dingy or fleshy
yellow : iris pale yellow " (Jerdon). Total length 9 inches, culmen
0-9, wing 3-9, tail 4-2, tarsus 1-35.

Hub. The greater part of the Indian peninsula from the Himalayas
southward, and extending into 8cinde. In Central and Southern
India a darker race occurs, which has been generally separated as a
distinct species on account of its smaller size and darker coloration,
the mesial light streaks on the mantle being generally wider and
plainer. There appears to me to be such a gradual transition be-
tween the two birds that I do not believe any definite specific
characters can be found to separate them. It should be noticed,
however, that Jcrdon gives the bill in the southern race as being
entirely dark yellow.

480

ti.meliid,t;.

a. Ad. sk.

Gooja, Scinde {Br. 11.

India Museum.

h,c. c? 2 ad. sk.

N.W. India.

Capt. Stackliouse Pin-
will [P.].

d. Ad. sk.

N.W. India.

Capt, Stac chouse Pin-
will [P.].

e. Ad. 8k.

Bengal (As. Soe.).

India Aluseuni.

f. Ad. sk.

Bengal {Lloyd).

India JMuseuni.

^r. Ad. sk.

Behar.

B. II. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].

/(. Ad. sk.

Bebar.

B. 11. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].

i. Ad. St.

Nepal.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
(Type of M. ternculor .)

k-o. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

B. II. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].

^j, q. Ad. sk.

Nepal {Hodcjson).

India Museum.

r. 2 ad. sk.

Dhoon.

Gould Collection.

Subsp. a. Crateropus malabancns.

a. Ad. sk.

Kamptee, C. Prov.

Dr. B. Hinde [P.].

h. Ad. sk.

Madras.

T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
(Type of M. oriental^.)

c. Ad. sk.

Madras.

T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].

d. Ad. sk.

Madras (.4s. Sue,).

India Museum.

c. Ad. sk.

S. India {As. Soc).

India Mu.seum.

f,g. Ad.sk.

Madras.

India Museum.

h. Ad. sk.

Madras (J. Heath).

Gould Collection

i. Ad. sk.

S. India.

Gould Collection.

k. Ad. sk. S. India ( W. Eiver). Gould Collection.

12. Crateropus griseus.

Le Merle gris de Gingi, Simn. Voy. Ind. Orient, ii. p. 193 (1782).
Grey Thrush, Lcdh. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 67 (1783).
Turdus griseus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 824 (1788, ex Sonn. ct Lath.).
Malacocereus griseus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xiii. p. 368 (1844) ; jerd.

III. hid. Orn. pi. 19 (1847) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mxis. As. Soc. p. 141

(1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 373 (1850) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I.

Co. Mtcs. i. p. 220 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 63 (1863) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 279, no. 4106 (1809) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 307 ;'

Hume, Str. F. 1.^79, p. 97.
Timalia grisea, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 258 (1839) ; Gray, Gen. B.

i. p. 228 (1846).
Malacocereus striatus (mom Swains.), Cab. 3Ius. Hein. Th. i. p. 85

(1850).

Adult. General colour above earthy brown, streaked on the
mantle and scapulars with dull white, the feathers obscurely edged
with ashy brown ; nimp and upper tail-coverts light ashy brown,
paler than the back, and having whitish shaft-lines ; lesser and
median wing-coverts like the back and having whitish shaft-lines,
the bastard-wing feathers and greater coverts more ashy on the
margins ; quills dark brown, ashy on the outer webs, the innermost

31. CKATEE0PT7S. 481

secondaries lighter brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, ashy at their
bases and for a considerable distance up the centre feathers the
outer ones with pale ends ; head creamy buff, fading off on the hind
neck into the brown of the back ; lores and feathers round the eye
like the crown ; cheeks and car-coverts dark brown washed with
fulvous-brown, with which colour the feathers are edged • throat
blackish brown, obscured by fulvous-brown margins ; remainder of
under sui-face ashy brown, the centre of the body clear pale fulvous
the chest mottled with dark-brown bases to the feathers • all the
feathers of the chest and sides of the body with white shaft-streaks
as also the under tail-coverts, which are ashy fulvous ; under wino--
coverts and axillaries isabelline buff; quiUs dark brown below is^-
belline along the margin of the inner web ; " bill yellowish •' leo-s
fleshy yeUow ; iris yellowish white " {Jerdon). Total length 8^5
inches, culmen ()-75, wing 3-8, tail 4, tarsus 1-3.

ITrt?* South India, extending as high as the Godavery valley,
tapt. Wardlaw Eamsay possesses a specimen said to have been ob-
tained near Tonghoo ; but this locality is extremely doubtful.

f "ff ^}- ^^^^- Dr. Bum rp.l

6. Ad.sk. I^dia Major-Geu.Hardwicke[P.].

c. Ad.sk. S. India (^s.^bc). India Museum. ^ ^

Ta 1 ^r^'f'^'- r '^- C- Jerdon, Esq. [P.l.

e Ad. sk. Madi'as {Jerdon). Gould Collection

^' A J n ■ Travancore. Major Biddidph rC.l

g. Ad. sk. Deccan {Sykes). India Museuui.

13. Crateropus striatus.

Malacocercus striatus, Sicains. Zool. Illustr n s pi 1^7 C18.31) •
MB. Ind. i. p 59 {im^UBhjth, Ibis, 1867, p. 300; Gray,
Hand-L B i. p. 29/, no. 4109 (1869) ; Soldsw. P.Z.S. 1872
p. 449; Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 385; id. Str. F. 1879 n 97-
Lerjye, B. Ceylon, p. 494 (1879). ' P' ' '

Malacocercus beugaleiisis {non Blyth), Kelaart, Prodr. Cat p l-:>2
(lS.y2) ; Layard, Ann. S)- May. Nat. Hist. (2) xii. p. 271 (18.j3)."

Adult male (KUlopana, Colombo, July 17, 1870; W. V. Leo-o-g)
General colour above earthy brown, washed with greyish brown" on
the head, mantle, and back, the feathers of the latter liavinn- obscure
central paler streaks; lower back, nimp, and upper tafl-coverts
light earthy brown and entirelj- uniform, the latter slightly washed
with fulvous ; wiug-coverts ashy brown with pale shaft-lines the
greater series naiTowly edged with pale ashy ; quills brown, ashy
on the outer webs of the secondaries, which are obscurely barred
with dusky, the primaries externaUy margined with pale ashy or
whity brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, ashy near the base and for
a considerable waj- up the middle feathers, all of them barred under
certain lights : lores and feathers round the eve dull white ; cheeks
and ear-coverts light ashy, with narrow pale shaft-lines to the
latter ; throat and chest ashy, washed with fulvous-brown on the
latter and on the breast and Hanks ; the centre of the body and

VOL. VU. 2 I

482 MMELIIDiE.

abdomen, as well as the under tail-coverts, fawn-bufF ; thighs also
of the latter colom-, but somewhat washed with brown ; under
wing-coverts and axiUaries fawn-colour ; quills dark brown below,
light fulvous dong the margin of the inner web ; " bill fleshy white
or yellowish white ; legs and feet sickly yellow or whitish in some,
tinged in parts with yellowish ; eyeKd yellowish ; iris wliite, or
white faintly tinged with green " {Legge). Total length 9-8 inches,
culmen 0*95, wing c5"95, tail 4'25, tarsus 1-25.

The adult female resembles the male in plumage.

Immature Inrcls are very similar to adults {Legge).

Hah. Ceylon and llamisserum island. In the former locality it
is common in the low country from the Jaffna peninsula and the
north-west coast down both sides of the island to the extreme south
(c/. Legge, I. c). It is said to occur on the peninsula of India ; but
the evidence appears to me to be at present doubtful.

a. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Huo'h Cumiug,Esq.

b, c. Ad. sk. Ramisserum island. Maior Vincent Legge [P.l.
d. Var. sk. Ceylou. Major Vincent Legge [P.].

14. Crateropus somervillii.

TimaUa somer\illei, Si/kes, F. Z. S. 1832, p. 88; id. J. A. S. Beng.

iii. p. 536 (1834) ; jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 257 (1839) ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 228 (1846).
Malacocercus somervillei, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 368 (^1844) ;

Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. text to pi. 19 (1847) ; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat.

B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 219 (1854) ;' Jerd. B. Ind. ii, p. 63 (1863) ;

Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 6; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 279, no. 4111

(1869) ; Fairbank, Sir. F. 1876, p. 258 ; Hume, t. c. p. 456 ; id.

Str. F. 1879, p. 97 ; Vidal, Str. F. 1879, p. 64.
Malacocercus sykesii, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 63 (1863).
Malacocercus griseus, Swinh. Ibis, 1865, p. 416 (nee Gm.).

Adult. General colour above light brown, the head a little more
dusky than the back, and uniform, the feathers of the back with
whitish shaft-lines ; rump and upper tail-coverts sandy buff, with
pale shaft-lines to the feathers, these parts contrasting with the back ;
wing-coverts ashy brown with pale shaft-lines ; quills dark brown,
the innermost paler brown, externally ashy brown : tail-feathers
rlifous-brown, the outer feathers paler towards their ends : lores
dull whitish ; sides of face light ashy brown ; throat dusky brown,
with ashy margins to the featliers, producing a somewhat mottled
appearance ; the fore neck and chest also ash}', with fulvous shaft-
streaks ; remainder of under surface light tawny buff, the under
wing-coverts deeper and more fawn-coloured ; quUls dark brown
below, paler brown along the edge of the inner web : " bill horny
yellow ; legs dirty yellow ; iris pale yeUow " (Jerdon) ; " iris
yellowish yvhiie'' (Vidal). Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 0-95,
wing 4-1, taU 4, tarsus 1*45,

Hah. Bombay, and has been obtained at Matheran, ranging

31. CEATEEOPTTB. 483

southwards to the Goa frontier. It occurs above the Western Ghats,
but becomes gradually less common.

a. Ad. sk. Deccan (Si/7ces) , India Museum. (Type

of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Matheran, Bombay, Feb. 4, Major Hayes Lloyd [P.],

c. Ad. sk. Western Ghats (Coitssmakcr). Gould Collection.

15. Crateropus atripennis.

Crateropus atripennis, Sivains. B. TV. [Afr. i, p. 278 (1837) ; Oray,

Gen. B. i. p. 224 (1846) ; Bji. Consp. i. p. 278.
Phyllauthus capuziuus, Less. Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, p. 1165 ;

id. Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 303 (1847).
Garrulax poliocephalus, BlytJi, Ibis, 1865, p. 46 (wee Blyth, Ibis,

1870, p. 171) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 282, no. 4168 (1869).

Adult. General colour above purplish brown, inclining to maroon-
brown on the lower back and rump; scapulars and lesser wing-
coverts purplish brown washed with maroon, the median and greater
coverts more plainly washed with the latter colour ; bastard wing
and primary-coverts plain sepia-brown ; quills dark brown, the pri-
maries externally reddish brown, the inner secondaries more broadly
edged and the innermost almost entirely of a reddish-brown shade ;
tail-feathers dusky brown, washed with maroon near the base ;
head and neck all round, throat, and chest hoary grey, the feathers
of the forehead and crown edged with paler hoary grey ; lores, eye-
lid, and feathers below the fore part of the eye black, as also a
small spot at the base of the lower mandible ; remainder of under
surface of body maroon-brown, purplish brown on the breast, thighs,
and under tail-coverts ; axillaries maroon-brown ; under wing-
coverts purplish brown, slightly washed with maroon : under sur-
face of quiUs brown, narrowly edged with lighter brown along the
inner web. Total length 9 inches, culmeu 0*95, wing 4-85, tail
3-7, tarsus 1-4.

Hah. West Africa, where it ranges from Senegambia to Cape
Palmas.

a. Ad. sk.

Senegambia.

b. Ad. sk.

Senegambia.

Purchased.

c, d. Ad. sk.

Casamance ( Verrcaux).

R. B. Sbai-pe, Esq.

e. Ad. sk.

Cape Palmas.

F. Nicholson, Esq.

/. Ad. sk.

West Africa.

Govdd Collection.

16. Crateropus haynesii. (Plate XI.)

Crateropus atripennis (iwn Sw.), Ilartl. Orn. IF.-A/r.f. 79 (1857);

Gray, ILtnd-l. B. i. p. 280, no. 4131 (I860).
? Garrulax rubi^inosus, Blyth, Ibis, 1865. p. 46 ; Grni/, Hand-l. B.

i. p. 282, no. 4167 (1809) ; Blyth, Ibis,' 1670, p. 171 {nee Cratero

pus rubiginosus, Rilpp.).
Crateropus haynesii, Sharpe, Ibis, 1871, p. 415,

Adult (type of species). Similar to C. atripetmis, but distinguished

2i2

484 mcELnD^.

by its black crown, only the eyebrow, cheeks, and ear-coverts being
hoary grey, contrasting with the black crown and lores ; the throat
is also hoary grey, which does not extend onto the fore neck. Total
length 7-5 inches, culmen 1, wing 4-5, tail 3-4, tarsns 1-45.

Another specimen, apparently fully adult, differs from the type in
being much brighter and more chestnut-brown, this colour being
carried up the entire throat, and leaving only the base of the chin
and the sides of the throat hoary grey. This may probably be the
adult female, though such a difference in the colour of the sexes is
unusual in the genus. Some other birds, however, in the collection
have the throat grey washed with chestnut, as if they were young
males gaining the fully adult grey-throated plumage.

Hah. Replaces the foregoing species on the Gold Coast.

a. Ad. sk. Accra {Ca2}t. Haynes). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(T^vpe of species.)
h. Ad. ; c. Jun. sk. Accra. R. B.'Sharpe, Esq.

d. Ad. sk. Fantee {Aubinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

e. Ad. sk. Deiikera, February 1872 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(H. F. Blissett).

f. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Govdd, Esq.

g. Ad. St. Gold Coast. L. Eraser, Esq. [0.].

32. ^THOCICHLA.

Type,
.^thocichla, Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 215

(1875) A. gymnogenys.

Itaneje. South-western Africa.

1. .ffithocichla gymnogenys. (Plate XII.)

Crateropus gymuogeuy.s, Ilurtl. P. Z. S. 18G5, p. 86 ; Gray, Hatid-l.

B. i. p. 280, no. 4138 (18(39) ; Bocaye, Orn. Angola, p. 253.
^thocichla gymnogenys, Sharjje, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 215.

Adult (type of species). Crown of head and nape white ; hinder
neck and the sides of the same tawny rufous ; upper surface of
body dark brown, with indistinct rufous-buft' edgings to the feathers,
inclining to whitish on the outer wing-coverts ; wings blackish
brown ; lower back greyish brown ; rump white ; upper tail-coverts
brown with greyish tips ; tail blackish-brown ; sides of face, region
round the eye, and ear-coverts bare ; cheeks and chin white ; rest
of under surface creamy white ; the sides of the body, under wing-
coverts, and inner webs of quills tawny rufous ; the throat and
fore neck with transverse bars of dusky brown. Total length
9-3 inches, culmen 0-!», wing 4-2, tail 4-3, tarsus 1-25.

Hah. South-western Africa : Benguela and Mossamedes.

a. Ad. sk. Benguela. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.].

(TyijB of species.)

b. $ ad. sk. Maconjo, Oct. 1870 {An- R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

ehieta).

33. coNosioiiA. 485

33. CONOSTOMA.

Type.
Conostoma, Hodys. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 856 (1841) .... C. semodium.

Range. Eastern Himalayas,

1. Conostoma semodium.

Conostoma femodius, Hodys. J. A. 8. Beng. x. p. 8.57, cum fig. (1841) ;

id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 26.3 (no. 661) ; BIyth,

J. A. S. Benq. xiv. p. 578 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. .312 (1845) ;

Blyih, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 101 (1849).
Conostoma aemodiimi, Hodgs. in. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844) ;

Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 102 (1846) ; Bp.

Co?isp. i. p. .368 (1850) ; Gould, B. Asia, part 5 (1853) ; Horsf. ^

Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. pp. 213, 377 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind.

ii. p. 10 (1803); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. Ill, no. 7668 (1870);

Hume, Nests |- Eggs Ind. B. p. 237 (1873) ; id. Str. F. 1879,

p. 95 ; David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 207 (1878).

Adult. General colour pale earth}- brown, rather more ashy on
the upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the back, the bastard-
wing feathers pale ashy brown ; primary-coverts light ashy brown,
externally washed with the same colour as the back ; quills dusky
brown, externally ashy on the primaries, which are more or less
hoary towards the ends of the outer webs ; secondaries externally
rufescent brown ; tail-feathers ashy, washed with light rufous-
brown along the centre of the feathers ; crown of the head like the
back, the forehead creamy white, as also the nasal plumes, the
latter blackish brown at their bases like the lores and feathers
below the eye ; sides of face and ear-coverts dull earthy brown, as
also the throat ; the chin dusky ; remainder of under surface of
body light ashy from the fore neck downwards, the flanks slightly
washed with olive-brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts like
the breast, the lower series of the latter creamy buff ; quills ashy
brown below, creamy buff along the inner web : " bill dull orange ;
legs slaty grey ; irides brown " (Jerdon). Total length 10"5 inches,
culmen 1, wing 4-9, tail 4*9, tarsus I'o.

Obs. Some specimens seem to be rather more reddish brown than
others on the head and upper siu'face ; this colour may be the
remains of immaturity.

Young. Dull reddish brown, without any grey on the throat and
breast ; the pale frontal patch nearly obsolete.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, Nepal and Sikhim, extending to the
forests on the high mountains on the frontiers of China and Thibet,
Moupin.

a. Ad. ; b. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(T-^-pes of species?)
c, d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

f. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

g, h. Ad. sk. Nepal (Eccles). Clould Collection.

i. Bones of trunk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

486 TntELiiD^.

34. SUTHORA.

Type.

Sutliora, Hodgs. Ind. Review, ii. p. 32 (1838) S. nipalensis.

Temnoris, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 29 (1841) S. nipalensis.

Heteromorpha, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beyig. xii. p. 448 (1843) S. imicolor.
Hemii-hynchus, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 31 S. uuicolor.

Range. Himalaya mountains, extending eastwards through the
Assam and Burmese hills to those of China and Fonnosa.

Key to the Species.

a. Size small : wing not exceeding 2'15 inches.
a'. Throat hlack ; plumage particoloiued,

a". Crown of head bright yellowish brown or

light cinnamon, uniform with the rest of

the upper surface.

a'". Ear-coTerts bright tawny, succeeded by

a grey shade on the sides of the neck ; a

broad black streak on each side of the

crown ii'om the base of the bill to the

occiput humii, p. 487.

h'". Ear-coverts grey like the sides of the
ueck ; an eyebrow of white, as well as a
white streak along the top of the ear-
coverts ; a line of black along each side

of the crown poUotis, p, 487.

e'". Ear-coverts resembling the crown, but
without any grey shade on the neck;
over the eye only a small indication of a *

black line verreauxi, p. 488.

b". Crown of head smoky gi'ey, with a lateral
black band from the base of the bill to the
occiput ; ear-coverts and sides of neck en-

thely grey nipalensis, p. 488.

b'. Throat uniform with chest.

c". Wings and tail not bright externally, with-
out particolom-ed edges to the feathers.
d'". With a ling of white feathers round the

eye conspicillatn, p. 489.

e'". With no ring of white round the eye.
o*. Ear-coverts and sides of neck grey;

crown and wings chestnut-brown .... alphonswna. p. 489.
6*. Ear-coverts and sides of neck vinaceous
like the head and throat ; wings brown,

without any rufous brunnea, p. 490.

d". Wings exterually chestnut, contrasting with
the Aving-coverts.
/"'. Larger: bdl .stouter; on the fore neck
tmd throat some dusky streaks; head

deep vinous chestnut hidomachiis, p. 490.

g'". Smaller: no sti-eaks on fore neck and
throat.

e*. Head deep vinous red webbiana, p. 490.

d^. Head pale rufous siiffusa, j). 491.

34. STTTHORA. 487

b. Size larger: vring 3'3-3'6 inches.

c'. Head not of the same colour as the hack ; be-
low white.
e". Head bright rufous, as also the cheeks ; no

black eyebrow ; no black on chin rufic^s, p. 491.

/". Head clear gi'ej,the cheeks paler ; a distinct

black superciliary streak ; chin black .... gularis, p. 492.
d'. Head of the same colour as the back ; below

vinous brown unicolor, p. 493.

1. Suthora hnmii.

Temnorhis v. Suthora pictifrons, Hodgs. Icon. hied, in Brit. Mu^.,

Passeres, App. pi. 65 (no. 918).
Suthora nipalensis (non Hodgs.'), Gould, B. Asia, part iv. (1852, two

lower fgures).
Suthora poUotis (non Bli/th), Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus.

i. p. 379 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. li. p. 9 (1863) ; Grmj, Hand4. B.

i. p. 235, no. 3403 (1809) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95.

Adult. General colour above yellowish brown, paler on the head,
but brighter and inclining to orange-brown on the rump and upper
tail-coverts ; tail-feathers brown margined with chestnut, deeper
and more conspicuous near the base ; wing-coverts like the back,
the outer greater coverts externally shaded with grey, the primary-
coverts black ; quills blackish, externally golden chestnut, the outer
primaries edged with white : over the ej^e a broad black band
drawn from the bill to the sides of the occiput ; feathers at base of
bill aud cheeks white, extending above and below the eye ; ear-
coverts bright orange, surrounded by a wash of light ashy grey on
the sides of the neck : throat blackish, the feathers edged with
white ; rest of under surface bnfiS- white ; the sides of the body
tawny buiF, as well as the thighs and under tail-coverts ; under
wing-coverts white, as also the inner margins of the quills ; " bill
blackish ; legs tleshy ' (Jerdon). Total length 3-8 inches, culmen
0-35, wing 1*75, tail 2, tarsus 0-75.

Hab. Eastern Himalayas.

a, b, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

d, e, /, (/. Ad. sk. Nepal (Ifct/^sow). India Museum.

h. Ad. sk. Sikhim. Major J. Biddulph.

t. Ad. sk. Sikhim. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

k. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection.

2. Suthora poliotis.

Suthora poliotis, Blgth, J. A. S. Beng. xx. p. 522 (1851 )^_
Suthora munipurensis, Godwin-Aust. S)- W(dd. Ibis, 1875, p. 250;

Gould. B. Asia, part- xxix. (1877) ; Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 216 ;

id. Str. F. 1879, p. 95.
Suthora dafiaensis, Godicin-Aust. Ann. <§■ Mag. Xat. Htst. (4) xvii.

p. 32 (1876) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. xlvi. pt. 2, p. 76, pi. iii (1876) ;

Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 489, 1877, p. 138 : Godicin-Austm, J. A. S.

Beng. xlvii. p. 15 (1878).

Adult male. Similar to S. Jiumii, but distinguished at a glance

488 TIMTrCTTD-E,

by its grey ear-coverts and by tbe very distinct white eyebrow,
which extends above the ear-coverts. Total length 3-75 inches,
cnlmen 0-3, wing 1-75, tail 2, tarsus C>65.

Adult fimale. Coloured like the male. Total length 3-7 inches,
culmen 0-3, wing 1-85, tail 2, tarsus (>7.

Hab. Naga, Dafla, and Munipur hills,
rt. c? ad. sk. Samma, Eastern Naga hills, Col. H. H. Godwiu-Austen

March. [P.].

h. 2 ad. sk. Samma, March {Godivin- Gould Collection.
Austen).

3. Suthora verreauxi.

Suthora gularis (mom Gray), J. Verr. N. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 35
(1870), vii. p. 35 (1871), viii. pi. vi. fig. 2 (1872); David, op. eit.
vii. Btdl. p. 9 (1871) ; Verr. t. c. p. 30 ; S^oinll. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 373 ; David k Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 212 (1877).

Adult. Upper parts ochraceous yellow, brighter on the vertex,
sides of neck, rump, and under tail- coverts ; chin and middle of
the throat deep black ; a small superciliary streak above the eye ;
lower part of the cheeks, breast, centre of the abdomen, and under
tail-coverts pure white ; flanks strongly washed with rufous ; taU-
feathers brown at the tips and on the inner webs, bordered with
crimson rufous on their outer webs ; primaries and secondaries
brown, the former bordered with white and grey, the latter with
very bright ochre ; bill grey ; tarsi grey ; claws ashy ; iris dark
chestnut. Total length 3-9 inches, culmen 0-15, wing l'9o, tail
2-15, tarsus 0-7. (David 6( Oustalet.)

Sexes alike {David).

Hah. Hills of Western Szechuen and Moupin.

4. Suthora nipalensis.

Suthora nipalensis, Hodgs. Ltd. Reviciv, ii. p. 32 (1838) ; id. Icon.

ined. in Brit. 3Ius., Pas'seres, pi. 109 (no. 470) ; Gray, Cat.Mamm. etc.

Nepal itres. Bodqs. p. 73 (pt., 1846) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 193 (1847) ;

Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 679 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 334

(1850) ; Gould, B. of Asia, part iv. (1852, upper figure) ; Horsf. 8r

Moore, Cat. B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. 375 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii.

p. 5 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 235, no. 3401 (1869) ; Jerd.

Ibis, 1872, p. 297 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95.
Temuoris nipalensis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 450 (1843).
Temnoris atrifrons, Hodqs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 109a.

G<rs. 1, 1* (no. 470) ;■ id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; id.

P. Z. S. 1845, p. 31.

Adult. Above yellowish brown, rather brighter on the lower
back ; head smoky grey, slightly washed with yellowish brown on
the nape ; frontal plumes dusky blackish ; from the base of the
bill to the occiput a broad black stripe ; lores, a small eyebrow,
and cheeks pure white, all the rest of the sides of the face grey ;
throat black, with a few of the lower feathers edged with ful-
vous ; rest of under surface of body bright golden buff, especially

34. SUTHOEA. 489

on the sides ; thighs fulvous ; centre of body white ; both upper
and under tail-coverts bright orange-chestnut ; tail ashj- brown,
deeper in colour at the tip, all the feathers distinctly edged with
orange-chestnut, especially near their bases ; wing-coverts resembling
the back, the greater series brown on the inner webs, the primary-
coverts black ; quills black, the primaries edged with white, near the
base with golden chestnut, the secondaries broadly edged with the lat-
ter colour, inclining to white near the tips : under wing-coverts and
edge of wing silky white, as well as the inner webs of all the quillls ;
" bill black, bluish at base ; legs bluish white ; iris brown " (Jerdon).
Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0*3, wing 1-8, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*7.
Hab. Nepal.

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Type of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

5. Suthora conspicillata.

Suthora conspicillata, David, N. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 14 (1870),
vii. p. 9 (1871) ; id. ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 211 (1877).

Adult. Upper part of the head and neck chestnut-brown, and not
yellow or reddish as in most of the other species ; round the eye a
ring of white feathers ; back, wing-coverts, and rump olive ; throat,
sides of neck, and breast of a very clear vinous brown, with some
longitudinal brown streaks on the feathers of the throat ; rest of the
lower parts olive-brown, a little clearer than the tint of the back ;
tail brownish grey ; quills brown, bordered with olive, and not with
cinnamon-rufous as in 6'. alphonsiana ; bill yellow ; feet brown ;
claws greyish ; iris brown. Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0'15,
wing 2-35, tail 3*15, tarsus 0-9. {David Sj- Oustnlet.)

Hah. Frontiers of Kokonoor and in South Tsinling, China.

6. Suthora alphonsiana.

Suthora alphonsiana, Verr. N. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 35 (1870), vii.
p. 35 (1871) ; id. op. cit. viii. Bull. pi. v. fig. 4. (1872) ; David, op.
cit. vii. p. 8 {IQll) ; id. ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 210 (1877).

Adult. Upper part of the head, nape, and external margin of the
quills cinnamon-rufous, darker on the latter ; remainder of the
upper parts olivaceous brown, slightly glossed with cinnamon-rufous,
excepting on the tail ; lores, sides of head, neck, and thorax grey
with a slight rosy tint, the ear-coverts with a slightly darker tint ;
remain dor of lower parts olive-rufous, passing into whitish on the
middle of the abdomen ; under wing-coverts and a part of the inner
web of the quills white washed with rose-colour ; bill yellowish ;
feet and claws clear brown ; iris ycUow. Total length 4-45 inches,
cxilmen 0-25, wing l-l».j, tail 1-95, tarsus U-8. {David 4' Oustalet.)

Hah. Western China (Yunnan, Szechuen, and Kouy-tcheow).

490 TIMELirD^.

7. Suthora bruimea.

Suthora brunnea, Anderson, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 211 ; Sioinh. t. c.
p. 373 ; Gould, B. Asia, part xxviii. (1876) ; Anders. Zool. Exp.
Yunnan, p. G38, pi. xlix. fig. 2 (1878) ; David ^ Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 212 (1877\

Adult male. General coloiir above brown, the wing-coverts like
the back ; quills dark brown, externally edged with the same colour
as the back, the primaries margined with fulvous-brown ; tail-
feathers brown, washed with paler brown on the margins ; head
light rufous, fulvescent above the ej'e : sides of face and ear-coverts
dark vinaceous ; throat and fore neck lighter vinaceous, the former
streaked with central lines of rufous ; remainder of under surface
light fulvous, as also the thighs ; the sides of the bodj' and under
tail-coverts browner ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yel-
lowish buff ; quills brown below, pale yellowish along the edge of
the inner web. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 1*95,
tail 2-6, tarsus 0'8.

Rab. Western frontiers of Yunnan.

a, b. Ad. sk. Momien, Yunnan, Jime 1868. Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

8. Suthora bulomachus.

Suthora bulomachus, Sivinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 300, pi. ix. ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 235, no. 3405 (1869) ; Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 372 ; David
8)- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 208 (1877).

Adult (type of species). General colour above pale olivaceous
brown ; wing-coverts like the back, with a slight reddish tinge on
the greater series ; quills dark brown, externally deep vinous chest-
nut, slightly greyer towards the ends of the primaries ; the inner
secondaries with fulvous edges along the inner web ; tail-feathers
dusky brown, lighter browu on the edges ; entire head and neck
light chestnut, overspreadiug the mantle ; lores, sides of face, and
ear-coverts paler and more viuo.us ; throat and breast very pale
vinous, with mesial streaks of dull reddish brown : abdomen pale
sandy buff, the sides of breast, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts
light brown ; axillaries and under -wing-coverts paler sandy buff;
quills dusky below, pale sandy buff along the inner web : " bill
livid brown, with the edges and the tip slightly purplish ; feet red-
dish grey ; claws horny brown ; iris bright brown " (Swinhoe). Total
length 4*2 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2, taU 2'2, tarsus 0'85.
(^Mus. H. SeeboJwi.)

Hab. Formosa.

9. Suthora webbiana.

Suthora webbiana, Gray, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 70, pi. xlix. ; Gould, B.
Asia, part iv. (1852) ; Horsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i.
p. 380, note ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 235 ; Stvinh. P. Z. S. 1871,

I
I

34. sTTTnoBA. 491

p. .372; id. Ibis, 1873, p. 372; Prztw. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii.
p. 191 (1877) ; David S,- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 208 (1877).

Adult. Head, neck, and mantle pale fulvous-brown, the back and
rump ashy bro-wn, shading into whity brown on the upper tail-
coverts ; sides of face, throat, and fore neck very pale vinous, with
a few darker streaks of rufous on the latter ; sides of the body
clear brown, the abdomen and centre of the body fulvescent ; under
wing-coverts silky white : inner lining of quills greyish brown,
edged with whitish along the inner M-eb and inclining to rufous at
the tips of the same ; scapulars and wing-coverts ashy brown, the
greater series and primary-coverts dull chestnut with brown tips ;
quills ashy brown, washed with chestnut on the outer web, much
more broadly on the secondaries ; tail pale brown, inclining to ashy
brown on the margins ; " iris varying from reddish brown to clear
yellow ; bill brown at base and yellow at tip ; feet and nails
greyish brown " (David). Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0-35,
wing 2*15, tail 2'75, tarsus 0-85.

Hab. All over China except the most southern part ; common
from Fokien aud Chekiang to Szechuen and even at Pekin, and in
Mongolia.

a. Ad. sk. North China. J. Webb, Esq. [P.]. (Type

of species.)

10. Suthora suffusa.

Suthora suffiisa, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 372 ; David <^'- Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 208.

Adult male (type of species). Very similar to 6'. ivebbiana, from
which it differs in its slightly smaller size and in the shade of
rufous on the head and hind neck, these being hght rufous instead of
deep vinous red. Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 1"95,
tail 2*3, tarsus 0'8. (Mus. H. Seebohm.)

Hab. Upper Yangtze river, China.

11. Suthora ruficeps.

Paradoxornis ruficeps, Bli/th, J. A. S. Bcnq. xi. p. 177 (1842), xii.

p. 1010, cum fig. (1843) ; Gray Sf Mitch. Gen. B. ii. p. 389, pi. 94.

tig. 1 ( 184.5) ; Bji. Consp. i. p. 500 (18.50) ; Goidd, B. Asia, part vi.

(18o4) ; Ilorsf. ^- 3Ioore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 377 (1854);

Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 5 (1863) ; B/yth S,- Wald. B. Burm. p. 117

(1875) ; Hume i^- Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 257 ; Hume, Sir. F.

1879, p. 95 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 139 (1883).
Heteromorpha ruficeps, Bh/th, J. A. S. Bene/, xiv. p. 578 (1845) ;

Tickell, op. cit. x^i. p. 440 (1847) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.

p. 102 (1849).

Adult. General colour light olivaceous brown, the lesser and
median wing-coverts like the back ; the greater series, as wcU as the
bastard wing and primary-coverts, darker brown, externally washed
with olivaceous buff ; quiEs brown, externally sandy buff or red-

492 TIMELnD^.

dish brown, lighter towards the euds of the primaries ; upper tail-
coTcrts slightly tinged with rufous ; tail-feathers pale brown, oliva-
ceous lirowu on the outer webs and having reddish shafts ; head
and hind neck light foxy rufous, a shade of which colour over-
spreads the mantle ; lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts light foxy rufous
like the head ; entire underparts from the chin to the vent white,
the breast and flanks washed with pale fulvous ; thighs pale brown
behind; under wing-coverts and axillaries light yellowish buff;
quills dusky brown below, reddish along the inner web ; " upper
mandible and tip and edges of lower mandible along commissure
light horny brown ; rest of lower mandible fleshy pink ; legs and
feet clear plumbeous blue ; iris deep wood-brown ; orbital skin
bright smalt-bhie " ( W. Davison). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-6,
wing 3-45, tail 3*2, tarsus 1-15.

Ohs. A specimen from Debrughur in Colonel Godwiu-Austen's
collection is yellowish buff below, whiter only on the abdomen ; and
the same remark applies to an example from Karen-nee in the
British Museum.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, extending into Burmah and Teuas-

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B.H.Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

d, e. Ad. sk. Dariiling. W. Fotheriugham, Esq.

[C.].
f. Ad. sk. Bootan, (Petnberton). India Museum.

'ff. S ad. sk. Karen-nee (Lloyd). E. W. Gates, Esq.

12. Snthora gularis.

Paradoxornis gularis. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 389, pi. 94. fig. 2 (1845) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 500 (1850) ; Gould, B. Asia, part vi. (1854) ;

Horsf. S) Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 377 (1854) ; Jerd. B.

Lid. ii. p. 5 (1863) ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Bene/, xxxix. p. 108

(1870) ; Wald. in Blyth, B. Brit. Burm. p. 117 (1875) ; Hutne S,-

Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 131 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Gates,

B. Brit. Burm. p. 131.
Paradoxornis caniceps, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xviii. p. 810 (1849).
Heteromorpba (? Paradoxornis) caniceps, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As.

Soc. p. 102 (1849). _
Heteromorpba foldensis, David, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5) xix, art. no. 9

(1874).
Heteromoi-pha gularis, David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 206, pi. 61

(1877).

Adult. General colour above light fulvous-brown, the wing-
coverts like the back, the xnimary- coverts and bastard -wing feathers
browner on the inner web ; quills dark brown, externally deep ful-
vous, brighter than the back, the primaries paler fulvous towards
the end of the outer web ; upper taU-covcrts dull brown, washed
with fulvous-brown on the edges ; tail-feathers olive-brown, with
paler fulvous-brown edges ; head light ashy grey ; lores and feathers
above and below the eye white, separated from the crown by a

34. StTTHOBA. 493

superciliary line of black, which commences very distinctly above
the lores, almost disappears above the eye, and reappears with
increased breadth above the ear-coverts ; the latter ashy grey, with
indistinct whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks and under surface of body
white, with the chin and upper throat black as far as the rami of
the jaws extend; the flanks slightly tinged with light yellowish
buff ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white ; quills dusky brown
below, yellowish white along the inner web ; " bill orange-yellow ;
feet green, with the claws greenish grey ; iris nut-brown" (David).
Total length irij inches, culmen O-o, wing 3-3, tail 3-15, tarsus 0-95.
Hah. Eastern Himalayas from Sikhim eastwards into the hill-
ranges of North-eastern Bengal and Western Fokien in China.

a. Ad. sk. Darjiling. A. O. Hume, Esq.

b. Ad. sk. Sikhim. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

13. Suthora unicolor.

Heteromoi-pha unicolor, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,
pi. 2G4 (no. 843) ; id. J. A. S. Bencj. xii. p. 448 (1843) ; id. in
Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844) ; Bh/th, J. A. S. Bene/, xiv. p. 578
(1845) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 6. (1863) ; David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 206 (1877 ) ; Hiune, Str. F. 1879, p. 05.

Paradoxornis unicolor, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs.
p. Ill (1846) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 18, Ajip. (1849) ; Bp. Consp.
\. p. 500 (1850) ; Gould, B. Asia, part vi. (1854) ; Horsf. Sf Moore,
Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 376 (1854) ; Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 372.

Adult. General colour above light brown, the head differing in
colour from the back, being duU vinous brown, obscured by fulvous-
brown edges to the feathers ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills
brown, the secondaries externally like the back, but the primaries
reddish brown ; tail-feathers light brown, washed on the outer webs
with fulvous-brown, with a very narrow whitish edging to the tips
of the outermost feathers ; feathers over the eye slightly hoary
with darker centres ; sides of hinder crown with a black streak to
the sides of the nape ; ear-coverts and sides of face vinous brown,
with paler or more hoary tips to some of the feathers ; throat and
fore neck ashy brown, washed with vinous brown on the chin :
remainder of under surface light fulvous-brown, the sides of the
body and thighs a little more reddish brown : axillaries like the
breast ; under wing-coverts pale tawny buff like the inner lining of
the quills below ; " bill orange-yellow ; legs slaty grey ; iris brown "
(Jerdon ). Total length 7*2 inches, cidmen 0-6, ^ving 3-65, tail 4-3,
tarsus 1'2.

Hab. Eastern Himalayas, ranging into the hills which separate
China and Thibet.

a, b, c, d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.],

e,f. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum.

g. Ad. sk. Darjiling. W. Fotheringham, Esq.

[C.].
A. Ad. sk. Sikhim. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

35. CHLEUASICUS. ,^

Type.

Chleuasicus, Blyth, J. A. S. Benrj. xiv. p. 578 (1845) 0. ruticeps,

Bawje. Eastern Himalayas, extending into tlie hill-rauges of
North-eastern Bengal and Southern China.

Key to tlie Species.

a. Size larger : wing 2'95 inches ; outer aspect of

quills and tail plain, the wing not appearing
particoloui-ed ; head hright rufous, contrasting
with the oUvaceous-hro^^ni back riijiceps, p. 494.

b. Size smaller : wing 2-25 inches ; outer aspect of

quills and tail bright orauge-buil, tlie wing ap-
pearing particoloured ; crown of head a little
more fulvescent than the back.

«'. A superciliary streak of ashy ohve fulvifrons, p. 494.

b'. A superciliary streak of bluish grey cyanophrys, p. 495.

1. Chleuasicus ruflceps.

Chleuasicus ruficeps, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xiv. p. 578 (1845) ; Jerd.

B. Ind. ii. p. 7 (1863) ; Anderson, Zool. Exped. Ytmnan, Aves,

p. G38, pi. xlvii. tig. 2 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95.
Suthora ruficeps, Bbith, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 102 (1849) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 334 (1850) ; Horsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mus.

i. p. 380, note (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 235, no. 235 (1869).
Paradoxornis sphenura, Hodys. MSS., teste Jerdon, Ibis, 1872,

p. 297.
Chleuasicus ruficeps, var. atrosuperciliaris, Godwin-Austen, Proc. A.

S. Beny. 1877, p. 147 ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 499.

General colour of iipper surface sandy brown slightly washed
with olive ; the wings much more rufous than the back ; the quills
dull brown broadly washed with rufous ; the tail dull brown, with
indistinct cross barrings under certain lights ; head (very much
crested) and hind neck bright sandy rufous, the sides of the face
rather paler rufous, the cheeks inclining to sandy buif ; round the
eve a little ring of bufiy'-white feathers ; entire under surface of
body huffy white, inclining to pure white on the throat ; the under
wing-coverts pale fulvous ; the inner lining of the quills pale brown,
inclining to fulvous on the inner webs, rather more rufous on the
secondaries : " bill whitish horny ; legs greenish plumbeous ; iris
red-brown" (Jerdon). Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0-G, wing
2-9.5, tail 3-1, tarsus 0-95.

Hub. Eastern Himalayas, extending into Upi)er Assam and N.
Cachar.

a. Ad. sk. Sikhim. Henry Seehohm, Esq. [P.].

2. Chleuasicus fulvifrons.

Temnoris fulvifrons, Hodys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mas,, Passeres,
pi. 109 A. figs. 2, 2* (no. 684) 5 id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83
(1844) ; id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 31.

35. CHLEITASICFS. 495

Suthora fulvifTons, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 579 (descr. prin-
ceps) ; id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 102 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 334 (1850) ; Gould, B. Asia, part iv. (1852) ; Horsf. ^- Moore,
Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mas. i. p. 378 (1854) ; Jerd. B. 'ind. ii. p. 9
(1869) ; Gmtj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 235, no. 3402 (1869) ; Hume, Str. F.
1870, p. 95.

Adult. Above yello-vrish brown : the crown, cheeks, throat, and
breast tawny buff, inclining to deeper and more orange buff on the
forehead and chin ; behind the cheeks a half- concealed spot of ashy
whitish ; sides of the under crown dusky, forming an indistinct
lateral streak : least wing-coverts resembling the back, the greater
series edged with golden buff, like the quills — which are ashy brown,
externally golden buff, and edged with white towards the tips ;
upper tail-coverts also golden buff; tail-feathers ashy brown, mar-
gined with the same golden buff, much brighter near the base of the
feathers ; sides of body light grey, the centre of tl\e abdomen
whitish ; thighs fulvous ; under tail-coverts buffy whitish ; under
wing-coverts whitish, as also the inner edge of the quills; "bill
pale ; legs light brown " (Jerdon). Total length 5 inches, culmen
0-3, wing 2-25, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-8.

Hab. Eastern Himalayas.

a.

Ad. sk.

Nepal.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
(Tvpe of species) .

b.

Ad. sk.

Nepal.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

c.

Juv. sk.

Nepal {Hodgson).

India Museum.

d.

Ad. sk.

Darjiling.

W. Fotheriugham, Esq. [C],

3. Chleuasicus cyanophrys.

Suthora cyanophrys, David ^- Oust. Ois. Cliine, p. 212, pi. 66 (1877).

Adidt. Upper part of the head, feathers round the eye, and throat
clear ochre-yellow, passing into whitish on the forehead ; a broad
superciliary streak of bluish grey extending backwards as far as the
nape ; back yellow shaded with olivaceous ; rump and outer webs
of secondaries and tertiaries very bright ochraceous yellow ; breast
clear yellow, with an Irregular transverse band of white occupying
the base of the throat : imder tail-coverts and tibial plumes of a
yellowish tint ; quiUs brown bordered with white ; tail-feathers of
the same tint, with a broad border of bright ochre-yellow : upper
mandible brown, flesh-coloured on the edges and on the lower man-
dible ; feet and toes plumbeous blue ; claws brown ; ii'is chestnut.
Total length 4-15 inches, culmen 0-2, wing 2-05, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-7.
(David and Oustald.)

Hah, South-eastern Chensi, China.

496 TmiiLiii)^.

36. PARADOXORNIS. ^^

Paradoxoruis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 17 P. flavirosti-is.

Batliyrhynchus, McClell. Ind. Rev. 1S38, p. 513 P. flavirostris.

Range. Eastern Himalayas. Hills of N.E. Bengal, extending
into Western China and to the banking district on the river Taugtze-
Kiang.

Kc)/ to the Species.

a. Head rufous ; ear-coverts black.

a'. Chin black ; across the lower throat a band of

black, separated fi'om the black chin by a

band of white ; flavirostris, p. 496.

b'. Chin black ; rest of throat pale fulvous or

whitish, with blackish streaks on the lower

throat guttaticoUis, p. 497.

b. Head grey, with a black streak along the sides of

the crown ; ear-coverts light ashy heudii, p. 497.

1. Paradoxornis flavirostris.

Paradoxornis fiavirosb-is, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 17 ; id. Icones

Avium, pi. 6(18.37); McClell. P.Z.S. 18.39, p. 164; Gra;/, Gen.

B. ii. p. 389 (1845) ; Blylh, J. A. S. Bemj. xiv. p. 578 (1845) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 500 (1850 ; 'Gould, B. of Asia, part vi. (1854) ; Horsf.

^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 376 (18.54) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii.

p. 4 (1863) ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 457 ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 95.
Bathyrhynchus brevirostris, McClell. Ind. Rev. 1838, p. 513, cum

fig-
Adult (tj'pe of species). General colour above fulvescent olive-
brown, a little lighter on the ramp ; wing-coverts brown margined
with fulvous-brown, the outer lesser coverts entirely fulvous or
slightly rufescent ; quiUs brown, externally rufous-brown, lighter
on the outer webs of the primaries ; tail-feathers brown, slightly
edged with fulvous-brown ; entire head and hind neck rufous ;
lores, as well as a spot above the eye, fore part of ear-coverts,
feathers below the eye, and cheeks white, barred with dusky blackish
at the tips of the feathers : hinder part of ear-coverts jet-black,
forming a large patch ; chin black ; remainder of throat white,
broadlv barred at the tip with black : the fore neck entirely blackish ;
remainder of under surface pale yellowish buff, including the thighs
and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the
breast ; quills dusky brown below, yellowish buff along the inner
web ; " bill bright yellow ; legs plumbeous ; iris red-brown "
(Jerdon). Total length 7"5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-4, tail 3-9,
tarsus V2.

Hah. HiUs of IS orth-castern Bengal, Assam, ranging into the
Sikhim and Xepal Terai.

a. Ad. sk. N.E. India. Zoological Society. (Tvpe

of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Nepal Terai. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Assam {McClelland). India Museum.

'M. PARAU0I0KNI3. 497

2, Paradoxornis guttaticollis.

Paradoxornis guttaticollis, A. David, N. Arch. Mm. vii. Bull. p. 14
(1871); id. ^- Oud. Ois. de la Chine, p. 203, pi. 64 (1877).

Parado.xnniis austeni, Goidd, B. Asia, part xxvi. (1874) ; Godwin-
Austen, J. A. S. Belief, xliii. p. 1")9 (1874) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1875,
p. 392, 1879, p. 95.

Adult. General colour above sandy brown, the wing-coverts like
the back, but washed slightly with sandy rufous ; quills dark brown,
externally sandy rufous, paler towards the ends of the primaries ;
tail-feathers light brown, margined with sandy buff : head and hind
neck light rufous ; lores and feathers below the eye white, the
latter mottled with dusky bases to the feathers ; ear-coverts black ;
under surface of body whitish, washed with pale sandy buff on the
throat, breast, and sides of bod}', as well as the under tail-coverts ;
lower throat with some large blackish spots ; thighs dusky fulvous-
brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light sandy buff, the
lower series rather more fulvous ; quills brown below, sandy buff
along the inner web ; " bill yellow ; feet greenish, claws greenish
grey ; iris chestnut-rufous " (David). Total length 6 inches, eulmen
0-6, wing 3-05, tail '.i-2, tarsus I'Oo.

Hah. Western Szechueu, extending into the xs'aga and Khasia
hills.

a. Ad. sk. Naga hills, oOOO feet. Col. II. H. Godwin- Austen

• " [P-]-

3. Paradoxornis heudii.

Paradoxornis heiidii, David, C. R. Ixxiv. p. 1449 ; id. N. Arch. Mus.
ix. Buli. pi. 4. fig. 2 ( l>7o) ; Goidd, B. Ami, part xxn. (1874) ;
David if Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 204, pi. Ixiii. (1877).

Adult male (Nankin. Dec. 187^ ; Pere Heude). Head pearly
grey, this colour extending onto the mantle, where it is slightly
streaked with dusky blackish and washed with vinous : the back a
little more chestnut : lower back and rump paler and more sandy
buff; upper tail-covcrts and centre tail-feathers pale vinous, a little
more rufous towards the cuds ; remainder of the tail-feathers black,
ashy at the ends of the outer webs, white towards the ends of the
inner ones, the white increasing towards the outer feathers, the
outermost white along the outer web ; wing-coverts chestnut like
the back ; on the edge of the wing a patch of white ; primary-
coverts black, externally chestnut ; quiUs black, pale chestnut along
the outer webs and round the tips ; the secondaries black, washed
externally with sandy buff, the innermcst broadly white along the
inner welj ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts pale greyish or hoary
whitish, separated from the grey crown by a very distinct super-
ciliary streak of black extending to the sides of the nape ; throat
greyish white, changing to pale vinous on the lower throat and fore
neck ; rest of the under surface deep sandy buff, washed with chest-

voL. vii. 2 k

498 TiJiioLiiDJ':.

nut on the breast ; thighs vinous brown; under wing-coveits and
axiUaries yellowish white ; quills dusky brown below, ruf'cscent
along the edge of the inner web ; " bill yellow ; feet greenish grey,
claws grey " {David). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0'7, wing 2-55,
tail 3'75, tarsus 1-05. (AIus. H. SeehoJnn.)
Ilah. Nankin District, China.

37. CHOLORNIS.

Type.
Choloniis, J. Verremi.v, Kouv. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 35

( 1870) C. paradoxa.

Banye. Western China.

1. Cholornis paradoxa.

Cholomis paradoxa, J. Verr. Nouv. Arch. 3Ius. vi. Bull.'p. 35 (1870),
vii. /Ml p. 34, pi. 1. tig. 1 (1871) ; Duuid ^- Oust. Ois. Chiiie,
p. 205, pi. 62 (1877).

Adult. Back and rump olivaceous ; upper aspect of the tail and
the wings strongly washed with ashy ; top of the head earthy
brown, with a grey tinge on the forehead and a superciliary streak
of brown extending from the lores to the nape ; a white ring round
the eye ; upper part of the throat covered with a band of brown
colour ; feathers of the cheeks brown, bordered with grey ; rest of
the underparts earthy brown, slightly shaded with violet on the
breast ; " bill yellow ; feet greenish grey ; iris whitish. Total
length 7'9 inches, tail 3"L)5, wing 3-55, tarsus 1*3. {David Sf
Oustalet.)

Bab. Moujnn, Western China.

38. CINCLORHAMPHUS.

Type.

Cinclorhamphus, Gould, P. Z. S. 18-j7, p. 150 C. cruralis.

Ptenoedus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 39 (1850) C. rufescens.

Range. Australia.

Key to the Species.

a. Larger : throat and belly blackish ; upper tail-coverts

ashy brown cruralis, p. 498.

h. Smaller : throat and belly whitish ; upper tail-coverts

rufous rufescens, p. 500.

1. Cinclorhamphus cruralis.

Megalin-us cruralis, Vig. ^- Horsf. Trans. Linn. Sac. xv. p. 228

(1820).
Cinclorhamphus crurahs, Gotdd, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. loO ; Gh-ai/, Gen.

B. i. p. 168 (1848); Gould, B. Amtr. fol. iii. pi. 74 (1848) ; Bp.

Comp. i. p. 279 (1850); Reichenh. Vog. Neuholl. p. 82 (1850);

Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 394 (1865) ; Grag, Ilund-l. B. i.

;i8. CIXCLOKHAMPHUS. 4i;iy

p. 205, no. 2903 (1869); Diyyles, Orn. Austr. text to pi. 40

(1869) ; liamsmj, Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. S. W. ii. p. 186 (1878).
Cinclorhamphus cautatoris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 135.
Ciiiclorhamphus cantillaus, Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 75 (1848) ;

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 168 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 279 (1850);

Reiehcnh. Vrif/. Neuholl. p. 83 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr.

i. p. 305 (18(;5); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 205, no. 2904 (1869);

iJkjyles, Orn. Austr. pi. 46. fig. 2 (1809) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Sac.

N. .S'. jr. ii. p. 186 (1878).

Adah. General colour ahovo brown, the feathers slightly mottled
with fulvous-brown margins ; head distinctly more hoary than the
back ; wing-coverts like the back, and edged in the same manner,
those near the margin of the wing hoary whitish ; quiUs light brown,
edged with fulvous-brown and with whitish at the tips ; upper
tail-coverts ashy brown, with darker centres to the feathers ; tail-
feathers brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, mar-
gined with whity brown, the outermost whitish along the outer web,
on the centre feathers a slight shade of ashy ; lores, feathers above
the eye, and eyelid hoary ; below the eye a black spot ; ear-coverts
fulvescent, the hinder portion brown with hoary centres to the
feathers ; cheeks and throat blackish brown, with a few whity-
brown feathers intermixed ; remainder of under surface dusky
brown, with whity- brown margins to a few of the feathers ; the fore
neck and chest more broadly edged with whity brown, and conse-
quently ligliter in appearance ; thighs and under tail-coverts whity
brown, the latter with dark brown centres to the feathers ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries dusky brown, the edge of the wing whity
brown ; quills pale brown below, creamy white along the inner
web ; " bill, inside of mouth and tongue black ; feet Hesh-brown ;
iris hazel " {Gould). Total length 9-2 inches, culmeu 0-9, wing 4-25,
tail 4, tarsus 1"45.

Obs. The specimens with the sooty-black under surface have the
bill black, and appear to be in breeding-phimage. In winter dress
the under surface is overspread with ashy, wliich gradually dis-
appears.

Youni/ birds are much more mottled above and of j-ellowish buff
colour, being pale fulvous below, with the throat white and a tinge of
deeper sandy buff on the chest ; in the centre of the abdomen a
blackish patch.

The female, acc(n-ding to Gould, is less than half the size of the
male, is similar in colour ; but the feathers being more broadly mar-
gined with brownish white impart to her a paler hue than her mate :
the under surface is also much lighter, and the patch in the centre
of the abdomen is ranch smaller.

As the size of the abdominal patch seems to me to vary in propor-
tion to the amount of remains of winter plumage, I cannot believe
that C. cantillans is really distinct.

Hah. South Australia and Victoria to New South Wales, and
along the east coast as high as Rockingham Bay.

2k2

<J'

500 riMKLUbJi.

(I, b. Ad. s^k. Australia. Linuean Society.

(Types of species.)
c, (I Ad. St. Adelaide. C.'D. E. Fortiuun, Esq.

[P.].
e. Ad. St. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].

/. Ad. sic. Melboiu'ue. Gould Collection.

g. Ad. sk. New South Wales Gould Collection.

/(. Ad. sk. S. Australia. (xould Collection.

/. Ad. : 7.-, I. Juv. sk. Queensland {J. T. F. D. Godman and G.

CockereU). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

2. Cinclorhamphus rufescens.

Antlius rufescens, Tig. i^- Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 230 (1826).
Cinclorhamphus rufescens, Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 70 (1848) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 279 (l-'?50) ; Reiahenb. ViSg. Neuholl. p. 82

(1850); Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. 46. tig. 3 (1869) ; Von Iltteller,

P. Z. S. 1869, p. 279.
Megalurus rufescens, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 109 (1848) ; id. Hcind-l. B.

i. p. 206, no. 2915 (18C9).
Ptenoedus rufescens, Cab. Mus. Hcin. Th. i. p. 39 (1850) ; Gould,

Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 397 (1805) ; Bamsay, Pr. Linn. Soc.

N. S. W. ii. p. 186 (1878).

Adult. General colour above dark brown, the feathers edged with
fulvous-brown, the hind neck and sides of neck a little more whity
brown ; wing-coverts and quills like the back and margined in the
same manner, the primaries slightly rufescent near the base of the
outer web ; rump and upper tail-coverts light rufous ; tail-feathers
brown, margined narrowly with whity brown, a little more plainly
on the outer feathers, wdth a whitish tip also ; lores dusky, as also
the feathers below the eye ; a tolerably distinct eyebrow of ashy
■whitish from the base of the bill to above the car-coverts, the latter
being brown ; eyelid dull whity brown ; cheeks and under surface
of body dull ashy whitish, more fulvescent on the thighs and under
tail-coverts ; lower throat and fore neck browner, forming a band
across with obsolete remains of brown spots ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts fulvous or whity brown, those near the edge of the
wing mottled with blackish bases ; quills pale brown below, ashy
fulvous along the inner web ; " bill dark lead-colour in summer,
fleshy brown in winter ; tarsi yellowish grey ; feet bluish ashy
grey; iris hazel" (Gould). Total length 7 inches, culmen U'7,
wing 3-7, tail 3'5, tarsus l-l.

The specimen described has a black bill, whereas some of the
others examined by me have yellow bills, as well as more numerous
and distinct streaks or spots of brown on the fore neck and chest.
In the black-billed specimen the plumage is more or less worn and
the chest uniform, and it is evident that the dark bill is a sign of
breeding-plumage. The pale-billed birds have also a more fulvous
appearance, which indicates the winter dross.

There is considerable difference in the size of the specimens, the

^9. CALAMANTHUS. 501

wing varying from 3-1 inches to 3-8 inches, the smaller bird
being doubtless females.

Hah. The whole of Australia, but not occurring in Tasmania.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Linnoan Sociftty [P.].

(Type of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased.

c^ d.\_S 2^ ad. St. Soutli Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].

e. Ad. sk. River Darhng. Gould Collection.

/. S ad. sk. Gould Island, May 23, Capt. Stanley [P.].

184S (J. MacyilUvray).

(J. Ad. sk. Queensland {Cockerell). F. D. Godman and 0.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

h. Ad. sk. N.W. Australia. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.l

t,k.[S 2] ad. St. West Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [C.].

/. Ad. St. West Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].

39. CALAMANTHUS.

lype.

Calamanthus, Gould, F. Z. 8. 18.37, p. 150 C. fuliginosus.

Praticola, Sicaim. Classif. B. ii. p. 243 (1837) C. fuliginosus.

Eanc/e. Confined to Australia.

Key to the Species.

a. Head olive greenish, streaked with black like the

back fnliginosus, p. oOl .

b. Head rufous, nearly uniform, or with narrow bhxck

streaks canipestris, p. 502.

1. Calamanthus fuliginosus,

Anthus fuliginosus, Vi(j. ^- Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. Sue. xv. p. 230

(1826).
Calamanthus fuliginosus, Gotdd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 150 ; id. B. Austr.

fol. iii. pi. 70 (1848) ; Gi-ay, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ; Bj). Consp.

i. p. 280 (1850) ; Beichenb. Voq. Neuhall. p. 86 (1850) ; Gould,

Handh. B. Austr. i. p. 388 (1865) ; Gray, Handel. B. i. p. 203,

no. 2872 (1869); Von Mueller, P. Z. «. 1869, p. 279; Ramsay,

Proc. Linn. Soc'N. S. W. ii. p. 186 (1878).
Praticola anthoides, Stcains. An. in Menay. p. .343 (1737) ; id. C'las-

.sif. B. ii. p. 244 (1837).

Adult. General colour above greenish brown streaked with black,
the feathers being broadly centred with this colour ; rump more
uniform and less plainly streaked, but the upper tail-coverts again
broadly streaked with black and somewhat tinged with rusty ;
wing-coverts greenish with black centres, the margins to the
greater series rather paler ; quills brown, externally edged with
olive-brown or greenish ; tail-feathers russet-brown, edged with
olive, streaked with black near the shnft in the centre feathers, the
remainder subterminally barred with black and tipped witli ashy
brown ; forehead slightly washed with rufous ; lores dusky : eyelid

502 TTMKLim.T';.

and a narrow eyebrow white ; eai^covcrts pale brown M'ith fulvous
streaks, more distinct below the eye ; cheeks dull white, streaked
with black ; throat purer white, very plainly streaked with black
down the centre of the feathers ; remainder of under surface olive-
yellow, brighter on the Hanks, the breast, sides of body, flanks, and
under tail-coverts streaked with black ; abdomen uniform ; thighs
reddish brown ; axillaries olive-yellowish tinged with brown ;
\;nder wing-coverts pale reddish buff ; quills light brown below,
ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web ; " biU and feet
brownish Hesh-colonr ; iris light sandy buff" {Gould). Total length
5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-'3, tail 2-1. tarsus 0-95.
Hah. Tasmania and South Australia.

«. Ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.].

(Type of species.)
h. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Melbourne. CTOuld Collection.

d. Ad. sk. Mount Gambler, South Gould Collection.

Australia.

c,/. Ad. St. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].

g, h. Ad. sk. South Australia F. D. Godman and 0.

(Cuckere/l). Salvin, ICsqrs. [P.].

t, A, /. Ad. sk. Tasmania. EonaldGunn, Esq. [P.].

2. Calamanthus campestris.

Praticola campestris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 171.

Calamanthus campestris, Gould, B. Austr. iii. pi. 71 (1848) ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 103 (1848); Bp. Consji. i. p. 280 (1850); Eeicheiib.

Vof/. KeuhoU. p. 2P5 (1850); Gould, Hayidb. B. Austr. i. p. 389

(1865); Graij, Hand-l. B.i. p. 203, no. 2871 (1869): Bamsay,

Froc. Linn. 8oc. N. 6". W. ii. p. 186 (1878).

Adult. General colour above light ashy brown, with longitudinal
streaks of darker brown down the centre of each feather ; rump
uniform, and tinged with isabelliue ; wing-coverts browner than
the back, especially the greater series and the primary-coverts,
which are edged with paler brown ; quills brown, externally edged
with paler brown, inclining to whity brown on the margins of the
primaries, and the inner secondaries edged with white near the
tips ; tail-feathers light reddish brown, with a broad subterminal
bar of black before the tip, which is light brown in the centre
feathers and white in all the others; forehead and sinciput light
rufous or bay, obscurely streaked with dusky brown, more distinct
on the nape, where the rufous colour fades away ; lores and a toler-
ably plain eyebrow white ; in front of the eye a rufous spot ; ear-
coverts light rufous, very narrowly streaked with white shaft-lines ;
cheeks and throat white, the lower throat and remainder of the under
surface pale yellowish, the sides of the body and flanks deeper-
coloured and inclining to isabelline brown ; thighs light rufous, as
also the under tail-coverts, which are shaded with brown before the
tips, which arc white : the centre of the throat, fore neck, and

[V.). CALAMANTHUS. 503

breast distinctly streaked with dusky brown, broader on the latter ;
the flanks also obscurely streaked ; under wing-coverts and axil-
larics clear isabelline brown ; quills light brown below, ashy fulvous
along the edge of the inner web • '-bill blackish brown, lighter at
the base of the under mandible ; feet blackish brown ; iris rufous-
brown " {Gould). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-05,
tail 1-8, tarsus 1-9.

Hah. South Australia, A'ictoria, and West Australia.

a. Ad. sk. Australia.

h. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq.

d. Ad. sk. Australia. Eyton CdUection.

«", /. Ad. St. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].

504

TI.MKMin.K.

Group YIII. TIMELINE.

In the present group I place all the species which I consider to be
the most typical Timeliiiie birds. They are closely connected -with
some of the other groups recorded in the present volume ; but many
of them are very Muscicapine in appearance, and resemble the Fly-
catchers so closely that it is almost impossible to draw a definite
line between some of the broader-billed Timditdc and some of the
narrower-billed ^Inecicapidcp. The genus Tatars having been omitted
by the author of the fifth volume, is included here ; but it is mani-
festly out of place in the TimeWula', and in a future rearrangement
of the genera should be classified with Acrocephalus.

Key to the Genera.

Tail moderately long, the outstretched
feet either falling short of the tip of
the tail, or at any rate not exceeding
it.
a'. Tail equal to or exceeding the wing
in length.
a" . Tail strongly graduated, the differ-
ence between the tip of the outer
and the tip of the centre feathers
as much as or more than the length
of the tarsus.
«'". Distance between anterior angle
of nostril and tip of bill greater
than length of hind toe (with-
out claw) 1. TiMELiA, p. .507.

b'". Distance measured as above
equal to or less than length of
hind toe (without claw),
a*. Bill with no suhterminal notch. 2. Pyctobhi.s, p. 510.
v. Bill with a suhterminal notch.
a\ Frontal feathers stiffened,
with rigid shafts ; no nu-
chal plumelets 3. Dxjmetia, p. 514.

h'. Nuchal plumelets trifid and

very distinct

h". Tail less graduated, the distance
between the tips of the outer and
the tip of the centre feathers less
than the length of the tarsus.
c'" . Distance between anterior nos-
tril and tip of bill more than
the length of hind toe (with-
out claw) ; tarsus with four
distinct scutes 5. PKLLORNErM, p. 518.

k

4. Elaphroenis, p. 517.

SCOTOCICHLA, p. 522.

7. CnossLEYiA, p. 523.

TI.MEr.I.E.

d'". Distance measured as above less
than length of hind toe (with-
out claw; ; tarsus uniform,
c-^. Mind claw less powerful, not
more tjiau half the length of
the hind toe ; nostrils shut
in with a membrane, in the
anterior portion of which the
rounded nasal aperture is

pierced (3

d^. Hind claw powerful, equal
to two thirds of the length
of the hind toe ; nostrils a
large open slit without any

overhanging membrane

h . Wing longer tliau the tail, generally
conspicuously so.
c". Culuien longer than tarsus or equal
to it ; rictal bristles strong.
e'". Nasal aperture ovate, sh'iit in for
its entire extent by a mem-
brane ; gonys nearly straight ;
bill as broad at nostrils as it is

hia-h

J.,,, -NT " ,

/ . ^asal aperture an oval opening
shut in by a superior membrane
not attached to the anterior
part of the nostril ; gonys di-
stinctly curved ; bill higher at

nostrils than it is broad 9.

d". Culmen shorter than tarsus;' no 1 10.

pronounced rictal bristles jn

e". Culmen shorter than tarsus; rictal
bristles more or less evident.
ff'". Feet very strong and rather
clumsy, falling short of tail by
less than leng-th of culmen.
e*. BiU higher than broad at
nostrils.
c\ Bill much cin-ved ; the cut-
ting edge of mandible de-

,, ^}IP'^^ 1 • • • 12. Stachyhis, p. 532.

a ■ ani more slender and

straight; cutting-edge of

mandible straight.

«^ Nostril shut in by a mem-

braue, tlie nasal opening

being round and pierced

in anterior portion of

membrane 1;3

h^. Nasal openings linear,
shut in by a longitudinal
superior membrane .... 14.
;'. Bill as l)n)ad at nostrils as it is
higli ; cutling-edge of man-
dible straijrht.

505

8. Tatare, p. 524.

Beenieria, p. 529.
Macrosphenus, p. 530.
Mystacornis, p. 631.

TrRDiNus, p. ',30.
Drtmoch.tcra, p. 550.

506

TIMELIinj5.

e'. First prinmry very large,

more than half the length

of the longest quills.

c^. Rictal bristles large and

very strong, reaching to

two thirds of the length

of the bill 15. Erythkocichla, p. .551.

d'^. Rictal bristles very small,
not reaching beyond the
nostrils.
(f. Wing very much
rounded, the inner se-
condaries about equal
in length to the pri-
maries K). Dhymocataphus, p.552.

V. Wing less rounded ; the
inner secondaries per-
ceptiblj' shorter than

the primaries 17. Ohtygocichla, p. 561.

/"'. First primary smaller, less
than lialf the longest quills.
e!'. Rictal bristles weak and
not reaching to tlie nos-
trils 18. Gypsophila, p. 561.

/ °. Rictal bristles very strong,
reaching beyond the

nostrils 19. Thicho.stowa, p. 5C)2.

'". Feet weaker, falling short of the
tail by aw much as the leugtli
of the culmen, or even more.
y* . Back without spinous plumes.
//\ Rictal bristles long, exceed-
ing the length of the hind
toe (without claw).
//". Tarsal envelope with very
strongly marked scutelliB ;

bill stout 20. Malacopterum, p. .56;5.

A". Tarsal envelope entire; bill

feeble 21, Xanthomixis, p. o70,

A\ Rictal bristles .'scarcely per-
ceptible.
«'. Bill about equal in height
and breadth or higher
than broad.
c' . Head not crested ; nasal
opening a pierced aper-
ture with no distinct
opercidum ; first pri-
mary equal to the third.
ii*. Tarsi sciitellated. . . . 22. Oxyi.abf.s, p. 571.

h^. Tarsi entire 23. Kknopia, p. 573.

iV. Head tufted; nostril
with swollen o])er-
culum ; first primary
half the length of the
second or not luucli
^'xceeding that 24. DASvrROTopjjA, p. 574.

I

1. TIMKLIA. 507

k'^. 15ill broader than high at

nostrils 25. MixonNis, p. 575.

h*. With spinous shafts to the

long feathers of the back . . 2G. Machonus, p. 58^3.
b. Tail very short, far exceeded by the out-
stretclied feet.
<"'. Culmen shorter than the tarsus.
f". Tail of moderate length, not hidden
by the plumes of the rump.
i'". Bill stout, deeperthanit isbroad

at the nostrils 27. Ptilopyg.^*, p. 585.

k'". Bill more slender, broader than

deep at nostrils 30. Anuropsis, p. 588.

/'". Bill equal in height and depth.
i''. Rictal bristles scarcelj' percep-
tible 31. Crateroscelis, p. 590.

k*. Rictal bristles -svell developed 32. Corythocichla, p. 592.
</". Tail so short as to be hidden by the

plumes of the rump ". . . . 33. Tubdinulus, p. 593.

1 d'. Culmen longer than the tarsus .... 34. Rimatou, p. 594.

1. TIMELIA.

lype.

Timalia, Ilorsf. Trans. Liiui. Soc. xiii. p. 150 (1820) T. pileata.

Napodes, Cab. ^Ius. Hem. Th. i. p. 77 (1850) T. pileata.

Timelia, Sunclen. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 11 (1872, wow. emend.).

Rawje. From the lower hills of the Himalayas and the plains of
Eastern Bengal through Assam and Burmah to Tenasserim and
Cochin China, down the Malayan peninsula ; Java.

Kify to the /S^5fC(Vs.

a. Smaller : crown chestnut, contrasting with the

back, which is olivaceous browai ; throat white,

with black shaft-streaks pileata, p. 507.

b. Larger : head rufous-brown like the back ; chin

white; throat rufous-buff like the rest of the

under surface : . . . lomjirostris, p. 509.

1 . Timelia pileata.

Timalia pileata, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 151 (1820) ; id. Zool.
Research. Java, pl.43. fiir. 1 (1824) ; McCMl. P. Z. S. 1831 , p. 161 ;
Hodr/s. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mm., Passeres. pi. 175rt (no. 835); ul.
in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844); Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 228
(1846) ; id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodys. p. 85 (1846) ;

* Here raust probably be located 28. PfUocichla, the unique type of which
genus, P.falcata, is in .\merica. and I have not been able to assign it.s certain
position.

'29.' Mai in. — 7 have not seen an example of lliis genu?; hut T think it )>robable
that it must be placed near Ptilopi/pa als(>.

5U8 TlMEUIUj:.

Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 149 (1850) ; Ilor.sf. l^- Moore, Cat.

B. E.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 227 (1854); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 24 (1863) ;

Bhjth, Ibis, 1865, p. 43 ; Gra;/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 314, no. 4692

(1869); Godivin-Amten, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 103 (1870);

Bhith, Ihis, 1872, p. 90 ; Hume, Nest's Sf Eggs Ind. B. p. 216

(1873); id. Sir. F. 1874, p. 476, 1875, p. 118 ; Armstrong, Sir. F.

1876, p. 323; Oates, Str. F. 1877, p. 152; Hume, t. c. p. 153;

Anders. Zool. E.vped. Ytimian, Aves, p. 634 (1878); Hume 8f

Darison, Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 267.
Nanodus pileata. Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 77 (1850).
Timalia longirostris. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 316, no. 4715 (1869, nee

Moore).
Timalia beng-alensis, Godwin- Auden, J. A. S. Beng. xli. pt. 2, p. 143

(1872) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95; Inr/lis, Str. F. 1880, p. 250.
Timelia jerdoni, Waklen, Ann. ^- Maq. Nat. Hist. (4) x. p. 61 (1872) ;

Blyth' ^- Wald. B. Barm. p. 114 (1875); Hume, Str. F. 1875,

p. 119.
Timelia pileata, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 11 (1872); Oates, B. Brit.

Burm. p. 44 (1883 ).

Adult. General colour above fiilvous-browii, the wing-coverts
like the back ; quills liglit brown, externally fulvous-brown ; tail-
feathers light brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights,
and washed with ashy fulvous ; crown of head bright chestnut,
relieved by a ereamj'-white band across the forehead, extending over
the eye, and separated from the chestnut crown by a narrow line of
black ; lores and feathers between the nostrils and the eye black ;
cheeks, sides of face, and ear-coverts white, the latter fringed on the
extreme hinder margin with grey ; sides of neck ashj' grej', extend-
ing upwards onto the sides of the nape ; throat and breast white,
the sides of the latter ashy grey, all bl^t the chin liued with mesial
shaft-streaks of black ; centre of the belly ochreous buff, the sides
of the body fulvous-brown, as also the thighs and under tail-
coverts ; axillaries light fulvous-brown, the under wing-coverts pale
tawny buff; quills light brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge
of the inner web ; " bill black ; eyelids dark bluish grey ; inside of
mouth black ; legs purplish brown, claws horn-coloured ; iris dark
red " {E. Oates). Total leugth 5-8 inches, culnien 0-7, wing 2-5,
tail 2-85, tarsus 0'95.

The male is larger than the female according to Mr. Hume, the
wing in the latter being as small as 2*3 inches, while the male
reaches to 2-6 inches in length.

Ohs. I fail to see any specific difference between the Javan birds
and those from India or Burraah ; and I think that the larger bill
mentioned by the late Lord Tweeddale as a character for the Javan
Timelia is only the sign of the male bird, as suggested by Mr. A. 0.
Hume. Whether it extends down the Malaj'an peninsula seems
doubtful ; but the specimen in the British Museum from Malacca
bears Capt. Pinwill's label, with his own handwriting on it. Mr.
Jerdon has also stated that its range extended down the Malayan
j)eninsula, but he does not give his authority.

Hah. From the lower hills of Nepal and Sikhim throughout the

1. TIMl-LIA.

609

plains of Eastern Eens;al, Burmah, and Pegu to the neighbourhood
of Saigon in Cochin China ; rare in the Malayan pcirwisula ; Java.

ludia Museum.

India Museum.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

India Museum.

Major ]5iddulph.

India Museum.

E. W. Gates, Esq. [0.1.

E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.J.

Dr. J. Anderson [0.].

Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

fp.].
ludia Museum. (Types of

species.)
M. E. Pierre [P.].

M. E. Pierre [P.].

a. Ad. sk.

Eengal (.4s. Soc).

b. Ad.sk.

Nepal (Hodgson).

c, d. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

e. Ad. sk.

Assam (^McClelland).

f. Ad. sk.

Bhotan Dooars (Mandelli).

g. Ad. sk.

Kliasia kills ( Griffith).

h. c? ad. sk.

Near Pegu, May (3, 1876.

t. c? ad. sk.

Kyeikpadein, Lower Pegu,

June 2(5, 1870.

k. Ad. sk.

Yayleymau, Upper Burmah,

Jan. .5, 1875.

l. Ad.sk.

Malacca.

m,n. Ad. sk.

Java (Hors/leld).

o,p. Ad. sk.

Saigon, Cochin China,

April 1807.

q. Ad. sk.

Saigon, Cochin China,

August 1867.

2. Timelia longirostris.

Pvctorhis longirostris, Moore, P. Z. S. 18o4, p. 104 (ex Hodgs. MSS.);
'Jlorsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mu.^. i. p. 408 (1854); Jerd. B.

Ind.'ii. p. 16 (1863) ; Ilmne, Sfr. F. 1878, vol. 2, p. 154.
Malacocercus (Layardia) rubiginosus, Godu-in-Aiisten, P. Z. S. 1874,

p. 47 ; id. J. A. S. Beng. xliii. pt. 2, p. 164, pi. v. (1874) ; Hume,

8tr. F. 1875, p. 397 ; Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlvii. part 2,

p. 24(1878).
Malacocercus ruhiginosus, Godtu in- Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlvii.

part 2, p. 24 (1878).
Layardia rubiginosa, Hume, Sir. F. 1878, vol. 2, p. 153.
Pyctoris longirostris, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95.

Adult (type of species). General colour above deep rnfous-brown,
the head a little more dusk}% and the lower back and rump slightly
clearer than the rest of the upper surface ; wing-coverts like the
back ; quills dusky brown, the primaries externally light rufous,
the secondaries darker rufous, the innermost entirely rut'ous-brown ;
tail-feathers dull rufous-brown ; lores and a very narrow eyebrow,
as well as the ear-coverts, pale tawny bufi' ; lores, feathers round the
eye, fore part of checks, and feathers below the eye and throat
white ; remainder of body huffy whitish ; the flanks, thighs, and
under tail-coverts tawny buff, the sides of the body richer in colour ;
under wing-coverts pale tawny ; quills dusky brown below, light
rufous along the inner web ; " bill black ; legs pale corneous
or dull grey-brown; iris nearly white" {Godwin- Austen). Total
length 8 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 2-8, tail 4-4, tarsus I'l.

The Oudc specimen is not quite so rufoiis on the upper surface
as the example from Nepal ; but below it is of a much richer tawny
buff on the sides of the body. This may be due partly to the

51U TIMELIIUJE.

typical specimens having been mounted in the India Museum, and
their consequent fading from exposure to the light.

Hah. The Terai countrj- below the Himalajas from Oude to
Bootan, as well as round the hills of Munipur and Cachar, Khasia
hills, lie.

a,b. Ad.sk. ^e-pA\. i^B. H, Hudymn). India Museum. (Types of Pye-

torhis loHfjiroftris, Moore.)

c. Ad. sk. Oude Terai. Capt. Stackhouse PiuwiU [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Bootan Do.iars, Feb. 1878 Major J. Biddulph [C.]. ^

(JMandeUi).

2. PYCTORHIS. Type.

Erj^hrops, Hodg<. MSS.
Pyetoris, Hodqs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; id.

'p. Z. S. 1*45, p. L^4 P. sinensis.

Chrysomma, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 602 (1845) .... P. sinensis.

Ratu/e. The whole of the Indian peninsula and Ceylon, extending
westwards into Scinde and eastwards through Assam and the Bur-
mese countries to Pegu.

