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CATALOGUE

BIRDS

BRITISH MUSEUM.

VOLUME X.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY OEDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1885.

CATALOGUE

PASSERIFORMES,

PERCHING BIRDS,

COLLECTION

BRITISH MUSEUM.

FRINGILLIFORMES: Part L

CONTAINING THE FAMILIES

DIO^ID^, HIEUNDINIDiE, AMPELID^,
MNIOTILTIDiE, AND MOTACILLID-S;.

BT

R. BOWDLER SHARPE.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1885.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COUET, FLEET STREET.

PEEFACE.

The great size to which the Tenth Yolume of the ' Catalogue of
Birds in the British Museum ' has grown has been caused, in great
measure, by the pains which the author has taken in tracing and de-
scribing in detail the seasonal changes of plumage of many of the
Birds — which could not be attempted without long series of
examples marked with the locality and exact date of capture.

However, if with the present volume, at least as regards the
South- American Avifauna, a greater degree of completeness has
been attained than was possible in the preceding portions of the
work, it is chiefly due to the recent transference to the British
Museum of the two most important collections of South-American
Birds that have been brought together in modern times.

The first is the celebrated collection of American Passeres, formed
by P. L. Sclater, Esq., F.R.S., in the course of the last thirty years.
It contains most of the material on which the majority of the
publications of this Ornithologist were based, and is, perhaps, the
first collection of its kind that was made, at least in this country,
with a clear understanding of the great importance of well ascer-
tained localities.

For the second the Trustees are indebted to the generosity of
0. Salvin, Esq., F.R.S., and F. D. Godman, Esq., F.E.S. Formed
with the same care as the Sclater Collection, it surpasses this
latter as regards the number of specimens, illustrating more fully

the geographical range and diversity of plumage of each species.
Beside the specimens obtained by the donors themselves during
their travels in Central America, or by collectors who worked for
them, it contains a very complete series of South- American Birds.
As the arrangements for depositing this collection in the British
Museum were not completed before a large portion of the volume
had been printed, a considerable number of the specimens had to be
enumerated at the end of the work, among the "Addenda."

Of the other donors who have contributed to the series described
in this volume, I have to mention the U.S. National Museum, Capt.
Stackhouse Pinwill, Col. Swinhoe, Capt. Bingham, W. Davison, Esq.,
Dr. Jentink, Hr. R. Collett, Edward Newton, Esq., C.M.G., Dr.
Taczanowski, and Prof. Giglioli.

ALBERT GtJNTHER,

Keeper of the De^Kirtment of Zoologij.
British Museum (N. H.),
March 9, 1885.

INTRODUCTION.

In the present volume 448 species are described, represented by
4590 specimens. Of these the Museum contains the types of 88,
and 52 species are still desiderata to the collection.

The series of Neotropical birds has been rendered wonderfully
complete by the addition of the collections of Dr. Sclater and of
Messrs. Salvin and Godman ; whilst through the hearty co-operation
of Professor Baird, on behalf of the United-States National Museum,
numerous valuable North- American birds have been received during
the past year.

The collection of the Old-World species of the families described
in the present volume is also tolerably perfect ; and many of the
migratory species are represented by series of specimens illustrating
their geographical distribution in a full and satisfactory manner.
Much remains to be done to complete our knowledge of the changes
of plumage of the "Wagtails and Pipits. In my study of the latter
birds I have not relied solely on the series in the British Museum,
but I have likewise examined the collections of Canon Tristram,
Capt. Wardlaw-Eamsay, Capt. Shelley, Mr. Seebohm, and Mr. F.
Nicholson, to each of whom I return my thanks.

The Museum is also under obligation to the foUowiug gentle-
men for the loan of valuable specimens : — Count Salvadori, Marquis
Doria, Mr. H. K. Coale (of Chicago, U.S.A.), and Prof. Mattozo
Santos (Director of the Eoyal Zoological Museum at Lisbon).

The affixes to the specimens are the same as in previous volumes
of the Catalogue. "[P.]" means "Presented by;" "[C] "=
" Collected by ;" " [E.] " = " Received in exchange." Where none of
these signs are used, the specimens have been acquired by purchase.

R. BOWDLEE SHARPE.

British Museum (N. H.),
March 9, 186r-<. '

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Order PASSERIFORMES.

Suborder PASSERES.

I. ACHOMYODI.

a. Passeres normales.

(Continued.)

Section FEINGILLIFORMBS.
Fain. DicJEiD.E.

Page

1. Ilemignathus, Licld '6

1. obscurus (Gill.) 4

2. olivaceus {Lafi: ) 4

3. lucidus, Licht 5

2. Drepauis, Temm 5

1. paeitica {Gm.) 5

3. Vestiaria, Fieiii 6

1. coccinea {Merr.). ... 0, 630

4. Himatioue, Cab 8

1. sanguinea (Gin.) 8

2. virens ( Gm. ) 9

6. Dicffium, Cao 10

1. tiamuieum (Sjiarnii.) . . 14

2. cruentatum (L.) 15

a. nigrimentum, Salvad. . 17

^. prj'eri, Sharpe 18

3. sumatranum, Cah 18

4. ignil'erum, Wall 18

5. hirundinaceum {Lath.) . . 19

6. ignicoUe, Gray 21

7. keiense, Salvad 22

8. I'ulgiduui, Sc/ 22

9. celebicuiu, Milll. lij- Schl. . £3

10. sangbirense, Salvad 24

11. sulaense, Sharpe 24

12. sanguinoleutum, Temm. . 2-5

13. mackloti, Mull, i^- Schl.. . 25

14. salvadorii, Meyer 26

15. rubro-corouatum, Sharpe 26

16. pulchrius, Sharpe 27

17. rubrigulare, D'Alberi. <^

Salvad. 28

18. albo-punctatumjjD'.i/ie/'^.

^ Salvad 28

19. schistaceicepa, Gray. ... 28

20. vulneratum. Wall 29

21. pectorale, Mull. ^- Schl. . 29

\0L. X.

22. ieneum, Jacq. ^- Pucker. . 30

23. erythrothurax, Less 31

24. layardoiuni, Salvad. .... 32

25. eximium, Scl. 33

26. maforense, Salvad 33

27. mysoriense, Salvad 34

28. geelvinkianum, Meyer . . 34

29. tristrarai, Sharpe 34

30. retrocinctum, Gould .... 35,

31. haeiuatostictum, Sharpe . 35

32. rubriventer, Le.^s 36

33. hypoleucLim, Sharpe .... 37

34. miudanense, Tioeedd. . . 37

35. trigonostigma (Scop.) . . 38

36. dorsale, Sharpe 40

37. xaiithopygiuni, Ticeedd. . 40

38. ciuereigulaie, Tweedd. . . 40

39. ignipeetus (Hodi/s.) .... 41

40. pyguKtum (Kittl.) 43

41. chrysorrhoeuiu, Temm. . . 44

42. concolor, Jerd 45

43. inornatum (Ilodys.) .... 45

44. viresceus, Ilume 46

45. mixiullum, Swinh 47

46. everetti, Tweedd 47

47. erythrorhynchum (Lath.) 48

6. Loxioides, Oust 49

1. bailleui, Oust 49

7. Loxops, Cab 49

1. coccinea (Gm.) 50

2. rosea {Dole) 50

3. aurea {Dole) 50

8. Psittirostra, Temm 51

1. psittacea (^Gm.) 61

9. Pinaroloxias, Shar/w 52

1. inoruata {Gould) 52

10. Oreocbaris, Salvad 63

1. arfaki {Meyer) 53

11. Pardalotus, V. 54

1. ornatus, Temm 55

a. assimilis, Ramsay .... 56

2. affinis, Gould 57

3. puuctatus, Shato 58

4. xantbopygius, McCoy . . 59

5. rubricatu.?, Gould (!0

6. melanocephahi.'?, Gould. . 60

7. uropygialis, Gould .... <i2

8. quadragintu.^, Gould . ... H2

b

SySTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

12. Parmoptila, Cass t33

1. -woodbousii, Cass 63

13. Prionochilus, Strickl 63

1. percussiis, Temm 65

'2. igmcapillus {Ei/ton) .... 65

3. xautliopygiu-;, Salvad. . . 66

4. thoracic-US {Temm.) .... 67

5. niaculatus {Tenun.) .... 69
(i. quadricolor, Tweedd.. ... 70

7. aiireolimbatus, Wall 70

8. sanghirensis, Salvad 71

9. melanoxantlius (Hodffs.) 71

10. vincens, Scl 72

11. squalidus {Burton) .... 73

12. modestus. Hume 74

13. obsoletiis {Mull. Sf Schl.) 75

14. olivaceus {Ttveedd.) .... 75

15. evevetti, Sharpe 76

14. Pholidomis, Hartl 76

1. rushife {Cass.) 77

2. x\.\hv\ho\\»,Sharpe\^Ussher 77

15. Lobornis, Sharpe 78

1. alexandii, Sharpe 78

16. Ui'ocharis, Salvad 78

1. longicauda {Salvad.) .... 79

17. Melauocbaris, Scl 79

1. nigra {Less.) 80

2. cbloroptera, Salvad 80

3. bicolor, Rumsaii 81

4. unicolor, Salvad 82

18. Pristorhampbus, Finsch . . 82
1. yersteri, Finsch , 82

19. Ebampbocbaris, Salvad. . . 83
1. crassirostris, Salvad 84

Fam. HiRrNDiNiDJE.
Subfam. I. Hieumdinin-s.

1. Cbelidon, ^o«e 86

1. urbica(Z.). 87,630

2. casbmiriensis, Gould .... 90

3. dasvpus, Bp 91

4. lagopus {Pall.) 93

0. albigena, Hevyl 94

6. nipaleusis {Hudgs.) .... 95

2. Cotile, Boie 95

1. riparia(i.) 90,630

a. sbelleyi, Sharpe .... 100

2. cincta {Budd.) 101

3. paludicola {V.) 102

a. minor. Cub 103

/3. cowani, Sharpe .... 104

y. sinensis (J. E. Gray) 104

4. Migula {Licht:) 106

a. riifigula, Fisrh. Sf

Jteichen 107

Page

1^. concolor (Si/kes) .... 108

5. rupestris {Scop.) . . 109, 6.30

6. obsoleta, Cab Ill

3. Tachycineta, Cab 112

1. albiventris {Bodd.) 113, 630

2. leucorrhous {V.) . . 114, 031

3. albilinea (Laivr.). . 115, 631

4. meveni {Bp.) .... 116, 631

5. bicolor (F.) 117,631

6. tbalassimts {Sic). . 119, 631

7. cyaneoviridis {Br.) 121, 631

4. Pbedina, ^/3 122

1. borbouica {Gm.) 122

2. madagascariensis, Hartl. 123

5. llirimdo, L 123

1. rustica,Z 128,632

a. savignii, Steph 133

/3. gutturalis, Scoj) 134

y. erytbrogastra,-Bcic?. 137, 632
8. tytleri, Jerd. . . 140, 632

2. tabitica, Gm 141

3. javauica, Sparrm 142

4. neoxena, Gould 144

5. angolensis, Bocage .... 145

6. hicida, J. Verr 145

7. albiguliiris, Strickl l46

8. ffithiopica, Blanf. 146

9. leucosnma. Sic 1 47

10. dimidiata, Sund 148

11. nigrita, Gray 148

12. atrocserulea, Stind 149

13. nigroriifa, Bocage 150

14. smithii. Leach 150

15. griseopyga, Sund. . . . 152

1 6. cucullata, Bodd 152

17. puella, Temm. S^ Schl.. . 154

18. rufula, Tenmi 156

(..scuUii, Seeb 158

19. daiirica, L 159

o. nipalensis, Hodgs. 160, 6.32

/3. striolata, Boie 161

y. japonica, Bp 162

6. erytbropygia, Sykes. . 164

20. melanocrissa, Eiipp. . . 165
a. domiceUa, F. ^ H. .. 165

21. badia, Cass 166

22. hyperytbra, Blyth 167

23. seniirufa, Sund. 167

a. gordoni, Jard 168

24. seuegalensis, L 168

25. mouteiri, Hartl ^ . 169

26 eucbry.sea, Gosse . . 170, 632
27. sclateri, Cory 171

6. CberamcEca, Cab 171

] . leiicosternum ( 6-'oj</c?) . . 171

7. Progne, Boie 172

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

1. puipiu'ea (L.) .... 173, 632

2. furcata, Baird 175, 633

3. concolor (Gould) 176

4. dominicensis ( &??i.) 176, 633

5. domestica (V.) 177, 633

6. chaJvbea ( Got.) . . 178, 633

7. tapera (X.) 180, 633

8. Atticora, Bote 182

1 . fasciata ( 6'ot.) .... 183, 634

2. oinerea (Gm.) .... 184, 634

3. tibialis ( Cass.) 185, 634

4. melanoleuca ( Temm.) . . 185

5. cvanoleuca ( V.) . . 186, 634

6. pileata, Goidd 188, 635

7. fucata ( Tenun.) . . 189, 635

9. Petrochelidon, Cab 189

1. nigricans [V.) 190

a. timoriensis, Shnrpe . . 192

2. pyi-rhonota ( V.) . . 193, 635

3. swainsoiii, Scl 194, 635

4. fulYa(r.) 195,635

5. ruficoUaris (Peak) 196, 636

6. rufigula (Bocuye) 197

7. spilodera (Sund.) 198

8. ai-iel (Gould) .... 199, 636

9. fluvicola (^/y^/j) 200

Sllbfam. II. PSALIDOPHOCNIN^.

10. Psalidoprocne, Cab 202

1. holomelsena (Sund.) . . 202

2. obscura (Temm.) 203

3. nitens( f'ass.) 204

4. petiti, iSharjie i^- Bouv. . . 204

5. antinorii, Salvad 205

6. pristoptera (Biipp.). . . . 205

7. albiceps, Scl 206

11. Stel-ridopteryx, Baird 206

1. serripennis (Aud.) 206, 636

2. iuficf)llis (V.) .... 208, 636

3. lU'opygialis (Lawr.) 209, 637

Fam. AsiPELiDiE.

1. Ampelis, L 212

1. garrulus, L 212, 637

2. cedrorum (V.) . . . . 215, 6.37

3. japonicus (Sieb.) 217

2. Dulus, V. 218

1. dominicus (L.) . . 218, 637

2. micbalis, Siv 219

3. Phainoptila, Salv 219

1. melanoxantha, Salv. 219, 637

4. Phainopepla, Scl 220

1. nitens (Sw.) 220, 638

5. Ptilogonys, Siv i'li

1 . ciuereus {S^o.) .... 222, 638

2. caudatus, Cab 224, 638

Page

Fam. Mniotiltid^.

1. Leucopeza, Scl 227

1. sempeii, Scl 228, 638

2. bishopi, Laior 228, 638

2. Helmintliotherus, Rafn. . 229

1. vermivorus {G>n.) 230, 638

2. swainsoni (Aud.) 232

3. Helminth ophila, Midgio.. . 233

a. lawrencii, Herrick . . 233
/3. cincinnatiensis,i««^c7. 234
y. leucobronchialis, Brew-
ster 235

1. chrysoptera (L.) . . 235, 639

2. pinus (L.) 237, 639

3. bachmanni (Aud.) .... 239

4. peregrrina ( Wils.) . . 239, 639

5. ruticapilla ( TJ'ils.) . 242, 640

6. celata (Sa;/) 244, 640

a. obscura, Ridgic 246

7. lutescens, Ridgtc 246

8. -virgiuise, Baird . . 247, 641

9. Incise, Cooper .... 248, 641

4. Protonotaria, Baird 249

1. citi-ea (Bodd.) 249, 641

5. Mniotilta, V. 251

1. Tai-ia (L.) 251, 641

6. Parula, Bp 254

1. supercilio.sa (Hartl.) 255, 642

2. americana (L.) . . . . '256, 642

3. pitiayimii (V.) 259, 643

n. iuornata, Baird . 260, 643
(3. nigrilora, Coues . 261, 643
y. insularis ( Later.) 262, 643

4. gutturalis ( Cab.) . . 263, 643

7. Dendrceca, Grai/ 264

a. carbonata "( Aud.) .... 264
^. montana ( Wils.) .... 265
y. eoa (Gosse) 266, 644

1. sestiva (Gm.) 273, 644

2. ruficapilla ( Gm.) . 275, 644

3. petechia (Z.) 277,644

4. gundlacbi, Baird 278

5. melauoptera, Lawr. 279, 644

6. capitalis, Baii-d . . 280, 645

7. rut'opileata, Ridgw 281

8. ameola ( Goi^/cf) .. 282,645

9. vieilloti, Cass 283, 645

a. bryanti, Ridgw. . 284, 645
^. granadensis, Sharpe . . 284

10. rufigula, Baird . . 285, 645

11. pennsylvanica (Z.) 285, 645

12. blackburniffi ( Gm.) 288, 646

13. mgTescen.s ( Towns. ) 291, 646

14. occidentalis ( Towns.) 293, 647

15. chrvsoparia, Scl. i^-

Sail- 295, 647

xu

SYSIEJIATIC IXDEX.

Page

16. yirens {Gm.) -'^7, t)47

17. towDseudi {Ntdt.) . 299, 647

18. domiuica (i.) 301, 648

19. graciie, Coiies .... 304, 648

20. decora, Ridyic 305

21. adelaidfe, Baird 306

22. delicata, Ridyiv 30l)

23. discolor (J'.) .... 307, 648

24. macidosa ( Gm.) . . 30!), 648

25. corouata (Z.) 311, 649

26. auduboni ( Toiuns.) . 315, 650

27. palmarum ( Gm.) . . 317, 650

28. castauea ( Wils.) . . 320, 650

29. pitTophila {Gtindl.). . . . 322

30. Jiirtlandi (Baird) 322

31. pinus ( Wds.) 323, 650

32. striata (Forster) . . 325, 650

33. CceriUea ( Wils.) . . 327, 651

34. casrdesceus (&'»».). 329, 661

35. pharetra {Gosse) . . 332, 651
30. plumbea, Lawr. . . 333, 651

8. Perissoglossa, Baird .... 334
1. tigrina ( Gm.) 335, 651

9. Peucedramus, Coues .... 337
1. olivaceus [Giraud). 337, 651

10. Siurus, Sic 339

1. auricapillus (i.) .. 339,652

2. motacilla ( V.) 342, 652

3. nffivius (Bodd.) . . 343, 652
a. Dotabilis, Ridgw 346

11. Oporornis, Baird 346

1. agilisCinVs.) .... 347,653

2. formosa (nY/.s.) .. 348,653

12. Ligia, Cory 349

1. palustris, Cory 349

13. Geothlvpis, Cab. 350

1. trichas (i.) 361

a. occideutalis, Bre^cster 351

2. rostra ta, Bryant 356

3. melanops, Baird 355

4. beldingi, Eidyw 350

5. semiiiava, Scl 357

6. speciosa, Scl 358

7. poliocephala, Baird .... 359

8. tequinoctialis {Gm.) . . 360

9. auricularis, Salv 361

lU. chiriqueusis, Salr 362

n.velata(F.) 363

12. luacgillivravi (Audiib.) 364

13. Philadelphia (TFi76\; .. 366

14. Teretistris, Cab 367

1. fernandinie (Lemb.) .... 368

2. fornsi, Gundl 368

15. Granatellus, Bp 369

1. venustus, Bp 369

2. pelzelni, Scl 370

3. IrancescBG, Baird 370

4. salltei, Sd. 371

16. Icteria, V. 373

1. viiidis ( Gm.) 373

a. lungicaudM, Lawr. . . 375

17. Basileuterus, Cab 376

1. luteoviridis (Bp.) 379

2. flaveoliis, Baird 380

3. nigricristatiis {Lafr.) . . 380

4. euophrys, Scl. S,- Salv. . . 382

5. ciuereicollis, .SW 382

6. culicivorus {Licht.) .... 383

7. cabanisi, Berlepsch .... 384

8. tri,striatus (Tsc/iiidi) . . 385

9. aiiricularis, Shurpe .... 386

10. melauotis, Lawr 386

11. meridanus, Sharpe .... 387

12. trifasL-iatus, Tacz 388

13. hypoleucus, Cib 388

14. couspicillatua, Salv. 8f

Godm 389, 653

15. castaneiceps, Scl. i^- Salv. 389

16. corimatus ( Tschudi) . . .j90

17. bi^-ittatus(Z)'0/-&.>^-Za/>-.) 391

18. roraiiua;, Sharpe 392

19. auricapilliis [Sw.) .... 393

20. fraseri, Scl 394

21. belli, Giraud 395

22. delattrii, Bp 396

a. mesofhrysus, Scl 396

23. ruhfroos {Sw.) 397

24. melanogeuys, Baird. . . . 398

25. griseiceps, Scl. &i- Salv. . . 399

26. leucoblepharus {V.). . . . 400

27. leucophrys, Pelz 400

28. stragulatus (Licht.) 401

29. mesoleucus, Scl 402

30. boLLydanus, Sharpe .... 402

31. leucopygius, Scl. Sr Salv. 402
a. veraguensis, Sharpe . . 403

32. semicerviuus, <S'e/ 404

a. uropygiali.«, Scl 405

18. Ergaticus, Baird 406

1. ruber {Stc.) 406

2. versicolor, Salv 407

19. Cardellina, DuJJus 408

1. rubrifrons ( Giraud) .... 408

20. Setophaga, Sw 410

1. ruticilla (Z.) 411

2. picta, Sio 415

a. guatemalfe, Sharpe . . 417

3. miniata, Stc 418

a. flamuiea, Kaup .... 419

4. verticalis,Za/"r.^- Z»'0;-6. 420

5. aurantiaca, Baird .... 421

6. albifrons, Scl. Sf Salv. . . 422

7. bairdi, Salv 423

8. torquata, Raird 424

SrSIEMATIC IXDEX.

Page

9. ruficoronata, Kaup .... 425

10. ornata, Boiss 426

11. chrysops, Salv 427

12. meianocepliala, Tsch. . . 427

13. brimneiceps,Z(7//-.i.^- i>'0. 428

14. castaneicapilla. Cab. . . . 429

15. lachrymosa (C'«&.) ..... 430
21. Myiodioctes, Aud ". . 431

a. mimitus ( IVik.) .... 431

1. canadensis (i.) 432

2. pusillus (TFils.) 435

3. meridionalis, Pelz 437

4. mitratus (Gm.) 437

Appendid:

Polioptila, .SW 440

1. cffirulea (L.) 442

2. lembe^-i, Gnndl 444

3. dumicola (V.) 444

4. leucogastra (A^eKwied). . 446

5. nigriceps, Baird 447

6. parvirostris, Sharpe .... 448

7. sclateri, Shmye 449

8. buffoni, Scl 449

9. plumbea, Baird 450

'^0. c?i\\io\-mca, Brewster .. 451

11. bilineata, Bp 452

12. lactea, Sharpe 458

13. albiloris, Scl. S; Salv. . . 454

Fam. MoTACILLIDiE.

1. Motacilla, L 457

1. lugubris, Temiii 460

2. alba, Z 404

a. baicalensis, Swinh. . . 470

3. ocularis, Swinh 471

4. lugens, Kiftl 474

6. persica, Blanf. 479

6. personata, Gould 479

7. leucopsis, Gould 482

8. hodgsoni, Bhjth 486

9. vidua, Sund 488

10. maderaspatensis {Gm.) . 490

1 1. graiidis, Sharpe 492

12. capeusis, Z 493

13. longicauda, Biipp 495

14. flaviventris, Verr 496

15. melanope, Pall 497

1 6. citreola, Fall. 503

17. citreoloides, Hudgs 507

18. campestris, Pall 510

19. taivaua, Swinh 514

20. flava, L 51(3

a. beema, Si/kes 521

VOL. X.

, , Page

Ji. borealis, Sund. 522

a. ciuereocapilla, Savi . . 526

22. feldeggi, Michah 527

a. pai-adoxa(C'.Z.i)V^/iw) 531

23. xanthophrys, Sharpe . . 532

2. Limonidromus, Gould .... 532

1. indicus {Gm.) 532

3. Authus, Bechst 5.34

1. chloris, Licht 539

2. lineiveutris, Sund. .... 540

3. crenatus, Finsch Sj- Hartl. 541

4. trivialis, Z 543

5. niaculatus, Hodgs 547

6. nilghiriensis, Sharpe . . 550

7. bracl)yurus, Sund 551

8. nichoisoni, Sharpe .... 553

9. pyrrlionotiis (V.) 555

a. pallidiventris, Sharpe . 560

10. sordidus, Biipp 560

11. jerdoni, Finsch 562

12. richardi, F. 564

13. infuscatus {Blyth) 667

14. striolatus, Bbjth 568

15. canipestris (Z.) 569

16. rufulus, V. 574

a. bocagii, Nichols 579

17. pratensis (Z.) 580

18. cervinus, Pall 585

19. rosaceus, Hod(/s 589

20. bertheloti, Bolle 691

21. spipoletta (Z.) 592

a. pennsylvanicus,

Lath 596, 663

^. japouicu^ T. 4'- S. . . 598

22. obscui'us {Lath.) 699

23. bogotensis, Scl 003

24. antarcticus, Cab 604

25. furcatus, Lafr. ^- U'Orb. 606

26. rufus {Gm.) 006

27. chii, V. 008

28. peruviauus, Nichols ( i09

29. correudera, V. 610

30. gustavi, Sicinh 613

31. australis, J'. 8f II. .... 615

32. uovas zealandisB {Gm.^ . 616

33. tenellus {Cab.) . 618

4. Xanthoicom, Sharpe 619

1. iiattereri {^Scl.) 019

5. Neocorys, Scl 020

1. spraguii (Aud.) 620

6. Oreocorys, Sharpe 622

1. sylvanus (Hodgs. ) .... 622

7. Macronj'x, Sw 623

1. capensis (Z.) 023

2. flavicoUis {Biipp.) .... 625

3. croceus (V.) 626

4. ameliae, Be Tarrag 628

CATALOGUE

BIRDS.

Order II. PASSERIFORMES

(Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 1).

Suborder I. PASSERES

(Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 1).

Section B. FIUNGILLIFOBMES.

(NINE-QUILLED PASSEEES.)

Wing with nine primaries, the first of which is fully developed
and usually very long*.

Cf. Wallace, Ibis, 1874, p. 410.

The families which Mr. Wallace has arranged in his Series B,
Tanagroid Passercs, do not fall easily into a linear series. The
Motacillkla' ally the group with the Larks (Alaudidce), which wiU
be treated of under the third Section (C) in a later volume. The
Uiccddce cannot be separated far from the Nectariniidiv, described
in vol. ix., and some of the aberrant genera, such as Ehamplwcharis,
exhibit a great likeness to some of the MeliphagidcB. The Maiotiltidce,
or American Warblers, lead through the Ccerehidce to the Tancu/ridce,
and thence to the Frinr/UUdie. The Ideridce, which are nearly allied
to the Tanaijridce, represent in the IS'ew World the Weaver-bii'ds
(Ploceidip) of the Old World. The Chatterers {Ampdidce) and the
Swallows (Hirundinidce) are, as Mr. Wallace has remarked, difficult
to locate ; but the AmpeUdce maybe arranged somewhere near Far-
dalotiis ; and the nearest allies of the Swallows really seem to be the
Flycatchers, which approach them closely through the genera Hemi-
chelidon, Artomyias, and others.

* Some exceptions are seen in the family Dicmidts, as, for instance, in the
genus Pardalotus and Priotiochilus, which, however, could not be divorced from
the rest of the Flower-peckers without doing Tiolence to the general arrange-
ment of the family.

VOL. X. B

2 DIC^ID^.

In the folloArins; scheme I have attempted to indicate the natural
arrangement of the Nine-quilled Passeres as well as their affinities
to families not belonging to this section: —

Nectariniidfe I ^^ Bicceidce—Anipelidee—Hirundinidee ^Muscicapidse

Meliphagidas f ' | I Ploceid^

Tm(\ii?e-^Mniotilt{d(e—C(prebid(s—Tanagrid(S—Icterid<e-* j gturiiidffi

|<t Motacillidce I
I.
■* — —FrmgillidcB

Family DIC^ID^.

The members of this family — if we are allowed thus to designate
a group of Birds wnich cannot be defined in exact terms — are prin-
cipally Indian and Australian, a few representatives being found on
the west coast of Africa. Although resembling the Sun-birds in
habits, very few have the slender, Creeper-like bill of the latter
family ; and they differ also in nesting-habits, their nest being a
beautiful purse-like structure of felted materials.

Key to the Genera*,
a. No bastard primary.
a'. Upper mandible neai'ly twice the length of

the lower one 1. Hemignathtjs,

h'. Both mandibles of ordinary proportions, and [p. 3.

of nearly the same length.
a". Culmen much curved, and equal to the
tarsus in length.
a'", Bill curved, and much longer than the

head -. Brepaxis, p. 5.

b'". Bill curved, but only about the same

length as the head 3. Vestiabia, p. 6.

b". Culmen shorter than the tarsus.

c'". Bin long and Creeper-like, the culmen

exceeding the length of the hind toe

and claw.

a*. Tar:<us very long, more than twice

the length of the outer toe and

claw 4. HlMATIONE, p. 8.

6*. Tarsus shorter, not twice the length

of the hind toe and claw , . . 5. DiC.s;uM, p. 10.

d'". Bill shorter and more Finch-hke, the
culmen not exceeding the tarsus in
length.
c*. Wing moderately long, falling con-
siderably short of the tail, and not
equalling in length the tail and
tarsus combined.
a"\ Bill very stout, and like that of a
Grosbeak ; cutting-edge of man-
dible strongly decurved 6. Loxiotdes, p. 49.

* I am firmly convinced that Neodrepanis, from Madagascar, placed by
Capt. Shelley and Dr. Gradow (Cat. B. yoI. ix. p. 2) in the NectariniidcB, is
really a member of the family Dicmidm.

1. nEiriG^^ATHUS, «

b\ Bill more slender; cuttintr-edw"

ofmandible nearly straight" . .°. 7. Loxops, p. 49.
d^. Wmg very long, exceeding the length
of the tail and tarsus combined.
C. Nasal membrane exposed.

t- j?.W ^^""^^ ^?^ festooned 8. Psittieostea,

0 . JjiU pointed and not festooned, v^ 51

the cidmen flattened in front of '

the nostrils o PTT«-.T>r,T^^..„

c^ mi stont and Tit-like; ihe 'cull -^^'^-^^^^^^J
men rounded for its entire Fb 5s'

l^gth . 10. Oeeochaeis, ■

a . rvasal membrane concealed by

plumes ; upper and lower man- mo ^P- ^4.

dibles nearly equal \^^- "aedalotuSj

0. With a distinct bastard primary. ' ■^-- P-^iiOPTiLA,

C. Tail short, not exceeding the tip of the [P- 63.

wing by as much as the length of the
tarsus.
c". No wattles at gape,
e'". Bill very stout and Finch-like, occa-
sionally with tomial serrations, broader

than high at nostrils ... 13. Peioxochilus;

/ . BiU Tery slender, higher than broad at Tii fi^

nostrils 1 ) -p^^ LP- 0-3.

a . U ith three tmy white lobes at base of bill Tr, -r

m life -I- T LP- ' "•

d. I ail long, exceeding the tip of the wing by > V '°-

more than the length of the tarsus.
e". Second primary subterminallT notched.
9'". Bill broader than high at iiosti-ils ; cul-

. ,„ "^^^^ f ?« f^'\ ;••:•• 16. Ueocharis, p. 78.

n . Bill as broad as it is high at nostrils; Tp. 79

^n O J ■ c- . — ""-"^ -I'- -UELANOCHAEIS.

/ ._ becond primary pointed, not notched. r^ go

^ . Tail shorter than wmg 19. Ehamphochaeis,

[p. 83.

1. HEMIGNATHITS.

Hemignathus, Lickt. Abhandl. K. Akad. Berlin, 1838 ^*^^'^"
p. 451 'hi -"d -

Heterorhynchns, Lafr. Mag. de Zooi.yd'is'.' 1839, 'text ' ^" "*'

to pi. 10 rj 1-

^ ti. onyaceus.

Bill of Hemignathus lucidics.
Range. Sandwich Islands.

b2

Key to the Species*.

With yellow eyebrow.
a'. Larp-ei- : throat greenish like the rest of the under

surface ohscurus, p. 4.

b'. Smaller : throat yellow like the sides of the face,

contrasting' with the green breast and abdomen hicidus, p. 5.

c'. Throat and underparts entirely yellow olwaceus, p. 4.

With a grey eyebrow, ashy below lucidus juv., p. 5.

1. Hemignatlius obscurus.

Hook-billed Green Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 2, p. 703, pi. 33.

fig. 1 (1782).
Certhia obscura, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 470 (1788).
L'Akaiearoa, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. pi. 53 (1802).
Hemignathus obscurus, Licht. Ahhandl. K. Akad. Bei-lin, 1838,

p. 449, tab. T. fig. 1 ; Reichenh. Handh. Scans, p. 312, Taif. dxci.

fig. 4009 (1853) ; LicM. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 55 (1854) ; Cass.

U.S. Expl. Exited., Birds, p. 178 (1858) ; Dole, Proc. Best. Soc. Nat.

Hist. xii. p. 298 (1869) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 359 ; Fi7isch, Ibis,

1880, p. 80,
Drepanis (Hemignathus) ellisiana. Gray, Cat. B. Trap. Isl. Pacijic

Ocean, p. 9 (1859).
Drepanis ellisiana, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 114, no. 1408 (1869).

Length 7 inches. Bill an inch and three quarters long, and bent
quite in the shape of a semicircle ; the under mandible shortest by
a quarter of an inch ; colour of both brownish black ; the nostrils
covered with a membrane ; between the bill and the eye is a streak
of brown ; the plumage in general is olive-green, palest beneath,
and somewhat inclined to yellow ; quills and tail dusky ; the last
even at the end and edged with yellow-green ; legs dusky brown ;
the feathers just above the knee, or garter, white ; the hind toe
pretty long. (^Latham.)

Hah. Sandwich Islands.

2. Hemignathus olivaceus.

Heterorhynchus oUvaceus, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1839, pi. 10 ; Flor.

Prev. et Des Murs, Voy. Venus, Atlas, pi. i. ; Meichenb. Handb. Scans.

p. 313, Taf. dxci. figs. 4010-11 (1853); Cass. U.S. Expl. Exped.,

Birds, p. 179 (1858) ; Dole, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 298

(1869) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 359.
Vestiaria heterorhynchus. Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 209.
Drepanis lucida, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 96 (1847).
Hemignathus lucidus, Flor. Prev. et Des Murs, Voy. Venus, texte,

p. 191 (1855, nee Licht.).

* Having but one specimen of Hemignathus in the Museum collection, I have
been unable to describe all the species from personal observation, and have
been obliged to draw up the characters for the present " Key " from Lichteu-
stein's plate and the other figures published by the French naturalists.

2. DEEPANIS. 5

Adult. Entirely of a dull olive, with the upper part of the head
yellowish ; the eyebrows, fore part of the neck, and breast lively
yellow. {Lafres7icn/e.)

Hub. Sandwich Islands.

3. Hemignathus lucidus.

Hemignathus lucidus, Licht. Abhandl. K. Akad. Berlin, 1838, p. 451,

tab. V. Ho-. 2; Bp. Consj]. i. p. 404 (1850); Beichenb. Handb.

Scans, p. 313, Taf. dxcj. fios. 4012-13 (1853); Licht. Numencl. Av.

p. 55 (1854) ; Cass. U.S. Expl.Exped., Birds, p. 180 (1858); Dole,

Proc. Bust. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 298 (1869) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1871,

p. 359.
Drepanis lucida, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 96 (1847) ; id. Bund-l B. i.

p. 113, uo. 1407 (1869).
Drepanis (Hemignathus) lucida, Gray, Cat. B. Trap. Isl. Pacific

Ocean, p. 9 (1859).

? Young. General colour above dull ashy olive, a little clearer
olive on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like
the back ; median and greater coverts brown, edged with ashy olive
and tipped with whitish, forming two narrow bars across the wing ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts uniform brown ; quills brown,
externally edged with yellowish olive ; tail-feathers light brown,
externally olive ; head dull ashy like the mantle, a little more olive
on the sides of the crown ; lores ashy ; feathers round the eye yel-
lowish white ; ear-coverts olive, with dull white shaft-lines ; cheeks
and under surface of body yellowish white, somewhat streaked with
ashy on the fore neck and chest, where the feathers have ashy
centres ; sides of body and flanks ashy brown washed with olive, as
also the thighs ; under tail-coverts yellowish white, with brown
bases to the feathers ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white,
slightly washed with olive-yeUow ; quills brown below, whitish
along the inner web. Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 1, wing 2-8,
tail l*7o, tarsus 0-8.*

Bab. Sandwich Islands.

a. Juv. sk. Sandwich Islands. Sir E. Belcher [P.].

2. DREPANIS. Type.

Drepanis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. Ixxxvi (1820) D. pacifica.

Falcator, Tenmi. (1822, teste Gray) D. paciiica.

Range. Sandwich Islands.

1. Drepanis pacifica.

Great Hook-billed Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 2, p. 703 (1782). _
Certhia pacifica, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 470 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i.
p. 281 (1790).

* The specimen described, having been long exposed to the light in the public
gallery, has probably become faded. It appears to belong to H. lucidus.

Le Hoho, Audeb. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. pi. Ixiii. (1802).

Merops jaunoir, Levaill. Hist. Nat. Fromerops et Guepiers, iii. pi. 19
(1807).

Drepanis pacifica, Temm. Man. d'Om. i. p. Ixxxvi (1820) ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 96 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 403 (1850) ; Reichenh.
Handh. Scans, p. 25.3, pi. dlxi. tip:. 3828 (185.3); Grai/, Cat. Birds
Trop. Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 7 (1859) ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 113,
no. 1443 (1869) ; Dole, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 297
(1869) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 358 ; Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 21.

Melitreptiis pacificus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 602 (1823).

Vestiaiia bolio, Less.

Length 8 inches. Bill an inch and three quarters, stout at the
base, and very much hooked ; colour of it brown, with a pale
base ; the upper parts of the body are black, except the lower part
of the back, the rump, and upper tail-coverts, which are of a fine
deep yellow ; the underparts of the body dusky ; the shoulders,
inner ridge of the wing, and part of the inner wing-coverts are of
the same yellow ; the bastard-wing yellowish white at the end ; the
under wing-coverts snow-white ; the sides of the vent, the vent
itself, and the thighs are yellow ; the tail and quills black ; the legs
black-brown. {Latham.)

Hah. Sandwich Islands.

3. VESTIARIA.

Type.

Vestiaiia, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. p. 246 (1822) V. coccinea.

Bill of Vestiaria coccinea.
Mange. Sandwich Islands.

1. Vestiaria coccinea.

Hook-billed Red Creeper, Lath. Gen. Si/n. i. pt. 2, p. 704 (1782).
Mellisuga coccinea, Merrem, Av. Bar. Descr. et Icon. p. 14, pi. iv.

(1786).
Certhia coccinea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 470 (1788).
Certhia vestiaria, Lath. hid. Orn. i. p. 282 (1790).
L'Heorotaire, Audeb. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. pi. 52 (1807).
Melitreptus vestiarius, Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. pi. 181 (1825-34).
Nectarinia coccinea, Bloxam in Byron s Voy. ' Blonde,^ p. 249 (1826).
Melithieptus vestiarius, Less. Traite, p. .300 (1831).
Drepanis vestiaria, Hartl. Syst. Verz. Brem. p. 16- (1844),
Vestiaria evi, Less.
Drepanis coccinea. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 96 (1847) ; Cass. U.S. Bxpl.

Exped. p. 177 (1858) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 113, no. 1405 (1869) ;

3. VESTIARIA. 7

Bole, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 297 (1869) ; Sclater, Ibis,

1871, p. 358 ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 347 ; id. Report Birds ' Challenger '

Exj). p. 95 (1881).
Vestiaria coccinea, Reichenb. Handb. Scansorice, p. 254, pi. dlxii.

figs. 38-31-;32 (1853).
Drepanis (Vestiaria) coccinea, Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Isl. Pacijic

Ocean, p. 8 (1859).

Adult male. General colour above scarlet-vermilion, the scapulars
like the back, as well as the lesser and median wing- coverts ;
greater coverts black, slightlj' margined with crimson near the tip
of the outer web ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black,
the innermost secondaries and greater coverts drab-brown on the
inner web, and distinctly edged with crimson on the outer one,
some of the inner greater coverts ashy whitish ; tail-feathers black ;
entire head and neck all round as well as the entire under surface
of the body deep scarlet-vermilion, deepening into crimson on the
breast ; the plumes of the throat lanceolate and with white bases ;
axiUaries white, tinged with rosy colour ; under wing-coverts
greyish white, the edge of the wing washed with scarlet ; quills
blackish below, ashy white along the edge of the inner web ; " bill
and legs bright vermilion" (Finsch). Total length 5"2 inches,
culmen 1, wing 2*9, tail 1"95, tarsus (>9.

Adult female. Like the male (Fiu.sch).

Young female. General colour above ochraceous buff, mottled with
spots and bars of dusky blackish at the ends of the feathers ; the
mantle rather more ashy brown than the head ; scapulars like the
back, and barred in the same manner ; wing-coverts brownish
black, edged with ochraceous olive ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills black, the primaries edged with ashy olive, the inner
secondaries with the inner web white ; tail-feathers black ; sides of
face and ear-coverts deep ochraceous buff, with narrow whitish
shaft-lines on the latter ; throat and chest ochraceous buff, more
olive on the latter and deeper ochre on the throat, all the feathers
tipped with the same dusky spots as the upper surface ; lower
abdomen and under tail-coverts ashy olive, the breast scarlet (new
plumage) ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy white, the latter
with a slight rosy tinge ; quills dusky brown below, ashy whitish
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4'5 inches, culmen 1,
wing 2-75, tail 1"8, tarsus 0-9.

Hah. Sandwich Islands.

a, b. c? ad. sk. Sandwich Islands,

c. c? ad. ; f7. c? juv. sk. Sand-wich Islands. John Gould, Esq.

e. cJ ad. ; fff. $ juv. sk. Hilo, Owhyhee. Voy. of H.M.S. ' Chal-

lensrer.'

4. HIMATIONE.

Type.

Himatione, Cnh. 3Im. Hein. Tli. i. p. 99 (1850) H. sanguinea.

Bill of Himatione sanguinea.
Bancfe. Sandwich Islands.

Key to the Species*.

a. Crimson above and below sanguinea, p. 8.

h. Olive-yellow above, brighter yellow below virens, p. 9.

1. Himatione sanguinea.

Crimson Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 2, p. 739 (1782).
Certbia sanguinea, Grn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 479 (1788).
L'Heorotaire eranioisi, Aucleb. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. pi. 66 (1802).
Petrodroma sanguinea, Vieill. N. Diet. cl'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 108

(1818).
Nectarinia byronensis, Bloxam in Byron's Voy. ^ Blonde^ p. 249

(1826) ; Gray in Griffith's Cuvier An. Eingd., Aves, ii. p. 390 cum
^ fig. (1829).

Nectaiinia sanguinea, Ctiv. Regn. Ati. i. p. 432 (1829).
Drepauis byronensis, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 12 (1831).
Drepanis sanguinea, Hartl. Syst. Verz. Brem. p. 16 (1844) ; Gray, Geti.

B. i. p. 90 (1847) : Bj). Consp. i. p. 404 (18-58) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B.

i. p. 113, no. 1406 (1869) ; Dole, Froc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 297

(1869) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 358 ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 347 j id.

Meport Birds ^Challenger' Diped. p. 9-5 (1881).
Himatione sanguinea. Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 99 (1850) ; Reichenh.

Hatidb. Scamm-ice, p. 255, Taf. dlxii. figs. 3833-34 (1853).
Drepanis (Himatione) sanguinea, Gray, Cat. B. Trap. Isl. Padjic

Ocean, p. 8 (1859).

Adult male. General colour above dark crimson, rather richer on
the head and neck ; wing-coverts black, edged with crimson exter-
nally ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the primaries
narrowly edged with ashy, the inner secondaries with crimson ; tail-
feathers black ; sides of face and under surface of body dark
crimson, somewhat mottled with ashy bases to the feathers ; abdomen,
thighs, and lower flanks browner : under tail-coverts white : under
wing-coverts dull ashy whitish, the edge of the wing browner ; axil-
laries white ; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of

* Drepanis falcata, Gray, Hand-l. 5. i. p. 113, no. 1404 (1869), ex Gm. 8. N.

i. p. 470.
Is Cinnyris lotenia. [See Shelley, Monogr. Xectar. p. 177.]

4. HIJTATIOXE. g

the inner web. Total length 4-4 inches, ciilmen 0-(j win- o.q
tail 1-S5, tarsus 0-95. ' ^ " ^'

Adult fimale. General colour above dull ochraceous brown
shghtlv mottled with dusky margins to the feathers, especially on
the lower back, rump, and upper tail-corerts : sides of mantle dark
crimson ; scapulars hke the back, and barred with dusky cross lines
m the same manner; wing-coverts black, esternally orano-e-buff-
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the secondaries ex-
ternally orange-buff; head dusky, streaked ^^-ith blackish brown
the forehead tinged with ochraceous, the head being slio-htly washed
with a dull rosy shade : lores ochraceous buff : sides of face diu<^y
ochreous brown, washed with rose-colour, as also the throat • re'
mainder of under surface of body dingy ochreous brown ashy
whitish on the lo\yer abdomen and under tail-coverts; axillaries
and under wmg-coverts ashy. Total length 4-6 inches, wing 2-8
tail 1-9, tarsus 0-9. '' '

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

a, b. S ad. sk. Sandwich Islands.

c. (S ad. sk. Sandwich Islands.

d. c5 ad. sk. Sandwich Islands. Lord Byron [P.]. (Type of
n J 1 -.^ species.)

e. 2 ad. sk. Hdo, Owhyhee. Voy. of H.M.S. ' Challenger.'

2. Himatione virens.

OHve-gi-een Creeper, ZafJi. Gen. Si/n. i. pt. 2, p. 740 ('178-'>)
Certhia virens, Gm. S>/sf. A^af. i. p. 479 (17^8, e.v Lath ) "
i. HcSorotaire vert olive, Audeb. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. pis 67 68 nR(m
Mehtreptus sirens, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p 607 (1800) ^■
Jvectannia flava, Bloxam in Byron s Voy. 'Blonde; p. 049 rj^.^a.
Drepams flava, J. B. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 12 (1831)- Bol k
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xii! p. 298 {ISm) f Setter P 7% fL"'^
p. 348; id. Report Birds ' Challenc,er ' E.J^ed.TQo' (1881) ""'
Himatione chloris, Cab. Mus. Hein.'Th. i. p. 99. note (1850)
Himatione maculata, Cab. t. c. p. 100, note (1850)
Himatione flava, Reichenb. Handb. Scans, p 255 (1855)
DrepanLS (Himatione) sanguinea $, Gray, Cat. Birds Trap Jsl
Facijic Ocean, p. 8 (1859j. J^iop. xsi.

Adult «ia?. General colour above olive-yellow, brighter towards
the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts Hke the Tack
bastard-wing pnniary-coverts, and quiUs dusky brown, externalh'
olive-yellow like the back, broader on the secondaries ; ail-fea"hers
dusky brown, edged with olive-yellow ; crown of head like the baS
brighter yeUow on the forehead and over the eye ; lores Saeki'
sides of face and ear-coverts brighter olive-yeUow, dusky olive alon<^
the upper margin of the latter ; under surface of body clear yetw°
more olive-greenish on the sides of the body and flanks ; a biackiS
spot at the extreme base of the chin, extending a little w;y alon Ahe
malar hne ; thighs ashy ext^ernaUy, olive on the inner side; under
tail-coyerts whitish, washed .vith yellow ; under wing-coverts and
axUlaries white washed with yeUow, especially along the edge of
the wmg; tail dusky brown below, whitish along the ed-e of the

10 BIC^ID^.

inner web. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-45, tail
moulting, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Duller in colour than the male and more greenish
oliye above and ashy olive below, being paler on the abdomen ;
greater wing-coverts and secondaries pale yellowish white at the
tips.

Tounrj male. Like the old female, but a little brighter olive-
yellow, and having very distinct tips of pale yellow on the wing-
coverts and secondaries.

Hah. Sandwich Islands.

a, b. Ad. sk. Sandwich Islands.

c, d. Ad. at imm. sk. Sandwich Islands. Capt. Lord Bvron [P.].

(Type of N.fava.)

e. Imm. sk. Sandwich Islands. Capt. Lord Byron [P.].

/. (S ad. ; g. 2 ^d. sk. Sandwich Islands. John Gould, Esq.

h. S ; i, ^. 2 ad. ; Hilo, Owhyhee. Voy. of H.M.S. ' Chal-

l. cJ juv. sk. lenger.'

5. DIC-ffiUM* Type.

Dicseum, Cuvier, Regne An. i. p. 410 (1817) .... D. cruentatum.
Myzanthe, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 983 (184.3) D. iguipectus. •
Microchelidon, Reiclienb. Handb. Scnnsortcs, p. 24.3

(1853) D. hirundinaceum.

Bills of B. minim, D. hirundinaceum, and B. cruentatum, to show
the diiferences in size of bill in the genus BiccBum.

Range. Indian peninsula and Ceylon ; Southern China and
Hainan ; Burmese countries ; Malayan peninsula ; Sunda Islands ;
Philippines ; whole of the Malayan archipelago ; New Guinea and
Papuan Islands to the eastward ; Australia.

* DlC^rM GEISEUM.

Grimpereau gris de la Chine, Sonn. Voy. Ind. Orient, ii. p. 210, pi. 61.

fig. 3 (1776-82).
Certhia grisea, Scop. Bel. Flor. et Faun. Insider, ii. p. 91 (1786, ex Sonn.).
Phenacistes griseus, Rcichenb. Handb. Scans, p. 244 (1853).
Dicseum griseum, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 115, no. 1431 (1869).

Is certainly not a Bicaum, and seems to me to be intended for Burnesia
socialis (Sykes) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. vii. p. 208.

DiCEUM MAUG^I.

Dicseum maugsei, Less. Traife, p. 303 (1831) ; Gray, Gen. 5. i. p. 100 (1847) ;
id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 115, no. 1430 (1869).

Bill aurora-red ; plumage grey above, white below ; cheeks and throat reddish
(Lesson).
Hah. Timor.
Not recognized by subsequent authors.

5. DICTUM. 11

Key to the Sjpecies.

I. Bill black, or with pale base to the lower
mandible.
A. Plumage more or less particoloured; ge-
nerally with some scarlet on tlie throat
or upper surface,
rt- Uuder surface not striped ; sometimes a
broad mesial longitudinal band down
the breast.
a'. Back scarlet like the head.

a". Ear-coverts scarlet like the throat ;

breast ashy grey Jiarnmeiim, p. 14.

h". Ear-coverts blackish or slaty grey.
«'". No scarlet on throat ; no black
pectoral baud.

rt*. No black on chin cruentatum, p. 1.5.

6', Chin or upper throat black . . ni(/rhnentu»i, p. 17.
c*. Entire throat black, extending

on to the fore neck pryeri, p. 18.

d^. Entire throat ashy gi-ey or dark

slate-coloiu- sumatramim, p. 18.

b'". Throat scarlet, separated from
the breast by a broad pectoral
band of black, extending down
the centre of the abdomen . . igniferum, p. 18.
b'. Back glossy purplish blue.
c" . No red on upper tail-coverts.
c'". Under tail-coverts scarlet.

«*. Flanks ashy grey hirundinacemn, p. 19.

/*. Flanks olive igniculle, p. 21.

g*. Flanks rosy like the breast.

a'. Flanks dark olive keiense, p. 22.

¥. Flanks ochreous fulyidum, p. 22.

d"'. Under tail-coverts yellowish
white.
h*. Chin white.

c'. Sides of breast blackish or
dark slaty gi-ey ; lower

flanks ashy olive celehieiim, p. 2.3.

d^. No ohve on sides of body,
which are entirely ashy ;
upper surface glossy indigo-
blue, not purplish as in

preceding species sanghirense, p. 24,

e'. Sides of body entirely olive sidaense, p. 24.
i^. Chin and upper throat fulvous

or tawny buff sanguinoleyitum, p. 25.

d" . Upper tail-coverts scarlet.

e'". No red on the head, which is
like the back.
k^. Underparts creamy white, with

a black line down the beUy . macMnti, p. 25.
/*. Underparts yellowish, with a

black line down the belly . . salvadorii, p. 26.

12

/'". Head scarlet.

m^. Apatchofscarletinthe centre
of the chest ; throat whitish.
f. Sides of breast g-rey ...... nihro-coronatum, p. 26.

'g^. Sides of breast yellowish

olive like the flanks jnikhrius, p. 27.

n*. Throat and upper breast red.
h^. Feathers ot the head red at

the tips, dusky at base . . ruhrigulare, p. 28.
I". Feathers of the head and
rump spotted with white
between the dusk-y base and

red tip alho-punctatum, p. 28.

' . Back olive or greenish, or light brown ;

a patch of scarlet or vermihon on the

chest.

e". Throat grey.

g'". No scarlet on upper tail-coverts,

these being ohve-yellow like

the back ; head glossy slaty

grey, contrasting with the back;

flanks olive schistaceiceps, p. 28.

h'". Upper tail-coverts scarlet; back
dark ashy brown, as also the
head ; sides of body grey .... vulneratum, p. 29.
/". Throat white or yellowish white.
i'". No red on the head,
o*. No red on the rump.
k^. Head olive or greenish like
the back.
a'^. No grey patch below the
scarlet prsepectoral spot ;
the breast dull olive like

rest of flanks pectorale, p. 29.

¥. Centre of breast ashy grey;
flanks bright yellowish

olive ceneum, p. 30.

F. Head slaty grey, contrasting

with the back erythrothorax, p. 31.

2^. Rump scarlet layardorum, p. 32.

It,'". Head duU red or bright red.
q^. Abdomen white, with a mesial
broad line of ashy brown down
the breast ; a transverse band
of bright scarlet across the
fore neck ; rump bright scar-
let ; head dull reddish eximiutn, p. 33.

?•*. No mesial dark line down the
breast.
tiv'. Crown dull red.

c". A broad patch of scarlet
on the breast; upper tail-
coverts reddish like the

head maforense, p. 33.

d^. Scarlet patch on breast
small ; upper tail-coverts
bright red mysoriense, p. 34.

5. DICTUM. 13

«'. Crown and upper tail-co-
verts bright scarlet ; upper

surface glossy green geelvinkianum, p. 34.

a Back chocolate-brown, contrasting
with the upper tail-coverts and tail,
which are black, the frontal feathers
edged with hoary whitish ; ear-co-
verts hoary whitish ; no scarlet above
or below, the under surface being
white, except on the throat and
fore neck, which are blackish brown

washed with hoary whitish ti-istraini, p. 34.

e'. Back slaty blackish or dull black, or
black washed with olive.
g". With no red in the centre of the
breast.
I'". With a red collar round the hind

neck retrocinctutn, p. 35.

m'". With no red collar round the
hind neck ; throat white,
s*. Entire centre of breast red,

surrounded by black hcematostictujn, p. 35.

t*. A red patch down the centre

of the breast, with no black . rubriventer, p. 36.
h". No red on the luiderparts.

n'". Upper surface black ; below

white hypoleucum, p. .37.

o'". Upper surface dingy olive ; below

ashy, white on abdomen .... miyidanense, p. 37.
p'" . Upper siu'face dull slate-colour;
under surface ashy, tinged with

olive rtibrivoite}-, juv., p. 36.

f, A patch of orange in the centre of the
back.
i". Chin and throat slaty grey ; lower

back also orange trigonostigina, p. 38.

k'' . Chin bright yellow ; lower back
slaty blue, with an orange-scarlet
spot in the centre of the back.
q'". Throat entirely yellow.

?<4. Rump slaty grey like the rest

of the back dorsak, p. 40.

y*. Rump lemon-yellow, contrast-
ing with the rest of the back xanthopyghmi, p. 40.
r'". Lower throat ashy grey washed

with yellow cinereigulare, p. 40.

g'. Back glossy steel-green, metallic ;
rump olive-yeUow.
I" . A scarlet patch on the throat .... ignipectus, p. 41.

m" . No scarlet on throat pygynceum, p. 4.3.

6. Under surface thickly streaked chrysorrhaum, p. 44. •

B. Plumage plain ; olive above, paler olive

below, or ashy underneath ; no .scarlet on

rump or upper tail-coverts ; no bright

colour on breast or under surface of body.

e. Size large ; wing l'95-2 inches ; biU black, concolor, p. 45.

14 DICiEIDJ3.

d. Size smaller; wing not exceediug 1"9
inch ; bill pale at base of lower man-
dible.
h'. Throat pale olive yellowish like the , ■„^,.„„i 45^

rest of the under surface . . . ... ,nmuUum, -p. 47 .

t. Throat ashy, slightly washed with ' ' ^
olive.
n". Abdomen olive-yellow, contrast-
ing with throat virescens, p. 46.

0". Abdomen ashy like the throat, with

a slight wash of olive everetti, p. 47.

II. Bill yellowish in the skin, red in life ; upper

surface plaiu-coloui-ed erythrorhynchum, p. 48.

1. DicsBum flammeum.

Motacilla flammea, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, fasc. iv. pi. 98 (1789).

Flame-coloured Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 251 (1801).

Sylvia flammea, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. Ivi (1801).

Le Figuier rouge, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 136 (1802).

Dicfeum rubescens, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. ix. p. 408 (1817).

Dicajum cruentatum (wee L.), Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 168

(1820).
Nectarinia rubrocana, Temm. PL Col. iv. pi. 108. figs. 2, 3 (1824).
Dicaeum rubricosum, Cuv. Beyne Aniin. i. p. 433 (1829).
DicEenm rubrocanum, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xy. p. 44 (1845) ; Bp,

Consp. i. p. 403 (1850) ; Reiclienb. Handh. Scans, p. 260, Taf . dlvi.

figs. 3778-79 (1853) ; Horsf. %■ Moore, Cat. B. E.L. Co. Mm. ii.

p. 748 (1856); Bernst. J. f. 0. 1859, p. 278; Vorderm. Nat.

Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xlii. p. 214 (1882).
DiciBum rubescens, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847); Reichenb. Ilandb.

Scansorice, p. 240, Taf. dlvi. figs. 3776-77 (1853).
Dicteum flammeum, Sundev. Krit. Framst. Sparrm. p. 14 (1857) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 115, no. 1423 (1869) ; Salvad. Ucc. Born.

p. 167 (1874); Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 302; Nichols. Ibis, 1879,

p. 16(), 1881, p. 152 ; Blasius, iii. JB. Ver. Naturiu. Braunschio.

pp. 79-81 (1883).

Adult male. General colour above bright orange-scarlet from the
base of the bill to the up^ier tail-coverts ; the feathers with a con-
cealed subterminal band of blue-black, only visible on the dis-
arrangement of the plumage ; scapulars and wing-coverts glossy
blue-black ; greater coverts, primary-coverts, bastard-wing, and
quills black, with a slight gloss of blue-black ; tail-feathers deep
blue-black ; sides of face, sides of neck, throat, and fore neck orange-
scarlet ; sides of upper breast and remainder of under surface of
body pale ashy, with a slight wash of olive ; lower abdomen and
under tail-coverts white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white,
dusky along the edge of the wing ; quills dusky brown, ashy along
the edge of the inner web. Total length 3"4 inches, culmen 0-45,
wing 2-2, tail 1*1, tarsus 0-5.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
brown, with a reddish tinge on the head and mantle, more olive on
the lower back, scapulars, and back ; the rump and ujjper tail-
ooverts scarlet ; tail-feathers blue-black ; quiUs dusky brown, edged

5, DICTUM. 15

narrowly with olive ; lores and eyelid whitish ; ear-coverts ashy
whitish : the sides of the face and cheeks pale brown washed with
fulvous, the ear-coverts with indistinct shaft-lines ; throat white,
separated from the cheeks by a moustachial Hne of dingy brown ;
centres of breast and abdomen dull whitish, the fore neck somewhat
obscured with ashy-brown edgings ; sides of body ashy brown
washed with olive ; vent and under tail-coverts buffy white ; under
■wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills brown, ashy along the
edge of the inner web. Total length 3-4 inches, culmen 0-45, wing
] -y, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-5.

Tounff male. At first like the adult female, but more orange on
the rump and upper tail-coverts. The scaidet plumage is assumed
by a direct moult.

Hah. Java ; Madura (2Ieyer ; Mus. B. G. W. R.) ; ? Borneo.

a. (S ad. sk. Java. Gould Collection.

h,c. S 2 ad. sk. W. Java. A.R.WaUace,Esq.[C.l.

d, e,f, (/. S ad. ; W. Java {E. C. Buxton). F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.].

h. 5 ad. sk.

i, k. c? imm. sk. W. Java {E. C. Buxton). F. Nicholson, Esq. rp.].

I, m. S; n.<^;o.S Java {Rorsfield). India Museum.

juv. sk.

p. c? ad. sk. Java. Leiden Museum [P.].

2. Dicaeiiin cruentatum.

The Little Black, White and Eed Lidian Creeper, Edwards, Nat.

Hist. B. pi. 81 (174;}-^51).
Certhia cruentata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 187 (1766) : Lath. Ind. Orn.

i. p. 296 (1790).
Le Grimpereau a dos rouge de la Chine, Sonn. Von. Ind. Orient, ii.

p. 209, pi. 61. fig. 1 (1776-82).
Certhia cocciiiea, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 91 (1786).
Red-backed Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 132 (1787).
Certhia erythronotus, Lath. Lid. Orn. p. 290 (1790).
Le Souimanga a dos y owsii, Axideb. et Vieill. Ois.Dor.u v 57 nl

35 (1802). ^ ' ^ ■

Dicsum eiythronotum, Cttv. Ek/ne Anim. i. p. 410 (1817) ; McClell

P. Z. S. 1839, p. 167; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 983 (1843),

xiv. p. 558 (1845). ^ ^ K M

Dicaeum cruentatum, Strickl. Ann. 8^ Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 38

(1844) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 226 (1849) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 402 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 98 (1850) ; Tytler,

An7i. Sr Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) xiii. p. 373 (1854) ; Gould, B. Asia,

part vi. (1854) ; Walden, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 544 ; Siainh. Ibis, 1867,

p. 405, 1868, p. 63; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 114, no. 1415 (1-869) ;

Sioinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 239 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 349 ; Hume, Nests and

Eggs Lid. B. p. 155 (1873) ; id. Str. F. 1874, p. 473, 1875, p. 87;

Blyth Sf Wald. B. Burm. p. 142 (1875) ; Hume, Str. F. 1875,

p. 87 ; Armstr. Str. F. 1876, p. 315 ; Walden, Ibis, 1876, p. 349;

David Sr Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 83 (1877); Hume ^- Davis. SYr. F.

1878, p. 192; Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yunnan, p. 663 (1878);

Hume, Sfr. F. 1879, pp. 56, 90 ; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 505 ;

Mailer, Vdg. Inscl Salanga, p. 21 (1662); Oates, B. Brit.

-Bwrm. i. p. 332 (1883).

16 DICMW^.

Nectariiiia ignita, Begbie, Ann. Sj- Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. p. 408

(1846).
Dicieuin coccineiim, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847); Horsf. Sf

Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 747 (1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i.

p. 373 (1862); Bhjth, His, 1866, p. 305; Beavan, Ihi.s, 1869,

p. 421 ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 99 (1870) ; Jerd.

Ibis, 1872, p. 18.

Adult male. General colour above bright scarlet, the mantle
slightly mottled with black bases to the feathers ; scapulars and
wing-coverts glossy steel-blue ; quills blackish, externally edged
with glossy steel-blue, broader on the secondaries ; tail-feathers
blue-black ; lores, feathers above the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides
of throat, and sides of neck black, with scarcely any steel-green
gloss, and extending in a narrow line along the rami of the lower
jaw and down on to the sides of the upper breast ; throat and under
surfaces of body creamy buff, including the thighs and under tail-
coverts, the flanks and sides of body ashy grey ; axiUaries and under
wing-coverts pure white ; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along
the edge of the inner web ; " bill and mouth black ; legs and feet
black; iris dark brown ; eyelids plumbeous" {E. W. Oates). Total
length 3-3 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-85, tail 1, tarsus 0-45.

Adult female. General colour above yellowish olive, a little
deeper on the hind neck and mantle ; the head with dusky centres
to the feathers, producing a slightly mottled appearance ; rump and
upper tail-coverts bright scarlet ; scapulars and wing-coverts duU
steel-green, edged with olive ; quills dusky brown, with narrow
olive margins ; tail-feathers blue-black ; ear-coverts pale brown ;
lores and cheeks ashy fulvous, mottled with dusky bases to the
feathers ; throat and under surface of body light ochraceous buff,
ashy olive on the sides of the throat, sides of body, and flanks ;
axiUaries and under wing- coverts white ; quiUs dusky below,
whitish along the edge of the inner web ; "mouth flesh-coloured"
(E. W. Oates). Total length 3-25 inches, wing 1-8, tail 0-95, tarsus
0-5.

Ohs. Some of the females, apparently very old birds, have a dis-
tinct reddish shade on the upper parts.

A young female collected by Mr. Oates is lighter olive-yeUow
above, and has the throat and fore neck more ashy ; the rump and
upper tail-coverts are saffron-yellow, with some bright scarlet
feathers intermixed.

Hub. South-eastern Himalayas, throughout the Burmese countries,
and Southern China to Hainan, and down the Malaj'an peninsula
to Java and Sumatra.

a, 6. c? 2 3.d. sk. Hainan. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

c. (S ad. sk. Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.].

d. cJ ad, sk. Assam {McClelland). India Museiun.

e,f. d ? ad.sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

g^h.tS; «. 2 ad.sk. Nepal (^^r/c/sow). India Museum.

k S ad. sk. Calcutta (Blgth). India Museum.

/, m. d" ? ad. sk. Thayetmyo. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].

n,o. (S 2 sk. Pegii, Aug. and Nov. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.].

5. DICTUM.

17

p. ? juv. sk.

g. cJ <id. sk.

t: (S ad. sk.
s. S ad. sk.
t. (S ad. sk.
M, V. $ ad. sk.
w. 5 ad. sk.
.r, y. S ad. ;

s,a'. 2 juv. sk.
b'. (S ad. sk.
e'. 2 ad. sk.
d\ 2 ad. sk.
c') /• d ad. sk.

12 miles north of Ran-
goon, Oct.

Salween River, Tenas-
serim, July 26.

Tenasserim.

Tavoy (£n'f/ys).

Malacca (Griffith).

Malacca.

Malacca (Cantor).

Penang (Cantor).

Sumatra.

Java.

Java (Horsjield),

Java.

E. W. Dates, Esq. [0.].

Capt. C. T. Bingham [P.].

J. C. D. Packman, Esq. [P.].

Gould Collection.

India Museum.

A. R. WaUace, Esq. [C.].

India Museum.

India Museum.

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
Gould Collection.
India Museum.
Purchased.

Subsp. a, Dicseum uigrimentum.

DicaBum coccineum (nonScop.), Mottley ^ Dilho. Nat. Hist. Labuan,

p. 19 (1855).
Dicseum cruentatum (non L.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 219.
Dicfeum nigrimentum, Salvad. Ucc. Boi-n. p. 165 (1874) : Sharpe,

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 343.

Adult male. Similar to D. coccineiim, but having more black on
the chin, -which, instead of being black only along the edge of the
rami of the lower jaw, has the black colour extending over the
chin, and in some examples on to the upper throat ; " iris brown "
(Doria). Total length 3-1 inches, culmcn 0'4, wing 1-85, tail 1,
tarsus 0"O.

Adult female. Very similar to the female of D. cocc'meum. Total
length 3-2 inches, culmeu 0-4, wing 1-95, tail 1, tarsus 0'5.

Ohs. A comparison of Bornean birds with Malayan and Burmese
D. cruentatum shows that the former have more or less black on the
throat and chin ; but even in Bornean examples the extent of this
black is not the same in all individuals, while the form with
black chin is also not strictly confined to Borneo, as the Museum
possesses one from Malacca. As, therefore, the characters of B.
nigrimentum are not absolutely constant, and it has not even a
definite geographical range apart from D. cruentatum, I have thought
it best to consider it merely a race of the last-named bird.

Hab. Malacca and Borneo.

A. R. WaUace, Esq. [C.].
Gould Collection.
Governor Ussher [C.].

Harry Veitch, Esq. [P.].
Henry Everett, Esq. [C.].
A. R. Wallace, Esq.

a. S ad. sk.

b. (S ad. sk.

c. d. cT ad. ; e. 2
juv. sk.

/. c? ad. sk.

y, h. S 2 ad. .sk.

i, k. 2 ad. sk.

Malacca.

Borneo.

Labuan.

Labuan (Burbidge).
' Sarawak.
Banjermassing (Mottley).

VOL. X.

18 DIC^ID^.

Subsp. /3. Dicaeum pryeri.

Dicseum pryeri, Shcirpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 795 ; id. in GouliVs B. Asia,
part xxxiv. (1883).

Adult male (type of species). Similar to D. crventatum and D.
nigrimentum, but having the entire throat and jugulum black, the
fore neck creamy buft', obscured by blackish edges to the feathers.
Total length 2-t> inches, culmeu 0*4, wing 1-85, tail 1, tarsus 0-45.

Ohs. This is a race of B. cruentatum, in which the throat is
entirely black, this colour extending on to the sides of the breast
and leaving only the centre of the fore neck creamy buff. It is,
however, so closelj^ approached by some of the specimens of D.
nigrimentum, that it can only be regarded as an extreme form,
apparently peculiar to North-eastern Borneo.

Hah. Sandakan, jS"'.E. Borneo.

a. (S ad. sk. Sandakan. W. R. Pryer, Esq. [C.]. (Type

of subspecies.)

3. Dicaeum sumatranum.

Dicffiiun sumatranum, Cah. J.f. O. 1878, p. 101.

Adult male. General colour above bright scarlet, the mantle
slightly mottled with the blackish bases to the feathers ; head like
the back, as also the hind neck ; base of forehead black ; scapulars
and wing-coverts gloss}' purplish blue with a steel gloss ; greater
coverts and quills, as well as the primarj'-coverts, blackish, exter-
nally edged with purplish blue ; tail-feathers blue-black ; lores,
sides of face, ear-coverts, checks, and sides of neck sooty blackish ;
throat, breast, and sides of body lighter ashy, the flanks slightly
washed with olive ; centre of fore neck, and of breast, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts, ochraceous birff; thighs ashy; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, the latter slightly washed with ochreous ;
quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner
web. Total length 3'3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-85, tail 0"85,
tarsus 0-45.

Another male, apparently rather younger than the one described,
has the whole of the forehead and eyebrow black. The hind neck
is also dusky blackish, cutting off the scarlet crown from the
mantle.

Hah. Sumatra.

a, b. (5 ad. sk. Sumatra (Mus. Ltujd.). Gould Collection,

c. (S jun. sk. West coast of Sumatra. India Museum.

4. Dicseum igniferum.

Dicseum igniferum, Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 494 ; Finsch, Neu-Guinea,

p. 1G.3 (1865).
Bicffiiun ignifer, Gray, Haiid-l. B. i. p. 114, no. 1419 (1869).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark scarlet,

5. DiciEtrir. 19

the mantle and upper back somewhat mottled, the feathers purplit,h,
tipped with scarlet ; rump aud upper tail- coverts rather brighter
scarlet, with purplish bases ; scapulars and wing-coverts deep
puq)le ; quills black, externally washed with deep purple ; tail-
feathers purplish black ; base of forehead, lores, sides of face,
cheeks, and sides of neck purplish black, connected with the pec-
toral band ; chin whitish ; throat aud fore neck scarlet, the sides of
the throat purplish black : the scarlet throat surrounded by a
purplish-black band, descending along the middle of the abdomen,
forming a broad mesial band ; remainder of breast and under sur-
face generally white, including the under tail- coverts, which are
slightly tinged with yellow ; thighs blackish ; under wing-coverts
and asillaries white, the edge of the wing black ; quills blackish
below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length So
inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-95, tail 1, tarsus 0-5.

Adult female. Diflferent from the male, and wanting the scarlet
throat and black pectoral band ; upper surface dingy brown, scarlet
on the mantle, the feathers being tipped with this colour ; head
brighter scarlet, the forehead dusky ; lower back ashy olive ; upper
tail-coverts bright scarlet; scapulars ashy olive; wing- coverts and
quills black, glossed with puqilish ; the inner secondaries edged
with olive ; tail-feathers purplish black : cheeks, sides of face, and
sides of neck dull ashy brown ; throat and under surface of body
dull white, purer on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; the chest
and upper breast washed with ashy, mottled with dusky bases to
the feathers, more distinct on the fore neck ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries white ; quills dusky blackish below, white along the
edge of the inner web. Total length y-4 inches, culmen 0-4, wing
I'So, tail 0-95, tarsus 0-5.
Mab. Plores,

a,h. cJ ? ad. sk. Floras. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

(Tvpes of species.)
c, d. 2 ad. sk. Flores. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

5. DicsBum Mrundinaceum.

Motacilla hirundiuacea, iS//aw S,- Nudder, Xat. Misc. iv pi 114

(1792).
Swallow Warbler, Lath. Gen. St/n. Suppl. ii. p. 250 CI SOI).
Sylvia hiruudioacea, Lath. Lid. Orn. Sujjpl. p. Iv (1801).
Pipra desmaresti, Leach, Zool. Misc. i. p. 94, pi. 41 (1814) ; Shaw,

Gen. Zool. x. p. 18 (1817).
DiccBum atrogaster, Less. Trade, p. 303 (1831).
Dica?um pardalotus, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1833, pi. 14 (e.r Cuvier,

MSS.). _ r V ,

Dicseum hirimdinaceum, Graj/, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847) ; Gould, B.

Amtr. fol. ii. pi. 34 ( 1848) ; Reichenb. Vog. NetihoU. p. 279 (1850) ;

Goidd, Llandh. B. Austr. i. p. 581 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 115, no. 14.32 (18G9) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. ^'. S. W. ii.

p. 191 (1878) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 125 ; id. Report Birds

'Challenger ' Rvped. p. 89 (1881) : Shat-pe, Rep. Zool. Coll. H.M.S.

' Alert; p. 21 (1884).

c2

20 DIC^ID^.

Myzantlie liinindinacea, Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 227 (1849) ;

Bp. Conq). i. p. 402 (1850).
Microchelidon hiruudinacea, Bcichenb. JTandb. Scmisories, p. 243,

pi. dlvii. figs. 3792-95 (1853) ; Sundev. Av. 31eth. Tent. p. 27

(1872).

Adult nude. General colour above glossy purplish blue, the wing-
coverts, like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
black, externally purplish blue like the back ; tail-feathers blue-
black, edged with purplish blue ; head like the back ; lores, sides
of face, cbeeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck black glossed with
purple ; throat and fore neck scarlet, ashy whitish at the base of
the chin, a narrow blackish line along the rami of the jaws ; re-
mainder of under surface yellowish white, with a broad central
streak of purplish blue down the middle of the chest and breast ;
sides of breast and flanks ashy, with a little black on the sides of
the upper breast ; thighs yellowish white, with blackish bases ;
under tail-coverts scarlet ; axiUaries and under wing-coverts white,
with blackish bases, the edge of the wing purplish blue ; quills
dusky brown below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web ;
" bill blackish brown ; feet dark brown ; iris dark brown " [Guidd).
Total length 3-7 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 2-5, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-5.

Adult female. Different from the male, and wanting the scarlet
throat and purplish mark down the centre of the breast. General
colour above ashy brown, slightly glossed with purplish blue on the
scapulars and back ; wing-coverts steel-black, edged with ashy
brown : quiUs brown, edged with ashy, the secondaries glossed with
steel-black ; upper tail-coverts purplish blue, edged with reddish
brown ; tail-feathers blue-black ; head like the back, with obsolete
dusky centres to the feathers, washed with reddish on the forehead ;
over the eye a faint whitish streak ; sides of face, ear-coverts, cbeeks,
and sides of nock ashy brown ; throat white ; remainder of under
surface creamy white, the sides of the fore neck and breast ashy ;
thighs white ; under tail-coverts pale scarlet ; under wing-coverts
and axiUaries white ; quills dusky below, whitish along the edge of
the inner web. Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0'4, wing 2-3, tail
1-05, tarsus 0*5.

Younrj male. Like the old female, but with white spots at the
end of the tail-feathers.

Hah. Tasmania, and nearly the whole of Australia.

a. (S ad. sk. Reed Beds, Adelaide Gould Collection.

(.S-. White).

South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].

South AustraUa. Gould Collection.

New South Wales. Gould Collection.

Iviehnioiid River R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{Goodwin).

Queensland (J. T. F. D. God man and 0. Salvin,

Cockerel!). Esqrs. [P.].

More ton Bay. Goidd Collection.

Cape York. Capt. Stanley {_P.\

Cape York. Gould Collection.

d.

c? ad.

sk.

c.

$ ad.

sk.

d.

2 ad

sk.

e.

$ ad.

sk.

f,

9- c?;

h. $ad.;

i- 6 j

uv. sk.

k.

S ad.

sk.

I.

d ad.

sk.

m

. d ad

.sk.

5. DICTUM. 21

n. S ad. sk. Cape York. Voy. of H.M.S. ' Challenger.'

0, p. cJ ad. sk. Thursday Island, Torres Voy. of H.M.S. ' Alert.'

Straits (Di: Coppin-

f/er).
q. S ad. sk. Port Darwin (Dr. Co;> Toy. of H.M.S. 'Alert.'

jiitu/ej-).
r. <S ad. sk. Port Essington. Gould Collection.

«. $ ad. sk. Port Essington ( Cff/j^. Mrs. luce [P.].

Lice).
t. $ ad. sk. Quail Island. Dr. J. R. Ekey [P.],

u. cJ ad. sk. York, Western Austra- Gould Collection.

lia,Aug.l843(j;G.).

6. Dicaeum ignicoUe.

DicKum ignicoUe, Gray, P. Z. -S'. 1858, p. 173 ; id. Cat. Mamm. ^
Birds New Gmnea,^}^. 22, 55 (1859;; id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 434;
Pose/lb. Xat. Tijdschr. Xed. Lid. xxv. p. 237 (18G3) ; Finsch, Neu-
Guinea, p. 163 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 114, no. 1420 (1869) ;
Mosenh. Malay. Arch. p. 364 (1879); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic.
Genov. xvi. p. 68 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 278 (1881).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark purplish
blue, the wing-coverts like the back ; quills black, externally pur-
plish blue like the back ; tail-feathers blue-black ; lores, sides of
face, ear-coverts, aud cheeks purplish blue ; throat, fore neck, and
chest scarlet, whitish at extreme base of chin, with a black line
skirting the edge of the rami of the jaws ; remainder of under-
parts light yellow ; the sides of the body and flanks yellowish olive,
separated from the scarlet chest by an indistinct shade of purplish
blue, which extends on the sides of the upper breast ; in the centre
of the breast a broad longitudinal streak of purplish blue ; thighs
blackish ; \:nder tail-coverts scarlet ; under wing-coverts aud axil-
laries white, with a slight tinge of yellow ; quills blackish below,
ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length 3-5
inches, culmen 0;35, wing 2*15, tail 1-1, tarsus 0-45.

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the scarlet throat
and purplish breast-patch. Upper surface dingy olive, with a
purplish gloss on the back and mantle ; the rump and upper tail-
coverts purple, with reddish edges to the feathers ; wing-coverts and
quills purplish black, with narrow olive margins to the former ;
tail-feathers purplish black ; sides of face and car-coverts dingy
olive glossed with purple ; under surface of body dull olive-yellowish,
whiter on the throat ; sides of breast and flanks darker olive ; under
tail-coverts pale scarlet ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white
with a slight yellowish tinge ; quills below blackish, white along the
edge of the inner web. Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0-4, wing
1-95, tail 0-95, tarsus 0-45.

A male bird in fuU plumage is apparently younger than the
bird described, as it has the throat lighter scarlet, the breast much
more uniform dingy olive, with the pectoral patch of pui-plish blue
smaller aud less defined.

Hab. Aru Islands.

22 I)ICiEIDJ5.

a.h. S2 ad. sk. Am Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

(Types of species.)
c,d. c? ? ad. sk. Arn Islands. A. K. Wallace, Esq. [0.].

e. e ad. sk. Aru Islands (Wallace). Gould Collection.

7. Dicseum keiense.

Dicffium sp., Itosenb. Heis. naar ZuidoostereiL p. 80 (1867).

Dicffiura keiense, 8alvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vi. p. .314 (1874),

xiv. p. G54 (1879), xvi. p. QS (1880) ; id. Orn. Pupuasia etc. u.

p. 279 (1881).

Adult male (Little Key ; vou Eosenberg). General colour above
glossy pnrplish bluo; wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts,
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally glossed
with purplish blue; tail-feathers purplish black; lores, sides of
face, ear-coverts, and cheeks black with a slight i)urplish gloss ;
throat and underparts generally scarlet, paler on the throat and
richer on the fore neck and breast; sides of the upper breast
purplish blue; sides of the body, flanks, and lower abdomen
olivaceous: under tail-coverts pale scarlet; uuder wing-coverts
and axillaries white, the edge of the wing purplish blue; quills
dusky below, whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length
3-2 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-15, tail 1-05, tarsus 0-5.

Hah. Ke or Key Islands, Moluccas.

a. cJ ad. sk. Little Key Island Leiden Museum [P.].

( Von Rosenberg).

8. Dicaeum fulgiduin.

Dicfeum fulgidum, Schter, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 56 ; Goidd, B. New
Guinea, part xv. (1883).

Adult male. General colour above dark purplish blue ; wing-
coverts like the back ; quills black, externally slightly glossed with
purplish blue, a little more distinct on the innermost secondaries ;
tail-feathers purplish blue like the back, but slightly duller ; lores
black ; sides of face, cheeks, and ear-coverts black, Avith a slight
gloss of purplish blue ; a very narrow line of black bordering the
rami of the lower jaw pale scarlet ; under surface of the body pale
scarlet, richer on the fore neck and breast, and extending in a rosy
tinge over the sides of the body, the lower flanks and vent being of
a light fawn-brown ; the chin whitish and the centre of the body
also mixed with white, the bases of the feathers being of this colour;
in the centre of the breast a faintly indicated blackish spot ; thighs
black ; under tail-coverts pale rose-colour ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries white ; edge of wing and adjacent coverts black ; quills
blackish below, narrowly edged with white along the inner web ;
"bill, legs, and feet black; iris black" (H. 0. Forhes). Total
length 3"5 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-15, tail 1'25, tarsus 0'55.

5. DICiEUM. 23

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
olive-brown, greyer on the head ; wing-coverts black, edged with
pale brown, slightl}' ochracoous on the greater coverts ; bastard-wing
and primarj'-coverts blue-black ; quills black, narrowly edged with
olive-brown, more distinctly olive on the secondaries ; tail-feathers
blue-black, edged with olive, the outer feathers tipped with dull
white on the outer web ; lores dull white ; ear-coverts ashy olive ;
cheeks and throat dull white, becoming tinged with pale ochre on
the breast; abdomen and thighs pale ochreous ; under tail-coverts
very pale scarlet ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, the
former tinged with ochreous ; quills dusky below, whitish along
the edge of the inner web ; " bill, legs, and feet black ; iris black "
{H. 0. Forbes). Total length 3"5 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2-1,
tail 1-15, tarsus 0-55.

Hob. Tenimber Islands.

a. cS ad. sk. Loetoer, Timor Laut British Association [P.],

{H. O. Forbes). (Type of species.)

6, c. c? $ ad. sk. Moloe Island, Sept. 1st. II. 0. Forbes, Esq. [C].

9. Dicaeum celebicum.

Dicaeum celebicum, Miill. ^ Schl. Verh. Natuurl. Gesch. Land- en
Volkenk. p. 182 (18;:)2-44) ; Grai/, Gen. li. i. p. 100 (1847) : Bp.
Consp. i. p. 403 (18-jO); Reichenb. Handb. Saot'forice, p. 240
(185.3); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 115, no. 1422 (l.SGi)); Walden,
Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 72 (1872) ; Briigg. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen,
V. p. 74 (1878).

Dicfeum leclancheri, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 94, 1846, p. 42 ; HarU.
Rev. Zool. 1846, pp. 4, 47, 111.

Adult male. General colour above dark purple, the wing-coverts
like the back ; bastard-wiug, primary-coverts, and quills blackish,
externally purple, the inuer secondaries entirely of the latter colour;
tail-feathers purplish black ; head like the back ; lores, sides of face,
cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck black glossed with purple, as
also the malar line; chin white; throat and chest scarlet ; remainder
of under surface whitish washed with pale yellow, with a broad
streak of purplish blue down the centre of the breast; sides of
breast xiurpUsh blue, dingy olive on the lower flanks ; thighs
blackish ; under tail-coverts white, washed with olive-yellow ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries white, the edge of the wing black ;
quills blackish below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inuer web.
Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1-8, tail 0-95, tarsus 0-5.

Adult female. Different from the male, and wanting the scarlet
throat and purple breast-patch. General colour al'cve ashy purple,
washed with olive, especially on the lower back and rump ; upper
tail-coverts deeper purple ; wing-coverts dull purple ; quills blackish,
externally washed with purple ; tail-feathers purplish black ; lores
whitish ; sides of face and ear-coverts dull ashy washed with purple;
throat and breast ashy whitish ; remainder of under surface pale
yellowish, including the under tail-coverts ; flanks and sides of body

24 DIC^ID^.

yeUowish, more ashy on the sides of the upper breast ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white ; quills dusky below, white along the
edge of the inner web. Total length 3-25 inches, culmen 0--4, wing
1-85, tail 0-9, tarsus 0-45.
Hah. Celebes.

a, b. S ad. sk. Celebes. . Gould CoUection

c d c? ad sk. Menado. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [O. J.

e f. 6 9. ad. sk. Menado. A. R. Wallace, Esq. rC.J.

(].' (S ad. sk. Macassar. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

10. Dicseum sanghirense.

Dicffium sanghirense, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. ix. p. 58
(1877).

Adult male. General colour glossy dark indigo-blue ; the wing-
coverts like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
black, externally edged with blue like the back ; tail blue-black ;
head 'like the back ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks
black, also slightly glossed with blue, the sides of the throat also
black along the malar line ; chin white ; lower throat and fore neck
scarlet ; remainder of under surface white with a yellowish tinge ;
the sides of the body dark ashy grey, blacker on the sides of the
upper breast ; down the centre of the breast a broad longitudinal
mark of black washed with blue ; imder tail-coverts white with
longitudinal black centres ; axUlaries and under wing-coverts white ;
quUls blackish below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 3-3 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1-95, tail 1-05, tarsus 0-5.
{Mus. R. G. Wardhm Ramsay.)
Hah. Sanghir Islands.

11. Dicseum sulaense.

Dictum celebicum {nee Miill. ^ Schl.\ Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 342.
Dicseum sulaense, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 579.

Adidt male. General colour above purple, the wing-coverts like
the back ; quills black, externally purple ; lower back and rump
slightly washed with olive ; upper taU-coverts and tail deep purple ;
lores, sides of face, cheeks, and ear-coverts dusky purple ; chin
whitish ; a narrow line along the edge of the lower jaw blackish ;
throat and chest fine scarlet ; in the centre of the breast a broad
streak of duU xmrplish black; abdomen and under tail-coverts
jellowish white; sides of upper breast ashy washed with olive;
sides of body and flanks duU yellowish olive ; axiUaries and under
wing-coverts white with a faint tinge of yellow ; quills blackish
below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length
3-65 inches, culmen 0'4, wing 2-05, tail 1-15, tarsus 0-55.
Hah. Sula Islands.

a. Ad. sk, Sula Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

(Type of species.)

5. DICTUM. 25

12. DicsBum sanguinolentum.

Dicfeum sanguinolentum, Temm. PL Col. iv. pi. 478. fig. 2 (1^29) ;
Grm/, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 403 (18.50) ;
Eekhenb. Handb. Scans, p. 240, pi. dlvii. fig. 3783 (1853) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 114, no. 1418 (1«G9) ; Nichols. Ibis, 1881, p. 152;
Meyer, Vog. etc. Ostind. Arch. p. 39 (1884).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above glossy purplish
blue ; the -wing-coverts like the back ; primary-coverts, bastard-
wing, and quills blackish, externally washed with purplish blue ;
tail-feathers blackish, with a purple gloss ; lores, sides of face, ear-
coverts and cheeks, sides of throat, sides of neck, and sides of upper
breast black ; throat, fore neck, and upper breast crimson, paler
towards the throat ; remainder of under surface of body sand)* buff,
with a black streak down the centre of the lower breast and upper
abdomen ; thighs dusky blackish ; flanks dingy blackish, with a slight
wash of olive ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, blackish
along the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below, ashy brown along
the edge of the inner web ; " iris dark blue " {H. 0. Forbes). Total
length 3-3 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1*95, tail 1, tarsus O'o. {Mas.
Lur/d.)

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
dusky, with a gloss of steel-blue ; the upper tail-coverts scarlet ;
tail blue-black ; wing-coverts like the back, and glossed in the same
manner : quills blackish, with a light steel-blue gloss externally ;
ear-coverts and sides of face dusky washed with olive, with narrow
pale shaft-lines and an indistinct eyebrow of pale olive ; under sur-
face of body sandy buff, slightly mottled on the fore neck and breast
with obsolete ashy margins ; axillaries and under wing-coverts dull
white. Total lejigth 3 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1"8, tail 1,
tarsus 0"5.

Hah. Java.

a,b. S2 ad. sk. W. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

c. S ad. sk. Tapos,.lava {von Hasself). Gould Collection.

d. (S ad. sk. Java (Diard). Leiden Museum [P.].

13. DicaBum mackloti.

Dicseum mackloti, Midi. ^- Schl. Verk. Natuurl. Geseh. Land- en
Volkenk. p. 162 (1839-44) ; Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847) ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 433 (1850) ; Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 486 ; Finsch, Xeii-
Guinea, p. 163 (1865) ; Gray, ILmd-l. B. i. p. 115, no. 1433 (1869).

Microchelidon macklotii, Beichenb. Handb. Scans, p. 244 (1853).

Adidt male (t}-pe of species). General colour above dark purplish
blue, the wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills blackish, externally purplish blue like the back ; rump
and upper tail-coverts bright scarlet, with purplish-blue bases to the
feathers ; tail-feathers purplish black ; lores, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and cheeks dark purplish blue like the face, running down
the sides of the throat, and forming a broad band across the breast.

26 BICiEIDiE.

and enclosing a large scarlet patch on the throat and fore neck ;
chin and sides of upper throat white ; remainder of under surface of
body creamy white, with a broad line of black down the centre of
the abdomen, continuous with the sides of the breast-band ; thighs
and under tail-coverts creamy white ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts white, with the edge of the wing black ; quills black, white
along the edge of the inner web. Total length '6-6 inches, culmen
0-4, wing 2-15, tail 1-2.5, tarsus 0-55. (Mas. Lugd.)

Adult female. Much duller in colour than the male, dusky brown
glossed with purplish ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills blackish,
obsoletoly margined with dull olive-brown ; lower rump and upper
tail-coverts scarlet ; tail-feathers blue-black ; lores ashy, surmounted
by a narrow whitish line ; sides of face and cheeks ashy brown,
extending down on to the sides of the breast, where it is mixed with
black ; fore part of jheeks whitish ; entire under surface of body
white, with a slight tiuge of olive on the Hanks ; in the centre of the
breast a dusky patch ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white,
dusky along the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below, white along
the edge of the inner web. Total length 3 inches, culmen 0'35,
wing 2-05, tail 1'05, tarsus 0-5. (Mus. Lugd.)

The male from Lorabock has a longer and more slender bill than
the examples from Timor.

Hah. Timor ; Lombock.

t7, b. <S ad. ; c. $ ad. sk. E. Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.

d. $ ad. sk. Timor DelU. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C

e. (S ad. sk. Lombock. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.

14. Dicaeum salvadorii.
Dicaeum salvadorii, Meyer, Vog. etc. Ostind. Arch. p. 38 (1884).

Adidt male. Above shining blue-black ; the upper tail-coverts,
throat, and breast bright brick-red ; below yellowish, with a broad
median streak of blue-black on the belly ; under wing-coverts white.
Total length 3-4 inches, bill 0-4, wing 2-3, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-6.

Hab. Island of Eabbar, Moluccas.

15. Dicaeum rubro-coronatum. (Plate I. fig. 1.)

Dicaeum rubrocoronatum, Sharpe, Nature, 1876, p. .339 : Salcad. Ann.
Mus. Civic. Genov. ix. p. 31 (1870) ; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool.
xiii p. 496 (1877) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 390
(1876), iii. p. 110' (1878), p. 276 (1879), iv. p. 98 (1879) ; Salvad.
Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 68 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc.
ii. p. 276 (1881).

Adidt male. General colour above deep purplish blue, the scapu-
lars and wing-coverts like the back ; quills blue-black, with slight
remains of olive margins to the feathers, rather reddish on the inner
secondaries and greater coverts ; rump and upper tail-coverts bright
scarlet ; tail-feathers blue-black ; crown of head bright scarlet ;

5. DICiETrM. 27

napo and hind neck black, glossed with purple : lores dusky ;
feathers over the eye black ; sides of face and cheeks dingy olive,
blacker on the ear-coverts ; a distinct dusky malar stripe ; throat
whitish, with a tinge of olive ; on the fore neck a large spot of scarlet ;
sides of breast ashy washed with olive ; breast and sides of body
dull olive, a little clearer on the lower flanks ; abdomen pale yel-
lowish olive ; under tail-coverts light rose-colour, with dusky olive
bases ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, with a slight
wash of yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 3-2 inches, culmen 0-3o, wing 2, tail 1,
tarsus 0"4:5.

Adult female. Differs from the male in being duller coloured and
in wantiug the scarlet patch on the fore neck ; the scarlet on the
head is more subdued, as well as on the rump and upper tail-coverts ;
cheeks and ear-coverts more olive ; throat white, with a slight tinge
of yeUow ; centre of body ])ale yellowish ; the flanks and sides of body
pale olivaceous ; under tail-coverts also yellowish, with dusky-olive
bases ; sides of breast ashy grey ; remainder of plumage as in the
male. Total length 3"2 inches, culmen U-35, wing 1-9, tail 0"9,
tarsus 0'45.

Younq. Wants the scarlet breast-patch, as well as the scarlet
head and rump. General coloration dingy olive, a little more yel-
lowish olive on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like
the back ; bastard- wing and primary-coverts blue-black ; quills blue-
black, edged with olive, rather paler on the margins of the inner
secondaries and greater wing-coverts ; sides of face and under sur-
face of body duU olive, more ohvaceous yellow in the centre of the
breast and abdomen ; bill pale yellowish, dusky at tip and along the
culmen.

Hah. South-eastern N~ew Guinea.

o, 6. c? $ ad. ; e. Juv. sk. Port Moresby. O. C. Stone, Esq. [C.].

(Tj'pes of species.)
d. (S ad. sk. Port Moresby. K. Broadbent, Esq. [0.].

16. Dicseum pulchrius. (Plate I. fig. 2.)

DicEEum rubrocoroiiatum (nee Sharpe, 1876), Sharpe, Journ. Linn.

Soc, Zool. xvi. p. 4.3G.
Dicseum pidchrius, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 188.3, p. 579.

Adult male. Similar to D. rid>ro-coronatum, but distinguished by
the absence of grey on the sides of the breast, the entire sides of the
body being yellowish olive, clearer ochraceous on the centre of the
abdomen and under tail-coverts, the latter having not the slightest
tinge of rose-colour ; the scarlet on the head more extended, and
reaching to the nape. Total length 3-2 inches, culmen 0*4, wing
2-05, tail 1, tarsus 0-4.

Hab. Astrolabe Mountains, S.E. New Guinea.

a. i ad. sk. Astrolabe Mountains. Mr. A. Goldie [C.]. (Type

of species.)

28 DIC^ID^,

17. DicaBTim rabrigulare.

Dicneum rubrignlare, D' Albert. Sf Salmd. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv.
p. 74 (1879) ; Salvad. op. cit. xvi. p. 68 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia
etc. ii. p. 277 (1881).

Adult male. Upper surface shining black ; tlie head, rump, and
upper tail-coverts and whole of the fore neck bright red ; feathers of
the neck white at base ; chin whitish ; sides of head and of neck
dusky olivaceous ; breast and abdomen dull greenish olivaceous ;
under tail-coverts pale red ; wings and tail above uniform with the
back ; under wing-coverts white ; bill, feet, and iris black. Total
length about 3-1 inches, bill 0*3, wing 2-1, tail 0-95, tarsus U-45.
{Salvadori, I. c.)

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the fore neck dull
greyish olive ; the red colour of the head and upper tail-coverts not
so bright. (^Id. I. c.)

Young. Olive, paler below ; upper tail-coverts slightly rusty.
{Id. I. c.)

Hah. Fly Eiver, South-eastern New Guinea.

18. Dicseum albo-punctatum.

Dicfeum rubrocorouatiim, D' Albert. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. x. p. 20

(1877, nee Sharpe).
Dicseum albo-punctatum, D' Albert. 8/- Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov.

xiv. p. 75 (1879), xvi. p. 68 (1880) ; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii.

p. 278 (1881).

Adult. Above shining black, with a steel-blue gloss ; head, rump,
upper tail-coverts, and whole of the fore neck bright red ; bases of
the red feathers of the neck white ; chin whitish ; sides of head and
of neck dusky black ; breast and abdomen duU greenish white ;
under tail-coverts pale red ; wings and tail above uniform with the
back ; under wing-coverts white ; bill, feet, and iris black. Total
length 3'1 inches, bill 0'3, wing 2"1, tail 1, tarsus 0'4. (Salvadori.)

Hah. Kataw Eiver, S.E. jS'ew Guinea.

19. Dicaeum schistaceiceps.

Dicseum schistaceiceps, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 349 ; FimcJi, Neu-
Guinea, p. 163 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 115, no. 1426
(1869) ; Meyer, Sitz. K. Akad. Wien, Ixx. p. 121 (1874,
note); Posenb. Malay. Arch. p. 406 (1879); Salvad. Ami. Mus.
Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 67 (1880) ; id. Orn. Pajniasia etc. ii. p. 272
(1881).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above olive-yellow,
decidedly brighter on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; scapulars
like the back ; least wing-coverts slaty grey ; remainder of wing-
coverts and quills blackish, with a slight gloss of steel-green and a
very narrow margin of olive ; tail-feathers black ; head and neck
slaty grey, as also the lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts ; cheeks,

5. Bic^uM. 29

sides of neck, throat, and under surface of body ashy grey, the
lower abdomen yellowish white ; flanks olive-yellow ; on the fore
neck a distinct triangular patch of scarlet ; thighs ashy ; under
tail-coverts yellowish white, with ohve-brown centres ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries pure white ; quills dusky brown below, ashy
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 3-1 inches, culmen
0"45, wing 1-95, tail 1, tarsus 0"5.

Hob. Batchian, Gilolo, and Morty Island in the Moluccas.

a. S ad. sk. Batchian. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

(Tvpe of species.)
h. (S ad. sk. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, E-q. [C.l.

c. S ad. sk. Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [O.J.

20. Dicaeitm vulneratuin.

Dicseiuu vulneratum, Ji'all. P. Z. S. 1863, p. .32, note ; Fimch, Neu-
Gumea, p. 163 (186-5); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 115, no. 1428
(1869) ; Meyer, Sifz. K. Akad. Wien, \xx. p. 122 (1874) ; S(dvud.
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 82 ; id. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 67
(1880) ; id. Orn. Pajmasia etc. ii. p. 271 (1881) ; id. Report Birds
' Challenger ' Exped. p. 63 (1881) ; Bias. u. Xehrk. Verh. z.-b.
Gesellsch. Wien, 1882, p. 425.

Adult male. General colour above dark brown, a trifle lighter on
the head ; wing-coverts like the back, with a slight steely gloss on
the greater series ; quills blackish brown with lighter brown edges ;
lower rump and upper tail-coverts scarlet ; tail-feathers black, with
slight margins of brown ; feathers round the eye, lores, sides of
face, and ear-coverts ashy brown, with lighter shaft-lines on the
latter ; cheeks and under surface of body pale ashy, whiter on the
throat ; on the chest a patch of scarlet vermilion ; lower abdomen
and under tail-coverts whitish, the latter slightly mottled with
pale ashy-brown centres to the feathers ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts white, ashy brown along the outer edge of the wing ; quills
brown below, whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 3"4 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1'95, tail 1-05, tarsus O'o.

Adult fe male {Kmhoma. ; Teysman). Differs from the male in tho
colour of the under surface. The scarlet pectoral patch is absent,
the throat and centre of the body is pure white, the under tail-
coverts slightly washed with olive, as well as the lower flanks,
which are otherwise ashy grey like the sides of the breast. Total
length 2-9 inches, wing 1-8, tail 0'85, tarsus 0-45. {Mus. Lugd.)

Hah. Ceram ; Amboina; Manuvolka.

a. ^ ad. ; h. 5 juv. sk. Ceram. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

(Types of species.)
c, $ ad. sk. Amboina. Voy. of H.M.S. * Challenger.'

21. Dicseum pectorale.

Dicfeum pectorale, Miill. ^- Schkgel, Verh. Natuurl. Gesch. Land- en
Volkenk. p. 162, note (1839-44); Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 47;
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 403 (1850) ; Sclater,
Pr. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 157 (1858) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 190 ; id.

30 DICEID^.

Cat. Mamm. 8^ B. New Guhim, pp. 22, 55 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S.
1861, p. 434 ; liosenb. Nat. Tijdschr.-Ned. Ind. xxv. p. 237 (1803) ;
id. J.f. O. 1864, p. 123; Finsch, Neu-Gtiinea, p. 163 (1865);
Mmjer, Sitz. K. Akad. Wien, Ixx. p. 120 (1874) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus.
Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 67 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 273
(1881).
Dicffium eiythrothorax, pt., Gray, Hatid-l. B. i. p. 115, no. 1427 ;
liosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 553 (1879).

Adult male (Waigiou ; Bernstein). General colour above olive-
green, a little more olive-yellow on the head, which is olive hke
the back ; rump and upper tail-coverts also a little more olive-
yellow, particularly the latter ; wing-covef ts and quills dusky, with
a steel-green gloss and narrowly edged with olive ; tail-feathers
blue-black: lores, sides of face, car- coverts, and cheeks olive like
the crown, the hinder cheeks washed with ashy grey like the sides
of the neck ; throat whitish, with a tinge of olive on the chin ; fore
neck and chest with a large patch of orange-scarlet ; sides of breast
ashy, more olive on the flanks ; centre of abdomen, thighs, and
under tail-coverts pale yellow, the latter with dusky bases ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing dusky washed
with olivo ; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the inner
web. Total length 2-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-05, tail 1-05,
tarsus 0'5.

Hab. New Guinea, Salwati, Mysol, Waigiou, and Batanta.

a. c? ad. sk. Salwati. A. E,. Wallace, Esq. [0.1.

b. c? ad. sk. Waigiou ( ^"a^/ace). A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J.

c. (S juv. sk. Waigiou. Gould Collection.

d. S ad. sk. Mysol. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

e. 2 juv. sk. Kalwal (Bernstein'). Leiden Museum [P.].

22. Dicseum seneum.

DiciSe bronze, Eombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pule Sud, Atlas, pi. 22. fig. 4

(1845).
Dicajum sp., Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847).
Dicajum ajneum, Jacq. et Puch. Voy. Pole Sud, texte, Zool. ii. p. 97

(1863) ; Hartl. J.f. O. 1854, pp. 165, 168 ; Gray, Cat. B. Trap.

Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 10 (1859); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 118;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 115, no. 1434 (1869) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1879,

p. 439 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 68 (1880) ; id. Orn,

Papuasia etc. ii. p. 280 (1881) ; id. op. cit. iii. p. 540 (1882) ;

Pamsay,Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. vii. p. 28 (1882); Sharpe,

P. Z. S. 1883, p. 579 ; Gould, B. New Guinea, part xvii. (1884).
Microchelidon senea, Reichenb. Handb. Scansoriee, p. 244. Taf. dlviii.

fig. 3797 (c. 18.53).
DicEeum erythrothorax {non Less.), Ramsay, Proc. Linn, Soc. N. S. W.

iv. p. 77 (1879) ; Salvad. Ibis, 1880, p. 129.

Adult male. General colour above glossy oil-green with a bronzy
gloss ; head like the back ; sides of rump with a slight wash of
olive-yellow ; upper tail-coverts oily green ; lesser and median
wing-coverts glossy oil-green like the back ; the greater coverts,
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally

5. DiCjETrir. 31

glossed with oily green ; tail-feathers greenish black ; lores dull
ashy grey ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck clear ashy grey,
descending down the sides of the fore neck and occupying the whole
of the breast ; throat white, the sides of it ashy grey, blacker at
the base of the malar line; a large triangular patch of scarlet
occupying the whole of the fore neck ; sides of breast and hanka
bright olive-yellow ; abdomen yellowish white ; thighs ashy grey,
white on their inner aspect ; under tail-coverts white, washed with
yellow and having dusky bases ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
white, the edge of the wing blackish ; quills blackish below, ashy
white along the edge of the inner web. Total length 3-1 inches,
culmon 0-45, wing 2, tail 1, tarsus 0-5.

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the scarlet patch
on the fore neck, and in not having the patch of ashy grey on the
breast ; the throat and breast are yellowish white, with a few dusky
margins to the lateral feathers of the breast ; otherwise the under
surface of the body is exactly like that of the male, the sides of the
neck being ashy grey, descending on to the sides of the breast, and
the rest of the sides of the body being bright olive-yellow ; the
upper surface resembles that of the male, being entirely oily or bronzy
green, but there is a slight loral streak of white, and the base of
the lower mandible is pale, characters not seen in the adult male.
Total length 3-25 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-95, tail 0-95,
tarsus 0-5. (J/ws. Austr.)
Hah. Solomon Islands.

a. cJ ad. sk. Solomon Islands. Mr. Cockerell [C.].

23. DicaBum erythrothorax.

Dicseum erythrothorax, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool. p. 672 pi 30
figs. 1, 2 (1826-28) ; id. Traite, p. 303 (1831) ; Miill. ^ Schl Verh.
JSatuurl. Gesch. Land- en Volkenk. p. 162, note (1839-44) • Hartl
Bev. Zool 1846 p. 47 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847) ; Bp. Consp.
1. p. 403(18o0); Retchenb. Handh. :Scans. p. 241, Taf dlvii
figs. 3784-85 (1853) ; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 349; Wall. P. Z S
1863, pp. 19, 32 ; Fmsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 16:3 (1865) ; Gray,
Hand-l B. i. p 115, no. 1427 (1869); Meyer, SUz. K. Akad.
Wmi, Ixx. p. 121, note (1874) : Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov.

''"o-?V?o^/^^''^^' ^^'- P- ^^ (^^^^)' "^- ^'•«- P^^puasia etc.n.
p. 2/2 (1881).

Adult male. General colour above olive-greenish, rather yellower
on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser and median wing-coverts
greenish grey, with a steel-green gloss ; greater coverts and (|uills
dusky blackish, edged with olive -yellowish and slightly glossed
with green, the primaries rather paler yellow on theii- margins ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish ; tail-feathers blackish,'
narrowly edged with olive ; head and hind neck greenish grej^,
with a steel-green gloss ; lores dusky ; sides of face, ear-coverts'
and cheeks greenish grey ; throat pure white, separated from the
cheeks by a malar line of dusky blackish, running along the edge of

32 Dic,f:iD^.

the rami of the jaws ; lower throat and breast slaty grey, with a
large patch of orange-vermilion in the centre of the fore neck and
chest ; sides of body and flanks olive-yellowish ; centre of abdomen
whitish, washed with yellow : under tail-coverts white, with dusky
bases, and washed with olive-yellow ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts pure white ; edge of wing mottled with dusky bases to the
feathers ; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 3 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1-95, tail 0-95,
tarsus 0-55. (Mus. Lugd.)

Hah. Island of Bourou, Moluccas.

a, b. (S ad. sk. Bourou. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

24. DicaBum layardorum.

Dicfeum ervthrothorax, Ramsay, Proc, Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i.

pp. 369, 371 (187G).

Dicffium ?, Layarcl, Ibis, 1880, p. 308,

DicaBiim layardorum, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 67

(1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 272 (1881).

Adult male. General colour above dark ashy brown, with a faint
tinge of olive on the upper parts ; rump scarlet ; upper tail-coverts
ashy olive with a tinge of scarlet ; wing-coverts like the back ;
greater coverts and quills dusky brown with a steel-green gloss ;
tail-feathers black ; head like the back, with a slight olive tinge ;
lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts ashy brown ; checks as well aa
fore neck and breast ashy grey, with a dusky blackish streak in
the centre of the breast ; throat white ; on the centre of the fore
neck a spot of scarlet ; centre of abdomen and under tail- coverts
white, washed with olive-yellow ; sides of body and flanks olive-
yellow ; thighs ashy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ;
quills dusky below, white along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 3'3 inches, culmen 035, wing 2-15, tail 0-95, tarsus 0-5.

Adult female. Distinguished from the male by the absence of the
grey breast and scarlet spot on the fore neck ; upper surface ashy
brown, with a strong olive tinge ; rump and upper tail-coverts
scarlet, the latter deeper in colour ; wings and tail as in the male ;
lores dusky, with a narroAv whitish streak above them ; sides of
face, cheeks, and ear-coverts ashy brown, greyer on the sides of the
neck and sides of the upper breast; throat, breast, and centre of
body white, washed with yellow on the under tail-coverts ; sides of
body and flanks olive-yellow. Total length 3-1 inches, culmen 0-35,
wing 1'95, tail 0-9, tarsus 0-5.

Young male. Like the old female, but having very little scarlet
on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; the sides of breast rather more
grey than in the adiilt hen bird.

Hab. New Britain.

a. c? ad. ; b, c, 2 ad sk. New Britain. Mr, Kleinschmidt [C.].

d. (S juv. sk. New Britain. Mr. Kleinschmidt [C.].

33

25. Dicaetun eximium.

Dicaeum eximium, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 102, pi xiv fio- 2-
Gould, B. Aeic &Mi«e«, part vii. (lS78j; ISalcad. Ann. Mu^. Civic
Genov. xvi. p. 08 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 280 (1881).*

Adult male (type of species). General colour abore uniform dark
ohve-brown, with a slight tinge of reddish, much more distinct on
the head, which is decidedly dull reddish ; rump scarlet, the upper
tail-coverts darker and more of a dull crimson ; wing-coverts and
quills dark brown, with a slight gloss of bronzy greenish and
narrowly fringed with olive; tail-feathers dark "brown, with a
bronzy-green gloss ; lores dusky ; sides of face, ear-coverts, and
checks ashy brown washed with reddish, the ear-coverts reddish
like the crown ; malar line darker brown ; throat white ; on the
tore neck a transverse bar of scarlet, followed by a bar of paler
ashy brown, like the sides of the neck and sides of upper breast •
breast and abdomen white, with a broad longitudinal patch of ashy
brown down the centre of the breast ; flanks more reddish brown •
thighs and under tail-coverts white, the longer coverts with lon<^i-
tudmal dusky centres; under wing-coverts and axilkries piu-e
white : quills dusky below, white along the edge of the inner web.
iotal length 3-2 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1-85, tail 1-1, tarsus 0-5.
{Mils. R. G. Wardhnu Ramsay.)
Hah. Kew Ireland.

26. Licaeum maforense.

■^'°'^','«n P«ll^"ii^iianum, pt., Meijer, 8itz. K. Akad. TVien, Ixx.

p. 120 (18/4). '

DicEeum maforense, Salvad. Ami. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii p 944

(l87o;, xvi. p. 67 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papucisia etc. ii. p. 275 (1881).

Adult male. General colour above olive, with a steel-blue gloss
on the back ; wing-coverts steel-blue ; quiUs blackish brown, nar-
rowly edged with olive ; upper tail-coverts duU reddish • tail-
featliers black; lores, sides of face, and cheeks dingy olive' with
a paler line above the lores ; crown of head dull scarlet, not' quite
reaching to the nape ; throat white, with a dusky malar line ; on
the fore neck and chest a patch of vermilion; sides of fore neck
and sides of upper breast ashy grey, enclosing the scarlet breast-
patch ; flanks and sides of body ashy olive ; abdomen yellowish
white, deeper on the under tail-coverts, with dull olive bases •
under wi.ig-coverts and axillaries white, the edge of the win<^
dusky ; quills dusky below, whitish along the edge of the inne?
web. Total length 3-2 inches, culmen 0-3.5, wmg 2, tail 1-05
tarsus Q-o. '

Hah Island of Mafoor or Mcfoor, in the Bay of Geelvink, Jf.W.
JNcw Guinea.

6 ad. sk. Mafoor {Bernstein). Leiden 3Iuseum rP.l.

VOL. X.

D

34

27. DicsBum mysoriense.

Dicceiim geelvinkianum, pt., Meyer, Sitz. K. Al;ad. Wien, Ixx.

p. 120 (1874).
Dicfeum mysoriense, Saload. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. tu. p. 945

(1875), xvi. p. 67 (1880) ; id. Orn. Fapuasia etc. ii. p. 275 (1881).

Adult male. Similar to D. maforense, but with a much smaller
spot of scarlet on the fore neck, and decidedly greyer on the sides of
the hody. Total length 3 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2, tail 0-85,
tarsus 0'5.

BaJ). Island of Mysore or Misori, in the Bay of Geclvink, N-W.
New Guinea.
a. Ad. sk. Misori (Meyer). Gould Collection.

28. DicsBum geelvinkianum.

Dicfeum geelviDkinnum, Meyer, Sitz. K. Akad. Wien, Ixx. p. 120

(1874) ; Gould, B. Nnv Guinea, part ix. (1879).
Dicreum jobiense, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. v\\. p. 945 (1876),

xvi. p. 68 (1880); id. Orn. Pajmasia etc. p. 275 (1881).

Similar to D. mysoriense, but distinguished by the head and upper
tail-coverts being bright red of the same tint ; a moderately large
red spot on the breast ; upper surface greenish. Measurements as
in IJ. mysoriense. (SaJvadori.)

i/a6. Island of Jobi, in the Bay of Gcelvink, N.W. New Guinea.

29. DicsBum tristrami.

Dicfeum tristrami, Sharpc, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 579; id. in Goidd's B.
Neio Guinea, part xviii. (1884).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above chocolate-brown,
the manile slightly streaked with a few hoary whitish margins to
the feathers ; wing-coverts darker chocolate-brown than the back ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, the inner
B3C0ndaries chocolate-brown like the back ; upper tail-coverts and tail
blackish brown, contrasting strongly with tlie back ; head brown,
but mottled with blackish-brown centres to the feathers, the plumes
of the forehead and vertex margined with hoary whitish ; a line
of feathers above the eye and ear-coverts hoary white, the latter
slightly mottled with brown bases; lores, eyelid, fore part of cheeks,
and base of chin blackish ; hinder cheeks, throat, and fore neck
hoary white, with brown bases to the feathers ; sides of neck like
the back ; centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pure
white, the sides of the body ashy ; sides of upper breast brown, with
hoary whitish edges to the feathers ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts white ; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of
the inner web ; bill black ; " feet black ; iris grey " {Richards).

5. Dic^iTii. 35

Total length 35 inches, culmcn 0-45, -wing 2-3, tail 1-15, tarsus
0-55. (2Ius. H. B. Tristram.)

Hah. San Cristoval, Solomon group (RicJiards).

30. DicsBum retrocinctum.

Dicreum retrociuctum, Gould, Ann. ^- Maq. Kat. Hist. (4) x. p. 114
(1872) ; Walden, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 200 (1876) ; Gould, B. Asia,
part xxvii. (187o) ; Scdvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. 'viii. p. 609
(187G) ; Wardlaio Ramsay, Orn. Works Tiveedd. p. 668 (1881).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above black with a
leadeu-blue gloss, the lower back and rump more ashy ; scapulars
and wing- coverts like the back ; greater coverts, bustard- wing,
primary-coverts, and quills black, externally glossed with steel-
blue ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers black, edged
with leaden blue ; head like the back, from which it is separated by
a collar of scarlet ; lores, sides of face, cheeks, and ear-coverts, as
well as sides of neck, black glossed with leaden blue ; throat, fore
neck, and centre of chest dull black, with a slight leaden-blue gloss ;
on the upper throat a spot of scarlet; centre of breast also scarlet,
forming a longitudinal patch ; sides of fore neck and sides of breast
w^hite, skirting the black throat and scarlet breast till it reaches
the abdomen, which is white, as well as the thighs and under tail-
coverts ; flanks ashy grey ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure
white ; quills blackish below, white along the edge of the inner
web. Total length 3'5 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2-05, tail 1,
tarsus 0-5.

Hab. Island of Luzon, Philippine Archipelago.

a. cS ad. sk. Manila, Luzon. Gould Collection. (Type

of species.)
h. (S ad. sk. Philippines (//. Cuming). Eyton Collection.

31. Dicaeum hsBmatostictum.

Dicpeum hfematostictum, Sharpe, Nature, Aug. 1876, p. 297 ; id.
Trans. Linn. Sos. 2nd ser. Zool. vol. i. p. 339 (1876); Tiveedd.
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 286; Wardlaiu Eamsay, Orn. Works Tweedd.
p. 658 (1881).

Adult male. Above blue-black, lower part of the back more slate-
colour ; upper tail-coverts black; wing- coverts uniform with the
back, the greater series, as well as the quills and tail-featiiers,
blackish brown, externally margined with greenish ; sides of the
face black ; the cheeks and under surface of the body white, the
flanks washed with ashy ; a transverse band on the fore neck slaty
black ; breast and middle of abdomen bright crimson, the former
spotted on both sides with slaty black ; under tail-coverts and under
wing-coverts white; the inner edge of the quills margiued with

d2

36 iicjiiD^.

white below; "bill and feet black. Total length 3-7 inches, culmen
0"45, wing 2-1, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-55.

Yovinj. Differs from the adult in being slat)- grey above, the
■wings and tail being blacker, with greyish margins to the feathers ;
under surface of body ashy whitish, washed with yellowish on the
abdomen and Avith greyish on the sides of the body.

Hah. Islands of Guimaras and Ncgros, in the Philippine archi-
pelago.

a. S ad. sk. Guimaras. Prof. J. B. Steere [C.l

h,c. S 2 ad. sk. Negi-os. Prof. J. B. Steere [C.l.

cl Juv. sk. Negros. Prof. J. B. Steere [C.J.

32. Dicseum rubriventer.

Le Manikor de la. Xouvelle Guinea, Dauhent. PI. Unl. V. pi. 707. tig. 2,

Le Manikor, Bi'ff. Ilhit. Kat. Oia. iv. p. 431.

Papuan Manakiu, Lath. Gen, Syn. iv. p. 532 (1783).

Pipra papuensis *, Gin. Sijst. Kat. i. p. 1004 (1788).

Muscicnpa papuensis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. Ixvii (1820); id. PL

Col Tab!. Meth. p. 25 (1839).
Dicseum rubriventer, Less. Traite, p. 303 (1831) ; Sahad. Ann. Mm.

Civic. Genov.ym. p. 511 (1876) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 698, 763,

829, 1878, pp. Ill, 950; Wardlaw Ruinsay, Orn, Works Tiveedd.

p. 658 (1881J.
Dicneum schistaceum, Tweed. Ann. (§• Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 637

(1877) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. Ill ; Wardlaiv Eainsay, Orn. Works

Tiveedd. p. 658 (1881); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 680.
Dicseum papuense, Hartl. Pev. Zool. 1846, p. 47 ; Gray, Gen. B. i.

p. ICO (1847) ; Pp. Consp. i. p. 403 (1850) ; PeicJitnb. Handb.

Scansorice, p.240,Taf. dlvii. fig. 3782 (1863) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858,

p. ItlO; id. Cat. B. Neio Guinea, p. 65 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S. 1861,

p. 434 ; Plnsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 163 (1865); Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 114, no. 1421 (1869).
Diceeum rubriventris, Pucher. Pev. Zool. 1846, p. 136, note.
Dicaeum retrocinctum 5 > Goidd, Ann. ij- May. Nat. Hist. (4) x.

p. 114 (1872); id. B. Asia, part xxvii. (1876, lower figure);

Wald. Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 199 (1875).

Adult male. General colour above glossy greenish slate-colour,
more ashy on the sides of the back and rump ; wing-covcrts like
the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged
with glossy steel-green ; tail-feathers blackish, margined with dull
Bteel-green ; head like the back, and glossed in the same manner ;
lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts blacker ; cheeks and throat
white, the latter becoming ashy grey on the lower part, like the
breast and flanks ; the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts
white ; a scarlet patch on the centre of the breast and abdomen ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a black spot near the
edge of the wing ; quills blackish below, white along the margin of

* Kame misleading.

5. Dic^TJir. 37

the inner web. Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2*05,
tail I'lo, tarsus 0-55.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, and with a red line
down the centre of the hreast and abdomen, as in that sex ; " bill
and legs black; iris dark blood-red" {A. Everett). Total length
3-3 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2, tail 0'9, tarsus O'oo. {Mus. li. G.
Wardlaiv Ramsaij.)

Young male (type of D. scliistaeeum). Differs from the adult in
being slaty grey above and in the absence of the red line down the
abdomen, the whole under surface being pale ashy ; lower mandible
yellowish in skin. Total length 3'9 inches, culmen 0'4, wing 2-25,
tail 1-1, tarsus 0-55. (Mas. 11. G. W. II)

Hah. Islands of Luzon, Zebu, Dinagat, and Mindanao, in the
Philippine archipelago.

a. Ad. sk. Philippines. Hugh Cuming, Esq.

b, c. Juv. sk. Manila, Luzon. Hugh Cuming, Esc^.

d. Ad. sk. Mindanao. Gould Collection.

[S. n. D. ret rod net um J .]

e. 2 ad. sk. Zamboanga, Mindanao, Capt. R. G. Wardlaw

AprU f^Ecerett). Kamsay.

33. Dicseum hypoleucum.

Dicteum hypoleucum, Sharpe, Nature, Aug. 1876, p. 298 ; id. Trans,
Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. vol. i. p. 339 ; Twsedd. P. Z. S. 1879,
p. 72 ; Wardlaw Hamsai/, Orn. Works Tweedd. p. 658 (1881).

Adult male. Above black, with a slight gloss of green on the
head ; sides of face and sides of neck black ; cheeks and entire
under surface of body white, including the under wing-coverts and
under tail-coverts ; wings and tail black ; " bill and feet black ; iris
dark browa" (Stcere). Total length 3-6 inches, culmen 0-5, wing
2-1, tail 1-05, tarsus 0-55.

Hab. Islands of Malamaui and Basilan, in the Philippine archi-
pelago.

a. (S ad. sk. Isabella de Basilan. Prof. J. B. Steere [0.].

34. Dicseum mindanense.

Dicseum mindanense, Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 547 ; id. Report Voij .
' Challenger' Birds, p. 20, pi. 5. fig. 1 (1881) ; Wardlaw Painsai/,
Orn. Works Tiveedd. pp. 471, 658 (1881).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above sooty brown
washed with olive, greyer on the rump, the head washed with a
little yellower olive ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; remainder
of wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark
brown, externally edged with olive ; upper tail-coverts washed with
light olive ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with olive, with a narrow
white fringe at the end of the inner web of the three outermost
feathers ; lores, feathers round the eye, sides of face, ear-coverts,

38 DIC^IDiE.

and checks sooty black ; throat and under surface of 'bodj' white,
■washed with ashy on the fore neck, breast, and flanks ; under tail-
coverts white, -with an olive-yellow tinge ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries white, with a slight tinge of yeUow ; edge of wing sooty
brown ; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 3-2 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 1-9, tail 1, tarsus 0-5.
Hah. Island of Mindanao, in the Philippine archipelago.

a. (S ad. sk. Pasanauca, Prov. of Zana- Voy. of H.M.S. ' Challenger.'
•boanga, Mindanao. (Type of species.)

35. DicaBum trigonostigina.

Le Grimpereau siffleur de la Chine, So)in. Voy. Ind. Orient, p. 210,

pi. 61. tig. 2 (177U-S2).
Certhia trrgonostiguia, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 91

(1786).
Orange-breasted Creeper, Lath. Gen. Sijn. Suppl. p. 132 (1787).
Certhia cantillaus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 29:) (1790).
Diciieum cantihans, Vuv. E'egne An. i. p. 410 (1817) ; VieUl. N. Bid.

d'Hist. Nat. Lx. p. 409 (1817) ; Temm. PL Col. iv. pi. 478. fig. 3

(1829).
Dicpeum croceoventre, Vigors, Mem. Eaffl. p. 673 (1830) ; Mottley ^

Dilhv. N. n. Lahuan, p. 17 (1855).
Dicfeum trigonostigma, Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847) ; Blyth, Cat.

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 226 (1849) ; Bj}. Consp. i. p. 403 (1850) ; Cab.

Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 98 (1850) ; Reichenb. Handb. Scansoria,

p. 241, Taf dlvii. figs. 3788-89 (1853) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat.

B. E.L Co. Mm. ii. p. 748 (1854); Sclater, P.'Z. S. 1863, p. 220;

IVald. P.Z.S. 18G6, p. 545; Beavan, Ibis, 1869, p. 422 ; Graij,

Iland-l. B. i. p. 114, no. 1416 (1869); Godwin- Aiist. J. A. S.

Beng. xxxix. p. 303 (1870); Wuld. Ibis, 1872, p. 380; Hume,

fig ,

Zoo/, i. p. 340 (1876); Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. .302; Hume S,- Davison,
Str. F. 1878, p. 194 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 261 ; id. P. Z. S. 1879,
p. 343 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 90 ; Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 195 ;
Wardlaio Eamsag, Orn. Works Tweedd. p. 658 (1881) ; Sharpe,
P. Z. S. 1881, p. 796; Midler, Vng. Insel Salanga, p. 22 (1882) ;
Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 336 (1883).

Adult male. Above particoloured ; head and hind neck glossy
leaden blue ; back bright yellow, deeper and inclining to rich orange
on the mantle and upper back ; scapulars and wing-coverts glossy
leaden blue ; bastard-wing, primarj'-coverts, and quills blackish,
with narrow slaty-blue edges ; upper tail-coverts slaty blue ; tail-
feathers black, with a narrow edging of slaty blue ; lores, sides of
face, ear-coverts, and sides of neck leaden blue, more slaty grey on
the cheeks ; throat and fore neck pale slaty grey ; remainder of
under surface of body rich orange, inclining to bright yellow on the
lower abdomen and under tail-coverts ; thighs ashy whitish ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries pure white, mottled with slaty grey on
the edge of the wing ; quills blackish below, white along the edge

5. Dic-ETijr. 39

of the inner web ; " bill black ; legs and feet horny black ; iria
brown " (Davison). Total length 3-3 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-9,
tail 0-9, tarsus 0-55.

Adult female in breeding-plumage (from nest). Different from the
male. General colour above olive, becoming lighter and more yellow
on the lower back, and deepening into orange on the rump ; head
and hind neck dull lead-colour, olive on the forehead; wing-coverts
and quills leaden brown, narrowly edged with olive, the primaries
fringed with slaty grey ; upper tail-coverts dull olive ; tail-feathers
black, with narrow olive margins ; lores and sides of face dull ashy,
washed with olive ; throat and chest ashy, the former washed with
olive ; remainder of under surface of body bright yellow, including
the under tail-coverts, the centre of the breast deepening into orange ;
sides of body and flanks olive-greenish ; axillarics and under wing-
coverts white ; quills dusky brown below, white along the edge of
the inner web ; " upper mandible from tip to nostril and lip of lower
mandible blackish horny ; base of upper mandible reddish brown ;
lower mandible, except the tip and gape, pale orange-brown to
orange-vermilion ; legs, feet, and claws greenish to dark plumbeous ;
iris grey to dark brown " ( W. Davison). Total length 3 inches, wing
1-8, tail 0-9, tarsus 055.

Youn'i male. Like tho adult female, but distinguished bj'' its
yellowish-white bill, with a brown tip to both mandibles. The
whole upper surface is olive- greenish, olive-yellow on the rump;
underneath also the whole colour is olive-yellowish, brighter on the
abdomen.

Hah. From hills of X.E. Bengal, through Burmah and Tenasserim,
down the ITalayan peninsula to Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. Stated
by me to have occurred in Prof. Steere's collection from the island
of Negros. This identification has been questioned by Lord Tweed-
dale, but I do not think I could have been mistaken.

a. $ ad. sk. Pegu, Aug. 27. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.].

h. $ ad. sk. Tavoy {Briggs). Gould Collection.

c, d. (S ad. ; e. $ Tenasserim (Heifer). India Museum.

ad. ; /. Juv. sk.

^,^. cT ad. et juv. Malacca. A. R. "Wallace, Esq.[C.].

sk.

i, k, I, m. S] )i, 0. Malacca (Cantor). India Museum.

2 ad. sk.

p. (5' juv. sk. Malacca (CVoitor). India Museum.

q, r. 5 ad. sk. Penang ( Cantor). India Museum.

s,t. $ ad.; u. S W. Java (£. C.Buxton). F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.],

juv. sk.

V. (S ad. sk. Batoc Islands, Sept. 18-57 Gould Collection.

(Mus. Litgd.).

w. c? ad. sk. Sumatra. A.R. \Vallace,Esq.[C.'l.

x,y. cJad. ; =. $ Labuan (Zoif). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

ad. sk.

a'.h'. d" 5 ad.sk. Lawas Pviver,X.W. Borneo Harry VeitcL,Esq.[P.].
(F. W.Burbidge).

40 DICJEIDiE.

3G. DicsBum dorsale.

Dicffium dorsale, Shnrpe, Nature, Auo. 1S7G, p. 298 ; id. Trans. Linn.
Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. i. p. 340 (1876) j Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 703 ;
Gould, B. Asia, part xxx. (1877) ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Orn. Works
Tweedd. p. 658 (1881).

Adult male. Above bright slaty grey, with the head rather clearer;
a patch on the interscapular region orange-vermilion ; the wing-
coverts uniform with the back, the outer ones narrowly washed
with olivaceous : quills blackish, externally margined with the
same colour as the back ; a few of the secondaries edged with
olivaceous, the innermost uniform with the back ; upper tail-covcrts
slaty grey ; tail black, the feathers edged with slaty ; lores black ;
sides of face dark slaty grey ; underneath very bright orange ; throat
and lower abdomen yellow ; under wing-coverts and axiilaries pale
yelloAv; thighs ashy internally, externally yellow; bill blackish,
mandible pale towards the base ; feet dark brown. Total length
3-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-9, tail 1-05, tarsus 0-55.

Female. Different from the male ; above olive-green, the rump
more yellowish ; sides of the face uniform with the head ; under
surface of body bright yellowish ; breast and under wing-coverts
richer in colour. Total length 37 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-9,
tail 0-9, tarsus 0'55.

Hah. Islands of Cebu and Panay, in the Philippine archipelago.

37. DicaeTim xanthopygium.

Dicseum xauthopyglum, Tweedd. Ann. c^ Mac/. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 98
(1877) ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 098, pi. Ixxiii. fig. 1 ; Wardlaio Ramsay,
Orn. Works Tiveedd. p. 658 (1881) ; Meyer, Voy. Ostind. Arch.
p. 39 (1884).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above clear slaty
bliie, with a patch of orange-scarlet in the centre of the back ; rump
bright yellow ; upper tail-coverts slaty blue like the back ; wing-
coverts like the back ; primary- coverts and quills blackish, the pri-
maries margined with greyish blue, the inner secondaries slaty blue
like the back ; tail black ; lores blackish ; sides of face, cheeks, and
ear-coverts slaty blue, a little darker than the head ; entire throat
bright yellow ; fore neck and breast deep orange; the flanks, vent,
and under tail-coverts bright yellow ; thighs yellowish white, blackish
behind ; under wing-coverts and axiilaries white, with a slight tinge
of yellow ; quills blackish below, white along the edge of the inner
web ; " bill black ; legs dark greyish brown ; iris dark brown " (A.
Everett). Total length 3-2 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-9, tail 0-9,
tarsus 0"5. (il/tts. li. G. Wardlaiu Ramsay.)

Hah. Luzon.

38. Dicseum cinereigulare.

Dicpeum cinereigulare, Tweedd. P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 829, & 1878, p. 950;
Wardlaiu Ramsay, Orn. Works Tiveedd. p. 658 (1881).

5. :Dic^rM. 41

Adult male (type of species). General colour above slaty blue,
deeper on the bead, mantle, and scapulars ; in the centre of the back
a spot of orange-scarlet ; on the rump a slight yellow tinge ; wing-
coverts like the back ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish,
narrowly edged with slaty blue ; quills blackish, externally margined
with greyish blue, the inner secondaries like the back ; upper tail-
coverts slaty blue like the back ; tail-feathers blackish, edged towards
the base with slaty blue ; lores blackish ; sides of face, ear-coverts,
cheeks, and sides of neck slaty blue like the back ; throat yellow,
the sides of the throat and the lower throat bluish grey, washed with
yellow in the centre of the throat ; remainder of under surface deep
rich orange, almost scarlet on the breast, briglit yellow on the Hanks,
vent, and under tail-coverts ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white,
washed with yellow ; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the
inner web ; " bill black ; legs dark grey ; iris brown " (A. Everett).
Total length 3-4 inches, culmeu 0'-i5, wing 1-95, tail 0'95, tarsus 0"5.
(^Mus. 11. Cr. Wardlaw liamsat/.)

Adult female. Different from the male. Above greenish grey,
more olive-yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts
dusky brown with a steel-green gloss, and edged narrowly with
olive-yellow ; bastard- wing and primary-coverts and quills blackish
brown, the secondaries glossed with steel-green and edged with olive-
yellow like the wing-coverts, the primaries margined with bluish
grey ; tail-feathers black, with bluish-grey margins ; head like the
back, the forehead rather greener ; ear-coverts and sides of neck
greenish grey ; feathers below the eye and cheeks yellowish ; throat
brighter yellow, becoming ashy grey on the lower throat and fore
neck ; centre of breast and abdomen yellow, deeper on the former ;
sides of body greener ; thighs white, washed with yellow ; under
tail-coverts yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed
with j'cUow ; quills blackish below, white along the edge of the inner
web ; " bill dark brown, the base ochreous ; legs dark leaden grey ;
iris brown" (A. Everett). Total length 3-2 inches, culmen 0-5,
wing 1-9, tail 0-9, tarsus 0-5. (J/«s. 11. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.)

Hah. Island of Mindanao.

a. (S ad. sk. Placer, July 1877 (A. Capt. E. G. Wardlaw

Everett). Ramsay.

b. c? ad. sk. Zamboanga, April (A. Capt. R. G. Wardlaw

Everett). Ramsay.

39. Dicaeum ignipectus.

Micrura ignipectus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 36.

lig. 393.
Myzauthe ignipectus, Hodgs. J. A. S. Bemj. xii. p. 983 (1843) ; Blytlx,

Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 227 (1849) ; Bp. Conyj. i. p. 402 (18o0) ;

Goidd, B. Asia, ii. pi. 40 (1854) ; Horsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.

Mm. ii. p. 751 (18.36) ; Jerd. B. hul. \. p. 377 (1802) ; Peh. Ibis,

1868, p. 307 ; Godwin-Amten, J. A. S. Betir/. xxxix. p. 98 (1870) ;

Stcinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 349; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 19; Hume, Nests

42 DICiEID^.

and Eggs Ind. B. p. 159 (1873) ; Walden, in Bh/tlis B. Burm.

p. 143 (1875); Z)rt(vVK*)- Otist. Ois. Chine, -p. 8-i (1877); Hume ^

Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 200 ; Hume, Sfr. F. 1879, p. 90 ; Scully,

t. c. p. 2(5 ; Oafes, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 337 (1883).
Myzauthe (Micrura) ignipectus, Hodgs. in Grug's Zool. Misc. p. 82

'(1844) ; Grag, Cat. JIamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 00 (1840).
Dicreum ignipectus, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847) ; id. Hand-l. B. i.

p. 115, no. 1435 (1869).
Microclielidon iofnipectus, Beichenh. Handh. Scansorice, p. 244,

Taf. dlviii. fig. 3796 (1853).
Adult male. General colour above glossy steel-green -with blue
reflexions ; wing-coverts like the back ; the greater series, bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externalh' steel-green like
the back ; tail-feathers blue-black, with a steel-green gloss on the
outer web ; sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks glossy steel-green,
like the head ; the lores blacker ; throat and under surface of body
deep ochrcous buff, with a patch of crimson or deep scarleb on the
lower throat and fore neck ; down the centre of the breast a longi-
tudinal patch of black glossed with steel-green ; sides of upper breast
glossy steel-green : flanks olive ; thighs and under tail-coverts ochra-
ceous bufl' like the breast ; under wiug-coverts and axillaries white,
slightly washed with ochraceous buff or yellowish ; qnills dusky
below, whitish along the edge of the inner web ; " bill black ; irides
brown or blackish brown ; feet and claws dull or brownish black"
{Scully). Total length 3'6 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-05, tail 1-2,
tarsus 0'5.

Adult female. Different from the male, and wanting the glossy
plumage of the upper surface and the red spot on the fore neck.
General colour above olive-greenish, yellower and more olive on the
rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser and median wing-coverts like
the back ; remainder of wing-coverts and quills dusky, glossed with
steel-green, externally edged with olive ; tail-feathers blue-black,
tipped with ashy brown, more plainly developed on the outer
feathers ; lores ochraceous buff ; sides of face and ear-coverts olive-
greenish like the head ; cheeks and under surface of body pale
ochraceous buff, more olive on the flanks and sides of body ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills dusky below, whitish
along the edge of the inner web ; " bill black, base of lower
mandible plumbeous ; feet and claws blackish " {Scully). Total
length 3 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 1'75, tail 1, tarsus 0-6.

Young male. Bill black, grey at base of lower mandible ; gape
orange ; irides blackish ; feet and claws dull slaty ; the head partially
glossv dark green ; breast pale orange ; otherwise as in the female.
{Scuily.)

Ohs. The female birds from the Xorth-west Himalayas are very
much paler than those from Xepal, being more ashy olive above and
not so green ; the throat also is more ashy, and the remainder of the
underparts paler and all over yellow.

Hah. Himalayas to the hills of Xorth-castcrn Bengal, and ex-
tending to the Karen hills in Bnrmah and Mooleyit in Tenasserim;
also occurring in the province of Fokien, in China.

5. Dicjsrir. 43

a. S ad. sk. Himalayas. Capt. Bovs [C.j.

A. d'; c. 2 ad. sk. N.W. llimalaTas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

d. 2 ad. sk. Xear Simla. Capt. Stackhouse Pmwill

[P.].

e, f, 9,Ji. S; I- 2 J^'epal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
ad. sk. (Types of species.)

k, I, 7)1. (S; n. 2 Nepal {Hodgson). India" Museum.

ad. sk.

o. d ad. sk. Darjiling. Gould Collection.

p,q. d 2 'I'i- sk. Bootan {Pembertoit). India Museum.

40. DicaBum pygmaeum.

Nectarinia pvgmasa, KittL Mem. pres. Acad. St. Petersb. ii nts 1 ■>
pi. 2 (laStlj. if • > >

Dicseum pygmaeum, Gratj, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847) ; Bp. Consp i
p. 403 (18-30) ; lieichenb. Handh. Scans, p. •242, Taf. dlvi. fio-. 37SI
{l6-'y.i) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 115, no. 14-06 (18G9). °

Myzauthe pygmi^a, Walden, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. -00 (1875) ; Sharpe
Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. i. p. .352 (1870) ; Tweedd P Z S
1877, p. 698, 1878, pp. 343, 620 ; Wardlaw Ranisau, Orn. Work's
Tweedd. p. 658 (1881 ).

Adult male. General colour above glossy steel-green, somewhat
metallic ; scapulars like the back; lower back and rump olive-yellow ;
upper tail-coverts glossy steel-green ; wing-coverts metallic steel-
blue ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally
steel-blue, some of the greater coverts and inner secondaries nar-
rowly edged with olive-yellow; tail-feathers black, with a steel-
blue gloss ; head like the back, glossy steel-green ; lores, feathers
round the eye, ear-coverts, and cheeks,'as well as sides of neck and
sides of throat, dark slaty grey; tliroat and fore neck whitish,
washed with yellow, a little more yellowish buff on the breast ,'
sides of body and flanks dull yellowish olive ; sides of upper breast
dark slaty grey ; thighs dusky, with a wash of yellow ; under tail-
coverts pale yellowish white; under wing-coverts and axillariea
white, the edge of the wing spotted with dusky bases to the feathers ;
quills blackish below, white along the edge of the inner web ; " bill^
legs, and claws black ; iris dark brown" (.4. Everett). Total' leno-th
'3-2 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-So, tail 0-95, tarsus 0-5. (JIus^H.
G. ^Vardlaw Bavisco/.)

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in not being so glossy
above, the upper surface being olive-yellowish, brighter on thelower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; head more ashy than the back,
and motlled with dusky blackish bases ; wing-coverts, quills, and
tail blackish with a steel-green gloss, the feathers aU narrowly
edged with olive ; throat and fore neck ashy white, washed with
olive ; centre of breast and abdomen yellow'ish buff, the sides of
the body pale yellowish olive ; under tail-coverts pale olive-yellow.
Total length 'A inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-75, tail 0-9, tarsus 0-45'
(Mus. E. G. W. B.) o , .

44 Bic^iD^i;.

Hah. Islands of Luzon, Leyte, Guimaras, and Palawan, in the
Philippine archipelago.

a. 5 ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Mr. Fortune [C.].

h. (S ad. sk. Monte Alban, Luzon, Capt. R. G. Wardlaw

Feb. {A. Everett). liamsay.

41. DicsBum. chrysorrhceum.

Dicaeum chrysorrhoeum, Temm. PI. Col. iv. pi. 478. fig. 1 (1829) ;
Strickl. P. Z. S. ISiG, p. 100; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847);
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 227 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 403
(18o0) ; Reichenb. Harnlb. Scans, p. 241, Taf. dlvii. tigs. 3790-91
(18o3) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 751 (1856) ;
Jerd. B. hid. i. p. 374 (1862) ; Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 114, no. 1417
(1869) ; Hume. Ibis, 1870, p. 437 ; Blanf. t. c. p. 467 ; Walden,
Ibis, 1872, p. 380; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 473; Salvad. Ucc. Born.
p. 168 (1874) ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Bern;, xliii. pt. 2, p. 156
(1874); Bhjth 8f Wakl B. Burni. p. 142 (1875); Sharpe, Ibis,
1877, p. 17 ; Hume Sf Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 195 ; Andersson,
Zool. Yunnan E.vped. p. 663 (1878); Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 56,
190; Binff/mm, Str. F. 1880, p. 170; Oates, Str. F. 1881, p. 198;
Nichols, ibis, 1881, p. 151; Kelham, t. c. p. 505; Miiller, Vog.
Lisel Salamja, p. 22 (1882) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 335 (1883).

Dicffium chrysochlore, Blyth, J. A. S. Bemj. xii. p. 1009 (1843).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dull yellowish
olive, a little more pronounced on the lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, quills, and tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with yellowish
olive ; crown of head, sides of face, and ear-coverts yellowish olive
like the back, a little more dusky below the eyes and on the lores,
above the latter being a small linear streak of dull white ; cheeks
white, separated from the throat by a moustachial line of dusky
blackish, which also skirts the edges of the lower jaw ; throat
■white ; remainder of under surface of body creamy white, broadly
streaked with blackish on the fore neck, breast, and sides of the
body, the streaks more or less washed with olive, especially on the
lower flanks, where the stripes are less distinct ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries white, the edge of the wing dusky ; quills dull brown
below, whitish along the edge of the inner web ; " iris crimson"
(A. Everett) ; " upper mandible and tip of lower mandible black, rest
of lower mandible plumbeous ; legs and feet very dark plumbeous ;
iris orange-red to bright crimson" (Davison). Total length 3-9
inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-35, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-6. (Mus. Luc/d.)

Adult female (Borneo). Identical in plumage with the male;
" iris orange ; legs leaden " (A. Everett). Total length 3-8 inches,
wing 2'35, tail 1"1, tarsus 0'55.

Hah. From the Eastern Himalayas, through the Burmese coun-
tries, down the Malayan peninsula, to Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.

n. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India !>[useiim.

b. 6 ad. sk. Eangoon, Oct. 1874. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Tenasserim (Heifer). India Museum.

d. rS ad. sk. Malacca. ' A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
^j/) 9> ^'- ^^- ^^' Malacca (Cantor). India Museum.

i. Ad. sk. West coast of Sumatra. Dr. Faber [C.].

5. DICTUM. ■ 45

42. Dicaeum concolor.

Dicfeiim concolor, Jerd. Maclr. Journ. xi. p. 227 (1840) ; id. HI. Ind.
Orn. pi. 39 (1847) ; Grm/, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847) ; Blyth, Cat. B.
Mm. As. Soc. p. 227 (184!)) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 403 (18-50) ; Reichenb.
Handb. Scans, p. 241, Taf. dlvi. %. 3780 (1853); Jerd. B. Ind. i,
p. 375 (1862) ; Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. llo, no. 1424 (1869) ; Hvme,
Nests undEqqs Ind. B. p. 156 (1873) ; Morqan, Ibis, 1875, p. 316 ;
Fairb. Str. F. 1876, pp. 256, 265, & 1877, p. 399 ; Hume, Str. F.
1870, p. 90.

Adult male. General colour above dingj- olive-brown, rather more
a.sliy olive on the mantle and upper back ; ■wing-covcrts like the
back ; bastard-'wing and primary-coverts uniform dark brown ;
quilh dark brown, narrowly edged with dull olive-yellowish, more
distinct on the secondaries ; tail-feathers dark brown, slightly mar-
gined with olive ; head like the back, but mottled with dusky centrea
to the feathers ; extreme base of forehead, lores, and eyelid whitish,
as also a slight eyebrow ; car-coverts pale dingy olive, with hair-like
whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks and feathers below the eye, as well as
the throat, whitish, faintly washed with olive ; centre of breast and
abdomen verj' pale olive-yellowish, as well as the thighs and under
tail-coverts ; the chest, sides of breast, and sides of body ashy olive ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white with a faint yellowish
tinge ; quills dusky below, whitish along the edge of the inner web ;
" bill slate-colour ; legs dark slaty brown ; iris brown "' {li. G. W.
H.). Total length 3"7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2, tail 1-15,
tarsus 0'5. (Mus. M. G. Wardlaw liamsay.)

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather darker olive-brown
above. Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-95, tail 1"05,
tarsus 0-5. {Mus. li. G. W. li.)

Hah. Hills of Southern India.

a. Ad. sk. Coonoor, Aug. 24, 1876 Capt. E. G. Wardlaw

{B. G. W. R.). Eamsay.