Key to the Species.

a. Bill blackish ; lores conspicuously white.

a'. Nasal operculum yellow siHe7ms, p. 510.

b'. Nasal operculum black, like the bill iiasalis, p. 512.

b. Bill pale horn-brown ; eyebrow and lores ashy grey . altirostris, p. 512.

1. Pyctorhis sinensis.

Chinese Titmouse, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. part 2, p. 555 (1783).

Parus sinen.sis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1012 (1788, ex Lath.).

Timalia hypoleuca, Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 118 ; id. J. A. S. Beng.

i. p. 313 (1832) ; Jerd. Madr. Juurn. x. p. 2(J0 (1839) ; Biyfh, Ann.

S,- Mai/. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 97 (1843) ; id. J. A. 8. Beng. xi. p. 705

(1842"), xii. p. 181 ( 1843) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 228 (1840).
Timalia iDicolor, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1835, Ois. text to pi. xxxix.
Timalia horstieldii," Jard.'^- Selby, III. Orn. pi. llOj Blyth, J. A. S.

Beng. xi. p. 199 (1842) ; Gray, Cat. Mumm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs.

p. 80 (1840).
Erythrops melodius, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,

pi. 172 c (no. 740).
Pyctorhis h^^)oleuca, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).
Chrysomma" hvpoleucos, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 602 (1845).
Chr"vsomma siuense, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 454 (1847); id.

Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 150 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 216 (1850);

Horsf. if- Moore, Cat. B. E.l. Co. Mm. i. p. 2-30 (1854).
Pyctorhis sinensis, Jerd. B. Ltd. ii. p. 15 (1863) ; Beavan, Ihis, 1867,

p. 431 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng. xxxvii. pt. 2, p. 36 (1868) : King,

t. c. p. 214 (1868) ; Blanf. op. cit. xl. p. 273 (1871 ) ; Hume, Nests

S,- Eggs Ltd. B. p. 237 (1873) ; id. Sir. F. 1873, p. 179 ; Ada7n, t. c.

p 378 ; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 410; Crodwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng.

xiiii. pt. 2, p. 160 (1874) ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 408 ; Hume, t. c.

2. PYCTURHIS. 511

p. 475; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 115, 187(5, p. 34; Fairb. t:^. pp. 258,
265; Bhjth i^ Walden, B. Btirm. p. 117 (1875); Godwm-Anst.
J. A. S. Be7i(/. xlv. pt. 2, p. 74 (1876) ; Outes, Str. F^ 1877, p. 151 ;
Anderson, Zuol. Exp. Yunnan, Aves, p. 637 (1878) ; Hume 8f
iJavison, Sir. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 258 ; Davison 4'- Wenden, Str. F.
1878, vol. 2, p. 84; Bull, t.c. p. 213; Buthr, Cat. B. Sind etc.
p. 29 (1879) ; Hmne, Str. F. 187'J, p. !>5 ; Doig, t. c. p. 371 ; Vidal,
Str. F. 1880, p. 63 ; Butler, t. c. p. 3fi9 ; id. B. S. Bombay Pres.
p. 41 (1880) ; Gates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 46 (1883).
Timalia sinensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 316, no. 4714 (18C9).

Adult. General colour above rufescent brown, more ruddj' on the
head and neck ; -wing-coverts tawny brown ; quills light brown,
externally rufous, the inner secondaries entirely of the latter colour ;
tail-feathers brown edged with rufous; lores and a small line above
the ear-coverts white ; round the eye a naiTow ring of white
feathers; ear- coverts brown like the head, excepting the fore part
of them, which is white like the cheeks and feathers below the eye ;
throat aud chest pure white ; remainder of under surface of body .
creamy white, as well as the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ;
under wing-coverts fulvous, the axillaries whitish, the outer coverts
light reddish ; quills pale brown, light rufous along the inner web ;
" bill black, with the nostrils deep yellow ; legs orpiment-ycllow ;
irides dark brown, with an outer circle of buff; orbits bright
orange " (Jerdon). Total length 0-5 inches, culmcn 0-6, wing 2-5,
tail 3"5, tarsus 1.

The female does not differ in colour from the male.

YoKHf/ (Coonoor; E. G. AVardlaw Eamsay). Coloured like the
adult, but more fluffy in plumage ; a slight shade of olivaceous above,
and the head and wings somewhat less rufous than in the old birds ;
underneath somewhat whiter ; " bill dark brown ; legs yellowish
brown ; iris pale brown '" (M. G. W. li.).

Captain Legge was uncertain whether the bird from Southern
India was the same as the black-nosed race from Ceylon or the
yellow-nosed race of continental India. A series in Captain AVardlaw
Kamsay's collection shows that the South-Indian bird is identical
with true P. sintnsis from other localities, and P. iiascdis must be
held to be peculiar to Ceylon.

Birds of the year will probably be found to be paler and more
fulvescent in tone of i)lumage than adults.

Specimens from Nepal seem to be darker than those from
Southern India, which are not only paler in general plumage, but
have also the head nearly uniform in colour with the back. In-
dependently of the fact that wo know nothing of the changes of
plumage (if any) of the present species, and therefore cannot say if
these slight differences are due to age only, it appears that examples
from Behar and Calcutta are intermediate : and therefore the ques-
tion of there being two species cannot be entertained.

Ilab. The whole of the Indian peninsula from Sindh eastwards,
not ascending the hills, extending into the Burmese countries as far
as Moulmein in N. Tcnasserim, and ranging into Siam.

5ia

TIMKLIID.E.

a,b. Ad.sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d, e. Ad. sk.
f,f,. Ad. sk.
A, i, k. Ad. sk.
l,m,n. Ad. sk.
0, j^. cJ $ ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.

r,s. Ad. sk.
<. $ ad. sk.

u, V. Ad. sk.
w,.v. c? 2 ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
z. Ad. sk.
«'. Ad. sk.

N.W. India.

Sursai, Kattiawar, May

6, 1871.
Meerut, Jan. 1880.
Uelira Doon (G. King).
Nepal.

Nepal (Hodffson).
Behar.

Dacca (Ti/tler).
Bengal (As. Sue).
Maunbhoora, Dec. 19,

1874 (R. C. Beumn).
Kamptee, C. India.
Kliaudeisli.
Mahabaleshwur hills.
Pegu, Feb. 24, 1881.
Wau, near Pegu, April

8, 1877.

Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

fpj.
Major Hajes Lloj'd [P.].

Major .John Biddiilph.

Dr. J. Scullv [P.].

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

India Museum.

B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

India Museum.

India Museum.

Gould Collection.

Dr. B. Hinde [P.],
India Museum.
Col. Sturt [C.].
E. W. Gates, Esq.
E. W. Gates, Esq.

%\

2. Pyctorhis nasalis.

Chrysomma .sinensis (non Gin.), Kelaaii S^- Layard, Prodi:, -^PP- P- 58

(18.5.3) ; Layard, Ann. ^- May. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 27-2 (18o.3).
Pyctorbis sinensis {non Gm.), Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 448 ; Legge,

Ibis, 1875, p. 290.
Pyctorhis nasalis, Legr/e, Ann. S,- Mar/. Nnt. Hist. (5) iii. p. 169

(1879); id. B. of t'eylun, p. 512 (1879); Hume, St r. F. 1879,

p. 95.

Adult. Very similar to P. sinensis, but distinguished at once by
its black nostrils. Smaller differences are also seen in the less
amount of rufous on the wing in Ceylonese birds. " Loral skin,
perceptible through the feathers, greenish yellow ; bill and nostril
black ; legs and feet dull yellow, extremities of toes dusky ; claws
dusky horn-colour ; eyelid chrome-yellow ; iris golden yellow " ( V.
Legge). Total length G-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-G.5, tail 3-3,
tarsus 1-05.

The adult female resembles the male in colour. Some examples,
probably immature birds, are more deeply tinged on the lower parts
than others, and some have a brownish spot immediately below the
gape. ( V. Legge.)

Hah. Peculiar to Ceylon, where it is generally distributed, being,
however, somewhat local, and commoner in the southern parts.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

Ceylon.
Nuwara Elliya.

E. L. Lavard, Esq. [C.l.
Mr. C. Boate [C.].

3. Pyctorhis altirostris.

Chrvsomma altirostre, Jerd. Ihis, 1862, p. 22 ; Godivin-Atisteti, Ann.
si Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvii. p. 34 (1870) ; Hume, Str. F. 1876_,
p. 505.

2. PTCTORins. 513

Timalica altirostris, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 316, no. 4716 (1869)/
Pyctorliis altirostris, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Bent/, xlv. part 2,

p. 197, pi. ix. (1876) ; Blanf. Str. F. 1877, p. 226 ; Oates, Stt: F.

1877, p. :249 ; Hume, t. c. p. 329; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng.

xlvii. part 2, p. 24 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Oates, Str,

F. 1881, p. 206 ; id. B. Brit. Burm. p. 47 (1883).
Pyctorliis griseigularis, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 116 ; id. Str. F. 1879,

p. 95.

Adult (type of species). General colour above dark fulvescent
bro^n-n, the head darker and rather more rufous-brown ; wing-coverts
like the back ; quills brown, externally rufous, the inner secondaries
almost entirely rufous ; tail-feathers (mostly much worn) brown,
with paler and more rufous edges ; feathers at base of forehead,
lores, and a narrow eyebrow whitish, some of the feathers with black
shafts; ear-coverts fulvous-brown with a slight rufous tinge ; cheeks
yellowish white ; rest of under surface dull white ; the sides of the
breast, flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts yellowish buff; the
thighs slightly tinged with rufous ; under wing-coverts tawny buff,
washed with rufous ; quills light brown below, rufous along the edge
of the inner web ; " upper mandible pale horn-colour, under one
pinkish ; eyelids yellow, but not tumid as in P. sinensis ; iris brown,
surrounded by a pinkish ring ; inside of mouth flesh-colour ; legs
brownish flesh-colour ; claws pinkish horn " (Eugene W. Oates) ;
" iris pale sienna " (God win- Austen). Total length 5'7 inches, culmeu
0-5, wing 2'35, tail 3, tarsus 1.

Total
length.

Culmen.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

Adult male (Oates) . .

.. 6-5

0-5

2-4

3-5

0-95

Adult female (Oates)

.. 5-5

0-45

2-35

2-8

0-9

The present species is evidently liable to get its plumage much
woru : it was one in such a coudition that Dr. Jerdon origiually
obtained ; and this may account for his description of the type not
quite agreeing with IMr. Hume's specimens, whence the latter gen-
tleman redeseribed the species as P. griseigidaris. Jerdon's type is
in the British Museum, to which ho presented it in 1862, along with
the types of other species described in the ' Ibis ' for that year.

Mr. Blanford's bird, procured in Scinde, was kindly lent to me bj'
that gentleman. It is so closelj* allied to P. altirostris that I should
not like to separate it specifically without seeing a larger series ; but
the Scinde bird appears to me to have the ashy white colour coufiued
to the throat, whereas in. Burmese specimens this colour pervades the
throat and breast.

Hah. Burmah and Pegu, ranging through the low country of Assam
to the Bhootan Dooars, probably ranging westwards into Scinde.

a. Ad. sk. Island in Irawady river, T. C. Jerdon, E.«q. [P.].

off Thayetmyo' (Type of Pijctorhis al-

tirostris, Jerd. )
VOL. vu. 2 L

514 TnrELUDjB.

6. c? ad. sk. Myitkyo, Pegu, Feb. 21, 1878. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.l.
c, d. $ ad. sk. Paghein, Pegu, Aug. 15, 1880. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.J.

3. DUMETIA. n.

Type.
Dumetia, Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 140 (1850) . . D. hyperytlira.

Range. Indian peninsula and Ceylon.

Key to the Species.

a. No superciliary streak ; forehead only rufous ; crown
like back.
a'. Throat sienna-buif like the rest of the imder

surface of body hyperythra, p. 515.

v. Throat white, contrasting with the rest of the

under surface alhigularis, p. 514.

h. A broad superciliary streak of tawny bufF; head
and nape rufous-brown, contrasting with the
back bivittata, p. 516.

1. Dumetia albigularis.

Malacocercus (?) albogularis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 453
(1847).

Dumetia albogularis, Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 140 (1849)
Layard Sj- Kelaart, Prodr. Cat., Ajjp. p. 58 (1852) ; Layard, Ann
<§• Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) xii. p. 272 (1853) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B.
E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 403 (1854) ; Goidd, B. Asia, part 12 (1860)
Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 26 (1863) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 447
Hume, Nests S,- Epys Ind. B. ii. p. 247 (1874) ; Butler, Sir. F. 1875!
p. 471 ; Fairb. Str. F. 1876, pp. 258, 265 ; Bourd. t. c. p. 399 '
Butler, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 94 ; Ler/ge, B. Ceylon, p. 505 (1879)
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96 ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 63 ; Butler
t. e. p. 400 ; id. Cat. B. S. Bombay Pres. p. 42 (1880).

Timalia hyperythra (no7i Frankl.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 261
(1839).

Pellorueum albogulare, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxi. p. 357 (1852).

Timalia albogularis. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 315, no. 4703 (1869).

Adult. General colour above ashy olive-brown, slightly more fiil-
vescent on the rump ; the back with fairly indicated paler shaft-
lines ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, the pale shaft-
lines rather more distinct ; greater coverts and quills liglit brown,
externally edged with the same colour as the back, a little darker
olive-brown on the outer web of the primaries ; tail-feathers light
brown, indistinctly waved with dusky under certain lights, shaded
with ashy, and tipped with a narrow edging of whity brown, a little
more distinct on the outer feathers ; feathers of the crown of the
head stiffened and forehead rufescent with blackish shafts ; lores
and eyelid whitish ; ear-coverts ashy olive, with a slight shade of ashy

;

3. DTJMETIA. 515

on the anterior ones ; cheeks and under surface of bod)^ bright sienna-
buff ; throat and centre of breast and abdomen white ; thighs rather
paler fulvous ; axillaries sienna-buff, with white bases ; under wing-
covcrts l)right sienua-bulf ; quills light brown below, fulvescent
along the inner web ; " iris greenish white or white ; bill, upper
mandible dusky or pinkish brown with fleshy margin, lower man-
dible fleshy, tip dusky; legs and feet reddish fleshy, toes slightly
dusky, claws brownish " ( IF. V. Legge). Total length 5*9 inches,
culmen 0*6, wing 2-15, tail 2-45, tarsus 0'8.

Captain Legge says that " the rufous of the lower surface seems
to be brighter in the breeding-season, with the white of the throat
and breast more shai'ply defined against it." In the young bird,
according to the same naturalist, the forehead wants the ferruginous
tint and is concolorous with the head, while the iris is pale olive-
greyish.

Hah. All over the low country of Ceylon in all parts of the island;
and on the peninsula of India ranging from Travancore along the
west coast as high as Candeish, occurring again on Mount Aboo.

a, b. Ad. sk. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Madi-as. India Museum.

d, e. Ad. sk. Ceylon. F. D. Godman and 0.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
/, ff. Ad. sk. Ceylon. E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.].

2. Dumetia hyperythra.

Timalia hyperythra, Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 118; Lafr. Mag. de

Zool. 1835, pi. 40 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 228 (1846) ; id. Hand4. B.

i. p. 315, no. 4705 (186'j).
Dumetia hyperythra, Bhith, Cat, B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 140 (1849) ;

Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 26 (1863) ; Gould, B. Asia, part 12 (18G0) ;

Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xl. p. 273 (1871) ; Hume, Nests ^- Eqgs Ind.

B. p. 246 (1873) ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 409 ; id. Str. F. 1878, vol. ii.

p. 213 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96 ; Butler, Str. F. 1880, p. 309 ;

id. Cat. B. S. Bombay Pres. p. 42 (1880).
Pellorneiun h}-perythrum, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxi. p. 357 (1852).

Adult female. General colour above ashy olive-brown, rather
more fulvescent on the rump ; the mantle with obscure dusky brown
shaft-strcakf. ; wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts and
quills light brown, margined externally with the same colour as tho
back, the primaries externally fulvescent brown ; upper tail-coverts
and tail-feathers ashy brown, with dusky cross markings under
certain lights ; fore part of crown ferruginous, tho feathers rather
stiffened and with blackish shaft-streaks ; lores and feathers round
the eye whitish ; sides of face, ear-coverts, and under surface of body
sienna-buff, more rufous on the cheeks and throat, which have paler
shaft-lines ; ear-coverts also pale-shafted and somewhat washed
with ashy ; uuder wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast ; quiUs
dusky brown, edged with fulvous along the inner web ; " biU horny ;

2i, 2

516 TIJlELIIDiE.

legs fleshy yellow ; iris pale yellow-brown " (Jerclon). Total length
5"6 inches, culmen 0"55, wing 2-2, tail 2-4, tarsus 0'8.

Hah. The Central provinces of the Indinn peninsula from the
Midnapoor jungles westwards to Nagpoor and south to the Godaveri
valley. Is also said to breed at Khandala on the west coast and to
be numerous in South Konkan ; but it is doubtful whether in these
latter localities the species is not solely D. albigularis.

a. Ad. sk. India. Gould Collection.

b. 2 ad. sk. Below Darjiling, May 20, E. W. Gates, Esq.

1879 (W. E. Brooks).

3. Dumetia bivittata.

Napothera bivittata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 359 (1850).
Drymocataplius bivittatus, Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 489.
Timalia bivittatus, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 315, no. 4704 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above dusky olive-brown, the lower
back dull chestnut-brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts deeper
chestnut-brown ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series and
the quills dusky brown, margined externally with dull rufescent
brown, rather more olivaceous on the outer webs of the secondaries ;
tail-feathers dull rufescent brown ; head and nape rufous-brown or
deep bay, bordered by a broo.d stripe of buffy fawn-colour on each
side, these streaks running from the nostril to the side of the nape,
being rather more rufous anteriorly, and forming a broad eyebrow ;
lores dusky ash ; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and breast
buify fawn-colour or pale sienna-buff; along the upper part of the
ear-coverts and extending to the sides of the nape a baud of rufous-
brown ; ear-coverts narrowly streaked with fulvous ; centre of
breast and abdomen whitish ; sides of body fulvescent olive-brown ;
thighs and under tail-coverts rufous ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries sienna-buff like the breast ; quills dusky brown below, ashy
along the edge of the inner web ; " bill dark olive ; feet pale olive ;
iris dark'- {A. R. Wallace). Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0'75,
wing 2-45, tail 2-85, tarsus 0-95.

Adult female. Like the male {Wallace).

Young mcde. Differs from the adult in having the head dull earthy
brown instead of rufous. Total length 7'3 inches, culmen 0"75,
wing 2"6, tail 3'3, tarsus 0'95.

Obs. There is a certain difference in tint to be observed in the
coloration of the specimens in the Museum. Some are more ashy
olive-brown with less rufous on the rump, and this is accompanied
by a strong ashy shade on the sides of the breast.

Hah. Island of Timor in the Malay archipelago.

a, h. (S ad. sk. Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [CI.

c. Ad. sk. E. Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J.

d. Ad.sk. Timor {Wallace). Gould Collection.

4. ELAPHRORNIS. 517

4. ELAPHRORNIS.

ie,B.
Range. Ceylon.

Type.
Elaphrornis, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 514 (1879) E. palliseri

1. Elaphromis palliseri.

Brach}'pteryx palliseri, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xx. p. 178 (1851) ;

Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 10:^ (1852); Layard, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist.

xii. p. -im (1853) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 312, no. 46G8 (1869) ;

Hold&xo. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 443, pi. xviii.
Eliiphrornis palliseri, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 514, pi. xxiv. fig. 2 (1879).

Adult. General colour above dark brown, rather more olive on
the head and neck ; wiug-coverts brown, externally washed with
the same colour as the back ; qnills dark sepia-brown, externally
like the lower back, rather less olive than the wing- coverts ; upper
tail-coverts ruddy brown ; tail-feathers brown, with obsolete dusky
cross lines under certain lights : lores whitish ashy ; over the
eye a faintly indicated ashy eyebrow ; sides of face and ear-
coverts ash}' brown, streaked with whitish shatVlines ; cheeks and
throat pale fawn-colour ; remainder of under surface from the throat
downwards ashy olive with a tinge of green ; centre of abdomen
pale yello-nnsh ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dull olive-brown;
quills light brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web ; " bill
black, slate at the base beneath ; legs and feet deep neutral brown
or purplish brown : claws pale brownish horn ; iris clear red "' ( W.
V. Lrrjtje). Total length Q"2 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-45, tail
2*7, tarsus 1'05.

Captain Legge says that the female is smaller than the male, and
has the iris buff. The measurements of the species are given by
him as follows: — Length 6'4-6-75 inches, wing 2-35-2-6.5, tail 2-5-
2-7, tarsus l-l-l, middle toe and claw 0-8-0-85, biU to gape 0-73-
0-87.

Young. Very similar to the adults on the upper surface, but dif-
fering in its olive-green colour underneath, the throat being rather
more yellowish, but without any of the fawn-coloured shade of the
adults. In the young male, according to Captain Legge, the iris is
pale reddish buff, and in the young female it is white. He does
not know whether the female bird at any age has a red eye like the
male, though he procured one specimen of a female which had a
faint reddish inner circle to the iris.

Hah. Confined to the higher mountain-ranges of the island of
Ceylon, above 5000 feet.

a. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [C.].

b. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Hugh Cuming, E3q.

518 TIMELIID^.

5. PELLORNEUM.

Type.
Pellorneimi, Swahis, Faun. Bor.-Amer., Aves, p. 487

(1831) P. mficeps.

Cinclidia, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 137 P. nificeps.

Hemipteron, Hodgs. in Grmjs Orn. Misc. p. 83 (1844). . P. nipaleuse.

Eange. Indian peninsula excepting the North-west provinces, and
not ascending- the Himalayas to any extent, ranging through the
Burmese countries to the upper part of the Malay peninsula and
the Salanga Islands.

Key to the Species,

a. Centre of the feathers of the hind neck and

mantle black, giving a streaked appearance ;
sides of neck also very distinctly streaked with
brown and whitish.
«'. Larger: eyebrow ashy white, anteriorly spotted
with black; forehead streaked with shaft-
lines of black nipa'ense, p. 518.

b'. Smaller : eyebrow light tawny buif, not spotted
with black ; lores and extreme base only of
forehead streaked with black shaft-lines . . intertnedium, p. 519.

b. Hind neck uniform, not streaked with black.

e'. Head rufous or rufous-brown, contrasting with
the olive-brown back.
a". Larger : head rufous-brown ; eyebrow and

ear-coverts vinous buff n(ficeps, p. 520.

b". Smaller: head bright chestnut; eyebrow
yellowish white, spotted with black an-
teriorly ; ear-coverts rufous, washed with

dusky on hinder margin subochraceum,^.52\.

d' . Head dark oHve-hrown like the back, slightly

washed with rufous on the forehead palustre, p. 522.

1. PeUorneum nipalense.

Hemipteron nipalense, Ilodi/s. Icon. ined. in Brit, Mus., Passeres,

pi. 170. fig. 1 (no. 377) ; 'id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).
Pellorueum ruficeps (tion Stuains), Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres.

Hodf/s. p. 224 (1846); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 300; Hume, Sir. F.

187.3, p. 493.
PeUorneum mandellii, Blanford, Pr. A. S. Beng. p. 215 (1871) ; id.

J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 165, pi. vii. fig. 2 (1872) ; Hume, Str. F,

1873, p. 298, note ; Blanford, Str, F. 1879, p. 181 ; Rmne, t. c.

p. 188.
PeUorneum pectoralis, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. Beng. xlvi. pt. 2, p, 41

(1877) ; Hume, Str, F, 1877, p. 341, note; id. op, cit, p. 96.
PeUorneum nipalense, Hume, Str, F, 1879, p. 96 ; id. Str, F, 1880,

p. 2.50. -

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, with more or less
concealed fulvous bases to the feathers of the mantle ; wing-coverts
like the back, with pale shaft-lines to the lesser and median series ;

5. PELLOENETJM. 519

greater coverts witla narrow fulvescent margins ; quills sepia-brown,
externally dark olive-brown, more ashy on the outer webs of the
primaries ; tail-feathers dark olive-brown, narrowly fringed with
whitish at the tips ; head and nape dull rufous-brown, with narrow
fulvous shaft-stripes ; hind neck broadly streaked with blackish
brown ; base of forehead streaked with blackish shaft-lines ; lores
and a tolerabh' broad eyebrow ashy whitish, with minute tips
of black to the feathers, this eyebrow continued to the sides of the
neck in a uniform creamy-white band; ear-coverts rufous-brown,
dusky on the hinder margin ; eyelid yellowish white ; cheeks
white ; sides of neck very distinctly streaked, the feathers brown,
the inner web being more or less entirely creamy white ; throat
white ; remainder of under surface of body ochraceous buff, broadly
streaked with blackish brown down the centre of the feathers,
the streaks on the flanks broader, paler, and more olive-brown
in tiut ; centre of abdomen creamy white ; thighs fulvous-brown ;
under tail-coverts olive-brown, edged with creamy white, the
outer ones entirely of the latter colour on the inner web ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries light ochraceous bitff ; quills dusky below,
light ochraceous along the edge of the inner web. Total length 6"6
inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-75, tail 2-75, tarsus 1'05.

Hah. Lower hiUs of Nepal and Sikhim, extending eastwards to
the Bhootan Dooars and the Khasia hills.

a. Ad. sk. ? Oude. Capt. Stackhouse Pinvrill

[P-]-

b, ■€. A-d. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of Hemipteron nipalense.)
d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.],

/, ff, h. Ad. sk. Nepal {B. H. Hcdgson). India Museum.

i. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Purchased.

k. Ad. sk. Dariilinnr. Henrv Seebohm, Esq.

[P.-].
I. Ad. sk. Lower hills, Bhotan Dooars, E. W. Gates, Esq.

Dec. 1872 {L. MandeUi).
m. Ad. sk. Khasia hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

2. Pellorneum intermedium. (Plate XIII. fig. 1.)
Adult female. Similar to P. nipalense, but smaller and having the
eyebrow creamy buff or light tawny instead of ashy white, and
with onh' the extreme base of the forehead and lores streaked with
black shaft-lines. Total length G'l inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2"55,
tail 2-b, tarsus 1.

Young. Uniform rufescent brown, rather more olive on the wings
and tail ; the head slightly more rufous than the body, with narrow
fulvous shaft-streaks ; sides of face tawny ; under surface of body
white, washed with tawny buff on the breast, sides of body, flanks,
and thighs.

Hah. From Cachar to the neighbourhood of Thayetmyo. {Mus.
R. O. Wardlaiv liamsay.)

a. $ ad. sk. DiUtooska, Cachar, Mav 11, 1S78. J. Inglis, Esq. [C.l.
6. 2 juv. sk. Dilkoosha, June 9, 1878. J. Inglis, Esq. [C.J.

520 TIMELIIDJ5.

3. Pellorneum ruficeps.

Pellorneum ruficeps, Sioains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 487 (1831) ;
Bh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 883 (1842), xiii. p. 372 (1844) ; Graij,
Gen. B. i. p. 227 (1846) ; Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 145
(1849) ; B2}. Consp. i. p. 219 (1850) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I.
Co. Mus. i. p. 224 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 27 (1863) ; Beavan,
Ibis, 1867, p. 432 ; Grarj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 283, no 4197 (1869) ;
Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 409; Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 258; Bourd.
t. c. p. 399; Fairb. Str. F. 1877, p. 404; Hume, Str. F. 1878,
vol. i. p. 277; Ball, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 214; Hume, Str. F.
1879, p. 96 ; Vidal, Sir. F. 1880, p. 63 ; Butler, t. c. p. 400 ; id.
B. S. Bengal Pres. p. 42 (1880).

Megalurus ? ruficeps, St/kes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 91.

Motacilla dumeticola, fickell, J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 576 (1833).

Ciuclidia punctata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 137.

Pellorneum olivaceum, Jerd. Mad?: Juurn. x. p. 255 (1841).

Adult male. General colour above dull olive-brown, the feathers
being brown and olive on the margins ; lower back and rump a
little more uniform brown, as also the upper tail-coverts ; shaft-
streaks lighter on the feathers of the mantle and upper back ; wing-
coverts like the back, with the same paler shaft-lines ; quills dusky-
brown, externally olive-brown, the innermost secondaries rather
more reddish brown; tail-feathers uniform ashy brown, slightly
washed with olive-brown on the edges ; head and nape dull rufous,
with fulvescent shaft-streaks, more distinct on the forehead ; lores
and a broad superciliary streak extending to the sides of the nape
ochraceous buff, as also the feathers round the eye; superciliary
feathers tipped with black just above the eye ; a dusky spot in front
of the eye, and ear-coverts dull rufescent brown, the latter with
fulvous shaft-lines ; cheeks bufly white, with narrow hair-like black
Bhaft-strcaks to the feathers; entire throat uniform butfy white;
remainder of under surface of body ochraceous buff, whiter on the
centre of the abdomen; the fore neck narrowly and the breast
more broadly streaked with dark brown ; sides of body olive-brown,
darker in the centre of the feathers, which are more or less di-
stinctly margined with ochraceous buff; thighs rufescent ochre;
under tail-coverts whitish, with dusky brown centres ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts rufescent ochre ; qiiills dusky brown below,
ochraceous buff' along the edge of the inner web. Total length
6*9 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 2-8, tail 2-8, tarsus 1-1.

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male, but smaller in
size. Total length G-4 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2-65, tail 2-65,
tarsus 1'05.

Some specimens appear rather more rufous than others, and have
the rufous crown very strongly defined. .In a Madras specimen
the general cast of the plumage is ashy and the crown is only
slightly more rufescent than the back, the superciliary streak is
whitish, and the under surface also very pale, with light-brown
streaks on the breast.

Hah. The hills of Southern India, but not found in the plains of
the Deccan ; extending as high as Matheran on the west coast and

I

5. PELLOEIfEUM, 521

Madras on the east, occurring also in Maunbhoom and the Eajmehal
hiUs.

a. Ad, sk. ? Mahabalcshwur hills India Museum.

(Sykei).

b, c. (S 2 fid. sk. Mababaleshwur bills, April E. W. Gates, Esq.

and May 1878 (Fairbank).

d. Ad. sk. Madias. Dr. Jerdon [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Malabar. Eyton Collection.

/. Ad. sk. Matheran, Bombay, Jan. 25, Major Haves Lloyd

1872. [P.].

g. Ad. sk. Nilgbiris. Gould Collection.

4. Pellorneum subochraceum.

Pelloi-neum subochraceum, Swinh. Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vii.

p. 257 (1871) ; Blanf. Str. F. 1872, p. 87 ; Jercl. Ibis, 1872, p. 300 ;

Tweed. Ibis, 1877, pp. 380, 452, pi. x. ; Hume (^ Davison, Str. F.

1878, vol. i. pp. 278, 514 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 61, 96 ; Bing-
ham, Str. F. 1880, p. 180.
Pellorneum tickelli, Blanf. Ibis, 1872, p. 87 {nee Blyth) ; Walden in

Blyt.h, B. Burm. p. 115 (1875).
Pellorneum minor, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 298 ; Oates, Str. F. 1875,

p. 120 ; Hume, t. c. p. 121 ; Blyth ^- Wald. B. Btirm. p. 114

(1875) ; Oates, Str. F. 1877, p. 154.
Pellorneum ruhceps {non Sykes), Blyth, B. Burm. p. 114 (1875).

Adult male. Above dingy olive-bro-wn, with faintly indicated palo
shaft-lines to the feathers of the mantle, the lower back and rump
perfectly uniform and rather more fulvesceut ; wing-coverts like
the back, but edged with fulvous ; bastard-wing feathers washed
with ashy ; quills brown, externally edged with ashy olive, more
grey on the outer webs of the primaries and more fulvous on the
inner secondaries ; upper tail-coverts tinged with rufous ; tail-
feathers dull olive-browu, washed on the outer webs with clearer
olive, barred across with dusky under certain lights, and narrowly
fringed with fulvous at the tip ; crown of head rufous, narrowly
streaked with fulvous shaft-lines ; lores rufescent, with blackish
shaft-streaks ; ear-coverts rufous, washed with dusk}' olive on the
hinder margin ; checks buffy white, slightly mottled with dusky
margins to the feathers ; sides of neck slightly streaked with ashy-
olive margins to the feathers ; throat pure white ; under surface of
body light ochreous buff, whiter in the centre of the abdomen ; the
breast streaked with dusky olive-brown, these streaks widening
somewhat towards their ends ; they commence on the lower throat
and become broader and less distinct on the flanks, which are
washed with brown ; thighs tawny buff; under tail-coverts light
olive-brown, margined with yellowish white ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts light tawny buff; quills light brown below, fulvescent
aloug the edge of the inner web : " upper mandible dark brown,
paling towards the tip ; lower mandible yellow from base to angle
of gonys, and thence to tip dcshy or Heshy white ; legs, feet, and
claws pinkish fleshy ; iridcs varying from red-brown to pinkish red
or light pinkish red " (E. W. Oates). Total length 6 inches, culmen
0'7, wing 2"55, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-95.

522 TIMELIIDiE.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
5-8 inches, culmen 0-G5, wing 2-5, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-95,

Mr. Hume says that in a series the length of the wing in the
male varies from 2-o to 2-75 inches and the tarsus 0-95 to 1-05,
and in the female the wing varies from 2-37-2-5 inches, while the
tarsus he gives as 1 inch in length.

ITah. Burmese provinces, extending over the whole of Pegu, and
ranging thi-ough Tenasserim to Tonka in the Malay peninsula and
the Salanga Islands.

a. 2 ad. sk. Rangoon, Julv 7, 1876. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C." .

b, c. (S ad. sk. Pegu, Nov. 1877. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.

d. c? ad. sk. Pegu, Au?. 27, 1880. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C. .

e. S ad. sk. Pegu, March 27, 1881. E. W. Gates, Esq. [0.;.

f. c? ad; sk. Mvawadee, Tenasserim, A. G. Hume, Esq.

Jan. 24,1877 ( W. Davison).
(7. 2 ad.sk. rootofMt.XValabo,Aprill, A. G. Hume, Esq.

1878 {W. Davison),
h. 2 ad. sk. Baukasoon, April 17, 1877 A. 0. Hume, Esq.

{W.D.).
i S ad sk. Kaukarvit, June 19, 1878 A. G. Hume, Esq.

{W. D.).
k. Ad. sk. Salanga Islands (Weber). "Lmngea " Society,

Frankfort.

5. Pellorneum palustre.

PeUomeum palustre, Gould, B. Asia, part xxiv. (1872, ex Jerd. MS.) ;
Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 4 ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 96 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872,
p. 300 ; Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 215.

Adult. General colour above uniform dark olive-brown, a little
lighter on the forehead ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills dusky
brown, externally dark olive-brown like the back ; upper tail-
coverts and tail darker brown than the back ; extreme base of fore-
head and a streak above the lores to above the eye light rufous ;
lores white ; car-coverts brown, streaked with fulvous shaft-lines ;
fore part of cheeks white, washed with ochraceous buff and tipped
with blackish brown ; hinder checks deep ochraceous buff or fawn-
colour, extending onto the sides of the neck ; throat white, as also
the centre of the abdomen : fore neck and chest white, washed
with ochraceous and very broadly streaked with blackish brown ;
sides of bodv rich ochraceous buif, streaked broadly with lighter
brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts rich fawn-buff; under wing-
coverts and axillaries deep fawn-colour ; quills light brown below,
fulvcscent along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-7 inches,
culmen 0-6, wing 2-35, tail 2-G5, tarsus 0-95. (Mus. B. G. Ward-
law Ramsay.^

Hub. Assam and the foot of the Khasia hiUs.

6. SCOTOCICHLA.

Drymocataphus, pt., auct. recent.
Pellorneum, pt., auct. recent.

Range. Ceylon.

6. SCOTOCICHLA. 553

1. Scotocichla fuscicapilla.

Diymocataphus fuscocapillus, Bhith, J. A. S Bena Tvin r. rik

(isslj. ^ ' ^"^"'■'^' ^'^'*- ^" ^^"9- ^^<'t- Hist. sii. p. 269

Macronus fuscocapUlus, Gmj/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 319, no 4772 a869^
S°^ '#o^ iuscicapillus, HoUMo. P. Z. \ 1873, p. 447 j S "
^J'^. J'.lb.3,p.299,note; i^^^a, i5«, 1874, p. ibf 1875,5^ SI;

PellomeumfuscicapiUum, Z.^^., ^. Ceylon, p. 509, pi. xxiii. fig, 1

k\.it}l{ ^T'S "'^''"''. '''"'"''^ ^™^' ^tli fulvous shaft-lines to
the feathers of the mantle and back ; lower back and rump nSrm

lTvT^"''r'' ^'^' '^' ^^^^ ^^^ ^th fulvous slS -^ rea™
ome of them edged with reddish buff; quills light biwn ex-
ternaUy edged with reddish brown, the primaries rather Tor^ M-
vous-brown on the outer web; upper tail-coverts and tairShers
ohye-brown the latter tipped with rufous: head blackish tow^
with shalt-streaks of rufous-buff ; lores, a narrow evebrow sides^f
face, and sides of neck vinous brown; entire uhder'smS of bodv
sienna-brown, the flanks, abdomen, and under tail-"overts rath^
paler and more fulyescent; under wing-coverts and axillaries l£

edl ofTl ' •'^'^^' ^^f ^' ^^:°^" '^^^«^' ^8-^^ sienna-brown don. the
edgeot the inner web; "iris varying from light reddish to dark
red ; eyehd ohvaceous ; biU, upper mandible deep brown wiSi a

thZT""' ^r'" fi^^'^-^^l«"^' l^g« and feet brownish fleskj toes
darker than tarsi; claws pale brownish" ( TF. V. Leqae) Tota
length 6 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-8, tail 2-5, tarsus 1?-^'
d^Vj"^^^ IS smaller than the male. Dimensions given by
Capt. J^egge for this species are as foUows :-Iength 6-4-6^ inches

r°i.!"f ^' '"^ f'^--^^' ''''''' 1-1-1' -i^dle toe 0 7-075'
He also observes :-" There are two races of this little iird in

is&;'lf the'f "" Pt~'^° '''1'' ^^^^^*"^8 '"^^ north of tie

po?tion:t%t%;™'""^^ -^ --tral

p"ng. Birds of the year have the iris browner than adults and

the rump pakr than the back ; the drop-marks on the sides of the

t^o::\^^r ""'^ '''°^*' ^^' *'^ *^' ^-^ ^^^^^^^- ^^^^

Hah. Ceyion, where it is widelv distributed.

7. CROSSLEYIA.

Crossleyia, Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 168 (1877) C. xalthophrjs.

Range. Madagascar.

524

TIMEIillD^.

1. Crosslejria xanthophrys.

Oxylabes xanthophrys, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 76.

Crossleyia xanthophrys, Hartl. Vdff. Madag. p. 168 (1877) ; Sharpe,

P. Z. S. 1881, p. 196; Milne-Edwards ^- Grandid. Hist. Nat.

Madag., Ois. p. 361, pis. 126 & 126 a (1881).

Above dull olivaceous brown, the head duller brown, aU the
feathers of the crown margined with dusky blackish ; wing-coverts
coloured like the back, the greater series clearer brown and more
resembling the secondaries ; quills blaeldsh, washed with clear and
somewhat rufous-brown, the primaries inclining to olive-brown
near the base ; upper tail-coverts and tail dull reddish brown,
waved with numerous cross bars of dusky brown ; lores and a
very broad eyebrow bright j-eUow, extending backwards to the
sides of the neck ; feathers in front of the eye blackish ; ear-coverts
dull brown, washed with olive like the head ; under surface of
body bright yellow, the sides of the neck and of the breast washed
with brown, the flanks and under tail-coverts browu, as also the
under wing-coverts ; the edge of the wing bright yeUow ; bill light
yellowish brown, dark brown at the base of the culmen ; feet pale
fleshy brown. Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0'65, wing 2-75, tail
2"75, tarsus 1*05.

The adult female does not differ from the male in plumage ; and a
pair procured bj' the Eev. Deans Cowan measure as follows : —

1 CTtVi Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.
in. in. in. in. in.

d . Ankafana 6-4 0-55 27 2-8 1-0

2 . Ankafana 6-8 0-55 27 27 1-1

Young, Differs from the adults in being more olive-brown, a little
darker on the head ; underneath olive-brown, the ear-coverts dark
like the head, the cheeks and an indistinct eyebrow pale yellow.
Hah. Central Madagascar.

a. Ad. sk. 0. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [C.].

(Type of species.)

b, c. Juv. ; d. Fianarantsoa, Betsileo. Rev. Deans Cowan [C.].
Pull. sk.

e. Juv. sk. Betsileo. Rev. G. A. Shaw [C.].

f. (S ; g, h. 2 Ankafana forest, Bet- Rev. Deans Cowan [C.].
ad. sk. sileo, March 1881.

i. $ juv. sk. Ankafana forest, Bet- Rev. Deans Cowan [C.].

sileo, March 1881.

8. TATARE.

Type.

Tatare, Lesson, Traite d'Orn. p. 317 (1831) T. longirostris.

Hybristes, Reichenh. Syst. Av. pi. 57. fig. 7 (1850)* . . T. mariannse.
Eparnetes, Reichenb. torn. cit. pi. 57. fig. 12 (1850) * . . T. syrinx.
Tatarea, Reichenb. Handb. Scansorice, p. 207 (1853) . . T. longiroatris.

Cf. Tristram, Ibis, 1883, pp. 38-46.
Ranr/e. Islands of the Pacific Ocean.
" * Cf. Bp. 0. E. xli. p. 1111 (1853).

8. TATARE 525

Key to the Species.

a. Tail-feathers without dusky cross bars.

a'. Feathers of upper surfiice paler-edged, so as to

give a mottltd appearance.

a". Outer tail-feathers browner, with white or

yellowish-white ends.

a'". Larger: culmeu r4inch; general colour

olive-brown, with yellow edgings to the

feathers ; below yellow lotu/irostris, p. 525.

b'". Smaller: culmenO'75iuch; general colour
above ashy grey with whitish margins ;

below whitish pistor, p. 527 .

b" . Outer tail-feathers entirely pale yellow .... mendance, p. 526.

1 syrinx, p. 527.
relisei, p. 528.
cequinociialis, p. 528.

b. Tail-feathers with dusky cross bars marianncB, p. 528.

Canon Tristram has recently shown that the genus Tatare ought
to be placed with the Warblers and not with the Timeliine birds as
it is here located : and he goes so far as to refer all the species of
Tatare to the genus Acrocephalus ; but on comparing the species of
Tatare with Acrocephalus tunhides, the type of the latter genus,
although I find that they closely resemble each other, yet I think
they are not generically identical. Acrocephalus, for instance,
besides having a much shorter bill, possesses a very much more
pointed wing, the distance between the primaries and the secondaries
being much more than the length of the hind toe and claw ; whereas
in Tatare the wing is much more obtuse, and the distance between the
primaries and the secondaries is less than the length of the hind toe
and claw.

Mr. Seebohm having admitted that he was wrong in leaving out
the members of the genus Tatare from the fifth volume of the present
work, I include it here near Bernieria, the most Acrocephaline of
the Timeliidge, in order that the species may be recorded in the
' Catalogue of Eirds.'

1. Tatare longirostris.

Long-billed Thrush, Lath. Gen. Si/>i. ii. pt. i. p. 67 (1783).

Sitta caftra, Spurrman, Mus. Carlss. i. pi. 4 (1786).

Turdus longirostris, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 823 (1788, e.v Lath.).

Sitta otatare. Less. Voy. Coquille, i. p. 666, pi. 23. fig. 2 (1823).

Tatare otaitensis, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 317 (1831) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 224 (18.50) ; Cass. U.S. Expl. Expect, p. 159 (1858) ; Gray, Cat.

B. Trap. Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 13 (1859) ; Set. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 9.
Tatare fuscus. Less. Pev. Zool. 1842, p. 210, 1845, p. 449.
OrioUis musai, Porster, Descr. Anim. p. 163 (1844).
Thryothorus otatare, Peale, U.S. Pxpl. Exped. viii. p. 88 (1848);

Ilartl. Arch. Natvrg. 1854, p. 99.
Tatare longirostris. Gray, Gen. B. 'in. App. p. 8 (1849) ; id. Cat. B.

Trap. Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 14 (1859) ; Pelz. Novara-Reise, Vog.

p. 60 (1865) ; 'Finsch 8c Hartl Faun. CenfraJpolyn. p. 66 (1867) ;

Von Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 24.

526 TmELHD^.

Tatarea loB^rosti-is, Reichmh. Handh., Scansorice, p. 207. pi. dxxxiv.
figs. 3669-70 (18.53).

Tatarea fusca, Rvichenb. t. c. p. 208 (1853).

Hybristes lougirostris, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 16 (1872).
Adult. General colour above brown, mottled with olive-yellowish
margins to the feathers, the nimji more distinctly olive-yellow ;
wing-coverts brown, with broad yellowish margins, inclining to
white at the tips ; bastard wing and primary-coverts brown, nar-
rowly edged with olive-yellow : quills dark brown, margined with
pale olive-yeUow, tipped also with yellowish-white borders on the
secondaries ; upper tail-coverts brown, margined with pale olive-
yellow ; tail-feathers brown, broadly tipped with yellowish white,
extending along the margin of the inner web ; crown of head brown,
more narrowlj' edged with pale olive-yellow ; lores, a narrow eye-
brow, feathers round the eye, and the ear-coverts pale yellow, with
brown on the upper margin of the latter ; cheeks and entire under
surface pale yeUow ; sides of neck yellow, streaked with brown ;
flanks slightly washed with brown ; thighs yellow, with dark brown
bases ; under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axiUaries yeUow ;
quills light brown below, the inner edge yellowish white. Total
length 8"3 inches, cidmen 1*4, wing 3'95, tail 3'4, tarsus 1-25.
Hah. Society Islands and Paumotou group in the Pacific Ocean.

a. Ad. sk. Society Islands. Zoological Society.

b, c. Ad. sk. Societv Islands. Pm-cbased.

d. Ad. sk. [Society Islands.] Su- E. Belcher [P.].

2. Tatare mendanae.

Acrocephalus mendanae, Tristr. Ibis, 1883, p. 43, pi. 1.

Adult femcde. General colour above oHve-yeUowish, mottled
with the dark brown bases to the feathers and showing very
distinct margins of paler olive-yellow ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts rather paler olive-yellow ; upper tail-coverts
a little more dingy olive-brown, with paler olive-yellow tips ;
wing-coverts dark brown, edged and tipped with olive-yellowish,
rather more ashy on the bastard wing and primary-coverts ; quills
dark brown, edged with ohve-yellow, brighter on the primaries, the
secondaries more broadly margined and tipped with yellowish white ;
tail-feathers dark brown, edged and tipped with pale olive-yellow,
the two outermost with the base and the entire inner web olive-
yellow, the next one with a broad shade of brown on the inner web ;
lores and a distinct eyebrow lemon-yellow ; sides of the face and
ear-coverts lemon-yellow, the latter with an oKvc shade on the
upper margin ; cheeks and entire under surface of the body lemon-
yellow, including the thighs, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under
wing- coverts ; quills blackish below, with the base of the inner web
and a great part of its extent pale yellow. Total length 7'75 inches,
culmeu I, wing 3" 75, tail 3*5, tarsus 1*2. (Mus. H. B. Tristram.)

Canon Tristram states that the male is a little larger than the
female, but is similar in colour.

Hah. Marquesas Islands.

8. TATAEE.

527

3. Tatare pistor.

Acroceplialus pistor, Tristram, Ibis, 1883, pp. 44, 47, pi. ii.
Adult male. General coloui' above ashy grey, with a slight olivaceous
tinge, the feathers mottled with margins of hoary white, more con-
spicuous on the mantle and back, and again on the upper tail-coverts •
wmg-coverts like the back, with broad whitish margins like the
latter; bastard-wing feathers, greater coverts, and quills dark
brown, with whitish edges to the feathers, broader on the greater
series of coverts than on the secondaries ; tail-feathers dark brown
with ashy margins and white tips ; lores and an indistinct eyebrow
yellowish white ; car-coverts ashy brown, with obscure greyish-whito
edges ; sides of the neck lighter ashy ; cheeks and under surface of
body white shghtly washed with yeUow on the breast and abdomen ;
sides of body and flanks light ashj-, as weU as the thighs • under
tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy whitish
with dusky bases to the latter ; quills below dusky bi-owu with
broad white inner edges to the feathers. Total length 7-2 inches
culmen (imperfect) 0-7o, wing 3-25, tail 2-9, tarsus M5. (Mus H.
B. Tristrcmi.)

Hah. Fanning Islands, in the Pacific Ocean.
Ohs. Canon Tristram has kindly lent me the tvpe of this species
to describe. I think that the grey colour of the bird is probably due
to fading of the plumage, the specimen having apparently been in
spirits. AU the species of Tatare appear to be liable to fade, as far
as my experience goes of specimens in Museums.

4. Tatare syrinx.

Acrocephalus syrinx {Kittl.\ SecboJim, Cat. B. Brit. Mm. v. p. 100-

Tnstr. Ibis, I88u, p. 44.
Galamoherpe syriux, Finsch, Ibis, 1881, pp. 112, 115.

Adult female General colour above uniform ruddy brown, be-
coming paler and more fulvous-brown on the lower back and rump •
upper tail-coverts like the back ; wing-coverts dusky brown, exter-
nally hke the back, becoming paler near the ends of the median,
greater, and primary-coverts ; quills duskv brown, externally edo-ed
with ruddy brown like the back, the primaries margined with ful-
vous or whity brown, with which colour also the longer secondaries
are narrowly tipped ; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged witli fulvous-
brown and rather broadly tipped with whitish ; lores and a distinct
eyebrow yellowish buff; ear-coverts pale sandv buff : cheeks, throat
and under surface of body yellowish wliite, sandv buff on the flanks
and sides of body and tliighs ; under tail-coverts yellowish wliite ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed wi'th yellow ; quills
dusky brown below, sandy along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 6-S inches, culmen l-U-95, wing 3-2-9, tail 2-75-2-55
tarsus 1-05. '

Hah. Island of Ponape.

a. $ ad. sk. Pouapd {Kubary). Godeffioy Muaeum.

528 TijEEtin)^.

5. Tatare rehsei.

Calamohei'pe syrinx {non KittL), Finsch, TbU, 1881, p. 246.
Calamolierpe rehsei, Finsch, Ibis, 1883, p. 143.

Upper parts rufescent brown, more vivid on the rump and upper
tail-coverts ; a well-defined longitudinal stripe from the nostrils
above the lores to behind the eyes light rufescent, the same as the
sides of the head and neck and all the lower parts, which are brightest
on the flanks, lower tail- and under wing-coverts ; chin and throat
lighter, passing into j'ellowish white ; wings and tail umber-brown,
faintly margined externally with rufescent ; tail-feathers tipped
faintly witli the same colour ; biU horn-brown, basal half of the
lower mandible yellowish horn-colour ; legs and feet dark brown.
In life the bill is dark horn-brown, basal half of lower mandible
flesh-coloured ; legs and feet lead-coloured ; iris brown ; inside of
mouth orange. Total length about 6 inches, wing 2'' 9"'-2" 10'",
tail 2" 4"'-2" 6'", culmen 6|"'-7"', tarsus 12'". (Finsch, I. c.)

Adult female. Like the male. Total length about 6 inches, wing 2"
8"'-2" 9'", tail 2" 3"'-2" 4'", culmen 6k'", tarsus 12"'. (Finsch, I. c.)

Hah. Island of Nawado or Pleasant Island, in the Pacific.

6. Tatare mariannae.

Tatare luscinia, Qitoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrol., Zool. i. p. 202, pi. 5. fig. 2
(1830) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 8 (1849) ; id. Cat. B. Trop.
Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 14 (1859).

Tatare lusciuius, Bp. Consp. i. p. 224 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 194, no. 2681 (1869).

Hybristes luscinia, Reichenb. Syst. Av. pi. 57. fig. 7 (1850).

Acrocephalus marianuaj, Tristr. Ibis, 1883, p. 45.

Length, from the tip of the bill to the tip of the tail, 7 inches. Bill
brown above, yellow below, and about 14" long. Tongue long and
a little pointed ; iris black ; entire upper surface of body, wings,
and tail greenish rufous ; rump yellowish ; cheeks, throat, breast,
and belly pale yellowish. The tail, which is somewhat long and
slightly rounded, shows, under certain lights, transverse bars slightly
indicated, as is usual in Wrens. The wings are short and scarcely
reach beyond the base of the tail. Under surface clear buff ; the
primaries with their outer webs rufous. Peet black, large and
strong. Hind claw very large. (Quay Sf Gaimard.)

Hub. Marianne Islands.

7. Tatare sequinoctialis.

Equinoctial Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 187 (1787).

Sylvia Eequinoctialis, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 553 (1790).

Tatare ? ajquinoctialis, Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Isl. Paci/ic Ocean, p. 14

(1859) ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 194. no. 2680 (1869).
Acrocephalus Eequinoctialis, Tristram, Ibis, 1883, p. 46.

Size nearly that of a Sparrow. Bill dusky ; general colour tes-
taceous brown, palest on the rump ; underparts of the body white ;
quills and tail brown ; the rest a trifle round and crossed with ob-
solete bars. (Latham.)

Hub. Christmas Island, Pacific Ocean.

9. BEENTEEIA. 529

9. BERNIERIA.
„ . . . Type.

Bemiena, Bp. C. R. xxxTiii. p. 11 (1854) B. madagascariensis.

Range. Madagascar.

1. Bernieria madagascariensis.

Le Grand Figuier de Madagascar, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 48>'2, pi. xxiv.

tig. 5 (1760J.
Le Vira-ombe de Madagascar, Sonn. Voy. Inde, ii. p. 198 (1782).
Madagascar Flycatcher, Lath. Oen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 333 (1783).
Muscicapa madagascariensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 940 (1788) ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. a63 (1846).
Rhampliocoenus ^iridis, Less. Traite cPOrn. p, 377 (1831) ; Pucker.

Arch. Mus. vii. p. 369 (1854-55).
Bernieria major, Bp. C. B. xxxv-iii. p. 10 (1854) ; Schl. P. Z. S. 1866,

p. 4:^1.
Bernieria minor (= J ), Bp. C. B. xxxviii. p. 10 (1854).
Macrosphenus viridis, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 41.
Bernieria madagascariensis, Hartl. Faun. Madax). p. 35 (1861) ;

E. Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 343 ; Sclater, Ibis, 1864, p. :299 ; Grandid.

Rev. et May. de Zool. 1867, p. 358, 1868, p. 50 ; Shmpe, P. Z. S.

1871, p. 314 ; Hartl. Voy. Maday. p. 144 (1877) ; Sharjye, P. Z. S.

1881, p. 196; Milne-Edwards Sj- Grandid. in Grandid. H. N.

Maday., Ois. p. 350, pis. 12.3, 123 «, 1236, 124 (1881).
Bernieria minor, Hartl. Faun. Maday. p. 36 (1861) ; E. Newton,

Ibis, 1863, p. 343 ; Schleyel, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 421 ; Grandid. Rev.

et May. de Zool. 1867, p. 358.
Tatare madagascariensis, Schl. S)- Poll. Faun. Maday., Ois. p. 89

(1868).
Tatare minor, Schl. ^- Poll. op. cit. p. 90 (18(38).
Criniger minor, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 275, no. 4043 (1869).
Criniger madagascariensis, G7-ay, t. c. p. 275, no. 4044 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above dark olive-green, the head a
trifle more dusky, the feathers being dusky brown with olive-green
margins ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills light brown, the pri-
maries externallj' lighter olivo-greeu than the back, the secondaries
like the latter ; tail-feathers olive-green, -with faintly indicated
paler margins to the tips of the outer ones ; lores dusky, sur-
mounted by a narrow streak of yellow scarcely visible above the
eye ; eyelid yellowish ; ear-coverts yellowish olive, with indistinct
yellowish shaft-lines ; feathers below the eye, cheeks, and under
surface of body pale yellow ; the sides of body, flanks, thighs, and
under tail-coverts olive-green, the latter slightly mottled with olive-
yellowish margins ; axillaries yellowish olive ; the under wing-
covcrts light fulvous, edge of wing greenish yellow ; quills dusky
below, ashy fulvous along the iuucr web. Total length 0-5 inches,
culmen 1-1, wing 3-35, tail 2"9, tarsus 0*9.

A'lult female. Similar to the male in colour, but very much
smaller ; " upper mandible dark brown, lower one horn-colour ; legs
and claws brown ; soles yellowish ; iris light brown *' (E. Newton),
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 2-8, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-85.

VOL. vu. 2 M

530 TIMELnDJ3.

Youncj. Rimilarl}' coloured to the adult, but the character of the
plumage more fluffy and the whole bill horn-brown ; the general
colour is a trifle duller than in the old bird, and the sides of the
chest strongly washed with oHve-grecn.

Hah. Madagascar and the Comoro islands (Mohilla).

a,b. 6 ; c. 2 ad. N.E. Madagascar. J. C. Van Dam [0.].
sk.

d. S ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased.

e. (S ad.sk. East of Antananarivo, Rev. Deans Cowan [C.].

July 1881.
f,q. cJad. ; h. $ Ankafana forest, Betsileo, Rev. Deans Cowan [C.].

■juv. sk. March 1881.

i. 2 ad. sk. Betsileo. Rev. G. A. Shaw [C.].

10. MACROSPHENUS.

Type.
Macrosphenus, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 41 ... . M. flavicans.

This genus is unknown to me; but it is stated by Cassin to
be nearly allied to Bcrnieria. As it is unlikely that a species from
Gaboon will be generically the same as one from Madagascar, I have
kept Macrosphenufi distinct from Bernieria, and have reproduced
Cassin's original descriptions.

General aspect of Ortliotomus (0. sericeus, Temm.), and Eham-
phocoenus {R. melanitrus, VieiU.), but with the biU stronger, wider
laterally, and more compressed, and with the legs and feet stronger.
Bill long, rather strong, straight, wide at base, compressed towards
the end ; upper mandible carinated, curved and distinctly notched
at the tip ; nostril in a large membrane ; under mandible rather
thick, somewhat curved in its outline, ascending towards its tip.
"Wing moderate ; first quill spurious ; fourth, fifth, and sixth longest
and nearly equal. Tail moderate or rather short. Legs moderate ;
claws rather strong, curved. (Cassin, I. c.)

Range. Gaboon, West Africa.

1. Macrosphenus flavicans.

Macrosphenus flavicans, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 42 ; Hartl.

J.f. O. 1861, p. 162.
Criniger flavicans. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 275, no. 4045 (1869).

Bill long, straight, curved at the tip, and with a distinct notch ;
head above dark greenish cinereous ; throat and neck in front light
cinereous ; body above light olive-green, below greeuish yeUow,
inclining to saffron-yellow on the flanks ; tibia yellow, mixed with
cinereous in its lower third • under wing-coverts silky white ; quills
brownish black, edged externally with ashy olive ; tail olive-green,
darker on the inner webs ; bill bluish horn-colour ; under mandible
white at base, and, viewed from below, having a longitudinal stripe
of white throughout its length ; legs light-coloured. Total length
about 5 inches, wing 2|, tail 1|, bill from gape |, tarsus |. (Cassia.)

Hah. Camma river, Gaboon.

11. MXSTACOENIS. 531

11. MYSTACORNIS.

Type.
Bernieria, pt., Gr undid.
Mystacoruis, Sharpie, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 392 , , , . . M. crossleyi.

Range. Madagascar.

1. Mystacoruis crossleyi.

Bernieria crossleji, Grandid. liev. et Mag. de Zool. 1870, p. 50.

Mystacornis crossleyi, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 392, pi. xxix. ; id.
Cat. Afr. B. p. 20 (1871) ; id. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 866 j Hartl. Tog.
Madag. p. 166 (1877) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 196 ; Milne-
Edwards ^' Grayidid. in Grandid. Hist. 3fadag. p. 345, pis. 121c,
122, 124 (1881).

Adult male. Above olive-brown; wing-coverts like the back;
quills dark brown, externally olive-brown like the back, the pri-
maries a little more russet-brown ; tail-feathers brown, olive-brown
on the edges ; forehead bluish grey, extending on the sides of the
crown to the sides of the nape, whence it spreads a little on the
sides of the neck ; lores, eyebrow, and upper half of ear-coverts
blue-black, forming a band which is continued onto the sides of
the neck ; upper and under edge of eyelid white ; a broad streak
commeuciug at the base of the lower mandible, embracing the
cheeks, and extending across the lower half of the ear-coverts to
the sides of the neck, also white ; moustachial line, throat, and
fore neck slaty black, shading off into bluish grey on the breast ;
flanks olive-brown ; centre of abdomen white ; thigh-feathers olive-
brown edged with white : under tail-coverts dull white, washed
with olive-brown ; under wing-coverts like the sides of the body ;
quills dark brown below, lighter along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 2-7, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black throat.
The base of the forehead and eyebrow are bluish grey ; sides of
face and ear-coverts white, the cheeks washed with oUve-brown ; a
broad streak of black above the ear-coverts extending to the side
of the neck ; upper ear-coverts tipped with black ; throat white,
somewhat washed with dingy brown ; fore neck and chest light
ashy grey, shading off into white on the abdomen. Total length
6 inches, culmcu 0*8, wing 2-9, tail 2-7, tarsus 0*9.

Young. Differs from the adults in being rufous above, except on
the wings aud tail, which, however, are more russet than in the
old birds ; head and neck chestnut ; lores aud a broad streak above
the ear-coverts black ; sides of face and ear-coverts white ; cheeks,
throat, and underparts light chestnut, except on the centre of the
breast and abdomen, which are white.

Hab. Madagascar.

(T. cj ; 6, c. 2 ^'^- Saralalau, Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [C.].

sk.
d 2 ad.:e. Juv.sk. Noce Vola (A. Crossley). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
f. S ad. sk. Noce Vola, Xov. 20, 1869 F. D. Godman and 0.

{A, Crossley), Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

2m2

532 TIMELIIDiE.

g S ad. sk. Saralalau, Nov. 1.3, 1869 F. D. Godman and 0.

{A. Cfossleij). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

A. cJad.; i. d imm. Ankafana forest, Betsileo, Rev. Deans,Cowan[C.].

sk, March 1881.

k. 5 ad. sk. Betsileo. Rev. G. A. Shaw [C.].

12. STACHYRIS.

Type.

Cilathora, Hodgs. MS. _ .

Stachyris, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 378, note (1844) S. nigriceps.

Ranqe. Himalaya mountains ; hills of the Indo-Chinese region,
Burmah and Tenasserim, extending down the Malayan peninsula
to the mountains of Sumatra. Southern China and Formosa.

Kt;y to the Species.

a. Chin ashy or white, not black.

a'. Under surface light ochraceous brown or pale

rufous ; ear-coverts rufescent brown ; throat

greyish or incliuiug to blackish in the centre.

a" . liump and sides of body light olive- or

ochraceous browu ; chin whitish ; upper

throat black, forming a more or less distinct

spot nigriceps, p. 532.

b". Rump and sides of body dull chestnut; chin

and upper throat dull grey larvata, p. 534.

h'. Under surface of body bright chestnut; ear-
coverts dark grey.
c". Throat dark grey, streaked with white .... jjoJiocephala, p. 534.
d". Throat pure white guttata, p. 535.

b. Chin or throat black.

c'. Breast uuiform, not spotted.
e". Breast leaden grey.

a'". No pale tips to wing-coverts ; a white
spot on the fore part of the cheeks ;
forehead streaked with black and white;
black throat-patch bordered with a
crescentic band of white feathers tipped

with black nigricollis, p. 535.

b'". Wing-coverts tipped with pale rufous
spots ; no white spot on the cheeks ;
forehead not streaked; sides of neck

black with ovate spots of white leucotis, p. 537.

/". Breast bright chestnut like the upper sur-
face thoracica, p. 537.

d'. Breast mottled like the throat, the feathers of
the latter black edged with white; the brea.st-
feathers white with black centres tnaculata, p. 538.

1. Stachyris nigriceps.

Stachyris nigiiceps, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mi,s., Passeres, App.
pi. 87 (no. 356) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; id. J. A. S.
Beng. xiii. p. 378, note (1844) ; Blyth, t. c. p. 378 (1844) ; Hodgs.
P. Z. S. 1845, p. 22 ; Gray, List Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs.
p. 74 (1846) ; Bhjth, Cat. B. 3Ius. As. Soc. p. 150 (1849) ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 332 (1850) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i.

12. STACHTEI9, 533

p. 231 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 21 (1863) ; Godtv.- Austen,
J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 103 (1870) ; Hume, Nests i^- Eqys. Ind.
B. p. 242 (1873); BlythSf Wald.B. Burm. p. IIG (1875); Hume
8f Gates, Str. F. 1876, p. 117; Oates, Str. F. 1877, p. 152; Andei--
son, Zool. Yunnaii, p. 636 (1878) ; Hume Si~ Davison, Str. F. 1878,
vol. i. pp. 264, 513 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Ramsay, Orn.
Works Ttoeedd. p. 433 (1881) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 48 (1883).
Tiuialia nigriceps, Graij, Gen. B. iii. Apih p. 10 (1849) ; id. Hand-l.
B. i. p. 315, no. 4707 (1869).

Adult. General colour above brown, the wing-coverts like the
back ; quills dusky brown, externally rufous-brown, the inner
secondaries being entirely of the latter colour ; tail-feathers reddish
brown, obsoletely barred with dusky iinder certain lights ; crown of
head blackish, the feathers edged with hoary white, imparting a
streaked appearance ; fore part of cheeks white, forming a spot
separated from the ear -coverts by a line of blackish ; eyelid white :
ear-coverts reddish brown, blackish anteriorly ; chin and malar line
hoary whitish, deepening into ashy; centre of throat blackish,
forming a spot ; sides of neck and under surface of body light
orange-rufous, whity brown on the centre of the abdomen ; sides of
body browu, as well as the thighs and under tail-coverts ; on the
breast some slight indications of whitish streaks ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries light orange-rufous ; quills dusky brown below, light
ashy rui'ous along the edge of the inner web ; " bill bluish black on
the upper mandible, pale bluish on the lower, the anterior half of
the margins dusky ; mouth flesh-colour ; iris orange-browu ; legs
pale dusky green ; claws yellowish '" {^E. TF. Oates). Total length
5 inches, culm en 0-7, wing 2*3, tail 2, tarsus 0"So.

Ohs. There is a considerable variation in the colour of the ear-
coverts in the present species, as, for instance, in the male from the
Kakhyen hills, where they are entirely bright orange. I was at
first inclined to separate this bii'd as a distinct species ; but I find
an approach to these brightly coloured ear-coverts in some of the
Nepalese series, and I notice that the brighter ears are accompanied
by a more pronounced black chin-spot and by a richer colour on the
breast. It is probable, therefore, that the brighter coloration indi-
cates the adult male.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas from Nepal to Bootan, and thence
through the Khasia hills and Burmese ranges to Tenasserim, as far
south as Tenasserim town.

a. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collectiou.

b, c. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

(Types of species.)

d, e, f. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodqson). India' Museum.

g. Ad. sk. Sikhim, Jan. 1874. L. Mandelli, Esq. [Cj.

h, i, k, I. Ad. sk. Sikhim (Maudslli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.J.

m. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum.

n, o. Ad. sk. Khasia hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

p. (S ad. sk. Pousee, Kakhyen hills, 3300 Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

feet, -\pril 24, 18G8.

g. 5 ad. sk. Eastern slopes of Pegu hiUs, E. W. Oates, Esq.

Apiil 29, 1873.

534 TrMEUTD^.

2. Stachyris larvata.

Timalia larvata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 217 (1850, ex Miill. MS. in Mus.

Luffd.) ; Grai/, Ilmid-L B. i. p. 315, no. 4711 (1869).
Stacliyi'is larvata, Blijth, Ibis, 1870, p. 170.
Timelia laiTata, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 222 (1879).

Adult. General colour above rufous-brown, dusky on the mantle ;
wing-coverts and quills dusky brown, margined with chestnut-brown,
lighter on the edges of the primaries ; tail-feathers dusky brown
with margins of the same colour as the back, and with cross lines
visible under certain lights ; head and nape dingy black, streaked
with hoary white, more distinctly on the forehead ; lores ashy grey ;
round the eye a ring of white feathers ; ear-coverts rufous-brown,
streaked with whitish shaft-lines ; feathers below the eye ashy ;
fore part of cheeks whitish, tipped with dusky brown ; chin light
ashy, deepening into dark ashy on the upper throat ; remainder of
under surface orange-brown, with slight indications of yellowish
shaft-streaks on the lower throat and fore neck ; sides of body ru-
fous-brown or dull chestnut, as also the under tail-coverts ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries orange-brown, brighter on the edge of
the wing ; quills dull brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of
the inner web. Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-2,
tail 1'95, tarsus 0*9. •

Hab. Eepresents the foregoing species in the mountains of
Sumatra.

a. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased.

3. Stachyris poliocephala.

Timalia poliocephala, Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. .593. fig. 2 (1836); Bj}.

Consp. i. p. 217 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. p. 315, no. 4696 (1869) ;

Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 212 (1874) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 60.
Timaha striolata, S. Miill. Tijdschr. 1838, p. 32; Bp. Consj}. i.

p. 217 (1850); Gray, Hand-l. B. i.p. 315, no. 4699 (1869).

Adult. General colour above dull rufous-brown, rather brighter
on the rump ; upper tail-coverts chestnut ; tail-feathers rufous-
brown with brighter chestnut edges ; wing-coverts like the back ;
greater coverts and quills brown, externally chestnut-brown ; fore-
head and top of head dusky ashy black, the feathers edged with
whitish, causing a streaked appearance, the hinder head and nape
dull reddish brown, with dusky edges to the feathers ; lores and
entire side of face and ear-coverts ashy black ; sides of neck deep
chestnut ; throat dull ashy, streaked with huffy white, the feathers
being edged with the latter colour ; rest of under surface, com-
mencing from the lower throat downwards, deep chestnut, including
the thighs and under tail-coverts ; axillaries like the breast ;
under wing-coverts dull brown ; quills brown below, light rufous
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-3 inches,
culmen 0-8, wing 2'65, tail 2, tarsus 0*9.

Hah. Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo.

12. STACHTEIS. 535

a. Ad. sk. [Java.]* Purchased.

h. Ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]-

e. Ad. sk. [Sumatra.] Gould Collection.

.4. Stachyris guttata.

Turdinus guttatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxviii. p. 414 (1859) ; Tickell,
t. c. p. 450 (1859); Blyth, B. Burm. p. 116 (1875); Wald. Ibis,
1876, p. 353 ; Iltime Sc Davis. Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 264 ; Hume,
Str. F. 1879, p. 95; Bimjham, Sir. F. 1880, p. 179.

Macronus guttatus, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 319, no. 4778 (1869).

Stachyris guttatus, Oates, Str. F. 1877, p. 251 : id. B. Brit. Burm.
p. 49 (1883).

Adult male. General colour above rufescent brown, -with small
triangular spots at the end of the feathers ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts rufous ; lesser and median wing-coverts rufescent
brown like the back ; greater coverts and quills more rufous, the
latter dusky brown on the inner web ; tail reddish brown, ex-
ternally brighter rufous ; head and hind neck lighter rufescent
brown than the mantle, the forehead obscurely mottled with obso-
lete blackish markings on the ends of the feathers ; lores hoary
white, varied with black streaks in the centres of the feathers ; in
front of the eye and feathers below the latter black, followed by a
large white spot at the base of the ear-coverts, the remainder of
which are dark asliy, browner on the upper margin ; below the ear-
coverts a line of white feathers mottled with black centres ; a toler-
ably distinct eyebrow of white plumes edged with black : sides of
neck black, the feathers mottled with ovate white centres, imparting
a distinctly spotted appearance ; cheeks black, the hinder portion
orange-chestnut, forming a large spot ; malar line also black like
the cheeks ; throat white ; remainder of under surface of body
orange-chestnut, lighter in the centre of the body, and a little
browner on the flanks ; under tail- and wing-coverts orange-chest-
nut, the latter paler ; (juills ashy brown below, rufescent along the
edge of the inner web ; " legs and feet pale dingy green ; lower
mandible and edge of upper mandible along commissure plumbeous ;
rest of bill black; iridcs crimson-lake" (Davison). Total length
6'1 inches, culmen 0'8, wing 2*7, tail 2*15, tarsus 1.
Hab. Tenasserim.

«. (5 ad. sk. Malewoon, S. Tenasserim, E. W. Oates, Esq.

Dec. 29, 1876.
b. 2 ad. sk. Thoungveen vallev, Tenas- Capt. Bingham [C.].

serim", March 28, 1882.

5, Stachyris nigricollis.

Timalia nigricollis, Temm. PL Col. ii. pi. 594. fig. 2 (1836) ; Gray,
Gen. B.i. -p. 228 {1S46); Stricld. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 103; Blyth,

* It -n-as on this specimen that Jlr. G. K. Gray founcled his belief that this
species inhabits Java. Count Salvador! (L'cc. Born. p. 213) very properly
doubts its correctness : the specimen is apparently a native Malaccan skin.

536 TIMELITB^.

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 149 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 217 (1850) ;
Horsf. 8)- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Muf. p. 228 (1854) ; Moore, P. Z. S.
1854, p. 276 ; Sdater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 215 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 314, no. 4693 (1869) ; Wald. Ibis, 1872, p. 375 ; Hume, Str. F.
1879, p. 60.
Timalia eiythronotus. Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 793 ; id. xv. p. 10

(1846). ■
Brachvpteryx niffi'ogularis, Eyton, Ann. !^- Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 228

(1S45) ; 'Haril. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 4.
Stacliyiis nigricollis, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 290 (1870).
Dametia nigricollis, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 10 (1872).
Timelia nigricollis, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 212 (1874) ; Sharpe, Ibis,
1877, p. 10 ; id. 1879, p. 257.
Adult male (Malacca). General colour above chestnut-red, the
wing-coverts like the back ; primary-coverts and quills duskj- brown,
externally margined with the same chestnut as the back, the inner-
most secondaries entirely chestnut ; tail-feathers dark sepia-brown,
with chestnut edges to the feathers ; crown of head black, the
nape and hinder crown washed with rufous ; forehead streaked
with white, with which the feathers are edged ; lores, feathers
below the eye, ear-coverts, and sides of face black, with a large
spot of white on the fore part of the cheeks, and a broad white
streak above the ear-coverts ; sides of neck slaty grey ; throat
and fore neck black; remainder of under surface slaty grey, separated
from the black throat by a half collar of black-tipped feathers,
many of which have conspicuous subterminal spots and bars ;
flanks and under tail-coverts washed with rufous ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries light rufous with ashy bases, those near the
edge of the wing ashy ; quills brown below, pale ashy rufous along
the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0'7o,
wing 2-75, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-9.

The sexes are alike in colour ; but the female is smaller, measuring
2'5 inches in the wing, 1"9 in the tail, and 0-9 in the tarsus.
Hah. Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.

a, b. Ad. sk.

Malacca.

Andrew Charlton, Esq.

[P.].

c. Ad. sk.

Malacca (Canto?-).

India Museum.

d. (5 ad. sk.

Malacca.

A. E. Wallace, Esq.

[C.].
Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

e. Ad. sk.

Malacca.

will [P.].

f,g. 6 2 ad. sk.

Klang, Salangore, Malayan
peninsula, March 1879
(W. Davison).

A. 0. Hume, Esq.

h. Ad. sk.

Sing.ipore.

Gould Collection.

i. Ad. sk.

Sumatra.

Eyton Collection.

(Type of Brachypteryx nigrogu/aris, Eyton.)

k, I. Ad. sk.

Sumatra.

A. R. Wallace, Esq.
[C.].

m. Ad. sk.

Labuan.

Hugh Low, Esq;. [C.J.

n. (5 ad. sk.

Bintulu,W. Borneo.

Alfred Everett, Esq.

[C.l.
J. Motley, Esq. [C.].

0. Ad. sk.

Banjermassing.

p. Ad. sk.

Borneo.

Gould Collection.

12. STACHYKIS. 537

6. Stachyris leucotis.

Timalia leucotis, Stricld. Contr. Orn. 1848, p. 63, pi. 12 ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 315, no. 4697 (18G9) ; Walden, Ibis, 1876, p. 854 ;
Hume, Sir. F. 1880, p. 116.

Macromis leucotis, Bj?. Consp. i. p. 218 (1850).

Timelia leucotis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1878, p. 418.

Adult. General colour above rufous-brown, inclining to chestnut
on the lower back and rump, the upper tail-coverts chestnut with
obsolete tips of lighter rufous ; head duller brown than the back
and somewhat olivaceous brown, with obsolete dusky margins to
the feathers ; wing-coverts rufous-brown like the back, with rufous
or pale fulvous bars near the end of the feathers, producing a
spotted appearance ; quills dusky brown, externally dark chestnut
or rufous-brown, the feathers tipped with a bar of lighter rufous ;
like the wing-covcrts, these paler bars or spots have a narrow ter-
minal edging of black; tail-feathers chestnut-brown, with a narrow
bar of pale rufous just before the tip of the feather ; loral plumes
bristly, yellowish white tipped with dusky and having a shaft-
streak of dusky also ; ring of feathers round the eye yellowish
white ; feathers below the eye and cheeks black ; a distinct eyebrow
of white, the plumes composing it being white along the centre
broadly edged with black ; ear-coverts dark slaty grey with a patch
of white on the lower edge behind : sides of neck black, with
several very distinct ovate spots of white ; throat and fore neck
black, the remainder of the under surface dark slaty grey with in-
distinct paler shaft-lines ; lower flanks, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts rufous-brown, the latter margined with paler rufous ; under
wing-coverts and axillarics light ochraceous buff mottled with dusky,
the lower coverts dusky brown ; quills dusky brown below, scarcelj'
paler along the edge of the inner web, the shafts white below.
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-5, tail 1-95, tarsus 0-9.

The specimen from Sarawak differs from all three ilalaccan skins
in the Museum in having the head dark slaty grey instead of brown,
I do not, however, like to separate the Borneau bii-d as distinct
without seeing more specimens.

Hab. Malayan peninsula and Eorueo.

a. Ad. sk.

[Java.]

Pm'chased.

b, c. Ad. sk.

Malacca.

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C .

d. Ad, sk.

Sarawak, Borneo.

Henry Everett, Esq. [CJ.

7. Stachyris thoracica.

Pitta thoracica, Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 76 (1823).

Timalia thoracica, Bli/f7i, J. A. S. Bern/, xi. p. 795, note (1842) ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 228 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 217 (1850) ; Ilorsf. ^
Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Miis. i. p. 228 (1654) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
i. p. 3] 5, no. 4702 (1869).

Napodes thoracica, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 77 (1850).

Adult. General colour above uniform bright chestnut, duller and
more chestnut-brown on the head ; wing-coverts like the back

538 TIJCELIID^.

quills light brown, externally chestnut like the back; tail-feathers
chcstuut-browu, margined with brighter chestnut; lores white,
obscured with dusky margins ; over the eye a tiny spot of white ;
ear-covcrts, sides of face, and cheeks, as well as the throat,
black ; lower throat and fore neck pure white, the upper part
with black bases to the feathers, causing a slightly mottled appear-
ance : remainder of under surface of body bright chestnut, sepa-
rated from the white neck-patch by a slight shade of brown not
distinct enough to form a band ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries like the breast ; quills light brown below, pale ashy rufous
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 7'7 inches, culmen 0*9,
wing 3-05, tail 2-8, tarsus 1-2.
Hah. Java and Sumatra.

a. Ad. sk. Java. India Museum.

b. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased.

8. Stachyris maculata.

Timalia maculata, Temm. PI. Col. 59.3. fig. 1 (18-36) ; Gray, Gen. B.

i. p. 228 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 217 (1850) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854,

p. 276 ; Salater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 215 ; Grat/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 314,

no. 4694 (1869) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 60.
Timalia pectoralis, Blyth, J. A. S. Bern/, xi. p. 793 (1842) ; id. Cat. B.

Mus. As. Sac. p. 149 (1849).
Malacopteron squamatum, Eyton, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi.

p. 228 (1845).
Macrornis maculatus, Bi^. Comptes Bend, xxxviii. p. 59 (1854).
Timelia maculata, Salvad. TJec. Born. p. 211 (1874) ; Sharpe, Ibis,

1877, p. 10 ; id. 1879, p. 257.

Adult male. General colour above olivaceous brown ; lower back
and rump ferruginous ; lesser, median, and greater coverts like the
back ; bastard wing and primarj-coverts more ashy brown than
the back and washed with olive ; quills sepia-brown, externally
olivaceous, more ashy on the primaries : upper tail-coverts bright
ferruginous; tail-feathers brown, margined with dull ferruginous;
crown of the head like the back, the forehead ashy, broadly streaked
with black ; lores blackish ; feathers round the eye dark ashy ; ear-
coverts and cheeks dark ashy : sides of the neck like the back ; throat
and moustachial line black ; the lower throat black, distinctly mar-
gined with ashy white ; fore neck and breast ashy whitish, with
ovate spots of black in the centres of the feathers ; abdomen white,
more narrowly streaked with dusky-blackish central streaks ; sides
of the body and thighs fulvous-brown ; under tail-coverts clearer
fulvous-brown ; under wing-coverts white, slightly mottled with
blackish bases; axillai'ies light fulvous-brown; quills below dusky
brown, inner edges ashy ; " tarsus lead-blue ; iris naples-yellow "
{A. Everett). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-25, tail
2'8, tarsus 1.

Female. Bill black ; tarsus lead-grey ; iris yellow (^. £■.). Total
length 7 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-5, tail 2-8, tarsus 1.

Hab. Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.

13. TITEDINTJS. 539

a. Ad. sk. Malacca. A. Charlton, Esq. [P.].

• (J£'<;-^Q oi M . sqvamatum.)

b. Ad. sk. Malacca (Charlton). Eyton Collection.

c. d. Ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum.

e. Ad. sk. Malacca. W. Harvey, Esq. [P.].

/. Ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

(/. Ad. sk. Sinijapore. Gould Collection.

k, i. (S ad. ak. Sumatra. Gould Collection.

k. Ad. sk. Sumatra (Raffles). India Museum.

/. Ad. sk. N.W. Borneo [Hugh E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Loxv).

m. Ad. sk. South Borneo. Gould Collection.

n, o. c? 2 ad. sk. Bintulu, W. Borneo. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C],

p. Ad. sk. Banjermassing'. J. Motley, Esq. [C.].

13. TURDINUS*. ^ypg

Tm-dinus, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 382 (1844). . T. macrodactylus.
Malacocincla, i>Vy</i, J, A. S. JJeng. xiv. p. 600 (1845) T. abbotti.

Cacopitta, B^}. Consp. i. p. 257 (1850) T. atrigularis.

llladopsis, Heine, J.f. O. 1850, p. 430 T. fulvescens.

Nanuothera, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 11 (1872). . T. sepiarius.
Hadi'opezus, Sundev. t. c. p. 11 (1872) T. macrodactylus.

Range. Forest-regions of tho wast and east coasts of Africa.
Eastern Himalayas and hill-ranges of North-eastern Bengal, through-
out the Burmese countries, Malayan peninsula, Java, Sumatra,
Borneo, Celebes, and the Philippine island of Palawan.

Key to the Sj^ecies.

a. Plumage uniform above.

a'. Under tail-coverts tawny bufi'or fulvescent.
a". Forehead ashy or like the head.
a'" . Head like the mantle.

a"*. Flanks tawny or fulvous like the
under tail-coverts.
a°. Throat and breast white, shaded
with ashy,
o". An ashy-grey eyebrow; head
with narrow pale shaft-lines ;
colom- above olive-brown ;
under tail-coverts bright
tawny abbotti, p. 541.

* The following species have been referred either to Tiirdimis or Trichostoma
and have not been seen by me. Some of them may prove to belong to other
genera : —

1. TUKDINUS LEPIDOl'LEUItUS.

Cacopitta lepidopleiira, Bf. Consp. i. p. 257 {ex Temm. MSS. in Mus.

Luyd.).
Macronus Icpidopleurus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 318, no. 3751 (1809).

Of large size : rufous, with the feathers margined with black ; lores black ;
throat while. {Bp. I. c.)
Hab. Java.

640 TIMELIIDJS.

6°. No perceptible f^yebrow ; head
uniform, without pale shaft-
lines; colour above rufous-
brown ; under tail-coverts

fulvous-brown celebensis, p. 542.

¥. Throat white ; fore neck and breast
light fulvous-brown.
c'^. Breast and sides of body dull

fulvous-brown ffulan's, p. 543.

d^. Breast and sides of body bright

tawny jinschi, p. 543.

6*. Flanks ashy grey rufescens, p. 544.

b'". Head dusky, contrasting with the
mantle.

c*. Ear-coverts light brown sepiarhis, p. 544.

(P. Ear-coverts ashy grey fulvescens, p. 545.

b". Forehead rufous, contrasting with re-
mainder of head ruffrons, p. 546.

b'. Under tail-coverts pure white like the
abdomen.
c". Under surface white with brownish

flanks ; a whitish eyebrow leptorhynchus* , p. 546.

d''. Under surface white, the breast shaded
with ashy, the flanks light brown ;
eyebrow dull ashy grey magnirostris, p. 547.

2. TURDINUS PEESPICILLATCS.

Cacopitta perspicillata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 257 {ex Temm. M8S. in- Mus.

Lvgd.).
Macronus perspicillatus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 257,. no. 4752 (1869).

Of medium size : brownisli olivaceous ; cheeka and breast plumbeous grey
streaked witli white ; chin and lores white ; bill short. {Bp. I. c.)
Hab. Java.

3. TURDINUS EPILEPIDOTUS.

Myiothera epilepidota, Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 448. fig. 2 (1827).
Macronus epilepidotus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B. i.

p. 319, no. 4774 (1869).
Turdirostris epilepidota, Bp. Consp. i. p. 218 (1850).
Brachypteryx epilepidotus, Salvad. Uca. Born. p. 224 (1874).

Hab. Borneo.

4. Trichostoma leucoproctum.
Tricbostoma leucoproctum, Tweedd. P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 366.
Is the female of a Niltava. Cf. Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 298.

5. TuRDiNus NAGAENSis, Godwin-Austen.
Is a Brymocataphis {vide infra).

6. TuRDiNUS GAEOENSis, Godwin- Austen.
Is Brymocataphus tickelU {;vide infra).

* I have placed Turdirostris leptorhynchus of Fischer and Reichenow in
the genus Turdiniis, supposing that Dr. Eeiclieuow had some reason for associ-
ating it with the West- African species of Turdirostris or Trichostoma. I have
never seen the species, and therefore cannot judge from personal observation ;
but the fact of the wiug and tail being given as equal in length would remove
it from the true members of the genus Turdinus.

13. TtrRBTNTS. 541

h. Upper surface mottled, the feathers being .
rather broadl}' margined -with black,
c'. Upper surface with pale fulvous shaft-lines
to the feathers.
e" . Throat white, with dusky spots or tips
to the feathers, or ashy grey mottled
with dusky centres to the feathers ;
general colour rufeseent above, mottled

with paler centres and blackish maro-ins , 7 ^ ; c-ta

to the feathers; no distinct eyebrow . . ^'^'foda^'tV^us p 548.
' •' I nijipectus, p. 549.

_/"". Throat black, as also the ear-coverts . . atrigularis, p. 549.
d' . Upper surface with black shaft-lines to the
feathers ; ear-coverts and sides of neck
chestnut ; throat and breast thickly barred
with black and white loricatus, p. 550.

1. Turdinus abbotti.

Malacocincla abbotti, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xvi. p. 601 (1845) ;

Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 2.30 (1874).
Trichastoma abbotti, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xvi. p. 462 (1847) ; id.

Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 147 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 259 (1850) ;

Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mas. i. p. 405 (1854) ; Jerd. B.

Ind. ii. p. 17 (1803) ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 535 ; Bli/ih Sj- Wald.

B. Burm. p. 115 (1875); Oates, Str. F. 1877, p. 151; Ttveedd.

Ibis, 1877, p. 452, pi. xi. fig. 2 ; Hume ^ Davison, Str. F. 1878,

p. 259 ; Cripps, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 277 ; Hutne, Str. F. 1879,

pp. 60, 95.
Malacopteron olivaceum, Strickl, Ann, (§• Mag. Nat. Hist. xlx. p. 132

(1847).
Malacopteron abbotti, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 9 (1849).
Trichostoma umbratile {non Strickl.), Sclater, V. Z. S. 1863, p. 215.
Macrouus abbotti, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 318, no. 4755 (1869).
Trichostoma ohvaceum, Hume, Str. F. 1880, p. 108.
Turdinus abbotti, Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 58 (1883).

Adult male. General colour above olivaceous browu, with faintly
indicated pale shaft-streaks on the feathers of the head and mantle ;
the rump uniform ; upper tail-coverts more ferruginous or tawny ;
tail-feathers brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, the
feathers margined with fulvous-brown ; wing-coverts olivaceous
browu like the back ; greater series and quills sepia-brown, ex-
ternally fulvesceut olive-brown ; lores and feathers round the eye
ashy whitish, forming a slight eyebrow ; sides of face and ear-
coverts fulvous with whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks and throat dull
white, as also the centre of the breast and abdomen ; fore neck
and chest fulvescent brown, becoming deeper on the sides of the
body and inclining to ochreous buff on the flanks and thighs ; the vent
and under tail-coverts deep rufous ochre ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries light fulvescent brown ; quills ashy brown below, ful-
vescent along the edge of the inner web : " upper mandible dark
brown, except the tip and the terminal third of the margins, which,
together with the lower mandible, are pale bluish ; mouth yellow ;
legs and feet pinkish fleshy ; claws pale horn-colour ; iris reddish

542 TIMELIID^.

brown ; eyelids plumbeous " {E. W. Oates). Total length 5-6 inches,
culmen 0-S5, wing 2-95, tail 2, tarsus 1.

On comparing a series of this species, it will be seen that the
Malayan and Bornean specimens are rather paler than those from
Burmah and Assam, and do not acquire the rich colour of the
under tail-coverts which the last-named birds exhibit. The shade
of colour, however, is too slight to found a specific difference upon.
In some individuals the dusky tint on the throat and breast takes
the form of ashy streaks.

Hah. Prom Xorth-eastern Bengal and the Eastern Himalayas,
through Burmah and Tenasserim, down the Malayan peninsula to
Borneo.

a. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

6. Ad. sk. Nazeerah, Upper Assam R.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{Dr. Reid).

c,fZ. Ad. sk. Dacca (Ty</er). India Museum.

e. (5juv.sk. Zeinganein, Pegu, June 28, E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.].

1877.

/. cS ad. sk. Pegu, July 2, 1875. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.].

g. 2 ad. sk. Pegu, Aug. 17, 1875. E. W. Oates, Esq. [0.].

h. 5 ad. sk. Bankasoon, Tenasserim, May A. 0. Hume, Esq.

28, 1877 ( W. Davison),

i. S ad. sk. Meetan, Tenasserim, Feb. 26, A. 0. Hume, Esq .

1877 {W. Davison),

k. S ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq.

[C.].

l,m. c? 2 ad.sk. Malacca {Wallace). Goukl Collection.

n. Ad. sk. Malacca. Pmx-hased.

0. Ad. sk. Singapore. Gould Collection.

P) q. Ad. sk. Banjermassing, S. Borneo. J. Motley, Esq. [C.].

2. Turdinus celebensis.

Trichostoma celebense, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 127, pi. 35
(front figm-e) ; Bruggem. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 63
(1878) ; Wald. Ibis, 1876, p. 378, pi. xi. fig. 2.

Macronus celebeusis. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 318, no. 4763 (1869).

Adult. General colour above reddish brown, a little more dusky
on the head, and rather more rufescent towards the rump, the upper
tail-coverts being ferruginous ; wing-coverts like the back, the
greater series and the quills dusky brown, externally a little more
rufous than the back ; tail reddish brown, washed with ferruginous
along the outer webs ; lores and feathers round the eye ashy
whitish ; sides of face and ear-coverts, as well as the cheeks, dusky
ashy brown, the latter whitish near the base of the lower man-
dible : throat, breast, and abdomen white shaded with ashy, espe-
cially on the sides of the breast ; flanks and sides of body fulvous-
brown, becoming brighter and more tawny on the thighs and under
tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts deep fulvous or reddish brown ;
quills dusky brown below, pale rufous along the edge of the inner

13. TtTRDINTJS. 543

web. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0"7, wing 3, tail 2-3, tarsus 1.
(Mus. R. G. WarcUaw Ramsay.)
Hah. Northern Celebes.

a. Ad. sk. N. Celebes. Capt. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.

3. Turdinus gidaris. (Plate XIV.*)

Illadopsis gularis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 474; Ussher, Ibis, 1874,

p. 57.
Tricliastoma gularis, Sharpe, Ann. i!j- Mag. IS at. Hist. (4j x. p. 451

(1872).
Trichostoma fulvescens (tion Cass.), Sharpe ^- Bouvier, Bull. Soc.

Zool. France, 1877, p. 479.

Adult. General colour above dark fulvous-brown, the head like
the mantle, with an ashy shade on the forehead ; the lower back
and rump, as well as the under tail-coverts, rather more reddish
brown ; wing-coverts a little deeper fulvous than the back, the
greater series more reddish brown on their outer edges ; quills
dusky brown, externally fulvous-brown, rather more reddish on the
outer web of the secondaries ; tail-feathers olive-brown, with red-
dish-brown margins ; lores ashy whitish ; feathers around and
below the eye light ashy grey ; ear-coverts pale fulvous-brown ;
cheeks white, washed with ashy ; throat ashy white, as also the
centre of the abdomen ; fore neck and breast, as weU as the sides
of the body, pale fulvous-brown, deepening into rich fulvous or
reddish brown on the flanks and under tail-coverts : thighs ashy ;
under wiug-coverts pale fulvescent brown, with ashy-whitish bases ;
quills sepia-brown below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner
web. Total length 6*5 inches, cirlmen 0"8, wing 2-95, tail 2-5,
tarsus 1.

Obs. The specimen from the Congo is not typical, as it is rather
larger, has the head uniform with the mantle, and the ear-coverts
darker ashy grey. Total length 6*9 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3,
tail 2*5, tarsus 1.

Hah. Forests of Denkera in the interior of the Gold Coast,
extending into Aguapim, and occurring also in the Congo district.

«. Ad. sk. Benkeva. (Gov. Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

b, c. Ad. sk. Denkera (Aiibiiin). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

d. Ad. sk. Denkera {Aubinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

e,f. Ad. sk. Abokobi, Aguapim. Governor Lssher [C.].

ff. Ad. sk. Chissambo, Congo. Dr. A. Lucan [C.].

4. Turdintis finschi.

Tiichostoma celebeuse, TJ'akl. Trans. Z. S. viii. p. G2 (1872, nee

Strickl. ).
Trichostoma finschi, Wald. Ibis, 1876, p. 378, pi. xi. fig. 1.

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark olive-
* Lettered Trichostoma gulare on the plate by mistake.

544 TLMELIIDiE.

brown, becoming more fulvesceut on the lower back and ramp, the
upper tail-coverts being rufous ; wing-coverts like the back, the
greater series and quills dusky brown, externally rather more red-
dish brown than the back, the primaries rather more ashj' olive on
the outer web ; primary-coverts and bastard-wing feathers ashy
brown, washed externally with olive ; tail-feathers brown, washed
with dull ferruginous on both webs ; head and neck dusky and more
umber-brown, contrasting with the back ; lores ashy whitish ;
feathers round the eye fulvous ; ear-coverts dusky brown, with
faintly indicated fulvous shaft-lines ; cheeks and throat whitish
slightly washed with fulvous ; lower throat, breast, sides of body,
thighs, and under tail-coverts rich tawny buff, the centre of the
breast and abdomen whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
like the breast, and slightly shaded with brown Hke the sides of the
breast : quills ashy brown below, pale ashy fulvous along the edge
of the inner web. Total length 6*2 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-85,
tail 2-2, tarsus 1-05.

Hah. Makassar, Celebes.

a. cJ ad. sk. Makassar. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

(Type of species.)

b. S ad. sk. Makassar ( Wallace). Gould Collection.

5. Turdinus rufescens.

Turdirostris rufescens, Reichen. J. f. O. 1878, p. 299.

Adult. General colour above fulvous-brown slightly tinted with
olive, the upper tail-coverts rather more rufescent ; head uniform
with the back ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills sepia-brown,
externally rather more rufous than the back ; tail-feathers brown,
washed on the margins of the feathers with rufescent brown ; lores
ashy fulvous ; ear-coverts dusky brown, with a streak of ashy
fulvous above them ; cheeks and throat ashy whitish ; remainder
of under surface of body purer white ; the sides of the body ashy
grey, as also tlie thighs ; the sides of the breast slightly browner ;
under tail-coverts ashy whitish, the longer ones fulvous ; axillaries
ashy grey; under wing-coverts ashy brown; quills dusky brown,
pale rufous along the edge of the inner web. Total length
6"6 inches, culmen 075, wing 3-3, tail 2"75, tarsus 1*15.

Hah. Forests of Dcnkera in the interior of the Gold Coast,
W. Africa, ranging as high as Liberia.

a, h, c. Ad. sk. Denkera (Aubinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

6. Turdinus sepiarius.

Brachvpteryx sepiaria, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 1.58 (1820) ;

Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 209 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 312, no. 4664

(1869).
Alcippe sepiaria, Bli/th, J. A. S. Bemj. xiii. p. .384 (1844) ; id. Cat.

13. TTJEDrNTTS. 545

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 148 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 260 (1856) ;

Horsf. Sf- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 226 (1854).
? Myiothera hypoides, Temm. in Mus. Ltiffd.
M3'iothera concreta, Miiller, MSS. in Mus. Lugd., undh
Tiirdirostris concretus, J?/?. Consp. i. p. 218 (1850).
Bessethera pyca, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 76 {ex Temm. MSS.).
Macroniis concretiis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 318, no. 476 (1869).
Nannothera sepiaria, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 11 (1872).
Trichostoma pyca, Nicholson, Ibis, 1879, p. 168.

Verj' similar to T. ahhotti, but has a much smaller bill, and the
head is dusky ashy brown contrasting with the back. Total length
5-5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-8, tail 2, tarsus 1.

Hab. Java and Borneo. The specimen of Myiotliera concreta
sent by the Leiden Museum appears to me to be inseparable from
our Javan specimens.

a, b. Ad. sk. Java (Horsjield). India Museum.

c. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased.

d. Ad. sk. W. Java {E. C. Buxtoyi). F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Borneo. Leiden Museum [P.].

(s. n. Myiothera concreta).

f. Ad. sk. Borneo. Eyton Collection.

7. Tnrdinus fulvescens.

Tiirdirostris fidvesceus, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 54 ; Seine,
J.f. O. 1859, p. 4.30; Hartl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 173.

Aletiie fulvescens, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 319, no. 4784 (1869).

Trichastoma rufipennis, Sharpe, Ann, 8f Mag. Nat. Hist, (4) x. p. 451
(1872).

Trichastoma fulvescens, Sharpe, Ann, %■ Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) x.
p. 451 (1872).

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, becoming more ful-
vescent on the lower back and rump, the upper tail-coverts ru-
fescent brown ; wing-covorts like the back ; quills dusky brown,
externally olive-brown, a little more fulvous than the back ; bastard-
wing feathers and primary-coverts dusky brown, externally ashy
olive : tail-feathers light reddish brown, externally washed with
rufescent brown like the upper tail-coverts ; head dull ashy, con-
trasting with the back, slightly washed with olive-brown ; lores
ashy whitish ; feathers over and round the eye, sides of face, and
ear-coverts ashy grey, the latter slightly washed with olive ; entire
throat whitish, overshaded with ashy grey ; chest and breast, as
well as the sides of the body, pale fulvous-brown ; centre of breast
and abdomen ashy whitish ; thighs ashy ; under tail-coverts deeper
fulvcscent brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy whitish
washed with fulvous ; quills ashy brown below, pale fulvous along
the edge of the inner web. Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 0-8,
wing 2-95, tail 2-6o, tarsus 1.

Obs. I have united, with some hesitation, Trichastoma rufipennis
VOL. vn. 2 N

546 TIMELnDiE.

with this species, notwithstanding its rufous wings and smaller size,
as I believe it may turn out to be the young bird.
Hah. West Africa: Gaboon.

a. 2 [juv.]sk. Camma river, Gaboon. P. B. Du Chaillu [C.].

(Type of T. rufipennis.)

b, c. Ad. sk. Gaboon. P'. B. Du Chaillu [C.].

8. Turdinus rufifrons.

Trichostoma rufifrons, Tweed. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 616, pi. xxxviii.

Adult male (Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Dec. 10, 1877 ; A.
Everett : type of species). General colour above ashy fulvous-brown,
the lower back and rump becoming more and more rufous, the
upper tail-coverts bright rufous or chestnut ; wing-coverts fulvous-
brown, the greater series more olive-brown, narrowly edged with
fulvous-brown ; primary-coverts ashy brown, externally washed
with olive ; quills dark sepia-brown, externally fulvous-brown, the
primaries rather more olive along the outer web ; tail-feathers
umber-brown, somewhat shaded with rufous and margined with
brighter rufous, the outer feathers narrowly fringed at the tip
with whitish ; head fulvescent brown, brighter on the forehead, the
feathers with narrow dusky margins and shaft-lines, producing a
slightly scaly appearance ; lores, feathers round the eye and over
the latter ashy grey, forming a tolerably distinct eyebrow ; ear-
coverts pale ashy fulvous washed with ashy grey ; cheeks whitish,
washed with ashy grey ; entire throat white ; a few dusky streaks
on the throat and chest ; remainder of under surface pale ochra-
ceous buff, except the abdomen, which is pure white ; sides of
breast slightly washed with dull ashy ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts light ochraceous buff, whiter at the base of the feathers, the
edge of the wing brighter tawny buff; quills ashy brown below,
yellowish white along the edge of the inner web, which is more or
less tinged with fulvous ; " bill dark plumbeous ; feet paler
plumbeous ; iris pale Naples yellow " (A. Everett). Total length
7*4 inches, culmen 0-85, wing ?5-35, tail 3-2, tarsus 1'05. (3£us.
R. G. Wardlaiu Ramsay.)

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length
7'1 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-05, tail 2-95, tarsus 1. {Mus.
R. G. Wardlaiu Ramsay.)

Hah. Island of Palawan in the Philippine archipelago.

a. S ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Dec. Capt. R. G. Wardlaw
1877 {A. Everett). Ramsay.

9. Turdinus leptorliynclius *.

Turdirostris leptoi-hyncha, Fischer ^- Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1879,
p. 155 ; iid. J. f. O. 1879, p. 347, 1880, p. 142.

* See footnote, antea, p. 540.

13. TUEDIKTJS. 547

Adult. Upper surface with the wings and tail olive-brown, the
lower back and rump rufescent ; under surface of body white, the
flanks brownish ; a whitish superciliary streak ; upper mandible
dusky, the mandible pale ; feet greyish brown ; iris fulvous. Total
length 5-5 inches, biU from gape 0-75, wing 2-4, taU 2-4. (Fischer Sf
Reiclienoiv.)

Hob. Tschara in Eastern Africa.

10. Turdinus maguirostris.

Alcippe maguirostris, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 277 ; Sorsf. ^ Moore,

Cat. B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. 407 (1854).
Malacopteron maguirostris, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 4744

(18()9) ; Hume 8f Davison, Sir. F. 1878, p. 274 ; Hume, Str. F.

1879, pp. 61, 96.
Malacopterum magnirostre, Oates, B. Brit, Burm. i. p. 56 (1883).

Adult (type of species). Head, neck, mantle, and upper back duU
olivaceous brown, the lower back and rump more rufescent brown,
with some long plumes on the latter of yellowish white, forming a
narrow band which is concealed by the long feathers of the rump ;
lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, the greater series and
the quills dusky brown, extern all}' olivaceous brown, with a slight
shade of rufous ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers uniform
rufous, the latter a little browner towards the ends ; lores and
feathers round the eye ashy white ; over the eye a shade of grey ;
ear-coverts ashy brown, witli dull whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks dull
ash}', forming a broad aud distinct moustachial streak ; thi'oat and
abdomen white, as well as the under tail-coverts ; breast and sides
of the body washed with ashy brown, with a few streaks of ashy
on the lower throat and fore neck ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts buffj white, or white edged with pale fulvous ; quills dusky
brown below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner web; "legs,
feet, and claws pale bluish, sometimes a little darker and more
plumbeous ; upper mandible dark horny brown, almost black in
some ; lower mandible bluish white, pale blue, or plumbeous ; gape
dull yellow ; irides red, varying from cinnabar to lake, and from
lake to crimson " ( W. Davison). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-75,
wing 3, tail 2-6, tarsus 0'9.

The sexes are alike in phimago ; but the female is smaller, having
the wing 2'S2 to 2*9 inches, as against 3"1 to 3-35 inches in the
male (Hume, I. c).

Hah. Malayan peninsula, extending into Southern Tenasserim
and Cochin China.

a. Ad. sk. Malacca (Cantor). India Museum. (Type

of species.)

b, c. Ad. sk. Malacca (Cantor'). India Museum.

d. Ad. sk. Malacca (Cantor). Purchased.

e. cJ ad. sk. Klaug, Salangore, Malavan pen- A. 0. Hume, Esq.

insula, April 14, 1879 (W.
Davison).

f. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased.

2n 2

548 thielhd^.

11. Tnrdinus macrodactylus.

Malacopteron macrodactylum, StricM. Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii.

p. 417 (1844) ; id. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 103.
Turdinus macrodactylus, Bhjth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiii. p. 382

(1844) ; id. Cat. 'B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 147 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 219 (1850) ; Horsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i. p. 225 ;

mime, Str. F. 1879,' p. 60.
Macronus macrodactvlus, Gray, Gm. B. i. p. 210 ; id. Hand-l. B. i.

p. 319, no. 4776. '
Bracliypteiyx albogularis, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 401.
Hadropezus macrodactylus, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 11 (1872).

Adult (Malacca ; A. R. Wallace). General colour above reddish
brown, more fulvesceut on the back and duller on the head, the
upper surface mottled with distinct pale centres and yellowish
shaft-lines to the feathers, which are also distinctly edged with
black ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, the greater
coverts rather duller brown, with yellowish shaft-lines; primary-
coverts and quills externally rufous-brown, dusky brown on the
inner webs ; rump a little "lighter than the back and not so di-
stinctly black-edged ; upper tail-coverts and tail dull chestnut-
brown ; lores white, obscured by blackish tips to the feathers ;
eyelid black ; ear-coverts rufous, narrowly streaked with black ;
cheeks white, mottled with blackish edgings to the feathers ; throat
white, the lower part slightly mottled with a few triangular spots or
edgings of ashy blackish ; remainder of under surface of body light
fulvous-brown with white shaft-lines ; the thighs and flanks uniform
fulvous-brown : centre of the breast and abdomen pale ashy, mottled
with white centres to the feathers and dusky markings and bars ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries light fulvesccnt brown; lower
series of under wing-coverts ashy brown ; quills dull brown below,
ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web. Total length
6*7 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-2, tail 2-5, tarsus 1-2.

In the specimen described the ear-coverts are rufous ; and the
bird may therefore only be the female. None of the specimens in
the British Museum have the sex marked. Most of them, however,
have black ear-coverts and are very much darker in plumage, with
more distinct black spots and edgings on the feathers of the throat
and fore neck. Behind the ear-coverts, too, is a patch of fulvescent
feathers, each of which is edged with brown.

In one bird the ear-coverts are rufous, changing into black ; and
this specimen appears to show that the young male has rufous ear-
coverts like the old female, and then changes into the black coverts
of the adult.

Hah. Malayan peninsula, ranging as high as Province WeUesley.

a,h.\ 6 9.^ ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. WaUace, Esq.

c,(^. [c? ad. Jjuv.] Malacca. W.' Harvey, Esq. [P.].

e,f. [cJ ad.] sk. Malacca {Dr. Cantor). India Museum.

^, A. L c? ad.] sk. Malacca (Pam .ErM.). India Museum.

13. TrRDnrrs. 549

t. Ad. st. Malacca. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].

k. Ad. St. Malacca. Purchased.

/. [cj imm.] sk. Singapore. Gould Collection.

12. Turdinus rufipectus.

Turdinus rufipectus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p 224
(1879).

Adult male. Brown, with blackish margins to the feathers of the
upper surface ; throat white ; breast rufous ; abdomen greyish ;
wings dusky brown; tail and under tail-coverts dark brown; bill
and feet dusky : iris chestnut-brown. Total length 7'5 inches,
bill 1, wing 3"75, tail 2-75, tarsus 1'4. {Salvadori, I. c.)

The female does not differ sensibly from the male (Salvadori),

Hah. Sumatra.

This species is said by Count Salvadori to differ from Turdinus
macrodactijlus principally in the rufous colouring of the breast.

13. Turdinus atrigularis.

Cacopitta atrigularis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 257 (1850).

Macronus atrigularis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 318, no. 4750 (1869).

Adxdt. General colour above light brown, slightly rufescent, the
head with narrow blackish margins to the feathers, broader on the
mantle and back, the feathers of which have very pale centres and
white shaft-streaks ; rump uniform rufous-brown ; upper tail-
coverts chestnut-brown ; wing-coverts like the back, with pale
centres and whitish shaft-lines to the feathers, the greater series
and priuiary-covcrts edged with chestnut-brown ; quills light brown,
externally chestnut-brown, the inner secondaries almost entirely
of the latter colour ; tail-feathers brown, washed externally with
chestnut-brown ; lores fulvesceut, tipped with black ; feathers round
the eye and ear-coverts black, the latter succeeded by a patch of
pale fulvous-brown on the sides of the neck, the feathers with
paler .shafts ; a narrow streak of white from the base of the lower
mandible to below the eye ; hinder cheeks and entire throat black,
slightly mottled with white bases to the feathers ; fore neck and
breast fulvous or buffy white, all the feathers broadly edged with
black except on the centre of the breast and abdomen, which are
whiter with very narrow blackish margins to the feathers ; lower
flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts pale ferruginous buff ; axiUaries
and under wing-coverts pale ferruginous buff, the former with
whitish bases ; quiUs ashy brown below, pale ashy rufous along the
inner webs ; " iris chocolate '" {A. Everett). Total length 6' 7 inches,
culmen 1, wing 3-9o, tail 3, tarsus 1-35.
Hah. Borneo.

a. Ad. sk. Borneo. Purchased.

6. 5 ad.sk. Santubong, Sarawak (-4. -Ci-rrei^). Gould Collectiou.

650 TUEELnDJE.

14. Turdinus loricatus.

Myiothem loricata, Midi. Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Amsterd. 1835, p. 348.

Macronus loricatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1846).

Cacopitta loricata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 257 (1850, ex Mull. MS. in Mm.

Macronus loricatus, Gi-ay, JIand-l. B. i. p. 318, no. 4750 (1869).
Turdinus marmoratus, Wardlaw Mamsay, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 15.

Adult (Sumatra ; C. Bock). General colour above rufous-brown, all
the feathers mottled 'vrith black margins, a little less distinct on the
head ; wing-coverts like the back, but a little less broadly margined
with black ; quills dark brown, externally dull chestnut ; rump and
upper tail-coverts more distinctly rufous than the back, the dark
edges to the feathers scarcely distinguishable ; tail-feathers dark
chestnut-brown ; a distinct loral spot of white ; feathers round the
eye dark brown ; ear-coverts bright rufous, extending onto the
sides of the neck ; cheeks and throat white, mottled with broad
black edges to the feathers ; lower throat, fore neck, and breast
black, mottled with white on the body of the feathers, each of which
has a subterminal crescentic bar of white ; abdomen more ashy and
less distinctly barred or mottled with white ; sides of body, flanks,
and under- tail-coverts rufous-brown, the latter slightly tipped with
fulvous margins ; axillaries and under wing-coverts like the breast ;
the outer and lower wing-coverts brown hke the inside of the quills,
some of them showing narrow ashy margins. Total length 8 inches,
culmen 0-9, wing 3-6, tail 3-1, tarsus 1-3. (l/ws. B. G. Wardlaw
Jiamsay.)

Obs. The specimen described is the type of T. marmoratus ; but
I afterwards discovered in the lluseum a specimen of T. loricatus,
received from the Leyden Museum ; and there can be no doubt of
the latter being the older name for the species.

Hub. The mountains of Sumatra.

a. Ad. sk. Sumatra, Leyden Museum.

14. DEYMOCH.ffiRA.

Type.

DiymochaBra, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 19 D. badiceps.

Vitia, Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Sac. N. S. W. i. p. 41 (1876) . . D. badiceps.

Range. Confined to the Piji Islands.

1 . Drymochaera badiceps.

Drymochaera badiceps, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 20.

Vitia ruficapilla, Mamsay, Pr. Linn. Sac. N. S. W. i. p. 41 (1876).

Adult male. General colour above dull reddish brown ; wing-
coverts like the back, the lesser and median series with ashy bases ;
quills dark sepia-brown, edged with rufous-brown ; tail-feathers
dark brown, margined with reddish brown ; crown of head and nape

15, EETTHEOCICHLA. 551

rufous, forming a cap ; a distinct eyebrow of grejdsh white ; feathers
in front of the eye dusky ; ear-coverts light ashy grey, as also the
hinder part of the cheeks ; fore part of cheeks and throat white, ex-
tending onto the fore neck and breast, where, however, it is tinged
with grey ; sides of neck and sides of breast ashy grey, the flanks
light fulvous-brown ; thighs ashy, washed with fulvous-brown ;
under taU-coverts light fulvous-brown; under wing-coverts, axil-
laries, and edge of the wing pure white ; quills dusky below, white
along the edge of the inner web ; " bill dark brown ; feet pale
brown" (Kleinschmidi). Total length 4-7 inches, culmen 1'65, wing
2-25, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-95.

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length
4-75 inches, wing 2-15, tail 2, tarsus 0-9.

Mab. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands.

a, b. c? 2 ad. sk. Interior of Viti Leva. Dr. Kleinschmidt [C.].

15. ERYTHEOCICHLA.

Range. Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.

1. Erythrocichla bicolor,

Brachyptei^x bicolor, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 138.
Alcippe ? bicolor, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 385 (1844).
Malar-opteron ferruginosum, Bh/th, t. c. p. 383 (1844) ; Salvad. Ucc.

Born. p. -I^S (1874) ; Hume lij- Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 58 ; Hume,

Str. F. 1879, p. 96.
Macronus bicolor, Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B.

i. p. 318, no. 4764 (1869).
Trichostoma bicolor, Bli/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 147 (1849) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. i>59 (1800) ; Horsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. F.I. Co. Mus. i.

p. 226 (1854) ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 536.
Napothera rubicauda, Bp. Consp. i. p. 359 (1850, e.v Miill. MS. in

Mas. Luyd.).
Napothera rubicunda, Blyth, Cat. B. Mns. As. Soc, App. p. xxi (1852,

ex Miill. MSS.).
Napothera rubricauda, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 47 (ex Miill. MS. in Mus.

Lurid.).
Trichostoma ferruginosimi, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 47 ; Oatcs, B. Brit.

Burm. p. 58 (1883). ,

Adidt male. General colour above rufous-brown, more rufescent
on the forehead and crown, with light shaft-lines, the latter scarcely
distinguishable on the back ; on the rump a narrow band of silky
white plumes, almost concealed by the long feathers of the rump ;
upper tad-coverts and tail uniform briglit ferruginous ; lesser and
median wing-coverts like the back or edged with the same colour as
the latter ; greater coverts, bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills
dusky brown, externally rufous ; lores and feathers round the eye
buffy white ; feathers below the eye silky whitish : ear-covcrts pale
brown ; checks, throat, and under surface of body white, with a

552

TrjIELTTD^.

fulvous tint across the fore neck and chest, forming a faintlj- indi-
cated band ; sides of body and flanks also -washed -with light brown
or ashy fulvous ; thighs tawny ; under tail-coverts very pale buff,
as also the under wing-coverts and axillaries ; quills light brown
below, very pale rufous along the edge of the inner web ; " upper
mandible dirty white ; lower mandible dark brown ; legs and feet
fleshv white; iris pale wood-brown" (Davison). Total length 6-3
inches, culmen O'S, wing 2-95, tail 2-65, tarsus 1"15.

Hah. From Southern Tenasserim down the Malayan peninsula to
Sumatra and Borneo.

a.

f7.

ad. sk.

b.

Ad.

sk.

c.

Ad.

sk.

; d. s

e.

Ad

sk.

f,

(/. Ad. sk.

h.

Ad

sk.

I.

Ad.

sk.

k.

S

ad. sk.

Malacca (A. E. Wallace).
Malacca.

ad. Sumatra.

I, m, n. Ad. sk.

Sumati-a.

Borneo.

Lumbidan, N.W. Borneo.

Lawas river.

Paku, Sarawak.

Malacca {Griffith).

Gould Collection.

A. E. Wallace, Esq.

[0.].
A. R. WaUace, Esq.

[C.].
Purchased.
Purchased.

Governor Ussher fCl.
Governor Ussher [C.J.
Henry Everett, Esq.

[c.-].

India Museum.

16. DRYMOCATAPHUS.

Type.
Drymocataphus, Blytli, J. A. S. Beng. sviii. p. 815

(1849) D. nigrocapitatus.

Bessethera, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 76 (1850) , . D. capistratus.

Range. From the hills of N'orth-eastern Bengal, throughout Bur-
mah and Tenasserim and the Malayan peninsula, to Java, Sumatra,
and Borneo.

Key to the Species.

a. Crown black.

a'. Breast tawny or orange-rufous; legs dark
brown in skin.
a". Superciliary streak orange-rufous ; ear-
coverts brown capistratus, p. 553.

b" . Superciliary streak white or ashy whitish.

«'". Lores and ear-coverts ashy grey nigricapitatus, p. 554.

5'". Lores and ear-coverts black capistratoides, p. 555.

b' . Breast white like the throat ; legs pale yel-
lowish in skin cleaveri, p. 656.

b. Head brown with faint shaft-lines, or imiform

brown.
c'. Flanks olive-brown.

c". Throat white, not streaked ; head uniform

brown without paler shaft-lines ignotus, p. 556.

d". Throat fulvous, longitudinally streaked
with duskj'; head with distinct pale shaft-
Hues assamensis, p. 557.

16. DRTMOCATAPHTTS. 5 53

Flanks pale fulvous-'browB, only a little more

deeply coloured than the breast ; head pale

olive fulvous-brown, streaked with lighter

shaft-lines like the back tickelli, p. 557.

Flanks bright ferruginous like the under

tail-coverts ruhiginosvs, p. 560.

1. Drymocataphus capistratus.

Mviothera eapistrata, Temm. PL Col. ii. pi. 185. fig. 1 (1823) ; Strickl.

'Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 128.
Macronus capistratus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B.

i. p. 319, no. 4773 (1869).
Turdirostris eapistrata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 217 (1850) ; id, C. B. xxxviii.

p. 59 (1854).
Bessethera eapistrata, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 76 (1850).
Bessothera eapistrata, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 10 (1872).
Drymocataplius capistratus, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 219 (1874) ;

Nicholson, Ibis, 1879, p. 168.

Adult male (East Java ; Wallace). General colour above earthy
brown, with scarcely pronounced light shaft-streaks on the mantle ;
wing-coverts like the back, the greater series with clearer fulvesceut
margins ; quills blackish brown, externally fulvescent brown, the
innermost secondaries uniform and slightly more olivaceous brown ;
upper tail-coverts rather more reddish brown than the back ; tail-
feathers brown, more fulvesceut on their edges, and j^aler at the
tips of the outer ones ; crown of head black, narrowing in a point
down the nape ; a distinct eyebrow of tawny buff or orange ; lores
dull white, with black-tipped plumes in front of the eye ; ear-
coverts brown, with narrow whitish shaft-lines ; eyelid and a line
of feathers above the ear-coverts ashy grey, extending in a less
marked manner to the sides of the nape ; sides of neck brown like
the back ; fore part of cheeks white, slightly washed with orange ;
the hinder part of the cheeks, the malar line, and the under surface
of the body orange-rufous or tawny, the under tail-coverts and Hanks
washed with brown ; throat white ; thighs orange-rufous ; under
wing-coverts a little lighter than the breast, and of a rather more
ochraceous brown colour ; quills light brown, pale fulvous along the
edge of the inner web ; bill born-black, browner towards the tip ;
edges of upper mandible and lower mandible pale ; legs, feet, and
claws brown. Total length 6'6 inches, cuhueu 0'7, wing 2-7, tail
2-4, tarsus 1-25.

I have not met with an example of an undoubted adult female ;
but specimens probably of this sex are in Capt. Wardlaw Eamsay's
collection, as they have the ear-covcrts orange-rufous instead of
brown.

Youm/. Differs from the adult in being everywhere more rufous,
especially on the wings and tail ; the underparts are of a deep orange-
rufous, and the white throat is scarcely perceptible ; the eyebrow,
which is very distinct, and the ear-covcrts and sides of the face are

554 TIlTELIIl)^.

of the same colour as the underparts ; the crown is blackish brown
instead of jot-black, and forms a cap, instead of extending down
the nape as in the adult. The bill and feet are also paler.
Hah. Java.

a. S ad. sk. East Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

b. Ad. sk. West Java {E. C. Buxton). F. Nicholsou, Esq. [P.l

c. (S ad. sk. Java (Diard). F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].

2, Drymocataphus nigricapitatus.

Brachypteryx uigro-capitata, Ei/ton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 103 ; Blyth,

J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 385 (1844) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 178

(1849).
Goldana nigi-ocapitatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 796 (1842).
Drymocataphus nigrocapitatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 815

(1849) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 273; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B.E.I.

Co. Mus. i. p. 396 (1854) ; Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 59 (1854) ; Sahad.

Ucc. Born. p. 219 (1874) ; Tiveedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 308 ; mime 8f

Davis. Sir. F. 1878, p. 275 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 61, 96 ; Kel-

ham, Ibis, 1881, p. 511 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 64 (1883).
Bessethera barbata. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 76, note (1850).
Turdirostris nigrocapistratus, Verr. MSS. ; Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 59

(1854).
Macronus nigrocapistratus, " Eyton," Bp. t. c. p. 69 (1854, nee Eyton).
Macrouus capistratus (pt.), Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. pp. 69, 161

(1805, nee Temm.).
Drymocataphus capistratoides, pt., Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 318,

no. 4769 (1869, nee Stricld.).
Drymocataphus barbatus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 319, no. 4775 (1869).
Myiothera capistratoides, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 170 {nee Strickl.).

Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown, with indistinct
pale shafts to the feathers of the mantle ; wing-coverts Hke the
back, the greater series with brighter chestnut margins ; quills
sepia-brown, externally rufous-brown, the inner secondaries uniform
rufous-brown ; upper tail-coverts deep chestnut ; tail-feathers duU
rufous-brown, with chestnut margins to the feathers ; crown of
head and nape black ; lores, feathers round the eye and eyebrow,
sides of face, and ear-coverts ashy grey, streaked with white shaft-
lines, the ear-coverts washed with rufous ; sides of neck orange-
rufous, as also the hinder part of the cheeks and under surface
of: body ; the fore part of the cheeks and the whole of the throat
white ; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts more ohve-brown,
washed with orange ; under wing-coverts light orange, shaded with
brown, fulvous-white along the edge of the wing; quills brown
below, fulvescent along the margin of the inner web ; " upper
mandible black, lower one fleshy white ; legs and feet fleshy white,
slightly tinged with brown (in one specimen reddish horny) ; iris
rhubarb-red" {W. Davison). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-7,
wing 2-65, tail 2-25, tarsus 2-2.

Hah. Sumatra and the Malayan peninsula, ranging, as a rare
straggler, into the extreme southern portions of Tcnasserim.

16. DBrMOCATAPHTJS. 555

a. Ad. St. Malacca. Purchased.

b, c, d, e. Ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum.

/. Ad. sk. Malacca. Eyton Collection. (Type

of species.)

ff. Ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stacldiouse Pinwill

[P.].

h. (S ad. sk. Singapore. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

i. (S ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

3. Drymocataphus capistratoides.

Myiothera capistratoides, Temm. in Bins. Lw/d.
Goldana capistratoides, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 128, pi. 36.
Turdirostris capistratoides, Bp. Consp. i. p. 218 (1850) ; id. C. R.
' xxxviii. p. 59 (1854).
Drymocataphus capistratoides, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 16 ; Sal-

iad. Ucc. Born. p. 218 (1874) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 11 ; Sharpe,

Ibis, 1879, p. 258.
Macronus capistratus, Pek. Meis. Novara, Vog. pp. 69, 161 (pt., 1865).
Macronus capistratoides. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 318, no. 4769 (1869,

pt.).
Myiothera capistrata, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 170 (nee Temm.).

Adult male (Bintulu, Dec. 1, 1875; A. Everett). General colour
above rufous-brown, deepening into chestnut on the lower back and
rump, the mantle with inconspicuous pale shaft-lines ; wing-coverts
like the back ; quills dark sepia-brown, externally rufous-brown,
the primaries rather paler; tail-feathers dark brown, externally
chestnut ; crown of head and nape jet-black ; lores, feathers above
and below the eye, and ear-eoverts ashy black ; a distinct white
eyebrow extending from the base of the bill to the sides of
the hinder neck, and skirting the black crown ; lower edge of
hinder ear-coverts rufous-brown ; sides of neck rufous-brown, with
orange-rufous shaft-streaks ; cheeks and entire throat white ; fore
neck and entire breast bright orange-rufous or tawny, the sides of
the body, flanks, lower abdomen, vent, thighs, and under tail-
coverts deep rufous-brown ; under wing-coverts rufous-brown, paler
near the edge of the wing ; quills deep sepia-brown below, nar-
rowly edged with fulvous-brown along the inner web ; " bill black ;
mandible pale lead-colour ; legs leaden brown ; iris orange-brown "
(^A. Everett). Total length 5-7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2-Q,
tail 2-2, tarsus 1-15.

A male, labelled Sibu, and procured by Mr. Everett on the 28th
of February 1875, has the iris " crimson." I can discover no dif-
ference in colouring from the male above described, excepting that
the ear-coverts are somewhat blacker.

Adult female (Paku, Dec. 1878; H. Everett). Apparently iden-
tical with the male in colour, but is a little smaller ; " iris crimson"
{H. E.). Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2*4, tail 1-9,
tarsus 1'2.

Hah. Borneo.

a. Ad. sk. N.W. Borneo {H. Low). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

b, c. Ad. sk, N.W. Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.].

556 TlMEtlTD^.

d. S ad. sk. Binhilu, W. Borneo, Dec. 1, Mfred Everett, Esq. [C].

e. 6 ad. sk. Sibu! Sarawak. Feb. 28, Alfred Everett, Esq. [0.].

1876
/. $ ad. sk. Pakii, Sarawak, Dec. 1878. Henry Everett, Esq. [C.]-

4. Dr3rmocataplius cleaveri.

Drymocataplius cleaveri, Shelley, Ibis, 1874, p. 89.

Adult General colour above rufescent brown, the wing-coverts
like the back, the greater coverts more rufous on the outer margins ;
quills brown, externally rufescent brown, the innermost secondaries
more olive-brown; upper tail-coverts dull chestnut; tail-feathers
rufescent brown; crown of head and nape black, slightly washed
with grey on the latter and on the sides of the occiput ; lores and
a broad eyebrow ashy white, the eyelid tinged with rufous ; m
front of the eye a few dusky feathers ; cheeks and ear-coverts du
white, the upper edge of the latter blackish; sides of neck dull
ashy throat and under surface of body dull white, the breast
somewhat ashy white; sides of body and under tail-coverts tawny
buff the thighs inwardly whitish, outwardly fulvescent ; under
wing-coverts light tawny buff, with a few whitish feathers near the
ed<^e of the wing, which is mottled with blackish brown; quills
brown below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner web ; legs pale
yellowish in skin, the claws also; bill blackish brown, yellow at
the base of the lower mandible. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-7,
wing 2-7, tail 2-2, tarsus 1-05.

Eah. Interior of the Gold Coast, West Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Denkera {AuUnn). R- B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

5. Drymocataphus ignotus.

Pellorneum ignotum, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 334 ; id. Str. F. 1878,

t:^^:^: S:d^^^i L tMa,M, ms, (4) ...

p 519 (1877) ; Hume, Str. F 1878, vol. u. p. 143, note.
Adult male (Nage.hms,Aim\ 13, 1876 ; type of T. nagaensis)
General colour above uniform dark brown, of rather a reddish tint,
the lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts
and quills dusky brown, externally like the back ; tail-feathers
brown; over the eye apparently a paler shade of ashy whi ish ;
ear-coverts and sides of face brown ; throat conspicuously white,
with scarcely perceptible dusky tips to some of the feathers ; fore
neck and breast olive fulvous-brown, with sligM fulvescent shaft-
streaks ; centre of breast and of abdomen white; sides of body
more fulvescent brown, inclining to tawny on the ower flanks and
thighs and deepening perceptibly on the under ^a^ -coverts ; under
wing-coverts and axUlaries fulvous-brown; quiUs dusky brown

J 6. DETMOCATAPHtrs. 557

below, pale ashy rufous along the inner web. Total length 4-4
inches, culmen 0'6, wing 2-2, tail 2, tarsus 0'9. (Mus. H. U.
Oodwin- Austen.)
Hob. Hills of North-eastern Bengal.

6. Drymocataphus assamensis.

Pellorneum tickelli (non Blyth), Hume c^ Davis. Sir. F. 1878, vol. i.

pp. 277, 514; Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 143, note; id. Ibis,

1878, p. 114; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 96.
Turdiniis garoensis, c? ad., Godw.- Austen, J. A. S. Betu/. xlv. p. 75

(1876).

Adult male (Dikrang valley, Dec. 1874). General colour above
dark brown, with pale shaft-streaks to the feathers of the head and
mantle ; fore part of crown rather lighter, with distinct yellowish
buff shaft-sti'eaks ; rump more uniform, with scarcely perceptible
shaft-lines ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, the
greater series externally more fulvous-brown ; bastard-wing feathers
light fulvous-brown: primary- coverts blackish, externally washed
with fulvous, forming a small wing-patch ; quills blackish, ex-
ternally deep fulvous-brown, dai-ker on the primaries, the inner
secondaries entirely deep fulvous-brown, with pale shafts like the
back ; upper tail-coverts a little lighter brown than the back ; tail-
feathers dusky brown, externallj- washed with dark fulvous-brown ;
lores ashy fulvous, mottled with dusky tips to the feathers ; plumes
round the eye ashy fulvous, ashy grey on the hinder margin ; a
slight shade of ashy grey above the ear-coverts, not iironounced
enough to form an eyebrow ; ear-coverts dark brown with paler
fulvous shaft-lines ; cheeks pale fulvous-brown, slightly mottled
with dusky tips to the feathers ; under surface pale fulvous-brown,
with dusky brown streaks on the throat and cheeks ; centre of
breast and abdomen creamy white ; flanks and sides of body dark
olive-brown, the thighs a little more fulvescent ; under tail-coverts
pale fulvous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light fulvous-brown ;
quills dusky brown below, creamy buff along the inner web ; '• bill
dark brown above, pale grey below ; legs and feet very pale flesh-
colour ; iris brown." Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 2*5,
tail 2-1, tarsus 1-15. (Mus. H. H. Godwin-Austen.)

Hah. Hills of Assam and North-eastern Bengal.

a. (S ad. sk. DhoUah, Assam {Cockhtrn). E. W. Gates, Esq.

7. Drymocataphiis tickelli*.

Pellorneum tickelli, Bhjth, J. A. S. Benrj. xxviii. p. 414 (1859) ;
Tickell, Ibis, I8(;;i, p. 113; Hume, Str. F. Ib73, p. 299, note;
Oates, Str. F. 1875, p. 119, 1876, p. 406; Godiu.-Austen, Ibis,
1878, p. 115.

* This species has been the subject of much discussion amoug ornithologists ;
and I have found it yerr difHculr to settle all the disputed points. It nas first
described by Blyth in 1859 ; and I am inclined to agree with the late Lord

558 TIUELIID^.

Trichastoma minor, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 535 ; Wald. in Blyth, B.
Burm. p. llo (1875 J ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 59 ; id. ^- Davison,
Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 259 ; id. Ibis, 1878, p. 114 ; Godic.-Amten,
t. c. p. 115.

Turdinus garoeusis, Godw.-Axisten, J. A. S. Beng. xliii. p. 160, pi. viii.

(1874) ; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 396, 1878, p. 514, 1879, p. 95.
Drymocataplius f ulvus, Wald. Ann. S) 3Iag. Nat. Hist. (4) xv. p. 401

(1875) ; id. in Bli/tJi, B. Burm. p. 115 (1875) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1875,
p. 403.

Alcippe tickelli, Godiv.-Austen, Pr. A. S. Bene/, xlvi. p. 146 (1877).
Trichastoma miuus, Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 385 ; Godw.-Austen, Ibis,

1878, p. 115 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95.
Drjmocataphus tickeHi, Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 451, pi. xi. fig. a ; Oates,

B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 64 (1883).

Adult fem-ctle. General colour above fulvous-brown, tbe head like
the back, but streaked with light fulvous shaft-lines which extend
to the mantle ; feathers of the rump lighter fulvous, forming a con-
cealed band under the long feathers of the lower back; wing-

Tweeddale as to the identification of Blyth's species, and to dissent from the
view afterwards taken by Mr. Hume. The original specimen was discovered
by the late Colonel Tiekell at Amherst in Tenasserim, and was forwarded by
him to Blyth at Calcutta. Colonel Tickell's paper describing the species arrived
by a later mail than his specimens ; and in tlie meantime Blyth had given names
to them. This circumstance is explained by Colonel TickeH in the ' Ibis ' for
1863, pp. 111-113.

The further history of the species appears to be as follows : — In 1873 Mr.
Hume, when describing a supposed new Pellomcum from Thayetmyo as
P. minus, reproduced in a footnote the original description of P. tickelU. In
1874 the same gentleman described a new Trichastoma as T. minor from Tenas-
serim ; and in the succeeding year the late Lord Tweeddale described a Brymo-
cataphus fidvus from Kareunee. In the ' Birds of Burma' Blyth identified his
Pellorneum tickclli as a true Pellorneum, and placed as a synonym P. suhochra-
ceuvi of Swinhoe. This was evidently a mistake, and Mr. Blyth's memory must
have failed him when uniting these two species. P. minus of Hume is also
admitted by Blyth into his ' Birds of Burma :' and Lord Tweeddale, in editing
the latter book, followed Blyth in stating that it was a synonym of P. ticlcelli.
In the same work Lord Tweeddale suggests that Trichastoma minor of Hume
is probably the same as T. ahho^ti ; but this is also an error on Lord Tweed-
dale's part. In the first ' List of the Birds of Upper Pegu,' a bird is identified
by Mr. Oates and Mr. Hume as Pellorneum tickelli. Mr. Oates brought a spe-
cimen of the same bird home to England, which is now in the British Museum,
and is duly recorded below ; so that in this year the species may be said to have
been rio-htly identified by Mr. Oates, and his conclusions ratified by Mr. Hume
as editor of 'Stray Feathers.' In 1876 Mr. Oates published a note on Pellor-
neum minor of Hume and P. tickelli of Blyth, in which he animadverts on Lord
Tweeddale's identification of these two species ; but the matter is fully explained
by the latter ornithologist in a letter to the ' Ibis ' for 1877 (p. 385) ; and at
p. 451 he contributes a " Note on the Pelhrneum tickelli of Blyth," in which he
shows that Pellorneum minus of Hume is P. suhochraceum of Swinhoe, and that
Drymocataphus f ulvus of Walden is the same as Pellorneum tickclli of Blyth,
but points out that it is a true Brynwcataphus, and should stnud as B. tickelli
(Blyth). A figure is given which cannot be said to be very characteristic, as
the delicate shaft-stripes on the upper surface and the faint dusky markings on
the throat and breast are omitted. Mr. Hume had published independently in
the same year (' Stray Feathers,' 1877, p. 59) his opinion that Drymocataphus
ftdviis of Walden and his own Trichastoma minor were one and the same species.

16. BETMOCATAPHFS. 559

coverts like the back and showing the same light shaft-streaks ;
quills dusky brown, externally fulvous-brown like the back, paler
on the primaries, the secondaries slightly edged paler at the tips ;
tail-feathers light brown edged with fulvous-brown, and with reddish-
brown shafts ; lores and feathers round the eye fulvoi;s, the former
with whitish shaft-streaks ; ear-coverts light brown, obscurely
streaked with narrow fulvous shaft-lines ; feathers above the ear-
coverts paler fulvous-brown with whitish shaft-hnes, scarcely sufB-
ciently marked to be called an eyebrow ; cheeks and under surface
of body fulvous, the centre of the breast and abdomen whitish ; on
the breast a few indications of slightly darker fulvous-brown streaks ;
flanks and sides of body rather deeper fulvous ; thighs and under
tail- coverts fulvous, as also the under wing-coverts and axiUaries ;
quills dusky below, fulvous along the inner web ; " biU dusky
above, pale fleshy beneath ; inside of mouth yellow ; irides reddish
brown ; eyelids greenish fleshy ; legs fleshj' white, toes of a slightly
paler colour " {E. W. Oates). Total length 4-1 inches, culmen 0*6,
wing 2-25, tail 1-8, tarsus 1,

Adult male. Resembles the female in colour, but is rather larger.
Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0'65, wing 2-45, tail 2, tarsus
1-05.

Hah. Hills of Karen-nee, Pegu, and Tenasserim.

To the ' Ibis ' Mr. Hume sent a further note on these species, in 1878, accom-
panied by specimens of the bird which he identified as Pellorneiim tickelli, and
also examples of his Trichasioma minor, asking if the Editors would find out if
the latter was identical with Turdinus garoensis of God win -Austen. The Editors
of the • Ibis ' submitted the specimens to Colonel Godwin-Austen, who identified
Pellonieum HckeUi (Blvth apud Hume) as the same as his Turdinus c/aroensis,
" male," from the Dafla hills. Trichcutonia minor of Hume he shows to be the
same as B. fxlviis, Walden, and also identifies it with the true Pellonieum
tickelli of Blvth : he further considers it to be distinct from his Turdinus garo-
ensis, thousrh closely allied to it. In the same year (Str. F. 1878, p. 259) Mr.
Hume allows the identity of Z^./^^j^^s with his Trichastmna minor, and suggests
that T. garoensis, Godwin-Austen, is really the same species. In this conclu-
Bion he is quite right, as I am able to afiirm from an examination of the tj-pe of
T. garoensis, which Colonel Godwin-Austen has kindly lent to me. Further
on, in his account of the ' Birds of Tenasserim,' Mr. Hume writes of Pellorneum,
tickelli, and does not agree with Colonel Godwin- Austen's identifications, and
reiterates his previous opinions. Mr. Oates's collection, however, contains a
poor specimen from Dhollah, in Assam, which was given to him by Mr. Hume,
and which I believe to be the bird which the latter gentleman considers to
be true P, tickelli of Blyth. This specimen, which is now in the British
Museum, is really the same as ihs male oi Turdinus garoensis from the Dikrang
vaUey in Colonel Godwin-Austen's collection ; but it is not the same species as his
Turdinus garoensis, according to my views, after an examination of both the
specimens referred to ; and it is this mistake which has puzzled Mr. Hume. The
latter gentleman, at p. 514 of vol. vi. of ' Stray Feathers,' says that he has ob-
tained a specimen of tlie true Turdinus garoensis of Godwin- Austen ; but I do
not feel certain, from reading his remarks, that he has really obtained Godwin-
Austen's species. In 1879 Mr. Hume, in his ' List of the Birds of India,' still
adheres to his beUef that Pellorneum tickelli is distinct from his Trickastoma
minus, and refers them to two diflferent genera ; but I trust that, after reading
my remarks, he will be able to agree with my conclusions. Mr. Oates, who
examined the subject with me. has, I am glad to say, adopted my views.

560 HMELUB-J!.

a. S ad. sk. Pabyin, Mergui District, E. W. Oates, Esq.

Tenasserim, Nov. 15,
1874 {W. Davison).

b. 9 ad. sk. Evergreen forests, eastern E. W. Oates, Esq. [0.].

slopes of Pegu hills,
AprU 16, 1873.

8. Drymocataphus rubiginosus.

Trichostoma rubiginosa, Walden, Ann. ^ Mar/. Nat. Hist. (4) xv.
p. 402 (1875) ; id. in Blyth B. Burm. p. 115 (1875) ; Hume ^
Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 260 ; Hume, Sti: F. 1879, p. 95.

Adult female. (Karen-nee, March 23, 1874 ; R. G. Wardlaw
Ramsay : type of species). General colour above fulvous-brown, the
head a little duller than the back, slightly washed with tawny on
the forehead ; upper tail-coverts somewhat washed with rufous ;
wing-coverts like the back, the greater series and tlie quills light
brown, externally like the back, rather more tawny on the outer
web and on the primaries ; tail-feathers brown washed with olive-
brown, and narrowly fringed with reddish at the tips; lores*, a
narrow eyebrow, sides of face and cheeks, as well as the sides of
the throat and under surface of body, ferruginous or deep tawny ;
chin and centre of throat, as well as the centre of the breast and
abdomen, white ; under wing- coverts and asillaries like the breast ;
quills ashy brown below, pale tawny along the edge of the inner
web ; " bill blackish brown above, paler below, yellowish at gape ; legs
dull pinkish white ; iris light brown." Total length 6-3 inches,
culmen 0-75, wing 3, taU 255, tarsus 1-35. {Alas. II. G. Wardlaw
Ramsay.)

Young female. Similar to the adult, but more fluffy in plumage ;
the latter also duller in colour. (3fus. B. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.)

Hub. HlUs of Karen-nee, Burmah.

17. ORTYGOCICHLA.

Type.
Ortygocichla, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 452 0. rubiginosa.

Range. New Britain.

1. Ortygocichla rubiginosa.
Ortygocichla rubiginosa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 452, pi. 39.

Adult female. General colour above brown ; lesser wing-coverts
and median coverts like the back, outer lesser coverts edged with
rufous ; greater coverts, bastard wing, and primary-coverts dusky
brown, externally edged with dull rufous ; quUls sepia-brown, ex-
ternally edged with rufous-brown ; upper tail-coverts and tail-
feathers rufous-brown ; crown of head a little more dusky than the

* The specimens are somewhat damaged about the head, and it is difficult to
make out exactly the distribution of the rufous colour.

IH. liYPSOPHILA. 561

back ; lores and a broad eyebrow chestnut rufous ; sides of face also
chestnut, with a dusky streak along the upper edge of the ear-
coverts ; cheeks and under surface chestnut ; sides of body, flanks,
and thighs brown ; under tail-coverts deeper chestnut ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries light chestnut ; lower greater coverts and
quills below ashy brown ; inner edge of quills paler ; " bill dark
horn -colour above, almost black, beneath brighter; legs, feet, and
claws dark horn-colour ; iris bright grey with a light brown tinge "
(KleinM-hmidt). Total length 6-3 inches, culmeu 0-75, wing 2-95,
tail 2-7, tarsus 1'05.

Hab. New Britain.
a. 2 ad. sk. New Britain. Dr. Kleinschmidt [C.].

18. GYPSOPHILA.

Type.

I

Turdiniis, pt., Blyth, et auct. recent.

Gyp.sophila, E. W. Oafes, B. Brit. Burm. p. 61 (18S3) . . G. crispifrons.

Range. Tenasseriin.

1. Gypsophila crispifrons.

Turdinus crispifrons, Blyth, J. A. S. Bang. xxiv. p. 269 (1855); id
B. Burm. p. 114 (1875) ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 87 ; id. ^- Dam-
son, Sir. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 262 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Bing-
ham, Str. F. 1880, p. 179.

Macrouus crispifrons, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 319, no. 4779 (1869).

Turdinus darwini, Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 90.

Gypsophila crlspifious, Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 01 (188o).

Adult female. General colour above ashy olive-brown, mottled
with narrow blackish margins to the feathers of the upper surface,
producing a scaly ajjpearance, the feathers having also narrow
whitish shaft-lines ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uni-
form ashy olive, the latter verj' slightly rufescent ; lores ashy, with
whitish shaft-lines ; a distinct eyebrow ashy grey, with indistinct
white shaft-streaks ; feathers round the eye ashy whitish ; ear-
coverts darker ashy grey, wdth narrow whitish shaft-lines ; lesser
and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts dusky olive-
brown ; quills dark sepia-brown, externally dusky olive, the inner-
most secondaries with narrow whitish shaft-lines, and showing a
small spot of white at the tip ; tail-feathers dark brown, externally
olive-brown, very slightly rufescent in shade ; cheeks dull white,
mottled with dusky tips to the feathers ; throat and breast dull
white, with broad dusky brown centres to the feathers, giving a
broadly streaked appearance, less pronounced on the chin and upper
throat ; abdomen slightly washed with ochraceous, the centre
whitish ; sides of body dark ashy olive, with a somewhat reddish
tint on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; under wing-
coverts ashy olive ; quills dusky brown below, somewhat lighter
along the inner web; "irides deep red, rhubarb-red, or light red ;
upper mandible dark brown or black ; lower one pale plumbeous ;
legs dark brown, always tinged with red or purple of varying

VOL. VII. 2 0

5G2 T1MELIIDJ5.

shades " ( W. Davison). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing
2-95, taU 2-7, tarsus 1-15.

In the two specimens from Wimpong in the British Museum, the
lores, eyebrow, sides of face and chin are pure white ; aud in Mr.
Hume's examples from the same locality the same curious diffe-
rence of plumage is exhibited, and some of them even had a broad
white collar on the back of the neck. This difference in coloration
is probably seasonal ; and any one studying the species should con-
sult Mr. Hume's paper on T. crispifrons (Str. F. 1877, pp. 87-90).
Cf. also Gates, B. Br. Burm. p. 61.

Hah. Isolated limestone-rocks in the central portions of Tenas-
serim.

a. 5 ad. sk. Thouiigscha Gyne river, March 9, A. O. Hume, Esq.

1877 ( W. Davison).

b, c. d ad. sk. Wimpong, Dec. 23, 187C ( W. D.). A. 0. Hume, Esq.

19. TRICHOSTOMA. „,

lype.
Trichastoma, Bli/tk, J. A. S. Dene/, xi. p. 795 (1842) T. rostratum.

Range. From Southern Tenasserim down the Malayan peninsula
to Sumatra and Borneo.

1. Trichostoma rostratum*.

Trichastoma rostratum, Blyth, J. A. S. Deng. xi. p. 795 (1842), xiii.
p. 383 (1845), xvi. p. 462 (1848) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 147
(1849) ; Dp. Consp. i. p. 259 (1850j ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 60,
160, 1880, pp. 109, 127 ; Oates, D. Drit. Durin. i. p. 56 (1883).

Malacopteron rostratum, Gray, Gen. D. i. p. 209 (1846).

Napothera umbratilis, Tenim. M8S. ; Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1849,
p. 128, pi. 31 (hind figure).

Myiothera umbratilis, .\IiilL Miis. Dugd., vndh

Turdirostiis umbratilis, Dp. Consp. i. p. 218 (1850).

Brachypteryx macroptera, Salvad. Atti R. Ac. Torin. iii. p. 528 (1868).

Macronus umbratilis, Gray, Hand-l. D. i. p. 319, no. 4771 (1869).

Brachypteryx buxtoni, Walden, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 307 : id. Ibis, 1877,
p. 308, pi. 6. fig. 2.

Achdt female. General colour above brown, lighter on the fore-
head, where the feathers are pale-shafted ; the head like the back,
and with nearly obsolete lighter shafts to the feathers ; the bases to
the feathers of the back conspicuously ashy or greyish white, form-
ing streaks when the plumage is disarranged ; on either side of the
rump a large tuft of silky white plumes, more or less concealed by
the long brown feathers of the lower back ; upper tail-coverts rufous ;
tail-feathers dark brown, with somewhat of a reddish tint ; wing-
coverts like the back, with obsolete shaft-lines ; quills dusky brown,
externally reddish brown, the innermost secondaries entirely of the
latter colour ; lores dull whitish, obscured with ashy-brown tips to
the feathers ; feathers over and round the eye pale fulvescent

* In the absence of an examination of Mr. Blyth's types, I have carefully
compared our specimens with the description of the species, and agree with Mr.
O ates as to his identification.

20. MALACOPTERUJI. ggg

brown ; above the ear-coverts a slight shade of ashy ; ear-coverts

^1Z^Z'\ :Y't '""f-^'r -' '''''^' ''^' ^^^y -i'h white baS
indicating a tolerably distinct moustachial line; throat and under
surface of body white, ashy on the sides of the body from the sides
w. I A X T^ do^'nwards, the sides of the breast slightly
wahed with brown; thighs reddish brown; under tail-co^ertl
white ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries ashy brown washed with
fuvous, resenibhng the sides of the breast; quiHs dusky brown
ftfT' f ^yl^^^^^K-l-g tt^« edge of the inner web ; "legs anS
feet^ leaden blue; ins Indian red " (A. Everett). Total leno-th 4-9
inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-65, tail 2-1, tarsus 1 °

^roun r^r-' r";^"''' larger than the female, as is usual in this
&' .1, f"^""' ^"^ ^ Lumbidan specimen of Governor
Us hers, though no so marked, is, from its size, no doubt a male

2, tTrsusTor ° "''^''' "'^"'" '■^' ^"^° -"^5' '-^

The same variation from olive- to rufous-brown exists in this

species as in aUied ones ; and this is especially the case in the colour

ot the flanks and under wing-coverts, which are sometimes much

fi^rinW^otn"'^^'^' ^'^ ''''-' '^'^'^' '-- ™^-«-^-- ^0

t: Idlk^'- Sar "' '^"^^^^""- LS;?er ^^^- ^^•^•

d Ad* sk L^inibidan,NW Borneo. Governor Ussher [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Lumbidan N.W.Borneo R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. rP.I

(Iluffh Low). 1 L J-

e. 2 ad. sk. Labaug, Bintulu, W. Alfred Everett, Esq fC 1

Borneo. ' ^ l^-j-

f, 9, h. Ad. sk. Sarawak. Henry Everett, Esq. [C.].

20. MALACOPTERUM.

Malacopteron £;yfo«, P Z «. 1839, p. IQo M. nSg^um. '

.''iNaputhera, i?we, /sw, 1835 v

Setaria, Myth, J. A. S. Beng. xui.'p.*385'(1844)' :::;;; M. albogulare.

Range. Prom Southern Tenasserim through the Malayan penin-
sula to bumatra and Borneo.

Malacopterum cixereicapillum.
Alcippe cinereicapilla, Salvad. Atfi R. Accad. Torino, iii. p. 530 a868)
Brachypteryx cinereicapilla, Giebcl, The,. On, i. p 476 n87-?1
betana cinereicapilla, Sittvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 2,34 (1874). "

Head, neck, and sides of head grey; back and wings olivaceous ■ unner tail
coverts and tail rufosc.nt ; under surface of body wbif ish ; sides ashy Xe the
under tail-cover s tinged with rufous; bill dusky; feet ashy in skin- irilU '

Hah. Sarawak, Borneo.
hS!"- ^-l^o*?"? examined this species, I do not know if it should be placed
p 367) pectoralis, Salvad., in the genus Rhinomyias (Cat. B S. h^

2o2

504 XI M KLUDGE.

Key to the S^jecies.

a. Fore part of head rufous, -with black tip8 to the

feathers.
a'. Nape with a black patch.

a". Larger : throat and chest with dusky

streaks magmtm, p 5(i4.

b" . Smaller: no streaks on the throat cinereum, p. oG.5.

h' . Nape olive-brown ; no black on this part. . . , k])idoc€j)halum,T^.5Q7,

b. No rutous on fore part of crown.

c'. Ear-coverts tawny rufous, as also sides of
breast and band across breast ; head dull
ashy brown with narrow pale shaft-lines . . eryihrote, p. 567.

d' . Ear-coverts ashy brown ; head uniform black-
ish brown : upper tail-coverts and basal
shade of tail ferruginous ; on breast a few
dusky ashy streaks offine, p. 569.

e' . Ear-coverts black; distinct white eyebrow;

throat white ; bar across breast ashy grey . . albigulare, p. 568.

1. Malacopterum magnum.

Malacopterou magnum, Eyton. P. Z. *S'. 1839, p. 103 ; Gray, Gen. B.
i. p. 202 (1846) ; Bp. Cojtsp. i. p. 259 (1850) ; Ilorsf. if- Moore,
Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mils. i. p. 225 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317,
no 4730 (1869) ; Hume Sf Davis. Sir. F. 1878, p. 270 ; Hume, Sir.
F. 1879, pp. 61, 95 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 258 ; Kelhain, Ibis,
1831, p. 511 ; Nicholson, Ibis, 1882, p. 61 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm.
i. p. 55 (1883). _

Malacopteron majus, Blyth, J. A. S. Banff, xvi. p. 461 (1847) ; id. Cat.
B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 148 (1849), App. p. xxi (1852) ; Salvad. Ucc.
Born. p. 225 (1874) ; Ticeedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 309.

Adult. General colour above brown, more rufescent on the lower
back and rump, the upper tail-coverts l)right chestnut ; wing-coverts
a little deeper brown than the back, the greater series dusky, ex-
ternally somewhat rufescent brown ; quills dusky brown, externally
light brown, the secondaries rufous on their outer webs ; tail-fea-
thers reddish brown, lighter brown at their ends, the outer ones
more distinctly reddish towards their bases : forehead and crown
rufous, the hinder crown and nape black, the adjoining feathers of
the crown black at base, rufous at tips ; lores and a faintly indi-
cated eyebrow ashy grey, with tiny whitish streaks on the latter ;
feathers round the eye ashy white ; feathers below the eye ashy
grey, minutely streaked with white ; ear-coverts pale brown, with
indistinct fulvescent shaft-lines ; cheeks white, washed with ashy ;
throat and under surface of body white, with a shade of ashy on the
breast, more distinct on the sides, the flanks also washed with ashy
brown ; under tail-coverts white ; on the lower throat and fore
neck some more or less distinct spots of dull ashy ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy white ; ([uills dusky brown below, nar-
rowly margined with w-hite along the inner web ; " bill horny, the
lower mandible yellowish ; legs pale slate ; iris pale brown " (li. O.
Wardlaw Rmnsaij) ; " legs and feet and claws blue, varying in

20. MALACOPTKUUM. 565

shade from pale plumbeous to pale smalt-blue ; upper mandible
dark horny brown, lower mandible and often the edges of the upper
mandible plumbeous blue, or white tinged with blue, fading to bluish
white at the tip ; irides varying from carmine to orange-red, appa-
rently according to age, as a younger bird has them pale sienna-
brown " (Davison). Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 8'2,
tail 2-8, tarsus 0-85.

The amount of spotting on the throat varies with individuals, and
extends sometimes up the whole of the chin, and downwards as
far as the breast, giving a distinctly streaked appearance. Some
birds, too, are much more dusky than others, less fulvescent brown
on the back, and having less rufous on the rump and tail. This is
especially noticeable in one of Capt. Wardlaw Eamsays specimens
from Sarawak (//. Everett).

According to Mr. Hume the males are larger than the females,
having the wing 3-35 to 3-7 and the tarsus ()-9 to U'9.5 inches, as
against wing 3-2 to 3-25 and tarsus 0*8 to 0-9 in the hen bird.

I could only find in Mr. Eyton's collection the single type of
M. magnum (no. 2577 of his Catalogue, p. 194). The supposed
female bird described by him was no longer in his cabinet at the
time of his death ; but there can be no doubt that it was a specimen
of the small species M. cinereum, as pointed out by Mr. Hume.
See my remarks (infra, p. 566) on the latter species.

Hub. From. Southern Tenasserim down the Malayan peninsula to
Sumatra and Borneo.

a. cJ ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

b. cJ ad. sk. Malacca ( Wallace). Gould Collection.

c. cj ad. sk. Klang, Salangore, Ma- A. 0. Hume, Esq.

layan peninsula, April
15, 1879 (Xr.Z>ffmo?i).

d. e. Ad. ; /. 2 Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
ad. sk.

g. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Eyton Collection. (Type

of species.)
h. (J ad. sk. Borneo. Gould Collection.

*', *• d $ ad. sk. Sibu, Sarawak, Feb. A. H. Everett, Esq. [C.].

28, 1875.

2. Malacopterum cinereum.

Malacopteron cinereus, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 103; Gray, Gen. B.

i. p. 209 (1846).
Malacopteron raasnuiu (non Eyton), Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xvi. p. 461

(1847).
Napothera coronata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 358 (1850); Bli/th, Ibis, 1870,

p. 170.
Malacopteron coronatum, Sfrickl. in Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Sue.

p. x.xi (1852); Ilorsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. p. 226

(1854) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 275; Motley ^ Dillw. Nat. HisL

Lahuan, p. 21, pi. 5 (1855).
Malacopteron cinereum, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, uo. 4731 (180'J):

Hume, ,Str. F. 187S, p. 271, lf^79, ji. CI ; Oafr.". !>'. Brit. Burnt.

i. p. 55 (1H8;1).

506 TlilELIID^.

Adult male. General colour above browu, rather more dusky on
the mantle and upper back, lighter and more fulvous-bro-vrn on the
lower back and rump ; upper tail-coverts light rufous ; tail-feathers
entirely rufous-brown, with lighter rufous edgings ; wing-coverts
like the back, the greater coverts dusky, externally like the back;
quills dusky brown, externally dull olivaceous brown, the secondaries
entirely of the latter colour ; forehead and crown deep orauge-nifbus,
the feathers tipped with distinct spots of black ; hinder crown and
nape black ; lores, feathers round the eye and above the ear-coverts
ashy white, mottled with blackish margins to the feathers, the
hinder part of the eyebrow fulvescent with paler shaft-lines ; ear-
coverts pale fulvous with lighter shaft- streaks ; cheeks, throat, and
underparts pure white, with a slight ashy shade on the chest ; thighs
fiilvoiis-brown ; axiUaries and under wing-coverts white, with ashy-
fulvous edges : quiUs dusky brown below, ashy whitish along the edge
of the inner web ; " hill black, the mandible whitish lead-colour ; legs
and feet pale pinkish lead-grey ; iris Indian red " (A. Everett). Total
length 6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3, tail 2'5, tarsus 0"S.