43. Dicjeum inornatum.

Myzanthe inomata, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. 3fns., Passeres, pi. 37.
no. 395 ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844) ; Gray, List Mamm,
Sf B. Kepcd pres. Hodc/s. p. 00 (1846).

Dicseum olivaceum, IValdcn, Ann. 4' Mag. Kat. Hist. (4) xv. p. 401
(1875) ; id. in Blyth, B. Burm. p. 143 ( 1875) ; Hume, Str.F. 1875,
p. 403, 1876, p. 498 ; Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 302 ; Hume 4- Davison,
Str. F. 1878, p. 195; Hume, Str.F. 1879, p. 90; Biiiyham, Str. F.
1880, p. 171 ; Gates, B. Brit. Burm.'i. p. 333 (1883).

Dicaeum inornatum, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 580.

Adult (type of species). General colour above dull olive, a little
clearer ohve on the rump and lower back ; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back ; bastard-wing and primar}--coverts uniform
blackish brown ; greater coverts and quills blackish brown, edged
■with olive, brighter and more yellow on the primaries ; tail-feathers
blackish brown, edged with olive ; lores, sides of face, and cheeks

46 . BIC^WJE.

pale ashv olive, as also a line of feathers over the eye ; the upper
part of the ear-coverts darker olive-brown ; throat and under surtace
of bodv yellowish white, the chest and breast as well as the sides ot
the body and flanks washed with ashy olive ; under tail-coverts yel-
lowish white ; under wing-coverts and axillanes white, .^ligh^
washed with olive-yellow ; quills blackish brown, edged with ashy
whitish along the inner web; "upper mandible and tip of lower
mandible very dark brown or black: rest of lower mandible pale
plumbeous; legs and feet very dark plumbeous ; ms f <;P br°wn
{Davison). Total length 3 inches, culmeu 0-4, wmg 1-9, tail O-^b,

Obs Althouo-h the typical specimens of D. inornatum are in worn
and abraded plumage, I do not think there is any question respecting
the identity of Diccmm ollvaceum of Walden with the ^epai bird. 1
have compared the types of the two species. I ^^^^ ^1^° n° ^oubt
that the supposed mule of Myzanthe icjnipecius, killed by Dr. Scully
in the Presidency Grounds in Nepal on the 3rd of July, which
puzzled him so much as to its identity, was really a bird ot the

^^S I'rom Nepal and the Eastern Himalayas, throughout the
Burmese and Tenasserim hills, and reoccurring in Sumatra.

., , T„jii„ J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

t id st 4ai. B.ll.Hodgson,Esq.[P.].

°- ^°- ®^' ^ (Type of species.)

A ^ . ^7 Tii-r tilr Neual (Hoclawn). India Museum.

e 9 ad k ToSoo hUls, April 6 Capt. R. G. Wardlaw

* (E. G. W. R.). Kamsay.

44. DicsBum virescens.

Dicseum virescens, Rume, Str. F. 1873, p. 482.
Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow, brighter yellow
on the rump and up],er tail-coverts; wing-coverts blackish exter-
nally olive-vellow, brighter on the edge of the primaries ; has ard-
^ing and primarv-coverts uniform blackish brown ; t^il-feathers
blackish biwn ; head a little more dusky olive, slightly mottled
with dark-brown bases to the feathers; lores dusky ashy; eyelid
and feathers over the eye yellowish white ; car-coverts ashy olive ;
cheeks, ear-coverts, throat, and breast ashy with a faint olive
tin-e ; abdomen pale yellow ; flanks and sides of body ohve-yellow ;
under tail-covcrts white, washed with yellow ; under wmg- coverts
andaxillaries white; quills blackish, edged with white along tbe
inner web. Total length 3-4 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1 9, tail

^'^AdSrfemale. Similar to the male. T«tal length 3-1 inches,
culmen 0^5, wing 1-85, tail 0-85, tarsus 0-45. {Mus. B. G. Wardlaw

Bamsrcy.)

Bab. Andaman Islands.

n Ad sk S. Andaman, Nov. 3 {Wimherley). Capt. R. G. Ward-
a. Au. »u.. Yz,\i Ramsay.

5. DIC^TTM. 47

45. Dicaeum minullum.

Dicceum minullum, SwinJioe, Ibis, 1S70, p. 240 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 349; David i^ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 83 (1877).

Adult male. Upper parts olive-green, broAvnish on head, back,
and scapulars, yellowish on the rump ; coronal feathers with deep
brown centres, giving a spotted appearance to the top of the head ;
Aving-feathers hair-brown, edged with olive-green, broadly on the
coverts and tertials, and less so on the quills ; tail hair-brown,
tipped with brownish white ; throat and belly dusky yellowish,
clearer and nearly j^rimrose on the vent ; flanks greyish olive ;
axillarics and carj^al edge white, with just a tinge of primrose ; bill
deep brown, light bluish grey on lower mandible at base ; irides
deep brown ; legs and claws leaden colour. Length about 2-75
inches: wing 1-67; tail "867, even; tarsus -416 ; bill, from fore-
head, -375. (SwinJioe.)*

Hah. Island of Hainan.

46. Dicaeum everetti.

Dicaeum everetti, Tweedd. Ann. 8f Mar/. Kat. Hid. (4) xx. p. 537

(1877) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. Ill ; Wardlaiv Ramsay, Orn. Works

Tweedd. p. 658 (1881).
Dicffium modestum, Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 380 ; S/tarpe, P. Z. S.

1883, p. 560.
Myzanthe modestum, Wardlaw Eamsay, Orn. Works Tiveedd. p. 658

(1881).

Adult male (type of D. modestum). General colour above dark
olive-brown, the head uniform with the back ; lesser and median
wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing and primary-coverts
uniform dark brown ; greater wing-coverts and quills dark brown,
edged with yellowish olive, more distinct on the secondaries ; upper
tail-coverts brown, washed with olive ; tail black ; lores, sides of
face, and ear-coverts dusky olive-brown, the cheeks lighter olive-
ashy ; throat and fore neck ashy grey, olive-yellow on the chin, a
tinge of the latter colour also ])ervading the throat; breast and ab-
domen pale whitish tinged with yellow; sides of body, flanks, and
under tail-coverts pale olive-greenish ; under wing-coverts and axil-
larics white, M'ith a faint tinge of yellow ; quills dusky brown be-
low, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length
3-15 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-9, tail 0-95, tarsus 0-5. (Mus. E.
G. W. E.)

Obs. I have compared the types of D. modestum and D. everetti
in Capt. Wardlaw Eamsay's collection, and cannot find any specific
difference between them.

Hah. Islands of Dinagat and Panaon in the Philippine archi-
pelago.

* By a most unfortunate accident, the unique type specimen of this species
lent to me by Mr. S'eebohm was dropped in the street by tlie messenger and lost.
I bare therefore been obliged to reproduce the original description, and have
not been able to state definitely whether it is identical with B. inornatmn or not.

48 DIC^ID^.

47. Licseum erythrorhynchum.

Eed-billed Creeper, Lath. Gen. Sijn. Stippl. i. p. 133 (1787),

Certhia ervthrorhynchos, Lafk. Ind. Oni. i. p. 299 (1790).

Nectarinia miuima, Tickclf, J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 577 (1833).

Dicffium tickelliffi, Blyth, J. A. S. Bvmj. xi. p. 889 (1842), xii. p. 983
(1843), xiii. p. 393 (1844), xiv. p. 558 (1845).

DicfEum miniiiium, Blyth, Ann. i^ Maq. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 316
(1847); Tytler, oj}. ch. (2) xiii. p. 373 (18-54); B/i/th. Cat. B.
Mm. As. Soc. p. 227 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 403 (1850)
liei'chenb. Handb. Scans, p. 241 (1853) ; Hursf. 4'- Moore, Cat. B.
E.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 750 (1854) ; Jerd. B. liid. i. p. 374 (18G2
Beavan, Ibis, 18Uo, p. 416 ; Brooks, Ibis, 18C9, p. 47 ; Graij
Hand-l. B. i. p. 115, uo. 1425 (1809); Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 468
Hume, Nests and Eyt/s Ind. B. p. 155 (1873) ; Ball, Str. F. 1874
p. 397 ; Faii-b. Sir. F. 1876, p. 256 ; Walden, Ibis, 1876, p. 349
Ball, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 208; Zfc/r/e, B. Ceylon, p. 574
(1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bombay Pres. p. 30 (1880).

DicfBiim ervthrorhyncbum, Blyth i^- Wald. B. Burnt, p. 143 (1875);
Fairb. Str. F. 1877, p. 399 ; Hintie S,- Davison, Str. F. 1878,
p. 196 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 90 ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 57 ;
Butler, t. c. p. 390 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 334 (1883).

Adult. General colour above aF.hj olive-brown, the head faintly
mottled -with smaU dusky centres to the feathers ; wing-coverts and
quills rather browner than the back, with a slight greenish gloss
on the feathers, which have also obsolete narrow margins of olive ;
tail blackish brown ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts pale ashy
brown, the latter slightly streaked with whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks
and under surface of bocly pale ashy with a slight olive tinge ; the
centre of the body, abdomen, and under tail-coverts buffy whitish ;
under wing-coverts and axillarics white, ashy along the edge of the
wing ; quills dusky brown below, ashy whitish along the edge of
the inner web ; " bill pale fleshy, with a dusky tip ; legs leaden
brown ; iris brown " (Jerdon) ; " bill dark brown above, the lower
mandible fleshy ; legs and feet brownish slate ; iris yellowish
brown or brown " (Lec/r/e). Total length 3'2 inches, culmen 0-4,
wing 2-0, tail 0'95, tarsus 0-55.

Young. Iris darker brown than in the adult, with a slaty outer
circle; upper mandible tinged with yellowish, and its margin, to-
gether with the under mandible, yellowish. Above, more olivaceous
than old birds ; quills and wing-coverts edged greenish ; throat and
fore neck duskier than in adults. (Legge.)

Hah. Ceylon ; Lower Bengal and Central India as far as the
Eastern Himalayas and Assam, extending through Arakan to
Moulmein in Tenasserim.

a. 5 ad. sk. South Ceylon (Leyye). E. W. Oates, Esq.

b. Ad. sk. Madras (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

c. d. Ad. sk. Belgaum (Hutt). Gould Collection.
e,f,g. Ad.sk. Dacca (7y</e/-). India Museimi.

h. Ad. sk. Bengal {As. Soc. Beng.). India Museum. (Type of

I), tichellicc.)
i. Ad. ; h. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

I, m. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

w. Ad. sk. India. Gould Collection.

b. LoxioroES. — /. Loxops. 4.9

6. LOXIOIDES.

Type.
iiOxioides, Oustalet, Bull. Sue. Philom. Paris, 1877, p. 99. . L. bailleui.

Bill of Loxioides bailleui.
Ranye. Sandwich Islands.

1. Loxioides bailleui,

Loxioides bailleui, Oustnlef, Bull. Sue. Philom. Paris, 1877, p. 99 ;
Sclater, Ibis, 1879, p. 90, pi. 2. ^ 7 r >

Adult. General colour above ashy grey, more hoary grey towards
the rump and upper tail-coverts; scapirlars grey like the back;
lesser and median coverts olive-yellow; greater coverts, bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally olive-yellow,
the inner secondaries broadly edged and tipped with ashy grey •
tail-feathers blackish, externally washed with olive-yellow, inter-
nally edged with ashy ; head all round olive-yellow, as well 'as the
throat and fore neck and chest ; remainder of under surface ashy
whitish, greyer on the flanks and sides of the body ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy whitish, washed with olive-vcllow,
especially on the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below, ashy whitish
along the edge of the inner web. Total length G-8 inches, culmen
0-56, wing 3-55, tail 2-6, tarsus 1.

Hah. Sandwich Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Sandwich Islands (M. Bailleu). Paris Museum [P.],

7. LOXOPS. r.

Type.

Loxops, Cab. Arch. f. Katurg. 1847, p. 3.30 L. coccinea.

Hypoloxias, Bp. Consp. i. p. 518 (1850) L. coccinea!

Byrseus, Eeichenb. Handb. Spec. Orn. pi. Ixxv. fi"-. 23

(18-jO) L_ coccinea.

Bill of Loxops coccinea.

jRanr/e. Sandwich Islands.

VOL. X.

50 DTC.MD,!:.

1. Loxops coccinea.

Scarlet Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 270 (1783).

Fringilla coccinea, Gm. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 921 (1788) ; Gray, Gen. B.

ii. p. 371(184o).
Fringilla rufa, Bloxam, in Byron'' s Voy. 'Blonrh,' App. p. 250 (1826).
Linavia ? coccinea, Gould, in Voy. ' Sidphur,^ Birds, p. 41, pi. 22

(1844).
Carduelis coccinea, Less. C'ompl. Buff. yiii. p. 280 (1830-
Loxops coccinea, Cab. Arch. f. Natury. 1847, p. 330 ; Gray, Cat. B.

Trap. Isl. Pacific Ocean,' ^. 28 (]8o9) ; id. Sand-l. B. i. p. 114,

no. 1413 (ISCO); Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 3.59.
Drepanis rufa. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 96 (1847).
IlTpoloxias coccinea, Bp. Consj). i. p. 518 (1850) ; Dok, Proc. Bost.

'8oc. N. H. 1879, p. 301.
Ilimatione rufa, Beichenb. Handb. Scans, p. 255 (1853).

Adult. General colour above dull orange-rufous, rather browner
on the back, and clearer on the head, lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts; wing- coverts and quills dusky brown, externally dull
orange, a little brighter on the primaries ; tail-feathers brown, ex-
ternally edged with dull orange ; lores dusky ; sides of face, cheeks,
car-coverts, and under surface of body dull orange-rufous, more
brilliant orange on the breast and abdomen ; under tail-coverts
orange, with fulvous centres ; under wing-covcrts and axillaries
ashy whitish washed with orange ; quills dusky brown below, ashy
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen
0-4, wing 2-25, tail 1-6.5, tarsus 0-85.

Bah. Sandwich Islands.

a, b. Ad. sk. Sandwich Islands. Capt. Lord Byron [P.].

(Types of Frinyilla rufa.)
c. Ad. sk. Sandwich Islands. John Goidd, Esq.

2. Loxops rosea.

Drepanis rosea, DoJe, Raicaian Almanac, 1879, p. 44.

Similar to D. coccinea in appearance, habits, and food ; G inches
long. Wings and tail dark brown ; last secondaries white ; upper
and lower tail-coverts greenish yellow ; general plumage bright
scarlet, interspersed with masses of greenish-yellow feathers, mottled
with black. Bill 1 inch, curved, white. {Dole.)

Hah. Sandwich Islands.

3. Loxops aurea.

Drepanis aurea, Dole, Uaicaian Almanac, 1879, p. 45.
Hypoloxias aiu-ea, Finsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 80.

Uniform orange ; quills blackish brown, margined externally with
the same colour, but more sordid ; covers of primaries and secon-
daries ou the outer webs broadly margined with dull orange ; bill
hornish blue, tip blackish ; iris dark brown. Stomach containing

8. PSITTIEOSTEA. 51

nests of insects (caterpillars). First and third primaries longest, first
scarcely shorter. (Finsch.)

Youiuj (just able to fly, and fed by the former). Upper parts dull
olive-green, the ftuter margin of the dark-brown quills and tail-
feathers more vivid, the same as the tips of the secondaries, which
form a pale cross band on the wing ; lower parts pale olive-yellow,
chin passing into whitish : bill horn-blackish, tip darker ; feet
black ; third and fourth primaries longest, second equal to the fifth,
somewhat shorter, first a little shorter ; tail twelve feathers. Tongue
ordinary, bifurcated at tip. (Finsch.)
Jlah. Sandwich Islands.

8. PSITTIEOSTEA. Type.

Psittirostra, Temm. Man. d'Oni. i. p. Ixx (1S20) P. psittacea.

Bill of Psittirostra psittacea.
Mange. Sandwich Islands.

1. Psittirostra psittacea.

Parrot-billed Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Sijn. iii. p. 108, pi. 42 (1783).
Loxia psittacea, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 844 (1768J ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i.

p. 371 (1790).
Psittirostra psittacea, Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. Ixs (1820); Sicains.

Classif. B. ii. p. 29-5 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 389 (184o) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 492 (18o0) ; Reichenh. Handb. Scans, p. 101, Taf.

cccclxv.6. fig. 3408 (1853) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 114, no. 1412

(1869) ; Peh. Ibi\ 1873, p. 21 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 347 ; id.

Report Birds ' Challenger' E.iped. p. 04 (1881).
Psittirostra sandviceusis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 91 (1826).
Psittacirostra icterocephala, Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 457 (1828).
Psittirostra icterocephala, Gray, Cat. B. Trap. Isl. Pacific Ocean,

p. 28 (1859).

Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, duller on the
mantle and upper back ; wing-coverts like the back ; greater
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish,
externally yellowish green, brighter on the edge of the primaries,
the inner secondaries somewhat ashy towards their ends : quiUa
dusky brown, edged -with yellowish green ; head and neck all round,
including sides of face and throat, bright lemon-yellow ; sides of
neck dull greenish ; lower throat and chest pale ashy, with slightly
indicated dusky centres, and washed ^^'ith pale yellow ; remainder of
under surface whitish ash-colour, the feathers edged with pale yellow;
flanks and sides of bodv yellowish green ; thighs whitish ash ; under

e2

52 MdXD.T.

tail-coverts Avhltish, Tvith a slight wash of yellow ; axillaries pale
yellow ; under wing-coverts ashy whitish washed with yellow ;
quills dusky below, whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 6-5'inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-7, tail 2-25? tarsus 0-9.

Adult femctle. Ditiers from the male in wanting the yellow on
the head and throat ; the greater wing-coverts tipped with white.
Total length 6-7 inches, culmen 0-G5, wing 3-6, tail 2-15, tarsus
0-95.

Yoiinr/. Like the old female, but much more dingy olive-green,
the wing-coverts tipped with white ; ear-coverts also with whitish
shaft-lines.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

a,b. S 2 ad. sk. Sandwich Islands. J. Gould, Esq.

c, d. cS ad. sk. Hilo, Owhyhee, Sandwich Vov. of II.M.S. ' Chal-

Islands. longer.'

e,f. d ad. et juv. sk. Sandwich Islands. Capt. Lord Byron [P.].

9. PINAEOLOXIAS.

Bill of Pinaroloxias inomata.
Range. Bow or Harp Island, Low Archipelago.

1. Pinaroloxias inornata.

Cactornis inornata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 104 ; id. Voy. ' Sulphur,^
Birds, p. 42, pi. 25 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 (1844) ;
Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 485 (1870).

Loxops inornata, Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Isl. Pacijic Ocean, p. 28 (1859);
id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 114, no. 1414 (18G9).

Adult? (type of species). Upper surface mottled, the feathers
dark brown, broadly edged with olive-brown, the head a little more
uniform, with less distinct edges : lesser wing-coverts hke the back ;
median and greater coverts dark brown, with broad edgings of
sandy buff; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown,
edged with lighter brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with
paler brown and tipped with sandy buif, more broadly on the outer
feathers ; lores and feathers above the eye sandy buif, as well as
the plumes below the eye ; ear-coverts unifonn dark brown ; cheeks
and under surface of body sandy buff, streaked with dark-brown
centres to the feathers ; the flanks slightly more mfesceut, and the
abdomen paler and more uniform yellowish buff like the under
tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish buff;
quills dusky below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web.

10. OEEOCHARIS. 53

Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-55, -wing 2-65, tail I'To, tarsus
0-85.

Hah. Bow or Harp Island, Low Archipelago.

a. [?] Ad. sk. Bow Island {Dr. Hinds). Zoological Society.

(Type of species.)

10. OEEOCHARIS.

Typo.

Oreocliaris, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Gciwv. vii. p. 9.39 (1875) O. arfaki.
Cliloromyias, Ousiakt, Bull. Assoc. France, 18S0, p. 172 . . 0. arfaki.

Bill and head of Creocharis arfaJcL
Ranr/e. New Guinea.

1. Oreocharis arfaki.

Pai-us P arfaki, Meyer, Sits. Isis Dresd. 1875, 1st April ; id. Mitth.
Zool. Mus. Ih-esd. i. p. 8 (1875) ; Gould, B. New Guinea, iv. pi. 13

Oreocharis stictoptera, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic, Genov. Tii. p. 939
(1875).

Oreocharis arfaki, Salvad. op. cit. xii. p. 333 (1878), xvi. p. 70 (1880) ;
id. Orn. Bupuasia etc. ii. p. 289 (1881) ; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc,
Zool. xvi. p. 486 (1882) ; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia, iii. App. p. 540.

Chloromyias laglaizei, Oust. Bull. Assoc. France, 1880, p. 173.

Adult male. General colour above olive-green, with a slight gloss
of steel-green ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series rather
more yellowish green externally ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts
black, narrowly edged with dull green ; quills black, externally edged
with green, yellow on the primaries, tlie inner secondaries with a
large spot of "bright yellow at the end of the outer web ; upper tail-
coverts greenish grey ; tail-feathers blackish, washed with greenish
grev on the edges ; crown of head glossy blue-black as far as the
occiput, which is green as well as the nape ; lores, eyelid, cheeks,
and sides of neck blue-black ; the lower edge of the eyelid, feathers
below the eye, and ear-coverts bright golden yellow ; throat and
fore neck blue-black ; remainder of under surface of the body from
the fore neck downwards rich golden yellow, with a longitudinal
patch of ruddy chestnut down the centre of the body ; thighs black ;
axillaries bright golden yellow ; under wing-coverts paler yeUow,
with white bases, and mottled with black bases near the edge of
the wing : quills blackish below, yeUow along the inner web.
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-9, tail l-'Jo, tarsus 0-75.

64 DIC^ID^.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the cheeks and fore
neck grey.

Hah. N^ew Guinea.

a. S ad. sk. Astrolabe Mountains, S.E. Mr. A. Goldie [C.].

New Guinea.

11. PARDALOTUS.

Type.

Pardalotus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 31 (1816) P. oruatus.

a. Bill of rardalotus ornatus. b. Wing of same, to sbow absence of
bastard primary.

Range. Confined to Australia.

Key to tlie Sj)ecles.

a. Head streaked with white on the hinder crown
and occiput.
a'. All the primaries edged with white, forming
a large wing-patch ; tips of primary-
coverts scarlet oi-natus, p. 55.

b'. Third and fourth primaries edged with white ;
tips of primary-coverts scarlet, or orange,

or yeUow assimilis, p. 56.

e'. Third primary only edged with white ; tips

of primary-coverts always yellow affinis, p. 57.

h. Head black, with round spots of white.

d\ Back mottled, the feathers edged with black
with a subterminal spot ; upper tail-
coverts crimson ; loral spot white ; throat
and fore neck bright yellow ; under tail-
coverts yellow.

a". Hump chestnut pvnctatus, p. 58.

b". Rump yellow xanthopt/r/ius, p. 59.

11. PARD.iLOTUS. 55

e' . Back nearly uniform ashy brown, with faint
dusky shaft-streaks ; upper tail-coverts
washed with yellow; loral spot scarlet;
throat creamy white, with a large spot of
pale yellow on the fore ueck ; under tail-
coverts white ruhricatus, p. CO.

c. Head uniform black.

/. Hump yellowish brown or pale earthy brown melanoccpha/us, p. GO.
//'. Ibump yellow. . • uropyyiulis, p. (j-2.

d. Head and back olive, shghtly mottled with

blackish margins to the feathers ; ear-coverts

yellow ; no alar speculum qiiadrac/intus, p. G2.

1. Pardalotus ornatus.

Pardalotus striatus (nee Gin.*), Tcmm. Man.d^Orn. i. p.G5 (1820).
Pardalotus ornatus, Temm. PL Col. iv. pi. .394. fig. 1 (182G).
Pardalotus striatus, Vi;/. i$- Horsf. I'rans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 237

(1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Ausfy. i. p. 161 (18G.5J ; Grai/, JIand-l.
B. i. p. 387, no. 5861 (18GU) ; Bujgles, Orn. Audi: pi. .30. fig. 2
(c. 1870) ; Ramsaij, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 180 (1878).

Adult. General colour above olive-greyish, the lower back and
rump clearer and more earthy or yellowish brown, as also the upper
tail-coverts, which have paler fulvescent tips with a subtermiual
bar of dusky brown ; scapulars like the back, the lower ones washed
Avith yellowish brown ; lesser and median wing-coverts greenish
black, with yellowish-brown spots at the ends ; greater coverts and
primary-coverts black, the latter with scarlet tips, forming an alar
speculum ; quills blackish brown, with a white spot at the end, the
secondaries paler towards the base and margined oxternaUy with
reddish brown, the inner secondaries broadly edged with white along
the terminal third of the outer web ; the long primaries externally
white near the base, increasing in extent towards the outermost,
which has a narrow line of white along the whole of the outer web ;
tail-feathers blackish, tipped with white on the outer web, this
white spot increasing in extent towards the outermost feather, where
it is very large ; crown of head black, forming a cap, the occiput and
nape streaked with white down the centre of the feathers ; a broad
white eyebrow, with a large spot of bright yellow on the fore part
above the lores, which are blackish ; cheeks and ear-coverts ashy
white, the feathers below the eye and along the upper edge of the
ear-coverts black, minutely spotted with white ; centre of throat
and fore neck yellow ; sides of neck pale earthy brown, extending
down the sides of the body and flanks, the under tail-coverts also
of this colour but paler ; breast and abdomen whitish, with an ashy-

* Guiehn's species Pipra striatus, founded on Latham's " Striped-headed
]M;inal;in," is diffioult to deteriiiiue ; but it certainly is ?ioi! the above bird. It
is probably P. ajjiiiis {vide ivfrii).

66 DIC^ID^.

grey shade on the former ; a broad line of pale yellow separating
the breast from the sides of the body ; thighs ashy brown washed
with yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillarics very pale earthy
brown ; quiUs dusky below, ashy whitish aloug the edge of the
inner web ; " bill at the tip and along the culmen dark brown tinged
with blue, the remainder yellowish white ; legs and feet greenish
grey; iris brownish red" {Gould). Total length 4 inches, culmen
0'35, wing 2'55, tail 1-35, tarsus 0-75.

"Sexes alike in colour'" (Gould).

Bah. From Port Dcnison to Xew South "^ales, and throughout
Victoria, South Australia, and AVest Australia.

a. (5 ad. sk. Murray River. Gould Collection.

b. 2 ad. sk. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].
r. Ad. sk. South Australia. Gould Collection.

d, e. Ad. sk. Kew South Wales. Goidd Collection.

/. Ad. sk. Victoria. Gould Collection.

ff, h. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Collection.

i. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.].

k. Ad. sk. Australia. Lady Hooker [P.J.

/, m. Ad. sk. Australia. ,

Subsp. n. Pardalotus assimilis.

Pardalotus assimilis, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. TF. ii. p. 180

(1878).

Gould states that the young birds of P. striatus assume the
adult colouring from the nest, but have the tips of the primary-
coverts orange instead of red. Mr. Eamsay, however, thinks that
the supposed young P. striatus of Gould are really an inter-
mediate species between P. striatus and P. affinis, and states that he
has found them breeding ; Gould, however, remarks that he has
" positive evidence that some of the Australian species reproduce
their kind before they have attained their adult livery."

It is certain that in P. melanoceplialus the young are veiy diffe-
rent from the adults, and have the crimson speculum as distinct
in the nestling as in the adult bird; and, by analogy, Gould's
description of the young of P. striatxhs would not be correct,
Mr. llamsay's view of there being a distinct intermediate form re-
ceiving additional confirmation. I find, moreover, that all the birds
for which I propose to adopt Eamsay 's name of P. assimilis have,
as a rtrle, the third and /oh)-^7i primaries edged with white, the third
for two thirds of its length, the fouith only near the base, but vary-
ing in extent and sometimes extending a good way up the edge of
the feather. The colour of the speculum varies from yellow and
orange to scarlet and even crimson. This question can only be
settled by observers in Austraha ; but it seems to me by no means
improbable that P. striatus and P. aJjUms interbreed, especially if
the localities of all the specimens in the British Museum are to be
reUed on. The following examples appear to me to belong to this
intermediate form, in which, I may also mention, the white streaks

11. PAEDALOTrS. 57

commence further down on the crown and nearer to the black fore-
head. This is also a secondary character of P. affi,nis.

Hah. From Port Denison to liew South Wales, and the interior
of Australia.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell.

h, c. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Collection.

d. Ad. sk. Kew South Wales. Gould Collection.

e. Ad. sk. Burke, Iliver Darling Gould Collection.

{Br. Pecherj).

f. Ad. sk. Queensland {Cockerell) , F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin,

Esqrs. [P.J.

g. Ad. sk. Queensland. F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.].

2. Pardalotus affinis.

? Striped-headed Manak-in, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 526 (1783).
? Pipra striata, Gm. S. N. i. p. 1003 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 558

(1790) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. x. pt. l,p. 29, pi. 4 (1817).
Parda'jtus atBnis, Goidd, P.Z. S. 1837, p. 2.5; id. Si/n. B. Austr.

p^-.t 2, pi. iii. fipr. 2 (1837) ; id. B. Austr.iol. ii. pi. 39 (1848) ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 270 (1845) ; Retchenb. Voy. NeiihoU. p. 104 (1850) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 334 (1850) ; G<mld, Handb. B. Aiisfr. i. p. 103

(1865) ; Gray,irai}d-l. B. i. p. 387, no. 5802 (1869) ; Digyles, Orn.

Austr. pi. 30. fig. 3 (c. 1870) ; Ramsay, Pruc. Linn. Sue. X. S. IF.

ii. p. 180 (1878).

Adult. General colour above ashy olive, becoming pale earthy
brown on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-covcrts, the latter
being edged with pale ochreous buff ; lesser aud median wing-coverta
black, with spots of pale earthy brown at the tips ; greater coverts,
bastard-wing, and primary-coverts black, the latter tipped with
yellow, forming an alar speculum ; qtiills black, tipped with a white
spot at the end of the outer web ; the inner secondaries externally
reddish brown, becoming white towards the end of the otiter web ;
the third primary only edged with white along the outer web ; tail-
feathers black, all but the centre ones with a white spot at the end
of the inner web, increasing in extent towards the outermost ; crown
of head black, unifomi on the forehead and over the eve, the re-
mainder of the crown and nape broadly streaked with white down
the centre of the feathers ; over the eye a broad streak of yellow,
continued into an eyebrow of ashy white ; lores blackish ; ear-
coverts mottled, blackish with mesial streaks of ashy white ; cheeks
ashy whitish ; throat and fore neck bright yellow ; breast and re-
mainder of under surface ashy whitish with a faint yellowish tinge ;
sides of neck, sides of body, and flanks pale earthy brown, separated
from the breast by a broad line of yellow ; under taU-coverts clearer
buff or pale earthy brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale
earthy brown ; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of
the inner web : " bill black ; feet brown ; iris olive-brown " (Gould).
Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0"3, wing 2-65, tail 1-45, tarsus
0-75.

Hab. Tasmania, I^ew South Wales, Tictoria, and South Australia.

58 DIC^ID.?5.

a. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Collection.

b. Ad. sk. Yictoria. Gould Collection.

c. d. Ad. sk. [Queensland {Cockerell).'] F. I). Godnian andO. Salvin,

Esqrs. [P.].
e. Ad. sk. [Queensland.] F. Nicliolson, Esq. [P.J.

/, g. Ad. sk. Tasmania. E,onald Gvtnn, Esq. [P.].

3. Pardalotus punctatns.

Pipra punctata, Shaw &i- Nodder, Nat. Misc. iv. pi. Ill (1792);
Lath. Ind. Om. Siippl. p. It! (1801).

Speckled Mauakin, Lath. Gen. Si/7U Stippl. ii. p. 253 (1801).

Pardalotus punctatus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. Ixv (1820) ; id. PI.
Col. iii. pi. 78 (182.3); Gould, Stp>. B. Audr. ^i. -2, pi. iii. fig-. 1
(1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 270 (1845) ; Gould, B. Austr. ii. pi. 35
(1848); Bp. Comp. i. p. 334 (1850); Beichenb. Vm/. Neuholl.
p. 163 (1850) ; Gotdd, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 157 (1805) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 387, no. 5859 (1809) ; Bamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. W. ii. p. 179 (1878).

Adult. General colour above mottled, the mantle and upper back
ashy brown, spotted near the end with ochraceoiis bufF, all the feathers
edged with black ; rump chestnut-brown ; the feathers margined
with black; upper tail-coverts crimson ; sca])ulars ochraceous buff,
margined with black ; wing-coverts black, with a subterminal white
spot in the form of a round dot ; j^rimary-coverts entirely black ;
quills black with a bluish gloss, all the feathers with a rounded spot
of white at the ends, larger on the inner secondaries, the first primary
externally edged with white ; tail-feathers black, with a distinct sub-
terminal .spot of white, increasing in extent towards the outermost,
where it extends across the end of the feather ; crown of head black,
spotted with minute white dots ; a broad white eyebrow extending
from the base of the nostril to above the ear-coverts ; lores dusky
blackish ; ear-coverts, sides of face, and cheeks ashy grey, minutely
barred with black lines, more plainly on the cheeks, this ashy grey
colour extending down to the sides of the fore neck and barred
narrowly in the same manner ; throat entirely rich golden yellow ;
breast and under surface of body pale drab or earthy brown ; the
flanks and sides of the body fawn-colour ; thighs dusky ; under tail-
covcrts golden j'ellow, chestnut near the vent ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries white, the axillarics pale fawn-colour ; qi;ills blackish,
ashy white along the edge of the inner web ; " bill brownish black ;
feet brown ; iris dark brown" (Gould). Total length 3-4 inches,
culmen 0-3, wing 2-3, tail 1-15, tarsus 0-7.

Adult female. Duller in colour than the male and wanting the
yellow throat ; the markings everywhere less pronounced, and the
spots on the head yellow instead of white.

Hub. The whole of Australia except the north.

a, b. Ad. sk. Tasmania. Ilonald Gunn, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Tasmania. Antarctic Expedition.

d. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Collection.

e. Ad. sk. Victoria. Gould Collection.
/, y. 6 2 ^d. sk. South Australia. Sir George Grey.

11. PAEDALOTUS. 59

h. Ad. slf. New South Wales. Gould Collection.

i. 2 ad. sk. Queensland. F. jSicholson, Esq. ["P.].

k, I. S ; m, n. 2 ad. sk. Queensland (Cocke- F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin,

rell). Esqrs. [P.].

Ofjh c? ad.sk. Moreton Ray (i^. Gould Collection.

St ran (/e).

4. Pardalotus xanthopygius.

Pardalotus xanthopygius, M'Coy, Ann. ^- Mar/. ]Vaf. Ilist. ("3) xix.

p. 184 (18G7_); Gmdd, B. Austr. fol. Suppl. pi. 8 (1808); Gray,

Hund-l. B. i. p. 387, no. 5863 (1869) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Hoc.

N.S. ir. ii. p. 180(1878).
Pardalotus xanthopyge, M'Coy, Ann. ^- May. Kat. Hist. (3) xx.

p. 178 (1867).

Adult. General colour above ashy grey, the feathers rather broadly
edged with black, before which is a white spot, causing a strongly
spotted appearance ; scapulars ashy grey, more narrowly edged
with black, and with the subterminal white spot less distinct;
wing-coverts blue-black, with distinct subterminal rounded spots ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts uniform blue-black ; quills blue-
black, with a small white spot at the end of the outer web,
these spots larger on the secondaries, especially the innermost ;
rump bright golden yellow, the lateral feathers with blackish
margins ; upper tail-coverts crimson with black bases ; tail-feathers
black, the four centre feathers with a subterminal rounded white spot,
the outermost feather barred across with a broad white spot just
before the extreme tip ; crown of head black, covered with rounded
spots of white even to the base of the forehead ; a broad white
eyebrow commencing from the base of the nostril to above the
ear-coveiis ; lores black, mottled with whitish tips to the feathers ;
cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of face ashy grej', minutely rayed
across with blackish bars ; sides of neck similarly marked ; throat
and fore neck bright golden yellow ; sides of fore neck and sides of
breast ashy grey, narrowly barred with black ; lower flanks more
ashy ; centre of breast and abdomen creamy white ; under tail-
coverts bright golden yellow; axillaries and under wing-coverts
greyish white ; quills dusky, white along the edge of the inner
web. Total length 3"5 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 2-2o, tail 1-2
tarsus 0"7.

Young. Differs from the adult in being olive-yellowish above
mottled with subterminal spots of clearer yellow ; rump saffron-
yellow, the upper tail-coverts washed with scarlet; wings and tail
as in the adidt, but with a white spot on nearly all the tail-
feathers ; head spotted with bright yellow instead of white ; entire
under surface yellowish white, washed with pale brown on the
flanks and sides of body ; under tail-coverts bright golden yellow.

Ohs. Although so different in appearance from the adult, the fact
of this plumage being indeed the livery of the young bird is proved
by several specimens in the Museum which are moulting from one
stage to the other.

Hab, South Australia ; Yictoria; West Australia.

60 DIO^ID^.

a. Ad. sk. River Murray. J. Gould, Esq.

b. Ad. sk. River Murray. Gould Collection.

c. Ad. ; d, e. Juv. sk. South Australia. Gould Gollectiou.

/. Ad. sk. Soutk Australia F. D. Godman and 0.

{Cocherell). _ Salvin, Esqvs [P.].

g, h. Imm. sk. South Australia. J. Gould, Esq.

i. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Collection.

5. Pardalotus rubricatus.

Pardalotus rubricatus, OouM, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 149; Gray, Gen. BA.
p. 270 (1845) ; Gould, B. Audi: ii. pi. 3G (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 334 (18o0); Beichenb. Vog. Ncuhvll. p. 100 (1850); Gra;/,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 387, no. 5866 ( 1860) ; Bupjlea, Orn. Austr. pi. 30.
fig. 1 (1870) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 180 (1878).

Adult. General colour above pale ashy brown, the feathcra mesially
streaked or spotted with dusky, the upper tail-coverta washed with
yellow, with narrow brown shaft-lines ; feathers of hind neck
narrowly barred with dusky cross lines ; scapulars like the back ;
wing-coverts ashy brown, with hoary whitish margins ; greater
series and bastard-wing blackish brown, margined with hoary white ;
primary- coverts and quills blackish, externally edged with golden
yellow, the primaries edged with white towards their ends, the
secondaries tipped with white, more broadly on the innermost ;
tail-feathers pale brown, becoming darker towards the tips, which
are white ; crown of head black, with distinct rounded spots of
white ; base of forehead pale fawn-colour ; lores whitish, sur-
mounted by a spot of pale scarlet, continued into a broad eyebrow
of pale fawn-colour ; ear-coverts ashy, slightly mottled with dusky
margins to the feathers ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body
creamy white, washed with sandy brown on the sides of the body ;
in the centre of the fore neck and chest a patch of pale yellow ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills pale brown below,
whitish along the edge of the inner web: "upper mandible brown,
lower mandible greyish white; legs brown" {Gould). Total length
4-3 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 2*4, tail 1'3, tarsus 0-8.

Two specimens, apparently younger birds, do not show the dusky
spotting on the back and have the yellow chest-spot much smaller.

Hah. New South Wales and Interior province of Australia, re-
appearing in the Gulf of Carpentaria and at Port Darling and Port
Essington.

a, b. Ad. sk. South Australia. Gould Collection.

c'. Ad. sk. Burke, River Darling Gould Collection.

{Dr. Pechey).

d. Ad. sk. [Australia {Cockerell).'] F. D. Godman and 0,

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

6. Pardalotus melanoceplialus.

Pardalotus melanocephalus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 149 ; Grai/,
Gen. B. i. p. 270 (1845) ; Gould, B. Austr. fol. ii. p. 165 (1848) ;

11. PAKDALOTUS. 61

Beichenh. Vog. Neuholl. p. 101 (1850); Bjj. Comp. i. p. 334 (1850) ;
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 1G5 (1805); Grcn/, Hund-l. B.'i.
p. 387, no. 5865 (18G9) ; Diqgles, Orn. Austr. pi. 30. fif^. 4 (c.
1870) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. ibc. N. S. IF. ii. p. 180 (1878).
Pardalotus uropvgialis {non Gotdd), Gray, Hand-l. B, i. p. 387,
no. 58(34 (1869).

Adult. General colour above ashy brown, tinged with yellowish or
pale earthy brown ; scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts pale earthy brown, the latter with pale ochreous margins ;
■wing-coverts blue-black, the primaries tipped with crimson, forming
an alar speculum ; quills also blue-black, tipped "with white, the
primaries extcruallj' edged with white, increasing in extent towards
the outermost; secondaries paler brown on the inner web, and
edged with butfy white towards the end of the outer web, some of
them also narrowly edged with reddish brown ; tail-feathers black,
tipped with pale earthy brown and having a spot of white at the
end of the inner web, increasing in extent towards the outermost ;
entire head black as far as the nape, forming a cap ; lores and ear-
coverts black, joining the nape ; above the lores a broad streak of
bright yellow, extending into a broad white eyebrow ; cheeks and
lower margin of ear-coverts whitish, slightly tinged with earthy
brown on the hinder part ; throat and fore neck bright yellow ;
sides of neck ashy ; centre of breast and abdomen white ; sides of
breast, sides of body, flanks, and under tail-covcrts pale earthy or
fulvous brown, with a broad line of bright yellow separating the
white breast from the sides of the body ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries pale earthy or fulvous brown ; quills dusky below, ashy
whitish along the edge of the inner web : " bill black ; feet brown."
Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 2-3, tail I'l, tarsus 0'7.

Nestling. Differs from the adult principally in wanting the black
cap, the head being rather more dingy brown than the back ; the
yellow loral streak feebly developed, and the cheeks and sides of
face pale earthy brown ; alar speculum crimson as in the adult but
much smaller.

Ohs. Some specimens have a few ashy-brown tips to the feathers
of the hinder crown.

Hab. From Rockingham Bay to New South Wales, and Interior
province of Australia. Port Essington.

a. 5 ad. sk. Australia. Purchased.

h. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Collection.

dPidl.sk. Richmond River. Mr. A. P. Goodwin [C.].

e. Ad. ; /. Pull. sk. Richmond River R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(^Goodivin).

g, li. Ad. sk. Brisbane (Cuckerell). F. D. Godman and 0.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

i. Ad. sk. Moreton Bay. Gould Collection.

62 Dic^iDs:.

7. Pardalotus iiropygialis.

Pai'clalotus uropvgialis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 14o ; Gray, Gpu. B.

i. p. 270 (1845) ; Gould, B. Austr. ii. pi. 41 (1848) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 334 (18o0) ; Rvicheiih. Vog. Neuholl. p. 165 (1850) ; Jacq. et

Ptichei: Voy. Pule Sud, iii. p. 74 (1853) ; Goidd, Handh. B. Austr.

i. p. 166 (1865) ; l)u/ffles, Orn. Austr. pi. 30. fig. 5 (c. 1870) ;

Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Sac. N. S. W. ii. p. l80 (1878).
Pardalote uropygiale, Homhr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, pi. ix.

fig. 2 (1842-53).

Crown of the head, stripe before and behind the eye black ; lores
rich orange ; a mark from above the eye to the occiput, chest, and
centre of the abdomen white ; throat and cheeks delicate crocus-
yellow ; rump and upper tail-coverts sulphnr-ycllow ; back of the
neck and back olive-grey ; wings black, the external webs of the
second and five following primaries white at the base ; tips of the
spurious wing scarlet ; tail black, the three outer feathers tipped
with white, the white spreading largely over the inner web of the
outer feathers ; bill black ; feet lead-colour. {Gould.)

Sexes alike (Gould).

Hah. Northern Australia,

a h. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers [P.].

8. Pardalotus quadragintus.

Pardalotus quadragintus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 148 ; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 270 (1845) ; Gould, B. Austr. fol. ii. pi. 37 (1848) ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 334 (1860); Reichenh. Viig. Neuholl.^. 165 (1850);
Gould, Handh. B. Austr. i. p. 100 (1805) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 387, no. 5800 (1809) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii.
p. 180 (1878).

Adult. General colour above dull olive-brown, slightly mottled
with blackish edges to the feathers, those of the head having an
indistinct subterminal spot of dull olive-yellow ; lower back and
rump a little lighter than the rest of the back ; upper tail-coverts
brighter yellow, with narrow blackish edges and grey bases ; scapu-
lars and lesser wing-coverts like the back ; remainder of wing-
coverts blue-black, with subterminal rounded white spots ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts uniform black ; quills blackish, narrowly
margined with ashy, the first primary margined with white for its
entire length, all the quills with a white spot at the end of the
outer web, larger on the secondaries, especially the innermost ;
tail-feathers ashy, with a white bar at the tip of the inner web,
increasing in size towards the outermost feather, on which it extends
across the end of both webs, before this white end being a distinct
subterminal shade of blackish ; head like the back ; lores ashy
whitish, washed with yellow ; feathers over the eye and ear-coverts
pale yellow ; sides of neck ashy ; cheeks ashy whitish, washed
with yellow and slightly barred with dusky ; under surface of body
ashy whitish, with faint dusky centres to the feathers of the fore
neck and chest, the throat slightly tinged with yellow ; flanks and

12. rARMOrTTLA. 13. rRIONOCniLFS.

63

sides of body washed with olivc-ycllow ; under tail-coverts liri-hter
yellow ; under win-covcrts and axillaries ashy whitish, washed
with yellow and having dusky bases ; quills du.iky brown below
ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length 3-5 inches'
culnien 0-3, wing 2-25, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-75.
Hah. Tasmania.

a, be Ad. sk. Tasmania. Ronald Gunn, Esq. fP ]

?■,, Tasmania. Sir George Grey fPl

^- ^"i- «1^"- Tasmania. Purchased. ^'

12. PARMOPTILA*.

Parmoptila, Cass. Proc. Thilad. Acad. 1850, p. 40 .... P. woShousii.
Range. West Africa,

1. Parmoptila woodhousii.

Pardalotus woodhousei, Gra,/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 387, no. 58G9 (18G9).
IsMe. Head and throat covered with rounded scale-like feathers
which are mfous, lighter on the throat, brighter and nearly brick-
red on the forehead ; back, wings, and tail light umber-brown with
a tinge of greenish on the back ; quills brownish black, edo-ed
internal^ with reddish white ; entire underparts (except the thro'at)
white, thickly spotted with brownish black ; bill bluish black • Ic-s
yellowish white in skin. {Caiisin.) ' °

Female Upper parts, including head, brown tinged with olive •
underparts lighter, nearly white on the abdomen, with obscure
traces of the black spots of the male. No rufous on the head or
tiiroRLa

Total length of male about 4 inches, wing 2, tail 1 1 FPTnilr^ •
total length 3| inches. {Cassin.) ' ° ' " ^2- -female.
Hah. Gaboon, West Africa.

13. PRIONOCHILUS.

Prionochilus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, n 29 p ,-„Ti?®'-n

Pachyglossa,' Hodffs. in J. A. S. Peng, ^(i ' pi' o' ^^ ^^"''^^Pi""«-

p. 1009 (184.S) ^ . pr. -,

Piprisoma, m„th, J. A. S. 'Peng. xiii.'p:394(18'44y P s^mE
k^^^^m<,B, PeuJienh. ZTawrffi. &a«s.p.24.5 (1883) .. R tExcicus.
liaw,e. Whole of India and Ceylon, extending through the Bur-
mese countnes down the Malayan peninsula to Java, Sumatra,
iiorneo, the Phihppine archipelago, Celebes, and San-hir.

* Cnssni refers this West-African genus to the vicinity of Pardalotm
Wer luvvu^g seen a spee.men, I have reproduced liis description, and have left
the genus where he placed it, until I can fix its position more definite y

64

Bill and wing of Prionochiliis ignicapillus.

Key to the Species.

a. Plumage particoloured, with triglit colours
either above or below.
a'. A spot of bright scarlet or orange in the
centre of the crown.
a". Upper surface slaty blue ; a patch of
scarlet on the chest.
a'". Rump blue-grey or slaty blue like the
rest of the upper surface.
a*. Chin and upper throat white ; rest of

under surface bright yellow percussus, p. 65.

6*. Entire throat bright yellow like the

rest of the under surface iffnicaptUus, p. 65.

b'". Rump yellow; back slaty blue xanthopn/gius, p. 66.

h". Upper surface olive-j'ellow ; head black
like the throat ; a patch of scarlet on the

lower throat and fore neck tlioracicus, p. 67.

c". Upper surface entirely olive-yellow; chest

with dusky olive streaks maailatiis, p. 69.

h'. Crown of head uniform.

d". Ko white ends to the outer tail-feathers.

c'". Head black ; centre of back scarlet . . quadricolor, p. 70.
d'". Upper surface olive-yellow ; throat
and breast ashy white ; sides of body
yellow.

c*. "Larger : flanks bright yellow aiireoliynlatus, p. 70,

(Z*. Smaller: flanks paler yellow sanghirensis, p. 71.

e". Outer tail-feathers tipped with white.
e'". Larger ; wing 2-.55-2'85 inches : sides
of neck slaty gi'ey, descending along

the sides of the breast melano.vanthus, p. 71.

f". Smaller ; whig 2'l-2-35 inches : sides

of breast yellow like flanks vincens, p. 72.

h. Plumage plain ; no bright colours on back or
breast,
c'. With more or less distinct streaks on the
breast.

13. PRIONOCHILUS. 65

/". Larger ; wing 2-4 inches : upper surface
ashy brown, washed with olive on the
rump and upper taU-coverts ; two outer

tail-feathers tipped with white squalidus, p. 73.

g". Smaller; wing 2-35 inches : upper surface
olive-gi'eenish ; four outer tail-feathers

tipped with white modeshts, p. 74.

d'. Breast perfectly uniform, with no dusky
streaks.
h". Outer tail-feathers with a white spot on

the tips obsoletus, p. 75.

i". No white tips to outer tail-feathers.
g'". Upper surface of body olive-green ;
ear-coverts also olive-gi-een ; cheeks

and sides of breast grey olivaceus, p. 75.

h'". Upper surface brown ; ear-coverts
brown; cheeks and sides of breast
ashy brown everetti, p. 76.

1. PrionocMlus percussus.

Pardalotus percussus, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 394. fig. 2 (1826).
Prlonochilus percussus, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 580.

Adult male (Java ; type of species). Similar to P. ignicapilliis
from Borneo and Sumatra, but differing in the following points : —
the biU is entirely black ; the chin is white, not yellow ; the spot
on the crown is much smaller and deeper scarlet ; the white cheek-
stripe is much larger ; and the scarlet patch on the breast is larger
and triangular in shape, instead of being longitudinal. Total length
3'2 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1-95, tail 0-9, tarsus 0'45. (Mus.
Lugd.)

Hab. Java.

2. Prionochilus ignicapillus.

Dicffiimi ignicapillum, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 105.

Prionochilus percussus (iion Temm.), Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 29 ;
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. pp. 558, 559 (184-5) ; id. Cat. B. Mus.
As. Soc. p. 227 (1849) ; Bp. Consj). i. p. 335 (1850) ; Cab. Mm.
Hein. Th. i. p. 112 (1850, pt.); Horsf. .y 3Ioore, Cat. B. E.I. Co,
Mm. ii. p. 751 (1854) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 403 ; Hume, Str,
F. 1879, pp. 56, 90; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 506; Salvin, Cat.
Strickl. Coll. p. 171 (1882) ; Bias. Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien,
1883. p. 54 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 339 (1883).

Dicaeum percussum. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 116, no. 1440 (1869).

Prionochilus ignicapillus, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 580.

Adult male. General colour above slaty blue ; the rump and
upper tail-coverts a little clearer blue ; wing-coverts like the back ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, edged
externally with slaty blue, lighter on the outer webs of the secon-
daries ; tail-feathers blackish, washed on outer webs with slaty
blue ; head like the back, more dusky on the forehead and lores ;
in the centre of the crown a longitudinal patch of orange-scarlet ;
sides of face and ear-coverts slaty blue like the crown ; cheeks
white, tinged with yellow posteriorly, and separated from the throat

VOL, X. y

66 Bic^lD^.

by a moustachial line of slatj' grey, skirting the rami of the lower
jaw ; throat and under surface of body bright yellow, paler towards
the abdomen ; on the fore neck and chest a central patch of scarlet-
vermilion ; sides of upper breast slaty blue ; sides of body rather
greener, and washed with slaty blue ; under taU-coverts white ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts white ; quiUs dusky below, white
along the inner web : " bill black, slaty beneath ; legs dark leaden ;
iris reddish brown " ( Wardlaw Ramsay). Total length 3'5 inches,
culmen 0'45, wing 2"1, tail 1*2, tarsus 0*55.

Adult female. General colour above dull olive-greenish, clearer
olive on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; lesser and
median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts, quills, and tail-
feathers dusky brown, washed externally with a little brighter
yellowish olive than the back, the primaries externally edged with
greenish grey, as well as the bastard-wing and primary-coverts ;
head and sides of face olive-greenish, with a small patch of
dull orange in the centre of the crown, the feathers obscured
with olive tips ; lores and eyelid ashy whitish ; ear-coverts and
sides of face like the crown, with a small cheek-stripe of greyish
white, followed by a distinct malar stripe of dull ashy ; throat pale
yellow, whiter towards the chin ; centre of breast and abdomen
yellow, with a tinge of orange on the chest ; sides of body and flanks
more olive, mixed with grey where the bases show through ; thighs
and under tail-coverts whitish, the latter slightly washed with
yellow ; under wing- coverts and axillaries white ; quills brown
below, whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length
3 inches, culmen 0'4, wing 2, taU 0-95, tarsus 0'55.

Younej male. At first like the adultfemale, but afterwards gaining
the full plumage by a direct moult.

Very young birds appear to have scarcely any indication of the
patch on the crown, which is consequently almost obsolete.

Hah. Malacca ; Sumatra ; Borneo.

a, b. S ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

will [P.].

c. c? ; <^- 2 ad. sk. Malacca (Cawifo?-). India Museum.

e,f,g. c? juv. ; h,i.2 Malacca (Cawior). India Museum.

juv. sk.

k. (S ad. sk. Penang (Cantor). India Museum.

I, m. S ad. sk. Malacca. A.R.Wallace, Esq.[C.].

n, o. cJ ? ad. sk. Malacca ( Wallace). Gould Collection.

p. c? ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R.Wallace, Esq. [C.].

q. (S ad. sk. Padang, Sumatra (M«s. Gould Collection.

Luffd.).

r. (S ad. sk, Borneo. Gould Collection.

3. Prionochilus xanthopygius.

Prionochilus xanthopygius, Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Torin. iii. p. 416,
cum fig. (1868) ; Waldmi, Ibis, 1872, p. 379 ; Sclater, Ibis, 1874,
p. 2: Snhad. The. Born. p. 162 (1874); Sharpe, Ibis,1877, p. 17;
td. Ibis, 1»79, p. 261 ; id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 795.

13. PEIOJTOCHILUS. 67

Adult male. General colour above slaty blue ; least ■wing-coverts
like tbe back ; remainder of wing-coverts, bastard- wing, primarj--
coverts, and quills dusky brown edged with slaty grey, lighter and
more ashy on the margin of the primaries ; rump bright yellow ;
upper tail-coverts slaty blue ; tail-feathers blacldsh, indistinctly
barred with dusky and edged with slaty blue ; crown of head slaty
blue, as also the sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and sides of neck ;
in the centre of the crown a longitudinal patch of bright scarlet ;
entire under surface of body bright yellow, a little ashy on the
chin and deeper on the throat ; the fore neck orange, deepening into
scarlet ; thighs and under tail-coverts white with a slight yellowish
tinge ; flanks washed with olive ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
white ; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the inner web :
" bill black ; legs dark grey ; iris warm brown " (A. Everett). Total
length 3'5 inches, culmen 0"4:, wing 2, tail 0'95, tarsus 0"5.

Adult female. Olive-green above, with a band of brighter yellow
across the rumj) : head dull slaty blue, with a patch of dull orange
on the crown ; least wing-coverts dull slaty blue, the remainder
dusky, edged with olive-green ; tail-feathers dusky brown, washed
externally with olive-green ; sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks
dull slaty blue ; chin whitish ; remainder of under surface of body
j'eUow, deeper on the centre of the fore neck ; sides of upper breast
washed with ashy ; flanks and sides of body olive-greenish ; thighs
and under tail-coverts white, the latter slightly tinged with yellow ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills dusky below, white
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 3 inches, culmen 0*4,
wing 1"85, tail 0'95, tarsus 0*55.

The young male is apparently grey above, duller than the adult,
with remains of olive on the back and on the edges of the wing-
coverts and secondaries ; rump bright yellow ; upper tail-coverts
olive ; under surface as in the old female. '

Hab. Borneo.

a. c? ad. ; 6. (S Sarawak. Harold Everett, Esq. [C.].

juv. sk.

c. cJ ad. sk. Tagora, Sarawak, May Alfi-ed Everett, Esq. [C.l.

1875.

d. S ad. sk. Bintulu, W. Borneo. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.].

e. (J ad. sk. Brmiei. Governor Ussher [C.].
/. $ ad. sk. Lumbidan (H. Loiv). R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

4. Prionochilus thoracicus.

Pardalotus thoracicus, Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. GOO. figs. 1, 2 (1836).

Prionochilus thoracicus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 29 ; Blyth, J. A. S.
Beng. xiv. p. 559 (1815) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 229(1849);
Bj}. Consp. i. p. 335 (1850) ; Sab-ad. Atti E. Accad. Torin. iii.
p. 417 (1868) ; id. Ucc. Born. p. 163 (1874) ; Shmye, Ibis, 1877,
p. 17 ; Hume ^- Davis. Sir. F. 1878, p. 198 ; Sharpe, 3is, 1879,
p. 261 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, pp. 56, 90; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881,
p. 795.

p2

68 VICMTDM.

Dicseiun thoracicum, Gray, Gen. B. i. p, 100 (1847) ; id. Hand-l. B. i.

p. 116, no. 1444 (1869).
Anaimos tboracicus, Beichenb. Handb, Scansoncs, p. 245, Taf. dlviii.

figs. 8798-99 (1853).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above bright olive-
yeUow on the mantle and upper back ; lesser wing-coverts bright
yellow, forming a shoulder-patch ; median and greater coverts as
well as the quills deep black ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts blight yellow ; tail-feathers deep black ; entire head and
hind neck, sides of neck, sides of face, and throat blue-black, with
a central longitudinal patch of bright scarlet on the crown ; throat
and fore neck bright scarlet, forming a pectoral shield, which is
surrounded by a deep circlet of blue-black, extending down from the
sides of the neck and narrowing on the breast ; rest of under surface
of body pale yellow, extending on to the sides of the upper breast ;
flanks greener, with grey bases ; thighs ashy ; under tail-coverts
bright yellow ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white ; a blackish
spot near the edge of the wing ; quills blackish below, white along
the edge of the inner web : " bill black ; legs dark lead-colour ;
iris yellow " (A. Everett). Total length 3'5 inches, culmen 0'4,
wing 2-25, tail 1*1, tarsus 0'6.

Adult female. Diiferent from the male. General colour above
dingy yellowish olive, brighter and more golden-yellow on the rump
and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts and quills dusky brown, edged
with olive-yellowish, rather brighter on the margin of the primaries ;
tail-feathers dusky brown, with dingy oUve margins ; head a little
more ashy than the back and washed with olive : in the centre of
the crown a patch of dull safft-on-yeUow ; ear-coverts and sides of
face dingy ashy brown, washed with oUve like the head ; cheeks
yellow, separated from the throat, which is also pale yeUow, by a
dusky olive malar streak ; on the fore neck aud chest a shield of pale
vermiliou, varied with the yellow bases to the feathers ; remainder of
under surface of body and under tail-coverts brighter yellow ; the
flanks and sides of body olive, intermixed with ashy where the grey
bases to the feathers show through ; sides of the upper breast
especially washed with ashy ; axiUaries and under wing-coveiis
white, the edge of the wing olive ; quills dusky below, whitish along
the edge of the inner web. Total length 3"1 inches, culmen 0*35,
wing 2-05, tail 0'95, tarsus 0"5. (2Ius. Luc/d.)

Young male. At first resembling the adult female and gradually
assuming the full phimage by a moult.

Hal). Malayan peninsula and Borneo.

a. S ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

h. (S ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

[P.].

c. (S ad. sk. Sarawak. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.l.

d. S ad. sk. Sarawak. Harold Everett, Esq. [C.].
c. S ad. sk. Biutulu. Alfred Everett, Esq. [0.].
f,g. cJ $ ad. sk. Lumbidan {H. Low.), E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
h, i. S juv. ; Ic, I. Lumbidan {H. Loiv). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

5 juv. sk.

13. PRIONOCHILUS. 69

5. Prionochilus maculatus.

Pardalotus maculatus, Temni. PI. Col. iii. pi. 600. fig. 3 (1836).

Prionochilus maculatus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 29 ; Horsf. Sf Moore
Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mils. ii. p. 752 (1856) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859,'
p. 464 ; Salvad. Atti JR. Accad. Torin. iii. p. 418 (1868) ; Walden,
Ibis, 1872, p. 379 ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 164 (1874) ; Sharpe,
Ibis, 1876, p. 43, 1877, p. 17 ; mime $■ Davison, Sir. F. 1878,
p. 199 ; Sume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 56, 90 ; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 506 ;
Sharpe, P.Z. S. 1881, p. 795 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 340 (1883).

Dicseum maculatum, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847); id. Hand-l.
B. i. p. 116, no. 1441 (1869).

Prionochilus tlioracicus $, Bli/th, Cat. B. 3fus. As. Soc. p 227
(1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 335 (1868).

Adult (type of species). General colour above uniform olivaceous,
the lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts
and quills dusky brown, edged externally with olive, a little paler
in shade than the back ; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with
olive ; head like the back, with an orange patch in the centre of the
crown, the feathers tipped with tiny olive spots ; lores obscure ashy
whitish ; sides of face olive like the crown ; cheeks dull white, washed
with olive behind ; a broad moustachial streak of dusky olive, con-
tinuous with the striping of the rest of the uuderparts ; centre of
the throat, breast, abdomeu, and under tail-coverts yellow, paler
towards the chin ; flanks washed with olive, and having broad lon-
gitudinal streaks of dusky olive, very distinct on the sides of the
fore neck and breast ; under wing-coverts and axUlaries white with
a faint wash of yellow, and with a dusky patch near the edge of the
wing ; quills ashy brown below, white along the edge of the inner
web : " legs and feet very dark plumbeous in males, dirty smalt-blue
in females ; upper mandible and lower mandible to angle of gonvs
black, rest plumbeous in males, smalt-blue in females ; iris dull red "
(Davison); "ii'is dragon's-blood red" (A. Everett). Total length
3-5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-05, tail 1-1, tarsus 0-55. (Mus.
Lugd.)

Adult female. Very similar to the male in colour, but having the
patch on the crown paler and more orange, that of the male being
vermilion ; " iris crimson " {A. Everett).

The sexes measure as follows : —

Total length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.
in. in. in. in. in.

cJ . Sarawak ( fFa?/«ce) . . 3'6 0-45 2-05 1-1 0-55

5. Sarawak (TI7///flcO.. 3-0 0-4 2-0 0-95 0-55

Hah. From the southern portion of Tenasserim down the Malayan
peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo.

a, 6, c. Ad. sk. Malacca (Cawdor). India Museum.

d, e. Ad. sk. Penang (Cantor). India Museimi.

f,(/. <S 2 ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

h, i. c? 2 ad. sk. Tjantang, Borneo India Musemn.

(Mus. Lugd.).

k. $ ad. sk. Tjantang, Borneo Gould Collection.

(Mus, Lugd.).

70

6. Prionochilus quadricolor.

Prionochilus quadricolor, Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 762, pi. Ixxvii.
fig. 2 ; Wardlmo Ramsay, Orn. Works Tiueedd. p. 658 (1881).

Adult male (type of species). Head, neck, and mantle deep blue-
black; back scarlet-vermilion, with black bases to the feathers,
producing a mottled appearance ; rump olive-yellosv ; upper tail-
coverts blue-black ; scapulars black ; wing-coverts and quills black,
edged with blue-black ; tail-feathers black ; lores, feathers below
the eye, and ear-coverts blue-black ; cheeks white ; under surface
of body pale ashy grey, white on the throat and centre of the abdo-
men ; under tail-coverts white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
white ; quills blackish below, white along the edge of the inner
web: "bill, legs, and feet glossy black; iris dark brown"
{A. Everett). Total length 3-7 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-05, tail
1-05, tarsus 0-55. {Mus. B. O. W. R.)

Hah. Island of Panaon, in the Philippine archipelago.

7. Prionochilus aureolimbatus.

Parus?, Wall Ibis, 1860, p. 141.

Prionochilus aureolimbatus, Wall. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 477, pi. 29.

fig. 1 ; Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Torino, 1868, p. 420 ; Walden,

Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 72 (1872); Rriigff. Abhandl. nat. Ver.

Bretnen, v. p. 74 (1878).
Dicfeum aureolimbatum, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 116, no. 1442

(1869).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above deep olive-
yellow, more dingy on the head and hinder neck ; scapulars like
the back ; wing-coverts and quills black, with obsolete margins of
olive-yellow on the lesser and median wing-coverts and inner
secondaries ; tail-feathers black ; lores dusky blackish ; above the
eye a tiny and scarcely perceptible white spot ; feathers below the
eye and ear-coverts dusky blackish ; cheeks, throat, and under
surface of body white, with a slight ashy tinge on the fore neck and
chest ; sides of body from the fore neck downwards bright yellow ;
thighs white ; under tail-coverts bright yellow ; under wing-coverts
white ; axillaries bright yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy whitish
along the edge of the inner web : " bill black ; feet black ; iris
light reddish brown " ( Wallace). Total length 3*3 inches, culmen
0-4, wing 2, tail 0-95, tarsus 0-5.

Hah. Celebes.

a, S ad. sk. Toudano, N. Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

(Type of species.)
h, c. Ad. sk. Menado. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Menado ( Wallace). Gould Collection.

e. Ad. sk. Menado. Gould Collection.

13. PRI0N0CHILTT8. 71

8. Prionochilus sanghirensis.

Prionochilus sanghirensis, Salvad. Ann. Mus, Civic. Genov. ix. p. 59
(1879).

Adult male. Above olive-yellowish ; wings and tail dusky, whitish
underneath ; throat pure white ; the breast and middle of abdomen
greyish ; sides of breast bright yellow ; the sides of the abdomen
whitish grey, slightly tinged with yellow ; under tail-coverts pale
yellow ; bill and feet dusky black. Total length 3-4 inches, bill 0*3,
wing 2, tail 1-05, tarsus 0-5. {Salvador i.)

Young. Similar to the adult, but with a smaller yellow spot on
both sides of the breast. {Id. I. c.)

Hah. Sanghir Islands.

9. Prionochilus melanoxanthus.

Micrura melanoxantha, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,

pi. 38 (no. 488).
Pacliyglossa melanoxantha, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xii. pt. 2, p. 1009

(1843) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844) ; Gray, Cat. Mamni.

etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 60 (1846); Bp. Consp. I p. 402 (1850)

Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 377 (1862) ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 455

Godwin-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xliii. pt. 2, p. 156 (1874) : Hume,

Str. F. 1379, p. 90.
Dicseum melanoxanthum. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847); id. Hand-l.

B. i. p. 115, no. 1437 (1869).
Prionochilus melanoxanthus, Sclater, Ibis, 1874, p. 3, pi. 1. fig. 3.

Adidt male. General colour above dark slaty blackish with a
slight gloss ; least wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater
coverts and quills blackish brown, slightly edged with slate-colour
externally ; tail-feathers black, the two outermost with a large
spot of white near the end of the inner web ; lores, sides of face,
ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, and sides of throat black, with a
slaty-grey gloss, this slaty-black colour extending down the sides of
the breast ; throat and fore neck white, forming a longitudinal
patch ; chest and remainder of under surface of body yellow,
including the flanks and under tail-coverts ; thighs white tinged
with yellow ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, mottled with
black bases near the edge of the wing ; quills blackish below,
whitish along the edge of the inner web ; " bill black : legs dark
plumbeous: iris red" {Godwin-Austen). Total length 4-8 inches,
culmen 0'4, wing 2'8.5, tail 1-5, tarsus 0*55.

Adult female. The entire upper surface a very dusky olive-green,
slightly clearer on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wings and tail
hair-brown, darkest on quills and tail ; most of the larger and
median coverts, secondaries, and tertiaries very narrowly and in-
conspicuously margined on the outer webs with yellowish oHve ;
two outer tail-feathers on either side with a white patch ou the
inner webs near the tips ; lores dusky ; a broad irregular stripe
covering the chin, middle of throat, and middle of breast duU, slightly
yellowish or fulvous white ; sides of throat, cheeks, ear-coverts, and

72 DiciErD^,

sides of head the same colour as the back, biit rather lighter ; sides
of breast similar but greyer; sides and flanks similar, but the
former yellower, the latter greener-; middle of abdomen, vent, and
lower tail-coverts duU pale yellow ; axillaries and wing-lining
white, the lining a little mottled with greyish browu ; a narrow
nearly white line from middle of gonys to gape ; lower mandible
above this and upper mandible blackish ; lower mandible below this
horny brown ; legs and feet black (these colours are taken from
the dry specimen, and may not be correct). Total length 3"5
inches, wing 2-55, tail 1-5, tarsus 0-5, bill from forehead 0-43.
{Hnme.)

Hah. Nepal and Native Sikhim.

a. S ad. sk. Nepal. Purchased.

b. $ ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Type of species.)

10. PrionocMlus vincens.

Prionochilus vincens, 8clater, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 729 ; Holdsw. t. c.

p. 483 ; Leffc/e, J. A. S. (Ceylon Branch) 1873, p. 13 ; Sclafer, Ibis,

1874, p. 2, pi. 1. figs. 1, 2 ; Let/ffe, t. c. p. 23 ; HoMsio. t. c. p. 126 ;

Hume, Sir. F. 1876, p. 493; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 90; Gould, B.

Asia, pt. xxxi. (1879).
Pachyglossa vincens, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 577, pi. 26. figs. 1, 2

(1880).

Adult male. General colour above glossy leaden black, the rump
greyer ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills black, edged with the
same glossy leaden blue as the back ; upper tail-coverts black, edged
with leaden grey ; tail-feathers black, all but the four centre ones
with a large terminal white spot, increasing in extent towards the
outermost ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks leaden black ;
throat and chest white, the sides of the chest leaden black ; breast
and remainder of under surface yellow, the lower flanks washed
with ashy olive ; thighs and under tail-coverts white, slightly washed
with yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, mottled with
black on the edge of the wing ; quills black, white along the margin
of the inner web : " bill black, lower mandible pale at the base ;
legs and feet blackish brown ; iris reddish " {Legge). Total length
3'8 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2'35, tail 14.5, tarsus 0"55.

Adult female. Head and hind neck bluish ashy, changing into
the olivaceous brown of the back, which is overcome with dark
olivaceous green on the lower back and rump ; wings paler than in
the male ; coverts edged with olivaceous ; tail brownish black, the
terminal spots less deep and confined to the three outer pairs of
rectrices ; breast much less bright than in the male, with the flanks
cinereous ; bill somewhat lighter than that of the male ; iris not so
intense ; legs and feet slightly paler. Length 3*9 to 4*1 inches,
wing 2' 15 to 2'3. {Legge.)

Young. Males of the year are very similar to adults ; the breast
not so yellow ; iris brown or red-brown. Females have the iris in
nestling plumage olive-brown, changing when older to reddish

13. PRIONOCHILUS. 73

brown ; bill with the base of lower mandible yellowish fleshy ;
above dull greenish brown, changing to dull brown on the sides of
the neck and face, the white of the chin and throat confined to the
centre ; sides of chest cinereous ; under surface washed with yellow.
{Legge.)

Hah, Ceylon.

a. c? ad. sk. S. Ceylon, .Tune, 1872 Gould Collection.

{W. V. Leqge).

b. S ad. sk. Ceylon (Tkwaites). H. Cuming, Esq.

11. Prionochilus squalidus.

Pipra sqiialida., Burton, P. Z. S. 18.36, p. 11.3.

Fringilla agilis, Tickell, J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 578 (1838).

Parisoma ? vireoides, Jei-d. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 8 (1840).

Piprisoma agile, Bhit.h, J. A. S. Beyig. xiii. p. 395 (1844) ; id. Cat. B.
Mus. As. Soc. p. 228 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 335 (1850); Laijard,
Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 262 (1853) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 376
(1862); Beavan, Ibis, 1865, p. 416; Bh/ih, Ibis, 1866, p. 365;
Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 430, pi. x. ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 18 ; Holdsiv.
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 434 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 158
(1873) ; id. Str. F. 1873, p. 434; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 397, vol. ii.
p. 209 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 579 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879,
p. 90; Scullg, t.c. p. 26; Salvin, Cat. StricM. Coll. p. 171 (1882);
Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 338 (1883).

Dicaeum agile, Gh-ai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 116, no. 1438 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above uniform ashy brown, with a
slight olive tinge on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts
uniform brown like the back ; quills brown, externally edged with
olive ; tail-feathers dark brown, with a bar of white at the end of
the two outer feathers ; lores whitish ; sides of face and ear- coverts
ashy brown like the head ; cheeks and under surface of body greyish
white, with a faint tiugo of yellowish ; a slight indication of a
dusky malar line ; fore neck and breast also with indistinct dusky
stripes ; sides of body, flanks, and thighs washed with ashy brown ;
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white,'
the latter slightly tinged with yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy
whitish along the inner web: "bill plumbeous brown; lower
mandible bluish ; legs and feet plumbeous ; iris orange, with an
inner golden circle " (Legge). Total length 3-4 inches, culmen 0-35,
wing 2-4, tail 1-25, tarsus 0-6.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 3-7
inches, cidmen 0-35, wing 2-4, tail 1-25, tarsus 0-55.

Young male. Iris diflering from that of the adult, yellowish
brown, darkest near the pupil, and without the bright " thread " or
circle round it ; bill brownish horny, tip of upper mandible black,
lower mandible paler ; legs and feet dark leaden. ("Parker in cpist.,"
Legge.)

Hah. Ceylon and the whole of India up to the Himalayas, occur-
ing in the North-western portion of tho range, and in Nepal,
extending into Tenasserim.

74 dic^iDjE

a,h. [c?]; c. $ N.W.Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin will

ad. sk. [P.].

<;. 2ad.sk. Darjiling, Jan. 15 (TT. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
E. Brooks).

e. (S ad. sk. Maunblioom, Mar. 1864 Gould Collection.

{Beavmi).

f. Ad. sk. India. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
>. Ad. sk. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.J.
/(. 2 iid. sk. Jhansi, Bundelkund, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Jan. 10 {G. F. L.
Marshall).
i. Ad. sk. Bangalore ((?. F. L. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Marshall).

12. Prionochilus modestus.

Prionochilus modestus, Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 298 ; id. Sf Davison,
Sir. F. 1878, p. 200; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 56, 90; Oates, B.
Brit. Burm. i. p. 340 (188.3).

Adult male. General colour above dull olive-greenish, clearer olive
on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like
the back ; the bastard--sving, primary-coverts, and quiUs dusky brown,
edged with yellowish olive ; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with
olive, the four outer feathers marked with white at the tip of the
inner web, increasing in extent towards the outermost, where it
forms a large spot ; head like the back ; sides of face and ear-coverts
paler olive-greenish, the lores more ashy; sides of neck ashy olive;
cheeks ashy white, separated from the throat by a malar line of
dusky brown ; throat and under sui'face of body white, washed with
ashy on the fore neck and breast, which have broad and distinct
dusky streaks of ashy brown ; sides of body and flanks pale ashy
brown washed with olive ; under tail-coverts white, washed with
pale yellow, and having dusky centres to the feathers ; under wing-
coverts and axiUaries ashy white, washed with pale olive-yellow ;
quills dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web :
" irides varying from pale to yellowish red and orange ; the legs,
feet, and claws dark plumbeous ; the upper mandible varj-ing from
pale horny brown to horny black ; the lower mandible varying as
follows : — in some fleshy white tipped brownish, in others light
plumbeous or blue, while in one or two specimens shot later in the
spring the lower mandible as well as the gape was orange " (Davison).
Total length 3-9 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-35, tail 1-25, tarsus
0-45.

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length
4 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-35, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-5.

Hab. Tenasserim, ranging into Pegu.

a. S;b,c. $ ad. sk. Pegu, Jan. 27. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.].

. S ad. sk. Malewoon, S. Tenasserim. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.J-

13. PEIONOCHTLTia. 75

13. Prionochilus obsoletus.

Pardalotus obsoletus, Miill. Sr Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesoh. Land- en Vol-
henk. p. 174 (1839-44) ; Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 486.

Dicaeum obsoletiim, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847) ; id. Hand-l. B. i
p. 116, no. 1443 (1869).

Prionochilus obsoletus, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 343, pi. xxx. fig 2.

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dull ashy
brown washed with olive, the latter colour a little more distinct on
the upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts and quills brown, washed
externally with olive, a little lighter on the greater coverts and
quills ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts more dusky brown ; tail-
feathers dark brown, edged and tipped with olive, the outer feather
with a spot of ashy white at the tip of the inner web, smaller on
the penultimate feather ; head and sides of face as well as the ear-
coverts like the back; cheeks and under surface of body ashy
whitish, purer on the abdomen and thighs ; under tail-coverts
washed with pale yellow ; sides of upper breast ashy brown ; under
wing-coverts and asillaries ashy whitish; quills brown below,
whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length 3-5 inches,'
culmen 0-35, wing 2-3, tail 1*1, tarsus 0-55. (Mits. Lugd.)

Adult female. Does not differ from the male in colour. Total
length 3-5 inches, wing 2-35, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-5. {Mus. Lugd.)

Hah. Timor and Flores. From the latter island there is a
specimen in the Leyden Museum, collected by Semmelink, which
seems to be precisely the same as the typical examples, allowing for
a little fading of colour in the latter. The two specimens in the
British Museum also seem to be identical.

a. c? ad sk. East Timor. A. R. WaUace, Esq. [0.1.

b. Ad. sk. Flores. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

14. PrionocMlus olivaceus.

Prionochilus oUvaceus, Txceedd. Ann. ^- Man. Nat. Sist (4) xx
f 536 (1877) ; id. P. Z S. 1878, p. Ill, pi. yiii. fig. .35 Wardlaio
Ramsay, Oni. Works Tweedd. p. 658 (1881).

Adult female (type of species). General colour above dingy
yellowish olive, the head like the back ; wing-coverts like the back ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts uniform blackish brown ; quills
blackish brown, externally yellowish olive like the back ; tail-feathers
blackish, yellowish olive along the outer webs ; lores ashy whitish ;
feathers round the eye and ear-coverts yellowish olive ; cheeks and
sides of throat ashy grey, slightly tinged with olive ; the breast and
sides of the body ashy olive ; centre of throat and fore neck duU
white ; abdomen and under tail-coverts whitish with a slight olive
tinge ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, with a dusky patch
near the edge of the wing ; quiUs dusky blackish below, white along
the edge of the inner web : " bill greyish black, the base of the

76 mcmnsi.

lower mandible j-ellow ; legs light grey ; iris sienna-brown " (A.
Everett). Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-15, tail 1-1,
tarsus 0'55. (Mm. R. G. Wanllaw Ramsay.)

Adult male. Similar to the female in plumage. Total length 3-5
inches, culmen 0--4, wing 2-15, tail 1, tarsus 0-55. {Mus. R. O.
W. R.)

Hah. Island of Dinagat in the Philippine archipelago.

15. Prionochilus everetti.

Prionochilus everetti, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. IG ; id. P. Z. S. 1879,
p. 343, pi. XXX. fig. 1.

Adult male (type of species). General colour above uniform dark
brown, with a scarcely perceptible shade of olive on the lower back
and rump ; wing- coverts and quills dark brown, with a narrow and
almost obsolete margin of olive, more distinct on the secondaries
and rather brighter on the primaries ; tail-feathers blackish, narrowly
margined with olive ; sides of face and ear-coverts dark brown,
rather more ashy on the lores and cheeks ; throat and centre of body
below ashy whitish ; the sides of the throat, sides of body, and flanks
ashy brown as well as the thighs ; centre of breast with slight
indications of ashj'-brown streaks ; under tail-coverts white with a
faint tinge of yellow ; under wing-coverts and axiUarics ashy
whitish ; quills dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner
web : " bill dull yellow, brown at tip ; legs dark grey ; iris pale
brown" {A. Everett). Total length 3'6 inches, culmen 0-35, wing
2-25, tail 1-1, tarsus 0-5.

The specimen from Labuan, collected by the late Governor TJssher,
is apparently iu less worn plumage than the type and has a distinct
olive shade on the upper surface, particularly clear on the margins
of the (juills ; the sides of the face are clearer ashy brown ; and the
under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts have dusky centres.
Total length 3-7 inches, wing 2*4, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-5.

Hah. Western Borneo and the island of Labuan.

a. (S ad. sk. Bintulu, W. Borneo. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.].

(Type of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Labuan. Governor Ussher [C.].

14. PHOLIDORNIS.

Type.
Pholidomis, Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 54 (1857) P. rustic.

Bill of Pholidomis rushim.
Range. West Africa.

14. PHOIIDOEOTB. 77

Key to the Species.

a. Smaller; wing 1 "8 inch: head ashy striped -with

blackish brown rushiep, p. 77.

b. Larger ; wing 2 inches : forehead bright red rubrifrons, p. 77.

1. Pholidornis rusMsB.

Dicseum rushise, Cass. P)-oc. Philad. Acad. 1855, p. 55 ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 116, no. 1439 (1869).
Pholidornis rushite, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 54 (1857) ; Cass. Proc.

Phi/ad. Acad. 1858, pi. i. fig. 1 ; Jlartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 110 ;

Sharps, Ibis, 1872, p. 70 ; Ussker, Ibis, 1874, p. 60.

Adult. Above particolotired. Mantle and upper back as well as
the scapulars brown with blackish centres, the feathers edged with
olive-yellowish ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts clearer
olive-yellow ; wing-coverts and quills dull brown, narrowly edged
with olive-yeUow ; tail-feathers black, with olive-yellow margins ;
head ashy, with broad longitudinal centres to the feathers of blackish
brown, continued on to the hind neck, which is browner, the whole
having a thickly striped appearance ; lores fulvescent ; sides of face,
sides of neck, throat, and chest ashy whitish, clearer than the head
and less distinctly striped, the mesial streaks being narrower :
the breast similarlj^ streaked, but more ashy ; remainder of under
surface of body oUve-yellow, with slight indications of dusky streaks,
a little plainer on the flanks ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
white, washed with oUve-yeUow, especially near the edge of the
wing; quiUs dusky brown below, whitish along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 2-75 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 1-8, tail
0'95, tarsus 0"5.

H((b. West Africa from Gaboon to the Gold Coast.

a. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq.

6. Ad. sk. Denkera (Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

2. Pholidornis rubrifrons. (Plate II. fig. 1.)
Pholidornis rubrifi'ons, Sharpe ^ Ussher, Ibis, 1872, p. 182.

Adult male. General colour above dusky olive-brown, the hinder
part of the head and wing-coverts margined with ochraceous ; the
feathers of the back obsoletely margined with olivaceous ; quills and
tail-feathers dusky externally, edged with olivaceous ; forehead
bright crimson ; sides of the face uniform with the crown, but dis-
tinctly spotted with fulvous ; under surface of body entirely chest-
nut ; bill black ; feet yellow. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-45,
wing 2, tail 1-55, tarsus 0-65.

Adult female. Entirely different from the male; above brown,
the feathers indistinctly margined with ochraceous ; forehead a
little tinged with rufous ; underneath creamy white, everywhere
spotted with brown at the tips of the feathers.

i O DIC^IB^.

Hah. Forests in the interior of the Gold Coast, West Africa.

a,i. c? ? ad. sk. Kaizaraku, Denkera, April R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

1871 {Governor Ussher). (Types of species).

c. cj (head) J d. Juv.sk. Kaizaraku (Ussher). R. JB. Sharpe, Esq.

15. LOBORNIS. rpypg

Lobomis, Sharpe, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat, Hist. (4) xiv. p. 63
(1874) L. alexandri.

Range. West Africa.

1. Lohornis alexandri. (Plate II. fig. 2.)

Lobornis alexaiidii, Shmye, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xiv. p. 63

(1874).

Adult ? General colour of upper surface umber-bro-wn, the feathers
of the head slightly scale-like iu character ; upper tail-coverts rather
more rufous-brown, "with yvhich colour the ■wing-coverts and quills
are margined ; tail dull brown ; entire under surface light brown, the
thi'oat and fore neck strongly tinged with rufous, as also the flanks ;
the breast and under tail-coverts very slightly varied with wavy
cross bars of dark brown ; under wing-coverts light brown, slightly
varied with obscure cross bars of darker brown ; bill horn-brown,
yellowish at base, with three white lobes at gape in life * ; feet very
pale brown. Total length 3'8 inches, culmen 0'3, wing 1"65, tail
1"1, tarsus 0"6.

Eab. Old Calabar, West Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Old Calabar. Dr. Alexander Smith [P.].

(Type of species.)

16. UROCHARIS. ^^^g

Urocharis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 69

(1880) U. longicauda.

Second primary of Urocharis longicauda.
Range. New Guinea.

* The type specimen was presented to the Museum in spirit. In order to
ascertain the coloration of the plimiage, I had the specimen prepared as a
skin, and I have regretted doing so ever since, as the wattles at the gape, which
were quite distinct before, shrivelled up, and can now scarcely be distinguished.
In the accompanying figure they are reproduced from my recollection of their
appearance.

16. UEOCHAEIS. 17. MELAITOCHAEIS. 79

1. Urocharis longicauda.

Melanocharis longicauda, Salmd. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. rii. p 942

(1875), X. p. 144 (1877 j, xii. p. 333 (1878).
Urocharis longicauda, Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 69

(1880) ; id. Orn. Papiasia etc. ii. p. 286 (1881).

Adult male' (tyi^e of species). General colour above glossy steel-
black, the feathers -nith ashy-grey bases, which show rather dis-
tinctly on the rump ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ;
greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black,
edged with steel-black like the back, less distinctly on the primaries •
tail-feathers black, slightly glossed on the margins with steel-blue,
the outer tail-feather white for three quarters of the outer web ;
crown of head like the back ; eyelid also black ; lores and sides of
face dusky olive, blackish along the hinder margin of the ear-coverts ;
throat and chest ashy olive, clearer olive-yellowish on the breast
and abdomen, the feathers in most cases margined with pale yeUow ;
thighs dusky olive ; under tail-coverts dusky olive, with pale yel-
lowish margins; axillaries pale yellow; under wing-coverts silky
white, washed with pale yellow ; quills blackish below, ashy white
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen
0-5, wing 2-5, tail 2, tarsus 0-7. (2Ius. Civic. Genov.)

Adult female. Ditferent from the male. General colour above
olive-green, with an oily green gloss; wing-coverts like the back;
bastard-M-ing, primary-coverts, and primaries blackish, obsoletely
edged with olive-green like the back, the secondaries with broader
olive-green margins like the greater wing-coverts ; tail as in the
male ; head olive-green like the back, and with the same oily green
gloss ; eyelid and sides of face ashy olive, the lores and cheeks ashy
grey washed with olive; under surface of body as in the male.
Total length 5-1 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-45, tail 2-2, tarsus
0-65. (31its. Civic. Genov.)

Hah. Ai-fak Mountains, New Guinea.

17. MELANOCHARIS.

Type.
Melanocharis, Sclater, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 157 (1858) M. nigi-s

1

Head and bill of M. chloroptera.

Range. New Guinea, Aru Islands, Jobi, Miosnom, Mysol, and
Waigiou.

80 Dic^ro^.

Key to the Species.

a. Aboye blue-black. (Males.)
a'. Underneath ashy olive.

a". Outer aspect of quills black nigra, p. 80.

h". Outer aspect of quills olive-green chloroptera, p. 80.

v. Underneath black.

c". Outer under tail-coverts black with white

bases hicolor, p. 81.

d" . All under tail-coverts black unicolor, p. 82.

b. Above olive-green. (Feynales.)

c'. Below ashy olive chloroptera, p. 81.

d'. Below pale yellowish olive bicolor, p. 82.

1. Melanocharis nigra.

Dicfeum niger, Less. Voy. Coquille, Zool. i. p. 673 (1828)'; id. Cent.

Zool. p. 83, pi. 23. figs. 1, 2 (1828) ; id. Traite, p. 304 (1831).
Hvlocharis niger, Midi. ^ Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Land- en Volkenk.

p. 102 (1839-44) ; Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 48.
Dicaeum nigrum, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 100 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i,

p. 403 (1«50) ; Reichenb. Handb. Spec. Orn. Scans, p. 242, figs.
3786-87 (1853) ; Rosenb. J. f. O. 1864, p. 123 ; id. Malay. Arch.

p. 553 (1879).
Melanocharis nigi'a, Sclater, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 157 (1858) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 116, no. 1445 (1869) ; Meyer, Sitz. K. Akad. Wien,

Ixx. p. 127 (1874, pt. ) ; Salvacl. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. x. p. 143

(1877), xvi. p. 69 (1880) : id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 283 (1881).
Prionochilus niger. Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 190 (pt.) ; id. Cat. Mamm.

etc. New Guinea, p. 23 (pt.) ; id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 434 ; Finsch,

Neu- Guinea, p. 163 (1865).

Adult male. General colour above shining blue-black from the
bill to the tail ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ;
greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black
edged with blue-black, more narrowly on the primaries ; tail-feathers
black, margined externally with blue-black ; lores, eyelid, and
upper portion of ear-coverts shining blue-black ; remainder of ear-
coverts, sides of face, cheeks, and under surface of body olive with
an ashy shade ; the abdomen paler and more olive-yellow ; thighs
black : under tail-coverts ashy, with pale edges of olive-yellow ;
axillaries pale yellow : under wing-coverts white, with the edge of
the wing black ; quills black below, ashy white along the edge of
the inner web. Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-55,
tail 1-75, tarsus 0'65.

Hah. Now Guinea, Waigiou, and Mysol.

a. S ad. sk. Waigiou. A. E. "Wallace, Esq. [C.].

b. S ad.sk. 'W&igiou (Wallace). Gould Collection.

c. d. (S ad. sk. Mysol. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.].

2. Melanocharis chloroptera.

Prionochilus niger, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 173, 190; id. Cat. Mamm.
etc. New Guinea, pp. 23, 53 (1859, pt.) ; Finsch, Neu- Guinea,
p. 163 (1865, pt.).

17. MELANOCHARIS. 81

Melanocliaris chloroptera, Salvad. Ann, Mus. Civic. Genov. viii. p, 987
(1875), xii. p. 33::! (1878); D' Albert. ^ Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic.
Genov. xiv. p. 73 (1879) ; Salvad. op. cit. xvi. p. 69 (1880) ; id.
Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 284 (1881).

Adult male. General colour above shining blue-black ; lesser and
median -wing-coverts like the back ; bastard- wing and primary-
coverts black, edged with blue-black ; greater series and quills dusky,
externally yellowish olive, the inner secondaries washed with steel-
green ; tail-feathers black washed with steel-blue ; lores, eyelid, and
upper part of ear-coverts shining blue-black ; ear-coverts, sides of
face, and under surface of body ashy olive, greyer on the throat and
fore neck ; thighs ashy olive, blackish behind ; under taU-coverts
ashy, with broad whitish margins ; axillaries white, slightly tinged
with yellow ; under wing-coverts white ; quiUs dusky below, ashy
white along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5 inches,
culmen 0-5.5, wing 2-5, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-6.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
olive-green, with a slight wash of oily green ; wing-coverts like the
back ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts brown, with scarcely any
indication of an olive margin ; quills dusky, edged with olive like
the back, a little more ashy on the primaries ; tail black, with a
narrow fringe of white on the outer feathers near the end of the
inner web ; sides of face olive ; cheeks and under surface of body
ashy olive, paler on the abdomen ; under tail-coverts ashy with
whitish edges ; axillaries pale yellow ; under wing-coverts white,
with a faint tinge of yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy along the
edge of the inner web. Total length 4-9 inches, cuknen 0-55, wing
2-5, tail 0-75, tarsus 0-65.

Hah. Aru Islands and the region of the Fly River, S.E. New
Guinea.

c, 6. cJ ; e. 5 ad. sk. Aru Islands. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.l.

(/. S ad. sk. Aru Islands ( Coc- F. U. Godman and 0. Sal-

kerell). vin, Esqrs. [P.].

3. Melanocharis bicolor.

Melanocharis sp., Ramsaij, F?: Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 276 (1879) •

Salvad. Ibis, 1879, p. .324.
Melanocharis bicolor, Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 277

(1879) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 69 (1880); id. Orn,

Papuasia etc. ii. p. 283 (1881).
Melanocharis ? imicolor, Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. iv. p. 98 (1879),

Adult male. General colour above glossy blue-black ; scapulars
and wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts, bastard- wing,
primary-coverts, and quUls black, edged with steel-black, a little
broader on the secondaries ; tail-feathers black, glossed on the edges
with steel-black ; crown of head like the back ; lores, feathers round
the eye, cheeks, ear-coverts, and entire under surface of body blue-
black without any gloss ; thighs black ; under tail-coverts black,
the lateral ones pale olive, black at the ends ; axUlaries pale olive-
yellow ; under wing-coverts white, faintly washed with pale olive-
yellow, those near the edge of the wing black ; quills black below,

VOL. X. G

82 BIC^ID^.

ashy white along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4*5
inches, ciilmen 0"55, wing 2'G, tail 1-9, tarsus 0"65.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
olive, the lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown,
narrowly edged with olive, more broadly on the secondaries, the
primaries narrowly edged with whity brown ; tail-feathers blackish,
broadly margined with olive, the outer ones narrowly fringed with
white at the tips, the external one also edged with white near the
end of the outer web ; sides of face and ear-coverts olive ; cheeks
and under surface of body ashy olive washed with yellowish ; axil-
laries and under wing-coverts pale olive-yellow, dusky near the
edge of the wing; quills dusky below, ashy white along the edge
of the inner web. Total length 4-4 inches, culmen 0'55, wing 2*5,
tail 1-7, tarsus 0-65.

Hab. South-eastern New Guinea.

a,b. S; c. 2 ad. sk. Astrolabe Mountains, S.E. Mr. A. Goldie [C.].

New Guinea.
d. cJ juv. sk. Astrolabe Moimtains, S.E. Mr. A. Goldie [0.].

New Guinea.

4. Melanocharis unicolor.

Melanocharis major (pt.), Meyer, Sitz. k. Akad. Wissensch. Wien,

Ixx. p. 18 (1874).
Melanocharis unicolor, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xii. p. 333

(1878), xvi. p. 68 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 282 (1881).

Male. Above and below intense black ; under wing-coverts white.
Total length 5-1 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-45, tail 1-9, tarsus 0*6.
{Salvadori.')

Female (?). Above olivaceous, greyish below with a slight olive
tint; under wing-coverts white. (Salvadori.)

Hab. Islands of Jobi and Miosnom in the Bay of Geelvink, N.W.
New Guinea.

18. PRISTORHAMPHUS.

Type.
Pristorhamphus, Fiiisch, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 641 P. versteri.

Bill of P. versteri, profile and top view.
Range. N.W. New Guinea.

1. Pristorhamphus versteri.

Pristorhamphus versteri, Finscli, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 642 ; Salvad. Ann.
Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 940 (1876), xvi. p. 69 (1880) ; id. Orn.
Papuasia etc, ii. p. 286 (1881).

19. EHAMPHOCHAEIS. 83

Adult male (type of species). General colour above velvety black
with a slight steel-green lustre, which is more distinct on the sca-
pulars ; lesser and median wing-coverts glossy steel-green with
velvetj-black bases ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills ashy
blackish, externally glossy steel-green ; upper tail-coverts very long,
glossy steel-blue ; tail-feathers black, waved with dusky under
certain lights, glossed externally with steel-blue ; the basal half of
all the feathers white, only seen when the tail is spread ; head
glossy steel-green ; lores, feathers round the eye, cheeks, oar- coverts,
and sides of face velvety black ; a little spot of silky white on the
upper edge of the eyelid ; under surface of body pale slaty blue ;
thighs and under tail-coverts black, the latter washed with steel-
blue ; a large tuft of silky white plumes on the side of the body ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts white ; quills blackish, white
along the inner web ; bill and feet black. Total length 5-8 inches,
culmen 0-55, wing 2-45, tail 3, tai'sus 0"95.

Adult female. General colour above dull olive-green, slightly yel-
lower on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the
back ; bastard-wing uniform dusky brown ; primary-coverts and
quills dusky brown, narrowly margined with yellowish olive, the
secondaries more broadly edged with olive-green like the greater
coverts ; two centre tail-feathers olive-green, blackish towards the
base ; remainder of tail-feathers blue-black, browner at the ends,
edged with olive-green, the three outer ones with a white spot about
the middle of the feather ; head like the back ; lores, feathers round
the eye, cheeks, and ear-coverts dingy olive, with pale shaft-lines on
the ear-coverts ; under surface of body ashy olive washed with pale
yellow, with narrow edges of the latter colour to most of the fea-
thers ; thighs dull ashy ; under tail-coverts dingy olive ; on the
flanks a tuft of milky white ; axillaries pale yellow ; under wing-
coverts white, washed with pale yellow ; quills dusky below, greyish
white along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5'6 inches,
culmen 0'55, wing 2-65, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-85.
Hah. Arfak Mountains, N.W. New Guinea.

a, 6. (5 $ ad. sk. Arfak Mountains, Java. Mr. Bruijn [C.].

19. RHAMPHOCHARIS.

Type.

Ehamphocharis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii.
p. 943 (1875) E. crassirostris.

Bill of Ehamphocharis crassirostris.
Range. New Guinea.

84 DIC^ID^.

1. Rhamphocharis crassirostris.

Rhampbocharis crassirostris, Salvad.Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 943
(1875), xvi. p. 69 (1880) ; id. Oru. Fapuasia etc. ii. p. 288 (1881).

Adult male (tj'po of species). General colour above olive-green,
glossed with oil-greeu ; wing-coverts like the back ; greater wing-
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown,
edged with olive-green, brighter on the quills ; upper tail-coverts
dusky, washed with olive-green ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with
olive-green; lores olive dusky; edge of eyelid white; ear- coverts
and cheeks light ashy, with the upper parts of the ear-coverts dusky
olive ; entire under surface of body pearly grey, slightly washed
with pale yellow ; thighs and under tail-coverts a little darker ashy ;
axiUaries pale j-eUow ; wings white, with a pale yellow wash ; quiUs
dusky, ashy grey along the edge of the inner web. Total length
4-6 inches, culmen 0'6, wing 2*6, tail 1'75, tarsus 0'7. (Mus. Civic.
Oenov.)

Adult female. General colour above olive-brown, rather greener
on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the head and back
being spotted with minute tips of yellowish white on the feathers ;
the scapulars olive-brown like the back, similarly tipped with tiny
white spots ; wing-coverts like the back, with white spots at the
end ; the greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
dusky brown, edged with olive-green, the inner greater coverts with
a whitish spot at the ends, the margins of the primaries yellower;
tail-feathers blackish, edged with olive-green, with a tiny white
spot at the end of the inner web, increasing gradually in extent and
forming a well-marked spot on the outer tail-feathers ; an indistinct
eyebrow of pale olive-brown ; lores dusky ; eyelid whity brown ;
ear-coverts dull olive-brown, streaked with duU white; cheeks brown,
mottled with white spots ; under surface of body yellowish white,
mottled all over with dusky-brown centres to the feathers, smaller
on the throat and nearly obsolete on the abdomen ; thighs ashy
tinged with yellow ; under tail-coverts yellowish white with dusky
centres, the feathers mottled like the breast ; axillaries pale yellow ;
under wing-coverts white slightly washed with yellow, and mottled
wdth dark-brown bases to the feathers ; quills dusky below, greyish
white along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4-9 inches,
culmen 0*6, wing 2"85, tail l'8o, tarsus 0*75. (Alus. Civic. Genov.)
Hub. N.W. Now Guinea.

HrRTTNDINID^. gg

Family HIRUNDINIDyE.

The Swallows wore for many years associated with the Swifts
{C>/psehdce), to which in outward form and habits of life they much
assimilate. That the resemblance is strictly external has been
shown by the researches of many comparative anatomists, and the
fundamental diflferences between the two families has been weU
pointed out by the late Professor Garrod (Zoologist, 1877 p 217)

The Swallows therefore may be described as a family of Broad-
billed Passeres (Osclnes latirostres of recent authors) with nine
primaries. They approach in many respects the Flycatchers (Mm-
cicapulce), of which the genera HemiclieUdon and Artomyias display
a definite Swallow-like appearance.

Dr. Stejneger (Pr. TJ. S. Xat. Mus. vi. p. 31) has endeavoured to
show that radical changes in the nomenclature of Swallows are
necessary ; that Forster having used aulidon as a generic name for
Hirundo rustica of Linnaeus, Hirundo for H. nrhica, L.. and CUvicola
for H.riparui, L., these generic names ought to be rigidly appUed
Ihe change is too great and the risk of confusion too assured for
me to venture to foUow Dr. Stejneger, though I have couAdnced
myself that he is technicaUy correct. I trust, however, that the
true Swallows will be permitted to remain in the genus Hirundo
as custom may here be allowed to supersede priority of nomen-
clature, resting as the latter does upon a nominal list of British
Birds, without generic or specific descriptions.

Key to the Subfamilies.
a. With the outermargin of the first primary

smooth, not serrated, in the male HIRUNDININ^ n 85

6. \\ ith the outer margin of the first primary '

serrated in the male PSALIDOPROCNIN^,

[p. 20L

Subfamily HIRUNDININ^.
(True Swaliows.)
In this Subfamily are found the bulk of ihe Hirundinidce, i. e. the
Martins, Crag- Martins, Fork-tailed SwaUows, and Square-tailed
Swallows. The characters for the definition of the genera are prin-
cipally founded on those of Professor Baird's 'Eeview,' which were
adopted by me in my paper on the Uinmdinida of the Ethiopian
Region m 1870, and have since been employed by Dr. Cones and
Messrs. Salvin and Godman. The possession of a forked tail does
not seem to me to be a very strong generic character, for every grada-
tion in this respect occurs in Hirundo, and the same may be said of
lachfMaand Atticora. For the same reason I have not separated
totde and Ptyonoprocjne or BiUis, as one of the principal grounds
tor their generic separation is their mode of nidification, and to the
discovery of this fact their outward form lends no clue

gg HIRTTNDINID^.

Key to the Genera.

a. Toes feathered 1- Chelidon, p. 86.

b. Toes bare.

a'. Nostrils -with a superior membrane, the
nasal aperture longitudinal or oval.
a". With no indentation or fork on the
inner web of the outer tail-feathers.
a'". Nostrils lateral, with a distinct
lonfritudinal membrane overhang-
ing the nasal aperture.
«^ Hind toe small and weak, par-
ticularly the claw ; and not equal

to outer toe and claw 2. Cotile, p. Jo.

b\ Hind toe very stout and robust,
far exceeding outer toe and claw

in size 3- Tachycineta, p. 112.

b'". Nostrils oval and exposed, with

very slight superior membrane . . 4. Phedina, p. i^a.
b". Outer feather indented on the inner
web, and generally elengated to a
great extent.
c'". Nostrdslateral.with distinct superior

membrane .- • 5. Hirtjnbo, p. 123.

d'". Nostrils open and exposed, with

scarcely any superior membrane. . 6. Chebamceca, p. 1/1.
b'. Nostrils without any superior membrane,
rounded and exposed.
c". TaU strongly forked; upper surface
for the most part uniform, the rump
like the back.
e'". Outer toe connected with middle
toe as far as the basal joint ; cul-

minal ridge flattened 7. Pbogne, p 1/2.

f". Outer toe connected with themid-
dle as well as with its basal joint ;
culminal ridge rather elevated and

onlv slightly rounded 8. AttiCORA, p. 18J.

d". Tail square or oiilyslightlyemarginate;

rump differing from the back in LP- ^^'^^

coloiu- 9- Petrochelidon,

1. CHELIDON. Type.

CheUdon, Bote, Ms, 1822, p. .5^0 C. urbica. _

Delichon, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 104 C. nipalensis.

Leg of CheNdon iirbica, to show feathered toes.
Ffivge. Confined to the Old World. Breeding in the northern
parts of Europe and Asia and wintering in India, the Burmese
countries, and extending to Borneo. In Africa it reaches to South-
eastern Africa and occasionally to West Africa. One species non-
migratory, but resident in the Eastern Himalayas.

1. CHELIDON, 87

Key to the Species.
a. Under tail-coverts white.

a'. With no white spot on the inner weh of the
outer tail-feather.
a". Long upper tail-coverts black ; remainder
white like rump.
a'". Chin white like rest of throat.

«■•. Below pure white : size larger ; wing
4-2.5-4-3 inches : tail greatly forked

(fig. p. 89)_ urbica, p. 87.

¥. Below sullied white, washed with
smoky brown : size smaller ; wing
4 inches ; tail much less forked

(fig. p. 91) cashmiriensis, p. 90.

h'". Chin with a black spot, as well as the
base of the cheeks ; below smoky whi-
tish ; tail not much forked (fig. p. 92) dasypus, p. 91.
b". Long upper tail-coverts white like the re-
mainder and the rump ; no black spot on
_ chin ; tail moderately forked (tig. p. 94) lagopus, p. 93.
b'. With a white spot on the outer web of the

outer tail-feather alhigena, p. 94.

b. Under tail-coverts black nipalensis, p. 95.

1. Chelidon urbica.

La petite Hirondelle ou le Martinet a cid blanc, Briss. Orn. ii. r». 490

(1760). ^

Hirimdo urbica, Limi. Syst. Nat. i. p. 344 (17G6) ; Temm. Mmi.

(TOrn. i. p. 428 (1815); Eoux, Orn. Provenq. pi. 144 (182o) ;
Wm-ner, Atlas, Clielidones, pis. 2, 3 (1827); Namn. Vog. Deutschl.

vi. p. 75, Taf. 145 (1823) ; Menetr. Cat. rais. Cauc. p. 45 (18.32) ;

Selby, Brit. B. p. 213, pi. 42. fig. 2 (1833) ; Gould, B. Enr. ii.

pi. 57 (1838) ; Schl. 8,- Susem. Tog. Bur. Taf. vi. I. fig. 1 (1839) ;

Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 573 (1840) ; Kordm.in Demid. Voy. Buss.

Merid. iii. p. 200 (1840) ; Heivits. Eqqs Brit. B. i. p. 216, pi. 57.

fig. 3 (1846) ; Thomps. Nat. Hist. B-eland, i. p. 389 (1849) ; Blyth,

Cat. B. 3Im. As. Soc. p. 198 (1849, pt.) ; Kjc^rb. Danm. Fuqle,

pi. xiv. fig. 5 (1852) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 58 (1854) ; Sun'dev.

Sv. Fogl. pi. xvii. fig. 6 (1856-72) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl.

p. 117 (1860) ; Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vogels, pi. 6. figs. 5, 5a (1861);

Keidem. N. T. D. iii. p. 384 (1866) ; Borqe/r. Viiqelf. Norddetdschl.

p. 100 (1869) ; Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 209 (1871) ;' Ilarting, Ilandb.

Brit. B. p. .35 (1872) ; Godm. Ibis, 1872, p. 171 ; End. Onze Vogels,

ii. pi. 9 (1873) ; Sa.rbi/, B. Shell, p. 146 (1874) ; Ilarting, Summer

Migr. p. 184 (1875) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 124 (1875) ; Seebohm,

Ibis, 1882, pp. 210, 372 ; id. Brit. B. iii. p. 178, pi. 17 (1883) ;

Dixon, Ibis, 1882, p. 561 ; Homeyer ^ Tancre, Mitth. orn. Ver.

Wien, May 1883, p. 83.
Le Petit Martinet, Baubent. PI. JEnl. vii. pi. 542.
L'Hirondelle au croupion blanc ou L'Hirondelle de Fenetre, Ilontb.

Hist. Nat. Ois. vi. p. 614, pi. xxv. fig. 2 (1779).
Martin, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 564 (1783).
Hirundo domestica. Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit. Mus. p. 19

(1816). ^

Chelidon urbica, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 550 ; Biipj). Neue Wirb. p. 106

(1838) ; Keys. Sf Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. Lxi (1840) ; Biipp. Syst.

Uebers. p. 22 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 60 (1845) ; id. Cat. Fi^sir.

88 HlEUNDINIDJi.

Brit. Mus. p. 31 (1848) ; Bp. Cmsp. i. p. 343 (1850) ; Cab. Mus.
Hein. Th. i. p. 51 (1850); Bolle,J. f. O. 1854, p. 460; Heugl.
Syst. Uebeis. p. 17 (1856) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn.
p. 340 (1859) ; Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 302 ; Tristr. t. c. p. 434 ; Heur/l.
J.f. 0. 1861, p. 419; Gould, B. Gt. Br. vol. ii. pi. 6 (1862-73) ;
Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 166 (1862) ; Netcton in Baring-Gould^ s Icdand,
p. 408 (1863); Brchm, Reis. Habcsch. p. 272 (1863); Filipin,
J'iai/f/. Pers. p. 346 (1865); Bettoni, Ucc. nidif. Lomb. tav. 67
(lS(>j-70); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 139; Baird, Ris, 1867, p. 281;
Deql. ct Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 592 (1867) ; Loche, B.rpl. Set. Alger.,
Oi's. ii. p. 71 (1867) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1867, p. 364 ; Brake, t. c p. 425 ;
Snmulers, Ibis, 1869, p. 174; Heuf/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 168
(ISC.O); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 145 (1869) ; Droste, Vogelw. Bork.
p. 67 (1869) ; Wgatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 12 ; Blwes Sf Buckley, t. c.
p. 200 ; Bkmf. Geol. ^ Zool. Abyss, p. 349 (1870) ; Sharpe, P. Z. 8.
1870, p. 202 ; Fritsch, Voq. Eur. tab. 23. fig. 5 (c. 1870) ; Salvad.
Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 51 (1871); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 125 (1872) ;
Alst. 8( Harvie Brotcn, Ibis, 1873, p. 59 ; Brooke, t. c. p. 237 ;
Hume, Str. F. ] 873, p. 323 ; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 323 ; Dresser,
B. Eur. iii. p. 495, pi. 162 (1875) ; Irbi/, B. Gibr. p. 102 (1875) ;
Wharto7i, Ibis, 1876, p. 19 ; Walden, 't. c. p. 356 ; Blanf. East.
Persia, ii. p. 216 (1876) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 84; Bogdanof,
B. Caucas. p. 116 (1879) ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 349
(1880) ; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bombay Pres. p. 15 (1880) ; Collett,
Norges Fugle, p. 286 (1881); Giglioli, Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 63
(1881); Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, -p. 47; Scully, t. c. p. 428 ; SMlei/,
Ibis, 1882, p. 259; Biddulph, t. c. p. 269; Severtz. Ibis, 1883,
p. 70; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 44 (1883); Tristr. Faun. ^ Flor.
Palest, p. 62 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 36 (1884).

Chelidon fenestrarum, C. L. Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 140 (1831).

Chelidon rupestris, C. L. B7ehm, t. c. p. 140 (1831).

Hirundo Candida, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. vi. p. 77 (1833).

Hirundo Taria, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. vi. p. 77 (1833).

Hii-undo pallida, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. vi. p. 77 (1833).

Chelidon tectorum, C. L. Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 271.

Adult male, in hreecling-phimage. General colour above deep
purplish blue, with slight indications of the white bases of the fea-
thers showing on the hind neck and mantle ; wing-coverts blackish
brown, the lesser series slightly glossed with purple, the median and
greater coverts with a very faint steely gloss ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills also blackish brown, slightly glossed with steely
green ; lower back and rump pure white, with narrow shafts-lines
of dusky ; upper tail-coverts dull steel-blue ; tail-feathers blackish
brown, with a slight steel-blue gloss on the centre feathers ; crown
of head like the back ; lores and feathers round the ej^e black, as
well as the ear-coverts ; cheeks and lower ear-coverts as well as the
entire surface of the body pure white ; sides of body and flanks very
pale smoky brown ; thighs white ; under tail-coverts white with a
slight wash of dingy brown, the shaft-stripes dusky and tolerably
distinct ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries smoky brown, the outer
wing-coverts mottled with dusky bases to the feathers ; quills dusky
brown below, a little paler on the inner edge : " bill black ; feet
black ; iris dark brown." Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0'35,
wing 4"2.5, tail 2*5, tarsus 0'45.

]. CHELIBON.

89

Tail of Chelidon urhica.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
5 inches, culmen 0"35, wing 4-3, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-45.

Young. Distinguished from the adults at a glance by the yellow
gape and white fringes at the ends of the secondaries. The colour
of the upper surface is much duller, being often of a dingy brown
with a gloss of purplish or greenish steel-blue ; the throat is pale
smoky brown, weU defined on the fore neck, and contrasting with
the rest of the under surface, which is pure white. Before leaving
England, the plumage becomes worn and dingy brown, but the new
feathers begin to show in examples killed late in October.

Young birds in first autumn plumage often have the fore neck
buff-coloured.

Hab. All over Europe in summer, breeding even in the far north.
Specimens have been procured in South-eastern Africa, and its
winter home is therefore probably Central Africa. It straggles
also to Turkestan and North-western India ; but as sufiicient care
has not been taken by collectors to distinguish between this species
and C. cashmiriensis, its Indian range cannot well be determined.

a. (5 ad. sk. Axmouth, Devon, April

1883 {H. Swaysland).

h. (S ad. st. Axmouth, Devon, AprU

1883 {H. Swaysland).

c. Juv. sk. Devonshire.

d. Var. alb. st. Devonshire.

e. "Var. alb. st. Devonshire.

f. 2 ad. sk. Alton, Hants (J. G.).

g. h. 2 ad. sk. Avington, Hants, May 14.
i. Var. alb. st. Pagham, Sussex, Sept.

k, I. Juv. sk. Brighton, Oct. 1883 (H.

Sicaysland).
7)1. Juv. sk. Brighton, end of October

{I£. Swaysland).
n. 2 ad.; o. c? juv. Cookham, Berks, Aug.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Col. Montagu [P.].
Col. Montagu [P.J.
J. Prideaux, Esq. [P.].
Gould Collection.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
J. E. Harting, Esq. IC.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

.r.

Ad. sk.

Cambridgesliire.

y-

Ad. sk.

Boston, Lincolnshire.

c? iuv. sk.

Italy, Oct.

a'

2" ad. sk.

Guiksu, Asia Minor, May
24 ( T. Bobson).

b'

Ad. sk.

Egypt, April 3.

c'

S ad. sk.

Lebanon.

d'

2 ad. sk.

Koomaylee, Abyssinia,
Feb. 14, 1868.

e'.

c? ad.;/. Pull.sk

Sbiraz, Persia.

ff'

Ad. sk.

N.W. India (Dr. Bellew).

h'

, i'. Skeletons.

90 HIRUNDINLD^.

p. Juv. sk. Kingsbury, Middlesex. J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.l.

q. S juv. sk. Eomney,'Kent, Sept. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. |.

r, s. ^ ad. sk. Roiuney, July R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

#. Ad. ; n-iv. PuU. st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.J.

~ Gould Collection.

Gould Collection.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Gould Collection.

J. H. Gurney, Esq., jun.

[P.].
Canon Tristram [C.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
Sir 0. St. John [C.].
India Museum.
Purchased.

2. Chelidon cashmiriensis.

Chelidon cashmerieiisis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 356; Adams, t. c.
p. 494; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 167 (1862); Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 90;
Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 74, no. 884 (1869) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 353;
Hume, Nests and Eqgs Ind. B. p. 152 (1873) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1874,
p. 152 ; Dresser, B'. Enr. iii. p. 498 (1875) ; Brooks, Sir. F. 1875,
p. 231; Prjev. in Boivlei/^s Orn. 3Iisc. ii. p. 163 (1877)*; David ^
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 539 (1877); Htime, Str. F. 1879, p. 84;
Biddniph, Ibis, 1881, p. 47, 1882, p, 269.

Chelidon urbica (wo?« L.), Ball, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 202 ; Butler,
iSfr. -F. 1880, p. 378t.

Hirimdo cashmiriensis, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 179 (1883).

Adult male. General colour above deep blue-black, the hind neck
and mantle varied with ■white bases ; rump white tinged with smoky
brown, and with faint dusky shaft-lines ; wing-coverts brownish
black, slightly washed with blue-black on the margins ; quiUs dusky
blackish, the innermost secondaries narrowly tipped with white ;
upper tail-coverts smoky white, with dusky shaft-lines, the long ones
dull blue-black ; tail-feathers blackish ; crown of head like the back ;
lores blackish ; ear-coverts and cheeks white, the upper edge of the
former dusky blackish ; under surface of the body dull whitish ;
throat, fore neck, and chest washed with smoky brown, a little
darker on the flanks; thighs white; under tail-coverts white, with pale
smoky-brown bases and with dusky shaft-lines ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries darker smoky brown, the outer small coverts edged with
whitish ; quills below dusky brown, inner edge of qiiills paler; iris
brown. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 4, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-5.

Adult female. Like the male in colour. Total length 4-5 inches,
wing 3'85, tail 1'75, tarsus 0-5.

Obs. Colonel Biddulph (Ibis, 1882, p. 269) in writing of the differ-
ences between Chelidon iirhica and the present species, speaks of

* This reference may belong to C. lagopus.

t The following references also, I beheve, relate to the present species and
not to C. urbica : —

Chelidon urbica, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. Ifi6 (pt.) ; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 231 ;
Butler, Cat. B. 8. Bomb. Pres. p. 15 (1880).

1 . CHELIDON.

91

Tail of Ckelidon cashmiriensis.

the former bird as being pure white below, whereas C. cashmiriensis
is " dusky beneath, with dusky mesial centres to the feathers of the
abdomen, flanks, and rump." I have not recently been able to re-
examine Colonel Biddulph's Gilgit series of Martins ; but I may state
that all the birds of his collecting, now in the British Museum,
are true C. cashmiriensis.

It is unwise to depend too much on the dusky coloration of
C. cashmiriensis below as a specific character, as old birds of
C. urhica in worn plumage often partake of a dingy appearance on
the underparts, while the young birds always have the throat
washed with smoky brown. As regards the distinctness of the shaft-
lines on the rump and under tail-coverts, great variation takes place
in both species : sometimes it is very distinct, at other times scarcely
perceptible ; and it is quite as much a character of C. urhica as of
C. cashmiriensis. In fact the two birds are so closely allied that
the most reliable differences between them may be taken to be the
shorter and less deeply forked tail of C. cashmiriensis, accompanied
by its smaller size.

H((b. Probably confined to the Himalayas during summer,
descending to the lower valleys and the plains of India in winter.
As with C. urhica, its exact range is not known.

a. 2 ad. sk.
6. J ad. sk.
c, d. Ad. sk.

e. 5 ad. sk.

f. Ad. et juv. sk.

Gilgit, July 4, 1880.
Gilgit, May 13, 1879.
Cashmere.

Korha, Bilaspur district,

Central India, April 14.
India.

Col. J. Biddulph [C.l.
Col. J.BiddulphtC.].
Gould Collection. (Types

of species.)
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].

3. Chelidon dasypus.

Chelidon dasypus, Bjy. Consp. i. p. 343 (1860, e.v. Temm. MS.) ;

Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 384 (1854) ; Gray,

Han'd-l. B. i. p. 74, no. 883 (1869) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 498

(1875).
Chelidon blakistoni, Sxcinh. T.Z.S. 1862, p. 320; id. Ibis,^l863,

p. 90; Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 196 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 74, no.

882 (1869) ; hivinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 152, pi. vii. fig. 1; id. Ibis, 1875,

92

HIETTNDINID^..

p. 448 ; Blakist. Sj- Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 231 ; iicl. B. Japan, p. 139
(1882).

Delichon (?) dasypus, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 127 (1874).

Hirundo dasypus, Seehohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 179 (1888).
Adult male (type of species). General colour above dull purplish
blue, with white bases to the feathers ; wing-coverts and quills
blackish with a slight bhie gloss ; rump and upper tail-coverts pure
white, with narrow' dusky shaft-lines ; the long upper tail-coverts
and tail-feathers blackish with a faint blue gloss ; tail very slightly
forked ; head like the back ; lores and feathers below the eye black ;
ear-coverts dull purplish blue, as also the sides of the neck and sides
of upper breast, the latter slightly mottled with white bases ; fore
part of cheeks and a spot at the base of the chin black ; hinder part
of cheeks and under surface of body creamy buff, washed with
smoky brown on the breast and flanks, with a little purer white on
the fore neck and abdomen ; under tail-coverts smoky brown,
broadly edged with whitish, the long coverts blacker with broad
whitish edgings ; axillaries and under wing-coverts dark brown, the
small coverts near the edge of the wing edged with pale smoky
brown ; quills dull ashy brown below. Total length 4-6 inches,
culmen 0-3, wing 4-1, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-5. {Mus. Lugd.)

Tail of Chelidon dasi/pics.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but with one of the
central long upper tail-coverts smoky brown, with a black shaft and
a whitish margin at the tips ; the under surface of the body much
whiter, with a smoky buff tinge on the throat, abdomen, and sides
of body ; the imder tail-covcrts white with a blackish shaft-streak.
Total length 4-7 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 4-3, tail 1*8, tarsus 0-45.
(M^(s. Lvffd.)

Obs. Chelidon hlalistoni from Japan is undoubtedly identical with
C. dasypus of Borneo. Mr. Seebohm very kindly lent me the
type of the Japanese species, which I compared with the types of
C. dasypus while I was in Leiden in the autumn of 1883. The
latter is rather a whiter bird underneath, especially on the under
tail- coverts, which are blackish with broad white margins ; but there
are certain traces of smoky brown on the lower parts which prove
the identity of the Bornean with the Japanese bird. The Hakodadi
birds in the British Museum, which agree with the type of C. blalis-
toni, are very dark below ; but I have recently been shown a specimen
from Miri in South Yezo by Capt. Blakiston, which is whiter under-

1. CHELIDON. 93

neath, and quite recalls to my mind the typical examples of C.
dasypus from Borneo.

The dark-breasted Japanese birds may be young birds of the
previous year in their first full spring dress. I add a description of
the pair in the British Museum : —

Male. General colour above deep blue-black, the hind neck
slightly varied with white bases to the feathers which show through ;
wing-coverts and quills black with a slight blue gloss ; lower back
and rump dull white and sullied with a slight wash of brown, the
shaft-streaks dusky and coarsely indicated ; upper tail-coverts dull
white, more or less washed subterminally with dull brown as well
as at the tips, the long coverts blue-black ; tail-feathers blackish
with a very slight wash of blue ; the tail very slightly forked ; crown
of head like the back ; lores, feathers round the eyes, ear-coverts
and sides of face, fore part of cheeks, and base of chin black ;
remainder of cheeks dull brownish white ; throat and under surface
of body smoky whitish ; lower abdomen purer white ; sides of body
and flanks smoky brown, the sides of the upper breast darker and
washed with blue-black ; thighs dull white ; under tail-coverts white
slightlj' washed with smoky brown, the shafts in all dusky and dis-
tinct; the long under tail-coverts smoky brown, edged with white at
the tips ; under wing-coverts and axillaries glossy dark brown ;
quiUs dusky below, browner on their inner webs : " bill black ; iris
black" {H. Wliitehj). Total length 4-75 inches, culmen 0-3, wing
4-15, tail 1-85, tarsus 0-45.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 5
inches, wing 4-15, tail 2*1, tarsus 0-45.

Hah. Only known from Japan and Borneo, but doubtless occurring
on migration in intervening localities.

a,b. cJ $ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, April 17, 1865 Gould Collection.
{H. Whitehj).

4. Chelidon lagopus.

Hirundo lagopoda, Pall. Zoor/r. Hoss.-Asiat. i. p. 532 (1811) ; Severtz.
Turkesf. Jevotn. p. 67 (1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 188 j Seebohm,
Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 179 (1885).

Hirimdo urbica {no7i L.), Middetid. Heis. Sibir., Zool. p. 189 (1851) ;
Schrenck, Amur Reise, p. 388 (1859) ; Badde, Meis. Sibir., Von.
p. 280 (1883).

Chelidon urbica {non L.), Tickell, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 227, foot-
note (1855); Bbjth, B. Burm. p. 127 (1875); Hume Sf Davkon,
Str. F. 1878, p. 45 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 84 (pt.).

Chelidon whitelyi, Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 320 ; id. Ibis, 1874, p. 152,
pi. vii. fig. 2 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 498 (1875).

Chelidon lagopoda, Suinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 91 ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 287;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 74, no. 881 (1869) ; Bwinh. P. Z. 8. 1871,
p. 347 ; Dybowski, J.f. O. 1872, p. 352, 1874, p. 334, 1876, p. 192;
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 134 (1876) ; David ^- Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 130 (1877); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 17: Severtz. Ibis,
1883, p. 80 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 311 (1883).

Adult female (valley of the Yen-e-say, June 11th, 1877 ; H.
Seebohm). General colour above glossy blue-black, the hind neck

94

HIRUNDINID^.

and mantle varied with white bases to the feathers ; wing-coverts
and quills blackish brown, the former slightly glossed with blue-
black on the margins ; rump and all the upper tail-coverts white,
washed with smoky brown, with dusky shaft-lines ; tail-feathers
blackish brown ; lores black, as well as the feathers round the eye ;
cheeks and ear-coverts white, the upper margin of the latter blue-
black ; under surface of body white, the throat tinged with reddish
buff; the sides of the body and flanks pale smoky brown ; thighs and
plumes of leg white ; under tail-coverts white, with distinct shaft-
lines of dusky brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dark smoky
brown, the outermost small coverts tipped with white ; quills dusky
brown below, paler along the inner web. Total length 4-6 inches,
culmen 0-3, wing 4-1, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-45. (Mus. H. Seehohm.)

Obs. The typo of C. rvhiteli/i, Swinh., in Mr. Seebohm's collection,
differs from the bird described only in having the dusky shaft-lines
on the rump and upper and under tail-coverts less distinct, and in
wanting the rufescent tinge on the throat.

Tail of Chelidon lagopus.
Hah. Siberia from the valley of the Yen-e-say eastwards,
breeding throughout South-eastern Siberia and Northern China,
occurring also in Turkestan. It probably winters in the Burmese
countries and Southern China.

5. Chelidon albigena.
Chelidon albigena, Heugl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 419 ; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
i. p. 169 (1869) : Shdrpe, F. Z. S. 1870, p. 293; Dresser, B. Eur.
iii. p. 499 (1875).
Similar to C. iirhica, but differs in the throat being pure pale
dusky ash-colour, with a moustachial line of pure white, very dis-
tinctly indicated ; sides of breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts
delicately shaded with smoky grey ; outer webs of under tail-coverts
with conspicuous subterminal dusky spots, the shafts blackish ;
rump whitish, the middle feather of a dusky ash-colour and marked
with some duller spots ; tail emarginate, a little exceeding the wings
(to the extent of 2 lines) ; inner web of outer tail-feathers marked
near the base with a conspicuous spot of whitish ; bill black ; iris
dusky ; claws pale horn-colour. Total length 5", wing 3" 11'",
tail 2" 3i-"', tarsus 5"'-8, bill from front 2"'-8. {Heuglin.)
Hah. Bogos Land, N.E. Africa.

2. COTILE, gg

6. Chelidon nipalensis.

Delichon nipalensis, Hochjs. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus., App v\ xiv rnr,

963); .mo.. PZ.^', 1854, p. 104, pi. Ixiii. / if;.^!^/^

Cat.B EI. Co. Mus i p. 384 (1854); SwinKIbis, 1863; p. 89-

Goidd, B. Asm, 1. pi. 31 (18G8) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879 p 84 '

Chehdon nipalensis, /e/-d B. hid. i. p. 168 (180:2) ; Gray Hand-l B

1. p 74, no 885 (1869) ; Dresser, B. Bur. iii. ^I 49[) (isTs)
Hirundo nipalensis, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 179 (1883).
Mt. General colour above glossy blue-black, with a' sKe-lit
mottling on the hmd neck and mantle, produced by the white bases
to the feathers shomng through; wmg-coverts glossy blue-black
like the back, the primary-coverts and quills black, washed with
gloss3' blue-black on the edges; rump white, the lower feathers
barred with black tips; upper tail-coverts glossy blue-black, the
basal ones white, tipped broadly with blue-black ; tail-feathers black
glossed with steel-blue; lores, feathers round the eye, and chin
velvety black; cheeks, ear-coverts, and throat glossy blue-black-
remanider of under surface from lower throat downwards white;
the feathers on the former part slightly mottled with blackish
bases; flanks slightly washed with smoky brown ; sides of upper
breast b ue-black ; thighs and tarsal plumes white; under £Z
coverts glossy blue-black; under wing-coverts and axiUaries blackish
glossed with blue-black; quills dusky below, paler along ed-^e
of inner web. Total length 4-1 inches, culmen 0-3, win^S 7
tail l-7o, tarsus 0-35. ° ''

_ Obs. Some specimens have the whole under surface white except-
ing the chin. These birds may represent the adult female. Total
length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-25, wing 3-75, tail 1-75,' tarsus 0-4

A young bird in Mr. Seebohm's coUection (recognizable by* the
yeUow gape) has the black throat of the adult indicated by duskv
brown plumes and equaUy weU defined. If my identification of the
sexes IS correc this would be an immature male ; but it is unfortu!
nate that of the large series examined by me only two should
have had the sex determined by a coUector.

Hab. Eastern Himalayas,
a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum. (Types of

c, d. Ad. sk. Nepal r 'wh^'^ ^ r^ .

J/ Ad sk. HiLiayas ,Jerdon). L'fd SSn^^^" ^^■^^

^. Ad. sk. Sikium(J/««^,//0. R. B. Sharne Eso rP

h Ad.; e. 2 ad. sk. Nynee Tal, July ist. R B. ShaT,' ^^ P

^. 6 ad. sk. Nynee Tal, AprU 29th. E. B. Sharje, Esq. [P.

2. COTILE*.

Clivicola Forster, S,,n. Cat. Br. B. p. 55 (1817) 0 Sria

Cotile, Boie, Isis, 1&22, p. 550 . . ^ P ^ P"^^?**-

Biblis, Lesson, Compl. Br^ff. viii. p. 495 (1837) ' ' ." ." .' .' .' .' ." .' 0 ruWris

Ptvonoprogne, Reuhenh. Syst. Ar. pi. Ixxxvii. %. 6 (1850 C Xstria*

* Although accompanied by certain changes ofliabits and m^dT^Tr^i^lifi^i^
tion. I do not think tl^^BibUs can be .epara^d from Cb.4 thTonly characSr^

96 HIRUNDINID^.

Leg of Cotile riparia, to show tarsal tuft. Leg of C. rupestris.

Range. Europe, Africa, and Northern Asia. From Egypt,
through Palestine and Persia to Central Asia, the whole of India,
Burmese countries ; China. North America and South America to
Brazil.

Key to the Species,
a. No white spots on the tail ; under tail-coverts
white.
a'. With a brown collar across the fore neck,
separating the white throat from the
white belly.
a". Under wing-coverts brown: sizesmaller;
wing 3-55-4-35 inches : a tiny tuft of
feathers at back of tarsus just above the , ^^-^^^.^-^^ ^ gg^

h". Under Wing-co verts white : size larger; ' -^ ' ^

wino- 5 inches: no tuft at base of

tarsus dncta, p. 101.

, . •. ; fpahtdicola, p. 102.

5'. With no pectoral collar ., :'•..: :V. ^ ^S/p'^Si

b. With white spots on aU but the centre and ^oryam.'p. 104.
outer tail-feathers ; under tail-coverts dark "-
brown,
c'. Throat and chest deep rufous, contrasting

with sooty-brown abdomen. I /•«%«/«, p. 106.

c". Larger: throat clear uniform rufous . Vw^ / ^_ jq?.
d". Smaller: throat dull rufous streaked ' -^ -^

with brown concolor, p. 108.

d'. Throat and chest pale isabeUine or sandy
buff, fading into the shghtly deeper colour
of the abdomen.
e". Laro-er ; wing 4-9 inches : chin minutely

spotted with brown rupestris, p. 109.

f. Smaller; wing 4-5-4-55 inches ; chin and

throat uniform ohsoleta, p. 111.

1. Cotile riparia*.

L'Hu-ondelle de rivage, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 506 (1760) ; Dauhent. PI.
Enl. vii. pi. 543. fig. 2.

being apparently the presence or absence of a tiny tuft of feathers at the
posterior end of the tarsus, which is absent in the Orag-Martms {BMis), but
present in the Sand-Martins {Cotile), where it seems to indicate a slight affinity
to the feathered-legged Martins (ChcUdon).

* For a complete record of American references to this species the reader
is referred to Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 435.

2. COTILE. 97

Ifirundo riparia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 344 (1766) ; Pall. Zoogr.
Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 535 (1811) ; Wilson, Atner. Orn. v. p. 46,
pi. 38. fig. 4 (1812); Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 429 (181o);
Roux, Orn. Proveng. pi. 143 (1825) ; Atidub. B. Atner. pi. 385
(c. 1826) ; Werner, Atlas, CheUdones, pi. 3 (1827) ; Swains. 8f
Richards. Faun. Bor.-Anier., Birds, p. 383 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat.
rais. Cauc. p. 45 (1832) ; Naion. Viif/. Deutschl. vi. p. 100, Taf. 146.
figs. 3, 4 (1833) ; Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 58 (c. 1837); Audub. Orn.
Biogr. iv. p. 584 (1838) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, i. p. 187, pi. 7. fig. 3
(1840); Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 595 (1840); Nordm. in
Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 400 (1840) ; Hewits. Eggs Brit.
B. i. p. 218, pi. 57. fig. 3 (1846) ; Thomjjs. Nat. Hist. Ireland, i.
p. 400 (1849) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 199 (1849) ;
Lembeye, Aves Cuba, p. 47, pi. 7. fig. 3 (1850) ; Midd. Sibir.
Reis., Zool. p. 189 (1851) ; Kjcerb. Danm. Fugle, pi. 14. fig. 6
(1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 59 (1854); Sunder. Sv. Fogl.
pi. 17. fig. 7 (1856-72) ; Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. p. 389 (1859) ;
Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 118 (1860) ; Schl. Dier. Nederl.,
Voqels, pi. 6. figs. 7, 7a (1861) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl.
p. 100 (1869) ; R. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 209 (1871) ; Harting,
Handb. Brit. B. p. 35 (1872); Maynard, B. Florida, p. 75
(1871) ; Saxby, B. Shell, p. 147 (1874) ; • Fallon, Ois. Belg.
p. 125 (1875); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 372; id. Brit. B. iii.
p. 184, pi. 17 (1883).

Clivicola europea, Forst. Syn. Cat. Br. B. p. 58 (1817).

Sand Martin, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. '568 (1783).

Hirundo cinerea, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 526 (1817).

Cotile riparia, Boie, his, 1822, p. 550 ; Selby, Brit. B. p. 125, pi. 42.
fig. 3 (1833); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 73, no. 864 (1869);
Wharton, Ibis, 1879, p. 451 ; Co^ks, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1880,
p. 96; Hume, Str. F. 1880, p. 246; A. ^ E. Neivt. Handb.
Jamaica, 1881, p. 107 ; C. Sioinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 101 ; Seebohm,
t. c. p. 210; Dixon, t. c. p. 561; Coues, Check-list B. p. 43
(1882) ; Gates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 310 (1883) ; B. O. U. List Brit.
B. p. 44 (1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 22 ; Irby, t. c. p. 83 ;
Tristr. Faun. SrlFlor. Palest, p. 62 (1884) ; Coues, Key N.-Amer. B.
nd ed. p. 324 (1884).

Cotyle riparia, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 971 ; Brehm, Vog. Deutschl.
p. 143 (1831); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. c^- N. Amer. p. 9 (1838);
Kei/s. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. Ixi (1840) ; Riipp. Si/sf. Uebers.
p. "22 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 60 (1845) ; id. Cat. Fissir.
Brit. Mus. p. 29 (1848) ; Bj). Consp. i. p. 342 (1850) ; Brewer,
N.-Amer. Ool. p. 105, pi. 4. fig. 49 (1850) ; Scl. Contr. Orn.
1852, p. 124; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. 95
(1854) ; Cassi7i, B. 'Calif. p. 247 (1850) ; Heugl. Si/st. Uebers.
p. 17(1856); Jaub.et Barth.-Lapoinm. Rich. Orn. p. 313 (1859);
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 302; Tristr. t. c. p. 434; Baird, B. N.
Amer. p. 313 (1860) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. ii. pis. 7, 8 (1862-
73); Jerd. B. hid. i. p. 163 (1862) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 34
(1863); March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 295; Neictun in
Barinq-Grndd's Iceland, p. 408 (1863) ; Baird, Review Amer. B.
p. 319 (1864); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 139; Coties, t. c. p. 1.59;
Dresser, t. c. pp. 313, 479 ; Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 346 (1865) ;
Bettoni, Uec. Nidif. Lomb. tav. 53 (1865-70) ; Baird, Ibis,
1807, pp. 275, 286, 289 ; Tristr. t. c. p. 363 ; Drake, t. c. p. 425 ;
Deyl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 696 (1867) ; Loche, Expl. Sci.
Alger., Ois. ii. p. 70 (1867) ; Brotvn, Ibis, 1868, p. 427 ; Heugl.

VOL. X. H

9S HIRUNDINIB^.

Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 165 (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 146
(1869); Droste, Voqelw. Bork. p. 88 (1869); Finsch df Hartl.
Voff. Ostafr. p. 145 (1870) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 296 ;
Cooper, B. Calif, p. 110 (1870); Fritsch, Vocj. Eur. pi. xxiv.
figs. 1, 2 (1870) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 18, 402, xxv (1871) ;
Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 54 (1871); Sivlnh. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 346 ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 205 ; Jerd. t. c. p. 353 ;
Coues, Keii N.-Amer. B. p. 114 (1872) ; Di/bowski, J. f. O. 1872,
p. 353, 1874, p. 334; Broolce, Ibis, 1873, p. 2.37; Severtz.
Turkest. Jevotn. p. 67 (1873) ; ITwrne, Str. F. 1873, p. 164 ; Scl
(§• Salvin, Nomencl. A v. Neotr. p. 14 (1873); Antin. ^ Salvad.
Viaf/ff. Bof/os, p. 72 (1873); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 89 (1874);
Baird, Brewer, iSf Ridyw. Hist. N. Amer. B. p. 353, pi. 16. fig. 4
(1874); Dresser, B. Exir. iii. p. 505, pi. 163 (1874); Harting,
Summer Mir/r. p. 187 (1875) ; Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 452 ; Hume,
t. c. p. 452 ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 104 (1875) ; Blanf. East. Pers. ii.
p. 216 (1876); C. B. JVliarton, Ibis, 1876, p. 19; Seebohm Sf
Harvie Broivn, t. c. pp. 220, 356 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
i. p. 134 (1876) ; P7Jev. in Roivleifs Orn. Misc. ii. p. 162 (1877) ;
David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 128 (1877) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1877,
pp. 66, 62 ; Butler, Str. F. 1877, pp. 217, 227 ; Coues, B. Color.
Vail. p. 435 (1878) ; Mowleij, Orn. Ilisc. iii. p. 81, pi. 94
(1878) ; Hume ^ Davison, Str. F. 1878, pp. 44, 497 ; Datif.
Ibis, 1878, p. 8 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, pp. 17, 30 ; Ramsay, Ibis,
1879, p. 446; Finsch, Reis. West-Sibirien,^. 39 (1879); Hume,
Str. F. 1879, p. 84 ; Bingham, t. c. p. 192 ; Butler, Cat. B.
Sind etc. p. 13 (1879); Boydannff, B. Cauc. p. 117 (1879);
Newton, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 355 (1880) ; Collett, Nm-ges
Fuyle, p. 286 (1881) ; Giylioli, Flench. Ucc. Ital. p. 64 (1881) ;
Dixon, Ibis, 1882, p. 561 ; Blakist. Sr Pryer, B. Japan, p. 139
(1882) ; Salvin ^ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 240 (1883) ;
Radde, Orn'. Cauc. p. 36 (1884) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sitid,
p. 103 (1884).

Cotyle fliiviatilis, Brehin, Vog. Deutschl. p. 142 (1831).

Cotyle microrhynchos, Brehm, t. c. p. 143 (1831).

Clivicola riparia, Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 32 (1882).

Adult male. General colour above dark earthy brown, a little
lighter on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the feathers
of which have more or less distinctly indicated margins of paler
brown ; wing-coverts darker brown than the back, with indistinct
margins of lighter brown ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
very dark brown, the innermost secondaries paler and more like the
back ; tail-feathers brown, with a narrow whitish edging towards
the tip of the inner web of all but the centre feathers ; lores dusky
blackish, with a slight hoary shade above them, remains of hoary
edges to the feathers being seen on the basal frontal feathers ;
feathers below the eye and ear-coverts brown ; cheeks, throat, and
under surface of body pure white, the throat separated from the
breast by a very broad and distinct collar of dark brown ; this brown
colour also extending down the sides of the body, and occupying the
centre of the breast in the shape of a few feathers which have the
inner webs dark brown ; thighs brown ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts dark brown, those near the edge of the wing broadly edged
with whitish ; quills dusky brown below, lighter along the inner
webs : " bill blackish brown ; legs dark brown ; iris dark hazel "

2. coTixE. 99

(Dresser). Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0'3, wing 4-25, tail 2-1,
tarsus 0"45.

Sexes alike in plumage. An adult female measures : — Total
length 5 inches, culmen 0*3, wing 4'3o, tail 2*1, tarsus 0"4.

Young. Lighter browu than the adult, and distinguished by the
sandy-rufous or ashy-whitish edgings to the feathers of the back
and wings ; the throat is also slightly tinged with pale rufous ;
the breast-band is strongly pronounced, but has pale edges to the
feathers.

These Light margins to the feathers seem to disappear somewhat
before the young birds leave this country, specimens kiUed in August
having the pale edgings much broader and more strongly charac-
terized than a young bird killed at the end of September.

C. littoralis of Hemprich and Ehrenberg has been referred by
Mr. Dresser, and all recent authors, as a synonym of 0. riparia.
One of the tj-pical specimens is in Capt. Shelley's collection, and
it is evident from the style of plumage, even though the specimen
is quite immature, that it belongs to the O.-paludicola group of
the genus Cotile, even if the absence of the tuft of small plumes
behind the base of the tarsus were not sufficient to show that it
could not be the young of 0. riparia.

Like other Swallows, the Sand-Martin moults while in its winter
quarters. Mr. Gurney has presented to the British Museum a
specimen shot by Mr. T. Ayres in the Transvaal on the 28th of
February. The body-plumage seems to have been completely
moulted, but some of the quills and tail-feathers are not entirely
renewed. From this specimen it appears that in the fresh-moulted
bird the inner secondaries are distinctly edged with white, and
remains of these white edges are seen in aU newly arrived birds in
Europe.

American birds are not to be distinguished from Old- World
examples.

Hub. The whole of the northern parts of the Old World in
summer, extending in winter to South-eastern Africa, North-
western India, and the Bm-mese countries. North America, ranging
as far south as Brazil in winter.

a. Old- World Specimens.

a. Ad. sk. Scotland (Sir JV. Jardine). India Museum.

6. Juv. sk. Upware, Cambridgeshire, F.D.GodmanandO. Sal-

Aug. 17, 1856 (O. &). vin, Esqrs. [P.].

c, d. (S ad. sk. Upware, April 29, 1856 Gould Collection.

(O. S.).

e. Ad. sk. Hampstead, Middlesex. F. D. GodmanandO.Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].

/. Juv. sk. Cookham, Berks, Aug. 28 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(R. B. S.).

^, /i. (^ juv. sk. Romney Marsh, Aug. 1882 R. B. Sharne, Esq. [P.].

{R. B. S.).

i. Ad.; A. cj juv. Romney Marsh, Sept. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],
sk. 1882 (R. B. S.).

100

HIRTJNBINrD^.

I, m. c? $ juv. St.

». Ad. sk.
o, (S ad. sk.

p. Ad. sk.
q. (S ad. sk.
r. S ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
t. 2 ad. sk.

u. cJ ad. sk.

V. Ad. sk.

w. S ad. sk.

X, i/.(S;z.2 ad. sk.

a. Ad. sk.
b'. Ad. sk.
c'. Ad. sk.
d'. S ad. sk.
c'. Ad. sk.
/, (7'. 2 ad. sk.

Brisrhton, Sussex, Sept.

1882.
Wiltshire.
A^-ington, Hampshire,

May 15, 1879.
Belgium.

Piedmont (Salvadon).
Montepulcia no, Italy, May.
Near \^ienna.
Orotava,Teneriffe,April23,

1871 (F.I). G.).
Potchefstroom, Transvaal,

Feb. 28, 1879 {Ayres).
Potchefstroom, Feb. 22

{Ayres).
Bogdaschantskaia, River

Ob, July 6, 1876.
Petropaulowski, Kamt-

schatka, Jime 21, 1882

{Dybowski).
Persia.

Afghanistan {Griffith).
Pushut {Griffifli).
Candahar, April 5, 1881.
Madras.
Pegu River, April 1876.

Messrs. Swaysland [C.].

Col. Montagu [P.].

R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

Brussels Museum [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],

Prof Gigholi.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

F.D.GodmanandO.Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].
J. H. Gumey, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Dr. 0. Finsch [0.].

R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

Purchased.

India Museum.

India Museum.

Col. Swinhoe [C.].

T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P J.

E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.J.

/3. American Specimens.

h'. 5 ad. sk.

i'. S ad. sk.

k'. 2 juv. sk.

v. S ad. sk.

m'. 5 ad. sk.
n'. Ad. sk.
o'. Juv. sk.

p'. Ad. sk.
q'. (S ad. sk.

Hyde Park, lUiuois, Jime

'12 (H. K. Code).
"WTiiting, Indiana, Jidy 10

{H. K. Code).
Washington, D. C, Aug. 18

{H. W. Henshaw).
Cambridge, Mass., May 25

{H. W. Henshaw).
Yirgiuia {Cuues).
Alaska, June 24.
Duenas, Guatemala

{Sdvin).
Jamaica.
Nauta, R. Amazon {E.

Bartlett).

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Sclater Collection.
U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].
Sclater Collection.

Purchased.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Subsp. a. Cotile shelleyi.

Cotyle riparia, auct. ex. Afr. Sept.-orientdi (pt.).
Cotyle riparia, Swinh. Ib}^, 1864, p. 414 ; £. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867,
p. 57 ; Shelley, B. JEgypt, p. 124.

Adult male. Similar to C. riparia, but paler and very much
smaller. Total length 4*1 inches, culmen 0*3, wing 3-55, tail 1'65,
tarsus 0"35.

Hah. Egypt.

Ohs. Capt. Shelley's collection contains two examples of this

2. COTILE. 101

Egyptian Sand-Martin, one killed in April, the other in February:
the latter has the wing 3'G inches in length. The smallest specimen
of young C. riparia we have examined measures 3-9 inches m the
-n-ing.