Adidt female. Similar to the male iu colour, and having the soft
parts the same. Size rather smaller. Total length 5'5 ruches,
culmen 0-6, wing 2-8, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-8.

This species is a diminutive of M. mar/niim, from which it differs
in its smaller size, somewhat paler coloration, more rufous tail, and
in the lighter rufous of the forehead, the feathers of which are very
distinctly tipped with black, scarcely any trace of which is visible
in the larger species. The imder surface wants the ashy spots on
the throat, which are conspicuous in 21. magnum.

In the Eyton collection were two types marked " original speci-
men " of Mcdacoptcron cinereum of Eyton. One of these birds is
tSctaria affinis (Blyth) ; and the other is a Proparus or AJcippe,
usually so called. It is impossible that either of these can be the
actual type of M. cinereum ; for Eyton describes the species as
being similar to the female of his M. magnum, but much smaller.
The female of J/, magnum he describes as " smaller than the male,
with the head and nape ferruginous, spotted with black."' As Mr.
Hume has surmised, the descriptions are taken from poorly prepared
Malaccan skins. The male of 31. magnum is recognizable both
from Eyton's description and his type ; but the female (the tj'pe
of which was missing from the Eyton collection) was evidently
nothing but a male of the smaller species of rufous-headed Mala-
copferon ; or it might be a specimen of the allied M. lepidocephalum.
This is quite probable, as the latter bird comes from Sumatra, and
has the " head and nape rufous." Bad as the descriptions are, it is
doubtful if Eyton would have overlooked the black nape of M. cine-
reum. I think, however, that Mr. Hume's explanation is the most
feasible, viz. that Eyfon guessed at the sexes of M. magnum, and
that his supposed female was really a male of the smaller kind ; and
thus the latter should stand as M. cinereum, the description of which
is referable to the smaller species also.

Huh. Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.

20. JIALACOPTERUJI. 567

a. tS ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq^. [C.].

&-e. Ad. sk. Malacca (C'«n<o;-). India Museum.

/, g. Ad. sk. Malacca. India Museum.

h. Ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. "Wallace, Esq. [C.].

i, k. Ad. sk. Lumbidan, N.W. Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.].

I. Ad. sk. Borneo. Gould Collection.

m. c? ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l.

n, o. (S 2 ad. sk. Tagora. Sarawak. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.J.

3. Malacopterum lepidocephalum.

? Fourmillier a calotte rousse, Hombr. 4" Jacq. Voy. Pole Slid,

^^/as,pl. 19. %. 1.
Lanius rutifrons, Licht. Mm. Berol.
Malacopteron rutifrons. Cab. Hits. Jlein. Tli. i. p. 05 (1850) ; Licht.

NomencL p. 11 (1854) ; Salvud, Ucc. Bom. p. 227 (1874:).
? Timalia ruficapilla, Jacq. ^ I'ucher. Voy. Pole Sud, Ois. iii. p. 89

(185.3).
Timalia squamifrons, Bp. Cotnpfes Bend. xxx%-iii. p. 59 (1854, e.v

PucJu^r. MSS.).
Macronus rufifrons, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 318, no. 4792 (1869).
Macronus ruticapillus, Gray, t. c. p. 318, no. 4700.
Macronus lepidocephalus, Gray, t. c. p. 318, no. 4707.
Napothera lepidocephala, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 170.

Adult. General colour above fulvescent brown, slightly duller on
the mantle ; wing-coverts like the back, the bastard wing and pri-
mary-coverts a little more rufous ; greater coverts and quiUs dusky
brown, externally like the back, with a slight shade of rufous on
some of the outer webs ; upper tail-coverts tawny rufous along the
margins ; crown of head orange rufous, tipped with black spots ; the
nape like the back, with obsolete dusky fringes to the feathers ; lores
and feathers round the eye ashy white ; above the eye some small
scaly feathers of fulvous, tipped with black ; ear-coverts pale fulvous-
brown, with ycUowish-buif shaft-lines ; cheeks very pale fulvous,
with scarcely perceptible dusky edges to the feathers ; throat and
under surface of body white ; the fore neck and chest light fulvous,
as also the flanks and sides of the body ; thighs fulvous-brown ;
under tail-coverts white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts fulvous
with white edges. Total length 5-7 inches, culmcu O'G, wing 2-75,
tail 2-6, tarsus U-8.

The female from Java is rather more olivaceous brown than the
Sumatran bird above described ; and the under surface is more ful-
vescent, so that the white throat does not stand out so conspicuously.

Hub. Sumatra and Java.

fl. Ad. sk.

Sumatra.

Purchased.

b. Ad. sk.

Sumatra.

Purchased.

c. $ ad. sk.

East Java.

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

4. Malacopterum erythrote. (Plate XIII. fig. 2.)

Adult. General colour above deep ochreous or fulvescent brown,
with indistinct pale shaft-lines on the feathers of the hind neck,
mantle, and back ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back,

568 TIMELIIDJ;.

and having similar pale shaft-lines ; greater series and qnills sepia-
brown, externally ochreous brown ; rump slightly more rufesccnt
than the back, with halt-concealed long white phimes, forming a
narrow bar, which is nearly concealed by the long plumes of the
rump ; upper tail-coverts light tawny rufous ; tail-feathers light
reddish brown, washed with tawny rufous on the edges ; crown of
head dull olivaceous brown, contrasting with the back but yet not
forming a cap, the feathers streaked with whitish shaft-lines ; the
forehead lighter brown streaked with fulvous ; lores butfy white,
mottled with dusky tips to the feathers ; feathers round the eye
reddish buff, with an indistinct eyebrow of the same colour ; ear-
coverts light chestnut ; sides of neck tawny rufous ; cheeks white
anteriorly, tawny behind ; throat and under surface of body pure
white, with a band of light tawny rufous across the fore neck, joining
the sides of the breast, which are also tawny rufous ; sides of the
body and thighs fulvcscent washed with tawny ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries tawny buff; quills ashy brown, light rufous along
the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0-7,
wing 2'65, tail 2, tarsus 1-05.
Uah. Borneo.

a. Ad. sk. Borneo. Turchased.

5. Malacopterum albigulare.

Setaria albogularis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 385 (1844), xvi.

p. 462 (1847) ; 8alvad. Ucc. Born. p. 232 (1874).
Macronus albogularis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1846).
Alcippe albogularis, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 148 (1849) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 260 (1850) ; Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Sei. Torino, iii.

p. 531 (1868).
Alcippe ? fuscipes, J. Verr. in Cat. Lafr. Coll. p. 77 {ex Lafr. MSS.).
Malacopteron albigularis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 4739

(ism).

Brachypteryx albogularis, Giebel, Thes. Orn. i. p. 475 (1872).

Adult male. General colour above dull olivaceous brown, becoming
rather more rufescent on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
covorts : wing-coverts light brown, somewhat washed with ashy and
narrowly edged with the same olivaceous brown as the back ; quills
dusky brown, externally olivaceous brown ; tail-feathers dusky
brown, margined with rufescent brown, the outer feathers narrowly
fringed with whitish at the tip ; crown of head dark slaty grey ;
lores and a narrow eyebrow white, the feathers pointed and stif-
fened ; feathers round and below the eye as well as the car-coverts
black, the latter washed with grey posteriorly ; sides of face and
cheeks, as well as the throat, pure white ; across the chest a broad
band of ashy grey, with a few dusky streaks in the centre ; centre
of breast and abdomen white, the sides of the body, flanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts pale fawn-buff; under wing-coverts and
axillaries light fawn-buff or ashy, washed with the latter colour ;
edge of wing white ; quills light brown below, ashy along the inner
web; " bill black ; legs leaden grey: iris bright red or crimson"

20. MALACOPTERU.M. 569

(Alfred Everett). Total length b-Q inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-95,
tail 2-2, tarsus U-8.

Hah. Malayan peninsula and Borneo.

a. Ad. sk. Malacca. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Borneo. Purchased.

c. d. Ad. sk. Lumbidan, N.W. Borneo. Hugh l.ow, Esq. [C.].
e,f. (S ad. sk. Bintulu, W. Borneo. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.].
g. d ad. sk. Paku, Sarawak, Dec. 1878. Henry ICverett, Esq. [C.].

6. Malacopterum affine.

Trichastoma affine, Bli/t/i, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 795 (1842).

Alcippe aifinis, Bhjth, J. A. 8. Beng. xiii. p. 384 (1844), xvi. p. 4G2

(1847); id. Cat. B. Mus. As. 8uc. p. 148 (184'J) ; Bj). Cunsii. i.

p. 259 (1850) ; Horsf. 8,- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 406

(1854) ; Moure, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 277.
Malacopteron affine, Gray, Gen.B. i. p. 209 (1846); id. Hand~l. B.

i. p. 317, no. 4733 (18(j9).
Napotliera atricapilla, Bp. Consp. i. p. 359 (1850, ex Midi. MSS. in

Mus. Ludg.) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 47.
Setaria affinis, Sahad. Ucc. Born. p. 231 (1874) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879,

p. 258.
Malacopterum affinis, Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 01.

Adult male. General colour above dark fulvous-brown, more
rufescent on the lower back and rump, the latter with a narrow
band of silky white plumes, concealed by the long leathers of the
lower back ; upper tail-coverts bright ferruginous ; tail-feathers
dull brown, edged with ferruginous on both webs, the feathers
appearing duller brown towards tlieir ends; wing-coverts dusky
brown, margined with the same colour as the back ; quills dusky
brown, externally like the back, the inner secondaries washed with
ferruginous on the outer webs, the primaries externally edged
with ashy ; crown of head and nape blackish brown, more or less
washed with olive-brown ; base of forehead washed with ashy ; lores
and feathers round the eye ashy whitish : car-coverts ashy, with
indistinct whitish shaft-lines ; above the ear-coverts a slight shade
of ashy ; cheeks whitish, mottled with ashy tips to the feathers ;
throat and under surface of body white, shaded with ashy grey on
the fore neck and chest, forming an indistinct pectoral band ; sides
of body also washed with ashy brown ; thighs externally brown,
internally white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white ;
quills dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web,
inclining to white near the base ; "legs dark or bluish lead-colour;
iris bright brown or dark raw sienna ; bill bluish lead-colour, the
culmen darker " {A, H. Everett). Total length 6-2 inches, culmen
0-65, wing 2-8, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-85.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male, but smaller. Total
length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-65, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-8.

The colour of the brown cap varies, and it is often so light as to
be very little darker than the back ; nevertheless the cap is always
present, more or less distinct, and forming the chief characteristic

570 TiMELiinj;.

of the species. In some specimens the grey on the chest takes the
form of dusky ashy streaks.

Hab. Malayan peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.

a, h. $ ad. sk.

Malacca ( Wallace).

Gould Collection.

c. c? ad. sk.

Malacca.

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

d. (S ad. sk.

Klanfj, Salangore, Malayan

A. 0. Hume, Esq.

peninsula, April 9,

1879

( W. Daciso7i).

e. Ad. sk.

Malacca {Cantor).

India Museum.

/. ad. 8k.

Pinang.

India Museum. (Type of
A. canturi.)

g, h. Ad. ; i. S

Sumatra.

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

ad. sk.

k. Ad. sk.

Borneo.

Purchased.

I. Ad. sk.

Labuan.

Governor Ussher [C.l.

m, n, 0. Ad. ; p, q

. Labuan.

Hugh Low, Esq. [C.J.

Juv. sk.

r. (S ad. sk.

Bintulu, W. Borneo.

A. Everett, Esq. [C.l

s. 2 ^^- ^^-

Sibu, Sarawak, Aug.

1874.

A. Everett, Esq. [C.l.

t, u. cJ ad. sk.

Jambusan, Sarawak,
Sept. 1874.

A. Everett, Esq. [C.J.

V. Ad. sk.

Sarawak.

Henry Everett, Esq. [C.].

w. Ad. sk.

Malacca.

Eyton Collection*.

21. XANTHOMIXIS. ^^^_^

Xanthomixis,

Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p

. 196. .

A. zosterops.

Range. Madagascar.

1. Xanthomixis zosterops.

Bernieria zosterops, Sliarpe, P. Z. >S. 1875, p. 76, figs. 2, 3 (heads) ;

Ilartl. Vog. Madag. p. 146 (1877).
Xanthomixis zosterops, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 196.

Adult (type of species ; supposed /ejna/e). Above dull olive-green,
more dingy on the head ; a loral stripe and a circlet of feathers round
the eye bright yellow ; feathers between the bill and the eye black ;
ear-coverts dark green, with bright yellow shaft-stripes ; entire
under surface of body bright yellow, the sides of the body and
thighs olive-green ; under wing-coverts yellowish buff, the edge of
the wing bright yellow ; wings and tail brown, margined with greenish
olive, the inner secondaries dull olive-brown, the inner wobs ful-
vesceut on their interior margin ; bill horn-brown, the lower man-
dible yellowish ; feet light fleshy brown. Total length 6 inches,
culmen O-ij, wing 2-G5, tail 2*7, tarsus 0-8.

No carefully dissected specimens have as yet been examined by
me ; but it is probable that, as in the case of the allied genus Ber-
nieria, the sexes do not differ in colour, but only in size, and that
the male is larger than the female. A bird collected by Mr. Crossloy
is probably a male, as it measures 0'7 in the culmen and 2-75 in
the wing.

* No. 2.575 of Eyton's Cat. (]}. 184). Marked '• Malaccrpteroti cincreum, o-igi-
nal specimen ;" but it is evidently not the type {ddc nupi-fi, p. ,j(ifi.).

J.2. OXYLABES, 571

Young. More fluffy in plumage than the adult, and rather greener
in tint, the bill lighter horn-brown, yellower on the edge of the
upper mandible ; the throat and chest are also shaded with olive-
green.

Hah. Central Madagascar,

a. [ 2 ] ad. sk. Central Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [C.].

, r ,n J 1 ^ (Type of species.)

W J. . ■ . , Central Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [CI.

c, rf. [ 5 ] ad sk. Noce Vola, Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley rCl

^- f 2 J af • f- Betsileo. Rev. W. Shaw [C.].

/. L V J ad. sk Fianarantsoa, Betsileo. Rev. Deans Cowan [C.].

g. 6 ; h, I, k. Ankafana forest, Feb. and Rev. Deans Cowan FCl

? ad. sk. March 1881. '" "'

I, m. 2 juv.; Ankafana forest, Feb. and Kev. Deans Cowan fC 1

n. cS JUV. sk. March 1881. -^

22. OXYLABES.

Oxylabes, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 386 O. madagasclriensis.

lianx/e. Madagascar.

Key to the Species.
a. Throat white.

a'. Head rufous ; breast pale rufous madaqascariensis ad., p. 571.

6 Head grey ; breast yellow cinereiceps ad., p. 572.

o. Throat yellow.

c' . Breast dusky olive or pale reddish;
head like the back or mixed with

^^"ous ni(ida</ascariensis\uY.,-p. 572.

a. Breast yellow; head ashy black con-

trasting with the olive-green back . . cinereiceps juv., p. 572.

1. Oxylabes madagascariensis.

Rossignol de Madagascar, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 401, p] 2'> fio- 1 ("1700)

Le Foudi-jala, Buff. Hist. Nat., Ois. v. p. 116. c- v /•

Motacilla madagascariensis, Gtn. Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, p. 952 (1788).

Sylvia madagascariensis. Lath. Gen. Hist. vii. p. 96.

Elhsia V madagascariensis, Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 37 (1862).

Dryiuoica ? madagascariensis. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2848
(1869).

0.\ylabes madagascariensis, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 386 • id Cat
Afr. B. p. 20 ; id. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 866, pi. Ixxiii. ; Hartl. Vog
Maday. p. 165 (1877); Hharpe, P.Z.S. 1881, p. 197; Milne-Ed-
wards S,- Grandid. H. N. Maday., Ois. p. 357, pis. 126, 126 a, 126 ft
(1883).

Adult. Head rich siemia, obscurely fringed with brown on the
forehead ; lores and a spot behind the eye pure white ; ear-coverts
duller sienna ; upper surface of the body olive-green, inclining to
rufous on the sides of the neck ; quills pale greyish brown, mar^-ined
exteriorly with olive-green, especially the secondaries, the inner-
most of which arc entirely of a dull olive-green colour ; tail
dull olive-green, rather lighter on the under surface ; throat pure

572 TIMELIID.!:.

white; upper part of the breast and centre of the abdomen pale
rufous, becomiug lighter on the latter ; Hanks olive-green ; bill
dark horn-brown, nearly black on the upper mandible and on the
basal half of the lower mandible ; the tips of the latter and the edge
of the former pale yellowish white ; legs dark horn-brown, claws
light brown. Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2 65, tail
2-25, tarsus 0-9.

The adult female does not differ from the male in plumage.
Young birds resemble the adult, but differ in having the crown
much paler and more dingy chestnut, the under surface of the body
olive-brown, inclining to yellowish along the breast, while the throat
is yellowish instead of white ; the upper mandible is dark horn-
brown, the lower one whitish ; the white eye-mark is wanting.
The bird when quite young is still more different, the upper surface
being entirely dingy olive without a trace of the rufous cap : while
uuderneath the colour is also dingy olive, with a broad yellow streak
down the centre of the throat, the breast having a few rufous feathers
intermixed.

The specimens in the Museum vary in their measurements as
follows: — Total length 6- 6 '5 inches, culmen U-65-U-75, wing 2-4-
2-55, tail 2" 25-2-6, tarsus 0-9-1. The smaller birds are probably
the females, as the pair marked by Mr. Deans Cowan show a certain
disparity in the size of the sexes.

Hah. Madagascar.

a, b. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [C.].

c. .Juv. sk. Madagascar ( Cross/fy) . R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

d. Ad. sk. Betsileo. Mr. G. A. Shaw.

e Ad. sk. Fianarantsoa, Betsileo. Rev. Deans Cowan

[C-]-
fa c? 2 ad. sk. Ankafana forest, Rev. Deans Cowan

March 21, 1881. [C.].

h. 2 hum. ; Ankafana forest, Rev. Deans Cowan

{. 5 juv. sk. March 1881. [C.].

2. Oxylabes cinereiceps.

Oxvlabes cinereiceps, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 197 ; Milne-Edwards
.y Grmidid. H. N. Madag., Ois. p. 3G0, pis. llSa, 123a (1883).

Adult. Olive-green, with narrow pale shaft-lines ; wings and tail
olive, the edges to the primaries olive-yellow ; head and nape slaty
grev, lores duU white ; cheeks and sides of face creamy white ; ear-
coverts slaty grey ; throat and fore neck white ; rest of under surface
of bodv vellow, olive on the sides ; under tail-coverts olive-yellow ;
thio-hs' olive-brown ; under wing-coverts olive-brown washed with
fawn-colour ; edge of wing yellow ; quills light brown below, ful-
vescent along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-6 inches,
culmen 0-55, wing 2-75, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-85.

Younq. Differs from the adult in having the throat yellow shaded
with olive-green ; head sooty black, contrasting with the olive-green
back.

Other specimens in the Museum measure as follows : — Total

23. KExoPiA. 573

length 5"3-o-G inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-75-3-1, tail 2-4-2-5,
tarsus 0-85-0-9.

Hah. Central Madagascar.

a. Ad. sk. Fianarautsoa, Betsileo. Rev. Deans Cowan [C.].

(Type of species.)

6, e. Ad. sk. Fianarantsoa, Betsileo. Rev. Deans Cowan [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Betsileo. Mr. G. A. Shaw [C.l

e,f. 2 ad.sk. Ankafana forest, March Rev. Deans Cowan [C.l.

1881.

(/.Ad.; h. 5 juv. Ankafana forest, March Rev. Deans Cowan [C.j.
sk. 1881.

23. KENOPIA.

Kenopia, Blyth, 1855 (teste Gray) K. striata.

Range. Malayan peninsula and Borneo.

1. Kenopia striata.

Timalia striata, Bhjfh, J. A. S. Beiig. xi. p. 793 (1842).
Brach^-ptervx maculatus, Eyton, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. xva. p. 228

(1845); 'Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 10 (1845).
Macronus striatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1846).
Alcippe striata, Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. i. p. 149 (1849) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 260 (1850) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 277 ; Horsf. ^

Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mas. i. p. 407 (1854).
Myiothera leucostipna, 8. Mull., in Mas. Lugd., undb
Turdirostris leucostignia, Bp. Consp. i. p. 218 (1850, desc. nulla).
Malacopteron leucostigma. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 4732

(1869).
Brachvpteryx striata, Giehel, Thes. Orn. i. p. 477 (1872).
Kenopia striata, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 223, tav. v. fig. 2 (1874) ;

Sharpie, His, 1879, p. 258; Hmie, Str. F. 1879, p. 61.

Adult male. General colour above foxy rufous, prettily varied
with longitudinal white streaks down the centre of the feathers,
these markings being broader and more ovate on the hind neck
and mantle, gradual!)' becoming narrower on the rest of the upper
surface ; rump rather lighter rufous than the back ; wing-coverts
darker brown than the back, with very distinct oval spots of white
near the tip of each series ; primary-coverts uniform dusky brown ;
quills brown, the primaries lighter brown externally, the inner
secondaries more rufous-brown, the shafts faintly streaked with
white near their ends ; upper tail-coverts chestnut, with lighter
shaft-lines ; tail brown, with dusky cross-barrings under certain
lights, the feathers margined with rufous on the outer web, and the
outer feathers with a very narrow edging of white at the tip ;
crown of head black, with large ovate spots of white in the centre,
apparently disposed in two lines ; base of forehead and lores orange-
buff, forming a conspicuous spot in front of the eye, the feathers
round which are also washed with buff ; a tolerably distinct super-
ciliary streak of white feathers edged with blackish : ear-coverts
and sides of neck dull ashy white, the feathers edged with dusky

574 TIMELIID^.

black ; cheeks and throat yellowish white ; rest of under surface
purer white : the flank-feathers reddish brown on their edges,
causing a streaked appearance ; the fore neck and breast slightly
varied by a few blackish edges to the feathers ; the sides of the fore
neck mottled with blackish feathers with large ovate white centres ;
under wing-coverts dull white, mottled with dusky margins to the
feathers, blacker and more distinct on the edge of the wing ; quills
brown below, ashy along the edge of the inuer web ; " iris brown "
{Doria). Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-6, tail 2,
tarsus 0-8.

Hah. Malacca and Borneo. In the latter island it has been found
in the north-western part of the country, as far south as Sarawak.

a. S ad. sk. Mt. Ophir, Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

6. Ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. StackhousePiDwill[P.].

c, d. Ad. sk. Malacca {Br. Cantor). India Museum (c/. Horsf. &

Moore, t. c).
e, f. Ad. sk. Malacca. India Museum.

9."Ad. sk. Malacca. Eytou Collection.

h. Ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Charlton [P.]. (Type

of Bruchypteryx maculata,

Eyton.)
i. Ad. sk. N.W. Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.].

k. Ad. sk. Sarawak. Henry Everett, Esq. [C.].

24. DASYCROTOPHA. ^

Type.
Dasycrotopha, Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 114 D. speciosa.

Eange. Confined to the Philippine Islands.

1. Dasycrotopha speciosa.

Dasycrotopha speciosa, Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 114, pi. ix. p. 286;
Wardlaw Ramsay, Orn. Mem. Tiveedd. p. 657 (1881).

AduU male (Valencia, Negros, Aug. 1877 ; A. H. Everett : type
of species). General colour above ashy tinged with olive, and marked
with white shaft-lines down each feather of the back ; lower back
and rump olive-yellow, a little browner on the upper tail-coverts ;
wing-coverts brown, extei'nally washed with olive-yellow, the shaft-
lines whitish or yellowish white ; primary-coverts and quills dusky
brown, externally edged with olive-yellow, the secondaries more
broadly washed on the outer web, the innermost with white shaft-
lines ; tail-feathers light brown, externally edged with olive-brown
or yellowish olive ; lores, forehead, and feathers round the eye
orange-yellow ; crown of head black, with a tuft of deep orange
plumes on each side springing from above the eye ; occiput, nape,
and hind neck olive-yellow, the nape slightly mottled with black,
the hind neck with yellow shaft-lines ; ear-coverts covered with
white hair-like feathers ; base of cheeks and chin orange-yellow ;
hinder cheeks and upper throat black, with almost imperceptible
yellowish-white shaft-lines ; sides of neck, lower throat, and fore
neck yellow spotted with black ; centre of body pale yellow, the

25. mxoRNis. 575

sides of the body yellowish olive, the under tail-coverts tinged with
brown : under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow or white, washed
with yellow, the edge of the wing yellow ; quills dusky brown,
yellowish white along the edge of the inner web ; " bill orange-
yellow ; iris crimson " (A. H. Everett). Total length 5"4 inches,
culmen 0'65, wing 2-65, tail 2'3, tarsus 0'8. {Mas. B. Q. Ward-
law Ramsay.)

Hah. Island of Negros, Philippine archipelago.

25. MIXORNIS.

Type.

Mixornis, Hudc/s. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 23 M. rubricapilla.

CyanoJerma, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 213 (1874) M. bicolor.

Range. Himalayan mountains and Central India ; Burmese
countries ; Malayan peninsula ; Java ; Sumatra ; Borneo. Islands
of Palawan, Basilan, Panaon, Dinagat, and Leyte in the Philippine
archipelago.

Key to the Species.

a. Tail-feathers not tipped with white.
a'. Underneath yelLiwisli.

a". Abdomen uniform, not streaked with
black.
a'". Throat tawny, with hair-like black
shaft-lines ; sides of face grey ; under
wing-coverts and abdomen white . . JlavicollU, p. 576.
h' ' . Thi'oat yellow streaked with black;
flanks uniformly greenish.
«\ Entire head chestnut ; wings also

deep chestnut.
i*. Lores and feathers over the eye yel-
low ; cheeks also yellow gidaris, p. 676.

c*. Fore part of crown rufous, the hinder
part inclinmg to the same colour as
the back.
a'. Wings externally deep rufous ;
cheeks and a faint eyebrow white ;
lores and sides of face and ear-
coverts ashy grey woodi, p. 577.

i*. Wings externally pale rufous ;
lores, ear-coverts, eyebrow, and

sides of face yellow rubricapilla, p. 578.

c'". Throat yellowish white; flanks ob-
scurely streaked with dusky ; frontal
plumes and sides of face greyish .... javanica, p. 579.
b" . Abdomen streaked with black like the
breast and throat, the latter pure white ;
forehead, lores, and sides of face dark

grey bornensis, p. 580.

b'. Under surface of body dark slaty grey.
c" . Above rufous-brown, the head like the
back ; throat and breast light slaty gi'ey ;
the flanks pale fidvous-brown erythroptera, p. 580,

576 TIMELlIDJi,

d" . Above deep chestnut, the head deep slaty
grrey ; throat and breast deep slaty grey ;

flanks riifoiis-browu bicolor, p. 581.

b. Tail-feathers tipped with white; upper sur-
face grey broadly streaked with white ; head
rufous ". capitalis, p. 582.

1. Mixornis flavicollis.

Timaha flavicollis, Mull. MS. in Mm. Ltigd. ; Gray, Haml-l. B. i.

p. .316, no. 4722 (1869).
Mixornis flavicollis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 217 (1850, e.r Mull. MS.);

Wald. Ibis, 1872, p. 376.

Adult male. General colour above yellowish brown with a slight
wash of olive, the head and upper tail-coverts light rufous ; wing-
coverts yellowish brown, the quills sepia-brown, externally washed
with yellowish brown, the margins of the primaries inclining to
greyish towards the tips ; tail reddish brown, waved under certain
lights and washed with light rufous, especially near the base ; lores,
feathers round the eye, and the ear-coverts light grey, with narrow
silvery-white shaft-streaks ; entire throat and chest pale tawny,
with very tiny blackish sliaft-streaks, scarcely visible ; the rest of
the under surface of body buffy white, shading off into greyish
white on the under tail-coverts ; the sides of the body dull tawny
buff, washed with grey on lower flanks ; under wing-coverts white,
with a slight wash of tawny colour near the outer edge of the
wing ; quills dusky brown below, the inner web edged with whitish.
Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0'6, wing 2-2, tail 2*2, tarsus 0-75.

Hah. Java.

a, b. (5 ad, sk. East Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

2. Mixornis gularis.

Motacilla gularis, Raffl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 312 (1820) ; Walden,
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 547.

Timalia gularis, Horsf. Zool. Researches in Java. pi. — (1824).

Prinia pileata, Blyth', J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 204 (1842).

Mixornis gidaris, Bli/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 149 (1849) ; Cab.
Mus. Hein. Th. i.p. 77 (1850) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.
Mus. i. p. 229 (1854) ; Wald. His, 1872, p. 376 ; Hunie ^ Davison,
Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 266; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 60,95; Kel-
ham, Ibis, 1881, p. 519 ; Oates, B. Brit. Bttnn. i. p. 51 (1883).

Mixornis sumatrana, Bp. Consp. i. p. 217 (1850).

Mixornis similis, Blyth, Ibis, 186.5, p. 47.

Timalia sumatrana. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 316, no. 4720 (1869).

Timalia similis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 316, no. 4723 (1869).

Adult male. Above reddish brown, the head and sides of neck
deep chestnut, as also the upper tail-coverts ; lores and frontal
plumes dusky lead-colour, the ear-coverts also dusky with a distinct
wash of reddish brown ; over the eye a slight indication of yellow
feathers ; wing-coverts' chestnut ; the quills sepia-brown, the

25. MIXORNIS. 577

margins chestnut, and the inner secondaries entirely chestnut like
the back ; tail chestnut, rather lighter reddish on the margins ;
entire under surface of body bright yellow, the throat and fore neck
rather broadly streaked with black, the sides of the body and under
tail-coverts greenish ; flanks internally yellowish, externally rufous-
brown ; under wing-coverts yellow, with a few duskj' markings on
the outer and greater series ; inner lining of quills dull brown, the
inner web yellowish at base, shading into pale rufous towards the
tips of the quills ; " bill bluish slate-colour ; legs greenish ; iris
brown " (li. G. Wardlaw Ramsay). Total length 5*3 inches, cul-
men 0"55, wing 2-35, tail 2-4, tarsus 0'7.

Hah. From Cochin China and Southern Tenasserim down the
Malayan peninsula to Sumatra.

a. S ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.

b. Ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.
c-e. Ad.sk. Malacca (Cawdor). India Museum.

f. Ad. sk. Singapore. Gould CoUectiou.

g. Ad. sk. Singapore. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C]
h. (5 ad. sk. Malewoon, Tenasserim, E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

Jan. 1, 1877.

3. Mixornis woodi.

Mixornis woodi, Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. new .ser. Zool. i. p. .331
(1876); Tiveedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 617; Wardlaw Ramsay, Orn.
Works Tiueedd. p. 657 (1881).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above ashy grey
with an olivaceous wash, the latter colour a Httlo more clear on the
sides of the neck, which resemble the mantle, the lower back
shading into olive-brown washed with rufous ; upper tail-coverts
chestnut-brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, deeper towards the tips
and margined with chestnut ; wing-coverts light rufous, the quills
dark brown, externally rufous ; the innermost secondaries entirely
of the latter colour ; frontal plumes and lores hoary white with
narrow black shaft-streaks ; feathers round the eye and ear-coverts
ashy grey, the latter slightly washed with olive ; cheeks whitish,
with dusky shaft-lines ; chin white ; rest of under surface of body
sulphur-yellow, the sides of the body and under tail-coverts greenish
olive, the throat narrowly lined with black hair-hke shaft-streaks ;
under wing-coverts and inner margin of quills sulphur-yellow ;
" bill dark grey, the mandible paler ; legs greenish olive ; iris
ochreous orange" {A. H. Everett). Total length 5"2 inches, culmen
0-6, wing 2-35, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. Island of Palawan, Philippine archipelago,

a, b. Ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan. Prof. J. B. Steere [C],

c, S ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Pahiwan, Capt. R. G. Wardlaw

Jan, 1878 {A. Everett). Ramsay.

TOI,. VII, 2 P

578 TIMELIID^,

4. Mixornis rubricapilla.

Motacilla nibricapilla, Tick. J. A. S. Beng. 1833, p. 576.

lora cbloris, Bhith, J. A. S. Beiig. xi. p. 794 (1842).

Mixornis ruficeps, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; id.
P. Z. S. 1845, p. 23.

Timalia g'lilaris. Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 85.

Mixornis chloris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 217.

Timalia chloris, B}}. C. R. xxxviii. p. 69.

Mixornis rubricapilla, Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i.
p. 229; Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 23; Wald. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 647;
Bh/fh, Ibis, 1867, p. 3 ; Beav. t. c. 1867, p. 432; Blanf. Ibis, 1869,
p. 467; Godwin-Aust. J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 103 ; Blyih, Ibis, 1870,
p. 170; Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 376 ; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 118 ;
Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 409; Hume, t. c. p. 476; id. Nests ^- Eggs
Ind. B. p. 245 ; Godivin-Aust. J. A. S. Bene/, xlv. pp. 75, 409
(1876) ; Anderson, Zool. E.vp. Yunnan p. 635 (1878) ; Hume Sf
Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 266; Hu7ne, Str. F. 1879, p. 95;
Gates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 50 (1883).

Timalia rubricapilla, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 316, no. 4718 (1869).

Adult male. Above ashy brown with a slight wash of reddish or
olive, the rump and upper tail-coverts rather more yellow ; head
light chestnut-red, with a bright yellow streak from the base of the
bill above the eye ; lores dusky ; ear-coverts and sides of neck dull
yellowish ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body bright sulphur
yellow, with narrow blackish-brown streaks on the cheeks, throat,
and breast, the sides of the body greenish ; under wing-coverts
yellowish white, inclining to bright yellow near the edge of the
wing ; wings above reddish brown ; the quills brown, externally pale
reddish brown, much lighter than the coverts and slightly inclining
to yellow ; tail dull reddish brown, the shafts of the feathers decidedly
reddish ; bill horny ; legs pale horny brown ; iris reddish hazel.
Total length 4"3 inches, culmen 0'55, wing 2' 15, tail 1'95, tarsus
1-75.

Ohs. Considerable difference is exhibited in specimens from Bur-
mah and Pegu, the back being more reddish brown and the
underparts lighter. This is contrary to Mr. Hume's experience
(Str. F. iii. p. 118) ; but it is to be noted that Mr. Oates's accouut of
the colouring of the soft parts is diiferent from that given by Jerdon
and quoted in my description. Mr. Gates writes : — "Theirides are
a sickly white ; the eyelids plumbeous ; the bill horny brown ; the
inside of the mouth fleshy brown ; legs and feet fleshy horny ; claws
yellowish horny." Specimens examined by me from Pegu {Blanford)
and Bhamo {Anderso7i) were decidedly brighter yellow than Nepalese
examples, and had the gular streaks plainer as well as a certain
tinge of rufous on the back, thus approaching the Malayan M.
riularia. The pale wings, however, show affinity to the Himalayan
bird, of which the Pegu bird is a slightly aberrant form, as far as my
experience goes. Mr. Hume has found that the specimens from
Southern Tenasserim are the Malayan M. gidaris, though some are
intermediate between that species and M. ruhricapdla.

25. MII0RNI8. 579

The iris appears to vary in colour, being marked by Capt. Ward-
law Ramsay as " pale yellow " and " straw-yellow."
JIab. Himalayas, extending into the Burmese countries.

a. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

will [P.].

b. Imm. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].

c. d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
e,f. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

g. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pemherton). India Museum.

h. iS ad. sk. Dilkoosha, Cachar, March 19, J. Inglis, Esq. [C.].

1879.
i. Ad. sk. Pegu. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
k. 5 ad. sk. Pegu, Aug. 29, 1880. E. W. Gates, Esq. [0.1.

I. $ ad. sk. Pegu, Nov. 27, 1880. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.

m. d ad. sk. Pegu, Dec. 2, 1880. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C .

n. Ad. sk. Saigon, Cochin Chuia. M. E. Pierre [P.]. *

5. Mixornis javanica.

Myiothera gularis, Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 442. fig. 1 (nee Horsf.).

Mixornis gidaris, Bj). Consp. i. p. 217.

Mixornis javanica. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 77, note ; Bp. C. R.

xxxviii. p. 59; Wdd. Ibis, 1872, p. 376; Nicholson, Ibis, 1881,

p. 149.
Timaha gularis, Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 4719 (1869).

Adult. Above reddish brown, the head and sides of neck only
slightly more chestnut than the back ; the wings, however, decidedly
chestnut ; the quills sepia-browu, externally chestnut, the margins
to the primaries much paler rufous ; tail dark brown washed with
chestnut, especially near the base ; frontal plumes rather dusky ;
sides of the face grey, especially the cheeks, the ear- coverts slightly
washed with rufous on the hinder margin ; throat and chest pale
yellowish white, inclining to greenish on the sides of the upper
breast, distinctly streaked with blackish down the centre of each
feather ; centre of the body dull ycUow, the sides greenish as well
as the under tail-coverts, some of the latter being slightly washed
with rufous ; on the flanks some faint iudicatious of dusky streaks ;
under wing-coverts yellowish, the outermost and the greater series
with mesial dusky streaks; "iris straw-colour" (H. 0. Forbes).
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-3, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-8.

Hab. Java.

a. Ad. sk. W.Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

b, c. Ad. st. Java. Purchased.

d. c? ad. ; e. ? juv. Java {Ley den Mus.). F. D. Godman and G. Sal-
sk. vin, Esqrs. [P.].

* This specimen is apparently not of the same species as Himalayan ones,
but it is in too poor a condition for me to deterniine for certain.

2p 2

680 TiMEr-ni).5).

6. Mixornis bornensis.

Mixornis bornensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 217 ; Homhr. «§■ Jacq. Voy. Pole
Stid, Zool. iii. p. 90, pi. 19. fip;. 2 ; >Scl. P. Z. S. 1803, p. 215 ;
Walden, Ihis, 1872, pp. 375, 376 ; Sahad. Ucc. Born. p. 215 ;
Sharpe,P. Z. S. 1875, p. 105 ; id. Ibis, 1879, p. 257.

Timalia bornensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 316, no. 4721 (1869).

Adult male. Above deep chestnut, the forehead leaden grey with
glossy black shafts, which are also visible on many of the feathers
of the crown ; feathers round the eye and on the sides of the
face grey, with a slight wash of reddish on the hinder ear-coverts ;
throat white, with very broad longitudinal spots of black, collecting
on the cheeks and forming there a rather broad streak ; rest of
the under surface of body sulphur-yellow, broadly streaked with
black on the chest, more narrowly on the breast, the sides of the body
greenish with obscure streaks of blackish; thighs and under tail-
coverts streaked with reddish brown ; under wing-coverts sulphur-
yellow, the outermost streaked with dark brown, the lower series sepia-
brown like the inner lining of the quills, these being sepia-brown
below with yellowish margins to the inner webs ; wings chestnut
like the back, the quills dark brown, externally chestnut, the
primaries lighter-edged ; tail black, with wavy cross bars under
certain lights, the base of the tail chestnut, with which also aU the
feathers are narrowly margined ; bill lead-brown ; orbital space
blue; legs red-brown ; iris Naples yellow. Total length 5-6 inches,
culmen 0-65, wing 2-3, tail 2'-J:0, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. Borneo.

a, h. c? ad. sk. Sibu, Sarawak. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Banjermassing. J. Motley, Esq. [C.].

d, e,f. Ad. sk. Labuan {H. Low), E. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].

7. Mixornis erythroptera.

Timalia erythroptera, Blyth, J. A. S. Bemj. xi. p. 794 (1842) ; id.

op. cit. XV. p. 10 (1846) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 103 ; Blyth,

Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 150 (1849) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 276;

Horsf. i^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i, pp. 229, 420 (1854) ;

mmie, Str. F. 1875, p. 322.
Timalia pyrrhopbsea, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 402 ; Bp. Notes Coll.

Delattre, in C. R. xxxviii. p. 417 (1854).
Bracbypteryx acutivostris, Eyton. Ann. S,- Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 228

(1845) ; Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 4.
Timalia pyrrhoptera, Bp. Coasp. i. p. 217 (1850, ex Bote MS. in Mus.

Lugd.).
Timalia acutirostris, Gray, Handr-l. B. i. p. 315, no. 4695.
Cyanoderma erythropterum, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 105 ; Tweedd.

Ibis, 1877, p. 308 ; Himie, Str. F. 1879, pp. 60, 95.
Cyanoptera erythroptera, Hume ^- Davis. Str. F. 1878, p. 269.

Adult male (Sumatra ; A. E. "Wallace). General colour above
rufescent brown, a shade brighter on the back ; wing-coverts

25. MixoRNis. 581

brighter chestnut ; qiiills sepia-brown, externally rufous, the inner
secondaries entirely of this colour ; tail-feathers brown with rufous
margins ; base of forehead, feathers over the eye, sides of face, sides
of neck, throat, and entire breast dark slaty grey, shading off into
ashy on the middle of the abdomen, the flanks, vent, thighs, and
under tail-coverts being light fulvous-brown ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries pale fulvous ; quills dusky brown below, fulvescent or
pale rufous along the edge of the inner web ; " bill dark plumbeous
blue ; visible skin of cheeks and orbits from pure light to dull dirty
smalt-blue ; legs, feet and claws very pale, almost white, tinged
greenish or yellowish green ; iris madder-red to deep brown ( W.
Davison). Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-35, tail
2-15, tarsus 0-8.

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length
5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-2, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-7.

Hab. From Southern Tenasserim down the Malayan peninsula
to Sumatra.

a. 2 ad. sk. Malewoon,S. Tenasserim, E. W. Gates, Esq. rC.l.

Jan. 9, 1877.

b. $ ad. sk. Mt. Ophir, Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C,].

c. d. Ad. sk. Malacca (Canto?-). India Museum.

e. Ad. sk. Malacca. Andrew Charlton, Esq.[P.].

(Type of S. acidirostris, Eyton.)
/. Ad. sk. Singapore. Gould Collection.

g,h. c3' $ ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l.

i. Ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [CJ.

h. Ad. sk. [Java.] Purchased.

8. Mixornis bicolor.

Timalia, sp., Sdater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 215.

Timalia bicolor, BIyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 46 ; Grm/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 315,

no. 4701 (1869).
Cyanoderma erythropterum, Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 213 (1874, tiec

Bhjth).
Cyanoderma bicolor, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 105 ; id. Ibis, 1876,

p. 40, 1877, p. 11; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 3-39; id. Ibis, 1879, p. 257;

Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 60.

Adult male. General colour above bright chestnut on the centre of
the back, shading into fulvous-brown on the lower back and rump ;
wing-coverts bright chestnut ; quills dark sepia-brown, externally
bright chestnut, the innermost secondaries entirely of the latter
colour; tail rufous-brown, the feathers margined with slightly
brighter chestnut ; head and neck all round dark slaty grey, ex-
tending onto the mantle, where it becemes dull grey washed with ru-
fous ; entire throat and breast dark slaty grey, gradually shading off
on the belly ; the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts pale fulvous-
brown, as also the thighs, the latter being slightly tinged with
rufous; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale tawny rufous with
greyish bases ; quills dull brown below, rufescent along the edge of
the inner web ; " bill dark bluish black ; legs pale grey-brown ;

582 TIMELIID^.

skin of neck and about the eyes blue; iris crimson" (A. Everett).
Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0'7, wing 2*2, tail 1'85, tarsus 0-8.

The adult female is like the male, but differs in having the crown
of the head only dark slate-colour, the nape being washed with
chestnut and the hind neck entirely chestnut ; " bill black, dusky
below at base ; feet pale olive ; iris red-brown " (A. M. Wallace).
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2*25, tail 1-95, tarsus 0'7.

Tounr/ birds differ from the adult in having the whole plumage
lax and fluffy. There is no grey on the upper surface, which is
dull reddish brown, a little more dingy on the head; wing-coverts
and quills dusky brown with rufous edgings; the entire under
surface ashy, washed with fulvous-brown on the sides of the body.

Hab. Borneo, where it seems to be generally distributed.

a, b. Ad. sk. Labuan {Hugh Loiv). R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

c. Juv. sk. Labuan. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.].

d. S ad. sk. Bintulu, W. Borneo. Alfred Everett, Esq. [CI.

e. $ ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. fC.].

f. Ad. sk. Banjermassing. J. Motley, Esq. [C.J.

9. Mixornis capitalis.

Mixornis capitalis, Ticeedd. Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 535
CIS??) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 110, pi. vii. fig. 2 ; id. t. c. pp. 342,
380 ; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 71 ; Wardlaw Bamsaxj, Orn. Works
Tiveedd. p. 657 (1881).

Adult female (Dinagat, June 1877 ; A. H. Everett : type of
species). General colour above dull ashy, streaked with white down
the centre of the feathers ; rump uniform and sHghtly tinged with
olive ; lesser wing-coverts like the back, and streaked with white
in the same manner ; the median and greater coverts browner and
the white shaft-lines not quite so distinct ; quills brown, externally
ashy olive, the primaries gxeyer, the innermost secondaries with
white shaft-lines ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with olive-brown,
all but the centre tail-feathers tipped with white, increasing in ex-
tent towards the outermost, the external one having the outer web
entirely white ; crown of head rufous, the feathers with fulvous or
whitish shaft-streaks, forming a cap extending as far as the occiput;
the nape and occiput like the back ; lores dull whitish ; ear-coverts
ashy, streaked with dull white centres to the feathers ; cheeks
similarly coloured, but a little tinged with rufous on the fore part ;
throat light rufous, obscurely streaked with yellowish white ; re-
mainder of under surface of body pale yellowish, including the
under tail-coverts ; sides of breast and flanks slightly more ashy ;
thighs ashy brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts yellowish
white ; quills dusky below, yellowish white along the inner web ;
" bill blackish ; legs light olive-green ; iris orange." Total length
5-3 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-7, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-75. (Mus. B.
G. Wardlau' Ramsaij.)

Adult male (Basilan ; A. H. Everett). Similar in plumage to the
female, but a little brighter on the head and throat : soft parts as

26. MACRONTJS. 583

in the male. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-65, -wing 2-7, tail
2-2, tarsus 0-75. (Mus. JR. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.)

Hub. The islands of Basilan, Panaon, Dinagat, and Lej-te in the
Philippine archipelago.

26. MACRONUS.

Type.
Macronus, Jard. c^- Selby, III. Orn. text to pi. 150 (1835) . M. ptHosus.

Banc/e. Malayan peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo, as well as the
island of Palawan, Philippine archipelago.

Key to the Species.

a. Head ferruginous ptilosus, p. 583.

h. Head black, streaked with white strmticeps, p. 584.

1. Macronus ptilosus.

Macronus ptilosus, Jard. &,• Selh/, III. Orn. pi. 150 (1835) ; Blyth,
J. A. S. Bene/, xi. p. 795 (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1846) ;
Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 149 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 218
(1850) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 275 ; Sorsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B.
E.I Co. Mus. i. p. 225, App. p. 420 (1854) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 215 ; Pek. Pels. Novara, Vog. pp. 69, 161 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l.
J9. i. p. 317, no. 4747 (1869); Wald. Ibis, 1872, p. 375; Salvad.
Ucc. Born. p. 216 (1874); Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 40, 1877, p. 10;
Ttceedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 308 ; Salvad. Ann. 3Ius. Civic. Genov. xiv.
p. 224 (1879); Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 258; Hume, St r. F. 1879,
p. 61, 1880, p. Ill ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 797.

Timaha trichorrhos, Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 594. fig. 1 (1836) ; S. Midi.
Verh. Nat. Gesch. Land- en Volkenk. p. 396 (1839-1844) ; Loiu,
Sarawak, p. 410 (1848).

Macronyx ! ptUosus, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 340 (lapsic calami).

Adult male. General colour above fulvous-brown, the dorsal
plumes blackish, long, and hairy in structure, with conspicuous white
shafts ; upper tail-coverts reddish brown ; tail-feathers blackish
brown ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series dark brown,
margined with the same colour as the back ; quills deep brown, the
secondaries externally margined with dull fulvous-brown ; crown of
head and nape bright chestnut ; lores, eyelid, feathers below the eye,
fore part of cheeks, and throat black ; ear-coverts, hinder part of
cheeks, sides of neck, and fore neck in front fulvous-brown, somewhat
lighter on the fore neck and forming a partially pronounced collar,
the ear-coverts and sides of neck faintly washed with rufous ; behind
the cheeks a half-concealed spot of white ; remainder of under sur-
face of body fulvous-brown, the flank-feathers elongated and with
white shafts ; centre of body ashy ; axillaries and under wing-coverta
like the breast, the lower series of the latter dusky brown ; quiUs
dusky brown below, paler along the edge of the inner web ; " bill
black ; preorbital naked skin blue ; legs brown ; iris crimson " (A,
Everett) ; " iris red-brown " {Wardlaiv Ramsay). Total length 5'8
inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2-65, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-85,

584 TIMELIID^.

Adult female. Does not diifer in plumage from the male ; " bill
black ; legs blackish brown ; iris crimson " (Alfred Everett). Total
length 6 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-65, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-9.

In the yoinuj birds the plumage is not so deeply coloured as in
the adults, the throat is dingy black, and there is little or no trace
of the lighter golden-brown patch on the fore neck, which almost
forms a collar in the adult.

In some old birds the black throat extends on each side of the
fore neck, forming as it were an elongated moustache.

Hah. Malayan peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.

a. c? ad. sk. Malacca. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

b. $ ad.sk. Malacca (Wfl/^ace). Goidd Collection.

c. d. Ad. sk. Malacca (Cantor). India Museum.

e,f. Ad.; ff. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

Jun. sk.

h, i. Ad. sk. Lumbidan, N.W. Borneo R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]

(Hugh Low),

k. Ad. sk. Bintulu, West Borneo. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.l.

/. Ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J.

?n. Ad. sk. S. Borneo. Gould Collection.

2. Macronus striaticeps.

Macronus striaticeps, Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. new series, Zocl. i.
p. 331 ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 827, 1878, pp. 110, 949 ; 11 ard-
latc Eainsaij, Orn. B'orks Tweedd. p. 057 (1881).

Adult male (type of species). Above fulvescent brown, the shafts
of the feathers pale fulvescent; plumes of the rump long and
loose, the shafts white at the base ; wing-coverts uniform with t he
back, and streaked in the same manner, the greater series uniform
fulvescent brown ; quills brown, externally chestnut ; tail brown,
externally washed with chestnut ; head and nape black, cleanly
streaked with white down the middle of the feather ; sides of face
white, the feathers margined with black on both sides, givin : a
streaked appearance ; throat pure white ; remainder of under sur-
face whitish, the feathers of the breast margined with olivaceous so
as to appear streaked ; the sides of the body, thighs, and under tail-
coverts olive-brown, streaked with whitish ; under wing-coverts
olive-brown ; quills ashy below, internally rufescent ; " bill black ;
legs purplish grey ; iris white " (A. H. Everett). Total length 5-2
iudies, culmen 0-6, wing 2-15, tail 2-15, tarsus 1-8.

The sexes are alike in size and colour. Young birds are rather
more rufescent below and have the streaks on the head tinged with
rufous. Both specimens collected by Dr. Steere had the iris hazel,
but Mr. Everett gives the iris as white in all those obtained by him.

Hah. Confined to the Philippine archipelago, where it has been
met with in the southern islands Mindanao, Basilan, Dinagat, and
Hurigao.

n. $ ad. sk. Island of Basilan. Prof. J. B. Steere [C.].

27. PTILOPYGA. 585

27. PTILOPYGA.

Malacocincla, Salcad. Ucc. Born. p. 229 (187'4, nee Blyth).
Range. Borneo.

Key to the Species.

a. Underneath uniform ; sides of body tawny buff;

abdomen creamy whitish ; throat white, some-
what shaded with ashy, which takes the form

of dusky streaks on the lower throat ruftventris, p. 585.

h. Underneath fiammulated ; throat white, with

narrow bhick edges to the feathers ; rest of

under surface streaked with black and white,

the feathers being white in the centre with

broad black margins kucogrammica, p. 586.

1. Ptilopyga rufiventris.

Malacocincla rufiventris, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 229 (1874).

Adult male. General colour above dusky olive-brown, becoming
more reddish brown on the lower back and rump ; mantle with
indistinct pale shaft-Hues ; upper tail-coverts rufous ; upper wing-
coverts Like the back, the greater series somewhat washed with
rufous on their margins ; quills sepia-brown, externally olive-brown,
a little more rufescent on the secondaries : tail-feathers brown,
slightly rufescent on the margins ; head dull ashy grey, contrasting
with the back, and slightly washed with olive-brown ; lores and
eyelid ashy whitish ; feathers over the eye ashy grey, extending
above the car-coverts ; the latter pale fiilvous with light shaft-lines;
cheeks and entire throat dull white, with a few dusky streaks on
the lower part of the latter ; sides of breast washed with olive-brown ;
centre of breast and abdomen whitish ; ilauks, thighs, aud under
tail-coverts bright tawny buff; axillaries and under wing-coverts
pale fulvous ; quills dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 4-7 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-65, tail
1-35, tarsus 1'05.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but not quite so
bright on the flanks ; " bill smoky black, the lower mandible leaden-
grey ; legs pale horn-brown ; iris yellow-brown " {A. Everett).
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-7, tail 1-4, tarsus 1-05.

Obs. The streaks on the throat and chest vary very much in inten-
sity, being sometimes very broad and of a dark slaty-grey colour.
This species so closely resembles Anuroiysis malaccensis, that it can
easily be mistaken for it ; but although it has the short tail of the
latter species, it has the stout bill of a Turdinus, and the streaks
on the throat are never seen at all in .4. malaccensis.

Hub. Borneo.

a. $ ad. sk. Tagora, Sarawak, May 1875. Alfred Everett, Esq. [0.1

b. (J ad. sk. Tagora. Henry Everett, Esq. [C.J.

c. Ad. sk. Sarawak (A. Everett). Gould Collection.

d. d ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

586 TlMELIIDiE.

2. Ptilopyga leucogrammica.

Cacopitta leucogrammica, -B^j. Consp. i. p. 257 (ex Temm. MSS. in

Mus. LiKjd.).
Macronus leucogrammicus, Gray, Hand-l, B. i. p. 318, no. 4753

(1869).
Turdinus leucogrammicus, Salvad. JJcc.Born. p. 217 (1874) ; Sharpe,

Ibis, 1877, p. 11.

Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown, brighter and
more chestnut-brown on the lower back ; wing-coverts dull chest-
nut, the lesser and median series with indistinctly indicated pale
shaft-lines, traces of which are seen on the mantle ; quills dark
brown, externally chestnut ; tail-feathers dark rufous-brown, dusky
on the inner weljs ; head more dusky than the back, the feathers
with obscure blackish edges, producing a slightly scaled appear-
ance ; base of forehead streaked with white ; lores white, as also
the feathers round the eye ; an eyebrow, as well as the ear-coverts
and sides of neck, dull white, mottled with ashy blackish margins
to the feathers ; the fore part of the ear-coverts black, forming a
spot ; cheeks and throat white, with very narrow blackish edges to
the feathers ; remainder of the under surface of body flammulated,
the feathers being white in the centre with distinct black margins,
giving the appearance of very broad streaks ; thighs ashy brown
washed with rufous ; under tail-coverts rufescent brown, with white
shaft-streaks ; under wing-coverts dusky brown, with paler shaft-
lines ; the edge of the wing mottled with a few white plumes mar-
gined with blackish ; quills dusky below, with a faintly indicated
shade of ashy rufous along the inner web ; " legs very dark lead-
colour; iris dark brown" (A. Everett). Total length 6-2 inches,
wing 2-9, tail 1-9, tarsus 1-3.

Hub. Borneo.

«. 2 ad. sk. Biutulu, W. Borneo. Alfred H. Everett, Esq. [C.].

28. PTILOCICHLA.

Ptilocichla, Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd series, i. p. 332

(1876) P. falcata.

Mange. Palawan Island, Philippine archipelago.

1. Ptilocichla falcata.

Ptilocichla falcata, Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc, Zool. 2nd ser. i. p. 332
(1876) ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Orn. Works Tweedd. p. 657 (1881).

Adult male. Top of the head and nape rufous-brown ; sides of the
forehead and a stripe behind the eye fawn-rufous ; lores narrow and
white ; spot before the eye and ear-coverts black ; cheeks and throat
white, with a narrow malar streak of blackish ; entire back blackish
brown, the feathers broadly centred with fulvous ; the feathers of
the lower back long, but somewhat sickle-shaped and hanging over

29. MALIA. 587

on each side, brown or black in colour, broadly streaked with white ;
wings rufous-brown, the quills internally blackish : tail entirely
rufous-brown ; under surface of body blacldsh, the feathers broadly
streaked with white down the middle ; thighs, under wing-coverts,
and under tail-coverts brown, streaked with fulvous ; bill yellowish
honi-colour, the mandible more yellow ; feet dark brown. Total
length 6-8 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 3*2, tail 2-4, tarsus 1-3. (Miis.
J. B. Steere.)

Hah. Island of Palawan, Philippine archipelago.

29. MALIA.

Type.

Malia, Schlegel, Notes Leyden Mus. ii. p. 165 (1880) M. grata.

BUI moderate in size, sensibly curved, vrith the point somewhat
more bent downwards, slightly notched behind this point ; the
compression reaches beyond the middle of its length, afterwards
becoming gradually more large than high. Nostrils basal, forming
an oval aperture, in no way covered, opening into a tolerably large
nose-groove.

Wings short and rounded. First of the primaries 21 lines shorter
than the fifth, which is the longest of all ; sixth almost as long as
the fifth, seventh only 2, tenth 4 lines shorter than the fifth.
Secondaries increasing in length from the first to the third, which is
only 4 lines shorter than the fifth of the primaries ; they decrease
afterwards in the direction of the tertiaries.

Tibia very long and robust. Tarsi long, robust, covered on the
fore side with eleven shields ; on the hinder side above with one
entire shield, beneath with five shields and small scales. NaUs
very robust, with the under curve divided into two semilunar ex-
cisions. Tail strongly rounded. {ScliJegel.)

Mange. Celebes.

1. Malia grata.
Malia grata, Sddegel, Notes Leyden 3Ius. ii. p. 1G5 (1880).

Upper mandible black, but its margins, like the whole under
mandible. Light ochraceous ; whole upperside of the bird of a pure
olive-colour, washed on the neck, mantle, and angle of wing with
lemon-yellow, with a shine of rufous-brown on the tail-feathers and
tinged with light yellowish brown on the outer webs of the pri-
maries ; chin, throat, and chest of a dirty greenish lemon-yellow,
spreading also over the breast and abdomen, but strongly washed
with olive ; underside of wings and tail greyish olive ; flanks, under
tail-coverts, and feathers of legs olive ; tarsus, toes, and nails dark
brown. Total length 11" 6'", wing 5", tail 5", tarsus 23'", culmen
12'". (ScJilegel)

Hah. Celebes.

588 TIMELIID-E.

30. ANUROPSIS*.

Range. Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, extending into the Philip-
pine archipelago.

Key to the Species.

a. Top of head brown ; sides of face grey malaccensis, p. 588.

b. Top of head grey like sides of neck ; ear-coverts

grey cinereiceps, p. 590.

1. Anm'opsis malaccensis.

Brachypteryx malaccensis, Haiil. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 402 ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 209 (1846) ; Bp. C. B. xxxviii. p. 60 (1854) ; Salvad.
Ucc. Born. p. 223 (1874) ; Shurpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 258 ; id. P. Z. S.
1881, p. 797 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 59.

Brachypteryx poliogenis, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 93, pi. 31.

Myiothera poliogenys, Mi'iU. 3ISS. in Mus. Lugd., unde

Turdirostris poliogenys, Bjy. Consp. i. p. 218 (1850).

Trichostoma poliogenys, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 47.

Macronus poliogenys, "Gmy, Hand-l. B. i. p. 318, no. 4770 (1869).

Adult. General colour above dark brown, rather more rufescent
on the rump ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers reddish brown,
the latter more rufous on the edges of the feathers ; wing-coverts
like the back, the lesser and median series with paler shaft^lines,
the greater series somewhat darker brown ; quills dark brown, ex-
ternally olivaceous brown ; crown of head dark brown like the
back ; base of forehead and eyebrow ashy grey ; lores whitish ; ear-
coverts and feathers below the eye dark ashy grey, lighter behind
the ear-coverts ; throat and centre of body pure white, the sides of
the neck, sides of breast, and flanks, as well as the thighs and under
tail-coverts, light tawny buff, the axillaries and under wing-coverts
of the same colour ; " legs pinkish white ; iris crimson " {A. H.
Everett). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-35, tail 1-2,
tarsus 1"1.

Yery great variation in the coloui' of this species seems to take
place ; but at present I am unable to account for the differences in
colour except on the score of age. The sexes do not seem to diflfer
in plumage ; but the Bornean birds are always richer in tint

* ? Anuropsis pyrriiogenys.

Myiothera pyrrhogenys, Temm. PL Col. ii. pi. 442. fig. 2 (1827).
Macronus pyrrhogenys, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1846); id. Hand-l. B. i.

p. 318, uo. 4757 (1869).
Turdirostris pyrrhogenys, Bp. Consp. i. p. 218 (1850).
? Brachypteryx pyrrhogenys, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 221 (1874).

Hah. Java.

I have not been able to identify tliis species, which appears to resemble my
Malacopterum erythrote.

30. ANUROPsis. 589

than the Malaccan. The tint of the upper surface varies from a
strong olive-brown to fulvous-brown or even nifous-brown, the latter
phase accompanied by a chestnut tail. I imagine that these rufous
birds may be the young, as I have specimens before me both
from Malacca and Borneo, and it is impossible to believe that
they represent a distinct species. The bill is much paler in the
rufous-coloured birds, and the under mandible conspicuously yel-
low, which appears to be another sign of nonage in a Timeliiue
bird.

Another point of difference between specimens is to be seen in
the distribution of the colour of the uuderparts. In some the white
of the throat is continued unbroken to the abdomen ; in others there
is a faint shade of rufous on the chest ; while in others the whole
chest is orange-rufous, cutting off the white throat from the white
abdomen.

A pair of birds collected by Mr. Wallace in Malacca measure as
follows : —

Total length.

Culmen.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsu!

in.

a. cJ . Malacca .... 5-2

b. 5. Malacca 50

in.

0-7

0-65

in.
2-55

2-8.5

in.

1-5

l-o5

in.

1-15

1-15

It seems doubtful, however, whether the sexes of these examples
are correctly determined ; for two birds collected in Borneo by Mr.
A. H. Everett measure : —

Totallength. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

in. in. in. in. in.

a. c?.Bintulu .o-3 0-8 2-65 1-45 1-2

6. $.Kuching 4-5 0-6o 2-45 1-25 M

Hab. Malayan peninsula and the islands of Sumatra and Borneo.

a,b.S2 ad. sk. Malacca ( Wallace). Gould CoUection.

c. d ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

d,e,f.Ju\.s]i. Malacca (Caiiio)-). India Museum. (Tricha-

stoma i-ostrafum,'B.. & M.

Cat. p. 405.)
9- Ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

[P.].
h. Ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l.

i, k. Ad. sk. Borneo. Purchased.

/. Juv. sk. Lumbidan, N.W. Bor- R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.].

neo (Ilttr/h Luic).
m. Ad. sk. Lumbidan. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.l.

n. c? ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l.

0. (S ad. sk. Paku, Sarawak, Dec. Henrv Everett, Esq TC 1

1878. ' > ^-i -J-

p. c? ad. sk. Bintulu, W^ Borneo. A. H. Everett, Esq. [C.l.

q. $ ad. sk. Kuching, Sarawak, A. H. Everett, Esq. I C 1

Aug. 1874. ■^'

590 TIMELIID^.

2. Anuropsis cinereiceps.
Drymocataphus cinereiceps, Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. G17.

Adult female (Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Jan. 1878 ; A. Everett:
type of species). General colour above dark fulvous-brown, with
faintly indicated pale shaft-stripes to the feathers of the mantle ;
the plumage of the lower back and rump very full and lax, with
dusky or silvery-grey bases ; lesser and median wing-coverts like
the back, with the same pale shaft-lines ; greater series dark ful-
vous-brown ; quills dark brown internally, externally dark fulvous-
brown, somewhat ashy on the outer webs of the primaries ;
tail-feathers dark fulvous-brown ; crown of head dark ashy grey,
the hind neck and sides of neck lighter ashy grey ; lores and
feathers round the eye ashy whitish ; ear-coverts light ashy grey
with whitish shaft-Hues ; cheeks white, with a narrow line of
black along their upper margin : entire throat pure white, as
also the entire abdomen ; breast and sides of the body, thighs, and
under tail-coverts light fulvous-brown, with paler shaft-lines on the
feathers of the breast ; axillai-ies fulvous with white bases ; under
wing-coverts fulvous ; quills dusky brown below, ashy fulvous along
the edge of the inner web ; " biU brownish grey, the mandible
white ; legs pallid, the front of the tarsi tinged brown ; iris burnt
sienna-orange " (A. H, Everett). Total length -I'o inches, culmen
0*7, wing 2'35, tail l-Oo, tarsus 1*1. {Mus. R. 0. Wanllaiv Earn-
say.)

Hah. Island of Palawan.

31. CRATEROSCELIS.
Range. New Guinea, Waigiou, Mysol, Aru Island.

Key to the Species.

a. Breast and sides of body vinous rufous murina, p. 590.

b. Breast light brown ; sides of body mouse-brown. . . . monacha, p. 691.

1. Crateroscelis murina.

Myiothera mmina, Temm. 3IS. hi Mus. Lugd, {nee Blyth, Ibis, 1865,

P-47).
Tm'dirostris muriua, Bp. Consp. i. p. 158 (1856, descr. nidld) ; Finsch,

Neitr Guinea, p. 166 (1865).
Brachypteryx murinus, Sclafer, Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 158 (1858) ;

Gray, Cat. Matnni. etc. N. Gain. pp. 25, 56 (1869) ; Meyer, Sitz.

k. Akad. Wieji, Ixix. p. 497 (1874).
Turdirostrimi murinum, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 191.
Alcippe mmina, Gray, P.Z. S. 1861, p. 4-34.
Turdu'ostris murinus, Rosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxv. p. 231

(186.3;; id. J. f. O. 1864, p. 119; id. Reist. naar Geelvinksb.

p. 114 (1875).

31. CKATEEOSCELIS. 591

Malacopteron mm-inum, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 4746 (1869) :

Bosenh. Malay. Arch. p. 554 (1879).
BracliTpteryx biunueiventris, Meyer, Sitz. k. Akacl. Wien, Ixix.

p. 497 (1874): Sclater, Ibis, 1874, p. 418; Salvad. Ann. Mus.

Civic. Genov. xii. p. 343 (1878),
Bracliypterj'x miuiua, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. x. p. 146

(1877), xvi. p. 186 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papvasia, ii. p. 406 (1881) ;

Sharpe, Joiirn. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 440 (1882).
Sericornis fulvipectoris, Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. iV. S. W. iv. p. 5

(1879).
Sericornis fulvopectoralis, Bamsay, t. c. p. 5 (1879).
Sericornis fulvipectus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 187

(1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia, ii. p. 409 (1881).

Adult. General colour above dark earthy brown, with somewhat
of an ash}' tint on the back ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater
series externally slightly washed with fulvons-brown ; quills dusky
brown, externally dull fulvous or olivaceous brown ; lower back and
rump, as well as upper tail-coverts, slightly paler brown than the
back ; tail-feathers dull reddish brown ; head and nape dusky
blackish, including the lores and sides of the head, the ear-coverts
slightly lighter brown ; cheeks and upper throat white with a slight
fawn-coloured tinge ; lower throat, breast, sides of body, and under
tail-coverts fawn-coloured ; thighs browner ; centre of body and
abdomen whitish washed with fawn-colour; under wing-coverts
and axillaries fawn-coloured with dusky bases, lower series dusky ;
quills dull brown below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner
web ; " iris dark brown '' (Beccari). Total length 4-5 inches, cul-
men 0-6, wing 2-25, tail 1-45, tarsus 0-95.

Ifab. New Guinea ; Salawati ; Waigiou ; Mysol.

a. Ad. sk. New Guinea. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

b. Ad. sk. Astrolabe range, S.E. New Mr. A. Goldie [C.].

Guinea.

c. (S ad. sk. AVaigiou. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

2. Crateroscelis monacha.

Alcippe monacha, Grai/, P. Z. S. 185S, pp. 175, 191 ; id. Cat. Mamm.

etc. a: Guin. pp. 26, 56 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 434; Eosenb.

J.f. O. 1864, p. 119; Finsch, Neu-Gtiinea, p. 166 (1865).
Malacopteron monacha. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 4738 (1869).
Brachypteryx monacha, Giebel, Thes. Orn. i. p. 476 (1872) ; Salvad.

Ann. 3Ius. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 186 (1880) ; id. Orn. Paimasia,

ii. p. 407 (1881).

Acliilt male. General colour above dark earthy brown, a little
clearer and more fulvous-brown on the lower back and rump ; wing-
coverts like the back, the edges of the median and greater scries
somewhat tinged with fulvous-brown ; primary-coverts darker
brown ; quills dark brown, externally dull fulvous-brown, lighter
on the primaries ; upper tail-coverts reddish brown : tail-feathers
brown with reddish-brown margins ; head blackish, as well as the
nape, the shaft-lines distinctly indicated ; lores and feathers round
the eye blackish ; ear-coverts ashy blackish ; cheeks, throat, and

592 TlMELnDiE.

under surface of body white, with a tinge of fawn-colour on the
lower throat; sides of bodj' light brown, ashy on the sides of the
breast ; thighs white internally, brown externally ; under tail-
coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries brown washed
with fulvous ; quills brown below, fulvescent along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-15, tail
1"55, tarsus 0'9..

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male, but a little larger.
Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0"6, wing2'35, tail 1*7, tarsus 0"85.

Hah. Aru Islands.

a,b. c? 2 ad. Am Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

sk.
c. Ad. sk. Aru Islands (Cockerell). F. D. Godman and 0, Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].

32. CORYTHOCICHLA.
Range. Hills of North-eastern Bengal to Tenasserim.

Key to the Species.

a. Breast rufescent washed with ashy ; abdomen

creamy buff in the centre ; throat ashy, with broad

dusky centres to the feathers h-evicaudata, p. 592.

h. Throat and breast ashy, with broad dusky centres

to the feathers striata, p. 593.

1. Corythocichla brevicaudata.

Turdinus brevicaudatus, Bh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 272 (1855) ;

Walden, Ibis, 1876, p. 345 ; Hume 8f Davison, Sir. F. 1878, pt. i.

p. 262 ; Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 462, 1879, p. 95 ; Bingham, Str.

F. 1880, p. 179 ; Oates, B. Brit. Btcrm. p. 60 (1883).
Macronus brevicaudatus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 319, no. 4777 (1869).

Adult female. General colour above brown, the feathers of the
head and mantle grey in the centre, with white shaft-streaks and
margined with black ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
uniform brown, slightly shaded with ashy on the lesser and median
series, with narrow pale shaft-lines, the greater series darker brown
with tiny white spots at the tip ; primary-coverts and quills dark
brown, externally washed with brown of a slightly olivaceous shade,
the inner secondaries with a white spot at the tip ; tail-feathers
dark brown, externally olivaceous brown ; lores and a distinct eye-
brow, as well as the cheeks, sides of face, and ear-coverts ashy grey,
with indistinct shaft-lines of white ; throat streaked, the feathers
white on the edges with broad centres of dusky blackish ; fore neck,
breast, and under surface of body light tawny ; centre of breast and
abdomen creamy buff ; sides of body and flanks browner ; the
feathers of the sides of the fore neck delicate ashy in the centre
with whitish shaft-lines, this ashy shade less distinct on the flanks
and sides of the body, the shaft-lines being also less distinctly indi-

33. iTJRDixcLua. 593

cated ; thighs dusky browu washed with tawuy ; under tail-coverta
tawny tipped with creamy butt", the centre of the feathers dusky ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries dull tawny, with whitish shaft-
lines and dusky centres to the feathers ; the lower series dusky near
the edge of the wing ; qiiills dusky below, ashy along the edge of
the inner web ; " upper mandible very dark brown, the lower
mandible plumbeous to pale plumbeous ; legs and- feet and claws
pale browu to pale fleshy brown ; iris deep brown, red-brown, or
cinnamon-red " ( W. Davison). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-6,
wing 2--1:, tail 1-5, tarsus 0-9. (Mxis. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.)
Hah. Teuasserim.

2. Corythocichla striata.

Turdinus striatus, Walden, Ann. c^'- Mac/. Xat. Hist. (4) vii. p. 241
(1871) ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlvii. p. 16 (1878).

Turdinus williamsoni, Godicin- Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlvi. pt. 2,
p. 44 (1877) ; id. op. cit. xlvi. pt. 2, p. 16 (1878).

Adult. General colour above ashy olive-brown, mottled with
blackish margins to the feathers and whitish shaft-lines ; rump and
upper tail-coverts uniform ; wing-coverts like the back, but the
dusky black margins not so pronounced, the greater coverts with
small triangular spots of rufous buff ; quills sepia-brown, externally
olive-brown, with distinct spots of rufous buff at the tips, larger on
the inner secondaries, the outer primaries ashy along the outer
web ; tail-feathers sepia-brown, externally edged with oHve-brown
and minutely tipped with rufous buff; base of forehead, lores, and
feathers over the eye ashy grey, slightly mottled with blackish
margins to the feathers ; ear-coverts dull ash}- washed with brown ;
cheelcs and throat whitish, mottled with obscure central markings
of dusky brown ; fore neck and chest, as well as the sides of bodj',
pale fulvous-brown, becoming bright tawny on the lower flanks,
vent, and under tail-coverts ; centre of breast whity brown, the
feathers with white? shaft-streaks ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
light tawny, the outer greater coverts and lower surface of the quills
ashy brown, lighter ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total
length bo inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2"4, tail 1'4, tarsus 1.

Hah. Hills of Xorth-eastern Eengal.

a, h. Ad. sk. Khasia hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

33. TURDINULUS.

Type.
Turdinulus, Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 2-')5 T. murinus.

Range. From North-eastern Bengal, through Tenasserim, down
the Malayan peninsula to Sumatra.

1. Turdinulus murinus.

Myiothera murina, Blyth. Ibis, 1865, p. 47 (e.r Miill. MS. in Mu.h.
Lugd.).

VOL. VII. 2 u

594 TIMELIID^.

Puoepyga, sp., Godiuin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 101 (1870).
Pnoepyga roberti, Godwin-Austen 8^ Wnld. Ibis, 1875, p. 253 ;

Hume, Str. F. 1870, p. 218.
Turdimilus roberti, Hume Sf Davison, Str. F. 1 878, p. 235 ; Hume,

Str. F. 1879, p. 93 ; Gould, B. Asia, part xxxiii.
Turdimilus murina, Hume, Str. F. 1880, p. 115.
Turdinulus murjnus. Gates, B. Brit. Burm., p. 62 (1883).

Adult (type of species). General colour above brown, mottled
with blackish edges to the feathers, the mantle and upper back
varied with whitish shaft-streaks ; rump and lower back uniform
brown, rather more fulvescent ; wing-coverts rather more reddish
brown than the back, with a smaU triangular spot of white at the
tips ; quills dusky brown, externally dull rufous-brown, the inner
secondaries with a small spot of white at the tips ; tail-feathers
reddish brown ; lores and base of forehead whitish, the feathers tipped
with dusk}', producing a somewhat seal}' appearance : a pale fulvous
superciliary streak, the feathers slightly mottled with dusky edges;
ear-coverts dull brown ; cheeks rufous buff, mottled with blackish tips
to the feathers; throat white, thickly mottled with triangular blackish
spots in the centres of the feathers ; breast whitish or creamy buff,
rather mottled with dusky edges to the feathers ; centre of abdomen
whitish ; sides of body fulvescent brown, the plumes on the side of
the bi'east with whitish shaft;-line8 ; thighs and under tail-coverts
more fawn-coloured ; axillaries and under wing-coverts fulvescent ;
quills dusky below ; " biU sepia-brown ; legs burnt umber ; iris van-
dyke brown " (0. Limhorg). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0'65,
wing 2-05, tail 1, tarsus 0-8. (Mits. H. II. Godunn-Austen.)

A female in Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay's collection is rather paler
in colour and has the spots on the throat dusky brown instead of
black.

Hab. Munipur hiUs, extending to Mooleyit in Tenasserim, and
probably found throughout, the mountains of the Malayan peninsula,
as it reappears in Sumatra.

34. RIMATOR.

lype.

Rimator, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 154 (Feb.

1847) R. malacoptilus.

Caulodromus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 144 (April

1847) R. malacoptilus.

Merva, Hodgs. Calc. Joiirn. Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 96

(April) R. malacoptilus.

Range. Eastern Himalayas : Sumatra.

1. Rimator malacoptilus.

Rimator malacoptilus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. pp. 155, 864, 878
(1847) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 338 (1849) ; Horsf. fy Moore,
Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 717 (1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 493
(18G2) ; Gould, B. Asia, part 22 (1870) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879,
p. 93.

Caulodromus gracei, Gray ^~ Mitch. Gen. B. i. p. 144, pi. 44. fig. 2

34. RIMATOK. 595

(1847) ; id. Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 352 (1847) ; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 225 (1850) ; Graxj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 184, no. 2518 (1869).
Merva jerdoni, Hodgs. Calc. J&urn. Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 96.

Adult. General colour above brown, the feathers mesially streaked
with whity-brown shaft-streaks ; the mantle and back blacker, the
feathers brown on the outer web, black on the inner one ; lesser
and median coverts brown, with narrow pale shaft-lines; greater
coverts brown, externally washed with rufous ; bastard wiug and
primary-coverts dusky brown, externally edged with lighter brown ;
quills dusky, externally brown, the innermost secondaries entirely
brown with pale shaft-streaks ; upper tail-coverts reddish brown
with pale shaft-lines ; tail-feathers dusky brown, washed with
reddish brown externally; crown of the head like the back and
streaked in the same manner ; lores reddish buff, with dusky tips
to the feathers ; feathers round the eye and ear-coverts reddish
brown, with a few pale shaft-lines on the upper edge of the latter ;
cheeks light fulvous, separated from the ear-covcrts by a distinct line
of black ; sides of neck like the mantle ; throat pale fulvous-brown
mottled with light centres ; remainder of the under surface streaked,
the feathers ashy fulvous or white along the shafts, with dusky
bases and margins to the breast-feathers ; sides of the body deep
fulvous-brown, wdth whity-brown shaft-streaks ; thighs tawny
brown ; under tail-coverts deep tawny buff with paler shaft- lines ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale tawny buff, with a little
blackish patch on the lower wiug-coverts ; quills below dusky brown,
more ashy along the inner web ; " bill dark horny, fleshy at the
base ; legs brownish red ; irides light brown " (Jerdon). Total
length 4-25 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 2*2, tail 1-05, tarsus 0-9.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas.

a. Ad. sk. DarjUing. — Grace, Esq. (Type of

CaulodroniKS gracei.')
h, c, d. Ad. sk. Darjiling. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

e,f, g. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

k. Ad. sk. Nnpal (Hodgson). India Museum.