2. Cotile cincta.

Hirondelle brune a collier du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Dauhent, PL

Enl. vii. pi. 723.
Hiruudo ciucta, Bodcl. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 45 (1783, ex Daubent).
Brown-collared Swallow, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 577 (1783).
Hirundo torquata, Gm.Syst. Nat. ii. p. 577 (1788) ; Lath. hid. Orn.

ii. p. 579 (1790) ; Keulem. N. Tijdschr. iii. p. 384 (1866).
Cotyle torquata, ItUpp. St/st. Uebers. p. 22 (1845) ; £p. Consp. i.

p. 342 (1850) ; Heugl. Sijst. Uebers. p. 17 (1856) ; id. Ibis, 1859,

p. 339.
Cotyle cincta, (?ray, Gen. B. i. p. 60 (1845) ; id. Cat. Fissir. Brit.

Mus. p. 30 (1848) ; Horsf. c^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i.

p. 97 (1854) ; Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 58 (1867) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868,

p. 43; Hewjl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.i. p. 164 (1869); Finsch ^- Hartl.

Vog. Ostafr. p. 144 (1870) ; Blarif. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 349

(1870) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 297 ; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 479 ; id.

Cat. Afr. B. p. 45 (1871) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 281, 1874, p. 106 ;

Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 62; Buckley, ^. c. 1874, p. 375; Sharped

Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 38 (1876) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1876,

p. 424, 1878, p. 286 ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 188 (1877-81) ;

Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 358 (1883); Shelley, Ibis, 1882,

p. 259 ; Butler, Feilden, Sf Peid, Zool. 1882, p. 250 ; Socage, Jorn.

Lisb. 1882, p. 22 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 121

(1884).
Cotyle eques, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 325 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870,

p. 297.
Cotile cincta. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 73, no. 875 (1869).
Cotile eques, Gray, t. c. p. 74, no. 879 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above brown, rather lighter on the
rump and upper tail-coverts, the head somewhat darker ; wing-
coverts like the back, some of the outer ones near the bend of the
wing with paler edges ; bastard-wing, primarj'-coverts, and quills
dark brown, a little Ughter on the edges of the feathers ; tail-feathers
dark brown ; lores blackish as well as the feathers round the eye ;
above the lores a broad streak of creamy white ; ear-coverts dark
brown ; sides of neck brown like the back ; cheeks and entire throat
white, separated from the breast by a very broad band of chocolate-
brown ; rest of the body white, the flanks slightly shaded with
smoky brown ; in the centre of the breast a streak of dark brown in
continuation of the brown pectoral band, several of the feathers
being dark brown on their inner webs ; thighs and adjacent feathers
on the sides of the rump brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
white, slightly shaded with smoky brown ; quills dusky brown
below : " bill and legs black ; iris dark hazel " (Buclieif). Total
length 6-1 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 5, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-5.

Adult fcmaJe. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length
G-2 inches, culmen 0 4, wiug 5, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-45.

102 ' HIEUNDINID^.

Ohs. The descriptions are taken from a pair of breeding birds
shot by Major Butler near Newcastle on the 23rd of October, and
now in Capt. Shelley's collection.

Young. Differs from the adult in being somewhat darker, and in
having rusty edges to the feathers of the upper parts as well as the
pectoral collar. Total length (J inches, wing 4-7, tail 2.

Obs. I cannot discern any difference in specimens from various
parts of Africa. The white spot on the outer tail-feather, which
was the character by which Dr. Hartlaub separated C. eques, from
Prince's Island, AVest Africa, seems to be of accidental occurrence,
for it is not found in other West-African specimens, but Mr.
Seebohm has a single example from the Transvaal which exhibits
the character.

Hah. North-eastern Africa. West Africa from the Gold Coast to
the Congo. The Cape Colony, extending to the Transvaal and to
Benguela.

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Eiippell [C.].

6. c? ad. sk. AngoUala, Shoa, May 1842 India Museum.
(Harris).

c. J ad. sk. Antalo,Tigre,Mayll,1868. W.T.Blanford,Es(i.[C.].

d. Jnv. sk. South Africa (Surfees). H. B. Sharpe, Esq.
e,f. Juv. sk. South Africa {Layard). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
g, h. (S 5 ad. sk. South Africa, Nov. 1869 R. B. Sharpe. Esq.

(Layard).

i. 2 ad. sk. Natal, Nov. 25, 1868. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

k. c? ad. sk. Transvaal (Ayres). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

I. Ad. sk. Kinsembo, Angola. Purchased.

m. Ad. sk. Gaboon. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

n. Ad. sk. River Volta (UssJier). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

3. Cotile paludicola.

Hirondelle des Marais ou la Brunette, Levaill. Ois. (TAfr. v. p. 158,

pi. 246. fig. 2 (1806).
Hirundo paludicola, Vieill. JV. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 511 (1817) ;

Gnei'in in Ferr. et Gal. Voy. Abyss, iii. p. 242 ; Des Murs in Lefehvre

Voy. Abyss, p. 79 (1847).
Hirundo palustris, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. p. 101 (1817).
Cotyle paludibula, Miipp. Neue Wirb. p. 106 (18.35); id. Syst. Uebers.

p. 22 (1845) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 17 (1856).
Cotyle palustris, Cab. Mus. Heiti. Th. i. p. 49 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. i

p. 34 (1850) ; Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 11 (1853)

Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 68 (1867) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 464

Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 424.
Cotyle aibiventris, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 61 (1854).
Cotyle paludicola, Sundev. Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 52 (1857) ; Grill,

Zool. Anteckn. p. 36 (1858) ; Hetigl. Ibis, 1859, p. 339 (pt.) ; Kirk,

16«s, 1864,p. 326; Gurney, t. c.\. 347; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.

i. p. 167 (1869, pt.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 302 ; id. Cat. Afr.

B. p. 45 (1871) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1874, p. 102; Buckley, t. c. p. 375 ;

Shelled/, Ibis, 1875, p. 68 ; Butler, Feilden, 8f Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 251 ;

Sharpe, ed. Layard' s B. S. Afr. p. 360 (1883).
Cotile paludicola, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 74, no. 877 (1869) ; Ayres,

Ibis, 1880, p. 260.

2. COTILE. 103

Adult. General colour above uniform brown, rather paler towards
the rump and upper tail-covcrts ; lesser wing-coverts UUc the back ;
median and greater coverts dark brown with lighter brown edges,
the innermost greater coverts lighter and more ashy towards the
tips ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, the
inner secondaries edged with lighter brown ; tail-feathers dark brown;
lores dusky brown ; cheeks, throat, and breast brown, with a slight
hoary shade on the throat ; sides of the body brown like the breast ;
centre of abdomen, lower flanks, and under tail-covcrts white ; thighs
brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts brown, the coverts near
the edge of the wing edged with whitish ; quills dusky below :
" biU and feet black ; iris dark hazel " {BucMey). Total length 4-8
inches, culmen 0-3, wing 4"15, tail 2-3, tarsus 0'45.

Obs. In Capt. Shelley's collection is a specimen, killed by himself
in the Capo Colony, which has the whole under surface brown,
including the under tail-coverts. A similar specimen, but rather
darker on the lower parts, was obtained by Major Butler near
Newcastle in June, and Canon Tristram has another bird from the
Transvaal. I have been unable to account for these variations in
plumage, and am uncertain whether they are simply the very old
birds, or constitute a melanistic variety. The Natal bii'ds have more
white on the abdomen than those from the Cape ; and one from
the Zambesi has the white on the lower parts still more extended,
leading on towards C. minor of North-eastern Africa.

Yoim;/. Differs from the adult in having sandy-rufous edges to
the feathers of the upper parts and in having the under surface
likewise washed with rufous.

Jlah. South Africa, from the Cape Colony to Natal and the Trans-
vaal, extending to the Zambesi region. Of doubtful occurrence in
N.E. Africa, where it has probably been confounded with C. minor.

a. Ad. sk. Shupanga, Zambesi, Sir J. Kirk [C.].

April 1882.

b. Ad. sk. Natal. E. B. Sharps, Esq.

c. Ad. ; d, e. Juv. sk. South Afi-ica (Layard). E,. B. Sharps, Esq.

Subsp. a. Cotile minor.

Cotvle minor, Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 49 (18.50) ; Hengl. Orn.
N.O.-Afr. i. p. 166 (1869) ; Blanf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 350
(1870) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 303 ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 124
(1872) ; Salmd. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 122 (1884).

Cotyle httoralis, Hempr. S) Ehr. MSS. ; Licht. Konumcl. p. 01 (1854).

Cotile minor. Gray, Hcmd-l. B. i. p. 74, no. 878 (1869).

? Cotyle palustiis, pt., Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 167 (1809).

Adult. Similar to C. paludicola, but smaller ; the brown of the
throat extending on to the breast and having a mark of silvery grey
down the centre ; remainder of abdomen and under tail-coverts
white. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-25, wing 3-9, tail 1-7,
tarsus 0'3.

Young (one of the types of C. Httoralis, H. & E.). Very pale

104 HIEUNDINID^.

bro^wn washed -with sandy nifous, the feathers broadly edged with
this colour, the rump and upper tail-covcrts nearly imiform rufous ;
wing-coverts and quills daiker brown, edged with sandy rufous ;
ear- coverts and sides of face pale brown, the lores and feathers of
the head washed with rufous ; throat and chest white, washed with
pale rufous ; sides of breast brown ; centre of breast, abdomen, and
iiuder tail-coverts white ; flanks brown washed with sandy rufous.
(j\lus. G. E. Shelley.)

Ilah. North-eastern Africa.

a. 5 ad. sk. Lake Ashanpij Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

May 4, 1868.

b. (S ad. sk. AngoUala, iSboa, May 1842 India Museum.

{Harris).

Subsp. /3. Cotile cowani.
Cotile cowani, SJtarpe, Journ.Linn. Soc, Zool. svi. p. 322 (1882).

Adult female. General colour above dark sooty brown, slightly
paler on the lower back and rump ; wing-coverts like the back, the
inner greater coverts and inner secondaries rather lighter and
with slightly paler margins ; primary-coverts and quills very dark
brown ; tail-feathers very dark brown, with narrow paler edgings,
the outermost feathers very uaiTOwly fringed with white ; lores
blackish ; ear-coverts and sides of face dark sooty brown, the cheeks
and throat ashy brown ; remainder of under surface of body dark
ashy brown, including the thighs ; lower abdomen whitish ; under
tail-coverts pure white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts dark
ashy brown like the breast, the edge of the wing with paler ashy
margins to the feathers ; quills dark brown below, rather more ashy
along the inner web. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0"25, wing
3-65, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-4.

There is no difference in colouring in the sexes. The male
measures- — total length 4-7 inches, wing 3'65, tail 1"9, tarsus 0"4.

The young bird differs from the adult in having rufous margins
to the feathers of the upper surface, wing-coverts, and secondaries,
while the throat and breast are also sufl'used with rufous.

Hab. Ankafana Porest, Betsileo, S.E. Madagascar.

a, b. iS 2 ad. sk. Ankafana Forest, Rev. W. Deans Cowan [C.].

March 1881. (Types of species.)

c. (Sjd,e. 2 ad. ; Ankafana Forest, Rev. W. Deans Cowan [C.].
/, g. § juv. sk. March 1881.

Subsp. y. Cotile sinensis.

Hirundo chinensis, J. E. Gray in Hardtc. lUustr. Ind. Zool. i. pi. .35.

fig. 3 (1830-32).
Hirundo brevieaudata, McClell. P.Z.S. 1839, p. 156; Gray, Gen.

B. i. p. 58 (1845).
Hirundo sinensis, Jerd. Madr. Jnvrn. xi. p. 238 (1840) ; Bh/fh, J.A.S.

Beng. xvi. p. 119 (1847); id. Cat. B. 3Iui. As. Soc. p. l99 (1849).
Cotyle brevieaudata, Boi'e, Ists, 1844, p. 170.

2. COTILE. 105

Hirundo minuta, Hoclgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. 3Ius., Passeres, pi. 9. fig. 2

(no. 3.3.3) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844).
Hirundo subsoccata, Hudqs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 9.

fig. 1 (no. 3.32) ; id. in' Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844).
Cotyle sinensis, Gray, Cat. Fissir. Brit. 3fus. p. 30 (1848) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 342 (1850) ; Cass. Cat. Hirimd. Philad. Mus. p. 12 (1853) ;

Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 96 (1854) ; Jerd. B.

Ind.'i. p. 164 (1862), iii. p. 875 (1864) ; Sioinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 259,

1866, p. 134: Blyth, t. c. p. 338; Beavan, Ibis, 18H9, p. 404;

Godivin-Amten, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 266 (1870) ; Swinh.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 347 ; Adam, Sir. F. 1873, p. 370 ; Hume, Sir. F.

1874, p. 469, 1875, p. 452 ; Bh/t/i ^- Wald. B. Btirm. p. 127 (1875) ;

Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 254 ; Butler, Sfr. F. 1877, p. 227 ; David

<§• Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 128 (1877) ; Anders. Rep. Zool. E.iped.

Yun-nan, Birds, p. 651 (1878) ; Hume ^- Davison, Str. F. 1878,

p. 45 ; Davids. 8,- Wend. Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 76 ; Ball, t. c.

p. 202 ; Cripps, t. c. p. 257 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 84 ; Sadly, t. c.

p. 234; Doig, t. c. p. 370; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 13 (1879) ;

id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 14 (1880) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun.

Sind, p. 103 (1884).
Cotyle subsoccata, Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 495, 1859, p. 176 ; Jerd.

B. Ind. i. p. 163 (1862) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 338 ; Jerd. Ibis,

1871, p. 353.
Cotyle riparia {nee L.), Sivinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 328, 1863, p. 89.
Cotile sinensis. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 73, no. 865 (1869) ; Hume,

Nests and Eqgs Ind. B. p. 82 ; id. Str. F. 1873, p. 164 ; Gates, B,

Brit. Burm'.i. p. 309 (1883).
Cotile subsoccata, Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 82 (1873).
Cotile obscurior, Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 43.
? Cotyle obsoleta, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 599 (1879).

Adult male. General colour above glossy brown, rather paler
towards the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wings a little darker
brown than the back, with edgings of slightly paler brown, as well
as on the inner secondaries ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills dark brown ; tail-feathers dark brown ; lores, feathers round
the eye, and ear-coverts brown ; throat and breast ashy brown ;
lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white ; flanks sHghtly
washed with brown ; thighs brown ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts brown like the breast but a little darker ; quills dusky
below, rather browner along the inner webs : " bill black ; gape
pale fleshy ; iris dark brown ; feet dusky brownish, claws dusky "
(Scully). Total length 3"9 inches, culmen 0*25, wing 3"45, tail 1"6,
tarsus 0-4.

Adult female. Like the male in plumage. Total length 4 inches,
culmen 0-25, wing 3'3, tail 1"55, tarsus 0"35.

Younrj. Much lighter brown than the adults, and shaded with
sandy rufous, all the feathers broadly edged with the latter colour,
producing a nearly uniform rufous appearance on the lower back
and rump ; underneath, the portions of the throat and breast which
are brown in the adult are pale sandy rufous.

Hah. From Scinde throughout the greater part of India, probably
extending to Ceylon ; eastwards ranging through Assam, the Burmese
countries, and .Southern China. Philippines.

106

HIRirXDINID^.

a, h. Ad. sk.

India.

c. Juv. sk.

India.

d. Jut. sk.

Bengal.

e. A d. sk.

Scinde {Dr. Gould).

/. Ad. sk.

Punjab.

ff. S ad. sk.

N.W. India.

7i, i. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

k, I. Ad.

Nepal.

m, n. Ad. ; o.

JuT.sk. Nepal.

p. Juv. sk.

Nepal {Hodgson).

q, r. Ad. sk.

Assam (3fcClelland).

s. 2 ad. sk.

VVau, Pegu, June 26,

1875.

t. (S ad. sk.

Second defile of Irawady

River, March 6, 187.5."

u. Ad. sk.

Takow, Formosa, Jan.

(SwiiiJwe).

V. Ad. sk.

Philippine Islands.

Gould Collection.

Purchased.

India Museum.

India Museum.

India Museum.

Capt. Stackhouse Pmwill

fp.].
B. H.Hodgson, Esq. [P].

(Types of H. siibsoccata.)
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of If. minuta.)
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
India Museum.
India Museum. (Type of

H. brericaudafa.)
E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].

H. Cuming, Esq. [C.].

4. Cotile fuligula.

L'Hirondelle fauve, ieiwY/. Ois. d'Afr. v. p. 156, pi. 246; Sundev.
Erit. Framst., Levaill. p. 52 (1867).

Hirundo fuhgula, Licht. in Forst. Desa: Anim. p. 55 (1844) ; Orill,
Zool. Anteckn. p. 36 (1858).

Hirundo hyemalis, Forster, Descr. Anim. p. 65 (1844).

Cotyle fuligida, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 60 (1845) ; id. Cat. Fissir. Brit,
litis, p. 29 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 342 (1850) ; Cah. Mus. Hein.
Th. i. p. 164 (1850) ; Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 12
(1853) ; Ilartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 28 (1857) ; id. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 103 ;
Gur77ei/, His, 1865, p. 264; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 57(1867);
Bocoffe, Jam. Lisb. 1868, p. 40 ; S/iarpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 299
(pt.) ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 45 (1871) ; Gurney in Anderss. B.
Bam. Ld. p. 62 (1872) ; Shellni, Ibis, 1875, p. 68; Ayres, Ibis, 1876,
p. 424, 1878, p. 407, 1879, p. 291 ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 187 (1881) ;
Salrin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 153 (1882) ; Btitler, Feilden, ^' Beid,
Zool. 1882, p. 250 ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 360 (1883).

Cotile fidigula. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 73, no. 874.

Adult male. General colour above dark sooty brown, the head
slightly more dusky than the back ; wing-coverts and quilJs darker
brown than the back, the inner greater coverts and scapulars of the
same sooty brown as the back ; tail-feathers dark brown, all but the
two centre feathers and the outermost with a large round white spot
on the inner web ; lores blackish ; ear-coverts and sides of neck
dark sooty brown like the back ; throat and breast tawny rufous,
extending OTcr the abdomen ; sides of breast, flanks, abdomen, and
under tail-coTerts dark sooty brown ; asillaries and under wing-
coTerts rufous, with sooty-brown bases, causing a mottled appearance
near the edge of the wing ; quills sooty brown below, paler along
the inner web : " bill black ; legs brown ; iris brown " {T. L.

2. COTILE. 107

Ayres). Total length 5 inches, cnlmen 0*4, wing 5-05, tail 2-1,
tarsus 0'45. {Mus. G. E. Shelley.)

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length S-4 inches,
culmen "0-4, wing 5, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-45. {Mus. G. E. Shelley.)

Young. Onlj' differs from the adult in having rufous edgings to the
feathers of the upper parts, lower abdomen, and under tail-coverts.

Ohs. As with C. paludicola., G. minor, and C. sinensis, there seem
to he three races of sootj^-hrown Crag-Martins with rufous throats,
represented by forms occupying nearly the same areas of distribu-
tion as the three bii'ds above alluded to. Writing in 1S70, 1 ventured
to differ from Dr. Finsch's determination of Mr. Jesse's Abyssinian
specimens as C. fidigula, and believed that they belonged to a small
race of C. rupestris. A larger experience of this group of Crag-
Martins has induced me to modify this opinion, and I consider now
that Dr. Finsch was more in the right than I was. The Abyssinian
specimens certainly belong to C rujiyula, a Martin of the C.-fuligida
group, but smaller in size, deeper sooty brown in colour, and with
much less extent of rufous underneath. The spotting on the throat
■ in one of the Abyssinian specimens mentioned by me in 1870 is, I
find on reexamination of the individual bird, due to abrasion of the
plumage, and is too faintly pronounced to be compared with the
distinct spotting on the chin seen in every specimen of true G. ru-
pestris. The spots are scarcely visible in the examples collected by
Harris in Shoa.

Eab. South Africa, from the Cape Colony to the Transvaal on the
east, and to Angola on the west coast.

a, b. Ad. sk. Cape Town (Layard). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

c. Ad. sk. Table Mountain". E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

d. Ad. ak. Kingwilliamstowu. Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].

e. 2 juv. sk. Pinetown, Natal, April R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

29 ( T. L. Ayres).

f. 5 ad. sk. Daviep, Damara Land, Oct. B. B. Sharpe, Esq.

27, 1860 (C. J. Andersson).

Subsp. a. Cotile rufigula.

Cotvle fuligula {nee Zic/it.), Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus.

i.-p. 96 (1854) ; Hntgl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 164 (1869) ; Blanf.

Geol. ^ Zool. Abyss, p. 350 (1870); Fitisch, Trans. Z. S. y'n.

p. 219 (1870) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 299 (pt.).
CotOe nifigula, Fische)- ^- Eeichenow, J.f. O. 1884, p. 53.
Cotyle ruhgula, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 122 (1884).

Adult. Similar to C. fuligida, but conspicuously smaller and
darker, and having the throat much lighter rufous. Total length
5 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 4-G5, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-4.

The other specimens collected by Sir AY. C. Harris measure 4*6
inches in the wing.

Hah. N.E. Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia (Jesse). R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.

6, e, ri. Ad. sk. Shoa {Harris). India Museum.

e. cJad.sk. Angollala, Shoa, May 1842 (^arm). India Museiuu.

108 HIKUXDINIIiE.

Subsp. (3. Cotile concolor.

Hirundo concolor, Si/kes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 83 ; Jerd. Madr. Journ.

xi. p. 238 (1840) ; ^Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 5S (1845) ; Blyth, J. A. S.

Beng. xvi. p. 119 (1847) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 199 (1849).
Biblis concolor. Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 495 (1837).
Cotyle concolor, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 170 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 342 (1850);

Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mas Philad. Acad. p. 12 (1853) ; Horsf. Sf

Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 97 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i.

p. 1G5 (1862); Blanf. Ibis, 1867, p. 463; Butler, Sfr. F. 1877,

p. 277.
Cotile concolor, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 73, no. 873 (1869) ; Hume,

Nests and Eyys Ind. B. p. 83 (1873) ; Aitken, Str. F. 1875,

p. 214 ; Butki; t. c. p. 453; Hume, t. c. p. 453 ; id. Str. F. 1876,

p. 35.
Ptyonoprogne concolor, Adam, Str. F. 1873, p. 370 ; Fairh. Str. F.

1876, p. 264; Davids. 8,- Wenden, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 77;

Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 84 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 13 (1879) ;

id. Cat. B. S. Bomh. Pres. p. 14 (1880).

Adult male. General colour above uniform dark sooty brown ;
■wing-coverts like the back ; the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills dark brown, externally washed with the same brown as the
back ; tail-feathers dark brown, with a white spot on the inner
web of all but the two centre feathers and the outer one on each
side ; head like the back ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and
cheeks uniform dark brown, with a few fulvous streaks only on
the cheeks ; throat and chest dull rufescent, streaked with dusky
brown, the feathers being mesiallj- centred with this colour ; breast,
abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts uniform dark sooty brown,
with a few of the feathers of the abdomen paler-edged; axillaries
and under wing-coverts dark brown with rufous edges ; quills
dusky brown below. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-35, wing
4-05, tail 1-85, tarsus 0-35.

Ohs. The specimens from the IS'orth-western Himalayas appear
to me to belong to a lighter form than typical C. concolor from
Southern India, and to have the rufescent shade extended more over
the breast. In the Museum series also there are specimens which
show a faint trace of a spot on the outer tail-feather as well as on
the centre ones.

Tounf/. Differs from the adult in having pale rufous edges to the
feathers of the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts.

Hah. Southern India and the greater part of the Peninsula
except Lower Bengal, extending into Cutch and Kattiawar and
occurring on Mount Aboo.

a, b, c, d. Ad. sk. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum. (Types of

species.)

e. Ad. sk. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].

/. d ad. sk. Rajkote, Kattiawar, Major J. Hayes Lloyd [P.].

Nov. 4, 1871.

g, fi,i,k. Ad. ; I, m. N. Bengal. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

Juv. sk. [P.].

n. Ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

2. COTILE. 109

0. Ad. sk. Bundelkund, Dec. 14 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(G.F.L.Marshall).

p. 2 ad. sk. Mhow, Nov. 13. Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].

q. d" juv. sk. Mhow, Oct. Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].

5. Cotile rupestris.

Hirimdo rupestris, Scop. Ann. i. p. 167 (1769) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn.

i. p. 431 (1815); Werner, Atlas, Chelidones,Tpl.4: (1827) ; Menetr.

Cat. rais. Cauc. p. 45 (1832) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. vi. p. 91,

pi. 146. figs. 1 & 2 (1833) ; Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 56 (1837) ;
Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Rum. Merid. in. p. 199 (1840); Blyth,

J. A. S. Benff. xvi. p. 119 (1847) ; id. Cat. B. Mus.As. Soc. p. 198

(1849) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 118 (18G0) ; Dubois, Ois.

d'Eur. pi. 33 (c. 1862) ; Bree, B. Eur. ii. pi. 184 (1864) ; Borggr.

Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 100 (1869).
Hirondelle grise des rochers, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. vi. p. 641 (1779).
Rock SwaUow, LatJi. Gen. Sg?i. ii. pt. 2, p. 569 (1783).
Crag Swallow, Lath. to?n. cit. p. 570 (1783).
Hinmdo montana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1020 (1788) ; Roux, Orn.

Prov. pi. 142 (1825).
Chelidon rupestris, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 550.
Cotyle rupestris, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 971 ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirh. Eur.

p. Ixi (1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 60 (1845) ; id. Cat. Mamm.

etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 55 (1846) ; id. Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mus.

p. 29 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 341 (1850) ; Cah. Mus. Hein. Th.

i. p. 50 (1850); Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 12

(1853) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 95 (1854) ;

Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. 1859, p. 313 (1859) ; Tristr.

Ibis, 1859, p. 434 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 166 (1862) ; Tristr. Ibis,

1863, p. 366 ; Giglioli, t. c. p. 474 ; id. Ibis, 1865, p. 51 ; Filippi,
Viagg. Pers. p. 346 (18G5) ; Wright, Ibis, 1865, p. 464 ; Chambers,

Ibis, 1867, p. 103; Tristr. t. c. p. 363; Drake, t. c. p. 425;

Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 392; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 163

(1869) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 12 ; Elives Sf Buckley, t. c. p. 200 ;

Blanf. Geol. 8,- Zool. Ahjss. p. 350 (1870); Sharpe, P. Z. S.

1870, p. 300 ; Fritsch, Vog. Etir. tab. xsiv. fig. 6 (c. 1870) ; Salrad.
Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 53 (1871) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 353 ; Shelletj,
B. Egypt, p. 122 (1872) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 237 ; mime S^
Senders. Lahore to Yark. p. 84 (1873) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn.
p. 67 (1873); Dresser, B. Eur. Hi. p. 513, pi. 164 (1874); Irby,
B. Gibr. p. 104 (1875) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 17 ; Dresser, Ibis,
1876, p. 189 ; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 51 ; Prjev. in Rowley's Orn.
Misc. ii. p. 162 (1877) ; Butler, Str. F. 1877, p. 227 ; Danf. Ibis,
1878, p. 8; Scully, Str. F. 1879, p. 234 ; Irby, Ibis, 1879, p. 344 ;
Finsch, Reis. West-Sibir. p. 40 (1879) ; Bogdanoff, B. Cauc. p. 117
(1879) ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 48 ; Radde, Orn. Cauc.
p. 36 (1884).

Hirundo rupicola, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 781 (1836).

Biblis rupestris, Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 495 (1837) ; Degl. et

Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 597 (1867) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 147 (1869).
Hirundo inornata, Jei-d. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 173 (1844).
Ptyonoprogue rupestris, Reichenb. Syst. Av. pi. Ixxxvii. fig. 6 (1850) ;

Loche, EipL Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 68 (1867) ; Swinh. P. Z. S.

1871, p. 347 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 84 (1873) ; id.
Str. F. 1873, p. - ; Scully, Str. F. 1876, p. 131 ; Fairb. t. c.

110 HIKTJNIIINID^.

p. 254; David ^ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 129 (1877); Butler, Cat.
B. Sind etc. p. 13 (1879) ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 14 (1880).

Cotile rupestris, Gray, Hand-l. ^. i. p. 73, no. 872 ( 1869) ; Butler, Str. F.
1875, p. 453 ; Hume, I. c. ; Wardlaw Bamsai/, Ibis, 1880, p. 48 ; Bid-
duljyh, Ibi^, 1881, p. 47; Gif/lio!i,t. c. p. 192 ; Scully, t. c. p. 427; Dixon,
Str. F. 1882, p. 561 ; Seehohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 22 ; Severtz. t. c. pp. 70,
81 ; Irby, t. c. p. 183 ; Tristr. Faun. <^- Flor. Palest, p. 62 (1884).

Cotyle (Pt'yonoprogne) rupestris, Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 216 (1876).

Adult. General colour above light ashy brown, a little darker on
the head, the rump and upper tail-coverts decidedly lighter ; wing-
coverts and quills dark browu, the inner greater coverts and inner
secondaries paler and more like the back ; tail-feathers dark brown,
all but the two centre ones and the outermost on each side unspotted,
the remainder with a large oval white spot on the inner web ; lores,
cheeks, and ear-coverts dull brown ; uuder surface of body creamy
buff, becoming deep sandy buff on the lower breast and abdomen ;
the chin and upper throat spotted with dusky ; flanks, vent, and
under tail-coverts dull smoky brown, the latter slightly edged with
rufous ; axillaries and under wing-coverts dull smoky brown with
faint rufous margins, more distinct on the small coverts near the
edge of the wing ; quills dusky brown below, more ashy along the
inner web : " bill black ; legs and feet fleshj-, claws dusky ; iris
dark brown " {Scully). Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-4, wing
4-9, tail 2-05, tarsus.'^0-4.

The sexes are alike in plumage.

Young. Differs from the adult bird in being rather darker on the
upper parts ; the feathers on the back and scapulars edged with
dull rufous ; secondaries distinctly edged with white ; upper tail-
coverts margined with dull white ; underparts rather duUer than in
the adult bird. (Dresser.)

Bah. Southern Europe and countries bordering the Mediterranean.
Mountains of JST.E. Africa and Palestine, ranging to the Caucasus
and Central Asia, the Himalayas and Xilghiris ; occurring also on
the mountains of Mongolia and Northern China.

Berne, Switzerland. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Italy. Purchased.

Piedmont, May 7 (Sal- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

vadori).

Cor.sica. J. Whitehead, Esq. [P.].

Salonica. Govild Collection.

Spain. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

" Soto Ababil." Gould Collection.

Taugiers. Gould Collection.

Tangiers. Purchased.

Tangiers. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Near Senafe, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
Feb. 22, 1868.

n. d ad. sk. Gennesareth, March 5, F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

1884 (Tristram). vin, Esqrs. [P.].

o. 2 ad. sk. Ain Fijeh, Palestine F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

(Trktram). vin, Esqrs. [P.].

p,q-S 2 ^^- ^^- Jericho. Canon Tristram [C.].

a.

Ad. sk.

b.

Ad. St.

c.

§ ad. sk.

d.

Ad. sk.

e.

cj ad. sk.

f,

g. Ad.juv.s

h.

Ad. sk.

i.

Ad. sk.

k.

Ad. St.

I.

Ad. sk.

m

. c? ad. sk.

2. COTILE. Ill

r. S ad. sk. Lepsa, Ala Tau, Mav 14. Dr. O. Finsch [0.].

s. $ ad. sk. Kai-ij VaUey, Elbiirz W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

Mountains, Aug. 14,

1872.
t. Ad. sk. Ladakh. Purchased.

u. 2 ad. sk. Gilgit, March 24, 1879. Col. J. Biddulph [C.].
V. Ad. sk. Cashmere {Belleiv). India Museum.

to, X, y. Ad. sk. N.W. India. Capt. Staekhouse PiuwaU

[P.].
s. Ad. sk. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].

(Tvpe of H. inornata.)
a',b'. Ad. sk. Isilghiri HQls. W. Davison, Esq. [P.].

c',d'. Ad. sk. Nep;il. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]-

(Types of H. rujncola.)
e',f. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodr/son). India Museum.

ff'. Ad. sk. Bootan (Ptmbertoii). India Museum.

6. Cotile obsoleta.

Cotyle rupestris (non Scop.'), Riipp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 22 (]84o');

Vierth. Xaum. 1855, p. 471; Heuql. Si/st. Uehers. p. 17 ; E. C.

Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 47 ; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 14 ; Hartm. J.f.O.

1864, p. 387 ; E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 57.
Cotyle obsoleta, Cab. Mits. Rein. Th. i. p. 50 (1850) ; Heuyl. Orn.

N.O.-Afr. i. p. 16.3 (1869) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 301 ; Shelky,

Ibis, 1871, p. 136 ; id. B. Egypt,^. 125 (1872) ; Blanf. Ibis, 1875,

p. 214 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 521, pi. 165 (1875) ; Antin. Mem.

Sac. Geoc/r. Ital. i. p. 183 (1878) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov.

(2) i. p. 249 (1884) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 104 (1884).
Cotyle cahirica, A. E. Brehm, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 452, et Exirah. p. 96 ;

Blasius, Ibis, 1861, p. 295.
Cotyle cachirica, C. L. Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 271.
Cotyle palustris (nee Staph.), Tristr. Ibis, 1867, p. 363 ; Wyatt,

Ibis, 1870, pp. 2, 9, 12.
Cotyle paludicola [nee V.), Tristr. Ibis, 1869, p. 436.
Cotile obsoleta. Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 74, no. 876 (1869) ; Hume,

Str. F. 1876, p. 40 ; Tristr. Faun. ^- Flor. Palest, p. 62 (1884).
Ptionoprogne pallida, Hume, Str. F. 1873, pp. 1, 417 j Blanf. Ibis,

1873, p. 214.
Cotyle (I'tyonoprogne) obsoleta, Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 217 (1876).
Ptyonoprogne obsoleta, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 84 ; Butler, Cat. B.

Sind etc. p. 13 (1879).

Adult. Above very pale greyish brown, dark on the head apd
nape ; ■wing-coverts and quills darker brown, with light edgings to
the feathers ; rump and upper tail- coverts very pale greyish brown ;
tail-feathers light greyish brown, with a white spot on the inner
web of aU the feathers except the two middle and the outer ones ;
chin whitish, unspotted ; throat and breast white, with a very
faint fulvous tinge ; under tail-coverts darker greyish brown, with
faint edgings of pale brown ; axiUaries pale brown ; under wing-
coverts a little darker brown, with rufescent margins ; bill dark
brown ; feet light brown . Total length 5 inches, culm en 0*35,
wing 4-5, tail 2*1, tarsus 0-4.

112

HIBUNDINIDiE.

The sexes arc alike in colouring, and a pair from Palestine
measure as follows : —

Total length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.

a. S ad. Mt. Quarantaaia {H. B. T.) . .4-8 4-55 2-0 0-.35

b. 2 ad. Engedi {H. B. T.) 4-9 4-55 2-15 0-4

Specimens from Baluchistan appear to be identical, and measure
4*5 to 4-(i inches in the wing.

Hah. From S. Arabia to Egypt and Nubia, Palestine, to Baluchi-
stan and Sind.

a. Ad. sk. Fifth Cataract of the Nile.

b, c. Ad. sk. Egypt.

d. Ad. sk. Egypt.

e. Ad. St. Egypt.

f. 5 ad. sk. Engedi, Palestine.

g. S ad. sk. Mt. Quarantania.
h. S ad. sk. Aden, March 10.

i. Ad. sk. Near Gwadar, Baluchistan,

Jan. 23, 1872.
k. (S ad. sk. Jalk, Baluchistan, March

17, 1872.

F. Galton, Esq. [P.].
Sir S. Baker [P.].
Gould Collection.
W. B. Turnbull, Esq. [P.].
Canon Tristram [C.J.
Canon Tristram [C.].
Major Yerbury [P.].
W."T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

3. TACHYCINETA *.

Tachycineta, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 48 (1850) . . . ,
Iiidoprocne, Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 412 (1878) . . .

Type._
T. thalassinus.
T. bicolor.

Tail of Tachycineta thalassinus, showing absence of indentation on outer feather.
Range. The whole of the New World.

Key to the Sjiecies.
a. With a white rump.

a'. With the greater winfj-coverts and secondary

quiUs broadly edged with white albiventris, p. 113.

* The following species has been by many authors referred to the present
genus, but I am unable to identify it : —

Tachycineta maculatus.
Hirondelle a ventre tachete de Cayenne, Bauh. PI. Enl. 546. fig. 2.
Hirundo maculata, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 32 (1783) ; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 58 ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 71, no. 84G.

3. TACHYCINETA. i lo

b'. Grefiter wing-coverts never edged with
white; inner secondaries sometimes nar-
rowly margined (yomig or winter plu-
mage).
a '. Upper surface steel-blue or greenish blue :
^^^ no black spot on fore part of cheeks.
a ". Larger; wing 4-4-'3 inches : supraloral
streak of white broad and distinct
and extending across the base of the

A'" „™'®j^'^'^'i •••••• A leucorrhous, p. 114

b . Smaller ; wmg 3-9 inches : supraloral ' ^

streak smaller and not extendino'

b . Upper surface purplish blue ; a black spot

on the fore part of the cheeks meveni n 1 1 fi

. Rump never white; throat pure white, like ^ ' ^'
^ rest of under sm-face.
c'. Upper surface uniform glossy green ; upper

tail-coverts like the back ^"^ Ucolor nil?

d. Upper tail-coverts bluish green or purplish 'V-'-^i-

contrastmg with the back, which is oily or

bronzy green.

c". Smaller: with a large white patch on

each side of the rump; tail nearly

square ; a white spot above and behind

jii J „ -^ ■ ■ ■,'.', thalassinus, p. 119

d . Larger : no white patch on side of rump ; ^

tail very much forked cyaneoviridis, p. 121.

1. Tachycineta albiventris.

Hirondelle a ventre blaiic de Cayenne, Daubent. PI. Enl. vii. pi. 546.

White-winged SwaUow, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2. p. 577 a78S^
Hirundo albiventer, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 32 (1783 ev DanhLf \ •

Hirundo leucoptera, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1022 (1788^ • nn,h A

(1848) ; Tsckudi, Faun. Peruan. p. 1.32 (1855) i- "'-^

Herse leucoptera, Bp. Co7isp. i. p. 341 (1850)
Petrochelidon leucoptera, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p 49 (1850^
PetoocMidon albiventer, Ca,s. Cat. Hirund. Mus.PhUad. Acad. p. 5

Cotyle leucoptera, Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 143 (1856)
Petrochehdon albiventris, «c/aiJ«-, Ca^. Amer.B.Jll (1862)- id

I'm, T8S,'p 'S '■ '''■' ^''- ^- ^'- PP ''' ^^^\

r -iiP^-^> P- ^ ; ^^- 0>'n- Perou, 1. p. 239 (1884) '

r' Hirundo leucorrhoa, Forbes, Ibis, 1881, pp. 315, 329.

Ad^dt male General colour above glossy steel-blue, rather
greencr^on the back, the hind neck and mantle mottled with white

114 HXRiraDrNID^.

bases to the feathers ; wing-covcrts like the hack ; inner greater
coverts and secondaries blue-black, broadly and conspicuously edged
with white on the outer webs and round the tip ; the bastard- wing,
primary-coverts, and primaries black, glossed with dull steel-blue
externally ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, with
blackish shaft-lines ; longer upper tail-coverts steel-blue ; tail-
feathers blackish glossed with steel-blue, with white bases to the
inner web; lores and feathers below the eye velvety black ; ear-coverts
and sides of neck glossy steel-blue like the head ; cheeks and
entire under surface of body pure white, including the thighs and
under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts and axillaries ; quills dusky
below : " legs greyish brown ; iris greyish brown " (Neuwied).
Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 4, tail 1-9, tarsus 0*45.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 4*8
inches, culmen 0-35, wing 4, tail 1'85, tarsus 0-4. {Mus. Salvin
and Goduian.)

Obs. There does not seem to be much variation in plumage in
this species beyond that the shade of colour on the back varies
between green and blue, and the shaft-lines on the breast are more
distinct in some than in others ; they apparently become obscured
in winter, as is the case with other Swallows of this group. Some-
times the streaks on the rump and upper tail-coverts are very
broad.

Hah. South America, from Southern Brazil, throughout Amazonia,
Peru, Columbia, Ecuador, and Guiana.

«. Ad. st. South America. Lieut. Maw [P.].

b, c. Ad. ; d. Juv. sk. South America. Sclater Collection.

e. (S ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

Guiana, May 8 (H.
Whitely).

f, g. 5 ad. sk. Camacusa, British R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Guiana, May 22 {H.

Jlliitely).

Demerara. Purchased.

R. Oyapock, Cayenne Sclater Collection.

(Jelski).

BrazU. Gould Collection.

Brazil. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Para, Lower Amazons. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].

Upper Amazons. H. W. Bates, Esq. [C.].

Pebas, E. Peru {Haux- Sclater Collection.

well).

r. Ad. sk. R. Amazon. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

2. Tachycineta leucorrhous.

Golondrina rahadilla blanca, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 509 (1802) ; Hartl.

Ind. Azara, p. 19 (1847).
Ilirundo leucorrLoa, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 519 (1817) ;

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 58 (1845) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 144 (185G);

Baird, Rev. Anier. B. p. 301 (1865) ; Scl. ^ Seilv. P. Z. S. 1868,

p. 1^9, 1869, p. 597 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 72, no. 847 (1869) ;

h.

Ad. sk.

i.

Ad. sk.

k.

Ad. sk.

I.

Ad. sk.

m

. Ad. sk.

n,

0. Ad. sk.

P,

q. Ad. sk

3. TACHTCrtTETA. 115

Hudson, p. Z. S. 1872, pp. 606, 845, 846 ; Scl. ^ Salv. Komencl.
Av. Neotr. p. 14 (1873; ; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 185 ; Drirnf. Ihis,
1876, p. 1.58, 1877, pp. 32, 169, 1878, p. 392 ; Gibson, Ibis, 1880,
p.l4; mute,P.Z.S.l682,f.o9G; Tacz. Orn. Perou, i.-p.2-il (1884).

Hii-undo frontalis (nee Q. Sf G.), Gould in Dariu. Vou. ^Beaale,' Birds,
p. 40 (1841).

Herse leucorrboa, Pp. Consp. i. p. 341 (1850).

Peti-oclielidon leucorrhoa, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 48 (1850).

Hirundo g-ouldii, Cass. Proc. Acad. Phi/ad. 1850, p. 69.

Petroclielidon leucorrhoa, Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad.
p. 5 (lS.->-3j ; Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 17, 402.

Hirundo leucopyga, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 61 (1854).

Adult (?) female. General colour above glossy steel-green; lesser
and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts, bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally washed with
green, the inner secondaries margined with white towards the tip
of the outer web and at the end ; rump white, slightly washed
with smoky brown, some of the feathers tipped with dusky brown ;
upper tail-coverts dull steel-green ; tail-feathers blackish with a
slight greenish gloss ; crown of head like the back ; lores velvety
black ; base of forehead white, extending a little backwards above
the lores ; ear-coverts blackish glossed with steel-green ; cheeks
and entire under surface of body white, including the thighs and
under tail-coverts ; flanks and sides of body washed with smoky
brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale smoky brown, the
external coverts slightly mottled with blackish bases; quills dusky
below : " biU, legs, and iris black " (A. Peel). Total length 5-5
inches, culmen 0-35, wing 4-4o, tail 2, tarsus 0-5.

ifab. Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Patagonia ; Peru.

a. 2 imm. sk. Truguay, Aug. 1877. Alan Peel, Esq. [C.J.

5. Ad. sk. La Plata (ifi/f/sow). Sclater Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Brazil (Mus. Hafn.). Sclater Collection.

d. $ad. sk. Cosnipata,Peru,0ct.l(2r.Tf7»Ve/y). Sclater Collection.

3. Tachycineta albilinea.

Petrochelidon leucoptera (wee Gm.), Laivr. Ann. Lxic. N. Y. vii

p. 317 (1861).
Petrochelidon albilinea, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 2 (1863) ;

Sahin, Ibis, 1866, p. 192.
Petrochelidon littorea, Salvin, P. Z S. 1863, p. 189 : Scl. & Salv

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 347.
Hirundo albilinea, Baird, Eerieiv Amer. B. p. 300 (1865) ; Scl. %■

Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 14 (1873); Salv. ^- Godrn. Biol. Centr.-

Anier., Aves, i. pi. xv. fig. 1 (1883).
Tachycineta albilinea, Lnivr. Mem. Best. Soc. N. JS. ii. p. 271

(1874) ; Salv. ^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 235 (1883).
Hirundo albilineata. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 71, no. 845 (1869).
Hirundo leucopygia, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 192 ; id. Orn. Perou, i.

p. 240 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above glossy steel-blue, more or less
inclining to steel-green, the bases to the feathers of the mantle
ashy white ; rump white, with hair-like blackish shaft-lines ;

i2

116 HTRUNDTNTD^.

scapulars like the back ; wing-coverts blackish, externally edged with
steel-blue ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
blackish, with a slight gloss of dull blue or steel-green on their
outer webs ; upper tail-coverts steel-blue ; tail-feathers black with
a steel-blue gloss ; head like the back ; lores and feathers below
the eye velvety black, with a narrow si;praloral streak of white ;
upper half of ear-coverts and sides of neck glossy steel-green;
lower half of ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and under surface of body
pure white ; the long under tail-coverts with remains of blackish
longitudinal streaks near their ends ; the fore neck, breast, and
sides of body rather more ashy than the rest of the under surface
and having narrow dusky shaft-lines ; on the sides of the upper
breast a small patch of steel-green ; axiUaries and under wing-
coverts ashy whitish, with hair-like shaft-lines of dusky brown;
quills below dusky, lighter along the inner webs. Total length 4-8
inches, culmen 0'4, wing 3'9, tail 1"9, tarsus 0"4. (Mus. Salvin and
Godman.)

Obs. The white margins to the inner secondaries, from which this
species derives its name, are either signs of immaturity or winter
plumage. In most Swallows these white edgings are indications of
youth ; but all the specimens as yet examined by me which possessed
this character have been also in winter plumage, which in this species
is not difficult to tell, as the under surface is much whiter than
in the summer plumage, there being much less of the ashy-brown
shade on the breast and sides, while the dusky shaft-hues are almost
entirely obscured.

The winter plumage is more steel-green than the summer dress,
the wearing of the feathers being accompanied by a steel-blue lustre
in the place of the green.

If. alhilmea appears to be a small representative of H. leucorrJioa.
The following characters distinguish it from that species : — Ist,
its smaller size ; 2nd, its greener style of plumage ; 3rd, the
less extended white rump-band, which has alwaj's a dusky shaft-
streak ; 4th, the breast always more or less distinctly streaked with
dusky ; 5th, the white line over the eye not continued across
the base of the forehead.

The young birds of H. alhilinea never show the obscure brown
tips to the rump-feathers which are always a sign of immaturity in
H. leucorrlioa.

Hah. Central America, from Mexico to Panama, and extending to
Peru.

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala (Salvin). Selater Collection.

h. Ad. sk. Panama {McLeannan). Osbert Salvin, Esq.

c. Ad. sk. Panama {McLeannan). Selater Collection.

d. Juv. sk. Chepen, Peru (Stokmann). Selater Collection.

4. Tachycineta meyeni.

Hirundo leucopvga (nee Licht.), Meyen, Nova Acta Aead. L.-C. Nat

Cur. 1834, Siq^il. p. 73, pi. 10.
Petrochelidon meyeni, Bp. Consp. i. p. 48 (1850) ; Cass. Cat. Hirund.

3. TACHYCINETA. 117

Mas. PhUad. Acad. p. 5 (1853) ; Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 40
(1862).
Hiruiido meyeni, Baird, Revieiv Amer. B. p. 302 (1865) ; Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 321, 337 ; id. S^ Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 185 ; Oray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 72, no. 848 (1869) ; Scl. <t Salv. P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 499, & 1878, p. 432 ; iid. Report Voy. ' Challenger,^ ii. Birds, p. 100
(1881).

Adult. General colour above glossy purplish blue, with a broad
white band across the rump ; lesser and median wing-coverts like
the back ; greater coverts blackish, washed with blue externally ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quiUs blackish, with a dull
bluish gloss ; upper tail-coverts purplish blue ; tail-feathers blackish
washed with steel-blue ; lores and feathers below the eye velvety
black, with a very narrow supraloral white line ; head, ear-coverts,
and sides of neck purplish blue like the back ; cheeks and under sur-
face of body white, with a dusky spot at the base of the cheeks ; on
the chest a slight shade of smoky brown ; sides of upper breast brown
with a wash of puqjUsh blue ; sides of body also washed with pale
smoky brown ; axillaries and iinder wing-coverts smoky brown ;
quills dusky brown below, lighter on the inner webs. Total length
5'5 inches, culmen 0'35, wing 4-2, tail 2*1, tarsus 0'45.

Young. Differs from the adult in being duller in colour and
much browner on the head and wings, with narrow ashy-whitish
edges to the inner secondaries ; supraloral white streak more dis-
tinct ; throat tinged with sandy buff ; fore neck and chest mottled
with brown bases, and the centre of the chest with a distinct brown
streak caused by the brown inner webs of some of the feathers ;
gape yellow. (Mas. Salvin and Godman.)

Hah. From Chili and Southern Patagonia to Bolivia.

a. Ad. sk. Cliili. Sclater Collection.

b,c. M.;d. 3uY.sk. Chili. E. C. Eeed, Esq. [C.].

e,/. cJad. ;^. Jimm. sk. Chili (Reed). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

h. Ad. sk. Prov. Colchagua E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(Reed).

I $ ad. ;k,l.S2 jii^- Sandy Point, Straits Voy. H.M.S. 'Challenger

sk. of Magellan .

m. Ad. sk. Bolivia (Brydges). Sclater Collection.

5. Tachycineta bicolor.

Hirundo bicolor, Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. i. p. 61, pi. 31 (1807)
Audiib. B. Amer. pi. xcviii. (c. 1826) ; Swains, and Rie/iards. Faun
Bor.-Ainer., Birds, p. 328 (1831) ; Audub. Orn. Bioc/r. i. p. 49
(1831) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, i. p. 175, pi. 46 (1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 58 (1845) ; Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 46 (1850) ; Wolley, Zool. 1853
p. 3800; Cms. III. B. Calif. ^. 244 (1856) ; Breiver, N. Amer. Ool
p. 100, pi. 4 (1837) ; Neiviun, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 131 ; Baird, Cass., ^
Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 310 (1860) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 4, 1863
p. 64 ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 33 (1863) ; Baird, Review Amer. B
p. 297 (1865) ; id. Ibis, 1867, pp. 273, 275, 289 ; Broion, Ibis, 1868
p. 420; Dall ^ Bann. Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 279 (1869)

118 HIRTTNDINIDiE.

Cooper, B. Calif, p. 106 (1870) ; Harting, Handh. Brit. B. p. 125
(1872); Scl. ^'Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 14 (1873) ; Mmjnard,
B. Florida, p. 72 (1873) ; Baird, Brewer, i.^ Ridqio. Hist. N. Amer.
B. p. 344, pi. 16. fig. 8 (1874) ; B. O. U.List Brit. B. p. 43 (1883)
Hiruudo viridis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. p. 44, pi. .38. %. 3 (1812).
Hirundo leucogaster, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. p. 106 (1817).
Ohelidon viridis, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 971, 1828, p. 316.
Hirundo prasina, Licht. Preis-Verz. mex. Vog. 1830, p. 2; Cab.

J.f. O. 1863, p. 58.
Chelidon bicolor, Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 494 (1837) ; Bp. Comp.

List B. Eur. ^ N. Amer. p. 8 (1838).
Chelidon leucogastra, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 171,
Herse bicolor, Bp. Consp. i. p. 341 (1850).

Tachycineta bicolor. Cab. Mus. Hein. Tb. i. p. 48 (1850) ; Gundl. J.
f. O. 1861, p. 339 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Zool. ii. p. 269 (1871) ;
'Coties, Keii N. Amer. B. p. 113 (1872); id. B. N.-West, p. 86
(1874) ; id. B. Colorado Vail. p. 413 (1878) ; Cory, B. Bahama Isl.
p. 80 (1880) ; Salv. 8f Godin. Biol. Centr.-Anier., Aves, i. p. 235
(1883).
Petrocbelidon bicolor, Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 4
(1853) ; SeJ. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 201, 1859, p. 364 ; id. ^ Salv. Ibis,
1859, p. 13 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 40 (1862).
Iridoprocne bicolor, Coues, Check-list, p. 42 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer.

B. p. 322 (1884).
Hirundo bicolor. Tar. vespertina, Cooper, Amer. Nat. x. p. 91 (187r) j
id. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii. p. 246 (1880) ; Bidyio. Pr. U.S. Nut.
Mm. iii. p. 234 (1880).
Adult male. General colour above glossy steel-blue, greener on
the head, the scapulars like the back ; lesser and median wing-
coverts steel-blue ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills blackish, the former edged and the latter glossed ex-
ternally with steel-blue, duller on the primary-coverts and quills ;
tail-feathers blackish with a steel-blue gloss ; lores and feathers
below the eye velvety black ; upper edge of the ear-coverts and
sides of the neck steel-green like the head ; cheeks, remainder of
ear-coverts, and entire under surface of body white, with a patch
of brown glossed with steel-green on the sides of the upper breast ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts smoky brown, those near the
edge of the wing dull whitish ; quills below dusky brown : " feet
flesh-coloured " (Audubon). Total length 5'3 inches, culmen 0-35,
wing 4-55, tail 2-25, tarsus 0"45.
Adult femcde. Similar to the male.

Adult in ivinter plumage. Exactly like the summer plumage, but
much greener above. In breeding-dress the green appears to get
worn off and exchanged for steel-blue, and the green gloss dis-
appears almost entirely from the sides of the upper breast, which
becomes brown.

Young. Very different from the adults and without metallic
gloss. General colour above sooty or mouse-brown ; the wing-
coverts and quills like the back ; lores blackish ; ear-coverts like
the head ; cheeks, throat, and imder surface of body white ; fore
neck and chest pale mouse-brown, darker on the sides of the chest
and flanks ; gape yellow.

I

3. TACHTCINETA. 119

Hub. The whole of North America from Alaska southwards,
ranging throughout Central America in winter to Guatemala. Cuba.

a. Ad. sk. N.W. America. Capt. Collinson [P.]-

b. Ad. sk. Fort Norman. Sir John Richardson [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Fort Simpson. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.]-

d. S juv. sk. Lake of Woods N. A. Boundary Commis-

(G. Dawson). sion [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Niagara Falls. Gould Collection.
/. <S ad. sk. S. Juan Island. Dr. Lyall [P.].

ff, h. Ad. sk. Sumass Prairie, Brit. N. A. Boundary Commis-

Columbia {J. K. Lord). sion [P.].

i, k. S 2 ad. sk. West side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

Mountains.

I. Juv. sk. Ovster Bay, Long Island, U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

N. Y., Aug. 20 {Roosevelt).

m. (S ad. sk. Beriy Lake, N. Indiana, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Jidy 4 (If. K. Coale).

n. Ad. sk. California. J. Gould, Esq.

o. (S ad. sk. Northern California, June II U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

(C. H. To-wnsend).
p. Ad. st. North America.

q. Ad. sk. North America {Bell). Sclater Collection.

r. Ad. St. Mexico. Purchased.

s. Juv. sk. Mexico. Pm-chased.

t,u. c? 5 ad. sk. Mexico. _ R. B. Sharpe, Esq. IP.].

V. Ad. sk. Mirador, Mexico, June U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

{Dr. C. Sartoi-itis).

w. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection.

6. Tachycineta thalassinus.

Hinmdo thalassina, Sicains. Phil. liar/, new ser. i. p. 366 (1827) ;
Audiib. B. Amer. pi. 385 ; id. Orn. '^Biogr. iv. p. 597 (1838) ; Bp.
Comp. List B. Eur. ^ N. Amer. p. 9 (1838) ; Audub. B. Amer. i.
p. 186, pi. 49 (1840) ; Grmj, Gen. B. i. p. 58 (1845) ; Denmj,
P. Z. S. 1847, p. 38 ; Cass. III. B. Calif, p. 245 (1856) ; Brewer,
N. Amer. Ool. i. p. 102 (1857) ; Baird,'Cass., ^ Lawr. B. N. Amer.

Sci. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 14 (1873) ; Baird, Breiver, Sf

Bidfjw. Hist. N. Amer. B. p. 347, pi. 16. fig. II (1874).
Cecropis thalassinus. Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 499 (1837).
Chelidon thalassina, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 171.

Herse thalassina, Bp. Consp. i. p. 341 ; Cones, Ibis, 1865, pp. 159, 163.
Tachycineta thalassina. Cab. 3Ins. Hein. Th. i. p. 48 (1850) ; Sumichr.

Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 547 (1869); Coues, Key N. Amer. B.

p. 113 (1872) ; id. B. N.- West, p. 86 ; Rid(j2o. Pep. Surv. iOth

Par. iv. p. 443 (1877) ; Cones, B. Color. Vail. p. 419 (1878) ; id.

Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 42 (1882) ; id. Keij N. Amer. B. 2nded.

p. 323(1884).
Petrochelidon thalassina, Cass. Cat. Hirund. PMlad. Mus. p. 5

(18.53) ; 8cl. ^ Salv.Ibis, 1850, p. 13 ; id. if Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 173.
Tachycineta thalassinus, Salv. ^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i.

p. 233 (1883).

Adult male. General colour above dark green with a slight

120 HTI?TJNDrNIDJ5.

bronzy shade, becoming rather more bluish green on the rump
aud mixed with piu'ple on the upper tail-coverts ; on each side of the
rump a white patch ; scapulars green like the back ; wing-coverts
black, the lesser and median series tipped with bluish green ;
greater coverts, bastard-wing, primarj'-covcrts, and quills black,
externallj' glossed with deep indigo ; tail-feathers also black with a
bluish gloss ; crown of head bronzy green : occiput and nape purple,
with a concealed narrow collar of ashy round the hind neck, caused
simply by the grey bases of the feathers ; lores dusky ; feathers
over the eye extending down behind the latter, ear-coverts, cheeks,
sides of face, and entire i;nder surface of body silky white ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries smoky brown with whitish edgings, the
coverts near the edge of the wing and the lower greater coverts
darker ; quiUs dusky brown below, rather more ashy on their inner
edge ; " bill black ; feet brownish black ; iris brown ; mouth pale
yellow" (Co»es). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 4-3,
tail 1-65, tarsus 0-45.

After breeding the plumage gets much worn and the colours
consequently duller, the throat and breast being particularly abraded
aud more ashy. As the purplish lustre disappears from the back,
the latter becomes greener aud the head more oily green, the
last remains of purple being on the nape and hind neck.

Adult female. Distinguished from the male by the colour of tbe
ear-coverts, which, with the spot behind the eye, are dusky brown
with a purplish gloss ; the entire head is likewise bronzy brown with
a purplish gloss, without the oil-green lustre seen in the adult male ;
the checks, throat, and fore neck are also washed with dingy brown.
Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 4-25, tail 0-6, tarsus 0-4.
Adult male in winter plumage (DvLena.s, ; 0. Salvin). Differs from
the breeding-plumage in being entirely bronzy or oil-brown washed
with purple. This purple shade is much more strongly pronounced
than in summer, and the remains of it are noticeable in the descrip-
tion of the breeding-dress, where the purple occiput and hind neck
are alluded to as coutrasting with the crown. The green and purple
shades on the rump and upper tail-coverts are the same in both
seasons, and the under surface and facial markings do not differ.

Young birds are easily recognizable by the broad white tips to
the inner secondaries, and by the general oily-green colour of the
upper parts, with only a slight purplish gloss ; the blue and purple
lustre on the rump and upper tail-coverts is also less developed.
The white on the underparts is somewhat more dingy than in the
adults.

The young male resembles the old female at first as regards the
facial markings, and the white eye-spot and ear-coverts are gradually
assumed. The white tips to the inner secondaries are gradually worn
off, and by March of the succeediug year have nearly disappeared.

Hah. Middle and Western North America, wintering in Central
America as far as Guatemala.

a, h. iS ad. ; c, d. West side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

Juv. sk. Mountains.

3. TACHTCINETA. . 121

e,f- 6 2 ad. sk. Vancouver Island, R. B. Sharpe, Esq fP 1

May 10 {A. Forrer). ^'^ "-■■

ff. 2 ad. sk. Colorado {H. K. Coale). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. \V 1

A.? ad. 8k. Fort Garland, Colorado, U.S. Nat. Museum ,P T

June 5 {H. W. Hen- ^ ^'

shaw).

i. 6 ad. sk. Colorado Springs, Colo- U.S. Nat. Museum TP 1

rado. May 31 {H. W.

Henshaio).

k. d ad. sk. Big Trees, California, Aug. U.S. Nat. Museum TP 1

(Z. Beldituj). '- ■-'■

« ^h^\ ^^ljf°™!^- Hugh Cuming, Esq.

T^^Adsk. California. J. Gould, Esq ^

n. Pull. sk. FortDefiance.New Mexico, U.S. Nat. Museum TP 1

July {R. Ridqway). '" '-'■

o,p. S $ ad. sk. Presidio, near Mazatlan, R. B. Sharpe, Esq TP 1

March 4 (.-1. Forrer). H L -J-

q. 6 ad. sk. Puebla, Mexico, March Gould Collection.

(A. Boucnrcl).

r, s. Ad. St. Mexico. Purchased

t. Ad. sk. Mexico {De Saussure). Sclater Collection.

Tachycineta cyaneoviridis.

Baliama Isl. p. 79 (1880).
Callichelidon cyaneoviridis, Baird, Review Amer. B p 297 dSGS)
Hirundo (GaUichelidon) cyaneoviridis, Baird, Brezver,& RidL Hist

N. Amer. B. i. p. 337, note (1874). ' ^ '

Adult male (Nassau, Bahamas, June 16, 1879 • C B Corv-^
General colour above oil-green with a steel-blue gloss,' the latter more
pronounced on the lower rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts
blackish, externaHy steel-blue or bluish green, the least series greener
and more like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quiUs
blackish, externaUy glossed with steel-blue, the secondaries rather
brighter s eel-blue, and green on their edges ; tail much forked, the
feathers black glossed mth steel-blue ; head and neck like the back

ll. Ki 1 ''^' "^ ^^ 'T^ '^"'^ 'Wer margin of the ear-coverts ]
lores blackish, as also the feathers immediately below the eve •
cheeks ear-coverts, and entire under surface of body white, including
WV ^ ^'^'"^r'r'? 'r*^ '^^"^""' = ^^^^^ °f ^PPe^ breast like the
?on\; ^'o t''^^' }'^'^'- "™ ^""^ ^^'^* ^^^^^" iGory). Total
length 5-9 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 4-6, tail 3, tarsus O-ls.

Differs from r. thahmlnus by its strongly forked tail and larger

tS/'' Iff f "'? '^ *^^ ^^"'^ ^P°*^ ^^"^^ the eye, and in the
totally different colour of the upper parts, in which there is an
absolute absence of any purplish shade.

You.g (Nassau ; C B. Cory). Brown above with a strong lustre
ot oily green a little more pronounced on the back and wino--
coverts ; head and upper tail-coverts more sooty brown, as also the
upper margin of the ear-coverts; cheeks, ear-coverts, and under

122

HIETJNDINID^.

surface of body white, witli a patch of sooty brown on the sides of
the upper breast. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 3-95,
taU 2-2, tarsus 0-45. {Mus. Salvin and Godman.)
Sab. Bahama Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Nassau, Bahamas (C. i>. Cori/). Sclater Collection.

4. PHEDINA.

Type.
Phedina, Bp. Rioist. Contemp., Torino, 1857, p. 4 P. borbonica.

Head of Phedina borbonica, to show the nostrils.
Range, llauritius ; Eeunion ; Madagascar.

1. Phedina borbonica.

Hirondelle de I'isle de Bourbon, Dmibent. PI. Enl. vii. pi. 644. fig. 2.
Wheat S^Yallow, Lath. Gen. Spi. ii. pt. 2, p. 581 (1783, e.v Uauient.).
Hirundo borbonica, Gin. Sy/it. Nat. i. p. 1017 (1788, ex Daubent.) ;

Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 580 (1790) ; Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 58 (1845) ;

Schl. ^- Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. p. 68 (1868) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.

i. p. 71, no. 834 (1869). ■
Cotyle borbonica, Bp. Consp. i. p. 342 (1850).
Phedina borbonica, Bp. Rivist^ Contemp., Torino, 1857, p. 4; £. Neioton,

Lbis, 1861, p. 271 ; Maill. Notes Reunion, p. 162 (1862) ; L. Xeiut.

This, 1862, p. 270, 1863, p. 340 ; Coquerel, Alb. Reun. 1865, pp. 19,

20, fig. 2; Sharpe, P.Z.S. 1870, p. 295; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 45

(1871); A. Sf E. Newt. Ibis, 1876, p. 284; Hartl. Vog. Madag.

p. 63 (1877).

Adidt. Above dark greyish brown, the centres of the feathers
marked down the shaft with a uarrow streak of black, very distinct
on the rump ; wing-coverts dark blackish brown ; quills black above,
greyish underneath ; tail blackish brown above, dark brown beneath,
paler on the inner web ; lores black ; cheeks, sides of the neck and
of the breast greyish brown, with darker shaft-stripes ; rest of the
under surface of the body white, longitudinally striped with dark
brown, the upper part of the breast and flanks somewhat greyish ;
bill black ; feet brown. Total length 5-4 inches, wing 4-65,
tail 2.

Hah. Islands of Mauritius and Eeunion.

a. (S ad. sk. Maiuitius, June 18 {B. Sharpe Collection.

Neicton).

b. Ad. sk. Mam-itius. Sharpe Collection.

c. d. S 2 ^d. sk. Reunion. Pui'chased.

5. HIEPSDO.

123

2. Fhediua madagascariensis.

Progne borbonica (tiec Gm.), Cass. Cat. Hiruncl. Mus. Philad. Acad.
p. 10 (1853).

Pliedina madagascariensis, Hartl. Faun. Madaq. p. 27 (1861) ;
Sharpe,P.Z.S. 1870, p. 295; id. Cat. Afr. ^. 'p. 46 (1871); id.
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 78 ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 65 ( 1877).

Phedina sp., Roch &; E. Keivt. Ibis, 1862, p. 270; £. Newt. Ibis,
1863, p. 340.

Pliedina borbonica, var. madagascariensis, Grandid. in Milne-
Edwards S,- Grandid. H. N. Madag., Ois. pis. 150, 151.

Adult. Above rather pale brownish grey, the shafts of all the
feathers being distinctly marked ; wing-coverts and Cjuills blackish
brown, the latter paler underneath ; tail dark brown, somewhat
lighter on the inner webs ; lores black ; cheeks, sides of the neck,
and breast greyish brown with darker shaft-stripes ; rest of the
under surface of the body white, with thin longitudinal stripes ; the
lower part of the abdomen and under tail-coverts pure white, the
shafts of the feathers only indicated by a narrow line of brown ;
sides of the breast and flanks greyish brown ; bill black ; feet dark
brown. Total length 5-5 inches, wing 4-7, tail 2.

Hah. Madagascar.

a. Ad. sk, Noce Vola, Madagascar

{A. Crossley).

b. Ad. sk. N. Madagascar.

c. Ad. sk. Madagascar.

Sharpe Collection.

Mr. A. Crossley [C.l.
Mr. A. Crossley [C.].

5. HIETJNDO. rj.

Type.

Hirundo, Linn. Sysf. Nat. i. p. 343 (1766) H. rustica.

Chelidon, Forster, Syn. Cat. Br. B. p. 55 (1817) H. rustica.

Cecropis, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 971 H. capensis.

Uromitrus, Bp. Bivist. Contemp., Torino, 1857, p. 4 ... . H. filifera.

Hemicecrops, Bp. torn. cit. p. 4 H. dimidiata,

Lillia, Boie, J.f. 0. 1858, p. 364 H. rufula.

Waldeuia, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 461 H. nigiita.

1

1. Tail of H. rustica, to show indentations on outer feathers. 2. Penultimate
tail-feather. 3. Head ol H. rustica, to show nostrils.

Range. Cosmopolitan,

124

HIEUNDINID-S;.

Key to the Species.

a. Lower back and rump Hue.
«'. Head blue ; forehead rufous.
a". Throat intense rufous.

a'". Larpjer ; winn- 4-5-4'8 inches : tail long in
full-grown birds, and reaching beyond the
tip of the wings ; under tail-coverts rufous

or tinged with rufous rustica and allies,

a. With a complete band of blue-black across [pp. 126, 127.
the fore neck, never broken through with
the rufous of the throat.
a . Underneath light rufous, or whitish

tinged with rufous rustica, p. 128.

/3'. Underneath deep chestnut saviffnii, p. 133.

/3. With no complete band across the fore

neck, the rid^ous of the throat descending

and separating the blue-black colour into

a half-crescent on each side.

y'. Under surface white or slightly tinged

with rufous gutttiralis, p. 134.

8'. Under surface fawn-colour or cinnamon-
rufous ; the throat darker chestnut . . erythrogastra,
e'. Under surface deep rufous, almost as [p. 137.

dark as the throat tytleri, p. 140.

b'". Smaller; vring 4"15-4'2 inches: wing ex-
tending beyond the tips of tail ; no band on
the fore neck.

«^. No white spots on the tail-feathers tahitica, p. 141.

6*. Tail-feathers with white marks on the
inner web.
a'. Under tail-coverts smoky brovra.

a". Spots on tail-feathers small and trans- I javanica, p. 142.

verse ( neoxena, p. 144.

h'^. Spots on tail-feathers very large and
occupying nearly half of the inner

web angolensis, p. 145.

¥. Under tail-coverts white lucida, p. 145.

b". Throat white or pale buff' (young).

c'". Larger ; wing 4'9 inches : with a distinct

black prrepectoral collar cdhigularis, p. 146.

d'". Smaller ; with the prgepectoral collar inter-
rupted in the centre (ethiopica, p. 146.

b'. Entire head blue.
c". Belly white.

e'". Secondaries externally white leucosoma, p. 147.

f". Secondaries like the primaries dimidiata, p. 148.

d'' . Belly blue like the back.

g". Smaller; wing 43 inches: a white patch

on the throat nigrifa, p. 148.

h'''. Larger; wing 4'5 inches: throat blue

like the rest of the under surface atrocceridea, p. 149.

e". Entire under surface chestnut ; under tail-
coverts purplish blue nigrovvfa, p. 150.

e'. Head rufous, forming a cap smithii, p. 150.

h. Rump dusky ; head also dusl^ griseopyga, p. 152,

5. HIEUNDO. 125

c. Rump rufous.
d'. liyad rufous.
/". Larger; wing 6-1 inches: under sui'face nar-
rowly streaked cucullafa, p. 152.

(/". Smaller; wing 4-2 inches: under siu-f ace broadly

streaked pucUa, p. 1.54.

e'. Head blue like the back.

k". With black shaft-streaks to the feathers of
the under surface ; these streaks sometimes
nearly obsolete and hair-like, at other times
coarse stripes.
'". Ground-colour of under surface fulvescent
or whitish.
C. Eump cinnamon-rufous, fading off into
creamy-buff colour, which forms a con-
trasting cross band.

a. Larger ; wing 4-7-5 inches rufula, p. 156.

0. Smaller ; wing 4-5 inches scullii, p. 158.

d\ Rump uniform rufous, not shading off into

paler creamy buff dauHca and allies,

a. tetriations on miderparts emphasized [pp. 158, 159.
and always distinguishable on breast
as well as throat.
a'. Striations on underparts very distinct
and often coarse, extending over the
whole of the lower parts.
a". Stripes on rump nearly obsolete . . \ '^^^rtca,j^. 159.

I nipalensis, p. 160.

/3". Stripes on rump very distinct \japonica, p. 162.

/3'. Striations on underparts very fine and \^tnolata,^. 161.
scarcely distinguishable below the

breast erythroprjgia,

p. btnations on underparts scarcely per- fp. 164

ceptible and only seen on the throat and

chest.

y'. Larger; wing 4-7 inches : below ful-
vescent or pale rufous-buff; under

wing-coverts the same melanoerissa,

b . bmaUer ; wmg 4-4 inches : below silky fp 165

7 m o ^^^\*® ' '^^^^' ^ng-coverts the same domicella, p. 165. '
k . Crround-colour of under sm-face of body
deep chestnut.
a. Larger ; wing 4-95 inches : deep chestnut

underneath, black shaft-streaks obsolete . badia p 166
li. Smaller ; wing 4-55 inches : black shaft-

^^ streaks on under surface distinct hyperythra,-o. 167.

I . Under surface of body plam, without any shaft-
streaks.

r. Smaller; wing less than 5-25 inches : throat
rufous.
a. Larger: darker rufous below, the under

tail-coverts paler rufous or buff semirufa, p. 167

li. Smaller : lighter rufous below ; under tail-

coverts like abdomen gordoni, p. 168

m Larger; wmg 5-7 inches : throat whitish. fp 168

e. ^o white spots on the tail-feathers seneyalemis

/. Distinct white spots on the tail-feathers. . montelri p'l69
</. Ivump metallic green like the rest of the upper , ' ^- ■

sui-tace ; below white \ \ f^'C'irysea ,t^. 170.

I sclateri, p. 171.

126 HlRIJNDINTDiE.

Hirundo rustica and its allies.

The races of Chimney-Swallows are by no means easy to decipher,
and they have been the subject of much discussion in ornithological
works. I recognize five ; and as the series iu the British Museum
is very large, illustrating the ranges of the Chimney-Swallows
in a very complete manner, but few additional remarks will here
be necessary.

Mr. Dresser, in the ' Birds of Europe,' docs not distinguish the
Eastern Chimney- Swallow {H. gutturalis) from H. rustica, and says
thai the latter merges gradually into H. erijthrogastra as it proceeds
eastwards. I think that he cannot have examined a sufficiently
large series of full-plumaged birds from China and Japan (the
breeding-quarters of H. gutturalis), or I believe he would have
recognized what a distinct race it really is.

I say nothing about the probability of hybridization taking
place between the various forms of H. rustica, for at present we have
no positive evidence of such being the case ; but I would draw atten-
tion to the fact that although, in my opinion, H. savignii does not
occur in Palestine, the examples of JI. rustica from that country are
permanently more rufous than those from any part of Europe,
and this may be due to a strain of H. savignii from adjoining
localities. They are, however, always to be distinguished even
from young H. savignii, and are to be matched by specimens from
different parts of Europe.

The same difficulties attend the determination of the Swallows
which winter iu Burmah, where many specimens occur which are
puzzling to the natui-alist. They may be hybrids between the
various races of H. rustica ; and nothing but continued study by
field-naturalists can solve these points in question. It seems to
me that a case of hybridization between U. rustica and H. tytleri
would result in offspring very difficult to distinguish from H.
enjthrogastra.

More recently, in his ' History of British Birds,' Mr. Seebohm has
reviewed the question and recognizes five races. H. rustica, accord-
ing to this author, has a wide summer range in Europe, extending
to the Valley of the Yenesay, but it is said to winter in Africa and
iu " Scinde and West India." My experience is that it shares to a
great extent the winter-quarters of the Eastern Chimney-Swallow,
called by Mr. Seebohm H. rustica var. gutturalis, and it is quite
possible that it accompanies the latter occasionally back to its summer
home. It will be seen from the specimens enumerated below that
there are many places where both races occur together in winter ;
and the Burmese countries appear to be the winter residence of at
least four of the Chimney-Swallows — H. rustica, H. gutturalis,
H. erytlirogastra, and U. tytleri.

Unmistakable specimens of H. rustica occur in collections made
still further to the eastward than Bm-mah ; and I have seen examples
with a complete breast-band from China and the Molucca Islands,
localities where one would expect the H.-gutturalis form to reign

5. niRUNDO. 127

supreme. A curious fact is that there is never any difBculty in re-
cognizing the birds from Japan as unmistakable II. gutturalis with
the breast-band completely divided ; and I have never seen an inter-
mediate or doubtful specimen from the Japanese islands. A parallel
case is known in the Blue E,ock-Thrushes : the most typical
specimens of Monticola solitaria occur in Japan ; and it is not until
China is reached that intermediate forms between it and M. cyanea
are met with, the winter specimens from Burmah and the 3Joluccas
being so thoroughly intermediate as to be accounted for only by the
theory of hybridization of the two forms {cf. Seebohm. Cat. B. v. p. 318).
A similar intermingling of the two races of Chimney-Swallow probably
takes place likewise in the East ; but I do not suppose that the
examples of true H. rustica killed in Europe in the spring of the
year, when the breast-band is often mixed with rufous, show a strain
of H. cpMuralis, but that the admixture of rufous in the breast-band
constitutes a sign of an older bird, at least one of the third year.
Some European examples are quite as white on the breast as typical
H. gutturalis, but can always be distinguished by the perfect
breast-band.

Speaking of H. rustica var. horreoriim, Mr. Seebohm saj-s that it
winters in Burmah, " where it has been re-named //. tytlen." This
is not strictly correct, for although specimens from Lake Baikal are
identical with the North-American bird, and undoubted examples
are in the British Museum from Burmah, yet they cannot be said to
be identical with H. tt/fleri, which is a distinct race, leading on to
H. saviynii of Egypt, which it resembles in its deep chestnut under
surface, whUe it retains the broken breast-band of the H.-gutturalis
and H.-horreorum type. This dark form, H. tytleri, is represented by
fuU-plumaged males from Irkutsk in the British Museum, as well as
from Kamtschatka, while in Ihe Salvin-and-Godman collection are
unmistakable examples from Guatemala and Peru. Thus the range
of II. tytlen is extended far to the north and west of its originally
recorded habitat.

Mr. Seebohm next alludes to the Egj'ptian Swallow as H. rustica,
var. cahirica, of which he gives the habitat as Egypt and Palestine,
and says that it is " probably only subspecificaUy distinct, as inter-
mediate forms frequently occur in Europe." I myself have never
recognized them, although I have examined not only the large series in
the British Museum, but those in the collections of Mr. Seebohm
himself, Canon Tristram, Mr. Dresser, Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay, and
Capt. Shelley. H. savitjnii, as it should be called, is a permanently
chestnut-breasted form with a complete breast-band, and is, in my
opinion, confined strictly to Egypt and Nubia. AJl the supposed
examples of this species collected by Canon Tristram in Palestine
are adult H. rustica, and I have examined many of them. They
can be matched by birds killed in England.

When Mr. Seebohm speaks of H. rustica, var. frontalis, he means
H. neoxena of Gould, the true H. frontalis of Quoy and Gaimard
being from New Guinea and the same as H. javanica of Sparrman. as
has been pointed out by Count Salvadori (Orn. Papuasia, etc. ii. p. 4).

128 HIRUNDINID^.

1. Hirundo rustica.

L'Hirondelle de Cheminee, i^ms. Orn. il p. 486(1760); Daubent.
PL Enl. vii. pi. 543. fig. 1 ; Motitb. Hist. Nat. Ois. vi. p. 591, pi. 25,
fig. 1 (1779).

Hirundo rustica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 343 (1766) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn.
i. p. 427 (1820) ; Roiix, Orn. Provejiq. pi. 141 (1825) ; Werner,
Atlas, Chelidones, pi. 1 (1827) ; Menetr. Cat. rats. Cauc. p. 45
(1832) ; Natmi. Vog. Deutschl. vi. pi. 145. fig. 1 (1833) ; Gould,
B. Eur. ii. pi. 54 (1837) ; Schl. Sf. Susein. Vog. Eur. vi. Taf. 2. fig. 1
(1839) ; Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 558 (1840) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirh.
Eur. p. 196 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Iferid. iii. p. 201
(1840) ; Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 213 (1843) ; Hodgs. lcon._ ined. in
Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 8 (no. 331) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82
(1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 57 (1845) ; id. Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mus.
p. 22 (1848) ; Blijth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 197 (1849, pt.) ; Thomp-
son, N H. Irel. p. 374 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 338 (1850) ; Cah.
Mus. Hein. Tli. i. p. 46 (1850) ; Kjcerh. Datim. Fugle, pi. 14. fig. 4
(1852) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 57 (1854); Horsf. Sr Moore, Cat.
B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 91 (1854, pt.) ; Heioits. Eggs Brit. B. i.
p. 257, pi. 65. figs. 3, 4 (1856) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 17. fig. 5 (c.
1856) ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 35 (1858) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm.
Rich. Orn. p. 307 (1859) ; Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 334; Linderm. Vog.
Griechenl. p. 117 (1860) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl., Anhang, xiii. Taf.
383. fig. 2 (1860) ; Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vog. pi. 6. fig. 4 (1861);
Hartl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 103; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 157 (1862);
Grai/, Cat. Brit. B. p. 33 (1863) ; Filipjn, Viagg. Pers. p. 346
(1805); Bettoni, TJcc. Nidif. Lomb. ii. tav. 30 (lt<ti5-70); Degl. et
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 587 (1867) ; Loche, E.ipl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii.
p. 64 (1867) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 100 (1869); Doderl.
Avif. Sicil. p. 143 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 68, no. 786
(1869); Ketd. Onze Vogels, pi. 10 (1869) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
i. p. 150 (1869) ; Godman, Azores, p. 341 (1870) ; Godw.-Aust.
J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 94 (1870) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. Taf. 2.
fig. 4 (1870) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 305 ; id. <^ Dresser, t. c.
p. 244 ; Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 306 ; Blanf. Geol. ^ Zool. Abyss.
p. 347 (1870) ; Finsch Sf Hartl. Vog. Ostafr'.^p. 134 (1870) ; P. G)-ay,
B. W. Scotl. p. 205 (1871) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 351 ; Sahad. Faun.
Ital, TJcc. p. 51 (1871) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 45 (1871) ;
Harting, Handb. Br. B. p. 35 (1872); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872,
p. 418 ;' Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 50 (1872) ; Shelley,
B. Egypt, 1872, p. 120 ; Godm. Ibis, 1872, p. 61 ; Antin. 8f Sahad.
Viagg. Bogos, p. 72 (1873); Hengl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. App. p. Iv
(1873) ; Hume 8f Henders. Lahore to Yark. p. 176 (1873) ; Severts.
Turkest. Jevotn. p. 67 (1873) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. pl. 5 (1873) ;
Htime, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 72 (1873) ; id. Sir. F. 1873,
p. 164; Adam, t. c. p. 370; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 155; Saxby,
B. Shell, p. 147 (1874) ; Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche, p. 9 (1875) ;
Reichen. J.f. O. 1875, p. 21; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 67; Newton,
t. c. p. 272 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 477, pl. 160. fig. 1 (1875) ;
Blyth Sf Wald. B. Btirm. p. 126 (1875) ; Harting, Swnmer Migr.
p 170 (1875) ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 103 (1875) ; Fallon, Ois.
Belg. p. 123 (1875) ; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 451 (pt.) ; Butler, I. c;
Brooks, t. c. p. 230 ; Brooks, Sir. F. 1876, p. 254 ; Sharpe 8)- Bouv.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 37 (1876) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 424 ;
Barratt, t. c. p. 202 ; Blatif. East. Pers. ii. p. 215 (1876) ; Finsch,
Ibis, 1877, pp. 50, 57 ; Davidson ^ Wend. Str. F. 1878, vol. ii.
p. 76; Ball, t. c. p. 202 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 587 (1879) ; Fischer

5. HIRTTNDO. 129

Sf Reichen. J. /. O. 1879, p. 344; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 16;

Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 84; Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 115 (1879); Butler,
Cat. B. Siml ^c. p. 12 (1879) ; id. Cat. B. Bomb. Pres. p. 13 (1880) ;
Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 48 ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 43 ;

Neioton, cd. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 340 (1880) ; Collett, Norges Fugle,

p. 286 (1881) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 565 ; Giglioli, Blench.
Ucc. Ital. p. 64 (1881) ; Biddulph, Urn, 1881, p. 47 ; Scully, t. c.

p. 427; Feilden, in Markham's Polar Reconn. p. 338(1881); Rcid,

Str. F. 1881, p. 16; Davidson, Str. F. 1882, p. 292; Butler,

Feilden, ^- Raid, Zool. 1882, p . 251 ; B.O.U. Lid Br. B. p. 42 ( 1883 ) ;

Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 302 (1883, pt.) ; Davison, Str. F. 1883,

p. 346; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 171, pi. 17 (18S3) ; Sharpe,

ed. LayardJs B. S. Afr. p. 362 (1884) ; Tristr.Faun.^- Flor. Palest.

p. 61 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 36 (1884) ; Salvad. Ann. Mas.

Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 120 (1884) ; Hurray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind,

5. 102 (1884).
Chimney Swallow, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 561 (1783).
Hirundo domestica, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 528 (pt., 1811) ;

Swinh. Ibis, 1804, pp. 414, 420 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 10 ; Severtz.

Turkest. Jevotn. p. 67 (1873).
Chelidon prome, Forst. Syn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 55 (1817).
Ceci'opis rustica, Boie, Isis, 1826, p.971, et 1844, p. 174 ; Less.Compl.

Buff._ viii. p. 498 (1837).
Cecropis pagorum, C. L. Brehm, Vog, Deutschl. p. 138 (1831) ; id.

Naum. 1855, p. 271.
Cecropis stabulorum, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 271.
Hirundo cahirica (nan Licht.), Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 26 (1857);

Cass. Proc. Acad. N. Sci. Philad. 1859, p. 32 ; Bias. Naum. 1859,

p. 254; Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 103; Tristr. Ibis, 1862, p. 278;

Gurney, Ibis, 1866, p. 423 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1867, p. 361 ; Loche,

Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 67 (1867) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 396;

Salvad. Ibis, 1870, p. 153 ; Saunders, t. c. p. 299; Ehves ^ Buckley,

t. c. p. 200.
Hirundo boissoneauti (mc Temm.), Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 119

(1860); Kriqier, J.f. O. 1860, p. 281.
Hirundo saviguii {luc And.), Tristr. Ibis, 1864, p. 230.
Hirundo rustica orientalis (nee Schl.), Wright, His, 1864, p. 57.
Hirundo riocouri (nee Aud.), Gurnexi,jun., Ibis, 1866, p. 423.
Chelidon rustica, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 31 (1882).

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. General colour above glossy
purplish blue, the mautle slightly varied with white bases to the
feathers ; ou the sides of the lower back a tuft of silkj' white plumes,
some of which are edged with black ; lesser and median wing-coverts
like the back ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, aud
quills black, externally glossed with purplish blue, with somewhat
of a steel-green appearance on some of the feathers ; tail-feathers
blackish, washed with steel-green, all but the centre feathers with
a large rounded spot of creamy white on the inner web, becoming
longer and more oblique on the outer feathers; head like the back, the
nape varied with white bases to the feathers ; forehead deep rufous;
lores deep black ; ear-coverts and feathers below the eye purplish
blue ; cheeks and thi-oat deep rufous, separated from the breast by
a broad collar of glossy purplish blue, slightly interspersed with a
few rufous bars on the centre of the collar ; fore neck and remainder
of under surface pale rufous-buff, a Little deeper on the vent and

VOL. X. K

130 HIRUNDIKID^.

under tail-coverfcs, the longest of the latter with a terminal spot
of black, represented on some of the others by a blackish shaft-line ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts like the breast, the former a little
deeper in colour ; quills blackish below ; bill black ; feet black ; iris
dark brown. Total length 7"3 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 5*05,
tail 4, tarsus 0'5.

Adult female. Very similar to the male in colour, and having,
when old, the same rufescent tint on the breast, but generally rather
paler below and having a somewhat shorter tail. Total length
6-6 inches, culmen 0'35, wing 4-65, tail 3-3, tarsus 0-5.

The black spot on the under tail-coverts is often shot away ; it
seems to narrow with age so as to become only a broad centre streak.
It is only a spot in the younger birds.

Old birds are apparently much more rarely shot than young ones
in their winter home, and are seldom seen in collections. Canon
Tristram has a female from JS^atal, shot before the moult, with the
long outer feathers of the adult bird ; the upper plumage has worn
to a bronzy shade, in the midst of which the new blue plumage is
appearing. The forehead and throat do not bleach so perceptibly as
in young birds.

Obs. Everything seems to prove that only the very old birds
have the rufescent breast in spring, for I have before me several
males killed in spring-time, which are very pale underneath and
have perfectly defined black collars on their throats, whereas in the
rufous-breasted specimens the centre of the black collar has rufous
bars which break the continuity of the black collar, which is always
more perfect in the birds with a white breast.

It is somewhat curious that the nestling birds approach the very
old birds in their coloration, being not only of a pronounced ru-
fescent colour underneath, but having also the black collar edged
with rufous on some of its feathers.

On leaving the nest the young Swallows, especially the birds of
the first brood, lose this rufescent tint rather quickly and become
bleached, the forehead turning to white with exposure, and the
throat fading to a pale tawny buff or white. The upper surface of
the body becomes gradually browner and loses the blue altogether.

The change of plumage generally takes place after the birds have
left England ; but I have seen one specimen, killed at the end of
August, which had begun to assume its new plumage on the throat,
putting on the bright rufous throat of the second season. The fore-
head is bleached to white. These changes generally take place
during the Swallow's sojourn in its winter home, in the months of
January and February, and it is very rare to see a commencement
of the change in England.

Nestling. More dusky than the adults, and not so glossy or so
purple ; rufous frontal mark very small ; cheeks and throat dark
rufoiis ; remainder of i;nder surface clear rufescent, separated from
the throat by a broad black band washed with rufous.

In the full-grown young bird the outer tail-feathers have greyish-
white edges to the outer webs, and there are light rufescent margins
to the feathers of the lower rump and upper tail-coverts.

5. HIETJNDO.

131

TIah. In summer all over Europe, extending as far east as the
valley of the Yen-e-say, and even to Mantchuria and China. In
winter it visits India, China, the Burmese countries, and the Malayan
peninsula, and extends aU over Africa.

a. Juv. sk.
h-f. Juv. St.

g. d ad. sk.

h. Ad. sk.

i. d ad. sk.

k. d juv. sk.

I. 2 juv. sk.
m. Ad. sk.

n. 5 juv. sk.

o. Var., sk.

p. d ad. sk.
9)^- d 2 juv. sk.
s, t, u. Pull. sk.

V, to. d ; X. 2 ad.

sk.
y, 3. d ad. sk.

a', V, c'. Imm. sk.
d'. d ad. sk.
e'. Var., alb. st.
f, ff\ h'. Ad. sk.
i'. Var., alb. st.
Ti', V, d ad. sk,

m'. Ad. sk.
n'. Juv. sk.
o'. 5 ad. sk.
p', q'. Juv. sk.
r', 2 ad. sk.
a', d ad. sk.

t'. 2 ad. sk.

u'. 2 ad. sk.

»', w'. c?ad. ; x'.

2 ad. sk.
y'. d ad. sk.

z'. d ad. sk.

a> ^; y- d ad. sk.

British Islands.
Leicestershire.

Oxfordshire (P, i.

Sclater).
Hampstead, Middlesex

(O. «.).
Near London, end of

April.
Kingsbury, Middlesex,
Sept. {E. Barilett).
Cookham, Berks, Aug-.
Plumstead, Kent, April

10 {11. Whitely).
Plumstead, Kent, Sept.

(H. Jlliitely).
Westerham, Kent, May

22 {H. Uniitely).
Eomney Marsh, Aug. 31.
Romuey Marsh, Sept. 11.
Hassock's Gate, Sussex,
Jime {H. Swaysland).
Lancing, Sussex, April

{H. Swaysland).
Lancing, Sussex, May

{H. Sicaysland).
Brighton, Sussex, Oct. 10.
I'agham, Sussex, Sept. 3.
Pagham, Sussex, Sept.
Surrey, spring.
Hayling Island.
At sea. North Atlantic,

April 28, 1876.
Nice, May 29.
Vienna.

Florence, Italy, May 1.
Florence, June.
Piedmont, April 1.
Porto S. Giorgio,
Marche, April 15.
Teneriffe, March 26,

1871 {F. D. G.).
Teneriffe, April 3 (F.

D. G.).
Tiberias, Palestine.

Erzeroum (Dickson and

Soss).
Jalk, Baluchistan,

INIarch 1872.
Candahar, Feb. 3, 1881.

Gould Collection.
Theodore Walker, Esq.

Gould Collection.

F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].
Gould Collection.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P '

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
J. E. Harting, Esq. [C.j.
Gould Collection.
A. Miller, Esq. [P.].
Voy. H.M.S. 'Challenger.'

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. rP.l
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.t
Prof. Giglioli [P.].
Prof GigHoli [P.].
Coimt Salvadori [P.].
Count Salvadori [P.].

F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].
F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [PJ.
Canon Tristram [C.].

Gould Collection.

W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

Col. Swinhoe [P.].
k2

132

HIRtTNDINID^.

8. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

f. 2 ad. sk.

T], e. Ad. sk.
t, K. c? ad. sk.
X. c? ad. sk.
ft. (S ad. sk.
V. S ad. sk.
^, o. Ad. sk.

TT. Ad.; p. Juv. sk.

0-. Ad. sk,

T. Ad. sk.

V. 5 ad. sk.

(f). Ad.; x-Juv. sk.

i/a. 5 imm. sk.

a>. Imm. sk.
a, 8'. Ad. sk.
■y'. c? ad. sk.
8'. Ad. sk.

e'. c? ad. sk.

C'. Ad. sk.
77'. Ad. sk.
6'. Ad. sk.
i'. Imm. sk.
K. Ad. sk.

X', ix'. Imm. sk.
j;'. cJ ad. sk.

^', o'. Ad. sk.

7r'. Imm. sk.
p'. Ad. sk.

o-', t'. Imm. sk.

v'. Ad. sk.
(j)'. Ad. sk.

;('-a". Ad. sk.
/3"-C". Juv. sk.
»;". c^ ad. sk.

6". Ad. sk.
i"-\". Imm. sk.

;ii". Ad.; v". Juv.

sk.
^", o". Imm. sk.

tt", p", 0-". d ad.

Afghanistan (Griffith).
Cahul {Griffith).
Sehwan, Scinde, Jan. 31

(A. O. Hume).
Scinde (Dr. H. Gould).
Gilgit, Marcli 29.
Gilgit, Mav 24.
Boouji, Gilgit, May 27.
Cashmere, April 30.
N.W. Himalayas.

Nepal.

Nepal {Hoilgson),

Darjiling.

Behar.

Deccan (St/kes).

Quilon, Travancore,

Feb. 28.
Nicobar Islands.
Assam (McClelland).
Pegu, July 31, 1879.
Tenasserim.

Thoungyeen Valley,

Tenasserim, Oct. 14.
Malacca (Cantor).
Batchian.
Philippines.
Dumalon, Mindanao.
Amoy, March 14

(Sivinhoe).
Amoy (Swinlioe).
Gulfof Abrek,lat.43°N.

(Doerries).
VladiovstockjMantchm'ia

(Dj/howski).
CapeVerde, Senegambia.
Wasa, Gold Coast.

Connor's Hi 11, CapeCoast

(Ussher).
Accra (Smith).
Landana, Congo, Aug.

(Petit).
Cape Town (Lai/ard).
Cape Town (Laijard).
Knysna, Jan. 2 (An-

dersson).
Natal.
Pinetown, Natal, March

(T. L. Aijres).
Potchefstroom, Trans-
vaal.
Delagoa Bay (Mrs. Mon-

teiro).
Tati, Matabele, Oct. 17,

1874 (F. Gates).

India Museum. "
India Museum.
E. W. Gates, Esq.

India Museum.
Maior J. Biddulph [C.].
Major J. Biddulph [C.].
Major J. Biddulph [CI.
Major J. Biddulph [C.].
Capt. Stackhouse PinwiU

rc.].

B.^H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

India Museum.

Gould CoUection.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

India Museum.

F. W. Bourdillon, Esq.

[C.].
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
India Museum.
E. W. Oates, Esq. [CI.
J. C D. Packman, Esq.

[P.].
Capt. C T. Bingham [P.].

India Museum.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [CI
Hugh Cuming, Esq. [CJ.
Prof. Steere [C].
Gould Collection.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

M. L. Laglaize [C].
Capts. Biu'ton and Came-
ron [P.].
Sharpe CoUection.

Sharpe Collection.
Sharpe Collection.

Sharpe Collection.
Sharpe Collection.
Sharpe Collection.

Sharpe Collection.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

F. A. Barratt, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

W. E. and C G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].

5. HiKirNDO. 133

t". Jut. sk. Walwisch Bay, Damara Sharpe Collection.

Land, Dec. 1^3, 1863

{€'. J. Andersson).
v". (S ad. sk. ZouUa, Abyssinia, June W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.1

12, 1868.
^". 2 ad. sk. Anseba Valley, Aug. 6, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

v". Q juv. sk. MashaUut Pass, Bogos, W. T. Blanford, Esq. rCl.

July 13, 1868.
V'". 2ad.sk. Red Sea, Oct. 13, 1873. Howard Saunders, Esq.

[P.].

Subsp, a. Hirundo savignii.

Hirundo savignii, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. p. 90 (1817) ; Dubois, Ois.

Eur. pi. 34 (c. 1862) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 473, pi. 160. fig-. 2

(1875) ; B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 42 (188.3).
Hirundo cahirica, Licht. Verz. Doithl. p. 58 (1823) ; Gray, Gen. B.

1. p. 57 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. .328 (1850) ; Cass.Cat.Hirund. Mus.

Phil. Acad. p. 2 (1852) ; Bp. Rivist. Contemp., Torino, 1857, p. 4 ;

Blasius in Naxim. Vog. Deutschl., NacMraq, p. 307, Taf. 383. fig. 1

(1860) ; Ayitin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 26 (1864) ; Allen, Ibis, 1864,

p. 237 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1866, pp. 237, 336 ; Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 56 ;

Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. 1. p. 589 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 68, no. 789 (1869); JSeiiyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 152 (18C.9);

Fritsch, Vog. Eur. Taf. 23. fig. 1 (1870) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.

iv. App. p. Ivi (1873).
Hirundo riocouri, Atulouin, Descr. de VEgypte, p. 270, pi. 4. fig. 4

(1825) ; Cab. Mus. Heiti. Th. i. p. 46 (1850) ; Cass. Cat. Hirund.

Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 2 (1853) ; Sharpe ^- Dresser, P. Z. S. 1870,

p. 247 ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 305 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 12 ; Shelley, B.

Egypt, p. 519 (1875) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1875, p. 519.
Cecropis savignii, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 316.
Hirundo castanea, Less. Traife dOrn. p. 268 (1831).
Hirundo boissoneauti ; Temm., Schl. ^ Susem. Vog. Eur. vi. Taf. 2.

fig. 2 (1839); Temm. Man. d' Om. iv. p. 652 (1840); Linderm.

Vog. Griechenl. p. 119 (1860).
Hirundo rustica, var, orientalis, ScU. Rev. Crit. p. xviii (1844) ;

Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 14.
Cecropis riocouri, Rilpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 22 (1845) ; Seugl. Syst.

Uebers. p. 16 (1856).
Cecropis boissoneauti, E. Brehm, J. f. O. 1853, p. 452.
Cecropis cahirica, C. L. Brehm, Nautn. 1855, p. 271.
Hirundo rustica orientalis, Temm. 8f Schl. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 32

(1850) ; Leith Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 14.
Hirundo rufa (wee Gm.), Sivinh. Ibis, 1864, p. 414.
Hirundo boissoneauti latirostris, A. E. Brehm, Verz, Samml. C. L.

Brehm, p. 3 (1866).
Hirundo boissoneauti microrhynchos, A. E. Brehm, t. c. p. 3 (1866).
Hirundo boissoneauti minor, A. E. Brehm, t. c. p. 3 (1860).
Hirundo rustica, var. cahirica, Doderl. Aiif. Sicil. 1809, p. 144.
Hirundo rustica, var. savignii, Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 85 (1875).
Ohelidon savignii, SteJ7i. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 31 (1882).

Achdt male (Egypt, March 13, 18G8). General colour above deep
purplish blue, the hind neck and mantle slightly varied with the
rufous-white bases to the feathers ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills

134 HntTTNDlNID-i:.

blackish, externally washed with dull steel-blue ; tail-feathers blackish
glossed with dull steel-green, with a large ovate spot of rufous or
rufous-white on the inner web, more elougated in shape on the long
outer feather; crown of the head like the back, with a frontal band
of dark chestnut ; lores and feathers below the eye black ; ear-
coverts blue-black ; entire under surface of body deep chestnut, the
throat richer in colour and separated from the breast bj' a broad
band of deep purplish blue across the fore neck ; under tail-coverts,
under wing-coverts, and axillaries like the breast ; quills dusky
below. Total length 6"4 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 4-5, tail 3-6,
tarsus 0*4.

The specimen from Girgeh, killed in March, is of a more intense
chestnut than any other I have seen ; the rufous bases to the dorsal
feathers are strongly pronounced, and foim a very conspicuous
feature in the species.

Hah. The valley of the Nile.

a. S ad. sk. Egypt, March 13, 1868. Capt. G. E. Shellev [P.].

h. Ad. sk. Egjpt. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. ; d. Juv. sk. Minieh, May 12, 1875. J. H. Guruey, Esq., Jun.

[P.].
e. Ad. sk. Girgeh, Upper Nile {H. Gould Collection.

Clarke Hawkshmc).

Subsp. /3. Hirundo gutturalis.

L'Hirondelle d'Antigue, Sonn. Voy. Kouv. Guin. p. 118, pi. Ixxvi.
a776).

L'Hirondelle d"Antigue a gorge couleur de roiulle, Month. Hist. Nat.
Ois. vi. p. 607 (1779).

Panayau Swallow, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 565 (1783).

Hirundo guttiu-alis, 8cop. Del. I'lor. et Faun. Insttlr. ii. p. 96 (1786) ;
Tetnm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 427 (1820) ; Gray, Ge)i. B. i. p. 57 (1845) ;
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. il7 (1847) ; Gray, Cat. Fissir. Brit.
Mm. p. 22 (1848) ; Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 46 (1850) ; Cass. Cat.
Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 1 (1853) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1860,
p. 365; Sidnh. Ibis, 1860, pp. 48, 429, & 1861, p. 30; Jerd. B.
Ind. i. p. 157 (1862, pt.) ; Siviiih. Ibis, 1863, p. 255, 1867, p. 411,
& 1870, pp. 90, 240 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 351 ; Wald. Tr. Z. S.
viii. p. 65 (1872) ; Dyboicski, J.f. O. 1872, p. 361 ; Salvad. Ucc.
Born. p. 125 (1874) ; Sivinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 151 ; Salvad. Ann.
Mus. Civic. Genov. ix. pp. 55, 64 (1876) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, ii. p. 133 (pt., 1876) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1876, p. 331 ; If?<wie,
Ibis, 1876, p. 286, & 1877, p. 17 ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 545,
694 ; Wald. Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 184 (1877) ; Prjev. in Dawson Rowhi/s
Orn. Misc. ii. p. 160 (1877) ; David ^ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 124
(1877, pt.) ; Hume ^ Davis. Sir. F. 1878, p. 41 ; Cripjis, &tr. F.
1878, vol. ii. p. 256; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 490
(1879) ; 3Ieyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 128 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 47, 84 ;
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 344 ; Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 48 ; Hume,
t.c. p. 245; Tweedd. Report Voy. ^ Challenger,^ ii. p. 48 (1881);
Sclater, t.c. p. 116(1881); Kelhani, Ibis, 1881, p. 372 ; Salvad.
Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 1 (1881) ; Blakist. 8^ Pryer, B. Japan,
p. 139 (1882).

5. HIEUNDO. 135

Hirundo panavana, 0?«. Sysf. Nat. i. p. 1018 (1788) ; Moore, P. Z. S.

1854, p. 2Gi ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 91

(1854). _
Hirundo jewan, St/kes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 83 ; Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi.

p. -231 (1840),
Hirundo rustica (non L.), Meyen, Nova Acta Acad. C<es. Leop.-Car.

Nat. Cur. Stippl. Taf. 10. fig. 1 (1834) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As.

Soc. p. 197 (1849, pt.) ; Temm. Sf Schl. Faun. Japon., Aves, p. 31

(1850) ; Su-inh. Ibis, 1861, pp. 254, 328, & 1863, p. 89 ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1863, p. 217 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 68, no. 786 (1869, pt.) ; Holdsio.

P. Z. S. 1872, p. 418 ; SJiarpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. i.

p. 328 (1876) ; Anderson, Zool. Yun-7uin Exped., Birds, p. 649

(1878) ; Blakist. 6r Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 320 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm.

i. p. 302 (1883).
Cecropis payana, Less. Compl. Bvff. viii. p. 498 (1837).
Cecropis jewan. Less. t. c. p. 499 (1837) ; Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 174.
Cecropis rusticoides, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 174 {ex Kuhl, MS.).
Cecropis panayana, Boie, t. c.
Hirundo javanica {non Sparr?>i.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 338 (1850) ; Bemst.

J.f. 0. 1859, p. 267; Blakist. Ihis, 1862, pp. 315, 316; Whitely,

Ibis, 1867, p. 196 ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 405.
Hii-undo fretensis, Goidd, Hanclb. B. Avstr. i. p. 110 (1865) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 70, no. 815 (1869) ; Digyles, Orn. Aiistr. text to

pi. 22 (c. 1870).
Hirundo frenata (lapsu cal.), Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 336 ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 70, no. 816 (1869).
Hirundo andamanensis, Tytler ^- Beav. Ibis, 1867, p. 316; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 68, no. 791 (1869) ; Ball, Str. F. 1873, p. 65;

Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 155, & 1876, p. 286.
Hirundo rustica, var. guttm-alis, Seebohn, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 171

(1883).

Adult male. General colour above glossj- purplish blue, streaked
■with the white bases to the feathers of the mantle ; ■wing-coverts
like the back : bastard-^wing, primary-coverts, and quUls blackish,
■washed externally -with glossy blue ; tail-feathers blackish ■washed
■with blue, all but the centre ones ■with a large oval spot of ■white on
the inner ■web, becoming an oblique patch on the outermost feather;
forehead dark chestnut ; lores blackish ; ear-coverts purplish blue ;
cheeks and entire throat chestnut ; the sides of the fore neck purplish
blue, the collar not complete, but slightly broken -with a fe^n' blue
spots on the feathers ; remainder of under surface from the chest
down^wards ■white, including the thighs and under tail-coverts, the
flanks ■with a very faint tinge of smoky bro^wn ; axillaries and under
■wing-coverts pale smoky bro-wn, the outer edge of the ■wings mottled
■with dusky bases to the feathers ; quills dusky below : '■'• bill black ;
feet bro^wn ; iris black" {David). Total length 6' 7 inches, culmen
0"35, ■wing 4-6, tail 3"4, tarsus 0-5.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length
6-2 inches, culmen 0-4, ■wing 4-7, tail 3, tarsus 0-45.

06.5. If one accepts the broken pectoral collar as the best sign of
distinction bet^ween H. guiturulis and B. rustica, it ■will be found to
be so only in the majority of specimens, and by no means invariably ;
in fact there is as much variation ■with H.gutturulis in the direction

136

HIRTTNDINID^.

of a complete collar on the fore neck as there is in //. rustka in that
of a broken collar.

Again, although the majoritj^ of H. g^^tturalis have a white under
surface, still this is not an unfailing character of the Eastern race ;
for many undoubted examples are rufescent below, although there is
never such a decided tint of rufous as in fuU-plumaged H. rnstica.

Young birds from Amoy are not to be distinguished from the
young of H. rnstica from England ; and one in Mr. Seebohm's col-
lection has quite as broad a collar as any English specimen.

Mr. Seebohm's specimens from Krasnoyarsk belong : — a male,
killed in June, to true H. ruslica ; a second, killed in May, more to
H. gutturalis, but having an almost complete bar across the fore
neck ; the young bird killed in August partakes more of the H.-
gutturalis type, as does also another young male killed in July.

Hah. Breeds in North-eastern Asia, ranging south in winter to
South China, the Burmese countries, and Malayan peninsula, straying
more rarely into India ; occurs also in winter throughout the Indo-
Malayan and Austro-Malayan subregions, and occasionally reaches
the north coast of Australia.

ft, &. cJ 2 ad. sk.
c. Juv.; d. Ad.sk.
e,f, (J. Ad. sk.

h. Ad. sk.

i, k. Ad. ; I, m, n.

Juv. sk.
0. Ad. sk.

p. Ad. sk.
g. Juv. sk.
r. Ad. sk.

s. Imm. sk,
t. Ad. sk.

u. Ad. sk.
V. 2 ad. sk.
w, a: Juv. sk.
y. Ad. sk.

z. Ad. sk.
a'. Ad. sk.
b'. Ad. sk.
c'. Ad. sk.

d'. (S imm. sk.
e'. c? ad. sk.

/. Juv. sk.
ff'. Ad. sk.
h'. S ad. ; i', k'.
Juv. sk.

Yokohama.

Japan.

" At sea, south of Yoko-
hama, April 7, 1875."

Amoy, June 1866 {R.
Sioinhoe).

Amoy.

Amoy, China, April 1861

(It. Sivinhoe).
Foi-mosa (-R. Swinhoe).
Formosa (-R. Swinhoe).
N.W, India.

N. India.

Kajkote, Kattiawar, Nov.

13, 1871.
Kamptee, C. India.
Mhow, Oct. 15.
Java {Horsfield) .
Deccan (^Sykes).

Madras.

Assam {McClelland).
Bootan {Peviberton).
Bhamo, Native Burmah,

Feb. 2, 1868.
Pegu, Feb. 19, 1881.
Payag-ale, Pegu, Feb. 23,

1878.
Pegu, July 31, 1879.
Tenasseriiu {Heifer).
Thoungyeen Valley, Ten-

asseiim.

Prof. Milne [C.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Voy. H.M.S. ' Challenger.'

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Gould Collection.

Gould Collection.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Capt. Stackbouse Pinwill

India Museum.

Maj or J. Hayes Lloyd [P.].

Dr. B. Hinde [P.].
Col. Swinhoe [P.].
India Museimi.
India Museum. (Type of

H.jetcan.)
Gould Collection.
India Museum.
India Museum.
Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].
E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.J.

E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

India Museum.

Capt. C. T. Bingham [P.].

5 HIRTJNDO.

I', d ad. sk.
m',n'. Ad. ; o'. Juv.

sk.
p'. Ad. sk.
g'. Ad. sk.
>•'. Ad. sk.
s'. Ad. sk.
i!'. Ad. sk.
u'. Imm. sk.
v'. Imm. sk.

w'. Ad. sk.
^''j »/'• c? ? ad. sk.
z'. c? imm. sk.
a,l3,y. d; d. 2

ad. sk.
f. 5 ad. sk.
C Juv. sk.
I?, c? imm. sk.

Malacca.
Malacca (Cantor).

Penang (Canto7-).

Java.

Java.

Sumatra.

Labuau.

Borneo.

" Between the Moluccas

and tlie Philippines,

Oct. 21, 1874."
Celebes.
Batchian.
Gilolo.
Bourou, Dec. 7, 1882.

Amboina, May 18, 1882.

Pelew Islands.

N. coast of Australia, Oct.

18, 18G0 (i>r. F. M.

Mayner).

137

A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
India Museum.

India Museum.

Gould Collection.

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Hugh Low, Esq. [C.].

Zoological Society.

Voy. H.M.S. 'Challenger.'

Gould Collection.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. rC.l.
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [CI.
H. 0. Forbes, Esq. [P.].

H. 0. Forbes, Esq. rP.l.
Mr. Cohen [C.].
Gould Collection. (Type
of H. freteiuis.)

Subsp. y. Hirundo erythrogastra.

Hirondelle a ventre roux de Cayeime, Daubent. PI. Enl vii pi 7'>4 •
Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. vi. p. 607 (1779). ' '

Eufous-bellied Swallow, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. part 2, p. 566 (1783)
Hirundo erythrogaster, Bodd. Tahl. PI. Enl. p. 45 (178.3) ; Sclater,
tat. Amer. B. p. 39 (1862) ; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 295 (1864)
Chimney Swallow, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 429 (1785)
Hirundo ruia, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1018 (1788) ; Vieill. Ois. Amer
Sept. p. 60, pi. 30 (1807) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. S,- N. Amer
p. 9 (1838) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 57 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p 339
^4^fi' ^»\Mus Hein.T\iA.^AG (1850); Cass.Cat. Hirund.Mus.
Philad.Acad. p. 2 (1853) ; Reinli. J. f. O. 1854, p. 438 : Burm. Th
Bras. m. p. 148 (1856) ; Cass. B. Calif, p. 243 (1856) ; Breiuer, N
Amer.Ool. p. 91, pi. 5. ligs. 63-67 (1857) ; Peinh. Ibis, 1861, p 5:
Leot. Ois. Trinidad, p. 88 (1866). ' > f j

Hirundo horreorum, Bartr. Fragm. Nat. Hist. p. 17 (1799) ; Baird,
B N. Amer. p. 308 (1858) ; Sol. 8r Salv. Ibis, 1859, p 13 •
A. ^- E. Netct. t. c. p. 67 ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y vii p 317
(1861); Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 38 (1862); BlaMst. Ibis, 1863,
p. 63 ; Scl. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 173; Scl. ^ Salv. t. c. p. 347-Latvr
Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 97 (1864) ; Baird, Review Amer B p 294
(1864) ; Coues, Ibis, 1865, pp. 159, 537 ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, pp 273
275, 283, 289; .B;w:n, Ibis, 1868, p. 420; Dall ^- Bann Trans.

/?","nr ^'"'"^- V P- ^'^ ^^^^^^ ' ^'■«-'^' ^""'^-^- ^- i- P- ^^, no. 788
^l^^^\\/'^''\''^hr.Mem. Post. Soc. N. H. i. p. 547 (1869) ; Cooper,
B Calif, p. 103 (1870) ; Salv. P Z. S 1870, p. 184; Allen, Bull.
Mm. Comp. Zool. iii. p. 176 (1872) ; Gumll. J.f O. 1872, p 431 •
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 113 (1872); id. B. N.-West, -p. 85
(18/4) ; Maynard, B. Florida, p. 73 (1873) ; Laicr. Mem. Bost

f^t^- ^- "• P- -"1 *.l^''^) ; "^- ^'"^^- ^'■'^' ^«<- Mus. no. 4, p. 17
(1876); id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. i. p. 455(1878); Baird, Brewer,

138 HIRUNDINID^.

(^ Ridgtc. Hist. N. Amer. B. p. 339, \\. 16. fig. 9 (1874) ; Hume

^ Damson, Sir. F. 1878, p. 43 ; Conj, B. Bahamas, p. 78 (1880) ;

Zeledon, Cat. Av, Costa Mica, p. 5 (1882) ; Outes, B. Brit. Burm.

i. p. 303 (1883).
Hirundo americana (non Gm.), Wils. Amer. Orn. v. p. 34, pi. 38.

figs. 1, 2 (1812) ; Swains. ^ Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds,

p. 329 (1831) ; Bjh Consp. i. p. 339 (1850) ; Lembeye, Aves Cuba,

p. 44, pi. 7. fig. 1 (1850) ; Leith Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 423 ; Blakist.

t. c. p. 385.
Hirundo cyanopyrrha, Vieill. N. Diet. d^Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 510

(1817).
Hirundo rustica (non Z.), Audub. B.Amer. fol. pi. 173 (c. 1826) ; id.

Orn. Bioffr. ii. p. 413 (1834) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, i. p. 181, pi. 48

(1840) ; Jones, Nat. Berm. p. 34 (1859).
Hirundo fumaria, Licht. Preis- Vers. mex. Vog. no. 58 (1830) ; Cab.

J"./. O. 18G3, p. 58.
Cecropis americana. Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 498 (1837).
Cecropis rufa. Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 498 (1837) ; Boie, I&is, 1844,,

p. 175.
Cecropis americana, Boie, t. c. p. 174.
Cecropis cyanopyrrha, Boie, t. c. p. 175.
Hirundo erythrogastra, G7-ai/, Gen. B. i. p. 57 (1845) ; Scl. Cat.

Amer. B. p. 39 (1862) ; Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 569; Pelz.

Orn. Bras. pp. 18, 402 (1871) ; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 378 ; Scl. S^

Scdv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 14 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 185 ;

Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 510; Cones, B. Color. Vail. p. 407 (1878) ;

A. ^ E. Newt. Handb. Jamaica, 1881, p. 107; Salvin S^ Godman,

Biol. Cent.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 232 (1883).
Hirundo rustica, var. rufa, Midd. Sibir. Reis. p. 188 (1853) ; Dy-

bonmki, J.f. O. 1868, p. 336.
Hirundo erythrogastra, 0. liorreorum, Ridgw. Rep. AOth Parallel, iv.

p. 441 (1877).
Hirundo erythrogastra horreorum, Coues, Chech-list, p. 42 (1882).
Clielidon erythrogastra, Stejn. P: U. S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 31 (1882).
Hirundo rustica, var. horreorum, Seebohm, Mist. Brit. B. ii. p. 171

(1883).

Adult male. General colour above glossy purplish blue, varied with
■white on the mantle and back, where the white bases to the feathers
show through ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, with a
purplish-blue gloss on the outer web, inclining more to steel-green
on the outer webs of the bastard-wing and primary-coverts ; the
innermost greater coverts ashy on their inner webs, with a strong
rufous tinge ; tail-feathers blackish with a steel-green gloss, all but
the centre ones with a large rounded white spot increasing in size
towards the outermost, where it is a large oblique mark ; forehead
deep bay or chestnut, extending slightly backwards over the eye ;
lores black ; ear-coverts purplish blue like the head ; cheeks and
entire throat deep bay, of a different colour from the rest of the under
surface, but not separated from the chest by a complete band ; the
sides of the neck glossy purplish blue like the back, this colour
impinging on to the sides of the fore neck in a half-crescent shape,
but not forming a band across ; under surface from the chest down-
wards, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries, clear rufous,

5. HIRT7ND0. 139

deepening into chestnut in the region of the vent; the under tail-
coverts with blackish shaft-lines ; some of the lesser wing-coverts
near the edge of the wing mottled with ashy-brown bases ; quills
ashy brown below. Total length 6"8 inches, culmen 0-35, wing
4-55, tail 3-45, tarsus 0-45.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
6-7 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 4-5, tail 3"25, tarsus 0*4.

Young birds are much duller in colour than the adults, being
dusky brown above with a blue gloss ; on the rump remains of
narrow rufous margins ; quills with narrow whitish edges at the
tips; frontal band very small and pale rufous; throat also pale
rufous ; the rest of the under surface very light rufescent butf,
deeper on the under tail-coverts ; on the lower throat some remains
of blackish mottlings, but not forming a cross baud.

The young bird described is from Guatemala, and shows that, as
in H. rustica, the plumage of the young bird gets completely bleached
before it puts on the full spring dress in which it returns to its
summer home. The remains of blackish markings on the lower
throat indicate an approach to a complete band.

There would appear to be some considerable difference in the
depth of the rufous colouring of the under surface, some specimens
being so richly coloured that they can scarcely be distinguished from
H. tytleri. The specimen recorded below from Toughoo is a typical
H. crythrof/astra, and agrees with North-American examples.

Hah. The whole of North America, reaching to Alaska and
Greenland, extending across to Lake Baikal and wintering in
Burmah ; also ranging through the whole of Central America and
the Antilles, reaching in winter as far as Southern Brazil.

a. Ad. juv. sk. North America. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

b. c. Ad. St. North America. Purchased.

d. Ad. sk. 49th parallel, June 30 (G. N. A. Bound. Commission

Dmvson). [P-]-

c. Ad. sk. S. Juan Island. Dr. LyaU [P.].

/. Ad. sk. . Sumass, Brit. Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].

g, h. (5 $ ad. sk. West side of PiockyMoun- J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

tains.

i. Juv. sk. Niagara Falls {J. O.). Gould Collection.

k,l. cJ; m, n. $ Locust Grove, New York, Dr. Hart Merriam [P.].

ad. sk. May.

o. (S ad. sk. Hyde Park, Illinois, May E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

17 {H. E. Code).

p. Juv. sk. Yollestone, Indiana, July R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

4 {H. K. Coale).

q. Juv. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection.

r. Ad. ; s. Juv. Duenas, Guatemala {Sal- Sclater Collection.

sk. vin).

f, u. Juv. sk. Yeragua {Arce). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

V. Imm. sk. S. Nevis, W. L W. Cottk', Esq. [P.].

w. Juv. sk. South America. Sclater Collection,

.r. Ad. sk. Tonghoo, Burmah. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.l.

y. Ad. sk. Pegu. E. W. Gates, Esq. [CJ.

2, a'. Ad. sk. Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.J.

140 HIEDNDINID^.

Subsp. ^. Hirundo tytleri.

Hii'imdo tytleri, Jerd. B. Ind iii. App. p. 870 (1864) ; Blyth, Ibis,
]86r., p. 336; Gray, Hcmd-l. B. i. p. (J8, uo. 790 (1869) ; Hume,
Sir. F. 1875, p. 41 ; Wahl in Blyth B. Bunn. p. 127 (1875);
WardlawRmnsay,Ibis,\S77, p. 460; Hume Sf Davison, Str.F. 1878,
p. 41; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 84; Simson, Ibis, 1882, p. 84;
Godwin-Aiost. t. c. p. 345 ; Oatcs, B. Brit. Barm. i. p. 304 (1883) ;
Scelohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 171 (1883).
Hirundo caLirica {nee Licht.), Godivin-Aust. J. A. S. B, 1874, p. 152.
Hirundo americaiia, Blakist. Ibis, 1876, p. 331.

Hirundo saturata, Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 95 {ex
Stejneyrv, MSS.).
ArTuU «iaZe (Irkutsk, May Slat). General colour above glossy pur-
plish blue, the mantle and scapulars streaked with reddish white
where the bases of the feathers show thi^ough ; lesser and median
wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts and secondaries blackish
edged with the same purplish blue as the back ; innermost greater
coverts ashy on their inner web, tinged with rufous ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally glossed with steel-
green ; tail-feathers blackish, glossed with steel-green, all but the
centre feathers with a spot of pale rufous on the inner web, getting
larger towards the outermost, where it is in the form of a large
oblique mark ; frontal band deep chestnut ; lores black ; ear-coverts
and sides of neck glossy purplish blue ; cheeks and throat deep
chestnut, with a half-collar of glossy purplish blue coming down on
the sides of the fore neck but not forming a band across ; remainder
of imder surface of body bright chestnut, not so deep as the throat ;
the under tail-coverts equally bright chestnut like the breast, and
having slightly indicated spots of purplish blue at the ends of the
feathers ; axillaries and under wing-coverts exactly like the breast,
the coverts near the edge of the wing slightly mottled with ashy
bases to the feathers ; quills dusky below. Total length 7*8 inches,
culmen 0-4, wing 4-8, tail 4-8, tarsus 0-4.

The bird described from Irkutsk is in full breeding-plumage, and
there can be no doubt that //. tytleri is only the same bird in its
winter home. There is no complete collar on the neck, but there
are in several specimens indications of black markings in the centre
of the fore neck which would go far towards forming an indistinct
collar, and would bring the species nearer to H. savignii. Some
specimens of H. tytleri approach so closely the North-American
H. liorreorum that they can scarcely be distinguished, and indeed
the two species seem to run one into the other.

Hob. E.Siberia andKamtschatka in summer, wintering in Burmah.

a 9 ad. sk. Petropaulowski, Kamtschatka, Dr. L. Stejneger [P.].

Aug. 23.

5 c. c? ad. sk. Petropaulowski, Kamtschatka, E. B. Sliarpe,Esq. [P.].

June 1883 {Dyhowski).

d. S ad. sk. Irkutsk, May 31. Purchased.

e f (I Ad. sk. Kliasia Hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

h Ad. sk. Myitk-yo, Pegu, Feb. 1875. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

i. S ad. sk. Wau, Pegu, March 20, 1874. E. W. Gates, Esq. [0.].

k. Ad. sk. Tenasseiim {Heifer). India Museum.

I. Ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Collection.

m. Juv. sk. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].

5. HIRUNDO. 141

2. Hinindo tahitica.

Otaheit6 Swallow, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 563, pi. frontisp. (1783).

Ilinmdo tahitica, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 1016 (1788) ; Gray, Gen. B.
i. p. 58 (1845) ; id. B. 'Trop. Isl. Pacific Ocean, p'. 4 (1859) ; Fimch
i^ Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 51 (1867) ; Gray, Haud-l. B. i.
p. 70, no. 811 (1869) ; E. L. Layard, Ihis, ISIQ, p. 391 ; Finsch,
P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 730, 738 ; E. i. &■ L. C. Lai/ard, Ibis, 1878,
pp. 270, 280; Tristr. Ibis, 1879, p. 192; Sa'lmd. Ibis, 1880,
p. 130 ; Trisir. t. c. p. 246 ; L. C. Layard, t. c. p. 298 ; Finsch, Ibis,

1881, p. 636 ; id. Report Voy. ' Challenger,^ ii. Birds, pp. 43, 5.3
(1881) ; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 5 (1881) ; Tristr. Ibis,

1882, p. 142 ; Layard, t. c. pp. 502, 54.3.

Hirundo taiteusis, Less. Voy. ' Coquille,^ i. p. 648 (1826).

Herse taitensis, Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 443 (1837).

Hirundo porphja-olsema, Forster, Icon. ined. 167 ; id. Descr. Anim.

p. 241 (1844).
Cecropis taitensis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 175.
Herse tahitica, Bp. Consp. i. p. 340 (1850).

Petrochelidon pacifica, Cass. Cat. Hirund. Philad. Mus. p. 5 (1853).
Chelidon tahitica, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 61 (1854).
Hirundo subfusca, Gould, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 137 ; Gray, Cat. B. Trop.

Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 4 (1859).
Petrochelidon tahitica, Cass. Cat. Hirund. Philad. Mus. p. 5 (1853) ;

B}}. Rivist. Contemp., Torino, p. 5 (1857).
Phedina subfusca, Bp., teste Salvad.

Hirundo (Herse) tahitica, Pelz. Reis. ' Novara^ Vog. p. 41 (1865).
AduU male. General colour above dull steel-blue or blue-black,
with ashy bases to the feathers ; lesser and median, wing-coverts
like the back ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills blackish, slightly glossed with steel-blue on the outer web ;
tail-feathers uniform blackish, with a slight steel-blue gloss on the
outer webs ; forehead deep chestnut ; lores blackish ; ear-coverts
dull steel-blue like the head ; cheeks, throat, and fore neck deep
chestnut, with a half-crescent of steel-blue descending on the sides
of the latter ; remainder of under surface of body uniform smoky
brown, with a few mottled feathers in the centre of the breast, some
of the feathers being washed -ndth steel-blue near their ends ; under
tail-coverts smoky brown, edged with rufous, with a distinct sub-
terminal spot of steel-blue ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dark
smoky brown ; quills dusky below, rather lighter brown on the inner
webs : " bill and legs black ; iris dark brown " (Layard). Total
length 5 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 4*15, tail 2, tarsus 0-3.

Adult female. vSimilar to the male in plumage. Total length 5
inches, culmen 0"4o, wing 4*2, tail 2, tarsus 0-4.

Ohs. Some specimens exhibit ashy-whitish edgings to the feathers
of the abdomen rather more distinctly than others.

Hah. Friendly Islands, Fijilslands, New Hebrides ; Solomon Islands ;
NewEritain. ? New Caledonia. (Cy.Layard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 502,543.)
«. 5 ad. sk. Moala,Fiji Islands, Sept.8, J, Gould, Esq. (Tj'pe of

1854 (J. Macgillivray). H. subfusca.)
h,c.S2 ad. sk. Matiika, Fiji. Voy.H.^I.S. 'Challenger.'

d. 2 ad. sk. Kandavu, Fiji. Vov. H.M.S. ' Challenger.'

e. $ ad. sk. Api, New Hebrides. Voy. H.M.S. ' ChaUenger.'
/. Ad.sk. Aneiteum, New Hebrides. J. Macgillivray, Esq. [C],
</. Ad. sk. New Britain. Ilerr Kleinsclimidt [C.].

142 HIRIJNDINID^.

3. Himndo javanica.

Hirundo javanica, Spayrm. Mus. Carls, ii. pi. 100 (1789) ; Vieill. N,
Diet. cTIIisf. Nat. xiv. p. 5l'3 (1817); Temm. PI. Col. iv. pi. 83.
fig. 2 (1823) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 57 (1845) ; Temm. ^ Schl. Faun.
Jap., Aves, p. 32 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 46 (1850) ;
Wall. Ibis, 1860, p. 147 : id. P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 485 ; Gray, Handel.
B. i. p. 70, no. 813 (1869) ; Finsch ^ Hartl. VUg. Ostafr. p. 137,
note (1870) ; Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 06 (1872) ; Swinh. Ibis,
1873, p. 231; Morgan, Ibis, 1875, p. 313; Salvad. Ucc. Born.
p. 126 (1874) ; id. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. viii. p. 767 (1875), ix.
p. 23 (1876), X. p. 130 (1877); Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 43; Bourd.
Sfr. F. 1876, p. 374 ; Fairb. Sir. F. 1877, p. 392 ; Sharpe, Journ.
Linn. Sac, Zool. xiii. p. 498 (1877) ; Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 316 ; id.
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 760, & 1878, pp. 109, 342, 615, 709 ; Salvad.
Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. pp. 492, 647 (1877) ; id. P. Z. S.

1878, p. 95 ; Hume Sf Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 43 ; Ramsay, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 275 (1879), iv. p. 98 (1879); Meyer,
Ibis, 1879, p. 128 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 47, 84 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.

1879, p. 344 ; Legge, B. Ceijlon, p. 597 ; Hume, Str. F. 1880,
p. 120; Salvad. Beport Voy. ' Challenger,' ii. Birds, p. 78 (1881);
Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 345.

Javan Swallow, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 259 (1801).

Hirundo frontalis. Quay et Gaim. Voy. de PAstrol. Zool. i. p. 204,

pi. 12. fig. 1 (1830) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 57 (1845) ; Scl. Journ.

Linn. Soc., Zool. ii. p. 155 (1858) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 189,

1859, p. 154 ; id. Cat.Mamm. etc. N. Gilin. pp. 18, 54 (1859) ; id.

P.Z.S. 1861, p. 433; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 162 (186-5, pt.) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 70, no. 812 (1869, pt.) ; Ramsay, P-oc.

Linn. Soc. N. S. W. li. p. 179 (1878).
Herse frontalis, Less. Campl. Buff. viii. p. 497 (1837).
Herse javanica. Less. t. c. p. 497 (1837).
Cecropis javanica, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 174.
Cecropis frontalis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 174.
Hirundo domicola, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 173 (1844) ; Blyth,

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 198 (1849) ; Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 118

(1852) ; Laijard, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 170 (1853) ;

Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 204 ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.

Mus. i. p. 384 (1854) ; Jerd. B. In'd. i. p. 158 (1862) ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1863, p. 217 ; Bh/th, Ibis, 1866, p. 336 ; Bulger, P. Z. S. 1866,

p. 568 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 70, no. 814 (1869) ; Holdsiu. P. Z. S.

1872, p. 418 ; Flwes, Ibis, 1«70, p. 527 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 351.
Hirundo pacifica, Motl. ^ Dillw. N. H. Labuan, p. 10 (1855).
Hirundo neoxena {non Goidd), Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 189, 1861,

p. 433 ; Rosenb. N. T. D. Nederl. Did. xxv. p. 234 (1863).
Hypurolepis domicola, Gould, B. Asia, i. pi. 32 (1868) ; Hume,

'Nests and Eggs Ltd. B. p. 73 (1873) ; id. Str. F. 1874, p. 155.
Hypurolepis javanica, Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. .308 (188.3).
Hirundo fretensis, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 179

(1878, nee Gould).

Adult female. General colour above dull steel-blue, mottled with
white bases to the plumes of the hind neck ; wing-coverts black,
edged with dull steel-blue ; primary-coverts and quiUs black ; upper
tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers black, slightly glossed with
steel-blue, aU but the two centre feathers with an ovate spot of
white ou the inner web ; crown of the head dull steel-blue like

5. HIRUNDO. 143

the back ; a broad frontal band of brick-red ; lores black, as also
the feathers round the eye ; ear-coverts brick-red like the sides of
the face, but blue along the upper edge ; cheeks, throat, and fore
neck brick-red ; sides of the neck dull steel-blue ; breast dull ashy-
brownish, with dusky shaft-streaks, the sides of the upper breast
with a dull blue patch like the sides of the neck ; abdomen a little
paler ashy ; sides of the body and flanks dull smoky brown ; thighs
smoky brown, tipped with ashy ; under tail-coverts smoky brown,
margined conspicuously with rufous, before which is a bluish-black
shade, broader on the longer tail-feathers and producing there a
strongly marked appearance ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
smoky brown with slight tips of rufous ; quills below dusky brown,
inner edges rather more smoky brown. Total length o'l inches,
culmeu 0-4, wing 4-15, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-35.

06s. Specimens from Travancore are much duller underneath than
any other birds yet examined, and those from South-eastern New
Guinea and Torres Straits are the palest below, being white on the
centre of the abdomen. At first sight they would appear to be a dif-
ferent race, but light-bellied examples are found in Eomeo and other
localities, though they are never so white on the belly as specimens
from the Astrolabe Mountains or Torres Straits.

Hah. Southern India and Ceylon ; Malayan peninsula, Java,
Sumatra, Borneo, Southern Philippine Islands, Moluccas ; New
Guinea and adjacent islands, as well as the islands in Torres Straits.
Eeplaced by H. taitensis in the Solomon Islands and New Britain.

a. Ad. ; h. Juv. sk.

Ceylon.

Hugh Cuming, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk.

Ceylon, Nov. 23 (Legge).

d. Ad. sk.

India (Jei-don).

Gould Collection.

e,f. S 2 ad. sk.

Mvuall, Travancore, Oct.

F. W. BourdiUon, Esq.

"19.

JC.]. _

g. d ad. sk.

Ootacamund, Nilghiris,
Feb. 1.

W . Davison, Esq. [P.].

h. Ad. sk.

Coonoor, Nilghiris, April 2.

W. Davison, Esq. [P.].

i. Ad. sk.

Malacca.

Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.].

k, I. Imm. sk.

Malacca (Cantor).

India Museum.

m, n, 0. Ad. sk.

Penang {Cantor).

India Museum.

p. Ad. sk.

Penang.

E. W. 0ates, Esq.

q. Ad. sk.

Piilo Penang.

M. Yerreaux.

r. Ad. sk.

Sumatra.

A. R.Wallace, Esq. [C.l.
A.R.WaUace,Esq.[C.J.

s. 5 ad. sk.

West Java.

t. Ad. sk.

Java.

Leiden Museum [P.].

u. Ad. sk.

Labuan.

Hugh Low, Esq. [CI

V. Imm. sk.

Labuan.

Governor Ussher [C.J.

w. Ad. sk.

Lawas River (Burhidge).

Harry Veitch, Esq. [P.].

X. Ad. sk.

Sarawak (Everett).

Gould Collection.

y. (S ad. sk.

Sarawak.

A. R.Wallace, Esq. [CI.

z. (S ad. sk.

Lomboek.

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J.

a'. (J ad. sk.

Lombock ( Wallace).

Govdd Collection.

i: Ad. sk.

E. Timor.

A.R.Wallace,_Esq.[C.J.

c'. Ad. sk.

Batcliian.

Gould Collection.

d'- Ad. sk.

Celebes.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.j.

144 HIRUNDINID^.

e'. Ad. sk. Sula Islands. A. R.Wallace, Esq. [C.].

/. 2 ad. sk. Bouroii. A. E.Wallace, Esq. [C.J.

</'. § ad. sk. Dobbo, Am Islands. Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-

leng'ei'.'

h', (^ ad. sk. Dorey, New Guinea. A. R.Wallace, Esq. [0.1.

«■'. Ad. sk. Port Moresby {Stone). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.

k'. Ad. sk. Astrolabe Mountains, Mr. A. Goldie [0.].

S.E. New Guinea.

v. c? ad. sk. Eedscar Islands, off' S.E, J. Macgillivray, Esq.

coast of New Guinea. [C].

vi-p'. Ad. sk. Torres Straits (Cockerell). F. D. Godman, and 0.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

4. Hirundo neoxena.

Hirundo javanica (nee Sparrm.), Viq. Sf Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv.

p. 191 (1827) ; J. E. Gray in Griffith's An'. Kingd. ii. p. 9.5 (1829).
Hirundo pacifica {nee Lath.), J. E. Gra-y in Griffith's An. Kinyd. ii.

pi. to p. 96 (1829).
Hirundo neoxena, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 131 ; id. B. Austr. fol. ii,

pi. 1.3 (1848) ; myth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 198 (1849) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 338 (18.50) ; Cab. Mws. Hein. Th. i. p. 46 (1850) ;

Digyles, Orn. Austr. pi. 22. fig. 1 (1870).
Hirundo frontalis {^lec Q. (^ G.), Gray, Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mus. p. 22

(1848); Cass. Cat. Hirtmd. Phila'd. Mus. p. 2 (18-53); Gould,

Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 107 (1865) ; Ramsay, Lbis, 1868, p. 275 ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 70, no. 812 (1869, pt.) ; Ramsay, Pr. Linn.

Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 179 (1878).
Hirundo rustica, var. frontalis, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 172

(1883).

Adult male. General colour above glossy blue, the mantle slightly
varied with greyish-white bases to the feathers ; lesser and median
wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish brown, externally washed with steel-blue,
more distinct on the inner secondaries ; tail-feathers blackish, slightly
glossed with green, the two centre feathers and the outermost on
each side without any spots, the others with a small rounded spot of
white on the inner web ; frontal band deep brick-red, extending from
ahove each eye ; lores dusky blackish ; ear-coverts glossy blue like
the back ; cheeks and throat brick-red ; remainder of under surface
of body mouse-brown from the fore neck downwards ; the lower
abdomen inclining slightly to ashy whitish ; under tail-coverts pale
smokv brown with dull whitish edgings and tips, with a heart-shaped
subterminal spot of black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale
smoky brown, all edged with pale rufous ; quills dusky brown below :
"bUl and legs black; iris dark brown" (Gould). Total length 5'8
inches, culmen 0-3, wing 4-25, tail 2-75, tarsus 0-35.

Ohs. The description is taken from a specimen of Strange's in the
Gould Collection. It agrees with two skins in Mr. Seebohm's cabinet
from New South Wales, with the exception that the latter have an
oblique mark of white on the outer tail-feathers, very indistinct and
ill-defined in one example and very strongly marked in the other.

5. niRTJiXDO.

145

ffab. Jfearly the whole of Australia. Tasmania.
b, flfl st tT^r i^'?"^'^- ^^°"''i Collection.

/• ^uv. sk. aW..a. go?ai?Gri?,: f?.]"

5. Hirundo angolensis.

Hirimdo angolensis, Bocayc, Joni. Lisb. 18G8, p. 47; <S%«,-„. p ^ .«?
An,oia,,. 180 |l881): ^'/^^'V^^, yZ^^/^.l^^':^^^^^

red^ enH;/,"''^''^' f''""^- f '^'^ ^^P?^'' P'-^^* ^^ ^^^ breast deep brick-
red, entire upper surface rich steel-blue, having a greenish lustre in
some lights; tail graduaUy forked, the two middfe Lathers steel
blue, the whole of the inner web white, except a black border at the
ZLi ";^"«7/'^fc°^™Pted band across the breast, below the red
throat, stee -blue; rest of the breast and under ail-coTerts ash
uloured, a little paler in the centre of the breast ; the under t^l
coverts washed with rufous, each feather margined with me .rev
Wb r n^''?° heart-shaped blue mark before Th end of the

c vli-s'dark 1 ''''' 'T^^^^° '"'^''^'y ^'^-^^■- und wing!
covtits dark ashy grey, washed on the edge of the win- withltcel

Hub. Angola.

-i<i- St- Ambm M,u«l, S 1869 Sharps CoUection.

, J , (J. J. Monteiro).

c. Ad. sk. Ambriz i t t.^ .

J- J- Monteiro, Esq. [C.].

6. Hirundo lucida.

Himndo lucida, J. Verr. J. f. O. 1858, p. 49- ffartl T f O l«m

(la/i) ; Bouv. Cat. Ois. etc. Marc/ie, p. 9 (1875). • F- -lu

Adult Above most brilliant steel-blue, incUning to indi-o • win--
covcrts dark blackish brown, glossed with steel-blue abo've the
innermos cubital feathers with a white spot on the inner web tail

Z^ "^^r tl""' ^';f ^" "^'^^P^ «^ *-° middle onest; he
most p.ut pure white on the inner web, so that the tips and the narfc

LXtt t ''T''''' ^''f'''':'^ '^'^^^''y «f t^e fe.4her ar ebl c"
red 1 ^°"^ °a"-o^v trontlet and the entire throat deep brick^

bue' broad at'r/;-f' ""T"' '^'^" ^'^ ^^^ throat, brigL steel-
blue broad at the sides and narrow in the centre of the breast ; rest

?eithL oftirf "i '' ''r '°1^ r' "^^^'^' -it^' - ^- dusky
VOL.X flanks, and marked with narrow blue lines, moro

1

146 HIKTJNDINIDiE.

distinct in some specimens than in others ; bill and feet black.
Total length (> inches, culmen 0-35, -wing 4-25, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-4.
Hah. Sencgambia.

a, b, c. Ad. ; d. Juv. sk. River Gambia. Sharpe Collection.

7. Hirundo albigularis.

Hirundo rufifrons [non Vieill.), Less. Traite cTOrn. p. 268 (1831);

Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 34 (18.58).
Hirundo albigularis, Sfrickl. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 17, pi. 15; Cass.

Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 2 (1853) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.

1870, p. 308; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 46 (1871); Ayres, Ibis, 1873,

p. 281 ; Fischer Sf- Reichenoio, J. f. O. 1879, p. 344 ; Bocage, Orn.

Angola, p. 185 (1881); Butler, Feilden, 4'- Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 251;

Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 150 (1882) ; Sharpe, ed. Lagard's B. S.

Afr. p. 364 (1882).
Hirundo albigula, Bp. Consp. i. p. 338 (1850) ; Gitrneg, Ibis, 1865,

p. 264; Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 55 (1867); Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 68,

no. 787 (1869) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 424, 1878, p. 235, 1880, p. 260.

Adult. Above deep purplish blue ; quills blackish brown, with
a faint gloss on the upper surface ; the innermost cubital feathers
marked on the interior web with a greyish-white spot ; tail blackish
brown, the two centre feathers unspotted, but all the others
marked on the inner web with a large patch of white ; forehead
deep chestnut ; space between the biU and the ej-e and ear- coverts
dusky black ; throat, cheeks, and sides of the neck white ; below
the throat a broad band of purplish-blue feathers, broad at the sides
and narrow in the centre of the breast; the rest of the under sur-
face of the body dull white, greyish on the flanks ; bill black ; feet
dark brown. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 4*9, tail
1-65, tarsus 0-45.

Hah. South Africa, from the Cape Colony to Natal and the
Transvaal. A young specimen is said to have been obtained by
Dr. Eischer in Eastern Africa ; and it has been sent from Angola to
the liisbon Museum.

a. Ad. sk. South Africa (Layard). Sharpe Collection.

h. 5ad.sk. Knysna, Jan. 24(^«c?e;-ssow). Sharpe Collection.

c. cj ad. sk. Natal (T. Ayres). J. H.Gurney, Esq.

d. Ad. sk. Natal. Sharpe Collection.

e. S ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres), Sharpe Collection.

8. Hirundo sethiopica.

Hirundo rufifi'ons {^lon V.), Des Murs in Lefehvr. Toy. Abyss., Zool.

p. 78 (1845); Heia/l. J. f. 0. 1861, p. 420, 1863, p. 168'; HaHm.

J.f. O. 1864, p. 152.
Cecropis rufifrons {non V.), Vierth. Narim. 1853, p. 20; Brehm,

J. f. 0. 1853, p. 453, Kvtrah. p. 96 ; Hi-ugl. Si/st. Uehers. p. 16 ;

Vierth. Naum. 1857, p. 110; Brehm, Beis. Habe'sch, p. 209 (1863).
Hirundo albigularis {nee Strickl.), Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 153

(1869).

5. HIRUXDO. 1 IT

Hirundo sethiopica, Blanf. Ann. S{ Mar/. Nat. Hist. iv. p ?,=>Q ClSfiQ^ •
Gray, Hand-l. f • i- P- _401, no. 794a (1869) ; B/an^' Geol.\f Zool
Ahyss.y. ?A,, pi. 2 (1870) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. .309 • id Cat

p. '? (lS/3); CaJ. ^^/. O. 1878, p. 223; Fischer 4' nlhen. to:
p. 2o7 ; lid. op. cit. 18/9, p. 344 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 547.

Adult Above purplish blue : forehead deep chestnut ; lores sooty
black ;_ cheeks dull black, slightly glossed with purplish blue; nuilk
brownish black, paler on the under surface, the upper surface glossed
with dark greenish steel-blue ; the inner cubital feathers marked
with a whitish spot on the inner web : tail blackish brown above
glossed with dark greenish steel-blue, all but the two central feathers
having an oblong white spot on the inner web ; under surface pearly
white with a crescent-shaped mark of purplish-blue feathers on each
side .of the upper part of the breast, not forming a complete band •
under tail-coverts white, some of the shafts conspicuously indicated'
and a small black spot on the outer web of some of the longest • bill
bkck ; feet dark brown. Total length 5 inches, wing 4-1° tail 9.5
Hah. A.E. Africa, extending down the east coast as far as
Mombas, re-occurrii.g on the west coast between Senegambia and
the JNiger.

a. 2 ad. sk. Barak-it, Tigv6, May 1868. W. T. Blanford E.q

I- Ad- 1- ^r ^^r' ^f ^->- sKieSLtioi"^"-^

c Ad. sk. \V bite ^ ,le ( B run- Roll et). Sharpe Collection.

; ^ "i , ^^}^^^-}oom {Von Muller). Sharpe Collection.

e,f. c^ad. sk. Mombasa Island. Mr. J. M. Hildebrandt

rc 1

h. c? ad. sk. Shonga, R. Niger. W. A. Forbes EsJ fP 1

*. Juv. sk. Abeokuta (Robin). F. Nicholson, Esq.' \v\

k. Ad. sk. River Gambia {Layard). Sharpe Collection.

9. Hirundo leucosoma.

Hirundo leucosoma. Swains. B. W. Afr ii n 7Xn^'~>7\. v
P. Z. S18i3, p. 51 ; Gray, Gen. B. i'. p! 58 aS^)^'idkt^
Brit. Mas. p. 24 (1848); Bp. Conm i n 339 nAm ^^i^'

p. 103 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 188 ; Gra^ Hand-l. B in 70 no'
frUl^'^l) 'J'""-^'"' ^- ^- ^'- IS'O, p. 309 ; id. Cat Afr V p 46
(18/1) ; Shelley 4- Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 288 ; Ussker, Ibis', 1874,

Chelidon leucosoma, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 171.

Ilemicecrops leucosoma, Bp. Rivist. Contemp., Torino, 1857, p. 4,

Aihdf Above dark glossy blue; a white longitudinal bar on the
wing, which is produced by the inner secondaries being for the most
part broadly edged externally with pure white; tail graduated dark
blue above, dusky beneath, all the feathers except the two middle
ones marked with white on the inner web, the exterior feathers
having a large oval spot, which gradually gets smaUer on the feathers

l2

148 HIRUNDINIDiE.

as they approach the centre of the tail, until in the two next to the
central feathers it is reduced to a small oval spot ; entire under
surface with the under wing- and tail-coverts pure white ; bill and
feet black. Total length 4-8 inches ; of bill from front 0-3, from
gape 0-45 ; wing 4, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-3, middle toe 0-4, hind toe
0-2, lateral toe 0-2.
Hah. West Africa.

a. Ad. sk.

West Africa.

J. Gould, Esq. [P.]

h. Ad. sk.

Fantee.

Sharpe Collection.

c. Ad. sk.

Fan tee ( Ussher).

Sharpe Collection.

d. Ad. sk.

Accra.

Sharpe Collection.

10. Hirundo dimidiata.

Hirundo dimidiata, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. 1850, p. 107 ;

Hartl. Ibis, 1862, p. 144 ; Lmjard, B. S. Afr. p. 56 (1867) ; id.

Ibis, 1869, p. 72 ; Grmj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 71, no. 8.32 (1869) ; Sharpe,

P. Z. S. 1870, p. 310; id. Cat Afr. B. p. 46, no. 434 (1871) ;

Gurney in Andeiss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 52 (1872) ; Ay res, Ibis, 1878,

p. 285, 1879, p. 291 ; Shelled/, Ibis, 1882, p. 259 ; Sharpe, ed.

Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 366 (1883) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1884, p. 227.
Hirundo scapularis, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. pi. 12 (1850) ; id. Cat.

Sirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 2 (1853).
Hemicecrops dimidiata, Bp. Rivist. Contemp., Torino, 1857, p. 4.
Hemicecrops scapularis, Bp. t. c. p. 4.
Hirundo leucosoma (nee Stv.), Grill, Zool. Antechn. p. 36 (1858).

Adult. Above purplish blue ; quills brownish black, grey on the
inner web, the innermost of the greater wing-coverts white, forming
a white spot, which, however, is generally concealed by the scapu-
laries ; occasionally in very old birds a small white spot also appears
on the innermost secondaries ; tail brownish black, without any
spots, glossed on the upper surface with dark blue, with a faint
greenish lustre ; entire under surface silky white, having in some
specimens a certain woolly appearance, greyish in certain lights ; on
each side of the upper part of the breast a patch of dark-blue
feathers : " bill and feet black ; iris dark brown " {Andersson). Total
length 5'5 inches, wing 4-2, tail 2-6, tarsus 0'4.

Young. Not nearly so bright above, and more distinctly tinged
with greenish ; the white spot on the greater wing-coverts either
absent altogether, or, when present, of a dull greyish colour and
very little developed.

Hah. South Africa.

a. 5 fid. sk. South Africa (Anderssott). Sharpe Collection.

6. Ad. ; c. Juv. sk. South Africa (Surtees). Sharpe Collection.

d. Ad. sk. Near Grahamstown (Layard). Sharpe Collection.

11. Hirundo nigrita.

Hirundo nigrita. Gray, Gen. B. i. pi. 40 (1845) ; id. Cat. Fissir.
Brit. Mus. p. 27 (1848) ; Allen 8f Thorns. Exped. Niger, ii. p. 498
(1848) ; Cass. Cat. Ilirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 3 (1853) ; Hartl.
J.f. O. 1856, p. 360; Cass. Proc. Phi/ad. Acad. 1859, p. 33; Du

I

5. HIRTTNDO. 149

Chaillii, Equal. Afr. p. 472 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 71,

no. 829 (1869).
Atticora nigrita, Bp. Consp. i. p. 337 (1853) ; Hartl. Oni. W.-Afr.

p. 25 (1857).
Waldenia nigrita, Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 461 ; id. P. Z. S. 1870,

p. 304; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 45 (1871); lleichen. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 21 ;

SkarjK iSf- Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 38 (1876) ; Bocage,

Orn. Angola, p. 188 (1877) ; Oust. Nouv. Arch. Mus. (2) ii, p. 96

(1879).
Ptyoprogne nigrita, Oust. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 106 (1877).
Atticora fasciata, Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 503.

Adult. Above glossy purplish blue, with a concealed patch of
silky white on the sides of the lower back ; chin dusky ; throat
white ; rest of under surface of body purplish blue, but a little
duller than the back ; tail-feathers distinctly washed with dark blue
above, brownish black below, with the greater part of the inner web
white : " bill and feet black ; iris dark brown "' (Reichenoiv). Total
length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 4-3, tail 1-6, tarsus 0*35,
middle toe 0-4, hind toe 0*2.

Young. Dusky purplish blue, the white throat-spot not quite so
large ; tail square or only slightly forked, and the white spots on
the inner web small and oval.

Hab. "West Africa, from the Upper Gold Coast to Gaboon.

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Ancobra River, Wasa Pro- Capt. Burton and Capt.

vince, Gold Coast. Cameron [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Piver Prah. Godfrey Lagden, Esq. [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Axim (Swanzy). P. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
/. Ad.sk. Piver Niger. Capt. Allen [P.]. (Type

of species.)
.9. 1mm. sk. GahooTi {Walker^. Sharpe Collection.

'h. Ad. sk. Gaboon. ' M. Du Chaillu [C.].

i. Ad. sk. River Danger, Gaboon. Henry Ausell, Esq. [P.].

12. Hirundo atrocseriilea.

Hirundo atrocasrulea, Sundcv. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1850,
p. 107 ; Gurney, Ibis, 1863, p. 152 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 55
(1867) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 152 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 70,
no. 822 (1869); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 312; id. Cat. Afr. B.
p. 46 (1871) ; id. ed. Layard' s B. S. Afr. p. 367, pi. 9. fig. 1 (1883).

Adult. Entirely glossy blue-black, a little more dusky underneath ;
the shafts of the primaries and tail-feathers white and very plain on
the underside ; bill black ; feet dark brown. Total length 7'2 inches ;
of biU from front 0-3, from gape 0-5 ; wing 4-5, tail 4-6, tarsus 0*35,
middle toe 0-4, hind toe 0'2.

Uah. South-eastern Africa.

a. S ad. sk. Natal (7'. Ayres). J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.],

b. cJ ad. sk. Umvuli River, Natal Sharpe CoUection,

( Wahlbery).

150

HIETJNDINIB^.

13. Hirimdo nigrorufa.

Hirundo niprorufa, Bocaije, Joni. Lish. 1877, p. 158, 1878, p. 269,
1880, p. l'36 ; id. Orn. Angola, p. o-lG (1881) ; Slimye, ed. Layard's
B. S. Afr. p. 840 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above glossy purplish blue, with a
concealed rufous undershade, onlj- seen when the feathers are dis-
turbed ; wing-coverts like the back, with a smoky-brown patch on
the inner web of the innermost greater coverts ; quills black, glossed
with purplish blue externally, the secondaries entirely of the latter
colour, resembling the back ; tail-feathers black glossed with blue,
the three outer feathers with a fringe of white towards the end of
the inner web, not pronounced enough to form a spot ; head like
the back ; lores velvety black ; ear-coverts like the crown : cheeks
and under surface of body chestnut, with a patch of pui'plish blue
on each side of the upper breast ; thighs chestnut : under tail-coverts
glossy purplish blue; under wing-coverts and axillaries chestnut like
the breast: quills sooty black below: "iris chestnut" {Anchieta).
Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0'3, wing 4-35, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-4.

Hob. Benguela.

a. S ad. sk. Caconda, Benguela (^Anchieta). Lisbon Museum [P.].

14. Hirnndo smithii.

Hirundo smithii, Leach, App. to Tuckcy's Voy. Congo, p. 407 (1818) ;
Hnrtl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. ^;6 (1857); id. J.f. O. 1861, p. 103.

Wire-tailed Swallow, Lath. Gen. Hist. vii. p. 309, pi. cxiii. (1823).

Hiiimdo filifera, Stepk. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 78 (1826j ; Gi-ay, Gen. B.
i. p. 58 (1845); id. Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mm. p. 25 (1848); Blyth,
Cat. B. 31us. As. Soc. p. 197 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 338 (1850) ;
Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 46 (1850) ; LLyrsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I.
Co. Mm. i. p. 93 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Iiid. i. p. 159 (1862) ; Kirk,
Ibis, 1864, p. 320 ; Blyth, Ibis, 186(3, p. 337 ; Tytler, Ibis, 1868,
p. 190 ; Pelz. t. c. p. 307 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1869, p. 403 ; Heugl. Orn.
N.O.-Afr. i. p. 155 (1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 70, no. 820
(1869) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 3i2 ; Finsch ^- Hartl. Voq. Ostafr.
p. 142 (1870) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 352; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 164;
Adam, t. c. p. 370; Vipan, t. c. p. 495; Hume, Str. F. 1874,
p. 469; Aitken, Str. F. 1875, p. 212 ; Butler, t. c. p. 451 ; Hume,
t. c. p. 451; Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 254 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis,

1877, p. 466 ; Anders. Hep. Exped. Yun-nan, Birds, p. 650 (1878) ;
Hume (^ Davis. Str. F. 1878, p. 43 ; Davids. %■ Wend. Str. F.

1878, vol. ii. p. 76 ; Butler, t. c. p. 181 ; Ball, t. c. p. 202 ; Hu7ne,
Str. F. 1879, p. 84 ; Bingham, t. c. p. 192 ; Doig, t. c. p. 370 ;
Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 12 (1879) ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres.
p. 14 (1880); Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 43; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis,
1880, p. 48 ; Binqham, t. c. p. 48 ; Reid, Str. F. 1881, p. 18 ; Socage,
Orn. Angola, p." 187 (1881); Davidson, Str. F. 1882, p. 292;
C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 101 ; Sharps, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 368
(1883); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 120 (1884);
Mtirray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 102 (1884).

Hirundo filicaudata, FranU. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 115.

5. HTRTTNDO. 151

Hirundo ruficeps, Licht. Verz. Doitbl. p. 68 (1823) ; Ferr. et Gal.

Voy. Abyss, iii. p. 242 (1847) ; Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. I'hilad.

Acad. p. 3 (1853) ; Brooks, Ibis, 18G9, p. 46 ; Bla»f. Geol. ^- Zoul.

Abyss, p. 348 (1870) ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 406.
Hiruiido tilicaudata, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 115.
Cecropis filifera, Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 499 (1837).
Cecropis raticeps, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 171.
Cecropis smithii, Bote, Isis, 1844, p. 174.
Cecropis filicaudata, Biipp. Syst. Uehers. p. 22 (1845) ; Heuyl. Syst.

Uebers. p. 14 (1856); Antin. Cat. Ucc. p. 26 (1865).
Hirundo lilicauda, 3mi. J.f. O. 1855, p. 5.
Cecropis filicauda, Brehm, J.f. O. 1855, p. 452.
Uromitrus filifera, Bp. Rivist. Contemp., Torino, 1857, p. 4 ; Brehm,

Jieis. Ilahesch, p. 209 (1863) ; Hume, Nests and Eggs hid. B. p. 75

(1874) ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 383, 1875, p. 289.
Hirundo velocissima, Pr. Wiirt. MSS., teste HeiigUn.
Hirundo fuscicapiUa, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 154 (1869).
Hirundo anchietfe, Bocaqe, Jorn. Lisb. 1867. p. 150.
Uromitrus filiferus, Oates, B. Brit. Burm. \. p. 307 (1883).

Adult. Crown of the head bright chestnut ; feathers before and
round the eve dull black ; car-coverts, nape, and entire upper surface
rich purplish blue ; quills dark blackish brown, paler on the inner
web, the upper surface glossed with deep steel-blue ; tail black, the
outer web elongated and much attenuated, the two centre feathers
purplish blue, unspotted, the rest haying a roundish w'hite spot on
the inner web ; under surface white, faintly tinged with pink on
the throat and upper part of the breast ; a crescent-shaped patch of
feathers on each side of the latter dull purplish blue ; bill black ;
feet dark brown. Total length 5"7 inches, wing 4-3, tail 2-(S5.

Young. Crown dull brown ; rest of the upper surface of the body
brown glossed with dull blue ; tail quite square, or only slightly
emarginate ; underparts white, beautiful light pink on the throat
and upper part of the breast.

Hah. The greater part of India, extending into Tenasscrim on
the east and to Scinde on the west. In Africa, occmTing in Abys-
sinia, along the east coast to the Zambesi, and on the west coast
reappearing in Benguela and the Congo region.

a,b. (5 $ ad. sk. Kamaulai, Salween River, Capt. C. T. Bingham [P.].
Tenasscrim, Jidv 24.

c. Ad. sk. Bhamo, Burmah. " E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.].

d. Ad. sk. India. Goidd Collection.

e. c? ad. sk. India. Gould Collection.
/. Ad. sk. Bengal [Falconer). India Museum.
g, h. Ad. ; i, k. Kumaon {Sirac/iey). India Museum.

Juv. sk.

/. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.fP.].

Ml. Ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, E.-^q. [P.].

n. (S ad. ; o. ^ Mhow, March. Col. Swinhoe [P.].

juv. sk.

p, q. ^ ad. ; J-. 2 Mhow, April. Col. Swinhoe [P.].

juv. sk.

«. Ad. sk. Madras. Sir W. Elliot [P.].

t. Ad. sk. Miilabar. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

152 HiExmDrNiD^.

u, V. Ad.; ic. Juv. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum.

sk.

a: cS ad. sk. Muddur, Mysore, Aug. 9. \V. Davison, Esq. [P.].

w s a'. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackliouse Pinwill
'^' ' [P.].

b'. Ad. sk. Kattiawar, June 6. Major J. Hayes Lloyd

[P.].

c'. Ad. sk. Cashmere. E. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Scinde (Dr. Goitld). India Museum.

€'. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [C.].

f,g'. Ad.; h'. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Livingstone Expedition.

Juv. sk. Kirk).

{', k', I'. Ad. sk. Laudaua, Congo (L. Petit). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

15. Hirimdo griseopyga.

Hirundo griseopyga. Simdev. (Efv. K. Vet.-^ikad. Fork. Stockh. 1850,
p. 107 : Lmjard, B. S. Afr. "p. 55 (1867) ; iSharpe, P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 31.3 ; id. ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 368 (1882).

Atticora melbina, J. Verr. Rev. et 'Mag. de Zool. 1851, p. -310 ; Strickl.
Cmitr. Orn. 1851, p. 103; Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad.Tp. 6
(1853) ; mirtl. J. f. O. 1853, p. 398 ; id. Orn. IV.-Afr. p. 25
(1857); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 33; Ilartl. J. f. O.
]861, p. 103 ; Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 514.

Hirundo melbina, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 131. .

Atticora c^-pseloides, Hmgl. J.f. O. 1862, p. 297, 1864, p. 270.

Atticora griseopyga, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 149, tab. ^-ii. (1869) ;
Sharpe, Ibis, lf<70, p. 428.

Hirundo cypseloides, Boucard, Cat. Av. p. 334 (1876).

Psalidoproeiie melbina, Bouvier, Cat. Ois. etc. Marche, p. 9 (1875).

Hiiimdo poucbeti, Petit, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii. p. xliii (1883).

Adult. Entire head, lower part of back, and rump dull brownish
grey ; middle of the back and -wing-coverts dark blue ; quiUs
brownish black glossed with dull blue ; tail dull brown, glossed
above with blue ; lores black ; a narrow line of feathers extending
backwards over the eye wliitish ; cheeks and ear-coverts dull grey-
brown ; under surface of the body milky white, the sides of the
Tipper part of the breast being greyish brown ; bill and feet pale
brown. Total length 5-8 inches, of wing 3-9, tail 3-3.

Hah. North-eastern Africa ; West Africa, in Gaboon ; South
Africa, in Natal and Swazi-Laud.

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon. P. B. Du Chaillu, Esq. [C.].

b. Ad. sk. Gaboon (Du Chaillu). Sharpe Collection.

c Ad sk. Maviunba, Congo, Aug. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(i. Petit).

16. Hirundo cucuUata.

Hirondelle a tete rousse du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Daidjent. PI.

Enl. T2^. tig. 2.
Hirundo cucuUata, Bodd. Tahl. PI. Enl. p. 45 (1783, e.x Daidjent.) ;

Gruy, Gen. B. i. p. 58 (1845) ; id. Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mits. p. 23

(1848); Jard. Edinh. New Philos. Journ. n. ser. iii. p. 241 (1856) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 69, no. 795(1869); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-

5. HIRUNDO. 153

Afr. i. p. 162 (1869) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 318 ; id. Cat. Afr.
B. p. 46 (1871) ; Giu-ney, in Anderss. B. Barn. Ld. p. 50 (1872);
Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 281 ; Shdley, Ibis, 1875, p. Q7 ; Ayres, Ibis,
1870, p. 424; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 183 (1881); Sharpe, in
Oates's Mataheh Land, App. p. 311 (1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882,
p. 260; Salcin, Cat. StricM. Cull. p. 149 (1882) ; Butler, Feilden,
§• Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 251 ; Holub ^' Von Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr.
p. 58 (1882) ; Sharpe, ed. Layards B. S. Afr. p. 370 (1882).

Hiruudo c.ipeusis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1019 (1788, ex Daubent.);
Bp. Consp. i. p. 339 (1850) ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 34 (1858) ;
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 54 (1867) ; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1868, p. 47.

Cecropis capensis, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 971, 1844, p. 174 ; Cab. Mus.
Hein. Th. i. p. 47 (1850).

Hirundu rufula ?, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 198 (1849).

Cecropis cucullata, Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 3 (1853).

Lillia capensis, Boie, Isis, 1858, p. 364,

Adult. Head intense sienna, the base of the feathers blue-black,
showing occasionally a few markings of this coloui- on the crown ;
upper part of the back and scapulars glossy purplish blue, marked
with white in the extreme upper part of the neck, this appearance
being caused by the whitish edging to the feathers when they are
disarranged; wing-coverts like the back, the edge of the wing
marked with white, especially on the primary-coverts, all of which
are edged with white ; quills brownish black, lighter on the inner
web, washed externally with dark greenish steel-blue ; lower part
of the back pale sienna, much paler on the upper tail-coverts, where
it is nearly white, the outermost upper tail-coverts being steel-blue ;
tail brownish black, glossed with dark greenish steel-blue, the
middle feathers without any white spot on the inner web, the next
two on each side with a small white spot on the inner web, and so
on till the last, which has a very large white spot ; under surface
of body fulvous white, the shaft of each feather strongly marked
•with brown, these shaft-stripes being very small on the "throat and
cheeks ; the sides of the body washed with pale sienna ; under tail-
coverts white, vrith very distinct shaft-stripes : " bill black ; feet
brown; iris brown" (Shelley). Total length 7-8 inches, cuhnen
0-35, wing 5-1, tail 4-1, tarsus 0-6.

Young. Head dark brownish sienna, very pale on the sides of the
neck, the base of the feathers conspicuously showing, so that a
quantity of blue-black diamond-shaped marks appear on the head;
back and scapulars steel-blue, with the white edgings to the feathers
showing conspicuously on the upper part of the back; wing-
coverts blackish brown, edged at the tip with pale sienna ; quills
blackish brown, glossed with deep greenish steel-blue, the secon-
daries tipped with pale sienna ; rump pale sienna, the white edging
to the rump not very distinct, the shafts of all the feathers clearly
defined ; the blue upper tail-coverts edged with sienna ; tail
blackish brown, glossed above with deep greenish steel-blue, the
outer feathers not very long, but having the white spot on the inner
■web very large, as in the adult, decreasing in size as it approaches
the two centre feathers, which are unspotted ; under surface of the

154 HIEFNDrSIDiK.

body -white tinged with fulvous, deepest on the flanks and abdomen ;
the shafts of the feathers very broad and jilain, but thicker and not
giving such a striped appearance in the adult ; bill daik brown ;
legs flesh-colour.

Hah. South Africa, throughout the Cape Colony to jS^atal and the
Transvaal, occurring on the western side of the continent in Damara
Land and Mossamedes.

a. Juv. sk. South Africa (Siirtees). Sliarpe Collection.

b, c. Ad. sk. Cape Colony (Lay ant). Sharps Collection.

d. Ad. sk. Kiugwilliamstown. Capt. Trevelyan [P.].

e. 2 ad. sk. Piuetown, Natal, March 19 Sharpe Collection.

(r.L.Ayres).

f. Ad. sk. Natal. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
ff, h. (S 2 fid. sk. Transvaal {T.L. Ayres). Sharpe Collection.

i S ad. sk. Tati, Matabele Land, W. E. and C. G. Gates,

Get. 4 (F. Oatcs). Esqrs. [P.].

k. 2 ad.sk. Gtjiiubinque, Damara Land, Sharpe Collection.

Oct. 1 {AnderssuH).

I. Ad.sk. Otjimbinque, Damara Land, Sharpe Collection.

Nov. 28 {Andersson).

17. Hirundo puella.

Hirundo puella, Temm. 8f Schl. in Faun. Japan., Aves, p. 33 (1842);

Sew/I. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. ICO (1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 69, no. 797 (1869) \ Finsch Sf Hartl. Voq. Ostafr. p. 160 (1870) ;

S/iarjje, P. Z. S 1870, p. 319 ; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 479 ; Layard,

Ibis, 1870, p. 229; Blanf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 346 (1870);

Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 218 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B.

p. 47, no. 441 (1871); id. Ibis, 1871, p. 479; Shelley ^Buckley,

Ibis, 1872, p. 288 ; Antin. Sf Sakad. Ucc. Bogus, p. 73 (1873) ;

Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 713; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 63; Ecichen.

C'orresp. Afrik. Gesellsnh. 1875, p. 178 ; Sharpe ^- Bouv. Bull. Soc.

Zool. France, i. p. 38 (1876) ; Cab. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 222 ; Fisch. ^

Meichen. t. c. p. 257 ; Fisch. t. c. p. 280 ; id. ibid. 1879, p. 344 ;

Sharpe, in Oates's Matabele Land, App. p. 311 (1881); Shelley,

P. Z. S. 1881, p. 565 ; Bocat/e, Orn. Angola, p. 184 (1881) ; Shelley,

Ibis, 1882, p. 260; Sharpe, k. Layard' s B. S. Afr. p. 373 (1882) ;

Salvad. A7in. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 121 (1884) ; Arjres, Ibis,

1884, p. 228.
Hirundo abyssinica, Gicer. Pev. Zool. 1843, p. 322; id. in Ferr. et

Gal. Voy'. en Abyss, iii. p. 240, 1. 10 (1847) ; Des Murs in Lefebvr.

Voy. Abyss., ZmI. p. 77 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 58 (1845) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 340 (1850); Hartl. J. f. O. 1853, p. 399, &

1855, p. 360 ; id. Orn. Westafr. p. 28 (1857) ; id. J. f. 0. 1861,

p. 103 ; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 320.
Cecropis striolata, IlUpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 18, t. 6 (1845).
Hirundo sti-iolata, Gray, Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mus. p. 23 (1848) ; Jard.

Contr. Orn. 184S, p." 4; Horsf. (^ Moore, Cat. Birds Mm. E.I.

Co. i. p. 94 (1854).
Hirundo korthalsi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 340 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.

i. p. 69, no. 800 (1869).
Cecropis abvssinica, Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Phil. Acad. p. 3 (1853) ;

Brehm, Reise naeh Hahesch, p. 209 (1863).
Hirundo capensis, A. E. Brehm, J.f. 0. 1855, p. 492.

5. HIRUNDO, 155

Adult. Head and back of neck pale sienna ; back and scapulars
brij2;ht steel-blue ; ■wing-coverts duller steel-blue ; lower part of the
back and rump deep sienna ; quiUs brownish black glossed with
dull greenish blue ; tail-feathers brownish black, glossed above with
greenish steel-blue, all the feathers except the centre ones having a
large white spot on the inner web ; underneath fulvous white, pro-
fusely marked with broad longitudinal stripes of dark brown ; under
wing-coverts deeper fulvous ; bill black ; feet dark brown. Total
length 7'8 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 4-2, tail 4-8, tarsus 0-5.

Young (type of H. korthalsi, Bp.). General colour above dull
blue-black ; wing-coverts and quills dusky blackish with a slight
gloss of blue-black, all the coverts and quills with an obsolete tip
of sandy rufous, much broader on the inner secondaries ; lower
back and rump pale rufous ; upper tail-coverts blue-black, with
sand}' rufous tips ; tail-feathers blackish, with a gloss of blue-black,
the outer feathers onh- a little elongated, the two outermost with a
long patch of white on the inner web ; crown of head dusky blackish,
with sandy margins to aU the feathers ; nape, hind neck, and sides
of neck pale sandy rufous ; lores ashy : sides of face and ear-coverts
dull sandy rufous ; cheeks and under surface of body whitish,
broadly streaked with dusky blackish on the throat and breast, the
streaks becoming much narrower on the abdomen and being absent
on the under tail-coverts, which are entirely white ; flanks and
sides of body washed with pale sandy rufous ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries uniform pale sandy rufous, the small coverts near the
edge of the wing mottled with blackish bases ; quUls dusky below,
more ashy along the inner web. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0'3,
wing 3"85, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-45. (Mus Lugd.)

Hah. North-eastern and Eastern Africa ; West Africa, appa-
rently only found on the Gold Coast ; South Africa generally,
extending to the eastern districts of the Cape Colony.

a. Ad. St. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [P.].

h. (5 ad. sk. SenafS, Abyssinia, May 21 Sharpe CoUectioii.

(Jesse).

c. Ad. sk. Rayrayguddy, Abyssinia, Sharpe Collection.

May 27 (Jesse).

d. $ ad sk. Dor.goio, Tigre, May 18. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

e. tS ad. sk. Ankober, Abyssinia India Museum.

{Ilanis).

f. Juv. sk. West -Ifrica. F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

vin, Esqrs. [P.].

g, h. Ad. sk. Connor's Hill, Cape Coast Sharpe Collection.

(Ussher).
t. Ad. i<k. Connor's Hill, Cape Coast Capt. Shelley [P.].

{Ussker).
A, /. cJ ad. sk. Landana, Congo, Jan. & Feb. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP 1

(Z. Petit). -'■

m. Ad. sk. Beiiguela. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C."'.

n. Ad. sk. KingwLlliamstown, S. Africa. Capt. II. Trevelyan "^

o. Ad. sk. Natal. Sharpe Collection.

p. Jjuv.sk. Pinetown, Natal, March 14 Sharpe Collection.

( T. L. Ay res).

156 HIRUNDINID.B.

y, r. Ad. sk. Tati, Matabele Land (F. W. E. and C. G. Gates,
Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

s. Ad. sk. Shupaufia, Zambesi (iSeV Livingstone Expedition.

J. Kirk).

i!. Ad. sk. Uom\yA&n. (Wakefield). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

u. 2 ad. sk. INIouibasa Town. J. M. llildebrandt [0.1.

V. (S ad. sk. Kitui, Ukanda. J. M. Hildebrandt [C.J.

18. Hirundo rufula.

Hirundo dauiica, Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 201 (1831, nee L.) ; Seli/s

Lonych. Ibu, 1S70, p. 453.
Hirundo alpestris {non Pall.), Bp. Faun. Ital., Ucc. Intr. p. xxx

(1832); Heucfl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 158 (1869); Blanf. Geol. ^

Zool. Ahijss. p. 346 (1870).
Hirundo rufula, Temm. Alan. iii. p. 298 (1835, syn. excl.) ; Werner,

Atlas, Cheliclones, pi. la; Schl. Sf Susem. Voy. Eur. vi. Taf. 1. tig. 2

(c. 1839) ; Gray, Gen. B.i. p. 58 (1845); Schl. Rev. Crit. pp. xviii,

41 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 339 (1850) ; Brehm, J. f. O. 1853,

p. 453 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 27 ; Linderm. Voy. Griechenl. p. 27 ;

Simpson, Ibis, 1860, p. 289 ; Blasius, Xachtr. Naum. Voy. Deutschl.

xiii. p. 209, Taf. 383. fig. 4 (1860) ; Dubois, CHs. Eur. pi. 34

(e. 1862) ; Blasius, Ibis, 1862, p. 65 ; Grai/, Cat. Brit. B. p. 33

(1863) ; Wriyht, Ibis, 1864, pp. 42, 57 ; Giylioli,Ibis, 1865, p. 51 ;

Tristr. t. c. p. 79 ; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 362 ; Deyl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur.

1. p. 590 (1867) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil.-^. 144 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 69, no. 808 (1869); Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 396; Sehjs

Longeh. Ibis, 1870, p. 453 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 314 ; Salvad.

Failn. Ital, Ucc. p. 53 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Eyypt, p. 122 (1872) ;

Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 487, pi. 161 (1875) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1875,

p. 16; Cordeaux, t. c. p. 184; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 188; Blanf.

East. Persia, ii. p. 215 (1876) ; Giylioli, Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 64

(1881); id. Ibis, 1881, p. 192; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 43

(1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 169.
Hirundo capensis (7iec Gm.), Duraz. Ucc. Liy. p. 14 (1840).
Cecropis rufula, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 174 ; Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mris.

Philad. Acad. p. 4 (1853) ; Vierth. Naum. 1855, p. 472 ; Gould, B.

Asia, i. pi. 27 (1868).
Cecropis alpestris {non Pall.), Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 16 (1856) ;

Boryyr. Voyelf. NorddeutscM. p. 100 (1869) ; Severts. Tnrkest.

Jemtn. p. 67 (1873).
Hirundo (Cecropis) rufula, Jaub. et Barth.-Lap. Rich. Orn. p. 308,

pi. 19. fig. 1 (1859).
LiUia rufula, Boie, J. f. 0. 1838, p. 364.
Hirundo daurica (nec'L.), Wriyht, Ibis, 1864, pp. 42, 57, & 1874,

p. 233.

Adult male (Smyrna, May 24). General colour above glossy
purplish blue, with white streaks on the back where the white
bases to the feathers show through ; wiug-coverts like the back ;
bastard-wing feathers, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, exter-
nally washed with dull steel-blue ; rump pale' cinnamon-rufous,
verging into creamy white on the upper tail-coverts, the longer
ones of which are purplish blue with pale cinnamon-buff bases ;
tail-feathers blackish glossed with dull blue ; crown of head
purplish blue, forming a cap, which is separated from the mantle

5. HTKTJNDO. 157

by the cinnamon-coloured sides of the neck, which converge from
behind the eye to the nape, where they form a collar ; base of fore-
head and a narrow line over the eye cinnamon-rufous ; cheeks and
ear-coverts pale sandy buif, the lores mixed with dusky plumes ;
entire under surface of body pale cinnamon-buff, a little deeper on
the fore neck, breast, and flanks ; the throat very minutely, and the
rest of the body a little more distinctly, striated with narrow dusky
shaft-lines ; sides of upper breast purplish blue ; thighs and under
tail-coverts creamy whitish, the longer coverts blue-black with
creamy white bases ; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale sandy
buff, the coverts near the edge of the wing with blackish shaft-lines ;
quiUs dusky below, paler along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 7'8 inches, culmen 0"3o, wing 4- 8, tail 4-15, tarsus O'o.

Adult female. Exactly like the male in colour. Total length
7*5 inches, culmen 0'35, wing 4-7, tail 3'85, tarsus 0'55.

Ohs. In many specimens the crown of the head appears as if
connected with the mantle by a few purplish-blue feathers ; this is,
however, due to the faulty preparatiou of the skin, as in properly
preserved examples the collar on the hind neck is perfect. I have
seen only one young bird which has also this partial connexion
between the crown and the mantle, but I do not consider it to be
simply a sign of immaturity.

Younrj (Smyrna, July 29). Much duUer in colour than the
adult, being blackish glossed with steel-blue, the rufous colour on
the neck and rump very much paler ; wing-coverts and secondaries
tipped with pale rufous ; beneath paler than in the adult, the
throat and abdomen whitish, the fore neck rufescent ; the throat
and breast with tolerably distinct dusky shaft-lines; axillaries
and under wing-coverts pale cinnamon, rather deeper than in the
adult. Total length 6-8 inches, wing 4-S, tail 3-2, tarsus O-oo.

Hah. Southern Europe, occurring as far westward as Italy, Sicily,
and. Malta, ranging through Greece, Asia Minor, and Palestine, to
Egypt and Abyssinia, and eastwards to Turkestan. On its occur-
rence in Dauria, as erroneously given by me in the P. Z. S. for
1870, cf. Dresser, B. Eur. I. c.

a. Ad. sk. Genoa, spring of 1871. Pt. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

b. (5 ad. sk. Smvrna, Mav 24, 1871 F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin,

(Br. Kriqier). Esqrs. [P.].

c. 2 ad. sk. Smvrna, June 26, 1871 F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin,

(Dr. Kriiper). Esqrs. [P.].

d. cJ ad. ; e,f. Smyrna, Jime (Dr. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
c^ juv. sk. Kriiper).

g, h. j juv. sk. Smyrna, July 29, 1871 K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{Dr. Kriiper).

t,A. c? Jad. sk. Calameta. Consul Merlin [P.].

I. S ad. sk. Tiberias. Canon Tristram [C.].

m. 2 ad. sk. Moimt Carmel. Canon Tristram [C.].

n. (5 ad. sk. Banias, Palestine, Mav 4, F. D. Godman and O. Salvin,

1864 (Tristram). ' Esqrs. [P.].

o. c? ad. sk. AYadv El Beerha, April F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin,

1864 (Tristram) Esqrs. [P.].

158 HTRTJNDINIB^'E.

p. dad. sk. N.W. ofBampiir, rersian W. T. Blan ford, Esq. [C.].

]5alucliistan, April 1:2,

1872.
q. 2 iiuiu- sk. Kooniaylee, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

Feb. 14, 18(j8.

Subsp. a. Hirundo scullii.

Iliruudo rufida {mm Temm.), Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 48;

Scnih/, Ibis, 1881, p. 427.
Hii'uudo rufuls, var. scullii, Seehohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 168.

Adult (Residency Grounds, Nepal ; Dr. Scully : type of species).
Very similar to H. rufula, but smaller : " biU black ; legs and toes
dusky brownish fleshy ; claws black ; iris dark brown " (^Sculhj).
Total length 7'5 inches, culmen 0-35, wing -l-S, tail 3-8, tarsus 0-5.
(AIics. H. Seehohm.)

The specimens from Pushut agree with the type in coloration.
Wing 4-35-4-45 inches.

Obs. In Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay's collection is a bird obtained by
himself at Byan Khyl, in Afghanistan, with the wing 4-5 inches
long. It closely resembles a male from Mount Tabor in his col-
lection, which only measures 4-6 inches in the wing (cf. Wardlaw
Ramsay, I. c). Possibly intermediate forms may be found between
H. rufula and H. scullii.

Hah. Afghanistan, along the Himalayas to Nepal.

a, b. Ad. sk. Pushut, Afghanistan {Griffith). India Museum.

Hirundo daurica and its allies.

Two ornithologists have recently devoted their attention to this
extremely difficult group of Swallows, with somewhat similar
results. Mr. A. 0. Hume (Str. F. 1877, pp. 254-2G7) has contri-
buted a paper on the Indian species and their allies, which has
greatly increased our knowledge of the subject, while Mr. Seebohm
(' Ibis,' 1883, pp. 167-169) has treated the species from a Palsearctic
as well as an Indian point of view.

Out of the eleven species recognized by Mr. Hume and the eight
allowed by Mr. Seebohm, three are easily distinguishable, viz. H. mela-
nocrissa, H. domicella, and II. rufida ; and Mr. Seebohm's new race,
H. scullii, is allowed by me to be different. But as regards the
other species, it seems that both the above-named authors have not
much faith in their characters of distinction, for the latter often con-
sist merely in a longer or shorter wing. The other characters, such
as the breadth of the rump-band or the amount of striation on the
rump, seem to me to be equally as variable as the length of the
wing and the coarseness or fineness of the shaft-stripes on the
under smface. Some stress has also been laid by Mr. Hume on the
dusky ear-coverts ; and at one time I thought myself that this would
prove a reliable point of difference between the races ; but I find

5. HIRTTNDO. 159

that in a large series the darker and coarser the breast-stripes the
darker the ear-coverts, and just as every gradation in length of wing
can be found, so every intermediate form between the narrowly
striped examples, with finely streaked ear-coverts, and the coarsely
streaked specimens, with nearly uniform blackish ear-coverts, can be
met with in a series.

With some slight modifications, I have adopted Mr. Seebohm's
classification of the races or subspecies, as it embodies Mr. Hume's
conclusions ; but I must confess that when a larger series is at our
disposal, I shall expect to find a perfect gradation from one to the
other, beginning with the faintly-streaked //. erythropygla and
leading through H. nipalensis to H. daurica, and then through
H . japoiiica to H. striolata and its races. It also appears to me
impossible to settle the question of some of these races until
a larger series is at our disposal from various parts of China, and
especially from the headquarters of these Swallows in winter, viz.
Assam, Burmah, Cochin China, &c., from which countries I have
not examined nearly enough material.

It must therefore be understood that the synonymy of these
Mosque-Swallows is liable to modification, as it will be necessary
to examine specimens from the localities to which the references
belong. A great deal will also depend upon future observation, as
to whether all these Mosque-Swallows are migratory in the different
countries they inhabit, or whether they are stationary, forming
colonies in various parts of Asia.

19. Hirundo daurica.

Ilirundo daurica, Lmn. Mantissa Plant, p. 528 (1771) ; Gm. Syst.

Nat. i. p. 1024 (1788) ; Grmj, (Jvn. B. i. p. 57 (1845) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 338(1850); De Selys-Lonijchami)s, Bull. Acad. R. Belg. xxii.

pt. 2, p. 103 (1855).
Hirundo alpestris, Pall. Heis. Buss. Beichs. ii. Api). no. 19 (1771-76) ;

id. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. p. 534, pi. .30 (1811) ; Bias. Nachtr. Naum.

Vog.DeutscM. xiii. p. 209, pi. 383. fig. 3 (18(50); Badde, Beis.

Sibir. Vog. p. 280 (18G3) ; Finsch, Beis. West-Sibir. p. 38 (1879) ;

Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 109; Homey. S^ Tancre, MT. om. Ver.

Wien, 1883, p. 83.
Daurian Swallow, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 570 (1783).
Hirundo dauurica, Lath. Ind. Om. ii. p. 576 (1790).
Cecropis daurica. Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 498 (1837) ; £me, Isis,

1844, p. 174; DybowsJci, J.f. O. Ib76, p. 192.
Cecropis alpestris, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 174 ; Gould, B. Asia, i. pi. 28

(ISUO) ; bybowski, J. f. O. 1868, p. ,336, 1872, p. .352, 1874, p. 334,

1875, p. 244 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 133 (1876) ; Prjev.

in Dawson Bowley's Om. Misc. ii. p. 161 (ls77) ; IJavid ^- Oust.

Ois. Chine, p. 125 (1878).
Lillia alpestris, Boie, J.f. O. 1858, p. .364.
? LilHa intermedia, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 263.

Adult male. General colour above deep blue, the back much
streaked with white when the feathers are disturbed ; head like the
back, and not separated bj' a nuchal collar from the mantle ; lesser
and median wing-coverts like the back, the greater coverts, bastard-

160 niKTTXDIXIDiE.

wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally glossed with
blue ; lower back and rump cinnamon-rufous, with a few blackish
shaft-lines, very indistinct ; upper tail-coverts dark blue ; tail-
feathers blackish, glossed slightly with blue ; lores blackish, whiter
at base, and surmounted by a narrow line of rufous, forming a
slight eyebrow, which expands into a broad neck-patch of cinnamon-
rufous behind the ear-coverts, which are dingy whitish washed with
rufous and distinctly striped with black shaft-streaks ; cheeks and
threat also dingy whitish, with broader blackish shaft-streaks;
remainder of under surface pale rufous, everywhere streaked with
dusky blackish shaft-lines, less marked on the vent and under tail-
coverts, the long ones of which end in dark blue or blue-black like
the upper tail-coverts ; sides of body and flanks washed with a
little deeper rufous ; axillaries and under wing-coverts clear rufous,
with scarcely any shaft-lines, the edge of the wing more distinctly
streaked with the latter; quills dusky below. Total length 8*4
inches, culmen 0'4, wing 5-15, tail 4-7, tarsus 0'65.

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length
7"5 inches, cvilmen 0'35, wing 4-75, tail 4-5, tarsus 0'55.

Young. Duller in colour than the adult, and easily distinguished
by the rufescent margins to the tips of the wing-coverts and secon-
dary quills ; rump more coarsely striped than in the old birds ;
ear-coverts nearly uniform sooty brown ; rufous colour on sides of
hinder crown very dull and less developed than in the adults.
"VYing 4'35 inches.

Ohs. H. daurica is a large form of IT. nipalensis, and has a more
northern habitat. The following measurements of wing are taken
from the specimens in the British Museum and the collection of
Mr. Seebohm : —

Wing.
in.

a. cS . Irtisch (Finsch^ 5-1. Mus. Seebohm.

/3. (S . Irtisch (Fuisch) 5-0. Mus. Brit.

y. 2 ■ Irtisch (Finsch) 5-0. Mus. Brit.

h. c? • Daiu'ia {Dyhoivski) 5-1. Mus. Brit.

e. 2 . Dauria {Dyboivski) 4-8. Mus. Brit.

Hah. From the Altai Mountains extending over Western Siberia
from Irtisch, throughout Dauria and Amoor Land, southwards to
Kansu.

a,h. S 2 ad. sk. Irtisch River, June 16. Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].

c, d. c^ $ ad. sk. Dauria {Dyhuioski). Warsaw Museum [E.],

e. Juv. sk. Ussuri River. Warsaw Museum [E.j.

Subsp. a. Hirundo nipalensis,

Hirundo nipalensis, Hodys. Icon. ined. vi Brit. Mrs., Passcres, pi. 6,
no. 329 ; id. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 780 (1836) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc.
p. 82 (1844) ; Hume ^- Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 44 ; Hume, Str. F.
1879, p. 84; Scully, t. c. p. 233; Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 148;
Hume, t e. p. 246 • Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 306 (1888).

5. HIRUNDO.

IGl

Hinindo daurica (non Pa?l.), Gray, Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mits. p. 23
(1848) ; Bh/tk, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 198 (1849) ; Hor.sf. ^
Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 92 (1854, pt.) ; Sivinh. 'ibis,
18G1, p. 328 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. inO (1S('.2, pt.) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1803,
p. 2o5 ; Beamn, Ibis, 1865, p. 405 ; Ti/tler, Ibis, 18G8, p. 196 ;
Pelz. t. c. p. 307 ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 46 ; Beavan, t. c. p. 404.

Hirundo ervthropygia («ec Si/kes), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 09, no. 806
(1809, pt.).

Cecropis daiu'ica («ec Pall.'), Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. -352.

Cecropis arctivitta, Sin'nh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 340.

Lillia daurica, Ilione, Xests and Eygs Ind. B. p. 78 (1873).

Cecropis nipalensi.s, Hume, Sfr. F. 1875, p. 42.

Hirimdo (Cecropis) nipalensis, Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 2-30.

Cecropis ervthroprgia (nee Si/kes), Blyth, B. Burm. p. 127 (1875).

Lillia arctivitta, Hume, Sir. F. 1877, pp. 201, 266.

Lillia nipalensis, Hume, Sfr. F. 1877, p. 202.

Hirundo arctivitta, Oafes, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 307 (1883).

Hirundo alpestris, /3. nipalensis, Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 109.

Very similar to II. daurica, but smaller, with the wing measuring
from 4-4 to 4-7 inches. Bill black ; feet duskj- ; claws black ; iris
blackish brown. {Sculh/.)

In the young bird, according to Dr. Scully, the soft parts are as
follows : — Bill black, the base of the lower mandible and gape fleshy
yellow ; feet dusky brownish ; claws yeUow ; iris brownish black.

Hab. Northern China, where probably a separate colouj- exists ;
Himalayas, from Simla to Assam, wintering in the plains of India
and the Burmese countries.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. f. Ad. sk.

g. Juv. sk.
h. Imni. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
k. 2 ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
>M. cJ" imni. sk.
n. S ad. sk.
o. (S ad. sk.
l},q. d 2 ad. ;
r. (S juv. sk.

Shanghai.

Woosung, April {Capt.

Ince).
China.

Upper Assam {Dr. Reid).
Nepal.

Nepal.

Nepal, Aug. 29.
Himalayas.
Behar.

Kamptee, C. P.
Godavery valley, Jan.
Pegu, March 29.
Shwaygeen, Pegu, IMay.
Kaukarit, Iloundraw River,
Tenas.serim, May.

Dr. McKinlay [P.].
Mrs. Ince [P."].

J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
(Types of H. nipalensis.)
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Dr. J. Scully [P.].
India Museum.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Dr. B. Hinde [P.].
W. T. Blanford. Esq. [P.],
E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].
E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].
Capt. C. T. Bingham [P.].

Subsp. j3. Hirundo striolata.

Cecropis striolata, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 174 {ex Temm. MS.) ; Cass.
Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 3 (1853) ; Wald. in Blyth B.
Burm. p. 127 (1875).

Hirundo striolata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 58 (1845) ; Temm. ^- Schl.
Faun. Jap. p. 33 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 340 (1850; ; Blyth, Ibis,
1806, p. 337; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 09, no. 801 (1869) ; Hume
§• Davison, Sfr. F. 1878, p. 44 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 109.

Lillia striolata, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 261.
VOL. X. M

162 HIRTJNDINID^.

Adult mah (tj'pe of species). General colour above dai'k purplish
blue, the back perceptibly streaked ■with white where the white
bases to the feathers show through ; lesser and median wing-coverts
like the back ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills black, washed with purplish blue externally ; lower back and
rump light chestnut-rufous, with narrow blackish shaft-lines, not
very distinct ; upper tail-coverts purplish blue with rufous bases ;
tail-feathers black washed with purpUsh blue ; head like the back,
with a few streaks of rufous on the hind neck ; no rufous on base
of forehead ; loral plumes dusky with whitish bases, surrounded by
a narrow streak o£ rufous ; from behind the eye a triangular patch
of dull chestnut, extending on the sides of the neck, but not meeting
behind the nape; ear-coverts dingy fulvous, with blackish shaft-
streaks ; checks and under surface of body light fulvous, more silky
white on the throat and a little deeper buff on the sides of the body ;
all the under surface from the chin to the vent streaked with distinct
blackish centres to the feathers, broader on the throat and bi'east ;
under tail-coverts fulvescent, with broad and conspicuous tips of
blue-black ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries pale fulvescent, with
narrow shaftJiues of black, the outer coverts more strongly mottled
with blackish central markings ; quills dusky below, more ashy along
the edge of the inner web. Total length 7'6 inches, culmen 0-35,
wing 5-05, tail 4, tarsus 0-6. {Mus Lugd.)

Adidt female. Does not differ from the male in colour. Total
length 7 inches, wing 5-1, tail 3-67, tarsus 0'65.

Ols. H. striolata is a sHghtly larger race of H. japonica, with the
wing 5'05-5*l inches in length, and with coarser and broader shaft-
stripes below. A still darker race seems to occur in the Karen
Hills in Burmah, where CajDt. Wardlaw E,amsay discovered it.

Hah. Java ; ? extending northwards into Burmah.

a. Ad. sk. Java. Leiden Museum [P.].

Subsp. y. Hirundo japonica.

Hirundo alpestris japonica, Temm. ^ Schh Fmin. Jap., AveSy'p. 38,

pi. 11 (1850).
Hirundo japonica, Bp. Consp. i. p. 340 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 69, no.'809 (18G9).
Hinmdo daiu'ica, Swinh. Ibis, 18G0, p. 48, 1863, pp. 89, 255; id.

P. Z. S. 1863, p. 18 ; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 90.
Cecropis japonica. Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 4 (1853) ;

Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 346; id. Ibis, 1874, p. 436.
Hirundo striolata {non Temm. ^ Schl.), Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 485;

Wald. B. Burm. p. 127 (1875, pt.) ; Hume Sf Davison, Str. F.

1878, p. 44 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 305 (1883).
Cecropis japonica, David <$• Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 127 (1877); Blakist.

Sf Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 231 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 30.
LiUia japonica, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 261.
Lillia substriolata, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 264.
Cecropis erythropygia {nee Sykes), Blakist. i$- Pryer, B. Japaii, p. 139

(1882).
Hirundo striolata, /3. substriolata, Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 169.
Hirundo striolata, y. japonica, Seebohm, t. c. p. 160.

5. niEUNDo. 163

Adult male (Japan ; Prof. Milne). General colour above dark
purplish blue, streaked with white where the white bases show
through ; the wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish, glossed externallj^ with steel-blue ; rump
and upper tail-coverts cinnamon-rufous, with distinct narrow black
shaft-lines, the long coverts dark purplish blue, with light rufous
bases ; tail-feathers black glossed with steel-blue ; crown of head
dark puqjlish blue like the back ; over the eye a few rufous feathers ;
sides of the hinder crown deep rufous, converging towards the nape,
but not forming a distinct collar, the nape-plumes being blue edged
with rufous ; lores whitish, tipped with dusky ; ear-coverts smoky
brown, slightly tinged with rufous and broadly streaked with dusky
brown ; cheeks and throat dull white, broadly streaked with blackish,
more distinctly on the latter ; remainder of the under surface pale
rufescent buff, very distinctly streaked with black ; sides of upper
breast purplish blue ; thighs rather whiter ; under tail-coverts like
the abdomen, the lower ones blue-black, with pale rufescent bases
and black shaft-lines ; lateral under tail-coverts white, with black
sliaft-lines and a distinct oval spot of blue-black near the tip ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts nifescent buff, all with distinct
black shaft-lines, broader on the outer under wing-coverts ; quills
dusky below, paler along the inner web. Total length 7'4 inches,
culmen O--!, wing 4-55, tail 4, tarsus 0-65.

Ohs. Very similar to H. nipalensls, and differing only in its under
surface being more coarsely streaked. The shaft-stripes on the
rump are very distinct when present, but vary considerably in
strength of marking.

Hirundo suhstrwlata of Hume is a slightly larger race, as will
be seen by the following series of measurements. It ranges from
Formosa to Assam in winter.

A. — H. japoiiica.

Wing,
in.

a. Japan (Milne) 4-55. (Mus. Brit.)

/3. Karen Hills ( Wcaxllmv Eamsay) . . 4-6. (Mus. R. G. W. R.)

y. Floras ( Wallace) 4-4.5. (Mus. Brit.)

8. Floras ( Wallace) 4-4. (Mus. H. Seeb.)

e. Floras ( Wallace) 4-5. (Mus. H. Seeb.)

B. — H. suhstrwlata.

f. Formosa (SwinJtoe) 5-0. (Mus. H. Saab.)

rj. Formosa (Swinhoe) 4-9. (Mus. H. Seeb.)

e. Formosa {Sicinhoe) 4-85. (Mus. H. Seeb.)

Hah. Japan and Cliina, extending into the Burmese countries and
as far south as the island of Flores.

a. A.d. sk. Japan. Professor Milne [C.J.

b. Ad. sk. Japan. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. fP.l.

c. Ad. sk. China. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Flores. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1.

m2

164 niRUNDINID^.

Subsp. B. Hirundo erythropygia.

Hirundo erythropygia, Si/kcs, F. Z. S. 1832, p. 83 ; Jerd. Madr.
Journ. xi. p. 237 (1840); Blijth, Ibis, 1866, pp. 237, 387; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 69, no. 806 (1869) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, pp. 46,
47; Bhjth, Ibis, 1870, p. 161; Cock Sf Marsh. Str. F. 1873,
p. 350 ; Adam, t. c. p. 370 ; Aiiken, Str. F. 1875, p. 212 ; Hume,
t. c. p. 318; Butler, t. c. p. 451; Walden, Ibis, 1876, p. 338;
Butler, Str. F. 1877, p. 226 ; Davidson ^ Wendvn, Str. F. 1878,
vol. ii. p. 76 ; Murray, t. c. p. 113 ; Leqr/e, B. Ceylon, p. 594 (1879) ;
Hume, Str. F. 1879,' p. 84; Butler, Cat. B. Sind ^c. p. 13 (1879);
id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Fres. p. 14 (1880) ; id. Str. F. 1880, p. 377 ;
Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 48; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 43;
Butler, t. c. p. 377 ; Eeid, Str. F. 1881, p. 18 ; Davidson, Str. F. 1882,
p. 292 ; Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 345 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 169.

Hirundo daurica (non Fall.), Bh/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 198
(1849, pt.) ; Layard, Aim. 8f May. Kat. Hist. xii. p. 170 (1853) ;
id. Sf Kelaart, Prodr. Cat., App. p. 58 (1853) ; Cass. Cat. Hirund.
Mus. Fhilad. Acad. p. 4 (1853) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Co.
Mus. i. p. 92 (1854, pt.) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p .160 (1862, pt.) ; Bulger,
F. Z. S. 1866, p. 568 ; Holds^v. F. Z. S. 1872, p. 419 ; Murray,
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 103 (1884).

Cecropis daurica, Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Fhilad. Acad. p. 4 (1853).

Cecropis erythropygia, Gmdd, B. Asia, i. pi. 29 (1868) ; Jerd. Ibis,
1871, p. 362 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 127 (1875) ; Fairb. Str. F. 1876,
p. 254.

Lillia erythropygia, Hume, Nests and Egys Ind. B. p. 76 (1873) ; id.
Str. F. 1877, p. 256.

Adult. General colour above deep purplish blue, with white
striations where the bases of the feathers show through ; the wing-
coverts like the back ; quills blackish, externally glossed with dull
blue ; rump and upper tail-coverts deep ferruginous, the longer
coverts deep purplish blue ; tail-feathers blackish glossed with dull
blue ; crowu of head like the back, from which it is almost separated
by a nuchal collar of deep ferruginous, the sides of the hinder crown
and sides of the neck being of the latter colour and converging on
to the nape, the nuchal collar being only interrupted by a few dark-
blue plumes in the form of spots ; a narrow frontal line and a streak
over the eye deep ferruginous ; lores whitish, tipped with dusky ;
car-coverts pale rufous with dusky shaft-streaks ; cheeks, throat,
and under surface of body whitish, slightly marked with fulvous on
the breast and flanks ; the whole of the underparts narrowly
streaked with dusky blackish shaft-lines, disappearing on the under
tail-coverts, the long ones of which are deep blue-black with whitish
bases ; under wing-coverts and axillaries rather deeper fulvous than
the breast, with nearly obsolete dusky shaft-lines, which are, how-
ever, more plainly developed on the small wing-coverts near the
edge of the wing ; quiUs dusky below, paler along the edge of the
inner web : " bill, legs, and feet black ; iris brown " (Ler/ge). Total
length 6-2 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 4-45, tail 3-1, tarsus 0"5.
Mab. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon.

a. Ad. sk. Decc&n (Sykes). India Museum. (Type of species.)

6. Ad. sk. Madras (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

5. HIEUNDO. 165

c. Ad. sk. Calcutta (A. S. £.). India Museum.

d. Ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.],

e. Ad. sk. Kangra, Punjab. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.].
/. Ad. sk. N.W. Ilimalayas. Capt, Stackhouse Pinwill [P.J.
ff. Ad. sk. "N .W .Himalny AS (Dr. Belleiv). India Museum.

h. Ad. sk. India (J, H. Reeves). India Museum.

i. Ad. sk. India. India Museum.

k. Ad. sk. Ceylon. R. B, Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

20. Hirundo melanocrissa.

Cecropis melanocrissus, Hilpp. Syst. Uehers. p. 22 (1845) ; Bes Murs
in Lefebvr. Voy. Abyss., Zool. p. 79 (1849) ; Heuyl. Syst. Uehers,
p. 10 (18o6).

Hirundo rufula (pt.), Bp. Consp. i. p. .339 (18-50).

Hirundo melanocrissa, Gray^ Hand-l. B. i. p. 69, no. 807 (1809) ;
Heuql. Orn. KO.-Afr.l p. 1,59 (1869); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 315 ; Blanf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 346 (1870) ; Finsch, Trans.
Z. S. vii. p. 319 (1870) ; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. App. p. Ivii
(1874) ; Salmd. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) \. p. 121 (1884).

Lillia melanocrissa, Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 258.

Adult. Above deep indigo-blue glossed with purple, with the usual
white lines on the upper part of the back ; feathers in front of the eye
black ; a narrow Hue of feathers from the base of the bill extending
backwards over the eye, sides of the neck, and round the nape, and
forming an interrupted nuchal collar, deep sienna ; rump paler
sienna ; quills brownish black, glossed with greenish steel-blue; upper
tail-coverts deep steel-blue ; tail-feathers brownish black, glossed
with greenish above ; cheeks and throat pale buffj' white, the shafts
of the feathers marked b)' small black lines ; rest of the body buff,
with faint marks ; the apical end of the under tail-coverts glossy
blue-black, having the appearance of a black crissum ; bill black ;
feet dark brown. Total length 7 inches, of wing 4*7, tail 3-6.

Hah. North-eastern Africa.

<?. Ad. sk. Abvssinia. Dr. Eiippell [C.].

b. c? ad. sk. Undul Wells, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

April.

Subsp. a. Hirundo domicella.

Hirundo melanocrissa {non liiipp.), Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 27 (1857);

Hniql. J.f. O. 1863, p. 168 (var.); Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 25

(1865).
Hirundo domicella, Finsch ^ Hartl. Vii(/. Ostafr. p. 143 (1870) ;

Hevyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 159 (1869-70) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870,

p. 315 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 46 (1871) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 547.
Lillia domicella, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 260.

Adult. Head, back, and scapulars deep indigo ; feathers in front
of the eye black ; a thin narrow lino of bright rufous ; extending over
this line to the eye, ear-coverts, and sides of the iieck rich rufous,
extending round the neck and forming a narrow collar ; the feathers
on the upper back loose, so that a few of the margins show, giving
a striped appearance ; wing-coverts dull steel-blue ; quills brownish,

16G HIKTTNDINIDiE.

slightly glossed with dull steel-blue, paler on the under surface and
on the inner edge of the secondaries ; lower part of the back and
rump uniform rich sienna ; upper tail-coverts glossy steel-blue ; tail
forked, black above, paler beneath, glossed on the upper surface
with greenish steel-blue ; under surface of the body white, fulvous
on the breast and abdomen, and marked on the breast with a few
narrow black strite ; under tail-coverts glossy steel-blue ; under
wing-coverts white : " iris brown " ( W. A. Forbes). Total length
7 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 4-4, tail 3-85, tarsus 0'55.
Mab. West Africa, from Senegambia to the Niger.

a, b. Ad. sk. Kiver Gambia. Sharpe Collection.

c,d. c? ? ad. sk. Shonga, River Niger. W. A. Forbes, Esq. [P.].

21. Hirundo badia.

Cecropis badia, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1853, p. 371 ; id. Cat.

Himnd. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 4 (1853).
Hirundo badia. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 09, no. 804 (1869).
Cecropis archetes, Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 266.
Hirundo archetes, Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 47 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 592

(1879).

Adult. General colour above glossy steel-blue ; hind neck and
mantle slightly streaked with reddish on disturbing the feathers ;
lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts,
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quiUs blackish, externally washed
with steel-blue ; rump and upper tail-coverts deep chestnut, the
long upper tail-coverts steel-blue ; tail-feathers black glossed with
steel-blue ; crown of head like the back ; lores dusky ; a narrow
line of red commencing at the base of the forehead and extending
over the eye, forming a narrow and scarcely perceptible eyebrow ;
sides of hinder crown, ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surface of body
deep chestnut, with indistinct blackish streaks, very tiny on the
ear-coverts and throat, but a little larger on the breast, abdomen,
and flanks ; a patch of steel-blue feathers on the sides of the upper
breast ; thighs and under tail-coverts chestnut, the long ones of the
latter with steel-blue ends, the longest entirely steel-blue ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries chestnut, the latter slightly mottled with
dusky bases and narrow blackish shaft-lines ; quiUs below dusky
brown. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 4*95, tail 2*7,
tarsus 0"G.

The specimen described is in the British Museum, and the only
other specimen which we have seen in this country is one in Capt.
Wardlaw Ilamsay's collection ; it was obtained in Malacca by the
late Dr. Maingay. This specimen measures as follows : — Total
length 7 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 5'3, tail 1-9, outer tail-feathers
3'9. It is apparently in more complete plumage than the Museum
skin, as there is considerable difference between the dimensions of
the two birds.

Hab. Malacca.

Ad. sk. Malacca. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

5. HIEUNDO. 167

22. Hirundo hyperytlira.

Hirundo hyperytlira, BIyth, J. A. S. Bene/, xviii. p. 814 (1849) ; id.
Cat. B. Mus. As. Sue. -p. 198 (1849) ; 'Kelctart, Prodr. Cat. p. 118
(1852) ; Layai-d, Ann. ^- Mac/. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 170 (1853) ; Bh/th,
Ibis, 1867, p. 306 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 69, no. 798 (1869) ;
Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 419 ; Leejeje, B. Ceylon, p. 592 (1879) ;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 84.

Herse hyperythra, Bp. Consp. i. p. 340 (1850).

Cecropis hyiierythra, Gould, B. Asia, i. pi. 30 (1868) ; Jerd. Ibis,
\87l,p.2,b-l;Hume,Str.F.lQ77,'p.2m.

Adult. General colour above purplisb blue or deep steel-blue, a
little streaked ou the hind neck and mantle with fulvous, the
feathers having a concealed fulvous edging, which becomes evident
when they are disarranged ; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-
wing, jH-imary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally glossed with
steel-blue ; feathers of lower back steel-blue, tipped with rufous like
the adjoining rump and upper tail-coverts, the longest of the latter
being steel-blue ; tail-feathers blackish glossed with steel-blue ;
crown of head like the back ; lores dusky, surmounted by a narrow
line of rufous from the base of the forehead, extending over the eye,
and forming a scarcely perceptible eyebrow ; sides of hinder crown,
ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, and entire under surface of body
deep chestnut, very plainly marked with narrow blackish shaft-
lines, a little broader on the ear-coverts and on the throat ; thighs
and under tail-coverts chestnut, the longer under tail-coverts tipped
or subterminaUy spotted with blue, the longest entirely blue ; the
under wing-coverts and axiUaries chestnut, with distinct blackish
shaft-lines near the edge of the wing ; quills below dusky black :
" bill deep brown, in some specimens blackish, the base of the lower
mandible reddish ; legs and feet vinous brown ; iris sepia-brown "
{Lcgge). Total length 6-4 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 4'5o, tail 2*95,
tarsus 0-55.

Sexes alike in plumage.

Immature birds have the hue of the under surface paler than the
adults and the shaft-streaks not so clear (Legge).

Hah. Ceylon.

T. Thwaites, Esq. [C.].
Pr. Kelaart [P.].
Gould Collection.

23, Hinindo semirufa,

Hirundo semirufa, Simdev. (Eft: K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1850,
p. 107; S/iarpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 188; Ayres, t. c. p. 290; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 69, no. 802 (1869) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 317;
id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 46 (1871); Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 2(!0 ; S/iarpe,
in Gates's Medabele Land, App. p. 312; id. ed, layareVs B. S. Afr.
p. 370, pi. ix. fig. 1 (1883) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 260 ; Ayres,
Ibis, 1884, p. 227.

Adult. Above dark blue, inclining to indigo ; rump chestnut ;
upper tail-covcrts dark blue ; quills black, brownish underneath,
glossed above with dark blue ; tail black, glossed with blue above.

a, b. Ad. sk.

Ceylon.

c. Ad. sk.

Kandy.

d. Ad. sk.

Ceylon.

168 HIRTTNDINID^.

every feather, except tlie two centre ones, having a very large white
spot on the inner web ; space between the bill and the eye velvety
black : cheeks and ear-coverts deep blue-black ; entire under surface
chestnut, very deep on the flanks and abdomen ; under wing-coverts
fulvous ; edge of wing fulvous mottled with black : " bill black ;
legs dusky ; iris dusky " {T. Ayres). Total length 8-8 inches, cul-
men 0*4, wing 5-2, tail 5"3, tarsus 0'55.

Hah. Southern Africa, from Natal to the Transvaal and north-
wards to the Matabele country.

a, b. Ad. sk. Natal. Sharpe Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Between Pretoria and Lj-- F. A. Barratt, Esq. [C.].

deuburg.

d. S ad. sk. Transvaal {T. Ayres). Sharpe Collection.

e. $ ad. sk. Tati, Matabele Land, Oct. 4 W. E. and C. G. Oates,Esqrs,

{F. Oates). [P.].

/. Ad. sk. Inchlangin River, December W. E. and C. G. Oates,Esqrs.
{F. Oates). [P.].

Subsp. a. Hinmdo gordoni.

Hirundo melanocrissa (nee Mitpp.) , Jard. Confr. Orn. 1849, p. 4.

Hiruudo gordoni, Jard. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 141, 1852, p. 47 ; HaHl.
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 27 (1857); id. J. f. 0. 1861, p. 103; Gray,
Hand-l. B.'i. p. 69, no. 799 (1869) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 188 ; id.
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 317 ; id. Cat. Afr. JS. p. 46 (1871) ; Shelley ^
Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 288 ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 62 ; Reichen.
J.f. O. 1875, p. 21; Boeage, Orn. Angola,^. 182 (1881).

Cecropis gordoni, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 33.

Achdt. Above glossy indigo-blue, duller on the wing-coverts ;
quills brownish black, glossed above, especially on the secondaries,
with dark blue ; rump sienna-rufous : upper tail-coverts dark indigo ;
tail brownish black, washed with dull indigo above, the inner webs
of all but the six central feathers having a large white patch ; entire
under surface of bodj^ sienna-rufous, a little paler on the throat,
thighs, and under wing-coverts ; bill black ; feet dark brown. Total
length 6'5 inches, culmen 0'35, wing 4'5, tail 4, tarsus 0'55.

Hah. West Africa, from Senegal to the Congo.

a. Ad. sk. Senegal. M. Laglaize [C.].

h. Ad. sk. Ashautee. John Gould, Esq.

c. Ad. sk. Elniina, May (Blissett). Sharpe Collection.

d,e. Ad.sk. Cayie Const (Ussher). Shai-pe Collection.

f, ff, h. Ad. sk. Accra ( Ussher). Sharpe Collection.

i, k. Ad. sk. Gaboon. Sharpe Collection.

I. Ad. sk. Landana, Congo {Lucan). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

24. Hirundo senegalensis.

Hirondelle h, ventre roux de Senegal, Daubenf. PI. Enl. vii. pi. 310,
Hirundo senegalensis, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 345 (1766) ; Sicai7is. B.

W. Afr. ii. p. 72, pi. 6 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 58 (1845) ; id.

Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mus. p. 23 (1848) ; Jard. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 4;

Bp. Cotisp. i. p. 339 (1850) ; Uartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 27 (1857) ;

Dubois, Ois. Eur. pi. 35 (1862); Hartl. J. f.' O. 1869, p. 103;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 69, no. 796 (1869); Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr.

1. p. 156 (1869) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 316 ; id. Ibis, 18"72,

5. HIEUNDO. 169

p. 71 ; Shelleij L^- Bucldey, t. c. p. 288; Heuyl Om. N.O.-Afr. iv.

App. p. Ivii (1874) ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 62 ; Reichen. Corresp.

Afrik. GeseUsch. Berlin, 1875, no. 178 ; id. J. f. O. 1875, p. 21 ;

Sharps ^- Boiiv. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 37 (187(5) ; Salvacl.

Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 120 (1884).
Hiriindo rufula, Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 55 (1837, nee Temm.).
Cecropis senegalensis, Less. Compl. Buff. v\n. p. 498 (1837) ; Boie,

Isis, 1844, p. 174 ; Riqip. St/st. Uebers. p. 22 (1845; ; Cass. Cat.

Jlirund. 3Ius. Philad. Acad. p. 3 (1853) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 16

(185G); Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche t*j-c. p. 9.
BLirundo melanocrissus {nee Rdpp.), Heuyl. J.f. O. 1862, p. 297.
Cecropis melanocrissus, Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 25 (1865) ; Salvad.

Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, 1870, p. 728.

Above purplish blue ; sides of the head and back of the neck,
almost forming a nuchal collar, as ■well as the entire rump, deep
sienna ; quilis duU black slightly glossed with blue ; upper tail-
coverts duU purplish blue ; tail-feathers black, unspotted ; throat
and cheeks buff}* white, as also are the under wing-coverts ; rest of
the underparts deep chestnut ; biU black ; feet very dark brown.
Total length 9 inches, wing ow, tail 4-2.

Mab. N.E. Africa and W. Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Senegal. Governor Kendall [P.].

b. (S ad. sk. Casamance (Verreau.v). Sharpe Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Ekraful, Gold Coast, May Sharpe Collection.

(Blissett).

d. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq.

e. Ad. sk. Plains of Accra, Feb. 13 Sharpe Collection.

{Ussher).

f. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Sharpe Collection.

25. Hirundo monteiri.

Hirimdo monteiri, Hartl. Ibis, 1862, p. 340, pi. 11 ; Gumey, Ihia,
1863, p. 116 ; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 320 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 69,
no. 803 (1869) ; Bocaye, Jorn. Lisb. 1868, p. 40, 1869, p. 339 ;
Finsch ^- Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 139 (1870) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.
1870, p. 316 ; id. Cat. Afr.'B. p. 46 (1871) ; Gtirney in Ajulerss.
B. Bam. Ld. p. 49 (1872) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 713 ; id. Sf
Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, p. 38 (1876) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1878,
p. 222 ; Fischer S,- Reichen. t. c. p. 257; id. J. f. O. 1879, p. 344;
Bocaye, Orn. Anyola, p. 181 (1881) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 565 ;
Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 368 (1883),

Mate. Above glossy blue-black, the head capped and united to
the nape by a broad interrupted band of blue-black feathers ; a
narrow line of feathers from the base of the nostrils to the eye dusky
black; space belosvthis line, and feathers at the base of the beak, cheeks
and car-coverts whitish, tinged with grey on the latter ; lower part of
the back and rump deep chestnut ; upper tail-coverts blue-black ;
quills dusky brown, with a dark greenish-blue lustre on the upper
surface ; tail greenish blue above, blackish underneath, with an
oblong white spot on the inner web of the exterior tail-feathers ;
throat and under wing-coverts white tinged with light rufous ; a
triangular patch of feathers on the side of the head extending from
the eye backwards, nearly encircling the head, and extending down

1 70 HIRUXDIXID^.

the sides of the neck, vcrj' bright rufous ; shoulders and sides of the
chest dark bhie-black like the back ; breast and under tail-coverts
deep rufous, with a black spot near the tip of the two interior
feathers of the latter ; thighs white ; bill black ; feet dark brown.
Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 5-75, tail 4-75,
tarsus 0-65.

Voung. Above blue-black, but not so rich or so glossy as in the
adult ; quills and tail dusky brown, with scarcely any perceptible
gloss on the upper surface ; lower part of the back pale rufous ;
throat, cheeks, and under wing-coverts pure white : sides of the
neck and breast rufous, but not so rich as in the adult ; under tail-
coverts rufous, the basal half of the two interior feathers black.

Jfab. S.W. Africa, ranging across to the Zambesi and Zanzibar
districts.

a. Ad. sk. Angola. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.].

(Type of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Angola (Monteiro). Sharpe Collection.
<^,d. c? 2 ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo Land Sharpe Collection.

(Anderssun).

e. c? ad. sk. Elephant Yley, Damara Sharpe Collection.

Land, Sept. 22 (Anders-
son) .

f. Ad. sk. Mombas, E. Africa ( Wake- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

feld).

26. Hirundo euchrysea.

Hirundo euchrysea, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 68, pi. 12 (1847) ; Gratf,

Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mus. p. 26 (1848) ; March, Proc. P/iilad. Acad.

1863, p. 29-5 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 72, no. 849 (1869) ; Scl. 8f

Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 14 (1873).
Herse euchrysea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 34 (1850).
Petrochelidon euchrysea, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 72 ; id. Cat. Amer.

B. p. 39 (1862).
Callichelidon euchrysea, Baird, Pevieio Amer. B. p. 304 (1865); A.

^- E. Netct. JPandh. Jamaica, 1881, p. 107.

Adult. General colour above metallic golden green, greener on
the head; wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts, bastard-
wing, and primary-coverts blackish, externally washed with golden
bronze ; quills black, with a slight bronzy shade on the outer edge ;
tail-feathers blackish washed with golden bronze; lores velvety
black ; ear-coverts, fore part of cheeks, and base of chin metallio
golden green like the upper surface ; throat and remainder of under
surface of body pure white ; thighs black ; under tail-coverts pure
white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts metallic golden green,
with dusky bases ; quills sooty black below : " bill black ; feet
purplish black" (Gosse). Totallength 5 inches, culmen 0-3, wing
4-2, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-4.

Young. Differs from the adult in having the feathers of the
throat and breast obscured with dusky siibterminal bars. The
metallic plumage is also duller and greener, with not such a strong
golden lustre.

Hah. Jamaica.

6. CHERAMCECA. 171

«, 6. Ad. et juv. sk Jamaica. Capt. Hamilton [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.J.

(Type of species.)

d. Juv. sk. Jamaica. Sclater Collectiou.
e- Ad. .sk. Jamaica (Osbiim). Sclater Collection.

27. Hirundo sclateri.

Hirundo euchrysea, var. dominiceusis, Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. K II.

xi. p. 95 (1800).
Hirundo sclateri, Cory, Auk, 1884, p. 2 ; id. B. S. Dominqo, p. 45

(1884). ^

Adult male. Above bright bluish green, showing a golden colour
in some lights, becoming decidedly blue on the forehead : upper
surface of wings and tail showing a tinge of dull blue, brightest on
the tail ; underparts pure white ; primaries brown ; bill and legs
very dark brown. Length 5--;5 inches, wing 5-75, tail 2. {Cory.)

Adult female. Similar to the male. {Con/.)

Hah. IS. Domingo.

Ohs. Differs from H. euclinjsea, according to Mr, Cory, in being
larger and in wanting the blue on the forehead.

6. CHERAMCECA. ^ ^^

Cheramoeca, Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 49 (1850). . . . C. leucost'ernum.
Range. Australia.

1. Cheramoeca leucosternum.

Hu-undo leucosternus, Gotild, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 172.

Atticora leucostemon, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 58 (1845) ; Goidd B

Austr. fol. pi. 12 (1848); Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad

p. 6 (1853) ; Diyyles, Or^i. Austr. pi. 21. lig. 2 : Gray, Hand-l.

B. I p. 73, no. 803 (1869). o , ^,

Atticora leucostema, Bp. Consp. i. p. 337 (1850).
Cheramceca leucostema, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th, i. p. 49 (1850) • Goidd

Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 115 (1865). v ^ ' »

Adult. Upper .surface particoloured ; crown of head white, with
brown centres to the feathers ; nape and hind neck as well as the
sides of the neck brown ; mantle and upper back white, the lateral
feathers blackish along the outer web ; scapulars, lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts blue-black; least wing-coverts brown; re-
mainder of the wing-coverts, bastard-wing,primary-coverts, and quills
blue-black, browner on the inner webs of the feathers ; tail-feathers
blackish ; lores blackish brown ; ear-coverts brown ; cheeks, throat,
fore neck, and breast white, extending slightly down the' flanks j
centre of lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts blue-black ;'
thighs white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, with a slight
wash of smoky brown ; quills dusky brown : " bill blackish brown ;
legs and feet greenish grey; iris dark reddish brown'" {Gould).
Total length o -5 inches, culmen 0-25, wing 3-95, tail 3, tarsus 0-5.

Young. Differs from the adult in having the whole head brown,
with only a streak of white across the forehead extending backwards

172

HIRTJNDINIDiE.

above the eye ; the quills edged with white,
inches, wing 3-8, tail 2-15, tarsus 0'5.
Bah. Interior of Australia.

Total length 4-6

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad.; c.

Australia.
Juv. sk. Interior of S. Australia.

7. PROGNE,

F. D. Godraanand 0.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].

Progne, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 971

Phseoprogne, Balrd, Review Am. B. p. 283 (1864) .

Type.
P. purpurea.
P. tapera.

Tail and foot (to show connexion of toes) of Progve purpurea.
Eanffe. North and South America ; Antilles.

Key to the Sj^ecies.

a. Purplish blue both above and below.
a'. Under surface entirely purplish blue like the
upper surface.
a". With a concealed patch of silky white
feathers on the sides of the lower back
and a second one on the sides of the flanks purpurea, p. 173.
6". "With only one concealed patch of silky
white feathers, ^•iz. on the sides of the
lower back ; no white patch on the sides

of the flanks furcata, p. 175.

c". With no white patch either on the sides

of the back or on the flanks concolor, p. 176.

h'. Centre of breast and abdomen white.

«?". Throat and chest glossy purplish blue like

the upper surface dominicensis, p. 176,

c". Throat and chest brown, with purphsh-
blue markhigs on the sides of the upper
breast in old bii'ds.

a'". Larger : tail 3-3 inches domestica, p. 177.

b'". Smaller : tail 2*4-2'7 inches cluthjhea, p. 178,

7. PEOGNE. 173

b. Upper surface brown as also the breast ; throat
and undoiparts white, with a longitudinal
streak of brown on the breast tapera, p. 180.

1. Progne purpurea.

Hirundo purpurea, Cateshy, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. pi. 51 (1731).

The Great American Martin, Edivards, Nat. Hist.B. iii. pi. ll^O (1750).

Le Martinet de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 515 (1760).

Hirundo purpurea, Linn. Sy.st. Nat. i. p. 344 (1766, ex Caiesby) ;

Wilson, Amer. Orn. v. p. 58, pi. 39. fifrs. 2, 3 (1812) ; Audub. B.

Arner. pi. 22 (c. 1830) ; Sivains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Aves, p. 335

(18;}]); Audub. Orn. Biof/r. i. p. llo (1831); id. B. Atner. i.

p. 170, pi. 45 (1839) ; D'Orbiyn. in Bammi de la Sar/ra's Cuba,

Ois. p. 94 (1840) ; Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 232* (1843) ; Jones, Nat.

Bermuda, p. 34 (1859).
Hirundo subis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 344 (1766, ex Edivards) ;

Maynard, B. Florida, p. 71 (1874).
Hirondelle de la Louisiane, Daube)it. PI. Enl. vii. pi. 722.
Purple Swift, Pennant, Arctic Zool. p. 431 (1785).
Purple Swallow, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 575 (1783).
Canada Swallow, Lath. torn. c'it. p. 675 (1783).
Violet Swallow, Latli. torn. cit. p. 574 (1783).
Hirundo violacea, Chn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1026 (1788).
Hirundo caerulea, Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. i. p. 27, pis. 26, 27 (1807).
Hirundo versicolor, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 509 (1817).
Hinmdo ludoviciana, Cuv. Reyne Anitn. i. p. 374 (1817).
Progne pui-purea, Boie, Liis, 1826, p. 971 ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. <§•

N. Amer. p. 8 (1838) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 59 (1845) ; id. Cat. Fissir.

Brit. Mas. p. 27 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 337 (1850) ; Cab. Mus.

Hein. i. p. 50 (1850) ; id. J. f. O. 1856, p. 3; Burm. Tk. Bras.

iii. p. 140 (1856) ; Cass. Lll. B. Calif, p. 245 (1856) ; Brewer, N.

Amer. Ool. vol. i. p. 103, pi. iv. fif^. 47 (1857) ; Baird, in B., Cass., ^

Laivr. B. N. Amer. p. 314 (1860) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 328 :

Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 38 (1862) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 4, 1863,

p. 65 ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 34 (1803) ; Eeyl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur.

i. p. 594 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 74, no. 886 (1869) ;

Cooper, B. Calif, p. 113 (1870); Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 16 (1871);

Coves, Key N. Amer. i?. p. 114 (1872) ; Scl. ^ Salv. No7ne7icl. Av.

Neotr. p. 14 (1873); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 91 (1874) ; Neivt. ed.

Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 361 (1880) ; A. ^- E. Ne^vt. Handb. Jamaica,

1881, p. 107 ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 153 (1882) ; id. iSf

Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 223 (1883) ; B. O. U. List

Brit. B. p. 45 (1883).
Cecropis violacea, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 316.
Cecropis subis, Less. Co7npl. Buff. viii. p. 498 (1837).
Cecropis violacea. Less. t. c. p. 498 (18-37).
Progne subis, Baird, Revieio Amer. B. p. 274 (1864) ; Sumichr. Mem.

Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 547 (1869) ; Lawr. op. cit. ii. p. 271 (1874) ;

Baird, Brewer, (^ Bidyw. Hist. N. Am. B. i. p. 329, pi. 16. figs. 7-10
(1874) ; Ridyiv. U.S. Geol. Survey ^Oth Par. pt. iii. Oril p. 439

(1877) ; Merrill,P. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 125 (1878) ; Beldiny, t. c.

p. 408; Coufs, B. Color. Vail. p. 445 (1878) ; Cooper, P. U.S. Nat,

Mus. ii. p. 247 (1879) ; Bidyio. op. cit. iii. p. 175 (1880) ; Coues, Key

N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 325 (1884).
Progne elegans, ad., Baird, Review Amei: B. p. 275, note (1864).
Progne crvptoleuca, Baird, t. c. p. 277 (1864) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i

p. 75, no. 894 (1869).

174 HIRUNDINIDvE.

Progne subis, var. cryptoleuca, Baird, Brewer, and Ridytu. Hist. N.

Amer.B. i. p. 332 (1874).
Progue subis cryptoleuca, Ridgiv. P. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 175 (1880).

Adult male. General coloui' above glossy dark purplish blue, with
a concealed spot of silky white ou the sides of the back ; lesser
and median wing-coverts like the back but rather duller ; greater
coverts, bastard-wing, primai'y-covcrts, and q\;ills blackish, exter-
nally glossed with dull blue ; tail-feathers also blackish with a dull
bli;e gloss ; lores blackish ; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and
entire under surface of body dark purplish blue like the back ;
asiUaries and under wing-coverts like the breast ; quills ashy black
below, rather lighter along the inner web : " bill deep brownish
black ; feet purplish black ; iris dark brown " (Audubon). Total
length 7"5 inches, culmen 0'55, wing 5"S5, tail y"05, tarsus 0"55.

Adult female. Differs from the male in not being blue below.
General colour above dark purplish blue, not so brilliant as in the
male ; the head like the back, the forehead browner, the feathers
slightly mottled with purplish-blue centres ; lesser and median
wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, glossed externally with dull
blue ; lores black ; ear-coverts dull blue ; cheeks, throat, and breast
light ashy brown, extending on to the sides of the neck ; feathers
of the throat with narrow dusky shaft-lines, those of the fore neck
blacker, obscured with hoary whitish tips ; sides of upper breast
having a few feathers tipped with purplish blue like the back ;
centre of breast and abdomen white, the feathers with more or less
distinct dusky shaft-lines ; in the centre of the breast a longitudinal
spot of dusky blackish ; sides of body and flanks dark smoky brown,
with ashy- whitish margins to the feathers ; thighs brown exter-
nally, white internally ; under tail-coverts white, with dusky centres
to the feathers, becoming darker before the tips ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts dark sooty brown or blackish, the coverts near
the edge of the wing glossed with steel-blue and distinctly edged
with white ; quills dusky below, more ashy along the inner web.
Total length 7"5 inches, culmen 0'5.5, wing .5"65, tail 2"S5, tarsus 0-55.

A specimen in the U.S. National Museum (no. 87661 ; Laurel,
Maryland, May 30th, 1882) is exceedingly interesting as ex-
hibiting the plumage of the male in the second year. The bird
might easily be mistaken for a female, but for the appearance of
some blue feathers on the throat, which indicate the approach to the
perfect plumage of the male.

Young birds of both sexes resemble the adult female, though the
young males are rather darker (C'owes).

Hub. North America, throughout Central America in winter, to
Brazil; Cuba.

a,b. (5 2 ad. st. North America. Purchased.

c, d. (S2 fid. sk. North America. J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.].

e. (S ad. sk. N. America (G. C. Sclater Collection.

Taylor).

f. d iuv. sk. N. America. Maior-Gen. Ilardwicke

[P.].

7. PEOGNE,

175

g. 2 'id. sk.
h, i. (S $ ad. sk.

k. (S ad. sk.

I. S ad. sk.

?«. $ jiiv. sk.

n. $ ad. sk.

0, J?. cJad. et juv.

sk.
g. cJ inini. sk.

r. (S imm. sk.

s. S juv. sk.
t. (S ad. sk.
j«. Juv. st.
V, UK Ad. sk.
X. c? ad. sk.

Canada, May ( O. Salvin).
Chicago, Illinois, May 23

(H. K. Cuale).
Willow Spring, Arizona,

July 12 {H. W. Hcn-

shaiv).
District of Columbia,

May 8 {Cones).
Fort Whipple, Arizona,

Aug-. 11 \E. Coites).
Fort Macon, N.C. {Beak).
Mount Shasta, Cali-

foruia.
Mormon Island, Cali-
fornia, June 22 {A.

Forrei-).
Big Trees, California,

May 24 {A. Forrer).
CapeS. Lucas(Ara«</i?<s).
Brazil.
Para.
Bahia.
Barra do Rio Negro, Dec.

24 {Natter er).

Sclater Collection.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].
Lord Walsingham [P.j.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].
Sclater Collection.
R. Graham, Esq. [P.].
Sudbury Museum.
Sclater Collection.

\

2. Progne furcata.
Progne purpiu-ea (wow L.), Gould, Voy. * Beaijle^ Birds, p. 38 (1841) ;
Hudson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 675 ; Durtiford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 32, 168,
1878, p. 392 ; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 22.
Progne modesta {nee Gould), Gray, Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mus. p. 28 (1848).
Progne furcata, Baird, Revieiv Amer. B. p. 278 (1864) ; Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 321, 337 ; id. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 631 ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 74, no. 890 (1869).
Progne elesans, juv., Baird, Revieiv Amer. B. p. 275 (1864) ; id. in

Baird, Brewer, S,- Ridyw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. .328 (1874).
Progne domestica, Scl. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 159.
Adult male. General colour purplish blue above and below ; the
lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts,
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, glossed externally
with blue ; tail-feathers black, washed with blue ; on the sides of the
back a small tuft of silky white feathers. Total length 7'7 inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 5"55, tail 3-3, tarsus 0*6.

Adult female. General colour above dull blue, with a brown
shade on the forehead and hinder neck ; wing-coverts like the back,
the greater and primary-coverts and quills blackish, glossed ex-
ternally with dull blue, browner on the inner webs ; tail-feathers
blackish glossed with blue ; lores dusky blackish ; sides of face and
ear-covcrts dull smoky brown, with a slight blue gloss ; cheeks and
throat dull smoky brown ; remainder of under surface of body dark
smokj" brown, with blackish shaft-streaks, and obscured with broad
whity-brown edges to the feathers ; the under tail-coverts coloured
like the breast, the long ones dtiU brown, with whity-brown edges
and a distinct subterminal shade of purplish black ; sides of body
ncarlj' uniform dark brown, with a purplish gloss ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts uniform smoky brown, the coverts near the edge

a. Juv. sk.

South America.

b. S ad. sk.

Chili.

c. 2 ad. sk.

Mendoza.

cl. $ ad. sk.

Mendoza ( Weisshaupt)

e. j ad. sk.

Mendoza {Lei/bold).

f,f/. 6 2 ad. sk.

E,io Negro, Patagonia

(Hudson),

176 HIETJNDINID^.

of the wing edged with whity brown ; quills smoky brown below.
Total length 7"8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 5-5, tail 3-3, tarsus 0-55.

Obs. The types of Progne elcgans of Baird have been lent to the
Trustees bj' the U.S. National Museum ; and I find that the specimen
no. 21009 agrees with our female birds in the British Museum : it is
marked " 6 j^iv.," and may be a male of the second year. The
second specimen (no. 21011) is undoubtedly quite young, judging
from the light margins to the feathers of the upper surface, these
being very distinct on the wing-coverts and secondaries. The under
surface is ncarlj- uniform sooty brown, with ashy margins, more
distinct on the breast and abdomen, the under tail-eoverts rather
broadly tipped with white.

Bah. Chili and the province of Mendoza, across the Rio Negro into
Patagonia and Paraguay,

Major-Gen.IIardwicke [P.].
Mr. Bridges [C.].
Mr. Weisshaupt [C.].
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.

3. Progne concolor.

Hirundo concolor, Ooukl, P. Z. S. 18.37, p. 22.

Progne modesta, Gould in Voy. 'Beaqle,' Birds, p. 39, pi. v. (1841) ;

Ch-ay, Gen. B. i. p. 69 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 337 (1850) ; Prev.

et Des Murs, Voy. ' Venus,'' v. p. 182 (1855).
Progne concolor, Baird, Revietc Amer. B. p. 278 (1864) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 74, no. 888 (1869); Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 476

(1876).
Hiruudo modesta, Nehoux, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 291 ; Sundev. P. Z. S.

1871, p. 125.

Adult. Similar to P. pvrpurea, but smaller, and having no silky
white feathers either on the sides of the back or sides of the breast.
Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 4-95, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-45.

Hah. Galapagos Islands.

a. S ad. sk. Chatham Island, Galapagos Voy. H.M.S. ' Beagle.'

(C Dartvin). (Type of species.)

4. Progne dominicensis.

Hirondelle de S. Domingue, Briss. Orn. ii. p_. 493 (1760).

Hirondelle d'Amerique, Dauhent. PI. Bid. vii. pi. 645. fig. 1.

Le Grand Martinet noii- a ventre blanc, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. vi.
p. 669 (1799).

St. Domingo Swallow, Lath. Gen. Sy>i. ii. pt. 2, p. 573 (1783).

Hirundo dominicensis, Gm. Syst. Nut. i. p. 1025 (1788) ; Vieill. Ois.
Amer. Sept. p. 59, pis. 28, 29 (1807) ; E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1864,
p. 166.

Hirundo albiventris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 633 (1817).

Progne dominicensis. Gray, Gen B. i. p. 69 (1845) ; Jard. Ann. Sf
Mag. Nut. Hist, xviii. p. 120 (1846) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 69
(1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 3-37 (1850); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857,
p. 232 ; March, P: Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 295 ; Baird, Review
Amer. B. p. 279 (1864) ; Bryant, Proc. Post. Soc. N. H. x.p. 252,

7. PKOGXE. 177

xi. p. 94 (1866) ; Gmn, Hand-l. B. i. p. 74, no. 891 (1869) ; Sol.
(5" Salv. Noinencl. Av. Neotr. p. 14 (1873) ; Lawr. Proc. U.S. Xat.
Mu.f. i. pp. -56, 269, 487 (1878) ; A. 4- H. Neivf.. Handb. Jamaica,
1881, p. 107 ; Sah. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 15.3 (1882) ; Corij, B.
S. Domingo, p. 44 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above glossy purplish blue, the
scapulars and lesser wing-covei'ts like the back ; median and greater
coverts, bastard--wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, exter-
nally glossed vrith dull blue, the inner webs of the quills internally
brown ; tail-feathers blue-black, browner on the inner webs ; lores
velvety black ; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, chest, and
sides of body and Hanks glossy purplish blue Hke the back ; centre
of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pure white, the lateral
under tail-coverts with a shade of dusky slate-colour towards the
end of the outer web ; the blue breast-feathers adjoining the white
centre of the body either edged with white, or else white on the
outer web and blue on the inner ; thighs dusky brown ; on the
sides of the breast a few concealed silky-white plumes, adjoining
which on the sides of the back is another patch of silky white,
which is entirely hidden by the closed wings ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts black glossed with blue ; quills dusky blackish below :
"iris dark hazel" (Gosse). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-5,
wing 5'G.5, tail '3-2o, tarsus 0'55.

Adult female. Duller in colour than the male, but having the
same white belly and under tail-coverts. General colour of the
upper surface brown, glossed with purplish blue or dull purplish
blue, with brown bases to the feathers ; throat, chest, and sides
of body brown. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 5"45,
tail :2-9, tarsus 0-6.

A Jamaica female measures : — Total length 7"3 inches, culmen O'o,
wing .5-7, tail 3-2, tarsus 0'55. (^Mus. Salvia Sf Godman.)

Hah. Antilles.

a,b. cJ 2 ad. sk. Porto Rico {Bryant). Sclater Collection.

c. 5 ad. sk. Porto Rico (Swift). Sclater CuUection.

d, e. c? 2 ad. sk. Porto Rico. Dr. Brvant [P.].

/. Ad. St. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, F,iq. [C.j.

V< ft- d $ ad. sk. Jamaica {March). Sclater Collection.

i. 5 ad. sk. Jamaica. Sclater Collection.

k. (fad. sk. Dominica (OS^t). Sclater Collection.

I. $ ad. sk. Santa Lucia (Semper). Sclater Collection.

5. Progne domestica.

Golondrina domestica, Azara, Apunf. ii. p. 502, no. 300 (1805).
Hirundo domestica, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Xat. xiv. p. 520 (1817).
Progne domestica, Graif, Gen. B. i. p. 59 (1845) ; id. Cat. Fissir.

Brit. Mu.^. p. 28 (1848) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 337 (1850) ; Cab. J/m.-.

Hiin. Th. i. p. 51 (L>^5{)) ; Biirm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 142 (1856) ; i<l.

La Plata Reis. ii. p. 477 (1801) ; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 282,

note (1864) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 75, no. 893 (1869); Pek. Orn.

Bras. pp. 17, 402'(1871).
Progne elegaus, Grai/, Hand4. B. i. p. 74, no, 888 (1869).
VOL. X. N

178 HIRUNDINID.I;.

ProOTe chalybea (7ion Gm.\ Hudson, P. Z. S. 1S72, p. 606; Sd. 8r
&ilv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. ■26S, 1879, p. 495; White, P. Z. S. 1882,
p. 595.

Ailult male (Sta. Catarina, Brazil ; Rogers), General colour above
bright purplish blue, the lesser and median wing-coverts like the
back ; greater wing-coverts, bastard- wing, primarj--coverts, quills,
and tail-feathers black, with a gloss of steel-blue externally ; lores
blackish ; ear-coverts and sides of neck glossy purplish blue like
the upper parts ; cheeks dark smoky brown, tipped minutely with
purplish blue ; tnroat and fore neck and chest pale ashy, with
minute dusky shaft-lines, and obscured with margins of ashy
whitish, broader on the chest where rhey join the white breast ;
sides of the upper breast with cresccntic tips of piirplish blue ;
breast and abdomen and under tail-coverts pure white ; thighs
white, with dusky bases ; flanks and sides of the body pale smoky
brown, with dusky shaft-streaks ; a patch of silky-white feathers
on the sides of the lower back ; feathers on the sides of the riimp
white with blue centres ; axillaries smoky brown washed with
blue ; under wing-coverts smoky brown, with blackish shaft-stripes,
the outer ones edged with white. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-5,
wing 5'75, tail 3'2, tarsus 0-55. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.)

Eah. Southern Brazil and Paraguay.

«. Ad. sk. Santa Catarina, Brazil Sclater Collection.

{Rogers) .

b. Ad. sk. Buenos Ayres {Hudson). Sclater Collection.

c. Ad. ; d. Juv. sk. Brazil. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

6. Progne chalybea.

Hirondelle de Cayenne, Briss. Om. ii. p. 495 (1760) ; Dauhent. PL
Enl. vii. pi. 545. fig. 2 (fig. mal.) ; Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. vi. p. 675

■ (1779).

Chalybeate Swallow, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 574 (178.3).

Hirundo chalybea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1026 (1788); Neuwied, Beitr.
Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 354 (1830).

Cecropis chalybea, Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 498 (1837).

Progne chalvbea, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 59 (1845) ; id. Cat. Fissir. Brit.
Mu.% p. 28 ( 1848) ; Bp. Coyisp. i. p. 337 (1850) ; Cab. 3Lis. Hein.
Th. i. p. 51 (1850) ; Cass. Lll. B. Calif, p. 246 (1850) ; Cab. J.f. O.
1860, p. 402 ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1860, p. 133 ; La%or. Ann.
Ia/c. N. Y. y\\. p. 318 (1861) ; Baird, Pevietv Amer. B. p. 282,
note (1864) ; Sd. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 348; Gray, Hatid-l. B.
i. p. 74, no. 887 (1869) ; Layard, Ibis, 1873, pp. 375, 377 ; Sd. ^
Salv. Nomeucl. Ac. Neotr. p. 14; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 258, 1879,
p. 495 ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 595 ; Salv. Cat. StricM. Coll. p. 154
(1882) ; id. ^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 224 (1883).

Progne domestica, Gray, Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mm. p. 28 (1848).

Progne dominiceusis {noti Gm.), Gray, Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mus. p. 28
(1848) ; Cah. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 51 (1850) ; Cass. Cat. Hirund.
Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 10 (1853) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 141
(1856) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, pp. 201, 232, 1859, p. 364, 1860,
p. 292 ; Sd. ^- Salv. Ibis, 18-59, p. 13: Sah. Ibis, 1859, p. 466;
G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 110 ; Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 61 ; Sclater,

7. PROONE. 179

Cat. Amer. B. p. 38 (1862) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 203 ; Von Franfz.

J. f. O. 1869, p. 294 ; Suinichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i.

p. 587 (1869) ; J^clater, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 6U1;, uote, 1876, p. 14.
Progne purpurea (non L.), Cab. in Schonib. Jieis. Guian. iii. p. 671

(1848).
Progne leucogastra, Baird, Rerneto Amer. B, p. 280 (1864) ; Scl. ^

tSah. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 569, 749, 754 ; Laivr. Ann. L%jc. N. Y. ix.

p. 96 (1868) ; Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 75, no. 892 (1669) ; Scl. 8^

Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 836; Wijatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 323 ; Lawr. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. no. iv. p. 17 (1876); Bidc/tv. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus.

iii. p. 175 (1880) ; Nutting, op. cit. v. p. 391 (1882).

Adult male. General colour above glossy dark purple, with a con-
cealed spot of white on the sides of the lower back, the feathers
composing this spot being white with more or less purple towards
the tip of the iuuer web ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the
back; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primar3'-coverts, and quills
black, externally dull blue ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-
feathers blackish glossed vAih. blue ; lores velvety black ; cheeks and
ear-coverts black washed with purplish blue ; throat and chest dark
smoky browu, the fore neck and chest with hoary grey margins to
the feathers, the throat rather darker and having dusky blackish
shaft-stripes ; sides of the upper breast more or less purplish blue,
the feathers tipped with the latter colour, which extends some way
down the sides of the bodj' ; entire abdomen, flanks, and under
tail-coverts white ; the white feathers of the lower breast where
they adjoin the brown throat washed with smoky brown and having
blackish shaft-streaks ; axillaries dark purplish blue with brown
bases ; under wing-coverts dark sooty brown washed with blue ;
quills dusky below, lighter brown along their inner face : " bill
brownish horn-black ; legs dark fleshy brown ; iris dark grevish
brown "' (^Neuwied). Total length 6*6 inches, culmen Q-oo, wing 5,
tail 2-7o, tarsus 0"5.

The fchude diflers from the male in being duUer blue and not
so purple, but is otherwise similarly coloured. On the sides of the
upper breast the blue ends to the feathers are less conspicuous and
duller blue.

YouiKj. Much more dingily coloured than the adults. Above
sooty-brown slightly glossed with blue, the feathers having more
or less obsolete pale maiffins ; wing-coverts also dull blue with pale
brown edges ; quills and tail-feathers blackish glossed with steel-
blue or greenish ; lores dusky ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of
neck brown, as well as the sides of the breast and flanks ; throat
and chest pale browu, the feathers of the latter edged with white ;
breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pure white ; axillaries
smoky brown ; under wing-coverts brown edged with white. Tail
less forked than in the adult.

Sometimes the under tail-coverts exhibit a brown shaft-streak,
and still more rarely a pale shade of brown in the centre, but never
to the extent of P. purpurea or P. furcata. The white belly and
under tail-coverts in both tlie old and young birds are good cha-
racters for distinguishing the present species.

x2

180

HIRUNDINID^.

Hah. Central America and the greater part of South America as
far as Southern Brazil and Bolivia.

Ad. sk.
Imm. sk.
Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.
Juv. St.
Imm. sk.

cJ imm. sk.

Juv. sk.
Ad. sk.
(S ad. sk.

I, in. (S 5 ad. sk.

Ad. sk.
Juv. sk.
Ad. sk.
cJ ad. sk.

r. cJ ad. sk.

s. 2 ad. sk.

t. Ad. sk.
■u. Juv. sk.

Jalapa, Mexico (Z)e Occi).

Guatemala (Snlom).

Costa Rica {Carmiol).

Costa Rica.

Honduras.

Remedios, Antioqiiia (Sal-
mon).

Esmeraldas, Ecuador
(Fraser).

Trinidad.

Guiana (Broiori).

R. Oyapock, Cayenne
(Jclski.)

Alhiua, Surinam, May and
June (C. Bartlett).

Brazil.

Para.

Upper Amazons.

Xeberos, Upper Amazons,
Oct. 10.

Xeberos, May 20 {E. Bart-
lett).

Xeberos, June 8 {E. Bart-
lett).

Bolivia.

S. America.

Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.
Osbert Salvin, Esq.
Mr. Dyson [C.].
Sclater Collection.

Sclater Collection.

Zoological Society.
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Sclater Collection.

R. Graham, Esq.

Purchased.

E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Mr. Bridges [C.].

R. B". Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

7. Progne tapera.

L'Hirondelle de I'AmiSrique, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 502, pi. 45. fig. 3 (1760).
Ilirimdo tapera, Linn. St/st. Nat. i. p. 345 (1766).
Goloudriua de la Parda, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 505 (1805).
Hirimdo fusca, Vieill. JV. Diet. d'JIist. Nat. xiv. p. 510 (1817) ; Baird,

Review Amer. B. p. 285.
Hirundo pascumn, Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 360 (1830).
Cecropis tapera, Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 498 (1837).
Progne fusca, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 59 (1845) ; id. Cat. Fissir. Brit.

Mus. p. 2S (1848) ; Bi^ Consp. i. p. 337 (1850) ; Cab. Mm. Hein.

Th. i. p. 51 (1850); Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 10

(1853) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 75, no. 895 (1869).
Progne tapera. Cab. in Scliomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 672 (1848) ; id.

Mus. Lfein. Th. i. p. 51 (1850) ; Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad.

Acad. p. 10 (1853) ; Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 39 (1862) ; id. 8f

Salv. P. Z. S. 1806, p. 178, 1867, pp. 569, 749, 1868, pp. 139, 627;

Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 323 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 606 ; id. S,- Salv.

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 14 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 258, 1879,

p. 596 ; Taczan. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 320 ; Bumf or d, Ibis, 1877, p. 68 ;

Gibson, Ihis, 1880, p. 22; White, Ibis, 1882, p. 595; Salv. Cat.

Strickl. Coll. p. 154 (1882).
Progne pascuum, Bp. Consp. i. p. 337 (1850) : Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 75, no. 896 (1809).
Cotyle tapera, Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 143 (1856).
Progne (Phjeoprogne) tapera, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 286 (1864).
Progne (Phseoprogne) fusca, Baird, t. c. p-^5 (1864).
Petrochelidon tapera, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 17(1871).

7. PEOGNE. 181

Adult. General colour above glossy brown ; the wiug-coverts
dark brown, edged with whity brown ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish brown, with scarcely any paler margins,
excepting on the secondaries, the innermost of which ai'e paler
brown externally, M-ith whity-brown margins near the tips ; upper
tail-coverts like the back, with slight indications of paler edges,
more or less obsolete ; tail-feathers blackish brown, with a narrow
fringe of whity brown along the edge towards the tip of the inner
■web ; crown of head brown, the forehead blackish, the rest of the
crown slightly mottled with blackish centres to the feathers ; lores
dusky brown : ear-coverts uniform brown ; cheeks paler and more
ashy brown ; throat ashy white ; fore neck and chest ashy brown
in the centre, darker brown on the sides as well as on the sides of
the body and flanks, the feathers on the lower flanks being white
externally, brown internally ; breast, abdomen, thighs, and under
tail-coverts white ; in the centre of the breast a longitudinal streak
of dark brown, the feathers forming which are dark brown on the
inner and whitish on the outer webs : axillaries and under wing-
coverts brown, with whitish tips to the feathers ; quills dusky brown
below, more ashy brown along the inner face of the quills : " legs
blackish brown ; bill dark horn greyish brown ; iris dark '' (Neu-
ivied). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0"5, wing 55, tail 2-65,
tarsus 0'55.

Ohs. Many specimens are more mottled than the bird described,
and are apparently young birds or else in winter plumage. The
whole of the upper surface is paler than in the adult, and there are
more or less distinct remains of ashj'-brown margins to the whole
of the back, these edgings being very distinct on the upper tail-
coverts and the wing-covcrts ; the brown chest-band becomes wholly
obscured with ashy-whitish tips to the feathers. The last-named
character looks like winter plumage, but the livery of the young
bird would probably be very similar.

Ilah. The greater part of South America from Bolivia and the
Argentine Hepublic northwards to Colombia and Guiana.

a. Ad. sli. Puerto Cabello, Venezuela Sclater Collectitn.

( Goering) .

h. Ad. ; c. Juv. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection.

d. Ad. sk. Corentyn Eiver, British Sclater Collection.

Guiaiia, Oct. {Im Thin-n).

e. (S ad.sk. Yqiiitos, E.Peru, June (^. Sclater Collection.

mdtely).

f. 5 ad. sk. Yquitos, Aug. {H. W.). Sclater Collection.
y,/i. (5' ad.; /. 2 ad.sk. Yquitos, E. Peru, Aug. 14, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

1878 (//. Whitvly). [P.].

k. cJ ad. sk. Peru, June 21 (H. Whitebj). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].

I. (S ad. sk. Upper Ucnvali, May 31 (E. R. B. Sharpe, Etq.

Bcirfldt)'. [P.].

m. 5 ad.sk. Upper Ucavali, Aug. 20 {E. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Barthtt): Esq. [P.].

n. S ad. Upper Ucavali, Sept. 5 {E. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Burtktt}'. [P.].

182 niRTJNDINID.E.

o, p. Ad. fik. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

q. Ad. St. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

r. Ad. sk. S. Brazil. Sclater Collection,

s. Ad. sk. S.E. Brazil. Sclater Collection.

t. Ad. sk. Rio Grande do Sul (riant^. Sclater Collection.

M. 2 ad. sk. Buenos Ay res, Nov. 21 (l^.JF. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Wlufe). [P.]-

V, w. (S 2 ^^^- sl^'- Oraii Salta, Argentine Rep., R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Nov. (K W. White). [P.]-

.r. Ad. sk. La Plata (7/mc?«ow). Sclater Collection.

y. Ad. sk. Bolii-ia. Mr. Bridges [C.].

8. ATTICORA.

Type.

Alticora, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 172 A. fasciata.

Microchelidon, Scl. Cat.Amer. ^.p.39(I8G2,«ec-R«c/i6.) A. tibialis.

Neochelidon, Sclater, t. c. p. xvi (1801) A. tibialis.

Notiochelidon, Bninl, Revicio Amer. B. p. 306 (1865) A. pileata.

Pygocbelidon, Baird, t. c. p. 308 (186/)) A. cyanoleuca.

Foot of Atticora fasciata, to show junction of toes.

Banrje. The whole of South America, extending through Central
America as far as Guatemala.

Key to the Species.

a. Under surface of body glossy blue-black like the
upper surface, excepting for a broad pectoral

band of white fasciata, p. 183.

h. Under surface of body entirely chocolate or earthy
brown.
a'. Thighs brown like the rest of the under surface cinei'ea, p. 184.
b' . Thighs white, contrasting with the brown

under surface tibialis, p. 185.

c. Under siu-face of body white, or with the chin and

throat only mottled with brown bases to the
feathers.
c'. Entire upper surface glossy blue, including the
head ; nanks white.
a". With a blue band across the fore neck . . . , melanoleuca, p. 185.
6". With no blue band across the fore neck . . cyanoleuca, p. 186.
d'. Mantle brown, contrasting with the head,

which is glossy blue-black ; flanks brown . . ^^/fcate, p. 188.

d. Under surface white except the throat and chest,

which are tawny rufous ; head also tawny .... "fucata, p. 188.

8. ATTICORA. 183

1. Atticora fasciata,

Hirondelle de Cayenne a bande blanche sur lo ventre, Datihent. PI,

Enl. vii. pi. 7^4. fig. 2.
Hirondelle a ceinture blanche, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. vi. p. 611 (1779).
White-bellied Swallow, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. 2, p. 507 (1783).
Hirundo fasciata, Gin. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 1022 (1788) ; Swains. Zool.

Illustr. 2nd ser. i. pi. 17 (1829).
Cecropis fasciata. Less. Conipl. Buff. viii. p. 499 (1837).
Atticora fasciata, Boie, Lsis, 1844, p. 172; Cab. in ScJionib. Meis.

Guian. iii. p. 672 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 337 (1850); Cass. Cat.

Hirund. Miis. Philad. Acad. p. 7 (18.53); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 146

(1856) ; Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 39 (1862) ; Baird, Revieiv Amer,

B. p. 306 (1865) ; Sd. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 178, 1867, p. 749 ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 72, no. 857 (1869); Pelz. Orn. Bras.

pp. 18, 402 (1871); Sd. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 259; iid.

Nomend. Av. Neotr. p. 14 (1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 8 ; Salv.

Cat. Stridil. Coll. p. 152 (1882) ; id. i<f Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer.,

Aves, I. p. 229 (1883) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, p. 244 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above glossy blue-black ; ■wing-
coverts and quiUs black externally, edged with the colour of tho
back ; tail very much forked, the feathers blue-black, glossy on their
edges ; lores and base of forehead velvety black ; sides of face, ear-
coverts, cheeks, and entire under surface of body glossj' blue-black,
including the under tail-coverts ; across tho breast a very broad
band of white, extending a little way down the flanks ; thighs
■white ; under wing-coverts and axillarics brown, glossed -with blue ;
quills dusky bro-wn below, paler elong the edge of the inner -web.
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 4-15, tail 3-1, tarsus 0*45.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour.

There seems to be wonderfully little difl^ereuce in si^eeimens from
various parts of South America, a greater or less extent of white on
the pectoral band being the only difference observable. This wUl,
however, be found to be priucipallj^ due to the preparation of the
skin or to the age of the bird, the young ones havdng undoubtedly
a broader pectoral band than the old ones. Even after they have
gained tho full blue plumage and moulted out of tho brown stage,
the young birds can be told by the remains of white bars on the
under wing-coverts.

Young. Duller blue than the adult, or brown glossed with blue,
with narrow edgings of whity brown to the feathers, more distinct
on the greater series of wing-coverts ; throat and fore neck brown
glossed with blue ; the entire chest and breast white, forming a
much larger patch than in the adult bird ; the abdomen and sides
of lower flanks brown mixed with dull white ; under tail-coverts
brown, slightly washed with blue, the shorter ones having paler
brown edges ; axillaries and under wing-coverts brown, margined
with white near tho car])al bend of the wing.

Nestliiicj. Distinguished bj* the yellow gape, brown throat and
chest and abdomen, the feathers edged with whity brown ; upper
surface duller blue than in the adult bird, the rump and upper tail-
coverts brown, ■with paler brown edges.

llah. Guiana and Amazonia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.

184 HIRTTNDINID.E.

a. Ad. St. Britisli Guiana. Sir R. Scliombui-glf [P.].

b. Ad. St. Cayenne. rurcliased.

c. Ad. st. Cavenne. Sclater Collection.

d,e. (S;f. 2 ad. sk. River Atapurow, Britisli K. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

Guiana, .Fan. {H. Whitcly).

g. Juv. sk. "Upper Ucayali. ' E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.].

'/(. Ad. sk. ITpper Amazon. J. Ilauxwell, Esq. [C.].

i. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Collection.

A. $ ad. sk. Chancliamayo, Peru, Aug. Sclater Collection,

{H. mdiely).

I. Ad. sk. Yuyo, Bolivia {Buchley). Sclater Collection.

2. Atticora cinerea.

Petite Hirondelle noire a ventre cendr(5, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. vi.

p. 678 (1779).
Ash-bellied Swallow, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 673 (1783).
Ilirundo cinerea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1020 (1788) ; Gray, Gen. B. i.

p. 58 (184.5).
Hirundo andecola, B'Orh. %■ Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 69 (1837); TschudiiSf

Cob. Faun. Ptriian. p. 132 "(1806); Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1867,

p. 984, 1808, p. 5C9, 1869, p. 161; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 72,

no. 853 (1809) ; Scl. ^~ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neutr. p. 14 (1873) ;

Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 610; Scl. Sj- Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 595;

Tacz. Orii. Pernu, p. 242 (1884).
Petrochelidon luurina, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1853, p. 370 ; id.

Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 6 (1853) ; Sclater, P. Z. S.

1860, p. 74.
xVtticora cinerea, Sclater, Cat. Atner. B. p. 39 (1862) ; Baird, Review

Amer. B. p. 312 (1805); Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1809, p. 599; iid.

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 14 (1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 510, 1882,

p. 8 ; Salv. i^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 229 (1883) ;

Tacz. Orn. Perou, p. 243 (1884).
Hirundo murina, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 72, no. 852 (1869).
Atticora murina, Berlepsch ^- Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 287.

Adult. General colonr above glossy greenish black, the lesser
■wing-coverts and scapulars like the back : median and greater wing-
coverts and quills blackish brown, with a slight steel-green gloss ;
tail-feathers blackish bro^n, with dusky cross bars under certain
lights; lores velvety black; ear- coverts and sides of neck glossy
greenish black ; checks and under siirface of body clear earthy
brown, including the thighs ; under tail-coverts blackish brown,
with glossy greenish-black edges ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
earthy brown like the breast ; quills dusky, more ashy brown along
the inner web. Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 3-4, tail
2-4, tarsus 0-45.

A female from Tinta, Peru (H, Whitely), in the Salvin-and-
Godman collection, measures as follows : — Total length 5-8 inches,
culmen 0-25, wing 4-4, tail 1-25, tarsus 0-45.

The shade of colour on the upper parts varies between steel-blue
and steel-green, as is the case with other American Swallows, the
bluer shade indicating, as I believe, a fresher slate of plumage.

Tomig. Sooty brown, lighter on the rump and upper tail- coverts ;
below ashy white, the throat dark brown.

Hah. The Andes of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia.

8. ATTICOKA. 185

a. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection.

h. Iiiim. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Collection.

d. cf ad. sk. Quito (Fraser). Sclater Collection.
e,f. Ad. sk. Ecuadt)r. Purchased.

ff. Ad. ; h. d ad. sk. Tinta, Peru. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].

t. 2 juv. sk. Tiuta, Peru, Feb. 1-3 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(//. TJliitch/).
k. 5 ad. sk. Arequipa, Peru, May 31 Sclater Collection.

(H. Whitely).

3. Atticora tibialis.

Petrochelidon ? tibialis, Cass. Proc. PJiilad. Acad. 185.3, p. 370 ; id.

Cat. Ilirnnd. Mm. PJiilad. Acad. p. 6 (18o3).
Microclielidon tibialis, Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 39 (1862).
Neochelidon tibialis, Sclater, t. c. p. xvi, errata (1862) ; Scl. ^- Salv.

P. Z. S. I,s64, p. 347.
Atticora tibialis, liaird, Rcvieiv Amer. B. p. 307 (1865) ; Gray,

Ilarid-l. B. i. p. 72, no. 859 (1869) ; Scl. i§- Salv. Numencl. Ac.

Neotr. p. 14 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 495 ; Scdv. S)- Godm.

Biul. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 231 (1883) ; Tacz. Orn. Pcrmi,

p. 242 (1884).

Adult. General colour above sooty bro-Nvn, with an oily green
gloss on the head and back, the rump and upper tail-coverts rather
paler brown ; wing- coverts and quills glossy brown ; tail slightly
forked, the leathers glossy brown ; lores velvety black ; ear-coverts
and sides of neck dark brown, the latter with a slight greenish gloss
like the head ; cheeks and entire under surface of body dark earthy
brown, a little darker on the under wing- and tail-coverts; thighs
white ; quills dusky brown below. Total length 4-1 inches, culmen
0-25, wing 3-3, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-4.

A male from Antioquia (Salmon), in the Salvin-and-Godmau
collection, is moulting, and shows that the ncM' feathers on the head
and mantle and w ings are distinctly greenish black ; the under
surface is also deeper and more sooty brown ; and it is evident that
the paler coloration in some specimens is caused by the age and
abrasion of the feathers.

Bah. From Panama and Colombia to Peru. Said to have come
from Brazil, but the locality requires confirmation.

a. Ad. sk. Panama. Sclater Collection.

b. cJ <ad. sk. Eemedios, Anticiquia (Salmon). Sclater Collection.

c. (S ad. sk. Cosnipata, Peru, Oct. 11 Sclater Collection.

(H. Whitely).

4. Atticora melanolexica.

Hirundo melanoleuca, Ncirwitd, Tanvi. PI. Col. iv. pi. 209. fifr. 2
(1823*) ; Kemcied, Beitr. JS'atiirf/. Bras. iii. p. 371 (1830) ; G^ray,
Gen. B. i. p. 58 (1845) ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 72, no. 854 (1869).

* Either this date is wrong, and the plafe was pulilished after Prince Max's
'Bcitriige' had appeared, or else Temniinck figured tlie bird from a specimen
suppHed him by the Prince of Kcuwied years before the work of the latter was
publi.>hed.

ISfi HIRUNDINID^.

Cecropis melanoleuca, Lens. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 41)9 (1837).

Horse nielauoleuca, lip. Consp. i. p. 341 (1850).

Atticora melanoleuca, Bunn. Si/st. Ucbcrs. iii. p. 146 (1856) ; Baird,
Bn-iejv Amer. B. p. 310 {lAm) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 18, 402
(1871) ; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Keotr. p. 14 (1873); Salo. ^
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 229 (1883).

Adult. General colour above dull blue-black, the feathers with
ash-coloured bases ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ;
greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills brown,
glossed sliglitly with blue on the outer web ; tail-feathers brown,
also faintly glossed with blue ; lores velvety black ; ear-coverts and
feathers below the eye blue-black ; cheeks and throat white, sepa-
rated from the breast by a broad band of blue-black ; remainder
of under surface white, washed with brown on the sides of the body
and thighs ; in the centre of the chest a longitudinal spot of blue-
black feathers below the breast-band ; sides of upper breast blackish
washed with blue ; under tail-coverts blackish, slightly washed with
blue ; axillaries and under wing-coverts blackish brown, the coverts
near the edge of the wing edged with white ; quills dusky below :
" bill black ; legs blackish ashy brown ; iris dark " (Nemvied).
Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0"3, wing 4"8, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-45.

Hub. Brazil.

a. Ad. sk. Forte do Principe, Brazil {Natterer). Sclater Collection.

5. Atticora cyanoleuca.

Golondrina de los timoneles negros, Azara, Ajmnt. ii. p. 508 (1802) ;
Hurtl. Ind. Azara, p. 19 (1847).

Hirundo cyanoleuca, Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 509 (1817) ;
GoiddinBariv. Voy. ' BeaqleJ Birds, p. 41 (1841) ; Oray, Gen. B. i.
p. 58 (1845) ; id. Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mm. p. 27 (1848) ; Scl. P. Z. S.
1807, p. 321 ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 72, no. 851 (1809).

Plirundo minuta, Nemvied, Beitr. Naf,urq. Bras. iii. p. 369 (1830) ;
Temm. PI. Col. iv. pi. 209. fig. 1 (1823).

Hirundo melanopyga, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 57 (1823) ; TscJmdi Sf
Cab. Faun. Periian. p. 133 (1855).

Hirundo patagonica, Lafr. 8f d'Orb. Syn. Av. 1837, p. 69 ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 72, no. 855 (1869).

Hirundo melanoleuca (jwc Nemvied), Gray, Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mus.
p. 26 (1848).

Herse cyanoleuca, Bp. Consp. i. p. 341 (1850).

Atticora cyanoleuca, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 47 (1850) ; Bimn. Th.
Bras. iii. p. 147 (1856) ; Baird, Eerieiv Amer. B. p. 309 (1805) ;
Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 401, 1861, p. 92; Bwfn. Peis. La Plata, ii.
p. 479 (1861) ; Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 40 (1862) ; id. ^ Salv.
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 178, 1867, pp. 749, 984, 1868, p. 568, 1869,
T). 159 ; Salv. Pns, 1869, p. 184 ; id. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 184 ; Pelz.
Orn. Bras. pp. 18, 402 (1871) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 323 ; Hud-
son, P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 844, 845, 1873^ p. 258 ; Scl. S^ Salv. Nomencl.
Av. Nentr. p. 14 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 258 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 510; Set. 1^ Sah: P. Z. S. 1876, p. 16; Durnford, Ibis, 1876,
p. 158, 1877, pp. 32, 1 70, 1878, p. 392 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 224 ;

8. ATTICORA. 187

Sd. (§• Salv. t. c. pp. 495, 595 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 192 ; W. A.

Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 329 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 152 (1882) ;

Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 8 ; IVliite, t. e. p. 596 j Salv. Sf Godm. Biol.

Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 229 (1883).
Petrochelidon cyanoleuca, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 551, 1859, p. 138,

18G0, pp. 75,'85 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 40 (1862).
Atticora hemipyga, Burm. Reis. La Plata, ii. p. 479 (1861).
Atticora patngonica, Baird, Revieio Amer. B. p. 3ll, note (1865) ;

Salvin ^ Godinan, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 229 (1883).
Atticora cyanoleuca, var. montana, Baird, Revieio Amer. B. p. 310

(1865) ; Laior. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 96 (1868) ; v, Frantzim, J,

f. O. 1869, p. 294 ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 67.

Adult. General colour above glossy blue, the fcatbers of the hind
neck slightly mottled with white bases to the feathers ; scapulars
and lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills black, externally glossed with dull blue ;
tail-feathers blackish ; lores, feathers below the eyie, and ear-
coverts black ; cheeks and under surface of body pure white, the
sides of the neck glossy blue, descending in a half-crescent on the
sides of the chest ; sides of body and flanks brown ; thighs blackish
brown ; under tail-coverts black glossed with blue ; axillarics and
under wing-coverts smoky brown, the coverts near the edge of the
wing edged with white : " bill black ; legs dark brown ; iris dark "
(Neincied). Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0-25, wing 4*05, tail
2'2, tarsus 0'45.

Yoimg. Much duller blue than the adult, and distinguished by
the reddish-buff throat ; the flanks and sides of body also tinged with
reddish buff.

Hah. From Costa Rica in Central America, throughout South
America to Bolivia, Paraguay, the Argentine Eepublic, and Chili.

a. Ad. sk. " Valley of Aragua." Purchased.

b. cJjuv.sk. Veragua (^rc^. Sclater Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection.

d. Imm. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Collection.

e. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Purchased.

/. Ad. ; g. Juv. sk. Quito. J. Gould, Esq.

h. <S ad. sk, Riobamba, Ecuador Sclater Collection.

{Fraser).

i. 5 imm. sk. Chanchamayo, Peru, Aug. Sclater Collection.

{H. Whitely).

k. Ad. sk. Areqiiipa, Peru, March 13. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].

I. tS juv. sk. Cachupata-, Sept. {H. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

WhUely).

m. Ad. sk. Arequipa, Peru, March 13. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].

«. S ad. sk. Cosnipata, Sept. 20 {IT. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. I P.l.

Whitely).

0. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Sclater Collection.

p. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.].

q. Ad. sk. CbUi. Purchased,

r, s. .Tuv. sk. Chili {Reed). _ R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

t. cJ >id. sk. Santiago, Chili {Land- Sclater Collection.

beck).

u. Juv. sk. Buenos Ayres {Hudsoji). Sclater Collection.

IJ

58

niEUNDINIDiE.

V.

Ad. sk.

Brazil.

w

Juv. sk.

Brazil.

X.

Ad. sk.

Baliia.

y-

Ad. sk.

Para.

z.

5 juv. sk.

Nauta, Aprir(^. Barthtt).

«'

. J ad. sk.

lioraima, Britisli Guiana,
Nov. 23 (H. Whitehj).

b'

5 juv. sk.

Camacusa, British G uiaiia
May 6.

c'

Imm. sk.

South America.

Sclater Collection,
Lord Stuart de E-othesay

[P.].
C. Darwin, Esq. [C.].
P. Graham, Esq. [P.].
P. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
P. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

6. Atticora pileata.

Atticora pileata, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 855 ; Scl. ^ Salv. Ihis, 1859,

% 2 (1813).
Notiuchelidou pileata, Baird, Eevieiu Amer. B. p. 306 (1865).

Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown on the hind
neck, mantle, and back ; the scapulars, lower back, riimp, and upper
tail-coverts darker and more sooty brown ; lesser and median wing-
coverts blue-black; greater coverts, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts
dark brown, the quills and tail-feathers blackish brown ; crown of
head and nape blue-black ; lores and feathers round the eye velvety
black ; ear-coverts blackish with a slight blue gloss ; cheeks and
chin blackish brown, edged with white ; throat, breast, and abdomen
white, the feathers on the throat and chest more or less mottled with
dark-brown bases to the feathers; sides of breast and flanks daik
brown ; thighs white ; vent and under tail-coverts blackish brown ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts dark brown ; quills dark brown
below. Total length 4-S inches, culmen 0-2b, wing 3-5, tail 2-4,
tarsus 0'4.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
4"8 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 3-7, tail 2-2, tarsus 0'45.

The only difference which I can detect between specimens of this
species is a greater or less amount of mottling on the throat, owing
to the way in which the brown bases of the feathers show through.
This may be caused, it appears to me, by the abrasion or wearing
away of the white edges to the feathers.

Nah. High regions of Guatemala.

a, b. Ad. sk. Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq. (Types of

species.)
c. Ad. sk. Guatemala. 0. Salvin, Esq. [G.].

d e. Ad. sk. Coban, Guatemala Sclater Collection.

(O. iSalohi).

7. Atticora fucata.

Hirundo fucata, Temm. PI. Col. iv. pi. 161. fig. 1 (1823) ; Grai/, Gen.
B. i. p. 58 (1846).

9. PETROCHELTDON.

189

Cotile fucata, Boie, Ins, 1826, p. 971 ; W/iite, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 596.

Herse fucata. Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 498 (1837).

Cotvle fucata, Gray, Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mus. p. 30 (1848) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 342 (1850) ; Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad.

p. 10 (1853); Bnrm. Syst. Uebers. iii. p. 145 (1856); id. Eeis. La

Plata, ii. p. 478 (1861) ; Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 18, 402 (1871) ; Scl.^-

Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 14 (1873).
Atticora fucata, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 308 (18G5) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 72, no. 858 (1869).

Adult. General colour above brown, the rump and upper tail-
coverts obscurely edged with dull whity brown ; wiug-coverts like
the back, the inner greater coverts edged with whity brown near
their ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown,
the innermost secondaries with whity-brown edges ; tail-feathers
dark brown ; ci'own of head deep tawny rufous, becoming clearer
on the hinder crown and nape ; the ear-coverts and sides of neck
tawny rufoixs, extending round the hind neck ; cheeks, throat, and
breast pale tawny ; sides of body brown, slightly washed with
rufous ; centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white ;
thighs brown ; under wing-coverts aud axillaries smoky brown,
slightly washed with rufous ; quills ashy brown below. Total length
4-6 inches, culmen 0-25, wing 4-15, tail 2, tarsus 0-45.

Hah. Guiana and Brazil.

a. Ad. sk. Brazil.

b. (S ad. sk. Ypauema, Brazil (Kafterer).

c. (S juv. sk. Cordova, Argentine Republic,

Sept. 29 (K W, White).

d. c? ad. sk. Roraima, British Guiana,

Dec. 8 {H. Whitely).

Purchased.
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.

Sclater Collection,

9. PETROCHELIDOK ^ ^

Petrochelidon, Cab. Mus. Ileia. Th. i. p. 47 (1850) .... P. swainsoni.

Ilylochi'lidon, Guid.d, Ilandh. B. Austr. i. p. Ill (1865) . . P. nigricans.

Lagenoplastes, Gould, torn. cit. p. 113 (ls65) P. ariel.

Bill and tail of Petrochelidon pyrrhonota.

190 niEtramNiD,^.

Brinr/e. Noiih America ; Ccutral America ; and South America
to Brazil and Peru. Antilles. South Africa. Australia and the
Papuan Islands. Central India.

Key to the Species.

a. A frontal band of sandy buff or rufous.

a'. Rump whity brown ; throat whitish with tiny I nigricans, p. 190.

black streaks I timoriensis, p. 102.

b' . Rump rufous ; throat rufous.

a". Frontal baud pale sandy buff; no complete

rufous coUar round the nape ; base of chin

black ; on the lower throat a larjre patch of

steel-blue feathers ; flanks ashy brown .... injrrhotiota, p. 103.

b". Frontal band deep chestnut ; round the nape

a narrow rufous collar, continuous with the

ear-corerts.

a'". Base of chin black ; on the throat a small

patch of blue-black feathers ; flanks ashy

brown sivainsoni, p. 194,

&'". ISo black on the chin ; no throat-patch of
blue-black feathers ; the throat and breast

rufous like the flanks fulva, p. 195.

c. Rump rufous ; throat white ; a rufous band

across the fore neck nificollaris, p. 196.

b. A nan-ow line of rufous across the extreme base of

the forehead ; head blue like the back ; rump
rufous ; under surface rufous, deep chestnut on
throat and under tail-coverts :•••.•• rujiyula, p. 197.

c. No frontal baud ; under wing-coverts and axillaries

xmifoi-m pale rufous ; long upper and under tail-
coverts blue-black, with narrow rufous tips .... spilodera, p. 198.

d. Entire head rufous.

d'. Rump conspicuously creamy white ; throat

narrowly streaked with dusky shaft-lines .... ariel, p. 109.

e'. Rump smoky brown, mottled with dusky bases
to the feathers ; throat and fore neck broadly
and distinctly streaked with black fluvicula, p. 200.

1. Petrochelidon nigricans.

Hirundo nigricans, Vieill. N. Did. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 52.3 (1817) ;
Qimj et Gaim. Voy. AstroL, Zool. i. p. 205, pi. 12. fig. 2 (1830) ;
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 68 (1845) ; id. Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mm. p. 24
(1848) ; id. P. Z. S. 1858. pp. 171, 189 ; id. Cat. B. Neio Gtnnea,
pp 18, 54 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 433 ; Finsch, Neu-Ghtinea,
p 162 (1865) ; Grm/, Handel. B. i. p. 70, no. 817 (1869); Bidlcr,
B N. Zeal. p. 141 (1873) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 536; Btdkr, Man.
B. N. Zeal. p. 6 (1882).

Dun-rumped Swallow, Lath. Gen. Hist. vii. p. .309 (1823),

Hirundo pvrrhonota, Viy. ^- Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 190
(1826, ex Lath. MSS., nee V.).

Herse nigricans. Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 497 (1837) ; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 58 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 340 (1850) ; Rosenb. J.f. O.
1864, p. 120.

9. PETEOCnELIDON. 191

Herse pyrrhonota, Less. Compl. Buff. Ois. viii. p. 497 (1837).

Cecropis nigricans, Boie, Isis, 1S44, p. 175.

Cocropis pyrrhonota, Boiv, t. c.

Collocalia arburea, Gould, B. Austr. ii. pi. 14 (c. 1848).

Clit'lidon arborea, Gould, t. c, Intr. p. xxix (1848).

Hirundo pyrrhonota australis, Temm. 8f Schl. Fattn. Jap., Aves, p. 35

(1850).
Petrochelidon nigricans, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 47 (1850) ; Cass.

Cat. llirund. Mus. I'hilad. Acad. p. 7 ( 1853) ; Sharpe, Rep. Zuol.

Coll. II.M.8. 'Alert; Birds, ^. 21 (1884).
Chelidon nigricans, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 61 (1854).
Hylochelidon nigricans, Gould. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. Ill (18G5) ;

Masters, Free. Linn. Soc. N. )S. W. i. p. 47 (1875) ; Ramsay, t. c.

p. 389 (1876), ii. p. 389 (1876), iv. p. 98 (1879); Salvad. Ann.

Mus. Civic. Genov. x. p. 131 (1877) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 95 ; id.

Ami. Mus. Civic. Genov. x\\. pp. 491, 648 (1879); Buller, Trans.

N. Zeal. List. xi. p. 360 (1878) ; Sulvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 6

(1881) ; id. Report Toy. ' Challenger; ii. Birds, p. 78 (1884).
Hirundo (Herse) arborea, Pelz. Reis. 'Novara; Vof/. p. 41 (1875).
Hj-drochelidon (lapsu) nigricans, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. iV. S.W.

iii. p. 275 (1879).

Adult male. General colour above deep steel-blue, slightly streaked
■with dusky ■white ■«'here the light bases of the feathers sho-w
through ; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the remainder dusky
bro^wn as ■well as the quills, the innermost secondaries ■with narrow
edgings of duU ■white at the tip ; lo^wer back and rump whity bro^wn,
slightly washed ■with sandy rufous, the feathers edged with creamy
■white and ha^-ing blackish shafts ; upper tail-coverts dusky bro^wn,
rather broadly edged with creamy white ; tail-feathers dusky brown;
a frontal band of pale brick-red extending backwards to the corner
of the eye ; the base of the forehead near the culmen minutely spotted
with dull steel-blue ; lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts
sooty blackish ; sides of the neck sandy buff, streaked with duU
black ; cheeks and throat dull whitish, with a tinge of buff, the
feathers minutely streaked with dusky blackish shaft-lines ; fore
neck, chest, and sides of body pale sandy rufous, with narrow shaft-
lines of dusky, less distinct on the flanks ; breast and abdomen
paler, being whitish with a sandy-rufous tinge ; the under tail-
coverts similarly coloured, and having dusky shaft-lines ; sides of
upper breast with a patch of blackish or dull blue ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries deeper sandy rufous, with dusky shaft-lines ;
quills dusky below, rather paler along the inner web : " bill, tarsi,
and toes light brown ; iris black" {Bulkr). Total length 5-2 inches,
culmen 0'3, wing 4-2, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-5.

Youruj. Distinguished from the adult by the absence of the rufous
band on the forehead, which is replaced by a few saudy-buif feathers.
The whole tone of coloration is duller in the young than in the old
birds, the upper surface being dusky brown with more or less of a
blue gloss, the inner secondaries edged with pale rufous at the tips.
The under surface is paler than in the adult.

Obs. Home specimens are remarkable for the rufous glow which
pervades their lower surface ; these arc probably old birds killed in

102

HIRTJNDINIBiE.

spring. It seems certain that after breeding this tinge is lost and
tlie plumage becomes more or less abraded, the chest fades to smokj'-
brown in colour, and the throat, breast, and under tail-coverts are
purer white. The rump, which in breeding birds is strongly suf-
fused with rufous, also becomes gradually bleached, and fades to a
dull whitish or pale smoky brown.

The size of the present species appears to vary to an unusual
extent for a Swallow — the wing in adults ranging from 4 to
4"i35 inches, a remarkable difference for so small a bird.

The Aru-Island specimens are identical with the Australian.

Hah. Australia; occasionally visiting Jv'ew Zealand. N^ew Britain,
New Guinea, Aru Islands, Ke Islands.

a, b, c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad.sk.

e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
(f. Juv. sk.
h. Juv. sk.

i, k. Ad. St.
I. Ad. sk.
m. Imm. sk.
V, o. Ad. sk.
p. 2 ad. sk.
g. 2 ad. sk.

r, s, t. Ad. sk.
u, V, w. Ad. sk.

.r. c? juv- sk.

y. 2 ad. sk.
z. (S ad. sk.
«'. c? juv. sk.

Tasmania.

Tasmania.

Australia.

Australia.

[Australia.]

Australia.

S. Australia.

S. Australia.

Melbourne.

New South Wales.

Liverpool Plains.

Dismore, Richmond
River, Dec. 10, 1880.

Moreton Bay.

Queensland
(Cockerell).

Port MoUe, Queens-
land (Coiipinger).

Aru Islands.

Aru Islands.

Dohbo, Aru Islands.

Ronald Gunn, Esq. [P.].

Gould Collection.

W. S. Macleav, Esq. [P.].

R. Butler, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Linnean Society. (Type of

H. pyrrhonota.')
Sir George Grey [P.].
.7. Fortnum, Esq. [Pi^].
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.
]Mr. A. P. Goodwm [C.].

Gould Collection.

F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin,

Esqrs. [P.].
Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
Voy. H.M.S. ' Challeno-er.'

Subsp. a. Petrochelidon timoriensis.

Hirundo nigricans {nee V.), Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 485.

Adult male. Similar to P. nigricans., but very much smaller in
size, and distinguished by the dark smoky-brown colour of the rump,
the smoky colour of the uuderparts, and the greater extent of the
shaft-striping, which is very distinct and continues over the throat,
breast, and entire sides of the bodv. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen
0-3, wing 3-65, tail I -05, tarsus 6-4.

In the other two examples in the British Museum the wing
measures 3*6 and 3-75 inches respectively.

Hah. Timor; Flores.

a. S ad. sk.

b, V. Ad. sk.

E. Timor.
Timor {Wallace).

A. R. WaUace, Esq. [C.].
Gould Collection.

9. PETEOCHELIDOX. 193

2, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota*.

Hirundo no. 35, Forst.er, Philos. Trans, p. 408 (1772).

Goloiidrina rabadilla acanelada, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 511, no. 305

(180i>J ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 19 (1847j.
Hirundo pyrrhonota, Vieill. Xouv. Diet. (VHist. Kat. xiv. p. 519

(1817) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 58 (1845).
Hirundo lunifrons, Say in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. ii. p. 47 (1823)

Sivains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 331 (1831) ; Brewer, Proc.

Bost. Soc. N. If. 1852, p. 270 ; Wood, Report Zuni and Color. R.

1853, p. 64 ; Cass. III. B. Calif, p. 243 (1856) ; Bretver, N. A7ner

Ool. p. 94, pi. 5. figs. 68-73 (1857) ; Baird, in Baird, Cass., ^•

Later. B. ^'. Amer. p. 309 (1858) ; Blakisf. Ibis, 18G.3, p. 64 ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 71, no. 836 (1869) ; Dall i^- Bann. Trans.

Chicago Acad. i. p. 279 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 104 (1870)

Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. iii. p. 176 (1872) ; Marling, Handb

Brit. B. p. 125 (1872).
Hirundo opifes, De Witt Clinton, Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. p. 161 (1824).
Hirundo respublicana, Auduh. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. p. 164 (1824).
Hirundo fulva (no?i K), De Witt Clinton, Ann. Lye N. Y. i. p. 156

(1824) ; Bp. Amer. Orn. i. p. 63, pi. 7. fig. 1 (1825) ; Audub. B.

Amer. pi. 68 (c. 1826) ; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 353 (1831) ; Bp.

Comp. List B. Em: 8)- N. Amer. p. 9 (1838) ; Audub. B. Amer.

8vo, i. p. 77, pi. 47 (1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 58 (1845, pt.).
Cecropis lunifron.-i, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 315, 1844, p. 175.
Cecropis pyrrhonota, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 173.
Herse fulva, pt. (jiec V.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 341 (1850).
Petrochelidon americana. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 47, note (1850) ;

Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 17, 402 (1871).
Petrochelidon fulva {nee V.), Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 650 (1854, pt.).
Hii-undo fulvus [nee V.), Willis, &mith.t. Rep. 1858-59, p. 281.
Petrochelidon lunifrons, Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 4

(1853); La^cr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 317 (1861); Scl. Cat.

Amer. B. p. 40 (1862) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 114 (1872) ;

id. B. N.- West, p. 88 (1874) ; Baird, Brewer, if Ridgio. Hist. N.
Amer. B. i. p. 334, pi. 16. fig. 13 (1874) ; Ridgio. Rep. Survey AOth
Par. iv. p. 440 (1877) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 426 ; id. Check-list

N. Amer. B. p. 43 (1882).
Herse lunifrons, Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 159.
Petrochelidon pjTrhonota, Scl. i^ Salv. Numencl. Av. Keotr. p. 14

(1873) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 169 ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 595 ;

Salv. ^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 226 (1883).

AiJuU male. General colour above glossy dark steel-blue, streaked
on the back with more or less concealed ashj^-whitish edges to the
feathers ; lower back and rump cinnamon-rufous, the upper tail-
coverts brown with ashy margins ; wing-coverts black, slightly

* It is possible that the following references belong to the present species
but the descriptions are not sufficiently good to determine the bird accu-
rately:—

Hirondelle a croupion roas et queue carree, Month. Hist. yai. Ois. vi.

p. 098(1779).
Eufous-rumped Swallow, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 582 (1783).
Hirundo americana, Gm. Si/st. iS'at. i. p. 1017 (1783, ex Lath.) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 71, no. 840 (1869).
VOL. X. 0

194

HIRUNBINID^.

glossed with steel-blue, the inner greater coverts slightly edged
with ashy whitish ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
blackish, the inner secondaries with narrow ashy margins at the
tips of the feathers ; tail-feathers black, with a greenish gloss ;
crown of head glossy steel-blue, separated from the back by an in-
distinct collar of ashy brown ; forehead pale sandy buff ; lores
black ; ear-coverts, cheeks, and sides of face deep chestnut-rufous,
spreading on to the sides of the hind neck ; chin also deep chestnut-
rufous, glossed with a few steel-blue feathers, the lower throat
entirely glossy steel-blue ; fore nock and chest light ashy brown
washed with rufous ; the sides of the body and flanks similarly
coloured, with narrow dusky shaft-lines on the flanks ; centre of
the breast and abdomen whitish with a slight tint of brown ; vent
pale rufous ; under tail-coverts ashy brown, darker towards the
ends, the feathers distinctly margined with white ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy brown, distinctly tinged with rufous,
especially near the edge of the wing ; quills dark ashy brown below.
Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 4-35, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-45.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 5-5
inches, culmen 0*3, wing 4-4, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-5.

Eab. North America, tkroughout Central America in winter, to
Brazil and Paraguay.

Sclater Collection.
Sir John Richardson

[P-]-
J. Gould, Esq.
B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].
N. A. B. Commission

[P.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Dr. Hart Meniam [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.
R.B. Sharpe; Esq. [P.].

a. Ad. sk.

North America.

b. Ad. sk.

Kendall River.

c. Ad. sk.

Niagara Falls (J. 0.).

d. S ad. sk.

Fort Simpson.

e,f. Ad. sk.

49th Parallel {G. Bawson).

ff, 7i. S 2 ad. sk.

West side of Rocky Moun-

tains.

i, k. S 2 ad. sk.

niinois, May {H. K. Coale).

/. Jut. sk.

Illinois, July 28 {S. K.

Coale).

m. 5 ad. sk.

Carlisle, Pa., July 9

{Prof. Baird).

n, 0, p. J ; q,r.

2 Locust Grove, New York,

ad. sk.

May.

s. (S ad. sk.

Coloradosprings, Colorado,

Nov.6(^. W.Henshaw).

t. Juv. sk.

Sun River, Dakota, Aug.

15 {R. B. mtz).

u. 2 ad. sk.

California, March 2.

V. Ad. sk.

Mexico (JDe Sausmre).

w. 2 ad. sk.

Ytarare, Brazil {Natterer).

X. cj ad. sk.

Pacheco, Buenos Avres,

March 17 (^.TT.TFMe).

3. Petrochelidon swainsoni.

Hirundo melanogaster, Sivains. Philos. Mag. new series, i. p. 366

(1827) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 68 (1845).
Petrochelidon melanogastra, Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 47 (1850).

9. PETHOCHELIDON. 195

retrochelidon swainsoni, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 296, 1859, p. 376;

Itaird, Cat Awer. B. p. 40 (1862) ; id. Iteview Amer. B. p. 290

(1865); Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 192; Smnichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N.

n. i. p. 547 (1869) ; Scl. Sf Salv. Noinencl. Av. Neotr. p. 14 (1873) ;

Later. Bull. U.S. Nat. 3Ius. no. 4, p. 17 (1876) ; Salv. ^ Godm.

Biol. Cent.-Amer., A.ves, i. p. 227 (1883).
Hirundo coronata, Licht, Preis- Verz. mex. Vog. p. 2 (1831) ; Cab. J.

f. 0. 1863, p. 58.
Petrochelidon hmifrona (pt.), Coues, B. Color, Vail. p. 426 (1878),

Adult female. General colour above glossy steel-blue, varied on the
mantle and back with ashy-whitish streaks, with which the feathers
are edged ; wing-coverts blackish, slightly glossed with steel-bhie ;
bastard- wing, primary-coverts, and quiUs also blackish, with scarcely
any gloss except on the secondaries, the innermost of which have
narrow ashy- whitish margins near the ends of the outer webs ;
lower back and riimp pale cinnamon-rufous ; upper tail-coverts
brown with narrow blackish shaft-streaks, and edged with ashy
whitish ; crown of head glossy steel-blue, separated from the mantle
by a narrow collar of deep chestnut extending from the ear-coverts,
and followed by a less distinct collar of ashy brown hke the sides of
the nBck ; a broad frontal band of deep chestnut ; lores velvety black,
with reddish-buff bases ; cheeks, sides of face, and ear-coverts deep
chestnut, as also the throat ; a line along the base of the chin black ;
in the centre of the throat a patch of blue-black feathers, not very
distinct ; sides of neck, breast, and sides of body pale ashy brown
with a slight rufous tinge, the flanks with indistinct dusky shaft-
Hnes ; centre of body and abdomen white ; thighs ashy brown slightly
washed with rufous ; vent pale rufous ; iinder tail-coverts ashy
brown tinged with rufous, the feathers subterminally dark brown
and broadly edged with whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
ashy brown washed with rufous, especially near the edge of the
wing ; qi;ills dull ashy brown below. Total length 4'5 inches, culmen
0'35, wing 4-15, tail 2, tarsus 0-45.

Adidt male. Similar in colour to the female. Total length 5*1
inches, culmen 0-3, wing 4, tail 2, tarsus 0-45.

Young. Much duller in colour than the adult, with scarcely any
steel-blue gloss, the feathers of the upper surface narrow!)' edged
with whitish ; forehead, rump, throat, and sides of face much paler
than in the adult and apparently bleached to a sandy-bufF colour
before the moult takes place ; the wing-coverts also narrowly
margined with whitish, the greater series more distinctly, like the
Becondaries.

Hab. Central America, from Mexico to Guatemala,

a, b. Ad. sk. Mexico (Dc Saussure). Sclater Collection.

c. cf ad. sk. Oaxaca, Mexico. M. Sail*? [C,].

d. Juv. sk. Costa Eica. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],

4. Petrochelidon fulva,

Ilirundo fulva, Vieill. Ois. Avier. Sept. p. 62, pi. 32 (1807) ; Gray,
Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mm. p. 24 (1847) ; Thien.f. J. O. 1857, p. 149 ;

0 2

1U6 HIKUNDINID^.

March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 295 ; Bryant, Proc. Host. Soc.

N. H. X. p. 222 (1866).
Cecropis fulva, ^o?e, /sw, 1828, p. 315, 1844, p. 173; Less. Compl.

Buff. viii. p. 498 (1837).
Hirimdo melanogaster ()i£c Sivains.), Deimy, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 38.
Hiruudo poeciloma, Gosse, B. Jamaica'-o. 64 (1847) ; Osburn, P. Z. S.

1865, p. 63 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 71, no. 837 (1869).
Herse fulva, pt., Bp. Consp. i. p. 341 (pt., 1850).
Hirundo corouata, Leinbeye, Av. Cuba, p. 45 (1850).
Petroclielidon fulva, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 47 (1850) ; Cass. Cat.

Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 4 (1853) ; Gundl. J.f. 0. 1856, p. 3,

& 1861, p. 328 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 72 ; id. Cat. Amer. B.

p. 40 (1862); Baird, Revieic Amer. B. p. 291 [imb); Bryant, Proc.

Bost. Soc. JV. H. X. p. 252 (1866) ; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 82 (1876)

Scl. ^ Salv. Nomend. Av. Neotr. p. 14 (1873) ; A. c^ E. Newt.

Handb. Jamaica, 1881, p. 107 ; Salv. ^~ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer.,

Aves, i. p. 228 (1883) ; Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 47 (1884).
Petrochelidon poeciloma, Baird, Beview Amer. B. p. 292 (1865).

Adult. General colour above glossy steel-blue, the feathers of the
mantle and back edged with ashy white, giving a strongly streaked
appearance ; wing-coverts and quills blackish, with a slight greenish
gloss, the inner secondaries edged with ashy whitish at the ends ;
lower back and rump rich chestnut ; upper tail-coverts brown with
a slight greenish gloss and narrowly edged with ashy whitish ; tail-
feathers blackish brown, slightly glossed with greenish ; crown of
head glossy steel-blue, separated from the mantle by a narrow collar
of pale rufous, followed by a second coUar of ashy brown like the
sides of the neck ; a broad frontal band of deep chestnut ; lores
velvety black, with pale rufous bases ; cheeks, sides of face, and ear-
coverts pale ferruginous, joining the collar round the nape ; throat
and chest, as weU as the sides of the body and flanks, ferruginous,
slightly mixed with ashy brown on the sides of the breast and flanks ;
vent ferruginous ; centre of breast and abdomen white ; under tail-
coverts ashy brown washed with rufous, darker brown before the
tips, which are whitish, all the feathers being broadly edged with
the latter colour ; under wing-coverts and axillaries smoky brown,
edged with rufous, more distinct near the edge of the wing ; quills
dusky brown below, more ashy along the inner web : " bill black;
feet dark grey ; iris dark Irown " (Gosse). Total length 4-8 inches,
culmen 0'35, wing 4-05, tail 1"75, tarsus 0-45.

Hah. Central America, from Northern Yucatan to Panama.
Cuba, S. Domingo, Jamaica, Porto Eico.

a. Ad. St.

Jamaica.

Purchased.

6. Ad. sk.

Jamaica.

P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
(Type oi H. poeciloma.)

c. Ad. sk.

Jamaica.

Sclater Collection.

d. Juv. sk.

Jamaica, Oct. 6, 1881.

Jamaica Museum [P.].

e. Ad. sk.

Jamaica (Gosse).

R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].

5. Petrochelidon ruficollaris.

Hirundo ruficollaris, Peak, U.S. Expl. E.rped., Birds, p. 175 (1848) ;
Gi-ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 71, no. 839 (1869).

9. PETROCHELIDON. 197

Petrochelidon ruficoUaris, Baird, Hevieio Amer. B. p. 292 (18G5) ;
Sali'in ^ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 225 (I880).

Adult male. General colour above dull purjilish blue, streaked on
the mantle and back with greyish-white edges to the feathers ;
lower back and rump pale chestnut ; scapulars like the back : wing-
coverts and quills brown, with ashy margins to the secondaries ;
upper tail-covcrts pale brown, with ashy-whitish edges to the outer
ones ; tail-feathers dusky brown, paler brown towards the ends of
the inner webs ; crown of head purplish blue, separated from the
back by a collar of smoky brown ; base of forehead duU chestnut :
ear-coverts and cheeks ashy white, the former posteriorly marked
with light chestnut, which extends backwards and forms a patch on
the sides of the hinder crown ; throat ashy white ; fore neck and
chest pale chestnut, with a patch of smoky brown on the sides of
the upper breast ; centre of breast and abdomen white, the flanks
and vent washed with pale chestnut ; under tail-coverts pale brown,
broadlj- edged with white, producing a mottled appearance; axil-
laries and under wing-coverts uniform smoky brown ; quills dusky
brown below, more ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 4-S inches, culmen 0-35, wing 3"8, tail 1-9, tarsus 0"45.

Young. Much duller in colour than the adult ; and distinguished
by the narrow ashy margins to the feathers of the upper surface,
the wing-coverts, secondaries, and tail-feathers being edged with pale
chestnut ; lower back and rump paler chestnut than in the adult ;
upper tail-coverts edged with rufous ; throat washed with rufous :
chestnut band on breast less pronounced ; flanks smoky brown
washed vdth pale rufous. Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0-3,
wing 3-45, tail 1-9, tarsus 0'4.

Mab, Peru.

a, h. cJjuv. et $ ad.sk. Lima {Nation). Sclater Collection

c. c? ad. sk. Lima. Prof. Nation [P.].

6. Petrochelidon ruflgnla.

Hirundo rufigula, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1878, pp. 256, 269 ; id. Orn.
Angola, p. 545 (1881) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 840

(1884),

Adult male (type of species). General colour above glossy blue-
black, the feathers of the hind neck and mantle edged with isabeUine
buff or reddish white, producing a streaked appearance ; rump and
upper tail-coverts chestnut, contrasting with the back * ; lesser and
median wing-coverts dull blue-black ; greater coverts, bastard-wing,
and primary-coverts and quills dusky, slightly glossed with blue on
the outer web ; tail-feathers dusky with a greenish gloss, all but
the two centre ones with a large white spot on the inner web ;

* An error has crept into my account of this species in my edition of Layard's
'Birds ol' South Africa ' {I. c), where the rump is stated not to differ from the
back in colour.

198 HIRTJNDINID^.

head uniform glossy blue-black ; lores pale rufous ; in front of the
eye a Telrety black spot ; ear-coverts dull blue-black, slightly
varied with rufous margins to the feathers ; cheeks and throat deep
chestnut ; remainder of under surface paler chestnut or rufous, deep-
ening into rich chestnut on the under tail-coverts, the long ones
of which have a large subtermiual spot of blue-black ; under wing-
coverts and axillajies like the breast ; quills dusky below, more ashy
along the inner web. Total length 5-2 inches, eulmen 0-3, wing
3-75, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-45. (Mus. Lisb.)
Hah. Benguela.

7, Petrochelidon spilodera.

Hirundo spilodera, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1850,

p. 108 ; Grmj, Hand-l. B. \. p. 70, no. 828 (1869).
Phedina spilodera, B}}. Rivist. Contemp., Torino, 1857, p. 4.
Hirundo luuifrons, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 56 (1867, nee Say).
Hirundo alfredi, Haril. Ibis, 1868, p. 153, pi. 4 ; Gray, Uand-l. B.

i. p. 71, no. 838 (1869).
Petrochelidon spdodera, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 293 ; Gurney, Ibis,

1874, p. 101 ; Butkr, Feilden, ^ Eeid, Zool. 1882, p. 249 ; hharpe,

ed. Layard" s B. S. Afr. p. 357 (1884).

Adult. Head dark brown, obscurely glossed with dark blue,
lighter brown towards the nape ; back and scapularies deep blue,
the feathers edged latitudinaUy with ashy white, giving a striped
appearance to the whole back, the scapularies and wing-coverts just
faintly edged with rusty white ; the lower part of the back blue,
not marked with whitish stripes ; rump aiid upper tail-coverts pale
rufous ; wing-coverts and quills brownish black, with a shght blue
gloss on the latter and on the extremities of the quills ; upper
tail-coverts blue-black, all but the centre ones rufous at their
ends ; tail brownish black, also slightly glossed with blue ; a patch
of feathers in front of the eye pale sienna ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and
sides of the neck dark blue ; chin white ; throat tinged with sienna
and covered with little black spots ; below this a blackish band
marked with whitish ; under surface of the body white, washed on
the upper part of the breast and on the flanks with sienna ; a few
scattered black spots on the breast ; under tail-coverts and vent
pale rufous, some of the former entirely black, and the others rufous
with a blackish spot. Total length 5-9 inches ; of biU from front
0-4, from gape Q-G ; wing 4'5, taU 2-1, tarsus 0-5, middle toe 0*45,
hind toe 0"2.

Young. Differs from the adult in being sooty blackish with
scarcely any bluo gloss ; the wing- coverts like the back and
narrowly edged with pale fawn-colour, more broadly on the greater
coverts and inner secondaries ; rump pale fawn-colour, with which
also the upper tail-coverts are broadly tipped ; quills and tail-
feathers blackish ; head sooty black, only slightly paler than the
back ; a narrow line of rufous at base of forehead and over the eye ;
cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of face, and throat black, the chin mottled

9. PETEOCHELIDON. 199

with rufous white, the fore neck and chest also largely spotted with
black ; remainder of under surface pale fawn-colour, paler in the
centre of the breast ; under tail-coverts fawn-colour, the long ones
black, edged and tipped with fawn-colour.

Dr. Exton has very kindly presented the Museum with a very
young bird of the present species, and from this specimen it appears
that the young has a broad black band across the lower throat.
This at first appears strange, as the immature plumage is rather
handsomer than the adult ; but as this black throat-band is accom-
panied by the usual pale margins on the secondaries which distin-
guish a young Swallow, there can be little reason for doubting that
the black-throated birds are the young of P. spilodera.

Hah. Eastern parts of Cape Colony, extending into the Transvaal.

a. S; b,c. 2ad.sk. Eland's Post. (T. C. Shai-pe Collection.

Atmore).

d. (S ad. ; e. Juv. sk. Bloemfontein, Oct. 28, Dr. Exton fP.I.

1876.

/. Ad. sk. Bloemfontein, Oct. 28, Dr. Exton [P.].

ff. Ad. sk. Transvaal {Ayres). Sharps Collection.

h. Ad. St. South Afiica. Earl of Derby [P.].

8. Petrochelidon ariel.

Collocalia ariel, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 132 ; id. B. Austr. ii. pi. 15

(1848).
Hirundo ariel, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 58 (1845) ; id. Cat. Fissir, Brit.

Mm. p. 25 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 70, no. 818 (1869).
Chelidon ariel, Goidd, B. Austr., hitr. p. xxx (1848) ; Ramsay, Ibis,

1865, pp. 299, 300.
Herse ariel, Bp. Consp. i. pp. 340 (1850).
Petrochelidon ariel, Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 6

(1853).
Lillia ariel, Boie, J.f. O. 1858, p. 364.
Lagenoplastes ariel, Goxdd, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 113 (1865) ;

Mamsay, Ibis, 1868, p. 275 ; id. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 179

(1878) ; Salvad. Oni. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 7 (1881).
Chelidon arborea (nee Gould), Ramsay, Ibis, 18Ij5, p. 299 (lapsu cal. ;

cf. Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 127).

Adult. General colour above deep blue, the lesser wing-coverts
like the back ; remainder of the wing-coverts and quills dusky, with
a slight gloss externally ; lower back and rump creamy white,
slightly mottled with pale smoky brown where the bases to the
feathers show through ; upper tail-coverts duU smoky brown ; taU-
feathers dusky brown, glossed on the outer web with blue ; crown
of head bright rufous, with very minute blackish shaft-lines ; nape
mottled, the feathers being spotted with dark blue and edged with
rufous ; lores and a line above the eye black ; sides of face and ear-
coverts dull smoky brown ; cheeks and throat white, very minutely
spotted with dusky shaft-streaks ; these streaks contiinied on to the
fore neck, which is sandy brown like the sides of the body and flanks ;
breast and abdomen pure white ; under taU-coverts white, with a

200 HIRTINBINID^.

slight smoky tinge ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dull sandy-
brown, the outer coverts mottled with blackish bases ; quills dusky
below, lighter brown along the inner webs : " bill blackish grey ;
legs and feet olive-grey; iris blackish brown" {Gould). Total
length 4-6 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 3-7, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-4.

Hab. From Port Denison to New South Wales, Victoria, and
South Australia.

fl. 5 ad. sk. Moreton Bay {F. Strange). Gould Collection.

b. Ad. sk. Queensland. Gould Collection.

e. Ad. sk. Queensland {J. T. Cock- F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin,

erell). Esqrs. [P.].

d, e. Ad. St. N.E. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.].

9. Petrochelidon fluvicola.

? Red-headed Swallow, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 57, pi. Ivi.
(1783).

? Hirundo erythrocephala, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1024 (1788, ex
Lath.) ; Gray, Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mus. p. 25 (1848).

Herse erythrocephala, Bp. Consp. i. p. 340 (1850).

Hirundo fluvicola, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 470 (1855, ex Jerd.
MSS.) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 101 (1862) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 337 ;
Blanf. Ibis, 18G7, p. 462; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 70, no. 819
(1869); Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 352 ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 406;
Hume, Nests and Egys Ind. B. p. 80 (1873) ; Ada^n, Str. F. 1873,
p. 370 ; Aitken, Str. F. 1875, p. 213 ; Bidler, t. c. p. 439 ; Davidson
i^ Wenden, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 76 ; Hnme, t. c. p. 97 ; Ball,
t. c. p. 202 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 84 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc.
p. 13 (1879) ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 14 (1880) ; Vidal,
Str. F. 1880, p. 43 ; Butler, t. c. p. 378 ; Davidson ^ Wenden,
Str. F. 1882, p. 293.

Lagenoplastes empusa, Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 337 (ex Gould, MSS.).

Hirundo fluminicola, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 832.

Lagenoplastes fluvicola, Gotdd, B. Asia, i. pi. 33 (1868) ; Hume,
Str. F. 1875, p. 452; Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 254; Butler, Str. F.
1877, p. 217.

Adult male. General colour above glossy blue-black, mottled with
white streaks where the bases to the feathers show through ; lesser
wing-coverts like the back, the remainder dusky blackish, glossed
with steel-green externally ; rump and upper tail-coverts dark
smoky brown, mottled with blackish bases to the feathers, many of
which are glossed with blue ; upper tail-coverts smoky brown ; tail-
feathers blackish with a slight steel-green gloss ; crown of head
dull brick-red with blackish shaft-lines ; lores white, separated
from the forehead by a line of black ; ear-coverts dusky brown,
with narrow streaks of fulvous-brown ; cheeks, throat, and breast
white, broadly streaked with blackish shafts ; abdomen and under
tail-coverts pure white, with narrow dusky shaft-lines ; sides of
body smoky brown, streaked with blackish shaft-lines ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries also dark smoky brown, with narrow shaft-
lines of darker brown ; quiUs dusky below, paler along the inner

PSAUDOPEOCNIN^.

201

web. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-25, wing 4-6, tail 1-75,
tarsus 0-4.

Young. Much duUer in colour than the adult, and having the
rump washed with sandy rufous, with which colour also the wing-
coverts and inner secondaries are tipped ; the breast and under
wing-coverts are also strongly tinged with rufous.

Hub. Central India, extending into Kutch, Kattiawar, and Gujarat.

a. Ad. sk. India.

b. Ad. sk. Kattiawar, Oct. 12, 1871.

c. Ad. sk. Kangra, Punjauh.

d. S ad. sk. Sambliur Lake, INIay 15,

1878 (i^. M. Adam).

e. 2 ad. sk. Near Nagpoor.

/. $ ad. sk. Godavery Valley, Jan. 3,

1871.
ff. Juv. sk Behar.

Gould Collection. (Type of

L. empusa.)
Major Hayes Lloyd [P.].
Capt. Stackhouse'PinwillfP.].
E. W. Gates, Esq.

Gould Collection.

W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

Subfamily II. PSALIDOPEOCNIN^.

The members of this subfamily of Swallows are easily distin-
guished by the serrations on the external edge of the wing in the
male birds. The African species are of sombre coloration, being
black or blue, while their American representatives are brown and
approach the Sand-Martins (Ootile) in appearance. The possession
of such a striking character as the serrated primary, confined in
each instance to the male bird only, in one strictly African genus
and another strictly American one, is an interesting instance of
close affinity in birds of the Old and 'New Worlds, when considered
along with the peculiar distribution of the genus Petrocliclidon
(anted, p. 190).

Primary of Psalido2)rocne holomelana (magnified), to show serrations
on external margin.

Key to the Genera.

a. Nostrils longitudinal, with an enlargement
anteriorly, overhung with a posterior
margin ; prevailing colour of plumage [p. 202.

black 10. PSALIDOPBOCNE,

h. Nostrils rounded and exposed, with no

overhanging membrane ;prevailuig colour [p. 202.

of plumage brown 11. Stelgidopteryx,

202 niRUNDINID^.

10. PSALIDOPROCNE.

Type.
Psalidoprocne, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 48 (1850) . . P. holomelsena.
Pristoptera, Bp. Rivist. Contenip., Torino, 1857, p. 4. . P. pristoptera.

Bill of Psalidoprocne holomelcBna (magnified), to sllow nostrils.
Range. Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Head like the back.

a'. Under wing-coverts like the breast.
a". Tail forked.
a'". Dull bottle-green or greenish black above holomelana, p. 202.

h'". Glossy steel-green above obscura, p. 208.

b". Tail square nitens, p. 204.

b'. Under wing-coverts white or smoky brown, in
strong contrast to the breast.
c' '. Above sooty black.

c'". Under wing-coverts smoky brown .... petiti, p. 204.

d'". Under wing-coverts pure white antinorii, p. 205.

d". Above glossy steel-blue ; under wing-
coverts white pristoptera, p. 205.

b. Head white, forming a cap alhiceps, p. 206.

1. Psalidoprocne holomelaena*.

Hirundo holomelas, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1850,
p. 108; Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 3G0 ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. .36
(1858) ; Layard, Ibis, 1864, p. 134 ; G^-ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 70,
no. 823 (1869).

Atticora hamigera, Cass. Pi'oc. Phil. Acad. 1850, p. 57, pi. 12.

Psalidoprocne cypselina. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 48 (1850).

Atticora holomelas, Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 6
(1852) ; Gurncy, Ibis, 1863, p. 322 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 57
(1867) ; id. Ibis, 1869, p. 72 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 424.

Psalidoprocne holomela, Bj}. Rivist. Contemp., Torino, 1857, p. 4.

Psalidoprocne holomelfena, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 108 ; Heuyl.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 148 (1869); Shar2)e, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 288
(pt.) ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 45 (1871, pt.) ; SM/ey, m's, 1875,
p. 67; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 204; iialvin, Cat. Strivkl. Coll.
p. 152 (1882) ; Sharps, ed. Layard! s B. S. Afr. p. 356 (1883).

Adult male. Above dark greenish black, deepest in the centre of
the back and on the breast ; quills deep black with a slight greenish
lustre, the outer web of the first primary distinctly serrated ; tail

* The following references also probably refer to the species, but Levaillant's
plate is too inaccurate to be accepted as a representation of the species : —

Le Martinet velocifere, Levaill. Ois. cTAfr. v. p. 147, pi. 244. fig. 2 (1806).
Hirundo velox, VieUl. N. Did. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 533 (1317).
Cypselus velox, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 51 (1869).

10. PSALIDOPEOCNE.

203

dark greenish black, long, and deeply forked : " bill black ; nostrils
large and oval ; tarsi and feet dusk)' pale ; iris very dark brown "
(r. Ayres): "legs purplish brown, shading off into flesh-colour on
the back of the tarsus and soles of the feet " (Shelley). Total length
5'4 inches, culmen 0'3, wing 4'1, tail 3, tarsus 0'3, middle toe 0-3,
lateral toes 0*2.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller and somewhat
more dusky, the outer edge of the external primary not serrated,
and the tail less forked.

Hab. Porest districts of the Cape Colony from the Knysna to
British Cafl'raria, extending into jS^atal and the Eastern Transvaal.

a. c? ad. sk.

b. (5 ad. sk.

c. cf ad. bk.

d. 2 ad. sk.
c. Pull. sk.

/. 2 ad. sk.
ff. j ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.

i. d ad. sk.

k. c? ad.sk.
I. J ad. St.
m. (S ad. sk.

South Africa (Surtees).

South Africa (Lat/ard).

Knysna, Jan. 9, 1866 (C.
J. Andersson).

Knysna, Aug. 3, 1866 (C.
J. A.).

Bat's Cove, near East Lon-
don, December 21, 1870
(Hiclcard).

Kingwilliamstown.

Natal (Ayres).

Pineto^vn, Natal, March 20
(T.L. Ayres).

Pinetown, Natal, April 29
{T.L. Ayres).

Lydenberg, E. Transvaal.

South Africa.

South Africa.

Sharpe Collection.
Sharpe Collection.
Sharpe Collection.

Sharpe Collection.

Sharpe Collection.

Capt. Trevelyan [P.].
J. H. Gumey, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

F. A. Barratt, Esq. [C.].

Purchased.

Sir A. Smith [C.].

2. Psalidoprocne obscnra.

Atticora obscura, Temm. AISS. in 3Ius. Lugd., unde

Atticora obscura, Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 35 ; id. Om. Westafr.

p. 26 (1857) ; id. J.f. O. 1861, p. 103.
Hirundo obscura, Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 360 ; Gray, Sand-l, B. i.

p. 71, no. 831 (1869).
Atticora holomelas, Hartl. Om. Westafr. p. 25 (1857, nee Sundev.).
Psahdoprocne holomelfena, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 288 (pt.) ; id.

Ibis, ls70, p. 479; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 45 (1871, pt.) ; Shelley ^

Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 288 ; * Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 61 ; Reichen.

J.f. O. 1875, p. 67.

Adult male. General colour above glossy bottle-green, the head
like the back ; the rump and upper tail-coverts with somewhat of
a steel-blue appearance ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the
back ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
blackish, washed externally with glossy green like the back ; tail-
feathers blackish, slightly washed with green ; lores velvety black ;
cheeks, ear-coverts, and entire under surface of body glossy bottle-
green like the upper surface ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
Bmoky brown with a slight greenish wash ; quills dusky brown below.
Total length 6'9 inches, culmen 0'25, wing 3"S5, tail 4*1, tarsus 0'35.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male, but smaller, and

£04 HIRTINDINID^.

having the outer edge of the first primary smooth, not serrated.
Total length 5-1 inches, culmen 0-25, wing 3-45, tail 3, tarsus 0-35.

Young. Sooty brown with a greenish wash on the back; below
dull sooty brown ; gape yellow.

Younrj(A. obsciira, Temm.). Distinguished by its yellow gape and
sooty-brown plumage ; tail much shorter and only slightly forked.

Hab. Gold Coast, W. Africa.

a, b. S ad. sk. Fantee ( Ussher). Sbarpe Collection.

c. (S ad. sk. Fort Victoria, Gold Coast Sbarpe Collection.

( Ussher).

d,e. Juv. sk. Fantee. A. Swanzy, Esq. [P.].

/. $ ad. sk. Wasa, March 1872 {Blissett). Sharps Collection.

g. Juv. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq.

3. Psalidoprocne nitens.

Atticora nitens, Cass. Proc. Acad, rhilad. 1857, p. 38 ; Hartl. Orn.

Westafr. p. 261 (1857) ; Cass. Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1859, p. 33 ;

Hartl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 103; Du Chaillu, Equal. Afr. p. 472

(1861).
Hirimdo nitens, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 71, no. 831 (1869).
PsaUdoprocne nitens, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 291 ; id. Ibis, 1872,

p. 70 ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 61.

Adult. Above glossy greenish black, very bright and distinct
both above and below ; quills dark brown, glossed with greenish
above, as also is the tail, which is quite square ; bill black ; feet
light brown. Total length 4-3 inches, wing 3-8, tail 2-2.

Obs. The specimens from Gaboon and the Camaroous have the
throat sooty brown, but whether this is a specific character, or
merely a sign of youth or abrasion of the plumage, I am unable to
say from the series before me.

Hab. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to Gaboon.

a, b. cS ad. sk. Fort Victoria, Gold Coast Sharpe Collection.
{Ussher).

c. c? ad. sk. Camaroons {Crossley). Sharpe Collection.

d. S ad. sk. Muui River. P. B. Du Chaillu, Esq.

[C.].

e. (S ad. sk. Gaboon. P. B. Du Chaillu, Esq.

[C.].
f,(/. (S 2 ad. sk. Landana, Congo (i. Petit). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

4. Psalidoprocne petiti.

Psalidoprocne petiti, Sharpe iSf Bouvier, Btdl. Soc. Zool. France, i.
p. 38, pi. ii. (1876) ; Otisfalet, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 106
(1877) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 188 (1881) ; Oustalet, Nam.
Arch. Mus. (2) ii. p. 96 (1879).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above sooty black ;
lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts,
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black ; tail-feathers black ;
lores velvety black ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and under surface of body
sooty black like the upper surface ; under wing-coverts and axil-

10. PSALIDOPROCNE. 205

laries pale smoky brown ; quills dusky below, browner along the
inner web : " eyes black " (Petit). Total length 5-8 inches, culmen
0-25, wing 4-05, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-35.

Ad alt female. Similar to the male in colour, but wanting the
serrated edge to the outer web of the first primary. Total length
5'2 inches, culmen 0"25, wing 3'55, taU 2'5, tarsus O'-:!-.

Young. Similar to the adult, but not so glossy ; below much
paler and more earthy brown.

Hah. West Africa, from Gaboon to the Congo.

a. (S ad. sk. Laudana. M. L. Petit [C.]. (Type

of species.)

b. 2 ad. sk. Chinchouxo, Congo. Dr. Lucan [C.].

c. Ad. ; d Juv. sk. Landana, Congo (Pe<i<). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

5. Psalidoprocne antinorii.

Psalidoprocne antinorii, Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 123

(1884).

Adult male (type of species). Very similar to P. petiti., but with
the under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white instead of smoky
brown. Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0-25, wing 4'15, tail 2*95,
tarsus 0*35.

Hah. Shoa, extending southwards to the Zambesi.

a. Ad. sk. Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk [P.].

6. Psalidoprocne pristoptera.

Hinmdo pristoptera, Rilpp. Neue Wirb. Taf. 39. fig. 2 (1835).
Atticoia albi.«capulata, lioie, Isis, 1844, p. 172 (e.r Miipp. MSS.).
Chelidon pristoptera, RUpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 22 (1845).
Atticora pristoptera, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 58 (1845) ; id. Cat. Fissir.

Brit. Mns. p. 21 (1848) ; Bj}. Cump. i. p. 337 (1850) ; Heuyl.

J. f. 0. 1861, p. 420, 1863, p. 4 ; Brehm, Reis. Habesch, p. 208

(180.3).
Chelidon (?) pristoptera, Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 17 (1856).
Pristoptera typica, Bp. Rivist. Contemp., Torino, 1857, p. 4.
Psalidoprocne pristoptera, Sclafer, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 109 ; Heuyl. Orn.

N.O.-Afr. i. p. 148 (1869); Blanf. Geol. ^ Zool. Abyss, p. 349

(1870) ;' Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 290 ; Antin. ^- Salvad. Viayy.

Boqos, p. 71 (1873) ; Salvad, Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 123

(1884).

Adult. Above glossy blue-black, with a greenish tinge on the
wings and tail ; quUls greenish black, the inner web dusky ; tail
much forked, greenish black above, dusky underneath ; under sur-
face of the body glossy blue-black ; under wing-coverts white. Total
length 5-5 inches; of biU from front 0-6, from gape 0-4; wing 4-4,
tail 3 ; tarsus 0-35, middle toe 0-4, hind toe 0-2, lateral toes 0-25.

Hah. N.E. Africa.

a. S ad. sk. Dongolo, Tigr6, 6500 feet, W. T. Blanford, Esq.

May 18, 1868. [C.].

b. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [C.].

206 HIKXJKDINID^.

7. Psalidoprocne albiceps.

Psalidoprocne albiceps, Sclutur, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 108, pi. xiv. ;

Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr.l p. 147 (1869); Sharps, F. Z. S. 1870,

p. 291.
Atticora albiceps. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 73, no. 862 (1869) ; Finsch

^ Hartl. Vbg. Ostafr. p. 133 (1869).

Adult. General colour above and below black, the crown and top
of tbe tbroat wbite. Total length 5*5 inches, wing 4-2, centre tail-
feathers 2-2, outer ones 3'1.

Hub. Usui, Central Africa.

a. Ad. in spirit. Usui. Capt. Speke [P.].

(Type of species.)

11. STELGIDOPTERYX.

Type.
Stelgidopteryx, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 312 (1858) . . S. serripennis.

BiU of S. ruficoUis (magnifled), to sbow nostrils.

Range. The whole of North America except the Nortb-eastem
States, from Canada and British Columbia southwards. Throughout
Central America and South America, as far as Southern Brazil and
Bolivia.

Key to the Species.

a. Throat ashy brown, or slightly tinged with rufous ;

abdomen and under tail-coverts white serripennis, p. 206.

h. Throat brick-red ; abdomen sulphui'-yellow; imder

tail-coverts white or pale yeUow, the longest

ones with a broad subterminal bar of blackish . „,^^„;7^ ^ gOS

^^''^'^ 1 uropygialis,^.26Q.

1. Stelgidopteryx serripennis.

Hirundo serripennis, Auduh. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 593 (1838) ; id. B.

Amer. 8vo, i. p. 193, pi. 51 (1840) ; Maynard, B. Florida, p. 76

(1871).
Cotyle serripennis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 170 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 342

(1850); Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 11 (1853) ; id.

III. B. Calif. Sf Texas, p. 247 (1856) ; Scl. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1859,

p. 13 ; G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. Ill ; Baird, Cass., ^ Laim: B.

N. Amer. p. 313 (1858) ; Oiuen, Ibis, 1861, p. 61 ; Sclater, Cat.

Amer. B. p. 41 (1862) ; Coties, Ibis, 1865, p. 163 ; Dresser, t. c.

p. 479 ; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 421 ; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 110 (1870).
Cotyle fulvipennis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 364; id. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1860,

p. 31 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 41 (1862).
Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 312 (1858) ; id.

Review Amer. B. p. 314 (1865) ; Coues, Key N. Ame): B. p. 114

11. SXELGIDOPTERYX. 207

(1872) ; Sol. 8f Salv. Nommcl. Av. Neotr. p. 15 (1873) ; Coues,
B. N.- West, p. 90 (1874) ; Baird, Brewer, ^ Ridgw. Hist. N. Atner.
B. p. 350, pi. 16. fig. 12 (1874) ; Ridgw. Rep. Surv. 40th Par. iv.
p. 446 (1877) ; Coties, B. Color. Vail. p. 438 (1878) ; Belding,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 409 (1878) ; Ridgw. op. cit. iii. p. 175
(1880); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 43 (1882); Sah. <§•
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 237 (1883) ; Coues, Key N.
Amer. B. p. 324 (1884).

Cotile serripennis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 73, no. 867 (1869).

Cotile fulvipeunis. Gray, t. c. p. 73, no. 869 (1869).

Stelgidopteryx fulvipennis, Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 184 ; <S'e^. i^ Salv.
Nommcl. Av. Neotr. p. 15 (1873) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 67.

Adult male. General colour above brown, the lesser and median
wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts blackish
brown, washed externally with the same colour as the back ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, the inner secon-
daries edged with lighter brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, paler
towards the base of the inner web ; head a trifle darker brown than
the back ; a narrow line of whity brown from the base of the fore-
head above the eye ; lores blackish ; ear-coverts dark brown ; cheeks,
throat, and breast, as well as the flanks and sides of the body,
light brown, shaded with hoary whitish on the throat and fore
neck, the chin and throat slightly washed with rufous ; abdomen
and under tail-coverts pure white ; the breast-feathers with a few
dusky shaft-lines ; thighs white, with brown bases ; axillaries brown ;
under wing-coverts brown, with hoary-white edges to those near the
edge of the wing. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 4*45,
tail 2-25, tarsus 0-4.

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the saw-like
edges to the first primary.

A pair in the Salvin-and-Godman collection, from Presidio,
Mexico (Ferrer), measure as follows : —

a. S ad. Total length 4'9 in., culmen 0-35, wing 4-4, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*45.

b. 2 ad. „ „ 4-4 „ 0-3, „ 4-1, „ 1-9, „ 0-45.

Young. Distinguished from the adult by the light rufous edges to
the wing-coverts and inner secondaries ; the whole of the back also
washed with rufous edges to the feathers ; the throat and breast
light rufous, and the flanks also slightly washed with rufous ; under
wing-coverts broadly edged with rufous ; gape yellow.

Obs. The rufous on the throat in this species seems to me to be
indicative of immaturity, as in full breeding-plumage it is nearly
obsolete. The white edgings to the inner secondaries, which are
seen in all specimens shot in the winter months, appear to me to be
a distinct sign of winter plumage, as in breeding birds these white
margins become gradually obsolete.

Ilah. North America, wintering in Central America as far south
as Guatemala.

a. $ ad. sk. Carlisle, Pa., May 11 (S. F. U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].
Baii'd).

208 niRUNDINIDiE.

b. S ad. sk. Washinoton, D. 0., May 3 U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

(//. W. Henshaw).

c,d. S; e,f. 2 West side of Rocky Moun- J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

ad. sk. tains.

(). ^ Ad. sk. Santa ¥6, New Mexico, July U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

22 {H. W. Henshaw).

A, «. Juv.sk. Mazatlan, Mexico, June 14 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{A. Forrer).

k. c? sk. Presidio, Mexico, Feb. 12 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{A. Forrer).

I. $ ad. sk. Presidio, April 15 {A. Forrer). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

m. Ad. sk. Mexico. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.

n. Ad. St. Mexico. Purchased.

0. Ad.; p. Jan. Orizaba, Mexico (Botteri). Sclater Collection.

sk.

q. Jun. sk. Jalapa (2)e Oca). Sclater Collection.

(Type of Cotyle fulmpeiinis, Scl.)

r. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Sclater Collection.

s. Ad.sk. Guatemala (<S'«/aw). Sclater Collection,

i!. Ad. sk. Coban, Vera Paz, Jan. 1860. OsbertSalvin, Esq. [P,].

2. Stelgidopteryx ruficoUis.

Golondrina de la vientre amarillazo, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 512 (1802) ;

Hartl. Lid. Azara, p. 19 (1847).
Hirundo rutieoUis, Vieill. N. Bid. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 523 (1817).
Hiruudo jugularis, Neuioied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 365 (1830) ;

Temm. Fl. Col. iv. pi. 161. fig. 2.
Hirundo hortensis, Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 57 (1823).
Cotyle jugularis. Gray, Gen. B.i. p. 60 (1845).
Cecropsis ruficollis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 175.
Cotyle flavigastra. Gray, Cat. Fissir. Brit. Mus. p. 30 (1848) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 342 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 49 (1850);

Cass. Cat. Hirund. Mus. Pliilad. Acad. p. 11 (1853) ; Btcrm. Th.

Bras. iii. p. 144 (1856) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 17, 402 (1871).
Cotyle ruficollis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 60 (1845) ; Cass. Cat. Hirund.

Mus. Philad. Acad. p. 11 (1853) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 292;

id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 41 (1862).
Stelo-idopteryx ruficollis, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 315 (1865) ;

Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 178, 1867, p. 749, 1873, pp. 185, 259 ;

lid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 15 (1873) ; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 377 ;

Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 510 ; Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 696 ;

Salv. S,- Godm. Biol. Ceiitr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 237 (1883).
Cotile ruficollis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 73, no. 868 (1869).

Adult male (Yquitos, Upper Amazon ; H. Whitely). General
colour above brown, the head decidedly darker than the back, the
rump and upper tail-coverts paler brown ; wing-coverts blackish
brown, the inner median and greater coverts edged with paler
brown ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, the
secondaries rather browner, the inner ones edged with white towards
the tip and round the latter ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers
blackish brown, the latter paler towards the base of the inner web ;
lores and ear-coverts dark brown, the latter a little paler than the
crown ; cheeks and throat brick-red ; sides of neck, breast and
sides of body brown; centre of breast and abdomen sulphur-

11. STELGEDOPTEKTX. 209

yellow, extending on to the thighs and vent ; under tail-coverts
white, the basal ones with a tinge of yellow, the long ones with a
broad subterminal bar of blackish brown ; axillaries brown ; uuder
wing-coverts brown, with rufous edges to the feathers ; quills dusky
blackish below : " bill and legs brownish black, the latter some-
times paler brown or flesh-colour ; iris greyish brown " {Nemuied).
Total length 4*9 inches, culmen 0'35, wing 4"3, tail 2-2, tarsus 0'4.

AditU female. Similar to the male in colour, but without the
serrations on the outer edge of the outer web of the first primary.
Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 3"7, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-4.
(J/ms. Sali'in and God man.)

The male killed hi July is rather paler than the female shot in
December, and has the rump decidedly paler. Measurements as
follows : —

Total

length. Culmeu. Wiug. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in. in.

d . Upper Ucayah .... 4-8 O-So 4-35 2-15 0-4

$ . Ym-imaguas 4-1 0-35 3-9 1-95 0-4

Ilab. Brazil, extending to Amazonia and Eastern Ecuador, and
southwards to Bolivia.

«. c?ad. sk. Upper Ucayali, July 16, 1865. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.l.

b. 2 ad. sk. Yurimaguas, Dec. 10, 1866. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.].

c. cfad.sk. Yquitos, E. Peru, March 24 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{H. Whitely).

d. Ad. sk. South Brazil. R. B. Sbai-pe, Esq. [P.].
e,/. Ad. sk. Brazil R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
g. Ad. St. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

■/(. Ad. sk. Para, Dec. 27 {E, L. Lmjard). R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.].

i. Ad. sk. Rio. Sclater Collection.

k, I. cJad. sk. Pernambuco (IF. A. Forbes). Sclater Collection.

m. Ad. sk. Bahia. Sudburj' Museum.

M. Ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Collection.

0. Ad. St. Caracas, Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C.].

3. Stelgidopteryx uropygialis.

Cotyle fla\-igastra {non V.), Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1860, p. 133 ;

Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 292 ; Laivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 317

(1861).
Cotyle ruficollis {nee VieilL), Sclater, Cat. Ainer. B. p. 41 (1862,

pt.).
Cotyle uropvgiahs, Laior. Ibis, 1863, p. 181 ; zd. Ann. Lye. N. Y.

viii. p. 3 (1863) ; Scl. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 348 ; Gray, Band-l.

B. i. p. 73, no. 870 (1869).
Stelgidopteryx m-opvgialis, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 317 (1865) ;

Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 108 ; Wi/att, Ibis, 1870, p. 184 ; Scl. ^

Salt: Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 15 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 496,

Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 744 ; Salv. ^ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer.

Aves, i. p. 238 (1883).
Stelgidopteryx fulvigula, Baird, Bevieio Amer. B. p. 317 (1865) ;

VOL. X. p

210

HIKTTNDINIBiE.

V. Frantz. J.f. O. 1869, p. 295 ; Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 313, 1870,
p. 108, 1874, p. 307.
Cotile fulvigula, Gray, Hund-l. B. i. p. 73, no. 871 (1869).

Adult. Similar to S. ricficollis, from -which it differs only in
having the upper surface much darker and the rump more ashy
and in rather more pronounced contrast to the back. The brown on
the under surface is darker on the breast and flanks, and the yellow
on the abdomen somewhat more restricted.

Younr/. Differs from the adult in having the rump creamy buff,
and in having distinct rufous margins to the feathers of the upper
surface, especially the wing-coverts and inner secondaries ; the
throat is bright rufous, as well as the fore neck ; the sides of the
body brown washed with rufous, and the rest of the underparts
white with a slight tinge of yellow. (J/ms. Salvin and Godman.)

Ohs. The light coloiir of the rump, though easily recognizable in
Central- American specimens, is also visible in specimens from some
parts of South America. It is distinctly seen in examples from
Colombia and British Guiana, and is also noticeable in some of the
birds from Ecuador, but not in all. In Brazil and Amazonia the
birds have the rump ouly a little lighter than the back ; while in
others from Bolivia there is scarcely any difference in the tint of the
whole upper surface, the birds being very dark coloured, both above
and below. (Cf. Salvin and Godman, ?. c.)

Bah. Central America, from Costa llica to Panama, and extending
into Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana, and even to Brazil.

a. Ad. sk. Panama (McLeannan). Osbert Salvin, Esq.

b. Ad. sk. Panama {McLeannan). Sclater Collection.

c. d. Ad. sk. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Collection.
e. cJiuv. sk. Babahovo, Ecuador {IVaser). Sclater Collection.

/. Ad. sk. Venezuela. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

ff, h. (5 ad. sk. Ilorainia, British Guiana, E. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

Nov. {H. Whitehj).

i. Ad. sk. Bahia. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(

AMPELID^.

211

\

Family AMPELIDtE.

The genus Ampelis, which is the typical form of the Chatterers, is
characterized by coloured appendages to the feathers of the wing
and tail, in two species taking the fonn of wax-Like drops, whence
the popular name of Waxwing. A swollen biU with rounded nasal
aperture and a long silky crest are also distinguishing features of
A^npelis. In America, besides the latter genus, there occur a few
others, whose affinity to Amjyelis seems unqiiestionable ; but it is
quite possible that in a future re-arrangement of the Passeriformes
the Ampelido' will be suppressed as a family, as its characters are
not clearly definable, especially when Dulns is retained within its
limits. More than one ornithologist, however, have questioned the
propriety of associating Dulus with the Ampelidcv ; but as I cannot
propose a better location for the genus in the allied families, I have
deemed it best to follow Professor Baird in his limitation of the
family.

Key to the Genera,

a. Wing longer than the tail.

a'. Wing very long, falling short of tail by no
more than length of tarsus; nasal plumes
extending beyond nasal opening and hiding
the latter ; wax-hke or red tips to the
secondaries and tail-feathers in the adidts 1. Ampelis, p. 212.
b'. Wing sborter, the distance between the tips
of the primaries and the tips of the tad-
feathers much exceeding the length of the
tarsus ; upper edge of nostrils bare.
a". Bill stout and Finch-like, the chin-angle
conspicuously rounded ; nostrils roimded,

not placed in a groove 2. Pulus, p. 218.

b". Bill more elongated, the chin-angle more
acute; nostrils oval, situated in a dis-
tinct groove 3. Phainoptila,

b. Tail longer than the wing. [p. 219.
c'. Tad square ; nostrils overhung with frontal

feathers ; nasal gi'oove a large oval, the
opening of the nostril being a small aperture
in the lower part of a large membrane
which occupies the whole of the nasal

depression 4. Phainopepla,

d'. Tail square or strongly graduated ; nostrils [p. 220,

exposed, with a large oval nasal aperture

with a posterior membrane 5. Ptilogonts,

[p. 222.
r2

212 AMPELTD^.

1. AMPELIS.

Type.

Ampelis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 297 (1766) A. garrulus.

Bombicipliora, Meyer, Viig. Liv- u. Esthl. p. 104 (1815) . . A. garrulus.

Bombycivora, Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 77 (1815) A. garrulus.

Bombycilla, Vieill. Analyse, p. 37 (1816) A. garrulus.

Range. The northern portions of both the Old and New World,
wintering in the Central Palaearctic and Nearctic Kegions, but irre-
gular in its migrations.

Key to the Species.

a. Tail-feathers with a broad yellow bar ; secon-
daries tipped with di'ops of sealiug-wax red.
a'. Larger : no yellowish colour' on flanks, which

are grey ; under tail-coverts deep chestnut . . garrulus, p. 212.
v. Smaller : flanks ohve-yellow, paler on the

abdomen ; vmder tail-coverts white cedrorum, p. 215.

h. Tail-feathers tipped with a bar of crimson ;
secondaries with a small spot of crimson at
the end, but not having a wax-like appendage. Japotimts, p. 217.

1. Ampelis garrulus.

Le Jaseiu- de Boheme, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 333 (1760) ; Daubent. PL

Enl. ii. pi. 461.
Ampelis garrulus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 297 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat.
i. p. 838 (1788) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 278 (1846) ; B}}. Consp. i.
p. 336 (1850) ; ScJil. Vog. Nederl. pi. 121 (1854) ; Smidev. Sv.
Fof/l. pi. 18. fig. 4 (c. 1858) ; Baird, B. N. A^ner. pp. 317, 923
(1858) ; A. Newt. Lbis, 1861, p. 92 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 46
(1862) ; Blakist. Ibis, 186.3, p. 65 ; Gray, List Br. B. p. 80 (1863) ;
Baird, Eevieio Amer. B. p. 405 (1865) ; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 286 ;
Deql. Sf Gei-be, Orn. Eur. i. p. 677 (1867) ; Goidd, B. Gr. Brit. ii.
pi." 21 (c. 1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 365, no. 5565 (1869);
Dall ^- Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. p. 280 (1869) ; Cooper, B.
Calif, p. 127 (1870) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 374 ; Alston cV
Harvie Broicn, Ibis, 1873, p. GO ; Sivinh. t. c. p. 362, 1874, pp. 153,
445 ; Hurting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 23 (1872) ; Cones, Key N.
Amer. B. p. 115 (1872); Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 429, pi. 155
(1873) ; Netvt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 523 (1874) ; Coues, B. N-
West, p. 91 (1874) ; Baird, Breiver, Sf Pidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B.
p. 396, pi. 18. fig. 1 (1874) ; Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 180 ; Danf. ^
IIarne'Brown,t. c. p. 302 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 188; Seebohm^
Harvie Brown, t. c. p. 219 ; David ^ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 130 (1877) ;
Blaldst. S)- Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 235 ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 459
(1878) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 1, 1880, p. 189 ; Blakist. i,- Pryer,
B. Japan, p. 149 (1882) : Coues, Check-list, p. 43 (1882) ; Giglioli,
Icon. Avif. Ital pi. 78 (1882) ; Ridgiv. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mtis. no. 21,
p. 20 (1881) : Seebohn, Ibis,'l882, p. 377 ; id. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 3,
pi. 11 (1884) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 39 (1883) ; Coues, Key
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 326 (1884).

Le Jaseur, Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 429 (1775).

Waxen Chatterer, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 91 (1783).

1. AMPELIS. 213

Parus bombycilla, Pall. Zoogr. Mosso-Asiat. i. p. 548 (1811).
Bombyciphora poliocoelia, Meyer, Vog. Liv- u. Esthl. p. 104 (1815).
Bonibj'civora garrula, Temm. 3Ian. d'Orn. p. 77 (181o) ; Werner,

Atlas, Insectiv. pi. 13 (1827) ; Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 160 (18.37).
Bombycilla bohemica, Leach, Si/st. Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit. Mas.

p. 18 (1816) ; Bre/tm, Vog. De'utschl. p. 219 (1831).
Bombycilla garrula, Vieill. N. Diet. (VHist. Nat. xvi. p. 523, pi. 10.

fig-. 3 (1817) ; Nauru. Vog. Deidschl. ii. pi. 59 (1822) ; Bih Amer.

Orn. iii. p. 7, pi. 16. fig. 2 (1828) ; Swains. Sf Richards. Faun. Bor.-

Amer. Birds, ii. p. 237 (1831) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. S,- N. Amer.

p. 9 (1838) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 245 ; id. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 462

(1838) ; Keys. Sf Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. p. 167 (1840) ; Macgill. Brit.

B. iii. p. 533 (1840) ; Auduh. B. Amer. iv. p. 165, pi. 245 (1842) ;

Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 356 (1843) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 165 (1844) ;

Cab. Mus. Hein, Th. i. p. 55 (1850) ; Middend. Sibir. Eeis. p. 156

(1851) ; Nemvied, J. f. 0. 1858, p. 189 ; Nordm. t. c. p. 307 ; Fritsch,

Vog. Eur. pi. 27. fig's. 4, 5 (c. 1870) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 219.
Bombycilla brachj'rhynchus, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 275.
Bombycilla caerulea, Dubois, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. xii. pi. 2 (1860,

err. fypogr.).

Adult male in breedvnr/^jlumage. General colour above drab-
brown, gradually becoming greyer on the rump and changing to
pure grey on the upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the back,
with grey bases to the feathers, showing distinctly on the greater
series ; bastard-wing like the wing-coverts ; primary-coverts black,
conspicuously tipped with white ; quills black, the feathers some-
what quadrate at the ends, yeUow near the end of the oiiter web
and broadly edged with white at the tip ; secondaries grey, white
at the ends with a subterminal shade of blackish, the white-tipped
feathers having each a wax-like red tip ; innermost secondaries
browner like the rump ; tail-feathers grey, with a broad subterminal
baud of black broadly tipped with yellow, with a tiny shaft-mark
of red near the tip ; head and a large crest di'ab-brown like the
back ; the fore part of the crown and above the eyes chestnut ; base
of forehead, lores, and feathers round the eye black, extending a little
way behind and above the eye towards the nape : sides of face
and ear-coverts pale rufous-drab, the hinder cheeks a little more
chestnut ; fore part of cheeks white, forming a spot ; above the ear-
coverts a narrow line of white, including the hinder part of the lower
eyelid ; throat black ; remainder of under surface of body from the
lower throat downwards light drab, getting gradually greyer in the
centre of the breast and abdomen, and inclining to yellowish white
towards the vent ; on the sides of the body some long silky white
plumes ; under tail-coverts deep chestnut ; thighs ashy grey ; under
wing-coverts pale ashy grey, slightly washed with drab-brown ;
quills dusky below, ashy grey along the inner web. . Total length
7'25 inches, culmen 0"G, wing 4'G, tail 2-55, tarsus 0'75.

The number of the red tips to the secondaries seems to vary, the
two wings not always having the same quantity of feathers tipped
with wax-drops : thus one fine male in the Museum has seven on
one wing and only five on the other. The acquisition of the red
tips to the tail-feathers seems to be a sign of fully adult birds only.

214 AMPEUB^.

and is probably confined to very old individuals. Their appearance
is preceded by a streak of wax-red colour along the shaft of the
feathers, before the waxy appendages are developed.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the crest smaller and
apparently not having so many waxy appendages to the secondaries,
and, as far as my experience goes, not having any on the tail.
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 4*4, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-75.

Young males in Jirst ivinter pluma<je resemble the fully adult
bii'ds, but have the white cheek-spot much smaller, the secondaries
only minutely tipped with wax-drops, the first primaries white near
the end of the outer web instead of yellow; the tail-feathers not
tipped with wax-drops.

Young females resemble the young male, but have the crest
smaller and the black on the throat not so distinct nor coming so
far down on the lower throat.

Young. Diflers from the adidt. General colour above dark olive-
brown, streaked with pale edges of whity brown on the feathers of
the hind neck and back, less distinct on the rump ; head uniform
brown, with a line of velvety black running from the fore part of
the eye across the base of the forehead and surmounted by a narrow
whitish line, which extends also across the base of the forehead
above the eye ; ear-coverts and cheeks brown ; the fore part of the
latter white, forming a spot ; a narrow moustachial line of black ;
throat, breast, and flanks brown, streaked with pale fulvous edges
to the feathers ; centre of abdomen yellowish white, becoming
clearer yellow on the vent ; the under tail-coverts pale tawny buff ;
upper wing-coverts ashy grey, slightly washed with brown ;
primarj'-coverts and quills ashy grey ; the inner secondaries browner,
with white edges to the inner webs ; the primaries externally edged
with hoary white ; tail-feathers ashy grey, tipped with bright
yellow, before which is a subteiTuinal baud of black.

Hah. Breeds within the Arctic circle in the jN^earctic and PaliE-
arctic Regions, migrating south in winter ; its immigrations very
irregular.

Mr. J. Baker.

Col. Montagu [P.]-

Messrs. Swavsland.

J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].

J. Gould, Esq.

F. I). Godman and O. Sal-
vin, Esqrs. [P.].

F. T). Godman and 0. Sal-
via, E.sqrs. [P.].

F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
vin, Esqrs. [P.].

Ilr. W. Meves [C.].

a, b. Ad. st.

Norfolk.

c. Ad. sk.

Kent.

d. Ad. St.

Sussex, Oct. 1882.

e. Ad. St.

England.

/. Pull. sk.

N. Em-ope.

g, h.(Sad. sk.

S. Norway, Feb. {F. G.).

i, h. S 9 ad. sk.

S. Norway, Jan. 30 {F. G.)

/, ?«, V. Imm. sk.

Norway.

0. 5 imm. sk.

Wermland, Sweden,

Feb. 1872.

», r/. cJimm.: r. $

Stockholm, Feb.

ad. sk.

s. S ad. sk.

Stockholm, March.

<,i<. Ad.etjuv.sk. Gotenborg, Sweden.

Hr. W. Meves [C.].

Ilr. W. Meves [C.].
Prof. Malm [P.j.

1. AMPELIS. 215

f. Ad. sk. HoUand. Mr. J. C. Van Dam [P.]-

?c. Jad. sk. Belgrade, Turkey, Feb. E. B. Sharpe, Esc[. [P.].

(T.Hobsoyi).

X. Ad. sk. Sliangliai, China. R. Webb, Esq. [P.].

y. Ad. sk. North America. Sclater Collection.

z. Ad. sk. Arctic America. Sir G-. Back [P.]-

«'. Ad. sk. Fort Simpson, April 20. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].

b'. Imm. sk. Niagara Falls. Gould Collection.

c'. Ad. sk. Racine, Wisconsin (Baird). Sclater Collection.

d'. Ad. sk. Racine, Wisconsin {Hoy). Goidd Collection,

e',/. c? ; g\ h'. 2 West side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
ad. sk. ^lountains, British
Columbia.

i',k',r. Ad. sk. Oregon. Lord Walsingham [P.],

2. Ampelis cedrorum.

The Chatterer, Catesby, N. H. Carol, i. p. 46, pi. 46 (1704).

The Chatterer of Carolina, Edwards, Gleaninf/s, v. p. 66, pi. 242 (1758).

Le Jaseur de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 3;>7 (1760).

Ampelis garrulus /3, Linn. Si/st. Sat. i. p. 297 (1766).

Variete du Jaseur, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 441 (1775).

Prib Chatterer, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. -346 (1785).

Ampelis gan-ulus (nee L.), Bartram, Trav. Florida, p. 290 his ( 1791),

Bombvcilla cedrorum, Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. i. p. 88, pi. 57 (1807) ;

id. ^- Oud. Gal. Ois. i. p. 186, pi. 118 (1825) ; Cab. Mm. Hein. Th.

i. p. 55 ; id. J. f. 0. 1856, p. 3 ; Neuicied, J. f. O. 1858, p. 1S9 ;

Giaidl J.f. O. 1861, p. 328 ; id. Oni. Cuba, p." 80 (1876).
Ampelis ameiicana, Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 107, pi. 17. fiir. 1 (1808),
Bouibvcilla carolinensi.s, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. p. 422 (1817) ; Auduh.

B. 'Amer. pi. 43; id. Or7i. Biogr. i. p. 227 (1831); Bp. Comp.

List B. Eur. S,- N. Amer. p. 9 (1838) ; Audub. Stpi. p. 165 (1839) ;

id. B. Amer. iv. p. 169, pi. 246 (1842); Giraud, B. Long Isl.

p. 163 (1844) ; R. Gray, B. W. Scofl. p. 109 (1871).
BombyciUa americana, Licht. Preis-Verz. me.v. Vdg. p. 1 (1830);

Sicains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 239 (1831); Jones, Nat.

Bermuda, p. 29 (1859) ; Cab. J. f^ O. 1803, p. 56.
Bombyciphora cedrorum, Brehm, Vog. DeutscJd. p. 220 (1831).
Ampelis carolinensis, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 197 (1847) ; Bp. Comp.

i. p. 336 (1850) ; A. Newt. Zool. 1852, p. 3506.
Ampelis cedrorum, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 278 (1846) ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1856, p. 299, 1858, p. 302; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 318(1858);

Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 364; id. ^- SaJv. Ibis, 1859, p. 13; G. C.

Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. Ill ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 46 ( 1862) ; March,

Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 294 ; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 81 (1863) ;

Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 65; Lord, Proc. Ii. Artill. Inst. iv. p. 116

(1864) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 172 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 480 ;

Baird, Pevieio Amer. B. p. 407 (1865) ; Later. Ann. Lye. N. T.

viii. p. 285 (1866) ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 276 ; Broion, tin's, 1868,

p. 421 ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H i. p. 547 (1869) ; Grai/,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 365, no. 5566 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 129

(1870); Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. iii. p. 176 (1872);

Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 116 (1872) ; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av.

Neotr. p. 13 (1873) ; Coues, B. N- West, pp. 93, 233 (1874) : Baird,

Bretcer, ^- Bidgu-ay, Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 401, pi. 18. fig. 2

(1874); Neict. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 53, note (1874); Hensh.

216 AMPELID^.

Rep. Zool. Expl. W. \mth Mm: p. 229 (1875) ; Laivr. Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mm. no. 4, p. 18 (1876) ; Cones, B. Color. Vail. p. 470 (1874);
Ridgiu. Bull. U.H. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 30 (1881) ; Cones, Check-
list, p. 43 (1882) ; Sah. Sf Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 215
(1883) ; B.C. U. List Brit. B. p. 40 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer.
B. p. 327 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above brown, the lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts dove-coloiired grey ; scapulars and wing-
coverts like the back, the latter rather darker, the greater coverts
with ashy bases ; bastard-wing brown ; primary-coverts blackish,
externall}' washed with slaty grey ; quills blackish, externally slatj'
grey, hoary on the primaries ; the secondaries with wax-like red
appendages to the ends of the feathers, the innermost secondaries
drab ; tail-feathers slaty grey, broadly tipped with yeUow, before
which is a broad black subterminal shade; head much crested, more
rufescent drab-brown, especially towards the forehead ; a frontal
band of black, enclosing the lores, feathers round the eye, and ex-
tending behind the latter along the sides of the crown to the occiput ;
this black line surmounted by a narrow line of whitish, separating
the crown from the black frontal band ; sides of face and ear-coverts
clearer rufous-brown, fading off into the drab-brown colour of the
sides of the neck ; along the fore part of the cheeks a whitish
streak ; chin black, extending in a dusky blackish shade on the upper
throat ; remainder of throat and breast as weU as the sides of body
rufescent drab-brown ; abdomen and lower flanks olive-yeUow, paler
in the centre of the abdomen ; under tail-coverts white ; thighs ashy ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy, with dusky bases to those
near the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below, ashy along the
inner web : "bill plumbeous black, sometimes paler at base below;
feet black" (Cones). Total length 6"3 inches, culmen 0-45, wing
3-95, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-65.

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male, but with a smaller
crest. Total length 6-4 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3-75, tail 2-25,
tarsus 0-7.

Hah. North America, ranging into Central America in winter ;
Cuba ; Jamaica. An accidental visitor to Great Britain.

a, h. Ad. sk. Niagara Falls. Gould Collection.

c. 2 ad. sk. 49th Parallel. N. A. Bound. Commission.

d, e. 5 ad. sk. Fort Dufferiu, Manitoba. N. A. Boimd. Commission.
f, (J, h. Ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [CI.

V, k. d; f- 2 ad. sk. West side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

Mountains.

m. Ad. sk. Michigan. Prof. Steere [P.].

n. 2 ad. ; o. $ juv. Mackinac, Wisconsin, Sclater Collection.

sk. ■ Sept. (P. L. S.).

2}. Ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection.

q. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection,

r. Ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz Sclater Collection.

(Salvin).

1. AMPELIB. 217

3. Ampelis japonicus.

Bombycivora japonica, Siebold, Hist. Nat. Jap. St. no. 2 (1824) ; id.
in leruss. Bull. 2nd sect. iv. p. 87 (1825)*.

Bombj'cilla phcenicoptera, Tenim. PI. Col. ii. pi. 450 (1828) ; id. Sf
Schleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, pi. xliv. (1850) ; Schrenck, Bull. Acad. St.
Petersh. iv. p. 190 (1862) ; I)i/botvs7d, J. f. 0. 1875, p. 249 ; Taczan.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1870, p. 164.

Ampelis japonica, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 278 (1846).

Ampelis phcenicoptera, B}}. Consp. i. p. 336 (1850) ; Radde, Reis.
Sibir., Voq. p. 201, Taf. 6. fig. 1 (1863); Sivinhoe, Ibis, 1864,
p. 427 ; id. Ibis, 1866, p. 307 ; TJliitelt/, Ibis, 1867, p. 200 ; Grai/,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 365, no. 5567 (1869)'; David 8,- Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 132 (1877) ; BlaJc. S,- Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 235; iid. B. Japan,
p. 149 (1882) ; Jouy, Proc. U.S. Nat. 3£us. vi. p. 291 (1883).

Adult male. General colour above drab-brown, shading off into
dove-colour on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; scapu-
lars and lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, the latter
with a sUght wash of crimson at the end ; greater coverts paler and
more ashy, washed on the outer web rather broadly with dull
crimson ; bastard-wing brown with a slight reddish shade ; primary-
coverts and quills blackish, externally edged with slaty grey, the
primaries with a Avhite edging near the tip, extending round the
latter, the first primary without any white mark near the end, this
being very small on the second and third quill also ; secondaries
ti2)ped with crimson, with a tiny white terminal spot and a distinct
subterminal shade of black ; innermost secondaries ashy drab ; tail-
feathers slaty grey, broadly tipped with crimson, before which is a
distinct subterminal bar of black ; head crested, coloured like the back,
the forehead and vertex more chestnut-rufous ; lores and feathers at
base of nostrils black, as weU as the feathers round the eye, this
black line joining on the nape the lower crest-feathers, which are
also black ; ear-coverts and sides of face rufescent drab, inclining to
chestnut-rufous on the sides of the crown, below the eye, aud along
the cheeks ; base of cheeks whitish ; throat deep black, becoming
narrower on the lower throat, where the feathers are tipped with
rufous ; sides of neck, fore neck, and chest, as well as the sides of
the body and flanks, light di'ab-brown ; centre of the breast and
abdomen pale sulphur-yellow ; thighs light ashy ; under tail-coverts
crimson, fawn-colour towards the base ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries light ashy, slightly washed with yellow, the greater series
whiter : quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web : " bill black ;
legs and claws black, flesh-coloured on their sides ; iris blood-red ;
inside of mouth flesh-coloured, slightly ochrcous " (SwinJioe). Total
length 7 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 4-25, tail 2, tarsus 0-75.

Adult female. Similar to the male but smaller, and with much

* Although I have not succeeded in seeing a copy of Siebold's first work, j-et
the complete description of the species in 1825 in F^russac's 'Bulletin ' is suiB-
cient to secure the priority of his name.

218

smaller crest, with less crimson on the greater wing-coverts ; the
red tips to the tail narrower ; primaries with a small white spot at
the end of the outer web, the secondaries with a tiny spot of crimson
at the end of the outer web. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen U-45,
wing 4-1, tail 1-9, tarsus 0'75.

Hub. Eastern Siberia, Japan, and Northern China.

a. Ad. sk.

b,c. S2 ad. sk.
d, e. S 2 ad. sk.

Hakodadi, Nov. 28, 1865

{H. Whitely).
Nagasaki.
Japan.

Gould Collection.

F. Ringer, Esq. [P.l.
C. Manes, Esq. [C.J.

2. DULUS.

Dulus, Vieillut, Analysf, p. 4i' (181G) . . .

D. douiiniciis.

Bill of Dulus dominicus, to show position of nasal aperture and
form of chiu-angle.

Range. Antilles.

1. Dulus dominicus.

Le Tangara de S. Domingue, Briss. Orn. iii. p. .37, pi. ii. fig. 4 (1760) ;

Daubent. PI. Enl. v. pi. 156. fig. 2.
Tanagra dominica, Linn. St/st. Nat. i. p. 316 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat.

i. p. 895 (1788).
L'Esclave, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 263 (1778).
St. Domingo Tanager, Lath. Gen. Zool. ii. pt. 1, p. 226 (1783).
Dulus palmarum, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. x. p. 435 (1817) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 331 (1850, pt.); Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 585.
Arremon palmarum. Gray, Gen. B. iii! Apj). p. 16 (1849).
Dulus dominicus, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 103; Scl. Cat. Amer.

B. p. 41 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 385, no. 5827 (1869) ;

Scl. &; Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 13 (1873) ; Con/, B. S. Domingo,

p. 51 (1884).

Adult. General colour above dark brown, the rump and upper
tail-coverts dull olive ; wing-coverts brown, the greater series edged
with olive ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts and quills blackish,
edged externally with olive-yellow, broader on the secondaries and
brighter yellow on the primaries ; the innermost secondaries browner ;
tail-feathers brown, edged with olive, the centre feathers washed
with ashy grey ; head and neck dark olive-brown, with dusky centres
to the feathers ; lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts
blackish brown ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body yellowish
white, broadly streaked with dark brown down the centre of the
feathers, rather more narrowly on the abdomen ; lower flanks and

3. PHAIXOPIILA.

219

under tail-coverts washed with olive, the latter broadly centred with
dusky brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale tawny buff,
with narrow sbat't-Unes of dark brown : quills dusky, ashy fulvous
along the inner web : " biU and iris black" {I'ounglove ; t£ste Baird).
Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3*6, tail 3-15, tarsus O'So.
Hab. S. Domingo.

Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.

a. Ad. sk.

S. Domingo.

6. Ad. sk.

S. Domingo {Cory).

c. Ad. sk.

S. Domingo (Salle).

2. Dulus nuchalis.

Dulus nuchalis, Sioains. An. in Menag. p. 345 (1837) ; Strickl.
Contr. Oni. 18.51, p. 104; Baird, Revieiv Ainer. B. p. 403 (1865) ;
Scl. ^- Salv. Kornencl. Av. Neotr. p. 13 (1873).

Adult (type of species). With a white patch on the nape (appa-
rently a varietal mark); otherwise only differs from D. dorninicus in
being slightly smaller. Total length 7"2 inches, culmen O'oo, wing
3"2, tail 2-9.5, tarsus 0-75. (Jlus. Cantahr.)

Hah. Said to be from Brazil, but the locality is doubtless erroneous.
It is probably from one of the Antilles.

Ohs. The perceptibly smaller dimensions render it probable that
the present species is really different from Dulus dominiciis, and the
white mark on the nape may also prove to be a character. It looks,
however, as if the latter were an accidental peculiarity, as is often
the case with Sparrows, Blackbirds, &c. in England and elsewhere.

3. PHAINOPTILA.

Phainoptila, Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 367

Type.
P. melanoxantha.

Bill of Phainoptila melanoxantha, to show position of nasal aperture
and form of chin-angle.

Range. Costa Rica.

1. Phainoptila melanoxantha.

Phainoptila melanoxantha, Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 367 ; id. in Rowley's
Orn. Misc. p. 430, pi. 70 (1877) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878. p. 53 ; Salv.
^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 221, pi. xiv. (1883).

Adxdt male. General colour above glossy black, with a band of
olive-yellow across the rump ; wing-coverts entirely black ; quills
and tail-feathers black ; head, entire sides of face, sides of neck, and
throat black as far as the centre; the lower thi'oat dark olive-

220 AMPELID^.

greenish ; fore neck olive-yellow, becoming brighter yellow on the
sides of the upper breast ; centre of breast and abdomen ashy grey,
the flanks also bright ycUow ; thighs black ; under tail-coverts olive-
yellow ; axillarics and under wing-covcrts olive-yeUow, with ashy
bases to the feathers ; quills blackish below, ashy brown along the
edge of the inner web ; bill and feet black. Total length 8 inches,
culmen 0'65, wing 3- 75, tail S-ti, tarsus 1*05.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
dark yellowish olive, rather more dusky on the hind neck and
mantle ; wing-covcrts dusky ash-colour, externally olive, rather
yellower on the greater series ; bastard-wing ashy ; primarj'-coverts
dusky, externally edged with olive ; quills dusky, edged with olive-
yellow, duller on the secondaries ; tail-feathers dull ashy brown,
washed with olive-yellow on the outer web ; crown of head dusky
black, forming a cap, the frontal feathers edged with duU ashy;
lores, feathers above the eye, cheeks, aud ear-coverts dark ashy grey,
the latter washed with yellowish olive like the sides of the neck ;
throat dark ashy grey, with duU whitish shaft-streaks ; lower throat
and fore neck dark olive, slightly washed with brighter yellow;
sides of body and flanks bright yellow : centre of Ijreast and abdomen
dark ashy grey, inchniug to duU whitish on the latter ; thighs ashy ;
under tail-coverts olive-yellow ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
pale yellowish with dull ashy centres ; quills dusky below, ashy along
the edge of the inner web. Total length 8'4 inches, culmen 0"7,
wing 3-85, tail 3'45, tarsus 1-1.

Hab. Costa Eica.

a, b. (S 2 ^^- ^^' Irazu district, Costa Rica Sclater Collection.

(Sogers).

4. PHAINOPEPLA.

Type.
Ptilogonvs, pt., auct.
Phainopepla, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 543 P. nitens.

Bill of Phainopepla nitens, to show position of nasal aperture.
Range. Southern United States and Mexico.

1. Phainopepla nitens.

Ptilogonys niteus, Sicains. Anini. in. Menag. p. 285 (1838) ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 281 (1846) ; Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 335 (1850) ; Cass.
Ulnsf. p. 169, pi. 29 (1854) ; Heerm. Pacif. Railroad Rep. x. p. 38
(1859) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 366, no. 5570 (1869).

Hypothymis nitens, Lafr.

Lepturus galeatus, Less. Rev, Zool, 1849, p. 4.

4. PHAINOPEPLA. 221

Ptilogonys aterrima, Licht. Mus. Berol.

Cichlopsis nitens, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 320 (1858).

Phainopepla nitens, <SW. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 513 ; Baird, B. N. Amer.
p. 9i>.3 (1858) ; Kenn. Pacific Railroad Rep. x. p. 25 (1859) ; Scl.
Cat. Amer. B. p. 17 (1862) ; id. P. Z. S. 18G4, p. 173 ; Dresser,
Ibis, 1865, p. 480; Duyhs, La Xatur. i. p. 141 (1868); Cooper,
B. Calif, i. p. 131 (1870) ; Scl. S^ Salv. Nomenol. Av. Neotr. p. 13

(1873) ; Salv. ^- God?n. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 220 (1883) ;
Cones, Key JST. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 328 (1884).

Phsenopepla nitens, Cones, Mis, 1865, p. 163 ; Baird, Rev. Amer. B.
p. 416 (1866) : Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 548 (1869) ;
Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 110 (1872) ; id. B. N.- West, p. 95

(1874) ; Baird, Breiver, S,- Ridqw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 405,
pi. 18. tigs. 3, 4 (1874), iii. p. 507 (1874) ; Hensh. Zool. Expl. W.
lOOth Merid. p. 229 (1875) ; Ridqw. Rep. Geol. Surv. lOOtk Par.
p. 447 (1877) ; Coues, B. Col. Vail. p. 475 (1878).

Myiadestes townsendi, Brew. Proc. Bast. Soc. N. H. xvi. p. 109
(1874).

Adult male. General colour above glossy blue-black, ■with a
greatly developed cresfc ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills black,
externally glossy black, the inner webs of the primaries for the
most part white ; taU-feathers black, externally washed Avith glossy
black; sides of face, ear-coverts, and under surface of body glossy
blue-black ; thighs browner ; under tail-coverts black, laterally
broadly edged with white ; under wing-coverts and axUlaries black.
Total length 6'9 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3*8, tail 3"S, tarsus
0-7.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
dark ashy grey ; lesser wing-coverts dark brown with ashy margins ;
median and greater coverts dark brown, margined with white ;
bastard-wing and primary- coverts dark brown ; quUls dark brown,
edged with ashy, duU white on the inner secondaries, all the
primaries much paler on the inner webs ; upper tail-coverts blackish,
margined with ashy olive ; tail-feathers black, edged with ashy
brown ; liead and neck ashy grey, with an occipital crest of long
black feathers margined with ashy ; lores, eyelid, and feathers
below the ej'e dusky ; ear-coverts browner ; cheeks, throat, and
■ chest ashy grey ; remainder of under surface brown, including the
thighs and under tail-coverts, the latter edged with dull whitish ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy brown ; quills dark brown
below, ashy on the inner webs. Total length 7'4 inches, culmen 0'5,
wing 3*55, tail 3"45, tarsus O'Go.

Tounrj male. Like the female ; and during the progress to
maturity every gradation between the characters of the two sexes is
observed. Sometimes nearly all the feathers are skirted with
white. (Cones.)

Hah. Southern, Middle, and Western United States, Arizona,
Texas, &c., extending into Northern and Central Mexico.

o. c? ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Collection.

h. $ ad. sk. Mexico (-De Saussure). Sclater Collection.

222

5. PTILOaONYS. ^yp^

rtilogonatus, Swaim. Zool. Joitrn. iii. p. 164 (1827) P. cinereus.

rtiliogonys, Steams. Phil. Mug. new series, i. p. 368

(1827) P. cinereus.

rtilog-ouYS, Bp. Consp. i. p. 335 (18o0).

Splienotelus, Bainl, Review Amer. B. p. 412 (1865) * . . P. caudatus.

Bill of Ptilogonys cinereus, to show position of nasal aperture.
licinge. Central America ; Mexico to Panama.

Key to the Sjyecies.

a. Tail square ; no yellow on throat or hinder head

and neck ; eyelid white.

a'. Bluish grey" above ; head lavender-grey ; fore-
head white ; flanks olive-yellow cinereus J ad., p. 222

b'. Brown above ; head like the back ; base of

forehead white ; flanks brown like the , ^.^^^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^

b. Tad graduated ; eyelid yellow. ' ■* ' ^

c'. Back grey ; breast grey caudatns (J ad., p. 224.

d'. Back and breast olive-yellow caudatus $ , p. 224.

1. Ptilogonys cinereus.

Ptilogonatus cinereus, Sxuains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 164 (1827).
Ptilogonys cinereus, Swains. Phil. Mag. new ser. ii. pi. 62 (1831-32),

iii. pi. 102 (1832-33) ; Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 281 (1846) ; Bji. Consp.

i. p. 335 (1860) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 299, 1858, p. 302 ; Scl. ^ Salv.

Ibis, 1859, p. 13, 1860, p. 31 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 364, 1864,

p. 173 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 47 (1862) ; Baird, Eevie^u Amer.

B. p. 412 (1866) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 548

(1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 366, no. 5568 (1869) ; Scl. ^ Salv.

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 13 (1873) ; Dugcs, La Natur. i. p. 141

(1868) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 273 (1874) ; Salv. Cat.

Strickl. Coll. p. 147 (1882) ; Salv. ^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer.,

^yes, i. p. 217 (188.3).
Hypothymis chrysorrhrea, Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 452 (1828).
Hypothvmis mexicanus, Licht. Preis- Vei-z. mex. VUg. p. 2 (1830) ;

Cab.J.f. O. 1863, p. 58.

Adult male. General colour above delicate bluish grey, the long
feathers on the sides of the rump with subterminal mai'ks of silky
white ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater

* The very different form of tail in P. catidatus would warrant the separation
of the species under a distinct generic name, were it not for the absolute simi-
larity in character and colour of plumage to that of P. cinereus. If it were done,
then Ampelis japonicus might reasonably be separated from A. garruhis, as the
wax-like appendages to the wings and lail are not present in the Japanese bird.

5. PT1L060NYS. 223

scries dusky, externally ashy ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts
black, edged with dull slaty grey ; quills black, extci'nally edged
with slaty grey, hoary on the primaries, the inner secondaries
washed with steel-green ; tail-feathers black, externally glossed with
steel-green, all but the centre feathers with a spot of white on the
inner web, which increases in extent towards the outermost feather ;
head crested, dove-colour or lavender-grey ; base of forehead and
ej'elid white ; lores and feathers below the e)'e dusky ; ear-coverts
and sides of hinder crown lavender-brown, extending round the hind
neck ; sides of neck grey like the back ; fore part of cheeks and
chin white ; remainder of throat lavender-brown ; fore neck and
breast bluish grey like the back ; abdomen and thighs white ; lower
flanks deep olive-yellow ; under tail-coverts golden yellow ; axil-
laries ashy grey with whitish edges ; under wing-coverts ashy, more
or less broadly edged with white ; quills blackish below, white along
the inner webs : " bill and feet black " {Salvin) ; " ii'is carmine "
(Xantus). Total length 8"5 inches, culmen 0'55, wing 3"65, tail
4-15, tarsus 0-7.

Adult female. Not so richly coloured as the male. Brown above,
somewhat more isabelline on the lower back and rump ; the head
lavender-brown ; upper tail-coverts slaty grey ; wing-coverts like
the back, the greater series dusky, externally brown ; quills blackish,
externally edged with ashy brown, the primaries with grey ; tail-
feathers as in the male, but the centre ones washed with brown,
and the white marks on the others not so large, and scarcely visible
beyond the three outer ones ; sides of head and ear-coverts and
throat pale lavender-brown ; chin, base of forehead, and eyelid
white ; sides of body ruddy brown, the centre of the breast and
abdomen white ; thighs white ; under tail-coverts golden yellow ;
no olive-yellow on the flanks ; axillarics and under wing-coverts
ruddy brown, those near the edge of the wing edged with white ;
quills blackish below, ashy white along the inner web. Total
length 8-4 inches, culmen 0"55, wing 3'75, tail 4, tarsus 0*65.

Young. Like the old female but browner, the back reddish
brown ; under surface of body reddish brown, the throat grey, whiter
on the chin.

The bird in first plumage is described by Messrs. Salvin and
Godman as resembling the female ; " the belly is yellowish and the
same colour as the crissum, the wings and tail being coloured like
those of the adult."

Hab. Mexico to Guatemala.

«. [ 2 1 ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection.

i. r$1ad. sk. Mexico. J. Gould, Esq.

c.[c? Jad.sk. Mexico. Sclater Collection.

d, e. (J 2 ftd. st. Mexico. Purchased.

f.[d] ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection.

.</■ [ d 1 ad. sk. Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq.

A. [$ 1juv.sk. Guatemala, (Co7ista»cia). Sclater Collection.

i. (S ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, Sclater Collection.
Sept. 4, 1873 (Salvin),

224 AMPELID-S;.

2. Ptilogonys caudatus.

Ptilogonys caudatus, Cah. J. f. O. 1860, p. 402 ; Baird, Eevieto Amer.
B. p. 413 (1865) ; Sd. ^- Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 11, pi. 6 (1866) ; Later.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 97 (1868) ; von Frantz. J.f. O. 1869, p. 295 ;
Grmj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 366, no. 5569 (1869) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 185 ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 13 (1873) ; Boucard,
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 53 ; Salv. ^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i.
p. 219 (1883).

Spheuotelus caudatus, Baird, Pevietv Amer. B. p. 412 (1865).

Adult male. General colour above bluish grey, the long silky
plumes ou the side of the lower back tipped with olive-yellow, with
a subtermiual whitish spot ; lesser and median wing-coverts like
the bade ; greater scries blackish, externally bluish grej' ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, narrowly edged with ashy
grey, rather more distinct on the latter ; upper tail-coverts bluish
grey like the back ; tail-feathers black, externally glossed with
steel-green, the three outer ones with a large white spot about
middle of the inner web ; head crested ; the hinder crown and hind
neck olive-yellow, fore part of crown pale ashy grey, hoary whitish
towards the base of the forehead : eyehd golden yellow ; lores
dusky ; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and sides of neck
olive-yellow, tinged with brighter yeUow on the fore part of the
cheeks, the upper throat slightly more ashy : fore neck and breast
clear bluish grey ; abdomen and thighs pale yellow ; sides of body
and flanks olive-j'ellow ; under tail-coverts golden yellow ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts bluish grey ; quills blackish below, ashy
whitish along the inner web. Total length 9*5 inches, culmen O'S,
wing 3"65, tail 5"1, tarsus 0*75.

Adult female. Different fi'om the male. Olive-yeUowish on the
back, ashy olive ou the lower rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-
coverts ashy, washed with olive-yellow like the back ; quills black,
edged with ashy, slightly tiuged with olive on the secondaries ;
tail-feathers black, edged with ashy, the three outer ones with a
large white patch on the iuner web ; fore part of crown ashy gi'ey,
whitish at the base of the forehead ; eyelid golden ; lores duskj- ;
sides of face, sides of neck, and breast dull yellowish olive, ashy on
the ear-coverts ; the throat grepsh, whiter on the chin ; abdomen
and thighs pale yellow ; sides of breast and flanks olive-yellow ;
under tail-coverts golden yeUow ; axiUaries and under wing-coverts
ashy grey ; quills dusky, whitish along the inner web. Total
length 8"5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3-65, tail 4-6, tarsus 0'7.

Toutiy. Like the old female, but somewhat mottled with pale
tips to the feathers of the upper siirface.

Hah. Costa Rica and Panama.

a,h. (5 2 ad. sk. Costa Rica (Arce). Sclater CoUectiou.

e, d. (5 2 ad. sk. Volcan de Irazu, Costa Sclater Collection.

Rica (Zeledon).

e. S ad. sk. Volcan de Cartago, Costa Osbert Salvin, Esq.

Rica (Arce).

f. cS ad. tk. Costa Rica {Arce). Osbert Salvin, Esq.

MNI0TILTID35.

225

Family MNIOTILTIDvE.

The genera included in this family are the same as those admitted
by Professor Baird in his celebrated ' Eeview,' and subsequently by
Dr. Coues and by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin ; but I have great
doubts as to the correctness of amalgamating all these genera under
the heading of one family, the characteristics of which it is impos-
sible to define. These doubts are held in common with the three
ornithologists above mentioned.

Dr. Coues has simplified matters, to a great extent, by dividing
the MniotUtidce into three subfamilies ; but the characters which he
has given are really not sufficient to warrant such a subdivision if
all the genera enumerated are true Mniotiltine birds, and it seems
to me certain that several of them have little, or nothing, to do
with the genera of the other subfamilies, to which they ought, at
least, to show some kind of affinity.

It has become more and more clear to me, during my study of
the Passeriformes, that there is not a single arrangement of the
Perching Birds as yet propounded by any naturalist which can be
held to be a natural one : and that, in taking the number of pri-
maries in a bird's wing as an essential character, too much stress
has been laid on this peculiarity. In the case of the MmotUtidce
it has certainly resulted in the placing together of many forms not
really allied ; and in the readjustment of the family, which must in-
evitably take place some day, Setopluiga and its allies will probably
be considered to be Flycatchers rather than Warblers, Helmintho-
phaga and HelminiJwthei-vs will very probably prove to be Wrens,
Icteria to be an aberrant Yireonine form, while GranateJIus will be
placed with the Tanagers. However, in accordance with the plan
of the ' Catalogue,' we accept the limits of the MniotUtidcp as they
have been established by the majority of recent ornithologists.

As with the common European species. I have not quoted every
trivial reference, confining myself to the citation of those which deal
principally with the life-history and distribution of these American
Warblers. Students who desire a more detailed reference to the
periodical literature of the family are referred to Dr. Coues's ' Birds
of the Colorado Valley,' a work which has been of the utmost service
to myself in the compilation of the synonymy of the Mniotiltido'.

Key to the Genera*.

a. Rictal bristles obsolete or entirely ab-
sent ; bill acute and pointed.
a'. Wing concave and greatly rounded :
the first primary much shorter than
the second, which is again shorter
than the third, the latter being the
longest 1. LEfCOPEZA, p. 227.

♦ Many of the generic characters here enumerated are taken from Eaird's
E«view.'
VOL. X. a

226

MNIOTILTID.*.

b'. Wing more pointed, the 1st, 2nd, and
3rd primaries subequal and longest.
a". Bill not notched.

a'". Tail shorter, the wings falling
short of its tip by less than
the length of the tarsus; out-
stretched feet reaching nearly to

the end of the tail 2

b'". Tail longer, the wings falling
short of its tip by more than
the length of the tarsus; out-
stretched feet falling a long way
short of the tip of the tail .... 3,
b". Bill with a slight notch ; culmen
very long and equal to the tarsus. 4.
Rictal bristles so feebly developed that
they do not extend beyond the nostrils,
but still evident ; bill slightly swollen
but not decurved.
c'. Toes very powerfid, the middle toe
and claw as long as the tarsus ; tail
even or only slightly emargiuate . .
d'. Toes weaker, the middle toe and
claw much less than the tarsus.
c". Wing longer than tail.

c'". Basal half of inner toe adherent ;
basal joint of outer toe and part

of the next adherent

d'". Inner toe cleft to the base, the
second joint of outer toe free.
«*. Tarsus not twice the length of

outer toe and claw

b*. Tarsus twice the length of the
outer toe and claw.
a'\ Wings very long, falling
short of the tail by less
than the length of the cul-
men ; bill laterally incurved
towards the tip, the edges
of the bill, when viewed
from above, curving in-
wards gradually about the

middle of the bill

b'\ Wings long, but falling short
of the tip of the tail by
more than the length of
the culmen; lateral out-
lino of bill nearly straight
from gape to tip.
a**. Outer toe and inner toes

subequal 10,

6". Outer toe longer than

inner toe 11

d". Wing shorter than the tail 13.

Helminthothebus,

[p. 229.

Helminthophila,

[p. 2.33.
Peotonotaria, p. 249.

5. Mniotilta, p. 251.

6. Pabula, p. 254.

Dendececa, p. 264.
Perissoglossa, p. 334.

9. Peucbdbamu,s, p. 337.

Siuaus, p. 339.

Opoeobnis, p. 346.
Geothlypis *, p. 350.

* Mr. Cory's genus 12. Lic/ia comes in somewhere in the neighbourhood of
Geothlypis, with which genus he compares it. The wing is, however, stated to
be equal to the tail in length, and therefore it would belong to the previous
Beotion ; but without seeing a spocimen I am unable to locate it more exactly.

1. LErCOPEZA. 227

c. Eictal bristles obsolete or feebly deve-

loped, so as not to reach beyond the
nostrils; bill swollen and not so
pointed, in fact g:-eatly curved, and
without a notch ; win<^ rounded, the
first primary shorter than tlie second,
which is shorter than the third, the
latter being' tlie longest.
e'. BUI about equal in height and breadth

at nostrils 14. Teretisteis, p. 367.

/'. Bill higher than broad at nostrils.
e". Tail shorter than the wing ; red in

the plumage 15. Ghanatellus, p. 369.

/". Tail equal to the wing ; no red in

the plumage ; breast yellow .... 16. Ictebia, p. 373.

d. Ivictal bristles very powerfully developed

and extending beyond the nostrils ;
bill very much depressed and Muscica-
pine in character.
g'. Bill narrower, about equal in breadth
and depth at nostrils.
(j". Bill rather large, the culmen ex-
ceeding the hind toe and claw . . 17. Basileutehus, p. .■i76.
h" . Bill very small, the culmen not

exceeding the hind toe and claw . 18. Ehgaticus, p. 406.
h '. Bill rather narrow, deeper at nostrils

thau it is broad 19. Caedellina, p. 408.

i. Bill broader, much deeper than it is
high at nostrils.
i". Wings shorter, falling short of tail
by more than the length of the
tarsus ; bill widened and de-
pressed, with a tolerably sharp

culminal ridge 20. Setophaga, p. 410.

k". Wings longer, falling short of the
tail by less than the length of the
tarsus ; bill narrower, with the
culminal ridge rounded 21. Myiodioctes, p. 431.

1. LEUCOPEZA.

Type.
Leucopeza, Sclafer, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 14 L. semperi.

Itange. West Indies : islands of Santa Lucia and S. Tinccnt.

Key to the Species.

a. No white on the tail-feathers ; no band on the

breast semperi, p. 228.

b Two outer tail-feathers with a triangular spot of
white at the end of the inner web ; a broad black
band on the upper breast * bishopi, p. '228.

* I have not seen L. bishopi, and therefore have been obliged to draw up the
" Key to the Species " from Mr. Lawrence's description of the latter bird, as com-
pared with the types of L. semperi. Mr. Lawrence does uot state in wliat way
L. bishopi dilTcrs from L. semperi.

a2

228

M^flOTILTID.E.

Bill and wing of Leuaopeza semperi.

1.

Leucopeza semperi

Leucopeza semperi, Sclater
Acad. Sci. p. 151 (1878)

ficlater, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 14 ; Lawr. Ann. N. Y.

Adult (type of species). General colour above dark slaty grey,
slightly washed with browu on the lower back and rump ; lesser and
median wing-coverts like the back, the greater series dusky, edged
externally with dull slaty grey ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills blackish, obsoletely margined with dull slaty grey, a little paler
on the primaries ; tail-feathers blackish, washed with dull slaty grey
on the outer webs ; head like the back, a little lighter grey on the
forehead ; lores dusky : sides of face and ear-coverts lighter slate-
colour, still paler on the cheeks and throat, which are pale ashy
grey, deepening into slaty grey on the breast and much darker slaty
grey on the sides of the breast and flanks, the lower flanks washed
with brown ; thighs also slaty grey ; centre of breast and abdomen
white ; under tail-coverts brownish ashy, with slaty centres to the
feathers ; axillaries and under wing-coverts slatj'-grey, the feathers
edged with white ; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 5"8 inches, culmen 0'7, wing 2"65, taU 2-2,
tarsus 0-9.

Hah. Island of Santa Lucia, West Indies.

a. Ad. sk. Santa Lucia {Semper).

h. Ad. sk. Santa Lucia {Semper).

Sclater Collection.

of species.)
Sclater Collection.

(Type

2. Leucopeza bishopi.

Leucopeza bishopi, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. p. 151 (1878) ; id.
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. pp. 189, 486 (1879).

Male. The general plumage is smoky black, rather darker on the

2. HELJIIXTHOTHERrS.

229

head ; the sides are blackish cinereous ; a circle of pure white sur-
rounds the eye ; a large roundish spot on the middle of the throat,
the upper part of the breast, and the middle of the abdomen are
dull white, somewhat mixed with blackish on the throat and with
cinereous on the abdomen ; a very small spot on the chin and the
tips of the feathers on the upper part of the throat are dull white ;
the black on the upper part of the breast has the appearance of a
broad band, separating the white of the throat from that of the
lower part of the breast ; the under tail- coverts are cinereous black
at base, ending largely with dull white ; wings and tail black ; the
outer two tail-feathers have a small white spot, triangular in shape,
on their inner webs at the end ; bill black ; tarsi and toes very pale
yellowish brown, perhaps much lighter in the living bird, nails
also pale. Length (fresh) 5| inches, wing 2|, taU 2|, tarsus |.
(^Lawrence.)

Sexes alike (Ober).

Two specimens marked as females do not differ in plumage from
the males. Length (fresh) 5| inches, wing 2^, taU 2|, tarsus ^.
(LawreTice.)

Young. Dark olive-brown above, lighter below, and where the white
markings are in the adult it is of a pale dull rufous ; on the throat
showing some white, and around the eye partially white; the marks
on the end of the tail-feathers are precisely as in the black specimen ;
the quills are dark brown ; the tail-feathers are black. (Laiurence.)

Hah. Island of S. Yincent, West Indies.

2. HELMINTHOTHERUS.

Type.

I

Helmitheros, Rajin. Journ. de Phjs. Lsxxviii. p. 417

(1819) H. vermivorus.

Vermivora, Swains. Phil. Mag. 2nd ser. i. p. 434 (1827). H. vermivorus.

Helinaia, Aiulub. Sr/n. p. 66 (1839) H. swainsoni.

Helmitherus, Bcdrcl, lievieiv Amer. B. p. 179 (1865).

Helmintherus, Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 211 (1878).

Helonsea, Neivfon, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 552.

Helminthotherus, Salvin ^- Godman, Biol, Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, i. p. 112 (1880).

Bill and tail of Helminthotherus vermivorus.

Range. North America, principally the Eastern States ; Central
America ; Cuba ; Jamaica.

230 MXIOTILTIDJE.

Key to the Species.

a. Above olive-greenish ; below Tawn-bufF, whitish on

abdomen and olive-brown on sides of body ; top and
sides of head ochreous buff or fawn-colour, with a
black line through the eye and a broad black band
along the sides of the crown, leaving a central
baud of ochraceous buff vermivoms ,^1.250 .

b. Russet-brown above ; yellowish below ; head rufous,

with a faint paler streak on the forehead ; no black

bands on crown sicainsoni, p. 232.

1. Helmintliotherus verinivorus.

The Worm-eater, Echv. Ghan. pt. ii. p. 200, pi. 305 (1760) ; Lath.

Gen. Stjn. ii. pt. 2, p. 499 (178-3).
Le Figuier de Pensilvanie, Briss. Orn. vi. App. p. 102 (1760).
Le Demi-fin mangeur de vers, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 325 (1778).
Worm-eater Warbler, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 406 (1785).
Motacilla vermivora, Gyn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 951 (1788).
Svlvia vermivora. Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 544 (1790) ; Wils. Amer.
'Orn. iii. p. 74, pi. 24. fig. 4 (1811) ; Vieill. N. Diet. Hist. Nat.

xi. p. 278 (1817) ; Ntitt. Man. i. p. 409 (1832) ; And. Orn. Biogr.

i. p. 177 (1832), v. p. 460 (1839).
Helmitheros migratorius, Rqfin. Journ. Phys. Ixviii. p. 417 (1819) ;

Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 342.
Dacnis vermivora, Auduh. B. Amer., name on pi. 34.
Sylvicola vermivora, Richards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 171.
Vermivora pennsvlvanica. Swains. Phil. Mag. 2nd ser. i. p. 434

(1827) ; Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 363 (1832) ; Bp. Camp.

List B. JSur. Sr N. Amer. p. 20 (183S) ; Gosse, B. Jam. p. 150

(1847) ; 3Iarch, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1863, p. 293.
Vermivora fidvicapHla, Stv. Classif. B. ii. p. 245 (1837).
Helinaia vermivora, Audub. Si/n. p. 66 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 86,

pi. 105 (1841) ; Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 35, pi. 6. fig. 4 (1850).
Mniotilta vermivora, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848); id. Hand-l. B.

i. p. 239, no. 3463 (1869).
Helmitherus vermivorus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 314 (1850) ; Cab. Mus.

Hein. i. p. 20, note (1850) ; Gundl. J. f. 0. 1855, p. 476 ; Baird,

B. N. Amer. p. 252 (1858) ; Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 363 ; Scl. ^ Salv.

Ibis, 1859, p. 11; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 28 (1862); Baird, Rev.

Amer. B. p. 179 (1865) ; Laicr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 284 (1866) ;

id. ibid. ix. p. 94 (1868) ; id. t. c. p. 200 (1869) ; Sumichr. Me7ti. Bast.

Soc. N. H. i. p. 546 (1869; ; Gundl. J.f. 0. 1872, p. 412 ; Coues, Key

N. Amer. B. p. 93 (1872) ; Maynard, B. Florida, p. 45 (1873) ; Scl.

8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p.' 8 (1873) ; Coues, B. N.- West, p. 48

(1874); Baird, Brewer, Sf Ridqio. Hist. N.Amer. B. i. p. 187, pi. 10.

iig. 10 (1874) ; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 63 (1876) ; Cory, B. Bahamas,

p. 56 (1880); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 171 (1830).
Helmintherus vermivorus, Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 135; Von Frantz.

J.f. O. 1869, p. 293; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 211 (1878); id.

Cheek-list, p. 34 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 291 (1884).
Helminthotherus vermivorus, Salv.^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Atner., Aves,

i. p. 112 (1880) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 16 (1881) ;

A. e^- E. Nezvt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 105 (1881) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl.

Coll. p. 89 (1882).

Adult male. General colour above olive, the wing-coverts like the
back ; greater coverts dusky, externally like the back ; bastard-wing

2. HELMINTHOTHERrS. 231

and primary-coverts duskj-, externally ashy olive ; quills dusky
brown, externally washed with olive, the secondaries more broadly,
the first primary edged with ashy whitish ; tail-feathers pale dusky
brown, externally olive and narrowly fringed with whitish near the
tips of the inner web ; along the centre of the crown a broad stripe
of ochreous buff, rather clearer ochreous on the nape, and laterally
bordered with a broad band of black from the base of the nostrils
to the nape, and followed by another broad superciliary streak of
ochreous buff; eyelid and sides of face ochreous buff, slightly shaded
with olive-brown on the ear-coverts, and the cheek-feathers tipped
with dusky ; in front of the eye a dusky spot, and along the upper
edge of the ear-coverts a streak of black, the anterior and posterior
margin of the eyelid being likewise black ; sides of neck ashy olive ;
under surface of body light ochreous buff, very pale and inclining to
buffy white on the centre of the abdomen ; under tail-coverts also
pale buffy white, with dusky ashy-olive bases ; thighs ochreous buff;
sides of breast and flanks distinctly olive; axillaries and under
wing-coverts clear yellowish buff; quills dusky below, ashy along
the edge of the inner web : " bill blackish brown above, greenish
grey beneath ; iris hazel " {Audubon). Total length 4-7 inches,
culmen 0'6, wing 2-75, tail 2"15, tarsus 0"7.

Adult birds in winter seem to be rather deeper buff on the under
surface of the body ; but there is really very little difference in the
colouring of the species at the various seasons of the year. iSome
have the buff stripes on the head a little lighter and clearer ochreous,
but as a rule summer and winter plumages are alike.

A nestling, lent to the Trustees by Mr. H. K. Coale of Chicago, is
reddish brown above, the head more dingy than the back, with a broad
central streak of pale ochreous buff, and a streak of the same colour
along the sides of the crown, widening out on the nape ; wing-coverts
dusky blackish, narrowly edged and broadly spotted at the tips with
pale ochreous buff ; quills dusky, margined with yellowish olive like
the primary-coverts and bastard-wing ; entire under surface of body
clear ochreous buff, whiter on the centre of the abdomen.

Hah. Xorth America : Eastern United States, rather southerly,
but north regularly, casually to Maine ; west to Kansas, Missouri,
and the Indian Territory ; breeds throughout its U.S. range ; winters
in Florida {Coues). Winters in Central America from Mexico to
Panama {S. Sf G.). Cuba ; Jamaica.

a. Ad. sk. North America (Bell). Sclater Collection.

b. S ad. sk. Maple, Pa., June 12 {H. R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].

K. Cuale).

c. 2 ad. sk. St. Louis Count v, Missoiui, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP 1

:Siaj ■22 (U.K. Coale).

d,e. S 2 ad. sk. Brookville, Ind., May (A. U.S. Nat. Museum rP.l.

W. Butler),

f. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.

ff. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Sclater CoUectioD,

h, i. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection.

k. Ad. sk. Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq.

/. Ad. sk. Chiriqui, Veragua (Arc^). Sclater Collection.

in. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Sclater Collection.

232 MXIOTILTID^.

2. Helminthothenis swainsoni.

Sylvia swainsoni, Auduh. B. Amer. pi. 198 ; id. Orn. Biu(jr. ii. p. 503

(1834).
Sylvicola swainsoni, Richards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 171.
Yermivora swainsoni, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. p. 21

Helinaia swainsoni, Audvb. Si/n. p. 60 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 83,

pi. 104 (1841).
Muiotilta swainsoni, Gray, Gtn. B. i. p. 190 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B.

i. p. 239, no. 3464 (1869).
Helmitlieros swainsoni, Cab. Mas. Ilein. Th. i. p. 20 (1850) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 314 (1850).
Helmitherus swainsoni, Baird, B. K. Amer. p. 180 (1858) ; Allen,

Proc. JSss. Inst. iv. p. 82 (1804) ; Baird, Reviejv Amer. B. p. 180

(1865); Allen, Am. Nat. iii. p. 576 (1869); Coues, Key N. Amer.

B. p. 93 (1872) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1872, p. 412 ; Muynard, B.

Florida, p. 47 (1873) ; Baird, 'Brewer, ^ Ridgio. Hist. N. Amer. B.

i. p. 190, pi. 10. fig. 9, iii. p. 504 (1874); Brezcer, Proc. Bost. Soc.

N. H. xvii. p. 451 (1875); Coiws, B. Color. Vail. p. 213 (1878).
Helminthophaga swainsoni, Allen, Amer. Nat. iii. p. 513 (1809).
Helonaea swainsoni, Ridqiv. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 171 (1880) ;

id. Bull. U.S. Nat. 3Ius. no. 21, p. 16 (1881).
Helmintliotherus swainsoni, Salvin S)- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,

i. p. 112 (1880) ; A. ^ E. Nnvt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 105 (1881).
Helmintherus swainsoni, Coiws, Check-list, p. 35 (1882) ; id. Key N.

Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 292 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above dull russet-brown, with a slight
olive tinge on the back ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the
back; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
dusky, externally russet-brown like the back, the primaries a little
paler ; rump and upper tail-coverts a little deeper russet than the
rest of the back ; tail-feathers dusky, externally russet-brown tinged
with olive ; head clearer rufous than the back, with a fairly indicated
pale streak along the middle of the forehead ; eyebrow pale ochreous
or yellowish white ; loi'es dusky ; ear-coverts reddish brown ; sides
of neck ashy olive ; cheeks and under surface of body pale yellowish,
the sides of the fore neck and of the chest washed with pale ashy ;
the sides of the body and flanks as well as the thighs olive-brown ;
under tail-coverts white, slightly washed with yellow, and with pale
brown bases ; axillaries pale yellowish ; under wing-coverts dusky,
edged with pale yellowish ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner
web : " upper mandible dark brown, lower mandible yellowish ; legs
and toes flesh-colour; iris dark brown" {E. Neiuton). Total length
5-2 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-7, tail 1-85, tarsus 0-7. (J/ms. E.
Neivton.)

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 5-2
inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-8, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-7. {Mas. E. Neivton.)

The adult male was killed on the 31st of December, and the
female on the 16th of March. There is little or no diflPerence
between them ; but a female killed on the 1st of October is darker
russet-brown, the head being scarcely more rufous than the back ;
the under surface yellowish white, the fore neck and sides of the

3. HELMIXTHOPHILA. 233

breast dull ashy brown, the feathers of the throat being faintly
edged -with ashy. These greyish edgings to the feathers are also
seen in a male killed on the 8th of f ebruarj', and therefore the
greyish colour on the fore neck appears in the adult birds, while the
young ones have the under surface yellowish. So little, however,
is known about this species, that it is impossible to state the phases
of plumage correctly, especially as I have never seen a specimen
from the breeding-quarters of the species, and have been greatly
indebted to Mr. Edward Newton for the loan of four skins of bii'ds
killed in winter in Jamaica.

Bah. Southern United States, wintering in Jamaica.

a. 5 ad. sk. Jamaica, March 16. Edward Newton, Esq. [P.].

3. HELMINTHOPHILA.

Type.
Helminthophaga, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 20 (1850,

nee Bechst.) H. ruficapilla.

Helminthophila, Ridyio. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii. p. 53

(1882) H. ruficapiUa.

Head of Helminthophila chrysoptera.

Range. North America generally, throughout Central America,
and extending as far as Colombia and Venezuela ; Cuba.

Key to the Species *.

a. Rump and upper tail-coverts grey like the rest

of the back ; three outer tail-feathers white
for greater part of inner web.
a'. Throat black ; ear-coverts black ; crown
golden yellow ; median and greater wiug-

coverts golden yellow, forming a wing-patch chrysoptera (J, p. 235.
b'. Throat and ear-coverts ashy blackish ; crown
olive-}-ellow ; median and greater wing-
coverts tipped with golden yellow, formiug
a double wing-bar chrysoptera $ , p. 235.

b. Rump and upper tail-coverts olive or olive-yel-

low, only a little lighter than the back, which
is also olive.

* The following species are believed to be hybrid Helminthophila by Dr.
Coues : —

1. HeLMINTHOPIULA LAWRENCn.

Helminthophaga lawrencii, Herrick, Proa. Philad. Acad. 1874, p. 220,
pi. IV. ; id. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii. p. 19 (1877) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail.
p. 214, note (1878); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 171 (1880);
id. Btill. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 16 (1881) ; Coues, Check-list, p. 35
(1882).

234 MNIOTILTIDJE.

c'. Three outer tail-feathers white for the greater
part of their inner web; forehead golden
yellow.
a". No black patch on throat ; a double white

wing-bar pimts, p. 237.

b". A large black patch on the throat ; no white

■wino'-bar bachmanni, p. 239.

d. No white on outer tail-feathers.

c". No concealed rufous patch on the crown;
abdomen and under tail-coverts white
(or tinged with yellow in autumn).
a"'. Head and ear-coverts gi-ey ; eyebrow

white ^ere5m'maaestiv.,p.239.

b"\ Head and ear-coyerts yeUowish olive ; .,■,,„ ^^y.

eyebrow yellowish et ad. autumn., p.241.

d . A more or less concealed rutous patch on ' '^

the crown (often absent) ; imder tail-
coverts clear yellow.
c'". Crown-patch deep chestnut; head grey;
underparts bright yellow except the
lower abdomen, which is whitish . . ruficapilla, p. 242.
d'". Crown-patch pale orange-rufous.
«•'. Head gi'ej'isla; eyebrow and eyelid
white ; below pale yellow streaked

with grey celata, p. 244.

6*. Head olive ; eyebrow, eyelid, and

under surface of body olive-yellow . lutescens, p. 246.

c. Rump and upper tail-coverts bright olive-yellow,

contrasting with the grey back; a concealed
chestnut patch on the crown; chin, breast,
and abdomen white ; sides of body ashy ;
throat with a bright yellow patch ; under
tail-coverts bright yellow virgini(B, p. 247.

d. Upper tail-coverts chestnut, contrasting with

the ashy-grey back ; under surface of body
ashy white ; a concealed chestnut patch on
the head Jucice, p. 248.

Helminthophila lawrencii, Eidgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii. p. 52 (1882) ;

Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 293 (1884).

Like H. pinus ; but a large black patch on the throat and breast, and broad

black eye-stripe reaching over auriculars, as in H. ckrysoptera ; thus it is H. pinus

crossed with H. chrysoptcra, and doubtless a hybrid between the two. (Coues.)

Hab. New Jersey ; two specimens noted to date (1884, Coues).

2. Helminthophila ciNciNifATiExsis.
Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis, Langdon, Journ. Cincinn. Soc. Nat. Hist.
ii p. 119 (1880); id. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 208, pi. 4 (1880);
Coues, Check-list, p. 35 (1882).
Helminthophila cincinnnatiensis, Coues, Key JV. A^ner. B. 2nd ed. p. 293
(1884).
Like H. pinus in colour ; bill with evident rictal bristles ; no white wing-bars
or tail-blotches ; no ashy blue on wings or tail ; concealed black on crown and
sides of head like the incompleted black mark of Oporornis formosa, with which
the bird otherwise closely agrees in colour, thus curiously being H. pinus crossed
with 0. formosa. Length 4-75 inches, wing 2-50, tail 1-85, bill 0-44. One spe-
cimen known, Ohio. (Coii.es.)

3. HELMIXTHOPHILA. 235

1. Helmintliopliila chrysoptera.

The Golden-winged Flvcatclier, Ediu. Glean, ii. p. 189, pi. 299

(1760).
Le Figuier cendre a gorge noire de Pensilvanie, JBnss. Orn. vi.,

Suppl. p. 109 (1760).
Motacdlla chrvsoptera, Linn. St/st. Nat. i. p. 33.3 (176G) ; Gm. St/st.

Nat. i. p. 971 (1788).
Le Figuier aux ailes dories, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 311 (1778).
Gold-wiuged Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 492 (1783).
Yellow-fi-onted Warbler, Lath. t. c. p. 461 (1783) ; Penn. Arct.

Zool.n. p. 404 (1785).
Gold-wing Warbler, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 403 (1785).
Motacilla flavifrons, Gm. St/st. Nat. i. p. 976 (1788).
Sylvia chrysoptera, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 541 (1790) ; Vieill. Ois.
" Amer. Sept. ii. p. 37, pi. 97 (1807) ; Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 113,

pi. 15. fig. 5 (1810) ; Pp. Amer. Orn. i. p. 12, pi. 1. fig. 3 (182-5) ;

Aiiclub. B. Ame»: pi. 414; id. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 154 (1839).
Sylvia flavifrons, Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 541 (1790).
Parus alls aureis, Bartr. Trav. Flor. p. 292 (1791) ; Coues, Proc.

Philad. Acad. 1875, p. 352.
Sylvicola inornata, Sivains. Phil. Macj. new series, i. p. 434 (1827).
Vermivora chrysoptera, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 259 (1832) ;

Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. S,- N. Amer. p. 21 (1838).
S}'lvicola chrvsoptera, Richards. Pep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 171.
Helinaia chrvsoptera, Audub. Syn. p. 67 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii.

p. 91, pi. 107 (1841).
Muiotilta chrysoptera, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; id. Hand-l.

B. i. p. 2.39; no. 3459 (1869).
Helmitheros chrysoptera, Bp. Consp. i. p. 315 (1850) ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1865, p. 143.
Helmiiithophaga chrysoptera, Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 20, note

(1850) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 255 (1858) ; Sah. i^- Scl. Lbis,

1860, p. 397 ; Laivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. yii. p. 293 (1861) ; Scl. Cat.

Amer. B. p. 28 (1862) ; Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 347; Baird, Rev.

Amer. B. p. 175 (1864); Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 477; Later. Ann.

Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 284 (1866) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 135 ; Lawr.

Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 94 (1868) ; Von Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 293 ;

3. Helmixthopiiila leucobronchialis.

Helminthophaga leucobronchialis, Brewster, Amer. Sporfsm. v. Oct. 17th,
p. 33 (1874, teste Coues) ; Cones, B. N.-West, p. 760 (1874) ; Brewer, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H. xvii. p. 439 (1875) ; Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club. i.
p. 1, pi. 1 (1876) ; Tro'ter, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii. p. 79 (1877) ; Coues
B. Color. Vail. p. 213 (1878) ; Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 171
(1880) ; Bidyw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 16 (1881); Coties, Check-
list, p. 35 (1882).

Helmintbophila leucobronchialis, Eidyw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii. p. 53
(1882) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 293 (18&i).

Like H. chrysoptera, but a black bar through the eye as in H. pinus, and
lacking the black breast-patch of H. chrysoptera, the entire underparts being
white ; thus it is H. chrysoptera crossed with H. pinus, and doubtless a hybrid
between the two, though up to date (1884) a dozen or more specimens" have
been described. {Coues.)

Hab. New England, Kew York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan.

236 MNIOTILTID^.

Salv. p. Z. S. 1870, p. 182 ; Coues, Key H. Amer. B. p. 94, fig. 3
(1872); Scl. (.§• Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 8 (1873) ; Coues, B.
N.- West, p. 49 (1874) ; Baird, Breiver, Sf Ridyiv. Hist. N. Amer.
B. i. p. 192, pi. 11. fig. 2 (1874) ; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 63 (1876) ;
Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 216 (1878); Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1879,
p. 494 ; Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 123 (1878) ; Salv. i^
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 114 (1880) ; iid. Ibis, 1880,
p. 117 ; Eidgio. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 21, p. 16 (1881) ; Co^les,
Check-list, p. 35 (1882).
Helmintliopliila chiTsoptera, Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,yn. p. 53
(1882) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 294 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above pale ashy grey, -with here and
there a tinge of olive-yellow; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median
and greater coverts dusky blackish, tipped with golden yellow, the
latter series externally golden yellow, the whole forming a wing-
patch ; primary-coverts and bastard-wing dusky blackish, externally
ashy olive ; quills dusky, the secondaries externally yellowish olive,
the primaries edged with ashy grey, whiter on the margin of the
first primary ; upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers ashy grey ;
remainder of the tail-feathers dusky, externally ashy grey, the four
outer feathers white near the end of the outer web, occupying more
than half of the inner web on the outermost feather and gradually
decreasing towards the centre of the tail, so as to occupy only a
small spot on the fourth feather ; a large frontal patch of golden
yellow ; rest of the crown and neck ashy grey like the back, slightly
washed with yellowish olive ; lores, feathers round and below the
eye, and ear-coverts black, separated from the crown by a narrow
line of white, which broadens out a little above the ear-coverts ;
cheeks and malar line white, extending down the sides of the throat ;
throat and fore neck black ; centre of breast and abdomen white,
the sides of the breast and flanks light ashy grey ; thighs dusky ;
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white,
the edge of the wing olive ; Cjuills dusky below, whitish along the
edge of the inner web : " bill and feet black ; iris brown " (Audubon).
Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-45, tail 1-95,
tarsus 0*65.

Obs. The wash of yellowish olive on the upper surface, which is
alluded to in the above description, is evidently the remains of
winter plumage, most specimens shot in the winter-quarters of the
species having the back grey washed with olive and also the yellow
forehead more or less obscured with dusky-ohve tips to the feathers.
The specimen described was shot in the spring in Illinois ; but in the
Salvin-and-Godman collection is a specimen, killed in Costa Eica in
December, which is much more advanced and has the entire back
pure bluish grey without any trace of olive in it.

AduU female. Much duller in colour than the male, the grey back
entirely "obscured by a wash of olive-yellow ; the yellow frontal
patch also obscured by dusky-ohve tips to the feathers ; the wings
and tail as in the male, but the white marks on the outer feathers
less extended and the wing-patch less pronounced ; lores and ocular
reo-ion and ear-coverts dark slate-colour instead of black ; superciliary

3. HELMINTHOrniLV. 237

line and moustachial band duller than in the male ; throat dull
slate-colour : breast and abdomen dull white ; the sides of the body
dull slaty grey. Total length -4-1 inches, culmen O'o, wing 2*25,
tail l"8, tarsus 0-65.

YoiDif) male. Resembles the adult female {Cones).

Hab. Eastern province of Xorth America generally and Canada ;
Texas : wintering in Central America and extending to Colcubia ;
of accidental occurrence in Cuba on spring migration.

a. Ad. St. North America. Purchased.

b. ^ ad. sk. Niaffara Falls. Gould Collection.

c. d' ad. sk. N. America (//. X. Cort/p). R. B. Sharpe,Esq. [P.].

d. S id. sk. Wheatland, Indiana (R. U.S. Nat. ^luseum [P.].

Ridiiwai/).

e. S ad. sk. Hyde Park, 111., May 4 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(H. K. Coale).

f. 2 ad. sk. Michigan, June {H. K R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Coale). '

g. (S ; h, i. 2 Guatemala. Gould Collection,
ad. sk.

k. (^ ad. sk. Chiriqui, Veragua {Arce). Sclater Collection.

/. Ad. sk. Bogota, Colombia. Sclater Collection.

m. Ad. sk. Colombia. E. Wilson, Esq. [P. J.

n. (^ ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C.l.

o. 2 ad. sk. Medellin. T. K. Sahnon, Esq. [C.].

2. Helminthophila pinus.

Pine Creeper, Edwards, Gkanings, vi. p. 139, pi. 277. fig. 2 (1760,

nee Catesby, 17(30).
Le Figiiier de la Louisiane, Briss. Orn. vi., App. p. .59 (1760).
Certhia pinus, Lian. Si/sf. Naf. i. p. 187 (1766, pt.).
Le Figiuer des Sapins, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 296 (1778).
Pine Warbler, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. 2, p. 483 (1783, pt.) ; Penn.

Arctic Zool. ii. p. 412 (1785, pt.).
Svlvia pinus, Zath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 537 (1790, pt.) ; Vieill. Ois. Amer.

Sept. ii. p. 44 (1807, nee Wik.).
Parus aureus ahs caeruleis, Bartr. Trav. Florida, p. 292 (1791) ; Coues,

Proc. Philad. Acad. 1875, p. 352.
MotaciUa pinus, Tiirlon, Si/st. Nat. i. p. 606 (1806).
Sylvia solitaria, TT7/s. Atner. Orn. ii. p. 109, pi. 1-5. fig. 4 (1810) ;

Audub. B. Amer. pi. 20 ; id. Orn. Bioyr. i. p. 102 (1831).
Vermivora solitaria, Swains. Phil. Maq. new ser. i. p. 434 (1827) ;

Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 256 (1832) ; Bp. Comp. List B.

Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 21 (18.38).
Sylvicola solitaria, Richards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 171.
Hehnaia solitaria, Audub. St/n. p. 09 (1839) : id. B. Amer. ii. p. 98,

pi. Ill (1841).
Mniotilta solitaria, Gra;/, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848).
Helmitherus sohtarius,'i?w. Consp. i. p. 315 (1850); Sclater, P. Z. S.

1856, p. 291.
Helminthophaga solitaria, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 20, note (1850).
llelminthophapra pinus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 254 (1858) ; Set. ^

Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 11 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 28 (iSQ-I) ; Baird,

238 MNIOTILTID^.

Remeio Amer. B. p. 174 (1865) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii.
p. 284 (1866); AUtn, Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool. Camhr. iii. pp. 124,
175 (1872) ; Coves, Key N. Amer. B. p. 94 (1872) ; Scl. cV Salt:
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 8 (1873) ; Coues B. N.- West, p. 40 (1874) ;
Baird, Bretver, Sf Bidgiv. Hid. N. Amer. B. i. p. 195, pi. 11. fig. 1
(1874) ; Copies, B. Color. Vail. p. 214 (1878) ; Merrill, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mu». i. p. 128 (1878) ; Salv. ^ Oodm. Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, i. p. 115 (1880) ; Bidyw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 16
(1881); Coues, Check-list, p. 35 (1882); Bmccard, P. Z. S. 1883,
p. 440.

Mniotilta piniis, Gray, Ifand-I. B. i. p. 2P,d, do. 3455 (1869).

Helminthophila i^mus,Bidf/u\Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,vn. p. 53 (1882) ;
Coues, Key. N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 293 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above yellowish olive from the nape
to the rump, a little clearer yellow on the latter and the upper tail-
coverts : lesser wing-coverts slaty grey ; median and greater coverts
slaty grey, with large white ends to the outer webs, forming a white
wing-patch ; bastard-wing dark grey ; primary-coverts dusky, exter-
nally edged with slaty grey ; quills dusky, externally margined with
slaty grey, the inner secondaries washed with olive on the edges, the
primaries edged with slightly paler grey, the margin of the oiiter one
whitish ; nearly all the quills with a narrow margin of white at the
tips ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers slaty grey, the former slightly
washed with olive-yellow like the back ; the three outer tail-feathers
white for the terminal half of the inner web, with a small patch of
white near the end of the fourth feather ; forehead and sinciput
bright golden yellow, the posterior feathers tipped with yellowish
olive like the back ; lores and a narrow ring of feathers round the
eye, ending in a streak behind the latter, black ; cheeks, sides of face,
and ear-coverts golden yellow, the latter washed with olive on the
upper margin ; throat and entire under surface of body bright
golden yellow ; thighs and under tail-coverts white, the latter
washed with golden yellow near the vent ; axillaries white, with
golden-yellow tips ; under wing-coverts white ; quills dusky below,
white along the inner webs : " bill black, with a pale margin ; feet
and claws flesh-colour, tinged with yellow ; iris dark brown "
(Audubon). Total length 4'8 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2'45, tail
1"95, tarsus 0'7.

Adult female. A little greener than the male ; the frontal patch
more obscure and shaded with olive ; beneath duller yellow ; the
white tips to the wing-coverts smaller and less conspicuous, with a
slight shade of olive. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2*2,
tail I'S, tarsus 0"6.

Young, llesembling the adult female.

Huh. Eastern United States, north to Massachusetts (doubtful)
and Minnesota, west to Iowa, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas
( Coues) ; wintering in Mexico and Guatemala.

n. Ad. .St. North America. Piu-chased.

b. Ad. sk. St. Louis (Baird). Sclater Collection.

c, ri. i^" $ ad. sk. Wheatland, Indiana, U.S. Nat. Museum[P.].

April (R. Bidgway).

3. HELMINTHOPHILA. 239

*> /"• 6 2 ad.sk. St. Louis County, Missouri, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

May2 (IT. K.'Coale).

g. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Sclater Collection.

h, i. Ad. sk. (xuatemala. Pui-cliased.

k. Ad. ; /, m. Imm. sk. (xuatemala. Gould Collection.

n. Ad. sk. Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq.

o. Ad. sk. Honduras. Mr. Dyson [C.].

3. Helminthophila bachmanni,

Sylvia bachmaui, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 185 ; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 483

' (18.34).
Syhicola bachmani, Hichards. Hep. Brit. Assoc. 18-36-37, p. 172.
Vermivora bachmaui, Bj). Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. p. 21 (1838).
Helinaia bachmani, Audub. Si/n. p. 68 (18.39) ; id. B. Amer. ii.

p. 93, pi. 108 (1841) ; Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 36, pi. 0. fig. 1 (1850).
Mniotilta bachmani, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B.

i. p. 2.39, no. 3460 (1869).
Helmitheros bachmani, Bp. Consp. i. p. 315 (1850).
Helminthopliaga bachmani, Gundl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 475, 18C1,

pp. 326, 409 ; Baird, B. N.Amer. p. 2o5 (1858) ; id. Beview Amer.

B. p. 175 (1864) ; Coues, Eeij N. Amer. B. p! 94 (1872) ; Baird,

Brewer, ^- Ridgiv. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 194, pi. 11. fig. 3 (1874) ;

Gundl. Orn. Cuba, pp. 62, 248 (1876) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail p. 214,

note (1878) ; Bidgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. 3Ius. no. 21, p. 16 (1881) ;

Coues, Chech-list, p. 35 (1882).
Helminthophila bachmani, Ridqiu. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, yii. p. 53

(1882) ; Bailey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, yiii. p. 38 (1883) ; Cozies,

Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 294 (1884).

The general colour of the upper parts is brownish olive ; the
rump yellowish green, the feathers of the crown brownish black in
the centre ; the forehead, a line over the eye, the cheeks, the chin,
the sides of the neck, the flexure of the wing, lower wing-coverts,
and breast yellow ; the sides greenish grey ; the lower tail-coverts
white ; on the fore part of the neck is a large patch of black en-
larging beneath ; quills and tail wood-brown, narrowly margined
with whitish ; a largo white spot on the inner web of each of the
tail-feathers, excepting the two middle ones ; bill dusky brown
above, light blue beneath ; iris dark brown ; feet umber. Length
4y'T7 inches, bill along the ridge -f-ry, tarsus ^?rr. {Audubon.)

The female is considerably smaller than the male, and differs
only in having the tints fainter, the forehead yellowish green, and
the fore neck dusky. Length 3^% inches. {Audubon.)

Hah. South Carolina and Georgia, wintering in Cuba.

4. Helminthophila peregrina.

Sylvia pereErrina, Wilson, Amer. Orn. iii. p. 8.3, pi. 25. fig. 2(1811) ;

"Audub. B. Amer. pi. 154 ; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. .307 (1834).
Sylvia tenennsaei, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Mcth. ii. p. 452 (1823).
Svlvia (Vermivoia) peregrina, Swains. ^ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer.,

'Birds, p. 221, pi. 42, lower fig. (1831).

240 jUXIotiltid.t;.

Vermivora peregrina, Jard. ed. Wih. Amer. Orn. i. p. 372 (1832) ;

JBp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 21 (1838) ; Nutt. Man.

p. 469(1840).
Sylvicola peregrina, Hichards. Hep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 171.
Helinaia peregrina, Aitdith. Syn. p. 68 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 96,

pi. 110 (1841).
Muiotilta peregrina, Grm/, Gen. B. i. p. 190 (1848) ; id. Iland-l. B. i.

p. 239, no. 3456 (1809).
Helmitberos peregrina, Bp. Consp. i. p. 315 (1850).
Helminthophaga peregrina, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 20, note (1850) ;

Baird, B. K. Amer. p. 258 (1858) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 373 ;

Sah. &■ Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 31 ; Lau-r. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 322

(1861) ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 29 (1862) ; ^Blakist. Ibis, 1862,

p. 4, 1863, p. 62 ; Scl. Sr Sah. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 347 ; Lawr. Ann.

Lye. N. Y. viii. p 174 (1865) ; Baird, Revieto Amer. B. p. 178

(1865) : Sah: P. Z. S. 1867, p. 135 ; Lain: Ajin. Lye. N. Y. viii.

p. 284 (I860), ix. p. 94 (1868) ; Von Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, p. 293 ;

Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 182, 836 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 322 ;

Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 95 (1872) ; Scl. df Salt: Nomencl. Av.

Neotr. p. 8 (1873): Coues, B. K.-West, p. 53 (1874); Baird,

Breiver, 8,- Pidejic. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 205, pi. 11. figs. 10, 11

(1874); Laui: Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 15 (1876); Gundl.

Orn. Cuba, p. 63 (1876) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 230 (1878) ;

id. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 563 (1878) ; Merrill, Pr. U.S.

Nat. Mus. i. p. 123 (1878) ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 494 ;

Sab: ^- Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 117 ; iid. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i.

p. 117 (1880) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 16 (1882)

Coties, Check-list, p." 36 (1882).
Sylvia missuriensis, Neuicied, J.f. 0. 1858, p. 117.
Helminthopliila peregiina, Ridqic. Bull. Nntt. Orn. Club, vii. p. 54

(1882) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 295 (1882).

Adult male. General colour above yellowish olive, a little clearer
on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like the
back; median and greater coverts dusky, externally yellowish olive,
brighter yeUow on the extreme margins : bastard-wing dull brown,
externally shaded with ashy brown ; primary-coverts and quills
brown, externally margined with dull olive, yellower on the margins
of the secondaries, which have a narrow fringe of white at the tip ;
tail-feathers dull ashy brown, margined with yellowish olive, the
outer feathers fringed with white near the end of the inner web,
broader on the outermost, which has an obscure spot of dull whitish
towards the end of the inner web ; head and hind neck duU ashy,
slightly washed with olive-yeUow ; a narrow white eyebrow ; lores
dull ycUowish ; in front of and behind the eye a blackish spot,
the anterior and posterior margins of the eyelid also black ; upper
and lower edge of eyelid white ; feathers below the eye dull
ashy white, as well as the cheeks and malar line, the latter
slightly obscured with dull ashy tips to the feathers ; ear-coverts
dull white, with dusky olive margins ; under surface of body dull
white, shaded with olive-yellow on the breast and sides of the
body and flanks ; thighs and under tail-coverts dull white ; axil-
laries and under wing-coverts duU white, slightly washed with
olive-yellow, brighter along the edge of the wing ; quills dusky
below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web : " bUl dark

3. HEIMINTHOPHILA.

241

brown, paler beneath; feet brown, tinged with blue; iris hazel"
{Auduhon). Total length 4-4 inches, culmen U"45, wing 2'55,
tail 1-75, tarsus 0'65.

Adult female. Like the male, but the ashy of the head less pui'e
and clear, and the underparts more or less tinged with greenish
yellow. (Coues.)

The male in winter plumage is much more uniformly olive above
than in summer, the upper surface being entirely yellowish oHve,
including the head, which is only a little more dusky than the
back ; the eyebrow, sides of face, and throat are yellow instead of
white ; centre of breast and abdomen, as well as the under tail-
coverts, white ; the ilanks and sides of tlie body olive-yeUow.

Young birds are described by Dr. Coues as being similar in
plumage to the above, and the changes appear to resemble those of
the common Plujlloscopi of Europe, which are always yellower in
autumn than in summer ; but, unlike the European birds, this Hel-
mhithojildla appears to regain its full spring plumage by the wearing
away of the olive tips to the grey crown, rather than by a complete
spring moult — at least I can find no evidence of the latter in the
series of specimens examined.

The adult female in winter differs from the male of the same time
of year only in being duUer in colour.

Hah. Chiefly Eastern North America, but west to the Upper
Missouri region and in Colorado to the Eocky Mountains ; common,
especially in tke Mississippi valley, but less so in the Atlantic
States ; migratory ; breeds in New England and the northern tier
of States, and thence to high latitudes in British America {Coues).
Winters throughout Central America, and as far south as Co-
lombia and Venezuela.

a, b. Ad. sestiv. sk.
c, d. S e. ^ ad.

sestiv. sk.
/. Ad. sestiv. sk.

g, h. Ad. sestiv. et

autumn, sk.
t. Ad. autumn, sk.

k. (S ad. testiv. sk.

I. S ad. sestiv. sk.

m. Juv. autumn, sk.

». (J ad. autumn, sk.

0. Juv. autumn, sk.
p. Juv. autumn, sk.
q. Imm. sestiv. sk.

r, s. Imm. autimin. sk.
t. Imm. autumn, sk.

Ai'ctic America.
Fort Simpson, June.

Carlton, N. America

(Blakiston).
Rocky Mountains

{Blakiston).
Sheffield, Indiana, Sept.

(H. K. Coak).
Evanston, 111., May 14

(H. K. Coak).
Mt. Carmel, 111., May 3

(*S'. Turner).
Halfday, HI. {H. K.

Coak).
Pennsylvania, Sept. 10

{Roosevelt).
Mexico.

Guatemala ( Constancia).
Vera Paz, Guatemala,

March (0. Salvin).
Guatemala.
Chiriqui, Veragua

{Aree).

Dr. Eae [P.].

B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R.B.Sharpe,Esq.[P.].

R.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

R.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.

Gould Collection.
Sclater Collection.

242 MNIOTILTID^.

u. Ad. hiem. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection.

V. Ad. biem. sk. Concordia, Antioquia Sclater Collection.

{Sabnv)i).

IV. Ad. hiem. sk. Caracas, Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C.].

5. Helminthophila ruficapilla.

Sylvia ruticapilla, Wils. Amer. Om. iii. p. 120, pi. 27. fig. 3 (1811).

Sylvia rubricapilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. vi. p. 15 (1812) ; Audub. B.
Amm: pi. 89; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 450 (1831).

Sylvia leucogastra, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. p. 622 (1817).

Sylvia naslivillei, Bmm. et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 451 (1823).

Sylvicola (Vermivora) rubricapilla, Swains. ^- Richards. Faun.
Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 220, pi. 42, upper fig. (1831).

Sylvicola rubricapilla, Richards. Rejj. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 171.

Vermivora rubricapilla, Jard. ed. JFilson's Amer. Om. i. p. 407 (1832) ;
Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^ N. Amer. p. 21 (1838) ; Nutt. Man.
p. 472 (1840).

Helinaia rubricapilla, Audub. Syn. p. 70 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii.
p. 103, pi. 113 (1841).

Muiotilta ruficapilla, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B.
1. p. 239, no. 3456 (1869).

Helmitheros rubricapilla, Bp. Cotisp. i. p. 315 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856,
p. 291.

Helminthophaga rubricapilla, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 20 (1850) ;
Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 363.

Helmiutbopbaga ruficapilla, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 256 (1858) ;
Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 298, 1859, p. 373 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 29
(1862) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 62 ; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 175
(1865) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 477 ; Laivr. Ann. Lxjc. N. Y. viii.
p. 284 (1866) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 546 (1869) ;
Cooper, B. Calif, p. 82 (1870) ; Allen, Bull. Mxis. Comp. Zool.
Cambr. iii. p. 175 (1872) ; Copies, Key N. Amer. B. p. 95 (1872) ;
Maynard, B. Florida, p. 63 (1873) ; Scl. 8j- Salv. Nomencl. Av.
Neotr. p. 8 (1873); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 50 (1874); Baird,
Brewer, fy Ridgiv. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 196, pi. 11. figs. 7, 8
(1874) ; Hensh. List B. Ariz. p. 156 (1875) ; id. Zool. Expl. W.
100th Merid. p. 188 (1876) ; Later. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4,
p. 15 (1876) ; Ridgw. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. 40th Par. p. 427
(1877) ; Senneft, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 12 (1878) ; Merrill,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 123 (1878) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 89
(1882) ; id. Sf Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 115 (1880) ;
Ridgtv. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 16 (1881) ; Coues, Check-
list, p. 45 (1882).
Muiotilta rubricapilla, Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. C.
Helmiutbopbaga ruficapilla, var. ocularis, Ridi/ic. in Baird, Breioer,

^- Ridgiv. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 191 (1874)'.
Helmiutbopbaga ruficapilla, var. gutturalis, id. t. c. p. 191 (1874).
Helmintbopbila ruficapilla, Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii. p. 54
(1882) ; Coties, Key N Amer. B. 2ud ed. p. 294 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above duU yellowish olive, a little
brighter on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts
like the back ; median and greater coverts dusky, externally like
the back, a little tinged with ashy ; bastard-wing dusky, externally
ashy olive ; primary-coverts and quills dusky, externally dull
yellowish olive, the first primary margined with ashy whitish ; tail-

3. HBLMIHTHOPHILA. 243

feathers ashy brown, edged with yellowish olive, the two centre
feathers entirely of the latter colour, the outer ones with a narrow
fringe of white near the end of the inner web ; head and hind neck
dull ashy grey, with a patch of deep chestnut in the centre of the
crown ; lores ashy whitish ; round the eye a conspicuous ring of
white feathers ; sides of face, cheeks, sides of neck, and ear-coverts
duU ashy grey ; entire under surface of body yellow, a trifle more
oUve on the flanks ; lower abdomen whitish ; thighs ashy, externally
washed with olive ; under tail-coverts yellow ; axillarics white,
tipped with yellow ; under wing-coverts yellow, brighter along the
edge of the wing: quills dusky ash-colour below, whitish along the
edge of the wing; "bill greenish brown; feet yellowish green ;
iris dark brown " (Audubon). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0*45,
wing 2-4, tail 1-95, tarsus 0-65.

Adult male in winter. Differs from the summer plumage, as
described above, in having the coronal chestnut patch obseiu'ed by
ashy-grey tips to the feathers ; the mantle and upper back have
also greyish margins, remains of which may often be seen in spring
plumage. lu some winter-killed specimens the grey occupies the
whole of the head and back, leaving only the rump and upper tail-
coverts olive-yellow. This may take place in young birds of the
first year only, or may be a sign of extreme age, a fact which further
research and a larger series of skins alone can determine. The ex-
tent of grey on the mantle is very variable, even in breeding birds.

Adidt female in hreeding-jilumage (Ut^i^bt Klamath Lake, Oregon,
May 18 ; A. Ferrer). Very similar to the male, but rather duller
in colour, the chestnut patch on the crown more obscured by ashy-
grey tips to the feathers, the white eye-ring not quite so distinct.
Total length 4 inches, culmen U-5, wing 2-3, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-65.
(J/ms. Salvin and Godman.)

Young. Similar to the adult female, but wanting the chestnut
patch on the crown.

Dr. Coues says that the adult female is often without the chestnut
patch on the crown. Autumnal specimens, according to the same
author, " of both sexes, though qiiite as yellow below as in summer,
have the ash of the head glossed over with olivaceous, and in birds
of the year the crown-patch may be entirely wanting."

Hah. Temperate North America, but especially the Eastern
Province ; west only rarely to Utah, Nevada, and even California :
common, migratory in most of its U.S. range, but breeding in New
England (and further south in alpine regions) and thence northwards
(Coues). Winters in Mexico and Guatemala.

a. Ad. sk. N. America. Sclater CoUectiou.

6. Ad. sk. N. America (Cassew). Sclater Collection.

c. (J ad. sk. Sugar Grove, N. Y., May 10 (H. R. B. Sharpe, Esq, [P.].

A'. Coale).

d. 6 ad. sk. Chicago, lU., Sept 2S (H. K. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Coale).

e. 2 ad. sk. Lake Forest, 111., May 15 (H. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

K. Coale).

b2

244 KNIOTIlTrD^.

/. S ad. sk. Laurel, Maryland, May 22 (G. U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Shoemaker).
(/. S ad. sk. West side of Rocky Mountains, J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

British Columbia.
h. 2 ad. sk. Crittenden, Arizona, Aug. 27 U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

(H. W. Henshaw).
i. cJ ad. sk. Calaveras County, Calif., April U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

{L. Beldinff).

6. HelminthopMla celata.

Sylvia celata. Say in Lonys Exped. Rocky Mts. i. p. 1(39 (1823) ;
Bp. Amer. Orn. i. p. 45, pi. 6. fig. 2 (1825) ; Auduh. B. Amer.
pi. 178 ; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 449 (1844).
Vermivora celata, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 3.32 (1832) ;
Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. p. 21 (1838) ; Nutt. Man.
p. 473 (1840).
'&,jWico\&ce\iiiai, Richards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 171; Finsch,

Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, 1872, p. 36.
Helinaia celata, Audub. Syn. p. 69; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 100, pi. 112

(1841).
Mniotilta celata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848); id. Hand-l. B. i.

p. 239, no. 3457 (1869).
Helmitheros celata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 315 (1850) ; Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859,

p. 212.
Helminthophaga celata, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 257 (1858) ; id.

U.S. Mex. Surv. ii. Birds, p. 10 (1859) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 298,

1859, pp. 2.35, 373 ; id. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 19; id. Cat. Amei: B.

p. 29 (1862) ; Blakist. Ihis, 1862, p. 4, 1863, p. 62 ; Baird, Review

Amer. B. p. 176 (1865) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 477 ; Lawr. Ann.

Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 284 (1860) ; Dall ^- Bann. Trans. Chicago Acad.

1. p. 278 (1869) ; Stimichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. JV. H. i. p. 546 (1809) ;

Cooper, B. Calif, p. 83 (1870) ; Allen, Btdl. Mus. Comp. Zool.

Cambr. ii. p. 268(1872), iii. p. 175 (1872) ; Coties, Key N. Amer. B.

p. 95 (1872) ; Scl. (^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 8 (1873) ; Mmjn.

B. Florid, p. 62 (1873) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 52 (1874) ; Hensh.

List B. Arizona, p. 156 (1875); id. Zool. Exped. W. \Oi)th

Merid. p. 191 (1876) ; Ridy^v. Rep. U.S. Geol. Sun: 40th Par.

p. 429 (1877) : Coues, B. Color. Fall. p. 226 (1878) ; id. Bull.

U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 564 (1878) ; Sennett, t. c. p. 12 (1878) ;

Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 123 (1878) ; Salv. Sf Godm.

Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 116 (1880) ; Ridgiv.Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. no. 21, p. 16 (1881) ; Coues, Check-list, p. 36 (1882) ; Nelson,

Cruise R. S. ' Corwin,' p. 63 (1883) ; Hartl. J.f. 0. 1883, p. 267.
Helmintliophaga celata, var. celata, Baird, Brexver, 8f Ridqiu. Hist.

N. Amer. B. i. p. 202, pi. 11. figs. 5, 6 (1874).
Helminthophila celata. Ridt/iv. Bull. Nutt. Orii. Cluh, vii. p. 54

(1882) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 295 (1884).

Adult. General colour above dull olive-yellowish, shaded with
ashy grey, clearer and brighter on the rump and upper tail-coverts ;
lesser wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater series
dusky, externally edged with olive, yellower on the extreme margins
of the feathers ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts nearly uniform
dusky brown, with very slight olive margins ; quills dusky brown,
edged with olive like the back, a little more ashy on the primaries,

3. HBLMINTHOPHILA. 245

the quills with narrow ashy fringes at the tips ; tail-feathers dusky
brown, edged with olive-yellow, with narrow white fringes near the
end of the inner web ; head ashy grey, contrasting with the back,
with a concealed patch of orangc-rnfous on the crown ; from the
base of the bill above the eye a line of ashy white, the eyelid also
ashy white ; lores and feathers below the eye ashy ; ear-coverts and
sides of neck light ashy grey ; throat and breast light ashy grey,
streaked with yellow, the feathers being yeUow in the centre with
ashy margins ; the abdomen less distinctly marked, the lower
abdomen ashy whitish : i;nder tail-coverts purer and brighter
yellow ; axillaries pale yellow ; under wing-coverts white washed
with yellow, brighter along the edge of the wing: "bill dusky
above, pale greyish blue beneath ; feet and claws dusky ; iris hazel "
(Audubon). Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2*45,
tail 2'1, tarsus 0-65. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.)

The specimen described is marked " adult " by Dr. Coues, who
procured it in Dakota (Souris Eiver) on the 18th of September. It
ought therefore to be in perfect autumn plumage, as its new
feathering indeed shows it to be. No other specimen in the Salvin-
and-Godman collection, or in that of the British Museum, exactly
resembles it, aU the others having a yeUow eyebrow, and little or
no grey on the head, which is olive-yeUow like the back.
, The specimen described as H. lutescens (p. 246) is in the British
Museum, and was killed on the 18th of May ; it must be therefore
in breeding-dress. The yellow eyebrow and eyelid are so distinct,
that I scarcely understand why the trinomial name of IT. celata
lutescens should be given to it, as it would appear to bo a much more
easily recognizable species than our WiUow-Wren and Chiffchaff in

I Europe. Dr. Coues's description of II. celata in summer corresponds
exactly with the specimen killed in autumn and described above,
especially in the colour of the under surface, which in II. lutescens
is nearly entirely yeUow, without the grey on the throat and breast,
nor does it show the streaked appearance of H. celata. Only two
explanations appear to me possible. Either H. celata and H.
lutescens are two thoroughly distinct species, or else, as in H.
peregrina and the Old-World Phylloscojyi, the autumn plumage of
the young bird is much yellower than that of the adult, and the bird
does not lose this yelloiv plumac/e in its first year, but returns to North
America and breeds in it. When fully adult, on the other hand, it
must retain the grey head, white eyebrow, and yellow-and-grey
streaked under surface throughout the winter. The specimens at
my disposal are not sufficient to settle this question. All the birds
in the Salvin -and -Godman collection from Utah (1), Vancouver
Island (2), San Francisco (1), Mazatlan (2), Presidio, Mexico (2),
La Parada, S. Mexico (1), and Vera Paz (1) belong to H. lutescens.

Hah. North America at large, but especially the middle and
western regions ; rare or occasional in the Eastern Province ; north
to high latitudes in British America and Alaska : migratory ; breeds
in arctic regions and in alpine localities further south (Coues).
Winters in Mexico.

246

MNIOTILTIDjE.

a. Ad. sk. Arctic America.

6. Ad. sk. Rocky Mountains, Canada.

e. Ad. autumn, sk. Chicago, 111., Oct. 9 {H.

K. Coale).
(I Ad. ajstiv. sk. Chicago, 111., May 10 {H.

K. C).

e. Ad. autumn, sk. Colehour, Illinois. May 8

(//. K. C).

f. c? ad. vix aestiv. Rockport, Ohio, May 12
sk. (H. K C).

<;. 2 ad. autumn sk. New Mexico, Sept. 11

(C. U. Aikm).
h. Ad. hiem. sk. Orizaba, Mexico (Botteri).

Dr. Rae [P].

R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Sclater Collection.

Subsp. a. HelminthopMla obscura.

Helminthopliaq-a celata, var. obscura, jRidgtv. in Baird, Brewer, 8^

Ridniv. Ilisf.JV. Avie.r. B. i. p. 192 (1874).
Helminth ophaga celata obscura, Alleii 8f B7-eivster, Bull. Nutt. Orn.

Club, viii. p. 157 (188.3).

This race was described by Mr. Eidgway as follows : — " Similar
to H. celata, but the plumage darker and more dingy ; no white
edgings to tail-feathers, and apparently no rufous on the crown in
either sex." Subsequently he appears to have become convinced
that the race was not permanently recognizable, and it has been
recently ignored both by himself and by Dr. Coues.

Messrs. Allen and Brewster, however, have lately insisted that the
race is weU distinguished, and have given the following description
of it :—

Adult male. Above dark greenish plumbeous ; beneath dingy
greenish olive, darkest on the sides, palest on the middle of the
abdomen ; sides of head and neck scarcely lighter than back ; eyelids
and a short ill-defined superciliary stripe greenish yellow ; a concealed
crown-patch of deep orange-rufous ; inner webs of outer tail-feathers
narrowly margined with white near their terminal ends.

Adult female. Lacking the rufous crown-patch ; otherwise similar
to the male.

Hah. Georgia and Florida in winter, perhaps migrating north-
wards to breed.

7. HelminthopMla lutescens.

Helminthophaga celata, var. lutescens, Ridgto. Amer. Jottrn. Sci.

1872, p. 4-57 ; id. Amer. Nat. vii. p. 600 (1873) ; Baird, Brewer,

^ Bidf/iv. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 204, pi. 11. fig. 4 (1874).
Helminthophaga celata, /3. lutescens. Cones, B. N.-West, p. 52

(1874) ; Ridejtv. U.S. Geol. E.vpl. 40th Par. p. 429 (1877) ; Coues,

B. Color. Vcdl. p. 227 (1878).
Helminthophaga celata lutescens, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii.

p. 171 (1880) ; id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Miis. no. 21, p. 16 (1881) ;

Coues, Clieck-list, p. 3G (1882).
Helminthophila celata lutescens, Coues, Key N. Amer. B, 2nd ed.

p. 295 (1884).

Adtdt male. General colour above dull greenish olive, washed

3. HELMINTHOPHILA. 247

with aahy grey on the head and back, paler and clearer on the rump
and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wiug-coverts like the back ; median
and greater coverts dusky brown, externally dull olive, a little more
ashy on the margins of the feathers ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dusky, very narrowly edged with olive ; quills dusky brown,
edged with ashy olive ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with yellowish
olive like the rump, and fringed with white near the end of the
inner web : head resembling the back, with a concealed coronal patch
of orange-chestnut ; eyelid and a streak over the eye clear olive-
yellow ; lores and a small mark behind the eye blackish ; ear-coverta
olive-greenish ; cheeks and under surface of body pale olive-yellow,
lighter on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; the breast slightly
streaked with lighter yellow ; sides of the body rather more olive :
axiUaries and under wing-coverts pale olive-yellow, brighter on the
edge of the wing ; quiUs dusky below, whitish along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-3, tail 1*9.,
tarsus 0-65.

Hah. Pacific coast-region, from Alaska to California (Coues).
Winters in Mexico and Guatemala (vide p. 245).

a, h, (S ad. sk. Orcas Island. Dr. Lyall [P.].

e, (?. c? 2 ad. sk. West side of Rocky Moim- J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

tains, British Columbia.

e,f. Ad. sk. California. Pm'chased.

g. Ad. sk. California. Sclater Collection.

h. S ad. sk. Nicosio, California, April 27 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{C. A. Allen).

i. Ad. sk. La Paz, California {L. U.S. Nat. Museum [P. J.

Beldim/).

k, I. Ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection.

8. Helminthopliila virginiae.

Helminthophaga Virginia?, Baircl, B. X. Amer., Adas, p. xi, footnote,

pi. 79. fig. 1 (1860) ; id. Eevieiu Amer. B. p. 177 (1865) ; Cooper.

B. Calif, p. 85 (1870) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 94 (1872) ; id.

B. N.-West, p. 51 (1874) ; Baird, Brewer, ^' Ridgiv. Hist. N. Amer.

B.i. p. 199, pi. 11. fig. 12, iii. App. p. 504 (1874) ; m>ish. Sep. Orn.

Spec. 1874, p. 41 ; id. List B. Arizona, p. 156 (1875) ; id. Zool.

Expl. W. lOOth Merid. p. 189 (1876) ; Ridgw. Rep. U.S. Geol.

Expl. iOfh Par. p. 428 (1877) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 222 (1878) ;

Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 16 (1881) ; Coues, Check-
list, p. 35 (1882). _ _
Helminthophila virginiae, Ridgw. Bull, Nutt. Orn. Cltib, vii. p. 'A

(1882) ; Allen S) Brewsf. op. cit. viii. p. 155 (1883) ; Coues, Key N.

Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 294 (1884).

Adult male (Colorado Springs, Colorado, May 13 ; W. Brewster).
General colour above clear ashy grey, leaving only the rump and
upper tail-coverts olive-yellow ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ;
median and greater coverts dusky, more brownish ashy on the outer
webs ; bastard-wing brown ; primary-coverts and quills dusky,
narrowly edged with ashy brown, greyer on the outer edge of the
primaries ; tail-feathers dusky, edged with ashy, the two centre
ones washed with aahy ; entire head and neck clear ashy grey, with

248 MNIOTILTID^.

a chestnut- coronal patch, more or less obscured by ashy-grey tips to
the feathers ; lores, base of cheeks, feathers below the eye, and a
rin^ round the latter white ; sides of face, cheeks, and ear-coverts
clear ashy grey, as also the sides of the neck and sides of breast ;
chin white, inclining to yellow on the throat and widening into a
broad patch of brighter yellow on the fore neck; centre of breast
and abdomen white, the sides of the body pale ashy, washed with
yellow on the lower flanks ; under tail-coverts bright yeUow, the
long ones white at the ends ; thighs ashy ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries white, the latter slightly washed with ashy brown : quills
dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 4-5 inches,"^ culmen 0-4, wing 2-5, tail 2, tarsus 0-65. (Mus.
Salvin and Godman.)