2. Rimator albostriatus.

Rimator albostriatus, Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 224

(1879).

Above dusky brown, below paler ; the feathers of the back, breast,
and abdomen with a median white shaft-streak ; the rump uniform ;
throat white, margined with two Hues on each side, the intervening
space being greyish ; wings and tail dusky ; bill dusky horn-colour,
feet dusky, iris brownish chestnut. Total length 5-7 inches, wing
2-65, tail" 1-3, tarsus 1-2. (Salvad.)

Hah. Sumatra.

2ft 2

>96 TLMELIIDiE.

Group IX. LIOTRICHES.

The Hill Tits, as these birds are popularly called, are universally
recognized hy writers on Indinn ornithology as representing a di-
stinct family of birds. I believe, however, that they ai'e more
correctly placed as aberrant Timeliine foims, showing great affinities
with the Parkla', the true TimeUidce, and even with the Wrens (Tro-
glodytidce) ; in a less degree they are also allied to the Flycatchers.

Key to tlie O en era.

a. Eictal bristles scarcely perceptible, or

absent altogether . .'. 1. Stachybidopsis, p. 597.

b. Eictal bristles evident.

a' . Tail very short, hidden by the coverts
and not reaching beyond the tip of
the closed wing ; tarsal envelope

without scutes 2. Oligura, p. G03.

b' . Tail moderately long, always surpassing
the tips of the wings ; tarsus scu-
tellated.
a". Outer tail-feathers rounded or
pointed at the ends.
a'". Bill moderately stout, the cul-
men not exceeding the length
of the hind toe and claw.
n*. Tail nearly even.

cv". Head crested, but not very

perceptible 3. Minla, p. 606.

¥. With a large blunt crest,
somewhat fan-like, the long
feathers exceeding the cul-

men in length 4. IxuLUS, p. 612.

6*. Tail strongly graduated, the
outer feather falling short of
the middle one by as much as
or more than the hind toe (with-
out claw).
c'. A blimt crest, very conspicu-
ous, the feathers exceeding
the culmen in length ; rictal
bristles very feeble and ex-
tending no further than an-
terior edge of nostril 5. Staphidia, p. 615.

d^. Head crested, but not very
distinctly, the feathers only

as long as the culmen 6. Alcippe *, p. 618.

b'" . Bill lengthened and slender, ex-
ceeding in length the hind toe
and claw ; tarsus scutellated.

* Here must probabl j- be placed the following genera, specimens of which
have not been at hand for me to determine their exact position : — 7. Fulvcffa ;
8. Moupmia ; 9. Dendrohtastes.

1. STACHYRIDOPSIS. 597

c^. Bill broader than liigh at nos-
trils ; the latter linear, shut
in by a superior membrane.
c\ Crest highly developed, its
feathers lengthened and ex-
ceeding the length of the

ciilmeu 10. YuHiNA, p. 631 .

f". Crest only moderately deve-
loped, its feathers not reach-
ing more than half the length

of tlie culmen 11. Myzornis, p. 635.

d!^. Bill higher than broad at nos-
trils; nasal opening a some-
what rounded aperture shut in

by a superior membrane 12. Herpoenis, p. 636.

h" . Tail-feathers more or less scjuared
at the ends.

c'". Wing equal to tail 13. Siva, p. 637.

d'" . Tail longer than ^-ing 14. Liocichla, p. 641.

e'". Wing longer than tail.

e^. Upper tail-coverts moderate
and falling short of the tip of
the tail by much more than the

length of i.he arsus lo. Mesia, p. 642.

/■'. Upper tail-coverts very long,
reaching nearly to the end of
the tail, falling short of the tip
of the latter by less than the
length of the tareus.
^. Tarsus long and slender, ex-
ceeding middle toe and claw
by length of hind toe ; wings
fiilling short of tail by more

than the leugtli of the tarsus. 16. Liotheix, p. 644.
A*. Tarsus stout and clumsy, not
exceeding middle toe and
claw by as much as the length
of the hind toe ; wings falling
short of tail by only a trifle
over the length of the tarsus. 17. Cutia, p. 646.

1. STACHYRIDOPSIS*.

Staehyris, pt., auct. (nee Hodgs.).

RdiKje. Himalayas and Burmese countries ; throughout Southern
China and Formosa ; Malayan peninsula and Sumatra.

Key to the Species.

a. Forehead rufous.

a'. Under surface of body yellowish or light brown ;
sides of face the same.
a" . Crown of head rufous, extending to nape ;

under surface oily yellow riijiceps, p. .598.

* Type 8. pyrrhops.

598 timelitdjE.

6". Forehead and sinciput rufous, not extending
to the occiput ; under surface light fulves-

cent brown tinged with yellow rufifrons, p. 599.

h' . Under surface of body grey, with a pale olive-
brown band across the breast ; sides of face

gi'ey poliugaster, p. 599.

b. No rufous on forehead.

c'. Lores and chin black pyrrhops, p. 600.

d'. No black on chin, the latter yellow \ ■ ■;■ „ nrv-i

' •' ( assimilis, p. b02.

1. Stachyi-idopsis ruficeps.

Stachyris ruticeps, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beny. xvi. p. 452 (1847) ; id. Cat.

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 150 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 2.32 (1850) ;

Moore, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 141 ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.

Mus. i. p. 409 (1854) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodys.

p. 45 (1863, e.v Hodys. Icon. ined. Ajip. pi. 89, no. 92-3) ; Hume

(^ Davis. 8tr. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 265 ; Hmne, Str. F. 1879, p. 95.
Timalia ruficeps. Gray, Gen. B. iii. Apj). p. 10 (1849); id. Hand-l.

B. i. p. 315, no. 4710 (1869).
Stachyris prsecognitus, Sivinh. Ibis, 1866, p. 310 ; id. P. Z. 8. 1871,

p. 373; Gould, B. Asia, part xxv. (1873); David i^ Oust. Ois.

Chine, p. 224 (1877).
Timalia prfccoguitus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 315, no. 4712 (1869).

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, the wing-coverts like
the back ; greater coverts, quills, and tail-feathers brown, washed
with olive on the outer webs ; crown of head bright rufous, the
nape also slightly tinged with a rufescent shade ; frontal feathers
with slightly indicated black shaft-lines ; lores and an indistinct
eyebrow light yellow ; ear-coverts olive-brown ; sides of face and
under surface of body light yeUow, the sides of body, thighs, and
under tail-coverts olive-brown ; on the throat and fore neck there
are slight indications of blackish shaft-lines ; under wing-coverts and
asillaries white slightly tinged with yeUow ; quiUs brown below,
white along the edge of the inner web ; " bill plumbeous brown,
reddish beneath ; legs pale yellow-brown ; irides light brown " (Jerclon).
Total length 4'7 inches, culmen 0'65, wing 2*1, tail 2"1, tarsus 0"85.
Some specimens are browner than others, while some are more
distinctly olive on the upper surface.

After comparison of specimens, I have come to the conclusion that
S. pTcecognitus of Swinhoe cannot be distinguished specifically from
S. ruficeps. Mr. Swinhoe, when he described the species, compared
it to S. chryscea, to which it presents very little resemblance.

Hah. Nepal, throughout the Eastern Himalayas and the Khasia
hills : thence it probably ranges throughout Southern China (as it
has been found by Abbe David in Szechuen and Kiangsi) to the
island of Formosa.

a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

c, d, e,f. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

ff, h. Ad. sk. Nepal (Ilodyson). India Museum.

i. Ad. sk. Sikhim, Xuv. 1872 Major J. Biddulph.

{Mandelli).

1. STACHYKIDOrsiS. 599

A. Jad. sk. Sikhiin, March 1878 Major J.Biddulph.

(Mandelli).

I. d" ad. sk. Sikliim, Dec. lo, 1879. Eugene W. Gates, Esq.

(i. Mandelli). [C.].

m,n. Ad.sk. Hiiihim {L. Mandelli). HenrySeebohm, Esq. [P.].

o,p. Ad.sk. Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.].

q. Ad. sk. Fungslian, Formosa, Gould Collectinu.

Jan. 18G6.

r. Ad. sk. Formosa, Jan. 1866 H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

{R. Swinhoe).

2. Stachyridopsis ruflfrons.

Stachyris rutifrons, Hume, Sir. F. 187.3, p. 479 ; id. Sf Oates, Sir. F.

1875, p. 117; id. Str. F. 1876, pp. 274, 501 ; id. Sr Damn. Str. F.

1878, vol. i. p. 265 ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 95.
Stachyris ruficeps {non Blyth), Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 476 ; Wald. in

Blyth, B. Burm. p. 116 (1875).

Adult. Lores and a streak over (but not extending beyond) the
eye pale mouse-brown ; forehead and anterior half of crown pale
brownish rufous ; occiput, nape, and the rest of the upper surface
pale brown, with a very faint olivaceous tinge on the occiput, back,
and rump ; upper tail-coverts just perceptibly more rufous ; inner
webs of primaries pale hair-brown ; outer webs and tail very pale
brown, with a scarcely perceptible olivaceous tinge ; chin and centre
of throat wliite, the feathers just perceptibly dark-shafted ; the rest
of the throat, cheeks, ear-coverts, and the rest of the lower surface
dull, pale, slightly fulvous brown (if raised, it will be seen that only
the terminal third of the feathers are of this colour ; above this
they are albescent ; and the basal portions are dusky) ; the wing-
lining and axillaries are a very pale grey or grej'ish white ; " bill
blue ; inside of mouth flesh-colour ; iris deep red ; eyelids plum-
beous; legs fleshy brown; claws pale horny" (E. Oates). Total
length 4-5 inches, bill from gape 0"o6, wing 1-9, tail 1"95, tarsus
0-67. {Hume.)

Hub. The forests in the Tenasserim and Pegu hills, ranging
through Karennee to the Bhootan Dooars. Mr. Hume states that
it is smaller than S. ruficeps, and the iiifous of the head is duUer
and does not extend to the occiput. The under-mentioned speci-
mens appear to be referable to this species or, rather, race ; for it
is very' difiicult to separate it as a distinct species.

«. Ad. sk. Bootan Dooars (Z.3/a«f?e//t). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

h. Ad.sk. Eootau Dooars, Jan. 1876 Eugene W. Gates, Esq. [C.].
(X. Mandelli).

c. d ad. sk. Cachar, May 25, 1878. J. Inglis, Esq. [d.

d. c? ad. sk. Tenasserim, Feb. 3, 1875 Eugene W. Oates, Esq. [C.].

(TV. Davison).

;i Stachyridopsis poliogaster.
Stachyris poliogaster, Hume, Str. F. 1880, p. 116.
Adult. The entire lores, extending quite to the nostrils and

600 T1MELIID.E.

closing over the culmen so as to form a frontal band, the feathers
above and below the eye, and the cheeks dull grey or greyish white,
a little browner on the cheeks ; chin and throat white, with a grey
shade, most of the feathers black-shafted ; a pale olive-brown band
across the breast ; lower breast, abdomen, sides, flanks, and tibial
plumes grey, darker and bluer on the sides, and the tips of some of
the flank-feathers with a brown tinge ; lower tail-coverts pale fawny
brown ; wiug-liuing and axillaries pure white ; the posterior por-
tion of the forehead and the crown bright ferruginous chestnut, the
feathers dai-k-shafted ; nape, back, and lesser wing-coverts dull
brownish olive ; wings and tail hair-brown, with the visible por-
tions in the closed wing everywhere suffused with a faintly rufescent
olive shade ; the tail faintly and obsoletely barred : the edge of the
wing white ; " irides a deep brown ; lower mandible fleshy pink ;
upper mandible plumbeous brown ; legs, feet, and claws dark fleshy
tinged with green " ( W. Davison). Total length 4-6 inches, bill
at front 0-52, wing 2-05, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-65. (Hume, I. c.)

Hah. Known at present from the single specimen collected by
Mr. Davison at the foot of Gunong Pula, Johore, llalay peninsula,
and now in Mr. Hume's collection.

4. Stachyridopsis pyrrhops.

Stachyris pyrrhops, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passei-es, pi. 78.

tigs. 4, 4' (nos. 410, 411); id. in Grai/'s Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844);

id. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 379 (1844)t ; Gray, Lid Mamin. etc. Nepal
j)rcs. Hodgs. p. 75 (1846) ; BhitJi, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 150

(1«49) ; Jforsf. i^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 232 (1854);

Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 21 (18G3) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95.
Timalia pyii-hops, Gray, Gen. B. iii., App. p. 10 (1849).
Stachyris pyrops, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 23 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 332

(1850).
Prinia sp. no. 132, Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 488.
Timaha pyrops, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 315, no. 4708 (1869).

Adult. General colour above ashy olive-brown, a little more dingy
on the mantle ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills brown, externally
olive-brown ; tail-feathers light brown, narrowly edged with olive-
brown ; crown of head ochraceous brown, much lighter on the fore-
head, the shafts of the feathers black and stiffened, producing a
bristly appearance; sides of face light ochraceous brown, the ear-
coverts somewhat ashy ; a spot in front of the eye and chin black ;
remainder of under surface light ochraceous brown, the sides of the
body washed with ashy ; under tail-coverts ochraceous like the
abdomen : under wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed with
ochre near the edge of the wing ; quiUs light brown below, white

t This description occurs in a paper of Blyth's ; and although the latter
refers to the species as Mr. Hodgson's, the diagnoses would appear to be his
own. Blyth, however, always seemed to regard the names as having been given
by Mr. Hodgson in the passage referred to ; and so it seems right to credit them
to the latter.

1. STACHYRIDorSIS. 6Ul

along the edge of the inner web ; " bill sordid sanguine ; legs pale
tleshy brown ; iria blood-red " (Jerdon). Total length 4-S inches,
culmen U-6o, wing 2-1, tail 2, tarsus O'S.

A considerable ditterenco in the tone of colour in this species is
observable, some individuals being so much more olive and others
more rufescent in shade. The palest examples are those from the
North-west Himalaj-as.

Youmj. Coloured like the adult, but much more fluff)- in appear-
ance and everywhere paler ; the black shaft-lines on the head nearly
obsolete.

Hah. Himalayas.

a. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas {Dr. A. L. Goidd Collection.

Adams). Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill
6,e, rf.Ad.sk. N.W. Himalavas. [!'.].

e. Ad. sk. Dehra {G. King). Dr. J. Seully [P.].

f,(j,h. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of species.)

i, k. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodijson). India Museum.

5. Stachyridopsis chrysaea

Stachyris chrysEea, Hodgs. Icon, ined., App. pi. 88 (no. 869) ; id. in
Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 379
(1844) ; id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 23 ; Gray, Cat. Manim. etc. Nepal pres.
Hodgs. p. 75 (Ls46) ; Bhjth, Cat. B. Miis. As. Soc. p. 150 (1849) ;
Bp. Consp. i. p. .332 (1850); Hors,". ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.
Miis.i. p. 2.32 (1854); Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 23 (1863); Godwin-
Aiisfen, J. A. .S'. Beng. xxxix. p. 103 (1870); Hume, Nests S,- Eqqs
hid. B. p. 245 (1873) ; Blgtli Sf Wald. B. Burm. p. 115 (1875) ;
Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlv. p. 75 (1876) ; Anders. Zool.
Yunnan, p. 636 (1878) ; Hume, 8tr. F. 1879, p. 95.

Timalia chrysoea, Gray, Gen. B. iii., Ajyp. p. 10 (1849) ; id. Hand-l.
B. i. p. 315, no. 4709 (1869).

Adult. General colour above yellowish olive ; wing-coverts and
quills dusky brown edged with greenish, a little more yellowish
on the primaries ; tail-feathers ashy brown, edged with yellowish
olive ; crown golden yellow, broadly streaked with black centres to
the feathers ; forehead and a line over the eye bright golden ; lores
and feathers above and below the eye black : ear-coverts yellowish
olive ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body golden yellow,
paler on the breast and abdomen and under tail-coverts ; under
vriug-coverts yellow, with silky white bases ; quills dusky brown
below, yellowish white along the edge of the inner web ; " bill
plumbeous ; legs pale brownish yellow ; irides light brown '" {Jerdon).
Total length 4-^ inches, culmen O'o, wing 1-95, tail I'T, tarsus 0-7u.

YouiKj. Differs from the adult in being browner and wanting the
yellow tint of the upper surfacv: . while the golden yellow of the fore-
head and underparts is paler aud only faint yellow. In the very
young birds the under surface is ashy whitish washed with yellow.

The Golden-headed Wren Babbler inhabits the Himalayas from

602 TIMELIID^.

3000 to 5000 feet, and extends into the hills of Arrakan and the
Khasia hills.

a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.]. (Types of species.)
c, c?. Ad. ; c,/. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
g,h. Ad. ; i,k. Juv. sk. Nepal {B. H. Hodgson). India Museum.
I, m, n, 0. Ad. sk. Sikhim {Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

6. Stachyridopsis assimilis.

Stachyris assimilis, Wald. in BlytJis B. Burm. p. 116 (1875) ; Hume,
Str. F. 1877, pp. 57, 113; Hume i^ Davis. Str. F. 1878, vol. i.
p. 265 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Ramsay, in Tiveedd. Orn.
Works, ^. mi (1881).

Stachyris bocagii, Salvad. Ann. Mus.Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 223 (1879)*;
Hume, Str. F. 1880, p. 117.

Adult female (Karen-nee ; R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay : type of
species). Above ashy greenish olive, a little yellower on the rump ;
wing-coverts ashy brown, narrowly margined with the same colour
as the back ; quills dusky brown, externally margined with olive-
yellow, brighter on the primaries ; tail-feathers light ashy brown,
edged with olive-greenish ; head pale golden yellow, brighter on the
forehead and lores ; the crown and nape streaked with dusky down
the centres of the feathers ; sides of face dusky yellowish, ashy on the
ear-coverts, which have indistinct streaks ; cheeks, throat, and
under surface of body light golden yellow, a little greener on the
sides of the breast and flanks ; under wing-coverts white or yellowish
white, brighter on the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below,
yellowish white along the edge of the inner web ; " iris brown ;
bill dark plumbeous, pinkish at base of lower mandible ; legs light
greenish brown" {R. G. W. R.) ; "legs and feet fleshy yellow ;
upper mandible brown, lower mandible pale plumbeous, fleshy at
base ; iris deep red-brown " ( W. Bavison). Total length 4-1 inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 1-9, tail I'Go, tarsus 0'7. {Miis. R. G. Wardlaw
Ramsay.)

Adidt male (Karen-nee ; R. G. W. R.). Similar in plumage to the
female Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-(>5, wing 1-9, tail 1-65,
tarsus 0*7. (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.)

* The following is a translation of Count Salvadori's description of 8.
bocagii : —

Above greenish olive ; head yellowish, the crown streaked with dusty ; lores
dusky ; under surface of body yellow, the throat brighter ; the sides tinged with
green ; wings and tail dusky ashy grey, the outer margius of the feathers
greenish oli^e ; bill and feet dusky ; iris chestnut. Total length 4-3 inches,
bill 045, wing 2, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-65. (Salvadori.)

Inhabits the mountains of Sumatra. It is described by Count Salvadori as
being allied to <S'. chri/saa, from which it differs in the greener shade of the
upper surface, the dusky streaks on the crown being less pronounced, the colour
of tlie head greenish, less verging towards golden yellow, the lores dusky instead
of black, the less brilliant yellow of the belly, which is slightly greenish, and by
the tail being longer and duller in colour.

■i. OLIGURA. 603

Hab. A dull-coloured race of the Himalayan N. chrysmi from
which it differs lu the less vivid colour of the head and uuderparts
the back and wing-coverts being more of an ashy olive-colour and
the margins to the quills and tail-feathers much duller. I have not
seen a specimen from Sumatra ; and thus I cannot tell for certain
whether the species from the hills of the latter island is identical
with that of the Burmese and Tenasserim hills ; but it seems hi"-hly
probable that this will prove to be the case. The Khasia birds in
Colonel Grodwin-Austeu's collection also appear to be S. assimilis.

2. OLIGURA.

Tesia (pt), Hodt/s. J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 101 (1837). ^^^'

Oligura, HodysRZ S 1845, p. 25 0. castaneocoronata.

Microcercus, Fttz. Sttz. k. Akad. Wien, xlvi. p. 215

(1^^^) 0. superciliaris.

Cf. Sharpe, Brit. Mus. Cat. B. vi. p. 301.

^ange. Eastern Himalayas, ranging into Assam and the Muninur
and Mishmi hills. -^

Key to the Species.

a. Head chestnut; under surface bright yellow, castaneocoronata, r^. QO^.

b. Head yellow or olive-greeu ; under surface

slatj-^blue •••••••.•... cyanwentris, p. 004.

c. Head black, with a broad grey eyebrow • ab-

domen whitish super ciliarh, p. 005.

1. Oligura castaneocoronata.
Sylvia castaneocoronata, Burton, P. Z. S 1835 p 152
Tesia fiaviveuter, Hodys J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. lb2'; id. Icon. ined. in

■P'-it Mu.s. pi. xlviii. hg. 1, et^/;;j. pi. 28 (no 490)
Ohgura flaviventer^orf^*. in G7-m/s Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844): id.

1 . Z. o. lo45, p. 25.
Tesia castaneocoronata, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv p 586 (1845)
aray, Cat.Mamm.etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 62 (1846); id. Gen
i7oP;i^^.n\P^V;^^-> ^ ^1^*^^' ^^^^^'' t^'- ^- Mus. As. Soc.

f ■ fi ^"- ^¥«^- 1; P- 179 (1854) ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. 10 (1858) ;
n«mf • ^'^•/- ?• f ^(1«62) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p.' 188, no. 2556
(1869); Godwin-Aust. J. A. S. Bern/, xxxix. p. 101 (1870^
Ifume, Str. F. 1879, p. 93. f \ j

Adult. General colour above dark green, the wing-coverts like
the back ; quills dusky brown, externally edged with olive-green •
tail-feathers dull olive-green ; crown of head as far as the occiput'
entire sides of face, and ear-coverts deep chestnut ; the lores slio-htlv
mottled with yellow bases to the feathers ; cheeks and under surface
of body bright yellow, with the sides of the body dark green, some
of the feathers on the chest also with slight indications of <^reen
margins ; thighs green, with a spot of yellow above the tarsal ioint •
under tail-coverts greenish yellow ; under wing-coverts dark careen •

604 TIMELIII)^.

" bill dusky, yellowisli beneath ; legs pale brownish yellow ; iris
dark brown" (Jerdon). Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 1-9, tail 0-i)5, tarsus O'So.

Some specimens show more of the greenish mottling on the breast.
These may be females or younger birds, as the general colour is not
so bright.

Young. Different from the adult, the general colour being very
dull olive-green ; sides of face also dark olive-green, tinged with
rufous on the ear-coverts ; cheeks and under surface of body dull
chestnut, yellow down the centre of the breast and abdomen.

Nab. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of Korth-
eastern Bengal.

a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of Tesiajlaviventer.)
c, d, e. Ad. ;/, //. Juv. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

sk. '

h, i. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

k. Juv. sk. Darjiling. C. Fotheringham, Esq. [P.].

2. Oligura cyaniventris.

Tesia cyaniventer, Hodgs. Journ. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 101 (1837) ; id.

Icon.' ined. in Brit. Miis., Passeres, pi. xlviii. fig. 3 (no. 489) ;

Bltjth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 182 ( 1842) ; id. op. cit. xiv.

p. 586 (1845) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal j)res. Ilodr/s. p. 62

(1846); id. Gen. of B. i. p. lo6 (1847) ; Bhjth, Cat. B. Mm. As.

Soc. p. 178 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 257 (1850); Morsf. ^- Moore,

Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 179 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 487

(1862); Gould, B. Asia, pt. 10(1858); Godicin-Aust. J. A. S.

Beng. xxxix. p. 101 (1870) ; Hume, Sfr. F. 1879, p. 93.
Saxicola? olivea, McClell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 161.
Olio-ura (Tesia) cyaniventer, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. 3Iisc. p. 82

(1844).
Tesia auriceps, Hodys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, App. pi. 29

(no. 939) ; id. J.' A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 137 ; Bhjth, t. c. p. 474.
Oligura evaniventer, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 25.
Tesia cyaniventris, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 188, no. 2556.

Adult. General colour above dark olive-greenish; wing-coverts
and quills dusky brown, externally dark green like the back ; tail-
feathers dull green : head glistening yellow, more or less obscured
with dull oily green, the bases to the feathers being dusky greenish ;
lores, sides of face, and sides of neck dark slaty blue, blackish above
the eye and the ear-coverts, so as to form a black line separating
the face from the crown ; entire under surface of body slaty blue,
a little lighter on the abdomen, where the feathers have hoary grey
edges ; thighs olive-green ; under wing-coverts dull green ; quills
dusky brown below, narrowly edged with lighter brown along the
margin of the inner web ; " bill dusky above, reddish beneath ; legs
pale reddish brown ; iris brown " (Jerdon). Total length 3-5 inches,
culmen 0-55, wing 2-05, tail 0'65, tarsus 0-9.

In many specimens the head, instead of being yellow, is coloured

2. OLIGURA. 605

like the back. This is apparently a sign of immaturity, probably
the dress of the j'oung bird after its first moult, as Col. Godwiu-
Austen has specimens of both sexes correctly determined, and the
hen bird shows scarcely any difierence in plumage, the head being
yellow hke the male.

YoiuKj. Differs from the adult in its nearly uniform dull colora-
tion. The upper surface is olive-brown with a greenish tinge ;
the ear-coverts like the back, with a light olive-greenish streak
separating them from the crown ; under surface of body lighter
olive-green.

Hab. Eastern Himalayas and hills of ^''orth-eastern Bengal.

a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of species.)
c,(l,e,f. Ad. ; ff k,i. Nepal. B. H" Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

Juv. sk.
k, I. m. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

n, o,p. Ad. sk. Sikhim {Mandelli). W. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

3. Oligura superciliaris.

Myiothera leptura, Kuhl.

Micrura superciliaris, S. Mull, in Mus. Lugd., undh Bp. Consp. i. p. 258

(1850).
]\Iicrocercus superciliaris, Ftiz. Sitz. k. Akud. TVien, xlvi. p. 215

(1863).
Brachypteryx lepturus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 312, no. 4669 (1869).
Tesia superciliaris, Blyfh, Ibis, 1870, p. 167.

Adult male. General colour above oUve-brown, with a slight
greenish tinge on the back ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills ashy
brown, externally edged with the same colour as the back, much
ligher on the edge of the primaries ; tail-feathers like the back ;
crown of head black ; a streak of ashy grey from the base of the
bill to the sides of the nape, forming a bro id eyebrow ; lores,
feathers below the eye, and a streak along the upper ear-coverts
black ; sides of face and ear-coverts ashj' grey ; throat dull ashy
brown, slightly mottled with whitish bases to the feathers, the
markings nearly obsolete ; chest ashy brown ; abdomen white ;
sides of body olive-greenish, more dusky on the thighs ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy grey, with a slight olive tinge ; quills
dark brown below, lighter brown along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 3-4 inches, culmen Oo-j, wing 1"95, tail 0"75, larsus 1.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a trifle smaller. Total
length 3"4 inches, culmen 0"6, wing 1-S5, tail 0'6, tarsus 0-9.

Hab. Java.

a,b. S 9. ad. sk. West Java, A. E. Wallace, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. St. Java. Leyden Museum.

606 TIMELIID^.

3. MINLA. „

Type.

Minla, Hodgs. Ind. lieview, 1838, p. 33 M. igneotincta.

Schoeniparus, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 449 M. ruiigularis.

Eange. Himalayas and the hills of North-eastern Bengal, Burmah,
and Tenasscrim,

Key to the Species.

a. Wing-feathers externallj^ bordered with orange

or vermilion.
a!. Head black; quills and tail-feathers edged <i fi,,^„^ qqq
with vermilion ........ . . ••■•:•.•■• jerdoni, p. 607.

i'. Head chestnut, streaked with whitish; '•' '^

wing-feathers bordered with orange ex-
ternally.

a". Tail dark ashy gi-ey , castaneiceps, p. 608.

f>". Tail dull brown brunneicaudn, p. 609.

b. With no bright colours on the edges of the

quills or tail-feathers.
c'. Eyebrow yellow ; general colour above grey;
centre of crown streaked with yellowish ;

sides of crown black cinerea, p. 609.

d'. Eyebrow white ; general colour above
brown ; head more rufous ; sides of crown
black.
c". With a distinct chestnut baud across the

lower throat mfignlaris, p. 610.

„, ....,, , . ii 1 ii, ii i \mandellii, -a.&lO.

d". With no chestnut band on the throat . . < ^j^^i^i „ qh

1. Minla igneotincta.

Minla ignotinca, Hodgs. Ind. Review, 1838, p. 33 ; Gray, Cat.

Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 94 (1846) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii.

p. 254 (1863) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104.
Leiothrix ornata, McClell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 162.
Proparus ig-notinctus, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. 'x. p. 29 (1841).
Certhiparus ignitinctus, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 939 (1844).
Certhiparus (Minla) ignitiocta, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Miis.,

Passeres, pi. 68. fig. 2 (no. 313) ; id. in Grai/s Zool. Misc. p. 84

(1844).
Leiothrix ignitincta. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 269 (1845) ; Bltjth, Cat. B.

Mus. As. Soc. p. 100 (1849) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 3.33 (1850) ; Horsf.

Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 366 (1864) ; Gra^j, Hand-l. B.

i. p. 313, no. 4676 (1869).

Adult. General colour above dark chocolate-, almost chestnuts
bro^vn, paler and more fulvescent on the rump ; lesser wing-coverts
black, washed with the brown of the back ; median and greater
series black, edged with white ; primary-coverts black ; quills
black, edged with vermilion, inclining to yellow towards the tip of
the outer web ; secondaries tipped with white and edged with white
for some distance from the base ; upper tail-coverts black ; tail-
feathers black, edged with vermilion, and tipped with white tinged

3. MINLA. 607

with vermilion ; all the tuil-feathors white along the inner web,
the centre ones conspicuously so ; head and hind neck black,
bordered by a broad white eyebrow, which extends also along the
sides of the nape and hind neck ; eyelid white ; lores, feathers
below the eye, and ear-coverts black ; cheeks and under surface of
bodjr white, shaded with ashy on the sides of the breast and flanks ;
centre of breast and abdomen yellow ; under tail-covcrts yellow ;
under wing- and tail-coverts white ; quills blackish below, white
along the edge of the inner web ; " bill blackish ; legs horny yellow ;
iris bi'own " (Jerdon). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0'6,
wing 2-45, tail 0-95, tarsus 0-75.

The female is white beneath, and the colour somewhat duller
(Jerdon). I have not seen a properly identified female skin ; but
from the very evident way in which the colours of the present
species become dim, I should have fancied that the paler birds were
only faded specimens, and that the difference in colour mentioned
by Jerdon was not sexual.

Hab. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the bills of North-
eastern Bengal.

a, b. Ad. st. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of species.)
c, d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

e,f. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). Gould Collection.

g, h, i, k. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

I. Ad.sk. 'Da,v\\\mg (Jerdon). C. Bygrave Wharton, Esq

m, n, 0. Ad. sk. Sikhim {Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

2. Minla jerdoni.

Minla jerdoni, J. Verremix, Nouv. Arch. Mus.\i. Bull. p. 38 (1870) ;
id. op. cit. vii. p. 52 (1871), viii. pi. 2. fig. 2 (1872) ; David \- Oust.
Ois. Chine, p. 224, pi. Ixviii. (1877).

Iris light yellow ; bill blackish, tinted with blue at the base of
the lower mandible ; feet and claws yellowish green ; vertex and
nape black ; a broad superciliarj- stripe of white extending as far as
the back ; a black band from the lores to the posterior region of
the neck ; back and rump olive ; upper tail-coverts black ; throat
whitish ; chest and rest of the imder surface yellowish white,
having on the sides of the neck and chest, as well as on the flanks,
obscure flakes of olive ; under tail-coverts yellowish ; rectrices
black, terminating with a band of reddish white, and edged with
red on the outer webs ; upper wing-coverts black, bordered with
white ; quills black, the first ones variegated exteriorly with a
particoloured edging of red and yellow, the latter ones marked at
the points with a white spot, which increases in size on each
feather. Total length 0-14 metre, tail 0-046, tarsus 0-021, biU
from front 0-011. {David 6f Ousialet.)

Hab. Replaces the foregoing species in the hills of Western
Setchuen, where it passes the summer.

G08 TIMELIID^.

3. Minla castaneiceps.

Miula castaneceps, Hodgson, Iiid. Review, 1838, p. 33.
Propanis castaniceps, Jlodr/s. J. A. S. Bene/, x. p. 29 (1841).
Cei'thiparus castaneceps, Hodx/s. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 939 ; id. i)i

Graifs Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).
Miiila castaniceps, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Ilodgs. p. 94

(184G).
Leiothrix castaniceps, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 269 (1845) ; Blijth, Cat. B.

Mm. As. Soc. p. 100 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 333 (1850) ; Horsf.

c^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. i. p. 367 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 2o5

(1863) ; Grai), Hand-l. B. i. p. 313, no. 4677 (1879) ; Hume, Str.

F. 1879, p. 104.

Adult. General colour above warm olive-brown, the lesser and
median wing-coverts like the back ; greater wing-coverts and
primary-coverts black, the innermost of the former with olive-
brown margins ; quills dusky brown, edged with olive-brown,
the innermost secondar'es entirely of the latter colour, the primaries
margined with oran'^e for a great part of their length, the outer
secondaries orange at their exureme base, the outermost primaries
margined with gi'ey near their bases ; upper tail-coverts and tail-
feathers du slaty grey, the latter dusky on their inner webs ; crown
of head and napo chestnut, with paler centres of reddish buff, those
on the fore part of the crown with broad centres of white ; hiud
neck washed with chestnut and streaked with pale fulvous centres ;
lores yellowish white ; eyelid and a broad superciliary streak white,
extending to the sides of the nape, and succeeded by a broad black
stripe above the ear-coverts, which are silver}' white streaked with
black ; sides of neck warm olive-brown mottled with white ; feathers
round the eye and below the latter yellowish white ; in front of the
eye a spot of dusky blackish feathers ; cheeks yellowish buff, streaked
with black and washed with wavm olive-brown ; throat, fore neck,
and centre of body yellowish white, purer white on the abdomen and
under tail-coverts, the latter with olive-brown bases ; sides of body
and flanks warm olive-brown, as also the thigh-feathers, which have
pale tips ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, the latter slightly
tinged with yellow ; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the
inner web ; " bill dusky brown ; logs fleshy ; iris brown " {Jerdon).
Total length 4-15 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-2, tail 1-8, tarsus 0'8.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas.

a. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

h, c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of species.)

d-f. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Plodgson, Esq. [P.].

^. Ad. ; A. Juv. sk. Nepal (^o(^/7awj). India Museum.

i, k. Ad. sk. Nepal. Gould Collection.

/, w. Ad. sk. Sikhim (Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

'S. MINLA.

4. Minla brunneicauda.

609

^/'^o^'L?*^°®^''^P^ ^"""^ ^o<r/«.), Waid. in BlytlisB. Burm p 110
^ i«l; /n1 '^i^«"'««''' *■''•• ^- JS^B, vol. i. p. 372; Hume, Str.
J". 18h0, p. 104; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 146 (1883).

Similar io M. castanekeps, but distinguished by its olive-brown
tan. ihe wing is much duller in eolonr, being externally orange-
brown like the wing-coverts, without the brilliant orange aspect of
the above-named species ; " legs, feet, and claws pale greenish brown ;
bill dark brown, base of lower mandible plumbeous ; irides deep
biwn {Davison). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 'A
tail 1-7, tarsus 0-9.

Hah Replaces the foregoing species in the Khasia hills, i.robably
extending into Tenasserim.

a. Ad. sk. Khasia hills {Jerdori). Gould Collection.

^. Minla cinerea.

Minla cinerea, ^^/''/^J-. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 449 (1847) ; Je,-d. B. Ind-

II. p. 2o.5 (1863) ; mime, Sir. F. 1879, p. 104
Le.othnx cinerea, Bb,th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 100 (1849) ; Moore,

p. 36/ (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 313, no. 4678 (1869).
Adult. General colour above dark ashy grey, streaked with black
on the mantle and upper back ; wing-coverts and quills brown the
primaries with paler brown margins ; tail-feathers brown • head and
nape ashy brown, with black edges to the feathers, produciuo- a
mottled appearance ; a distinct streak of yellowish white runnhi-
from the base of the bill to the sides of the occiput and succeeded bv
a black streak above the ear-coverts ; the latter ashy brown, streaked
with white ; round the eye a ring of whitish feathers ; in front of
the eye a dusky black spot ; cheeks white, slightly mottled with
black tips to the feathers ; throat and under surface of body yellowish
white, the sides of the body ashy brown, with a large tuft of white
on the flanks: thighs brown externaUy, white on their inner aspect •
under tail-coverts dull white, with dusky centres ; under wino--coverts
and axillaries white : quills dusky brown below, whitish alon- their
inner web ; '' bUl dusky ; legs fleshy yellow ; iris brown " (J^don).
lotal length 3-/ inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2, tail 1-45. tarsus 0-85
roung. k little more yellow below than the adults, the eyebrow
also tinged with light yellow.

Hah Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of North-eastern
Bengal.

a. Ad. ; b. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. fP 1

S ^ J > T , ^^V^^ {Hodgson). Gould Collection. ^ '^^

d e. Ad ; /, g. .Tuv. sk. Nepal [Hodgson). India Museum.

^' '• -^d- ^^- Siklnm (MandeJIi). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P ]

GIO

TIMELIIDJ!.

6. Minla rufigularis.

Minla rufigularis, Mandelli, Str. F. 1873, i. p. 410 ; Hu7ne, Sir. F.
1874, p. 447 ; Godiuin-Aust. Ann. ^ 3Inr/. Kaf. Hist. (4) x\-:i. p. 33
(187GJ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 113, 1879, p. 104.

Alcippe collaris, Walden, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xiv. p. 156
(1874).

Schoeuiparus rufogularis, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 113, note.

Minla castaueiceps {no?i Hodijs.), Davison, Str. F. 1877, p. 459.

Adult male (Sibsagar, Assam). General colour above brown ;
wing-covorts like the back ; primary-coverts and quills duskj' brown,
external!}' a little more reddish brown than the back ; upper tail-
coverts like the back ; tail-feathers reddish brown : crown of head
and hind neck dull tawuy rufous, with pale shaft-streaks to the
feathers of the crown, which have also faint indications of dusky
mottlings ; sides of crown bordered by a broad band of black, which
meets on the forehead and extends down the sides of the hind neck ;
lores and a broad eyebrow white, the latter extending to beyond the
ear-coverts ; eyelid white ; ear-coverts dusky brown ; cheeks, throat,
and iinderparts white, with a broad band of ferruginous across the
lower throat ; sides of neck ochraceous buff ; breast washed with
ashy ; sides of body and flanks olive-brown ; thighs and under tail-
coverts tawny, the latter with paler tips ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries pale tawny buff, washed with olive-brown ; quills below
brown ; inner edge of quills ashy fulvous. Total length 4-7 inches,
culmen 0*55, wing 2-35, tail 2-85, tarsus 0*9. (Mus. H. H. Godwin-
Austen.)

Hah. From the Bhootan Dooars throughout the hill-ranges of
North-eastern Bengal.

7. Minla mandellii.

Minla mandellii, Godwin-Austen, Ann. <§• Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvii.

p. 33 (1870) ; Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 490; Godwin-Austen-, Ibis,

1878, p. 116.
Proparus mandellii, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104.

Adidt male (Naga hills). General colour above brown ; wing-
coverts like the back ; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, ex-
ternally a little more rufesccnt than the back ; upper tail-coverts and
tail-feathers rufous-brown, indistinctly barred with dusky under
certain lights ; crown of head and nape of an ochraceous rufescent
brown, the feathers faintly mottled with dusky margins ; forehead and
crown with pale shaft-lines ; the forehead brighter rufous than the
rest of the head ; sides of crown bordered by a broad line of black,
which starts from above the eye and extends down the sides of the
hind neck ; a distinct eyebrow of pointed white feathers ; lores and
feathers round eye black ; ear-coverts dusky brown ; cheeks fulvous,
more rufous near the base of the lower mandible ; sides of neck
varied with lanceolate feathers of ochraceous buff, margined with
black ; throat and under surface of body light ochraceous buff, a

3- MINLA. 611

little whiter on the throat ; sides of body and flanks olive-brown ;
thighs rufescent ; under tail-coverts dark olive-brown ; under wing,
coverts and axillaries light tawny buff ; quills below dusky ; inner
edge of quills fulvescent. Total length 5"6 inches, culmen 0"55, wing
ii"3, tail 2"6, tarsus 0-9. (Mus. H. II. Godwin- Austen.)

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 5 inches,
wing 2-25, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-9. {Mus. II. H. Qodwin-Ansten.)

Hub. Hill-ranges of I^orth-eastern Bengal.

8. Minla dubia.

Proparus dubius, Hume, Proc. A. S. Beng. xliii. part 2, p. 107 (1874)
id. Str. F. 1874, p. 447 ; Wald. in Blyth's B.Hurm. p. 110 (1875)
Davison, Str. F. 1877, p. 459; Godwin- Austen, Ihis, 1878, p. 116
Hume &,■ Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 373 ; Hutne, t. c. p. 519
id. Str. F. 1879, p. 104 ; Oates, B. Brit. Bttrm. I p. 148 (1883).

Schoeniparus dubius, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 447 ; id. Str. F. 1877,
p. 113.

Minla dubius, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 113.

" The forehead is a clear pale rufous ; the crown, occiput, and
nape a rich rufous olive-brown, each feather narrowly (so narrowly
as to be barely perceptible) fringed with dark brown so as to impart
a slightly scaly appearance ; anterior portion of lores pale rufescent,
paler and duller than the forehead; posterior portion of lores, ear-
coverts, and an indistinct ring round the eye brown ; eyelid-feathers
white ; over the eye, beginning halfway between the anterior angle
and the upper margin, a pure white streak runs backwards over the
ear-coverts and a little further back ; above this, but only commencing
opposite the posterior angle of the eye, a velvet-black stripe runs
backwards right to the base of the nape, where, although a little
broken, it meets the corresponding stripe from the other side ; the
entire mantle, tertiaries, coverts, and outer webs of secondaries and
primaries (the inner webs are dark hair-brown), and tail a rich
rufescent olive-brown, most rufescent on the wings and tail ; the
chin, throat, sides of neck behind ear-coverts, breast, middle of
abdomen, and wing-lining uniform pale rufescent ; tibial plumes
darker ; sides, flanks, and lower taU-coverts somewhat rufescent
olive-brown ; legs, feet, and claws fleshy pink ; bill black, tip albescent
horny ; irides pale yellowish red. Length 5-5 inches, tail from vent
2-35, wing 2-0.5, tarsus 0-9, bill from gape 0-6, bill at front 04 ;
weight 0"5 oz." (Hume.)

Similar to Minla mandellii, but ■white beneath and wanting the
streaked black-and-white feathers behind the ear-coverts ; also
smaller, more rufous, and less striated on the head. (Godvin-
Austen.)

Hah. Tenasserim.

G12 TIMKLIID.E.

4. IXULUS.

Type.
Ixulus, Hodgi^. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 23 I. flavicollis.

Range. Himalayas and hill-ranges of North-eastern Bengal to
Tenasserim.

Key to the Species.

a. Crown of head brown ; ear-coverts and nape paler

and more ashy brown ; sides of neck orange-
rufous, forming a distinct patch ; no white occipital
spot flavicoUls, p. 612.

b. Crown of head and hind neclr of a dull orange-brown

colour, with a half-concealed occipital patch of

white occipitalis, p. 613.

c. Crown of head uniform with the rest of the back ;

no rufoi 's on side of neck ; no occipital spot of

white ; below white streaked with brown humilis, p. 614.

1. Ixulus flavicoUis.

Yuhina flavicollis, Hodc/s. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 167 (1886) ; id.

Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 68. fig. 3, pi. 69 (no. 312) ;

id. J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 232 (1837); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc.

Nepal iires. Hodc/s. p. 74(1846); id. Gen. B. i. p. 199(1848);

Bp. Consp. i. p. 397 (1850) ; Gratj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 276, no. 4065

(1869).
Ixulus flavicollis, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844) ; id.

P. Z. S. 1845, p. 24 ; 'id. J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 562 (1845) ; Blytk,

Cat. B. Mus. As. Boc. p. 100 (1849) ; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B.

E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 262 fl854) ; GouU, B. Asia, part xiv. (1862) ;

Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 258 (1863) ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Benq.

xxxix. p. 109 (1870) ; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 252 ; Hume, Str. F.

1879, p. 104.

Adult male. General colonr above dusky brown, with a slight
fulvescent tinge on the rump ; wing-coverts like the back ; quiUs
dark brown, externally dusky brown, the primaries edged with
white towards their tips, the innermost secondaries with shaft-
streaks of white ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers dusky brown
with olivaceous margins ; crown of head brown and strongly
crested, the occipital plumes grey and separated from the back by^
a collar of pale orange-brown, which occuijies the sides of the neck,
and spreads a slight shade over the mantle ; lores and ear-coverts
brown, the latter with a patch of silvery brown on the hinder part
of their lower aspect ; round the eye a ring of white feathers ;
plumes in front of and above the fore part of the eye black, as well
as the cheeks, forming a black moustache ; throat white ; remainder
of under surface of body light yellowish buff, with a few narrow
brown streaks on the lower throat and fore neck ; sides of body
fulvous-brown with distinct yellowish streaks ; the vent and under

613

tail-coverts ochraceous buff; axillaries and under wing-coverts
white ; quills dusky brown below, white along the edge of the
inner web ;" bill fleshy brown; legs fleshy yellow; iris brown "
{Jerdon). Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-5 tail 2-05
tarsus 0-8. ' '

The two specimens from the Khasia hills in the British Museum
belong to what is apparently a richly-coloured race. I have seen
a bird from the Khasias and another from Assam in Capt. Wardlaw-
Eamsay's collection, which agreed with the Museum birds in the
much deeper and richer tint of the orange on the sides of the neck
without the straw-coloured shade which is conspicuous in Hima-
layan examples. The sides of the body, too, are more fulvescent
brown, with more distinct whitish streaks, and the throat is purer
white with the blackish shaft-lines weU pronounced.

Bab. The whole of the Himalayas from Simla to Bootan, ex-
tending also to the Khasia hills.

a,b. S 2 ad. sk. Between Simla and Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

Mussoorie. -will [P 1

c, d. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

e. cS ad. sk. Sheopuri Ridge, Nepal Dr. J. Scully fP 1 '

valley, May 22, 1878. "-'■

•"• ^^- '*• ^'epal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

rp.i

ff, h. Ad. sk. Nepal. B.H.Hodgson,Esq.[P.].

^.,. Ad.sk. Nepal. B.^S^H^d^SX

rp.i

m, no, p. \A. 8k. ^^^al {B. H. Hodyson). India Museum.

q. Ad. sJi Darjiling. Gould CoUection.

r s, Ad sk. Darjdmg {rearson). India Museum.

t. V, V Ad. sk. Sikhim ( MandeUi). H. Seebohm, Esq. FP 1

w.-r. Ad. sk. Khasia hills (/^r;)^//,). India Museum.

2. Ixulus occipitalis.

Siva occipitalis, Bhjth, J. A. S. Bene/, xiii. p. 937 (1844).

Ixulus occipitalis, Blyth, J. A. S. Bmg. xiv. p. 652 (1845) ; id op
cit. XVI. p. 448 (1847) ; id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 100 (1849) •
Moare, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 141; Ilorsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B.EI Co
Mus. i. p. 411 (1854); Gould, B. Asia, part xiv. (1862); Jerd
B.Ind.n. p. 259(1868); Godtcin-Aust. J. A. S. Bena xxxi^
^ p. 109 (1870) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 104.

Yuhina occipitalis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 276, no. 4066 (1869).

AduU male. General colour above dusky olive-brown, with the
back streaked with narrow white shaft-lines, the rump uniform and
slightly washed with fulvous ; lesser and median wing-coverts like
the back and similarly streaked ; greater and primary-coverts as
well as the quills, dusky brown, edged with yellowish' olive, some-
what ashy towards the ends of the primaries ; upper tail-coverts
light brown, margined with yellowish olive ; head crested, of a dull
orange-brown colour, the long feathers dusky brown in the centre,

614 TIMELIID-E.

those on the occiput largely tipped with white, so as to form an
occipital patch ; lores and feathers above and below the eye dusky
blackish ; ear-coverts streaked with white, the feathers being white
in the centre, brown along the margins ; sides of crown and sides
of neck bright orange-chestnut ; hind neck and mautle lighter
orange-brown ; cheeks mottled, the feathers being orauge-brown,
with white bases and dusky spots ; throat dull white ; fore neck
and breast pale vinous, streaked down the centre with dusky brown;
centre of upper abdomen a little whiter, streaked with dusky ; sides
of body brown ; vent and under tail-coverts ochraceous butf, deeper
on the latter ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white ; quills
dusky brown below, white along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 5-2 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2*75, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-8.

Huh. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of North-
eastern Bengal,

a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

r. Ad. sk. Sikhim {MandeUi). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.J.

d, e. Ad, sk, Khasia hills (Jerdon), Gould Collection.

3. Ixulus humilis.

Ixulus humilis, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 106 ; id. ^' Davison, Str. F.

1878, vol, i. p. 374 ; Oates, B. Brit. Bunn. i. p. 149 (1883).
Staphidia humilis, Hume, Str. F, 1879, p. 104.

Upper mandible black ; lower mandible pale brown ; legs and
feet fleshy brown ; irides red-brown. The forehead, crown, occiput
and full broad occipital crest, back, entire visible portions of closed
wings and tail, cheeks, ear-coverts, a nearly uniform brown ; the
upper tail-coverts similar, but with a slightly more olivaceous
tinge ; lores and an obscure stripe on either side from the gapo,
under the cheeks and ear-coverts, a richer and darker brown ; chin,
throat and sides of neck, and entire lower surface of body silky
white, everywhere (except on the middle of the abdomen) with
longitudinal brown streaks, very narrow (as in /. fiavicoUis) on
chin and throat and breast, broader on sides, flanks, and lower
abdomen, and occupying nearly the whole feather on lower tail-
coverts. Tibial feathers brown. Wing-lining and inner margins
of quills silky white. Length 5-2 inches, biU from gape 0-6, wing
2-5, tail 1'8, tarsus 0-8, {Hume, t. c.)

Mr. Hume described this bird as a typical Ixulus, but he after-
wards transferred it to the genus Staphidia. The absence of white
tips to the tail-feathers and the non-graduated tail would show,
however, that it cannot be referred to the latter genus.

Hah. Mooleyit in the central Tenasserim hills.

5. STAPHIDIA. 615

5. STAPHIDIA. „

Type.
Staphida, Swinh. inGoulcfs Birds of Asia, part xxiii. (1871). S. torqueola.

Range. Eastern Himalayas. Hills of Assam, Burmah, and Te-
nasserim, reoccurring in Western Fokien in China.

Key to the Species.

a. Chestnut collar round the hind neck, streaked

with white shaft-lines ; head ashy grey ; back
olive-brown, with white shaft-lines on the
mantle torqiieola, p. 615.

b. Hind neck brown like the back, with pale shaft-

stripes ; no chestnut collar.
«'. Hinder crown chestnut ; frontal feathers dark

brown, with ashy margins to the feathers . . castaneiceps, p. 616.
b'. Entire crown ashy grey, with no chestnut on

the hinder crown ; ear-coverts chestnut .... rujigenis, p. 617.
c'. Crown of head greyish brown like the back ;

no chestnut on ear-coverts striata*, p. 617.

1. Staphidia torqueola.

Siva torqueola, Swinh. Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) v. p. 174 (1870).
Staphida torqueola, Sioinh. in Gould's B. Asia, part 2.3 (1871) ; id.

P. Z. S. 1871. p. 37-3 ; David Si- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 223 (1877).
Staphidea torqueola, Gudw.- Austen, J.A.S.Bcng. xlvii. part ii. p. 20

(1878).

^c?»?< (Tingchow, December 1867 ; 11. Swiuhoe : typo of species).
General colour above dark earthy brown, the mantle and back re-
lieved by white shaft-lines to the feathers ; wing-coverts exactly
like the back and streaked in the same manner ; bastard wing,
primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with the brown
colour of the back ; the greater coverts and inner secondaries simi-
larly coloui'ed but having white shaft-streaks ; tail-feathers blackish
brown, lighter brown on the middle ones and near the base of the
others, all but the four central feathers tipped with white, in-
creasing in extent towards the outermost, up the outer web of
which it extends for some distance ; head dusk}' slaty brown, a
little greyer on the nape ; lores dusky ; ear-coverts chestnut, slightly
streaked with whitish shaft-lines, this chestnut colour extending as
a collar round the hind neck, where, however, it is not so strongly
streaked with white as on the sides of the neck, which are also
chestnut ; cheeks dark chestnut, minutely streaked with white ;

* Not having seen an example of this s]5ecies, I have assigned its position
in the Key from the description alone, which is given in full {infra, p. 617).

616 TIMELIID-E.

under surface of body white, washed with dingy olive-brown on the
sides and flanks, the sides of the upper breast reddish brown, streaked
with white ; thighs brown ; under tail-coverts white at the ends,
with concealed light brown bases, the shafts white : axillaries and
under wing-coverts white, the latter with dusky bases near the
edge of the wing ; quills ashy brown below, whitish along the edge
of the inner web. Total length 4-9 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-6,
tail 2-3, tarsus 0-65. (Mus. H. SeeboJim.)

The female is similar to the male in plumage. {David Sf
OustaUt.)

Hah. Mountains of Western Fokien ; but Abbe David believes
that it goes south on the approach of winter.

2. Staphidia castaneiceps.

Ixulus castaniceps, Moore, P. Z. S. 1S54, p. 141 ; Horsf. ^- Moore,

Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 411 (1854) ; Goidd, B. Asia, part xv.

(1863).
Vnhina castaneiceps, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 276, no. 4067 (1869).
Staphida castaneiceps, S^ci7ih. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 374.
iStaphidea castaneiceps, Gocho.-Auste7i, J. A. S. Beng. xlvii. pt. ii.

p. 20 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F 1878, vol. ii. p. 403 ; id. Str. F. 1879,

p. 104.

Adult (type of species). General colour above dusky brown, re-
lieved by white shaft-streaks on the mantle and upper back ; wing-
coverts "exactly like the back and streaked in the same way ;
bastard wing and primary-coverts blackish brown ; quills dark
brown, edged with hghter brown, the inner secondaries with white
shafts ; tail-feathers blackish brown, shaded with lighter brown
near the base, all but the four centre feathers tipped with white,
which increases in extent towards the outermost, where the white
also extends some distance up the outer web ; forehead and top
of head rufous-brown, mottled with ashy-brown margins to the
feathers ; hinder part of crown chestnut-brown, becoming brighter
chestnut on the occiput and nape ; lores and feathers round the eye
whitish : ear-coverts chestnut, streaked with pale shaft-Hues ; an
indistinct superciliary streak of ashy whitish above the ear-coverts ;
cheeks and under surface of body dirty white, washed with brown
on the flanks ; under tail-coverts dull white, with dusky-brown
bases to the feathers ; under wing-coverts and axillaries bufly
white : quills dusky brown below% whitish along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 5.-5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-3, tail
2-15, tarsus 0-05.

Hab. Hills of North-eastern Bengal.

a. Ad. sk. Khasia hiUs (GV/^fA)*- India Museum.

(Type of species.)

Erroneouely recorded from Afghanistan.

5. STAPHIDI.V. 617

3. Staphidia rufigenis.

Ixulus striatus, Jerd. B. Incl. ii. p. 260 (1863, nee Blyth).

Ixulus rufigenis, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 106.

Staphidea plumbeiceps, Godwin-Austen, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)

XX. p. 519 (1877) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. xlvii. part ii. p. 20 (1878);

Hnme, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 143 ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 104.
Staphidea rufigenis, Oodw.-Austen, J. A. S. Benq. xlvii. part ii. p. 20

(187S); Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii, p. 14b; id. Str. F. 1879,

p. 104.

Adult. Geueral colour above brown, with rather distinct whitish
shaft- streaks ; wing-covcrts like the back: bastard wing and pri-
mary-coverts blackish brown ; quills dark brown, edged with the
same colour as the back, the primaries with ashy or whity-brown
margins towards their tips, the inner secondaries with white shafts;
upper tail-coverts a little more reddish brown than the back ; tail-
feathers blackish brown, washed with lighter brown near the base
of the feathers, all but the centre ones being tipped with white,
which increases in extent towards the outermost feather, on which
it occupies also a little portion of the outer web ; head crested, the
feathers dusky brown, edged with grey, and having whitish shaft-
lines ; nape ashy grey ; lores whitish ; sides of crown behind the
eye rufous with whitish shaft-streaks ; ear-coverts rufous with
indistinct paler shaft-lines ; cheeks whitish, the feathers mottled
with rufous edgings, especiaU}' on the hinder portion ; a slightly
indicated moustachial line of ashy grey ; under surface of body
whitish, more or less tinged with fulvous, especially on the sides,
the flanks beiug fulvous-brown ; under tail-coverts white, with dusky
bases to the feathers ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white with
a slight fulvous tinge : quOls duU brown below, slightly fulvescent
along the edge of the inner web ; " bill dusky brown, fleshy yellow
at the base ; legs pale brown : iris light brown" (Jt/TZo/;). Total
length 5 inches, culmeu 0-45, wing 2'35, tail 2-1, tarsus 0"Go.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of North-
eastern Bengal,

o. Ad. sk. Sikhini (Mandelli). Hem-y Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

4. Staphidia striata.

Ixulus striatus, Bli,f/i. J. A. S. Beng. xxviii. p. 413 (1859).
Pyenonotus nanus, TieA-cli, J. A. S. Beng. xxviii. p. 452.
Yuhina striata, Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 276, no. 4068 (1869).
Staphidea striata, Bhjth i^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 110 (1875) ; Godtoin-

Au.it. J. A. S. Beng. xlvii. part ii. p. 20 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F.

1879, p. 104 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 150 (1883).

Allied to/, castatiicej^s, Moore, and, like that species, with graduated
outer tail-feathers ; bill moderately stout, as in LvuJus occipitalis.
Length about 5 inches, of closed wing 2|- inches, and of tail the
same ; bill to gape ^, and tarsi 4 inch. Colour greyish brown above,
each feather with a white mesial streak ; below albescent through-

618 TIMELIIDJS.

out ; outermost tail-feather | inch shorter than the middle pair, and
largely tipped with white, as is also the next and the antepenul-
timate, and next within gradually less so, the outer four feathers
successively graduating. {Bhjth, I c.) " Iris blood red-brown ; bill
dark horn ; legs reddish horn " (TickeU).

Bab. This species was discovered on Mooleyit mountain in
Tenasserim by the late Col. Tickell, but has never been procured
since. On the differences between the typo specimen and /S. rujl-
genis of Sikhim, see Mr. Blanford's note to Col. Godwin-Austen,
quoted by the latter gentleman (I. c).

6. ALCIPPE.

Type.

Alcippe, Bli/th, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 384 (1844) A. ciuerea.

Proparus, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 938 (1844) .... A. viuipectus.
Schceniparus, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 447 (pt.).

Mange. Hills of Southern and Western India and Ceylon ; Hima-
layas and hills of Xorth-eastern Bengal, through the Burmese
countries and the Malayan peninsula to Borneo ; Southern China
and Formosa.

Key to the Species.

a. Forehead light, of the same colom- as the rest of

crown, and generally with a streak of blackish

running down the sides of the neck {^A.

phcBocephala and A. cinerea excepted *).

a' . "With a white superciliary streak ; wings

brighter than the back, orange-brown, the

primaries edged with grey vinipectus, p. 619.

b'. With no white eyebrow ; wings not bright,
all the quills edged with brown.
a". Crown uniform.
a'". Ear-coverts grey.

ai. Roimd the eye a conspicuous ring of
white feathers.
«'. Larger : paler in colour ; bill yel-
lowish ; flanks and under tail-co-
verts light fiilvous-brown ttipalensis, p. 620.

6\ Smaller : darker ; biU blackish
brown ; flanks and imder tail-coverts

fawn bufl" morrisoniana, p. 621 .

t*. Region of the eye enthely grey.

c'. Under surface of body pale fulves-

ceut, a little deeper on the sides . . phmocephala, p. 622.
d^. Under surface of body ashy grey,

whiter in the centre of the abdomen, cinerea, p. 622.
6'". Ear-coverts fulvescent like the under

surface of the body -phayrii, p. 623.

* I do not insist much on these blackish lines in the Key, as they are some-
times difficult to distinguish ; but they are very characteristic of some of the
Proparus section of the genus.

6. ALCiPPB. 619

b". Crown mottled, fulvous-brown, somewhat
scaly in appearance from the blackish mar-
g'ms to the feathers ; imder surface whity
brown, the sides of the body dull fulvous-
brown brunnea, p. 624,

b. Forehead dusky or blackish *.

c". Quills and tail-feathers plain brown ex-
ternally.
e'". Entire crown black as well as the nape atriceps, p. 625,
d'". Dusky forehead not extending beyond
the sinciput.

c*. Forehead deep black mgi-ifrons, p. 625.

d*. Forehead only dusky bourdilloni, p. 626.

d". Quills and tail-feathers bright golden ex- \ chrysaa, p. 627.
ternally ] swinhoii, p. 628.

1. Alcippe yinipectus.

Siva vinipectus, Hodgs. Ind. Review, 1838, p. 89 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm.

etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 94 (1846).
Leiothrix vinipectus, Oraij, Gen. B. i. p. 262 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat. B.

Mxis. As. Sue. p. 100 (1849) ; Hor^: S,- 3Ioore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.

Mus. i. p. 368 (1858) ; Gray, Rand-l. B. i. p. 313, ho. 4679

(1879).
Proparus vmipectus, 'JTorf^s. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 9.38 (1844) ; Jerd.

B. India, ii. p. 257 (1863) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104.
Proparus (Siva) vinipectus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84

(1844). _
Poecila vinipecta, Bp. Cone-p. i. p. 230 (1850) f.

Adult. General colour above dull orange-brown from the mantle
and scapulars downwards ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills black-
ish, the secondaries externally like the back, the primaries lavender-
grey for half of their outer web ; tail-feathers brown, washed with
orange-brown on the outer webs ; mantle and sides of neck dull
vinous-brown, the crown of the head and hind neck darker vinous-
brown ; lores and feathers round the eye blackish ; ear-coverts dark
vinous-brown, with a broad streak of white running from above
the eye to the sides of the hind neck, and separated from the
crown by a streak of black which extends down to the upper
mantle ; cheeks and throat white, the latter with dusky streaks of
vinous-brown ; breast vinous or dark brown, lighter in the centre ;
abdomen, thighs, Hanks, and under tail-covcrts dnU fulvous-brown ;
under wing-coverts light fulvous ; axillaries white, washed with
vinous at the base ; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the
inner web ; " bill and legs fleshy brown " (Jcrdon). Total length
4-9 inches, culmeu 0-45, wing 2-15, tail 2-15, tarsus Q-So.

* The three succeeding species are distinguished bj their more squat body
and longer and stouter bill, which is much broadened towards the base. I con-
sider them, however, to be only aberrant members oi Alcippe.

t What Proparuc vinipectus of Bonaparte (Consp. i. p. 333) is, I have not
yet been able to determine.

620 TIMELUD-B.

Young. Coloured like the adult, but a little more fluffy in plumage,
the characters of the eyebrow and black stripe on the sides of the
head not so strongly pronounced, the general colour being also some-
what duller.

There is considerable variation in the strength of the brown
striping on the breast, and in some birds it is scarcely visible.
Specimens from the North-west Himalayas are paler than Nepal
examples.

Hab. Himalayas, extending into the hill-ranges of North-eastern
Bengal.

a. Ad. ; b. Imm. Between Simla and Mus- Capt. Stackliouse Pin-

sk. soorie. will [P.].

f, d, e. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].

/, g. Ad.; h. Juv. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

sk. [P-]-

i, k, I. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum.

m, n, 0, p. Ad. sk. Darjiling (Mandelli). Heniy Seebohm, Esq,

2. Alcippe nipalensis.

Siva nipalensis, Hodgs. hid. Revino, p. 89 ; Gray, Cat. Marmn. etc.

Nepal pres. ITodgson,^. 95 (1846).
Leiothrix nipalensis, Gray, Gen.B.i.^. 269 (1845); id. Hand-l.

B. i. p. 313, no. 4675 (1869).
loropus nipalensis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 937 (1844).
Alcippe nipalensis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. pp. 448, 462 (1847) ;

id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 148 (1849) ; Bp. Cotisp. i. p. 260

(1850) ; Horsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 226 (1854);

Jerd. B. Ind.'n. p. 18 (1863); Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng.

xxxix. p. 103 (1870) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 298 ; mt77ie, Sir. F. 1874,

p 476 ; id. Sir. F. 1875, p. 117 ; David ^- Oustalet, Ois. Chine,

p! 218 (1877) ; Hmne <$• Davison, Str. F. 1878, pp. 260, 513 ;

Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Sculh/, t. c. p. 287 ; Brooks, t. c. p. 471 ;

Hume, Str. F. 1881, p. 206 ; Oati's, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 68 (1883).
Alcippe cinerea (nee Eyton), David, Nouv. Arch. Mus. vii. Bull. p. 14

(1871).
Alcippe hueti, David, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5) xix. art. 9, p. 4 (18/4).

Adult. General colour above fulvous-brown, duller on the upper
back, the wing-coverts dull fidvous- brown : primary-coverts and
quills dusky brown, externally fulvous-brown like the lower back,
the innermost secondaries entirely of the latter colour ; tail-feathers
light brown, externally fulvous-brown ; entire head and neck dull
ashy grey, extending onto the mantle ; a streak of dusky blackish
running along the sides of the crown ; lores, feathers in front of the
eye and round the latter white ; ear-coverts and sides of face ashy
brown, a little dusky below the eye ; fore part of cheeks with a
hoary shade ; chin "whitish ; remainder of under surface light
ochreous buff, deeper on the flanks and sides of the body ; centre of
the breast and abdomen white ; under tail-coverts ochreous buff ;

6. ALCTPPE. 621

thighs light ashy fulvous : axillaries and under wiug-coverts huffy
white ; quills dull brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the
inner web ; " bill grey or Hvid horny, the base of the upper mandible
and a line along the culmen black ; feet livid fleshy ; claws grey
horny ; iris hazel-brown " {ScuUy). Total length 5 inches, culmen
0-55, wing 2-4, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-8.

Hab. Eastern Himalayas, hills of North-eastern Bengal, ranging
into Tenasserim.

a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of species.)
c, d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. Hi Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). Gould Collection.

f, g. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum.
'h. Ad. sk. Davjiling, Dec. 1873 (Z. Man- Major Biddulph.

dMi).

i, k, I. Ad. sk. Darjiling, Dec 1873 (L. Man- Henry Seebohm, Esq.

deUi). [P'.l.

7?!. Ad. sk. Dariiling. W. Fotherinorham, Esq.

rc.].

n. (S ad. sk. Dilkoosha, Cachar, May 28, J. Inglis, Esq. rc.].

1878.

o, p. Ad. sk. Khasia bills (Jerdoii). Gould Collection.

q. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum.

3. Alcippe morrisoniana.

Alcippe morrisonia, Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 296, 1865, p. 107 ; id.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 374 ; David ^ Omtalef, Ois. Chine, p. 219

(1877).
Malacopteron momsonia, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 317, no. 4736

(1869).

Adult. General colour above dark sandy brown, clearer on the
lower back and rump, and duller on the mantle and upper back ;
wing-coverts like the back, the primary-coverts and greater series
dusky brown, margined with the same colour as the back ; quills
dusky brown, externally fulvous-brown like the back ; tail-feathers
brown, fulvous-brown on the edges ; head and hind neck dark
ashy, with slight indications of dusky blackish streaks on the side
of the head and nape, scarcely sufficient to form a superciliary
streak ; lores dusky grey, whitish at base of feathers ; round the
eje a ring of white feathers; ear-coverts and sides of face ashy
grey, the base of the cheeks whitish ; throat bufFy whitish, slightly
varied with duskj- streaks ; remainder of under sm-face of body
fawn-buff, paler and more fulvous on the breast, whiter on the
centre of the abdomen, and deepest in colour on the flanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts ; axillaries and under wing-coverts light
fawn-buff ; quills dusky brown below, light fawn-colour along the
edge of the inner web. Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0"55,
wing 2-5, tail 2*1, tarsus 0-8.

Hab. Formosa.

622 TIMELIID^.

a. Ad. sk. Formosa. R- Swinhoe, Esq. [C.l.

b. Ad. sk. Formosa, March 1866 {E. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

Swiiihoe).

c. Ad. sk. Tingchow, Formosa, Jan. 1866 Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

(-R. Siviiihoe).

4. Alcippe phseocephala.

Timaha poiocephala, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xin. p. 169 (1844).

Macronus poliocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1846).

Alcippe poiocephala, Blyth, ' Cat. B. Miis. As. Soc. p. 148 (1849) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 260 (1850) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 18 (1863) ; id.

Ibis, 1872, p. 298 ; Davison Sf Wenden, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii, p. 82 ;

Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Blanf. t. c. p. 181 ; Vidal, Str. F.

1880, p. 83 ; Butler, t. c. p. 399.
Malacopterou poiocephala, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 4740

(1869).

Adult female. General colour above fiilvous-brown, the mantle
ashy brown washed with Mvous ; wing-coverts fulvous-brown, the
primary-coverts dusky brown edged with fulvous-brown ; quills
blackish brown, externally deep fulvous-brown, the inner secondaries
entirely fulvous-brown ; upper tail-coverts deep fulvous-brown, in-
clining to rufous-brown ; tail dark reddish brown, washed externally
with rufous ; head and nape light ashy grey, with no blackish band
down the sides of the crown ; lores dull whitish ; sides of face and
ear-coverts light brown, with whitish shaft-lines to the latter;
under surface of body light tawny buff, ashy whitish on the chin,
and white down the centre of the breast and abdomen ; under wing-
coverts and axiUaries tawny buff; quills sepia-brown below, light
reddish along the edge of the inner web. Total length 6-2 inches,
culmen 0-6, wing 2-7, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-85.

Adult male. Similar in colour to the female. Total length 5-8
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-7, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-8.

The Travancore birds are the richest in colour, and the Kajkote
specimen is by far the palest in tint.

Hah. Hills of Southern India, extending as high as Xattiawar.

a. S ad. sk. Bridge, Travancore, April 4, F. W. Bourdillon, Esq.

1879. [C.].

b. 9 ad. sk. Mynall, Travancore, Dec. 12, F. W. Bom-dillon, Esq.

1878. [C.].

c. $ ad. sk. Mahabaleshur, April 4,1870. E. W. Gates, Esq.

<^. Ad. sk. Kajkote, Kattiawar, June 24, Major Hayes Lloyd

1867. . [P.]-

5. Alcippe cinerea.

Alcippe cinerea, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xiii. p. 384 ; id. Cat. B. Mus.

As. Soc. p. 148 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 260(1850); Horsf. 8r

Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 406 (1854) ; Hume, Str. F.

1879, p. 60 ; id. Str. F. 1880, p. 128.

Adult. General colour above fulvous-brown, slightly lighter on

6. ALciPPE. 623

the rump, aud rufcscent on the upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts
like the back ; quills brovrn, externally like the back ; upper tail-
coverts light rufous-brown ; tail-feathers rufous-browu, a little
lighter on the outer margins, the outermost feathers with a scarcely
perceptible pale tip ; head and hind neck ashy with a faint shade of
fulvous-brown ; lores dull whitish ; ear-coverts and sides of face ashy ;
fore part of cheeks whitish, washed with ashy margins to the feathers ;
throat aud under surface of body whitish, more or less overshaded
with ashy, the fore neck and sides of breast more particularly ashy ;
sides of bod}- ashy shaded with fulvous-brown ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts white, as also the edge of the wing ; quills dusky brown
below, ashy along the edge of the inner web ; " biU blackish ; feet
reddish grey, the soles dirty orange ; iris grey" {Cantor). Total
length o'l inches, culmen 0"55, wing 2-55, tail 2-3, tarsus 0'8.
Hah. Malayan peninsula and Borneo.

a. Ad. sk. Malacca. Eyton Collection.

b. S ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Malacca. India Museum.

d. Ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum.

c. Ad. sk. Sandakan, N.E. Borneo. W. B. Pryer, Esq. [C.].

6. Alcippe phayrii.

Alcippe phayrii, Blyth, J. A. S. Bene/, xiv. p. 601 (1845) ; ifl Cat.

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 148 (1849; ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 260 (18.50) ;

Hume, Sfr. F. 1874, p. 476; id. 8, Gates, Sir. F. 1875, p. 116;

Blyth, B. Bnrm. p. 115 (1875) ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 60 ; An-

dersoyi, Zool. Exp. Ytmnan, p. 635, pi. xlviii. (1878) ; Hume Sf

Bavisoti, Sfr. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 260 ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ;

Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 179 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 69

(1883).
Malacopteron phayrii. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 4741 (1869).
Alcippe magnirostris, Wakl. in Blyth B. Burm. p. 115 (1875) ; id.

Ibis, 1877, p. 467 ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 96.
Alcippe fusca, Godic- Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlv. p. 197 (1876) ;

Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 55, 1879, p. 95.

Adult male. General colour above fulvous-brown, the mantle
slightly shaded with ashy, the upper tail-coverts deeper and richer
fulvous-brown ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills dusky brown, ex-
ternally fulvous-brown, a little brighter than the back ; tail-feathers
dusky brown, barred with dusky under certain lights, the feathers
edged with fulvous-brown ; head and hind neck dark ashy grey, with a
line of blackish feathers running from behind the eye down the sides
of the hind neck ; lores, base of cheeks, aud feathers below the fore
part of the eye dull whitish, obscured with dusky ends to the fea-
thers ; ear-coverts and cheeks ochraceous brown ; entire under sur-
face of body deep fulvous, the centre of the breast and abdomen
buffy whitish ; axillaries and under wing-coverts deep fulvous,
almost fawn-coloured ; under wing-coverts dusky brown below, ful-
vcscent along the edge of the inner web ; " bill yellow at gape,
brown on upper mandible ; lower mandible also brown, but the tip

024 TIMELIID^.

yellowish ; inside of mouth yellow ; iris whitish brown to pale
blue ; eyelids yellowish green or plumbeous, yellowish at the
edges; feet and claws ilesh-brown " {E. W. Oates). Total length
5'5 inches, culmen O'fi, wing 2'6, tail 25, tarsus OSo.

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 5-5
inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-5, tail 2-4o, tarsus 0'85.

I have not seen a Tenasserim specimen of A. ni.palensia, but
Mr. Hume says that it occurs in that province. The specimens
enumerated below are all referable, I believe, to A. phayrii ; but
in the Tenasserim birds there is scarcely a trace of the blackish
streak on the sides of the crown which is very apparent in the
specimens from Upper Burmah collected by Dr. Anderson : it never
extends, however, so far down the sides of the neck as in A. nipa-
lensis. The ear-coverts are browner in A. phayrii than in the last-
named bird.

Hab. Hills of North-eastern Bengal, extending through the
ranges of Burmah and Pegu to Tenasserim.

a. cJ ad. sk. Bhamau, Upper Burmah, Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

Sept. 20, 1868.

b. J ad. sk. Sawady, Upper Burmah, Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

Jan. 2.5, 1875.

c. c? ad. sk. Bankasoon, British Biuraah, A. O. Hume, Esq.

Junel3,1877( W.Davison).

d. Ad. sk. Bankasoon, Dee. 24, 1875 A. O. Hume, Esq.

{W.D.).

e. $ ad. sk. Younzaleen creek, Salween A. 0. Hume, Esq.

district, Dec. 20, 1873

(W.D.).
f. cJ ad. sk. Malewoon, Tenasserim, A. 0. Hume, Esq.

Feb. U, 1875 (W.I).).
g,h. S2 ad. sk. Malewoon, Dec. 1876. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.].

7. Alcippe brunnea.

Alcippe brunnea, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 280 ; id. Birds of Asia,
part xvi. (1864) ; Siviiih. Ibis, 1871, p. 297 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 21G ; David S,- Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 217 (1877).

Malacopteron brunneum, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 4737 (1869).

Ixulus snperciliaris, David, Ann. Sci. JVaf. (5) xix. art. 9, p. 4 (1874).

Adult. General colour above warm fulvous-brown, the head a
little brighter than the back and slightly mottled with dusky margins
to the feathers ; wing- coverts like the back ; quills dusky brown,
the secondaries like the back, the primaries edged with slightly
paler fulvous-brown ; tail-feathers brown, washed with fulvous-
brown on the edges ; lores buff, slightly mottled with blackish
tips to the feathers ; round the eye a ring of bright fulvous fea-
thers ; ear-coverts fulvous-brown, obscured with dusky blackish
tips to the feathers ; sides of neck ashy fulvous, with a broad and
distinct line of black feathers running from behind the eye down
the side of the neck ; cheeks and under surface of body whity brown,
tinged with buff on the chin ; the sides of the breast with an ashy-
brown shade ; centre of body lighter ashy ; sides of body dark

ij. ALcippE. 625

fulvous-brown, as also the under tail-covcrts ; thighs rufescent ; axil-
laries and under wing-coverts fulvous, edge of wing paler ; quills
light brown below, riifeseent along the edge of the inner web ; " bill
black ; feet yellowish grey ; claws whitish ; iris chestnut " (David).
Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-25, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-9.
Hah. Formosa and in China in Kiangsi and Fokien.

a, b. Ad. sk. Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Formosa, March 1866 (It. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.],

Sicinhoe).

8. Alcippe atriceps.

Brachypteryx atriceps, Jerd. Madr. Jouni. x. p. 250 (1839).

Macronus atriceps, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1846).

Alcippe atriceps, Bh)th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 148 (1849) ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 260 (1850) ; Jerd. B. Bid. ii. p. 19 (1863) ; Ilmne^
Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Butler, Sir. F. 1880, p. 399.

Malacopteron atriceps, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 473-5 (1869).

Adult. General colour above dark sandy brown, the lesser and
median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts and quills sepia-
brown, externally fulvous-brown, a little brighter than the back ;
tail-feathers brown, with very indistinct bars under certain lights ;
head and nape black, including the feathers round the eye and ear-
coverts ; lores whitish : cheeks and under surface of body white,
streaked with ashy on the breast, the flanks washed with fulvous, the
under tail-coverts fulvous-brown ; thighs fulvous-brown, internally
ashy ; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale tawn}' buff; quills
brown below, fulvescent along the inner web ; " bill horny brown ;
legs plumbeous; iris pale orange or buff" (Jerdon). Total length
4-7 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-15, tail 1'9, tarsus 0*9.

Hah. Hills of Southern India.

a. Ad. sk. Malab.ar. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Coorg. India Museum.

9. Alcippe nigrifrons.

Alcippe nigrifrons, Bhjth, J. A. S. Bcng. xviii. p. 815 (1849) ; id.
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 340 (1849) ; Kelaart, Prod. Cat. p. 122
(1852) ; Layard, Ami. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 269 (1853) ; Blyth,
Ibis, 1867, p. 302 ; Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 446 ; Le(/ye, Ibis,
1874, p. 18; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 367 ; Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii.
p. 383 ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 507,
pi. xxvii. figs. 2, 3 (1879).

Malacopteron nigrifrons, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, uo. 4734 (1869).

Adult. General colour above fulvous-brown, the lower back and
rump slightly brighter ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills dusky
brown, externally fulvous-brown like the back ; tail-feathers brown,
with dusky cross bars under certain lights, and margined with ful-
vous-brown ; crown of head like the back, the forehead black with
stiffened glossy shafts to the feathers ; lores, feathers round the eye,

VOL. vir. 2 B

f520 TIMELIID^.

and ear-covorfcs black ; cheeks and imder surface of body white,
the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts fulvous-brown ; axillariea
light tawny buff, whitish at base ; under wing-coverts light tawny ;
quills ashy brown, fulvous along the edge of the inner web ; " bill,
gape, and culnien dark brown, the margins of the upper and lower
mandible fleshy ; legs and feet fleshy lavender, claws dusky ; iris
yellowish white or very pale yellow" (Ler/r/e). Total length 4-7
inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-05, tail 1-95, tarsus 0'85.

The female is smaller than the male, according to Capt. Vincent
Legge.

Captain Legge writes in his ' Birds of Ceylon : — " There is a
marked diiference in the tint of the upper surface of this species
according to the locality it inhabits. Examples from the south of
the island and from the Western Province are rusty brown, while
those from the colder climate of the upper hills are decidedly oliva-
ceous on the back and wing-coverts ; specimens from the north of
Ceylon are, as a rule, intermediate between the two. Although
individuals vary inter se in the amount of ferruginous tint present
on the back, the up-conntry race will be found, as a whole, to be
decidedly less rust-coloured than the low-country birds. The same
character is exemplified in the Scimitar-Babbler (PomatorJdnus mela-
7iunis)."

Hah. Cey

Ion.

a. Ad. sk.

Ceylon.

F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
vin, Esqrs. [P.].

b. Ad. sk.

Ceylon.

Gould Collection.

c, d. Ad. sk.

Kandy.

A. White, Esq. [C.].

e. Ad. sk.

Ceylon.

E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.].

/. Ad. sk.

Cejdon.

Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].

10. Alcippe bourdilloni.

Alcippe bourdiUoni, Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 485 ; id. Str. F. 1878,
vol. ii. p. .36 ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Bourdillon, Str. F. 1880,
p. 300.

Adult male. General colour above dark fulvous-brown, the head
like the back, but dusky on the forehead, which is washed with
fulvous-brown ; wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater
series dusky, edged with light fulvous-brown ; quills dark brown,
externally margined with reddish brown ; tail-feathers dusky brown,
washed with deep fulvous-brown on their margins ; sides of crown
and ear-coverts, as well as the lores and feathers under the eye,
black; cheeks, throat, and chest ashy white; remainder of under
surface of body fulvous-brown, paler in the centre of the body and
a little deeper on th(^ under tail-coverts; thighs slightly washed
with ashy ; axillaries and under wing-coverts fulvous-brown ; quills
dusky below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner web ; " biU
above black, below pale slaty ; legs and feet duU brown ; iris white"
{Bourdillon). Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0-G, wing 2-3, tail
2-1, tarsus 0-9.

Hah. Travancore.

6. ALcippE. 627

rt, b. Ad. sk. Travancore. Major J. Biddulph [C.l

c. (S ad. sk. MynaJl, Travancore, 3500 F. Bourdillon, Esq. [G7\.

feet, Sept. 6, 1878.

11. Alcippe chrysaea.

Siva clirysotis *, Jlodffs. Icon, inecl. in Brit. 31us,, App. pi. 122 (no.

591); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 94 (1846).
Proparus cbrysotis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 938 (1844) ; Blyth,

op. cit. xvi. p. 448.
Proparus (Siva) chrysffius, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).
Leiotlirix chrvsotis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. Ajjp. p. 12 (1849) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 3.33 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 313, no. 4680 (1809).
Leiothrix chrysotis (clirvsopteriis ? velleucotisP), Blyth, Cat.B. Mus.

As. Soc. p. 100 (1849).
Leiotlirix ehrysaeus, Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 367

(1854).
Proparus chrvsaeus, Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 256 (1863) ; Hume, Str. F.

1879, p. 104.

Adult. General colour above ashy grey, washed with olive-green
on the lower back and rump ; lesser and median wing-coverts ashy
grey like the back ; primary-coverts and greater series black, the
former with a narrow yellow margin on some of the feathers ;
quills black, the outer primaries margined with yellow, becoming
paler towards the end of the quills, the inner primaries not margined
with yellow, the secondaries edged externally with golden yellow
and tipped with white, the innermost broadly margined with white
along the inner web ; tail-feathers ashy blackish, margined with
golden yellow, broader near the base ; head a little darker than the
back, blackish on the forehead and lores ; ear-coverts and hinder
cheeks silvery grey ; base of cheeks and throat dusky, the feathers
margined with silvery grey ; under surface of body bright yellow,
the inner aspect of the thighs dusky ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts dusky witb yellowish-white margins, the lower series white
slightly tinged with yellow ; quills blackish below, yellowish white
along the edge of the inner web ; "bill plumbeous ; legs pale fleshy ;
iris brown " (Jerclon). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0"4, wing 2"1,
tail 1-9, tarsus 0-85.

Like many of the Liotriches, the present bird loses much of the
brightness of its plumage from fading. Some of the examples in
the Museum are nearly white below, and have lost the greater part
of the yellow shade on the wings as well. One specimen has a
streak of white running down the centre of the crown to the hind
neck; but as none of the others in the collection of the Museum ro
of Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay exhibit any peculiarity, I presume that
it is a case of individual variety.

JIab. Eastern Himalayas.

* The name chrysotis is inapplicable to tbis species; and I think it must
have been given by mistake for chrysceus, to which it was corrected later on by
Mr. Hodgson. I have adopted the latter name in consequence, following
Jerdon and others.

2s2

628 TIMELIID.'E.

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

d, e, f, g. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

h. Ad. sk. Darjiling, Dec. 1874 Henry Seebobm, Esq. [P.J.

(i. Manclelli).

12. Alcippe swinhoii.

Proparus swinhoii, /. Verr. Koiiv. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 38 (1870) ;
id. op. cit. vii. .p. 51 (1871), viii. pi. 2. fig. 2 (1872) ; David ^
Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 287, pi. 35 (1877).

Crown of head black, with a narrow median streak white at the
beginning, then passing into yellow and prolonged onto the nape ;
throat black, slightly ashy ; sides and back of the neck black, washed
with green or olive-green ; back and rump olive-green ; chest, belly,
and under tail-coverts of a fine orange-yellow ; auricular feathers
silky white ; rectrices brown, edged on the outer web with bright
orange for a third of their length ; wing-coverts black ; remiges
black, the first four edged exteriorly with yellow, the following four
with black, and the rest with bright orange ; secondary quills and
tertiaries black, bordered with white, the secondaries at the ends
only, the tertiaries from the bases and along the inner webs. The
plumage of the female does not differ from that of the male, except
that the colours are not quite so bright. Iris bluish brown ; bill
blue, with the point darker : nostrils white ; feet and claws whitish.
Total length 4-8 inches, tail 2-5, wing 2-5, tarsus 0-85, bill from
nostril 0-25. (David 4^ Oustalet.)

Hah. Western China : mountains of Moupin and Western Sze-
chuen to the frontiers of Kokonoor, extending into Central Tsinling.

7. FULVETTA.

Type.
Fulvetta, David Si- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 220 (18*'^) .... F. cinereiceps.

Range. China.

1. Fulvetta cinereiceps.

Siva cinereiceps, J. Verr. N. Arch. Mtis. vi. Bidl. p. 37 (1870).
Proparus cinereiceps, J. Verr. op. cit. vii. Bull. p. 48 (1871).
Alcippe cinereiceps, J. Verr. op. cit. viii. Bull. pi. 5. fig. 3 (1872).
Fulvetta cinereiceps, David Sc Oust. Ois. Chiw, p. 220, pi. 73
(1877).

Crown of heed and nape ashy grey, with silky reflections ; back
rufous ; rump and upper tail-coverts olive-yellow ; throat whitish
grey, with several indistinct longitudinal streaks of brown ; chest
and middle of the abdomen grey ; flanks and under tail-coverts
ochraceous ; parotid region silky grey ; tail-feathers brown, edged
with olive on the outer webs ; quills also brown, with ashy edgings
to the primaries, which are blackish on the secondaries, and rufous or
of an olive shade on the tertiaries. Iris light yeUow ; bill black ;

/ . FULVETTA. 629

mouth yellow; feet ashy rufous ; claws grey. Total length 5-15
inches, tail 2-5, wing (closed) 2-5, tarsus 0-85, bill from chin
0-25.

Female similar to the male.

Hah. China : Western Szechuen and Southern Chensi.

2. Fulvetta ruficapilla.

Siva ruficapilla, J. Verr. N. Arch. 3Ius. vi. p. 37 (1870) ; id. op. cit.

viii. pi. 5. fig. -2 (1872).
Proparus ruficapilla, J. Verr. N. Arch. Mus. vii. Bull. p. 49 (1871).
Fulvetta ruficapilla, David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 221, pi. 72 (1877).

Crown of head and nape rufous, bordered on each side with black ;
back olive ; rump and upper tail-coverts bright olive-rufous ; middle
of the chest and belly whitish, as is the throat, but with several
indistinct brown stripes ; sides of the chest violaceous ; flanks and
under tail-coverts olive-rufous ; forehead, feathers round the eye,
and sides of the neck ashy grey, with two white spots, one above
and the other below the eye ; auricular feathers silky violet ; a broad
ashy eyebrow, bordered with black, extending from the eye onto
the nape ; tail brownish, shaded with golden rufous on the upper
surface ; quills brown and edged on the outer webs, the first with
ashy grey, the succeeding ones with black, and the tertiaries with
olive-rufous. Iris hazel ; bill light brown, yellowish at base ; feet
and claws obscure grey. Total length -I'S inches, tail 2"5, wing
2-5, tarsus 0-85, biU from front 0-25. {David cj- Oustalet.)

Hah. Western Szechuen and Southern Chensi.

3. Fulvetta striaticoUis.

Siva striaticoUis, /. Verr. N. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. .38 (1870).
Proparus striaticoUis, J. Verr. op. cit. vii. Bull. p. 50 (1871).
Fulvetta striaticolHs, Z>a«(/ 4' Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 222, pi. 71 (1877).

Upper parts of the body olive-brown, becoming greyish on the
neck, and marked with blackish stripes on the head and nape ; lower
surface of body silky grey, striped with blackish on the throat, and
with an olive shade on the flanks ; lores black ; taU greyish, slightly
rounded ; wings brown, edged with ashy grey on the remiges, with
black on the secondary quills, and with olive on the tertiaries. Iris
yellowish white ; bill brownish grey on the upper mandible and
whitish on the lower one ; feet and claws grey. Total length 4-8
inches, tail 2-5, wing 2-5, tarsus 0"0, biQ from front 0-25. (David
^- Oustalet.)

Hah. Monpin.

630 TIMELIIDJE.

8. MOUPINIA.

Type. _

Moupinia, David S,- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 219 (1877) M. poecilotis.

Range. Western China.

1. Moupinia poecilotis.

Alcippe pcecilotis, J. Verr. N. Arch. Mus. vi. p. 35 (1870), vii. Bull.

p. 37 (1871), viii. pi. 2. fig. 4 (1872).
Moupinia poecilotis, Darid 8j- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 219.

Crown of head, nape, and upper part of the back chestnut-brown ;
lower back and rump rufotis ; throat, middle of the chest and of
the belly pure white ; sides of the chest very light rufous ; flanks
and under tail-coverts darker rufous ; an eyebrow of silky grey,
ending in black, starting from the lores and extending beyond the
eyes ; on each side of the head a moustache of alternate grey
and black feathers ; several slightly developed black silky bristles
at the sides of the biU ; tail chestnut-rufous ; quills brown above
and rosy below, with an edging of chestnut-rufous on the outer
webs, and a salmon-coloured border on the inner web. " Iris
red ; biU brown on the upper mandible and whitish on the lower
one ; feet and claws grey." Total length ow inches, tail 2-95,
wing 2*5, tarsus 0'9, bill from rictus 0-45.

The female is similar to the male in size and coloration.

Hab. Moupin.

9. DENDROBIASTES.

Type.
Dendrobiastes, Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, new series, Zool.

vol. i. p. 332 (1876) U. basilanica.

Range. Philippine Islands.

1. Dendrobiastes basilanica,

Dendrobiastes basilanica, Sha)-pe, Tr. Linn. Soc, new series, Zool.
i. p, 332, pi. liii. fig. 1 (1876).

Adult female (type of species). General colour above rufous-
brown ; the wing-coverts coloured like the back ; bastard wing and
primary-coverts sepia-brown or blackish, only washed with fulvous-
brown near the base of the outer web ; quills dark broAvn, externally
edged with rufous, the upper tail-coverts deep chestnut, the lower
rump also washed with this colour ; tail-feathers dark brown, washed
with rufous on the outer web ; head rather more ashy brown than
the back, washed with fulvous-brown ; lores and an indistinct eye-
brow huffy whitish ; round the eye a ring of fulvous feathers ; rest
of the sides of the face fulvous-brown, narrowly streaked along the
shafts with whitish ; throat huffy white, rest of under surface of
body white ; the breast fulvous-browu, as well as the sides of the
body, the latter slightly inclining to olive-brown ; thighs fulvous-
brown ; bill blackish brown, the under mandible paler; feet pale,
yellowish (ia skin) ; iris hazel. Total length 4-2 inches, culmcn
0-55, wing 2-4, tail 1-6, tarsus 0-8. (Coll. J. B. Sfeere.)

Hah. Island of Basilan, Philijipinr archipelago.

10. TUHTXA. 631

10. YUHINA.

Type.

Yuhina, Hodgs. As. Research, xix. p. 16.5 (1836) Y. gularis.

Polyodon, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 28 (1841, nee

Lafr. 18.32) Y. giilaris.

Odonterus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 113 (1850) Y. occipitalis.

Range. Himalayas from Xepal to Bootan, and occurring also in
the hills of Western China.

Key to the Siiecies.

a. Throat streaked with hlack ; crown of head ashy

brown ; secondaries margined ■with orange .... gularis, p. 631.

b. Throat uniform.

a' . Throat brown or vinous-brown ; a white eye-
Ud ; ear-coverts streaked.
a". Eing round the occiput white ; shafts to

tail-feathers white diademata, p. 632.

b". King round the occiput orange-rufous ;

shafts to tail-feathers brown occipitalis, p. 633.

b'. Throat white, with a black spot on chin ; no
white eyelid ; ear-coverts uniform ashy grey ;
crest-feathei's black edged with grey nigrimentum, p. 633.

1. Yuhina gularis.

Y'uhina gidaris, Hodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 166 (1836) ; id.

J. A. 6'. Beng. vi. p. 231 (1837) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal

pres. Hodgs. p. 74 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 199 (1848) ; Blyth,

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 100 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 397 (1*^50);

Horsf. 4'- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 261 (1854) ; Jerd. B.

hul\\. p. 261 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 276, no. 4062 (1869) ;

Hume, Nests ^- Eggs Ind. B. p. 396 (1873) ; Blyth ^- Wald. B.

Burm. p. 110 (1875); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104; Scully, t.c.

p. 321.
Polyodon gularis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 68.

fig. 1 (no. 309) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Mi'<c. p. 82 (1844).
Odonterus gularis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 113 (1850).

Adult. General colour above brown, fulvous-browu on the lower
back and rump ; least wing-covcrts like the back ; median and
greater coverts dusky brown, extcrnallj- rufesceut brown ; bastard-
wing feathers and primary-coverts black ; quills blackish, the pri-
maries narrowly margined with ashy near theu- ends, the secondaries
externally edged with orange, the innermost brown like the back ;
taU-feathers dull brown, du-sky on their inner webs and towards
their tips ; head much crested, brown washed with ashy, especially
on the nape and tips of the long crest-plumes ; lores mottled
with fulvous ; ear-coverts ashy brown ; cheeks, throat, and chest
pale vinous-brown, the throat streaked with black; remainder of
under surface of body orange-brown or fawn-colour, including the
under tail-coverts, the sides of the body and thighs slightly duller
brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, the outermost of
the latter ashy ; quiUs dusky brown below, whitish along the edge

632 miELiiDJ^.

f the inner web ; " upper mandible black ; lower mandible homy
brown ; feet deep buff or orange ; claws dusky ; iris brown or dark
brown " [Sculh/). Total length 5-6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-0,
tail 2-3, tarsus"0-9.

Young birds are much browner than the adult, especially on the
crest, and the streaks on the throat are much narrower, smaller,
and more indistinct.

In the Museum series a good deal of variation is shown in the
depth of colour in different individuals. Some of them have the
orange on the wings and the fawn-colour of the abdomen duUer
in shade than others : they may be female birds.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas from Xepal to Bootan, extendiug to
Aracan, and was once observed by Abbe David in Moupin. He
believes that it breeds in the latter locality, retiring south in winter.

a. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l.

h, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Tvpes of species.)

d, e,f. Ad. ; ff. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

Juv. sk.

h, i, k, I. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodr/soyi) . India Museum.

m. Ad. sk. Sheopm-i Ridge, Nepal val- Dr. J. Scully [P.].

ley, Feb. 16, 1878.

n. 2 ad. sk. Sbeopuri Ridge, Jan. 18, Dr. J. Scidly [P.].

1878.

o, ;;, y. Ad. sk. ^\k\xim. {L. Mcmdelli), H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

2. Yuhiaa diademata.

Yuhina diademata, J. Verr. Kouv. Arch, du Mus. v. Bull. p. ZH
(18(39) ; id. op. cit. vii. p. 53 (1871), viii. pi. 3 (1872) ; Gmdd, B.
Asia, part xxiv. (1872) ; David %■ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 138, pi. 69
(1877).

Adult male (Moupin, March 4, 1869 ; A. David). General colour
above uniform earthy brown, the crest of the same colour, with
lighter shaft-streaks and separated from the nape by a broad line
of silky white feathers, which encircles the occiput, starting from
above the eye ; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard wing and pri-
mary-coverts darker brown ; quills black, with brown shafts,
becoming white towards their ends, the primaries edged with
whitish towards their tips ; tail-feathers brown, dusky on the inner
web and towards the ends, the shafts white ; forehead darker brown
than the crown ; lores black ; eyehd white ; sides of face and ear-
coverts brown, the latter with whity-brown shaft-streaks, the
anterior part of the cheeks darker brown ; under surface of body
earthy brown, paler on the flanks, the chin and upper throat darker
brown ; centre of abdomen and under tail-coverts white ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts white, those near the edge of the wing
brown, forming a patch ; quills blackish below, white along the
edge of the inner web ; " bill and feet yellow ; iris clear chestnut "
{David). Total length 6-6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3, tail 2-9,
tarsus 0"9o, (Mus. H. Seebohm.)

10. ruHijf.i. 633

Hah. Western China, where it inhabits Szechiien and South-
eastern Chensi, as well as Eastern Thibet. It is a resident in all
these countries.

3. YuMna occipitalis.

Yuhina occipitalis, Hodys. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 167 (18.36) ; id.

Joxrn. A. S. Benq. vi. p. 231 (1837) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc.

Nepal, p. 74 (1846') ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 199 (1848) ; Bh/th, Cat. B.

Mus. As. Soc. p. 100 (1849) ; Bp. Cmsp. i. p. 397 (18o0, pt.) ;

Horsf. 6r Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 261 (1854) ; Jerd.

B. Ind. ii. p. 261 (1863) ; Gould, B. Asia, part xv. (1863) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 276, no. 4064 (1869) ; Hume, 8tr. F. 1879, p. 104;

Scul/y, t.c.]>.32l.
Polvodon occipitalis, Hodys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 68,

tig. 7 (no. 310) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844).
Odonterus occipitalis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 113, note (1850).

Adult. General colour above brown, the rump slightly fulvescent;
wing-coverts like the back ; the greater series and secondaries
dusky brown, externallj- like back ; primaries black, narrowl}- edged
with olive-brown, ashy towards the end of the outer web ; bastard-
wing feathers and primary-covei'ts dusky brown, with a narrow
diJl brown margin ; tail-feathers brown, dusky on the inner webs
and towards the tips ; crest dark ashy brown, each feather tipped
with ashy grey, and separated from the grey hind neck by a band
of orange-rufous, surrounding the occiput and nape from the hinder
portion of the eye ; lores dull orauge-rufous ; ear-coverts pale ashy
brown with whitish shaft-streaks ; cheeks black, mottled with brown
bases to the feathers ; throat and breast pale vinous-brown ; the
abdomen and under tail-coverts orange-buff ; lower breast and sides
of body very pale ashy brown ; under wiug-coverts and axillaries
white ; quiUs dusky blackish below, white along the edge of the
inner web ; " bill reddish brown ; feet orange-buff, claws horny
brown ; iris deep brown '' (Sculh/). Total length 5 inches, culmen
0'65, wing 2'o, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-65.

Hub. Eastern Himalayas, where it is only met with from Xepal
to Bootan.

a. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

b,c. Ad.sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.j.

(Types of species.)

or,*?. Ad.sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

/. Ad. sk. Nepal ( Hodyson). India Museum.

g. Ad. sk. Sheopuri Ridge, Nepal vallev, Dr. J. Scully [P.].

Feb. 16, 1878.

h. Ad. sk. Lachiing, Sikhim, 10,000 feet, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].

Sept. 26, 1870.

i, k. Ad. sk. Sikhim [L. Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

4. Yuhina nigriuientum.

Yuhina nigilmenta, Hodys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 66.
tigs. 1, 2 (no. 097).

034 TIMELIID^.

Polyodon nigrimentum, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844).

Yuhina nigrimentum, Hodgs. J. A. S. JBeng. xiv. p. 562 (1845) ;
Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 74 (1846) ; id. Gen.
B. i. p. 199 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 397 (1850) ; Horsf. ^ Moore,
Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 262 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 262
(1863) ; Gi-ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 276, no. 4063 (1869) ; David Sf
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 140, pi. Ixx. (1877) ; Hu7ne, Sir. F. 1879,
p. 104.

Adult. General colour above dull olive-brown, a little more ashy
on the mantle ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ;
greater coverts, primar3'-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with
the same colour as the back, paler towards the ends of the primaries ;
tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with olive-brown ; head and nape
ashy grey, with a distinct crest, the feathers of which are black
edged with grey ; lores black ; ear-coverts ashy grey ; cheeks and
throat white, with a small black spot at the base of the lower
mandible and on the base of the chin ; remainder of under surface
of body light fulvous-brown, washed with ashy on the sides of the
breast ; under tail-coverts like the abdomen ; under wing-coverts
fulvous ; quills dusky below, fulvous along the edge of the inner
web ; " bill dusky above, the lower mandible red ; feet reddish
yellow ; iris brown " {Jerdon). Total length 4'1 inches, culmen
0'5o, wing 2-2, tail 1-55, tarsus 0-6.

Young. Differs from the adult in its much browner colour, the
upper tail-coverts being somewhat rufescent ; quills and tail-feathers,
as well as the upper wing-coverts, dusky brown, margined with
rufescent brown ; head ashy brown, much duller than the adult,
the crest^feathers being dingy black with dull ashy margins ; lores
and chin-spot black ; cheeks and throat white ; rest of under surface
whitish, slightly washed with fulvous.

Hah. Himalayas, extending eastwards into the Naga hills and
the wooded hills on the borders of Moupin and Szetchuen. Here
Abbe David believes that it breeds, retiring south in winter.

a. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

will [P.].

h. Ad. sk, Nepal. Gould Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Type of species.)

d,e. XA.; f. iwY. Nepal. . B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

sk.

g. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

/(. Ad. sk. Sikhim, Jan. 1879 E. W. Gates, Esq.

{L. Mandelli).

i, k, I, m. Ad. sk. Sikhim (i. Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq.

11. MTZ0RNI8. 635

11. MYZORNIS.

Type.
Myzornis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 984 (1843) M. pyrrhura.

Range. Confined to the North-eastern Himalayas.

1. Myzornis pyrrhura,

Myzornis pyrrhoura, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 984 (184.3) ; id. in
Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. xiy. p. 561
(184o); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 74 (1846) ;
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 101 (1849) ; Jlorsf. | Moore, Cat.
B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 263 (1854) ; Goidd, B. Asia, part viii. (1856) ;
Jerd.B. Ind.ii. -p. 26S{18Q3). v v>

Yuhina pyrrhoura, Hodgs. Icon, inecl. in Brit. Mtes., Passeres, pi. 67.
figs. 1, 2 (no. 694) ; Gray ^- Mitch. Gen. B. i. p. 199, pi. liii.
(1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 397 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 276,
no. 4069 (1869). v ,

Myzornis pyrrhurus, Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 104.

Adult. General colour above grass-green, the head a little brighter
than the back and scale-like in appearance, the feathers having an
ovate black spot in their centre ; wing- coverts green like the back ;
primary-coverts green M'ith a bluish-Tvhite tip, forming an alar
speculum ; quills black with a white spot at the tip, the secondaries
edged with chestnut, fading into orange and then into white at the
end of the margins, the innermost secondaries green like the back ;
tail-feathers dark ashy with black tips, all of them red on their
outer webs, the two centre feathers green on the inner web ; lores
and eyelid black ; over the eye a faint indication of a yellowish-
green eyebrow ; sides of face and under surface of body grass-green,
■washed with rufous or saffron on the throat and centre of the body ;
under taU-coverts saffron-yellow ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
green washed with yeUow, the bases ashy ; quills blackish below,
tipped with white and edged with white along the inner web ;
" bill dusky brown ; legs fleshy ; iris brown " {Jerdon). Total
length 4-G inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-4, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-95.

Although nothing is published respecting the difference of the
sexes, there is little doubt that the females are duller coloured
than the males. Some specimens have the under surface of a
dingy bluish green, with a brownish tinge on the throat and chest.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas.

a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Type of species.)
c, d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

/• Ad. ; g, h, i. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum.

Juv. sk.
k, I. Ad. sk. Sikhim (Z. Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

636 TIMELIID^.

12. HERPOENIS.

Type.
Erpornis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 379 (1844) . . H. xantholeuca.
Herpornis, Agassiz, No7nencl. Aves, Add. p. 10 (1846).

Range. Eastern Himalayas, throughout the Burmese countriea
and the Malayan peninsula to Borneo. Formosa, Hainan.

1. Herpornis xantholeuca.

lora zantboleuca, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Miis., Passeres, pi. 177.

figs. 1, 2 (no. 7G0).
Erpornis xantholeuca, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 380 (1844) ;

Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 101 (1849) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat.

B. E.I. Co. 3Ius. i. p. 232 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 264 (1863) ;

Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 479, 1875, p. 142.
Erpornis xanthochlora, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ;

id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 23 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 259 (1850) ; Hume Sf

Oates, Str. F. 1875, p. 142.
Timalia xanthochlora, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs.
<,"/ p. 8.? (1846) ; id. Ge7i. B. iii. Ajtp. p. 10 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. i.
/ p. 315, no. 4713 (1869).

Herpornis xantholeuca, Blyth 8,- Wald. B. Burm. p, 110 (1875) ;

Godicin-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xlv. p. 83 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 41 ;

Anderson, Zool. Exp. Yumian,Aves,^.^(il (1878); Hume ii,- Davi-
son, Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 374 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 104, 157 ;

Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 190 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 151

(1883).

Adult. General colour above ycUowish olive, the head much
crested and coloured like the back ; -wing-coverts like the back ;
bastard--wing feathers ashy brown, externally edged with yellowish
olive ; quills dusky brown, externally edged with yellowish olive,
but brighter than the back, the innermost secondaries like the back ;
tail yellowish olive, a little brighter yellow than the back ; lores
ashy white ; ear-coverts light ashy brown ; cheeks and under
surface of body ashy white, the lower flanks, vent, and under tail-
coverts vellowish olive ; thighs externally yellowish, ashy white on
their inner aspect ; axillaries ashy white washed with yellow ;
under wing-coverts yellow ; quills dusky brown below, yellow
along the edge of the inner web ; " upper mandible fleshy horn-
colour, the edges and the whole lower mandible light flesh-colour ;
gape yellow ; mouth yellow ; eyelids plumbeous ; legs and feet
pinkish flesh-colour ; iris brown" {Oates). Total length 4-8 inches,
culmen 0-55, wing 2-5, tail 1-85, tarsus O'Go.

Young. Similarly coloured to the adult, but rather more dingy
yellowish-olive above, the under surface a little whiter.

The sexes appear to bo alike in plumage.

Hab. Eastern Himalayas, throughout the hills of Xorth-eastern
Bengal, the Burmese countries to Tenasserim, and down the Malayan
peninsula.

13. srvA.

637

^ B. H. Hodgson, Esq [P ]

f,9. 2 ad. sk. Sheetee Mt Kakhjen hiUs, Dr. J. Anderson [CI
Feb. 20, 1875. '- -■■

■ r^^^i" ^^- ^°™*' Eastern Pegu. E. W. Gates Esq TP 1

^- Id t Tenasserim (Helfef). India Museum ''^- ^^•^■

fohi ^''^='''^,. India Museum.

/. 2 ad. sk. Mount Ophir, Malacca. A. R. WaUacei Esq. [C.].

Subsp. a. Herpornis brunnescens.

He^rpornis brunnescens, S7ua-pe, Ibis, 1876, p. 41; id. op. cif. 1879,

Very similar to i^. .r«„?7ioZfHc«, but olire-brown above especiallv
dingy on the head, lighter and more yellow on the lowe'r back and
rump : ear-coverts and lores more ding - brown : " biU wood brown
legs and feet purplish white : iris dark'brown " (A. EveJt) S
length 4^8 inches ctJmen 0-55, wing 2-7, tail A, tarsus 0-65.

±iab. Kepresenta the foregoing species in the island of Eorueo.

bi'^j\- i'^^"^"; Hugh Low, Esq.

6. d ad. sk. Sarawak. a. R. Walkce, Esq. [C ]

-2 juv.sk. Bintulu. Allw^^Ll^Jriq^. [C.].

Subsp. /3. Herpornis tyrannulus.
Herpornis xantholeuca, Suinh. Ibis, 18(i3, p. 208 (nee Hodas ^
Heroormstn-annulus, Stoinh. /i^ 1870, p. 347, pi 10^ St Z S
18/1, p. 373 ; David ^- Chest. Ois. Chine,^^. 216 (1877).
Only separable from ff. xantlwJmca by its smaller size The
brighter yellow colour of the upper parts, which Mr. 8w nhoe in-
sisted upon, when comparing the Hainan t^^e with XepaUpecime^s
markTTr? disappeared, if indeed it'^ver was Vstr'ngl '
foUows • TnflT^l' '^^W °' V'^* °^^ ^y ^'- S^^^°^^' "measures as

Hah. The Chinese islands of Formosa and Hainan.
13. SIVA.

638 TIllELIID^.

Key to the Species.

a. Outer aspect- of qiiills bright orauge or vermi-

lion ; crown orange.

a'. Chest Qut-colour on tail very dark, and con-
fined to the basal portion of the inner web
of the two centre feathers singula, p. 638.

b'. Chestnut-colour on tail much more extended,
and having the greater portion of both
web3 of central tail-feathers and inner
webs of next feathers pure rich chestnut . . castaneicauda, p. 639.

b. Outer aspect of quills blue ; crown blue \ -r; fiil

1 . Siva strigula.

. Siva strigula, Hodgs. Ind. Rev. 1838, p. 89 ; id. Icon. ined. in Brit.

Mus., Passeres, pi. 68. fig. 5 (no. 314) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc.

Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 95 (1846) ; Gould, B. Asia, part xiv. (1862) ;

Jerd. B. Ind. i'i. p. 252 (1863); Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 252;

Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104 ; SeulJy, t. c. p. 319.
Garrulax felicife, Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 164.
Hemiparus strigula, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 29 (1841).
Muscicapa (Siva) strigula, Deless. T^oy. Ind. ii. p. 24, pi. 8 (1843).
loropus strigula, Hudgs. J. A. S. Beny. xiii. p. 935 (1844).
loropus (Siva) strigula, Hodgs. in Grat/^s Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).
Leiothrix strigida, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 269 (1842) ; Blyth, Cat. B.

Mus. A.^. Soc. p. 99 "(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 333 (1850); Horsf.

8r Moore, Cat. B. F.I. Co. Mtis. i. p. 365 (1854); Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 313, no. 4674 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above dull ashy olive ; the wiug-
coverts like the back, the greater series washed with olive-yellow ;
primary-coverts black, forming a wing-spot ; quills black, margined
with scarlet or deep orange, becoming yellow towards the end of
the feathers ; secondaries washed with olive at base and tipped
with white, the innermost black, with the outer web lavender-grey
tipped with black ; on some of the exterior of the so-called ter-
tiaries or inner secondaries the feather is entirely lavender-grey
tipped with white, before which there is a subterminal spot of black,
with a large black patch on the inner web; tail-feathers black,
tipped with yellowish white, the centre ones chestnut-brown towards
the basal portion of their inner web ; the other feathers margined
on both webs with yellow, tinged with scarlet on the outer one, the
external feather for the most part yellow, with a black patch along
the basal portion of the inner web, increasing on each feather
towards the centre of the tail, where black is the dominant colour ;
head orange-brown, crested ; lores dull white, mottled with black
bases ; ear-coverts and sides of face light ashy, varied with white
shaft-streaks and dusky cross bars ; over the ear-coverts an indi-
stinct streak of white tinged with yellow ; cheeks black, slightly
mottled with whitish tips : round the eye a whitish ring ; chin
yellow ; throat white, varied with black cross bars ; under surface

13. SIVA. 639

of body and under tail-coverts j-ellow, the sides slightly washed
with olive ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed with
j-eUow ; edge of wing bright yellow ; quills dusky below, yellowish
white along the inner web ; " upper mandible dusky or blackish ;
lower mandible very horny ; feet dull grey, or greyish plumbeous ;
claws brown horny ; iris brownish red " {J. Sculhj). Total length
6'1 inches, culmen 0'6, wing 2'7, tail 2"75, tarsus 0-95.

Birds from the Xorth-western Himalayas are decidedly paler than
Nepalese birds, and constitute a light race.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas.

a, b, c, d. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. S. Pinwill [P.],

e. Ad. sk. HUls near Mussoori E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.l.

{A. O. Hume).

f,g. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of species.)

h, i. Ad. ; k. Juv. sk. Xepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

I, m, n. Ad. sk. Nepal ( Hodffsoti). India Museum.

o. c? ad. sk. Sheopuri Ridge, Nepal Dr. J. Scully [P.].

valley, May 22, 1878.

p. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Gould Collection.

q. Ad. sk. Daijiling (Pearson). India Museum,

r, s. Ad. sk. Sikhim {MandeUi). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

2. Siva castaneicauda.

? Muscicapa variegata, Deletes. Mag. de Zool. 1840, pi. 19.

Liothrix sb-igula (wee Hodqs.), Wald. hi Blyth B. Burm. p. 110

(1875) ; Wardlaio Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 464.
Siva castanicauda, Hume, 8tr. F. 1877, p. 100; id. Sf Davison, Sir.

F. 1878, vol. i. p. 371 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104.
Siva castaneicauda, Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 14o (1883).

Like S. strigula, but rather larger and the biU considerably
larger, and with the greater portion of both webs of the central
tail-feathers and of the inner webs of the next feathers a pure rich
chestnut ; " upper mandible dark brown, the lower fleshj- ; legs and
feet dingy glaucous green ; iris deep brown " ( TF. Davison). Total
length 6-6 inches, bill from gape 0"7o, wing 2*8, tail 2*9. tarsus 1*05.
{A. 0. Hume, I. e.)

Hah. Replaces S. strigula of the Himalayas in Bootan and the
Burmese hiUs, ranging into Tenasserim. This is not so distinct a
species as some of the Burmese representatives of Himalayan forms ;
for the Bootan specimen in the British Museum is decidedly inter-
mediate, having the chestnut extended, as in S. castaneicauda, on
the centre tail-feathers but not on the next pair, while the rufous
is of the deep tint of the Himalayan bird. I have examined Capt.
Wardlaw Eamsay's specimens of *S'. castaneicauda from the Tonghoo
hills, and also a skin from Tenasserim in his collection ; they agree
with Mr. Hume's diagnosis, and are distinct enough from S. strigida.

a. Ad. sk. Bootan {Peinberton). India Museum.

640 riiiELiiD,?:.

3. Siva cyanuroptera.

Siva cyanouroptera, Hudys. Ind. Rev. ii. p. 88 (1838) ; Gray, Cat.

Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 95 (1846) ; Gould, B. Asia,

part xiv. (1862) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 253 (1863) ; Hume, Nests ^^

Eggs hid. B. p. 393 (1874) ; Scully, Sir. F. 1879, p. 319.
LeioVhrix lepida, McClell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 162.
Hemiparus cyanouropterus, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 29 (1841).
loropus cvauouropterus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mas., Passeres,

App. pi. 124 (uo. 358) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 937 (1844).
loropus (Siva) cvanouropterus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84

(1844).
Leiothrlx cyanouroptera, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 269 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat.

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 99 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 332 (1850) ;

Horsf. S>- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 366 (1854) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 313, no. 4673 (1869). ^
Liotlirix cyanui'optera, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 105.

Adult. Above ochraceous brown, rather lighter on the lower back
and rump ; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing feathers blue,
with a small white tip ; primary-coverts black, forming a wing-
spot ; quills black, externally blue, the secondaries narrowly mar-
gined with lavender-grey and tipped with white ; the innermost
secondaries lavender-grey, ochraceous near the base of the outer
web, and blackish towards the end of the inner webs ; tail-feathers
blackish on the inner webs and at the tips, which are narrowly
fringed with white ; the outer webs blue, the centre featliers lavender-
grey shaded with blue : the outer tail-feathers edged with white
along the inner web, which has also a very broad white j)atch at
the tip, the outermost feather white, except the outer web, which
is black; head and hind neck ashy brown, the forehead streaked
with black centres to the feathers and washed with blue ; lores,
feathers round the eye, and a distinct eyebrow white ; ear-coverts
ashy brown, with paler shaft-lines ; cheeks and under surface of
body pale vinous-grey : centre of the breast, abdomen, and under
tail-coverts white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, the
latter slightly tinged with vinous ; quills blackish below, white
along the edge of the inner web ; " bill grey horny, brownish about
the nostrils, and the base of the lower mandible yellow ; feet fleshy ;
claws horny brown ; iris brown " {J. Scully). Total length 5*5
inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-45, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-9.

Yomig birds differ from the adult in being altogether paler below
and much lighter on the head, which has no blue shade on the fore-
head, where the streaks are also much fainter.

Hah. Himalayas, extending into Assam.

a, b. Ad. sk. N.W. Hunalavas. Capt. S. Pinwill [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Nepal. " B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Tvpe of species.)

d, e. Ad. ;/. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
g,h. Ad.; i. Juv.sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum.

k, I. Ad. sk. Sikhim {Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

m. Ad. sk. Assam. Gould Collection.

14. LIOCICHLA. 641

4. Siva sordida.

Siva cjanouroptera, Bhjth ^- Wald. B. Bxrm. p. 110 (l%7o,necHodgs.).
Siva sordida, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 104; id. ^- Davison, Sfr. F.

1878, p. 371 ; Hume, Sfr. F. 1879, p. 104 : Oates, B. Brit. Burm.

i. p. 144 (1883).

Adult male. Lores and orbital space greyish, brownish white ;
ear-coverts pale earthy brown, the feathers finely tipped with pale
fulvous and greyish white ; entire under surface white, the sides of
the throat, breast, sides, and Hanks faintly tinged with a shade of
pale suUied dove-brown; wing-lining, axillaries, and basal portions
of the inner webs of the quills silky white ; entire cap, back of
neck, back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and outer webs of tertiariea
earth-brown, darker on the first four, palest on the last ; rump and
upper tail-coverts fulvous-brown, but not nearly so bright as in S.
cyamiroptera ; quiUs deep hair-brown, the outer webs of the pri-
maries and the winglet deep duU blue ; some of the feathers of the
forehead and over the eye centred darker, and with a barely per-
ceptible purplish tinge ; tail blackish dusky, inner webs paler, outer
webs suffused with a blue tinge, duller and deeper than in the
Himalayan bird : exterior tail-feathers and the whole of the inner
webs white ; next pair with an U-2 white tipping and a good deal
of sullied white running down the edge of the inner web ; next
pair with an 0-07 white tipping ; next with a barely perceptible
tip ; none to central feathers ; " lower mandible, legs, feet, and
claws whity brown ; upper mandible darker, but still pale brown ;
iris creamy yellow " ( W. Davison). Total leng-th 6-2 inches, biU
from gape 0-75, wing 2-45, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-89. (/lume, t. c.)

Hah. Represents S. cyamiroptera in the Karen-nee hills and
those of Tenasserim. Capt. Wardlaw Eamsay has lent me a female
bird procured by him in Karen-nee, and I find that it bears out the
characters given by Mr. Hume. It is much duller brown, and is
only slightly brighter on the rump, showing none of the bright
fulvous-brown of the Himalayan bird. The streaks on the head are
scarcely perceptible, and there is no pronounced tinge of blue. The
blue winglet shows no white tip. and the under surface is white
instead of vinous-brown.

14. LIOCICHLA.

Type.
Liocichia, Sinnh. Ibis, 1877, p. 473 L. steerii.

Range. Confined to the mountains in the interior of Formosa.

1. Liocichia steerii.
Liocichia steerii, Sicinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 474, pi. xiv.

Adult. General colour above olivaceous brown, the rump dark
ashy ; wing-coverts yellowish olive, rather brighter yellow on the

VOL. VII. ' 2 1

(542 ruiT.JAiDJE.

margins of the bastard-wing feathers : quills blackish, externally
olive-yellow ; secondaries blackish, -with a terminal fringe of white,
the outer ones olire-yellow for two thirds of the outer web, velvety
black for the remaining third, the innermost dusky chestnut, with a
slight wash of olive-yellow and a black sirbterminal bar ; upper tail-
coverts and tail-feathers olive-yellow, tijiped with white, before which
is a broad subtermiual bar of black, which colour also extends a
good way up the outer web of the external feathers ; crown of head
and nape dusky ashy, with pale shaft-streaks to all the feathers,
more distinct on the forehead, which is tinged with olive-yellow :
lores and a narrow eyebrow black ; in front of and below the eye a
large spot of orange-yellow ; ear-coverts dull olive, the feathers
above the latter and the sides of the neck olive-yellow, streaked
with brighter yellow shaft-lines ; cheeks and throat dusky slate-
colour ; remainder of under surface of body olive-yellow, brighter in
the centre of the breast and abdomen ; the sides of the body, flanks,
and thighs slaty grey, the latter washed with olive-yellow ; under
tail-coverts bright golden yellow, with black centres to the feathers ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries slaty grey, edge of wing yellow.
Total length 7"2 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*7, tail 3"25, tarsus
1-15. {Mus. J. B. Steere.)
Huh. Formosa.

15. MESIA. Type.

Mesia, Hodffsoji, Ind. liev. ii. p. 88 (18.38) M. argentnuris.

Philocalyx, Hodt/son, J. A. S. Beny. x. p. 29 (1841) . . M. arg-entauris.
Fringilloparus, Hodys. J. A. S. Beyjy. xiii. p. 935 (1844) M. argentauris.

Bange. Himalayas and the hills of Eurmah and Tenasserim ; Su-
matra.

Key to the Species.

a. Breast bright orange aryentauris, p. 642.

b. Breast fiery orange washed with crimson laiirince, p. 64.3.

1. Mesia argentauris.

Mesia argentauris, i/of/iys'. Iml. Rev.n.^. S^ (1838); id. Icon. ined.

in Brit. Mus., Passcres, pi. 68. tig. 4 (no. 307) ; Gray, Cat. Ma?nm.

etc. Nepal p-es. Hodyson, p. 94 (1846) ; Hume, Nests 4" Eyys Ind.

B. p. 392 (1873); id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 104; Scully, t. c. p. 318;

Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 143 (1883).
Ph localyx argentauris. Hodys. J. A. S. Beny. x. p. 29(1841).
Fringilloparus argentauris, Hodys. J. A. S. Beny. xiii. p. 935 (1844) ;

id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).
Leinthrix aruentauris, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 269 (1846) ; Bh/th, Cat.

Ji. :\h,s. As. Sue. p. 99 (1849) ; Bp. Camp. i. p. 332 (1850) ; Horsf.

\ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 365 (1854) ; Gould, B. Asia,

partiii. : Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 251 (1863); Gray, Hand-l. B.\.

lo. siKsiA. 643

p. 313, no. 4U72 (1869) ; Godwin-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix.
p. 109 (1870); Bh/th S,- Wald. B. Burm. p. 109 (1875); Wardlaw
Mamsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 464 ; Anders. Zool. Ex^). Yun-nan, p. 630
(1878) ; Hume S) Davison, Sir. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 370.

Adult. General colour above ashy olive, the head black, separated
from the neck by a coUar of orange feathers round the hind neck ;
■wing-coverts like the back, the greater and primary-eoverts narrowly
fringed with yellow ; qniUs dusky blackish, margined with golden
yellow, inclining to paler yellow towards the ends of the primaries ;
the bases of the feathers washed externally with crimson, forming
a wing-patch ; innermost secondaries dull ashy ; upper tail- coverts
crimson; tail-feathers dusky ashy brown, blacker towards the ends
of the feathers, which are margined with olive-yellow, brighter on
the outer ones, the centre ones "with a dusky edging towards the
base ; base of forehead bright yellow ; remainder of lores, feathers
round the eye, cheeks, and a line below the ear-coverts black ; ear-
coverts silvery white ; throat and chest bright orange ; remainder of
under surface olive-green, yellower down the centre of the body ;
under tail-coverts crimson ; axillaries and under wing-coverts light
olive, whitish at base, -with a dark olive patch near the outer edge
of the wing, which is bright yellow ; quills dusky brown below,
yellowish white along the edge of the inner -web. Total length
6 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-9, tail 2-65, tarsus 1.

In very old males the throat has often a vermilion tint and the
plumage is at all times brighter than in the females. The latter
always seem to have the upper and under tail-coverts dull orange
instead of crimson. The young birds resemble the females in their
pale coloration, and have the upper and under tail-coverts coloured
like the hen birds, but the head is dusky blackish or blackish brown
washed with olive-yellowish.

The colours in this species fade on exposure to the light, the olive-
colour of the back shading into grey, the underparts into ashy white,
whUe all the brilliancy of the bright portions of the wing and of the
tail-coverts disappears.

Hah. Jkstern Himalayas, throughout the hiUs of Xorth-eastcrn
Bengal and Burmah to Tenasserim.

a. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l.

h-e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

f. Ad. .=k. Nepal {Hodqsoyi). India Museum.

V, A. Ad. sk. Sikhim {Ma'ndelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

«■. Ad. sk. Khasia hills (6V(j;^^/0. India Museum.

k. S iuini- sk- Sheetee Mt., Kakhveu Dr. J. Anderson [C.].
hiUs, Feb. 20, 1875.

2. Mesia laurinae.

Leiothrix laiiriiine, Salvad. Ann. Mm. Cicir. Genov. xiv. p. 231 (1879).

Adult male. General colour above greenish olive, the wing-coverts
like the back, washed with olive-yellow, somewhat tinged with

2t2

044 TIMELIID.1;.

crimson ou the greater series ; the latter coverts are ashj- on the
inner webs, externally olive; primary-covorts ashy brown, exter-
nally olive tinged with crimson, and with half-concealed black bases ;
quills black, externally margined with golden yellow, crimson near
the base, the inner secondaries entirely ashy black ; upper tail-
coverts crimsom : tail black, the outermost feather with an edging of
olive-yellow to the outer web ; head and nape black, separated from
the back by a collar of dark crimson, more distinct on the sides of
the neck ; feathers in front of the eye and below the latter, as well
as the cheeks, black ; a loral spot of tiery orange ; ear-coverts hoary
grey, silvery white along the upper margin ; throat and chest fiery
orange overshaded with crimson ; centre of breast and abdomen
olive-yellow, the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs greenish olive ;
under tail-coverts crimson ; axillaries and under wing-coverts greenish
olive ; quills dusky below, yellowish along the edge of the inner
web. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-3, tail 3'05, tarsus
1*1. (Mus. E. 6. Wardlaw Ramsay.)

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length
7-3 inches, wing 3-25, tail 3-1, tarsus 1-2. (Miis. R. G. Wardlaw
Ramsai/.)

Hah. Confined to the higher ranges of the island of Sumatra.

16. LIOTHRIX.

Type.
Leiothrix, Sicains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Bi7-ds, p. 490 (1831). . L. luteus.

Furcuria, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 457 (1831) L. luteus.

Bahila, Hodgs. Ind. Bev. ii. p. 88 (1838) L. luteus.

Calipyga, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 2Q (1841) L. luteus.

Range. Himalaya Mountains and Khasia hills, extending through-
out the mountains of Southern China.

1. Liothrix lutea,

Le Mesange de Nankin, Scop. Toy. Bid. ii. pi. 114. fig. 2 (1782).

Sylvia lutea, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 96 (1786).

Turnagra sinensis, Gm. Sgst. Nat. i. p. 897 (1788).

Parus furcatus, Temm. PL Col. pi. 287. fig. 1.

Furcuria malabaricus. Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 457 (1831).

Leiothrix furcatus, Sicains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 490 (1831).

Bahila calipyga, Hodgs. Ind. Rev. ii. p. 88 (18.38).

Calipyga furcata, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 29 (1841).

Leioihiix calipyga, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 934 (1844) ; id. Icon.

ined. in Brit. Mas., Passeres, App.-pl. 117 (no. 354-5) ; Gray, Cat.

Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 84 ( 1 846) ; Grag, Hand-'l. B. i.

p. 313, no. 4671 (1869) ; Hume, Nests ^' Eggs Lid. B. p. 390

(1874) ; Gammie, Str.F. 1875, p. 266 ; Anders. Zool. Exp. Yun-nan,

p. 629 (1878).
Leiothrix calipvga vel furcatus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84

(1844).

16. LIOTHRIX. 645

lieiothrix siuensia, Oray, Gen. B. i. p. 269 (1845) ; Bp. L'onsp. i.

p. 332 (1850).
Leiothrix luteus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 552 (1845) ; id. Cat.

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 99 (1849) ; Gould, B. Asia, part iii. (1851) ;

Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. i. p. 364 (1854) ; Jerd. B.

Ind. ii. p. 250 (1863) ; David 8f Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 214, pi. 67

(1877).
Liothrix lutea, Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 298 ; Gray, Hand-L B. i.

p. 313, no. 3670; Sioinh. P. Z. S, 1871, p. 373 ; B/yfh, B. Burm.

p. 109 (1875) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104.
Liothrix luteus, Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 142 (1883).

Adult. Above dull olive greenish, the wing-coverts like the back'
the bastard wing and primary-coverts a little tinged with yellow ;
quills blackish, externally margined with golden yellow, inclining
to fiery orange and tinged with vermilion towards the base ; secon-
daries glossy black externall}', orange at the base of the outer webs,
some of the others orange-yellow towaixls the tip of the outer web,
and some margined for their wliole extent with vermilion, the inner-
most secondaries olive-greenish like the back ; upper tail-coverts
browner than the back, tipped with white, before which is a bar of
ashy grey ; tail-feathers ashy brown, glossy black at the ends and
on the outer web, and washed with olive near the base ; head more
yellowish green than the rest of the upper surface ; lores and
feathers round the eye yellowish white ; ear-coverts dull grey, ex-
tending onto the sides of the neck ; cheeks dusky, forming a dark
line which separates the sides of the face from the throat, which is
bright yellow, deepening into orange-yellow on the lower throat and
fore neck ; remainder of under surface of body pale yellow, deeper
on the under tail-coverts ; sides of body, flanks, and thighs light
ashy brown washed with olive-greenish, the inner aspect of the
thighs dull yellowish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light ashj-,.
the outer greater coverts dusky ; edge of wing yellow ; ([uiUs dusky
brown below, yellowish white along the edge of the inner web ;
" bill red, with the base blackish ; feet and claws yellow ; iris reddish,
brown " {David). Total length 6'2 inches, culmen 0-5o, wing 2'%^
tail 2-3, tarsus 1-05.

Considerable allowance must be made for the fading of colours itt
this species, for the way in which the green and yellow colours
vanish is most remarkable, the former changing to grey and the-
latter becoming very pale.

Hah. Throughout the Himalayas to the hills of Xorth-easterQ
Bengal and throughout Southern China.

a. Ad.sk. ? Aftrhanistan (Gn^^A). India Museum.

b. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. St. Pinwill [P.].

c. d. Ad. sk. Dehra Doon, Jan. 1871 Dr. J. Scully [P.].

^ {G. King).
e,f,g. Ad. st. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.-

i.f'a:

h, i, k. Ad. ; /, ?«. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Escj.

Imm. sk. rP.].

n-q. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgnon).. India Museum.

fi46 tijibliid.t;.

r. Ad. sk. Himalayas. India Museum,

s. Ad. sk. Darjiliug. India Museuui.

t, II. Ad. sk. Sikhini {^MandeUi). II. Si>ebohm, Eaq. [P.].

I'. Ad. sk. Bootan (I'ember/on). India Museum.

w, .v. (S 2 ad. sk. Pon-ee, Kakhven hills, Ih: J. Auderson [C.].
April 1868. '

17. CUTIA. T^p^

Cutia, Hodys. J. A. S.Beng. v. p. 772 (1830; C. nipaleusis.

Heterornis, Hodys. J. A. S. Beny. x. p. 27 (,1841) C. nipaleusis.

Eangi:. Himalayas, extending into the hills of North-easteru
Beugal as far south as Xaren-nee.

1. Cutia nipalensis.

Cutia nipalensis, Hodys. J. A. S. Bcny. v. p 774 (183(\) ; id. op. cit.
vi. p. 112 (18.37) ; BIyth, J. A. 6'. Beny. xi. p. 183 (1843) ; Gray,
Cat. Mamm. etc. KejJal pres. Hodys. p. 96 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B.
3Ius. As. Soc. p. 98 (1849) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. A])]}, p. 15 (1849) ;

P-
Sir. F. 1879, p. 104; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 140 (1883).

Heterornis nipalensis, Hodys. Icon, irted. in Brit. Mus.,Passeres, pi. 236
(nos. 254-6) ; id. J. A. tS. Beny. x. p. 27 (1841) ; Simdev. Av. Meth.
Tent. p. 41 (1872).

Heterornis (Cutia) nipaleusis, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84
(1844).

Adult male. General colour bright orange-chestnut from the hind
neck to the upper tail-coverts ; scapulars light ochraceous brown
washed with orange ; wing-coverts black, edged with glossy black ;
quills black, with a tiny white spot at the tips of the ])rimaries and
inner secondaries (often abraded and lost), all the quills externally
edf'cd with slaty grey, broader on the inner secondaries, which are
Hack at the tip ; tail-feathers black, the outer ones narrowly edged
with white at the tip, the centre ones orange for more than half
their length, but this colour concealed by the upper tail-coverts ;
crown of head and nape slaty blue, surrounded by a band of blue-
black, which occupies the lores, the feathers above and below the eye,
and the ear-coverts, extending round the hinder neck ; a spot of black
at the base of the lower mandible ; cheeks and under surface of body
pure white, tinged with yellowish buff on the flauks, lower abdomen,
and under tail-coverts, the latter very long and uniform ; sides of
breast and flanks barred with black, more broadly on the latter ;
under wing- and tail-coverts white, dusky blackish near the edge of
the greater series, forming a patch : quills blackish below, white

17. cuTiA. G47

along the inuer web ; " bill blackish above, plumbeous beneath ;
legs orauge-yellow ; iris brown " (Jerdon). Total length 6-o inches,
culmen U-85, wing 3-55, tail 2-3, tarsus i-05.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the back ochraceoua
brown, marked with large ovate spots of black, the rump and upper
tail-coverts orange-chestnut, aud the hind neck also slightly washed
with orange ; wings aud tail as in the male ; head aud uape slaty
blue, but instead of the black border of the male, there is only a
patch of black on the sides of the neck behind the ear-coverts ; lores
dusky blackish, extending above the eye ; ear-coverts brown ; under
surface as in the male, but the bars somewhat narrower and more
frequent. Total length 7 inches, culmen U-85, wing 3-4:, tail 2-4,
tarsus l'U5.

Hab. Himalayas to Bootan and the Dafla hills, extending into
Karen-nee.

a, b, c. cS sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

d, e,f. 2 ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esc^.L?.].

ff. 2 ad. sk. Nepal {Hudgson). India Museum.

h. 2 ad. sk. Darjihng. India Museum.

i, k, I. S ad. sk. Sikhim {JIandelli). II. tieebohm, Esq. [P.].

m. S ad.sk. }iooi-A,\i (Pembertoji). India Museum.

648 TIMELllDJi.

Group X. ACCENTOBES.

The position of the Accentors in the Order Passeriformes is by no
means easy to define ; they certainly have no relations with the
Timelikke, as they possess a very small first primary. Mr. Seebohm,
however, has not admitted them into his volnme of the Turclklce, and
in his latest work, the ' History of British Birds,' he has placed them
with the Paridce, from which family they are excluded by Dr.
Gadow. I have been compelled, therefore, to place them in the
present volume, although, like the Bradypteri and Thamnohicp, they
should, in my opinion, have been associated with other families.

I follow Mr. Salvin (Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. fiO) in placing Ephtlua-
nura with Accentor, to which it is most closely allied in external
form, although the habits of the birds and the colour of their eggs
differ in toto.

Key to the Genera.

a. Bill rather broad at base, broader than high

at nostrils 1. Accentor, p. 648.

h. BiU more slender, about equal in height and

breadth at nostrils 2. Ephthianura, p. 66G.

1. ACCENTOR.

Type.

Accentor, Bech'^f. Orn. Taschenh. i. p. 191 (1802) A. alpinus.

Prunella, Vieill. Analyse, p. 4-'', (1816) A. modularis.

Tharrhaleus, Kmip, Skizz. Katiirl. Syst. p. 137 (1829) A. modularis.

Spermolegus, Kemp, t. c. p. 152 (1829) A. montanellus.

Laiscopus, Gloyer, Hundb. Naturg. p. 267 (1842) .... A. alpinus.

Eange. The whole of the Palsearctic Ilegion including the countries
to the south of the Mediterranean, eastwards through Palestine and
Asia Min(Jr to Persia. Himalayas and mountains of Western and
Southern China, but not found in the peninsula of India nor in any
of the Burmese countries.

Key to the Species.

a. With no white spots at the end of the tail-
feathers.
a'. With no pectoral band of rufous.
a". Throat grey or fulvous, not black.
a'". Back streaked.

a*. W^ith no creamy buff eyebrow ; ear-
coverts streaked.
a\ Throat and breast grey; abdomen . ,„,^«;„,.^ 649.
white ; head greyer than back . . j „.,-,„^^^,-,,;p^ 662.

]. ACCENTOR. 649

i"'. Throat aud breast ashy brown,
greyer on the abdomen ; head
rufous-brown; back rufous, with ^.^^.^ q^^

black streaks \ fervidus d 653

//. With a broad creamy buff eyebrow ; ' -^ ' "'

ear-coverts uniform black.
c*. Back rufescent ; flauks broadly

streaked with rufous montanellus, p. G53.

d^. Back pale fulvous-brown ; flanks
uniform or only slightly streaked

with dusky fulvescens, p. 655.

6'". Back uniform rufous-brown ; head uni-
form grey ; breast also uniform grey
like the throat ; abdomen and flanks

uniform chestnut immacidatus, p. 656.

b". Throat black like the ear-coverts atrigularis, p. 656.

b'. ^\'ith a broad pectoral band of rufous or pale
cinnamon.
c". Throat uniform ashy grey ; no rufous eye-
brow rubecidoides, p. 657.

d". Throat white, spotted with black; arufous
eyebrow,
c'". Head streaked like the back, which is

rufous-brown stropliiatus, p. 658.

d'". Head uniform; back more ashy jerdoni, p. 660.

. Tail-feathers with a white spot at the end;
wing-coverts spotted with while; throat white,
spotted with black.
c'. Fore neck, breast, and sides of body white,
broadly streaked vriih. rufous ; lower abdo-
men white altaicus, p. C60.

d'. Fore neck and breast uniform ashy.

e". Flanks broadlv streaked with dark brown , >; • „ nn^

or ruious-brown < ., ' ^ ■ ^nr,

I ertjthropiigms, p. 6od

/.,, -r?! 1 -c c \ rti/ilatus, p. 664.

/ . I'lanks uniform rufous < ^ , '• ^ pai

' ntpalensis, p. 664.

1. Accentor modularis.

Hedge Sparrow, Albin, Nat.. Hist. Bird.';, p. 55, pi. lix. (1738).

La Fauvette de Have ou La Passe-Buse, Briss. Oni. iii. p. 394

(1760).
Motacilla modularis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 3i9 (1766).
La Traine-Buisson ou Mouchet ou La Fauvette d"Hiver, Montb. Hist,

Nat. Ois. V. p. 151, pi. 9 (1778).
Le Mouchet, Daubent. PL Enl. vi. pi. 615. fig. 1.
Hedge Warbler, Lath. Gen. 8yn. ii. pt. 2, p. 419 (1783).
Svlvia modularis. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 611 (1790); Yarr. Brit. B.

"i. p. 223(1843).
Accentor modularis, Bechst. Orn, Taschenb. i. p. 191 (1802) ; Temm.

Man, d'Orn. p. 250 (1815) ; Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 196 (1816) ;

Nau7n. Voff, Devtschl, iii. p. 951, pi. '92. figs. 3, 4 (1823); Rou.i,

Orn. Prov, pi. 205 (1825); Werner, Atlas, Insectivores, pi. 70

650 IIMELIID.IJ.

(1827); StricJd. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 98; Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 100
(1837) ; Macc). Brit. B. ii. p. 251 (1839) ; Norchn. in Demid. Voy.
liuss. merid. iii. p. 171 (1840) ; Selys-Longch. Faune Be/ye, p. 96
(1842) ; mwits. Eqgs Brit. B. i. p. 70, pi. 21. fig. 2 (1846) ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 187 (1848) ; T/wmps. B. Irel. i. p. 156 (1849) ; Blyih,
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 131 (1840); Bp. Cvn»p. i. p. .305 (1850) ;
Kjcerb. Damn. Fuyle, tab. 24 (1852) ; Schl. Voy. Nedni. pi. 122
(1854); Horsf. S^ Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 360 (1854) ;
Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 285 ; Sundev. Scensk. Foyl. pi. 16. fig. 1
(1856-72) ; Jaub. Hf Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orii. p. 228 (1859) ;
Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 87 (1860) ; Potvys, Ibis, 1860, p. 228 ;
Schl. Bier. Nederl. Voy. pi. 12. fig.-^. 15, 15 a (1861) ; F. ^ P. God-
man, Ibis, 1861, p. 81 ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. 55 (1862-73) ;
Gray, List Brit. B. p. 60 (1863) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 67 ; More,
Ibis, 1865, p. 21 ; Giqlioli, t. c. p. 53 ; Lilford, Ibis, 1866, pp. 177,
391 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1867, p. 97 ; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 439 ; Doderl.
Avif. Sicil. ^. U4: (\Sm) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 2.30, no. 3324
(1869) ; Keid. Onze Voy. pi. 24'(1869-73) ; Elioes ^- Buckley, Ibis,

1870, p. 197; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 2-32 (1869); Fritsch,
Voy. Eur. tab. 25. fig. 15 (c. 1870)"; Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 91
(1871) ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 301 (1871) ; Saunders, Ibis,

1871, p. 212; Hartiny, Handb. Brit. B. p. 12 (1872) ; Shelley, B.
Egypt, p. 87 (1872); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 240; Dresser, B.
Eur. iii. p. 39, pi. 101 (1873j ; Danf. Sr Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875,
p. .307; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 84 (1875); By grave Wharton, Ibis,
1876, p. 22 ;' Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 18 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 376 ;
Sah\ Cat. Strickj. Coll. p. 60 (1882) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. i.
p. 497, pi. 12 (1883) ; B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 22 (1883).

Prunella luodulavis, Vieill. Analyse, p. 43 (1816); Deyl. i^- Gerbe,
Orn. Eur. i. p. 466 (1867) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alye'r., Ois. i. p. 284
(1867) ; Bettoni, Ucc. Nidif. Lomb. pi. 52 (1869).

Curruca elliotfe. Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit. Mus. p. 24 (1816).

Tharrhaleiis modularis, Kaup, Skizz. Natilrl. Syst. p. 1.37 (1829).

Accentor piuetoium, Brehm, Viiy. Deutschl.Tp. 457 (1831); id. Naum.
1865, p. 285.

Adult. Geueral aspect of upper surface streaked ; the back red-
dish brown, the feathers somewhat paler-edged and broadh^ streaked
down the centre with blackish brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts
nearly uniform olive-brown, with faint dusky centres to the latter ;
lesser wing-coverts reddish brown ; the median and greater coverts
dusky, externally reddish brown, and with narrow pale fulvous tips ;
bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky, edged with ashy fulvous :
quills dusky brown, externally reddish brown, the primaries mar-
gined with whity brown tow;irds the tips, and the inner secon-
daries also tipped with whity brown ; tail-feathers brown, margined
with paler brown ; head and nape much greyer and contrasting with
the back, slightly washed with olive, the feathers having dusky
brown centres ; lores and a distinct eyebrow dull grey ; ear-coverts
and feathers below the eye ashy, streaked with butfy white, the
former browner ; sides of the neck and under surface of the body
ashy grey ; the throat rather more hoary ; fore neck and chest with
a very slight shade of brown ; al)domen white ; sides of the body

1. ACCKNTOK. G51

browner, the flanks streaked distinctly with reddish brown ; thighs
reddish brown ; under tail-coverts white, with distinct centres of
pale brown ; vmder wing-coverts ashy, mottled with brown bases,
the greater series whitish at their ends ; axillaries ashy grey ; quills
below dusky brown, inner edges rufescent. Total length 5*8 inches,
culmen ()-o, wing 2-S, tail '2-45, tarsus 0-9.

yt'Stliii;/. General colour above ochraceous buff, thickly mottled
with black centres to the feathers, the hind neck and sides of the
neck paler ; lesser and median coverts like the back ; greater coverts
dusky brown, externally rufous and tipped with bright yellow-ochre ;
bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, edged with olive ;
quills dusky brown, externally rufous, the inner secondaries tipped
with ochre ; rump a little more dingy than the back, but mottled
with black centres in the same manner ; upper tail-coverts ochreous
brown with blackish centres ; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged and
tipped with reddish brown, paler on the margins ; crown of the head
dingy brown, slightly washed with fulvous-brown ; lores ochreous,
as also the eyebrow, which is distinctly marked out and mottled
with black centres to the feathers ; eyelid dull ochreous ; ear-coverts
dusky, streaked with ochraceous white, and with a spot of bright
ochraceous on the hinder edge ; cheeks and throat ashy whitish,
mottled with dusky spots ; sides of the neck dull ochraceous, also
mottled with dusky spots ; fore neck and che.4, as well as the sides
of the body, brighter ochraceous, with triangular spots of dusky
black; breast and abdomen dull white; thighs and under tail-
coverts ochraceous, the latter with distinct dusky centres ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries pale ochraceous buff.

The sexes are alike in colour ; and a pair of birds measure as
follows : —

Total

length.

in.

J ad. S. Sweden, Sept. 23. . 5-8

2 ad. S. Sweden, Sept. '2S. . 5-8

Obs. I can perceive no actual difference in specimens from the
British Isles and those of the continent of Europe. A male from
Malta, killed in February ] 8.54, is remarkable for its white throat
spotted with dusky brown, and it has the breast dull ashy washed
with brown. "Whether it is a pale variety or merely the ordinary
winter plumage of the young bird of the previous year, I am unable
to detine with certainty.

The autumn jj^umcuje, after the «(0m//, differs from the breeding-
plumage in being everywhere more rufous-brown. This is especiall}"
the case with the head, which is nearly of the same colour as the
back and as distinctly mottled with blackish spots ; the grey shade
on the eyebrow and sides of neck is also obscured by brown ; the
feathers below the eye and on the fore part of the ear-coverts are
very distinctly streaked with white, and on the hinder part of the
ear-coverts tliere is a distinct patch of inifous ; the under surface is
more hoary grey, and the fore neck and chest are both oliscured by

Culmen.

Wing.

T;iil.

Tarsus

in.

in.

in.

ill.

O'O

•2m

2-'o

0-7o

O'O

L>-(;

2-1

0-7

g52 TIMELTID.E. '

rufescent margins to the feathers ; the sides of the body and flanks
are very broadly streaked with black.

Eab. The whole of Europe, ranging south to North Africa and
Arabia Petrcea. Specimens from Asia Minor {Danford) in Mr.
Seebohm's collection are the true A. mochtlaris and not the Persian
form.

a,b. J 2 ad. ; c, Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.].

d, €. Pull. sk.

/ Pull. sk. Berkshire, May 8 (/. G.). Gould Collection.

a. 6 ; h, i. 2 ad. Surrey, Jan. 1857 (-F. 6^.). F. D. Godman and O.

g]j_ " Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

Ji Ad sk Ilampsliire (P. Z. &/«<(>/■)• Gould Collection.

l',m. 6 i ad. sk. S. Sweden, Sept. 23, 1873. Mr. Meves [C.].

n. Ad. sk. Germany. Gould Collection.

o. Ad. sk. Belgium, Dec. 13. Brussels Museum.

»". Ad. sk. Savoy (Bailly). Gould Collection.

Q 2 ad sk. Villacidio, Sardinia, A. B. Brooke, Esq.

March 10. [C.].

r. d ad. sk. Malta, Feb. Gould Collection.

5. 2 ad. sk. Sidon. Canon Tristram [C.].

Subsp. a. Accentor orientalis.

Accentor rubidus, Blanf. Eastern Persia, ii. p. 202 (1876, nee T. ^■
S.).

Mr. Blanford remarks on the differences exhibited by a specimen
from Persia, and considers it nearly allied to A. rubidus of Japan.
I have not had the pleasure of examining Mr. Blanford's specimen,
but it is probably the same as a bird in the Museum Collection from
Batoum, which is remarkable for its uniform brown head. Unfor-
tunately there is no date of capture attached to the specimen ; but it
is in otherwise abraded plumage, and may be in worn breeding-garb.
In this case, however, the head should be (jrey, whereas it is hroiun.
As this appears to indicate the existence of an Eastern race of the
Common Hedge-Sparrow, I have thought it better to classify it as a
distinct race, and perhaps the receipt of further specimens may de-
monstrate its claim to full specific rank.

Hcd). Apparently represents the Common Hedge-Sparrow from
the eastern shores of the Black Sea to Persia.

a. Ad. sk. Batoum, Black Sea {Huet de Gould Collection.

PmUloTi).

2. Accentor rubidus.

Accentor modularis rubidus, Temm. S,- Schl. Fmm. Jap. p. 69 (1850).
Accentor rubidus, iid. t. c.pl. 32 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 305 (1850) ;

Gra7j, Hand-l. B. i. p. 231, no. 3326 (1869) ; Blakist. ^ Piyer,.

Ibis, 1878, p. 236 ; iid. B. Japan, p. 152 (1882).

Mr. Seebohm has remarked on the discrepancies between the
Bpecimens of the Japanese Hedge-Sparrow as figured by Gould ami

1. ACCENTOR. 653

that figured by Temminck aud Schlegel. The latter bird is greyer
below, and has no stripes on the flanks. He suggests that there
may be two species in Japan, which appears very probable ; and I
have therefore separated the Hakodadi bird, as it seems to difl'er
from the true A. rubidus of the ' Fauna Japonica.'
Hah. Japan.

Subsp. a. Accentor fervidus.

Accentor rubidus {non T. 8,- S.), Whitehj, Ibis, 1867, p. 198; Gould,
^.^s«a, part 23 (1871).

Adult. General colour above chestnut-brown, the feathers of the
back with ashy-whitish edges and broadly streaked with black
down the centre; rump and upper tail-coverts nearly uniform
earthy brown, with faintly indicated dusky centres ; lesser and
median coverts like the back ; greater coverts dusky, externally
chestnut-brown, with fulvous tips to some of them ; bastard wing,
primary-coverts, and quills dusky, externally chestnut-brown, the
inner secondaries edged all round with this colour; tail-feathers
brown, with dull reddish-brown margins ; crown of the head and
hind neck uniform smoky brown, as also the sides of the crown and
lores ; no eyebrow ; feathers round the eye and ear-coverts reddish
brown, with narrow shaft-lines of reddish white ; cheeks aud entire
under surface of the body dull ashy brown, a little overshaded with
rufescent brown on the throat and fore neck ; lower flanks reddish
brown, broadly streaked with chestnut in the centre of the feathers ;
thighs reddish brown ; under tail-coverts ashy with reddish-brown
centres, the edges slightly fulvescent ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries ashy, very slightly tinged with reddish ; quills below dusky,
inner edges ashy ; " bill brownish black ; legs, toes, and claws
brownish flesh-colour ; iris yellowish hazel " (//. Whitely). Total
length 6 inches, culmeu 0-55, wing 2-G5, tail 2-15, tarsus OS.

Hab. Japan.

a. d ad. sk. Hakodadi, Nov. 14, 186.5. Henry Whitely, Esq. [CI.

b. Ad. sk. Hakodadi, Oct. 28, 1865. Henry Whitely, Esq. [C.J."

3. Accentor montanellus.

Motacilla montanella, Pallas, Heis. liiiss. Reichs. iii. p. 695 (1776) •
id. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 471 (1811). '

Siberian Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 456 (1783).

Sylvia montanella, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 526 (1790).

Accentor montanellus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 2.31 (1815) ; Naum
Voff. Deufschl. pi. 92. fig. 2 (1822); Werner, Atlas, Insedivores,
pi. 71 (1827) ; Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 101 (1^37) ; Gray, Gen B
1. p. 187 (1848) ; B^. Comp. i. p. 805 (1850) ; Middend. Sibir. Reis.,
Zool. p. 172 (1851 ) ; Radde, Reis. .Sibir., T'og. p. 243 (18(i3) ; Bree, B
Eur. ii. p. 115, pi. (1867); L)yhovskiS( Parve.v, J. f. O. 1868, p. .334 •
Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 233, no. 3322 (1869) ; LVi'tsch, Vog. Eur tab!
18. fig. 16 (c. 1870); Tristr. Ibis, 1870, p. 494; Goidd, B. Asia
part 23 (1871) ; Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 361; Taczan. J.f. O

f)04 TlJIKLIIUyE.

1872, p. 434, 1874, p. 335; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 35, pi. 100

(1875); Severtz. Turkcst. Jevotn. p. (30 (1873J ; Hume, Str. F.

1874, p. 458; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 144 (1876);

Prji'V. in l)mcson Roicley^s Orn. Misc. ii. p. 186 (1877) ; David

i)- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 180 (1877) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 10 ;

GiylioU, Ibis, 1881, p. 186.
Spermolegus moutanellus, Kavp, Natibi. Si/sf. p. 152 (1829).
Accentor tenimiucki, Brandt, Bull. Acad. iV. 8ci. St. Pctersb. ii. p. 39

(1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 300 (1850); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 230,

no. 3323 (1809).
Prunella montanella, Bp. Cat. Coll. Parzud. p. 7 (1856) ; Degl. ^

Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 170 (1867).

Male. General aspect of upper surface streaked ; the back rufous,
with paler margins to the mantle-feathers, all of which are mesially
broadly streaked with blackish brown ; lower back and rump uni-
form brown, rather more ashy on the upper tail-coverts ; wing-
coverts brown, the median and greater series duskj', externally
reddish brown, with more or less distinct tips of ashy white ;
bastard-wing feathers dusky brown, edged with ashy whitish : pri-
mary-coverts dusky brown, externally margined with ashy ; quills
brown, externally edged with reddish brown, paler towards the ends
of the feathers, the secondaries narrowly fringed with whitish at
the tips ; the primaries margined along the outer web with whity
brown ; tail-feathers light brown, edged with ashy, and fringed
along the edge of the inner web with the latter colour ; crown of
head dark ashy brown, with a blackish line skirting the sides of the
crown, succeeded by a broad eyebrow of creamy buff or light
ochraceous ; lores, feathers round and below the eye, and ear-
coverts black ; sides of neck ashy grey ; cheeks, throat, and breast
ochraceous buff ; the abdomen creamy white ; sides of the breast
chestuut-brown, the flanks also streaked with reddish brown ; thighs
ashy ; under tail-coverts creamy white ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries pale cream-colour with ashj- bases ; quills ashy brown
below, hoary whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 6 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-75, tail 2-.5, tarsus 0'7.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the colours a little
duller, especially on the head, which is somewhat browner. Total
length b•'■^ inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-8, tail 2-5, tarsus O'T.

The summer plumage is very much paler than that of autumn.
In the latter the crown is much darker brown, the eyebrow and
the throat are rich ochraceous, and the sides of the neck clear
bluish grey, extending down towards the breast so as to form a
sort of half- collar. The chestnut centres to the feathers on the sides
of the breast are very strongly pronounced, so that this jiart appears
mottled, and the stripes on the flanks are much more distinct.
Breeding-birds obtained by Mr. Seebohm in the valley of the
Yeuesei have the plumage much worn and faded, the eyebrow and
underparts being almost whitish.

Hab. Siberia, from Amoor Land to the valley of the Yeuesei :
occasional in Europe.

1. ACCKNTOR. G55

a,b.S^ >id' slf- Ainoorlaud. i'urclifised.

c. c? ad. sk. Kultuk, south side of Lake Gould Collection.

Baikal, April {Dyhowski),

4. Accentor fulvescens.

Accentor fulvescens, Sevcrfz. Turhest. Jcvotn. pp. 6G, 132 (1873) ;

id. Sfr. F. 1875, p. 428 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 75 ; &«<%, f. c.

p. 669 ; Biddul^ih, ILis, 1882, p. 281, pi. 8.
Accentor montanellus {non Pall.), Stoliczka, Sir. F. 1875, p. 220;

Scully, Str. F. 1876, p. 155 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 91 ; Hume,

Sfr. F. 1879, p. lOo.