Adult femxde. Duller in colour than the male, the chestnut patch
on the head somewhat more obscured by the ashy tips to the feathers ;
the whole shade of the ash-colour of the upper parts more brownish
ash than in the male ; the yellow on the fore neck not so bright or
extensive, and the under tail-coverts much paler yellow. Total
length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-25, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-7.
{Mus. Salvin and Godman.)

Hah. Southern Eocky-Mountain region; north to Colorado,
Nevada, and Utah at least {Coues).

9. HelminthopMla lucise.

Helminthophaga lucise, Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. 1862, p. 120;
Baird, Revieio Amer. B. p. 178 (18G5) ; Cnies, Ibis, 1866, p. 260 ;
Elliot, Ne%v Sf Unflg. B. N. Amer. pi. 5 (1869) ; Cooi)er, B. Calif.
p. 84 (1870) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 94 (1872) ; Baird,
Breiver, ^ Bidijw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 200, pi. 2. fig. 9, iii. App.
p. 504 (1874) ; Hensh. List B. Ariz. p. 156 (1875) ; id. Rep. Zool.
Expl. W. 100)!/j Merid. p. 190 (1876) ; Cones, B. Color. Vail. p. 219
(1878); Ridgiv. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 16 (1881) ; Coues,
Check-list, p. 35 (1882).
Mniotilta luciee, Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 239, no. 3426 (1869).
Helminthopbila lucise, Ridgiv. Btdl. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii. p. 54 (1882) ;
Coues, Keg N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 294 (1884).
Adult female (Fort Whipple, Arizona, May 17; E. Coues).
General colour above light ashy grey ; lesser wing-coverts like the
back ; median and greater coverts dusky, externally brownish ash-
colour ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, the latter
narrowly edged with ashy grey ; quills dusky brown, edged with
brownish ashy, more broadly on the secondaries ; upper tail-coverts
bright chestnut or bay : tail-feathers dark brown, edged with ashy,
the outer feather edged with white along the inner web, increasing
to a large white patch towards the end, the penultimate feather
with a narrow fringe of white along its inner web ; head light
ashy grey like the back, with a central patch of deep chestnut
on the crown, more or less obscured by ashy-grey tips to the
feathers ; lores and feathers around and below the eye duU white ;
ear-coverts and sides of neck light ashy grey like the head and
back ; cheeks and under surface of body duU white, with an Isabel-

4. PKOTONOTAEIA. 249

line tinge on the throat and breast, slightly browner on the sides of
the latter and flanks ; thighs ashy ; iiuder tail-coverts white ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts white ; quills dusky below, white
along the edge of the inner web : "feet dull leaden olive ; iris dark
brown or black " (Co!«fs). Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-35,
wing 2-15, tail 1*65, tarsus 0-65. {Mus. Salvin and Gochnan.)

Adult male. Similar to the female. Total length 3'8 inches,
culmen 0-4, wing 2*25, tail l-oo, tarsus 0-65.

Young. " Lacks the chestnut of the crown, though that of the
rump is present ; the throat and breast are milk-white, without
the ochry tinge of the adults ; the wing-coverts are edged with pale
rufous.'' (Coues.)

Hob. Valley of the Colorado, not yet found outside of Arizona.

a, (S ad. sk. Tuczon, Arizona, April 13 U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

(E. W. Nelson).

4. PROTONOTARIA. ,^

Type.

Protonotaria, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 235 (1858) P. citrea.

^.

Bill of Protonotaria citrea.

Range. Eastern United States ; throughout Central America to
Colombia and Venezuela ; Cuba.

1. Protonotaria citrea.

Le Grand Figuier de Canada, Briss. Ovn. iii. p. 508, pi. 26. fig. 1

(1760).
Figuier a ventre et tete jaunes de la Louisiane, Datcbent. PI. Enl. vi.

704. fig. 2.
Figuier a gorge orangee, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 290 (1778).
Figuier Protonotaire, Buf. 'Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 316 (1778).
Prothonotary Warbler, Loth. Gen. Si/>i. ii. pt. 2, p. 494 (1783).
Motacilla citrea, Bodd. Tahl. PI. Enl. p. 44 (1783).
Orange-throat AVarbler, Petin. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 408 (1785).
Motacilla protonotarius, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 972 (1788).
Motacilla auricollis, Gm. Sy.<it. Nat. i. p. 984 (1788).
Sylvia auricollis, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 536 (1790).
Sylvia protonotaria, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 542 (1790) ; Vieill. Ois.

Amer. Sept. ii. p. 27, pi. 83 (1807) : Wilson, Amer. Orn. iii. p. 72,

pi. 24. fig. 3 (1811) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 22 (1832), v. p. 461

(1839).
Dacnis protonotaria, Auduh. B. Amer. pi. iii.

SylvicoLi protonotaria, Richards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 171.
^'erraivoia protonotarius, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 3(i2, pi. 24.

fig. 3 (1832) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 21 (1838).
Helinaia protonotarius, Audub. Si/ti. p. G7 (1839); id. B. Amer.

ii. p. 89, pi. 106 (1841).
Svlvicola auricollis, Nuttall, Man. 1840, p. 431.
Muiotilta citrea, Grai/, Gen. 5. i. p. 196 (1848); id. Hand-l. B. i.

p. 2.39, uo. 3454(1869).

250 MNIOTILTID^.

Mniotilta auricollis, Gray, Gm. B. i. p. 196 (1848).

Helmitheros protonotarms, B}). Cotisp. i. p. 314 (1850).

Helminthophaga protonotarius, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 20 (1850).

Protonotana citrea, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 239 (1858) ; Gundl. J. f.
O. 18G1, p. 324; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 26 (1862); Baird, Review
Amer. B. p. 173 (1865) ; Laior. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 94 (1868) ;
Von Frantz. J.f. 0. 1869, p. 292 ; Scl. Sr Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 780 ;
Coues, Key N.Amer. B. p. 93 (1872); Snore, B. Kansas, p. 4
(1873) ; Scl Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 8 (1873) ; Coues, B. N.-
7res<,p.47 (1874) ; Baird, Breiver, Sf Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B.i.
p. 184, pi. 10. fig'. 8 (1874) ; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 62 (1876) ;
Coues, B. Color. Vail p. 210, note (1878) ; Ridyto. Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. iii. p. 171 (1880) ; Salvin Sr Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, i. p. Ill (1880) ; Ridytv. Bidl. U.S.Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 16
(1881) ; Coues, Check-list, p. 34 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd
ed. p. 291 (1884).

Helminthophaga citrea. Cab. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 85.

Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow on the mantle and
upper back, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts clear slaty
grey ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater series
clear slaty grey, slightly washed with olive-yellow ; bastard-wing
feathers black, internally washed with slaty grey and rather broadly
edged with white ; primary-coverts and quills blackish, externally
slaty grey ; centre tail-feathers dark slaty grej-, with longitudinal
blackish centres, the remainder black, edged with slaty grey, the inner
webs white except at the ends, which are blackish like the outer
web ; entire head and hind neck golden yellow ; entire face, sides of
neck, and under surface of body also golden yellow, inch;ding the
thighs ; under tail-coverts white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
white, externally bright yellow, the edge of the wing brilliant
yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy white along the inner web : " bill
brownish black ; feet and claws greyish blue ; iris hazel" {Audu-
bon). Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-S.5, tail 2,
tarsus 0-7.

Adult fem,ale. Similar to the male, but duller in colour, and the
head and neck washed with the olive-yellow of the back ; the yellow
of the under surface paler than in the male. Total length 4'5 inches,
culmen 0'6, wing 2-7, tail 1-8, tarsus 0'7.

Hab. Eastern United States, rather southerly ; north casually
to Maine and New Brunswick ; west to Missouri, Kansas, Indian
Territory, and Texas (Coues). Winters in Central America from
Mexico to Panama (S. 6{ G.). Colombia and Venezuela. Cuba.

a. Ad. sk. North America. Zoological Society.

b. <S ad. sk. Chicago, lUiuois, May 11 {H. R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].

K. Coale).

c. S ad. sk. Hvde Park, Illinois, April 26 Pt. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

■(//. K. Coale).

d. (S ad. sk. Wheatland, Indiana, April 17 U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

{R. Ridyway).

e. $ ad. sk. Knox Co.,' Indiana, May 25 U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

{R. Ridyway).

f. Ad. sk. Santa Martha, Colombia. Sclater Collection.

5. MNIOTILTA. 251

5. MNIOTILTA.

Type.

Mniotilta, Vieill. Analyse, p. 45 (1816) M. varia.

Oxyglossus, Sioains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 357 (1828) M. varia.

Range. Whole of North America, ranging in winter throughout
Central America to Colombia, Venezuela. Jamaica ; Cuba ; S.
Domingo.

1. Mniotilta varia*.

? The Small Black and White Creeper, Sloane, N. H. Jamaica, ii.

p. .-JOO, pi. 205. fio.. 1 (1725).
Black and White Creeper, Edwards, Gleaninqs, vi. p. 191, pi. 300

(17C.0).
Le Figuier vari(5 de S. Domingue, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 529, pi. 27. fio-. 5

(1760).
MotacUla varia, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 333 ; Gtn. Sust. Nat. i. p. 979

(1788).
Le Figuier vari^, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 305 (1778).
White-poll Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 488 (1783) ; Penn.

Arctic Zool. ii. p. 293 (1785).
Sylvia varia, Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 539 (1790).
Certhia picta, Bartr. Trav. Florida, p. 289 bis (1791).
Le Grimpereau varie, Audeh. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. i. p. Ill, pi. 74

(1802).
Certhia varia, Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 69 (1807) ; Attdub. B.

Amer. pi. 90: id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 4.52 (1831).
Certhia maculata, Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 23, pi. 19. fig. 3 (1811).
Mniotilta varia, Vieill. et Oud. Gal. Ois. i. p. 276, pi. 169 (1825) ;

Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sr N. Amer. p. 11 (1838) ; Audub. Syn.

p. 71 (18.39); id. B. Amer. ii. p. 105, pi. 114 (1839); Gosse, B.

Jamaica, p. 134 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 190 (1848) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 311 (1850) ; Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 68, pi. 10. fig. 1

(1850) ; Gnmll. J. f. O. 185-5, p. 475 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 143,

1856, pp. 140, 29i; 1858, p. 298 ; Nemvied, J. f. O. 1858, p. 108 ;

Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 235 (1858) ; A. ^- E. Neivt. Ibis, 1859,

p. 143 ; Scl. ^- Salv. t. c. p. 10 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 363, 373 ;

Bryant, Pr. Bast. Soc. N. II. vii. p. 110 (1859) ; Lmvr. Ann. Lye.

New York, vii. p. 322 (1861) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, p. .326; Scl.

P. Z. S. 1861, p. 70 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 25 (1862) ; March, Proc.

Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 293 ; Scl P. Z. S. 1864, p. 172 ; Baird, Review

Amer. B. p. 167 ( 1865) ; Lawr. Aim. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 174

(1865), p. 283 (1866); Dresser, Ibis, im5, p. 476; Salv. P.Z.S.

1867, p. 1.35 ; Laicr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 93 (1868) ; Von

Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 292 ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i.

p. 546 (1869); Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 238, no. 3447 (1869) ; Scl.

Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 780 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 322 ; Allen,

Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool. Cambr. iii. p. 175 (1872) ; Cones, Key N.

Amei: B. p. 92 (1872) ; Snow, B. Kansas, p. 4 (1873) ; Scl. S,-

Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 8 (1873) ; Later. Mem. Bost. Soc. N.

H.n. p. 209 (1874); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 45 (1874); Baird,

Breiver, S,- Pidf/w. Mist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 180, pi. 10. fig. 6 (1874) ;

Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 63 (1876) ; Laim: Bull. U.S. Nat. Mtts.

no. 4, p. 15 (187G) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 204, note (1878) ;

* Long usage has faaiiliarized ornithologists with this name for the Black
and White Creeper ; but I am not at all sure that Sloane's description, on which
Liunasus founded his MotacUla varia, does not really apply to Dendrxca pharetra.

252 MNIOTILTrD^.

Merrill, P)-oc. U.S. Nat. Mtis. i. p. 122 (1878); Cortes, Bull. U.S.

Geol. Surv. iv. p. 563 (1878) ; Conj, B. Bahamas, p. 54 (1880) ;

Salv.8c Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 117; iid. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,

i.p. 110 (18S0) ; Bielfftv. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.no. 21, p. 16 (1881) ;

A. «.y E. Ntwt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 105 (1881) ; Coves, Check-list,

p. 34 (1882): Boucard, P. Z.S. 1883, p. 440; Tristr. Ibis, 1884, '

p. 168 ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 290 (1884) ; Cory, B.

St. Domingo, p. 23 (1884).
OxTglossus maculatus, Simins. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 357 (1828).
-Sylvicola varia, Jnrd. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 314, pi. 19. fig. 3

(1832) ; Bichards. Hep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172 ; Bryant,

Pruc. Bast. Soc. N. Hist. xi. p. 91 (1867).
Nectai'inia varia, Hahn ^ Kiist. Orn,. Atlas, Lief. viii. Taf. 4 (1834).
Mniotilta borealis, Nutf. Man. i. p. 705 (1840).

:Mniotilta varia, var. longirostris, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. xxxi (1858).
Mniotilta varia, var. borealis, Bid(/w. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21,

p. 16(1881); Coues, Check-list,'^. M (1882); Ridgio. Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, vii. p. 17 (1883); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.

p. 290 (1884).

Achdt male. General colour above ashy, streaked with black aud
white, the feathers glossy black iu the centre, edged with hoary
grey ; rump and upper tail-coverts black, the lateral ones broadly
edged with white ; lesser wing-coverts glossy black ; median and
greater series black, tipped with white, more broadly on the median
coverts, the inner ones of which are broadly edged with white;
bastard-wing black, with a long white spot at the end of the inner
web ; primary-coverts black ; quills black, edged with slaty grey,
the inner secondaries more broadly with white ; tail-feathers black,
broacUy edged with slaty grey, the centre feathers slaty grey with
black centres, the penultimate ones with a white spot at the end of
the inner web, larger on the outer feather ; centre of crown and
nape pure white, the forehead and sides of crown glossy black,
skirting the white central streak on either side ; lores black ; a
broad white eyebrow, extending along the sides of the head to the
hind neck ; eyelid white ; ear-coverts glossy black : cheeks white ;
throat black, the feathers edged with hoary white ; fore neck, breast,
and abdomen pure white, the sides of the breast and flanks broadly
streaked with glossy black centres : thighs white ; under tail-coverts
white, with black centres to the feathers ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries white ; quills dusky below, white along their inner edge :
"bill black; feet dusky yeUow ; iris hazel" (Audubon). Total
length 5 inches, culmen O'o, wing 2-7, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-65.

Adult female. Eeserabling the male on the upper surface, but not
so richly "cnloiired and somewhat washed with brown ; facial markings
as in the male, but with the ear-coverts dusky brown streaked with
black ; no black on the throat, the under surface of the body being
white from the chin to the under tail-coverts, the latter having black
bases ; flanks washed with brown, the sides of the breast and flanks
indistinctly streaked with blackish brown. Total length 4-5 inches,
culmen Q-io, wing 2-6, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-6.

Yon iv I female in first autumn plumage. Very similar to the full-
plum aged female, but stiU more strongly suffused with brown,

5. MNTOTILTA.

253

which pervades the whole of the white on the upper surface and is
especially strong on the cheeks and sides of body, flanks, and under
tail-coverts.

The adult female in winter plumage does not perceptibly differ
from the summer dress ; it is perhaps a. trifle more washed with
brown on the lower back and rump, and the dusky streaks on the
lower parts are not so pronounced.

The adult male in winter plumage differs from the summer
plumage in having the ear-coverts ashy grey instead of black, and
in having the under surface white, through which, however, the
black streaks are more or less perceptible, so that the under surface
is strongly mottled. Many specimens gain the full summer dress
before leaving their winter home, and are then precisely similar to
examples from northern localities.

" Northerly specimens are said to have the bill shorter and
straighter " (Coues). Eecent American authors have separated
them as M. borealis, but Dr. Coues (I. c.) does not seem to believe
that they are even subspecifically distinct from 31. varia.

Hah. Eastern North America, west to Dakota, but not, as far as
is known, to the E-ocky Mountains, in any portion of the United
States ; north to the Fur Countries. Breeds throughout its North-
American range ( Coues). Winters in the southern borders of the
United States (Coues), and throughout Central America to Colombia
and Venezuela (S. Sf G.). Jamaica ; Cuba ; S. Domingo.

a. c? ad. sk.
6. 5 ad. sk.

c,d. (S 2 ad. sk.
e. 2 ad. sk.

/. (S ad. sk.

ff. 2 sii-

h. cJ ad. sk.

i. 2 ad. sk.

k, c? ad. sk.

/. d" ad. sk.

m. cJ ad sk.

n. Ad. sk.
0. Ad. sk.
]}. Ad. sk.
q. Ad. .^k.
/•, s. Ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
ti, V. Ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
X. Ad. sk.

Fort Simpson, June.
49th Parallel, May 18

{Dawson).
Niagara Falls {J. G.).
Oyster Bay, Long Island,

June 1 {Roosevelt).
Chicago, May 11 {H. K.

Coule).
Half day, IlUnois, Aug. 20

{U. K. Coale).
Hyde Park, Illinois, May

11 {H. E. Coale).
Colebour, IDinois, Sept.

{H. K. Coale).
Mt. Carmel, 111., May

(*S'. Turner).
Washington, B.C. {Shu-

feldt).
Washington, B.C., April

27 {It Ridgtvay).
Guatemala.

Guatemala (Constancia).
Bogota.
Bogota.
Bogota.
Venezuela.
Jamaica.
Jamaica,
Jamaica.

B. R. Eoss, Esq. [P.J.
N. A. B. Commission [P.].

Gould Collection.
U.S. Nat. Museimi [P.]

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.],

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.]

Goidd Collection.
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.
J. Pm-die, Esq. [P.].
Purchased.
Mr. Dyson [C.].
Sclater Collection.
Capt. Hamilton [P.].
Pm'chased.

254 MNIOTILTID^.

6. PARULA*. _,

Type,

Chloris, Boio, Isis, 1826, p. 972 {nee Cuv. 1792) P. americana.

Sylvicola, Stmi7is. Zool Journ. iii. p. 169 (1827, nee

Harris, 1782) P. americana.

Parula, Up. Comp. List B. Eur. 8r N. Amer. p. 20

(1838) P- americana.

Compsotlilypis, C(th. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 20 (1850) . . P. americana.

Oreothlypis, Stejneger, Auk, 1884, p. 168 1 P. superciliosa.

Cf. Stejneger, Auk, 1884, pp. 168-170.

Range. North America. Central Ameiica, and South America
to Southern Brazil and Bolivia.

Key to the Species.

a. Eump and upper tail-coverts olive-yellow

like the back ; no white bands on wing-
coverts ; a broad white eyebrow superciliosa, p. 255.

b. Rump and upper tail-coverts slaty blue or

blue-grey like the head; mantle oUve-

yellow.

a'. With a double wing-bar, formed by the

white tips to the median and greater

coverts.

a". With a black patch on lower throat,

followed by a chestnut patch ; rest

of throat and fore neck yellow ;

breast white, with a vinous patch

on the sides of the upper breast .... americana d , p. 257.
b'\ No chestnut patch on the throat,
which is yellow, sometimes deep-
ening to orange.
a'". Lores and feathers below the eye
black,
a*. Abdomen yellow like the breast . pitiai/umi d $ , p. 259.

b\ Abdomen white nigrilora S , P- 261.

6'". Lores and feathers below the eye
ashy,
e*. Eyelid white; a distinct white

spot on the outer tail-feathers . americana $ , p. 258.
(Z*. No white eyelid ; outer tail-
feathers edged with white near

the end of the inner web .... insularis d 5 , p. 262.
b'. With a single wing-bar formed by the

tips to the greater coverts inornata c? $ , p. 260.

c. Rump and upper tail-coverts slaty grey

like the head ; mantle black ; throat
and breast brilliant orange, approaching
scarlet giitturalis, p. 263.

* Dr. Stejneger would supersede Parula of Bonaparte by CompsotMypis of
Cabanis, because Spix has ah-eady described a genus Paridus; but on this
principle Pica must be suppressed on account of its resemblance to Picits.

t Parula superciliosa and P. guHuralis, generically separated by Dr. Stejneger,
seem to me to be only thick-billed Parulcs.

6. PARULA. 255

1. Parula superciliosa.

Conirostrum superciliosum, Hartl. Hev. Zool. 1844, p. 215.
Sylvia mexicaua, Licht. 3ISS. in Mus. Beroh, iinde
Compsothlypis mexicana, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 21 (1850).
Parula mexicana, Bp. Consp. i. p. 310 (1850).
Parula superciliosa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 299, 1859, p. 373 ; Scl.

& Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 10; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 26 (1862) ; Baird,

kevieic Amer. B. p. 171 (1865) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.

i. p. 545 (1869) ; Scl. 8f Salv. Nommcl. A v. Neotr. p. 8 (1873) ;

Salv. 8,- Crodm. Biol. Centr.-Ame)-., Aves, i. p. 122, pi. viii. fig. 2

(1880).
Mniotilta superciliosa, Grat/, t. c. p. 238, no. 3450 (1869).
Mniotilta mexicaua, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 238, no. 3453 (1869).
Oreothlypis superciliosa, St^n. Auk, 1884, p. 169.

Achilt male. General colour above oHve-yellow ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back ; median coverts ashy grey, the greater series
and bastard-wing dusky, externally ashy grey ; primary-coverts and
quills dusky, narrowly edged with slaty grey, the secondaries more
broadly washed with the same colour, the primaries edged with
slaty grey ; upper tail-coverts slaty grey ; centre taU-feathers slaty
grey, longitudinally blackish along the shafts, the remainder of the
feathers dusky brown, externally slaty grey, fringed with white
near the end of the inner web, the outer feathers more broadly
margined ; crown of head, nape, and hind neck slaty grey ; lores
and feathers below the eye blackish ; a broad white eyebrow from
the sides of the neck to the sides of the nape ; feathers round the
eye white above and below, black in front and behind ; ear-coverts
slaty grey, blackish on the upper part ; cheeks, throat, and breast
golden yellow, with a large spot of chestnut on the lower throat ;
sides of neck slaty grey ; sides of fore neck and sides of breast olive-
green ; abdomen whitish ; sides of body and flanks pale ashy
brown washed with olive ; thighs white ; under taU-coverts white ;
under wing-coverts and asillaries white, the edge of the wing
yellow ; quills duskj- below, whitish on the inner web : " bill
blackish, lower mandible pale at base ; legs brown " (^Salvin and
Gochnan). Total length 4-3 inches, culmeu 0-5, wing 2-55, tail
1-8, tarsus 0-65.

Adult female. Differs from the male in being rather paler slaty
grey on the head, and especially on the sides of the face and sides
of neck ; the under surface of body similar to that of the male but
rather paler yellow, and with the patch of chestnut on the throat
smaller and paler in colour. Total length 4'7 inches, culmen 0'5,
wing 2'4, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*65.

In the Salvin-and-Godman collection is a bird marked " female,"
from the Yolcan de Fuego, which is scarcely to be distinguished
from the adult male. It is equally brightly coloured on the
head and underparts, but has the chestnut throat-patch rather
smaller.

256

MTn:OTILTID^.

Another skin from the Yolcau de Fuego is apparently a younger
female and has only a few chestnut-tipped feathers wliere the
throat-patch is coming. From the variation in size in this throat-
patch, it would appear that it is gradually assumed, and is probably
smaller in young than it is in old birds.

In the very young stage the head is apparently oliye-yellow like
the back, or only slightly greyer ; white eyebrow slightly tinged
with yellow ; throat ashy brownish ; abdomen white. [Description
taken from a female bird in the Salvin-and-Godman collection,
from Ciudad Durango, Mexico, June 20th (A. Forrer). The speci-
men is in full moult, the yellow throat being assumed.]

Hah. Central America, from Mexico to Guatemala.

a. cS ad. sk.

b, c. (5 2 ad. sk.

d. (S ad. sk.

e. (S ad. sk.

f. Imm. sk.

La Parada, South Mexico
{Salle).

La Parada, South Mexico.

S. Mexico, December.

Guatemala.

Volcan de Fuego, Guate-
mala, Aug. 9 (O. Sal-
vin).

Sclater Collection.

M. A. SaU(5 [C.].
M. A. Salle [C.].
Gould Collection.
Sclater Collection.

2. Parula americana.

The Fmch Creeper, Cateshy, N. H. Carol, i. p. 64, pi. 64 (1731).
Le Figuier cendre de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. ill. p. 522 (1760) ;

Dauhmt. PI. Eril. v. pi. 731. fig. 1.
Le Figmer de la Louisiane, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 500, pi. 26. fig. 4

(170()).
Parus americanus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 341 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat.

i. p. 1007 (1788).
Le Figuier cendre a collier, Buff. H. N. Ois. t. p. 301 (1778).
Motacilla eques, Bodd. Tahl. PI. E71I. p. 46 (1783).
Yellow-backed Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 440 (1783).
Louisiane Warbler, Lath. t. c. p. 480 (1783) ; Penn. Arctic Zool. ii.

p. 407 (1785).
Creeping Titmouse, Lath. t. c. p. 558 (1783) ; Penn, t. c. p. 423

(1785).
Motacilla americana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 960 (1788).
Sylvia americana, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 520 (1790); Audub. B.

Amer. pi. 15 ; id. Orn. Bioyr. i. p. 78 (1831) ; JJOrb. in Ramon de

la Sagra H. N. Cuba, p. 62 (1838).
Sylvia ludoviciana. Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 535 (1790).
Parus varius, Bartr. Trav. Florida, p. 292 (1791).
Syh-ia torquata, Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. p. 38, pi. 99 (1807).
Sylvia pusiUa, Wils. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 17, pi. 28. fig. 3 (1811).
Tliriothmiis torquatus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 194 (1826).
Sylvicola pusiUa, Sjvains. Zool. Jotirn. iii. p. 169 (1828).
Motacilla ludoviciana. Less. Traite, i. p. 418 (1831).
Sylvicola americana, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 6 (1832) ;

Richards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172 ; Audub. Syn. p. 59

(1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 57, pi. 91 (1841) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1857,

p. 202; Nemoied, J.f. 0. 1858, p. 116.

6. PARULA. 257

Parula americaua, Bp. Comj). List B. Eur. ^- N. Ama: p. 20 (1838)
Goose, B. Jamaica, p. 154 (1847) ; B}}. Cons}}, i. p. 310 (1850)
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 238 (1858) ; Sd. ^- Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 10
A. 4- JE. Newt. t. c. p. 143 ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1860, p. 376
Sd. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 70; Gimdl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 326; Sd. Cat
Amer. B. p. 26 (1862) ; March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 293
Baird, Revieic Amer. B. p. 169 (1865) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865,
p. 476; La^vr. An». Lye. K Y. viii. p. 283 (1866), ix. p. 200
(1869) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Sac. iV. H. i. p. 546 (1869) ; Alle7i,
Bull. Mus. Camp. Zool. Cambr. ii. p. 267 (1871), iii. pp. 124,
175 (1872) ; Coues, Key. N. Amer. B. p. 93 (1872) ; Gimdl. J. f.
O. 1872, p. 411 ; Sd. ^- Salv. Nomend. Av. Kedr. p. 8 (1873) ;
Coues, B. N.- West, p. 46 (1874) ; Baird, Brewer, (§• Ridgic. Hist.
N. Amer. B. i. p. 48, pi. 10. fig. 7 (1874) ; Newt. B. Greenl. p. 98
(1875) ; Laicr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 15 (1876) ; Gundl.
Orn. Cuba, p. .62 (1876); Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 208 (1878) ;
Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 11 (1878) ; Merrill, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. i. p. 123 (1878) ; Co>-y, B. Bahamas, p. 55 (1880) ;
Salv. ^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 119 (1880); Ridgw.
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 16 (1881) ; A. ^- E. Newt. Handb.
Jamaica, p. 105 (1881) ; Coues, Check-list, p. 34(1882) ; Cory, B.
S. Domingo, p. 24 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 290
(1884).

Mniotilta americana. Gray, Ge)i. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; Reinh. Ibis,
1861, p. 6 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 238, no. 3448 (1869).

Compsotlilypis americana, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 20 (1850) ; Gundl,
J.f. O. 1855, p. 476; Stejn. Auk, 1884, p. 170.

Adult male. General colour above clear slaty blue, the upper
back bronzy olive-yellow ; scapulars and lesser wing-coverts like
the back ; median series bluish white at the ends, forming a wing-
band ; greater coverts blackish, externally slaty blue and tipped
with white, forming a second wing-band ; bastard-wing feathers
black, narrowly fringed with slaty blue ; primary-coverts and quills
blackish, margined with slaty blue, broader on the secondaries,
which have also a slight tinge of olive ; centre tail-feathers slaty
blue with blackish centres, the remainder blackish, fringed with
white on the end of their inner webs, the two outer ones with a
large subterminal spot of white on the inner web ; crown of head
and hind neck slaty blue ; loral region, feathers round and below
the eye, as well as the fore part of the cheeks, blackish ; below the
eye a white spot : remainder of cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of
neck slaty blue ; throat golden yellow, the feathers with black
bases, as they approach a black spot on the lower throat, the
feathers of which are edged with golden yellow ; below the black
a conspicuous patch of orange-rufous, succeeded bj' a yellow breast-
patch ; the slaty blue of the sides of the neck descending on to the
sides of the upper breast ; lower breast and abdomen white,
washed with slaty blue on the flanks ; on each side of the lower
breast a patch of delicate vinaccous brown ; thighs ashy, edged
with white ; rmder tail-coverts white ; axillaries and luider wing-
coverts white ; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the
inner web : " bill brownish black above, yellow beneath ; feet and

VOL. X. S

258 MNIOTILTID^.

claws dusliv ; iris dark brown " (Audubon). Total length 4-2
inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-45, taU 1-7, tarsus 0-65.

Achilt female. Differs from the male in being less pure slat/y blue,
these parts having a slight wash of yellowish olive ; the white tips
to the wing-coverts not so broad and the wing-bars in consequence
not so distinct ; the spots on the outer tail-feathers smaller ; under-
neath, the thi-oat and breast are yeUow, with a little orange on the
fore neck and a slight appearance of blackish bases to the feathers
of the lower throat ; the white spot below the eye is well marked,
and there is a slight appearance of a narrow white eyebrow : the
vinaceous patches on either side of the breast are wanting altogether
or are almost obsolete. Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-4,
wing 2-1.5, tail 1-85, tarsus 0-6.

The winter plumage of both sexes is like that of the adult female,
the blue of the upper surface being entirely washed with ohve-
yellow. Males can be distinguished by the somewhat deeper yeUow
of the throat, aud in the adult bird some traces of the chestnut and
black can be discovered below the yellow tips to the feathers, and
the vinaceous breast-patches still remain.

Young birds of either sex in their winter plumage, however,
cannot he told from the adult females, and show little or no trace
of the throat-markings below the yellow feathers. As in the old
hen bird, also, there is a slight trace of a whitish eyebrow.

Adult males on their return to the United States often show a
good deal of olive shading on the blue of the head, being the remains
of their winter plumage, and the yellow tips to the plumes of the
fore neck gradually wear off, allowing the black and chestnut throat-
patches to become distinct.

The variation in the number of white spots on the outer tail-
feathers is curious: sometimes the third tail-feather has a small
white spot near the end, but this is often obsolete, and occasionally
it is present on one side of the tail and absent on the other.

Hab. North America as far as the foot of the Rocky Mountains.
Winters in Central America from Mexico to Guatemala ; Bahamas,
Cuba, Jamaica, S. Croix, S. Domingo.

0. [cJ] ad. St. North America. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
6. c? ad. sk. North America. Sclater CoUection.

c. S ad. sk. North America. Goidd Collection.

d. (S ad. sk. North America. J. J. Audubon, Esq. [P.].

e. (S ad. sk. Wisconsin, May 8. Dr. Brewer [P.].

/'. (5 ad. sk. St. Louis Countv, Mis- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

souri, May 22 {H. K.
Coale).
g. (S ad. sk. Illinois, May {H. K. E. B. Sharpe, Esq, [P.].

Coale) .
h,i. 5ad. etjuv. Illinois, Sept. (H. E. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

sk. Coale).

k. $ ad. sk. Michigan, May {H. E. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Coale).

1. S ad. sk. Massachusetts ( Wight). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.l
m. (5 ad. sk. W^isliington,D.C.,Mayl6 R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

(Preiitiss).

n,

0. cf 2 ad. sk

P-

juv. sk.

?•

$ ad. sk.

r.

'6'

<ad. sk.

s.

'6\

ad. sk.

t.

6'

ad. sk.

u.

'?■

hiem. sk.

V.

[c^

liiem. sk.

6. PAEI7LA, 259

Knox County, Indiana, U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

April (R. Ridyway).

Guatemala. Gould Collection.

Jamaica. Purchased.

Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [0.].

Jamaica. Sclater Collection.

S. Domingo. M. A. Sall^ [C._].

Porto Rico {Bryant). Sclater Collection.

Porto Rico. Dr. Bryant [P.].

3. Parula pitiayumi. (Plate XI. fig. 1.)

Pico de Punzou celeste peclio de Oro, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 421 (1802).
Sylvia pitiayumi, J'ieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 276 (1817).
Sylvia venusta, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 293. tig. 1 (1824) ; d'Orb.

Voy. Amcr. merid. iv. p. 218 (1844).
Sylvia plumbea, Swains. Zool. lllustr. iii. pi. 139 (1822-23).
Sylvia brasiliana, LicJtt. Verz. Doubl. p. 35 (1823).
Sylvicola minuta, Srvains. Classif. B. ii. p. 245 (1837).
Sylvicola venusta, Hartl. Lid. Azara, p. 8 (1844) ; Burm. Th, Bras.

iii. p. 116 (1856) ; id. Reis. La Plata St. ii. p. 473 (1861).
Muiotilta venusta, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848).
Panda brasiliana, Bp. Consj}. i. p. 310 (1850) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1859,

p. 1.37 1, I860, p. 273 1.
Compsotliiypis pitiayumi, Cab, Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 21 (1850) ;

Stejn. Auk, 1884, p. 170.
Compsothlypis brasiliana, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 143 f.
Parula pitiayumi, Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 26 (1862) ; Baird, Revieio

Amer. B. p. 170 (1865) ; Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 166, 627 1;

Scl. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 631 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 71 (1871) ; Hamilton,

Ibis, 1871, p. 302 ; IFyatt, t. c. p. 322 f ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl.

Av. Neotr. p. 8 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 16 t ; Berlepsch,

J.f. O. 1873, p. 231 ; Baird, Bretver, ^- Ridgiu. Hist. N. Amer. B.

i. p. 207 (1874) ; Diirnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 158, 1877, p. 108 ; Tacz.

P. Z. S. 1877, p. 319, 1879, p. 223 1 ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1879,

p. 593 1 ; Salv. ^- Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 117 t ; Lurnf. t. c. p. 419 ;

Salv. t. c. p. 352 ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 594 ; Berlepsch ^- Tacz.

P. Z. S. 1883, p. 541 1 ; Barroivs, Bidl. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii. p. 87

(1883) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, p. 46 (1884) f.
Muiotilta pitiayumi. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 238, no. 3449 (1869).
Parula pitiayumi pacilica, Berlepsch, P. Z. S, 1884, p. 286.

Adult. General colour above clear slaty blue, the mantle and
upper back olive -yellow ; lesser wing-coverts clear slaty blue;
median and greater coverts blackish, externally slaty blue, tipped
with white on the outer web, forming a double wing-bar ; bastard-
wing blackish, with a narrow white fringe to the outer feathers ;
primary-coverts dusky blackish, with obsolete margins of slaty grey;
quills blackish, externally edged with slaty blue, hoary whitish near
the end of the primaries, the secondaries fringed with white at the
tips ; centre tail-feathers slaty blue like the upper tail-coverts,
with a longitudinal mark of black near the shaft of the feathers ;
remainder of the tail-feathers blackish, externally edged with slaty
blue, fringed with white near the end of the inner web ; the two
outer feathers with a large subtcrminal spot of white on the inner
■web ; head and hind neck slaty blue ; lores and a narrow line along

260

MNIOTrLTID^.

the extreme base of the forehead black, as -well as the feathers
round and below the eye ; a line extending from the angle of the
mouth below the eye and the ear-coverts slaty blue ; cheeks and under
surface of body brilliant yellow, inclining to orange on the lower
throat and fore neck ; lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-
coverts white ; sides of body washed with ashy ; sides of vent and
lower flanks white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white ; edge
of wing grey ; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the inner
web : " upper mandible black, the lower one clear yellow ; legs
clear fleshy brown ; iris bro\yn " (Burmeister) ; " legs pale yellow "
(Durnforcl). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2*05,
tail 1-55, tarsus 0*65.

Adult female. Paler in colour than the male, the grey more ashy
and less distinctly blue ; the mantle-patch smaller aud duller olive ;
wing-bands less distinct, those on the median series ashy, obscuring
the white tips to the feathers ; lores and feathers below the eye
dusky blackish, with a slightly indicated line of whitish above the
lores ; under sm-face of body paler yellow, without any tinge of
orange on the throat. Total length -i"? inches, culmen 0*45,
wing 2, tail 1-6, tarsus 0'65.

Ifab. The whole of Brazil, extending westwards to Tucuman. In
Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana the birds
are darker and more richly coloured, showing a decided approach
to P. inornata. It is to this dark race that Von Berlepsch has
applied the name of P. pacifiea, and the synonyms appertaining to
it have been marked above with a dagger (t).

a. Ad. St.
&, e. [ c? ] ad. sk.
d.\_(S'\ ad. sk.
e. 5 ad. sk.

/.[$] ad.sk.

cf 1 ad. sk.

S\ ad. sk.

S ] ad. sk.
k.(S ad. sk.
/. S ad. sk.
m, w. [ J 5 ] ad.

sk.

South America.

Brazil.

Brazil.

Conchitas, Buenos Ayi-es,

Sept. {W. H. Hudson).
Paysandu, Bauda Oriental,

August.
[Chili.]
[Chili.]

Quito, Ecuador.
Bahahoyo, July (Fraser').
PaUatanga, August (Fraser).
Bogota.

Subsp. a. Parula inornata.

J. Gould, Esq.
Gould Collection.
M. Claussen [P.].
Sclater Collection.

Alan Peel, Esq. [C.].

Gould Collection.
Zoological Society.
Goidd Collection.
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.

Parula brasiliana (nee Licht.), Salv. ^- Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 397.
Parula inornata, Baird. Review Amer. B. p. 171 (1865) ; Laior. Ann.

Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 93 (1868) ; Vo7i Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. :?92 ;

Sah: P. Z. S. 1870, p. 182 ; Scl. Sr Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 8

(1873) ; Salv. ^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 120, pi. viii.

fig. 1 (1880).
Mniotilta inornata, Gray, Handel. B. i. p. 238, no. 3451 (1869).
Parula pitiayunii, var. inornata, Baird, Brewer, 8) Ridgw. Hist. N.

Amer. B. i. p. 208 (1874).
Compsothlypis piti ay ami inornata, Stejn. Auk, 1884, p. 193.

Adult male. General colour above dark slaty blue, with a broad

6. PAETTLA. 261

patch of olive-yellow across the mantle and upper back ; lesser
wing-coverts like the back ; median coverts also slaty blue, with
blackish bases ; greater coverts blackish, externally slaty blue, with
a white spot at the end of the outer ones, forming a wing-bar ;
bastard-wing black ; primaiy-coverts and quills blackish, externally
margined with slaty blue, paler and more hoary blue on the edge of
the primaries ; tail-feathers blackish, edged externally with slaty
blue, the centre ones of the latter colour with black centres, the
outer feathers with a large white mark near the end of the inner web,
decreasing in size on the penultimate feather and very much
smaller on the third one ; head and hind neck dark slaty blue ;
lores and a line across the base of the forehead, feathers round and
below the eye black : ear-coverts dark slaty blue, shaded anteriorly
with black ; sides of neck dark slaty blue ; cheeks and under
surface of body rich deep yellow, orange on the throat and
breast, the flanks washed with olive, with several longitudinal
streaks of greenish black, very distinct on the sides of the upper
breast ; thighs slaty grey, edged with white ; under tail-coverts
white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills blackish
below, white along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4-2
inches, culmen (>45, wing 2-15, tail 1' 7, tarsus 0'65.

Adult female. Much paler than the male, the olive-yellow patch
on the mantle smaller, the black on the side of the face less pro-
nounced, and the under surface of the body much paler. Total
length 3'7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1'85, tail 1"4, tarsus 0"6.

llah. Central America, from Guatemala to Costa Eica and
Panama.

a. Jad. sk. Costa Rica (Carwu'o?). Sclater Collection.

^. Imm. sk. Costa Rica. Mr. Van Patten [C.].

c. [(5 Jad.sk. CMriqui, Veragua (^rce). Osbert Salvin, Esq.

d,e. c? 2 ad. sk. Chh'iqui, Veragua {Arce). Sclater Collection.

Subsp. /3. Parula nigrilora. (Plate XI. fig. 2.)

Parula pitiayumi (nee V.), JBreiver, Ibis, 1878, p. 116,

Parula nigi-ilora, Coxes, Bull. U.S. Geol. Stirv. iv. p. 11 (1878) ;

Sennett, t. c. p. 11 ; id. op. cit. v. p. 384 (1878) ; C'ottes, B. Color.

Vail. p. 207 (1878) ; Brewer, Ibis, 1878, p. 204 ; Merrill, I'roc.

U.S. Xat. Mus. i. p. 123(1878) ; Salv. ^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer.,

Aves, i. p. 121 (1880) ; Coues, Check-list, p. 34 (1882) ; id. Key

N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 291 (1884).
Panda pitiavunii nigrilora, Eidqw. Pi-oc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 209

(1881) ; id. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 16 (1881).
Compsothlypis nigi'ilora, Stejneger, Auk, 1884, p. 170.

Adult male. General colour above delicate slaty blue ; mantle and
upper back golden yellow ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the
back, the latter white at the ends, forming a wing-bar ; greater
coverts blackish, extcrnaU}- slaty blue, with a large white spot near
the end of the outer web, forming a second wing-bar : bastard-wing
and primary-coverts black, narrowly edged with dark slaty blue,
the margins almost obsolete on the former ; quills blackish, edged
externally with pale slaty blue a little lighter than the rump, and

262 MNTOTTUTB^.

inclining to greyish •white towards the ends of the feathers ; centre
tail-feathers slaty blue, -with a longitudinal black streak down the
middle ; remainder of tail blackish, externally slaty blue, fringed
with white near the end of the inner web, increasing towards the
outside of the tail, the two external feathers having a large white
spot near the end of the inner web, and a slight trace of a white
spot on the third tail-feather ; crown of head and hind neck clear
slat}- blue ; a line across the base of the forehead, lores, feathers
round and below the eye black, occupying also the fore part of the
ear-coverts and descending obliquely along the hinder cheeks ; re-
mainder of ear-coverts and sides of neck slaty blue ; cheeks, throat,
and breast golden yellow, inclining to orange on the fore neck and
chest; abdomen and under tail- coverts white, the latter sHghtly
tinged with yellow ; sides of body washed with slaty blue, ashy
brown on the flanks ; thighs white ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts white ; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 4-2 inches, culmeu 0'4, wing 2-05, tail 1"6,
tarsus 0*6.

Hah. Texas.
a, d" ad. sk. Texas, Feb. 28 {G. B. Sennett). Sclater Collection.
h. 6 ad. sk. Texas, Feb. 28. G. B. Sennett, Esq. [P.].

Subsp. y. Parula insularis.

Parus insularis. Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. x. p. 4 (1871) ; Grayson,

Proc. Bost. 'Soc. K H. xiv. pp. 278, 800 (1871); Later. Mem.

Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 269 (1874) ; Snh. S,- Godm. Biol. Cerdr.-

Amer., Aves, i. p. 121 (1880).
Parula pitiajn.mii, var. insularis, Baird, Brewei; ^- Itidgxc. Hist. N.

Amer. B. *i. p. 207 (1874).
Parula pitiavumi iusidaris, Ridqio. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 208

(1881) ; id. Bidl. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 21, p. 16 (1881).
Compsothlypis insularis, Stejn. Auk, 1884, p. 170.

Adult male. General colour above light slaty blue, distinctly
washed with olive-yellow ; the mantle entirely olive-yellow ; scapu-
lars and lesser wing-coverts slaty blue ; median and greater coverts
blackish, externally edged with slaty blue and tipped with white,
forming a double wing-bar, less distinct on the greater wing-coverts,
the innermost of which have no white tips at aU ; bastard-wing and
primary-coverts dusky blackish : quills blackish, externally edged
with slaty grey, washed with olive-yeUow ; upper tail-coverts and
centre taU-feathers slaty blue ; the latter longitudinally blackish
along the shafts ; the remaining tail-feathers blackish, externally
edged with slaty grey and fringed with white on the inner web ; crown
of head and hind neck slaty blue, slightly washed with orange-yellow ;
lores duskj' blackish, surmounted by a narrow line of white ; eye-
lid whitish above and below, blackish in front and behind ; feathers
below the eye spotted with white ; ear- coverts, hinder cheeks, and
sides of neck delicate slaty grey ; cheeks, throat, and breast bright
yellow, slightly paler on the latter; abdomen and under tail-coverts
white, with a yeUowish tinge on the latter ; sides of breast slaty
grey, more isabelline or pale vinous on the flanks ; thighs ashy ;

6. PARTJXA. 263

axillaries and under wing-coverts white: ([iiills dusky below, ashy
white along the edge of the inner web. Total length ■4-2 inches,
culmeu 0"45, wing 2-lo, tail 1-75, tarsus 0'75.

Aih(Jt female. Not distinguishable from the male. Total length
4'2 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2'15, tail 1*8, tarsus 0'7. {Mus. Salvin
and God man.)

Hah. Tres Marias and Socorro Islands.

a. Ad.sk. Tres Marias Islands, April 8 (^.i^o;vw)- Sclater Collection.

4. Parula gutturalis.

Compsothlypis gutturalis, Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 329.

Parula gutturalis, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 172 (1865) ; Laior. Ann.

Lye. X. Y. ix. p. 93 (1868) ; Von Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, p. 292 ;

Salv. P. Z. S. 1870,p.l82; Scl.8,-Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.^. 8 (1873);

Salv. ^-Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 123, pi. viii. fig. 3 (1880) .
Mniotilta gutturalis, Grmj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 238. no. 3452 (1869).
Oreothlypis guttiualis, Stejn. Auk, 1884, p. 169.

Adult male. General colour above slaty grey, the mantle and
upper back black, the feathers being broadly tipped with the latter ;
scapulars and lesser w^ng-coverts slaty grey ; greater series blackish,
externally slaty grey, rather more hoary than the back ; bastard-
wing and primai-y-coverts blackish, narrowly margined with slaty
grey ; quills blackish, externally slaty grey, more hoary on the outer
web of the primaries, the first of which is narrowly margined
with whitish ; centre tail-feathers grey, with a longitudinal centre :
the remainder of tail-feathers blackish, externally ashy grey, nar-
roA\iy fringed with white on the edge of the inner web ; head and
hind neck slaty grey, the latter slightly paler, as also the sides of the
neck ; lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts slaty black ;
above the latter a faint indication of a grej'ish-white superciliary line ;
cheeks, throat, and chest beautiful orange-yellow ; breast and ab-
domen white ; sides of body and flanks delicate ashy grey ; thighs
ashy ; under taU-coverts white, the long ones ashy with white
margins ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, ashy near the
end of the wing ; quills blackish below, ashy white along the inner
web: " bill black ; feet lead-colour" (Salrin ^' Godman). Total
length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2'5, tail 1'95, tarsus 0*7.

Adidt female. Differs from the male in being duller slaty grey
above, with the black on the mantle much more restricted ; orange-
yellow coloiir on the throat somewhat paler. Total length 5 inches,
culmeu 0-55, wing 2-4, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-7. {Mus. Salvin and
Godman.)

Younrj. Duller grey than the adidt female and somewhat washed
with olive-brown ; wing-coverts tipped wath olive ; throat and chest
dull yellow, intermixed with brown (the latter probably remains of
first plumage) ; breast and abdomen dull white ; the sides of the
body ashy.

Hah. Central America ; Costa Rica and Panama.

a. (J ad. sk. Yolcan de Chiriqui, Veragua {Arce). Sclater Collection.

b. Ad. sk. Chiriqui, Veragua {Arce). Sclater Collection.

264 MrNTIOTTLTID^.

7. DENDROSCA*. ^^^^

? Rhimamplius, Rafinesque, Joir-n. ck Phys. 1819, p. 417

{ieste Hartlauh) D- sestiva.

Sylvicola, Grmj, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 32 {nee Humph.,
nee Sic.) D. coronata.

Dendroica, Gray, List Genera, 1842, App. p. 8 D. coronata.

Dendroeca, nom. emend, auct. recent.

Range. The whole of North America, Central America, and South
America to Southern Brazil, Bolivia, and Chili. All the West-Indian
Islands.

Key to the Species.

a. Outer tail-feather for the most part yellow,
the outer web brown or olive-brown,
widening towards the end and extending
on to the tip of the inner web.
«'. Throat golden yellow, not chestnut or
rufous.
a". Only a tinge of chestnut on the head,
which is often entirely yellow.
a'". Tail shorter, 1 '7 inch: rufous stripes
on imder surface not seen above
the lower throat ; no rufous stripes

on the under tail-coverts (sstiva, p. 273.

6'". Tail longer, 2-05 inches : the rufous
stripes on the under surface con-
tinued over the throat and on the
under tail-coverts riifieapilla, p. 275.

* Dr. Hartlaub (Eev. Zool. 1845, p. 342) gives his opinion that Rhimamphus
ciirinus of Eaflnesque {I. c.) is Dendroeca (estiva, and he proposes to restore the
name Ehimamphus as the generic title for Dendroeca. In this he is followed
by Dr. Cabanis (Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 19). Prof. Baird, however, doubts this
identification, and restores Dendroeca (Review Amer. B. p. 182).

The following species cannot be included in the ' Key,' for the reasons stated
below : —

1. Dendececa caebonata.

Sylvia carbonata, Aiiduh. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 308, pi. 60 (1831) ; Nutt. Man.

i. p. 405 (1832); Cowes, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 308 (1884).
Sylvicola carbonata, Bichards. Bep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172.
Vermivora carbonata, Bp. Cmip. List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. p. 21 (1838).
Hehnaia carbonata, Audub. Syn. p. 68 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 95,

pi. 109 (1841).
Helmitheros carbonata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 315 (18.50).
Mniotilta carbonata. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B. i.

p. 241, uo. 3493(1869).
Dendroica carbonata, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 287 (1858) ; id. Rev. Amer.

B. p. 207 (1865).
Dendrceca carbonata, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1869,

p. 618 ; Bidgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 17 (1881).
Perissoglossa carbonata, Baird, Brewer, Sf Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i.

p. 214 (1874).
Helminthopbaga (?) carbonata, Coues, B. Color. Fall. p. 237 (1878).

/ . DENDRCKCA .

b". Crown light chestnut or bay, forming a
cap.
c ". The rufous streaks on the under sur-
face continued on to the throat.
a\ Larger : duller olive-yellow above ;
wing-coverts edged with olive

265

1. 277.

wmg-coverts edged with olive- ,

yellow \petecha, p. 2. . .

b\ Smaller : brighter ' oiive-yeilow {^^^ndlachi, p. 278.
above; wing- coverts edged with

.,„ ^/igJit golden yellow mela7ioptera,^.27Q.

d . Rufous streaks not continued on to ' 1- ' -'•

the throat, which is bright golden

„ ^ yellow, unstriped aureola, y,. 282

., V, ^""Tt T"^ ™'''™°" °i" cbestnut-brown. capitalis,%. 280
• Tln-oat chestnut or pale rufous, not yellow. rufopileJa, p. 281
■„, iP® chestnut as well as the crown. > P- -oi.

c'". Lower throat and fore neck chestnut;
stripes on breast and flanks very

f '" n^'°'!f : ■■'!;■■•■,•••• ; vieilloti, p. 283.

/ . Lhestnut confined to throat and not
extending to the fore neck ; stripes

." PI, O"^ 'i^'^^st and flanks narrow bryanii, -a. 284:.

e . Chestnut confined to the crown, the
occiput and nape like the black.
ff'". Throat only washed with pale ru-
fous; streaks on the chest very

h'" T?,tf + ■ j ■ ■/ ■ ■ i ■ ■; granadensis, p. 284.

fi . Ihroat dark chestnut, as also the

streaks on the chest, which are very

^™^''^ rufigtda, p. 285.

2. Dexdrceca mont.lva.
Sylvia montana, Wih. Amer. Orn. v. n. 113 n] 44 fi<r 9 ^«10^ , y t
Orn. Biogr. y. p. 294, pi. 434. % 3 a839) ^ ' ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ ' ^"'^'^^
Sylvm tigrina, Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 12'(1826) ; Nutt Man. i. p. 393

p. 02 (1839) : i\to. Man. 2ud ecTTn 44"h's4"m ^ ^ 7^ i"'^f ^

D no nl 0RC1S11^ . T) V. • k: ^^-^y'-^W); Audi(b. B. Amer. ii.

p.uj, pi. .18 (1841) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 308 (IS.W).

Dendroica luontan.a, ^«W jB. JV"" Amer n '>7snaKo\. ij t> ■
(1874) ^ ' ' ' '^'■'^'"■' ^' ^''^^«'- ^«^- -^- ^'«^'-- -Z?- i. p. 271

266

MNlOTILTIDiE,

h. Outer tail-feather for the most part white,
the region of the shaft dusky brown, widen-
ing out towards the end of inner web, the
outer web for the most pai't brown.
c'. Throat white.
/". Head olive-yellow ; ear-coverts white
or ashy ; no black streaks on the sides
of the body ; inner secondaries edged
with olive-yellow.
i'". Crown olive-yellow, contrasting with
the back, which is olive-yeUow
broadly streaked with black ; sides
of breast chestnut.
e*. Lores, fore part of cheeks, and a
stripe along the upper ear-coverts
black ; chestnut stripe extending
from the sides of the throat down
the sides of the breast to the

flanks pennsylvanica (S ad.,

d*. Lores, anterior cheeks, and stripe [p. 286.

on the ear-coverts dusky ; chest-
nut streak extending ifrom the
sides of the throat to the sides of

the upper breast, or breast with a [p. 287.

few lateral streaks of chestnut . . pennsylvanica 2 ad.,

Dendrceca montana, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1869, p. 613 ;
Cones, B. Color. Vail. p. 237 (1878) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
no. 21, p. 18 (1881).

This species is four inches and three quarters in length; the upper parts a
rich yellow-olive : front, cheeks, and chin yellow, also the sides of the neck ;
breast and belly pale yellow, streaked with black or dusky ; vent plain pale
yellow ; wings black, first and second row of coverts broadly tipt with pale
yellowish white ; tertials the same ; the rest of the quills edged with whitish ;
tail black, handsomely I'ounded, edged with pale olive ; the two exterior
feathers, on each side, white on the inner vaues from the middle to the tips, and
edged on the outer side with white ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet purple-
brown ; soles yellow ; eye dark hazel. (Wihon.)

Hub. Blue Mountains of Pennsylvania.

The identification of this species has puzzled ornithologists since the time of
Wilson. Dr. Coues suggests that it may be the young of Dendrceca mrens (cf.
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 308, 1884).

3. Dendrceca eoa.

Sylvicola-eoa, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 158 (1847); id. III. B. Jam. pi. 34

(1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 309 (1850).
Mniotilta eoa, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848).
Dendroica eoa, Baird, Eev. Amer. B. p. 195 (1865); Baird, Bretvcr, cf-

Bidffw. Hist N. Amer. B. i. p. 218 (1874).
Dendrceca eoa, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. iii. p. 609
(1869) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 256 (1878).
Male. Upper parts olive, approaching to yellow on the rump ; sides of head
marked with a band of orange, extending from the ear to the beak, and meeting
both on the forehead and on the chin ; quills and coverts blackish, with yel-
lowish edges ; tail blackish olive, with yellow edges ; the outermost two feathers,
on each side, having the greatest portion of the inner webs pale yellow ; under-
parts pale yellow ; crown, rump, tertials, belly, and under tail-coverts sparsely

I. DENDKOECA.

267

e*. Facial markings dusky, and with
little or no trace of chestnut on

the sides of the body jyennsyhanica ^ $ ad.

k'". Above uniform ohve-j-ellow, with no [hiem., p. 287.

black streaks ; the head uniform

ohTe-yellow like the back pennsylvanica juv. hiem.,

g". Upper parts ashy grey, the head more [p. 287.

or less streaked with black ; inner
secondaries edged with white; ear-
coverts black, with a broad white
streak above them ; a supraloral spot
of bright yellow; sides of body

streaked with black nigrescens ad. et juv.

'. Throat white, with a little yellow on the [hiem., pp. 292, 293.

chin.
h". Side of body uniform ashy white like
the breast, or with only hair-like
shaft-streaks of black ; head yellow,
spotted with black ; nape blackish ;
mantle grey, largely mottled with

black occidentalis hiem., p. 295.

i". Sides of body broadly streaked with
black : head and mantle uniform dull
olive-yellow ; forehead like rest of
crown, with indistinct hair-like shafts

lines of black chrysoparia 2 , p. 296.

. Throat orange or yellow, or washed with

yellow or ochreous.
k". Wing-coverts tipped with white or
ashy white.
/'". No concealed black on the throat.
f^. Rump mottled, black with ashy-
olive edges to the feathers ; crnwn
laterally black or dusky, with a
central coronal patch of orange or
yellow; ear- coverts black; sides

marked with undeimed patches of pale orange. Length 5 inches, wing 2/5,
tail ly%, tarsus i%- {Gosse.)

Female. Nearly as the male, but the deep orange is spread over the whole
cheeks, chin, throat, and breast ; head and back dusky grey tinged with olive,
and patched with the fulvous much more largely but irregularly, and as if laid
wpow the darker hue. (Gosse.)

The two typical specimens are in the British Museum, but from long exposure
to the light in the gallery have become discoloured and faded ; they have been
carefully dismounted, like all other typical specimens, and placed in the series
of skins ; but the coloration is now so different to that described by Mr. Gosse
that I have preferred to rcjjroduce his original descriptions. I can .scarcely
believe that the male bird ever exhibited therufouscolour of the throat and chest
to the extent shown by Mr. Gosse in his plate of D. coa, wherein also, by repre-
senting the tail iu a closed position, the aiEnities of the bird are hidden. The
yellow on the outer tail-feathers is a character of the Dcndraca-astiva group,
but the colour of the throat is only matched by I), bhickbiiriiics : and 1 have
no doubt that D. coa is a hybrid between the last-named bird and B. cesfiva or
D. pcfccfiia.

Hab. Jamaica.

a,b. J 2 ad. sk. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.]. (Types of species.)

268

MNTOTILTin^.

of body distinctly streaked with
black,
rt'. Coronal patch (distinct), eye-
brow, sides of neck, and entire

throat fiery orang-e blackbunii^e cJad., p. 289.

b\ Coronal patch (more or less ob-
scure), eyebrow, sides of neck,
and throat bright yellow or
orange-yellow, pervading the

lower parts blackburnite $ et ad.

S- ,i^ump nniform. Thiena., pp. 290, 291.

C. Hnid neck olive-yellowish or
olive-brown.
o". Back olive-brown, with dusliy
blackish mesial streaks; up-
per tail-coverts black, with
ashy-olive margins ; head like
the back, with a faintly indi-
cated coronal patch of whity
brown ; ear-coverts dusky
brown; flanks streaked with

T> 1 ^ •;•••• blackburnia; juv. hiem.,

0 . Back uniform yellowisli olive ; [p. 290.

head similar, but with narrow
black shaft-streaks ; upper
tail-coverts olive-yellowish
or ashy with dusky centres ;
ear-coverts dusky olive ; eye-
brow, throat, and breast bright

yellow townsendi § juv. hiem.,

c6. Back uniform yellowish olive ; [p. 301.

upper tail-coverts ashy grey,

ear-coverts yellow virens juv. hiem., p. 298.

d'^. Back ashy grey, washed with
olive and mesially streaked
with black; upper tail-coverts
black, edged with ashy ; fore-
head and crown bright yel-
low, tipped with black spots ;
eyebrow, sides of face, and
throat bright yeUow ; breast
and underparts white, with
scarcely any indication of
blackish shaft-hnes on the

„ ^^. ^1*^^63 oceidentalishiem.,^. 294.

d\ Hmd neck ashy gTey like the
head and back.
e^. Ear-coverts black ; throat yel-
low ; chin white ; sides of
neck white; a broad white
eyebroAV, with sometimes a
small yellow spot just above

the fore part of the eye dominica, p. 301.

.r. Ear-coverts grey; chin and
entire throat yellow.
a~. Superciliary streak yellow,
ending in white above the
ear-coverts ffracice, -p. 304.

I

I

7. DENDK(ECA. 269

Superciliary streak entirely
yellow, not white above
the ear-coverts.
a". Yellow on under surface
not extendingbeyondthe
fore neck; breast and ab-
domen whitish decora, p. 305.

//. Abdomen yellow like the ,,,,;,;^.^ ggy.

breast )///■ / SOC

m'". Throat black, concealed by yellow ' i P- • •

tips to the feathers.
h'*. No yellow on breast, or at most a
tinge (in winter) ; ear-coverts
golden yellow,
e'. Mantle ashy grey, streaked with
black ; forehead golden yeUow ;
hinder crown yellow, spotted
with black ; sides of body uni-
form or with only hair-like

brown shaft-streaks occidentalis ad. hiem.,

/°. Mantle uniform (ihve-yellow like [p. 294.

the rest of the upper sMface ;
sides of bodj broatlly streaked
with black.
g*^. Scapulars grey ; no yellow on

forehead chri/soparia ad. hiem.,

h'^. Scapulars olive-yellow like the [p. 296.

back ; forehead somewhat
brighter yellow than the rest

of the upper surface virens ad. hiem., p. 298,

i*. Breast bright yellow ; ear-coverts
black ; sides of body very distinctly

sti'iped with black toivnsendi ad., p. 300.

I". Wing-coverts tipped with yellow or
oUve, not with white.
n ". Entire under surface golden yellow,
with broad black streaks on the
sides of the body ; eyebrow golden
yellow ; cheek-stripe black ; upper
surface olive-yellow, with the

mantle light chestnut discolor, p. 307.

()'". Entire under surface pale yellow,
lighter on throat and abdomen ;
sides of body streaked with dusky;
sides of face ashy, whitish above and
below the eye; cheeks dull ashy. . discolor juv. hiem.,
f. Throat black. [p. 308.

m". Feathers romid the eye and ear-coverts
golden yellow.
p'". Forehead and crown golden veUow
spotted with black, the nape "black ;
back ash}' grey, mottled with black
centres to the feathers ; sides of
body unifoiTQ or with only hair-like

black shaft-lines occidentalis ad., p. 294.

q'". Forehead and crown black hke the
back ; sides of body broadly streaked
with black chnjsoparia ad., p. 296.

270 imiOTILTIDJE.

w". Feathers round the eye aud ear-coverts

black.

r'". No yellow on breast, which is white;

a supraloral spot of yellow ; above

the ear-coverts a broad band of

white ; cheeks also white nujrescens ad., p. 292.

s'". Breast yellow, as also a broad eye-
brow and cheek-stripe toivmendi ad., p. 300.

o". Feathers round eye and ear-coverts
golden j-ellow, with a dusky streak
above the latter ; forehead and back
yellow, brighter than crown ; eye-
brow golden yellow ; breast white . . virens ad., p. 297.

c. Outer tail-feather blackish like the rest of

the tail, with a white spot near the centre

of the inner web ; a band of yellow across

the rump.

g'. Breast streaked with black, as weU as the

sides of the body ; mantle black.

p". Black mantle uniform, not streaked with

olive-yellow; a black patch on the

fore neck ; breast and sides broadly

streaked with black maculosa cJ ad., p. 309.

q". Black mantle streaked with olive-yel-
low; fore neck streaked with black
like the breast and sides, but less

broadly than in the male maculosa 2 ad., p. 310.

h'. Breast imiformly yellow, not streaked ;
sides of body streaked with black ;
head and ear-coverts ashy grey ; back
miiform olive-yellow maculosa juv. hiem.,

d. Outer tail-feather blackish or dusky brown, [p. 311.

with a large terminal or subterminal mark
of white on the inner web.
i'. With a band of bright yellow across the
rump.
r". \\'ith a coronal patch of bright yellow ;
on sides of upper breast a large patch
of bright yellow.
• t"'. Throat white.

A;*. Upper parts ashy grey, streaked

with black coronata (5 ad., p. 313.

l^. Upper parts ashy, washed -vfith
brown, streaked with dusky black-
ish coronata 5 ad., p. 314.

u'". Throat yellow.

?«*. Back ashy grey,streaked with black auduboni cJad., p. 316.
n*. Back ashy, streaked with black, but

washed with brown auduboni § ad., p. 316.

s". Coronal patch obscui-ed or absent ;
upper surface bro^Ti, streaked -svith
dusky centres to the feathers ; no
yellow on sides of breast ; under sur-
face brownish white, with dusky stripes

on the flanks. [p. 314.

v'". With the throat brownish white .. cor'/mff^ff juv. et hiem.,

w'". With the throat yeUow auduboni juv. et hiem.,

[p. 316.

7. DEITDBCECA. 271

k'. With no yellow band across the rump.
". With chestnut on the head,
x' '. Back oUve ; rump clearer olive-yel-
low ; mesial streaks ou back obso-
lete or only faintly indicated.
oK Underneath clear yeUow ; eyebrow
bright yellow ; chest and sides of
breast streaked with chestnut, pro-
nounced in the male, less distinct

in the female pahnaruni (^ J ad.,

p^. Underneath dull white with a yel- [pp. 318, 319.

low tinge, especially on the under
tail-coverts ; chest streaked with
brown ; upper sui-face brown,
with a little chestnut on the
head, and indistinct streaks of

dusky on the back 2)(dma?-u7n juv. hiem.,

y'". Back brown, streaked with broad [p. 319.

black centres to the feathers ; rump
and upper tail-coverts ashy grey ;
a large cream-coloured patch ou
the sides of the neck ; throat and
sides of body vinous chestnut .... castanea ad., p. 320.
u". With no chestnut ou the head.

z'" . Without a wing-bar or alar specu-
lum ; breast yellow, with blackish

streaks kirtlandi, p. 322.

art'". AVith a double wing-bar, caused by

the white tips to the median and

greater coverts ; no alar speculum.

y*. Crown of head plumbeous grey,

with forehead, vertex, and lores

olive-green intyophila, p. 322.

?•*. Crown of head oHve-yeUow or
greenish like the back.
if". Crown of head and back uni-
form.
i^. Clear oHve-j^eUowish above ;
brighter yellow on throat and
breast, with dusky streaks on
the latter and flanks ; tail
brown, edged with pale olive-
brown pimis ad., p. 323.

A". Greenish above, clear yellow
below, with greenish streaks
ou the Hanks; tail dusky,
with didl bluish edges .... ccerulea juv. hiem.,
A\ Crown of head and back streaked [p. 329.
with blackish mesial lines.
/'. A decided tinge of pure yellow
on tlu'oat and breast ; no sign
of chestnut on sides; abdo-
men pure white striata juv. hiem.,

m^. Under surface dull white, [p. 326.

with a slight ochreous tinge
on throat and sides, the latter

with generally an indication [p. 321.

of chestnut castanea ]\x\ . hiem.,

272 MNIOTILTIDiE.

s*. Cro-mi of liead black ; neck hoary,
■streaked -with black ; back asliy,
streaked with black ; sides of face
and under surface white, streaked
with black on the throat and sides

of body striata ad., p. 325.

t*. Crown of head bluish like the back ;
underneath white, washed with
blue on sides and streaked with
black.
1°. A black bar across the fore neck. c«rwfeff ad. sestiv., p. 328.
¥. No black bar on fore neck .... ccerulea hiem., p. 328.
bb'". No wing-bar; an alar speculum
formed by white bases to pri-
maries.
?«■>. Throat and sides of body black ;

above bluish ccerulescens ad., p. 330.

y*. Throat whitish ; belly ochraceous
yellow ; sides of body olive-brown ;

above olive-brown ccertdescens ]\i\, hiem.,

e. Outer tail-feather like the rest, brown or [p. 331.

dusky blaclrish, with no more than a fringe
or small indentation of white near the tip
of the inner web.
v. Streaked with black and white above ;

below white with triangular black spots, pharetra ad., p. 332.

m'. Uniform leaden grey above jdumbca ad., p. 333.

n'. Olive above.

v". Head streaked with olive-yellowish;
rump and upper tail-coverts reddish

brown pJiaretra juv., p. 333.

w". Head uniform greenish olive like the
back; rump and upper tail-coverts
the same plumbea J ad., p. 334.

Dendroeca aestiva and its allies.

The group of Golden Warblers has always presented difficulties
to the ornithologist, and my studies have been hampered by the
impossibility of procuring a sufficient series of adult birds for com-
parison. Young birds and specimens in winter ])lumage are of
little assistance to the student, as they are all so much alike. The
older literature is very much confused — as, for instance, when
Brisson describes a Golden Warbler from S. Domingo, an island
where, as far as we know, none has ever been found ; and again,
when he describes a " Figuier de Martinique," which is most cer-
tainly not the species met with in that island. Although I have
had the advantage of comparing the specimens in the Museum with
those in the collection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin, n much larger
series of adult specimens is necessary for the correct discrimination
of all the insular forms of Golden Warblers, and therefore some of
my conclusions may have to be modified hereafter.

7. BENDRCECA. 273

1. Dendroeca aestiva.

Yellow Titmouse, Cateshy, Nat. Hist. Carol, p. G3, pi. 63 (1731).
Le P'iguier de Canada, Briss. Oni. iii. p. 492, pi. 26. tig. 2 (1760) ;

Baubent. PI. Enl. vi. pi. 58. tig. 2.
Le Figuiei- tachete, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 285 (1778).
Figuier de la Caroline, Baubent. PI. Enl. vi. pi. 58. fig. 1.
Yellow-poll Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 515 (1783) ; Penn.

Arctic Zool. ii. p. 402 (1785).
Motacilla canadensis (nee L.), Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl, p. 4 (1783, ex

Baubent.).
Olive Warbler, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 409 (1785).
Motacilla aestiva, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 990 (1788).
Sylvia ^estiva, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 551 (1790) ; Vieill. Ois. Amer.

Sept. ii. p. 35, pi. 95 (1802) ; Auditb. B. Amer. pi. 95 ; id. Orn.

Biogr. i. ^. 476 (1831).
Sylvia caroliuensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 551 (1790).
Parus luteus, Bartr. Trav. Florida, p. 292 (1791).
Motacilla carolinensis, Turton, Syst. Nat. i. p. 615 (1806).
Sylvia flava, Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 31, pi. 89 (1807).
Sylvia citriiiella, Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. Ill, pi. 15. tig. 5 (1810).
Motacilla rubiginosa, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 496 (1811).
? Rhimamphus sestivus, Rafin. Journ. Phys. Ixxxviii. p. 417 (1819,

teste Hartl.).
Sylvia cliildrenii, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 35 ; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 180

(1831).
vSylvia ratlibonia, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 65 ; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 333(1831).
Sylvicola aistiva. Swains. ^ Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 211

(1831); Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. 0;-w. i. p. 258 (1832) ; Bp. Comp.

List B. Eur. i^- N. Amer. p. 23 (1838) ; Audub. Syn. p. 68 (1839) ; id.

B. Amer. ii. p. 50, pi. 88 (1841) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. i. p. 58(1844) ;

Neuwied, J.f. O. 1858, p. 114 ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 564.
Sylvicola ratlibonia, Richards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172 ; Bp.

Comp. List B. Eur. iSf N. Amer. p. 23 (18.38).
Sylvia trocbilus, Nutt. Man. Orn. 1832, p. 406.
Mniotilta restiva, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B. i.

p. 240, no. 3475 (1869).
Mniotilta ? carolinensis, Glray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848).
Rhimampbus ?estivus, Cab.llus. Hein. Tb. i. p. 19(1850) ; Bp.Consp. i.

p. 311 (1850) ; Svl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 143, 1856, p. 141, 1857, p. 202.
Dendroica sestiva, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 282 (1858) ; Scl. ^ Salv.

Ibis, 1859, p. 11 ; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 195 (1865); Lawr.

Ann. Ltjc. N. Y. viii. pp. 174-179 (1865), p. 284 (1860) ; Ball Sf

Bann. Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 278 (1869) ; Baird, Brewer, ^

Ridgiu. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 222, pi. 14. tig. 1 (la74).
Deiidrceca sestiva, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 363 ; Lcnvr. Ann. Lye. N,

y. vii. p. 322 (18G1); Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 32 (1862);

Blnkist. Ibis, 18(53, p. 63 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 172 ; Scl. Sf Salv.

t. c. p. 347 ; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 81 ; Cones, Ibis, 1865, p. 159 ;

Bresser, t. c. p. 478 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 136 ; Lairr. Ann. Lye.

N. Y. ix. p. 94 (1868), p. 200 (1869); Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-

Akad. Fdrh. Stockh. 1869, p. 606; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 87

(1870); Sd. ^y Sah. P.Z.S. 1870, p. 836; Salv. t. c. p. 1.38;

Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 71 (1871) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 187 1, p. 322; Coues,

Kei/ N. Amer. B. p. 97 (1872) ; Scl. 4" Salv. Nomeiid. Av. Neotr.

p. 9 (1873) ; Coues, B. N- West, pp. 54, 232 (1874) ; Hensh. Rep

Zool. E.ipl. W. IWth Merid. p. 192 (1875) ; Laivr. Bull. U.S.Nat.

Mus. no. 4, p. 15 (1876) ; Ridgto. U.S. Geol. Expl. 40<h Par.

VOL. X. T

274 imiOTILTID^.

pt. 3, p. 431 (1877) ; Boncnrd, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 52 ; Coties, B. Color.
Vail. p. 252 (1878) ; id. Bull. U.S. Geul. Snrv. iv. p. 565 (1878);
Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. i. p. 123 (1878) ; Scl. ^- Salv.
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 494 ; Salt: ir Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 117 ; iid. Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 124 (1880) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 56
(1880) ; Eidyw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 17 (1881) ; Boucard,
P. Z. S. 1883, p. 334 ; Nelson, Cruise B. S. ' Corivin.; p. 63 (1883) ;
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 298 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above greenish yellow, lighter on the
rump ; lesser wing-coverts like the back : median and greater
coverts dusky blackish, edged and tipped with bright yellow ;
bastard-wing blackish brown, narrowly fringed with yellow ; pri-
mary-coverts and quills brown, margined with yellow, broader on
the secondaries : upper tail-coverts yellow, with dark-brown centres ;
tail-feathers dark brown, edged with yellow, all but the centre ones
yellow, brown along the outer web and across the end of the inner
one ; crown of the head like the back ; forehead golden yellow, ex-
tending on to the sinciput ; lores, eyebrow and feathers round the
eye, ear-coverts, and cheeks bright golden yellow, extending on the
sides of the neck ; throat and entire underparts bright golden
yellow ; the fore neck, chest, sides of body, and flanks streaked with
chestnut ; thighs and under taU-coverts golden yellow : under wing-
coverts and axillarics bright golden yellow ; quills dusky below,
inner edges yellow : " bill dark blue, the lower mandible edged with
yeUow ; feet and claws pale brown ; iris brown " (Audubon). Total
length 4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*5, tail 1*7, tarsus 0-75.

Female. Duller coloured above than the male, only the base of
the forehead brighter yellow ; eyebrows, lores, sides of the face, and
under surface of the body paler yellow than in the male, and with-
out the chestnut streaks ; only a few faint indications of rufous
streaks on the sides of the breast and flanks. Total length 4'1
inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2*45, tail 1*7, tarsus 0"75.

All alt inah in tv inter ^jlumage. A little greener olive than in the
summer dress, the colour of the breast extending further on to the
head, and leaving a loss extent of bright yellow on the forehead ;
the chestnut streaks on the under surface not nearly so pronounced.

Young in iv inter plumage. Eesembling the old female, but duUer
in colour and more ashy olive above, with only a faint tinge of
yellow on the forehead ; the rump and upper tail-coverts a little
brighter olive-yellow ; the brown on the tail-feathers more ex-
tended, and the yellow more restricted ; eyelid whitish ; lores, sides
of face, and ear-coverts pale yellowish ; under siirface of body pale
yellow, whiter on the throat, and without a sign of any streaks.

Young males in winter plumage are much brighter than the females,
and have a few chestnut streaks on the chest and on the flanks.

Nestling. Didl ashy brown with a slight tinge of olive ; wing-
coverts and quills black, edged with olive-yellow, whiter at the ends
of the greater coverts ; under surface of body ashy, whiter on the
abdomen.

Hah. North America generally, wintering in Central America
from Mexico to Panama, and occurring also in Guiana, Trinidad,
Colombia, Ecuador, and Upper Amazonia. The specimens from the

7. DENDHCECA.

275

continent of South America have more rufous on the head and may
prove to belong to a distinct species.

a. Ad. .«t.

6. c? ; «■ 2 ad.sk.

d, e. 2 ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.

g. (S ad. sk.

h, i. (S ad. sk.

h, I. d 2 ad. sk.

tn. (^ ad. sk.
n. 2 ad. sk.

o. Pull. sk.

p. Pull. sk.

q, r. c? ; s, t, u. $

ad. sk.
V. Pull. sk.

w. Ad. sk.
X. (S ad. sk.

y. (S; z, a'. $

ad. sk.
b', c'. c? ad. sk.
d'. 2 ad. sk.

e',f. Ad. sk.
ff'. (i ad. sk.
h'. Ad. sk.
i'. Ad. sk.
k'. Jut. sk.
I'. Ad.sk.
?h'. c3" juv. sk.
?2', o'. Ad. sk.
p'. Ad. sk.
g'. Ad. sk.
}•'. Ad. sk.
«'. 2 juv. sk.

)!'. Ad. sk.

u'. c? ad. sk.

North America.

Arctic America.

Hudson's Bay Territory.

Canada.

Niagara Falls.

Fort Simpson, June 5.

Fort Dufterin, Manitoba

{G. Dawson).
Michigan.
Colehoui', Illinois, May

(H. K Coale).
Colehour, Illinois, June

16 {H. K. Coale).
Chicago, nhnois, June 2

(H. K Coale).
Hyde Park, Illinois, May

(H. K. Coale).
Riverside, Illinois, July 4

(H. K Coale).
Philadelphia (K Wilson).
Wheatland, Indiana,

April {R. liid^/wai/).
West side of Eock}' Mts.

British Columbia.
ProTo City,Utah , July 29

(Henshaw).
Guatemala.

Panama (McLeannan).
Bogota.
Bogota.
Bogota.
Bogota.
Medelhn.
Trinidad.
Trinidad.
Cayenne.
River Berbice.
Esmeraldas, Ecuador,

Nov. (L. Fraser).
Guayaquil.

Yquitos, Upper Amazon,
March 11.

Purchased.

Dr. Rae [P.].

Capt. Herd [P.].

G. Barnstone, Esq. [P.].

Gould Collection.

B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].

N. A. Boundary Comm. [P.].

Prof. Steere [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Sclater Collection.
U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].
U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Gould Collection.
Sclater Collection.
Gould Collection.
Purchased.
J. Purdie, Esq.
Sclater Collection.
T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C.].
Zoological Society.
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.
Mrs. Atkins [P.].
Sclater Collection.

Captain KeUett and Lieut.

Wood [P.].
Henry Whitely, Esq. [C.].

2. Dendrceca ruflcapilla.

? Chloris erithachcnides, Fndlle'e, Journ. Obs. Phys. iii. p. 413 (1725).
Figuier de la Martinique, Briss. Om. iii. p. 490, pi. 22. tig. 4 (1760)*.

* It is almost impossible to make out this description: it may be B. mela-
noptera of Lawrence, and it certainly does not refer to the Golden Warbler of
Martinique (i>. riifigida, Baird). I retain the name of Dendrceca ruficapiUa
attached to the species by Messrs. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, and now in
common use ; but it is doubtful whether it is the Motacilla ruficapiUa of Gmelin,
founded on the description of Brisson.

t2

276 irNTOTrLTTD^.

Figuier a tete rousse, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 306 (1778).

Bloody-aide Warbler, Lath. Gen. Si/u. ii. pt. 2, p. 489 (1783).

Motacilla rulicapilla, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 971 (1788).

Sylvia ruficapilla, Lath. Lnd. Oni. ii. p. 540 (17U0).

Dendroeca sestiva (nee Gm.), A. ^- £. Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 143.

Dendroica petechia (nee L.), Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1860,

pp. 192, 376.
Dendroica, sp., Baird, Review Anier. B. p. '201 (186-5).
Mniotilta, sp., Gray, Hand-l. B. i.p. 241, no. 3497 (1869).
Dendruica petechia, a. bartholemica, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad.

Fork. Stockh. 1869, p. 607.
Dendroeca petechia, /3. cruciana, Sundev. t. c. p. 608.
Dendroeca petechia, var. rulicapilla, Baird, Brewer, Sf Ridqw. Hist.

N. Amer. B. i. p. 217 (1874); Lawr. Proc. U.S. Natl Mus. i.

pp. 454, 486 (1879).
Dendi'oeca petechia rulicapilla, Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 256 (1878).

Adult male (S. Croix, May 6 ; A. & E. Newton). General colour
above clear olive-yellow, brighter and more golden yellow on the
rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ;
median and greater coverts blackish, externally broadly edged with
bright golden yellow, so broad as to hide the blackish bases to a
great extent; bastard-wing blackish, more narrowly edged with
golden yellow ; primary-coverts and quills blackish, edged with
olive-yellow, the quills more broadly with bright golden yellow, espe-
cially clear on the inner secondaries ; tail-feathers dusky olive-
brown, edged with olive-yellow, the outer feathers yellow on the
inner web, olive-brown on the outer one and across the tip of the
inner one, the yellow decreasing and the brown increasing towards
the centre of the tail ; crown of head like the back, but golden
yellow towards the forehead, which, with the crown, is tinged with
light chestnut or bay ; lores, feathers round the eye, ear-coverts,
and cheeks bright golden yellow ; under surface of body bright
golden yellow, striped with deep chestnut, these streaks commencing
on the throat, becoming broader on the fore neck, breast, and sides
of the body, and being indicated as narrow shaft-lines on the under
tail-coverts ; axillaries and under wing-coverts golden yellow ;
quills dusky below, golden yellow along the inner web. Total
length 4"8 inches, culmen 0"5, wing 2-5, tail 2"05, tarsus 0-8.

A male from S. Croix (Newton), killed in July, and now in the
Salvin-aud-Godraan collection, agrees with the bird described, and,
like it, has the rufous streaks on the throat and under tail-coverts.
It has yet to be shown that the species ever gets such a distinct
rufous crown as D. petechia assumes. The latter does not seem
to get the rufous streaks on the throat, but otherwise it so closely
resembles D. ruficajiilla that, when not in fuU plumage, the Jamaican
bird can scarcely be distinguished from the specimens from S. Croix,
as is shown by a specimen in the Salvin-and-Godman collection
(Spanishtown, Jamaica, Aug, ; W. T. Marsh).

D. ruficapilla is, in fact, a large race of D. a'stiva ; but the latter bird
never has any rufous streaks on the throat or under tail-coverts.

Hah. West Indies : islands of S. Croix, S. Thomas, S. Bartho-
lomew, Porto Eico, Antigua, Barbuda.

7. DENDECECA. 277

a. S ad. sk. S. Croix {A. ^ E. Newton). Sclater Collection.

b. $ ad. sk. S. Thomas (Sioifi). Sclater Collection.

c. Juv. sk. S. Bartholomew (C. Walton). Sclater Collection.

3. Dendroeca petechia.

The Yellow Red-poll, Edwards, Gleanings, v. p. 99, pi. 2.56. fio-. 1

(1758).
Le Figuier a teste rouge de Pensilvanie, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 448

(17G0).
Motacilla petechia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 334 (17G6, ex Edwards*);

Less. Traite, i. p. 418 (1831).
Le Figiiier a tete rouge de Pensylvanie, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 286

(1778).
Red-headed Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 499 (1783).
Red-head Warbler, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 401 (1785).
Sylvia petechia. Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. p. 535 (1790); Vieill. Ois. Amer.

Sept. ii, p. 32, pi. 91 (1807).
Sylvicola sestiva {nee Gm.), Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 157 (1847).
Mniotilta petechia. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B.

i. p. 241, no. 3496 (1869).
Dendroeca petechia, Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 71 ; id. Cat. Amer. B.

p. 32 (1862) ; Scl. ^ Salv. No7nencl. Av. Neotr. p. 9 (1873) ; Coues,

B. Color. Vail. p. 255 (1878) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 67 (1880) ;

A. Sr E. Neivt. Handb. Jamaica, 1881, p. 106.
Dencb-oica petechia, March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 292 ; Baird,

Review Amer. B. p. 199 (1865) ; Baird, Breiver, ^ Ridyw. Hist.

N. Amer. B. i. p. 210 (1874).
Dendroeca petechia, e. jamaicensis, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad.

Fork. Stockh. 1869, p. 607.

Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow, the long feathers
at the side of the rump with subtermiual marks of yellowish white ;
upper tail-coverts brighter yellow, with dusky-olive centres ; lesser
wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater series duskj-
blackish, edged with olive-yellow, brighter yellow along the outer
margins and tips of the feathers ; bastard-wing, primary- coverts,
and quills dusky brown, edged with olive-yellow, brighter yellow on
the margins of the quills ; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with
olive-yellow ; the outer feathers yellow for the greater part of the
inner web, of which the tip only is brown like the whole of the
outer web, this yellow colour slightly diminishing and the brown
somewhat extending towards the centre of the tail, the two middle
feathers alone having no yellow markings ; crown of head pale
orange-rufous, the base of the forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, ear-coverts,
cheeks, sides of face, and entire under surface of body golden yellow,

* Linnseus's name of petechia is now so universally adopted for the Jamaican
bird, that I use it without liesiiation. as there is no advantage in changing it :
but I very much doubt if Edwards's figure, the foundation of Mofacilht jwfechia,
L., from an unknown locality, was really drawn from a Jamaican .specimen ;
it represents rather, iu my opinion, D. aureola, or n ay be D. capitalis. Should
my view as to the incorrectness of the figure in the 'Gleanings' be upheld, an
appropriate name is available '"n Bendreeca jamaicensis, Sundev. ; but tlie de-
scriptions and plates of all these old specie t of Golden Warblers are so vague,
that it is doubtful whether any good Trould result from altering names gene-
rally accepted and understood by ornithologists on both sides of the Atlantic.

278 MNIOTILTIDiE.

with a slight olive tinge on the sides of the bodj' : the lower throat,
fore neck, breast, and sides streaked with chestnut ; thighs and
under tail-coverts bright yellow; axillaries and under wing-coverts
also bright yellow : quills dusky below, yellow along the inner web.
Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-5, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-8.

Adult male in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage
in being duller and more olive-green, and in wanting the rufous on
the crown ; head like the back ; eyelid, lores, and sides of face
bright yellow, the ear-coverts posteriorly washed with olive-green
like the sides of the neck : entire under surface of body bright
golden yellow, the flanks washed with olive, with a few indications
of rufous streaks on the sides of the breast. Total length 5 inches,
culmen O'o, wing 2*45, tail 2"1, tarsus 0'8.

Adult female. Greener than the male, slightly more yellow on the
rump and upper tail-coverts : the wing-coverts and quills edged
with dingy olive-yellow ; no rufous on the head, which is like the
back ; lores, sides of face, cheeks, and under surface of body brighter
yellow, but shaded with olive, especially on the flanks. Total
length 5-3 inches, culmen 0"5, wing 2'4, tail 2'05, tarsus 0-75.

Young. Similar to the adult female, but whiter underneath,
especially on the throat ; the upper surface olive-greenish, more
distinctly yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts, the ear-
coverts, sides of neck, and hind neck washed with ashy grey.

Ilah. Jamaica ; Bahamas, not observed above Long Island
(Cor^j).

a. (3" ad. sk. Jamaica, Sclater Collection.

b. 2 juv. sk. Jamaica. Sclater Collection.

c. S ad. sk. Jamaica ( Oshirn ). Sclater Collection.

d. Juv. sk. Jamaica {March). U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

e. 2 ad. sk. Jamaica, Xov. 2:^. Ur. Bryant [P.].

/. Sternum. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [P.].

4. Dendroeca giindlachi *.
Sylvia aestiva {nee Gm.), Leinheye, Av. Cuba, p. 31(1850).
Rliimampluis a^stivus {nee Gm.), Gundl. J. f. 0. 185o, p. 472; Cab.

J.f. O. 181 0, p. .326 ; Gundl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 407.
Dendroica albicollis {nee Gm.), Cass. Proe. Philad. Acad. 1860,

* Some writers liave suggested that Brisson's " Figuier de S. Domingue " is
the present species. As I have never seen a specimen of D. gitndlachi, I liave
not been able to institute a close comparison ; but it seems to me very doubtful
if tlie two birds are identical. In tlie first place, no Golden Warbler has been
found in S. Domingo, so that the locality given is of no assistance in determining
the exact species ; and, secondly, the bird described is evidently a young one ; and ,
as in the immature stages all the Golden Warblers are more or less alike, no
identification seems possible. The following is the synonymy : —

Le Figuier de S. Domingue, Briiis. Orn. iii. p. 494, pi. 26. fig. 5 (1760).

Petit Figuier de S. Domingue, Briss. t. c. p. 496.

Figuier a gorge blanche. Buff. IT/sf. Nat. Ois. v. p. 287 (1778).

S. Domingo Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 479 (1783).

Green and White Warbler, Lath. t. c. p 480.

Motacilla albicollis, Gm. Sy.<:f. Kaf. i. p. 983 (1788)

Motacilla chloroleuca. Gin. f. c. p. 984 (1788).

Sylvia albicollis. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. .535 (17'.K)).

Sylvia chloroleuca, Lath. t. c. p. 984 (1790).

7. DENDE(ECA. 279

p. 192 ; Lam: Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 264 (1860) ; Gundl. J. f. O.

1861, p. 326.
Dendroica gundlachi, Baird, Reviexo Amer. B. p. 197 (1865).
IMniotilta gundlachi, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 241, no. 3495 (1869).
Dendroeca petechia, d. cubana, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork.

Stockh. 1869, p. 608.
Dendroica petechia, var. giindlachi, Baird, Breioer, 8f Ridgw. Hist.

N. Amer. B. i. p. 216 (1874) ; Cory, B. Ba/uwias, p. 58 (1880).
Dendroeca petechia gundlachi, Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 255 (1878).

Adult male. Upper parts dark yellowish green, scarcely white on
the rump, the shaft of the feathers perhaps more dusky ; top of the
head more and more yellowish to the bill, especially towards the
bases of the feathers, the central portions of the feathers tinged
with reddish * ; underparts bright yellow, the jugulum and sides
streaked with reddish ; wing-feathers dark brown ; the quills and
coverts edged externally with the dull olive of the back, which
scarcely becomes more yellow on the margin of the coverts, as in
D. petecJiia ; the marginal colour of the primaries towards their ends
passing into grey : the alula uniform brown ; the quills margined
internally, but not sharjily, with yellowish, which is almost a dull
white towards the ends viewed from above. The upper surfaces of
the tail-feathers are dark greenish brown, margined externally like
the rump ; the outer four feathers have rather poorly defined yellow
patches on their inner webs towards the end, which, however, on
the outer feather does not quite reach the shaft, and is separated on
the others by a greater and greater interval of the ground-colour ;
the fifth has the inner margin above yeUow ; the bill is plumbeous,
with pale edges ; the feet apparently greenish. Total length 4*9
inches, wing 2-5, tail 2*2, tarsus 0-85. (Baird.)

A female bird is quite similar, but with the yeUow patches on the
tail still more restricted. A young bird with much worn plumage
is ashy above, with patches of olive-green ; the underparts creamy
white, strongly tinged with yellow across the breast and on crissum ;
the yeUow patches of the tail much restricted. A young male,
further advauced, has the adidt plumage, with only a few patches
of light ashy on the nape and sides of neck and some whitish spots
on the chin. (Baird.)

Hah. Cuba ; Bahamas, not seen north of Long Island ( Cory).

5. DendroBca melanoptera.

Dendroeca petecliia, Laivr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. i. pp. 54 (1878),

232, 239 (1879).
Dendrceca petechia, var. melanoptera, La%vr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i.

pp. 453, 486 (1879).

Adult male. General colour above clear olive-yellow, scarcely any
lighter on the rump and upper tail-coverts, the latter having brighter
yellow edges ; lesser wing-covcrts like the back ; median and greater
coverts as well as the bastard-wing feathers blackish, externally
edged with bright golden yellow : prim arj--co verts and quills blackish,

* Mr. Lawrence- speaks of a male bird having the whole crown of a deep
orange colour.

280 MNIOTILTIDiE.

edged with olive-yellow, brighter and more golden yellow on the
quills and especially on the inner secondaries ; tail-feathers dusky
brown, washed with olive and edged with yellow, all but the centre
feathers yellow on the inner web, dull olive-brown on the outer
web and across the tip of the inner web, the brown colour increasing
and the yellow diminishing towards the centre of the tail ; crown
of head light chestnut or bay, forming a cap which reaches as far
as the nape ; lores golden yellow, impinging on the base of the
forehead ; ej'ebrow, feathers round the eye, and cheeks golden yellow,
extending on to the ear-coverts, the hinder portion of which part is
olive-yellow like the sides of the neck and back, though slightly
streaked with yellow ; entire under surface of body golden yellow,
washed with olive on the sides of the breast and flanks ; the cheeks,
throat, breast, and sides of body streaked with rich chestnut, more
broadly and distinctly on the flanks ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries bright yellow ; quills dusky below, yeUow along the inner web.
Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-35, tail 1-95, tarsus 0"7.

The bird described is one from the Sclater collection marked
" Antilles (Verreaux) ;" but, after comparison with Baird's ' Key ' and
the descriptions of the American authors, I believe it to be the fuU-
plumaged adult of D. melanoptcra of Lawrence, of which I have
also examined two authentic specimens — one from Dominica, in the
Sclater Collection, and one from Guadeloupe in the collection of
Messrs. Salvin and Goc^'nan. Unfortunately these are both females
in winter plumage, and therefore some doubt hangs about my
identification of the adult male, as certainty in these matters can
only be obtained by comparing full-plumaged adults of all this
group of Warblers. The name of melanoptera conveys a wrong
idea of the specific value of the dark wings, for specimens of D. nifi-
capiUa and D. petecliia have quite as black quills, especially in fresh-
moulted individuals.

Adult female in winter plumage. More olive-green than the male
and without any rufous on the head, which is only a little clearer
yellow than the back, except on the forehead, lores, eyelid, sides of
face, and cheeks, which are decidedly brighter yellow ; wing-coverts
and quills not so broadly edged with bright yellow as in the male ;
under surface of body bright yellow, olive on the flanks, with a few
slight indications of chestnut streaks on the throat and breast. Total
length 4-7 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-2, tail 1'9, tarsus 0*75.

Hah. West Indies : islands of Dominica and Guadeloupe.

a. 2 ad. sk. Dominica (Ober). Sclater Collection.

b. cJ ad. sk. [Antilles.] Sclater Collection.

6. Dendrceca capitalis.

Dendrceca , Baird, Rev. Amer. B. in text of p. 202 (1865).

Dendrceca petechia, c. bavbadensis, Sundev. (Efv, K. Vet.-Akad. Fork.

Stockh. iii. p. 608 (1869).
Dendroica capitalis, Baird, Bmver, ^- Ridf/iv. Hist. N. Amer. B. i.

p. 217 (1874).
Dendrceca capitalis, Laivr. Proc. I'hilud. Acad. 1808, p. ,3.')9 ; Cones,

B. Color. Vail. p. 256 (1878).

7. DENDRfECA. 281

AduJt male. General colour above olive-yellow, a little brighter
and clearer on the hind neck and on the rump and upper "tail-
coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater
series as weU as the bastard-wing feathers blackish, edged with
bright yeUow; primary-coverts and quills blackish, edged with
ohve-yellow, a little brighter on the inner secondaries ; centre tail-
feathers dusky brown, edged with olive-yeUow ; the remainder of the
feathers yellow on the inner web, dark olive-brown on the outer
web and across the extreme tip of the inner one, the yellow some-
what decreasing and the brown increasing towards the centre of
the tail ; crown of head deep chestnut-brown or maroon, the nape
olive-yellow like the hind neck; a broad goldcn-yeUow eyebrow
impinging on the base of the forehead, which is chestnut like the
crown, but very narrow ; lores, sides of face, cheeks, ear-coverts
and entire uuder surface of body golden yeUow, with pale chestnut
streaks on the fore neck, breast, and sides of body ; under wiuo'-
coyerts and axillaries also golden yeUow ; quiUs dusky below
yellow along the inner web. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen O-Ss'
wing 2-35, tail 1-85, tarsus 07.
Ifab. Barbadoes.

«. d ad. sk. Barbadoes (Briffffs). Sclater Collection.

0. d ad. sk. Antilles. Sclater Collection.

7. Dendrceca rufopileata.
Dendroica rufopileata, Eidfftc. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 173 (1884).
Adult male. Porehead and crown uniform chestnut-rufous
abruptly defined all round ; upper parts yeUowish olive-green the
wmgs slate-dusky, with broad and distinct pure yellow ed<^in-s on
greater wing-coverts and tertials, the outer webs of the former
being almost wholly yellow ; primaries and secondaries narrowly
edged with ohve-yeUow ; inner webs of rectrices ^except middle
pair) wholly clear primrose-yellow; outer webs dusky ed-ed
especially on lateral feather, with yeUow ; sides of head ('including
ores and superciliary region back to above auriculars) and entire
lower parts pure gamboge-yellow, the jugulum and breast broadly
but not very sharply, streaked with rufous ; bill black ; legs and

/^,^nTV''^• ^^''°° ^'^^ ^"^^^^' t^'l 2-00, culmen 0-50, depth
ot bm 0-14, tarsus 0-75, middle toe 0-40. {Rklqiumi )

Adidt female. Differing from the male in lacking any trace of
rufous on crown or streaks on breast; yeUow beneath decidedly
less pure ; bill hght brownish, the maxUla dusky. Winer 9.31 , inches

n^'^o^'?^' r'^""^"! *^-^^' ^^P^^ °f "^'^ "^-IS, tarsus 0-75, middle toe
U-42. (Uidf/iva)/.)

The nearest 'ally of this species is D. cajnfaUs, Lawr., of Barba-
does, which differs in having the pileum of a very dark rich
chestnut, m havmg the entire sides and flanks, as weU as the breast
shari)ly streaked with rich chestnut, the yellow of the lower parts
and the olive-green of the upper surface much deeper, and the l)ill
much stouter. {Ridgiuay.)

Hab. Island of Curagoa, Venezuela.

282 MNIOTILTID^.

8. DendrcBca aureola.
Sylvicola aureola, Gould, Voy. ' Beagle,'' Birds, p. 86, pi. 28 (1841) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 309.
Mniotilta aiu-eola, Graj/, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; id. Harid-l. B. i.

p. 241, no. 3488 (1869).
Dendroica aureola, Cass. Pi-oc. Philad. Acad. 1860, p. 192 ; Baird,

Rev. Amer. B. i. p. 194 (1865) ; Baird, Breiuer, 8^ Ridgiu. Hist. N.

Amer. B. i. p. 217 (1874).
Deudroeca petechia, /. galapagensis, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad.

Fork. Stockh. iii. p. 608 (1869).
Deudrceca aureola, Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 9 (1873) ;

Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 256 (1878) ; Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 473

(1876) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 66 ; Tacz. t. c. p. 744 ; id. Orn.

Perou, p. 467 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow, a trifle brighter
on the rump ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and
greater coverts blackish, margined and tipped with brighter yellow ;
bastard-wing blackish, fringed with golden yeUow; primary-
coverts and quiUs blackish, edged with olive-yellow, more golden
on the primaries, broader and paler on the secondaries ; upper
tail-coverts rather duller than the back ; tail-feathers blackish,
washed with olive and edged with brighter yeUow, all but the
centre ones bright pale yellow, dark brown along the outer web
and across the end of the inner one : crown of the head bright bay,
with golden bases to the feathers ; lores and base of the forehead
orange-yeUow ; eyebrow, feathers round the eye, ear-coverts, and
cheeks bright golden yellow, the ear-coverts washed with olive on
the upper edge ; throat and entire under surface brilliant golden
yellow ; fore neck and breast as well as the flanks streaked with
rufous ; thighs golden yellow, externally olive ; under tail-coverts,
under wing-coverts, and axillaries bright golden yellow ; quills
dusky below, inner edges bright yellow. Total length 4-S inches,
culmen 0-o5, wing 2-6, tail 2, tarsus O'So.

Adult female. Duller in colour than the male and much greener ;
head like the back, a little yellower on the forehead ; lores and a
narrow eyebrow, sides of face, and under surface of body clear pale
eyebrow, a little washed with greenish on the sides of the body and
the upper edge of the ear-coverts ; edges of the wing-coverts and
quills not nearly so bright as in tlie male ; the brown colour on the
inner web of the tail-feathers much more extended, so that the
yellow on the inner web is not so distinct. Total length 4-7 inches,
culmen 0-55, wing 2-5, tail 1*9, tarsus 0"85.

Toung male. Like the old female but greyer, the hind neck and
back washed with ashy ; crown of head ashy, washed with yellow :
lores ashy, washed with yellowish ; eyelid ashy white ; ear-coverts
grey ; wing-coverts and quilLs ashy brown, edged with light yellow,
the quills fringed with whitish at the ends ; tail-feathers dusky
brown, edged with olive-yellow, the inner webs also edged with
yellow, increasing in extent towards the outer feathers, where it is
very broad ; cheeks and under surface of body white, faintly washed
with yellow on the fore neck, flanks, and abdomen ; the under
tail-coverts washed with brighter yellow ; sides of body nnd flanks
ashy, washed with oHve-yeUow. Total length 4-4 inches, cxilmen
0-45, wing 2-4, tail 1-85, tarsus 0*75.

7. DENDECECA, 283

Hah. Most of the islands of the Galapagos archipelago : Ecuador
and Peru.

a, h c? $ ; c. d" juv. Indefatigable Island, Dr. O. Habel [C.].

sk- _ August.

d. S juv. sk. Indefatigable Island, Selater CoUection.

August (Habel).

e,f Juv. • (/. Ad. sk. Charles Island. Commander Cookson [CI.

n- 6 ad. sk. Abmgdon Island Selater Collection.

{Habel).

I. Ad. sk. Galapagos Islands Voy. of H.M.S. ' Beagle.'

,; ,, , { C. Darwin). (Tvpo of species.)"

*, f. Ad. sk. Gorgona Island. Capt. Kellett and Lieut.

Wood [P.].

9. Dendrceca vieilloti.

^y^"^J^fi^_,^?,^^' .(«"« L"t^'-), T'ieill. Nouv. Diet. (T Hist. Nat. xi.

p. 228 (1817); td. ^- Oud. Gal. Ois. i. pi. 104 (182.5)*.
Dendroica eritliachorides, Baird, B. N. Amer p '>8.3 (18.58)
Dendroica vieilloti, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1800, p. 192 ;' Baird
Review Amer B. p. 203 (1865) ; Baird, Brewer, |- Ridgw. Hid.
N. Amer. B. i. p. 217 (1874). '^ y

Rhimamphus ruficeps, Cab. J. f. O. 1800, p. 326 {e.v VieM. &■ OvdX
Dendrreca vieilloti, 8cl. S,- ,Salv. Nomend. Av. Neotr.-p. 9(1873, pt ) •
Coues, B Color. Vail. p. 250, note ( 1878) ; Salv. ^ Godm.Biol.
tentr.-A^ner., Aves, i. p. 125 (1880, pt.).
Mniotilta vieilloti, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 240, no. 3481 (1869).
Dendroeca petechia, i. panamensis, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork.

IStockh. 1809, p. 009.
Mniotilta ruficeps, Giebel, Orn. Thes. ii. p. 606 (1875).
Adult. General colour above dusky olive-yellow, a little brio-hter
yeUow round the hind neck and on the rump ; mantle and inmer
back indistinctly streaked with blackish brown ; lesser wing-coverts
like the back, but washed with brighter yeUow ; median and greater
coverts black, externally edged with bright yeUow ; bastard- wing
pnmary-covcrts, and quills blackish, edged with olive-yeUow, brio-hter
yellow on the primaries ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with olive-
yellow all but the centre ones yellow on the inner web except near
the end of the shaft, where the brown colour of the outer web spreads
on to the end of the inner web for a short distance, the yellow
somewhat diminishing and the brown increasing towards the centre
of the tail ; entire crown of head chestnut-rufous, as also the sides
of the lace, car-coverts, cheeks, and throat ; loral plumes with yellow
bases : remainder of under surface of body bright vcUow, streaked
with chestnut on the breast, sides of the body, and flanks • thi"-hs
under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries golden yellow •
quills dusky below, yellow along the inner web. Total leno-th 4-4
inches, culmen U-5, wing 2-55, tail 2-l)b, tarsus 0-8. °

i^rt/>. Panama and Veragua : probably extending into Northern
Colombia.

a. Ad.sk. Gorgona, Panama. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.].

* The plate in the ' Galerie des Oiseaus ' undoubtedly represents the Panama
bird, whicii 13 also said to extend to Carthagena. Future research mav confirm
this rnn£re, but the only specimens examined bv me from New Granada are
diUerent Irom true D. vieilloti and represent an allied form.

284

mniotiltidj?:.

Subsp. a. Dendrceca bryanti.

Syh-icola vieilloti {nee Cas».), Finsch, Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, ii.

p. 329 (1870).
Dendi'oeca vieilloti, pt., Sd. ^- Salv. Nmnsncl. Av. Neotr. p. 9 (1873) ;

Salvin Sf Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 125 (1880).
Dendrceca vieilloti, var. brvanti, Eidffiv. Amer. Nat. vii. p. 60(3 (1873) ;
Baird, Brewer, ^y Ridr/w. Hist. K Amer. B. i. p. 218 (1874) ; Coues,
B. Color. Vail. p. 250 (1878).
Dencb-ceca vieilloti {nee Cass.), Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 441.
Adult (British Honduras). Similar to D. vieilloti, but with the
chestnut on the throat not extending over the fore neck, and the
chestnut streaks on the breast and sides of the body much narrower.
Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-6, tail 1-95, tarsus 0-8.
{Mus. Salvin and Godman.)

Winter plumage. Wanting the rufous on the head and throat ;
the wing-coverts and quills edged with duU olive-yellow; lores
yellow, impinging on the forehead ; feathers over the 63-6, eyelid, sides
of face, and under surface of body bright yeUow, washed with olive
on the sides of the body and flanks. Totallength 4-5 inches, culmen
0-55, wing 2-45, tail 2, tarsus 0-8. {Mus. Salvin and Godman.)

This seems to me a faii'ly distinct race ; but it is doubtful whether
it will not ultimately be found to merge gradually into true D.
vieilloti, as the specimens in the Salvin-and-Godman collection from
British Honduras and Costa Eica are more distinctly striped below
than those from Yucatan ; they preserve, however, the defined
margin of the chestnut throat *.
Ifab. From Mexico to Yucatan.

a. c? imm. sk. Nicaragua, March 1 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(C. C. Nuttini/).

Subsp. jS. Dendrceca granadensis.
Dendrceca vieilloti {nee Cass.), Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 32 (1862).
Adult. General colour above duU olive-yeUow, a trifle clearer on
the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ;
median and greater scries as well as bastard-wing feathers blackish,
edged with olive-yellow, a little brighter towards the ends ; primary-
coverts blackish, fringed with olive ; quiUs blackish, edged with olive-
yellow, brighter on the secondaries ; centre tail-feathers dull olive-
brown, all the remainder yellow on the inner web, brown along the
outer web and across the end of the inner one, the yellow decreasing
and the brown increasing in extent towards the centre of the tail ;
crown of the head as far as the nape orange-chestnut, the hind neck
olive like the back ; lores and eyelid golden yellow ; sides of hinder

* The present bird seems to me to afford a legitimate case for the employ-
ment of trinomial nomenclature, as tlie name Bendroeca vieilloti bryanti of
Mr. Eidgway indicates that it is a form of D. vieilloti, which it undoubtedly
is ; but supposing that a perfect gradation is found to exist, as will most
probably turn out to be the case, between D. hrynnfi and 1). vieilloti, one may
ask — What name should be bestowed on those specimens which illustrate the last
connecting links between the two forms ? They are neither true B. vieilloti
nor true B. bryanti ; and therefore the plan adopted by Messrs. Salvin and
Godman of uniting all the Central-American birds under the name of B.
vieilloti will probably prove to be the best solution of the question.

\

7. ■DENDRCECA. 285

crown golden yellow washed with chestnut ; sides of face, ear-coverts,
cheeks, and entire throat pale orange-ruibus or I'awu-colour ; re-
mainder of under surface of body golden yellow, olive on the tlanks
and sides of the body ; under wing-coverts and axillarics golden
yellow ; quills dusky below, golden yellow along the inner web.
Total length 4 inches, culmen 0'5, wing 2-1, tail 1-6, tarsus 0-7o.

This is a verj- well-marked race, with the head and throat of a
pale rufous or Ijay of about the same tint as in D. petechia, very
diflerent from the dark colour of the same parts in D. vieilloti.

Hah. Colombia.

a. (S ad. sk. Colombia ( Verreaux). Sclater Collection.

b. (S ad. sk. Colombia ( Verreaux). Sclater Collection.

c. Ad.sk. Colombia, (^Verreaux). Sclater Collection.

10. Dendrceca rufigula.

Dendroica rufigula, Baird, lieview Amer. B. p. 204 (1865).
Mniotilta rufigula, Gray, Hand-I. B. i. p. 241, no. 3498 (18G9).
Deudroica vielloti, var. rutigida, Baird, Brewer, (^- Ridgw. Hist. N.

Amer. £. i. p. 217 (1874).
Dendrreca vieilloti rutigida, Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 256 (1878).
Dendrceca rufigula, Laivr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 486 (1879).
Dendrceca vieilloti (pt.), Salv. i$- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i.

p. 125 (1880).

Adult. General colour- above dark olive, a little clearer olive-
yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like
the back ; median and greater series, as well as the bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills, blackish edged with olive-yellow ; foui'
centre tail-feathers duU olive-brown, the remainder yellow on the
inner web, dusky brown on the oiiter and across the tip of the inner
web, the yellow decreasing extensively and the brown increasing
towards the centre of the tail ; crown of head light chestnut or bay,
extending only to the occiput, the latter, as well as the sides of the
hinder crown and nape, being dark olive like the back ; sides of face
and ear-coverts pale chestnut like the crown, with a streak of brighter
yellow above the ear-coverts along the sides of the crown ; lores
slightly varied with yellow bases to the feathers ; cheeks and entire
throat light chestnut or bay, with yellow bases to the feathers, more
evident when the latter are disturbed ; remainder of under surface
of body bright golden yellow, with broad streaks of chestnut on the
fore neck, breast, and sides of the body, less distinct on the latter,
which are washed with dull olive ; axillarics and mider wing-coverts
bright yellow ; quills dusky brown, yellow along the inner web.
Total length 4-8 inches, cidmen 0-5, wing 2-05, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-7.

Hal). Island of Martinique.
a. S ad.sk. Martinique, August (06er). Sclater CoUectiou-

11. Dendrceca peunsylvanica.

The Ked-throated Flycatclur, Bdu: Glean, ii. p. 19.3, pi. 301 (1760).
Figuier a teste jauiie de Canada, i)m;>'. Orn. iii. p. 517, pi. 27. tig. 2 (1760).
Figuier a teste jaune de Pensilvauie, Briss. Orn. vi. App. 105 (1760).
Motacilla pensylvanica, Linn. S. K. i. p. 333 (1766).
Motacilla icterocepLala, id. t. c. p. 334 (1766).

286 MNIOTILTID^.

Figuier atete jauue de Canada, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 299(1778).
Figuier a poitiiue rouge, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 308 (1778).
Red-throated Warbler, Lath. Gen. Si/ii. ii. pt. 2, p. 490 (1783).
Quebec Warbler (pt.), Lath. Gen. 8yn. ii. pt. 2, p. 484 (1783) ; Penn.

Arctic Zool. ii. p. 408 (1785).
Bloody-side Warbler, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 405 (1785, nee Lath.).
Motaeilla peiisilvanica, Grn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 971 (1788).
Sylvia peusylvauiea. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 540 (1790).
Sylvia icterocephala, id. t. c. p. 538 (pt.) ; Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. ii.

p. 31, pi. 90 (1807); Audub. B. Amer. pi. 59: id. Orn. Biogr. i.

p. 306(1832).
Sylvia pennsylvauica, Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 99, pi. 14. fig. 5 (1810).
Sylvicola icterocepbala, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 248 (1832) ;

Richards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172; Bp. Camp. List B. Eur.

c^- N. Amer. p. 22 (1838) ; Avdtib. Syn. p. 54 (1839) ; id. B. Amer.

ii. p. 35, pi. 81 (1841) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 308 (1850); Bryatit, Proc.

Bost. Soc. N. H. vi. p. 116 (1857), vii. p. 110 (1859).
Mniotilta pennsylvanica, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; id. Hand-l.

B. i. p. 241, no. 3485 (1869).
Dendroica pennsylvanica, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 279 (1858) ; id.

Rev. Amer. B. p. 191 (1865) ; Laivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 284

(1866) ; Von Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, p. 293 ; Baird, Brewer, ^

Ridqto. Hist. N. Amer. B'. i. p. 245, pi. 13. figs. 7, 8 (1874).
Deudroeca icterocephala, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 363, 374 ; Cab. J.f. O.

1860, p. 328 ; Sundev. (Efo. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. iii. p. 612

(1869).
Dendroeca pennsylvanica, Salv. ^ Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 273 ; Lawr. Ann.

Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 322 (1861) ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 31 (1862);

id. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 347 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 136 ;

Laivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 94 (1868), ix. p. 200 (1869) ; Salv.

P. Z. S. 1870, p. 182 ; Scl. S( Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 836 ; Coues,

Key N. Amer. B. p. 102 (1872) ; Allen, Bidl. Mm. Comp. Zool.

Cambr. iii. p. 124 (1872) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 62 (1874) ; id. B.

Color. Vail. p. 244 (1878) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 52; Sennett,

Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. v. p. 387 (1878) ; Merrill, Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mm. i. p. 124 (1878) ; Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 566

(1878) ; Co)-y, B. Bahamas, p. 62 (1880) ; Salv. Sf Godman, Biol.

Centr.-Amer., Aves,i. p. 131 (1881) ; Ridyto. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

no. 21, p. 17 (1881) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 304 (1884).

Adult tnaJe in breeding-plumage. General colour above black,
streaked with olive-yellow, the hind neck more ashy ; mantle and
back black in the centre, olive-yellow on the margins of the feathers ;
rump ashy, washed with olive-yellow, the feathers centred with black ;
lesser wing-coverts ashj' grey, with black bases to the feathers ;
the median series yellow or yellowish white with black bases ;
greater coverts black, externally yellow, paler at the tips ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with ashy grey,
more distinct on the primaries ; the secondaries edged with olive-
yellow, broader and brighter on the inner ones ; upper tail-coverts
ashy grey, with black centres and slightly tinged with olive ; tail-
feathers black, edged with ashy grey, the outer feathers white, with
the basal part of the inner web and the whole of the outer web
black, extending across the tip of the inner one, the white gradually
decreasing in extent towards the centre of the feather ; crown of
the head yellow, extending to the nape ; hind neck blackish, with a

7. DENDRCECA. 287

white spot in the centre ; lores black, as well as a narrow eyebrow ;
base of forehead white, extending- in a narrow line between the
yellow crown and the black eyebrow; eyelid, feathers below the
eye, and fore parts of the cheeks, as well as the sides of the throat,
black ; ear-coverts, hinder cheeks, and sides of neck white, as well
as the adjacent hinder portion of the eyelid ; throat and entire
under surface of body white, with a broad band of chestnut extend-
ing from the black cheek-patch down the entire side of the body ;
the latter and the flanks white, with a tinge of yellow on the lower
flanks ; thighs ashy ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries white, the edge of the wing mottled with small
blackish bases to the feathers ; quills dusky below, white along the
inner edge : " bill light blue, blackish above ; feet dusky ; iris
hazel" (Audubon). Total length 4'-l inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2-5,
tail 1*8, tarsus 0-65.

Adult female. Differs from the male in being more olive-yellow
above, less distinctly streaked with black ; the head olive-yellow ;
base of forehead, lores, and feathers above the eye pale ashy grey ;
the sides of the hinder crown ashy grey, streaked with black ; sides
of face and ear- coverts dull white, with a few black marks below
the eye ; no other black on the face ; under surface of body white,
with a few chestnut streaks on the sides of the body. Total length
4-6 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-4, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-75.

An adult female in the Salvin-and-Godman collection (Distr.
Columbia, May 16) has a chestnut streak on the sides of the throat
extending to the sides of the upper breast, but not reaching on to the
flanks.

Young in first autumn. Resembles the adult female in wanting
the black on the face, and has further no chestnut at all on the
Hanks ; the upper surface is olive-yellow, including the head, the
black mesial centres to the feathers of the back being mostly con-
cealed ; hind neck rather ashy like the sides of the neck ; under
surface of body dull white, ashy on the throat and chest ; sides of
body ashy brownish.

The young males may be distinguished from the young females
by a slight appearance of black centres to the feathers of the upper
surface, and sometimes, before leaving for their winter-quarters, the
black on the lores and sides of hinder crown begins to make its
appearance

JIab. Eastern province of North America, United States, and
Canada : west only to the edge of the plains, and scarcely north of
the United States ; breeds abundantly in New England and doubt-
less also in the Middle States ( Coues). Winters in Central America
from Mexico to Panama (8. ^- G.). Bahamas.

a. Ad. st. North America. Purchased.

6. [ cJ ] ad. sk. North America. Goidd Collection.

c. c? ad. sk. Pemisvhania {Baird). Sclater Collection.

d,e,f. 6; ff- 2 Michigan. Prof. J. B. Steere [P.].

ad. sk.

/(. 5 ji"'. sk. Mount Carmel, IlUnois U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].
{S. Turner).

288 ItNIOTILTII)^.

I. c? ad. sk. Iliglnvood, Illinois, May ■2:i R. 13. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(H. K. Coale).
A;. Juv.sk. Halfdav, Illinois, Aug. 22 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{H. k. Coale).
Z. cjad.; w. Juv.sk. Oolebour, Illinois, Sept. 18 R.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],

(H. K. Coale).
n. Juv. sk. Aubiu-n,N. Y. {F. S. Wriffhf). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l.

o. 2 ad. sk. Oyster Bay, Long Island, U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

May 17 (Roosevelt).
p. d ad. sk. Cumberland County, Maine, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

May 22 {N. C. Broim).
q. 2 ad. sk. District of Columbia, Sept. Sclater Collection.

6, 1858 {E. Cones).
r. S ad. sk. Washington, B.C., May 19 U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

(^Shoemaker),
s. 2 ad. sk. St. Louis Countv, Missouri, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.fP.].

May 21 (H. K. Coale).
f. rS juv. sk. Panama {McLeannan). Sclater Collection.

u. (S ad. sk. Veragua {Arce). O. Salvin, Esq.^

12. Dendrceca blackburniae *.

Blackburuian Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 461 (1783) ;

Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 412 (1785).
Motacilla blackbui-nise, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 977 (1788).
Sylvia blackburuiffi. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 527 (1790) ; Vieill. Ois.

Ame'r. Sept. ii. p. 36, pi. 96 (1807) ; Wilso7t, Amer. Orn. iii. p. 64,

pi. 23. tig. 3 (1811); Auduh. B. Amer. pis. 135,399; id. Orn.

Biogr. ii. p. 208 (1834), v. p. 73 (1839).
Sylvia parus, WUs. Amer. Om. v. p. 114, pi. 44. fig. 3 (1812) ;

Aiidiih. B. Amer. pi. 134; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 205 (1834).
Svlvia blackburui, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 168 (1817).
Sylvia melanorrhoa, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 180 (1817).
Svh-icola blackburniaj, Jard. cd. WUs. Amer. Orn. i. p. 354 (1832) ;
' Richards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172 ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur.

&; N. Amer. p. 22 (1838) ; Audub. Syn. p. 57 (1839) ; id. B. Ainer.

ii. p. 48, pi. 87 (1841) ; Bp. Cotisj). i. p. 307 (1850) ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1854, p. 111.

* The following names have been referred doubtfully to this species : —

1. Figuier stranger, Daub. PI. Enl. vi. pi. 58. fig. 3.
Le Figuier orange, Buff. Hist. Ned. Ois. v. p. 313.
Motacilla fusca, P.L. S. Midi. Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 175 (1776).
Motacilla aurantia, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 4 (1783).
Orange-headed Warblei-, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 492.
Motacilla chrysocepbala, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 971 (1788).
Sylvia chrysocepbala, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 541 (1790).
Mniotilta aurantia, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848).
Sykicola chrysocepbala, Bp. Consp. i. p. 3U9 (1850).

Founded on a bird from Guiana described by Buffon and figured in Dauben-
ton's ' Planches Enluminees.' The latter plate, however, is too badly executed to
determine the species with certainty, but it is probably BendrcEca bluckhimiia.

2. Grey-poll Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 461 (1783) ; Penn. Arctic

Zool. ii. p. 402 (1785).
Motacilla incana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 976 (1788).
Sylvia incana. Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 527 (1790).
Mniotilta incana, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848).

7. DENBECECA. 289

Sylvicola parus, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 209 (1832) ; Bp.
Comp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Amer. p. 22 (1838) ; Audub. B. Amer.
ii. p. 40, pi. 83 (1841).

Mniotilta blackburnise, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; id. Sand-l.
B. i. p. 240, no. 3472 (1869).

Mniotilta parus, Grmj, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861,
p. 6.

Mniotilta melanorrhoa. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848).

Riiimainplius parus, Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 311 (1850).

Ehimamphus blackburnife, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 19 (1850) ;
Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 143, 1858, p. 64.

Dendroica blackburniffi, Scl. Sf Scdv. Ibis, 1859, p. 11 ; Baird,
B. N. Amer. p. 274 (1860) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, pp. 64, 184 ; Baird,
Review Amer. B. p. 189 (1865) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii.
p. 284 (1866) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bust. Soc. N. H. i." p. 547 (1869) ;
Baird, Brexver, Sf Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 237, pi. 13. tigs.
2, 3 (1874).

Deudrceca bLickburniffi, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 363 ; Cab. J. f. O.
1800, p. 328 ; Laicr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 468 (1862) ; Scl. Cat.
Amer. B.^- 30 (1862) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 62; Dresser, Ibis, 1866,
p. 478 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 136 ; Latvr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 94
(1868) ; Sundev.CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. ForJi. Stockh. 1869, p. 611 ; Von
Frantz. J. f. 0. 18(59, p. 293 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 183 ; Scl. 8)- Salv.
t.c.Tp. 780'; Wyaft, Ibis, 1871,-^.322; &fc iSis, 1872, p. 314; Coues,
Key N. Amer. B. p. 100 (1872) ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. iii.
pp. 124, 166, 175 (1873); Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 9
(1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 508 : Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
no. 4, p. 15 (1876) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 52 ; Coiies, B. Color.
Vail. p. 284 (1878) : 3Ierrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. 3Ius. i. p. 123
(1878) ; Scl. 4- Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 494 ; Tacz. t. c. p. 223 ; Cory,
B. Bahamas, p. 60 (1880) ; Ridgtu. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21,
p. 17 (1881) ; Salv. ^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 133
(1881) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 6; id. Orn. Perou, p. 464 (1884; ;
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 302 (1884).

Adult male. General colour black, streaked with white on the
sides of the back and scapulars, the oixter webs of which are
white ; rump uniform black like the centre of the back ; lesser
wing-coverts black ; median coverts white ; greater coverts black,
edged with ashy olive and tipped with white, the inner ones white,
black only in the centre or on the inner w^eb ; bastard-wing and
primary-coverts black ; quills black, edged with ashy olive, inner
secondaries more broadly with white ; upper tail-coverts black, the
lateral ones edged with ashy ; tail-feathers black, edged with ashy ;
outer tail-feathers white, with the external web black, extending
across the tip of the inner web and increasing in extent towards
the centre of the tail, the white becoming gradually reduced to a
narrow edging ; crown of the head, nape, and hind neck black, with a
broad sincijntal streak of golden yellow ; lores black, a broad
eyebrow of golden yellow from the base of the nostrils and sides of
the neck : upper and lower edges of the eyelid golden yellow, as also
a patch below the eye ; ear-coverts as well as the anterior and
posterior margin of the eyelid black ; sides of the neck pale yellow ;
checks, throat, and lore neck golden orange ; breast, sides of the
body, and Hanks pale yellow, streaked with black ; abdomen, thighs,

VOL. X. U

290 MHIOTlLTn)^.

and under tail-coverts whiter, with only a faint tinge of yeUow ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the latter slightly tinged
with yellow, the edge of the wing mottled with black bases to the
feathers ; quiUs dusky below, inner edges white : " bill and logs
umber-brown, the former bluish at the base below ; iris hazel "
(Audubon). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-7, tail 2,
tarsus 0-7.

Adult female in spring plumage. Similar to the male, but duller
in colour, the orange of the throat and eyebrow less vivid, and the
ear-coverts dusky brown. The upper surface of the body is much
browner, being washed with ashy olive, and not deep black as in
the male ; the yellow frontal spot very pale and concealed, all the
feathers being tipped with dusky blackish like the rest of the head;
a double wing-bar formed by the white tips to the median and
greater coverts ; the white on the taU much less developed than in
the male, the third feather having only a small spot of white near
the end of the inner web. Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0-5,
wing 2'6, tail 2-0, tarsus 0"65. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.)

Young in first autumn plumage. More like the old female, but
differing considerablv from the adult plumage of either sex. General
colour above olive-brown, the centre of the back streaked with
dusky brown, the feathers edged with dull ochre ; the head like the
back, with an obscure mark of ochreous on the fore part of the
crown, indicating the yellow coronal patch of the adult ; the hind
neck not streaked at all ; the rump and upper tail-coverts rather
more ashy olive, more distinctly streaked with blackish ; lesser
wing-coverts like the back ; the median and greater series blackish,
edged with olive and tipped with white, forming a double wing-
bar ; quiUs blackish, margined with olive, the inner secondaries
with whitish ; tail-feathers dusky brown, margined with olive, the
two outer feathers with an irregularly shaped patch of white near
the end of the inner web ; lores and ear-coverts dull olive-brown,
with a yellowish spot below the eye, resembling the lower eyelid
which adjoins it : eyebrow pale yeUow, obscured somewhat with
brown ; sides of neck slightly mixed with yellow behind the ear-
coverts ; throat and fore neck clear olive-yellow ; remainder of
under surface paler yellow, becoming whiter on the abdomen and
under tail-coverts, the latter, as well as the sides of the body and
flanks, streaked with dusky ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
white, slightly tinged with yellow and mottled with dusky bases
near the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below, white along the
edge of the inner web. Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 0'45, wing
2-5, tail I'S, tarsus 0-7.

Adult nude in winter plumage. Chiefly distinguished from the
summer plumage by the paler colour of the yellow eyebrow and
throat ; the black facial markings present as in summer, but ob-
scured by olive ; the whole of the black on the upper parts obscured
by a wash of ashy olive, with which the feathers are broadly
edged and tipped ; no wing-patch on the inner greater coverts, but
a double wing-bar formed by the tips of the median and greater
series ; the fore neck gradually deepening into orange. Before

7. DENDR(ECA. 291

leaving their winter homes, the full plumage is assumed by a
moult.

The adult female in winter plumage may bq distinguished by the
less amount of white on the tail and the dusky ear-coverts, as well
as the generally browner plumage above ; the throat is deep yellow.

The flanks are always strongly marked with black stripes in
winter ; but are more pronounced in the males than in the females.
An interesting specimen from the Gould collection shows the as-
sumption of the rich spring plumage by a complete moult.

Hah. United States, chiefly the eastern province, west to Utah
and New Mexico. Breeds in the northern portions of the United
States range and northward in the British provinces ; doubtless
also in elevated tracts of the Middle States (Coues). Winters in
Central America from Mexico to Panama, and extends to Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (S. 4" Gf.). Bahamas.

a. (^ ; b, c. Ad. st. North America. Purchased.

d, e. cJ ad. sk. North America. Gould Collection.

f. (S ad. sk. mchigan. Prof. J. Steere [P.].

tj, h, i. cS ad. sk. Hyde Park, Elinois, May E. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].

{H. K. Coale).

k. c? ad. hiem. sk. Hindsdale, Illinois, Aug. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

30 {H. K. Coale).

/. Juv. hiem. sk. Chicago, Illinois, Sept. 21 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{H. K. Coale).

m. S ad. sk. Wheatland, Indiana,May U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

(H. Sidgicay).

n. (S ad. sk. San Francisco. Capt. Kellett and Lieut.

Wood [P.].

0. (S ad. st. Mexico. Purchased.

p.\S ad.] ; q, r. Guatemala. Goidd Collection.

[c? jun^] sk.

s. $ ad. sk. San Jose, Costa Rica U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

i^Carmiol).

t. $ hiem. sk. Medehlu. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C.].

u. cS ad. sk. Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C.].

V, w. d ad. sk. Bogota. Gould CoUectiou.

X, y. S [ 2 ] ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection.

2. [2 ] ad. sk. Bogota. J. Pm-die, Esq. [P.].

a'. (S ad. sk. Nanegal, Ecuador, Feb. Sclater Collection.

(L. Fraser).

b'. (S juv. sk. Pallatanga, Nov. Sclater Collection.

(L. Fraser).

13. Dendroeca nigrescens.

Sylvia uigi-escens, Toicns. Journ. Philad. Acad. vii. p. 191 (1837),
"viii. p. 153 (1839) ; Auduh. B. Amer. pi. 395; id. Orn. Biogr. v.
p. 57 (1839).
Vermivora nigrescens, B}}. Comp. List B. Eur. 6f N. Amer. p. 21

(1838).
Sylvicola nigi-escens, Atidub. Si/n. p. 60 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii.
'p. 02, pi. 94 (1841) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 308 (1850) ; Uiigis, La Nat.
1. p. 141 (18G8).
? Sylvicola tristis, Nutt. Man. 1840, p. 472 {teste Coties).
Svlvia halseii, Giraud, Si.vteen B. Texas, p. 11, pi. 3. fig. 1 (1841).

u 2

292 MNIOTILTID^.

Mniotilta nigrescens, Gray^ Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B.
i. p. 240, no. 3470 (1869).

Rhimamplius nigrescens, Cab. Miis. Hein. i. p. 20 (1850).

Sylvicola nigi-escens, Henry, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1855, p. 309.

Dendroica nigrescens, Baird, B. N. Amet: p. 270 (1858) ; Scl. P. Z. S.
1858, pp. 295, 298, 1859, p. 374 ; Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 186
(1865) ; Svmic/ir. Mem. Bost. Sue. N. H. i. p. 547 (1869); Baird,
Breivei; ^- Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 258, pi. 12. fig. 8 (1874).

Dendrceca nigi-esrens, Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 30(1862) ; Coves, Ibis,
1865, p. 163 ; Smidev. (Efv. K. Vct.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1869,
p. 610 ; Coues, Keif N. Aniei: B. p. 98 (1872) ; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl.
Av. Neotr. p. 9 (1873) ; Cones, B. N.-West, pp. 55, 232 (1874) ;
id. B. Color. Vail. p. 263 (1878) ; Ridriiv. Rep. U.S. Geol. Expl.
AOth Par. pt. iii. p. 433 (1877) ; id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21,
p. 17 (1881) ; Salvin Sf Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 136
(1881) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 300 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above clear slaty grey, the centre of
the back with black centres to the feathers, not seen on the lower
back and rump, but very distinct again on the upper tail-coverts ;
lesser wing-coverts grey like the back ; median and greater coverts
black, edged with slaty grey and broadly tipped with white, forming
a double white wing-bar ; bastard-wing and primary -coverts black,
the latter obsoletely fringed with ashy ; quills black, externally
edged with hoary grey, whiter on the primaries, the secondaries
narrowly tipped with white ; tail-feathers black, washed with slaty
grey on the outer edges and fringed with white near the ends of the
inner web ; the outer tail-feather for the most part white, with an
oblique blackish base to the inner web, the shaft black, widening
out towards the tip of the feather, the penultimate and third tail-
feathers also for the most part white, which gradually decreases on
the two latter as the black base on the inner web extends ; head
black, forming a cap ; the lores, eyelid, feathers below the eye, and
ear-coverts also black, produced to the sides of the neck ; a supra-
loral spot of golden yellow ; from behind the eye a broad white
streak, extending above the ear-coverts to the sides of the neck ; the
latter grey like the back ; cheeks white, forming a broad moustache,
which extends down the sides of the throat ; entire throat black,
slightly widening out on the sides of the fore neck ; remainder of
imder surface of body white ; the sides of the upper breast washed
with slaty grey, the whole of the sides of the body broadly streaked
with black in the form of long lines ; thighs and under tail-coverts
white, the long ones of the latter mesially streaked with black ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills dusky below, white
along the inner web : " bill and feet black ; iris brown '" {Audubon).
Total length 4"9 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2-G5, tail 2-05, tarsus 0"7.

Adidt female. Like the male, but the black of the crown mixed
with the ashy of the back, and that of the throat veiled with the
white tips of the feathers. (Coues.)

Adult male in ivinter plumage. Differs chiefly from the summer
plumage in the more uniform upper surface, which does not show
the black centres to the feathers of the mantle ; the head is ashy
like the back, the black crown being hidden by ashy grey tips to

7. DENDKCECA. 293

the feathers, although more or less evident traces of the black may
be traced on the forehead and along the sides of the crown ; ear-
coverts black, washed with ashy ; the black throat entirely obscured
by white ends to the feathers.

Young in autumn plumage. Resembles the winter plumage of the
adults, having the head like the back ; the mantle with no sign of
black central streaks, but with a strong wash of brown on it and
on the scapulars ; the head also washed with brown, the black bases
to the feathers being here and there perceptible ; the white on the
tail not quite so extensive as in fully adult birds ; under surface of
body white, through which may be traced the approaching black
plumage of the adult stage ; the yellow spot above the lores deve-
loi^ed as in fully adult birds.

A young bird collected by A. Forrer at Presidio, in Mexico,
on the 31st of December (mus. Salvia and Godman), has the under-
parts entirely white, with a distinct yellowish tinge ; on the lower
throat, where the white tips arc somewhat woi-n, the feathers show
slight signs of black, and the flanks are obscurely streaked ; the
sides of the breast are distinctly marked with ashy.

Hab. United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific,
breeding in suitable places throughout its U.S. range (Coues).
Winters in Mexico.

a. Imm. sk. Arizona (Henshaw). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

b,c. cJ $ ad. sk. Santa Rita Mountains, U.S. Nat. Museum |_P.].

Arizona, June {E. W.

Nelson).

d. S ad. sk. Northern California, June R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

24 (C. 11. Toronsend).

e. (S ad. sk. W. Mexico (Donnan). Sclater Collection.
/. c? iunn. sk. Oaxaca, Mexico, March Sclater Collection.

(Boucard).

ff, h. c? 2 ^^^- sk. La Parada, Mexico. A. Boucard, Esq. [C.l.

i. c? fid. sk. Puebla, Mexico. A. Boucard, Esq. [C.j.

k. Ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection.

14. Dendrceca occidentalis.

Sylvia occidentalis. Towns. Jouni. Philad, Acad. vii. p. 190 (1837),

" viii. p. 153 (1839) ; Aicdub. B. Amer. pi. 395. figs. 3 & 4 ; id. Orn.

Biogr. v. p. 55 (1839).
Sylvicola occidentalis, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 23

(1838); Auduh. Syn. p. 60 (1839); Kutt. Man. 1840, p. 445; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 308 (1850).
Mniotilta occidentalis. Gray, Gen. B. i. p, 196 (1848) ; id. Iland-l. B.

i. T). 240, no. 3468 (18G9).
Dendroica occidentahs, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 268 (1858) ; id. Rev.

Amer. B. p. 183 (1865) : Smnichr. 3Iem. Bost. Sop. N. H. i. p. 546

(1869) ; Baird, Brewer, ^- liidqw. Hist. iV. Amer. B. i. p. 266. pi. 12.

fig. 5' (1874) ; Jlensh. Zuol. Expl. IV. 100th Merid. p. 201 (1876).
Dendrceca occidentalis, Sd. Ibis, 1865, p. 89 ; Coues, t. c. p. 163 j

Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 191; Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1866, p. 69;

Sunder. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fiirh. Stockh. 1869, p. 611 ; Cooper,

B. Calif, p. 92 (1870) ; Coueg, Key N. Amer. B. p. 98 (1872) ; Scl.

^- Salv. JVomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 9 (1873) ; Ridgiu. Rep. Geol. Expl,

■kOthPar. pt. iii. p. 432 (1877); Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 268

294 imiOTiiTiD^.

riSTS') • Salv. Sc Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 138 (1881) ;
^Zow.BM. -U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21 p 18 mi)- SaU,. Cat
Stricld. Coll. p. 89 (1382) ; Coties, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 2JJ

DinSc^capcridentalis, Cooper Amer Nat. iiyv- ff (1869).
DendrcBca chrysopavia (necScl.^- Sah.) Scl.ir Salv^ P. |- -S- \860'
p. 298; Scl.P.Z. S. 1862, p. 19 ; id. Cat. Amer. B p 358 (1862).
Deudroeca niveiventris, Scdv. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 187, pi. 24. fig. 2.
Adult male (La Parada, February). General colour above slaty
c^rey mottled with black centres to the feathers, a little less distinct
on the rump, which is more hoary grey ; upper tail-coverts black,
edged with hoary grey ; lesser wiug-coverts slaty grey, with black
bases to the feathers ; median and greater coverts black, edged with
slaty ''rey and tipped with white, forming a double wmg-bar ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, with obsolete ashy margins ;
quills black, margined with ashy grey, the first primary with whitish,
the inner secondaries with a broad margin of hoary grey ; taii-
feathers black, edged with slaty grey, the outer feather almost
entirely white, excepting the shaft-line, an oblique basal mark on
the inner web, and a small elongated mark towards the end of the
outer web, which are black; the penultimate feather similarly
marked, but the white much reduced in size, and the oblique black
mark extending much further up the inner web ; the third leather
with only a small white mark near the end; entire crown and sides
of head as well as the cheeks and malar line, golden yellow, with
a few' black tips to the feathers of the hinder crown and nape, the
Bides of the crown having also tiny black shaft-lines; throat and
fore neck black ; remainder of under surfoce of body white, including
the under tail-coverts, axiUaries, and under wmg-coverts ; qui Is
blackish edged with white on the inner web. Total length 4-7
inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-65, tail 2, tarsus 0-7.

Adult female. Lighter ashy grey above, washed with olive-yellow

esnecially on the mantle, the black central streaks of the dorsal

plumage much narrower and less pronounced ; upper tail-coverts

erev with scarcely perceptible black centres ; wings and tail as in

the adult male ; head golden yellow, but obscured with black tips

to the feathers to a much greater extent than in the male, these

black ends being much broader and extending over the crown so

that the forehead and sides of the crown are the only unspotted

parts • entire sides of face, cheeks, and sides of neck golden yellow,

washed with olive on the latter and on the car-coverts ; throat black,

obscured by yeUow on the upper part and the chm and with hoary

o-rev on the lower part ; remainder of under surface ol body dull

white including the thighs and under tail-coverts ; the sides of the

body 'washed with pale brown, darker and more ashy brown on

the sides of the upper breast; under wing-coverts and axillaries

white; quills dusky below, whitish «lofg /he inner web :" bill

black • feet yellowish brown ; iris brown {Audubon), lotal length

4-6 inches, culmen O-o, wing 2-55, tail 2 tarsus 0-75. .

A male in the Salvin-and-Godman collection (type oi D. mvei-

ventris Salv.), from San Geronimo, Vera Paz, in Guatemala, differs

7. DENDEffiCA. 295

from the male described in having the hind neck up to the occiput
uniform black. It was killed in January, but is evidently in full
summer plumage.

The female described is an Oaxaca skin from the Sclater collection,
and is apparently fully adult, though the overlying yellow on the
black throat may be a sign of remains of winter plumage. One
killed in January at La Parada, in Mexico, has the whole under
surface creamy white, but the throat is washed with yellow like the
cheeks. The black on the throat is distinctly traceable, the bases
of all the feathers being visible beneath the white or yellow tips.

In a skin obtained by Mr. Salvin at Alotepeque, in Guatemala
(mus. Saluiii and Godman), the plumage is like that of the females
above described, but the sides of the body are narrowly streaked
with blackish. Dr. Cones speaks of these lateral streaks as being
present in the young birds. In the specimen in question the black
on the throat is nearly hidden by the whitish edges to the feathers,
and the black mottlings on the back are beginning to show, so that
the specimen is evidently commencing to acquire its full summer
plumage. Another specimen in the Salvin-and-Godman collection,
killed on the Volcan de Fuego, in Guatemala, on the 20th of
November, is nearly fuU-plumaged, but has some yellow margins
still discernible on the feathers of the throat. It would appear
from this that, even if the full plumage is ultimately gained by a
spring moult, the edges to the black feathers of the throat become
abraded as early in the year as November, and many specimens must
have the full plumage of the adults by December and January, as the
bird above mentioned has also nearly lost the blackish tips to the
feathers of the crown. The fuU sequence of plumage is not clear to
me, as the series of skins examined has been somewhat limited.

Tounr/. Upper parts olivaceous ash, and the yellow of the top of
the head overlaid with olive ; sides of the head pretty clear yellow,
fading gradually into the white of the throat; no black on the
latter ; white of the underparts faintly brownish tinged, and sides
with obsolete streaks. (Ooues.)

Hah. In the United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific (Ooues). Winters in Central America, from Mexico to
Guatemala (S. 6( G.).

a. Juv. sk. Big Trees, California, June 29 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],

(Henshmv).

b. 2 ad. sk. La Parada, Mexico, Jan. A. Boucard, Esq. [C.].

c. c5' ad. sk. La Parada, Feb. {Boucard). Sclater Collection.

d. 5 ad. sk. Oaxaca {lioucard). Sclater Collection.

15. Dendrceca chrysoparia.

Dendrceca chrvsoparia, Scl. ^- Sah: P. Z. S. 1860, p. 298 ; id. Ibis,
1800, p. 273 ; ScL Ibix, 18(35, pp. 89, 237 ; Dresser, t. c. p. 477 ;
Cones, Ee)i N. Amer. B. p. 98 (1872); Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av.
Neotr. p. 9 (1873) ; Salv. in Bowlei/'s Orn. Misc. i. p. 181, pi. 23
(1876) ; Cones, B. Color. Vail. p. 241 (1878) ; Purdie, Bull. Xutt.
Orn. Club, iv. p. 60 (1879) ; Breivsfer, t. c. p. 77 ; Sah. ^- Godm.
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Ares, i. p. 139 (1881) ; liidyw. Bull. U.S. Nat,

296 MNIOTILTID^.

Mm no 21, p. 17 (1881); Brojvn, Btdl. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1882,

p. 36; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 300 (1884).
Dendroica cluysopareia, Baird, Rev. Amer. B. pp. 183, 267 (1865) ;

Baird, Brewer, ^- Ridgw. Sist. N. A. Birds, i. p. 260, pi. 12. fig. 6

(1874).
Dendroeca clirysopareia, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh.

1869, p. 610 ; Cooper, B. Cal. i. p."93 (1870) ; Corns, Key N. Amer.

B. p. 98 (1872).
Mniotilta clirysopareia, Grmj, Band-l. B. i. p. 241, no. 3494 (1869).

Adult (type of species). General colour above black, the head
like the back, with a few narrow margins of olive-yeUow to some of
the feathers, a little more distinct on the back, the lower back and
rump slightly more ashy ; upper tail-coverts black ; lesser wing-
coverts black, edged with ashy ; median and greater series black,
margined with ashy and tipped with white, forming a double wing-
bar : bastard-wing and primary-coverts uniform blackish brown ;
quills blackish, edged with ashy, a little more hoary on the inner
secondaries and along the margin of the first primarj- ; tail-feathers
black, edged with ashy grey, the outer feathers white, with the
shaft and nearly the whole of the outer web black ; on the inner web
an oblique black mark ; on the penultimate feather the white much
reduced, and on the third feather stiU further reduced to a wedge-
shaped mark near the end of the inner web ; head black ; a broad
band of golden yellow along the sides of the crown ; the sides of
face, cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck golden yeUow ; in front
of the eye a black spot and a streak behind the eye above the ear-
coverts, widening out behind above the latter ; anterior and posterior
edt^e of eyelid black ; entire throat black, extending down on to the
sides of the neck ; entire breast, from the fore neck downwards, and
abdomen white ; the under tail-coverts white, with black centres to
the feathers ; sides of the body and flanks white, thickly mottled
with black centres to the feathers ; thighs white ; axiUaries and
iinder wing-coverts white, mottled with blackish bases to those near
the ed-^e of the wing ; quills dusky below, ashy white along the
ed^^e of the inner web. Total length 4-5 inches, eulmen 0-5, wing
2'5 tail 2'1, tarsus 0"7o. {Mus. Salvin and Godman.)

Adult femcde. Differs from the male in being oKve-yellow above,
slif'htly mottled with blackish centres on the crown, lower back, aud
rump ; upper tail-coverts ashy grey, with black centres ; scapulars
uniform ashv grey ; wings as in the male, with two white wing-bars,
the median "series very broadly tipped with white, the ashy margins
to the quills broader than in the male; tail as in the male; a
broad eyebrow and entire sides of face golden yeUow, the black line
throuo-h the eye dusky blackish ; base of cheeks and feathers below
the eve whitish, as also the base of the chin ; breast aud abdomen
white, and streaked with black on the flanks as in the male ; the
throat yellow, the lower part and fore neck ashy whitish, over-
shading the black throat, which can be traced below ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts white ; quills dusky below, white along the
edge of the inner web. Total length 4-5 inches, eulmen O-o, wing
£•5 tail 2-05, tarsus 0-75. {llus. Salvin and Godman.)

Hah. Texas ; re-occurring in Guatemala.

7. DEiroSCECA. 297

16. Dendrceca virens.

The Black-throated Greeu Flycatcher, Edw. Glean, ii. p. 100, pi. 300

(1760).
Le Figuier a gorge noir de Pensilvanie, Briss. Orn. vi. App. p. 104

(1760).
Le Figuier a cravatte noire, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 298 (1778).
Green Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 484 (1783) ; Penn. Arct.

Zool. ii. p. 404 (1785).
Motacilla ™eus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 985 (1788).
QsWiSiyvcens, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 537 (1790); Vieill. Ois. Amer.
'Sept. ii. p. 33, pi. 02 (1807) ; Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 1.37, pi. 17.

fig. 3 (1810) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 329. %s. 2, 4 ; id. Orn. Bioip:

V. p. 70 (1838) ; Giifke, Naum. 1858, p. 42.3.
Parus Tiiidis gutture nigro, Bartr. Trav. Florida, p. 202 (1701).
Sylvicola virens, Jard. ed. Wih. Amer. Orn. i. p. 279 (1832) ; Richards.

liep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172; Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. ^- N.

A?ner. p. 22 (1838) ; Auduh. Syn. p. 55 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii.

p. 42, pi. 84 (1841) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 307 (1850) ; TJ'oodh. in

Sitffr. Rep. Zuni River, p. 70 (1853).
Mniotilta virens, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861,

p. o ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i..p. 240, no. 3482 (1869).
lihimamphus virens. Cab. Mit-f. Jlein. i.'p. 19 (1850) ; Gundl. J.f. 0.

1855, p. 474; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 291.
Dendroica virens, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 267 (1858) ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1858, p. 205, 1850, p. 373; id. %■ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 11;

Gundl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 326 ; Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 182 (1865) ;

Latvr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 284 (1866) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost.

Soc. N. H. i. p. 546 (1860) ; Von Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, p. 203 ; Baird,

Breicer, 8,- Ridgiv. Hist. N. A. B. i. p. 261, pi. 12. tig. 4 (1874).
DendrcBca vii-ens, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 363 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 29

(1862) ; Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 347 ; Scl. Ibis, 1865, p. 89 ;

Dresser, t. c. p. 477 ; Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 94 (1868) ;

Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stoc'kh. 18(i9, p. 611 ; Salv. PZ.S.

1870, p. 182 ; Coties, Key N. Amer. B. p. 97 (1872) ; Scl. i,- Salv.

]\o7neml. Av. Neotr. p. 0 (1873) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 54 (1874);

Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Miis. no. 4, p. 15 (1876) ; Gutidl. Orn. Cuba,

p. 64 (1876) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 241 (1878); Later. Pr. U.S.

Nat. Mus. i. pp. 54, 486 (1878) ; Merrill, t. c. p. 124 (1878) ;

Newt. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 552 ; Salv. ^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer.,

Aves, i. p. 137 (1881) ; Ridgiv. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 17

(1881): A. cV F. Newt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 106 (1881); Coues,

Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 298 (1884).

Adult male in summer plumage. General colour above olive-
yellow, slightly streaked on the back with a few black centres to
the feathers ; the rump a little brighter yellow, with black centres
to the leathers ; scapulars ashy, washed with olive-yellow and
centred with black ; lesser wing-coverts ashj' grey ; median and
greater series blackish, tipped with white, forming a double wing-
bar ; bastard-wing dusky, externally fringed with white ; pri-
maiy-coverts and quills dusky, externally edged with ashy grey,
lighter on the primaries, the first of which is whitish along the
outer web ; upper tail-coverts ashy grey ; tail-feathers dusky, edged
with ashy grey e.xternaUy and fringed with white along the inner
web ; the outer web white, excepting along the shaft and towards
the end; the penultimate feather similarly marked, but also edged

298 MKioTrLTrD^.

with dusky brown towards tho basal margin of the inner web ; the
third feather with a wedge-shaped mark of white near the end of
the inner web ; crown of head like the back, with dusky centres to
the feathers, mostly concealed ; the forehead more golden yellow,
mottled with black ; a broad superciliary band of golden yeUow
from the base of the bill to the sides of tho nape ; sides of neck
also golden yellow ; in front of the eye and behind the latter a
dusky spot, the anterior and posterior edge of the eyelid also dusky ;
upper and lower margins of eyelid, sides of face, and cheeks golden
yeUow, the ear-coverts washed with dusky olive ; throat and fore
neck entirely black, descending on to the sides of the breast,
where, however, the feathers are edged with ashy; breast, abdomen,
and under tail-coverts white, the breast washed with yellow, as well
as the sides of the vent ; thighs ashy ; sides of the body broadly
streaked with black ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white ;
quills dusky below, white along the edge of the inner web: "bill
black ; feet dusky ; iris hazel " (Audubon). Total length 4-6 inches,
culmen O-o, wing 2-35, tail 2, tarsus 0-7.

Adult female. Much more dingy in colour than the male and
withoiit the black central streaks on the back ; the frontal mark,
eyebrow, and sides of face paler yellow ; the throat yellow, obscuring
the black with yellow edges to the feathers, the fore neck and sides
of the breast having the black feathers tipped with ashy. Total
length -i-i inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-3, tail 1-85, tarsus 0-7.

Some of the old females have the upper throat pure yellow, with-
out any admixture of black bases (ex. in mvs.Salvin and Godman).

Thoadult male in ivinter only differs from the summer plumage
in having the small black centres to the feathers of the head and
back more obscure, the secondaries more broadly edged with hoary
white, and the black feathers of the throat fringed with yellow or
ashy.

Many specimens appear to lose these marks of winter plumage
before returning to their summer-quarters, and considerable variation
is observable in a series in the extent and breadth of the black
markings on the sides of the body.

In the Salvin-and-Godman collection is a specimen from Bar-
ranca, Costa Rica (Carmiol), shot in March, which has no patch of
o-olden yellow on the forehead, the latter being dark olive-yellow
like the head, with conspicuous black centres to the feathers. It
has also a black auricular mark like D. fownsendi, but the head is
more like that of D. virens. It is perhaps a hybrid between the two.

Young. Eesembles the adult female in general coloration, but
has the black of the underparts entirely obscured by yellowish ashy
tips to the feathers. In young males, before leaving for their
winter-quarters in September, the black bases are more prominent
than in the young females, not being thoroughly hidden by the
pale ends of the feathers.

Bab. Eastern province of United States and temperate British
America. West only to the edge of the plains (Missouri, Kansas,
Indian Territory, and Texas). North casually to Greenland. Breeds
in the higher portions of the Middle States and from New England

7. DENBSCECA.

299

northwards. Migratorj' only in most parts of the United States
{Coues). Occurs in winter throughout Central America from
Mexico to Panama {S. 4' G-), as well as in Cuba, Jamaica, and
Dominica. Has been met with in Heligoland in Europe.

(I, b. cT 2ad.st.
C. (^ juv. St.

d. [ c? ] ad. sk.

e. c? ad. sk.
/. [ $ ] ad. sk.
(f. $ ad. sk.

//. <S juv. sk.
i. (S ad. sk.
k. [2] ad. sk.
I. Juv. sk.
m. $ ad. sk.
n. c? juv. sk.
o. (^ ad. sk.

cJ ad. sk.
(S ad. sk.
(5 ad. sk.
(S ad. sk.

Xorth America.
Xorth America.
North America.
North America {Bell).
Niagara Falls (/. G.).
Chicago, Illinois, May 18

{H^K. Code).
Chicago, Sept. 29 {K. K.

Coale).
Park Side, Illinois, May 1

{H. K. Coale).
Hishwood, Illinois, May 23

(JI. K. Coale).
Halfdav, Illinois, Sept. 13

{H. k. Coale).
Lake Forest, IIlinois,May 28

(H. K. Coale).
Sheffield, Indiana, Sept. 25

{H. K. Coale).
Wheatfield, Indiana, May 8

{M. Hidytcay).
Guatemala.

Guatemala {Constancia).
Guatemala.
Veragua {Aj-ce).

Purchased.

J. Gould, Esq.

Gould Collection.

Sclater Collection.

Gould Collection.

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Gould Collection.
Sclater Collection.
J. Gould, Esq.
0. Salvin, Esq.

17. Dendjceca townsendi.

Sylvia townsendi, Nutt. MS. ; Toicns. Proc. Phil. Acad. vii. p. 191

(1837), viii. p. 153 (1839); Audiib. B. Atner. pi. 393. fig. 1: id.

Orn. Biogr. v. p. 36 (1839).
Sylvicola townsendi, Bp. Coinp. List B. Eur. ^- JV. Amer. p. 23 (1838);

Amltib. Spi. p. 59 (1839) ; Xutt. Ma7i. i. p. 446 (1840) ; Audid).

B. Amer. p. 59, pi. 92 (1841) ; Bp. Consj}. i. p. 308 (1850) ; Finsch,

Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 35 (1872).
Sylvia melanocausta, '^Licht.," Brandt, Icon. Ined. Taf. 1. fig. 5 (teste

Finsch).
Mniotilta townsendi, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 190 (1848) ; id. HandA. B.

i. p. 240, no. 3469 (1869).
Dendroica townsendi. Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 295, 298 ; Baird, B. K

Amer. p. 269 (1858); Scl. ^- Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 11; Scl. P. Z. S.

p. 200 (1876) ; Hartl. J.f. O. 188.3, p. 267.
Dendroeca townsendi, Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 29 (1862) ; id. Ibis,
1865, p. 89 ; Cones, t. c. p. 16:3 ; Siindev. (Efv. E. Vef.-Akad. Forh.
.SfecA7i. 1809, p. 610 ; Cooper, B. C'a/. i. p.' 91 (1.^70); Cones, Key
N. Amer. B. p. 98 (1872) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Xomencl. Av. Xeotr. p. 9
(1873) : Ridgu: Eep. Geol. Expl. -iOth Par. pt. iii. p. 432 (1877) ;
Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 260 (1878) ; Bidyw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
no. 21, p. 17 (1881) ; Salv. <^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i.
p 141 (1881); Salr. Cat. Sfricld. Cod. p. 89 (1882); Harfl. J. f. O.
1883, p. 267 ; Coues, Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 299 (1884)"

300 MNIOTILTID^.

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above olive-
greenish, with distinct centres of black to the feathers of the back,
less distinctly indicated on the rump ; scapulars and lesser wing-
coverts ashy grey washed with olive, the feathers also centred with
black ; median and greater coverts blackish, edged externally with
ashy grey and tipped with white, forming a double wiug-bur ; bas-
tard-wing and primarj'-coverts dusky brown, the pale margins nearly
obsolete ; quills dusky brown, margined with ashy grey, purer grey
on the primaries ; upper tail-coverts and centre' tail-feathers ashy
grey, centred with dusky blackish ; remainder of the tail-feathers
dusky brown, edged ^\dth ashy grey, the two outer feathers white,
brown along the shaft and towards the end of the outer web, and
along the basal margin of the inner web, the third feather with a
small subterminal white spot on the inner web ; crown of head
black, reaching to the base of the bill ; from the nostril a broad
band of golden yellow reaching to the sides of the neck ; lores,
anterior and posterior margin of eyelid, and ear-coverts black,
extending in a broad band down the sides of the neck ; sides of face
also black, j oining the ear-coverts ; upper and lower margin of
eyelid golden yellow, as also a conspicuous spot below the eye ; cheeks
golden yellow, forming a broad band, widening out on the sides of
the neck, and surrounding the black auricular patch so as to join
the yellow eyebrow ; throat and fore neck black ; breast golden
yellow ; sides of body broadly streaked with black centres to the
feathers ; the flanks white, similarly centred with black ; abdomen
and under tail-coverts white, the latter longitudinally centred with
dusky black ; thighs ashy brown ; axillaries and under wiug-coverts
white, mottled with blackish bases along the edge of the wing ;
quills dusky below, white along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-iio, tail 2, tarsus 0-75.

A male bird in the Salvin-and-Godman collection (California,
May ; Belding) has the black stripes on the flanks more pronounced
than in the bird described, and the yellow extends further down the
breast ; the third tail-feather also has a distinct wedge-shaped mark
of white near the end of the inner web.

Adidt 'male in ninter j^lumage. More olive-yellow than in summer,
and not so green on the upper surface ; the black feathers of the
crown, auricular stripe, and throat margiued with olive-yeUow ; the
ashv margins to the quills are also broader and more conspicuous.

The yellow edges to the black feathers do not seem to last very
lono-, and many birds killed in the winter-haunts of this species are
nearly as richly coloured as breeding birds.

Adult female imuii iter plumage. Although oHve-yeUow above like
the winter-j)lumaged male, it has the black centres to the feathers
of the upper surface less strongly indicated ; the crown is not black
but olive-yellow like the back, and is thickly mottled with black
centres to the feathers : the facial markings are the same as in the
male, but the black is replaced by dusky olive ; the cheeks and the
entire throat and fore neck are yellow, with longitudinal black
streaks on the latter and on the sides of the upper breast ; lower

7. DENBE(ECA. 301

breast and flanks white, the latter with blackish streaks. Total
length 4*5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2'55, tail 2, tarsus 0'75.

A i/oiinr/ female, evidently in Jirst ivinter i^lumage, resembles the
old female described above, but is nearly uniform on the upper sur-
face, the head being like the back, with only a very faint indication
of dusky centres to the feathers of the crown ; eyebrow and cheeks
very pale yellow ; the auricular patch dingy olive ; throat and breast
entirely yellow ; abdomen white ; a few dusky streaks on the sides
of the breast and flanks. {Mus. Scdvin 4' Godman.)

Young males in unnter jilwnage resemble the old female and have
yellow throats : but the black bases to the latter are always promi-
nent, and the same is the case with the crown and back ; the eyebrow,
cheeks, and breast are also bright golden yellow. {Mus. Salvin ^-
Godinan.)

Hah. Eocky Mountains to the Pacific, from Alaska to Guatemala;
a stray specimen taken near Philadelphia (Cot..-^). Winters in
Central America from Mexico to Guatemala.

a. [ cJ ] ad. sk. Sitka. Pm-chased.

h. S ad. sk. West side of Rock-y Moun- J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

tains, British Columbia.

c. (S ad. sk. California (L. Beldimj). U.S.Nat.MusemnrP.l.

d. Juv. sk. Santa Clara Co., Calif. (J". G. U.S. Nat. Museum [P.J.

Cooper).

e. [ 5 ] ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection.
/. S ad. sk. Oaxaca, Mexico {Boucard). Sclater Collection.

ff. (S ad. sk. La Parada, Mexico. A. Boucard, Esq. [C.].

/(. 5 ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala Sclater Collection.

(0. Salvin).

18. Lendrceca dominica.

The Yellow-throated Creeper, Catesby, N. Hist. Carol, i. p. 62, pi. 62

Le Figuier cendre de S. Domins-ue, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 520, pi. 27.

fig. 3 (1760).
La MesaDge gi-ise de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 663 (1760).
MotacUla dominica, Linn. S. N. i. p. 331 (1766).
La Gorge-jaune de St. Domingue, Daub. Ft. Enl. 686. fig. 1.
Le Cou-jaime, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 165 (1778).
La Mesange grise a gorge jaune, Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois, v. p. 454

(1778).
Yellow-thi'oated Warbler, Lath. Gen. Sj/ti. ii. pt. 2, p. 437 (1783).
Pensile Warbler, Lath. t. c. p. 441 (1783).
Jamaica Warbler, Lath. t. c. p. 485 (178.3).
Motacilla supercUinsa, Bodd. Tail. PI. Enl. p. 43 (1783).
Yellow-throat Wai-bler, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 400 (1785).
MotaciUa tiavicoUis, Gnt. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 959 (1788).
Motacilla pensilia, Gm. t. c. p. 960 (1788) ; Less. Traite, p. 418

(18.31).
Sylvia dominica, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 538 (1790).
Salvia peusihs, Lath. t. c. p. 520 (1790); Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. ii.
"pi. 72 (1807) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 85 ; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 434

(1831) ; VOrbigny, in Ramon de la Saara's Hist. Nat. Cuba.p. 60

(1838).
Sylvia flavicollis, Lath. t. c. p. 518 (1790) ; Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept.

302 MNIOTIITID^.

ii. p. 45 (1807) ; Wilsoii, Amer. Orn. ii. p. 64, pi. 12, fig. 6

(1810).
Paius fjriseus gutture luteo, Bartr. Trav. Florida, p. 292 (1791).
Svlvicola flavicollis, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 213 (1832) ;

'Moi/, Proc. Philad. Acad. vi. p. 310 (1853).
Sylvicola pensilis, Bichards. Pep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172; Bp.
' Coinp. List B. Eur. >.y iV: Amer. p. 22 (1838) ; Aiidub. B. Amer.

ii. p. 32, pi. 79 (1841) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 156, pi. 32 (1847-

49) ; Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 307 (1850) ; Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 231 ;

Bri/ant, Proc. Bast. Soo. N. H. xi. p. 91 (1866).
Rbiinamplius pensilis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 19 (1850).
Mniotilta dominica, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 197 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B.

i. p. 240, uo. 3478 (1869).
Mniotilta sperciliosa, Graij, t. c. p. 196.
Rliimamphus pensilis, Gundl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 474; Scl. P. Z. S.

1856, p. 291 ; Gundl. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 408.
Dendroica pensilis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 295.
Dendroica superciliosa, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 289 (1858) ; Scl.

P. Z. S. 1859, p. 374 ; 3Iarch, Proc. Phil. Acad. xv. p. 293 (1863).
Deudi'CEca supercUiosa, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 363 ; id. ^ Salv. Ibis,

1860, p. 274 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 368 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 33

(1862) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 478 ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomeiicl. Av. Neotr.

p. 9 (1873); Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 441.
Dendroica dominica, Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 209 (1865) ; Sumichr.

Mem. Bost. Soc. JV. H. i. p. 547 (1869) ; Baird, Brewer, S,- Eidgw.

Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 240, pi. 14. fig. 6 (1874)^
Dendroeca dominica, Cones, Proc. Esse.v Inst. v. p. 270 (1868) ; Sundev.

(Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1869, p. 611 ; Laim\ Ann. Lye.

N. Y. ix. p. 200 1^1869) ; Allen, Btdl. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. ii.

p. 268 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 104 (1872) ; Maynard,

B. Florida, p. 60 (1873); Coues, B. N.-West, pp. 66, 233 (1874) ;

Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 67 (1876) ; Breivst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,

ii. p. 102 (1877), iii. p. 43 (1878) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail, p 246

(1878) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 65 (1880) ; Ridyiv. Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. no. 21, p. 17 (1881) ; A. i^ E. Neivt. Ilandb. Jamaica, p. 106

(1881) ; Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 27 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer.

B. 2nd ed. p. 304 (1884).
Dendroica dominica, var. albilora, Bidgw. Amer. Nat. vii. p. 606

(1873) ; Baird, Breicer, §• Bidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 241, pi. 14.

fig. 7 (1874) ; Merrill, Bull. U.S. Nat. 3Ivs. i. p. 123 (1878).
Dendroeca albilora, Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 13 (1878).
Dendroeca dominica, /3. albilora, Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 248 (1878).
Dendroeca dominica albilora, Bidgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 2l,

p. 17 (1881) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 306 (1884).
Dendroeca dominica, Salv. Sf Gqdm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,i. p. 134

(1881).

Adult male. General colour above light slaty grey, a little paler
towards the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like
the back ; median and greater coverts black, externally edged with
light slaty grey and broadlytipped with white,forming a broad double
wing-bar slightly tiiiged with brown ; bastard-wing and ])rimary-
coverts blackish, edged with slaty grey, the quills externally slaty
grey, rather more hoary grey on the primaries, the first primary
margined with ashy white ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; two
centre tail-feathers light slaty grey, blackish in the middle; remainder

7. DENDEffiCA. 303

of tail-feathers blackish, edged with slaty grey, the outer one with a
large white patch towards the end of the iuner web, decreasing in
size on the penultimate feather, and reduced to a small spot on the
third ; head like the back, the forehead black, extending backwards
above the eye, and followed by a broad white eyebrow, widening
above the ear-coverts ; a supraloral spot of yellow in the white eye-
brow ; upper and lower edge of eyelid and a spot below the eye
white ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts black, skirting the throat
and fore neck ; the ear-coverts slightly broken into by the white of
the adjoining sides of the neck ; cheeks, throat, and fore neck bright
yellow, whitish on the base of the cheeks and chin ; remainder of
under surface of body dull white, the sides of the body broadly
streaked with black ; thighs and under tail-coverts white ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts white ; quills dusky below, ashy white
along the inner web : bill brownish black ; feet yellowish brown ;
iris dark brown (Audubon). Total length 4"8 inches, culmcn 0'65,
wing 2-G, tail 2, tarsus 0'7. {2Ius. iSalvhi ^ Godman.)

Bah. Atlantic States as far north as Washington in summer, and
in winter to Cuba, San Domingo, and Jamaica {Ridgwiuj).

The above description is from a typical D. domlmca, and I think
that the western bird, called by Mr. Eidgway D. alhilora, ought not
to be separated. Both forms occur in Jamaica, and a large series will
probably show an intermediate gradation from one to the other.

The western race may be described as follows : —

Adidt male. Similar to the male of D. dominica, but with the eye-
brow white, without any supraloral yellow streak. Total length
5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-6, tail 2, tarsus 0-65.

Adult female. Yery similar to the male, but the black down the
sides of the throat not quite so broad, and the sides of the body not
so broadly streaked with black ; forehead with less black upon it.
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-5, tail 2, tarsus 0-65.

Youmj male in autumn. Eesembliug the adult female, but with
the back sHghtly washed with brown ; no black on the forehead ;
the white on the eyebrow and on the neck slightly shaded with
brown ; the sides of the body also washed with brown. {Mus. Salvin df
Godman.')

Great variation is seen in this bird in respect to the amount of
black on the head, this being sometimes confined to the forehead,
and at other times spreading over the entire crown. The winter
IjHiimacje of the adults, as far as the series examined enables me to
judge, is similar to that of summer.

The descriptions given by Mr. Eidgway and Mr. Coues speak of
the eyebrow as entirely white ; but in many specimens I can trace a
tiny shade of yeUow, even in those sent to Messrs. Salvin and
Godman as typical D. albilora by the U.S. Nat. Museum.

Hah. In summer, the Mississippi region of the United States,
north to Lake Erie ; common in South Illinois. In winter, and
possibly aU the year, in Mexico, south to Guatemala, Yucatan on
the Atlantic, and Colima on the Pacific side {likliway). Winters
in Central America, from Mexico to Guatemala (Salvia 4' Godman).
Antilles.

304

MNIOTILTID^.

a. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.

e. c? ad. sk.

f. Ad. sk.
ff. Ad. sk.

o. J). aJhilora.

Eockport, Ohio {Kirtland).
Brookville, Indiana, April

{A. W. Butler).
Guatemala.

ft. D. dominica.

Florida, Feb. 1.

Jamaica.

Jamaica.

19. Dendroeca graciae.

Sclater Collection.
U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Gould Collection.

E. B. Skai-pe, Esq. [P.].
Sclater Collection.
Purchased.

Dendroica gracise, Coues, 3IS. ; Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 210 (1865) ;

Cooper, B. Cal. i. p. 563 (1870) ; Ridg%v. Amer. Nat. vii. p. GOB

(1873) ; Baird, Brewer, Sf Tlidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 243,

pi. 14. fig. 10 (1874) ; Hensh. List B. Arizona, p. 156 (1875) ; id.

Zool.Expl. W. 100th Merid. p. 197 (1876).
Dendrceca graciie, Coues, Proc. P/ulad. Acad. 1866, p. 67 ; Sundev.

(Eft: K Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1869, p. 611 ; Elliot, Blustr.

B. N. Amer. i. pi. 6 (1869) ; Cooper, Amer. Nat. iii. p. 479 (1869);

CozKs, Key N. Amer. B. p. 103 (1872) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av.

Neotr. p. 9 (1873); Coties, B. Color. Vail. p. 292 (1872) ; Ridgio. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 17 (1881) ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B.

2nd ed. p. 306 (1884).
Mniotilta gracis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 241, no. 3489 (1869).

Adult male (Fort Whipple, Arizona, May 15 ; Dr. Coues). Ge-
neral colour above ashy grey, slightly washed with brown, the
mantle and back streaked with black ; rump uniform like the lower
back ; upper tail-coverts ashy grey, streaked with black centres to
the feathers ; lower wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater
series black, externally ashy grey, tipped with white, forming a
double wing-bar, that of the median coverts the broader ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts dark brown, fringed with lighter brown ;
quills dark brown, edged with ashy brown, greyer on the primaries,
whitish on the margin of the first primary ; tail-feathers dark brown,
edged with ashy ; the outermost feather white, excepting an oblique
mark at the base of the inner web, the shaft, and a mark at the end
of the outer web reaching slightly across the tip of the inner web ;
the penultimate feather similarly marked, but the white reduced in
size, and diminished on the third feather to an ovate spot near the top
of the inner web ; head rather more slaty grey, with a few tiny black
centres to the feathers of the crown, the sides of the latter having
a black line ; a distinct and broad yellow eyebrow reaching to
above the eye and continued into a white streak above the car-
coverts : ear-coverts and sides of face ashy grey ; lores and ante-
rior and posterior edge of eyelid dusky blackish ; upper and
under edge of eyelid yellow : a spot below the eye of yellow and
white ; cheeks, throat, and fore neck yellow ; remainder of under
surface of body duU white, a little browner on the sides o the
body, which are streaked with black ; thighs ashy ; under tail-
coverts white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, the
former with ashy bases ; quills dusky below, ashy white along the

7. DENDR<ECA, 305

edge of the inner web : " bill and feet black, the soles dirty yel-
lowish; iris black" (Coues). Total length -A'O inches, culmen 0*5,
wing 2-55, tail 2, tarsus 0*65. {Mus. Saluin and Godman.)

Adult in winter jjlmnage. Brown above instead of grey, and the
black centres to the feathers of the back narrower and scarcely per-
ceptible ; the head brown like the back, the black on the forehead
and sides of crown merely indicated by black bases to the feathers ;
the white wing-bars slightly shaded with brown ; ear-coverts ashy,
slightly washed with brown ; under surface of body as in summer,
but the breast and abdomen brownish white, the sides of the body
strongly washed with brown.

Adult female. Quite similar to the male, and in fact scarcely
distinguishable from the male in autumn, though the yellow is not
quite so strong. {Coues.)

Youny. The slate-grey of the upper parts much shaded with
brownish olive, the black streaks wanting on the back, those on the
crown obsolete. Yellow colour much as in the adult, but paler, and
not bordered along the sides of the neck with black streaks ; the
black lores poorly defined ; wing-bars greyish or obsolete ; the
white of the underparts having an ochry tinge, and the lateral
streaks not so heavy in colour nor so well-defined. {Coues.)

Hah. Arizona and New Mexico, wintering in Mexico.

a. Ad. sk. Arizona {Coues). Sclater Collection.

b. Ad. sk. N. Mexico. Sclater Collection.

20. Dendrceca decora.

DendrcEca gracise (wee Baird), Salv. Ibis, 1873, p, 428 ; Lator. Bull,

U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 16 (1876).
Dendroica gracise, var. decora, kidgiu. Atner. Nat. vii. p. 608 (1873) ;

Baird, Brewer, Sr Bidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p.2i>0 (1874).
Dendrceca graciie, 0. decora, Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 29'2 { 1878).
Dendrceca decora, Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 92 (dated 1882) ; id. 8f

Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 136, pi. x. fig. 1 (1881).

Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, with faint shaft-
streaks of blackish on the upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts
like the back, the median and greater series blackish, edged with
ashy grey and tipped with dull ashy whitish, forming an indistinct
double wing-bar ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky,
edged with ashy, more hoary on the margins of the primaries ; the
inner secondaries externally broadly washed with brownish ashy ;
tail-feathers blackish, edged with ashy, the outer feathers for the
most part white, excepting an oblique basal mark of blackish near
the base of the inner web and along the shaft and the outer web,
widening slightly towards the end of the feather ; the white mark
reduced in size on the penultimate feather and represented only by
a longitudinal white streak on the third one ; head like the back,
with a few faintly indicated blackish shaft-lines on the forehead ;
extreme base of forehead and a broad supercihary streak bright
yellow, as well as the upper and under edge of eyelid and a spot
below the eye; ear-coverts and aides of neck ashy grey; lores,

VOL. X. X

306 MNIOTILTIBiE.

anterior and posterior edges of eyelid blackish, extending in a line
below the eye and on to the fore part of the car-coverts ; cheeks
and entire throat and fore neck bright yellow, with a narrow line
of black separating the throat from the sides of the neck, the grey
colour of the latter descending on to the sides of the upper breast
and along the sides of the body and flanks ; breast and abdomen
ashy white, as also the thighs and under tail-coverts, with a few
narrow black streaks on the sides of the body ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries white with ashy bases ; quills dusky below, whitish
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4-1 inches, cul-
meu 0*45, wing 2*25, tail 1'7, tarsus 0-55. (j\1us. Cantabr.)
Hah. Guatemala.

21. Dendrceca adelaidse.

Dendroica adelaidse, Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 212 (1865).
Dendrceca adelaidse, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stochh. 1869,

p. 615; Scl. ^ Salv. NomencL Av. Neotr. p. 9 (1873) ; Cones, B.

Color. Vail. p. 293 (1878) ; Eidffw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. pp. 525,

526 (1883).
Mniotilta adelaidse, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 241, no. 3500 (1869).
Dendroica gracise, var. adelaidse, Baird, Brewer, ^ Midgw. Hist. N.

Amer. B. i. p. 220 (1874).

Entire upper parts, and sides of neck as far forward as the eyes,
uniform ash-grey. Beneath, including edge of bend of wing, bright
yellow ; lining of wings, axillaries, and crissum white. A broad
yellow line from bill to eye, with the eyelids yellow ; forehead and
sides of vertex black ; a black loral line. Wings with two con-
spicuous white bands ; the quills and tail-feathers blackish, edged
externally with whitish, internally with purer white ; three
lateral tail-feathers with a quadrate terminal white patch on inner
web. Bill black ; legs pale yellowish. Total length 4-7 inches,
wing 2-1, tail 2-05, tarsus O-OS. (Baird.)

Hah. Porto Eico.

22. Dendrceca delicata.

Dendrceca adelaidse {tiec Baird), Sdater, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 269.
Dendrceca adelaidse delicata, liidgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 525
(1883).

Adult. General colour above light slaty blue, the long silky
feathers on the sides of the rump tipped with white ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts black, externally
edged with slaty blue, broadly tipped with white, forming a double
wing-bar, less distinct on the greater coverts, where only the outer
ones have white tips ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, obso-
letely fringed with ashy ; quills black, externally edged with slaty
blue, more ashy on the secondaries ; tail-feathers blackish, edged
with ashy grey, the two outer ones with a large white spot near
the end of the inner web, rather less on the penultimate one ; centre
of forehead black, extending backwards on the sides of the crown,
the rest of the head slaty blue ; a broad band of bright golden
yellow reaching from the nostril to above the hinder part of the

7. DENDECECA. 307

eye ; ear-coverts slaty blue, with a black spot in front of and behind
the eye ; cheeks and under surface of body bright yellow, paler on
the lower abdomen ; under tail-coverts white ; thighs bluish grey ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts white ; quills dusky below, white
on the inner webs. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-15,
tail 2, tarsus 0'7.

This species has been separated by Mr. Eidgway from D. adelaidce
of Porto Rico, which I have not seen. Mr. Eidgway states that the
Santa Lucia bird differs " in having very much more intense yellow
superciliaries and lower parts, the former being much broader (occu-
pying the whole of the forehead except a central line), in the more
decided plumbeous of the upper parts, the more distinct black mark
on the sides and fore part of the crown, in the large size and other
particulars.''

Hab. Island of Santa Lucia.

a. Ad. sk. Santa Lucia (Semper). Sclater Collection.

23. Dendrceca discolor.

Sylvia discolor, Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 37, pi. 98 (1807);
Atidub. B. Amer. pi. 14 ; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 76 (1831).

Sylvia minuta, Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 87, pi. 25. fig. 4 (1811).

Phyllopueuste minuta, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 321.

Sylvicola discolor, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. p. 375 (1832) ; Bp.
Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 23 (1838) ; Aiidiih. Syn. p. 62
(1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 68, pi. 97 (1841) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica,
p. 159 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 308 (1850) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H. vii. p. 110 (1859), x. p. 251 (1866), xi. p. 91 (1867).

Sylvicola miuiita, Denny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 38.

Mniolilta discolor, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B.'i.
p. 241, no. 3486 (1869).

Ehimamplius discolor, Gundl. J. f. 0. 1855, p. 474.

Uendroica discolor, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 290 (1858) ; March, Proc.
Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 293 ; Baird. Rev. Amer. B. p. 213 (1865) ;
Luior. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 284 (1866) ; Baird, Brewer, ^
Rid(jw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 276, pi. 14. fig. 9 (1874).

Dendrceca discolor, A. S)- E. Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 144; Scl. P. Z. S.
1861, p. 71 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 33 (1862) ; Stmd. OEfv. K. Vet.-
Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1869, p. 615 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool,
Cambr. ii. p. 268 (1871), iii. p. 125 (1872) ; Coues, Key N. Amer.
B. p. 103 (1872) ; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 9 (1873) ;
Mayn. B. Florida, p. 58 (1873) ; Coues, B. N.- West, p. 63 (1874) ;
Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 67 (1876) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 247
(1878) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 64 (1880) ; Ridgiv. Bidl. U.S. Nat.
Mus. no. 21, p. 18 (1881) ; Salv. Sf Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
i. p. 142 (1881) ; A. ^- E. Newt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 106 (1881) ;
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 305 (1884); Cory, B. S.
Domingo, p. 31 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above duU olive-yellow, a little
brighter on the lower back and rump ; the mantle chestnut, all the
feathers edged with olive-yellow, producing a mottled appearance ;
lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts dusky,
edged with olive-yellow and .tipped with brighter yellow, forming a
double wing-bar ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dark brown,

x2

308 MNIOTILTIDiE.

edged with dull olive ; quills dusky brown, edged with olive, the
primaries margiued with ashy whitish ; upper tail-coverts ashy
olive ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with olive, the outermost for
the greater part white, with a base of dark brown to the iuner web,
the shaft brown, widening out towards the end of the outer web ;
the penidtimate feather similarly marked, but the white more re-
stricted, and the third feather with^ouly a small patch near the end
of the inner web ; head and neck olive-yellow, the base of the forehead
washed with golden yellow ; ear-coverts and sides of neck olive-
yellow ; a band of golden yellow extending from the base of the
nostrils to above the ear-coverts ; a loral streak of black as well as
a small spot behind the eye and the anterior and posterior edge of
eyehd ; upper and under edge of eyelid golden yeUow, as well as a
large patch below the eye ; cheeks with a broad streak of black ;
the hinder cheeks and sides of neck and entire under surface of
body brilliant golden yellow, paler on the under tail-coverts, which
are whitish washed with yellow ; the sides of the breast broadly
streaked with black, forming long streaks, especially broad on the
sides of the upper breast ; thighs golden yellow ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts golden yellow, brighter along the edge of the wing ;
quills dusky, white along the edge of the inner web ; bill brown,
pale at the margin : " feet and claws dark brown ; iris dark hazel "
(Audubon). Total length 4-5 inches, culmeu 0*45, wing 2-3, tail 1*85,
tarsus 0-7.

Adult male in ivinter plumage. Brighter olive-yellow than in the
summer plumage, the chestnut mantle entirely obscured with the
oUve-yellow of the back, which is therefore quite uniform ; other-
wise as in summer.

Adult female in breeding -plumage. Diflfers from the male in being
less richly coloured and in having the sides of the body less broadly
streaked with black, the chestnut mottling on the back less distinct
than in the male. Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-15,
taU 1"8, tarsus 0'7.

Young in autumn plumage. Much duller than the adult female,
to which there is a general resemblance ; the centre of the back
olive, with a faint rufous tinge on the feathers of the mantle ; head
dull ohve-yellow, washed with ashy ; supraloral streak ashy whitish ;
sides of face brighter yellow, the upper edge of the ear- coverts ashy
grey ; cheek-stripe dusky blackish ; under surface of body dull
yellow, the black stripes on the sides of the body indistinctly indi-
cated ; white on tail much less developed, the third feather showing
merely a small spot on the inner web.

Eah. Eastern United States, north to southern New England,
west to Kansas ; breeding throughout its United-States range ;
winters in Florida {Coues), and probably in British Honduras.
Antilles, Cuba, to Virgin Islands {8. ^ G.).

a. Ad. sk. Pennsylvania {Baird). Sclater Collection.

6. 5ad.sk. St. Louis, Missouri, May 23 R. B. Sharpe,Esq. [P.].

{H. K. Coale).
c. cJ ad. sk. Belmont, Mass., May 14 R. B. Sharpe,Esq. [P.].

{H. K. Coale).

/. DENDE(ECA. 309

d. 2 ad. sk. Washington, D.C., Jime 8 U.S. Nat. Museum rP.l.

(6r. Shoemake)-).

e. d ad. sk. Rock-Avood, Tennessee, U.S. Nat. Museum TP.!

/.Ad. St. [Mexico.] Purchased

h i^\!^lT ?• t''°'^^'^' ^'^- (^'^/««')- Sclatm- CoUection.

1;^7hA • ^^T'?f- Pm-chased.

^. c? ad. sk. Porto Paco. Dr. Bryant [P.].

24. Dendroeca maculosa.

The YelJow-rumped Flycatcher, Eihv. Glean, v. p. 97, pi. 255 ri758^
Le Figuier tachete de Peusilvanie, Briss. Oni. iii p .502 (1760^
Le Figiner a tete cendrfe, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 291 (1778)
Yellow-rumped Warbler, Lath. Gen. S,jn. ii. pt. 2, p 481 (1783)
Yellow-rump Warbler, Penn. Arcf. Zool. ii. p.^400 (^1785) ^ ^-
Motacilla maculosa, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 984 (1788)
bylvia maculosa, iai!A. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 5.36 (1790) : Vieill Ois Amp,-
fpt. p. 3.3, pi. 93 (1807) ; Audub'.B. Amer. pis ^^%i iclOrn
£toffr. 1. p. 260 (1831), ii. p. 145 (1834), y. p^ 458 (1839) ;i'0r5
in Ramon de la Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 6^ (1838)
bylvia magnoHa, Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 63, pi 23 (1811)

^? n' ^^^?^^^;^^^^•^«r•'^^..^'»^'^P•22(1838); Audub.
^jn. p. 61 (lb39); id. B. Amer. ii. p. 68, pi. 96 (1841)- Br>

p.'?W(i8.59).^^^ ^^^^^^' ^'^"'''' ^■"'- ^^^'- ^''■^- ^- ^^•

*^?p!^2!o!^nT'?47'6 (S) ^'"' ^" '' ^^ ^^^ ^'^^^^^ ' '''^- ^"'*^-^- ^•

Rhimamphus maculosus. Cab. Mtis. Hein. i. p. 20(1850); Gnndl
J.J. O. Iboo, p. 4/4. V / 1 .

Dendroica maculosa, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 284 (1858): Scl. 8c Salv
lOts, i85J,p U- Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 206 (1865): Barer
f^-Lyc. N Y ^n p. 284 (1866) ; Gnndl. J. f. 0. 1872,'p. 415
neTf'. '^''''"'■i' '^■„-^"^^«'- ^^'- N- ^^ner. B. i. p. 232, pi. 14. fi<. 2
(lb74) ; Hensh. Rep. Zool. E.xpl. W. 100^/i Merid. p. 196 (1875)

Dendroeca maculosa, &/. P.Z.^. 1859, p. 363; Laivr. Ann. Lye. N Y
T^-^J^^l^'^\S-^-^- 1862, p. 19; id. Cat. Am^rB.
FiQ-oV ^'i^^'^'-^ibis, 1805, p. 478; Coues, Key N. Amer. B.'x,. 102

Av. Neotr. p. 9 (1873) ; Cones, B. N- West, p. 62 (1874) ; Gmdl
,^'^„- f«^«' P- 66 (1^76); Z««T. ^«//. U.S.' Nat. M„s. no. 4:716
>i / -* V.^r"''*'''- ^"'^- ^''^^- ^'■«- <^'^«^- ii- P- 1 (1877); Coues B

\> -^ ' «?'"^' ^- ^"^(^^nas, p. 62 (1880) ; Ridmu.Bull. U S Nat

1. p 129 (Ibbl) ; Conj, B S. Bomingo, p. 29 (1884) ; Cones, Key
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 304 (1884). ^ ^ ^ ' y

Adult male in summer plumage. General colour above black, with
a tew yellowish or ashy margins to the feathers of the scapulars and
lower back, the latter appearing yellow with broad black mesial
streaks down the feathers : across the nimp a band of bright veUow •
lesser wing-coverts black, edged with ashy grey : median and inner
greater coverts white with black bases, the outer greater coverts

31€ mniotiltitijT;.

black edged with ashy groy, whitish at tips : bastard-wing black,
with a narrow fringe of white externally ; primary-coverts and
quills black, externally edged with ashy groy, the secondaries fringed
with white at the tips ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts black ;
two centre tail-feathers black, edged with hoary grey ; all the re-
maining taU-feathors black, edged witli hoary grey near the base,
and having a broad band of white across the centre of the tail,
formed by a large patch in the middle of the inner web ; head and
nape ashy grey ; a narrow frontal band, lores, sides of face, anterior
and posterior edge of eyelid, ear-coverts, and sides of neck black,
uniting with the black of the mantle ; upper and lower edge of
eyelid and a broad streak above the ear-coverts white ; cheeks and
under surface of body bright yellow, the centre of the lower throat
black ; the fore neck and chest, as well as the sides of the breast and
flanks, very broadly streaked with black ; lower abdomen and under
tail-coverts white ; thighs white with ashy bases ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts white, with a very faint tinge of yellow ; quills
dusky black below, ashy white along the inner web : " bill black ;
feet dusky, the toes yellow beneath ; iris brownish black " {Audu-
hon). Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2*4, tail 1*95,
tarsus 0*75.

Adult female in breeding-plumac/e. Slightly different from the
male and wanting the uniform black back. General colour above
olive-yellow, mottled with black centres to the feathers ; the rump
brighter yellow, slightly mottled with black ; the upper tail-coverts
black, margined with ashy grey, slightly washed with yellow ; lesser
wing-coverts ashy grey, mottled with blackish bases ; median and
greater series black, externally edged with ashy grey and tipped
with white, forming a double wing-bar ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dusky brown, edged with ashy ; quills dusky brown, edged
with hoary grey ; tail-feathers blackish, with hoary-grey margins,
all but the centre feathers with a central mark of white above the
middle of the inner web ; crown of head and hind neck pale slaty
grey, the extreme base of the forehead blackish ; lores hoary grey,
mottled with black bases to the feathers ; over the eye a narrow
line of duU white, widening above the ear-coverts ; upper and under
edge of eyelid white, as also a spot below the eye ; anterior and
posterior edge (if eyelid, as well as the car-coverts, black ; sides of
neck pale slat}' grey ; cheeks and under surface of body yellow, the
fore neck, breast, and flanks broadly centred with black ; abdomen
and under tail-coverts white ; thighs white with dusky bases ; axil-
laries and under wing-coverts white ; quills dusky below, white
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen
0-45, wing 2-3, tail 2, tarsus 0-7.

A female collected by Dr. E. Coues on the 14th of May, and now
in the Salvin-and-Godman collection, differs from the one described,
which was also shot in the spring, in having the back black, edged
with olive-yellow, instead of being olive-yellow with black centres
to the feathers. This causes the specimen in question to resemble
the male rather closely ; and in fact, excepting that the colours are

7. DENBRCECA. 311

less bright, the black on the throat less pronounced, and the black
stripes on the under surface less strongly marked, it might be said
to be exactly like the male. ,

Young male in ivinter plumage. Uniform above, the back olive-
yellow, beneath which may be found the black centres to the
feathers on disturbing the plumage ; across the rump a band of
bright yellow ; upper tail-coverts black, edged with grey ; wings
and tail as in the adult female, with a double wing- bar formed by
the white tips to the median and greater coverts ; head and neck
entirely ashy grey, which colour also overspreads the mantle ; the
whitish eyebrow ill-defined and obscured with ashy ; a distinct
whitish eyelid ; lores ashy whitish ; ear-coverts pale ashy brown
like the sides of the neck, slightly washed with olive ; cheeks and
throat bright yellow, the fore neck and lower throat more ashy ;
remainder of under surface of body bright yellow, the flanks with
half-concealed streaks of black ; abdomen, under tail-coverts, axil-
larios, and under wing-coverts white.

The great difference between the old and the young birds in this
species consists in the uniform olive-yellow back and pale ashy-grey
head and neck of the latter as well as in the absence of black streaks
on the breast, these being confined to the sides of the body.

Hah. Eastern Province of North America, north to Hudson's
Bay, Labrador, Great Slave Lake, &e. ; west to the Rocky Mountains
of Colorado : breeds from New England northwards, and probably
further south in the elevated portions of the United States {Coues).
Winters in Central America from Mexico to Panama (;S. df G.).
S. Domingo, Cuba, and the Bahamas.

a. Juv. st. North America. J. Gould, Esq.

b,c. c? 5 ad. St. North America. Pm-chased.

d. cJad.sk. 49th parallel (G. D«wsow). N. A. Boundary Com-

mission [P.].

e,f.,(j,h. cS ad. sk. Fort Simpson, Jmie. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].

i. 2 j ii'^'- sk. Albany River, Canada. G. Barnstone, Esq. [P 1.

k. cJ ad. sk. Niagara Falls {J. G.). Gould Collection.

/. 2 Idem. sk. Pennsylvania (i?mVf?). Sclater Collection.

wi.Ad.sk. PbLladelphia (-5. TFi'&om). Sclater Collection.

n. 2 ad. sk. Hvde Park, Illinois, spring R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.l.

(II. K. Code).

o. 2 juv.; p. Juv. Chicago, Illinois, Sept. (H. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.l.

sk. K Code).

q. S .piv. sk. Illinois {H. K. Code). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [PJ.

r. 5 juv. sk. Cook Co., Elinois, autumn U.S. Nat. Museum fP.T

{E. W. Nelson),

s. cJ ad. sk. Knox Co., Indiana, May U.S. Nat. Museum [P.]

1881 {R. Hidf/waij). '

t. S ad. ; u, V, w. Guatemala. Gould Collection.

Imm. sk.

.T. Juv. sk. Cohan, Vera Paz, Nov. Sclater Collection.

(O. Sdvm).

25. Dendroeca coronata.

Yellow-rump, Cdcsb;/, Nat. Hint. Carol, p. ,58, pi. 58 (17.31).
Golden-crowned Flycatcher, Edwards, Gleanings, p. 187, pi. 298 (1760)

312 MXIOTlLTIDiE.

Le Figuier cendr6 de Canada, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 524, pi. 27. fig. 1 (1760).

La M(5sange de Vii'ginie, Briss. t. c. p. 505 (1760).

Le Figuier ceudr(5 tacliet(5 de Pensilvanie, Briss. Orn. \i., App. p. 110

(1760).
Motacilla coronata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 333 (1766) ; Bocld. Tahl.

I'l Enl p. 41 (1783).
Motacilla canadensis, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 334 (1766, nee Linn.

Si/st. Nat. i. p. 336).
Parus virginianus. Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 342 (1766).
Fauvette ombriSe de la Louisiaue, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 162

(1778).
Le Figuier a ceinture, Buf. t. c. p. 303 (1778).
Le Figuier couronnde d'or. Buff. t. c. p. 312 (1778).
Le Figuier grasset, Buf. t. c. p. 319 (1778).
La M^sange a croupion jaune. Month, t. c. p. 453 (1778).
Fauvette tacliet6e de la Loiiisiane, Dauhent. PI. Enl. vi. pi. 709.

fig. 1. ... .

Figuier de Mississippi, Dauhent. t. c. pi. 731. fig. 2.

Umbrose Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 437.

Golden-crowned Warbler, Lath. t. c. p. 486 (1783).

Belted Warbler, Lath. t. c. p. 487 ; Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 408 (1785).

Quebec Warbler (pt.). Lath. t. c. p. 484 (1783) ; Penn. t. c. p. 408

(1785).
Virginian Titmouse, Lath. t. c. p. 546 (1783) ; Penn. t. c. p. 423

(1785).
Dusky Warbler, Penn. t. c. p. 410 (1785).
Grasset Warbler, Penn. t. c. p. 411.
Motacilla cincta, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 980 (1788).
Motacilla umbria, Gm. t.c. p. 959 (1788).
Motacilla pinguis, Gm. t. c. p. 973.
Sylvia umbria, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 518 (1790).
Sylvia coronata, Lath. t. c. p. 538 (1790) ; Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept.
ii. p. 24, pis. 78, 79 (1807) ; Wits. Amer. Or?i. ii. p. 138, pi. 17.

fig. 4 (1810), V. p. 121, pi. 45. fig. 3 (1810) ; Audub. B. Amer.

pi. 153; id. Or?!. Biogr. ii. p. 303 (1834); D'Orbiyny in Ramon

de la Sagra^s Hist. Nat. de Cuba, p. 56 (1839).
Sylvia cincta, Lath. t. c. p. 539 (1790).
Sylvia pinguis, Lath. t. c. p. 54-3 (1790).

Parus cedrus uxopygio flavo, Bartr. Trav. Florida, p. 292 (1791).
Sylvia flavopygia, Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 24 (1807).
Sylvicola coronata, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer,, Birds, p. 216 (1831) ;

Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. S^ N. Amer. p. 22 (1838) ; Vig. Zool. Voy.

'Blossom; p. 18 (1839); Audub. Syn. p. 51 (1839); id. B. Amer.

ii. p. 23, pi. 76 (1841) ; Gosse, B. Jumnicn, p. 155 (1847) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 307 (1850) ; Salle, P. Z. S. IS^v, p. 231 ; Bryant, Proa.

Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 110 (1859), x. p. 2.-,l (1866), xi. p.'Ol (1867).
Dendroica coronata. Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, A/ip. p. 8; Baird, B.

N. Amer. p. 272 (1858) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 295 ; Scl. S^ Salv.

Ibis, 1859, p. 11 ; March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 292 ; Baird,

Rev. Amer. B. p. 187 (1865) ; Latvr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 284

(1866) ; Ball ^- Bann. Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 278 (1869) ;

Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 547 (1869) ; Von Frantz.

J. f. 0. 1869, p. 293 ; Gtcndl. J. f. O. 1872, p. 413 ; Baird, Brewer;

^ ' liidgw. Hist. N Amer. B. p. 227, figs. 9, 12 (1874) ; Hensh.

Expl. W. lOOth Merid. p. 193 (1876) ; Hartl. J.f. 0. 1883, p. 267.
Mniotilta coronata, Gray, Gen. B. i, p. 196 (1848) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861,

p. 5; Gratj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 240, no. 3466 (1869).

7. I)ENDI!(ECA. 313

Rhimamplius coronatus, Cnb. 3Itts. Hein. i. p. 19 (1850); Gundl.
J.f. O. 1855, p. 473; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 1291.

Dendrceca coronata, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 363; id. Cat. Amer. B.
p. 30 (1862) ; Laivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 6 (1863) ; Blakisf.
Ibis, 1863, p. 62 ; 8cL ^ Salv. P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 347 ; Dresser, His,
1865, p. 478; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 420; Duges, La Natur. i.
p. 140 (1868) ; Laivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 94 (1868) : Sel. ^^
Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 836; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 89 (1870) ;' Mayn.
B. Florida, p. 61 (1873) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 9
(1873) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 57 (1874); Later. Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mas. no. 4, p. 15 (1876) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 278 (1878) ;
Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 65 (1876) ; Coues, Bidl. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv.
p. 565 (1878) ; Merrill, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mas. i. p. 123 (1878) ;
Salv. ^- Godm. Biol. Cmtr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 127 (1880) ; Cory,
B. Bahamas, p. 59 (1880) ; Ridgw. Btdl. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21,
p. 17 (1881) ; A. (^- E. Newt. Ilandb. Jamaica, p. 106 (1881) ;
llartl. J.f. O. 1883, p. 267 ; Nelson, Cruise R. S. '■Corivin^ p. 64
(1883) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 440 ; Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 30
(1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2ncl ed. p.' 301 (1884).

Adult male in summer plumage. General colour above slaty grey,
with longitudinal black centres to the feathers, less pronounced on
the hind neck, which is consequently more imiform ; rump clear
bright yellow ; some of the mantle-feathers margined with hoary
white ; lesser wing-coverts slaty grey, with black bases : median
and greater series black, edged with slaty grey and tipped with
white, forming a double wing-bar ; bastard-wing black, fringed with
white ; primary-coverts and quills blackish, edged with ashy grey,
browner on the secondaries ; upper tail-coverts black, margined
with slaty grey ; tail-feathers black, edged with slaty grey, the three
outer feathers with a large white patch near the end of the inner
web, the extreme tip, however, being obliquely black, the white
patch increasing in extent on the penultimate and outermost
feathers, which are also fringed externally with white : head slaty
grey like the back and streaked with black, with a large patch of
golden yellow in the centre of the crown ; lores, feathers below the
eye, and ear-coverts black, ■ftith a narrow white line above the lores
and just behind the upper part of the eye ; upper and under margin
of eyelid white ; cheeks and throat white ; fore neck and sides of
breast black, the feathers of the latter margined with white ; on
the sides of the breast a large patch of golden yellow ; centre of
breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white ; flanks white,
streaked with black ; thighs ashy white ; axillaries white, with
ashy bases ; under wing-coverts white, mottled with black bases to
the feathers along the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below, ashy
white along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-3 inches,
culmen 0-o.5, wing 2-95, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-7.

The amount of black on the breast varies greatly in a series of
male specimens, and it is often obscured by the greyish-white edgings
to the feathers. A specimen killed on the 3rd of May by Mr. H. K.
Coale shows this strongly, although it might be supposed to be in
full breeding-plumage by that date. It is probable, therefore, that
those birds which are entirely black on the fore neck are verj- old,

314 MNIOTILTID^..

and that those which have broad white edges, concealing the black
to a greater or less extent, are the males of the preceding season.

In the Salvin-and-Godman collection is a large series of speci-
mens killed in winter, which show that the adult birds are then brown
like the young ; but the original markings are much more strongly
indicated, and the wing-bars are white, while the yellow coronal
patch is bright ; the black streaks on the sides of the breast and
fore neck, though narrow, are yet distinctly indicated.

Pidl-Xjliimagcd birds from Panama are in the same collection,
bearing no trace of winter plumage ; and the species therefore is
either resident there, or else puts on its full livery before leaving
for its summer home. It certainly breeds in Mexico, as Mr. A.
Ferrer obtained a specimen at Ciudad Durango on July 27 (Mus.
S. & G.) which is just moulting into the first autumn plumage.
The nestling feathers appear to have been ashy brown, with blackish
centres on the upper surface, brownish white below, with dusky
streaks on the chest.

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male, but
diifers in having the upper surface washed with brown and in being
less distinctly streaked with black ; the yellow bar on the rump
paler and not so broad ; the yellow coronal patch obscured with a
wash of brown and the feathers tipped with black ; the supraloral
and postocnlar streaks not pure white, but dull greyish white ; lores
and feathers round the eye dusky blackish ; under surface of body
white, with a small yellow patch on the sides of the breast ; the
fore neck and sides of breast not uniform black, but mottled with
black, the feathers of these parts broadly edged with white.

A female, shot by Mr. H. K. Coale on April 26, is acquiring the
yellow coronal patch by a moult.

Young. Nearly uniform brown above, with slight indications of
mesial black streaks on the dorsal feathers ; the head like the back,
the yellow coronal patch being entirely obscured by brown ; rump-
spot pure yellow and distinct ; upper tail-coverts slaty grey, mth
black centres ; wings and tail as in the adults, but the edges to the
feathers broader and browner, the white wing-bars on the coverts
pale brown ; the white spot on the third tail-feather very small ;
the whitish supraloral and postocular streaks washed with brown ;
eyelid dull whitish ; lores and feathers below the eye dusky ; ear-
coverts brown ; under surface of body dull white, slightly washed
with yeUow on the abdomen ; the sides of the body and flanks
streaked with dusky blackish, with a slight indication of a saffron-
yeUow patch on the sides of the breast.

Young males resemble the young females, but have a little more
vellow on the crown and sides of the breast, and the blackish
streaks on the under surface are more distinct.

Hah. Korth America, but chiefly the Eastern Province. In the
north-west it extends across the continent ; thence some individuals
straggle southwards along the Pacific side to Washington, and pro-
bably Oregon and California ; north to the Arctic coast ; Greenland ;
west to the Eockv Mountains in the latitude of Colorado, where

7. DENDB(ECA.

315

common ; west in the Missouri region into Dakotah, and nearly
across that territory in the Mouse-River area : breeds moslly north
of the United States, but also in northern New England ; and also
in Jamaica ; winters anywhere in the United States from the
latitude of southern New England southward (Coues). Winters
also in Central America from Mexico to Panama (Salvia ^- God-
man). Jamaica, S. Domingo, Bahamas.

a. (S ad. st,
6. S ad. ; c. J
juv. St.

d. S ad. sk.

e. cJ ad. sk.

/. (S ad. sk.
9,h. cS 2 ad. sk.

i. c? ad. sk.
k. 2 ad. sk.

I. c? ad. sk.

m. Juv. sk.

■n, o. Juv. sk.

p. 2 juv. sk.

q. S ad. sk.

r, s. 2 ad. sk.

t. (J ad. sk.

u, V. (S 2 ad. sk.

North America.
North America.

North America.
Repulse Bay, Ajctic

America.
Fort Simpson, Mav 19.
49th Parallel {Dawson).

J. Gould, Esq.
Pm-chased.

Gould Collection.
Dr. Rae [P.].

B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].
N. A. Boundary Commis-
sion [P.].
Sclater Collection.
U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Pennsvlvania (Baird).
Washington, D.C. (J. C.

McGuire).
Chicago, Ilhnois, May 3

{H. K. Coale).
Chicago, lUinois, Oct. 2

{H. K. Coale).
Jefferson, Illinois, Oct. 9

{E. K. Coale).
Colehour, lUinois, Oct. 2

(H. K. Coale).
Colehour, April 18 {H.

K. Coale).
Hvde Park, Illinois, April

and May (IT. K. Coale).
Wheatland, Indiana, April U.S. Nat. Museum [P.]

27 {R. Ridgway).

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

w. Ad. sk.
X. Juv. sk.
y. Stermim.

New Orleans, Louisiana,

winter {R. W. Sktifeldt).
Jamaica (Osburn).
Jamaica.
Jamaica.

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Sclater Collection.

Purchased.

P. H. Gosse, Esq. [P.].

26. Dendrceca audnboni.

Sylvia auduhoni, Towns. Joum. Philad. Acad. vii. p. 191 (18o7), viii.
'p. 153 (1839) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 395; id. Dm. Biogr. v. p. 52

(1839).
Syhicola auduhoni, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 21

(1838) ; Auduh. Syn. p. 32 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 2Q, pi. 77

(1841) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 307 (1853).
Mniotilta auduhoni, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B.

i. p. 240, no. 3467 (1869).
Deudi-oica auduhoni, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 273 (1858) ; id. U.S.

Me.v. Bojtnd. Sitrv. ii. pt. 2, Birds, p. 10 (1859); id. Review Amer.

B. p. 188 (1865) ; Baird, Breicer, 8,- Ridgio. Hist. N. Amer. B. i.

p. 229, pi. 13. fig. 1 (1874) ; Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. With Merid.

p. 174 (1870).
Dendrceca auduhoni, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 295, 298, 1860, p. 250 ;

Salv. ^- Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 273 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 30 (1862) ;

id. P. Z. S. 1802, p. 172; Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 163; Broivn, Ibis,

316 mniotiltidj?;.

1868, p. 420 ; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 88 (1870) ; Coues, Key N. Amer.

B. p. 100 (1872) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 9 (1873) ;

Coues, B. N.-West, p. 232 (1874) ; Rkhjw. Rep. U.S. Geol. Ea.pl.

4:0th Far. p. 433 (1877) ; Coues, B. Color Vail. p. 271 (1878) ; id.

Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 506 (1878) ; Salv. ^ Goclm. Biol.

Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 128 (1880) ; Ridqxu. Bxdl. U.S. Nat. Mus.

no. 21, p. 17 (1881) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2ud ed. p. 302 (1884).
Dendroica audubonis, Baird in Ives's Rep. Color, pt. 6, p. 5 (1861 ).
Dendroeca coronata, var. auduboni, Ridqw. Bull. Essex Inst. v. p. 180

(1873).

Adult male in breedinr/-plumage. Gleneral colour above slaty blue,
mottled with black centres to the feathers ; the hind neck uniform ;
a band of bright yellow across the rump ; lesser wing-coverts and
scapulars like the back, with similar black centres to the feathers ;
median wing-coverts black, with broad white tips ; greater coverts
black, white along the outer web and at the ends ; bastard- wing
black, fringed with white ; primary-coverts and quills black, edged
with ashy grey, paler and more hoary white on all but the inner
secondaries ; upper tail-coverts black, with slaty-blue margins ;
tail-feathers black, edged with slaty blue, the outer feathers with
white, aU but the centre feathers with a large patch of white near
the end of the inner web ; on the top of the crown a patch of bright
yellow ; the rest of the head slaty blue, with indistinct black centres
to the feathers, forming a line along the yellow coronal patch ;
sides of face and ear-coverts slaty blue, the fore part of the latter
shaded with black, which extends below the eye and onto the lores ;
cheeks slaty blue, with tiny black centres to the feathers ; side of
neck slaty blue ; throat golden yellow ; fore neck black, extending
on to the sides of the breast, the feathers of which have hoary mar-
gins ; flanks white, streaked with black ; on each side of the upper
breast a large patch of golden yellow ; centre of breast, abdomen,
and under tail-coverts white : thighs white, with dusky bases ;
axiUaries dusky grey, with whitish edges ; under wing-coverts
white, mottled with dusky bases near the edge of the wing ; quiUs
blackish below, ashy white along the inner web : " bill and feet
black ; iris brown " (Audubon). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-5,
wing 3, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-75.

Adult ill winter jjlumage. Brown above instead of slaty blue, the
yellow coronal patch entirely obscured by brown, the back more
narrowly centred with black ; rump-band bright yellow ; upper
tail-coverts black, margined with slaty blue ; wings and tail as in
the summer plumage, but the margins to the quills browner and
the white on the wing-covorts more or less obscured with brown ;
sides of face brown ; lores ashy : eyelid white ; chin whitish ; throat
yellow, the lower throat dull white, washed with brown ; remainder
of under surface dull white, obscurely mottled with black on the chest
and sides of body ; on the sides of the latter a patch of saffron-yellow.

In some of the specimens killed in winter the yellow extends over
the chin as in summer, but the colour is always much paler.

Young in winter plumage. Browner than the winter plumage of
the adults, even the upper tail-coverts being washed with brown,

7. DENDE(ECA. 317

and the wing-coverts distinctlj- pei-vaded with the latter colour ;
throat, breast, and sides of body pale brown, with no indication of
the patch of yellow on the sides of the breast ; the latter as well as
the flanks mottled with blackish centres to the feathers.

Very young. No yellow anywhere ; everywhere streaked — above
with blackish and brownish ash, below with dusky and whitish; wings
and tail much as in the autumnal plumage of the adull. (Cones.)

" The full breeding-dress of this species is worn but for a short
time. The spring moult is usually not completed until some time
in May, as early May and all April specimens show more or less
evident traces of the dull-browu winter plumage mixed with the
clear slate-colour. September and October specimens are much the
same. The early-streaked condition is very brief, the distinctive
marking of the species soon appearing. In comparing this species
with D. coronata, its eastern representative, the very marked cha-
racter of the restricted throat in contrast with the more extensively
white throat of D. coronata has drawn attention from other equally
good characters. In D. coronata in full plumage the whole sides of
the head are pure black, bounded above by a white superciliary
line ; whereas this part is a little darker than the back in D. audu-
boni, and there is no white line. The breast of D. coronata does
not appear to be ever continuously black, nor do the white bars on
the wings fuse completely into a large white patch. Younger and
autumnal or winter specimens are more similar ; but the distinctive
yeUow throat of auduhoni shows, at least in traces, at a very early
age, and is always distinctive. In the very earliest stage the two
species are indistinguishable." (Ooiws, B. Color. Vail. I. c.)

Hah. From the easternmost bases and outlying foot-hills of the
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, United States and British Columbia ;
probably also to Alaska ; accidental in Massachusetts. Winters in
Central America from Mexico to Guatemala (S. Sf G.).

J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Lord Walsingham

E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Purchased.
Sclater Collection.
U.S. Nat. Museum

[P.].
Purchased.
Gould Collection.
Sclater Collection.
A.Boucard, Esq. [P.]
Gould Collection.

27. Dendrceca palmarum.

Le BimbeM ou la Faiisse Linote, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 330 (1778).
Palm Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 498 (1783).

a. 6; b. [? 2]

British Columbia.

ad. sk.

c, d. (S ad. sk.

West side of Eocky Moimtains,

British Columbia.

f, ff. Ad. ; h.

California.

Juv. hiem. sk.

i. S ad. hiem.

Hayward's, California, Oct. 24

sk.

(TU. 0. Emerson).

k. Ad. hiem. sk.

California.

/. Ad. hiem. sk.

California.

m, n. cJ 5 f^d. sk.

Tuezon, Arizona, April

(i:. W. Nelson).

0. Ad. hiem. sk.

Mexico.

p. Ad hiem. sk.

Mexico.

q. c? ad. sk.

Mexico (De Saussure).

r. c? ad. sk.

La Parada, Mexico, Oct.

s. S ad. sk.

Guatemala.

318 MNIOTILTID-ffil.

Motacilla palmanim, Gm. S. N. i. p. 951 (1788) ; Less. TraiU, i.

p. 418 (1831).
Sylvia paluianun, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 544 (1790) ; Vieill. Ois.
' Amer. Sept. ii. p. 21, pi. 73 (1807); Bp. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 12,

pi. 10. fig. 2 (1828); BOrb. in Ramon de la Sayra's Hist. Nat.

Cuba, p. 57, pi. 8 (1838).
Sylvia petechia (wee L.), Wils. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 19, pi. 28. fig. 4

(1812) ; Auduh. B. ^wer.pls. 163, 164; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. pp. 259,

360 (1834).
Pliyllopneuste petechia, Boie, Lsis, 1828, p. 321.
Sylvicola petechia, Sxv. ^- Richards. Faun. Bur.- Amer., Birds, p. 215,
'pi. 41 (1831) ; Audub. Syn. p. 58 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 55,

pi. 90 (1841).
Sylvicola palmarum, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 373 (1832) ;

Richards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172 ; Salle, P. Z. S. 1857,

p. 231 ; Bryant, Proc. Bast. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 110 (1859), xi.

p. 91 (1867).
Sylvicola ruficapilla, Bp. Comp. List B. JEiir. ^ N Amer. p. 22

(1838) ; id. Cmisp. i. p. 307 (1850).
Muiotilta petechia. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848, pt.).
Miiiotilta palmarum. Gray, t. c. p. 196 ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 240,

uo. 3477 (1869).
Dendroica palmarum, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 288 (1858) ; id. Rev.

Amer. B. p. 207 (1865); Laior. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 284

(1866); Gundl. J.f. O. 1872, p. 415; Baird, Bretoer, ^ Ridgw.

Hist. N. Amer. B.'i. p. 273, pi. 14. tig. 8 (1874).
Dendroeca jialmarum, Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 71 ; id. Cat. Amer. B.

p. 33 (1862) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 63 ; Sundev. (Efv. K. Vei.-

Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1869, p. 616 ; Coties, Key N. Amer. B. p. 104

(1872) ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. ii. p. 268 (1871) ;

Maynard, B. Florida, p. 52 (1873) ; Scl. S/- Salv. Nomencl Av.

Neotr. p. 9 (1883) ; Corns, B. N.-West, p. 67 (1874) ; id. B. Color.

Vail. p. 250 (1878) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 68 (1880) ; Ridgtu.

Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 18 (1881) ; A. if E. Newt. Handb.

Jamaica, p. 106 (1881) ; Coues, Key N Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 307

(1884).
DendrcEca palmarum hypochryssea, Ridqw. Bidl. Nidt. Orn. Club, i.

p. 84 (1876); id. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 18 (1881);

Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 441 ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.

p. 307 (1884) ; Conj, B. S. Dotningo, p. 32 (1884).
Dendroeca palmarum, /3. hypochiyssea, Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 250

(1878).

Adult male. General colour above dull yellowish olive, streaked
with dusky down the centres of the feathers ; the rump and upper
tail-coverts olive-yellow ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median
and greater coverts dusky brown, edged with olive-brown, lighter
and more whity brown at the ends, forming an indistinct double
wing-bar; bastard-wing and piimary-coverts dusky brown, narrowly
fringed with olive ; quills dusky brown, margined with yellowish
olive, more broadly on the inner secondaries ; tail-feathers blackish
brown, edged with dull olive, the two outer ones with a white spot
at the end of the inner web ; crown of head rather bright chestmit,
with a little yeUow on the forehead ; a broad eyebrow of bright
yellow ; eyelid and feathers below the eye also yellow ; ear-coverts
olive-brown, with yellow shaft-lines ; lores and a streak behind the
eye dusky blackish ; cheeks and entire under surface of body golden

7. DENDRCECA. 319

yellow, with a distinct dusky line separating the cheeks from the
throat, the cheeks streaked. with chestnut ; the fore neck and hreast
streaked with chestnut ; sides of the body and flanks dusky olive with
chestnut streaks ; lower abdomen dull whitish ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries j'ellow, the greater series of coverts whitish, washed
with yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-7, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-75.

Adult male in tuinter plumage. Browner than in summer, the
olive-yellow of the rump, upper tail-coverts, and margins of
tail-feathers brighter ; the chestnut crown overshaded with ashy
brown ; ear-coverts and sides of neck brown, the latter mixed with
yellow; eyelid, eyebrow, and nuder surface of body pale bright
yellow, streaked with chestnut on the fore neck, but not so plainly
as in the summer dress, the chestnut being shaded with ashy ; the
wing-coverts edged with pale ochreous brown.

Adult female. Browner than the male and without the yellowish-
olive tinge on the back ; the chestnut on the crown paler and not so
extended, reaching only to the occiput ; rump and upper tail-coverts
brighter olive-yellow ; eyebrow and under surface of body paler
yeUow than the male, and more narrowly streaked with dusky, a
slight tinge of chestnut ; the white on the outer tail-feathers smaller.
Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*5, tail 2, tarsus 0'8.

Young in winter plumage. Brown above, the head brown like the
back ; under surface of body dull white, the throat yellowish,
streaked with brown on the throat, fore neck, and sides of the body ;
the lower flanks and under tail-coverts saft'ron-yellow. The chest-
nut head is donned by some specimens before leaving their winter-
quarters ; but others arrive in their summer-quarters in the brown
plumage, a female collected at Kenwood, Illinois, on the 8th of
Maj', just commencing to moult the chestnut feathers on the head.

Ilah. Mississippi valley during the migrations ; breeding in the
interior of British America, wintering in the Gulf States, from
Texas to Western and Southern Florida and West Indies (Cuba,
Jamaica, San Domingo, and the Bahamas) ; casual in certain
Atlantic States {Eidgway). The race which Mr. Eidg-nay caD.8
D. hypoeliyscca is found in " the Atlantic States from East Florida
(in winter) to Nova Scotia, breeding in Maine and northward, and
wintering in the south Atlantic States ; apparently not found at all
in the West Indies, nor in Southern and Western Florida."

(', li- d 2 ^^- sk. North America. Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. North America. J. Gould, Esq.

d. cJ ad. sk. Pennsylvania (U. Wilson). Sclater CVillectiou.

e. cJ ad. bieni. sk. Wasbiugtou, 1).C. {McChdrc). Sclater CoUectiun.
/. $ ad. sk. Glenville, Maryhmd, Apiil 24 K. B. Sharpe, Esq.

{H. K. Coafe). [P.].

y. d ad. sk. Michigan, May 15 (H. K. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Cu(de). [P.].

h. (S juv. sk. Colehour, IlHnois, Oct. 2 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

{H. K. Cuale). [P.].

i. (S ad. sk. Wood Lawu, Illinois, April 30 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(H. K. Coale). [P.].

k. $ ad. sk. Kenwood, Illinois, May b R. B. Sharpe, Esq,

{H. K. Coale). [?•]•

320 MNIOTILTID^.

/, »i. c? $ ad. sk. Ilvde Park, Illinois, May {H. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

K. Conle). [P.].

n. Jiiv. sk. Ilvile Piirk, Illinois, Sept. U.S. Nat. Museum

(//. K. Coale). [P.].

o. c5' ad. sk. Cambridge, Mass., April 12 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(H. M. Spelman). [P.].

}}. S ad. sk. Indiana, April {E. Ridgway). U.S. Nat. Museum

q. Juv. ; /•. 2 jiv. Jamaica {Osburn). Sclater Collection.

sk.

28. Dendroeca castanea.

Sylvia castanea, Wilson, Amer. Orn. ii. p. 97, pi. 14. tig. 4 (1810);

Auduh. B. Amer. pi. 69; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 358 (1832).
Sylvia autumualis, Wilson, Amer. Orn. iii. p. 65, pi. 23. fig-. 3 (1811) ;

Audub. B. Amer. pi. 88; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 449 (1832).
Sj'lvicola castanea, Richards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172 ; Bj),

Comp. List B. Ei&. ^ N. Amer. p. 22 (1838) ; Audub. Sgn. p. 53

(1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 34, pi. 80 (1841) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 308

(1850).
Mniotilta castanea, Grag, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B. i.

p. 241, no. 3483 (1869).
Rliimamphus castaneiis. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 19 (1850).
Dendroica castanea, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 276 (1858) ; Scl. S)- Salv.

Ibis, 1859, p. 11 ; Cass. Froc. Philad. Acad. xii. p. 193 (1860) ;

Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 189 (1805) ; Baird, Brewer, Sc Ridgw.

Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 251, pi. 13. figs. 4, 5 (1874).
Deudrceca castanea. Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 322 (1861) ; Scl,

Cat. Amer. B. p. 31 (1862) ; Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 347 ;

Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1869, p. 614 ; Wyatt,

Ibis, 1871, p. 322 ; Brewer, Ibis, 1872, p. 334 ; Coues, Key iV.

Amer. B. p. 101 (1872) ; Scl. S)- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 9

(1873) ; id. B. N.- West, p. 61 (1874) ; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

no. 4, p. 15 (1876) ; Coties, B. Color. Vail. p. 243 (1878) ; Salv. ^•

Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 132 (1881) ; Ridgtv. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 17 (1881) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B.

2ud ed. p. 304 (1884).

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above ochreous
brown, distinctly streaked with black centres to the feathers : the
scapulars more ashy grey, similarly streaked with black: lower
back and rump ashy grey, not streaked ; the upper tail-coverts
ashy grey, with black centres to the feathers ; lesser wing-coverts
ashy grey, mottled with black bars ; median and greater wing-
coverts black, edged with ashy grey and broadly tipped with white,
forming a double wing-bar ; bastard-wing black, edged with white ;
primary-coverts and quiUs black, edged with ashy grey, the secon-
daries with olive, the first primary with hoary whitish, the inner
secondaries broadly edged with ashy grey ; tail-feathers blackish,
edged with ashy grey, and fringed with white along the margin of
the inner web, the two outer feathers with a large white spot near
the end of the inner web ; crown of head deep chestnut, the nape
and hind neck clear ochreous, streaked with black ; forehead and
sides of crown black ; lores, sides of face, cheeks, and ear-coverts
black, slightly washed with ashj^ grey ; sides of neck clear ochre-
ous, forming a conspicuous patch ; chin blackish ; throat dark chest-

7. DENDECECA. 321

nut, extending down the sides of the neck, along the sides of the
breast and flanks ; tore neck, breast, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts ochreoiis white, as also the thighs ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts ochreous white, mottled with blackish bases near the
edge of the wing ; quills dusky brown below, white along the edge
of the inner web : " bill blackish above, greyish blue beneath ; feet
greyish blue; iris hazel" (Audubon). Total length 5-2 inches,
culmen 0*45, wing 3'05, tail 2'15, tarsus 0'75.

Adult female in breeding-plumaeje . More ashy than the male on
the upper surface, washed with olive and streaked with black centres
to the feathers, excej^t on the rump and lower back ; coronal patch
on the head much paler chestnut; forehead and sides of crown ashy
olive, streaked with black centres to the feathers ; sides of face
dusky olive, mottled with bluish bases to the feathers ; eyelid and
an ill-defined eyebrow olive-yellow ; sides of neck pale ochreous ;
under surface of body ochreous white, the throat pale chestnut,
the sides of the breast and flanks also mixed with pale chestnut ;
wings and tail as in the male. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5,
wing 2-8, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-75.

Young in luinter plumage. Eesembles the adult female, but is
uniform olive above, without any blackish centres to the feathers,
the rump and upper tail-coverts like the back ; the white wing-bars
tinged with olive-yellow, the inner secondaries broadly edged with
ashy whitish ; tail as in adults ; an ill-defined eyebrow and eyelid
olive-yellowish ; cheeks and ear-coverts olive-yellowish, the latter
dusky on the upper margin ; under surface of body ochreous white,
slightly olive on the throat and breast, browner on the sides of the
body ; under tail-coverts clearer ochreous buff; axillaries and under
wing-coverts white, slightly tiuged with yellow.

Aelidt males and females in luinter plumage lose all trace of the
chestnut on the crown, and are olive above, like the young birds, but
they are always more or less striped, the males particularly so. It
is evident that the birds of the year, after their first spring moult,
fall very far short of the rich coloration of the fuU-plumaged males,
the chestnut on the throat and flanks being very pale, and the chest-
nut on the head not more pronounced than in the adult females. It
appears, therefore, that it takes some time before the fully adult
plumage is assumed, at least two years. There is generallj- some
rufous on the flanks in winter-killed specimens of adults, but this is
replaced bj- a brownish shade in the young.

Hah. Eastern province of North America, north to Hudson's Bay
(not Alaska nor Greenland) : west only to the edge of the plains;
migratory only in nearly all the United States ; breeds from northern
New England northward {Coues). "Winters in Panama and Colombia.
Of very rare occurrence in Guatemala (Salvin and Godman).

a,b. cJ $ ad. ; c. North America. Purchased.

Juv. St.

d. c? ad. sk. North America. Sclater Collection.

e. <S ad.;/. Juv. sk. Niagara Falls {J. G.). Gould Collection.
g. (S ad. sk. Wisconsin, May 15. Dr. Brewer [P.].

VOL. X. T

322 MNIOTILTID^.

h. (S ad. sk. Chicago, Illinois, May 20 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{H.K. Coale).
t. 5 ad. ; A-, /, Juv. Chicago, Sept. {H. K. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

sk. Coale).

m.H. cS; 0. 9. ad. Hyde Park, Illinois, May E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

sk. 21 (H. K. Coale).

p 9ad.sk. Lake Forest, Illinois, May E. B. Sharpe. Esq. [P.].

15 (7/. K. Coale).
q. 2 ad. sk. Waukigan, 111. {E. W. U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Nelson).
?•. c?juv,sk. Mt. Carmel, 111., Sept. 15 U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

(R. Ridgway).
s. c? ad. sk. St. Louis Co., Missouri, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

May2 (U.K. Coale).
t. (S ad. sk. Wheatland, Indiana, U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

May 10 (R. Richjivay).
u. 2ad.hiem.sk. V&nam&^McLea^man). Sclater Collection,
f. [ 2 ] juv. hiem. sk. Bucaramanga, Colombia. Sclater Collection.
10. (S iid. sk. Eemedios, Antioqvda Sclater Collection.

(Salmon).
X. (S imm. sk. Medellin. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C.].

29. Dendroeca pityophila.

Sylvicola pityophila, Gximll. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. p. 160 (1855).

Ehimamphus pityophilus, Gimdl. J.f. O. 1857, p. 240.

Dendroica pityophila, Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 208 (1805) ; Baird,

Brewer, k Ridyw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 221 (1874).
Dendrceca pityophila, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh.

1869, p. 612 ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 296, note (1878) ; Ridyw.

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 18 (1881) ; Cones, Key N. Amer.

B. 2nd ed. p. 297 (1884).
Mniotilta pityophila. Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 241, no. 3499 (1869).

Above, including sides of head and neck, uniform plumbeous grey ;
the forehead, vertex, and loral region olive-green ; chin and fore
neck bright yellow, extending on the middle of the jugnlum, and
bordered by black streaks towards lower part of neck, most con-
spicuous on sides of breast ; beneath dull white, the insides of wings
more ashy, the flanks something like the back ; two dull ashy-white
bands across the wing-coverts ; the quill- and tail-feathers edged
with paler ash than the ground-colour ; lateral tail-feathers with a
whitish patch on the inner web, running forward to a point along the
shaft, including the whole web at the end ; second feather with a
more restricted patch of the same. Total length 4-50 inches, wing
2-30, tail 2-20, culmen 0-45, biU from gape 0-55, tarsus 0-56.
(Baird.)
Hah. Cuba.

30. Dendroeca kirtlandi.
Sylvicola kirtlandii, Baird, Ann. Lye. N. Y. v. p. 217, pi. 6 (1852) ;
Zuchold, J. f. O. 1854, p. 355 ; Cassin, Ml. B. Calif. Sf Texas, i.
p. 278, pi. 47 (1855).
Dendroica kirtlandii, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 286 (1858) ; id. Rev,
Amer. B. p. 206 (1865) ; Baird, Breic, 8^ Ridyiv. Hist. N. Amer.
B. i. p. 272, pi. 14. fig. 5 (1874). __
Dendrceca kirtlandi, Sundev. CE/v. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh. 1869,

/. DENDECECA. 323

p. 617; Co?ies, Key N. Amer. B. p. 104 (187i0 ; id. B. Color.
Vail. p. 249 (1878) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 66 (1880) ; Bklyw.
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 18 (1881) ; Coties, Key N. Amer
B. 2nd ed. p. 306 (1884) ; Rkhjiv. Auk, i. p. 389 (1884).
Mniotilta kirtlandi, Gray, Hatul-l. B. i. p. 241, no. 3492 (1869).

Above slate-blue, the feathers of the crown with a narrow, those
of the middle of the back with a broader, streak of black ; a narrow
frontlet involving the lores, the anterior end of the eye, and the
space beneath it (possibly the whole auriculars) black ; the rest of
the eyelids white. The nndcrparts are clear yellow (almost white
on the under tail-coverts) ; the breast with small spots, and sides
of the body with short streaks, of black. The greater and middle
wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers are edged with dull whitish ;
the two outer tail-feathers have a dull white spot near the end of
the inner web, largest on the first. Length 5'50 inches, wing 2-80,
tail 2"70. {Baird., Brewer, and Ridgway.)

Hah. Eastern United States.

31. Dendroeca pinus.

The Pine Creeper, Cateshy, H. N. Carol, i. p. 61, pi. 61 (1771).

La M^sange d'Amerique, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 576 (1760).

Sylvia pinus, Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 25, pi. 19. fig. 4 (1811) ;

Aucliib. B. Atiier. pi. Ill ; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 232 (1834).
Thriothrurus (?) pinus, Sieph. Gvn. Zuol. xiv. p. 194 (1826, pt.).
Sylvia vigorsi, Auduh. B. Amer. pi. 30 ; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 153 (1832).
Vireo vigorsii, Nutt. Man, i. p. 318 (1832).

Sylvicola pinus, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 316, pi. 19. fig 4
(1832); Richards. Eep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172; Bp. Comp.
List B. Bur. ^ N. Amer. p. 22 (1838) ; Attdiib. Syn. p. 39 (1854) ;
id. B. Amer. ii. p. 37, pi. 82 (1841) ; Woodh. in Sitgr. Expl. Zuni
R. p. 70 (1853) ; Jones, Nat. Berm. p. 59 (1859).
Vermivora pinus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 245 (18.37).
Mniotilta pinus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848, pt.).
Ehimamphus pinus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 311 (1850).
Dendroica pinus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 277 (1858) ; id. Rev. Atner,
B.J). 190 (1865) ; Baird, Breicer, ^ Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B i
p. 268, pi. 13. fig. 6 (1874) ; Breivst. Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. p. 136
(1875).
Dendroeca pinus, Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 31 (1862) ; McBwr.
Proc. Essex Inst. v. 1866, p. 86 ; Allen, Bull. Mm. Comp. Zool.
Camhr. ii. p. 268 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 105 (1872) •
id. B. N.-West, p. 69 (1874); id. B. Color. Vail. p. 251 (1878) ;
Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 69 (1880) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus'.
no. 21, p. 18 (1881) ; Conj, B. S. Domingo, p. 33 (1884) ; Coues,
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 307 (1884).
Dendro3ca pina, Coues, Proc. Essex Inst. v. p. 272 (1868) Maynard
B. Florida, p. 48 (1873).

Adult male. General colour above dark olive-yellow, rather duUer
on the mantle and back ; lesser and median wing-coverts ashy gre)',
the former washed with olive-yellow, the latter tipped with greyish
white, the greater coverts dusky blackish, edged with ashy grey,
becoming greyish white at the ends, and thus forming a double
wing-bar; bastard-wing blackish, narrowly margined with white;

t2

324 MNIOTILTIB^.

primary-coverts and quills dusky browu, edged with ashy, the
secondaries slightly washed with olive ; upper tail-coverts ashy,
elightlv washed with olive-yellow ; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged
with ashy, the two outer feathers fringed with white on the outer
and inner webs, and having a large wedge-shaped mark of white on
the inner web near the end, this mark being much reduced in size
on the penultimate feather ; head like the back ; lores dusky blackish;
upper and lower edge of eyelid as well as a narrow superciliary
line brighter yellow ; ear-coverts olive-yellow, with a dusky blackish
streak behind the eye, the ear-coverts streaked with dusky blackish ;
below the eye a small patch of bright yellow ; cheeks, throat, and
breast bright yellow, a little paler on the latter, mottled with
blackish centres to the feathers on the side of the fore neck ; sides
of the breast a little more olive ; abdomen and under tail-coverts
white, slightly tinged with yellow, the lower flanks and thighs more
ashy ; axillaries and under wing-coverts dull white, the former with
dusky bases ; quills dark brown below, ashy whitish along the edge
of the inner web : " bill brownish black ; feet dusky ; iris hazel "
(Aicdubon). ToLal length 4-S inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-9, tail 2-15,
tarsus 0'7.

Adult female. General colour very similar to that of the male,
but a little duller and more ashy and not quite so yellow ; nnder-
neath, the colour is paler and the yellow does not extend so far
down, leaving the entire abdomen dull white : the spots on the sides
of the upper breast are not so distinct, being much smaller and
less pronounced. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-75,
tail 2'1, tarsus 0*7. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.)

Auuumnal males are much like spring individuals, but the yellow
beneath is softer and somewhat richer, and the olive above overlaid
with a reddish umber tint. (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgwaij.)

Young. Umber-brown above, and dingy pale ashy beneath, with a
slight yellowish tinge on the abdomen ; wing and tail much as in
the autumnal adult. (B., B., Sf R.)

Hah. Eastern province of United States, Canada and New
Brunswick, west only to the Lower Missouri and Kansas, &c. : breeds
throughout its United-States range, wintering in the Southern States,
Bermudas, and Bahamas {Coues).

a, h. Ad. St. North America. H.R.H. The Duke of

Sussex [P.],

c. (5 ad. sk. North America. Purchased.

d. c? ad. sk. Niagara Falls {J. G.). Gould Collection.

e 2 iuv. sk. Ovster Bav, Long Island, July 21 U.S. Nat. Museum
[Roosevdt). [P.].

/■ c? ad. sk. Hyde Pai-k, Illinois, April 26 R. B.' Sharpe, Esq.
{H. K. Coaley [P.].

(] 9 ad. sk. Chicago, lUinois, May 2 (H. K. E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

^ Coalv). [P.].

K cJad.au- Massachusetts (TF. ^/'cwito-). U.S. Nat. Museum
tumn. sk. [P.].

i. (5 juv. sk. Massachusetts (Henshaw). U.S. Nat. IVEus. [P.].

k. $ "ad. sk. Pennsylvania (Baird). Sclater Collection.

7. DEXDEOiCA. 325

32. Dendrceca striata.

Muscicapa striata, Forstcr, Philos. Trans. Ixxii. pp. 406, 428 (1772).
Striped Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 349 (1783) ; Penti.

Arct. Zuol. ii. p. 390 (1785).
Black-poll Warbler, Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. pt. 2, p. 460 (1783) ; Penn.

Arct. Zool. ii. p. 401 (1785).
Motacilla striata, Gm. S. N. i. p. 976 (1788).

Sylvia striata. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 527 (1790) ; Vieill. Ois. Amer.

Sept. ii.' p. 'I^, pis. 75, 76 (1817) ; Wils. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 40,

pi. 30. lig. 4 (1811), vi. p. 101, pi. 54. fig. 3 (1812) ; Auchtb. B.

A7)ier. pi. 133; ul. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 201 (1834).

Svlvicola striata. Swains. Sf Bichards. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, ii.

'p. 218 (1831 ) ; Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. pp. 32, 303 (18.32);

Bp. Cump. List B. Eur. 8f N. Amer. p. 22 (1838) ; Audub. Syn. p. 53

(1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 28, pi. 78. figs. 1, 2 (1841; ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 308 (1850) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 110 (1859).

]Miiiotilta striata, Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861,

p. 6 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 240, no. 3474 (1869).
Ehimamphus striatus, Cab. 3Ius. Hein. i. p. 20 (1850); Scl. P. Z. S.

1855, p. 143 ; Guvdl. J.f. O. 1855, p. 475, 1861, p. 409.
Dendroica striata, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 280 (1858) ; Coues, Proc.
Phil. Acad.imi, p. 220 ; Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 4 ; Baird, Rev. Amer.
B.j,. 192 (1865); Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 284 (1866);
Dall 4- Bann. Trails. Chicago Acad. i. p. 278 (1869); Hensh.
Zool. E.rpl. W. lOUM Merid. p. 198 (1875).
Dendroica striatus, Gundl. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 326.
Dendroica pinus, Coues, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1861, p. 220 {err.).
Dendrreca striata, Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 31 (1862) ; Blakist. Ibis,
1863, p. 62; Sund. (Efo. K. Vet.-Akad. lorh. Stockh. 1869, p. 614;
Scl. 4- Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 780 ; Coites, Key N. Amer. B. p. 101.
pi. 2. figs. 15, 16 (1872) ; Scl. l^- -SV//i'. Xomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 93
(1873); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 60 (1874); Baird, Brewer, 8f
Ridgw. Hist. K. Amer. B. p. 248, pi. 13. fig. 9 (1874) ; Coues, B.
Color. Vail. p. 288 (.1878) ; id. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. vol. iv.
p. 566 (1878) ; Merrill, Bull. U.S. Nat. iMvs. i. p. 124 (1878) ;
Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 61 (1880) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Miis.
no. 21, p. 17 (1881) ; Kelson, Cruise R.S. 'Corwinj p. 64 (1883) ;
Coues, Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 303 (1884).
Dendrceca atricapilla, Landb. Arch.f. Naturg. 1864, p. 56 ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1867, p. 337.
Anthus breviiuiguis, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 69, 463 (1871) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 250, no. 3631 (1869).
Adult male in hreeding-plumage. General colour above dull ashy,
broadly streaked with black centres to the feathers, the back washed
with brown, the feathers being edged with ashy brown ; the lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more decidedly ashy than the
rest of the back, and just as broadly centred with black ; wing-
coverts black, edged with ashy grey, the median and greater scries
broadly tipped with white, forming a double wing-bar ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with olive, the inner
secondaries broadly margined with ashy white ; tail-feathers blackish
brown, edged with ashy olive, the outer feather with a triangiilar
patch of white near the end of the inner web, reduced to a broad
fringe near the tip of the same web in the penultimate feather ;
crown of head black, forming a cap ; the hind neck with a collar of
white, broadly streaked with black ; lores, sides of crown, and edge

326 MNIOTILTIDJB.

of ej'elid black, except the lower edge of the latter, which is white,
like the sides of face, cheeks, aud ear-coverts ; throat and under
surface of body white, with a broad line of black down the sides of
tho throat, widening on the lower throat, the sides of the neck and
of the fore neck being thickly mottled with black streaks ; entire sides
of the body broadly streaked with black, the lower flanks washed
with brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts white ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing wash^sd with olive-
yellow ; quills duskj' brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner
web. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-8, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-7.

Adult female. Pipit-like, and different from the male. General
colour above olive-greenish, streaked with black centres to the
feathers ; the head like the back ; the hind neck more ashy, and the
lower rump aud upper tail-coverts inclining to ashy : lesser wing-
coverts like the back ; the median and greater series blackish, edged
with olive, the white tips to the coverts forming the double wing-
bar, slightly washed with olive; bastard -wing, primary-coverts, and
qiuUs blackish, edged with olive, the former obsoletely, the latter
more distinctly, the inner secondaries with broader whitish margins ;
tail-feathers brown, edged with olive, the two outer ones with an
ovate white spot near the end of the inner web ; lores and eyelid
pale olive-yellowish ; cheeks and ear-coverts dull white, with a
slight yellowish tinge, the latter mottled with small blackish spots ;
under surface of body dull white, washed with olive-yellow ; the
sides of the throat spotted with black, the sides of the breast and
flanks narrowly streaked with black ; the latter strongly washed with
olive ; axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy white, washed with
olive ; quills dusky, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 4"8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-6.5, tail 1-8.5, tarsusO-75.

Young male in autumn pluma<ie. Similar to the adult female,
but yellowish olive above and not so green ; the eyebrow more
distinctly olive-yellow, as also the throat, breast, and flanks, much
brighter than in the adult female ; abdomen and under tail-coverts
pure white ; on the sides of the body some dusky streaks ; the
white wiug-bars very distinct, the quills narrowly but distinctly
tipped with white.

This last character appears to be a constant and conspicuous mark
of immaturity. The birds begin to moult as early as the 1st of
November, as is proved by a specimen in the Salvin-and-Godman
collection from Eoraima (H. Whitely).

" The still earlier plumage of the bird when just from the nest is
different again ; for this species, like many other Si/lvicolidce,
I'urdidce, &c., has at first a transient streaky or speckled plumage.
In this condition, the upper parts are greyish, the lower white, the
whole body marked with blackish in the form of a terminal spot or
bar on each feather." ( Cones.)

Bab. North America, excepting the western and most of the
middle province ; north to the Arctic Ocean and Greenland ; north-
west to Alaska in the Yukon Region, west to Nebraska and Colorado.
Cuba; Bahamas (Cones). Winters in South America, Guiana,
Amazonia, Colombia, extending even to Chili.

7. DENDRCECA. 327

a,i- c? $ ad. st. North America. Purchased.

f, d. 5 ad. sk. North America. J. J. Audubon, Esq. [P.],

e,f- c? 2 ad. sir. Uepulse Bay, Ai-ctic Dr. Rae [P.].
America.

.9. c? ad. sk. Albany River, Canada. G. Barnstone, Esq. [P.].

h. S ad. sk. Bear Lake. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].

i. 2 ad. sk. Fort Good Hope. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.J.

k. <S ad. sk. 49tb Parallel {Baiv- N. Amer. Boundary (Jam-

son), mission [P.].

/. d ad. sk. Niagara Falls (J. G.). Gould Collection.

?H. $ ad. sk. Oyster Bay, Long Island, U.S. Nat. Museum rP.l.

May 27 (Roosevelt).

11. c? ad. sk. St. Louis Co., Missouri, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP 1

May 21 (H. K. Uoale).

o. $ juv. sk. Slieffield, Indiana, Sept. U.S. Nat. Museum rP.l.

2o (H. K. Coale).

p. S ad. sk. Philadelphia {E. Wilson). Sclater Collection.

q. 2 ad. sk. Washington, D.C., Sclater Collection.

June 4 {E. Coues).

r. S ad. sk. Washington (Schufeldt). U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

s. (S ad. sk. Jamaica. Sclater Collection.

i. d ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection.

u. d ad. sk. Guiana (Brown). Sclater Collection.

V. Jun. sk. Rio Negro (Natterer). Sclater Collection.

[S. n. Anthus breviunguis.'\

w. Imm. sk. South America. Gould Collection.

33. Dendroeca caerulea.

Sylvia cferulea, JVils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 141, pi. 17. fig. 5 (1810) ;

Licht. Preis- Verz. me.r. Vog. p. 2 ; Cab. J.f. O. 1863, p, "'^
Sylvia rara, Wits. op. cit. iii. p. 119, pi. 27. fig 2 (1811) •

A7ner. pi. 49 ; id. Orn. Sioyr. i. p. 258 (1832). '

Sylvia azurea, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. p. 653 (1817) ; Bp. Atner. Orn. ii.

p. 27, pi. 1 1. fig. 2 (1828); Audub. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 255, pi. 48 (1832)!
Sylvia populorum, Vieill. Ene. Meth. ii. p. 449 (1823).
Sylvia bifasciata, Say, in Lony's E.vped. Rocky 3Its. i. p. 170 (1823).
Phj'llopneuste rara, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 321.
Sylvicola cferulea, jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 283 (1832) ; id. iii.

p. 387; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 4" N. Amer. p. 23 (18.38);

Audub. Syn. p. 50 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 45, pi. 86 (1841)'

Bp. Con^^p.i. -p. 308 (ISnO). r ,r n

Vermivora rara, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 406 (1832).
Mniotilta rara, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848).
Rhimaniphus csruleus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 18 ; 1858, p 64 •

Gimdl. J.f. O. 1862, p. 177. > f- ,

Dendroica c^rulea, Baird, B. K Amer. p. 280 (1858) ; Gundl. J.f. 0.

1861, p. 326; Baird, Rev. Amer.B. p. 191 (1865) ; Baird, Brewer,

&■ Ridyw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 235 (1874) ; Herish. Zool. Expl.

W. lOQth Merid. p. 196 (1875).
Dendrceca cnsrulea, Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 31 (1862) : Scl. S,- Salv

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 347 ; Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh.

1869, p. 614 ; Salv. t. c. p. 183 ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 836 ;

Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 99 (1872) ; Scl. 8f Sale. Nomencl. Av

, p. _,
(1879) ; Salv. ■!^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 130 (1881) •

57.
Audub. B.

328

MNIOTILTIDJi;.

Ridffw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 17 (1881); Tacz. P. Z.S.
188:3, p. G ; id. Orn. Ferou, p. 465 (1884); Coues,Key N.Amer.
B. 2nd ed. p. 301 (1884).
Mniotilta cgerulea, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 240, no. 3473 (1869).

Adult male in summer plumarie. General colour above greyish
blue, the mantle and scapulars centred with black streaks, the hind
neck and the rump uniform, the upper tail-coverts again broadly
centred with black ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and
greater coverts black, externally edged with greyish blue and broadly
tipped with white, forming a double wing-bar ; bastard-wing and
primary- coverts black, the latter fringed with greyish blue ; quills
blackish, edged with ashy bluish, somewhat tinged with olive on the
secondaries, the inner ones rather broadly margined with white ;
tail-feathers black, edged externally with greyish blue, and with
white near the end of the inner web, which has a large subterminal
ovate spot of white on all but the centre feathers, increasing slightly
in size towards the outer ones ; crown of head rather brighter blue
than the back, the base of the forehead somewhat blackish, and an
indistinct blackish band along the sides of the crown ; feathers
above the eye brighter blue like the crown ; lores and sides of face
and ear-coverts ashy bluish, dusky along the upper edge of the
latter ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of the body white, with a
broad band of black washed with greyish blue across the fore neck ;
sides of upper breast washed with greyish blue ; sides of the body
aiid flanks broadly streaked with black and washed with greyish
blue ; thighs dusky, edged with white ; under tail-coverts white ;
under wing-coverts and axillarics white with dusky bases, washed
with greyish blue along the edge of the wing ; quills dusky, broadly
edged with white along the inner web : " bill bluish black ; feet blue ;
iris blackish brown " (Auduhon). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0'5,
wing 2-6, tail 1*05, tarsus 0*6. {Mus. Salvin and Godman.)

Adult male in ivinter jplumage. Only differs from the summer
plumage in being a little more ashy on the upper surface, which
scarcely shows more than faint traces of the black streaks on the
back ; the entire under surface is white, with more or less distinct
black streaks on the sides of the body, the baud on the fore neck being
hidden by white, and only perceptible on disarranging the feathers.

Adult female. Different from the male. Ashy olive above, without
any mesial black streaks on the mantle ; rump a little lighter ashy;
upper tail-coverts more bluish grey ; lesser wing-coverts bluish
grey ; median and greater coverts dusky, edged with bluish grey
and tipped with white, forming a double wing-bar ; bastard-wing
and primary-coverts dusky blackish, the latter fringed with bluish
grey ; quills dusky, externally washed with light bluish grey, more
or less tinged with olive, the inner secondaries edged with white ;
tail as in the male, with the white spots on the inner web rather
smaller; crown of head pale greyish blue, contrasting with the back ;
a distinct eyebrow of dull white, slightly washed with olive-yellow ;
lores, feathers below the eye, and eyelid ashy whitish ; ear-coverts
pale ashy, with a faint tinge of oKve; cheeks pale olive-yellowish

/. DEXDECECA.

329

like the sides of the neck ; under surface of body dull white, with
a tinge of pale yellow ; sides of the body with faint dusky streaks ;
thighs dusky ; under tail-coverts white, with scarcely any tinge of
yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, mottled with
dusky bases along the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below, whitish
along the edge of the inner wob. Total length 4-7 inches, culmen
0-5, wing 2-4, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-55.

1 ouHff in autumn plumage. General colour above dull olive-brown,
a little clearer greyish on the head ; wing-bar obscured by a tinge
of olive ; quills margined with olive ; entire under surface of body
pale yellow, a little whiter on the lower abdomen and under tail-
coverts ; lower mandible pale.

From the above it will be seen that the winter plumage of the
young birds more resembles that of the adult female. The males
can, however, always be told from the females, even in the winter
dress, by the more distinct stripes on the sides of the body, and
generally by a tinge of blue on the head.

Hab. Eastern North America to the Eocky Mountains in the
latitude of Colorado, and to the Lower Missouri ; rare in the
Atlantic States, but occurs in New England ; Canada West {Coues).
Cuba. Extends in winter throughout Central America from Mexico
to Panama, and into Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia ; ? Brazil.

a. 2 ad. sk.

b. $ ad. sk.

c. Juv. sk.

d. (S juv. sk.

e. $ ad. sk.

f. $ ad. sk.

g. cJ ad. sk.

h, i. ^ 2 imm. sk.
k. 2 ad. hiem. sk.
I. S ad.; m. $

imm. sk.
ii. S imm. sk.

Caliokie Kiver, Illinois,

May 24 (H. K. Coale).
Ilalfday, Illinois, May 17

(H. E. Coale).
Halfday, 111., Aug. 31 {H.

K. Coale).
Mt. Carmel, 111., Aug. 15

{R. Ridgioatj).
South Illinois, May 9

{R. Kennicott).
St. Louis Co., Missouri,

May 21 {H. K. Coale)
Brookville, Indiana, May 4 U.S. Nat. Museum fP.!

{A. W. Butler).

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].
U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Guatemala

Panama {McLeannan)

Eoffota.

Gould Collection.

Sclater Collection.

Sclater Collection.

Pm-chased.

34. Dendroeca cserulescens.

Blue Flycatcher, Edw. Glean, p. 91, pi. 252. fig. 1 (1758).
Le Petit Figuier cendr6 de Canada, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 527, pi. 27 fio- 6
(1760). t ,f ^■

Motacilla canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 336 (1766, 7iec Linn, on cit
p. 334). ^ •

Fi>>

Le

La l-auvette bleuatre de S. JJonuiigue, Buff'. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p 164
(1778).

Blue-gray Warbler, Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. pt. 2, p. 440 (1783).

iguier cendrt? du Canada, Daub. PL Enl. pi. 685. fig. 2.
je Figuier bleu, Bujf. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 304 (1778).
^a Fauvette bleuatre de S. Doniiiigue, Bujf. Hist. Nat. Ois. v.

330 MNIOTILTID.F.

Black-throated Warbler, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. 2, p. 487 (1783) ;

I'enn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 399 (1785).
Motacilla cisrulesceris, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 9G0 (1788).
Sylvia canadensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 539 (1790) ; Wils. Amer.
' Oni. ii. p. 115, pi. 15. fig. 7 (1810); Audub. B. Amer. pis. 148,
155; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 309 (1834).
Sylvia Cferulescens,'Zff</(. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 520 (1790); Vieill. Ois.
A7ner. Sept. ii. p. 25, pi. 80 (1807) ; D'Orb. in Ramonde la Sagra's
H. N. Cuba, Ois. p. 69, pi. 9. tigs. 1, 2 (1839).
Sylvia pusilla, Wils. Atner. Orn. \. p. 100, pi. 43. fig. 4 (1812, 7iec

op. cit. iv. pi. 17. fig. 3).
Sylvia palustris, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. p. 722 (1817).
Sylvia leucoptera, IVils. Index (teste Cones).
Sylvia macropos, Bo7in. Sf Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 451 (182.3).
Sjdvia sphagnosa, Bp. Jojtrn. Phil. Acad. iv. p. 199 (1824) ; Audub.

Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 279 (1834).
Phyllopneuste canadensis, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 328.
Vireo sphagnosa, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 193 (1832).
Sylvicola canadensis, Richards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. \Q^Q-^7 , p. 172;
Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 23 (1838) ; Avduh. Syn.
p. 61 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 63, pi. 95 (1841) ; Gosse, B.
Jamaica, p. 160 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 308 (1850) : Salle, P. Z. S.
1857, p. 231 ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 110
(1859), xi. p. 91 (1867).
Sylvicola sphagnosa, Richards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 183(>-37, p. 172.
Sylvicola pusilla, Dejmy, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 38.
Sylvicola pannosa, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 162, pi. 37 (1847-49).
Mniotilta canadensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 190 (1848) ; id. Iland-l. B.

i. p. 240, no. 3471.
Mniotilta macropus. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848).
Mniotilta pannosa, Gray, I. c.

Rbimamphns canadensis, Gundl. J. f. 0. 1855, p. 473, 1861, p. 408.
Dendroica canadensis, ^f/M-t?, B.N.A7ner.-p. 271 (1858); March, Proc.
Phil. Acad. 1863, p. 293 ; Laior. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 284 (1864).

Dendrceca ?, Salv. Sj- Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 273.

DendrcKca canadensis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1861 , p. 70 ; id. Cat. Amer. B.
p. 30 (1862;; Dresser, Ibis, 1805, p. 478 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 205.
Dendroeca pannosa, Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 71.

Dendroica ceerulescens, Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 186 (1865) ; Bah-d,
Brewer,^ Ridgiv. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 254,pl. 10. figs. 1 U, 11 (1874).
Dendroeca cserulescens, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. FiJrh. Stockh.
1869, p. 610 ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 99 (1872) ; Maynard, B.
Florida, p. 54 (1873); Cones, B. N.-West, p. 55 (1874) ; Jones, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, i. p. 11 (1876) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 242
(1878); Gundl. Orn. Cuba,^. 64; Salv. ^- Godm.Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, i. p. 126 (1880); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 58 (1880); Ridgiv.
Bidl. U.S. Nat. 3Ius. no. 21, p. 17 (1881) ; Coties, Key N Amer.
B. 2nd ed. p. 300 (1884) ; Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 26 (1884).
Mniotilta cferulescens, Giebel, Thes. ii. p. 602 (1875).

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above clear
slaty blue, slightly mottled, with blackish centres to the feathers
of the mantle and back, as well as the upper tail-coverts ; lesser
wino'-coverts like the back ; median and greater series black, exter-
nally edged with slaty blue ; bastard-wing and primary- coverts
black ; quills black, externally edged with slaty blue, the bases to
all the primaries but the first one white, forming an alar speculum ;

7. nUNDECECA. 331

tail-featliers black, margined -with slaty blue, and fringed with white
on the inner web, the three outer feathers with a large white mark
near the end of the inner web ; head like the back, a little brighter
slaty blue on the fore part of the crown and over the eye ; base of
forehead, feathers above the eye, ear-coverts, sides of face, cheeks,
and throat black, descending along the sides of the breast and down
the tianks ; sides of neck slaty blue ; fore neck, breast, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts white ; the sides o£ the body washed with ashy
grey ; thighs ashy, with whitish margins ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries white, the edge of the wing slaty blue ; quills blackish
below, white along the edge of the inner web : " bill black ; feet
light brown ; iris dark brown " (Audubon) . Total length 5 inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 2-65, tail 2'15, tarsus 0-75.

Adult female. General colour above ashy olive, with somewhat
of a bluish-grey shade on the head and rump ; lesser wing-coverts like
the back ; median and greater coverts bluish ashy, with dusky
bands ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown ; quills
dusky brown, edged with ashy olive, with a speculum formed by
the white bases to the outer primaries, much smaller than in the
male ; upper tail-coverts more bluish ashy than the back ; tail-
feathers dusky, washed externally with bluish ashy, the outer feathers
with a light ashy patch near the end of tlie inner web, not white
as in the male ; lores dusky blackish, surmounted by a narrow line
of yellowish white, extending a little beyond the eye ; eyelid white
above and below, dusky before and behind ; ear-coverts dull ashy
brown, washed with olive, rather dusky on the fore part and below
the eye ; under surface of body pale olive-yellow, whitish on the
throat and malar line ; sides of bodj' inclining to olive-brown ;
thighs ashy brown ; under tail-coverts dull white, slightly washed
with yellow, the long ones with dusky centres ; axillaries pale
olive-yellow, with dusky ashy bases ; uuder wing-coverts whitish,
slightly washed with yellow and having dusky bases ; quills dusky
below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 4-6 inches, culmen 0"5, wing 2"3, tail 2, tarsus 0-8.

Young birds in autumn plumage at first resemble the old female,
but the males may even then be distinguished from the females by the
larger white speculum on the base of the primaries, the darker ear-
coverts, which are slaty blackish, and the richer and more ochreous
colour of the underparts ; the white on the tail also is apparent.
From the olive plumage the male moults direct into the slaty-blue
dress of the adult, but after once having become blue and black, the
winter plumage of the second and subsequent years is remarkably
like that of the summer ; the slaty blue of tlie upper parts is slightly
washed with brown, and the black on the face and throat and sides of
the upper breast is a little varied with whitish edges to the feathers.

Hah. Eastern provinces of North America, including British
North America ; breeds from New England, and doubtless from
higher portions of the Middle States northwards ; migratory in
most of the United States ; winters in Southern Florida and in
various West-India Islands, the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and St.
Domingo (Coucs). Occurs also in Guatemala (Salvin ij- Godinan).

332

«, 6. J 2 ad. St.
c, d. (^2 imiii- sk.
e. (5 ad. sk.
/, g. d ad. sk.
A, i. c? 2 ad. sk.

k. J ad. sk.

/, '". c? 2 ^'i- ^^•

n. cJ ad. sk.

0. .Juv. sk.

/;. 2 ^d. sk.

y. cf ad. sk.

r. 2 j Liv. sk.

s. J ad. sk.

t. c^; u,v. 2 ad. sk.
It;. 2 ad. sk.

.r. c? ad. sk.
y. Sternum.

MNIOTILTID.Ti:.

Niirtli America.

[North America.]

Pennsylvania (E. Wilson).

Michigan.

Hyde Park, Illinois, May

1878 (H. K. Coale).
Hyde Park, 111., Sept. 10

'(H. K. Coale).
Colehour, Illinois, Sept. 18

{H. K. Coale).
Chicao-o, Illinois, Sept. 22

(H^K. Coale).
Sheffield, Indiana, Sept.

25 {H. K. Coale).
Bellona, New York, May

8 {H. F. Banks).
Oyster Bay, Long Island,

Sept. 11 (Roosevelt).
St. Regis Lake, New York,

Aug. 4 {Roosevelt).
District of Columbia, May

12 {R. Ridgwaij).
Jamaica.
Jamaica.

St. Domingo.
Jamaica.

Purchased.
Gould Collection.
Sclater Collection.
Prof. J. B. Steere [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Sclater Collection.
P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
(Type of D. pannosa.)
Hugh Cuming, Esq. [-CJ.
P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].

35. Dendrceca pharetra.

Sylvicola pharetra, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 163, pi. 38 (1847-48) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 309 (1850) ; Oshurn, Zool. 1859, p. 6660.
Mniotilta pharetra, Gra^J, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B.

i. p. 241, no. 3487.
Dendroeca pharetra, Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 71 ; id. Cat. Amer. B.

p. 358 (1862) ; Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1869,

p. 617 ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 296, note (1878) ; A. ^ E. Newt.

Handh. Jamaica,^. 106 (1881).
Dendroica pharetra, Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 199 (1865) ; Baird,

Bretver, |- Ridgxo. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 220 (1874).

Adult male. General colour above hoary white, streaked with
black down the centres of the feathers ; the crown of the head like
the back, but paler and more narrowly streaked ; the lower back
uniform ashy, the rump and upper tail-coverts olive-brown ; lesser
wing-coverts ashy grey, mottled with black bases ; median coverts
black, edged with ashy grey and tipped with white, forming an incon-
spicuous wing-bar; greater coverts black, with a narrow margin of
ashy grey, and narrowly tipped with white, scarcely sufficient to form
a second wing-bar ; bastard-wing and primary- coverts black ; quills
blackish, externally edged with hoary grey, white at the base of the
outer web of the primaries, forming a small alar speculum, the
edges of the secondaries washed with brown ; tail-feathers dusky
brown, edged with olive-brown, and narrowly edged with white near
the ends of the inner web ; the two outer feathers obliquely paler
brown for the terminal half of the feather ; lores ashy white, spotted
with black ; sides of the crown white, minutely streaked with black,

7. DENDRCECA. 333

forming an inconspicuous ej'ebrow ; sides of face and ear-coverts
white, streaked with black, more thickly on the latter ; cheeks and
under surface of body white, spotted with triangular marks of
black, larger and much more distinct on the breast ; sides of the
body longitudinally spotted with black ; lower flanks washed with
brown ; abdomen white ; thighs brown ; under tail-coverts pale
fawn-brown, with dusky centres to tho feathers ; under wing-
covcrts and axillaries white, mottled with dusky bases near the edge
of the wing ; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of
the inner web : " bill black above, suture and lower mandible
grey; feet purplish horn, with pale soles; irides hazel" {Gosse).
Total length 4-S inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-6, tail 2-1, tarsus 0"7.

Adidt fnnale. Similar to the male, but rather duller in colour,
and browner on the scapulars, lower back, and tail ; the lower sur-
face of the body less thickly spotted with black. Total length 4*7
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-5, tail 2, tarsus 0-75. (J/hs. E. Newton.)

Young female. Different from the male. General colour above
uniform dark olive, browner on the lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the median and
greater series blackish, externally edged with olive and tipped with
yellowish white, forming an ill-defined double wing-bar ; bastard-
wing dark brown, with olive-j'ellow margins ; primary-coverts dark
brown, washed with olive ; quills dark brown, edged with olive,
browner on the secondaries, the primaries pale yellow near the base
of the outer web, forming a small speculum ; tail-feathers dark
brown, edged with olive-brown, and fringed with dull white near
the end of the inner web ; head a little more greenish olive than the
back, and streaked with olive-yellow on the fore part of the crown ;
lores ashy ; a narrow superciliary line and the eyelid yellowish
white ; ear-coverts greenish olive, varied with yellowish streaks ;
cheeks and under surface of body pale olive-yellow, mottled with
dusky centres to the feathers of the throat and breast ; centre of
abdomen pale yellowish ; lower flanks washed with pale reddish
brown ; thighs olive ; under tail-coverts pale fawn-brown ; under
wing-coverts white, washed with pale olive-yellow ; axillaries pale
olive-yeUow ; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of
the inner web. Total length 4'5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-35,
tail 2, tarsus 0-7. {Mus. iSalvin and Godman.)

Hah. Jamaica.

a. (S ad. sk. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.j.

(TA7)e of species.)

b. (S ad. ; c. 5 ad. sk. Jamaica {Osbiirn). Sclater Collection.

d. S ad. sk. Jamaica. Capt. Hamilton [P.].

e. S ad. sk. Jamaica, May 26. Edward Newton, Esq. [P.].
/. $ ad. sk. Jamaica, Oct. 1. Edward Newton, Esq. [P.].

36. Dendroeca plumbea.
Dendrceca plumbea, Laicr. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. i. p. 47 (1879) ;
id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 55 (1878), p. 454 (1879), p. 486
(1879).

Adult male. General colour above leaden grey, the long feathers of

334 MNIOTILTID.?:.

the rump subterminally silky white : lesser and median wing-coverts
leaden grey like the back, the latter tipped with white ; greater
coverts dusky blackish, edged externally with leaden grey and tipped
with white, forming a double wing-bar; quills blackish, edged with
leaden grey, lighter and more ashy on the primaries, the first of
which is margined with ashy white ; upper tail-coverts like the back ;
tail-feathers blackish, washed with slaty grey externally, the centre
ones leaden grey with blaok centres, all the others fringed with
white near the end of the inner web, widening into a spot on the
two outer feathers ; head like the back, but a little darker ; a rather
narrow eyebrow of white : lores blackish ; feathers below the eye
and eyelid white ; ear-coverts dark leaden grey, with paler shaft-
streaks ; cheeks and sides of neck leaden grey, the former mottled
with whitish bases ; under siu'face of body dull white, washed with
ashv grey, with which colour the feathers are margined and tipped ;
sides of body entirely ashy grey ; thighs, under tail-coverts, and
under wing-coverts white ; axillaries ashy, edged with white ; quills
dusky below, ashy along the inner web. Total length 4-9 inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 2-5, tail 2-1, tarsus 0'8.

Adult female. Dark olive-green above, the head a little duller, the
lesserwing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts blackish,
edged narrowly with olive and tipped with yellowish white : bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky, edged with olive, ashy
towards the ends of the primaries ; tail-feathers dusky, edged with
dark olive-green and fringed with white near the tip of the inner
web, a little more expanded and forming a spot on the outer feather,
but not to the same extent as in the male ; a narrow eyebrow of
pale yellowish ; lores and sides of face and ear-coverts dark olive-
green, with narrow yellow shaft-lines ; feathers below the eye and
eyelid pale olive-yellow ; under surface of body dull ashy olive
varied with olive-yellow, with which the feathers of the throat and
chest are margined ; centre of breast, abdomen, thighs, and under
tail-coverts pale olive-yellow ; sides of the breast and flanks dark
olive-green, as also the thighs ; axillaries ashy, edged Avith olive-
yellow ; under wing-coverts white, tinged with yellow ; quills dusky,
whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5 inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 2-25, tail 2, tarsus Owo.

Hah. Islands of Dominica and Guadeloupe in the West Indies.

a. S ad. sk. Dominica {F. A. Oher). Sclater Collection

b. $ ad. sk. Guadeloupe {F. A. Ober). Sclater Collection

8. PERISSOGLOSSA^

Type

Dendrceca, pt., auct.

Perissoglossa, Baird, Eevieic Amer. B. p. 180 (1865) .... P. tigrina.

Range. From Lake "Winnipeg and Hudson's Bay, throughout
Eastern United States ; Jamaica ; S. Domingo ; Bahamas.

* The difference in the tongue of this genus from that of Dendrceca is
explained ty Professor Baird in the ' Birds of North America ' and in his
Review.'

8. PERISSOGLOSSA. 335

1. Perissoglossa tigrina.

Spotted Yellow Flycatcher, Edw. Glean, vi. p. 101, pi. 257. fio^. 12

(1760).
Le Figuier brun de Canada, Briss. Orn. iii. p. olo, pi. 27. fio-. 4

(1760)._
Spotted Yellow Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 482 (178-'>).
Spotted "Warbler, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 407 (1785).
Motacilla tigrina, Gm. Si/sf. Xat. i. p. i)8o (1788).
Sylvia tigrina, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 537 (1790) ; Vieill. Ois. Amer.

Sept. ii. p. 34, pi. 94 (1807).
Sylvia uiaritima, Wils. Amer. Orn. vi. p. 99, pi. 54. fig. 3 (1812);

Bp. Amer. Orn. i. p. 32, pi. 3. fig. 3 (1825); Audub. B. Amer.

pl. 414 ; id. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 156 (1839) ; DOrb. in Ramon de la

Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois. p. 63, pl. 10 (1838).
Sylvicola maritima, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 301, iii. p. 291

(1832); Bp. Comp. List B. JEiir. ^- N. Amer. p. 22 (18-38);

Audub. Syn. p. 56 (1832) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 44, pl. 85 (1841 ) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 307 (1850) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. jV. S. vii.

p. 110 (1859).
Certhiola maritima, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 87, pl. 17 (1847).
Mniotilta maritima. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848).
Mniotilta tigrina. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B. i.

p. 239, no. 3465 (1809).
Ebimamphus maritimus, Giindl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 474, 1861, p. 409.
Sylvicola tigrina, Bp. Consp. i. p. 308 (1850).
Dendroica tigrina, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 286 (1858) ; March, Proc.

Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 293 ; Lawr.Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 284 (1866).
Dendrceca tigi-ina, A. df- E. Keicton, Ibis, 1859, p. 144.
Dendroeca tigrina, Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 71 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 33

(1862); Sunder. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh. 1869, p. 616;

Coties, Key N. Amer. B. p. 103 (1872) ; Mayn. B. Florida, p. 55

(1873); Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 245 (1878) ; Cory, B. Bahamas,

p. 63 (1880) ; id. B. S. Domingo, p. 25 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer.

B. 2nd ed. p. 305 (1884).

P. Z. S. 1883, p. 440.
Sylvicola tigi-ina, Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. iV. H. 1867, p. 91.

Adult mule in summer plumage. General colour above olive-yellow,
thickly mottled with black ; the feathers of the entire mantle and
back, as well as the hind neck, black, edged with olive-yellow ; rump
bright yellow, forming a broad band ; upper tail-coverts block, edged
with olive-yellow ; lesser wing-coverts olive, with black centres to
the feathers ; median wing-coverts white, slightly washed with
yellow ; greater coverts black, externally edged with olive-yellow,
the outer ones white, forming m ith the median coverts a large wing-
patch ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, edged with
dull olive, brighter and more distinct on the quills ; tail-feathers
black, edged with olive-yellow and fringed with white near the end
of the inner web, increasing and forming a large white patch on all
but the centre feathers, till on the outer feather it occupies half of
the tail, in each case being subtcrminal; crown of head black

336 MNIOTILTIP^.

forming a cap, narrowing on the forehead ; a hroad supraloral
streak of golden yellow, passing into chestnut above the eye and
extending above the ear-coverts ; lores black, as well as a line above
the ear-coverts : the latter as well as the sides of the face chestnut ;
eyelid golden yellow above and below ; sides of neck golden yellow ;
checks and under surface of body golden yellow, with a slight wash
of chestnut on the throat ; the centre of the throat, fore neck, and
breast broadly streaked with black, as also the sides of the body and
flanks ; thighs black, edged with white ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts bright yellow, with white bases ; quills dusky below, ashy
whitish along the inner web : " bill and feet black ; iris brown "
(A^iduhon). Total length -t'S inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-6, tail 1*9,
tarsus 0'65.

Adult female in shimmer plumage. Different from the male, and
having no black cap or chestnut ear-coverts. General colour above
uniform olive, washed with ashy ; the rump bright yellow, but not
forming a distinct band as in the male ; upper tail-coverts ashy,
washed with olive ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and
greater coverts dark brown, narrowly edged with olive, whitish at
the ends, forming an indistinct double wing-bar ; bastard-wing and
primary-coverts dull brown, obsoletely fringed with olive ; quills
dusky brown edged with olive, the inner secondaries externally
ashy, the margins to the primaries paler ; tail-coverts dusky, edged
with olive-yellow, but only the two outer feathers with an ovate
spot of white near the end of the inner web ; head ashy, washed
with bright yellow and slightly mottled with black bases to the
feathers ; a faintly indicated eyebrow of bright yellow, overshaded
with ashy ; lores ashy ; behind the eye a dusky spot ; eyelid
yellow ; ear-coverts dusky, washed with bright yellow ; cheeks,
throat, and breast bright yellow, streaked with black centres to the
feathers ; lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts dull white,
slightly tinged with yellow ; flanks ashy, washed with olive and
streaked with dusky blackish ; thighs ashy ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts duU white, slightly washed with yellow, with dusky
bases ; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the inner web.
Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-45, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-7.

Adult male in winter. Much more ashy than in summer, the
black head and black mottling on the back overshaded with ashy ;
the bright-yellow rump-band very distinct ; wings and tail as iu
the summer plumage, but the white wing-patch not so distinct, as
the feathers are washed with olive-yellow ; eyebrow and sides of
face yellow, the ear-coverts washed with ashy olive, with a slight
tinge of chestnut below the eye ; sides of neck golden yeUow, washed
over with ashy ; under surface of body not so brilliant yellow as in
summer and less broadly streaked with black, the feathers having
an overlying shade of ashy ; under tail-coverts white, slightly washed
with yellow.

The full ijlumage is apparently not acquired during the first year,
or at least not till late in the season, as a male shot on the 16th of
May has the black feathers of the crown still edged with olive-

9. PETJCEDllAilU.S.

337

yellow (and shows a spot of chestnut on the fore pare of the crown) :
the ear-coverts and eyebrow are ycUow, with only a faint trace of
chestnut.

The females are certainly not always fuU-plumaged after the
spring migration, some of them being white underneath, streaked
with dusky, with a slight tinge of yeUow on the throat, eyebrow,
and sides of face.

Youn(i in luhiter. Resembles the adult female, but is dull white
below, very finely streaked with dusky on the fore neck, breast, and
flanks.

Hah. Eastern province of United States and temperate British
Iforth America, north to Hudson's Bay and Lake Winnipeg ; only
known west to the Mississippi : a rather rare migrant in most of the
United States, breeding from Northern New England northward ;
winters in various West-India Islands; resident in Jamaica {Cones).
Bahamas.

a. (S ad. sk.

b. 2 ad. sk.

c. d. (S; e. $ ad.
sk.

f. $ imm. sk.

g. $ ad. sk.
h. 5 ad. sk.
i. (S ad. sk.
k. (S ad. sk.

I. 2 ad. sk.

ni,n. c?; o. 5 ad.sk.
p. Ad. ; q. Juv. sk.
r. Imm. sk.
s. Sternum.

Rockport, Ohio.
liacine, Wisconsin

{Baird).
Hyde Park, Illinois,

May (H. K. Cocde).
Lake Forest, Illinois,

U&jl^{H.K.Coale).
Englewood, Illinois,

U9.y-2d(H.K.Coale).
Evanstou, Illinois, May

14 (H. K. Coale).
Wheatland, Indiana,

May 9 \^R. Ridywmi).
LongHilljS.Elizabeth,

Jamaica, March VI

{Osburn).
Portland, Jamaica,

April 1 (Osburn).
Jamaica.
Jamaica.
Tobago {Kirk).
Jamaica.

Prof. Kirtland [P.].
Sclater Collection.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Sclater Collection.

Sclater Collection.

P. H. Gos.se, Esq. [C.].

Purchased.

Sclater Collection.

P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].

9. PEUCEDRAMUS.

Type.

Peucedramus, Coties, in Hensh. Zuol. E.rj'l. W. lOOih
Merid. p. 201 (1875) P. olivacei

Bill of Peucedramus olivaceus.
Range. From Arizona and Texas into Mexico and Guatemala.

I. Peucedramus olivaceus.

Sylvia olivacea, Ginntd, Sij-fcm Birds Tc.iaSj p. 29, pi. 7. fig. 2
"(1841) ; Sclater, P. Z. 8. ISoo, p. GU.

TOL. X. Z

338 MNIOTILTIDiE.

Syl\-ia tfeniata, Duhus, Bull. Acad. Bruxelles, xiv, p. 104 (1847) ;

id. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 24o.
Mniotilta tffiniata, Crraij, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848).
Sylvicola tteniata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 309 (1850).

SVlvicola olivacea, Baird, in Stcnisb. Hep. JSxped. Great Slave Lake,
"p. .328 (18-52) ; Cass. III. B. Calif, p. 283, pi. 48 (1855).
Rhimamphus olivaceus, Sclatcr, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 291.
Dendroica olivacea, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 305 (1858) ; Sclater,

P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 295, 298 ; Baird, Revieio Amer. B. p. 205 (1865) ;

Sumichr. Mem. Bust. Soc. N. If. i. p. 546 (1869) ; Baird, Breiuer,

^- Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 258, pi. 14. fig. 4 (1874) ; Hensh.

Amer. Sportsm. 1875, p. -328.
DendrcBca olivacea, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 363 ; id. Cat. Amer. B.

p. 31 (1862) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 191 ; Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-

Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1869, p. 610 ; Coices, Key N. Ajner. B. p. 99

(1872); Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 9 (1873).
Mniotilta olivacea. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 240, no. 3479 (1869).
Peucedramus olivaceus, Coues, in Hensh. Zool. E.ipl. W. IQOth Merid.

p. 201 (1876) ; Hensh. t. c. p. 202 ; id. List B. Ariz. 1875,

p. 155 ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 233 (1878) ; Ridyiv. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 17 (1881) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.

p. 296 (1884)._
Peucedromus olivaceus, Salvin <Sf Godm. Biol. Centr.-Afuer., Aves, i.

p. 142 (1881).

Adult male. General colour above dark ash)-, with a slight olive
shade, especially on the rump ; the mantle dusky and washed with
dingy olive-green ; lesser wing-coverts black, edged with ashj- ;
median and greater coverts black, narrowly edged with olive-yellow
and tipped broadly with white, forming a double wing-bar ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts uniform black ; quills black, edged with
olive-ycUow, whitish at the base and at the ends of the feathers,
the inner primaries white at base, forming a small alar speculum ;
upper tail-coverts duU ashy ; tail-feathers black, edged with olive-
yellow or pale ashy, the outer feather for the most part white,
excepting an oblique mark at the base of the inner web and a dark
ending to the outer web, extending a little across the tip of the
inner one ; the white on the penultimate feather more restricted, and
consisting of a white shaft and a large ovate patch on the inner web,
widening out towards the end of the inner web ; head and hind
neck deep saifron-ycllow, rather more orange on the crown ; the
middle of the hind neck washed with duU olive-green ; lores, feathers
below the eye, and ear-coveiis black ; sides of neck, cheeks, throat,
and fore neck deep saffron-yellow ; centre of breast and abdomen
white, as well as the under tail-coverts ; thighs ashy externally,
white internally ; sides of the body and flanks diUl ashy, slightly
tinged with olive ; axillarics and under wing-coverts white, with
blackish bases ; quills black, white along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0"55, wing 2-S5, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-75.

Adult female. Differs from the male in being rather lighter ashy ;
head olive-yellow, greener on the nape and hind neck ; a broad line
over the eye and sides of neck bright yellow : lores, feathers below
the eye, and ear-coverts blackish, rather broadly streaked with pale
olive-yellow shaft-lines ; cheeks and throat and fore neck bright

I

10. sruKTJs. 339

yellow, with a shade of ashy on the upper throat ; centre of breast
and abdomen duU white, the sides of the body dull ashy grej' ; thighs
and under tail-coverts dull white ; axillaries aud under wing-coverts
white ; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 5 inches, culmeu O'o, wing 2-7, tail 2, tarsus 0'7.

YoutKj. Greyish olive above, the head dull olive-greenish ; lores
and feathers round the eye white ; ear-coverts smoky brown ; throat
and foi'e neck pale lemon-yellow, whiter on the upper throat;
remainder of plumage as in the old female, excepting that the wing-
bars are much less distinct, and the white on the tail-feathers more
restricted. (J/w.s. Salv'm and Godman.)

-Hub. Guatemala to Mexico, probably remaining in the uplands
all the year (>S'. 4' ^0 ; occurring also in Arizona, and probably in
Texas and New ilexico.

a. Ad. sk. Popocatepetl, Mexico Sclater Collection.

{£>e Saussure).

b. 2 ad sk. Jalapa, Mexico (De Oca). Sclater Collection.

c. cj ad. sk. La Parada, S. Mexico. A. Salle, Esq. [C.].

d. e. St. Mexico. Purchased.

f>ff- d 2 ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Guate- Sclater Collection,

mala, Xov. 20 (O.Salvin).

10. SIURUS. ,^

Seimnis, Sivains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 171 (1827) S. auricapiUus.

Enicocichla, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 22 (1840) S. auricapiUus.

Siurus, Sfrickl. Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 422 (1841) S. amlcapiUus.
Exochocichla, Van der Hoeven.

Range. The whole of Xorth America, ranging in winter through
Central America, Guiana, Colombia, aud Ecuador, as well as through-
out the Antilles.

Key to the Species.

a. Crovra with a distinct band of ochreous buff,

bordered on each side b}' a band of black ;
superciliary streak ochreous bufl"; no stripes on
under sm-face of body auricapiUus, p. 339.

b. No coronal streak ; sometimes a few frontal

feathers with light bases ; eyebrow either absent

or, when present, white or pale rufescent ;

brea-st streaked.

a'. Flanks and under tail-coverts ochreous buff or

pale fawn-colour, not j-ellow ; axillaries pale

fulvous motacilla, p. 342.

b'. Flanks and under tail-coverts strongly washed

with vellow, like the whole of the mider , • ojo

.. • • II • 1 1 1, navttis, p. 343.

surtace; axiliai'ies dark brown < ^ .V o</>

' I notabuis, p. 346.

1. Sinrus auricapiUus.

The Golden-crowned Thrash, Edwards, Gleaiiinfjs, v. p. 91, pi. 252,
fig. 2 (1758) ; Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. pt. 1, p. 21 (1783) ; Penn. Arctic
Zool. ii. p. 339 (1785).

Le Figuier a teste d'or de Peusilvanic, B. iss. Orn. iii. p. 504 (1760),

z2

340 MNIOTILTXD^.

Motacilla aurocapilla, Liiin. Si/xt. Nat. i. p. 334 (17CG).

Petite Grive de St. Uomingue, Dauhmt. Fl. Enl. 398. fig. 2.

La Grivelette de St. Domingue, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 317
(1775).

Turdus citreus, P. L. S. MuU. Syst. Nat. Swppl. p. 141 (1776) ; Cass.
Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 249.

Motacilla cauad.'iisis {ncc L.), Bodd. Tail. PI. Enl. p. 24 (1783).

Tm-dus aiu'ocapillu?, Lath. Ind.Orn. i. p. 328 (1790); Wils. Anier. Orn.
ii. p. 88, pi. 14. tig. 2 (1810) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 143; id. Orn.
Bioffr. ii. p. 253 (1834), v. p. 447 (1839) ; Nutt. Man. i. p. 404
(1840) ; Licht. Preis- Verz. mex. Vog. p. 2 (1830) ; Cab. J. f. O.
1803, p. 57.

Turdus minimus (wee anct.), Bartr. Trav. Florida, p. 290 (1791).

Turdus coronatus, Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sejri. iv. p. 8, pi. 64 (1807).

Sylvia aurocapilla, Bp. Journ. Philad. Acad. iv. p. 35 (1824).

Seiurus aurocapillus, Sicains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 171 (1827) ; id. ^
Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 227 (1831) ; Jard. ed.\Wils.
Amer. Orn. i. p. 238 (1832) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Amer.
p. 21 (1838) ; Audub. Sijn. p. 93 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. iii. p. 35,
pi. 148 (1841) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 152 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 306 (1850) ; Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 231 ; Neimied, J. f. 0. 1858,
p. 177 ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 260 (1858) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1863,
p. 62 ; March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 294 ; Baird, Revieio
Amer. B. pp. 214, 266 (1865) ; Laivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 284
(1866) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xi. p. 91 (1867) ; Lawr.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 94 (1868), p. 200 (1869) ; Ball .^ Bann.
■Trans. Chicaqo Acad. i. p. 268 (1869) ; Yon Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869,
p. 293 ; Suniichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 547 (1869) ; Allen,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. ii. p. 269 (1871), iii. p. 175 (1872) ;
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 106 (1872) ; Mayn. B. Florida, p. 12
(1872); Gundl. J.f. O. 1872, p. 416; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 70
(1874) ; Baird, Brewer, ^ Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 280,
pi. 14. fig. 11 (1874) ; Latur. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 269
(1874) ; Brewst. Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. p. 136 (1875) ; Gundl. Orn.
Cuba, p. 68 (1876) : Laivr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 14
(1876) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 70 (1880) ; id. B. S. Domingo,
p. 34 (1884).

Curruca aurocapillus. Less. Traite, i. p. 418 (1831).

Accentor auricapillus, Richards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172.
Seiurus aurocapillus, d'Orb. in Ramon de la Sagra'sCuba, p. 84 (1839).
Enicoeichla aurocapilla. Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 31 ; id. Gen. B.

i. p. 188 (1848); id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 249, no. 3612 (1869).
Henicocichla auricapiUa, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 15 (1850) ; Gxmdl,
J.f. O. 1855, p. 471 ; -S'e^. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 293, 1861, p. 70; Cab.
J. f. O. 1861, p. 84; Gundl. t. c. pp. 326, 407 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B.
p. '25 (1862); Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 179 (1865); Salv.
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 183 ; Scl. Sf Salv. t. c. p. 836.
Anthus coronatus, Gerhardt, Naum. 1853, p. 38.
Siurus auricapillus, Scl. 8f Salv. Ibis, 1852, p. 9 ; A. S^- E. Neivt. t. c.
p. 142 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 65 ; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av.
Neotr. p. 8 (1873) ; Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii. p. 31 (1877) ;
id. B. Color. Vail. p. 297 (1878) ; Ridgio. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
no. 21, p. 18 (1881); Salv. ^ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,i.
p. 144 (1881) ; A. if E. Netct. Handh. Jamaica, 1881, p. 105 ;
Salv. P.Z. S. 1883, p. 420; Boucard, t. c. p. 440; Coues, Key N.
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 308 (1884).

Adult female. General colour above dull olive from the nape to

10. siuRus. 341

the tail ; lesser -wiHg-coverts like the back ; median and greater
coverts a little lighter olive Avith paler tips ; bastard-wing and
primarj--coverts dusky, washed externally with olive ; quills dusky,
externally olive, the first primary edged with whitish ; centre tail-
feathers like the back, the remainder dusky brown, externally olive
like the back, the outer ones fringed at the tip with white ; centre
of crown dull orange washed with olive, with a broad streak of
black along either side of the orange patch, extending as far as the
nape ; lores ashy white ; sides of crown ashy olive, forming a broad
eyebrow ; feathers round the eye dull whitish ; ear-coverts and
hinder part of cheeks ashy olive ; fore part of cheeks white, with a
dusky blackish line above and below, the moustachial line more
distinct ; sides of neck olive ; throat and under surface of body
white, with distinct triangular spots of black on the lower thi-oat,
fore neck, and breast, more longitudinal on the sides of the body and
flanks, which are washed with brown ; thighs ashy brown ; abdomen
and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries
pale olive with duskj' bases ; quills duskj' below, ashy along the
inner edge : " bill dusky above, flesh-coloured beneath ; feet very
light flesh-coloured ; iris brown " (Audubon). Total length 5-7
inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3*05, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-9.

Adult male. Similar to the adult female, but having the black spots
on the breast rather more plentiful and distinct. Total length 5'6
inches, culmen 0'55, wing 2-95, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-85.

The winter plumage is very similar to the summer plumage,
but is rather warmer olive. As the breeding-season progresses the
upper surface gets worn and becomes more ashj' and the orange of
the head paler.

" This species exhibits a remarkable constancy of coloration with
age, sex, and season. The sexes are indistinguishable, and the
young are scarcely to be told from the adults. Fall specimens are
ordinarily quite as clearly coloured as those of the spring ; and the
orange-brown crown-spot, -though it may be more or less bright, is
acquired by the young with their first full feathering. There is
doubtless a very early streaky stage." ( Cones.)

Hah. Eastern North America to the Eocky Mountains (Denver,
Colorado), the Yellowstone, and Alaska ; breeds indifterently in its
North-American range ; winters from the Bermudas and P'lorida
southward (Coues). Throughout Central America from Mexico to
Panama. Bermuda and West-India Islands.

a. Ad. sk. North America. Sclater Collectiou.

b. Ad. sk. Niagara Falls (/. G.). Gould Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Michigan. Prof. Steere [P.].

d. (5 ad. sk. Mount Carmel, Illinois, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

April 15 (/. L. Ridr/iccqi).

e. Ad. sk. Mount Carmel, lUinoLs {8. U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Turner).

f. $ ad. sk. Ilvde Park, Illinois, May 7 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

\H. K. Coale).

g. J jiiv. sk. Sheffield, Indiana, Sept. 25 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{H. K. Coale).

{.

n

Ad. sk.
/, m. Ad. sl>
$'ad. sk.

0.

P

Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.

342 MNIOTILTIDiE.

/(. 2 ad. sk. Oyster Bay, Long Island, U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

'May 14 {Roosevelt).

Orizaba, ftlexico {Botteri). Sclater Collection.

Guatemala. Gould Collection.

Barrauco Hondo, Guatemala Sclater Collection.

(O .Salvin).

Jamaica {Oshurn). Sclater Collection.

Jamaica. Sclater CoUection.

2. Siurus motacilla.

Tm-dns motacilla, Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 9, pi. 65 (1807).
Turdus indovicianus, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 19 ; id. Orn. Biogr. i.

p. 99 (1834).
Seiurus ludovicianus, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. <§• N. Amer. p. 21

(1838); Baird, B. iV. Amer. p. 2G2 (1858); id. op. cit. 1860,

pi. 80. fig. 2 ; id. Revieto Amer. B. p. 217 (1865) ; Laicr. Ann.

Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 284 (1866), ix. p. 94 f 1868) ; Von Frantz. J. f. O.

1869, p. 293 : Gundl. J.f. 0. 1872, p. 41 7 ; Cows, Key N. Amer. B.

p. 106 (1872) ; id. B. N.-West, p. 72 (1874) ; Baird, Breioer, <§-

Ridcjw. Hid. N. Amer. B. i. p. 287, pi. 14. fig. 13 (1874) ; Lawr.

Mem. Bost. Sac. N. K. ii. p. 269 (1874) ; id. Bidl. U.S. Kat.

Mtis. no. 4, p. 15 (1876) ; Breivst. Ann. Lye. A'. Y. xi. p. 136

(1875) ; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 68 (1876).
Seiurus motacilla, Bjd. Consp. i. p. 306 (1850) ; Cory, B. S. Dominqo,

p. 35 (1884). _
Henicocichla major, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 16 (1850) ; id. J.f. O.

1857, p. 240.
Henicocichla motacilla, Cab. Mus. Hcin.lh. i. p. 16, note (1850);

id. J. f. O. 1857, p. 240; Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 326.
Siurus ludovicianus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 363, 373 ; id. Lbis, 1860,

p. 273 ; id. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 8 (1873) ; Boucard, P. Z. S.

1883, p. 440.
Enicocichla major, Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. S. Tii. p. 306 (1860).
Henicocichla ludoviciana, Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 70 ; id. Cat. Amer. B.

p. 25 (1862); Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 183.
Enicocichla ludoviciana, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 249, no. 3613 (1869).
Siurus motacilla, Coues, Bull. Kuff. Orn. Club, ii. p. 33 (1877) ; id.

B. Color. Vail. p. 299 (1878) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv.

p. 13 (1878) ; Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 124 (1878) ;

Laicr. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. pp. 232, 486 (1879) ; A. 8,- E. Newt.
Handb. Jamaica, 1881, p. 105; Ridyiv. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

no. 21, p. 18 (1881); Salv. 8f Godm. Biol. Cetitr.-Amer., Aves, i.
p. 147 (1881) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 309 (1884).

Adidt male. General colour above uniform dark brown, with a
slight olive tinge, the long feathers of the rump subterminally ashy
white ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater
coverts dusky brown, externally washed with dark olive-brown;
bastard-wing, primarj'-coverts, and quills dark brown, the first
primary margined with ashy white ; tail-feathers dark brown, the
outer ones narrowly fringed with whitish along the end of the
inner web ; head uniform dark brown like the back, with a few
concealed whitish bases to the feathers on the fore part of the
crown ; a streak of white commencing at the base of the nostiils,
wider and forming a distinct eyebrow above the ear-covcrts ; lores
dusky blackish ; eyelid and a spot below the fore part of the eye

10. siuRus. 343

dull white ; feathers below the eye and ear-coverts yellowish buff,
obscured by dusky tips of dull olive-brown, the upper margin of the
ear-coverts dark olive-brown, forming a streak ; cheeks white tinged
with yellow, separated from the throat by a moustachial streak of
dark olive-brown ; sides of neck dull white, obscured by duskj--
brown tips to the feathers ; under surface of body white, washed
with pale ochreous buff on the fore neck and breast and deepening
into ochreous buff on the flanks and under tail-coverts, the latter
uniform ; sides of breast, flanks, and thighs browner ; fore neck and
chest distinctly spotted with triangular marks of black, becoming
duller and more longitudinal on the sides of the body and flanks ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts pale brown, whiter near the edge
of the wing, the former slightly washed with olive-yeUow ; quills
dusky below, more ashy along the edge of the inner web : " bill
deep brown above, black at the tip, flesh-coloured beneath ; feet
and claws brown, tinged with blue ; iris deep brown " {AHclubon).
Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0'6, wing 3-35, tail 2, tarsus 0"9.

The winter plumage scarcely difters at all from that of summer,
though the concealed coronal mark is more obscured and has to be
searched for. The amount of striping on the breast varies greatly
both in the number and in the intensity of the black spots.

Hab. Eastern United States, north to Massachusetts and Michigan,
west to Kansas, the Indian Territory, and Texas; breeds in its
United-States range at large ; abundant in many of the Southern
and Western States, rare towards the northern limits of its range
(Coues). AVinters throughout Central America from Mexico to
Panama (S. ^- G.). Jamaica ; Cuba ; Antigua.

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Sclater Collection.
Gould Collection.
Cxould Collection.
Sclater Collection.

3. Siurus naevius.

Figuier brun de S. Domingue, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 513. pi. 28. fig. 5

(1760).
Fauvette tachet(?e de la Louisiane, Dauhenf. PL Enl. vi. pi. 752.

fig. 1 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. IGl (1778).
Motaeilla naevia, Bodd. Tahl. PL EnL p. 47 (1783).
New York Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2. p. 426 (1783); Penn.

Arctic Zi>oL ii. p. 409 (1785).
Spotted Yellow Warbler, var. a, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. 2, p. 483

(1783).
Motacilla noveboracensis, G/n. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 958 (1788).
Motacilla tigrina, var. 8, Gm. Si/gt. Nat. i. p. 985 (1788).
Sylvia noveboracensis, LcdJi. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 518 (1790) ; J'icilL Ois.

Amcr. Sept. ii. p. 'IQ, pi. 82 (1807).
Sylvia tigriua, var. b, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 537 (1790).

a.

J ad. sk.

Lake George, X. Y'. (0. B.
LocJihart).

b.

cJ ad. sk.

Warsaw, Illinois, Mav 11
(//. K. Coale).

c.

$ ad. sk.

Knox Co., Indiana, April 22
{B. Bidrjvarj).

d.

Ad. sk.

Orizaba, Mexico {Botteri).

e.

Ad. sk.

Guatemala.

f.

Ad. sk.

Guatemala.

9-

Ad. sk.

Jamaica.

344 MNIOTILTID^.

MotaciUa fluviatilis, Barfr. Trav. Florida, p. 291 (1791).