Adult male. General colour above very pale ashy brown, slightly
raottled with darker brown centres to the feathers ; rump and
upper tail-coverts uniform ashy brown ; lesser wing-coverts like the
back ; median and greater coverts dusky, extcrnallj- ashy fulvous-
brown, and slightly tipped with whitish ; bastard wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky, narrowly edged with ashy fulvous, the
primaries and inner secondaries with ashy whitish, the tips of the
latter also fringed with this colour ; tail-feathers dusky brown,
margined with light fulvous- brown ; crown of head more dusky
brown than the back, with a blackish line along the sides of the
crown, followed by a very distinct ej'ebrow of creamy white ; lores,
feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts black ; cheeks and under
surface of the body rich ochraceous buff, whiter on the throat and
down the centre of the abdomen ; sides of neck bluish grey ; sides of
the breast ashy olive-brown, the flanks slightlj' fringed with this
colour ; thighs a.shy, whitish behind ; under tail-coverts creamy
white ; the sides of the body nearly uniform, with only a few narrow
shaft-streaks of dark brown on the lower flanks ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries ashy ; quills dusky below, ashy fulvous along the edge
of the inner web ; "bill black, brownish at base ; legs and feet fleshy ;
claws dusky, yellowish at tips ; iris very dark brown " (ScuUt/).
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0'5, wing 3, tail 2*6, tarsus 0'8.

A specimen from Irkutsk in Mr. Seebohm's collection appears to
belong to the present species and not to A. montaneUus. It is not
so dark as the latter and has not the back rufous, but it is much
darker than an^- specimen of A. fulvescens which I have seen, being
rufescent underneath. It may be the young bird in its first
autumn plumage.

Ilah. Central Asia, from Turkestan and Yarkand to the hills of
Northern Cashmere.

It appears to me to be probablj' this species, and not A. monta-
nellus, which is said to have occurred in Sikhim. If this should
prove to be the case, the latter bird will be found not to occur
within Indian limits.

a. d ad. sk. Gilgit, Feb. 14. Dr. Scullv fP.].

b. Ad. sk. (iilgit, Dec. 15. Major. J."Biddulph [C.

c. Ad. sk. Yarkand [Chapman'). R. B. Sbarpe, Esq. [P,

656 TIMELIIDiE.

5. Accentor immaculatus.

Accentor immaculatus, Hoclgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,
pi. 101 « (no. 487) ; id. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; id.
P. Z. S. 1845, p. 34 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs.
p. 71, Apjy. p. 153 (1846) ; ' Horsf. <§• Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus.
i. p. 361 (1854) ; Gould, B. Asia, part 7 (1855) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii.
p. 286(1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 230, no. 3317 (1869) ; David
(^ Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 181 (1877); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 105.
Accentor mollis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 581 (1845) ; id. Cat.
B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 131 (1849) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. Api^. p. 8
(1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 306 (1850).

General colour above olive-brown on the mantle, chestnut-brown
on the back, and shading off again into olive-brown on the rump
and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts slatj- grey with dusky bases,
the inner greater coverts slightly washed with chestnut near the
base ; bastard wing and primary-coverts black ; quills blackish, the
primaries externally pearty grey, the secondaries externally chestnut-
brown ; tail-feathers dujiky brown, externally edged with lighter
brown, ashy near the base ; head and hind neck slaty grey, faintly
mottled with dusky bases to the feathers ; lores and feathers round
the eye dusky blackish ; ear-coverts dark slaty grey, slightly washed
with olive-brown like the sides of the neck ; cheeks, throat, and
breast dull ashy grey, slightly washed with olive-brown, more
especiall}' on the sides of the breast ; flanks and abdomen bright
chestnut-brown, the centre of the abdomen creamy white tinged
with ashy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy grey ; quills
dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 5 inches, ciilmen 0-55, wing 2-95, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-8.

Hab. Eastern Himalayas, ranging into Moupin and Western
Szechuen in China.

a-e. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum.

6. Accentor atrigularis.

Accentor atrigularis, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. ii. p. 40 (1844) ;

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 187 (1848); Hutton, J. A. S. Beng. xviii.

p. 811 (1849) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 131 (1849) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 305 ; Goidd, B. Asia, part 10 (1858) ; Pelz. Ibis, 1868,

p. 311; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 230, no. 3320 (1869); Severtz.

Turkest. Jevotn. p. 66 (1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 91 ; Hume,

Str. F. 1879, p. 105 ; Biddiilph, Ibis, 1881, p. 75 ; Sadly, t. c.

p. 569 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 423.
Accentor huttoni, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 119 ; Horsf. Sr Moore, Cat.

B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 360 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 288 (1863) ;

Severtz. Str. F. 1875, p. 428; Scully, Sir. F. 1876, p. 155.

Adult male. General aspect of the upper surface striped ; back
and scapulars light brown, slightly shaded with ashy, and with dark
centres of blackish brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts dull ashy,
only slightly mottled with dusky bases to the feathers when the

1. ACCENTOR. 657

plumage is disturbed ; wing-coverts duskj-, externally ruddy brown
sligbtly shaded with ashy, and with more or less distinct margins
of buffy-whitish endings to the greater and median series ; bastard
wing and primary-coverts dusky, narrowly margined with light
brown ; quills dusky brown, with pale margins of reddish brown,
ashy on the primaries, much broader on the secondaries, which are
ashy whitish round the ends ; tail-feathers dusky brown, narrowly
margined with ashy ; crown of head and nape ashy brown ; a nar-
row frontal line of black extending above the eye along the sides of
the crown ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, fore part of cheeks, and
throat black : from above the hinder part of the eye a distinct streak
of creamy white extending to the sides of the nape ; sides of neck
ashy ; hinder part of cheeks, lower throat, fore neck, and chest pale
ochreous buff; remainder of under surface white ; sides of the body
browner, relieved by narrow streaks of blackish brown ; under tail-
coverts white, with longitudinal centres of dusky brown ; under
wing-coverts aud axUlaries ashy, with longitudinal dusky centres ;
quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web ; " bill black, yel-
lowish at gape ; legs and feet fleshy ; iris brown " (SeuHi/). Total
length 5-3 inches, culmeu 0-4, wing 2*9, tail 2-45, tarsus 0'7.

Obs. In the winter dress the black throat is very much obscui'cd
by the whitish margins to the feathers ; the crown is altogether
browner and not so grey as it is in summer ; and the ochraceous
colour of the fore neck and breast seems to vary considerably in
richness and extent.

There can be no doubt as to the identity of A. huttoni and A.
atrigularis. I have compared a specimen from Kotegurh with
others in Mr. Seebohm's collection from Samarcand and Tur-
kestan.

A female in Captain Wardlaw Hamsay's collection, collected by
Dr. Severtzoff in Turkestan, on the 1st of November, has the black
throat entirely obscured by whitish margins, so that it can only be
discovered by lifting the feathers : the ear-coverts and head are
much browner than in the male, but the fore neck and breast are
much richer in colour and of a more rufous-ochre than in the latter,
this bright colour extending also over the flanks. Total length
5-5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-8, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-7.

Hah. The Altai mountains, Samarcand, and Turkestan, ranging
into Afghanistan and the North-western Himalayas in winter.

a. [cJ]ad. sk. Central Asia. Gould Collection.

b. S ad. sk. Tashkend, March 8, 18G6, Gould Collection.

{Severtzoff).
c,d. Ad.sk. Afghanistan (Gn^^A). India Musemu.

(Types of A. huttoni.)

7. Accentor rubecnloides.

Accentor rubeculoides, Moore, P. Z. S. 18-54, p. 118 (e.c Hodgs.
MSS.) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mns. i. p. 3(;] (18o4) ;
Gould, B. Asia, part 7 (18.j")) ; Jerd. B. Ltd. ii. p. 288 (1863);
VOL. vii. 2 V

658 timeliidj:.

Peh. Ibis, 1868, p. 311; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 231, no. 3327
(1869) ; Hume l^- Henders. Lahore to Yark. p. 234 ; Hume, Str. F.
1879, p. 105.

Adult male. General aspect above broadlj- streaked, except on
the head ; mantle and back ruddy brown, all the feathers broadly
streaked with black down the centre ; rump and upper tail-coverts
more uniform ruddy brown, the latter with indistinct dusky bases ;
lesser and median wing-coverts ashy grey, the latter tipped with
a bar of hoary white ; greater coverts blackish brown, externally
broadly edged with ruddy brown like the back, inclining to whitish
at the tips ; bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky, externally
ashy brown, inclining to greyish on the edges ; quilLs dusky brown,
the primaries edged with ashy greyish, the secondaries more broadly
with ruddy brown, and fringed with whitish at the tips ; tail-
feathers brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, margined
with fulvous-brown, the outermost feather narrowly edged and
fringed at the tip with whitish ; head and hind neck, as well as the
entire side of the face, throat, and foro neck uniform ashy brown,
very slightly mottled with dusky bases to the feathers of the crown,
which shows when the feathers are disturbed ; the lores, cheeks, and
throat rather paler ashy than the crown ; chest and breast bright
chestnut, forming a broad band ; remainder of under surface creamy
white ; the flanks fulvous, broadly streaked with blackish brown ;
thighs ashy grey ; under taU-coverts creamy buff ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, the greater series more ashy ; quills
dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 5-8 inches, culmeu 0-6, wing 2-9, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-9.

Obs. The specimen from Cashmere, collected by Dr. Bellew, is
much paler rufous on the breast than Sikhim examples.

Hah. Throughout the Himalayas, extending into Ladakh.

a, b. Ad. sk. Cashmere (Dr. Belleic). India Museum.

c. cJad.sk. Native Sikhim (3/rt>«:?eW). A. O. Hume, Esq.

8. Accentor strophiatus.

Accentor strophiatus, Hodgs. Icon. mfd. in Brit. 3Ius., Passeres,

pi. 101 (nos. 413, 414) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 959 (1843) ; id.

in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 34 ; Gray,

Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 72 (1846) ; id. ^ Mitch.

Gen. B. i. p. 187, pi. 51 (1848 ) ; Bh/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac.

p. 131 (1849) ; Bp. Camp. i. p. 305 (1850) ; Horsf. Sr Moore, Cat.

B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 360 (1854) ; Gould, B. Asia, part 7 (1855) ;

Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 287 (1863) ; Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 311 ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 231, no. 3.325 (1869) ; Hume, Kests S,- Eggs Ind.

B. p. 408 (1873); Brooks, Str. F. 1876, p. 278; Hume, Str. F.

1879, p. 105.
Accentor multistriatus, David, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vii.

p. 2.56 (1871); Swinh. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 360 ; Prjer. in Daicson

Boideys Om. Misc. ii. p. 187 (1877) ; David S^ Oust. Ois. Chin^,

p. 179 (1877).

Adult mnl-c. General aspect of upper surface streaked ; the entire

1. ACCENTOR. 659

head and back rufescent brown, broadly streaked with black down
the centre of the feathers, the dorsal plumes slightly paler-edged ;
rump and upper taU-coverts more uniform, the feathers with slightly
indicated dusky centres ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median
and greater series dusky blackish, externally rufous, with pale
ochraceous spots at the ends ; bastard wing, primary-coverts, and
quills blackish, externally edged with rufous, the inner secon-
daries on both webs ; tail-feathers brown margined with rufous ;
crown of head like the back, and streaked in the same manner with
black ; lores dull whity brown, surmounted by a narrow streak of
creamy buff, which is succeeded by a broad band of bright cinnamon
above the ear-coverts ; eyelid creamy buff' : ear-coverts black, with
a few whitish streaks on the lower ones, the hinder ones streaked
with cinnamon, a shade of which colour pervades the hinder ear-
coverts and the hinder checks ; sides of neck ashy grey streaked
with black ; cheeks and throat white, mottled with triangular spots
of black, especially along the malar line ; fore neck and breast bright
cinnamon, forming a broad pectoral band : centre of breast and
abdomen ashy or creamy whitish, the sides washed with cinnamon-
rufous and broadly streaked with black ; thighs brown ; under tail-
coverts creamy bulf washed with cinnamon, and strongly mottled
with dark-brown bases ; axHlaries ashy ; under wing-coverts also
ashy, mottled with brown bases ; quills dusky brown below, mar-
gined with ashy rufous along the inner web. Total length 4"7 inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 2-4:5, taU 1-85, tarsus 0-8.

An adtdt female, in Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay's collection, from
Sikhim, differs in having the breast-band paler and streaked with
black. Total length 5 inches, wing 2-55, tail 2-15, tarsus \-~o.

Yovng. Entirely mottled. Above brown, with broad black centres
to the feathers ; the head more dingy than the back, but similarly
streaked with black, and separated from the latter by a shade of
ochreous buff on the sides of the neck and hinder neck ; wing-
coverts conspicuously spotted with ochreous at the ends, the greater
coverts and quiUs externally edged with rufous ; ear-coverts dusky
blackish ; on the sides of the neck behind the ear-coverts a whitish
patch; throat ashy whitish, mottled with black streaks ; the pec-
toral band of the adult indicated by a broad patch of ochraceous
buff broadly streaked with black, occupying the whole of the fore
neck and breast ; abdomen whitish, faintly streaked with black.

Hah. Throughout the Himalayas, extending into the hills of
Western Szechuen, 3Ioupin, Kokonoor, and occurring more rarely
on the mountains of Tsinling.

a. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalavas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

b, c. Ad, sk. Kumaon (Straclieij). India Museum.

d, e,f. Ad. ; g, h, Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.],

i. Juv. sk.

/;-?«. Ad. ;«. Imm.sk. Nepal (//o^/y.son). India Museum.

o. S ad. sk. Native Sikliini {Man- A. 0. Hume, Esq.

delli).

p. Ad. sk. Western Szechueu. ALLe David [C.].

2r2

6G0 TIMELIID^.

9. Accentor jerdoni.

Accentor etrophiatus, Hume ^- Henclers, Lahore to Yarh. p. 234

(1873, nee Hochjii.).
Accentor jerdoni, Brooks, J. A. S. Benq. 1872, part 2, p. 327 ; Hume,

Sir. F. 1876, p. 491 ; id. ibid. 1879, p. lOo ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881,

p. 75.

Adidt male. General aspect of upper surface streaked, the back
ashy brown, with slight reddish edgings to some of the dorsal
feathers, all of which are broadly centred with black ; rump and
upper tail-coverts more uniform ashy brown ; wing-coverts like the
back, the median and greater series dark brown, externally edged
with paler brown and tipped with fulvous ; bastard wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish brown, externally margined with paler
brown, broader on the secondaries ; tail-feathers brown edged with
ashy ; crown of head dingy brown, darker than the back and washed
with ashy ; sides of the crown black, forming a distinct lateral
streak ; lores black, surmounted by a broad white streak, which
passes into pale cinnamon above the ear-coverts, which are uniform
black ; sides of neck ashy grey ; cheeks and throat white, with a
few black spots, chiefl}' on the malar line : fore neck and breast pale
cinnamon, forming a broad pectoral band ; abdomen white ; sides of
body washed with pale cinnamon, browner on the lower flanks ; the
sides of the body streaked with blackish brown ; thighs ashy ; under
tail-coverts white, mottled with dusky bases ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries ashy, those near the edge of the wing mottled with
dusky bases ; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner
web. Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 'I-Q, tail 2-15,
tarsus 0-7.

Young. Similar to that of A. stropliiatas, but rather paler.

Hah. North-western Himalayas and Cashmere.

a. Juv. sk. Deosai Plain, July. Major J. Biddulph [C.l.

b. (S ad. sk. Cashmere, May 17. Major J. Biddulph [CJ.

c. Imm. sk. Cashmere. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

d. e. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.].

10. Accentor altaicus.

Accentor altaicus, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersh. i. p. 36.5 (1843) ;

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 187 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 305 (1850) ;

Gould, B. Asia, part x. (1858) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 287 (1863) ;

von Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 311 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 230, no. 3319

(1859); Cab. J. f. O. 1870, p. 456; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn.

pp. 66. 133 ; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 428 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 91 ;

Taczan. Bidl. S<;c. Zool. France, \%1^, p. 144; Hume, Str.F. 1879,

p. 105 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 74 ; Scully, t. c. p. 569.
Accentor himalavauus, Blyth, J. A. S. Bene/, xi. p. 187 (1842).
Accentor'variegatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 960 (1843) ; id. Cat,

B. 3Ius. As. Soc. p. 131 (1849) ; Horsf. <§■ Moore, Cat. B. F.I.

Co. Mug. i. p. 859 (1854).

1. ACCENTOll. 661

Adult. General aspect of upper surface particoloured, themantlc and
back reddish brown, with fulvescent margins and broad black centres
to the feathers ; lower back ashy brown, broadly though indistinctly
streaked with black ; rump uniform ashy ; upper tail-coverts ashy,
with dusky black centres to the feathers, the longer ones rirfescent ;
scapulars like the back ; lesser wing-coverts ashy brown ; median
series black with a white bar along the tip ; greater coverts blackish,
externally ashy fulvous, rufous towards the ends, which are tipped
■with a white spot; bastard wing, primary -coverts, and quills
blackish brown edged with ashy fulvous, the secondaries margined
and tipped with paler buff, the innermost edged with rufous on
both webs ; tail-feathers dark brown edged with ashy, and having
a conspicuous spot of white at the end of the inner web ; head and
hind neck nearly uniform dusky ashy brown, with shghtly indicated
darker centres to the feathers ; a faint eyebrow of ashy fulvous,
inclining to greyish white above the ear-coverts ; lores, feathers
below the eye, and ear-coverts dusky, tipped with minute points of
buffy white, the rest of the ear-coverts earthy brown, with faintly
indicated pale shaft-lines ; checks and throat white, plentifully
mottled with black spots ; sides of neck dull ashy grey ; remainder
of under surface mottled ; the fore neck, breast, and sides of the
body ashy whitish, with light rufous centres ; lower breast ashy
whitish, purer on the abdomen ; thighs light ashy ; under tail-
coverts white, mottled with rufescent or black centres to the
feathers ; axillaries and under wing-coverts very pale rufescent,
edged with ashy whitish, the outer wing-coverts dusky, edged with
ashy ^vhite ; quills dusky below, pale ashy rufous along the inner
web. Total length 5'7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3'o5, tail 2"3,
tarsus O-y.

Obs. Some specimens have the head brown like the back, and
broadly mottled with blackish streaks. These are probably birds
killed in winter, the plumage representing the same seasonal change
as in A. rnodularis.

Hah. Altai mountains, and probably across the mountains of
Southern Siberia as far as Lake Baikal : throughout the Himalayas.
I have compared a specimen from the Altai mountains in Mr. See-
bohm's collection with Himalayan examples, and they are clearly
identical.

a. Ad. sk. Near Chumba. Capt. St. Pinwill [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Middle range of hills E. W. Oates, Esq.

north of Mussoorie
{Hume).

c. Ad. sk. Simla, November 1. A. 0. Hume, Esq.

d. e. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodyson). India Museum.

11. Accentor coUaris.

Sturnus coUaris, Scoj). Ann. i. p. 131 (1769).

Fauvette des Alpes, Daubent. PI. Enl. vi. pi. 068. fig. 2 ; Month.
Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 156, pi. 10 (1778).

C62 TIMELIID^.

Collared Stare, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. part 1, p. 8 (1783).

Alpine Warbler, Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. part 2, p. 434 (1783).

Sturnus moritaDus, Gm. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 804 (1788).

Motacilla alpiua, Gtn. Si/st. Hat. i. p. 957 (1788).

Accentor alpinus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 191 (1802); Tenim.

Man. d'Orn. i. p. 248 (1815); Naum. Voq. Deutschl. iii. p. 940,

pi. 92. fig. 1 (1823) ; Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 204 (1825); Werner,

Atlas, Insecfivores, pi. 69 (1827) ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 99 (1837) ;

Macgill. Brit. B. ii. p. 258 (1839) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss.

merid. iii. p. 170 (1840) ; Selys-Lonqch. Faune Belye, p. 95 (1842) ;

Yarrell, Brit. B. i. p. 219 (1843) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 187 (1848) ;

Hewits. Brit. Ec/qs, i. p. 69, pi. 21. fig. 1 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B.

Mus. As. Soc. p. "130 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 305 (1850) ; Horsf. ^

Moore, Cat. B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. 358 (1854) ,• Jaub. S( Earth'.-

Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 227 (1859) ; Linderm. Voq. Griechenl.

p. 80 (1860) ; Poivys, Ibis, 1860, p. 140 ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii.

pi. 54 (1862-73) ; Blasius, Ibis, 1862, p. 71 ; Gray, List Brit. B.

p. 60(1863); Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 348 (1865); Giylioli, Ibis,

1865, p. 53 ; Beftoni, Ucc. nidif. Lomb. i. pi. 72 (1865-70) ; Lil-

ford. Ibis, 1866, p. 391 ; S7nith, Ibis, 1868, p. 439 ; Eegl. Sf Gerbe,

'Orn. Eur. I p. 466 (1867); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 114 (1869);

Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 230, no. 3316 (1869) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur.

tab. 20. fig. 14 (c. 1870); Ehces ^- Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 197;

Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 91 (1871) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 212 ;

Hartinq, Handb. Br. B. p. 102 (1872) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 240 ;

Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. p. 501 (1883).
Laiscopus alpinus, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 267 (1842).
Accentor major, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 285.
Accentor subalpinus, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 285.
Accentor collaris, Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 296 (1871) ; Dresser,

B. Eur. iii. p. 29 (187.3) ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 84 (1875) ; Cordeaux,

Ibis, 1875, p. 177 ; Danf. i^ Harvie-Broum, t. c. p. 307 ; Blanf.

East. Persia, ii. p. 202 (1876); Scdvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 60

(1881) ; B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 23 (1883).

Adult. General colour above light ashy, with paler margins to
some of the dorsal feathers, all of which are streaked with broad
black centres ; rump more uniform and not so distinctly streaked ;
scapulars externally rufous, with broad black central streaks, forming
a conspicuous shoulder-patch ; lesser wing-coverts ashy ; median
and greater series black, tipped with white spots, the inner greater
coverts externally brownish towards the base ; bastard wing and
primary-coverts black, with a white longitudinal spot near the end
of the outer web ; quills blackish brown, externally edged with pale
brown, the secondaries tipped with whity brown and margined ex-
ternallj' with whity brown or rufous ; the inner secondaries rufous
on both webs ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with ashy, all with a
more or less rufescent spot at the end, whiter at the tip of the inner
web (this white spot most distinct on the two outer feathers) ; head
and neck a little more ashy than the back, and with indistinct dusky
centres to some of the feathers ; lores and a narrow line over the
eye ashy whitish ; sides of the crown clearer grey, marking a faint
eyebrow ; feathers below the eye and on the fore part of the ear-
coverts dusky, tipped with white spots ; rest of ear-coverts uniform

1. ACCENTOR. 063

earthy brown ; sides of neck ashy grey, with a patch of whitish
feathers behind the ear-coverts ; cheeks and throat white, mottled
with spots and narrow cross lines of black ; fore neck and chest
uniform ashy brown ; centre of breast and abdomen rather lighter
ashy brown, becoming whiter towards the vent ; sides of body and
flanks uniform cinnamon-brown, the lower flanks edged with horny
whitish and centred with black longitudinal stripes ; thighs ashy
brown ; under tail-coverts white, with large black centres ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries ashy, with a pale rufescent tinge, the
outer greater coverts white barred with black : quills dusky below,
ashy along the inner web ; " beak blackish brown, yellowish at
base ; legs and feet cinnamon-brown ; claws black ; iris brown "
(Dresser). Total length 7-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 4-15, tail 2-5,
tarsus 1.

Bab. Central and Southern Europe ; has occurred in Heligoland,
and is occasionally seen in Great Britain.

«. Ad. sk. {Englemd {Gould).] India Museum.

b. Ad. sk. Europe. F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Savoy Alps. Edward Hargitt, Esq. [P.].

Subsp. a. Accentor erythropygius.

Accentor alpinus (nee Gm.), Midd. Sihir. Beis., Zool. p. 173 (1851) ;

Schrank, lieis. Amurl, Vog. p. .355 (1859).
Accentor erythropygius, Stcinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 124, pi. 9; Cab. J.

f. 0. 1870, p. 457 ; Goiild, B. Asia, part xxiii. (1871) ; Swin/i.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 360 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 187G, p. 144 ;

David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 178 (1877): Blakist. &■ Pn/er, B.

Japan, p. 153 (1882). ^ J ^

Accentor, sp., Seebohn, Ibis, 1879, p. 34.

Head, neck, and breast smoke-grey ; lores and under eye mottled
with white ; throat for nearly an inch downwards white, with
narrow bars of black ; lesser and greater coverts and winglet black,
with a large spot of white tipping each feather ; secondary quills
black, margined for the greater part of their length with yellowish
brown, and broadly tipped with light chestnut, terminating with
white ; on the tertiaries the chestnut brightens and increases in
extent, and the terminal white spots are conspicuous ; primaries
blackish brown, edged with light yellowish brown, browner near
their bases and lightly tipped with white ; back light yellowish
brown, with broad brown centres to the feathers ; scapulars "brownish
chestnut, with a median streak of blackish brown and a small white
tip to each feather ; the yellowish brown of the back soon brightens
into brownish chestnut, which is rich and conspicuous on theupper
tail-coverts, the longest of which have black centres ; tail brownish
black, the outer rectrix with the greater part of its outer web
brownish chestnut, with a broad white tip to the inner web ; the
rest of the rectriccs except the two centrals have their outer webs
tipped with chestnut, their inner webs with white, and they are

004 TIMELIID^'E.

narrowly edged with liglit j-ellowish brown ; the two centrals are
more broadly edged, and have broad chestnut marks on both outer
and inner webs towards the tips ; axillaries dusky, the carpal edge
being barred with black and white like the throat ; underparts light
yellowish brown, many of the flank-feathers being deep chestnut-
brown -svith white margins, and the abdominal feathers with blackish
V-shaped bars and white margins; upper tail-coverts blackish
chestnut, with broad white margins and tips. Bill blackish brown,
ochreous yellow on the sides of the basal half of the lower man-
dible; iris chestnut; legs and toes ochreous, with light brown
claws. Length about 7*5 inches, wing 4-2, tail 3, bill in front -55,
tarse '85. (Swinhoe.)

Hah. Eastern Siberia ; Japan.

Bubsp. j3. Accentor rufilatus.
Accentor rufilatus, Severtz.

Intermediate between A. coUaris and A. 7upalensis, having the
pale coloration of the former and the uniform rufous flanks of the
latter, though the rufous is very much paler. Total length 6-6
inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-9, tail 2-5, tarsus O-b*.

Hah. Turkestan.

Ohs. The description and measurements are from a specimen in
Mr. Seebohm's collection. He received it from Dr. Severtzoff, by
whom it is marked '■'■A. rufilatus ; " but whether this name has ever
been published I have been unable to find out. The Gilgit bird is
certainly the same as the Turkestan race ; and a specimen from the
North-west Himalayas is only slightly darker, leading on to the
true A. nipalensis.

Hah. From Turkestan to the neighbourhood of Gilgit and
Northern Cashmere.

a. $ ad. sk. Gilgit, Jan. 1878. Major J. Biddulph [C.].

12. Accentor nipalensis.

Accentor nipalensis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 958 (1843) ; Blyth,
op. cit. XV. p. 42 (1840) ; Hodi/s. Icon. hied, in Brit. Mus., Passeres,
pi. 101 A. tig. 2 (no. 874) ; id in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ;
id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 34; Gray, Cat. Mannn. etc. Nepal preif. Iludiis.
p. 71 (1840) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 187 (1848) ; Blyth, Vat. B. Mm. As.
Soc. p. 130 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 305 (1850) ; Horsf. ^ Moore,
Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 359 (1854) ; Gould, B. Asia, part 7
(1855); Jerd. B. Ltd. ii. p. 280 (1863); Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 230, no. 3318 (1869) ; Tlume 4- Ilenders. Lahore to Yark. p. 234
(1873); Prjev. in Daicson Bowleg's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 185 (1877);
David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 177 (1877) ; Hume, Sfr. F. 1879,
p. 105.

Accentor cacharensis, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 34; id. Icon. ined. in
Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 101 A. fig. 1 (no. 873).

1. ACCENTOR. 665

Adult male. General aspect of upper surface mottled ; the back
ochreous brown, with paler edges to the feathers, which are broadly
centred with black, the hind neck and mantle somewhat shaded over
with sooty brown ; scapulars externally chestnut-brown ; lesser
wing-coverts sooty brown washed with fulvous-brown ; median and
greater coverts black, tipped with white spots ; bastard wing and
primary- coverts black, with a longitudinal spot of white near the
tip of the outer web ; quills blackish brown, the primaries exter-
nally edged with reddish brown, the secondaries broadly washed
with chestnut on the outer web, the innermost on both webs and
having a whitish s|)ot at the ends, the other quills showing a pale
rufous spot near the tip of the outer web ; rump and upper tail-
coverts ochraceous brown with black centres, the long upper tail-
coverts chestnut, centred with black ; tail-feathers blackish brown,
edged with pale rufous-brown, with a pale rufous spot at the tip of
the inner web, and with a larger white spot on the four outer
feathers ; crown of head and hind neck sooty brown, with obscure
dusky black centres to the feathers, the hind neck washed with dull
ashy ; lores blackish, mottled with pale fulvous tips ; eyebrows
feebly indicated by a slight ashy shade on the sides of the crown ;
feathers round the eye and below it minutely spotted with pale ful-
vous tips to the feathers ; ear-coverts and cheeks dusky brown,
washed with lighter brown, clearer and more ochraceous on the
hinder part of the latter ; sides of the neck sooty brown ; throat
white, mottled with transverse black spots ; fore neck and chest
ashj', washed with chestnut on the sides of the latter ; breast and
abdomen lighter ashy, varied with narrow white cross lines, before
which is a narrow subterminal dusky line ; sides of the bod}'^ deep
chestnut, the flanks edged with white and broadly streaked with
black ; thighs ashy brown ; under tail-coverts reddish brown, with
broad white ends ; under wing-coverts dull ashy, the lower series
pale rufous edged with whitish, like the axillaries ; the coverts near
the edge of the wing blackish, narrowty edged with whitish bars ;
quills below dusky, inner edges ashy. Total length 6 inches, cul-
men 0"6, wing 3-65, tail 2-6, tarsus 1.

Younrj. Mottled all over as in other species of this genus, and
much duller in colour than the adults. The black centres to the
dorsal feathers are verj- stronglj- pronoimccd, the edges being ochra-
ceous buff, more distinct on the lower back and rump ; the chestnut
external margins to the scapulars are not indicated in the young
bird, but the quills are broadly edged and tipped with rufous, and
the spot near the end of the outer webs is very plainly marked ; the
white spots on the tail are tinged witli rufous ; the throat is dingy
brown, mottled with yellowish-buff margins to the feathers ; the
rest of the under surface is dull ochreous, thickly mottled with
blackish centres to the feathers.

Hah. Himalayan mountains.

a. 2 ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. St. Pinwill

tP.].

666 TIMELIID^.

b, c, d. Ad. ; Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

e. Pull. sk. (Types of A. nijMlensis

and A. cacharensis.)

f, g, h. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum.

4. Ad. sk. Native Sikhim(ikaH- A. 0. Hume, Esq.

delli).

k. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum.

2. EPHTHIANUEA.

Type.
Ephthianura, Gould, P. Z. S. 18-37, p. 148 E. albifrons.

Range. Confined to Australia.

Key to the Species.

a. Throat white.

a'. Forehead white; hinder crown black; below
white, with a broad band of black across the
chest aibifrons, p. 666.

b'. Forehead and crown crimson, as also entire

breast tricolor, p. 667.

b. Throat black; crown and breast orange or golden

yellow mirifrons, p. 668.

c. Throat and under surface of body bright yellow, with

a band of black across the chest crocea, p. 669.

1. Ephthianura albifrons.

Acanthiza albifrons, Jard. ^ Selby, III. Orn. ii. pi. 56. figs. 1 and 2

(c. 1836).
Ephthianura albifrons, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 148 ; Gray, Gen. B.

i. p. 205 (1847) ; Goidd, B. Auslr. fol. ili. pi. 64 (1848) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 298 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 32 (18,50) ;

Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 88 (1850) ; Ramsay, Ibis, 1863, p. 178 ;

Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 377 (1865) ; von Miill. P. Z. S.

1869, p. 279; Gray, Hand-l. B.i.^.2A8, no. 3607 {1869); Ramsay,

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 186 (1878).
Cynura torquata, Brehm, teste Cab.
Fiuvicola leucocephala, Less., teste Bp.

Adult male. General colour above light grey, slightly mottled
with brown bases to the feathers of the mantle ; rump clear uniform
grey, with a tuft of white-tipped plumes on each side ; wings en-
tirely brown, some of the lesser coverts edged with grey ; upper
tail-coverts black ; tail-feathers dark brown, all but the centre
feather with a large spot of white at the end of the inner web, in-
creasing in extent towards the outermost ; crown of head, occiput,
and nape black, which colour extends behind the ear-coverts ; lores,
forehead, eyebrow, and sides of the crown, the feathers round the
eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat white, separated from the rest
of the under surface, which is also pure white, by a broad black
collar across the fore neck and chest : the lateral feathers of this

2. EPHTHIANTTRA. G67

collar tipped with ashy grey ; sides of the body and flanks bluish
grey ; thighs black ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries sooty brown ; quills sooty brown below, inner edges
ashy ; " bill and feet black ; iris in some beautiful reddish buff, in
others yeUow, with a slight tinge of red on the outer edge of the
pupil" (Gould). Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0"5, wing 2-7,
tail 1-55, tarsus 0*75.

Adult female. Differs from the male in its duller colour, the
upper parts being ashy brown, gi'eyer on the head, which is other-
wise like the back and does not show the white forehead or black
crown ; wings and tail lighter brown than in the male, the quills
with paler brown margins, the white spots on the tail-feathers not
so extended ; lores and eyelid dull whitish ; ear-coverts light ashy
brown ; cheeks, throat, and underparts duU white, somewhat
washed with ashj', especially on the sides of the body ; on the fore
neck a poorly-developed black baud, not extending across the neck.
Total length 4"5 inches, culmen 0'55, wing 2'65, tail 1*6, tarsus 0"7.

Hah. Australia.

a. S ad. sk. S. Australia {J. G.). Goidd Collection.

b. 2 ad. sk. Murray river (J. G.), Goidd Collection.

c. d. cJ ad.sk. S.Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].
e,/. (5 ad.etjuv.sk. Interior of South Australia. Capt. Sturt [P.].

ff, h. (S ad. sk. Cape York {Cockei-ell). F. D. Godman and 0.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
i. (S ad. sk. Hammack Island. J. Macgillivray, Esq.

[C.].
k. Ad. st. Australia. Purchased.

2. Ephthianura tricolor.

Ephthianura tricolor, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 159 ; Graj/, Gen. B. i.
p. 205 (1847) ; Gould, B. Austr. foho, iii. pi. 65 (1848) ; Sturt,
Bxped. Ce7itr. Austr. ii. App. p. 26 (1849) ; Reichenb. Vog. Keuholl.
p. 89 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 299 (1850); Gould, Handb. B.
Austr. i. p. 380 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 249, no. 3609
(1869) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 'Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 186 (1878).

Adult male. General colour above dusky blackish brown, the
mantle- feathers mixed with ashy brown, more distinct on hind neck ;
lower back ashy ; wing-coverts dusky blackish brown, slightly mottled
with dusky ; the median and greater coverts margined and tipped with
dull whitish ; bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, nar-
rowly edged with white ; quills diisky blackish brown, tipped with
white and margined with whity brown, margin of secondaries
broader and tinged with rose-colour ; rump and upper tail-coverts
rich crimson ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with whity brown ; centre
feathers margined with whitish along the inner web, all the others
with distinct spots of white at the tip of the inner web ; crown of
head bright crimson ; lores, feathers round the eye,, and ear- coverts
dusky blackish, with a slight rosy shade on the latter ; cheeks and
throat white ; fore neck and rest of the under surface brighter

668 TIJIKLlIUiE.

crimson or scarlet ; the breast, sides of the body, aud iluuks slightly
mottled with white bases to the feathers ; thighs duU white, mottled
with brown bases ; abdomen and under tail-coverts white ; under
wing-coverts and asilUiries white with dusky brown bases ; quills
dusky below, inner edges whitish; " bill and feet blackish brown ;
iris straw-white" (Gould). Total length 4 2 inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 2-75, tail 1-55, tarsus 0'75.

Specimens are very difierent in the colour of the back, which is
often nearly uniform ashy, only slightly mottled with blackish brown.
This is perhaps the winter plumage ; the tints on the head and
breast are also of different shades of crimson or scarlet.

Adult female. Browner than the male, and having the head
ochreous brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts less brilliant scarlet
than in the male ; wings and tail as in the male ; throat white, as
also breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts ; fore neck, chest, and
sides of body pale ochreous brown.

Young male. Resembling the old female, but generally to be dis-
tinguished by a slight tinge of rose-colour on the breast and on the
head. Toung females are only distinguished from the old hens by
the more general ochreous colour of the upper parts, and also of
the shade of the same colour which overspreads the lower surface of
the body.

With increasing age the crimson colour of the head and breast
extends, but is never so vivid as in old males, nor does it spread so
far over the breast ; the rump-feathers in young birds often incline
to safirou-yellow.

Hah. Australia.

G. F. Angas, Esq. [P.].
J. Gould, Esq.
Gould Collection.

Captain Stm-t [P.].

F. D. Godman and O.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
Mr. Gregory's Expedition.
Sir George Grey [P.].

3. EphtMamira aurifrons.

Ephthianura aurifrons, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 148 ; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 20o (1847); Gould, B. Austr. fob iii. pi. 65 (1848); Sturt,
Exped. Cent): Austr. iii. Ajrp. p. 26 (1849) ; Reichenh. Vog.
Neuholl. p. 88 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 299 (1850) ; Gould, Handb.
B. Austr. i. p. 380 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 249, no. 3608
(1869) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Sac. N. S. W. ii. p. 186 (1878).

Adult mcde. General colour above light brown washed with yellow,
the margins of the feathers being of the latter colour ; lesser wing-
coverts darker brown with yellowish margins ; median and greater
wing-coverts dark brown edged with white, on which is a yellow

a, b. S 2 ad. sk.

Australia.

c, d. S 2 ad. sk.

Australia.

e,.f. 6 2 ad. ; y. 6

Austraha.

juv. sk.

h, i. S ad. ; k. S

Interior of S. Aus-

juv. sk.

tralia.

I, m. c? ad. et juv.

sk.
n. cJ ad. sk.

Cape York ( Cockerell)

N.W. AustraUa.

0. (5 ad. sk.

South Australia.

2. EPHTHIANURA. 669

tinge ; bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills brown, edged nar-
rowly with whity brown, the secondaries with yellow, and the
latter broadly whitish at the ends ; rump and upper tail-coverts
bright yellow ; tail-feathers blackish brown edged with yellow, the
two centre tail-feathers tipped with white, the rest with a large
white spot at the end of the inner web, outer web of the external
feather whitish ; crown of head orange-yellow, with a few brown
streaks on the nape ; lores and feathers below the eye black ; ear-
coverts orange-yeUow ; cheeks and throat black ; hinder throat,
sides of neck, fore neck, and breast orange-yellow, paler on the
abdomen ; sides of body and flanks streaked with brown ; thighs and
under tail-coverts yellow ; under wing-coverts and asillaries light
ashy brown edged with yellow ; quills light ashy brown below,
inner edges paler; "bill black; feet brown" {Gould). Total
length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2--t5, tail 1-45, tarsus 0-7.

Adult female. Browner than the male, with the lower rump and
upper tail-coverts yellow ; no yellow on the head, which is brown
like the back, with a few dusky centres to the feathers ; underneath
light ashy brown washed with pale yeUow ; whity brown on the
abdomen and under tail-coverts ; wings and tail as in the male,
with very distinct tips of light ashy on the secondaries and tail-
feathers.

Young male. Similar to the old female, but rather brighter
yellow underneath, and the lores and sides of face washed with
brighter yellow.

Hab. New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, extending
into the interior.

a. (5 juv. ; b. 2 ad.sk. Australia. Purchased.

e. cS ad. ; d,e. ? ad. sk. Interior of South Capt. Sturt [C.].

Australia.

f,ff. d" 5 ad.; /*. 5 Australia (C'ocfere//). F. D. Godman and O.

juv. sk. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

i, k. (S ad. st. South AustraHa. Sir George Grey [P.].

4. Ephthianura crocea.

Ephthianura crocea, C'asteln. ^- Samsai/, Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S W.
i. p. 380 (1877) ; Ra^nsay, op. cit. ii. jj. 186 (1878).

Adult male. Lores, sides of head, chin, throat, and the whole of
the under surface of the body, under and upper tail-coverts bright
yellow ; across the chest a (lunate ?) spot ot" black ; crown of the
head, sides and back of the neck, and the sides of the chest olive-
yellow ; back brown, washed with olive-yellow ; tail blackish brown
the base white, and all (?) the feathers more or less tipped with
white ; margins of the outer webs, towards the base, yellow ; win»s
brown, darker on the secondaries and upper coverts ; primaries nar-
rowly edged with yellow on the outer webs, the coverts and secon-
daries rather broadly margined with whitish, and edged with yellow
on the outer webs ; secondaries margined with white at the tips •

67U TIMELIID.E.

under wing-coverts whitish, washed with bright yellow like the
bodj' ; under surface of the quills light brown, the inner webs to-
wards the base fading into silvery white ; legs and bill blackish
brown. Total length 4-3 inches, wing 2 4, tail 1-65, tarsus 0-7,
bill from forehead 0"5, from nostril 0-3, from gape 0'6.

Adult female. All the upper surface dark brown ; feathers on
head mcsially shaded with blackish brown ; upper and under tail-
coverts yellow, not so bright as in the male ; a slight tinge of yellow
on the abdomen, flanks, and under wing-coverts ; the remainder of
the under surface dull white, tinged with brown on the sides and
chest ; no pectoral spot ; wings above blackish, brown on the secon-
daries, dark brown on primaries, which are tinged with yellow along
the margin of the outer webs ; wing-coverts tipped with dull white,
tinged with yellow, secondaries tipped and margined with white ;
tail blackish brown, the tips and the base white, margins of the
outer webs edged with yellow ; legs dark brown ; bill brown, whitish
at base of lower mandible. Total length 4'1 inches, wing 2'3,
tail 1-6, bill 0-5, tarsus O'T.

Hah. Norman river, Gulf of Carpentaria.

ADDENDA.

• ^,. Page 9, Myiophoneus temmincki.

r. $ ad. sk. Gilgit, July 24, 1880. Major Biddulph [C.].

Page 127. Megalurus amboinensis.

I have recently seen two specimens of this species collected in
Amboj^na by Mr. H. 0. Eorbes. On comparing them -with Austra-
lian examples of M. galactotes, I consider the two species to be
identical.

Add:—
a. (S ad. sk. Paso, Amboyna. H. 0. Forbes, Esq. [C.].

.11. Page 25!) . Cisticola cisticola.

<^. S ad. sk. Brabmagberries, Coorg, W. Davison, Esq. fP.!.

Feb. 14, 188.S.

Add:—

Page 269. Cisticola exilis.

o, TT, p, 0-. c^; Brabmaglierries, Coorg, VV. Davison, Esq. [P.].

T. $ ad. sk. Feb. 1883.

V, (f>- d 2 iinm. Brabmagberries, Feb. 1883. W. Davison, Esq. [P.].

sk.

In my account of the range of this species (anted, p. 272), I stated
that Cisticola erythrocepluda from Coorg, which I had never seen,
was " probably identical " with C. exilis. On his return to India
Mr. Davison, who took great interest in my attempt to elucidate
the confused synonymy of the Grass- Warblers, despatched a col-
lector to the Brabmagberries for the purpose of obtaining a series of
C. eri/throcejyhala for the British Museum. Unfortunately all the
specimens be procured wore in winter plumage, most of them being
clean -moulted, l)ut two still retaining portions of the j'ellow imma-
ture plumage of the previous autumn. On comparing tbem with

(572 - ADDENDA.

the fine series of winter specimena in the Museum from Australia,
I find that thej' appear to he ideutical in every particular, and
that I was justified in placing C. crijtJirucejjliala as a syuonj"m of
V. exilis.

Page 331.
The following species has been accidentally omitted : —

3. Orthonyx novae guinese.

Orthonvx spinicauda, Schleg. {nee Temm.), Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. iv.

p.47'(1871); Rosenb. Malay Archip. p. 533 ('1879).
Orthonyx novse guinese, 3Ieyer, Sitzh. k. Akad. der Wissensch. zu

Wien, Ixix. p. 74 (187-4) ; Becc. Atm. Mtis. Civ. Gen. vii. p. 708

(1875); Salvad. ibid. p. 9-35 (1875); Sclafer, 7&/.5, 1876,p. 247 ;

Gould, B. of New Guinea, pt. vii. pi. 10 (1878); Salvad. Ann.

Mus. Civ. Genov. xvi. p. 62 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia, ii. p. 240

(1881).

Adult male. Above brown, with the rump and upper tail-coverts
more rufescent ; back varied with black ; sides of the head, neck,
and breast ashy grey ; fore part of neck, breast, and middle of abdo-
men white ; middle of the throat margined with black on both
sides : sides of the abdomen and under tail-coverts brown ; wings
dusky black ; lesser and median wing- coverts broadly tipped with
ashy grey ; greater wing-coverts tipped with greyish brown ; quills
blackish, brownish for their apical half; tail blackish brown ; bill
and feet black; iris dull brown. Total length 6'75 inches, wing
3-6, tail 2-55, bill 0-6, tarsus 1-35.

Adult female. Like the male but a little smaller, and distin-
guished by its rufous throat.

Ohs. The reddish brown on the chin and throat is much more
restricted than in 0. spinicauda, and the remarkable black colour
on the sides of this reddish brown is altogether wanting ; the sides
of the body, breast, and belly entirely grey, with only a few white
feathers on the latter. Further, the brown of the upper parts is
as rich as in 0. spinicauda, and the black colour more strongly
developed. The white spots on the wing are absent {Meyer).

Hah. N.W. New Guinea.

Page 373. Trochalopterum jerdoni.

A pair of birds recently forwarded by Mr. W. Davison measure
as follows : —

Total
length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

a. S ad. Feb. 10, 1883 . .

. . 7-9

0-88

3-25

3-5

1-35

b. $ ad. Feb. 10, 1883 . .

. . 7-5

0-8

31

3-3

1-3

The sexes are exactly alike in plumage.

ADDENDA. 673

Add :—

b, c. 6 2 ad.sk. Brahmafrlierries, Coorg, W. Davison, Esq. [P.].

Feb. 10, 18S3.
d. 2 ad. sk. Brahniag-hemes, Feb. 14, W. Davison, Esq. [P.].

lyyy. "

. , , Page 415. Pomatorliinus horsfieldi

h. cJ ad. sk. Brabmaorberries, Coorg, W, Davison, Esq. [P.],

Feb. 12, 1883.

This specimen belongs to the dark form, and not to the paler-
coloured P, obsctcms, Hume.

. , , Page 440. Garrulax delesserti.

Add : — °

b. 6 ad. tk. Brabmagberries, Coorg, W. Davison, Esq. [P.].

Feb. U, 1883.

The measurements of the above specimen, a fine male in full
plumage, are as follows : — Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1-1,
wing 4'1, tail 4, tarsus l*o.

Page 474. Crateropus plebeius.

The Basle specimen is much paler, not much darker, than the
tj'pe of C Icirliii.

Page 538. Stachyris maculata.
Under the synonymy, "Macrornis maculatus"s7iO!(7(Z be Macronus,

2x

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

abeillii (Garrulax), 3o9.
aberrans (Cisticola), 245.
aberrans (Drymoica),

192, 245.
acacias (Argya), 397, 398.
acacise(Cbatarrh8ea). 398.
acacise (Crateropus), 397.
acaciffi (Malacocerous),

398.
acacia; (Malurus), 397.
acacife (Sphenura), 397.
AcanthizM, 291.
Acanthoptila, 380.
acazisE (Malacocercus),

398.
Accentor, 648.
Acrocephaliis, 93.
Actinodura, 463.
acutirostris (Bracby-

pteryx), 580.
acutirostris (Timalia),

580.
adamsi (Drymoeca), 196.
adamsi (Prinia), 196.
Aedonopsis, 68.
semodium (Conostoma),

485.
aeinodius (Conostoma),

485.
sequinoctialis (Acroce-

phalus), 528.
sequinoctialis (Sylvia),

628.
sequinoctialis (Tatare),

528.
j^thocicbla, 484.
affine (Malacopteron),

569.
affine (Malacopterum),

569.
affine (Trichastoma),

569.
affine (Trochalopteron),

357.
affine (Trochalopterum),

357.
affinis (Alcippe), 569.
affinis (Crateropus), 357,

472.
affinis (Drymoeca), 192.

affinis (Drymoica), 191.
affinis (Garrulax), 357.
affinis (Malacopterum),

569.
affinis (Prinia), 193.
affinis (Pterocyclus), 357.
affinis (Setaria^, 569.
afra (Muscicapa), 95.
africana (Dasyornis), 95.
africaria (Drymoeca), 95.
africana (Drymoica), 95.
africana (Motacilla), 95.
africana (Sylvia), 95.
africanus (Malurus), 95.
afrieanus (Megalurus),

95.
africanus (Sphenceacus),

95, 96, 97.
agilis (Sutoria), 216.
Ajax. 331.
ajax (Ajax), 337.
ajax (Cinclosoma), 336,

337.
ajax (Eupetes), 336.
albicapilla (Bessonornis),

89.
albicapilla (Cittocincla),

89.
albicapilla (Cossypha),

45, 89.
albicapilla (Petrocincla),

45.
albicapillus (Turdus), 89.
albieeps (Turdus), 89.
albicollis(Pomatorbinus),

428.
albifrons (Acauthiza),

666.
albifrons (Ephtliianura),

()66.
albifrons (Brackypteryx),

24.
albifrons (Garrulus), 398.
albifrons (Malcolmia),

399.
albifrons (PentholiJea),

17, IS.
albifrons (Saxicola), 18.
albifrons (Thamnobia),

18.

albigula (Cinclosoma),

439.
albigulare (Malacopte-
rum), 568.
albigularis (Drymoica),

148.
albigularis (Dryodro-

mas), 144, 148.
albigularis (Dumetia),

514.
albigularis (Garrulax),

439.
albigularis (lanthocinola),

439.
albigularis (Malacopte-
ron), 568.
albigularis (Pomatorbi-

nus), 422.
albigularis (Suya), 182.
albiscajJulata (Saxicola),

49.
albiscapultita (Tbamno-

liea), 48, 50.
albiventris (Callene), 15.
albiventris (Cercotricbas),

90.
albiventris (Cittacincla),

90.
albiventris (Cittocincla),

90.
albiventris (Copsycbus),

90.
albiventris (Ruticilla), 15.
albogiilare (Pellorneum),

514.
albogularis( Alcippe), .568.
albogularis (Bracbypte-

ryx), 548, 568.
albogularis (Crateropus),

439.
albogularis (Dumetia),

514.
albogularis (Garrulax),

439.
albogularis (Malacocer-
cus), 514.
albogularis (Macron us),

568.
albogularis (Pomato-

rhinue), 423.

()7()

ALPaABKXICAL INDEX.

ulbogularis (Prinia), 253.
albogularis (Setaria), 5G8.
albogularia (Tiiualia),

514.
albolimbatus (Mega-

lurus), 129.
albolimbatus (Poodytes),

129.
alboscapulata (Saxicola),

50.
alboscapulata (Thamno-

bia), 50.
alboscapulata (Thamno-

Itea), 50.
albospecularis (Copsy-

chus), 6G, 67.
albospecularis (Ger-

vaisia), 66.
albospecularis (Saxi-
cola), 66.
albospecularis (Thamuo-

bia), 66.
albospecularis (Turdus),

66.
albospecularis typicua

(Copsycbus), 66.
albostriatus (Eimator),

595.
albosuperciliaris (Garru-

lax), 459.
albosuperciliaris (Rhopo-

philus), 116, 117.
albosuperciliaris (Suya),

alboterminata (Stipbror-

nis), 174.
Alcippe, 618.
AlcopuB, 401.
Alethe, 57.
alexin£e (Sphenceacus),

111.
Alloooturus, 312.
alphonsiana (Suthora),

4S9.
alpiua (Motacilla), 662.
alpinus (Acceutor), 662,

663.
alpinus (Laiscopus), 662.
altaicus (Accentor), 660.
altirostre (Obrysomma),

512.
altirostris (Pyctorhis),

512,513.
altirostris (Timalia), 513.
amboinensis (Megalurus),

127, 671.
amboinensis (Sphencea-
cus), 127.
amcEnus (Copsyclius), 62,

63, 65.
amocnus (Turdus), 61.

amphileeta (Cisticola),

280,281.
Amytis, 106.
anciiietce (Drymoica),

349.
audamanensis (Copsy-
clius), 62.
angolensis (Cisticola),

242.
angolensis (Drymoica),

242.
aniiiE (Calamodyta), 101.
anna (Psamathia), 101.
aunectans (Cutia), 80,
annectans (Lfiioptila), 80.
annectens (Lioptila), 80.
anthoides (Praticola),

501.
antinorii (Cisticola), 242.
antinoni (Drymoica),

242.
antinorii (Drymceca),

242.
Anuropsis, 588.
Apalis, 137.
apioalis (Acanthiza),

296.
apicalis (Catriscus), 110.
apicalis (Cettia), 111.
apicalis (Drymoica), 111.
apicalis (Schoenieola),

110,111.
apicalis (Syhia), 110.
arcuata (Cichladusa), 69,

70.
arfakiana (Sericornis),

306.
argentauris (Fringillo-

parus), 642.
argentauris (Leiothrix),

642.
argentauris (Mesia), 642.
argentauris (Pliilocalyx),

642.
Argya, 388.
armillai'is (Stiphrornis),

164.
arnotti (Saxicola), 53.
arnotti (Thamnolaea), 53.
arquata (Cichladusa), 70.
arquata (Sylvia), 260.
arquatus (Crateropu8),70.
Arrengn, 6.
arteniisise (Cinclosonia),

384.
artemisias (lanthocincla),

384.
artemisise ( Yanthocincla),

384.
assamensis (Drymocata-

phus), 557.

assiniilis (Stachyriclop-'

sis), 602.
assimilis (Stachyris), 602,
Atraphornis, 212.
atrata (Thamnobia), 17.
atriceps (Orateropus),

352.
atriceps (Alcippe), 625.
atriceps (Brachypteryx),

625.
atriceps (Hypergerus),

352.
atriceps (Hypochloreus),

352. "
atriceps (Maeronus),

625.
atriceps (Malacopteron),

625.
atriceps (Moho), 352.
atrifrons (Temnoris),

48S.
atrigularis (Acceutor),

656.
atrigularis (Cacopitta),

549.
atrigularis (Maci'onus),

549.
atrigularis (Orthotomus),

220.
atrigularis (Prinia), 180.
atrigularis (Suya), 180,

181.
atrigularis (Turdinus),

549.
atripenuis (Crateropus).

483.
aurantiacus (Chsetops ),

348.
aurantius (ChiBtops), 348.
auriceps (Tesia), 604.
auricularis (Kittacin-

cla), 40.
auricularis (Malacias),

405.
auricularis (Sibia), 405.
aurifrous(Brachypteryx),

27.
aurifrons (Ephthianura),

668.
auritus (Corvus), 455.
austeni (Paradoxoruis),

497.
austeni (Pomatorbinus),

418.
austeni (Trochalopteron),

369.
austeni(Trochalopterum),

369.
australis (Dasyornis),

104.
ayrcsii (Cisticola), 267.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

677

ayresii (Drymoica),
267.

Babax, 352.

badiceps (Bfeoscelis), 165,

badiceps (Camaroptera),

164.
badieeps (Drymocbrera),

550.
badioeps (Drymoica),

165.
badiceps (Eremomela),

164.
badiceps (Stiphornis),

l(i4.
badiceps (Sylvia), 164.
Breoeerca, 153.
Baioscelis, 157.
Bahila, 644.
bairdi (Burnesia), 207.
bairdi (Drvmceca), 207.
bairdi (Drymoica), 207.
bairdi (Herpystera), 207.
barbata (Bessethera),

554.
barbata (Cossypha). 43,
barbata (Muscicapa),302.
barratti (Bradypterus),

U5.
basilanica (Dendrobi-

astes), 630.
Bathyrhynchus, 496.
beavani (Cisticola), 255.
beavani (Prinia), 255.
Bebrornis, 102.
beecarii (Drymacedus),

345.
beecarii (Sericornis), 305.
belangeri (Gfurrulax),

435, 436.
bengalensis (Drymoeoa),

234.
bengalensis (Drymoica),

234.
bengalensis (CTramini-

cola), 234.
bengalensis (Malacocer-

cus), 479, 481.
bengalensis (Tiuialia),

508.
bennetti (Orthotomus),

215.
Bernieria, 529, 531.
berthemyi (Drvonastes),

461.
berthemvi (lanthociucla),

461.
Bessethera, 552.
Bessonornis, 34.
bieolor (Alcippe),551.
bicolor (Bessonornis), 3l>.

bieolor (Brachypteryx),

551.
bicolor (Cossypha), 36.
bicolor (Crateropus),

475.
bicolor (Cyanoderma),

581.
bicolor (Erythrocichla),

551.
bicolor (Garrulax), 438.
bicolor (Macronus), 551.
bicolor (Mixornis), 581.
bicolor (Muscicapa), 36.
bicolor (Ebipidura), 36.
bicolor (Timalia), 510,

681.
bicolor (Trichastoma),

551.
bivittata (Drymoeca), 192.
bivittata (Drymoica). 192.
bivittata (Dumetia), 515.
bivittata (Napothera),

515.
bivittatvis (Dryniocata-

phiis), 515.
bivittatus (Timalia), 516.
bizonura (Drymoica),

275, 280.
blanfordi (Drymceca),

196.
Blanfordius, 176.
blighi (Myiophonus), 13.
blighii (Arrenga), 13.
blighii(Myiophoueus),13.
blvthi (Trocbalopteron),

'358,
blytbi (Trochalopterum),

358.
blythii(.?uya),202.
bocagii (Bessonornis), 38.
bocagii (Cossypha), 38.
bocagii (Stachyris), (i02.
borneensis (Mixornis),

580.
borneensis (Pomato-

rhinus), 411.
bornensis (Timalia), .580.
borneonensis (Orthoto-
mus), 225.
bourdiUoni (Aleijipe),

626.
brachyptera (Calamo-

dyta). 113.
brachyptera (Cisticola),

252.
brachyptera (Drymoeca),

252.
brachyptera (Drymoica),

113.
brachvptera (Oligura).

15,S.

brachyptera (Sphenura),
104.

brachyptera (Sylvia), 113.

brachypteriis (Brady-
pterus), 112, 113.

brachypterus (Tardus),
104.

Brachypteryx, 3, 25.

brachy ura( Camaroptera) ,
166, 167.

brachyura (Drymoica),
166.

brach)'ura (Eremomela),
166.

brachyura (Sylvia), 166.

brachyura (Sylvietta),
153, 154.

Bradvbates, 81.

Bradvpteri,93.

Bradypterus, 81, 113.

brevicauda (Burnesia),
210.

brevicauda (Ficedula),
168.

brevicauda (Prinia), 208.

brevicauda (Sylvietta),
154.

brevicaudata (Camaro-
ptera), 168, 1(>9.

brevicaudata (Corytho-
cichla), 592.

brevicaudata (Drymo-
ica), 168.

brevicaudata (Sylvia),
168.

brevicaudata (Syncopta),
168,

brevicaudatus (Macro-
nus), 592.

brevicaudatus (Turdinus),
592.

brevipennis (Calamo-
cichla), 132.

brevipennis (Calamo-
dyta), 132.

brevirostra (Gryllivora),
62.

brevirostris (Bradypte-
rus), 111.

brevirostris (Bathyrhyn-
chus), 496.

brevirostris (Calamo-
dyta), 111.

brevirostris (Myiopho-
neus), 9.

broadbenti (Sphenura).
106.

brunnea (Acanthiza),
302.

brunnea (Alcij)pe), 624.

brunnea (Suthora), 490.

678

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

brunneicauda (Miula),

609.
bruaneiceps (Cisticola),

260.
brunneiceps (Locustella),

260.
brunueiceps (Salicaria),

260.
brunneiventris (Brachy-

pteryx), 591.
brunneopvgia (Drymoe-

dus), 343.
brunneopygius (Dryma-

oedus), 343.
brunneopygius (Seri-

cornis), 304.
brunnescens (Cisticola),

267.
brunnescens (Hemipte-

ryx), 267.
brunnescens (Herpornis),

637.
brunneum (Malacopte-

ron), 624.
brunneus (Dromteocer-

cus), 99.
brunneus (Dromocercus),

99.
brunneus (Pyrrholremus),

302.
buchanani (Acanthiza),

291.
buchanani (Cisticola),

246.
buchanani (Drymoica),

246.
buchanani (Franklinia),

246.
buchanani (Prinia), 246.
bulomachus (Suthora),

490.
burr.heUi (Chatops), 348.
burnesi (Laticilla), 119.
Burnesia, 203.
burnesii (Eurycercus),

119.
burnesii (Megalurus),

119.
burnesii (Sphenoeacus),

119.
buxtoni (Brachypterj-x),
562.

cacharensis (Accentor),

664.
cachinnans (Crateropus),

373.
cacliinnans (Garrulax),

373.
cachinnans (Pterocyclus),

373.

cachinnans (Trochalo-

pteron), 373.
cachinnans (Trochalo-

pterum), 373.
Cacopitta, 539.
Cadran, Le, 61.
cterulatum (Cinclosoma),

461.
coerulatum (lanthocin-

cla), 461.
caBrulatus (Dryonastes),

461.
CKrulatus (Garrulax),

461.
cterulea (Gracula), 9.
cseruleatus (Crateropus),

461.
cserulesoens (Eupetes),

339, 340.
cierulescens (Notodela),

339.
cseruleus (Myiophoneus),

9.
ciesiogastra (Thamnobia),

50.
ca>siogastra(Thaninoliea),

50.
caffer (Turdus), 39.
caffra (Bessornis), 39.
caiFra (Cossypha), 39.
caffra (Motacilla), 39.
caffra (Sitta), 525.
caffra (Sylvia), 39.
Calamanthella, 235.
Calamanthus, 501.
Calamocichla, 131.
Calamoherpe, 131.
Calamonastes, 133.
calidus (Drymoipus),

199.
Calipyga, 644.
calipyga (Bahila), 644.
calipyga (Leiothrix),

644.
Callene, 2, 14.
Camaroptera, 166.
cambaiensis (Sylvia), 55.
cambalensis (Thamno-
bia), 55.
campestris (Calaman-
thus), 602.
campestris (Cisticola),

283.
campestris (Praticola),

502.
canescens (Eremomela),

163.
caniceps (Camaroptera),

164.
caniceps (Drvmoica),
164.

caniceps (Dryodromas),

164.
caniceps (Eremomela),

164.
caniceps (Heteromorpha),

492.
caniceps (Paradoxornis),

492.
canorum (Leucodio-

ptron), 376.
canorum (Trochalo-

pterum), 376.
canorus (Crateropus),

478.
canorus (Malacocercus),

479.
canorus (Pterocyclus),

376.
canorus (Turdus), 376,

479.
cantans (Cisticola), 284.
cantans (DrymcBca), 284.
cantans(Dryinoica), 284.
cantatoris (Cinclorham-

phus), 4'.)9.
cautillans (Cinclorham-

phus), 499.
cantor (Synallaxis), 95.
capensis (Drymoica),

189.
capensis (Malurus), 189.
capensis (Tanagra), 4.
capistrata (Beasethera),

653.
capistrata (Bessothera),

653.
capistrata (Malacias),

403.
capistrata (Myiothera),

563, 655.
capistrata (Sibia), 403.
capistrata (Turdirostris),

553.
capistratoides (Drymo-

cataphus), 554, 566.
capistratoides (Goldana),

555.
capistratoides (Macro-

nus), 655.
capistratoides (Myio-
thera), 554.
capistratoides (Turdiros-
tris), 665.
capistratum (Cincloso-
ma), 403.
capistratus (Alcopus),

403.
capistratus (Drymocata-

phus), 553.
capistratus (Garrulax).
403.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

67'J

capistratus (Macromis),

6o3, 554, o55.
capitalis (Mixomis), 582.
Capocier, Le, 189.
capiizinus (Pl)yllanthus),

483.
castanea (Aletlie), 57.
castanea (Napothera), 57.
castaneceps (Certhipa-

rus), 608.
castaneceps (Minla), 608.
castaiieieauda (Siva),

639.
castaneiceps (Minla), 608,

609, 610.
castaneiceps (Orthoto-

inus). 223.
castaneiceps (Stapbida),

616.
castaneiceps (Staphidea),

616.
castaneiceps (Staphidia),

616.
castaneiceps (Yubina),

616.
castaneitborax (Cinclo-

soma), 335.
castaneocoronata (Oli-

gura), 603.
castaneocoi-onatafSjlTia),

603.
castaneocoronata (Tesia),

603.
castaneonotum (Cinclo-

soma), 333.
castaueotborax (Cinclo-

soma), 335, 336.
castaneus (Myiopbo-

neus), 14.
castanicauda (Siva), 639.
castaniceps (Ixulus), 616.
castaniceps (Leiotbrix),

608.
castaniceps (Minla), 608.
castaniceps (Proparus),

608.
castanonota (Aletbe), 69.
castanonotum (Cinclo-

soma), 333.
castanonotus (Eupetes),

340.
castanotborax (Cinclo-

soma"), 335.
castanotus (Cinclosoma),

333.
Catriscus, 109.
eaudata (Argya), 393.
ctiudata (Cbatorbea),

393.
eaudata (Chattarboea).

394.

eaudata (Obattorhaea),

394.
eaudata (Tiiualia), 393.
caudatus (Crateropus),

393.
caudatus (Cossypbus),

393.
caudatus (Malacocercus),

393.
Caulodromus, 594.
cauta (Hjlacola), 347.
cautus (Calamantbus),

347.
Cercotricbas, 4, 83, 84.
Ceropia, 4.
cerviniventria (Apalis),

139.
Cettia, 93.
ceylonensis (Copsycbus),

62.
CbKtops, 347.
Cbajtornis, 130.
Cbaimarrbornis, 47.
cbalybeius (Cbatorbea),

395.
Cbamffia, 31 1.
cbariessa (Apabs), 139.
Cbatorbaa, 388.
cbatorhoea (Timalia),

393.
cbattarboea (Malaco-

circus), 393,
cberina (Cisticola), 262.
cberina (Dx-ymoica),

264.
Chimarrbornis, 3, 47.
cliinense (Leucodio-

ptron), 376.
ehinensis (Dryonastes),

455.
cbinensis (Euicurus),

313.
cbinensis (Garrulax),

455.
cbinensis (Henicurus),

314.
cbinensis (Lanius), 455.
cbinensis (Turdus), 376.
chiniana (Cisticola), 284,

286, 287.
cbiniana (Drymoeea), 284.
cbiniana (Drymoica), 283.
Cbleuasicus, 494.
cbloris (Cisticola), 278.
ebloris (Drymoica), 278.
cbloris (lora), 578.
cbloris (Mixornis), 578.
cbloris (Timalia), 578.
Chlorodyta, 140.
chloropetoides (Dry-
moica), 231.

cbloropetoides (EUisia),

231. '

cbloropetoides (Prinia),

231.
cbloropetoides (Tham-

nornis), 231.
Cbolornis, 498.
chryswa (Alcippe), 627.
chrysffia (Stacbyridopsis),

60]. ^ ^'

cbrysa'a (Stacbyris), 601.
cbryssa (Timalia), 601.
cbrysaius (Leiotbrix),

627. '

chrysffius (Proparus),

627.
chrysseus (Siva), 627.
cbrysocnema (Sylvia),

168. '

cbrysocnemis (Orthoto-

mu.s), 168.
Cbrysomma, 510.
cbrysoptera (lanthocin-

cla), 362.
cbrysopterum (Trocha-

lopteron), 362.
cbrysopterum (Troeba-

lopterum), 362.
cbrysopterus (Cratero-
pus), 362.
cbrysopterus (Garrulax),

362. '

cbrysopterus (Leiotbrix),

627. ^

cbrysopterus (Pterocy-

clus), 362.
chrysorrboa (AcanLhiza),

298.
cbrysorrboa (Saxicola),

298.
cbrysorrbcea (Geobasi-

leus), 299.
cbrysorrhous (Geobasi-

leus), 299.
cbrysotis (Leiotbrix),

627.
cbrysotis (Proparus),627.
cbrysotis (Siva), 627.
Cbtbonicola, 290.
Ciebladusa, 4, 69.
Cilatbora, .532.
Cinclidia, 518.
Ciuelidium, 14.
Cinelorbampbus, 498.
Cinclosoma, 331.
cineraceum (Trochalo-

pteron), 366.
cineraceum (Trocbalo-

pterum), 366.
cineraceus (Ortbotomus),

219, 225.

680

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

cineraseens fCisticola).

248, 240.
cineraseens (Drymoica).

249.
cineraseens (Eiirycercus),

119.
cineraseens (Laticilla),

119.
cinerea (Alcippe), 620,

622.
cinerea (Leiotliris), 609.
cinerea (Miula), 609.
cinereicapilla (Cisticola),

273.
cinereiceps (Alcippe),

628.
cinereiceps (Anuropsis),

590.
cinereiceps (Drymoca-

taphus), 590.
cinereiceps (Fulvetta),

628.
cinereiceps (Orthotomus),

222.
cinereiceps (Osvlabes),

572.
cinereiceps (Propanis"),

628.
cinereiceps (Siva), 628.
cinereifrons (Garrulax),

447.
cinereocapilla (Prinia),

273.
cinereum (Malacopteron),

565.
cinereum (Malaco-

pterum), 565.
cinereus (Malacopteron),

665.
cinnamomea (Calamo-

dyta), 114.
cinnamomea (Calamo-

herpe), 114.
cinnamomea (Saliearia),

114.
cinnamomea (Sylvia),

114.
cinnamomeiventris (Cop-

sychiis), 49.
cinnamomeiventris

(Thamnobia), 49.
cinnamomeiventri s

(Thamnocichla), 49.
cinnamomeiventris

(Thamnolsea), 49.
cinnamomeiventris (Tar-
dus), 49.
cinnamomeum (Cinclo-

soma), 334.
cinnamomeus (Brady-

pterus), 114.

cinnamomeus (Ciuclo-

soma), 334.
Cisticola, 235.
cisticola (Carieicola), 260.
cisticola (Cisticola), 259,

260, 671.
cisticola (Cysticola), 259.
cisticola (Drymceca), 260.
cisticola (Drymoica),

259.
cisticola (Prinia\ 2.59.
cisticola (Saliearia), 2.59.
cisticola(^SclicBnicola),260.
cisticola (Sylvia), 2.59.
Cisticolae, 175.
Cistodyta, 235.
citreogularis (Sericornis),

302.
Oitrin, Le, 186.
citriniceps (Tricholais),

162.
citrinus (Megalurus),

123.
Cittoeincla, 4, 84.
damans (Cisticola), 232.
damans (Drymceca), 232.
damans (Drymoica), 232.
damans (Malurus), 231.
damans (Spiloptila), 231,

232.
damans (Orthotomus),

168.
cleaveri (Drymocata-

plius), 556.
cleghoruiffi (Frankliuia),

246.
cleghorniEe (Prinia), 246.
clericalis (Pentholaa), 18.
collaris (Accentor), 661,

662.
collaris (Alcippe), 610.
collaris (Sturnus), 661.
coUuriocejis (Dasvornis),

130.
concolor (Camaroptera),

170.
concolor (Cisticola), 249.
concolor (Drymceca),

249.
concolor (Drymoica),

170. 249.
concreta (Myiothera),

545.
concretus (Macronus),

545.
concretus (Turdirostris),

545-
Conostoma, 485.
conspicOlata (Suthora),

489.
Copsj'clius, 3, 60.

cordofajia (Cisticola), 283.
cordofana (Drvmoeca),

282.
cordofana (Drymoica),

283.
Coripbee, Le, 73.
coronata (Napothera),

565.
coronatum (Malaco-
pteron), 565.
coronatus (AUocoturus),

313.
coronatus (Enicurus),

313.
coronatus (Garrulus),

438.
coronatus (Orthotomus),

230.
coronatus (Phyllergates),

230.
coryphsea (Drvmoica),73.
coryphasus (Aedon), 73.
coryphiBus(Bradypterus),

73.
coryphwus (Erytbropy-

gia). 73.
corypbaus (Sylvia), 73.
corvpbteus (Thamnobia),

73.
Corythocichla, 592.
Cossypba, 3, 21, 34.
crassirostris (Ceropia), 5.
crassirostris (itagon), 5.
crassirostris (Keropia), 4.
crassirostris (Lanius), 4.
crassirostris (Turdus), 4.
crassirostris (Turnagra),

4.
Crateropodes, 324.
Crateropus, 469.
Crateroscelis, 590.
crepitans (Muscicapa),

350.
crepitans (Psophodes),

350.
criniger (Decurus),

177.
criniger (Drymoica), 177.
criniger (Prinia), 177.
criniger (Suya), 177.
crinigera (Prinia), 178.
crinigera (Suj'a), 176,

177, 178.
erispifrons (Gypsophila),

561.
erispifrons (Macronus),

561.
erispifrons (Turdinus),

561.
crocea (Epbtbianura),

669.

ALPIIABETICAL INDEX.

681

crombec (Sylvietta), 153.
crossleyi (Bernieria), 531.
crosslej-i (Mystacornis),

531.
Crossleyia, 523.
Crow, White-cheeked,

350.
ci'uralis (Brachypterys),

26.
cruralis (Calliope), 27.
cruralis (Cinclorham-

phus), 498.
cruralis (Larvivora), 27.
cruralis (Megalurus),

498.
cucuUatus (Ortbotomus),

229.
cucullatus (Phyllei'gates),

229.
cuculopsis (Heteropba-

sia), 401.
cursitans (Cisticola), 184,

260, 267.
cursitans (Drymoica),

260.
cursitaus (Prinia), 259.
curvirostris (Cisticola),

242, 278, 279.
curvirostris (Drymoeca),

278.
Cutia, 640.
eyauea (Arrenga), 12.
cyaueus (Myiopboueus),

12.
cyaneus (Turdus), 1 2.
cyaniventer (Oligura),

604.
cyaniYenter (Tesia), 604.
cyanocampter (Bessonor-

nis), 40.
cyanocampter (Cossy-

pba), 40.
Cyanoderma, 57.5.
cyanopbrys (Cbleuasicus),

495.
cyanopbrys (Sutbora),

495.
cyanouropterus (Hemi-

parus), 640.
cyan ou ropterus( loropus),
" 640.
cyanuroptera (Liothrix),

640.
cyanuroptera (Siva), 640.
Cynura, 666.

daflaensis (Actinodura),

467.
daflaensis (Aclinura),

467.
daflaensis (Suthora), 487.

VOL. VII.

Dahila, 60.
damarensis (Drymoica),

147.
damarensis (Dryodro-

mas), 140, 147.
damarensis (Eremomela),

147.
Damia, 150.

darwini (Turdinus), 561.
Daseocbaris, 183.
Dasycrotopha, 574.
Dasyornis, 104.
davidi (Pomatorliinus),

363.
davidi (Pterorhinus),

353.
davisoni (LeioptiJa), 80.
Decurus, 176.
delesserti (Crateropus),

373, 446.
delesserti (Garrulax),446,

673.
delesserti (Pterocyclus),

446.
delicatula(Cisticola),'_270.
Dendrobiastes, 630.
derbianus (Ortbotomiis),

224.
deserti (Rhopophilus),

118.
desgodinsi (Malacias),

406.
desgodinsi (Sibia), 406.
diademata (Aletbe), 58.
diademata (Bessouoruis),

58.
diademata (Cossvpba),

68.
diademata ( Yubina), 632.
diadematus (Enicurus),

319, 321.
Dial Bird, 61.
diana (Ajax), 24.
diana (Lauius), 24.
diana (jS^otodela), 24.
diardi (Garnilax), 437.
diardi (Turdus), 437.
diebroa (Muscicapa), 36.
dicrorbynchus (Myiopbo

neus), 10.
diemenensis (Acantbiza),

295.
diemensis (Acantbiza),

295.
diophrys (Drymoica),

184.
diopbrys (Sylvia), 184.
docilis\Dabila), 62.
docilis (Polypeira), 62.
Dromaiocercus, 99.
Drymaoodus, 343.

Drymoeatapbus, 522,

552.
Dryraocbffra, 550.
Drymocbares, 25.
Drymocicbla, 149.
Drymodes, 343.
Drymodyta, 235.
Drymoeca, 235.
DrymoijDus, 183.
Drymos, 343.
Drymoterpe, 140.
Dryodromas, 140, 144.
Dryonastes, 454.
Drvoscopus, 325.
dubia (Minla), 611.
dubia (Muscicapa), 95.
dubius (Proparus), 611.
dubius (Schnceiparus),

611.
Dumetia, 514.
dumetioola (Motaoilla),

520.

earlii (Argya), 392.
earlii (Cbatorbrea), 392.
earlii (Crateropus), 392.
earlii (Malococercus),

392.
eclipes (Argya), 394.
eclipes (Cbatorbsea), 394.
Edela, 219.
edela (Ortbotomus), 216,

218, 224.
edela (Sutoria), 218.
egertoni (Actinodura),

463.
Elapbrornis, 517.
elegans (Drymoica), 163,

273, 274."
elegans (Eremomela),

163.
elegans (Ficedula), 163.
elegans (Tricbolais), 163.
elliotce (Curruca), 650.
eUioti (Trocbalopterum),

370.
EUisia, 120.
ellisia (Drymoica), 121.
Eminia, 137.
Enicurus, 312.
Eparnetes, 524.
Epbtbianura, 666.
epilepidota (Myiotbera),

.540.
eijilepidotus (Turdinus),

540.
eremita (Drymoeca), 213.
Eremomela, 157.
Eremomebe, 136.
Eroessa, 150.
Erpornis, 636.
2\

682

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

erythrocepbala (Cisti-

cola), 269.
erythrocepbalum (Tro-

chalopterum), 3(i0.
erythrocephalus (Cisti-

cola), 270.
erythrocephalus (Crate-

ropus), 3fi0.
erythrocephahis (Garru-

his), ;3(iO.
erythrocephahis (Ptero-

cyclus), 360.
Erythrocichla, 551.
erythrocnemis (Pomato-

rhinus), 427.
ervthrogenys (Cisticola),

275.
erythrogenys (Drymoeca),

275, 276.
erythrogenys (Drymoica),

258, 275.
erythrogenys (Gramini-

cola), 275.
erythrogenys (Pomato-

rhinus), 430.
erythrogenys (Sylvia),

275.
erythrol.Tma (Trochalo-

pterum), 363.
erythronotus (Timalia)

536.
erythropleura (Suya),

182.
erythropvgius (Accen-
tor), 6(33.
Erythrops, 510.
erythrops (Cisticola),

250.
erythrops (Drymoeca),

250.
erythroptera (Argya), 83.
erythroptera (Cercotri-

chas), 83.
erjthroptera (Cisticola),

228.
erythroptera (Cyano-

ptera), 580.
erythroptera (Drymceca),

228.
erythroptera (Mixornis),

580.
erythroptera (Sphenura),

83.
erythroptera (Timalia),

580.
erythroptera, var. mela-

noptera (Sphenura), 84.
erythropterum (Cinclo-

soma), 360.
erythropterum (Cyano-

"derma), 580, 581.

erythropterua (Melienor-

nis), 83.
erythropterus (Orthoto-

mus), 228.
erythropterus (Podo-

beus), 83.
erythropterus (Tardus),

83.
Erythropygia, 4, 72.
erythrote (Malacopte-

rum), 567.
erythrothorax (Cinclo-

soma), 335.
erythrothorax (Dry-
moica), 173.
erythrothorax (Stiphror-

nis), 173, 174.
erythrurus (Saxicoloides),

5.5.
eugenii (Myiophoneus),9.
Eupetes, 338.
eupetes (Ajax), 337.
Euprinodes, 140.
europc-ea (Cisticola), 260.
Eurycercus, 118.
Euryptila, 116.
ewingi (Acanthiza), 295.
exilis (Cisticola), 269,

671.
exilis (Drymoica), 269.
exilis (Slalurus), 269.
eximia (Cisticola), 267.
eximia (Drymoeca), 267-
extensicauda (Drymoeca),

196.
extensicauda (Drymoi-

pus), 196.
extensicauda (Prinia),

196.

fairbanki (Pterocyclus),

374.
fairbanki (Trochalopte-

rum), 374, 375.
falcata (Ptilocichla), 586.
familiaris (Aedon), 72.
familiaris (Daseocharis),

185.
familiaris (Prinia), 185.
familiaris (Orthotomus),

185.
famula (Curruca), 213.
fasciata (Chamsea), 311.
fasciatus (Parus), 311.
fasciiventris (Cossypha),

133.
fasciolata (Aedou), 1.33.
fasciolata (Cisticola),

133.
fasciolata (Drymoica),

133.

fasciolatus (Calamonas-

tes), 133.
faustus (Lanius), 376.
Fauvette Cisticole, La,

259.
Fauvette des Alpes, 661.
Fauvette de Haye, La,

649.
Fauvette d'Hiver, La,

649.
Fauvette olivert, La, 166.
Fauvette tachetee du Cap

de Bonne Esperanoe,

La, 95, 189.
felicite (Garrulax), 6.38.
ferrugilatus (Pomatorhi-

nus), 430.
ferruginea (Campe-

phaga), 4.
ferruginea (Cisticola),

257.
ferruginea (Drymoeca),

257.
ferruginosum (Malaco-

pteron), 551.
ferruginosum (Tricho-

stoma), 551.
ferruginosus (Pomato-

rhinus), 422.
fervidus (Accentor), 653.
Figuier a longue queue

de la Chine, Le petit,

21.5.
Figuier blond du Sene-
gal, 184.
Figuier brun du Sene-
gal, 185.
Figuier tachete du Si5ne-

gal, Le, 184.
filicum (Ellisia), 121.
flaveola (Drpnoeoa), 258.
flaveola (Drymoica), 2.58.
flavicans (Criniger), .530.
flavicans (Drymoeca),

187, 188.
flavicans (Macrospbe-

nus), .530.
flavicans (Prinia), 186.
flavicans (Sylvia), 186.
flavicollis (Ixulus), 612.
flavicollis (ilixornis),

576.
flavicollis (Timalia), 576.
flavicoUis (Yuhina), 612.
flavida (Drymoeca), 142.
flavida (Dryodromas),

144.
flavidus (Dryodromas),

142.
flavidus (Euprinodes),

142.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

683

flavigularis (Cisticola),

244.
flavirostris (Drymoeca),

196.
flavirostris (Myioplio-

neus), 7.
flavirostris (Paradosor-

nis), 496.
flavirostris (Prinia), 196.
flavirostris (Tardus), 7.
flaviventer (Oligura),

603.
flaviventer (Tesia), 603.
flaviventris (Breocerca),

156.
flaviventris (Bracby-

pterjx), 25.
flaviventris (Burnesia),

204.
flaviventris (Calamo-

dyta), 204.
flaviventris (Drymoica),

159.
flaviventris (Eremomela),

157, 159.
flaviventris (Orthoto-

mus), 204.
flaviventris (Prinia),

204.
flaviventris (Sylvia), 159.
flaviventris (Svlviella),

156.
flavocinctus (Eupri-

nodes), 144.
flavogularis (Drymoica),

244.
flavotorqiiata (Tricho-

lais), 1(>4.
flavoviridis (Orthoto-

mus), 221.
floccosa (Spbenura), 342.
floccosus (Pycnoptilus),

342.
Fluteur, Le, 95.
Flycatcher, Coach -whip,

350.
Flycatcher, Madagascar,

529.
Flycatcher, Soft-tailed,

100.
Flycatcher, Spotted Yel-
low, 95.
fokiensis (Heteronior-

pha), 492.
formosum (Trochalo-

pterum), 372.
fortirostris (Cisticola),

277.
fortirostris (Drymceca),

277.
Foudi-jala, Le, 571.

? Fourmillier a calotte

rousse, 567.
Franklinia, 235.
franklmii (Drymoica),

195.
frenatus (Choetops), 348.
frenatus (Garrulax),

447.
frenatus (Malurus), 348.
FringLUoparus, 641.
frivolus (Pomatorhinus),

418.
frivolus (Tardus), 418.
frontale (Cinclidium),

15.
frontalis (Acanthiza),

303.
frontalis (Callene), 15.
frontalis (Henicurus),

321.
frontalis (Hydroeichla),

321.
frontalis (Orthotomus),

220. ;
frontalis (Penthodyta),

18.
frontalis (Pentholfea), 18.
frontalis (Euticilla), 15.
frontalis (Saxicola), 18.
frontalis (Sericornis),

303.
frontalis (Thamnobia),

18.
fulicata (Motacilla), 54,

55.
fulicata (CEnanthe), 54.
fulicata (Thamnobia), 53,

54, 55.
fulicatus (Ixos), 54.
fuliginosa (Decura), 177.
fuliginosa (Prinia), 178.
fidiginosa (Su_va), 177.
fuliginosus (Antbus),

501.
fuliginosus (Calaman-

thus), 501.
fuliginosus (Enicurus),

317.
fulva (Argya), 397.
fulvescens (Accentor),

655.
fulvescens (Aletbe), .545.
fulvescens (Drymoica),

282.
fulvescens (Tricbastoma),

545.
fulvescens (Turdinus),

545.
fulvescens (Turdirostris).

Fulvetta, 628.

fulvicapilla (Drymceca),
144.

fulvicapilla (Dryodro-
mas), 140, 144, 145, 246.

fulvicapilla (Sylvia), 144.

fulvifrons (Cbleuasicus),
494.

fulvifrons (Cisticola), 280,
281.

fulvifrons (Drymoica),
280.

fulvifrons (Sutbora), 495.

fulvifrons (Temnoris),
494.

fulvi pectoris (Sericornisl,
591.

fulvipectua (Sericornis),
591.

fulvopectoralis (Sericor-
nis), 591.

fulvus (Cbatorhea), 397.

fulvus (Crateropus), 397.

fulvus (Drymocatapbus),
558, 5.^9.

fulvus (Megalurus), 98.

fidvus (Spbenceacus), 98.

fulvus (Tardus), 397.

furcata (Calipyga), 644.

furcatus (Leiotbrix), 644.

furcatus (Parus), 644.

Furcuria, 644.

fusca (Alcippe), 623.

fusca (Drymceca), 196.

fusca (Prinia), 195.

fusca (Tatarea), 526.

fuscata (Drymoica), 185.

fuscata (ilotaciUa), 185.

fuscata (Sylvia), 185.

fuscicapilla (Cisticola),
260.

fuscicapilla (Drymoica),
260.

fuscicapilla (Scotocicbla),
523.

fuscicapillum (PeUor-
neum), 523.

fuscicapillus (Drymoca-
tapbus), 523.

fuseipes (Alcippe), 568.

fuscocapillum (Pellor-
neum), 523.

fuscocapillus (Drymoca-
tapbus), 523.

fuscocapillus (Macronus),
523.

fuscus (Drynioipus), 196.

fuscus (Tatare), 525.

gabonensis (Stipbrornis),

174.
galactodes (Aedon), 72.

684

ALPHA liKTICAL INDEX.

galactotes (Malurus), 127.
galactotes (Megalurus),

127.
galactotes (Sphenopacus),

127.
galbanus (Garvulax), -145.
Gampsorliynchus, 324,

386.
gangetica (Prinia), 200.
gaiigetica (Suya), 200.
garoensis (Turdinus),

557, 558, 559.
Garrulax, 434, 449, 451,

452, 454.
Garrulaxis, 434.
Geay de la Chine, Petit,

455.
Geobasileus, 291.
geochrous (Malococer-

cus), 392. ^
Geocichla, 35.
geoffroji (Pomatorhi-

nus), 432.
Gervaisia, 3, 66.
glaucina (Arrenga), 12.
glaucina (Myiophaga), 12.
glauciua (Pitta), 12.
glaucinus (Myiophoneus),

12.
Gobe-raouche a longue

queue de Gingi, Le, 85.
Goldana, 25.
goldiei (Eupetes), 337-
goyderi (Amytis), 109.
graeei (Caulodromus),

594.
gracilis (Aetiiiodura),

406.
gracilis (Alcopus), 406.
gracilis (Biu-nesia), 210,

212.
gracilis (Cistieola), 212,

253.
gracilis (Curruca), 210.
gracilis (Drymoeca), 210,

212.
gracilis (Hypsipetes),

406.
gracilis (IVIalacias), 406.
gracilis (Malurus), 210.
gracilis (Prinia), 210,

253.
gracilis (Sibia), 406.
gracilis (Suya), 211,212.
gracilis (Sylvia), 210,
gramineus (Megalurus),

125.
gramineus (Poodytes),

125.
gramineus (Sphenceacus).

125.

Graminicola, 233.
Grammatoptila, 450.
Grand Figiiier de Mada-
gascar, Le, 529.
grandidieri (Orthoto-

mus), 231.
grandis (Cistieola), 243.
grandis (Drrmceca), 243.
grata (Malia), 587.
gravivox (Pomatorhinus),

431.
grayi (Chcetops), 349.
grayi (Cistieola), 270.
grisaure (Cinclosoma),

441.
grisea (Timalia). 480.
griseiceps (Turdus), 446.
griseigularis (Pyctorhis),

513.
griseoflava (Drymoica),

160.
griseoflava (Eremomela),

160.
griseoviridis (Drymoica),

168.
griseus (Crateropus),

480.
griseus (Malacocercus),

480, 4S2.
griseus (Turdus), 480.
Grive de la Chine, La,

376.
Grivetin, Le, 74.
Gryllivora, 60.
gularis (Argya), 396.
gularis (Chatorhea),

396.
gidaris (Crateropus), 396,

445.
gularis (Grarrulax), 445.
gularis (Heteromorpha),

492.
gularis (lanthocincla),

445.
gularis (Malacocercus),

396.
gularis (Mixornis), 576,

579.
gularis (Motacilla), 576.
gularis (Myiothera), 579.
gidaris (Odonterus), 631.
giUaris (Paradoxornis),

492.
gularis (Pica), 350.
gularis (Polyodon), 631.
gularis (Pterocyclus),

445.
gularis (Suthora), 488,

492.
eularis (Timalia), 576.

578, 579.

gularis (Yuhiua), 631.

guttata (Ciebladusa), 70.

guttata (Stachyris), 535.

guttaticollis (Paradox-
ornis), 497.

guttatus (Crateropus), 70.

guttatus (Enicurus), 316.

guttatus (Henicurus),
316.

guttatus (Macronus), 535.

guttatus (Turdinus), 535.

gutturalis (Crateropus),
468.

gutturaUs (Neocichla),
468.

gutturalis (Sylvia), 138.

guzurata (Sylvia), 215.

gymnogeuvs (^Etho-
"cichla), 484.

gymnogenvs (Cratero^
pus), 484.

Gypsophila, 561.

habessinica (Cistieola),

267.
habessinica (Drymoica),

267.
habessinica (Hemipte-

ryx), 267.
Hadropezus, 539.
hsematocephala (Cisti-
eola), 280.
hjesitata (Cistieola), 265.
hwsitata (Drymceea), 265.
hartlaubi (Cistieola), 243.
hartlaubi (Crateropus),

478. _
haynesii (Crateropus),

483.
hectori (Turnagra), 5.
Hedge-Sparrow, 649.
Hemiparus, 637.
Hemipterou, 518.
Hemipteryx, 235.
Hemirhynehus, 486.
hemixantha (Eremomela'l,

162, 163.
Henicurus, 312.
Herpornis, 636.
Herpystera, 203.
Heteromorpha, 486.
Heterophasia, 401.
Heterornis. 646.
heterurus (Enicurus),322.
heudii (Paradoxornis),

497.
heuglini (Argya), 391.
heuglini (Bessornis), 41.
heuglini (Cossypha), 41.
hiraalayanus (Accentor),

660."

ALrnABETICAL INDEX.

685

Hoainy Je hi Cliine, L",

37(i:
lioaniy (Leucodioptron),

37(3.
liotlgsoni (Acrocephalus),

82.
hodgsoni (Callene), 82.
liodgsoni (Prima), 253.
Hodgsonius, 4, 81.
liolubi (Drymoica), 284.
homocliroa (Larvivora),

26.
horsfieldii (Arrenga), 10.
borsfieldii (Myiopho-

neus), 9, id.
horsfieldii (Pomatorbi-

nus), 415, 41fi, 673.
horsfieldii (Timalia), 510.
huegelhi (Orthotomus),

218.
hueti (Alcippe), 620.
humerahs (Bessonornis),

4o.
hiimeralis (Bessornis),

45.
humeralis(Coss}-pha), 45.
humii (Suthoral, 487.
huinilis (Ixuhis), 614.
humihs (Prinia), 396.
humilis (Sericornis), 310.
humilis (Staphidia), 614.
huttuni (Accentor), 656.
huttoni (Argya), 394.
huttoni (Crateropus), 394.
huttoni (ilalacocercus),

394.
Hybristes, 524.
Hydrocichia, 318.
Hvlacola, 346.
Hj-lia, 171.
Hypergerus, 351.
hyperythra (Argya), .390.
hvpervthra (Bracbvpte-

'ryx), 27. 28.
hyperythra (Dumetia),

515.
hypervtbra (Pellorneum),

■51.5'
hyperythra (TimaUa),

■ 514, 515.
Hypocbloreus, 351.
hypoides(Myiothera),545.
hypoleuca (Pyctorhis),

'510.
hypoleuca (Timalia), 510 .
by poleucos (Cbrysomma),

' 510.
hypoleucus (Pomatorhi-

" uus), 428, 429.
hypoleucus (Crateropus"),

■ 475.

liypoleucus (Orthorhi-

' uus), 428.
h\-postictus (Crateropus),

■474.
hypoxantha (Cisticola),

■ 2.52.

hypoxantha (DrymcBca),

190.
hypoxantha (Prinia), 190,

■ 204.

lanthocincla, 382.
icterica (Camaroptera),

171.
icterica (Chloropeta),

171.
icterica (Drymoica), 171.
icterica (Prinia), 171.
icteropyga (OUgocercus),

148.'
icteropygialis(Di'}-moica),

148.
icteropygialis (Dryodro-

mas), 148.
icteropygialis (Sylvietta),

148."
igneotinca (Minla), 606.
ignitincta (Certbiparus),

606.
ignitincta (Leiothrix),

606.
ignitinctus (Certbiparus),

606.
ignotinca (Minla), 606.
ignotiuctus (Proparus),

606.
ignotum (Pellorneum),

556.
ignotus(Drymocataphus),

556.
Illadopsis, 539.
imbricatum (Trocbalo-

pterum), 379.
imbricatus (Garrulax),

379.
imbricatus (Pterocyclus),

379.
imeriua (Copsychus), 35.
imerina (Cossypha), 22,

35.
immaculata (Drymoica),

267.
immaculata (Hemipte-

ryx), 267.
immaculatus (Accentor),

656.
immaculatus(Henicurus),

314.
incana (Cisticola), 247.
incana (Drymocichla),

149.

incertiis (Eupetes), 341.
ingUsi (Ortborbinus),429.
inglisi (Pomatorbinus),

429.
inornata (Acanthiza). 293.
inornata (Drymceca), 196.
inornata (Prinia), 183,

195.
inornata (.Suya), 196.
inornatus (Drymoipus),

196.
inquieta (Drjmcpca), 213.
inquieta (Prinia), 213.
inquieta ( Scotocerca),212,

213, 215.
inquietus (Malurus), 213.
insignis (Drymoeca), 200.
insignis (Drynioipus),200.
insularis (Drymoeca), 196.
insularis (Myiophoneus),

intercedeus (Eessoruis),

41.
intermedia (Bessornis),

41.
intermedia (Grylliyora),

62.
intermedium (Pellor-
neum). 519.
intermedins (Sphencea-

cus), 96, 97.
interscapularis (Megalu-

rus), 126.
iodoptera (Cisticola), 228.
iodoptera (Drymoeca),

228.
iodopyga (Drymoeca),267.
iodopyga (Hemipteryx),

267.
iodopygia (Cisticola), 267.
loporus, 637.
isabel]iE(Bessonornis), 17.
isabellas (Callene), 17.
isabellK (Cossypha), 17.
Iscbyropodus, 41)9.
isidori (Pomatostomus\

432.
isidorii (Pomatorbinus),

432.
isodactyla (Cisticola),

280, '281, 284, 285.
isodactyla (Drymoeca),

isura (Cisticola), 2()9.
isura (Drymoica), 269.
Ixops, 463.
Ixulus, 612.

Janfredric, Le, 39.
jardinei (Crateropus),
472.

GSG

ALrnABETICAL INDEX.

jardinii (Crateropiis),

472.
javanic.a (Mixornis), 679.
jerdoni (Accentor), 660.
jerdoui (Drymoeca), 206.
jerdoui (Drymoi23us),200.
jerdoni (Garrulax), 373.
jerdoni (Merva), 595.
jerdoni (Minla), 607.
jerdoni (Siiya), 199.
jerdoni (Timelia), 508.
jerdoni (Troehalopte-

rum), 373, 672.

Kenopia, 673.
Keropia, 4, 450.
kliasiana(Suya),181,183.
Kittacincla, 84.
Kittasoma, 450.
klinesmitliii (Lamprolia),
32.

lactea (Sylvia), 76.
ladoensis (Cisticola), 240.
la;vigastra (Sericoruis),

307.
lais (Cisticola), 284, 286.
lais (Drymoeca), 284.
Laiscopus, 648.
Lamprolia, 3, 31.
lanceolata (Pterorhinus),

352.
lanceolatus (Babax), 352,

353.
landanJB (Cisticola), 240.
lantzi (Ellisia), 121.
lantzii (Drymoica), 121.
larvata (Stachyris), 534.
larvata (Timelia), 534.
lateralis (Cisticola), 251.
lateralis (Drymoeca), 248,

2.51.
Laticilla, 118.
laurinffi (Leiothrix), 643.
laurinre (Mesia), 643.
layardi (Bradypterus),

112.
layardi (Calamodyta),

112.
layardi (Phlexis), 111.
Layardia, 388.
Leiooincla, 463.
Leioptila, 80.
Leiothrix, 644.
lepida (Apalis), 140.
lepida (Burnesia), 211,

212.
lepida (Drymoica), 211.
lepida (Erniuia), 140.
lepida (Leiothrix), 640.
lepida (Prinia), 211.

lepidocephala (Napo-

thera), 567.
lejjidocephalum (Mala-

copteruni), .567.
lepidocephaius (Macro-

nus), 667.
lepidopleura (Cacopitta),

539.
lepidopleurus (Macro-

niis), 539.
lepidopleurus (Turdinus),

539.
lepidus (Drymoipus), 212.
leptorhynchus (Turdi-
nus), 546.
leptorhynchus (Turdiros-

tris), 546.
leptura (Brachypteryx),

26.
leptura (Myiothera), 605.
lepturus (Brachypteryx),

605.
leschenaulli (Heuicurus),

313, 314.
leschenaultii (Turdus),

313.
leucocephala (Chsemar-

rhoruis), 47.
leucocephala (Chimar-

rhornis), 47.
leucocephala (Fhivicola),

666.
leucocephala (Phoeni-

cura), 47.
leucocephala (Ruticilla),

47.
leucocephala (Torren-

taria), 47.
leucocephala (Turdoides),

474.
leucocephalus (Garrulax),

435.
leucocephalus (Crate-

ropus), 474.
leucoceps (Oossypha),

89.
leucoceps (Petrocincla),

89.
Leucodioptron, 354.
leucogaster (Garrulax),

437.
leucogaster (Pomatorhi-

nus), 411,413, 414.
leucogenys (Craterojius),

455.
leucogrammica (Caco-
pitta), 586.
leucogrammica (Ptilo-

pyga), 586.
leucogrammicus (Macro-

nus), 586.

leucogrammicus (Turdi-
nus), 586.
leucohema (Myrmecoci-

chla), 52.
leucolopha(Ianthocincla),

436.
leucolophum (Cinclo-

soma), 435.
leucolophus (Corvus),

435.
leucolophu8(Crateropus),

435.
leucolophus (Garrulax),

435.
leucolophus (Garrulus),

435.
leucolophus (Pica), 435.
leucophrys (Aedon), 74,

76, 78.
leucophrys (Brachypte-
ryx), 28.
leucoplirys (Curruca), 74.
leucoi^hrys (Erjthro-

pygia), 72, 74.
leucophrys (Myiothera),

28.
leucophrys (Prinia),

185.
leucophrys (Sylvia), 74.
leucophrys (Thamnobia),

74.
leucopogon (Burnesia),

207.
leucopogon (Drymoeca),

207.
leucopsis (Sylviella), 155.
leucoptera (Aedon), 79.
leucojDtera (Calamodyta),

leucoptera (Erythro-

pygia), 79.
leucoptera (Salicaria), 79.
leucopvgia (Cisticola),

283."
leucopjfgia (Drymceca),

283.
leucopygius ( Craterojous) ,

476.
leucopygius (Ixos), 476.
leucoschistus (Henicu-

rus), 315.
leucosticta (Cossypha),

44.
leucostictus (Eupetes),

342.
leucostigma (Malacopte-

ron),_ 673.
leucostigma (Myiothera),

673.
leucostigma (Turdiros-

tris), 573.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

687

leucotis (Loiothrix), 627.
leiicotis (Maoroiius), 537.
leucotis (Stachyris), 537.
leucotis (Timalia), 380,

537.
leucura(Muscisylvia), 23.
leucura (Myioinela), 23.
leucura (Notodela), 23.
leuciirus (Ajax), 23,
levaillanti (Cisticola),

242, 284.
levaillantii (Drymoeea),

273, 274, 284.
levaillantii(Graminicola),

284.
levaillantii (Myrmecoci-

chla), 52.
liinbatus (Crateropus),

477.
limonella (Sylvia), 186.
lineata (Acantliiza), 297.
liiieatum (Cinclosoma),

377.
lineatum (Trochalopte-

rum), 377.
lineatus (Garrulax), 377.
liueatus (Pterocycliis),

377.
lineicapilla (Cisticola),

269.
lineicapilla (Drymoica),

269.
lingoo (Orthotomus),

216.
Liocicbla, 641.
Lioptila, 4, 80.
Liofhrix, 644.
locustelloides (Chaetor-

nis), 130.
locustelloides (Dasyor-

nis), 1.30.
longicauda (GrylUvora),

85.
longicauda (Motacilla),

215.
longicauda (Orthotomus),

216.
longicauda (Prinia), 196.
longicauda (Sylvia), 215.
longicaudata (Drymoeea),

196.
longicaudata (Ellisia),

122.
longicaudata (Sylvia),

195.
longieaudus (Malurus),

210.
longirostris (Dasyornis),

105.
longirostris (Ilybristes),

526.

longirostris (Orthoto-
mus), 219.
longirostris (Pyctorhis),

509.
longirostris (Spheiiura),

105.
longirostris (Tatare), 525.
longirostris (Tatarea),

526.
longirostris (Timelia),

609.
longirostris (Turdus),525.
loricata (Cacopitta), 550.
loricata (Myiothera),

550.
loricatus (Macronus), 550.
loricatus (Turdinus), 550.
luctuosa (Ai'gya), 84.
luctuosa (Oercotrichas),

84.
luctuosa (Thamnobia),

84.
lugubris (Cisticola), 280,

281.
lugubris (Drj-moeca), 276,

280, 284.
lugubris (Qarrulax), 451.
lugubris (lanthocincla),

451.
lugubris (Melanocichla),

451.
lugubris (Sylvia), 280.
lunaris (lanthocincla),

4.54.
lunulata (lanthocincla),

385.
lunulatum (Cinclosoma),

385.
luscinia (Hybristes), 528.
lusciuia (Tatare), 528.
luscinius (Tatare), 628.
lutea (Liotbrix), 644.
lutea (Sylvia), 644.
lutescens (Drymoica),158.
lutescens (Eremomela),

1.58.
lutescens (Sylvietta), 1.58.
luteus (Leiothrix), 645.
luteuB (Liotbrix), 64.5.
luzoniensis (Copsychus),

91.
luzoniensis (Cittocincla),

91.
luzoniensis (Tardus), 91.

niaccleUandi (Pomato-

rbinus), 431.
niaclellandii (Garrulax),

442.
maorocercus (Eupetes),

338.

macrodactylum (Mala-
copteron), 548.

macrodaetylus (Hydro-
pezus), 548.

macrodaetylus (Macro-
nus), 548.

macrodaetylus (Turdi-
nus), 548.

Macron uB, 583.

macroptera (Brachy-
pterys), 562.

Macrosphenus, 530.

macroura (Drymoeea),
189.

macroura (Motacilla).
189.

macroura (Prinia), 195.

macroura (Sylvia), 189.

macrourus (Amytis), 103.

macrourus, var. fi (Tar-
dus), 85.

macrura (Aniyti.s), 108.

macrura (Cittocincla),
86, 87.

macrura (Kittacincla), 35.

macrurus (Cercotrichas),
85.

macrurus (Copsychus),
85, 87.

macrurus (Megalurus),
126.

macrurus (Sphenceacus),
126.

macrurus (Tardus), 87.

macularia (Acanthiza),
294.

macularia (Saxicola),294.

macularia (Tanagra), 4.

macularia (Turnagra), 4.

maculata (Sericornis),
307.

maculata ( Stachyris), 538.

maculata (Timelia), 538,
673.

maculatus (Brachypte-
ryx), 573.

maculatus (Henicurus),
316, 317.

maculatus (Macronus),
538.

maculatus (Orthonyx),
329.

maculatus (Sericornis),
307.

maculicauda (Alethe), 58.

maculicollis (Orthoto-
mus), 217, 218.

maculicollis (Sutoria),
218.

maculosa (Drymoeea),
189, 190.

688

ALPHABETICAL ISDKX.

maculosa (Motacilla),

189.
maculosa (Prinia), 189,

191.
madagascariensis (Ber-

nieria), 529.
maclagascarieu.sis (Cisti-

cola), 264.
madagascariensis (Cri-

niger), 529.
madagascariensis (Dry-

mceca), 264, 571.
madagascariensis (Elli-

sia), 120, 571.
madagascarieusis (Mota-
cilla), 571.
madagascariensis (Mus-

cicapa), 529.
madagascariensis (Oxy-

labes), 571.
madagascariensis(Sylvia),

571.
madagascariensis (Ta-

tare), 529.
magna (Acanthiza), 308.
magna (Cisticola), 283.
magna (Sericornis), 308.
magnirostra (Acauthiza),

305.
magnirostre (Malacopte-

ruui), 547.
magnirostris (Alcippe),

547, 623.
magnirostris ( GryUivora),

62.
magnirostris (Sericornis),

305.
magnirostris (Turdinus),

547.
magnum (Jlalacopte-

rum), 564, 565.
major (Accentor), 662.
major (Bernieria), 529.
major (Phoenicura), 16.
majus (Malacopteron),

564.
malabaricus (Furcuria),

644.
malabaricus (Malaco-

cereus\ 479.
malaccensis (Anuropsis),

588.
malaccensis (Brachy-

pteryx), 26, 588.
malacbura (Muscicapa),

100.
malaehurus (Malurus),

100.
malaehurus (Stipiturus),

100.
Malacias, 403.

Malacocercus, 469.
Malacocincla, 539, 585.
Malacopteron, 563.
Malacopterum, 563.
malaeoptilus (Rimator),

594.
malcolmi (Argya), 398,

399.
malcolmi (Malacocercus),

398.
malcolmi (Timalia), 398.
Malcolmia, 388.
Malia, 587.
malzuci (Drymceca), 275,

276.
mandellii (]\Iinla), 610.
mandellii (Pellorneuin),

518.
mandellii (Proparus),

610.
marginalis (Cisticola),

243.
marginalis (Cisticola),

258.
marginalis (Drymoica),

258.
marginalis (Megalurus),

123.
marginata (Drymoica),

258.
marginatum (Cinclo-

soma), 336.
mari;T5(Megalurulus),400.
marias (Pomatorliiuus),

423.
mariann£e(Acrocephalus),

528.
mariannffi (Tatare), 528.
mariei(Megalurulus),400.
marmoratus (Turdinus),

550.
maxima (lanthocincla),

383.
maximum (Oinclosoma),

383.
maximus (Pterorhinus),

383.
Megalurulus, 400.
Megalurus, 93, 122.
meliena (Penthohca), 19.
melaena (Saxicola), 19.
melisna (Tbamnobia), 19.
melffina (Tbamuoliea), 19.
melauocepbala (Cisti-
cola), 270.
melanocephalum (C'inclo-

soma), 40.3.
melanocephalus (Cisti-
cola), 270.
melanocephalus(Tardus),
470.

Melanocichla, 451.
melanoleuca(Kittocincla),

62.
melanoleuca (Malacias),

405.
melanoleuca (Sibia), 40.5.
melanoleucus (Malacias),

405.
melanonota (Bessornis),

46.
melanonota (Cossypha),

46.
melanops (Crateropus),

472.
melanop'sis (Turdus), 455.
melanoptera (Cercotri-

chas), 84.
melanorhynclia (Dry-

moeca), 192.
melanorhyncha (Prinia),

193.
melanorhyncbus (Dry-
moica), 192.
raelanostigma (Troclialo-

pteron), 364.
melanostigmus (Pterocy-

clus), 364.
melanotis( Grarrulax),441 .
melanotis (Turdus), 36.
melauura (Arrenga), 12.
melanura (Drvodromas),

146.
melanura (Pratincola),

35.
melanurum(Cinclosoma),

367.
melanurum (Troclialo-

pteron), 367.
melanuriis(Dryodromas),

146.
melanurus (Myiopbo-

neus), 12.
melanurus (Pomato-

rhinua), 414.
melas (Saxicola), 19.
melasoma (Antkreptes),

55.
melasoma (Arachno-

thera), 66.
melasoma (Cinnyricin-

clus), 55.
melasoma (Nectarinia),

55.
Iklelocichla, 236.
melodius (Erythrops),

510.
mendanre ( Acrocephalus),

.526.
mendancie (Tatare), 526.
mentalis (Cisticola), 241.
nientalis (Drymoica),241.

ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.

689

mentalis (Melocichla),

241, 243, 24o.
meridiowale (Trocha-

lopterum), 37o.
meridionalis (Cistieola),

243.
meridionalis (Oligura),

153.
Merle bleu de la Chine,

Le, 9.
Merle de Bengale, Le, 478.
Merle de la Chiue, 458.
Merle deMindanao,Le,tiO.
Merle du Cap de Bouue

Esperance, 3(i.
Merle du Senegal, appelle

Podobe, 83.
Merle gris de Gingi, Le,

480.
Merle noir, Le, 66.
Merle tricolor a longue

quoiie, Le, 85.
merulina (Stactoeichla),

449.
merulinum (Troelialo-

pteruiu), 44'J.
menilinus (Garrulax)

449.
menilinus (Pterocyclus),

449.
Merva, 594.

Mesange de Nankin, 644.
Mesia, G41.
metallicus (Myiopho-

neus), 7, 8.
Microeichla, 322.
microura (Sylvietta), 156.
niicrura (Oligura), 155.
micrura (Sylvietta), 154,

155.
micrurus (Oligocercus),

155.
micrurus (Troglodytes),

154.
milni (Troehalopterum),

372.
mindanensis(Copsychus),

6(1, 62.
mindanensis (Turdu3\60.
minima (Chthonicola),

290.
minimus (Anthus), 290.
minimus (Sericornis),304,
Minla, 60(5.

minor (Bernieria), 529.
minor (Criniger), 529.
minor (Lamprolia), 31.
minor (Pellorneuni), 521.
minor (Tatare), 529.
minor (Trichastoma),

5.58, 559.
VOL. VII.

minus (Trichastoma),

558.
mitrata (lanthocinela),

452.
mitrata (Rhiaocichla),

452.
mitrata (Timalia), 452.
mitratus (Garrulax), 452.
Misornis, 575.
modesta (Cistieola), 241.
modesta (Drymoica),241.
modularis( Accentor), 629.
modularis (Motacilla),

649.
modularis(PrunelLi),650.
modularis (Sylvia), 649.
modularis (Tharrhaleus),

6.50.
modularis rubidus

(Accentor), 652.
molli.s (Accentor), 656.
raoUissima (Phlexis), 112.
monacha (Alcippe), 591.
monaeha (Bessornis), 4.5.
monacha (Brachypteryx),

591.
monaeha (Orateroseelia),

591.
moniicha (Malacopteron),

591.
monachus (Dryonastes),

457.
monachus (Garrulax),

457.
moniliger (Cinclosoma),

442.
moniliger (Garrulax),

442.
moniligerus (Crateropus),

442.
montana (Brachvpteryx),

26.
montana (Goldaua), 26.
montana(Petrocincla),49.
montanella (Motacilla),

653.
montanella (Prunella),

654.
montanella (Sylvia). 653.
montaneUus (Accentor),

653, 6.55.
montaneUus (Spermo-

legus), 654.
montanus(Brachypteryx),
.2(3.
montanus (Poraatorhi-

nus), 410, 411.
montium (Ajax), 24.
montium (Myiomela), 24.
montium (Notodela), 24.
morelii (Drymoiea), 120.

moritanus (S(urnus), 662.
morrisoma(Alcippe), 621.
morrisonia (Malacopte-
ron), 621.
morrisouiana (Alcippe),

621.
Mouchet, Le, 649.
mouhoti (Grarrulax), 444.
Moupinia, 630.
moussieri(Erythacu8),20.
moussieri (Pinarochroa),

20.
moussieri(Pratincola),20.
moussieri (RuticiUa), 20.
multistriatus (Accentor),

658.
munda (Ervthropygia),

76.
munda (Thamnobia), 76.
munipurensis (Cistieola),

260.
munipui-eusis (Suthora),

487.
murina (Alcippe), 590.
murina (Brachypteryx),

591.
murina (Crateroscelys),

590.
murina (Drymoina), 192.
murina (Mviothera), 590,

593.
murina (Turdinulus),594.
murina (Turdirostris),

590.
murinum(Malacopteron),

591.
murinum(Turdirostrum),

590.
murinus (Brachypteryx),

25, 590.
murinus (Turdinulus),

593, 594.
murinus (Turdirostris),

590.
musffi (Oriolua), 525.
Muscisylvia, 22.
musicus (Copsychus), 62,

63, 65.
musicus (Lanius), 61.
musicus (Pomatorhinus),

424.
Myiomela, 22.
Myiophaga, 6.
Mviophoneus, 2, 6.
Myiophonus, 6.
mystacea ( Cysticola), 192.
mystacea(Drymoica),192.
mystacea (Prinia), 184,

"191. 196.
Jlystacornis, 531.
Myzornis, 635.
2z

690

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

nsevia (Cisticola), 280,

281.
naevia (Drymoica), 280.
nagaensis (Turdinusj,

556.
nana (Acanthiza), 292.
Nannothera, 539.
nanu8 (Pyenonotus), 617.
Napodes, 507.
Napotheni, 503.
nasalis (Pyctorbis), 512.
natalensis (Bessonornis),

37.
natalensis (Bessornis),

37.
natalensis (Calamodyta),

145.
natalensis (Camaroptera),

144.
natalensis (Cisticola), 242,

278, 279.
natalensis (Cossypha), 37.
natalensis (Drymoica),

278.
natalensis (Sphenoeacus),

96.
neglecta (Drymceca), 200.
neglecta (Prinia), 199.
neglecta (Suya), 199.
neglectus (Drymoipus),

200.
Neocictila, 468.
Neomixis, 150.
newtoni (CalamocicUa),

131.
newtoni (Calamodyta),

131.
newtoni (Calamohei-pe),

131.
nigra (Cittocincla), 90.
nigra (ffinanthe), 52.
nigra(Myrmecocicbla),52.
nigra (Saxicola), 52.
nigra (Sylvia), 52.
nigra (Thamnola;a), 52.
nigricapitatus (Drymo-

cataphus), 554.
nigriceps (Actinodura),

403.
nigriceps ( Alcopus), 403.
nigriceps (Dryodromas),

165,
nigriceps (Eremomela),

16.5.
nigriceps (Orthotomus),

222.
nigriceps (Sibia), 403.
nigriceps (Stacbyris), .532.
nigriceps (Timalia), 532.
nigricollis (Dumetia),

530.

nigricollis (Stacbyris),

535, 536.
nigricollis (Timalia), 535,

536.
nigricrissus (Eupetes),

3.39.
nigrifrons (Alcippe), 625.
nigrifrons(Enieuru8), 322,
nigrifrons (Malaco-

pteron), 625.
nigrimenta( Yubina), 633.
nigrimentum (Polyodon),

634.
nigrimentum (Yubina),

633,634.
nigrocapilla (Cossypba),

42.
nigrocapitata (Bracby-

pteryx), 554.
nigrocapitatus (Drymo-

catapbus), 551.
nigrocapitatus (Groldana),

554.
nigrocapitatus (Macro-

nus), 554.
nigrocapitatus (Turdi-

rostris), 554.
nigrogularis (Bracbv-

pteryx), 536.
nigrogularis (Psopbodes),

351.
nigrostellatus (Pomato-

rbinus), 425.
nipalense (Hemipteron),

518.
nipalense (Pellorneum),

518.
nipalensis(Acantboptila),

380, 381.
nipalensis(Accentor),664.
nipalensis (Actinodura),

466.
nipalensis (Alcippe), 620.
nipalensis (Bracby-

pteryx), 29.
nipalensis (Oinclosoma),

466.
nipalensis (Cutia), 646.
nipalensis (Heterornis),

646.
nipalen.sis (loropus), 620.
nipalensis (Ixops), 466.
nipalensis (Malaco-

cercus), 380.
nipalensis (Prinia), 196,
nipalensis (Siva), 620.
nipalensis (Suthora), 487,

488.
nipalensis (Temnoris),

488.
nipalensis (Timalia), 380

nitidus (Myiopboneus), 9.
nitidus (Ortbotomus),

221.
Notodela, 3, 22.
novre guineas (Ortbonyx),

672.
nucbalis (Dryonastes),

456.
nucbalis (Garrulax), 4,56.
nucbalis (Pomatorbi-

nus), 413.
numidicus (Crateropus),

397.
numidicus (Malurus),

397.

obscura (Cisticola), 244,

284.
obscura (Drymoica), 244,

284.
obscura (Suya), 178, 179.
obscurus (Pomatorbinus),

416.
occipitalis (Ixulus), 613.
occipitalis (Odouterus),

633.
occipitalis (Polyodon),

633.
occipitalis (Siva), 613.
occipitalis (Yubina), 613,

633.
ocellata (lantbocincla),

382.
oceUatum (Cinclosoma),

382.
ocellatus (Crateropus),

382.
ocellatus (Garrulax), 382.
oebraceiceps (Pomato-
rbinus), 417.
ocularia (Drymoica), 232.
ocularia (Spiloptila), 232.
Odouterus, 631.
oglei (Actinodura), 467.
oglei (Actinura), 467.
Oligocercus, 153.
Oligura, 153, 603.
oligura (Drymoica), 267.
oligura (Hemipteryx),

267.
olivacea (Calamodyta),

169.
olivacea (Camaroptera),

166, 167, 168.
olivacea(Cbloropeta),142.
olivacea (Drymoica), 142.
olivacea (Motacilla), 185,
olivacea(Myiotbera),170.
olivacea (Pica), 350.
olivacea (Prinia), 142.
olivacea (Sylvia), 166.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

691

olivaceum (Pellorneuni),

520.
olivaceus (Corvus), 350.
olivaceua (Eupriuodes),

142.
olivaceus(Poiuatorbiuus),

414:.

olivea (Saxicola), 604.
Olivert, 165.
omakira (Cisticola), 260.
omalura (Drymoica), 260.
orientalis (Accentor), 652.
oi-ieutalis (Cisticola), 245.
oriental is (Malacocerciis) ,

479.
Origma, 135.
orioloides (Crateropus),

352.
ornata (Leiothrix), 606.
Orthouyx, 329.
Orthorhiuus, 408.
Orthotomus, 219.
ortleppi (Drj'moica), 187.
Ortygocichla, 560.
oryziola (Cisticola), 240.
oryziola (Drymoica), 240.
osculans (Serioornis),309.
Otagon, 4.

otaitensis (Tatare), 525.
otatare (Sitta), 525.
otatare (Thryothorus),

525.
Oxylabes, 571.

pachyrhyncha (Cisticola),

241, 277.
pachyrhyucha (Dry-
moica), 277.
paena (Aedon), 76.
paena ( Erythropygia), 76.
paena (Thamnobia), 77.
palliata (lanthocincla),

446.
palliatum (Cinclosoma),

44().
palliatus (Garrulax), 446,

447.
pallida (Drymoica), 186,

18S, H)2.
pallidas (Drymacedus),

344.
palliseri (Braohypteryx),

517.
palliseri (Elaphroruis),

517.
palustre (Pellorneum),

522.
palustris (Malurus), 100.
palustris (Megalurus),

122, 123.
paradoxa(Cholornis),49S.

Paradosornis, 496.
parumstriata (Suya), 178,

179.
parvulus(Sericorni8),303.
Passe-buse, La, 649.
patia (Ortbotomus), 216.
Pavaueur, Le, 113.
peetoralis (Aedon), 74.
pectoralis (Cossypha), 39.
peetoralis (Crateropus),

441.
pectoralis (Drymoica),

186, 188.
pectoralis(Erythropygia),

74.
pectoralis(Garrulax).441.
pectoralis (lantbocincla),

441,442.
pectoralis (Malurus), 104.
pectoralis (Pellorneum),

518.
pectoralis (Prinia), 253.
pectoralis (Thamnobia),

74.
pectoralis (Timalia), 538.
pekinensis (Amytis), 117.
pekinensis (Drymoeea),

117.
pekinensis (Prinia). 117.
pekinensis (RliopopLu-

lus), 117.
pekinensis, var. major

(Rhopopbilus), 118.
Pellorneum, 518, 522.
pellotis (Malacocercus),

381.
pellotis (Timalia), 380.
Pentbodyta, 17.
Pentbotea, 2, 17.
periculosa (Cossypba),

40.
perspicillata (Cacopitta),

540.
perspicillatus (Dryonas-

tes), 458.
perspicillatus (Garrulax),

458.
perspicillatus (Macro-

nus), .540.
perspicillatus (Turdinus),

540.
perspicillatus (Turdus),

458.
phoeocephala (Alcippe),

622.
phayi'ii (Alcippe), 623.
pbayrii (Malaoopteron),

623.
phayrii (Poraatorhinus),

422.
Philocalys. 642.

Phlesis, 111.

pbcenicea (lantbocincla),

371.
pboeuiceum (Trochalo-

pterum), 371.
pboeniceus (Garrulax),

371.
pboenicuroides (Brady-
bates), 81.
pboenicuroides (Brady-

pterus), 81.
pba?nicuroides (Calliope),

81.
pboenicuroides (Hodg-

sonius), 81.
pbcenicuroides (Sylvania),

81.
phoenicurus (Bessonor-

nis), 39.
phoenicurus (Bessornis),

39.
pbcenicurus (Turdus),

39.
pbragmitoides (Priuia),

185.
Pbvllergates, 229.
Pbyllolais, 149.
pbyllorrbapheus (Ortbo-
tomus), 216.
pica (Copsychus), 67.
pica (Gervaisia), 67.
pica (Tiu-dus), ti7.
picaoides (Actinodura),

401.
picaoides (Ale opus),

401.
picata (Sibia), 405.
picatus (Garrulax),

325.
picatus (Tbanmocata-

phus), 325.
picoides (Sibia), 401.
picticollis (Garrulax),

444.
pictifrons (Temnorbis,

V. Sutbora), 487.
pileata (Nanodes), 508.
pileata (Prinia), 576.
pileata (Timelia), 507,

508.
Pin;\roehroa, 2, 19.
Pinarornis, 401.
Pinc-pinc, 266.
pinetoruui (Accentor),

650.
pinwilli (Pomatorhinus),

413.
pipieus (Turdus), 74.
pistor (Acrocepbalus),

527. ^
pistur (^Tatare), 527.

692

ALPHABETICAL INlJEX.

Plastron noir, Le, 138.
platycerciis (Crateropus),

471.
platyura (Atraphornis),

213.
platyura (Schcsnicola),

110.
platyura (Timalia), 110.
platyurus (Bradypterus),

113.
plebeius (Crateropus),

471, 473, 673,
plebejus (Ixos), 473.
plumbeiceps (Staphidea),

617.
plumosa (Leiooincla),

463.
plumosus (Pinarornis),

401.
pluto (Copsychus), 62.
Podob6 du Senegal, Le,

83.
podobe (Cercotricbas),

83.
podobe (Tbamiiobia), 83.
podobe (Turdus), 83.
poecilorbyncba (lantho-

cincla), 460.
poecilorbyncba (Timalja).

390.
pceoilorbyncbus (Dryo-

nastes). 460.
pcecilorbyncbus (Garru-

lax), 460.
poecilotis (Alcippe), 630.
pcEcilotis (Moupinia),

630.
poensis (Bessonornis), 36.
. poensis (Cossypha), 35.
poiocephala (Alcippe),

622.
poiocephala (Malaco-

pteron), 622.
poiocephala (Timalia),

622.
poliocepbala (Cisticola),

257.
poliocepbala (Prinia),

257.
poliocephalus (Garrulax),

447, 483.
poliocephalus (Macro-

nus), 622.
poliocepbala (Stacbyris),

634.
poliocepbala (Timalia),

534.
poliogaster (Stachyri-

dopsis), 599.
poliogaster (StachvrisV

599.

poliogenys (Bracby-

pteryx), 588.
poliogenys (Macronue),

588.
poliogenys (Myiothera),

588.
poliogenvs(Trichostoma),

588.
poliogenys (Turdirostris),

588.
poliotis (Sutbora), 487.
polioxantba (Eremo-

mela), 160.
polycbroa (Drymoica),

202.
polycbroa (Prinia), 202.
polycbroa (Suya), 202.
polycbrous (Drymoipus),

202.
polycbrous (Malurus),

202.
Polyodon, 631.
Polypeira, 60.
Pomatorhinus, 408.
Pomatostomus, 408.
Poodytes, 122.
priBcognitus (Stacbyris),

698.
priECOgnitus (Timalia),

598. •
prasina (Drymoica), 172.
prasina (Hjlia), 171, 172.
prasina (Sylvia), 172.
Praticola, 501.
Prinia, 183.

prinia (Ortbotomus), 185.
problematicus (Copsy-
chus), 62.
procera (Cisticola), 284.
procera (Drymoica), 284.
procerula (Drymoica),

284.
Proparus, 618.
Prunella, 648.
Psamathia, 101.
psummocbroa (Aedon),

72.
Pseudocossypbus, 2, 21,

35.
Psopbodes, 3.50.
Ptenoedus, 498.
Pterocyclus, 354.
Pterorhinus, 353.
Ptilocicbla, 586.
Ptilopyga, 585.
ptilosus (Macronus), 583.
ptilosus (Macronyx), 583.
ptygmatura (QSnanthe),

54.
ptAmatura ( Tbnuinobia).

■49.

pulchella(Drynioica),149,
pulehella (Malacias), 407.
pulcbella (Phyllolais),

149, 150,
pulcbella (Sibia), 407.
pulcbeUus (Malurus),

149.
pulcher (Eupetes), 340.
pulcbra (Eremomela),

162.
pulcbra (Tricholais), 162.
punctata (Cinclidia),

520.
punctata (Synallaxis),

97.
punctatum (Cinclosoma),

332.
punctatus (Megalurus),

97.
punctatus (Spbenoeacus),

97.
punctatus (Turdus), 332.
puniceuB (Crateropus),

371.
pusilla (Aeanthiza), 294.
pusilla (Damia), 151.
pusilla (Drymoica), 160.
pusilla (Eremomela),

1(10.
pusilla (Motacilla), 294.
pusilla (Sylvia), 294.
pyca (Bessetbera), 545.
pyca; (Tricbostoma),

545.
Pycuoptilus, 342.
pycnopvgius (Chatops),

349. ■
pycnopygius ( Megalurus),

349.
pycnopygius (Spbenoea-
cus), 349.
Pyctorhis, 510.
Pyctoris, 510.
Pye, Little Indian, 61.
pyrops (Stacbyris), 600.
pyrops (Timaba), 600.
pyrrbogenys (Anuropsis),

588.
pyrrbogenys (Bracby-

pteryx), 588.
pyrrbogenys (Macronus),

588.
pyrrbogenys (Myiothera),

588.
pyrrbogenys (Turdiros-
tris), 588.
Pyrrholremus, 300.
pyrrbomelanura (Napo-

thera), 32.
pyrrbonota (Myiolcste.-i),

ALPHABETICAL iNDliX.

(593

pji'rhouota (Napothera),

32.
pyrrhopbsea (Timalia),

580.
pyrrhups (Melocichla),

■JilS, 2oU.
pyrrhops (Stachyrido-

psis), 6UU.
pyrrhops (Stacbyris),

«00.
pyrrkops (Timalia), 600.
pyrrhoptera (^Drymceca),

228.
pyrrliopyga (Trichixos),

32.
pyrrhopygia (Acanthiza),

296, 34(5.
pyrriiopygia (Bessonor-

Dis), 01.
pyrrhopygia (Cossyplia),

■'Jl, 92.
pyrrhopygia (Hylacola),

346.
pyrrhopvgius (Oalamau-

thu3),'346.
)3yrrhopygus ( Macronus),

32.
pyrrhopygus (Trichixus),

32.
*»yrrhoura (Yuhina),

635.
pyrrhura (]Myzornis),635.

qiiaclriyirgata(Cossypha),

43.
quadrivirgata (Thamno-

bia), 43.
qiiartiui(Myrmecoeiclila),

51.
quartini (Saxicola), 51.

rafflesi (Prinia), 204.
raiusayi (Actinodura),

464.
rauisayi (Actinura), 464.
reclainator (Cossypha),

36.
reelamator (Turdus), 36.
Bedauieur, Le, 36.
reguluides (Acantbiza),

299.
rehsei (Calamoberpe),

528.
reh.sei (Tatare), 528.
reinwardti (Orateropus),

470.
revocator (Turdus), 36.
Khinocichla, 452.
rhudoptera (Cisticola),

228.
Rbopophilus, lli'i.

Eimator, 594.
roberti (Pnoepyga),

594.
roberti (Turdinulus),

504.
robusta (Oisticola), 275,

276.
robusta (Drymoica), 199,

275, 276. "
robusta (Gramiuicola),

275.
robusta (Suya), 199.
rodericana (Drymoica),

102.
rodericana (Thamnornis),

102.
roderioanus (Bebrornis),

102.
roderieanus (Brady-

pterus), 102.
roderieanus (Orthoto-

mus), 102.
rosea (Gryllivora), 62.
Eussignol de Madagasr

car, 571.
rostratum (Malacopte-

ron), 562.
rostratum (^Trichastoma),

5(i2.
Eousse-tete, Le, 144.
rubeculoides (Accentor),

657.
rubeculus (Pomatorhi-

iiusi, 421.
rubeculus (Pomatosto-

mus), 421.
rubicauda (Xapothera),

551.
rubidus (Accentor), 652,

653.
rubiginosa (Argya), 391.
rubiginosa (Chatorhaea),

391.
rubiginosa (Layardia),

509.
rubigiuo8a(Orlvgocichla),

560.
rubiginosa (Trichostoma),

560.
rubiginosus (Crateropus),

391.
rubiginosus (Drymocata-

phus), 560.
rubiginosus (Garrulax),

483.
rubiginosus (Malaco-

cercus), 391, 509.
rubiginosus (Pomato-

rhinus), 422.
rubricapilla (Mixornis),

rubricapilla (Motacilla),

578.
rubricapilla (Timalia),

578.
rubricata (Origma), 135.
rubricata (Syhia), 13.5.
rubricauda (JS'apothera),

551.
rueppelli (Argya), 395.
rufa (Cisticola), 252.
rul'a (Drymoica), 252.
rufescens (Anthus), 500.
rufescena (Argya), 389,

391.
rufescens CCinclorham-

phus), 500.
rufescens (Ci'ateropus),

391.
rufescens (DicKum), 153.
rufescens (Drymoeca),

200.
rufescens (Dryma?pus),

200.
rufescens (Layardia),

389.
rufescens (Malacucer-

cus), 389.
rufescens (Megalurus),

500.
rufescens (Oligoeercus),

153, 15.5.
rufescens (Oligura), 153.
rufescens (Priuia), 255.
rufescens (Pteuoedus),

500.
rufescens (Sphenoeacus),

98.
rufescens (Sylriella), 1.53.
rufescens (Svlvietta),

154.
ruficapilla (Cisticola),

245, 248, 251, 270.
ruficapilla (Drymoica),

248, 251.
ruficapilla (Fulvetta),

629.
ruficapiUa (Hydrocichla),

319.
ruficapilla (Proparus),

629.
ruficapilla (Siya), 629.
ruiicapilla (Sylvia), 216.
ruficapilla (Sylviella),

156.
ruficapiUa (Sylvietta),

156.
ruficapilla (Timalia),

567.
ruficapilLa (Vitia), 550.
ruficapillum i,Trochalo-

pterum), 363.

694

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

rufieapillus ( Allocoturus),

319.
rufieapillus (Garrulas),

3(i3.
rufieapillus (Henicurus),

319.
rufieapillus (Macronus),

567.
rufieapillus (Orthoto-

luus), 216.
rufieapillus (Pterocy-

clus), 363.
ruficauda (Bradyornis),

71.
ruficauda (Cicbladusa),

71.
ruficauda (Erythropygia),

78.
ruficeps (Ohleuasicus),

494.
ruficeps (Cisticola), 241,

269, 282, 283.
ruficeps (Drymoica),

269, 282.
ruficeps (Edela), 218,

224.
ruficeps (Garrulax), 438.
ruficeps (Heteromorpha),

491.
ruficeps (Malurus), 282.
ruficeps (Megalurus),

125, 520.
ruficeps (Mixornis),

578.
ruficeps (Orthotomus),

224.
ruficeps (Paradoxornis),

491.
ruficeps (Pellorneum),

518,520,521.
ruficeps (Poraatorhinus),

420.
ruficeps (Pomatostomus),

420.
ruficeps (Stachyridopsis),

598.
ruficeps (Stacb3'ris), 598,

599.
ruficeps (Suthora), 491,

494.
ruficeps (Timalia), 598.
ruficollis (Cisticola),

270.
ruficollis (Dryonastes),

454.
ruficollis (Garrulax),

454.
ruficollis (lanthocincla),

454.
ruficollis (Pomatorhinus),

426.

rufidorsalis (Henicurus),

320.
rufidorsalis (Hydro-

cichla), 320.
rufifrons (Actinodura),

463.
rufifrons (Brachypteryx),

27.
rufifrons (Cisticola), 147.
rufifrons (Crateroi^us),

448.
rufifrons (Drymoica),

146.
rufifrons (Dryodromas),

146.
rufifrons (Garrulax),

448.
rufifrons (Lanius), 567.
rufifrons (Macronus),

567.
rufifrons (Malacopteron),

567.
rufifrons (Prinia), 146,

246.
rufifrons (Pterocyclus),

448.
rufifrons (Stachyrido-
psis), 599.
rufifrons (Stachyris), 599.
rufifrons (Trichastoma),

546.
rufifrons (Turdinus), 546.
rufifrons (Urohipis), 147.
rufigenis (ixulus), 617.
rufigenis (Staphidea),

617.
rufigulare (Trochalo-

pterum), 365.
ruflgularis (Euprinodes),

141.
rufigularis (Minla), 610.
rufilata (Cisticola), 284.
rufilata (Drymoica), 284.
rufilatus (Accentor), 664.
rufimenta (Cinclosoma),

365.
rufimentum (Crateropus),

365.
rufipectus(Turdinus),549.
rufipennis (Trichastoma),

545.
rufiventer (Saxieola), 49.
rufiventer (Thamnobia),

54.
ruflventris (Callene), 16.
rufiventris (Dryoscopus),

325.
rufiventris (Malacocin-

cla), 585.
rufiventris (Ptilopvga),

685.

rufogularis (Drymoica),

141.
rufogularis (Drymoter-

pe), 141.
rufogularis (Euprinodes),

141.
rufogularia (Garrulax),

365.
rufogularis (lanthocin-
cla), 365.
rufogularis (Schoenipa-

rus), 610.
rufula (Prinia), 253.
rufulus (Gampsorbyn-

cbus), 386, 387.
rufulus (Garrulax), 386.
rugillatus (Garrulax),

458.
rustica (Cisticola), 270.

sagittata (Cbtbonicola),

290.
sagittata (Sylvia), 290.
sagittatus (Oalamantbus),

290.
sabarte (Drymoica), 214.
sabarse (Malurus), 214.
saharte (Scotocerca), 214.
Salvador^ (Camaropte-

ra), 167.
salvadorsB (Drymoica),

167.
salvadorse (Orthotomus),

167.
salvadorii (Crateropus),

394.
sannio (Dryonastes), 459.
sannio (Garrulax), 459.
saturata (Brachypteryx),

27.
saturata (Lioptila), 80.
saularis (Copsychus), 61,

64.
saularis (Gracula), 61.
saularis (GryUivora),

62.
saularis (Turdus), 62.
Saxicoloides, 53.
scapularis (Thamnobia),

55.
schimperi (Thamnobia),

.50.
schistacea (Drymoica),

142.
schistaceus (Euprinodes),

142.
schistaceus (Henicurus),

31.5.
scbisticeps (Pomatorhi-
nus), 411.
Schoenicola, 109.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

695

scbopnicola (Cisticola),

259.
Schoeniparus, 606, 018.
Scotocerca, 212.
Scotociclila, 522.
scotops (Drymoica), 162.
scotops (Eremomela),

162.
scotoptera (Cistodyta),

283.
scotoptera (Drymoica),

282.
scouleri (Henicurus),

322.
Bcouleri (Microcichla),

322.
seebobmi (DromiEOcer-

cus), 100.
semirufa (Bessonornis),

42.
semirufa (Bessoruis), 42.
semirufa (Cisticola), 270.
semirufa (Cossypha), 42.
semirufa (Petrocincla),

42.
semirufa (Sasicola), 51.
semirufa (Thamnobia),

51.
semirufa (TbamnoliBa),

51.
semitorques (Cisticola),

248.
semitorques (Drymoica),

249.
senex (Crateropus), 478.
senilis (TbamDocata-

pbus), 386.
sepiaria (Bracbypteryx),

28.
sepiaria (Nannothera),

545.
sepium (Motacilla), 218.
sepium (Ortbotomus),

225, 227.
sericeus (Ortbotomus),

224.
Sericornis, 30O.
Setaria, 563.
setifer (Garrulax), 377.
setifer (Trocbalopteron),

377, 379.
setiferum (Cinclosoma),

377.
seycbeUarum (Copsy-

cbus), 61.
seycbellensis (Bebrornis),

103.
seycbellensis (EUisia),

103.
shanhu (Turdus), 455.
sharpii (Cossypba), 22.

sbarpii (Pseudocossy-

pbus), 21, 22.
sbelleyi (Saxicola), 52.
sbelleyi (Tbamnobia),

52.
sbelleyi (TliamnoLTa),

52.
Sibia, 325, 401.
siguata (Aedoa), 69.
signata (Aedonopsis),

69.
signata (Cossypba), 69.
signatus (Bessonornis),

69.
simile (Trocbalopteron),

359.
similis (Mixornis), .576.
sirailis (Timalia), 576.
simillima (Heteropbasia),

402.
simiUima (Sibia), 402.
simplex (Cisticola), 240.
simplex (Drymoica), 240.
simplex (Erytbropy-

gia), 74.
simplex (Tbamnobia), 74.
iuense (Cbrysomma),

510.
siuense (Leucodioptrou'),

376.
sinensis (Cbrysomma),

512.
sinensis (Garrulax), 376.
sinensis (Henicurus), 313,

314.
sinensis (Leiotbrix), 645.
sinensis (Parus), 610.
sinensis (Pyctorbis), 510,

512.
sinensis (Timalia), 511.
sinensis (Turdus), 376.
sinensis (Turnagra),644.
Siva, 637.

smitbii (Drymoica), 245.
socialis (Biu-nesia), 208,

209,210.
socialis (Ortbotomus),

208.
socialis (Prinia), 208.
solitaria (Origma), 135.
solitaria (Saxicola), 135.
somervillei (Malacocer-

cus), 479, 4^2.
somervillei (Timalia),

482. "
somervillu (Crateropus),

482.
sonitaus (Burnesia), 205.
sonitans (Prinia), 205.
sordida (Pinarocbrua),

19, 20.

sordida (Pratincola),

20.
sordida (Saxicola), 20.
sordida (Siva), 641.
Sourcil, Le double, 184.
spaldingi (Ortbonyx),

331.
Sparrow, Hedge, 619.
speciosa (Dasycrotapha),

57;4.
speciosa (Motacilla),

313.
speciosus (Henicurus),

313.
spekei (Bradyornis), 70.
Sperniolegus, 648.
Spbeuceacus, 93, 94.
Spbenura, 104.
spbenura (Paradoxornis),

494.
spbenurus (Ortbotomus),

216.
Spiloptila, 231.
spinicauda (Ortbonyx),

329.
squamata (lantbocincla),

367.
squamatum (Garrulax),

367.
squamatum (Malacopte-

ron), 538.
squamatum (Trocbalo-

pterum), 367.
squamatus (Crateropus),

395.
squamiceps (Argja),

395.
squamiceps (Crateropus),

395.
squamiceps (Malurus),

395.
squamiceps (Spbenura),

395.
squamifrons (Timalia),

567.
Stacbyridopsis, 597.
Stacbyris, 532.
Stactocicbla, 449.
Stapbida, 615.
Stapbidia, 615.
Stare, OoUared, 662.
steerii (Liocicbla), (541.
stellatus (Bracbypteryx),

30.
stellatus (Drvmocbares),

30.
stenorbyncbus (Pomato-

rbinus). 424.
stewarti (Burnesia), 209,

210.
stewarti (Prinia), 208.

r>90

Stiphrornis, 173.
Stipiturus, 100.
strangei (Cisticola), 276,

277.
strangei (Drymoic.a),

276.
strangeri (Drymoica),

27B.. 277.
strepitans (Dryonastes),

457.
strepitans (Garrulax),

457.
striata (Alcippe), .573.
striata (Amytis), 106,

107.
striata (Braclivpteryx),

573.
striata (Oliffitornis), 1.'50.
striata (Corythociclila),

593.
striata (Grramniatoptila),

450.
striata (Kenopia), 573.
striata (Keropia), 450.
striata (Kittasomaj, 4.50.
striata (PriBia), 178.
striata (Sphenoeacus),

130.
striata (Staphidia), 617.
striata (Suya), 178.
striata (Tiiiialia), 573.
striata (Turnagra), 450.
striata (Yiihina), 617.
striaticeps (Drymceea),

214.
striaticeps (Macronus),

684.
striaticollis (Alethe),

59.
striaticollis (Fulvetta),

629.
striaticollis (Proparus),

629.
striaticollis (SiTa), 629.
striatigula (Eroessa),

152.
striatigula (Neomixis),

152.
striatulus (Blanfordius),

178, 179.
striatus (Amytis). 107.
striatus (Crateropus),

481.
striatus (Dasyornis), 107.
striatus (Garrulus), 450.
striatus (Ixulus), 617^^
striatus (Macronus), 573.
striatus (Malacocercus),

480, 481.
striatus (Megalunis),
130.

alphatj-etical index.

striatus (Melizophilus),

213.
striatus (Turdinus), 593.
stricklandi (Cittocincla),

88, 89.
stricklandi (Copsychus),

88.
stricklaudi (Kittacincla),

89.
stridulus (Pomatorlii-

nus), 426.
strigatus (Calamanthus),

290.
strigula (Hemiparus),

638.
strigula (loropus), 638.
strigula (Leiothrix), 638.
strigula (Muscicapa),

638.
strigula (Siva), 638.
•striolata (Drymceea),

178, 284.
striolata (Prinia), 178.
striolata (Timalia), 534.
strophiatus (Accentor),

658, 660.
stulta (Drymoica), 280.
suavis (Cittocincla), 87.
suavis (Copsychus), 87.
suavis (Kittacincla), 87.
subalpinus (Accentor),

662.
subcserulatus (Dryonas-
tes), 462.
subcajrulatus (Garrulax),

462.
subcinnamomea (Aedon),

116.
subcinnamomea (Cistico-
la), 116.
subcinnamomea (Dry-
mceea), 116.
subcinnamomea (Eury-

ptila), 116.
subflava (Drymceea),

184, 187.
subflava (Motacilla),

184.
subflava (Sylvia), 184,

186.
subhemalayana (Cistico-
la), 260.
subhimalayana (Prinia),

259.
subochraceum (Pellor-

neum), 521.
subrufa (Argya), 390.
subrufa (Layardia), 390.
subrufa (Timalia), 390.
subrufescens (Cossvplia).
41.

subruflcapilla (Cisticola),

283, 284, 285, 286.
subruflcapilla (Drymce-
ea), 283, 284.
subrufiis (Malacocercus),

390.
substriata (Burnesia),

206.
substriata (Drymceea),

190, 206.
substriata (Prinia), 191.
subunicolor (Garrulax),

368.
subunicolor (Trochalo-

pterum). 368.
suffusa (Suthora), 491.
sumatrana (Mixornis),

576.
sumatrana (Timalia),

576.
sundevalli (Camaropte-

ra), 169.
superciliaris (Burnesia),

206.
superciliaris (Camaropte-

ra), 170.
sujjeroiliaris (Chloropeta),

172.
superciliaris (Drymaoe-

dus), .344.
superciliaris (Drymodes),

344.
superciliaris (Ixulus),

624.
superciliaris (Macronus),

32.
superciliaris (Microcer-

cus), 605.
supei'ciliaris (Micrura),

605.
superciliaris (Pomato-

rhinus), 433.
superciliaris (Prinia),

206.
superciliaris (Saxicola),

39.
superciliaris (Stiphror-
nis), 172.
superciliaris (Suya), 182.
superciliaris (Sylvia),

171.
superciliaris (Sylvicola),

171.
superciliaris (Tesia),

605.
superciliaris (Turdiros-

tris), 32.
superciliaris(Xiphorham-

phus), 433.
superciliaris (Xiphorhyn-

chus), 4.33.

AU'DABETICAI, INUEX.

G!)7

supprciliosa (Cossvplia),

39.
superciliosa (Drymoeca),

192.
superciliosa (Muscicapa),

39.
superciliosa (Rhipidura),

39.
superciliosus (Pomato-

rhinus), 419.
superciliosus (Pomatosto-

mus), 419.
Suthora, 48S.
Sutoria, 215.
.sutoria (Motacilla), 21.").
sutoria (Sutoria), 215.
sutoria (Sylvia), 215.
sutorius (Orthotomus),

21fi.
Suya, 176.

swainsoni (Bessornis), 4fi.
swainsonii (Bessonomis),

45.
.swainsonii (Cossypha),

46.
swanzii (Drymoeca), 249.
swartzii (Drymceca), 249.
swinhoii (Alcippe), 628.
. winhoii (Ponintorliinus"),

427.
swinhoii (Proparus), 62S.
sykesii (Malacocei-cus),

■ 482.

sylvatica (Calamodvta),

* 115.
sylvatica (Drymoica),

" 199.

sylyatica (Prinia), 199.
sylvatica (Suya), 199.
sylvaticus (Bradvpterus),

11.3,11.5.
sylvaticus (Drymoipus).

' 199.

sylvetta (Drymceca), 1.50.
Sylviella, 153.
Sylvietta, I.5.3.
Syneopta. 166.
syrinx (Aorocephalus),

527.
syrinx (Calamolierpe),

■ 527, 528.

syrinx (Tatare), 527.

taewanus (Garrulax),376.
taivanum (Leucodiopte-

ron), 377.
taivanum (Troohalopte-

rum), 37i).
taivanus (Malacocercus),

376.
taivanus (Pterocyclus),

.377.

VOL. VII.

tanagra (Keropia), 5.
tanagra (Otagon), 5.
tanagra (Turnagra), 4, 5.
Tatare, 524.
Tatai-pa, 524.
temniiucki (Accentor),

6.54.
temmincki (Myiojiho-

neus), 7, 9, 671.
temniinctii (Orthon^■x),

329.
Temnoris, 486.
temporalis (Pomatorhi-

nus), 418.
temporalis (Pomatosto-

mus). 418.
tenella (Drymoica), 151,

192.
tenella (Eroessa), 151.
tenella, var. major (Ero-
essa), 1.52.
terrestris (Cisticola), 266,

2G7. ^
terrestris (Drymoica),

266.
terricolor (Drymoipus),

196.
terricolor (Malacocercus),

479.
terricolor (Pastor), 479.
terricolor (Pengia), 479.
testaceus (Ischyropodus),

471.
testaceus (Turdus), 471.
textilis (Amvtis), 107,

108.
textilis (Malurus), 107.
textrix (Cisticola), 266.
textrix (Drymoica), 266.
textrix (Ilemipteryx),

26(5.
textrix (Sylvia), 210,

266.
Thamnobia, 3, 53.
Thamnobise, 2, 173.
Thamnocataphus, 324.
Thamnocicbla, 48.
Thamnol.-Bi, 3,48.
Thamnornis, 231.
Tharrhaleus. 648.
thoracica (Apalis), 1.37,

138.
tboracica (Drvmoi'^a),

138.
thoracica (Motacilla), 138.
thoracica (Napodes), 537.
thoracica (Pitta), .537.
thoracica (Saxicola), 138.
t horacica (Stachyris), 537.
tboracica ^Timalia), .537.
thoratious (Begulus), 138.
riinisb. Black-taced, 4.5,5.

Tln-ush, Brown IndiMii,

478.
Thrush, Chinese, 376.
Thrush, Frivolous, 418.
Thrush, Grey, 480.
Thrush, Long-billed, 525.
Thrush, Long-tailed, 87.
Thrush, Punctated, 332.
Thrush, Eed-tailed, 39.
Thrush, Rufous-\vineed.

83. ^

Thrush, Short-wiuged,

104. ^

Thrush, Spectacle, 458.
Thrush, Thick-billed, 4.
tibicen (Sphenura), 95.
tickelli (Alcippe), 558.
tickelli (Drymocat.a-

phus), .557, 558.
tickelli (Orthorhinus),

429.
tickelli (Pellorneinn),o.57,

.521.
tickelli (Poniatorhinus),

429.
Timalia, 507.
Timelia, 507.
timoriensis (Megalurus),

128.
tincta (Camaroptera),

168.
tincta (Drymoica), 168.
tincta (Sjmcopta), 168.
tinniens (Cisticola), 273.
tinniens (Drymodyta),

273.
tinniens (Drymoeca), 273.
tinniens (Malurus), 273.
tintinnabulans (Cala-

manthella), 260.
tintinnabulans (Cisti-
cola), 260.
Titmouse, Chinese, 510.
torquata (Cynura), 666.
torquatus (Gampsorhyu

chus), 387.
torqueola (Siva), 615.
torqueola(Staphida), 615.
torqueola(Staphidea),(51.5.
Torrentaria, 47.
Traine-Buisson, La, 649.
Traquet a queue stride,

Le, 54.
Traquet Comniandeur,

Lp, 52.
Traquet des Philippines,

Le, 54.
treacheri (lanthocincla),

453.
treacheri (Rhinonichla)

453.
Trii'jiixus. .3, 32.
3.K

(J93

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Tricholais, 157.
trichorrhoB (Tiiualia),

583.
Trichostoma, 562.
tricolor (Oercotrichas), 85.
tricolor (Cittoeincla), 85.

86.
tricolor (Ephthianura),

667.
tricolor (Turdus), 85.

triyirgatus (Pomatorlii-
nus), 418.

Trochalopteron, 354.

Trochalopterum, 354.

troglodytes (Drymoica),
2.57. '

Turdinulus, 593.

Turdinus, .539, 561.

Turdirostris, 32.

turdus (Loxia), 5.

turdus (Otagon), 5. _

turdus (Turnagra), 5.

Turnagra, 2, 4, 450.

typica (ElUsia), 120.

typicus (A.jax), 337.

typus (Syl-via), 2.^)9.

tyrannulus (Herpornis),
637.

tytleri (Cisticola), 270.

tytleri (Drymoica), 270.

umbratilis (Macronus),

562.
umbratilis (Myiothera),

562.
umbratilis (Napothera),

562.
umbratilis (Turdirostris),

562.
undata (Drymoica), 184.
undata (Motacilla), 184.
undata (Sylvia), 184.
undosa (Drymoica), 134.
undosus (Calamonastes) ,

134.
unicolor(Heteromorpha),

493.
unicolor (Paradosornis),

493.
unicolor (Suthora), 493.
Urohipis, 144.
uropygialis (Acanthiza),

298.
uropygialis (Drymoica),

259.
uropvgialis (Garrulax),

441.
usticoUis (Drymoica),

161.
usticoUis (Eremoniela).
161.

yalida (Drymoica), 199,

200, 277.
valida (Prinia), 200.
yariegata (Muscicapa),

639.
variegatum (Cinclosoma),

359.
variegatum (Trochalopte-
rum), 3.59.
variegatus (Accentor),

660.
yariegatus (Crateropusl,

359.
yariegatus (Garrulax),

359.
yariegatus (Pterocyclus),

359.
velatus(Allocoturus),320.
velatus (Henicurus), 320.
yelatus (Hydrocichla),

320.
yerreauxi (Megalurus),

234.
yerreauxi (Suthora), 488.
yerticalis (Bessonoi-nis),

46.
yerticalis (Bessornis), 45.
yerticalis (Cossypha), 45,

46.
yictorise (Lamprolia), 37.
yictorini (Bradypterus),

111.
yictorini (Calamodyta),

112.
yictorini (Phlexis), 111,

112.
yinipecta (Poecila), 619.
yinipectus (Alcippe), 619.
yiuipectus (Leiothrix),

619.
yinipectus (Proparus),

619.
yinipectus (Siva), 619.
yirgata (Drymoica), 284.
virgatum (Trochalopte-
rum), .379.
violaeeus (Turdus), 9.
Vira-ombe de Madagas-
car, Le, 529.
yirens (Bseocerca), 156.
virens (Drymoica), 156.
vireus (Sylyiella), 156.
yirens (Sylvietta), 156,

157.
viridiflava (Drymoica),

1.58.
viridiflava (Eremoniela),

158.
yiridis (Eroessa), 152.
yiridis (Macrosphenus),
529.

yiridis (Ehamphoccenus),

529.
Vitia, 550.

vittatus (Garrulax), 452.
vocifera (Cossypha), 36.
vociferans (Bessonornis),

30.
vocifei-ans (Bessornis),36.
vociferans (Cossypha), 36.
vociferans (Turdus), 36.
vociferus (Cossypha). 36.
yolitans (Cisticola), 269.
volitans (Drymoica), 270.

waldeni ( Actinodura ) ,465.
Warbler, African, 95.
Warbler, Alpine, 662.
Warbler, Caffrarian, 39.
Warbler, Dusky, 185.
Warbler, Dwarf. 294.
Warbler, Equinoctial, 528.
Warbler, Flaxen, 184.
Warbler, Great-tailed,
189.

Warbler, Hedge, 649.

Warbler, Long-tailed,
21.5.

Warbler. Eock, 135.

Warbler, Ruddy, 135.

Warbler, Siberian, 653.

Warbler, Streaked, 290.

Warbler, Tailor, 215.

Warbler, Undulated, 184.

webbiana (Suthora), 490.

williamsoni (Turdinus),
593.

woodi (Misornis), 577.

xanthochlora (Erpornis),

(536.
xanthochlora (Timalia),

(536.
xantholeuca (Herpornis),

636, 637.
Xanthomixis, 570.
xanthophrys (Crossleyia),

524.
xanthophrys (Oxylabes),

524.
Xiphorhamphus, 433.
Xiphorhynchus. 433.

Yuhiua, 631.

zambesiana (Erythro-

pygia), 75, 78.
zantholeuca (lora), 636.
zosterops (Bernieria),

570.
zosterops (Xanthomixis),

570.

END ottME SETENTli TOLUME

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate

Cossypha leucosticta, p. 44 j

Alethe castanonota, p. 58 tt

Apalis cerviniventris, p. 139 jjj

Bradypterus sylvaticiis, p. 115 jy

Eremomela scotops, p. 162 1

usticoUis, p. 161 J

Stiphrornis erythrothorax, p. 173 i

'^ I yr

gabonensis, p. ] 74 J

Prinia sylvatica, p. 199 | ^-

I VIII.

Pinarornis plumosus, p. 401 JX

Trochaloptenim jerdoni, p. 373 X

Crateropus haynesii, p. 483 XI

^thocichla gymnogenys, p. 484 XII

PeUorncum intermedium, p. 519

Malacopterum erythrote, p. 567 / ^

Turdinus gularis *, p. 543 XIV

Erythropygia zambesiana, p. 78 . l

I \y

ruficauda, p. 78 J " '

* Trichoi^foma yulare on Plate.

Birds B.M.VoLWI.

Pi. I.

J Smit del et lith.

Mmtem Bros imp.

Cossypheu Ijojucostudbaj.

"■•■''^L H»&^

Birds B.M. Vol. VII.

pi.n.

V>^

J.Smit del etlnh

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Alethe, caetarwnotcv.

Birds B.M.VoLVJI.

pi.m.

J Smn del el lith

Minlem Bros imp

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Birds BM.Vol. VII.

PI . IV

J.SmHdel etlith.

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Pi. V

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J. Stiphforme eryfJircUwraa:. 2. Sliphrorwus gahorunsis.

Birds B.M. Vol. ML

PI. VII.

J.Snm del etlith

intern Bros iTnp

PrinixL svlvaiica.

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Birds B.M. Vol. VII.

pixm.

J.Smit del ellith.

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