Turdiis aquaticus, W'ils. Anier. Orn. iii. p. 60, pi. 23. fig. 5 (1811) ;

Audulj. B. Amer. pi. 433 ; id. Orn. Bior/r. v. p. 284 (1839).
Turdiis motacilla (nee V.), Bp. Joiirn. riiilad. Acad. iv. p. 35 (1824).
Seiums tenuirostiis, Swains. P/iHos. Mag. i. p. 369 (1827).
Curruca noveboracensis, Less. Traitc, i. p. 418 (1831).
Curruca anthoides, Less. Traite, i. p. 418 (1831).
Seiurus aquaticus, Swains. 8f IHchards. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds,
p. 229, pi. 43 (1831); Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 356
(1832).
Turdus (Seiurus) noveboraccnsis, NvUall, Man. i. p. 358 (1832).
Turdus noveboracensis, Peabody, licp. Orn. Mass. 1839, p. 306.
Seiurus uoveboracensi.s, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Amer. p. 21
(18.38) ; Aiuhth. Si/n. p. 93 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. iii. p. 37, pi. 49
(1841, pt.) ; Gv.-ise, B. Jamaica, p. 151 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 306 (1850) ; Neuwied, J.f. O. 1858, p. 124 ; Baird, B. N. Amer.
p. 261 (1858); Cass. Proc. Philad, Acad. 1860, p. 191; Lawr.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 322 (1861); Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 4,1863,
p. 62 ; March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 294 ; Baird, Review
Amer. B. p. 215 (1865); Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 284
(1866) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. iV. H. xi. p. 21 (1866) ; Lawr.
Ann. Lyc.'N. Y. ix. p. 94 (1868), p. 200 (1869); Von Frctntz.
J. f. O. 1809, p. 223; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. If. i. p. 547
(1869); Gmidl. J.f. O. 1872, p. 416; Cones, Key N. Amer. B.
p. 106 (1872) ; Mayn. B. Florida, p. 14 (1872) ; Coues, Key N.
Amer. B. p. 71 (1874) ; Baird, Brewer, Sf Pidg^v. Hist. N. Amer.
B. i. p. 283, pi. 14. fig. 12 (1874) ; Brewst. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix.
p. 136 (1875) ; Hensh. List B. Ariz. -p. 166 (1875) ; id. Zool. Fxpl.
W. 100th Merid. p. 204 (1876) ; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. 3Ius. iv.
p. 14 (1876) ; Gundl. Orn. Cidnt, p. 08 (1876) ; Lawr. Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. pp. 54 (1878), 232, 45:! ( lS7'.t).
Seiurus sulpburascens, D'Orh. in Itamon de la Saqra's Hist. Nat. Cuba,

p. 57, pi. 6 (1839).
Anthus herminieri, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 101.
Enicocicbla sulpburascens, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 188 (1848).
Henicocicbla noveboracensis. Cab. in Schomb. Pels. Gvian. iii. p. 666
(1848) ; id. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 16 (1850) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1855,
p. 471 ; Cab. J. f. O. 18C0, p. 324; Gundl. J. f. 0. 1861, pp. 326,
407 ; Scl. P. Z. 'S. 1861, p. 70; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 25 (1862);
id. Sr Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 346, 1868, p. 627, 1869, p. 251, 1870,
p. 836 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 183.
Seiurus sulpburascens, li'p. Consp. i. p. 306 (1850).
Seiurus gossei, Bp. Consp. i. p. 306 (1850).
Henicocicbla sulpburascens, Gundl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 471, 1861,

p. 407.
Enicocicbla noveboracensis, Kneeland, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857, p. 233;

Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 249, no. 3010 (1869).
Siurus noveboracensis, Scl. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 10; A. 8r F. Newt,
t. c. p. 142 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 363 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 477 ;
Scl. Sf Sah\ Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 8 (1873) ; Salv. Sf Godm. Ibi.i,
1880, p. 117; iid. Biol. Cenfr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 145 (1881); A.
Sf E. Newt. Ilandb. Jamaica, 1881, p. 105.
Enicocicbla gossei, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 249, no. 3611 (1869).
Siurus naevius. Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii. p. .32 (1877) ; id. B.
Color. Vail. -p. 299 (1878); id. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surr.iY. p. 567
(1878) ; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 124 (1878) ; Latvr. Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 54 (1878), pp. 232, 453, 486 (1879) ; Ridepv.
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus no. 21. p. 18 (1881) ; Brewst. Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, vii. p. 138 (1882) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 440 ;

10. siuKtrs. 345

Nelson, Cruise U.S. ' Corivin,'' p. 64 (1883) ; Cones, Key N. Amer.
B. 2nd ed. p. 309 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above uniform dark olive-brown,
the wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills uniform dark brown, the latter edged with dark olive-
brown, rather more ashy on the primaries, especiall}- the first
one ; tail-feathers dark brown, slightly washed with olive-brown
on the outer webs ; crown of head like the back, some of the
coronal feathers having yellowish-buff bases, forming a concealed
patch, the frontal plumes slightly mottled with blackish bases ; a
streak of buffy whitish from the base of the nostrils above the eye,
purer white above the ear-coverts, where it forms a distinct eye-
brow ; ear-coverts dull olive-brown, with a blackish streak along
the upper part ; lores also blackish, forming a continuous streak
through the eye ; feathers below the eye dull white, mottled with
dusky tips to the feathers ; cheeks yellowish white, separated from
the throat by a line of dusky blackish, forming a distinct moustache;
throat whitish, with tiny spots of black ; remainder of under surface
of body dull yellowish, clearer on the abdomen and under tail-
coverts, which are unspotted, the latter having concealed dusky
bases ; the throat, breast, and sides of body thickly spotted with
black, the spots smaller and triangular on the fore neck and
breast, longer on the sides of the body, which is also washed with
olive-brown ; thighs dusky brown ; asillaries and under wing-
coverts brown, those along the margin of the wing being edged
with white ; quills dusky below, browner along the edge of the
inner web : " bill dark brown, flesh-coloured on the lower mandible,
the tip of which is brownish ; feet and claws flesh-coloured ; iris
deep brown " {Audubon). Total length 5'2 inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 2-95, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-85.

Adidt female. Only differs from the adult male in being less fully
and distinctly streaked on the under surface. Total length 4'9
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-8, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-85.

In winter the only change perceptible in the plumage is the
greater amount of yellow on the under surface. This no doubt
gets extinguished gradually during the breeding-season, and the
spots on the throat, always very small, become abraded and are
sometimes absent.

Young. Sooty blackish, each feather of the upper parts with a
terminal bar of ochrcous ; the Aving-coverts tipped -nith the same,
forming two bars ; the streaks below as in the adult, but broader
and not so sharply defined. {Rid fj way.)

" Tlie sexes do not differ appreciably. The shade of the upper parts
varies from a decidedly olivaceous brown to a purer, darker bistre
brown, and that of the underparts from sulphur-yellow to nearly
white, but it is never of the buffy white of S. motaciUa. The
streaking varies in amount and intensity, but always has the sharp
distinct character of the species in comparison with S. motacdla, and
is rarely, if ever, absent from the throat. I have never seen a bill
over half an inch long, and this member lacks the peculiar shape,
as well as size, characteristic of »S'. motacilla." {Coues.)

346 MNIOTILTID.^.

Hah. North America at large ; breeding in the greater part, if
not all, of its Xorth-American range ; winters from Florida and the
Gulf Coast southwards {Coucs); and throughout Central America
from Mexico to Panama, extending to Guiana, Colombia, and
Ecuador {S. ^' G.) West Indies : Jamaica, Cuba, Dominica, Gua-
deloupe, Antigua.

a. Ad. sk. North America. Sclater Collection.

b. S ad. sk. Kepulse i3ay, June 8. Dr. Rae [P.].

c. Ad.sk. Albany River, Canada. G. Barnstone, Esq. [1'.].
d,e. (S 2 ^■d. sk. Fort Simpson, May. B. E. Koss, Esq. [P.J.

f. Ad. sk. New^ York {Lmurence). Sclater Collection.

g. 5 ad. sk. Garrisons, X. Y. {Roose- U.S. Nat. Museum [P.],

velt).

h. Ad. sk. Washington, D.C. {C. U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Drexlei-).

i, k. S;f-9 ad.sk. Hyde Park, Dlinois, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

May (H. K. Coale).

m. Ad. sk. Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq.

n. Ad. sk. Guatemala {Skinner). Sclater Collection.

0, p. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection.

g. 2 ad. sk. Guadeloupe (Ober). Sclater Collection.

r. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Sclater Collection.

s. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Purchased.

t. Ad. sk. Tobago (Ki7-J{). Sclater Collection.

u. $> ad. sk. Medellin, Autioquia Sclater Collection.

(Salmon).

V. 2 ad. sk. Medellin. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [P.].

Subsp. a. Slums notabilis.

Siurus nsBTius notabilis, Rklg2V. Proc. U.S. Naf. Mus. iii. p. 12 (1880) ;

id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 18 (1881) ; Coues, Key N. Amer.

i?. 2nded. p. a09(1884).
Siurus notabilis, Breicst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii. p. 1-38 (1882).

Dr. Coues considers this to be very doubtfully distinct from
S. ncevius. It is said to be identical in coloration with the latter,
but is larger, with the wing 3'25 inches, tail 2"5 ; bill from nostril
0-50, its depth at base 0-25 ; tarsus 0-83 ; middle toe without claw
0-56.

Hah. Wyoming. (One specimen only known.)

11. OPORORNIS.

Type.
Oporornis, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 246 (18-jS) 0. agihs.

Jianr/e. Eastern United States, ranging as high as Quebec, and
southward throughout Central America to Panama ; Cuba.

Keij to the Sf>enes.

a. Throat bright yellow, like the rest of the imder
surface ; a bright yellow eyebrow.
a'. Crown of head black; posterior feathers

tipped with slaty grey ; back olive-green. . formosa sestiv., p. 348.

11. opoEOExrs. 347

b'. Crown of head slaty grey, with black bases

to the feathers; back olive-green formosa hiem., p. 349.

c'. Crown of head olive or ashy brown ; back

olive-green formosa juv., p. 349.

b. Throat ashy grey ; breast pale yellow afftlis ad., p. 347.

c. Throat pale riifescent brown ; breast pale yellow <7^i7/s jiiv., p. 347.

1. Oporornis agilis.

Svlvia agilis, JTl/s. Amer. Orn. v. p. G4, pi. 39. fig. 2 (1812) ; Audub.

' B. Amer. pi. 138; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 227 (1834).
Sylvicola agilis, /wrf. ed.Wih.Amer. Orn. i.p. 159 (1832) ; Bichards.
Be]). Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172 ; Audub. Si/n. p. 03 ; ul. B.Amer.
ii. p. 71, ph 99 (1841).
Trichas agilis, Nutt. Man. 1840, p. 463.
? Trichas tephrocotis, Nutt. t. c. p. 462.

Oporornis agilis, Baird, B. N. Amer. 1858, p. 246; id. op. cit. 1860,

, Ann. Lye.
\, no. 3502
Bretcer, ^
Midgtc. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 290, pi. 15. -tigs. 1, 2 (1874) ; Cones,
B. Color. Vail. p. 308 (1878) ; Bidgtc. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mns. no. 21,
p. 18 (1881) ; Cones, Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 309 (1884).
? Geothlypis tephrocotis. Barn. Smiths. Bep. 1860-61, p. 435.
? Oporornis varius, Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 61.
Geothlypis agilis, Gregg, Proc. Elmira Acad. 1870, p. 7 (teste Cones).

Adult nude. General colour above duU olive-green, slightly yel-
lower towards the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts
like the back ; median and greater coverts, bastard-wing, and pri-
mary-coverts dusky, edged with olive-green ; quills dusky brown,
margined externally with lighter olive ; tail-feathers dusky brown,
washed externally with olive : crown of head dull ashv grey, the
occiput and nape olive-grecu like the back, the crown even slightly
washed with the same colour ; eyelid white, forming a conspicuous
ring : lores ashy grey : in front of and below the eye a line of dusky
blackish, somewhat overshading the anterior portion of the ear-
covcrts, which are otherwise slaty grey ; cheeks and entire throat
slaty grey ; fore neck and under surface of body pale sulphur-yellow,
including the under tail-coverts ; sides of body olive-greenish, as
also the thighs ; axillaries olive-yellow : under wing-coverts dull
olive, brighter yellow on the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below,
ashy along the edge of the inner web : " bill light brown on the
ridge and at the tip, flesh-coloured beneath ; legs pale flesh-colour ;
iris hazel "' {Audubon). Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3,
tail 2-05, tarsus O'So.

In the spring birds the ash of the head and throat is quite pure
and very dark, almost black on the breast ; then the resemblance to
Geothhjpis Philadelphia is very close, but in the latter the wings are
little, if any. longer than the tail. (Coue.^.)

Adult male in winter jdumaf/e. Differs from the spring plumage
in having the head olive like the back, the ear-coverts olive-brown,
and the cheeks and throat pale reddish brown, deeper and more
olive-brown on the fore neck ; otherwise as in spring. {Mus. Salvin
and Godman.)

348 mniotiltid-t:.

Young in ivinter plumarie. Resembles the winter plumage of the
adult.

llah. Eastern United States, not commonly observed in the
spring ; abounding in the fall in some localities. Distribution,
migration, and breeding still imperfectly known. {Coues.)

a. (S ad. sk. Chicago, Illinois, May 11 {H. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

E. Coale).

b. 2 ad. sk. Chicago, May 20 {H. K. Code). II. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

c. 5 juv. Grand Crossing, Illinois, Sept. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

9 {H. K. Coale).

d. <S ad. sk. St. Louis Co., Missouri, May 22 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{H. K. Coale).

e. 5 juv. sk. Massachusetts {H. W. Hen- U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

shaiu).

2. Oporornis formosa.

Svlvia formosa, Wih. Ainer. Orn. iii. p. 85, pi. 25. fig. 3 (1811);

' Audiib. B. Amer. pi. a8 ; id. Orn. Bioijr. i. p. lOH (18:^]).
Sylvicola formosa, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 37;j (1832) ;

Neuwied, J. f. 0. 1858, p. 113.
Myiodioctes formosus, Audub. Sijn. p. 50(1839); id. B. Amer. ii.

p. 19, pi. 74 (1841) ; Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 37 (1850); Bp. Consp.

i. p. 315 (1850) ; Gundl. j'.f. O. 1861, p. 326.
Mniotilta formosa. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 196 (1848).
Sylvania formosa, Woodh. in Sitgreaves' Rep. Zuni and Color, li. p. 70

(1853).
Myioctonus formosus, Gundl. J.f. O. 1855, p. 473.
Oporornis formosa, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 247 (1858) ; Scl. S)- Salt:

Ibis, l."^59, p. 10; Scl. P. Z. S. I8(;2, p. 19; id. Cat. Amer. B.

p. 28 (1862) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. A\ Y. vii. p. 468 (1862) ; Scl. (§-

Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 347 ; Baird, Eevieiv Amer. B. p. 218 (J 865);

Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 477; Laivr. Atin. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 284

(1866) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 136 : Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix.

p. 94 (1868) ; Von Franfz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 293 : Gray, Hand-l. B.

i. p. 242, no. 3501 (1869); Gundl. J. f. O. 1872, p. 417 ; Allen,

Bull. Mils. Comp. Zool. iii. pp. 122, 175 (1872); Coues, Key N.

Amer. B. p. 107 (1872) ; Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neofr. p. 9

(1873) ; Cones, B. N.- West, p. 73 ( 1874) ; Baird, Brewer, &■ Ridqw.

Hist. N. A7ner. B. i. p. 293, pi. 15. fig. 3 (1874) ; Breu-sier, Ann.

Lijc. N. Y. xi. p. 137 (1875) ; Lairr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4,

p. 16(1876) ; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 68 (1876) ; Coues, B. Color. Tall.

p. 309 (1878) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 18 (1881) ;

Coues, KcyN. Amer.B. p. 310 (1884).

Adult. General colour above olive- greenish ; lesser wing-coverts
like the back, the median and greater series dusky, externally olive,
a trifle yellower than the back ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts
dusky, with obsolete narrow margins of olive ; quills pale dusky
brown, externally olive ; tail-feathers pale dusky brown, washed
with olive on the outer web ; crown of head black, forming a cap,
the posterior feathers of which are tipped with slaty grey ; occiput
and nape olive-greenish like the back ; the sides of the neck a little
yellower olive ; a streak of bright yellow from the nostril to behind
the eye, forming a distinct eyebrow ; eyelid yellow, except in front,
where it is coloured black like the lores ; feathers below the eye
and ear-coverts black, descending in a streak down the sides of the

12. LiGiA. 349

fore neck ; cheeks and under surface of body bright yellow, including
the thighs and under tail-coverts ; sides of the breast and flanks
olive ; axillaries olive like the sides of the breast ; under wing-
coverts yellow, mottled with dusky bases near the edge of the wing ;
quiUs pale dusky brown below, pale ashy brown along the inner
web : " bill pale brownish black above, lighter beneath ; feet flesh-
colour ; iris hazel " {Audubon). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5,
wing 2*7, tail 2, tarsus 0'9.

Adult male in ivinter. Duller in colour than in summer, darker
olive-green above, and having the entire head slaty grey with con-
cealed black bases to the feathers. The summer plumage is gained
by the wearing away of these grey tips to the feathers, the black
facial markings being affected in the same manner as the crown.

In the Salvin-and-Godman collection is a female from Chepo,
Panama, which is quite as brightly coloured as the male, showing
no ditierence in the sexual colouring.

Young birds resemble the adult excepting in the colour of the
head, which is like the back, but is a little browner olive ; the yel-
low eyebrow and eyelid are well indicated, but the black lores and
ear-coverts are dingy and obscured with olive. Specimens killed in
the winter-home of the species in Central America show the black
coronal patch concealed by the olive-brown tips to the feathers, and in
the following spring the full plumage of the adult is gained by the
wearing oft' of the above-mentioned tips, just as in the fully adult bird.

Hah. Eastern United States north to the Connecticut vallej' ; also
known to occur near Quebec ; not abundant, but common in certain
sections, as in Illinois, Kansas, and other portions of the Mississippi
valley {Cones). Winters throughout Central America from Mexico
to Panama (<S'. ^" G.) ; Cuba.

a. Ad. sk. Cleveland, Ohio. Prof. Kirtland [P.].

b. 5 juv. sk. Mount Carmel, Aug. 9 {S. U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Turner).

c. 5 ad. sk. Cahokie Kiver, Illinois, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

May -21 {H. K. Code).

d. cJ ad. sk. Eockwood, Tennessee, U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

April 24 ( W. H. Fox).

e. Ad. sk. ' Penn.sylvania {Baird). Sclater Collection.
/". cJad. hiem. sk. Dueuas, Guatemala. 0. Salvin, Esq. [P.].
g. Ad. ; h, i. Juv. Guatemala. Gould Collection.

hiem. sk.
A;. Ad. hiem.sk. V&n&ma. {MacLeannan). Sclater Collection.

12. LIGIA.

Tj-pe.

Ligea, Cory, Ank, i. p. 1 (1884) L. palustris.

Range. Island of S. Domingo.

1. Ligia palustris.

Ligea palustris, Corif, Auk, i. p. 1, pi. 1 (1884) ; id. B. S. Domingo,
1. p. m, pi. iii. (1884).

Male. Crown, nape, and upper portion of back slaty plumbeous ;
rest of back and upper surface of wings and tail yellowish green ;
throat, breast, and sides greyish plumbeous, showing a dull olive

350

mniottltidj:.

tinge, and the middle of the bell}' showing distinctly white ; outer
webs of primaries and most of the secondaries yellowish green, giving
the wiug a general greenish appearance ; inner web of primaries
dark brown, apparently slate-colour in some lights ; under surface
of tail dull green ; eyelids white. Total length 5*50 inches, wing
2-50, tail 2-50, tarsus 0-75, bill 0-50, mid toe 0-40. (Oonj.)

Female. General appearance of the male, but differs from it by
the underparts being tinged with olive, mixing with the grey, and the
top of the head green, showing the slate-colour faintly. {Cory.)

Hub. S. Domingo.

13. GEOTHLYPIS

Type.

Triclias, Sivahis. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 167 (1827, necGlog. 1827) G. trichas.
Geothlypis, Cab. Arch.f. Naturg. 1847, pp. 316, 349 G. trichas.

Tail of Geothlypis trichas, to show rounded outline.

Range. North America, Central America, and the whole of South
America, excepting Chili and Patagonia.

Key to the Species.

a. With a broad frontal band of black, succeeded

by a pale band of bluish white or yellow across

the crown.

a'. Band across the crown bluish white or pale

grey, skirting the black ear-coverts to the

sides of the neck.

a". Band across the crown pale grey, not 0-2

inch broad ; upper surface dull olive ....

b". Baud across the crown broader and whiter,

about 0-3 inch broad; upper surface of

body olive-yellowish mclanops, p. 355,

b'. Band across the crown bright yellow beldingi, p. 356.

h. With no pale bar across the crown.

c'. Forehead black ; hinder head olive like the back,
c". Upper surface of body yellowish green;
wings externally like the back ; sides of

* I have not identified the following reference :—

Trichas formosa, " Sclater," Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 242, no. 3.'il2 (1869).
This may be intended for Oporornis formosa, but I cannot find that Dr. Sclater
ever placed the latter species in Trichas or Geuthli/pis.

trichas, p. 351.
rostrata, p. 355.

\

13. GEOTHLTPIS. 351

body and flanks pale greenish ; under sur-
face of body bright yellow, but with no

tint of saffron semijlava, p. 357.

d". Upper surface of body dark olive ; wiugs
browner than the back ; under surface of
body deep golden yellow, tinged with saf-
fron on the breast, and contrasting with
the Hanks, which are reddish brown washed

with ashy speciosa, p. 358.

rf'. Head grey, contrasting with the back, which
is olive.
e' '. Throat yellow.

a'". Nape grey, like rest of head; black of

lores not reaching behind the eye .... iJoliocephala, p. 359.
b'". Grey of head not continued to the nape,
but forming a cap aud not reaching be-
yond the occiput.
a^. Sides of hinder crown and hinder ear-
coverts olive-yellow like sides of neck.
a'. Larger : fore part of ear-coverts

black ; frontal band nairow cequinoctialis, p. 360.

6'. Smaller : fore part of ear-coverts
olive-yellow ; black not reaching be-
hindtheeye,butbroaderouforehead auricularis, p. 361.
6*. Sides of hinder crown and hinder ear-
coverts grey.
c'. A broad black band on the forehead chiriquensis, p. 362.
d". A narrow black band on forehead. . velata, p. 363.
f. Throat grey ; the fore neck blackish.

c'". Lores black ; upper and under edge of

eyelid white macgillivrayi, p. 364.

d'". Lores grey; no white on the eyelid . . pJdladelphia, p. 366.

1. GeotUypis trichas *. (Plate IX. fig. 1.)

Marvland Yellow-throat, Edicards, Gleanings, v. p. 56, pi. 237. fio-. 2

(1758).
Le Figuier de Mariland, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 506 (1760).

* The following race has been recently separated by Dr. Brewster : —

Geotiilypis occidentalis.
Geotblypis trichas occidentalis, Brewster, Bull. Nuft. Orn. Club, yiii. p. 159
(1883).

Adult male. Upper parts nearly uniform pale yellowish olive, with a tinge of
brown on the occiput ; throat, jugulum, breast, anterior portion of abdomen,
and under tail-coverts rich pure yellow ; sides of body warm ochraceous brown,
strongly tinged with yellow ; middle of abdomen anteriorly creamy white ; a
black mark on the front and sides of the head bordered behind by a "broad band
of creamy white, slightly tinged with bluish; much concealed yellow on the
feathers of the crown. Wing 2-32 inches, tail 2'30, culmen 0 55.

The differences which distinguish this race from G. trichas proper, although
somewhat difficult of description, are readily appreciable upon a comparison of
specimens. They may be briefly summed up as follows : — G. occidentalis is some-
what larger than G. trichas, and its tail is disproportionately longer ; its upper
parts are always paler and usually yellower ; the yellow of the uuderparts is
decidedly richer and purer, aud extends much further down on the abdomen,
frequently tinging nearly all of the body beneath ; the flanks are paler and more
ochraceous; the white of the head purer aud generally broader. {Brewster.)

Hah. Pacific and Middle Proviuces of the United States.

352 MNIOTILTID-E.

Tuidus triulias, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 293 (1766j.

Fauvette a poitrine jaime de Louisiane, Daubent. PI. Enl. vi. pi. 709.

fig. -2 ; Buff. Ilisf. Naf. Ois. v. p. 102 (1778).
Le Figuier aux joues noires, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 292 (1778).
YeUow-breasted "Warbler and var. a, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2,

pp. 438, 439 (1783).
Motacilla chrvsoptera, Bodd. Tab!. PI. Enl. p. 44 (1783); Barti:

Trav. Florida, p. 292 (1791).
YeUow-breast "Warbler, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 399 (1785).
Orange-thio-lied Warbler, Penn. t. c. p. 399 (1785).
Sylvia tricbas, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 519 (1790) ; Vieill. Ois. Amer.
" Sept. ii. p. 28, pis. 85, 86 (^1807) ; Audul). B. Amer. pi. 23 ; id. Orn.

Biogr. i. p. 121 (1831), v. p. 463 (1839); If Orb. in Ramon de la

Sar/ra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 61 (1838).
Sylvia trichas, var. /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 519 (1790).
Motacilla trichias, Turton, Syst. Nat. i. p. 590 (1806) ; Nutt. Man.

1840, p. 457.
Sylvia marvlandica, Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 88, pi. 6. fig. 1 (1808);

id. op. cii. ii. p. 163, pi. 18. fig. 4 (1810).
Regulus ? mystaceus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 232 (1826).
Tricbas persooatus, Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 167 (1827) ; Vig. Voy.

' Blossom,' Zool. p. 18 (1839) ; Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. pp. 88,

303 (18.32).
Sylvia roscoe, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 24 ; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 124

(1832).
Tricbas bracbydactvlus, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 295 (1837) ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p". 197" (1848).
Tricbas marvlandica, Bp. Comp. Lkt B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. p. 20

(1838) ; Audub. Syn. p. 65 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 78, pi. 102

(1841) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 148 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 197,

(1848); Bj). Consp. i. p. 310 (1850); Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 292;

Neuwied, J. f. O. 1858, p. 118 ; Bryant, Proc. Bust. Sue. N. H. vi.

p. 116 (1857), vii. p. 110 (1859); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 242,

no. 3503 (1869).
Geotblj-pis tricbas, Cab. Mus. Hein. Tb. i. p. 16 (1850); Gundl.

J. f.'O. 185.5, p. 472 ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 241 (1858) ; id. U.S.

Bound. Surv. ii. pt. 2, Birds, p. 10 (1859) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Ibis, 1859,

p. 10 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 363, 373 ; Cab. J. f. 0. 1861, p. 84 ;

Gundl. t. c. p. 326 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 70 ; 'id. Cat. Amer. B.

p. 27 (1862); March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 293; Lord,

Proc. It. A. Inst. iv. p. 115 (1864); Baird, Revieio Amer. B.

p. 220 (1865) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 476 ; Coues, t. c. p. 163 ;

Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 283 ( 1866) ; Brown, Ibis, 1868,

p. 420; Duqes, La Natur. i. p. 140 (1868) ; Laiur. Ann. Lye. N. Y.

ix. p. 94 (1868), p. 200 (1869) ; Von Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, p. 293 ;

Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.\.^. 547 ( 1869) ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S.

1870, p. 836; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 95 (1870); Allen, Bull. Mus.

Comp. Zool. ii. p. 269 (1871), iii. p. 175 (1872) ; Coues, Key N.

Amer. B. p. 107 (1872) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 149; Scl. 8f Salv.

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 9 (1873) ; Later. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii.

p. 269 (1874) ; Coues, B. N.-West,:p. 74 (1874) ; Baird. Brewer, ij-

Pidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 297, pi. 15. figs. 7, 8 (1874) ; frundl.

Orn. Cuba, p. 69 (1876); Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. IQOth Merid.

p. 204 (1876); Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 124(1878);

Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 309 (1878); id. Bull. U.S. Geol. Siov.

iv. p. 567 (1878); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 72 (1880) : A. A'--E. Neut.

Handb. Jamaica, 1881, p. 106 ; liidgiv. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

13. GEOTHLTPIS. 353

no. 21, p. 19 (1881) ; Salv. ^ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i.
p. 151 (1881); Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 441; Coues, Key K.
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 310 (1884) ; Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 36 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above dull olivaceous, browner
towards the head and brighter olive towards the rump and upper
tail-coverts, especially the latter ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ;
median and greater series dusky brown wit^ duU olive margins ;
bastard-wing dusky brown, externally paler brown ; primary-coverts
and quills dusky brown, edged with brighter and more yellowish
olive, the first primary margined with ashy whitish ; tail-feathers
j'ellowish olive, browner on the inner webs ; a broad frontal band of
black, as weU as the feathers round the eye, lores, cheeks, and
ear-covcrts, forming a large black patch whicli extends a little
way down the sides of the neck, and which is separated from the
crown and neck by a broad band of bluish white, which skirts the
black from the side of the neck, behind the ear-coverts, along the
side of the crown, and crosses the latter so as to form a band sepa-
rating the black forehead from the top of the crown, which is dull
brown tinged with olive, as also are the occiput and nape ; entire
throat and breast golden yellow, gradually paling on the latter
towai'ds the abdomen, which is ashy white tinged with yellowish ;
sides of the body pale earthy brown with a slight olive tinge, the
thighs being of the same colour ; under tail-coverts bright yellow
like the breast ; axillaries pale ashy, washed on the margins with
ycUow ; under wing-coverts white, washed with pale bro ,vu on the
edges and tinged with yellow near the edge of the wing, which is
bright yellow ; quiUs dusky below, ashy along the inner web : " bill
dark brown ; feet flesh-coloured ; iris dark hazel '' (Audubon).
Total length 5 inches, culmen O'o, wing 2*2, tail 2'15, tarsus 0'8.

Adult female. Distinguished from the male by the absence of
black on the forehead and sides of face, and wanting also tl e bluish-
white band behind the black forehead. General colour abore ashy
brown, washed with olive, and with a shade of reddish brown across
the fore part of the crown, which is otherwise like the back; wings
and tail like the adult male ; lores and feathers round the eye ashy
isabelline ; ear-covci"ts ashy brown, tinged with rufous-brown on
the hinder part of the latter ; throat ard fore neck pale saffron-
yellow ; remainder of the underparts light ashy, washed with olive
or reddish brown on the sides of the body ; under taU-coverts oUve-
yeUow. Total lengih 4'5 inches, culmen 0"45, wing 2"U5, tail 1-85,
tarsus O'S.

Winter ijlumage (Plate IX. fig. 1). Both sexes assume a dull garb
in winter, being olivaceous above, with the head a little browner ;
ear-covcrts and sides of face like the . upper surface, with the lores
slightly paler, and a distinct ring of dull whitish feathers round the
eye ; fore part of checks also sUghtly mottled with whitish plumes ;
throat and breast saffron-yeUow, overshaded with brown ; abdomen
yellowish white ; sides of body and flanks pale earthy or olivaceous
brown ; under tail-coverts saffron-yellow.

Even in winter the males can be distinguished from the females,
VOL. X. 2 a

354 MNioTmrDiB.

for on lifting the feathers of the forehead and sides of the head,
the bUick of the next summer plumage can be seen below, showing
that these "Warblers, like the Eedstarts of the Old "World, gain
their adult plumage by the shedding of the ti])s of their winter
plumage, instead of by a direct spring moult. "Whether this is
the case with the yellow plumage of the breast I am unable to say
from lack of specimens, but I fancy that no moult takes place on the
under sui'face.

Young. Similar to the adult female, but the olive of the upper
parts with much of a brownish tinge ; the yeUow parts and, in fact,
most of the underparts, quite buff}-. (Cones.)

A nestling, from Mr. H. K. Coale's collection, is much browner
than the adult female, and shows olive only on the wiugs and tail,
the head being more dusky than the back ; wing-coverts brown
like the back, the greater coverts with reddish-brown tips forming a
bar ; throat and chest dull ochreous-buff, the abdomen light buffj-
yellow, the sides of the body browner.

Hab. The United States at large, and south through Mexico and
Central America ; several of the "West Indies, as Cuba, Jamaica,
and the Bahamas ; breeds thi'oughout its United-States range, and
winters from the southern border southward {Goues). Throughout
Central America from Mexico to Panama (S. 4" G.).

a. S ad. St. North America. Pm-chased.

b. 5 ad.sk. 49thparallel, Aug. 9((?. N. A. Boundary Com-

Datcscm). mission.

c. (f; <^- 2 ad.sk. Michigan. Dr. Steere [P.].

c, Juv. ; /. $ ad. sk. Lidiana, July {H. K. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

Coale).
g, h. S ? ad. sk. HvdePark,nimois,May E. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

XH. K. Coale).
i. (S imm. sk. Colehour, 111., Sept. {H. R. B. Shai-jie, Esq. [P.].

K. Coale).
k. 6 ad. sk. Colehour, El., May 19 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(S. K. Coale).

1. (S ad. sk. Maiyland, May {E. U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Coiies).
m. 2 juv. sk. St. Regis Lake, N.Y., U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Aug. 21 {Roosevelt).
7i. c? ad. sk. Eock Creek, B.C., April Salvin-Godman Coll.

■2Q (E. Coues).
0. 5ad.sk. "VS^ashington, D.C.,May Salvin-Godman CoU.

5 {E. Corns).
p. q. cJ 2 ad. sk. British Cohmibia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].

r,s. cJ; t,u. 2 ad. sk. "West side of Eocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

Mountains.
V, tc, 'I'. [ c? ] 5 y- [ 2 ] Oahfornia. Lord "VN^alsingham [P.].

hiem. sk.

2. 2 ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico, Jan. 5 Salvin-Godman CoU.

{A. Forrer).
a'. (5 ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico, Mai'ch Salvin-Godman CoU.

22 {A. Fm-rer).
h'. 5ad.hiem.sk. South Mexico (i)e Oe«). Sclater Collection.

c', d'. J ad. hiem. sk. N. Yucatan (6r. F. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gaumer).

13. GEOTHITPIS. 355

e'. (S ad.sk. Progress, N. Yucatan, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Dec. (K a Devis).
f. <S ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, Sahdn-Godman CoU.

Feb. 3 (0. S.)
g'. cS tiem. sk. Coban, Vera Paz, Nov. Sal\-in-Godman Coll.

(O. S.).
h'. S ad. sk. Choctum,\eraPaz,Feb. Salvin-Godman CoU.

{O.S.^-F.D. G.).
i'. S ad. Mem. sk. Vera Paz ( O. S. ^ Salvin-Godman Coll.

F. D. G.).
k'. c? ad. hiem. sk. Guatemala. Sclater Collection.

r, m'. (S ; «'. $ ad. Guatemala. Gould Collection.

hiem. sk.
o'. e ad. sk. Nicaragua, May 8 (C. C. E. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

Nuttinff).
2)'. cS ad. sk. Volcan de CMaiqui, Ve- Salvin-Godman CoU.

ragua (JE. Ai-ce).
q'. c? ad. sk. Jamaica Salvin-Godman CoU.

r'. (S ad. hiem. sk. Jamaica. Sclater CoUection.

s'. S ad. hiem. sk. Tobago {Kirk). Sclater CoUection.

2. Geothlypis rostrata.

Geothlypis rosti-ata, Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xi. p. 67 (1867

Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 7o (1880).
Trichas rostrata. Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 242, no. 3513 (1869).
Geothlvpis trichas, var. rostrata, Baird, Brewer, ^ Ridgiu. Hist. N.

Amer. B. i. p. 296 (1874).

Adidt male in winter plumatje. Above bright olive-green, a broad
band of black passing from the sides of the neck over the forehead,
including the eye, and extending to the nostril, just touching the
lower mandible, the black bordered posteriorly with pearl-grey, be-
coming deeper grey upon the crown ; underparts bright yellow, the
flanks shaded with olive ; quills brown, with the outer webs olive-
green, third primarv longest. Length 5-50 inches, wing 2-70, tail
2-36, tarsus U-92, biU 0-72. {Cory.)

Adult female in zvinter plumage. The black band wanting ;
plumage slightly paler ; a pale ash- coloured line from over the eye
to sides of the neck ; crown showing a trace of brown ; otherwise
resembles the male. (Cory.)

Hah. Bahama Islands.

3. Geothlypis melanops. (Plate IX. fig. 2.)

Amer., Aves, i. p. 151 (1881).
Trichas melanops, Gray, Sand-l. B. i. p. 242, no. 3508 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above duU yeUowish olive, a little
brighter on the rump and upper taU-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts
like the back ; median and greater series dusky brown, edged with
ashy olive, as well as the bastard-wing and piimary-coverts ; quiUs
brown, externaUy olive like the back ; tail-feathers olive-brown,
lighter olive on the edges of the feathers ; a broad frontal band ;

2 a2

356

MHIOTILTID^.

lores, feathers above and round the eye, car-coverts, and cheeks
black, forming a patch which extends a little way down the sides of
the neck ; the black forehead succeeded by a broad band of bluish
white, occupying the top of the head and skirting the black ear-
coverts to the sides of the neck ; hinder crown, occiput, and nape
rather browner than the rest of the back ; entire under surface of
body bright yellow, becoming paler and whiter on the lower abdomen,
the vent being tinged with saffron ; under tail-coverts bright yellow ;
sides of body and flanks olive-greenish washed with ashy ; thighs
olive-greenish externally, ashy whitish on their inner aspect ; axil-
laries and under ■\ving-coverts yellow, with ashy white bases ; edge
of wing bright yellow ; quills ashy brown below, paler ashy along
the edge of the inner web. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0'5,
wing 2-25, tail 2-15, tarsus 0'85.

Adult female. General colour above dull olive-brown, slightly
more oUve-jellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts
like the back, the bastard-wing and primary-coverts dull brown ;
quills dark brown, externally edged with olive, the first primary
whitish along the edge of the outer web ; tail-feathers dull yellowish
olive, lighter on the edges ; head decidedly browner than the back,
and somewhat rufous-brown on the crown ; lores ashy white ; eye-
lid clearer whitish ; ear-coverts olive-brown, yellowish near the
lower edge, and with pale yePowish-brown shaft-lines ; cheeks and
under surface of body pale yellow, becoming whiter on the abdomen,
the sides of the neck and breast washed with pale reddish brown ;
flanks and sides of the body and thighs light earthy brown ; under
tail-coverts bright yellow, pale reddish brown near the vent ; under
wing-coverts and axUlaries pale yellow, brighter along the edge of
the wing ; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-25, taU 2-3, tarsus 0-8.

Rab. Mexico.

a. c? ad. sk. Mexico {Becker). Sclater Collection,

h. J ad. sk. Mexico {Boucard). Sclater Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Mexico. ' Sclater CoUection.

d, e. J $ ad. sk. Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll.

f. (S ad. sk. Near city of Mexico Salviu-Godman Coll.

{Angela).

g. (S ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (Hoge). Salvin-Godman Coll.

4. Geothlypis beldingi.

Geothlypis beldingi, Eidgiv. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 344 (1882).

Adult male. General colour above dull yellowish olive, rather
brighter towards the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser and
median wing-coverts like the back ; greater series ashy brown,,
externally like the back ; bastard- wing, primary-coverts, and quills
light or ashy brown, externally edged with yellowish olive, the first
primary margined with ashy white ; tail-feathers olive-brown, more
yellowish olive on the outer edges, the external feathers narrowly
fringed with whity-brown at the tips ; a broad frontal band of

13. GE0THLTPI8. 3o7

black ; the feathers above and around the eye, lores', ear-coverts
and cheeks black, forming a patch which extends some little way
down the sides of the neck ; hinder crown and nape dusky olive-
brown, separated from the black forehead and side face by a distinct
line of yellow, which skirts the black ear-coverts also, and joins the
sides of the neck, which are also bright yellow ; under surface of
body bright golden yellow, a little paler towards the abdomen ; sides
of the body olive-brown, tinged with saf&-on-yellow on the sides of
the breast ; thighs externally olive, more ashy on their inner aspect ;
under tail-coverts deep yellow ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
yellow, with whitish bases ; edge of wing bright yellow ; quills
dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length
5-5 inches, culmeu 0'65, wing 2-45, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-9.
Hah. Lower California.

a. (S ad. sk. San Jos6 del Cabo, Lower California, Sclater Collection.
Jan. 23 (Beldijig).

5, Geothlypis semiflava.

Geothlypis semiflava, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 273, 291 ; id. Cat.
Amei: B. p. 27 (18G2) ; Baird, Eeviezv Amer. B. p. 223, note
(1865) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 9 (1873) ; BerUpsch 8c
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 541.

Trichas semiflava, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 242, no. 3506 (1869).

(xeothlypis bahdi, Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 398 (1844).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark olive-
greenish, a little brighter towards the rump and upper taU-coverts ;
lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; greater series,
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills pale brown, externally
like the back, the first primary margined with ashy white ; tail-
feathers olive-brown, a little brighter olive on the edges of the
feathers ; forehead and sinciput black, forming a broad frontal band,
which contrasts strongly with the rest of the crown, which is like
the back ; lores, feathers round the eye, ear-coverts, and cheeks
black, extending a little way down the sides of the neck, the latter
being a little yellower than the back ; entire under surface of body
bright yellow, a little duller on the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-
coverts ; sides of the body olive-greenish ; axiUaries and under
wing-coverts yellow, with white bases, the edge of the wing bright
yellow ; quills dusky brown below, whitish along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-35, tail 2*15,
tarsus 0"9.

Adult female. Eathcr duller than the male, and wanting the
black on the forehead and sides of face ; the head like the back ;
lores and feathers round the eye yellow ; ear-coverts and cheeks
dull olive-yellow ; under surface of body yellow, but not so bright
as in the male, the breast washed with saffron. Total length 5*2
inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-35, tail 1-95, tarsus 0-9.

Hah. Ecuador, extending northwards into Costa Eica, where it
has been renamed G, hairdi by Mr. Nutting. Mr. Salvin, however,

358 ]oriOTii.TiD^.

who has seen the type of the latter species, tells me that ho cannot
distinguish it from Ecuador examples.

a. cS ad. sk. Esmeraldas, Ecuador Sclater Collection

(i. Fraser). (Type of species.)

6. [ 9 ] ad. sk. Esmeraldas {L. Fraser). Sclater Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Goidd Collection.

d. Ad. sk. Quito. Gould Collection.

c. (S ad. sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador, July Salvin-Godman Coll.

(i. Fraser).
/". Ad. sk. Intaj, Ecuador (C.i?McA;%). Salvin-Godman Coll.

6. Geothlypis speciosa. (Plate X.)

Geothlypis speciosa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 447 ; id. Cat. Amer. B.

p. 27 (1862); Baird, Revieiu Amer. B. p. 22-3, note (1865);

Swnichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. IT. i. p. 546 (1869) ; Salv. Ibis, 1872,

p. 149 ; Scl. Sr Salv. Nbmencl. Av. Neotr. p. 9 (1873) ; Salv. ^ Godm.

Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 162 (1881).
Trichas speciosa, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 242, no. 3510 (1869).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark olive-
yellow, rather brighter towards the rump and upper tail-coverts ;
lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts
dusky brown, edged with olive-yellow ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, obscurely edged with olive ; tail-
feathers dark olive, crossed with dusky bars under certain lights,
the edges of the feathers more yellowish olive externally ; forehead
and crown black, the feathers of the vertex shaded with duU ashy ;
the occiput and nape dull olive ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and
checks black, forming a patch which extends down the sides of the
neck for some distance ; sides of neck otherwise like the back ;
under surface of body bright yellow, tinged with saffron on the
breast and near the sides of the abdomen ; sides of breast and flanks
light reddish brown, shaded with ashy ; thighs like the flanks ;
under tail-coverts deep yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
deep olive-yellow, the edge of the wing golden yellow ; quills dusky
brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length
5-5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-35, tail 2-2.5, tarsus 0-8.

Adult female. Greener than the male above, and without any black
on the head and face ; the head a little more ashy olive than the
back ; wings and tail as in the male ; sides of face and ear-coverts
olive-brown, mottled with pale yellow spots on the lores and below
the eye ; upper and lower edge of eyelid pale yellow : under surface
of body light fulvous yellow, tinged with saffron on the breast ; the
sides of the body light reddish brown, shaded with ashy ; under
tail-coverts brighter yellow. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 2-0-5, tail I'O, tarsus 0-8.
Hal. Mexico.

a,h. J $ ad. sk. Mexico (De Saussure). Sclater Collection.

(Types of species.)
c. 2 ad. sk. Mexico (Bouvier). Salvin-Godman Coll.

13. GEOTHLTPIS. 359

7. Geothlypis poliocephala. (Plate IX. figs. 3, 4.)

Trichas delafieldi (ner Audiib.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 293.

Geothlypis Eequinoctialis {tiec Gm.), Scl. S^ Salt: Ibis, 1860, p. 273.

Geothlypis poliocephala, Baird, Revieio Amer. B. p. 225 (1865) ;
Sumichr. Mem. Bod. Soc. N. H. \. p. 546 (1869) ; Salv. Ibis, 1870,
p. 114, et 1872, p. 149; Scl. Sf Salv. Nommcl. Av. Neotr. p. 10
(1873) ; Baird, Brewer, ^ Ridgiv. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 296
(1874) ; La^vr. Mem. Bost. Soc. K H. ii. p. 269 (1874) ; Salv. Sf
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, -. p. 154, pi. 9. fig. 3 (1881).

Trichas poliocephala, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 242, no. 3507 (1869).

Geothlypis poliocephala, var. caninucha, Baird, Breiver, &■ Ridqw.
Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 296 (1874).

Geothlypis caninucha, Salv. ^ Godm. Biol. Cintr.-Amer., Aves, i,
p. 153, pi. 9. fig. 2 (1881).

Adult. General colour above dull olive-brown, decidedly brighter
towards the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesse" and median wing-
coverts like the back; greater coveits, bastard- wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally edged with olive-yellow,
the first primary margined with ashy white ; tail-feathers olive-
brown, externally brighter olive ; crown of head and nape dark
slaty grey, the base of the forehead, lores, and feathers below the
eye, as well as the lower eyelid, black ; upper edge of eyelid white ;
ear-coverts slaty grey, washed with olive-yellow on the lower parts ;
cheeks and entire under surface of body bright yellow, a little paler
on the lower abdomen ; sides of body olive-greenish ; thighs ashy
washed with olive ; under tail-coverts bright yellow ; axUlaries and
under wing-coverts bright -yellow, the former with white bases ;
edge of wing very bright yellow ; quills below dull brown, ashy along
the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-3 inches, eulmen 0-55,
wing 2-1, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-85.

The specimen described (Plate IX. fig. 4) appears to have been
breeding, from the worn condition of the plumage. A Mexican
example (Plate IX. fig. 3) is apparently in winte" plumage, being
altogether browner, and having the grey head obscured by brown
edges to the feathers underneath ; below, the yellow is much paler,
and the fianks clear fulvous-brown, a saffron tinge being distinguish-
able on the breast ; the eyelid also is for the most part white. In
this stage of plumage the species has been dc3cribed as G. cani-
nucha ; but I feel convinced that it is only the winter plumage of
G. poliocephala, corresponding to the winter dress of G. trichas,
Pigvires of both winter and summer dresT will be found in the
Plate, side by side with the head of adult G. trichas in winter
plumage, when the latter species also has a ivhite eyelid.

Adxdt female. Much duller in colour than the adult male. Dingy
olive-brown above, the head and nape dusky slaty gre)^ ; lores and
a streak below the eye black ; upper and under edge of eyelid dull
white ; ear-coverts dull ashy grey, with whitish sliaft-lines ; under
surface of body bright yellow on the throat and breast, becoming
paler on the abdomen ; the fianks and sides of the body olive-brown.
Total length 5 inches, eulmen O'oo, wing 2'lo, tail 2'3, tarsus 0*S5.
Hah. Central America, from Mexico to Guatemala and Costa Rica.

360 MNIOTILTID^.

a. G. polioeephala.

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.

b. 2 ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico, June 16 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{A. Forrer).

jj. G. caninucha.

a. Ad. sk. British Hondui-as (Man- Salvin-Godman CoU.

caneaux).

b. Ad. sk. Eetalhuleu, Guatemala Sclater Collection.

(O. Salvin).

c. [21 ad. sk. Retalhiileu, Sept. (O. ;S'. SaMn-Godman Coll.

^- F. D. G.).

d. \ (S'] ad. sk. Sau Geronimo, Jan. (O. Sahiu-Godman Coll.

S. Sf F. D. G.).

e. S ad. sk. Duenas, Sept. 5 (0. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. cJ ad. sk. Costa Rica {J. Carmiol). Salviu-Godman Coll.

8. GeotUypis sequinoctialis. (Plate IX. fig. 7.)

Le Figuier olive de Cayenne, Daubent. PI. Enl. vi. pi. 685. fig. 1 ;

Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 315 (1778).
Equatorial Warbler, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. part 2, p. 493 (1783).
Motacilla iequinoctialis, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 972 (1788).
Sylvia de'afieldii, Audub. Orn. Biogr.w p. 307 (1839).
Ti-ichas delafieldi, Audub. Syn. p. 65 (1839) ; id. B. Anier. ii. p. 81,

pi. 103(1841).
Trichas «quinoctialis, Gratj, Gen. B. i. p. 197 (1848) ; Bp. Comp.

i. p. 310 (1850) : Gray, Sand-l. B. i. p. 242, no. 3511 (1869) ;

Finsck, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 565.
Geothlypis sequinoctialis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 16 (1850) ;

Sclater, Cat. Atner. B. p. 27 (1802) ; Baird, Revieto Amer. B.

p. 224 (1805) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1804, p. 81 ; Scl. Ibis, 1867, p. 107 ;

id. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 340 ; Scl. Sf Salt: t. c. pp. 509, 594 ; iid. P. Z. S.

1808, p. 627, 1869, p. 252 ; Salv. Ibis, 1872, p. 149 ; Scl. ^- Salv.

Nomettcl. Av. Neotr. p. 9 (1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 191 ; id.

P. Z. S. 1882, p. 6 ; id. Orn. Perou, p. 469 (1884).
Geothlypis velatus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 243 (1858).
Trichas velata {nee V.), Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 183 (1866).

Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, rather paler
on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser and median wing-coverts
like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky
brown, externally like the back, rather more yellow on the pri-
maries, the first primary decidedly paler yellow on the outer margin ;
tail-feathers olive-brown, clearer olive on the edge of the feathers ;
crown of head bluish grey as far as the vertex, the occiput, nape,
and sides of hinder crown yellowish green Hke the back, the sides
of the neck decidedly brighter yellow ; a line across the base of the
forehead, lores, eyelid, feathers round the eye, and anterior portion
of ear-coverts black ; hinder paifc of ear-coverts yellowish green
like the sides of the neck ; cheeks and under surface of body bright
yellow, the sides of the breast and flanks yellowish green ; thighs
olive-yellow ; under tail- coverts bright yeUow ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts yellow, with ashy bases to the feathers, the edge of the

13. GEOTHLTPIS. 361

■wing bright j-ellow ; quills dusky below, ashy bro-wn along the edge
of the iuner web : " bill blackish, yellowish on lower mandible ;
feet yellowish ; iris brown " (Leotaud). Total length 5-2 inches,
culmeu 0-5, wing '2--i, tail 2*3, tarsus 0"8.

Adult female. Wants the black on the face, the head being pale
slaty grey washed with olive, and rather yellower on the forehead ;
lores rather brighter yellow ; upper part of ear-coverts dull olive-
greenish, with scarcely perceptible streaks of brighter yellow, the
lower part of the car-coverts plainly streaked with bright yellow ;
rest of plumage as in the male. Total length 5-2 inches, culmen
0-5, wing 2-1, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*8.

Another adult female, from the island of ATexiana (Wallace), is
apparently in fuller plumage. General colour above dull olive-
brown, slightly more olive-yellow on the • rump and upper tail-
coverts ; wing-coverts like the back, a little yellower on the greater
series ; bastard- wing feathers externally pale olive-brown ; quills
brown, externally olive-yellow, a little lighter on the primaries ;
tail-feathers dull olive-yellow, lighter on the edges ; head a little
duller olive-brown than the back : lores and feathers above the
eye, as well as the eyelid, pale olive-yellow ; ear-coverts darker
ohve-yellow, browner on the upper edge ; cheeks and under surface
of body bright yellow, including the thighs and under tail-coverts ;
flanks and sides of body olive-brown ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts bright yellow, more brilliant on the edge of the wing : quills
dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length
5"5 inches, culmen O'o, wing 2*4, tail 2-3, tarsus O'So.

Hab. Amazonia, Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru.

Sah'in-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sahin-Godman CoU.
Sclater Collection.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sclater Collection.
J. Purdie, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

9, Geothlypis anricxilaris. (Plate IX. fig. 8.)

Geothlvpis poliocephala, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 319.

Geothl^-pis am-icularis, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 420 ; Tacz. Oni.

Perou,^. 470(1884).
Geothlypis requinoctiaUs peruviana, Tacz. Orn. Perm, p. 471 (1884).

Adult male (type of G. •pei'uvmna, Tacz.). General colour above
dull olive-yellow, a shade brighter on the rimip and upper tail-
coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater
coverts dusky, externally like the back ; bastard-wing and ])rimary-
covcrts dusky bro^^^l, externally fringed with olive ; quills dusky
brown, edged with olive-yellow, the inner secondaries washed with

a, b. S 9. ad.

Island of Mexiana, E. Amazon,

sk.

Dec. & Jan. {A. R. Wallace).

c. (S ad. sk.

Yuruani Eiver, British Guiana,

:\Iay 14 (H. Whitehj).

d .(S ad. sk.

Demerara {Eyton CoUectimi).

e. (f ad. sk.

Cayenne.

/. ? ad. sk.

Caracas, Venezuela, Nov. {A.

Goeritiff).

(/. 2 ad. sk.

Trinidad.

'h. 2 ad. sk.

Bogota.

i, k. (S ad. sk.

Bogota.

362 ITNIOTILTIDiE.

the same colour ; tail-feathers dull olive, edged with bright olive-
yellow ; crown of head as far as the vertex clear slaty grey : the
hinder crown, occiput, and nape like the back ; a broad line of
black across the forehead ; lores, feathers above and round the eye,
and a large patch below the latter extending on to the fore part of
the ear-coverts black ; sides of hiader crown and ear-coverts a little
brighter olive-yellow than the back ; the sides of the neck also
washed with a litile brighter yellow ; cheeks and under surface of
body clear bright yellow, including the thighs and under tail-coverts ;
the sides of the body washed with olive ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries bright yellow, the latter washed with olive ; quills dusky
below, ashy along the inner web. Total length 4-7 inches, culmen
0'55, wing 2'5d, tail 2-25, tarsus 0"9. (3Ius. Varsov.)

!N^ot being able to distinguish the points in which Dr. Tacza-
nowski's G. peruviana differed materially from G. aiiricularis, Salv.,
I compared his type with that of Mr. Salvin's species, and have
come to the conclusion that both are identical. It is true that the
latter is a little smaller (wing 2"25 inches, tarsus 0'85), but that
is all ; and this difference may be due to the fact that the skin of
G. auricularis is indifferently prepared, whereas that of G. peruviana
is a fine specimen in full pliimage. The preparation of the skins will
also account for the difference in the extent of the black in the
region of the eye, which is unduly extended on the base of the ear-
coverts in the skin of G. auricularis.

Hah. Peru.

a. S ad. sk. OaUao, Peru, Dec. {A. H. Salviu-Godman Coll.

Markham). (Type of species.)

10. Geothlypis chiriquensis. (Plate IX. fig. 6.)

Geothlypis cbhiquensis, Sahin, Ibis, 1872, p. 148 ; Scl. Sf Salv.
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ; Salvin 4' Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, i. p. 152, pi. 9. fig. 1 (1881).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above olive-yellow,
a shade lighter on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser and
median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts, primaiy-coverts,
and quills dusky brown, externally like the back, the primaries
decidedly brighter yellow along the outer web, greyish towards
their ends, the first primary margined with pale olive-yellow ;
bastard-wing feathers dusky brown, narrowly edged with olive-
yellow, bright yellow along the edge of the outer one, like the edge
of the wing ; tail-feathers olive-yellowish ; crown of head bluish
grey, the occiput and nape like the back ; a broad band of black
across the forehead ; feathers above and round the eye, cheeks, and
ear-coverts black ; the grey of the head skirting the ear-coverts at
the sides of the neck ; entire under surface of body brilliant yellow,
a little paler on the iinder tail-coverts : sides of body and flanks, as
well as the thighs, olive-green ; under wing-coverts brilliant yellow,
the axillaries more olive-yeUow ; edge of wing bright yellow ; quills

13. GEOTHLTPIS. 363

duskj' belo-n', ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length
5 inches, ciilmen 0-0, wing 2-4, tail 2, tarsus 0-9.
Hah. Veragua.

a, b. c? ad. sk. Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua Salvin-Godman Coll.
{E. Arce). (Types of species.)

11. Geothlypis velata. (Plate IX. fig. 5.)

Sylvia velata, Vieill. Oi's. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 22, pi. Lxxiv. (1807) ;

' D'Orb. Vol/. Amer. Mend. iv. p. 217 (1835-44).
Sylvia cucidlata, Lath. Ind. Oni. ii. ^. 528 (1790).
Contramaestre verde pecho de oro, Azara, Apimt. ii. p. 54 (1807).
TanagTa canicapilla, Swains. Zool. Illustr. 1st ser. iii. pi. 174 (1822-

Sylvia canicapilla, Neuicied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 701 (1831).

Tiichas canicapilla, Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 11 (1847).

Triehas velata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 197 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 310

(1850); Burm. fh. Bras. iii. p. 115 (1856); Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 242, no. 3504 (1869) ; Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 71 (1871).
Geothh-pis velata, Cab. Mtts. Hein. Th. i. p. 16 (1850) ; Scl Cat.

Ame'r. B. p. 27 (1862) ; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 223 (1865) ;

Nidt. Orn. Club, viii. p. 87 (1883); Tacz. Or)i. Peroii, p. 469
(1884).

Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, the wing-
coverts like the back ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally edged with olive-yellow,
a little lighter than the back, the first primary with a distinctly
paler margin than the rest ; tail-feathers dull olive-green, rather
lighter on the outer edge of the feathers, the outer ones having a
pale fringe near the end of the inner web ; crown of head to the
occiput clear blue-grey, the nape and hind neck being like the
back ; across the base of the forehead a narrow black band joining
the lores, feathers round and below the eye, and fore part of
ear-coverts, all of which are black ; hinder ear-coverts grej-, washed
with yellow ; sides of neck like the back ; cheeks and under surface
of body bright yellow, including the under tail-coverts, but a little
duEcr on the thighs ; sides of breast and flanks darker and more
olive-greenish ; axillaries and under wing-coverts bright yellow,
especially vivid on the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below, ashy
along the edge of the inner web : " upper mandible blackish, the
lower one reddish white ; feet brownish flesh-colour '" (Neuwied) ;
" iris brown " (Burmeister). Total length 5-6 inches, culmen 0'55,
wing 2'4, tail 2*4, tarsus 0'85.

In winter the plumage of the male is duller, the grey of the head
being obscured by brown tips to the feathers ; the back is also
slightly greener.

Adidt firnale. Differs from the male in wanting the black on the
face, and in having the head only a little browner than the back j

364 MNIOTTLTTD^.

car-coverts ashy brown, streaked with yellow shaft-lines ; lores and
feathers below the eye ashy, mottled w'th whitish spots ; nnder
surface of body bright yellow, the sides olive-greenish. Total length
5 inches, culmeu 0-55, wing 2- 15, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-85.

Tounq. Resembling the old female, but more ashy olive above,
the head dull olive-yellowish ; lores and under surface of body very
pale yellow, more ashy brown on the sides.

Hah. Brazil and tne Argentine Republic and Peru ; ? Chili.

a. Ad. st. Brazil. Lord Stuart de Rothesay

[P.].

h,c. S 2 ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Collection.

d, e, (S ad. ; /. S Brazil. Gould Collection.

jun. sk.

g, h. S ad. sk. Bahia ( Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

V. Juv. sk. Bahia. Sclater Collection.

k. S 'id. sk. Rio Lujau, Buenos Aires, Sclater Collection.

March 12 (E.TF.WTiite).

I. Ad. sk. Rio. R. H. Wood, Esq. [P.].

m. S ad. sk. Rio (/. Youds). Salvin-Godman Coll.

n. (S ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sul {Joy tier).

0, 2h S; q. 2 ad. Pampas Argentinas {Lei/- Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk. bold).

r. c? ad. sk. Huiro,val]ey of Urubomba, Salvin-Godman CoU.

Peru (/. Orfon).

s. Ad. sk. [ChiH.l Gould Collection.

t. Ad. sk. [Chili.] Zoological Society.

12. Geothlypis macgillivrayi.

Sylvia macgillivrayi, Audiib. B. Amer. pi. 399, figs. 4, 5 ; id. Orn.

Biogr. V. p. 75 (1839).
Sylvia tolmiei. Towns. Journ. Philad. Acad. 1839, pp. 149, 153, 159.
Trichas macgillivrayi, Auduh. Syn. p. 64 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii.

p. 74, pi. 100 (1841) ; Ch-ay, Gen. B. i. p. 197 (1848) ; Bp. Cmisp.

i. p. 310 (1850) ; Nemvied, J.f. O. 1858, p. 118 ; Gray, Haud-l. B.

i. p. 242, no. 3505 (1869).
Trichas tolmirei, Toivns. Nan: p. 64 (1839); Nutt. Man. 1840, p. 460.
Geothlypis macgillivrayi, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 244 (1858) ; id. op.

cit. pi. 79. tig. 4 (1860) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 363, 373 ; id. ^

Sale. Ibis, 18.59, p. 10 ; Cab. J. f. O. 1861, p. 84 ; Scl. Cat. Amer.

B. p. 27 (1862) ; Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 163 ; Baird, Review Amer.

B. p. 227 (1865) ; Broicn, Ibis, 1868, p. 429 ; Lawr. Ann. Lye.

N. Y. ix. p. 94 (1868) ; Von Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, p. 294 ; Coojkt,

B. Calif, p. 96 (1870) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 108 (1S72) ;

Sah. ibis, 1872, p. 149 ; Scl. Sj- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10

(1873) ; Baird, Breiver, ^- Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 303,

pi. 15. tigs. 4, 5 (1874) ; Hensh. Rep. Zool. Expl. W. lOOth Mcrid.

p. 205 (1875) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 312 (1878); RUh/w. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Miis. no. 21, p. 18 (1881) ; Sah. Si- Godm. Biol. Cciitr.-

Amer., Aves, i. p. 155 (1881); Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.

p. 311 (1884).
Geothlypis Philadelphia, var. macgillivi-ayi, Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp,

Zool. Cambr. iii. p. 175 (1872).

13. GEOTHLTPIS. 365

Geothlypis Philadelphia, /3. macgillivrayi, Coues, B. N.- West, p. 75

(1874).
Geothlypis pliUadelphia macgillivrayi, Coues, Bull, U.S. Geol. Surv.

iv. p. 568 (1878).

Adult male. General colour above dark greenish olive, lighter and
more clearly olive towards the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser
and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater series dusky brown,
externally olive like the back ; bastard-wing pale brown, lighter
externally ; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, margined with
clear olive, the first primary edged with ashy white : tail-feathers
oKve, a little lighter on the edges ; head and neck all round dark
slaty grey ; the lores, fore part of the cheeks, feathers below the eye,
and a shade on the ear-coverts black ; upper and under edge of
eyelid wliite ; throat and fore neck dark slaty grev, aU the feathers
edged with hoary grey ; the lower throat and fore neck blacker, the
feathers being black with hoary margins ; remainder of under sur-
fape bright yellow, including the under tail-coverts ; thighs rather
pale yellow ; sides of body and flanks greenish olive ; axillaries olive-
yellow ; under wing-coverts ashy washed with yellow, the edge of
the wing brighter yellow ; quills dusky brown below, ashy along
the edge of the inner web : " upper mandible brownish black, its
edges in their whole length pale yellowish flesh-colour, as is the
lower mandible, which, however, is a little dusky at the end ; feet
and claws flesh-coloured ; iris hazel " {Audubon). Total length
5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-35, taU 2-15, tarsus 0-8.

Adult female. Different from the male. Dull olive-brown above,
duller brown on the head and neck ; wings and tail as in the male :
lores and a ring round the eye isabelline ; a shade of ashy on the
sides of the hinder crown ; ear-coverts ashy olive ; throat and chest
isabelline brown ; rest of under surface of body bright yellow, the
sides olive-greenish with a brownish shade. Total length 4-8 inches,
culmen 0*5, wing 2-2, tail 2-1, tarsus 0'8.

The young males in winter have a grey throat with no black on
it or on the lores, but they are still distinguished from G. jpMla-
delj^hia by the white eyelid.

Hah. Middle and Wes..eru provinces of the United States and
British Columbia ; east to the limit of arboreal vegetation along
the Rocky Mountains ; breeds throughout its United-States range
{Coues). Winters in Central America from Mexico to Panama
{S. Sf G.). Colombia.

a. $ ad. sk. 4ytli Pai-allel {G. Datvso7i). N. A. Boundary Com-

mission [P.].
6. 2ad.sk. Wolf-lake, Indiana, June 1 R.B.Sharpe,Esq. [P.],

{H. E. Coale).

c. (S ad. sk. Fort Bridger, Utah. June 4 Salviu-Godmaii Coll.

{C.Dre.vler).

d. (S ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C],

e. S ad sk. Cypress Island, .lune. Dr. Lvall [P.].

/, (J. cJ $ ad. sk. West side of Rocky Mouu- J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

taius.
h. cJ ad. sk. Qoioxdi^o {Strickland). R.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],

366 MNIOTlLTrD.E.

{. d ad. sk. Denver, Colorado, May 14 U.S.Nat. Museum[P.].

(if. TT'. Henshaw).
k. 5 ad. slv. Willow Springs, Arizona, U.S.Nat. Musoum[P.].

July 12 {H. W. Hemhaw).
I. 2 ad.sk Nicasio, California^ Aug. 4 R.B. Sharpe, Esq.[P.].

(C. A. Allen).
m. $ ad. sk. Nevada, California {E. W. R.B.Sharpe,Esq.[P.],

Nelson).
7j,o. cJ juv. hiem. sk. Orizaba, Mexico (Botteri). Sclater Collection,
p. $ juv. &k. Presidio, Mexico, Dec. i^A. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Forrer).
g. c? ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (Ci^.^oV/e). Salvin-Godman Coll.

r. cJ juv. hiem. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (Z>e Om). Sclater Collection.
s. cJ ad. sk. Guatemala (0. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll,

t, u. (^ 5 juv. sk. Di.eiias, Guatemala, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(O. <S'.).
V. c? ad. hiem. sk. Guatemala {Constancia). Sclater Collection.
10. (S ad. ; x,y. § Cliiriqui, Veragua {E. Salvin-Godman CoU.

juv. sk. Arce).

s. tS imm. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

a'. $ juv. hiem. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia Sclater Collection.
(Salmon).

13. Geothlypis Philadelphia.

Sylvia Philadelphia, Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 101, pi. 14. fig. 6 (1810) ;

Auditb. B. Amer. ; id. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 79 (1839).
Trichas Philadelphia, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 249 (1832) ;

Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. i^- N. Amer. p. 20 (1838) ; Audiib. Syn.

p. 65 (1839) ; id. B. A7ner. ii. p. 76, pi. 101 (1841) ; Nutt. Man.

1840, p. 459 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 197 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 310

(1850) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 6 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 242,

no. 3509 (1869).
Geothlypis Philadelphia, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 243 (1858) ; id. op.

cit. pi. 79. fig. 3 (1860) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 322 (1801) ;

Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 27 (1862) ; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 226

(1865) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 76 ; Latur. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii.

p. 283 (1866), ix. p. 94 (1868) ; Von Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 294 ;

Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 322 ; Allen, Bull. Mvs. Comp. Zool. iii. p. 175

(1872) ; Salv. Ibis, 1872, p. 149 ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 107

(1872) ; Sel. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ; Lawr.

Mem. Bost. Soe. N. H. ii. p. 269 (1874) ; Coues, B. N.- West, p. 75

(1874) ; Baird, Breioer, 8f Bidqiv. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 301,

pi. 15. 6g. 6 (1874) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 313 (1878) ; id. Bull.

U.S. GeoL Surv. iv. p. 568 (1878) ; Merrill, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus.

no. 1, p. 124 (1878) ; Scl ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 494 ; Midgw.

Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 18 (1881) ; Salv. Sf Godm. Biol.

Centr.-Amer., Aves,i. p. 154 (1881) ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B, 2nd

ed. p. 311 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above dark olive-green, slightly paler
on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser and median wing-coverts
like the back ; greater coverts, bastard-vpiug, primary-coverts, and
quills dusky brown, externally olive-green like the back, the first
primary margined with ashy white ; tail-feathers olive-green, lighter
olive externally, and fringed with dull white at the tips of the outer
feathers ; head and nape slaty grey, somewhat shaded with brown

14. TEEETISTEIS, 367

on the tips of the feathers ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, sides of
neck, throat, aud fore neck clearer slaty grey ; the throat and fore
neck mottled with black bases to the feathers ; in front of the eye
a small spot of dusky black ; remainder of under surface of body
bright yellow, rather paler on the thighs and under tail-coverts ;
sides of body aud flanks olive-green ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts yellow, with dull ashy bases ; edge of wing bright yellow ;
quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web : " upper
mandible brownish black, its edges in their whole length pale
yellowish flesh-colour ; lower mandible pale yellowish flesh-colour,
a little dusky at the end ; feet and claws flesh-colour ; iris hazel "
(Audubon). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2*55, tail 2-2,
tarsus 0-85.

In the summer plumage the olive-brown tips become worn off and
the head is purer grey, while the abrasion of the tips to the feathers
of the throat and fore neck cause the black on these parts to be
more distinct.

Jlab. Eastern province of the United States and British America,
casually to Greenland : west to Kansas, Missouri, and Dakota ;
south to Costa Rica and New Granada, but no Mexican nor West-
Indian quotations ; no United-States wintering record : breeds in
the northern portions of its habitat, as New England, and very
abundantly in Minnesota and Eastern Dakota : common in the
Mississippi valley, but rare along the Atlantic States. (Coues.).
Winters in Central America, Costa Eica, and Panama, and extends
into the Magdalena and Cauca valleys in Colombia {S. <Sf G.).

a. 5 juv. sk. North America. U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

b. cj ad sk. Pembina, Dakota, June Salvin-Godman Coll.

(-£". Coues).

c. S ad. sk. Lake Forest, HI., May 23 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l.

(H. K. Coak).

d. S ad. sk. Warsaw, Ilhnois, May 19 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.].

(H. K. Coak).

e. cJ ad. sk. Williamsport, Penn. U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

(Hoosevelt).

f. g. (S ad sk. Aiio-ostm-a, Costa Rica, Salvin-Godman CoU.

Feb. and March {J.

Carmiol).
h. (S ad. sk. Chiriqui, Veragua (E. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Arce).
i. (S ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman CoU.

k. Ad. sk. Bogota (Chesterton). Sclater Collection.

/. c? ad. sk. Medellin, U. S. Colombia Salviu-Godman Coll.

(T. K Salmo7i).
m. (5 juv. sk. Santa Elena, Autioquia Salvin-Godman Coll.

(T. K. S.).

14. TERETISTRIS.

type.
Teretistris, Cab. J. f. O. 1855, p. 475 .... T. fernandin.T.

Range. Island of Cuba, West Indies.

368 MNIOTILTID^.

Key tu the Species.

a. Yellow colour uudemeatli restricted to the throat ;

head grey like back fernandina, p. 368.

b. Yellow of the throat extending also down the breast

to the abdomen ; head yellow ; back grey fornsi, p. 368.

1. Teretistris fernandinaB. (Plate XII. fig. 1.)

Anabates feruandinaj, Lemheyc, Aves cle Cuba, p. 66, lam. 5. fig. 2
(1850); GtmcU. Journ. Bok. Soc. JV. H. vi. p. 317 (1853).

Helmitherus blanda, Bp. Consp. i. p. 314 (1850, nee Lieht.).

Teretistris fernandiuse, Cab, J. f. 0. 1855, p. 475 ; Gundl. J. f. O.
1861, p. 326.

Teretristis fernandinae, Baird, Revieiv Amer. B. p. 234 (1865) ; >S'c/.
I- Salv. No7nencl. Av. Neotr. p. 11 (1873).

Icteria fernandinse. Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 384, no. 5825 (1869).

Adult. General colour above brownish ash-colour, the wing-
ovcrts like the back ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky,
externally ashy ; quills and tail-feathers dusky, externally washed
with ashy ; head and hind neck dull olive-yellow, the lores, feathers
above and around the eye, ear-coverts, and cheeks, as well as the
entire throat, brighter j'ellow ; centre of breast and abdomen ashy
whitish with a slight tinge of yellow, brownish ashy on the sides of
the body and iiauks ; thighs and under tail-coverts, axillaries, and
under wing-coverts white, edged with yellow ; quills dusky, whitish
along the edge of the inner web : " bill greyish brown ; feet blue-
grey ; iris dark brown " (Gundlach). Total length 4-7 inches, cul-
men 0-55, wing 2-2, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-75.

Hah. Western portion of the island of Cuba.

a. Ad. sk. Cuba.

6. Ad. sk. Guhii{C. JVriffht). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

c. c? ad. sk. Cuba (Mvs. Luwr.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. San Cristobal, Cuba Salvin-Godman Coll.

{G. F. Gaumer).

2. Teretistris fornsi. (Plate XII. fig. 2.)

Teretistris fornsi, Gundl. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. p. 275 (1857) ; id. J. f. O.

1861, p. 326.
Teretristis fornsi, Baird, lieview Amer. B. p. 235 (1865) ; Scl. <§• Salv.

Noniencl. Av. JVeotr. p. 11 (1873).
Icteria fornsi, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 384, no. 5826 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above light ashy grey, with a slight
tinge of brown on the lower back and rump ; scapulars and wing-
coverts rather more ashy brown than the back ; bastard-wing and
primary-coverts dusky, externally washed with ashy ; quills brown,
edged with ashy, more hoary on the outer edge of the primaries ;
tail-feathers dusky brown, narrowly edged with ashy grey ; head
like the back, the sides of the neck also ashy grey, rather lighter
than the head : lores, feathers round the eye, eyelid, sides of face,
cheeks, and ear-coverts lemon-yellow, slightly greenish on the ear-

15. GEANATELLUS. 369

coverts ; throat and breast lemon-yellow ; the abdomen -whiter,
slightly washed with yellow ; sides of lower breast, flanks, and
thighs ashy grey, as also the under tail-coverts ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing tinged with yellow ;
quills dusky below, white along the edge of the inner web : " upper
mandible and terminal half of the lower one black, basal half of the
latter lead-coloured ; iris dark hazel ; legs and feet plumbeous "
(^Gundlach). Total length 4'S inches, culmen 0"55, wing 2-25,
tail 2'05, tarsus 0-7.

Ifab. Eastern portion of the island of Cuba.

a. S ad. sk. Cuba. Sclater Collection.

b. S ad. sk. Monte Verde, Cuba(C. Wright), Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. $ ad. sk. Cuba {Mm. Latvr.), Salvin-Godmau Coll.

15. GEANATELLUS.

Type.
Granatellus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 312 (1850, ex DuBus MSS.). G. venustus.

I

Head of Granatcllus sallcsi.

Ranrje. Mexico and the Tres-Marias Islands ; Guatemala ; Guiana
and Upper Amazonia.

Key to the Species.
a. Throat white.

a'. With a black pectoral coUar.

a". Lateral tail-feathers tipped with white, top of

head like the back ; forehead black venustus, p. 3G9.

b". No white on the tail ; top of head black .... pekelni, p. 370.
b'. With no black pectoral collar ; outer tail-feathers

nearly entirely white francescee, p. 370.

Throat grey sallcei, p. 371.

1. Granatellus venustus.

GranateUus venustus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 312 (ex Dubus MSS. et Icon.

ined. Esq. Oni. ) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 18U4, p. 607, pi. 37. fig. 2 ; Baird,

Revieiu Amer. B. p. 231 (1865) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomeud. Av. Neotr.

p. 11 (1873); Lawr. Mem. Bust. Soc. K If. ii. p. 270 (1874);

Salv. ^ Godin. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 160 (1881).
Icteria venustus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 384, no. 5821 (1869).

Adult male. Above bluish slate-colour ; forehead, sides of head
and neck, including edge of vertex and a narrow pectoral collar,
continuous black ; a broad triangular patch of white behind the eye
in the black of the neck ; median portion of underparts, from the

VOL. X. 2 c

370 MNIOTILTIDJE.

black pectoral band to and inclading crissum, vermilion-red ; axil-
laris lining of wings, flanks, chin, and throat which are bordered
by black, as described) white; sides of breast plumbeous ; outer
web and terminal half of inner web of first tail-feather terminal
fifth of second, and a slight tip of third aU white ; rest ot tail black ;
quills dark brown, edged externally like the back, internally with
Whitish ; bill dark i.lumbeous, paler on the tomia and gonys ; legs
rather dusky ; iris white. Length 5-4 inches, wmg 2-45, tail 2 9,

*T«l^Mexiclf between Colima and Tehuantepec on the Pacific
side.

2. Granatellus pelzelni.
Granatellus venustus (nee Bp), Sol P Z. S 1859, p 375.
Granatellus pelzelni, Scl. P. Z. S. 1864 p. 007, pi. -37. %-l'f^'{^[
Review Jnc: P. p. 23 (1865); Pelz. O,''"; |:';«^- P Jf /|JP '
Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 11 (18/3) ; Salv. dr Godrn.
Biol. Centr.-Amer., A ves, i- P- 160 (1881).
Icteria pelzelni, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 3b4, no. 5823 (18b9).
Adult male. General colour above slaty blue ; wing-coverts like
the back, the median and greater series b ack mteroaUy ; ba tard-
wing and primary-coverts blackish; quiUs also blackish shghtly
edged with slaty blue, the secondaries much more broadly ; upper
taiteoverts like the back; tail-feathers black ; fo-head and vertex
black, the occiput and nape slaty blue hke the back ; loies black
above the eye a broad streak of white; upper margin of eyelid
white; lower edge of eyelid, ear-coverts, and cheeks black, throat
white- fore neck, breast, and centre of abdomen rosy pink, as well
as the under tail-coverts: sides of body washed with « aty grey
separated from the pink breast and abdomen by a broad patch of
creamy white extending down the sides of the ^-ast and sides
of abdomen; thighs slaty grey; axillaries and ^i^ff ^^^^^^f ".^J*
white, mottled with slaty grey near the edge of the ^mg qmUs
dusky below, ashy along the edge of the mner web Total length
4-6 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-95, tail 2, tarsus O'bo

Hah. River Madeira, Amazonia ; interior ot British buiana.
a. 6 ad. sk. Rio Madeira, Sept. 19 Sclater CpUection. (Type

(Natferer). of species.)

h Ad sk South America. Purchased.

c ^ ad sk. Camacusa, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Mayl3(//. irVuVtVy). ^,. ^. r^ n

d. d juv. sk. Camacusa, March 17 (II. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. Granatellus francescse.

Granatellus francescas, Baird, Pemew AmerB p. 232 (1865) : Gray-
son, Pruc. BO..L Soc. N. H. xiv. p. 278 (l^^l) ^ -^"^"^^W^^fi'o^.^lf!
p. 307, pi. 11; Lawr. Mem. Bod. Soc. N. H-n.V-^0 (18/4),
Salv. Hf Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer Aves i. p. 1^^ (1881)-
Icteria francesca., Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 384, no. 5824 (1869).
Adult male. General colour above slaty grey, the long feathers on

i

15. GRANATELLTJS. 371

the side of the ramp -with silky white tips ; lesser wing- coverts like
the back ; mediau and greater scries slaty grey with black bases,
and narrowly fringed with white ; bastard-wing black, narrowly
edged with slaty grey ; primary-coverts and quills black, externally
slaty grey, the primaries edged Avith paler and more ashy grey ;
upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers black, the four outer
ones with a white spot at the tip, gradually increasing in extent
towards the outermost, which has the terminal half white as well as
the greater part of the outer web ; crown of head slaty grey like
the back ; across the forehead a broad band of black, continued in a
broad band of black down the sides of the crown ; lores, feathers
round and below the eye, cheeks, and ear-coverts black ; a broad
streak of white from above the eye to the sides of the neck ;
the latter slaty grey mixed with black ; entire throat white, with
narrow dusky shaft-lines ; fore neck and chest with a broad band
of pale rose-colour, joined to a baud of the same colour which ex-
tends down the centre of the breast and abdomen on to the under
tail-covens ; sides of the body and Hanks white ; thighs also doll
white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, the edge of the
wing ashy grey, and a patch of the same colour on the lower coverts ;
quills blackish below, white along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 5'8 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-65, tail 3, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. General colour above dull ashy grey, washed with
ochreous brown ; wing-coverts like the back, with ashy-whitish
ends to the feathers ; quills dusky broM'u, edged with ashy and
washed with ochreous brown ; tail as in the male, but browner in-
stead of black ; forehead, a broad eyebrow, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and sides of neck ochreous buff, whiter on the lores and
eyelid ; under surface ochreous buff, rather whiter on the throat
and abdomen, and tinged with ochreous on the thighs and under
tail-coverts ; axillaries and iinder wing-coverts white ; quills dusky
below, white along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5*9
inches, culmen (j-O, Aving 2-45, tail 2-S, tarsus 0-85.

Young male. Duller grey than the old male, and having the ear-
coverts dark ochreoTis brown ; the white band along the sides of the
hinder crown tinged with ochreous ; under surface of body almost
entirely white, with a certain amount of pale rose-colour on the
centre of the breast and abdomen ; under tail-coverts entirely rose-
Cjlour.

Hah. Tres Marias Islands.

a. c? ad. sk Tres Marias Islands, Mfiy 9 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{A. Ferrer).

b. d .juv. sk. Tres Marias, April 26 (A. F.). Salvin-Godman C..11

c. 2 ad. sk. Tres Marias, Feb. 24 (A. F). Salvin-Godman Coll.

4. Granatellus sallsei.

Granatellus sallfei, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 292, Aves, pi. 120, 1858,
p. 97, 1859, p. 374 ; Scl. ^- Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 397 ; Scl. P. Z. S.
1864, p. 607 ; Baird, Pevieiv Aiuer. B. p. 232 (li^65) ; Sumic/a;
Mem. Bost. Sue. N. 11. i. p. 546 (18C'JJ ; Scl. cjj- Sulv. Komciwl. Av.

2ii2

372 MNIOTILTID^.

Neotr. p. 11 (1873) ; Sah. S, Godm. Biol. Cenfr.-Amer., Aces, i.

p. 161 (1881) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 441.
Setophaga dallsei, Bp. C. 11. xlii. p. S)57 (1856).
Icteria salltei, Grmj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 384, no. 5822 (1869).

Adidt male (type of species). General colour above dark slaty
blue ; wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater series
black internally ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, the
latter edged with slaty blue ; quills blackish, edged with slaty blue,
the inner secondaries more broatUy ; upper tail-covcrts slaty blue like
the back; tail-feathers black, edged with slaty blue, the outer
ones rather browner ; crown of head slaty blue like the back ;
above the ear-coverts a broad line of white, above which is a well-
detiued streak of black along the sides of the crown ; feathers above
the eye and lores duU ashy ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and throat dull
slaty blue, the chin-feathers tipped with hoary grey ; centre of
breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts beautiful rosy pink ; sides
of upper breast and flanks slaty blue ; a broad patch of creamy-
white feathers along the sides of the lower breast and abdomen ;
thighs slaty blue ; under tail-coverts rosy pink, the longer ones
broadly edged with blackish and slightly tipped with white ; axil-
laries and under wing-coverts creamy white, slaty blue near the
edge of the wing ; quills dusky, ashy along the edge of the inner
web: "bill lead-colour; feet dusky" (Salvm). Total length 5-4
inches, .wing 2-35, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*75.

Adult female. Different from the male. Above slaty blue, the
long feathers of the rump slightly mottled with a sub terminal shade
of paler grey ; wing-coverts like the back, but with a slight shade
of brown ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish brown ;
quills blackish brown, edged with pale slaty blue, the secondaries
margined with rusty brown ; upper tail-coverts slaty blue tinged
with brown ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with slaty blue, the two
outer feathers white along the end of the shaft and at the tip, the
external feather with a broad edging of white for the middle half
of the outer web ; crown of head slaty blue like the back ; the fore-
head and feathers over the eye rusty brown, with a pale fawn-
coloured streak above the ear-coverts, replacing the white streak of
the male ; lores whitish, washed with rusty brown, the feathers
below the eye of the same colour; ear-coverts slaty grey washed
with brown ; cheeks and under surface of body pale fawn-colour,
whiter on the abdomen, and deeper in colour on the breast and
under tail-coverts ; axiUaries and under wing-coverts white, with a
slight tinge of fawn-colour ; quills dusky below, ashy white along
the edge of the inner web. Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0-45,
wing 2-15, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-7.

Hub. Central America, from Mexico to Yucatan and Guatemala.

a. (S ad. st. Cordova, Mexico. M. A. Salle [C.J.

b. c? ad. sk. Cordova. M. A. Sallt5 [C.].

c. (j" ad. sk. Cordova {A. Salle). Sclater Collection. (Type

of species.)

16. ICTERTA. 373

(I. S fid- sk. Northern Yucatan (&'. F. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gaume7').

e. c? ad. sk. Guatemala (McLeannan). Salvin-Godman CoU.

f. cS ad. sk. Cajabon, Guatemala, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(O. S.).

g. 5 ad. sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Hague).
h. 2 ad. sk. Vera Paz (O. (Sn/w«). Sclater Collection.

16. ICTERIA. ^

Type.
Icteria, Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. i. pp. iii, 85 (1807) I. viridis.

Bill of Icteria viridis.
Range. Nortliern and Central America.

1. Icteria viridis.

Yellow-breasted Chat, Cateshy, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. p. 60, pi. •'JO

(1731) ; Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 90, pi. 6. fi^. 1 (1808).
Merle verd de la Caroline, Bi-iss. Orn. ii. p. 315 (1760) ; Month. Hist.

Nat. Ois. iii. p. 396 (1775).
Turdus virens, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. i. p. 171 (1758, nee Musci-

capa virens, Linyi. S. N. 12th ed. p. 327).
Chattering Flycatcher, Laih. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 350 (1783) ;

P(S««. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 385 (1785).
Ampelis luteus, Simrr7n. Mus. Carls, i. fasc. 3, pi. 70 (1788).
Muscicapa viridis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 936 (1788).
Gan'ulus australis, Bartr. Trav. Flor. p. 290 (1791),
Motacilla trochilus, Bartr. t. c. p. 302.
Icteria duniicola, Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sej)t. i. p. 85, pi. 55 (1807) ; id.

^- Oud. Gal. Ois. i. pi. 85 (1834).
Icteria viridis, Bp. Journ. Phil. Acad. iv. p. 252 (1825) ; Atulub. B.

Amer. pi. 137 ; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 223 (1834), v. p. 433 (1839) ;

Jard. et Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 92 (1832) ; Bj). P. Z. S. 1837,

^.\\\; id. Comp. List B. Eur. i^- N. Amer. p. 25 (1838) ; Auduh.

Syn. p. 163 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. iv. p. 160, pi. 244 (1842); Nutt.

Man. Orn. p. 339 (1840); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 229 (1846); Bp.

Comp. i. p. 331 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 03 (1850) ; Baird,

B. N. Amer. p. 248 (1860) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 403 ; Scl. Cat.

Amer. B. p. 41 (1862) ; Scl. P. Z. S.' 1864, p. 173; Lawr. Ann.

Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 285 (1866) ; Dnqvs, La Natur. i. p. 140 (1868) ;

Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 836; Salv. Sf Godm. Biol. Centr.-

Amer., Aves, i. p. 157 (1881) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 441.
Icteria velasquezi, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 117 : Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 229

(1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 331 (1850) ; Scl'. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1856,

p. 298, 1859, pp. 363, 375 ; iid. Ibis, 1859, p. 12 ; Salv. Ibis, 1866,

p. 202.
Icteria auricoUis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 331 (1850, e.v Licht. Mxis. BeroL).
Tanaora auricollis, Licht. Preis-Verz. mex. Vog. p. 2 {cf. Cab. J.f. O.

1863, p. 57).

374 MNIOTILTII)^.

Icteria virens, Baird, Eev. Amer. B. p. 228 (ISfiS) ; Lmrr. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. ix. p. 9.-) (1868) ; id. t. c. p. 200 (1869) ; Frant::. J. f. O.
1869, p. 2!l4 ; Grmj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 384, no. 6819 (1869) ; Allen,
Bull. Harv. Coll.'Wi. p. 175 (1872); Cuues, Key N. Amer. B.
p. 108 (1872) : Lain: Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.no. 4, p. 17 (1876) ; Su-
michr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. 11. ii. p. 547 ( 1869) ; Scl. if Salv. Nomeiid.
Av. Neotr. p. 11 (1873) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 77 (1874) ; Baird,
Brewer, ^ Ridyio. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 307, pi. 15. fia:. 12
(1874); Coues, B. Color. r«//. p. 320 (1878) ; id. Bull. U.S.''Geol.
Surr. It. p. 569 (1878) ; Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. i. p. 124
(1871) ; EidyiD. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 18 (1881) ; Coues,
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 312 (1884).

Adult. General colour above dark olive-green, rather more ashy
on the nimp and upper tail-coverts ; lesser -wing-coverts like the
back : median and greater coverts dusky ashy brown, externally
washed ■with olive -greenish ; bastard-wing dusky brown ; primary-
coverts and quills dusky, edged with dark olive, more ashy on the
primaries, the first primary whitish along the outer margin ; tail-
feathers light ashy brown, edged with olive, the outer ones fringed
with white along the tip of the inner web ; head greyer than the
back, ashj"^ washed with olive-green ; lores black, extending below
the eye, and surmounted by a broad streak of white from the base
of the bill to above the eye ; eyelid white ; ear-coverts slaty grey,
washed with olive ; cheeks, throat, and entire breast bright yellow ;
entire abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white ; sides of
breast washed with olive-green ; flanks pale brown ; asillaries and
under wing-coverts pale lemon-yellovs^ ; quills dusky below, ashy
white along the inner web : " bill black, the base of the lower man-
dible blue ; feet greyish blue ; iris hazel " (Audubon). Total length
7*5 inches, culmen 0"65, wing 3'15, tail 3*2, tarsus 1-05.

Winter ijlumaiie. Seems to differ from the summer dress only in
having the head and ear-coverts as distinctly olive as the back,
without any ashy grey ; the flanks and under tail-coverts more
distinctly washed with pale brown, as well as the thighs.

" There is very little difference with sex, age, or season in this bird,
excepting in the purity and intensity of the tints. The yellow of
the breast is sometimes heightened to orange, or may show golden
as usual, with stains of intense orange here and there. Immature
specimens have the under mandible light plumbeous or plumbeous
white. In very young birds the yellow may appear as slashing in
ihe white, and the peculiar markings of the sides of the head are
defective." {Coues.)

Hah. Eastern United States, north to Massachusetts, abundant,
migratory ; breeds throughout its range (Coues). ^Viuters in Mexico
and Guatemala.

a. Ad. St. North America.

b. Ad. sk. North America. Purchased.

c. <S ad. sk. Knox Co.. Indiana, May 25 U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

(R. Ridqicay).

d. 9 ad. sk. Eock Creek, District of Co- U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

lumbia, April 27 {D. W.
Pretitiss).

16. ICTERIA. 375

e. Ad.sk. Washington, D. C. (C Drex- Salyin-Godman Coll.

ler).

f. S ad. sk. District Columbia, May 14 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Z). W. Prentiss).

g. (S ad. sk. Ilaw's Branch, D. C, May 7 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{E. Cones).

h. (S ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico, Feb. (A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Forrer).

i. 5 ad. sk. Presidio, March 7 {A. F.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. Ad. sk. Orizaba (Botteri). Sclater Collection.

I. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Purchased,

m. Imm. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection.

n. Ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz {Salviii). Sclater Collection.

Subsp. a. Icteria longicauda.

Icteria viridis {nee L.), Towns. Journ. PhUad. Acad. viii. p. 153

(1839).
Icteria velasquezii, Baird in Stansb. Hep. Great Slave Lake, p. 328

(1852).
Icteria lonjricauda, Laicr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. p. 4 (1853) ; Neiob.

Pacific Rail. Rep. vi. p. 81 (1857) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 249

(18aS) ; id. op. cit. 1860, pi. 34. fig. 2 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 42

(1862) ; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 230 (1865) ; Cortes, Lbi^, 1865,

p. 163; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 384, no. 5820 (1869); Cooper, B.

Calif, p. 98 (1870) ; Merrill, Proc. U.S. Geol. Sui-v. 1872-73,

pp. "674, 713 (1876).
Icteria virens, var. longicauda, Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 108

(1872) ; Baird, Brewer, ^- Ridgxcay, Hikt. N. Amer. B. i. p. 309

(1874); Laicr. Mein. Bosf. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 271 (1874) ; Eensh.

Rep. Zool. Expl. W. IQOth Merid. p. 206 (1876).
Icteria longicaudata, Finsch, Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, ii. p. 331

(1870).
Icteria sirens, /3. longicaiida. Coues, B. N.-West, p. 77 (1874).
Icteria vii-ens longicauda, Cmies, B. Color. Vail. p. 320 (1878) ;

Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mvs. no. 21, p. 18 (1881) ; Coues, Key N.

Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 312 (1884).

Differs from /. viridis in its grej'ish upper surface and longer
tail. In winter plumage also it appears to be olive-brown, and not
so green as /. viridis. At the same time I have seen some spe-
cimeus which are so difficult to determine, that I have not been
able to satisfy myself that the two races are fully distinct. I have
therefore contented myself with separating the synonj^my, as given
by the American writers, and prefer to wait for further evidence on
the question. Tail about 3" 5 inches.

Hah. Middle and Western provinces of the United States, Lower
California (Coues). Winters in Mexico and Guatemala.

a. cJ ad. sk. Fort Pkice, .Tune 24 Salvin-Godman Coll.

[Smiths. List.).

b. Ad. sk. Nebraska (Smiflis. List.). Sclater Collection.

c. cf ad. sk. Tuczon. Arizona, May 10 U.S. Jsat. Museum [P.].

{E. jr. Kelson).

d. Ad. sk. Cfilifornia. Purchased,

376 MNIOTIXTID-S:.

Sclater Collection.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godinan Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Collection.

17. BASILEUTERUS.

Type-

Basilenterus, Cab. in Schotnh. Heis. Gtiiaii. ii. p. 666

(1848) B. vei-mivorus.

Myiothlypis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 17 (1850) B. nigricristatus.

Idiotes, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 247 (1865) .... B. rufifrons.

e.
f.

Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.

Mexico (Be Saussure).
Citv of Mexico.

(1-

Ad. sk.

San Pedro, British Hon-

h.

(5 ad. sk.

duras (G. M. mdtely).
Eetalhuleu, Guatemala,

i.

Ad. sk.

Sept. (0. S. 4- F. D. G.).
Coban, Vera Paz, Nov.

k
I.

Ad. sk.
(S ad. sk.

(0. S.).
Choctum, Vera Paz (0. S.).
■ Volcan de Fuego, Guate-
mala, Oct. 10 (0. .S.).

V

. Imm. sk.

Guatemala.

Bill of Basileutcnis vermivorus.

Eonge. Central America, and the whole of South America except-
ing Chili and Patagonia.

Key to the Species.
a. Head of the same colour as the back.

a'. I>ower mandible black ; upper edge of
ear-coverts duskv blackish, darker than

the head .' Inteoviridis, p. 379.

b'. Lower mandible dark horn-brown ; upper

edge of ear-coverts olive like the head . . Jlaveolm, p. 380.
h. Head particoloured and contrasting with the
back.
c'. Tail uniform throughout, without any-
fawn-coloured or white basal half.
a". Centre of crown black; a broad yellow
eyebrow.
a'". "With a long glossy black crest, end-
ing in a point on the nape ; no black

streak on the ear-coverts nigricristatus, p. 380.

b'". Black ending on the centre of the
crown ; occiput and nape dark olive,
a little deeper in shade than the
back : a black streak along the upper

edge of the ear-coverts euoj^hri/s, p. 382.

b". Centre of crown with a more or less
distinct mesial band (yellow, rufous,
or ashy), bordered on each side by a
broad band of black or dusky, joining
on the forehead ; eyebrow not white.

17. BASII,ECTEEtJS. 377

'". Coronal streak jiure yellow, without
au}' admixture of rufous or orange.
a*. Throat grey ; remainder of under

surface of body yellow cinereicoUis, p. 382.

b^. Throat yellowish white or yellow,

like the rest of the under siu'face

of body.

a*. A streak above the lores and the

eyelid yellow ; ear-coverts dark

olive cuNcivonis, p. 383.

6'. A streak above the lores and the
eyelid white,
a". Ear-co^erts pale ashy grey . . cabanisi, p. 384.

¥. Ear-coverts black tristriatiis, p. 385.

'". Coronal patch very pale ochreous,

pale orangi'-rufous *, or ashy,
c*. Ear-coverts black, forming a con-
spicuous auricular patch.
c*. Supraloral streak white or buffy
white; crown pale ochreous,
shaded with ashy ; upper surface

dark olive-yeUowisli mmadaris, p. 386.

d^. Supraloral streak ashy fulvous ;
crown pale orange-rufous; colour

above duU olive-green melanotis, p. 386.

f/*. Ear-coverts not entirely black, but
with a streak of black along the
upper margin ; crown of head ashy
grey, with yellow bases to the
feathers of the forehead.
e*. Sides of neck and hind neck ashy
grey, as also the ear-coverts;
eyebrow pale ashy; throat
white; fore neck and breast
bright yellow, much richer on
the abdomen and under tail-
coverts trifasciatus, p. 388.

y. Sides of neck and hind neck dark
olive, like the back ; ear-coverts
and eyebrow pale ashy with a
yellowish tinge ; entire under
surface pale ochreous buff or
light yellow, deepening some-
what on the abdomen meridanus, p. 387.

'. Coronal patch dark or light chestnut
or orange-rufous, with concealed yel-
low bases to the feathers,
e^. Throat whitish, like the rest of the

under surface hypoleiicus, p. 388.

* B. melanotis is the species wliieh has the crown orange-rufous, whereby it
ought, strictly speaking, to be placed in section c'" ; but it is cleurlv onlv a race
of B. auricularis. All the birds included under section d'" might well be
ranked as subspecies, but the differences, though slight, are constant, and I give
them full specific rauk until intermediate links are found to connect them more
closely together.

378 MNIOTILTIDiE.

p. Thmat white ; rest of undor surface

of bndy yellow conspiciUatus, p. 389.

gK Throat grey.

<j'^. Chest and flanks grey ; abdomen

whitish castaneiceps, p. 389.

/t*. Chest and under surface of body
olive-yellow, a little brighter

on the abdomen coronafus, p. 390.

/(■'. Tliroat yellow, like the rest of the
under surface.
i^. Ear-coverts olive or ashy grey-
ed. Supraloral streak olive-yel-
low; nape olive-yellow.
a'. Smaller : wing 2'25 inches ;
bill black; upper surface
olive-green, with the ear-
coverts dingy olive-green . bivittatus, p. 391.
6''. Larger : wing 2-7 inches ;
bill brown, the lower man-
dible pale ; upper surface
olive-yellow, the ear-coverts

also olive-yellow rwavmce, p. 392.

d^. Supraloral streak ashy white ;
nape ashy.

c'. Entire back olive aurivapiUus, 393.

d^. Hind neck and upper mantle

and scapulars slaty grey;

remainder of back olive . . fraseri, p. 394.

7c-'. Ear-coverts chestnut like the

crown ; a broad golden-yellow

eyebrow belli, p. 395.

/'". Crown of head chestnut; a broad
white eyebrow.
i''. Ear-coverts chestnut.

l^. Entire under surface of body
yellow.
e^. Hind neck olive-greenish like

the back delaUrii, p. 396.

f^. Hind neck with an ashy-grey

collar 7nesochrysus, p. 39G.

m'. Throat and breast yellow ; ab-
domen ashy white ; flanks

ochreous brown rufifrons, p. 397.

Ti^. Ear-coverts black melanogetiys, p. 398.

g'". Crown dark slaty grey, contrasting
with the olive-green back, with oc-
casionally an indication of blackish
bands along the sides of the crown.
P. Throat yellow lilte the breast .... griseiceps, p. 399.
?m'. Throat white ; sides of body olive-
green ; under tail-coverts yellow , , 777 ^rm
'^ 1 leucoblepharus, p. 40U.
or ochraceous • < , ,^, \y,^

»*■*. Throat white ; breast and sides of ' J J >V-

body brown ; under tail-coverts
white, washed with brown.
n^. Eyebrow and sides of face dull

white stragulahis, p. 401.

17. BASILEUTERTTS. 379

o'. Eyebrow and sides of face riifous.
g^. Wiug-coverts edged with ru-
fous mesoleiicus, p. 402.

h^. No rufous edgings to the wing-
coverts holivianus, p. 402

d' . Basal portion of tail buff or creamy white,
as well as the rump and upper tail-
coTerts.
c". Terminal band on tail dark brown or
black.
h'". Rump and base of tail white; ter-
minal baud on tail broad (1 inch) ;

ej'ebrow white leucopygius, p. 402.

i'". Rump and base of tail pale fawn-
colour ; terminal band on tail nar-
rower (0-9 inch) ; eyebrow dull

whitish veraguensis, p. 40.3.

k'". Rump and base of tail deep fawn-
colour or pale ferruginous ; terminal
band on tail narrow (0"7 inch) ; eye-
brow rufous semicervinm, p. 404.

d". Terminal band on tail oliye like the

back (0"8 inch) ; eyebrow rufous .... uropygialis, p. 405.

1. Basil euterus luteoviridis.

Trichas luteoviridis, "i?;>. Atti Set. Ital." 1844, p. 40.5 (teste Scl.).
Mviothlvpis luteoviridis, Bj). Cotisp. i. p. 311 (1850) ; Tacz. P. Z. S.

■J874,p. .50U.
Chlorospingus xanthophrys, Scl. P.Z.S. 1856, pp. 30, 93; id. Cat.

Amer. B. p. 90 (1862).
Basileuterus luteoviridis, Sd. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10

(1873); Tacz. Oni. Perou, p. 477 (1874).
Basileuterus luteoviridis 5 (^''>'-)) Gray et and.

Adult (type of Chlorospingus xanthophrys, Sclater). General
colour above olive-green, the lesser wing-coverts like the back ;
median and greater series dusky brown, externally rather yellower
than the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky
brown, externally edged with olive-green, the first primary mar-
gined with ashy olive ; tail-feathers olive-brown, externally lighter
olive-greenish ; crown of head like the back, with an ill-defined
line of dusky blackish from the base of the biU along the sides of
the crown, succeeded by a superciliary streak of bright yellow, ex-
tending to above the eye, the hinder part of this streak light yel-
lowish olive above the ear-coverts ; lores, eyelid, and a streak along
the top of the ear-coverts dusky blackish ; lower edge of eyelid
yellow ; feathers below the eye yellow, with dusky bases : ear-
coverts olive, streaked with yellowish-white shaft-lines ; cheeks and
under surface of body rich yellow, deeper on the fore neck ; sides
of breast and flanks dark olive ; thighs ashy ; under tail-coverts
yellow, with dusky olive bases ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
dull olive-yellow, with dusky ashy-brown bases ; quills dusky
below, ashy along the edge of the inner web : " bill black ; feet

380 MxioTiLTTn.T;.

brownish; iris dark brown" (Jelsl-i). Total length 4-8 inches,
culmen O'o, wing 2-4o, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-8.
Hab. Prom Colombia to Peru.

a, b. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection. (Type of C7ilo-

rospingus .ranthophrys, Scl.)

d, e. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Collection.
/. Ad. St. S. America. J. Gould, Esq.

2. Basileuterus flaveolus.

BasUeuterus flaveolus, Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 2-52 (18G5) ; Scl. Sf

Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873).
Myiothlypis flaveolus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 72 (1871).

AduJt male. General colour above yellowish green, a little lighter
on the rump and upper tail-coverts, the long feathers of the former
with a concealed subtenniual white bar ; wing-coverts like the
back, the greater series rather more yellow at the ends ; primarj'-
coverts and quills dusky brown, estemally like the back, the
bastard-wing feathers rather more ashy olive on their outer webs,
the first primary margined with olive-brown ; tail-feathers dusky
olive, with cross bars under certain lights, the feathers externally
olive like the back ; head like the back, with an ill-defined streak
of dusky blackish from the base of the bill to the sides of the nape,
followed by an eyebrow of rather bright yellow extending above the
ear-coverts ; lores and upper and under edge of eyelid yellow ; ante-
rior edge of eyelid and a spot behind the eye dusky blackish ; feathers
below the eye and anterior portion of ear-coverts yellow, the hinder
part of the latter yellowish green like the sides of the neck ;
cheeks and entire under surface of body bright yellow, the sides of
the breast and flanks yellowish green ; thighs olive-yellow ; under
tail-coverts bright yellow ; asillaries and under wing-coverts yel-
low, with ashy bases to the feathers, the edge of the wing bright
yellow ; quills dusky below, ash)- along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-65, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-9.
Bab. Brazil.

a. Ad. sk. South America. Sclater Collection.

b. Ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Bahia. Sclater Collection.

d. e. Ad. sk. Bahia ( Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
f. (5ad.sk. Goiaz, Brazil (A'a^^^rw). Sclater Collection.

3. Basileuterus nigricristatus.

Trichas nigricristatus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 230; Gray, Gen. B.

i. p. 197 (1846).
Myiothlypis nigrocristatus, Cab. Mns. Hein. Th. i. p. 17 (1850) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 311 (1850) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 143.
Basileuterus nigi-icristatus, Scl. P.Z.S. 1859, p. 440; id. Cat. Amer.

B. p. 3G (18(32) ; Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 251 (18G5) ; Scl. ^- Salv.

17. BASILEUTERCS. 381

Exot. Om. p. 10 (1873); iid. Nomeiicl. Av. Neotr.-p.\0{\S72,); Tacz.

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 223, 1880, p. 191 ; id. Om. Fermt, p. 477 (1884).
Basileuterus nigricapillus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 74.
Setophaga flaveola, Ora>/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 245, no. 3500 (18G9, nee

Baml).
Setophaga nigricristata, Gray, t. c. p, 245, do. 3561 (1869).

Adult. General colour above dull yellowish olive, slightly more
yellow towards the rump aud upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like
the back ; primary-coverts and laastard-wing dark brown, the latter
more olive-brown externally ; quills dark brown, externally edged
with the same colour as the back, a little brighter yellow on the
primaries, the first of which is margined with yellowish white ; tail-
feathers oUve-browu, yellowish olive along the outer webs, and
having a tiny spot of pale yellow at the tips ; crown of head glossy
black, forming a cap, which tapers to a point on the nape ; sides of
crown, ear-coverts, and sides of neck dull yellowish olive like the
back ; a broad streak of bright yellow extending from the base of
the bill just beyond the eye ; a loral spot of dusky black ; upper and
lower edge of the eyelid bright yellow ; cheeks and under surface of
body bright yellow ; the sides of the body and flanks dull olive-
yellowish; thighs olive externally, brighter yellow on the inner side;
under tail-coverts yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yeUow,
brighter along the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below, ashy along
the edge of the inner web : " bill blackish ; feet greyish yellow ;
iris dark brown" (Stohmann); "iris clear brown" (Goerim/).
Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-55, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-8.5.

The sexes are alike in coloration. A female in the Salvin-and-
Godman collection measures as follows : —

Total

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,

in. in. in. in.

$ . Santa Elena, Colombia (Salmon) . . 5-5 2-4 2-35 0-9

Young male (Guapolo ; Fraser). Differs from the adult only in
having the black of the crown less extended, and not reaching be-
yond the sinciput, the hinder part of the crown being blackish brown
mixed with olive.

Messrs. Salvin and Godman have an adult bird from Bogota, in
which the black feathers of the crown are tipped with yellowish
olive. This is probably the winter ijlumafie of the adult male.

Hub. From Venezuela and Colombia to Ecuador and Peru.

a. c? ad. sk. South America. Sclater Collection.

b. (S ad. sk. Merida, Venezuela (A. Salvin-Godniau Coll.

Goerinc/).

c. Ad. sk. Medellin," U.S. Colombia Salvin-Godman Coll.

{T. K. Salmon).

d. 2 ad.sk. Santa Elena, U.S. Colom- Salvin-Godman Coll.

bia, Sept. ( T. K. Salmon).

e,f. Ad. sk. Bogota {C'rowther). Salvin-Godman Col-

ff. Ad. sk. Bogota. J. Purdie, Esq. [P.].

h. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection.

3S2 MNIOTILTID.E.

i. cJ ad. sk. Guapiilo, Ecuador (Z. Purchased.

Frasn-).

k. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Gould Collection.

l,m. (S 2 ad.sk. lutaj, Ecuador (C. -BwcAjZey). Salvin-Goduiau Coll.

n. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador {Bruce). Salviu-Godmau Coll.

4. Basileuterus euophrys.

Basileuterus euophrys, *W. c^ .S«/y. F. Z. S. 187G, p. 352, 1879, p. 594.

Adult (type of species). General colour above olive-brown or dull
yellowish olive ; wing-coverts like the back ; primary-coverts and
bastard-wing darker brown, externally dull olive-brownish ; quills
dark brown, externally edged with yellowish olive, brighter on the
primaries, the first of which is margined with very pale olive-
yellow ; tail-feathers dull olive-brown, clearer yellowish olive on
the edges, the tips of the feathers with a tiny spot of pale yeUow at
the end of the shaft ; forehead black, occupying the centre of the
crown ; the rest of the head dusky olive-brown ; a broad streak of
bright yellow extending from the base of the nostril to behind the
level of the eye, and forming a conspicuous eyebrow ; lores, feathers
round the eye, and a large s^wt behind the latter black ; ear-coverts
olive-yellow, with brighter yellow shaft-lines, the upper edge duller
olive ; cheeks and under surface of body bright pale yellow ; the
sides of the body darker olive, as also the thighs ; under tail-coverts
bright yellow, with darker olive bases ; axiUaries and under wing-
coverts dark olive like the flanks, those near the edge of the wing
brighter yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy olive along the edge of
the inner web. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-75,
tail 2-5, tarsus 0'95. (ilfws. Salvin and Godman.)

A second specimen in the Salvin-and-Godman collection appears
to bo somewhat immature, if it is not the adult female. It is more
distinctly olive-brown above, especially on the head, which has the
base of the forehead dusky black as well as a line above the yeUow
eyebrow, the rest of the head being dull olive-brown.

Hah. Bolivia.
a, b. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges.

c, cZ. [ cJ 2] ad. sk. Bolivia (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Collection.

(Types of species.)

5. Basileuterus cinereicoUis.

Basileuterus cinereicoUis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 166, 186-5, p. 285,
pi. 9. fig. 2 ; Baird, Eevieio Amer. B. p. 244 (1865) ; Sol. ^ Salv.
Nomencl.Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873).

Setophaga cinereicoUis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 245, no. 3550 (1869).

Adult (type of species). General colour above olive-green, slightly
yellower towards the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like
the back, the greater series rather yellower at the ends ; bastard-
wino- dusky brown, externally ashy olive ; primary-coverts and quills
dusky brown, narrowly margined with olive-green ; tail-feathers
dusky brown, externally olive, the two centre ones entirely olive ;

17. BASILEtJTERTTS, 383

crown of head with a patch of yellow, obscured by olive-green tips
to the feathers ; the sides of the crown with a broad black bar
accompanying the yellow coronal patch from the base of the bill,
and extending down the sides of the hind neck, but not so pro-
nounced in this direction ; a superciliary Hne of ashy grey extending
from the lores to the sides of the neck, which are also ashy grey
like the hind neck and nape ; lores ashy whitish ; sides of face,
cheeks, and ear-coverts ashy grey, mottled with white spots on the
fore part of the cheeks and below the eye ; upper margin of ear-
coverts blackish : throat white, washed with ashy, the fore neck and
sides of neck more decided ashy grey; centre of breast, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts bright yellow, the sides of the body and flanks
olive-green ; thighs a little more ashy ; axillaries olive-yellow, with
dusky bases ; under wing-coverts also dull olive-yellow, with dusky
bases ; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 4-7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-5, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-85.
Hab. Colombia.

«r,6 Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection. (Tvpes of species.)

c. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Ciodman Collection.

6. Basileuterus culicivorus.

Sylvia culicivora, Licht. Preis- Verz. mex. Vog. p. 2 (1830) : Cab. J.
f. O. 1853, p. 67.

Muscicapa brasieri, Giraud, SLiieen B. Texas, pi. 6. fio-. 2 (1841).

Basileuterus culicivorus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 17 (1850) ■ Bn
Consp. i. p. 313 (1850) ; Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 245 ; Lawr.'Ann
Lye. N. I . IX. p. 95 (1868) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. Kat Hist i
p. 540 (1869) ; Salt. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 183 ; Scl. 8,- Sah. Nomend
Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ; Baird^ Breiver, 8^ Buh/w. Hist. N. Amer

i- ]) ^rrl^ il^^'^^ ' ^'''"^'' ^- ^"^'"'- ^ «^^- P- 335 (1878) ; Ridgiv.

Bull. U.S. JSat. Mm. no. 21, p. 19 (1881); Salv. ^ Godm. Biol.

Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 171 (1881).
Basileuterus brasieri, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 66, 1856, p. ^99 1859

p. 374 ; Salv. ^- Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 274; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. n 34

(1862) ; Scl. P. Z. S 1865, p. 283. ^'

Setophaga culicivora, Gratj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 244, no. 3544 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above dull ashy grey, washed with
oHve ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater wing-
coverts dusky brown, with narrow margins of ashy grey ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts light brown, very narrowly fringed with
ashy ; quills brown, edged with ashy grey, the first primary mar-
gined with ashy white ; tail-feathers brown, externally edged with
ashy grey, with a narrow fringe of white along the end of the inner
web of the outer feathers ; centre of crown bright sulphur-yellow,
the occiput and nape ashy olive ; a broad band of black extending
from above the lores to the sides of the nape ; base of forehead ashy
mixed with yellow ; over the eye a band of ashy grey washed with
olive ; lores pale yellow ; in front of the eye a blackish spot ; upper
and lower edge of eyelid pale yellow, as well as the feathers below
the eye; ear-coverts ashy grey slightly tinged with oHve; a line

384 MNioTiLTTn.T;.

of dusky blackish along the upper edge of the cheek ; cheeks and
under surface of body bright pale yellow ; sides of body, tianks,
and thighs yellowish olive ; axillaries and under wing-coverts very
pale yellow ; quills dusky brown below, ashy white along the edge
of the inner web. Total length 4-S inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-4:,
tail 2-15, tarsus 0'65.

Mexican specimens are remarkable for their grey backs and
yellow crowns, very few examples showing more than a subterminal
indication of chestnut on the crest-feathers. Specimens from
Yeragua, in the 8alvin-and-Godman collection, are not only much
greener above, but one adult bird has the crown orange- chestnut
with ashy-olive tips to the feathers. Costa-Rican examples, how-
ever, are strictly intermediate, being a little greener than Mexican
ones, and having the crown more chestnut, with olive-yellow tips to
the feathers ; these tips may be only an indication of winter plumage.

Hah. Central America from Mexico to Veragua.

a. c? ad sk. Mexico, April. A. Boucard, Esq. [C.].

b. Ad. sk. Oaxaca, Mexico (Boiward). Sclater Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (Hoffe). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Volcan de Agiia, Guatemala Sclater Collection.

(O. Salvin).

e. Ad. sk. Near Coban, Vera Paz, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(O. S. §• F. D. G.).
f.g. S ad. sk. VolcandeAgua, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Nov. (O. S.).
h. Ad. sk. Volcan deFuego,Nov. (O. S. Salvin-Godman Coll.

S,-F.I). G.).
i. Ad. sk. Choctum, Feb. (0. S. <!)■ F. Salvin-Godman Coll.

D. G.-).
k. (5 ad. sk. Guatil, Costa Rica, April Salvin-Godman Coll.

[J. Carmiul).
I. Ad. sk. Costa Eica (Endres). Salvin-Godman Coll.

?n. Ad. sk. Chiriqui, Veragua (Arce). Sclater Collection.

M. Ad. sk. Veragua. M. E. Arce [C.].

0, p, q. 2 ad. sk. Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua Salvin-Godman Coll.

{E. Arce).
r, s. (S ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua (E. Salvin-Godman Coll.

A7-ce).

7. Basileuterus cabanisi.

Basileuterus cabanisi, Berlepsch, Oni. Ctntralhl. p. G.3; Salv.^ Godm,
Ibis, 1880, p. 117.

Adult male (Minca, U.S. Colombia, March 30, 1879 ; F. A. A.
Simons). General colour above pale bluish grey with a slight tinge
of olive ; wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts and quills
dusky, edged with pale bluish grey; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dusky brown ; tail-feathers slaty brown, edged with pale
bluish grey ; centre of crown pale yellow, obscured by ashy tips to
the feathers, and bordered by a broad line of black on each side of
the crown, the feathers of this black band also tipped with slaty
grey ; a streak from the base of the nostrils to above the eye, and

17. BASILEUTERIJS. 385

the upper and under margin of the eyelid white ; lores dusky
blackish, as well as the anterior and posterior margins of the eyelid
and the upper edge of the ear-coverts ; the latter bluish grey, more
silvery gre}' on the lower parts ; cheeks and under surface of body
bright pale yellow, a little more olive on the sides of the body and
thighs ; under tail-coverts white, slightly washed with yellow ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the edge of the wing
j-ellower ; quiUs dusky below, ashy white along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-25, tail
2*0.5, tarsus 0-75.
Huh. Colombia.

a. (S ad. sk. Minca, SieiTa Nevada of Salvin-Godman Collection.
Santa Marta, March {F.

Simons).

8. Basileuterus tristriatus.

Myiodioctes tristriatus, Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. p. 193, Taf. 14. fig. 1

\1855).
Basileuterus tristriatus, Bii. Consp. i. p. -314 (18-50) ; Tacz. Orti,

Perou, p. 47 :i (1884J.

Adult male. General colour above dull olive-green, a litile clearer
on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like the
back ; median and greater coverts dusky, edged with the same colour
as the back and slightly tipped with yellowish white ; bastard-wing
and pi'imary-covcrts dusky brown, with obsolete fringes of dull olive-
yellow ; quills dusky, externally edged with the same colour as the
back, a little brighter olive-yellow on the primaries, the first one of
which is whity brown along the outer web ; tail-feathers dusky,
edged with olive ; centre of crown pale ochre shaded with ashy
olive, and with brighter yellow bases, this central streak bordered
by a broad band of black, reaching from the base of the bill, where
it narrows, to the sides of the hind neck, and enclosing the occiput,
nape, and hind neck, which are ashy olive ; a narrow eyebrow of
ashy olive skirting the black band from the base of the bill to the
hind neck and becoming dull whitish above the lores ; feathers
below the eye and eyelid dull whitish ; lores and ear-coverts
dusky blackish ; cheeks and throat pale yellow ; the chin white,
washed with yellow, which gradually deepens on the lower throat
and centre of the body, becoming brighter yellow on the abdomen
and again a little paler on the under tail-coverts ; sides of body
olive-greenish ; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale yellow, with
ashy bases ; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 4-9 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-45, tail
2'1, tarsus 0"7o.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but the coronal streak brighter
yellow, the lateral stripes on the crown and the ear-covcrts deeper
black ; a few dusky spots on the sides of the throat, almost obsolete
in the male. Total length 4-9 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-4.5, tail 2,
tarsus 0-8.

VOL. X. 2c

3S6 ILNIOTILTIB^.

The differeuces of plumage mentioned above exist in a pair of
specimens in the Museum ; but the sexes are practically similar in
all respects, and I believe that the variation is due to the female
being in more complete summer plumage than the male.

Hah. Peru and Eucador.

a. <S ad. sk. Mapoto, Ecuador, Jan. 22 Warsaw Museum [P.].

(Stolzmaun).

b. 2 ad. sk. Macbay, Ecuador, Nov. 18 Warsaw Museum [P.].

{Stolzmanyi).

c. Ad. sk. Macha}-, Ecuador, Dec. 6 Sclater Collection.

{^Stolzmanii) .

9. Basileuterus auricularis.

Basileuterus bivittatius (yiec UOrb.), Scl. P.Z. S. 1859, p. 1-37, 1860,
p. 85 ; id. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 285 ; Scl. ^- fSalv. Xvmend. Av. Keotr.
p. 10 (1873, pt.) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 594.

Adult male. General colour above dull olive ; the wing-coverts
like the back ; median and greater coverts dusky brown, edged with
olive, a little yellower than the back ; bastard-wing feathers dusky,
externally ashy olive ; primary -coverts and quills dusky, edged with
olive, paler and more yeUow on the primaries ; tail-feathers dusky
brown, externally olive, the outer feathers with a pale ashy fringe
near the end of the inner web ; centre of crown with a pale ochreous
patch, the feathers concealed by ashy tips ; on each side of the
crown a broad band of black, succeeded by a narrower superciliary
streak of pale ochreous brown tinged with olive ; lores ashy ; a
spot in front of and behind the eye black, as well as the anterior
and posterior edges of the eyelid ; upper and under edges of eyelid
pale ochreous, as well as a small spot below the eye ; cheeks pale
ochreous ; ear-coverts black, extending downwards below the eye ;
throat pale ochreous ; centre of breast and abdomen pale olive-
yeUow, the sides of breast and flanks duU olive ; thighs dark ashy
washed with olive ; under tail-coverts pale olive-yellow ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries pale olive, a little lighter than the sides
of the body ; quiUs dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 5 inches, ciilmen 0-5, wing 2-5, tail 2-15,
tarsus 0"8.

Hab. Colombia and Ecuador, and extending into Bolivia.

a. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection.

b. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. d. S ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Collection.

e. Ad. sk. Pallatanga, Sept. (Fraser). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/, (/. Ad. sk. Simacu, IBolivia (C. Buckley). Sah"in-Godman CoU.

10. Basileuterus melanotis.

Basileuterus melanotis, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vs.. p. 95 (1868) ;
Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 313 j Von Franfz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 183.

I

17. BASILEUTEKUS. 387

Basileuterus bivittatus (>iec D'Orb.), Sn/vin, Ibis, 1870, p. 108 j id.
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 183; Salv. ^ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i.
p. 170 (1881).

Adult (Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua ; Arce). General colour
above dark olive-green, rather browner on the rump and upper tail-
coverts ; lesser wing- coverts like the back ; median and greater
coverts dusky, edged with dull olive, rather lighter at the ends of
the greater series ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky, fringed
with olive ; quills dusky blackish, edged with brownish olive, the
primaries margined with dull olive-greenish ; tail-feathers dusky
brown, margined with olive-brown ; centre of crown pale orange-
rufous, washed with ashy olive, and bordered on each side with a
broad band of black from the base of the bUl to the sides of the
neck, enclosing the occiput, nape, and hind neck, which are ashy
olive; a tolerablj' distinct eyebrow ashy olive or pale brownish,
rather whiter above the lores ; the latter as well as the ear-coverts
black, extending below the eye ; eyelid and feathers below the eye
dull whitish ; cheeks, throat, and breast pale yeUow, or whitish
washed with yellow, the abdomen brighter yellow, and the under
tail-coveits again paler yellow ; a shade of olive-green over the chest ;
sides of body and thighs olive-greenish ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts pale olive-yellow, with dull ashy bases ; quills dusky below,
ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length -i'-i:
inches, cidmen 0-45, wing 2-'Sd, tail 2, tarsus 0-8.

Hub. Central America : Costa Rica to Veragua.

a. Ad. sk. Costa Rica (Van Patten). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua Salvui-Godmau Coll.

{E. Arce).

11. Basileuterus meridanus.

Basileuterus bivittatus {nee JJ'Orb.), Scl. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 780.

Adult male (Merida, Jrdy 1S69 ; Goering). General colour above
olive-green, a little duUer on the mantle and back ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts, bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged externally with
olive-green, rather brighter on the edge of the greater coverts and
primaries ; tail-feathers dusky brown, washed externally with olive-
green : crown of head pale ochre-yellow, entii-ely overshaded with
ashy olive ; a broad black band on each side of the crown from the
base of the bill to the hind neck, enclosing the occiput, nape, and
hind neck, all of which are ashy olive ; a broad eyebrow of ashy,
with a slight ochreous tinge above the ear-coverts, and whiter above
the lores ; sides of face and ear-coverts ashy with a slight ochreous
tinge, and a black line running along the upper edge of the ear-
covcrts ; cheeks and under surface of body pale yellow, rather whiter
on the throat, the chest somewhat shaded with brown : tlanks and
sides of body olive-brownish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale
yeUow, with duskv oHve bases ; quills dusky below, asbv white along

2c2

388 MNIOTILTIDiE.

the edge of the inner web : " iris brown " (Goering). Total length
4*8 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-4, tail 2, tarsus 0-b,
Mab. Sierra Nevada of Merida.

a. cJ ad. sk. Merida, Venezuela, July Salvin-Godnian Coll.

(A. Goering).

12. Basileuterus trifasciatus.

Basileuterus trifasciatus, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 191 (ex Stolzmann,
MSS.) ; id. Orn. Perou, p. 473 (1884).

Adult. General colour above ashy olive on the mantle and back ;
the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive-yellow ; lesser
and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts dusky,
washed externally with olive-yellow ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dusky, narrowly edged with olive ; quills dusky, edged with
yellowish oUve, brighter on the margins of the primaries, more ashy
towards the ends of the latter ; tail-feathers dusky, margined with
olive-yellow ; centre of the crown ashy from the base of the biR to
the nape, the fore part of the central stripe with concealed bases of
ochre-yellow ; on each side of the crown a broad black band ex-
tending down the sides of the nape ; lores and a superciliary streak
ashy grey, like the sides of the neck ; feathers below the eye dull
ashy grey ; eyelids whitish ; ear-coverts ashy grej', with a black
band along the upper edge behind the eye ; cheeks and throat ashy
whitish, with a narrow dusky malar line, separating the two ; lower
throat and remainder of under surface of body yellow, becoming
brighter and richer on the breast and abdomen and under tail-
coverts ; thighs ashy white ; flanks slightly washed with olive,
darker and more ashy olive on the sides of the upper breast ; axil-
laries and under wing-coverts pale yellow, with whitish bases ;
quills dusky below, whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 4-4 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-15, tail 1'9, tarsus 0-7.

Huh. Ecuador and Peru.

I am indebted to Dr. Taczanowski for the loan of the type of his
B. trifasciatus, which is identical with the Jima bird described
by me.

a. Ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

13. Basileuterus hypoleucus.

Basileuterus hypoleucus, Cah. Mus. Berol., undh Bp. Consp. i.

p. 313 (1850); Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 113 (1856); Pek. Orn.

Bras. p. 72 (1871 ); Scl. Sr Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873).
Setophaga hypoleuca, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 245, no. 3549 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above yellowish olive, somewhat ashy
on the back ; wing-coverts dull yellowish olive ; bastard-wing, pri-
mary-coverts, and quills light brown, edged narrowly with yellowish
olive like the back, as also the greater coverts ; tail-feathers light
brown, with yellowish-olive edges ; centre of crown pale orange-

17. BASHEUIERUS. 389

rufous, obscured with ash}--grey tips to the feathers ; base of fore-
head a.shy brown ; sides of crowu brownish black, forming a broad
baud alongside of the rufous crown, and succeeded by a second broad
band of ashy, inclining to ashy whitish above the ear-coverts ; eye-
lid ashy ; lores and ear-coverts pale ashy brown ; cheeks and under
surface of body dull white, washed with pale brown on the fore neck
and breast, and slightly tinged with yellow on the latter ; sides of
body and flanks pale brown washed with olive ; thighs yellowish
olive ; under tail-coverts pale yellow ; axillarics and under wing-
coverts pale olive-yellow ; quills dusky brown below, ashy white
along the edge of the inuer web. Total length 5 inches, culmen
0'5, wing 2-35, tail 2-25, tarsus 0"75.
Hub. Brazil.

a. c? ad. sk. Lagoa Santa, June 13 {Lund). Sclater Collection.

b. Ad. sk. Ypauema (Nafterer). Sclater Collection.

14. Basileuterus conspicillatus.

BasUeuterus conspicillatus, Salv. tS/- Godm. His, 18S0, p. 117.

Adult female (type oi ST^ecies : San Jose, U.S. Colombia ; !F. A. A.
Simons). General colour above olive-green, the wing-coverts like the
back; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
dusky, edged with the same colour as the back ; tail-feathers olive-
brown, edged with yellowish olive ; centre of crowu orange, with
yellow bases to the feathers ; the coronal patch extending to the
nape, which is ashy grey like the hind neck ; on each side of the
orange crown a broad band of black ; base of forehead, sides of
crown, ear-coverts, and sides of face ashy grey ; ear-coverts with
minute white shaft-lines ; a streak of white from the base of the
nostrils and above the eye ; lores, as well as anterior and posterior
margins of ej'elid, black ; upper and lower edge of eyelid white ; throat
dull white, shaded with ashy-grey edges to the feathers ; remainder
of under surface of body rich yellow, the sides of the body and
thighs olive ; imder tail-coverts deep yellow : under wing-covcrts
and axillaries olive-yellow, brighter yellow on the edge of the wing ;
quills dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web ;
" iris brown " (Simons). Total length 5'4 inches, culmen 0'5,
wing 2--t, tail 2'25, tarsus 0'2.

A second example, killed on the same day as the above (June 5th),
has the crown obscured with ashy tips to the feathers.

Hub. Colombia.

a, b. 2 ^d. sk. San Jose, Sierra Nevada Salviu-Godman Coll.

of Santa Marta, Jime
{F. Siinuns).

15. Basileuterus castaneiceps.

Basileuterus castaneiceps, Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. H. 1877, p. 521 ; Tacz.
P. Z. S. 1879, p. ■2-23, 1882, p. 3 ; id. Orn. Feron, p. 474 (1884).

Adult. General colour above duU yellowish olive, lighter toward

390 MNIOTILTID^.

the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the back, the
edges of the median and greater series rather lighter olive-yellow ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, edged with yellowish
olive ; quills dusky brown, externally yellowish olive, clearer on the
primaries; tail-feathers olive-brown, with yellowish-olive edges;
crown of head orange-chestnut, forming a distinct cap, which is
edged with a line of black from the base of the bill to the nape,
which is tinged with grey ; this is followed by a broad superciliary
band of clear grey along the sides of the crown ; lores black ; ear-
coverts clear grey, with a blackish band across the upper part;
sides of face grey, mottled with a few white spots ; cheeks and
under surface of body light ashy grey, whitish on the centre of the
breast and abdomen, which are slightly tinged with yellow ; sides
of body olive-brown ; thighs ashy ; under tail-coverts pale ochreous
yellow ; axillaries and under wing-coverts whitish, washed with
pale yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy white along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-75, tail
2-55, tarsus 0-95.

Hal. Peru and Ecuador.

a. Ad. sk. Tambillo, Peru (Stobmann). Sclater Collection.

6. Ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador (C. ^McAfey). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salviu-Godman Coll.

16. Basileuterus coronatus.

Myiodioctes coronatus, Tschudi, Arch. f. Naturg. 1844, p. 283 ; id.
Faun, reman, p. 193 (1844-4G).

Basileuterus coronatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 314 (1850) ; Scl. P. Z. S.
1855, p. 144, 1859, p. 137 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 34 (1802) ; id.
P. Z. S. 1865, p. 285 ; Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 244 (1865) ; Scl. ^■
Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 509, 1882, p. 6 ; id. Orn. Perou, p. 476 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above olive-greenish, rather lighter
and more of an olive-yellow towards the rump and upper tail-coverts ;
lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts,
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, externally
edged with olive-greenish, a little yellower on the outer greater
coverts and primaries ; tail-feathers dusky brown, with darker cross
bars under certain lights, all the feathers externally olive-yellowish ;
forehead and top of crown bright chestnut ; the hinder crown, occi-
put, and nape slaty grey, both skirted by a distinct line of black
from the base of the bill to the sides of the hind neck ;, this is fol-
lowed by a broad eyebrow of slaty grey, expanding oil to the sides
of the neck ; lores somewhat whitish ; in front of the eye a black
spot ; eyelid mottled with whitish ; ear-coverts slaty grey, with ashy
whitish shaft-lines, and separated from the eyebrow by a line of
black running from behind the eye above the ear-coverts ; hinder
cheeks slaty grey, with narrow shaft-lines of ashy white ; fore part
of cheeks and feathers below the eye mottled with ashy-whitish
Epots ; throat ashy white, with grey bases to the feathers ; fore neck

17. BASILETJTEETJS. 391

and centre of breast and abdomen bright yellow, more brilliant on
the latter and a little duller on the vinder tail-coverts ; sides of
breast and flanks washed with olive-green ; thighs ashy olive ; axil-
laries and luider wing-coverts dull olive-yellow, ashy at the bases,
the edge of the wing bright yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy along
the edge of the inner web : " bill black ; feet pale brownish ; iris
dark brown " (Jehl-i). Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 0'55, wing
2-75, tail 2-6, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather more olive-brown
on the upper tail-coverts and tail. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen
0-55, wing 2-75, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-95.

The specimens from Ecuador and Peru have the under tail-coverts
deeper coloured and washed with saffron-yellow.

In one specimen from Eogota the coronal chestnut feathers are
tipped with ashy, probably remains of winter plumage.

JIab. From Colombia to Ecuador and Peru,

a. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

b, c, Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection.

d. Ad. >>k. Med>:'\\m (T. K. Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. 5 ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia Salvin-Godman Coll.

{T.K.S.).

f. (S ad. sk. Antioquia {T. K. S.), Sclater Collection.

g. 2 ad. .sk. Antioquia. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C.].
h. Ad. sk. Ecuador ( C. Buckky). Salvin-Godman Coll.
i,k. Ad.sk. Jima, Ecuador (C. i'McA;fey). Salvin-Godman Coll.

I. c? ad. sk: Pallatanga, Ecuador, Sept. Sclater Collection.

{Fraser).
in. Ad. sk. Auquimarcha, Peru, March Sclater Collection.

20 (Jelslct).

17. Basileuterus bivittatus.

Muscicapa bivittata, D'Orb., Lafr. Sijn. Av. p. .51 (1857).
Muscicapara bivittata, U'Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois. p. 324 (1835-

1S44).
Setopbaga chrysogastra, Tschudi, Arch.f. Nature/. 1844, p. 276 ; Gray,

Gen. £. i. p. 2(w (]S4()); Bp. Consp. i. p. 313 (I860); Tschudi,

Faun. Peruan. p. 192 (1855) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 245, no. 3548

(1869).
Trichas bivittatus. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 197 (1840).
Setophaga bivittata, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 244, no. 3542 (1809).
Basileuterus diachlorus, Cab. J. f. O. 1873, p. 316; Tacz. P. Z. S.

1874, p. 509 ; Scl. 4" Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 694.
Basileuterus bivittatus, Tacz. Orn. Perou, p. 473 (1884).

Adult (Monterico, Peru ; Stolzmann). General colour above dark
olive-yellow, a trifle clearer on the rump and upper tail-coverts ;
lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater wing-coverts,
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills externally washed with
the same colour as the back, the margins to the primaries brighter
olive-yellow ; tail-feathers dusky ash-brown, edged with olive-yellow ;
crown of head pale orange-rufous, obscured by a wash of olive, the
bases of the feathers yellow, especially distinct ou the forehead ; on

392 MNIOTlLTID.li.

each side of the crown a broad hand of black extending from the
base of the bill to the sides of the hind neck, and enclosing the occi-
put, nape, and hind neck, which are olive-yellow, of the same tint
as the supcrciliarj' streak, and somewhat contrasting with the back ;
a narrow but distinct yellow eyebrow, runnijig from the base of the
nostrils to the sides of the neck, and skirting the black band of the
crown ; the fore part of this eyebrow brighter yellow, the hinder
part tinged with olive like the back ; lores and car-coverts dusky
olive, the latter wi1"h faintly defined yellow shaft-lines ; cheeks,
throat, and under surface of body generally bright yellow, washed
■with olive on the fore neck and chest ; the sides of the body and
thighs olive-greenish ; inider tail-coverts bright yellow ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts yellow with ashy bases ; quills dusky below,
whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4-5 inches,
culmen 0'45, wing 2"25, tail 1'8, tarsus 0'8. (Mas. Varsov.)

I have described a specimen lent to me by Dr. Taczanowski from
Peru, as the latter is tlie typical locahty, and the Bolivian specimens
are not in such good condition as the Peruvian one.

Examples from Bolivia in the Salvin-and-Godmau collection also
have the entire bill black. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 2-7, tail 2-4, tarsus 0'85.

Hab. Peru and Bolivia.

a. Ad. sk. Simacu, Bolivia (C. Bucliey). Sclater Collection.

b. Ad.sk. Simacu, Bolivia (C. i?Hc/i-/f-_ii/). Salvin-Godmau Coll,

c. Ad. sk. Consata, Bolivia (C. Buckley). Salviu-Godmau Coll.

18. Basileuterus roraimae.

Adult male. General colour above dark yellowish olive, darker olive
towards the upper tail-coverts ; lesser and median wing-coverts like
the back ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
dull brown, edged with the same colour as the back, the first pri-
mary ashy white along the outer web ; tail-feathers brown, exter-
nally dull olive ; top of head orange-riifous ; the nape clear greenish
olive and bordered by a broad band of black, which extends from the
base of the forehead along the sides of the crown to the hind neck ;
below this black streak a second superciliary line of pale olive-
yellow ; lores and upper and under edge of eyelid also pale yellow ;
in front of the eye a black spot ; feathers below the eye and ear-
coverts dark olive, with olive-yellow shaft-lines ; anterior and poste-
rior edge of eyelid and a narrow streak along the upper edge of the
ear-coverts dusky blackish ; cheeks and under surface of body bright
yellow ; the sides of the body and flanks dark yellowish olive, as
also the thighs ; axillaries and under wing-coverts dark yellowish
olive, brighter yellow near the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below,
ashy whitish aloTig the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-4
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-7, tail 2-45, tarsus 0*8.

Adult female. Scarcely to be distinguished from the male ; the
rufous coronal feathers lighter and tipped with pale olivc-ycUow,
and the olive-yellow superciliary streak not quite so pronounced.

17. BASILETTTERTJS. 393

Total length 5 iuches, culmen 0-55, wing 2*5, tail 2-25, tarsus
0-85.

Hah. British Guiana.

a,b. c? $ ad. sk. Roraima, December (if. Sclater Collection.

Whitehj).

c,d. (S •'id- sk. Roraima,' Dec. {H. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e, f- d 2 ''id. sk. Roraima, Jan. (H. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

ff.' d' ad. sk. Roraima, Aug. 10 (ff. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. cJ ad. sk. Merume Mountains, July 5 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(H. jr.).
19. Basileuterus auricapillus.

Contramaestre coronado, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 414 (1802).
Sylvia vermivora, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 278 (1817, pt.).
Muscicapa vermivora, Lafr. ^ D'Orb. Si/71. Av. p. 51 (18.37).
Setopliaga aurocapilla, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 293 (1837) ; Oray,

Gen. B. i. p. 26,5 (184G).
Muscicapara vermivora, D'Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois. p. 324

(183.5-44).
Helinrea vermivora, Hartl. Ind. Azar. p. 10 (1847).
Basileuterus vermivorus, Cab. in. Schomh. Rets. Guian. iii. p. 667

(1848); id. Mus. Hein. i. p. 17 (1850); Bjy. Consp. i. p. 313

(1850); Bnnn. Thiere Bras. iii. p. 113 (18.56); Scl. P.Z.S. 185.5,

p. 144 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 34 (1862) ; id. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 283;

Baird, Revieio Amer. B. p. 243 (1865); Scl. l^- Sal v. Nomencl. Av.

Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 594.
Setophaga vermivora. Gray, Handr-l. B. i. p. 244, no. 3540 (1869).

Adult. General colour above olive-yellow, a little lighter yellow
on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like the
back ; median and greater coverts dusky, margined with olive-
yellow ; bastard-wing dusky, externally ashy olive ; primary-coverts
and quills dusky, edged with olive-yellow, more ashy on the margins
of the primaries ; tail-feathers ashy brown, with olive-yellowish
margins ; crown of head light orange-chestnut, obscured by ashy-
grey tips to the feathers, the nape and hind neck pale ashy grey; on
each side of the crown a broad stripe of black from the base of the bill
to the hind neck : a distinct streak of ashy whitish above the eye ;
lores, anterior and posterior margins of eyelid, and upper edge of
ear-coverts dusky blackish ; upper and under edge of eyelid white ;
sides of face and ear-coverts ashy grej' ; base of chin and cheeks
ashy whitish, margined above by a line of dusky blackish ; under
surface of body brilliant yellow ; sides of body olive-green ; axil-
laries and nnder wing-coverts white, those near the edge of the wing
yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of the
inner web : " bill brownish ; legs fleshy brown " (Burmeister). Total
length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-2, tail 2-0-5, tarsus O'T.

Ohs. "With the exception that the birds from the northern part of
the South-American continent are rather darker and more olive-
brown, I cannot see any reason for their separation from Brazilian
B. auricapiUi(s. The specimens from Trinidad are again a little
more ashy.

394

MNIOTILTIDJE.

Hah. Brazil, Guiaaa, Venezuela, and Colombia.

a. Ad. sk.

b, c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. St.
/. 2 ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h. $ ad. sk.

i. 2 ad. sk.
k,l. 6 2 -"id- sk.
m. cS ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
2). Ad. sk.
g-, r. Ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.

Brazil.

Brazil.

Brazil.

Brazil.

Peniambuco ( W. A. Forbes).

Mattodentro {Natterer).

Roraima, British Guiana

[H. Whitely).
Roraima, Oct. 2 (//. W.).
Roraima, Nov. {H. W.).
Roraima, Dec. 18 [H. W.).
Trinidad.
Trinidad.
Bogota.
Bogota.
Interior of Colombia.

Lord Stuart de Rothesay

[P.j.
M. Claussen [P.].
Gould Collection.
J. Gould, Esq. lP.].
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Collection.
Zoological Society.
Sclater Collection.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

20. Basileuterus fraseri.

Basileuterus chrysogaster, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 137 (nee Tsckudi),
1860, p. 273 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 35 (1862) ; id. P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 284 ; Scl. Sf Salo. Nonmicl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873).

Basileuterus fraseri, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 653 ; Berlepsch ^- Tacz.
t. c. p. 541 {e.v Scl. 3IS.).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above olive-green ;
the bind neck, scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
slaty grey, slightly washed with olive ; lesser wing-coverts slaty
grey ; median and greater coverts and bastard-wing slaty grey, paler
at the ends ; primary-coverts black, narrowly margined with slaty
grev ; quills dusky blackish, externally slaty grey, paler on the
primaries ; tail-feathers blackish, washed externally with slaty grey ;
in the centre of the head a patch of bright yellow, bordered on each
side by a broad band of black ; over the lores a small streak of
■white, succeeded by a broad band of slaty grey like the ear-coverts
and hind neck ; lores and feathers below and around the eye black ;
cheeks and under surface of body bright yellow, the flanks rather
more olive ; thighs pale yellow externally, ashy internally ; under
tail-coverts yellowish white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
ashy white, washed with pale yellow ; quills dusky below, white
along the inner web. Total length 5 inches, culmeu 0-55, wing2-G,
tail 2-05, tarsus 0-85.

JIab. Ecuador.

a (S ad. sk. Bababoyo, Ecuador, Aug. Sclater Collection.

1859 (Z. Fraser).
h. <S ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador, Sept. Sclater Collection.

1858 (L. Fraser). (Type of species.)

c. Ad. sk. Santa Rita Mountains, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Ecuador ( Villagomcz).
d e. Ad. sk. Balzar Mountains, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll.

{^Illingworth) .

17. BASIXEUTERTIS, 395

21. Basileuterus belli.

Muscicapa belli, Girand, Sivteen B. Texas, t. 4. fig. 1 (1841).
Basileuterus chrysoplu'vs, £p. Consp. i. p. 314 (1850, ex LicJit. MS.);

Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. '202.
Basileuterus belli, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 65, 1859, p. 374 ; Salv. ^ Scl.

Ibis, 1860, p. 31 ; Scl. Cat. Amei: B. p. 35 (1862); Baird, Revieio

Amer. B. p. 250 (1865) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i.

p. 546 (1869) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Numencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ;

Rids/w. Bull. U.S. Nat. 3Ius. no. 21, p. 19 (1881) ; Salv. ^ Godm.

Biol. Ceiitr.-Avier., Aves, i. p. 174 (1881).
Setophaga bellii, Gray, Hund-l. B. i. p. 245, no. 3556 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above dull green, the long feathers of
the rump with a subterminal bar of white ; the lesser wing-coverts
like the back ; median a)id greater coverts dusky brown, externally
yellowish green, paler than the back ; bastard-wing feathers dusky
brown, externally greenish grey ; primarj-- coverts and quills dusky
brown, externally margined with green, rather yellower on the
primaries, the first primary edged with ashy white; tail-feathers
ashy brown, externally green like the back ; crown of head deep
chestnut, bordered on each side by a stripe of black from the base
of the bill to the nape, and succeeded by a broad eyebrow of golden
yellow ; lores, feathers above and below the eye, and ear-coverts
deep chestnut ; in front of the eye a blackish spot ; cheeks and
entire under surface of body bright yellow ; sides of breast and
flanks pale greenish, as also the thighs ; under tail-coverts bright
yellow ; axillaries and under wing-coverts yellow, with ashy bases ;
quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web : '■ bill
dull horn-colour ; feet pale flesh-colour " (Salvin). Total length
4-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-35, tail 2, tarsus 0-8.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but the facial markings not so
pronounced, the chestnut paler, and the black lateral streaks on the
crown less strongly marked. Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-45,
wing 2-35, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. Central America from Mexico to Guatemala.

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
M. A. Salle [C.].
Sclater Collection.
SaMn-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.

Sclater Collection.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

a.

Ad. St.

Mexico.

b.

Ad. sk.

In ear the City of Mexico.

c.

Ad. sk.

Jalapa, Mexico ( C. F. Hoge).

d.

cJ ad. sk.

Llano "Verde, Mexico, Nov.

e.

Ad. sk.

Orizaba (Botteri).

/•

Ad. sk.

Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala,
Nov. (O.S.^-F. I). G.).

9i

Ji. (5 $ ad. sk.

Volcan de Fuego, Sept. (0. S.).

i.

(? ad. sk.

Volcan de Fuego, Sept. (0. S.).

k.

2 ad. sk.

Volcan de Agua, above San
Diego, Guatemala, Nov. 4
(0. S.).

I.

Ad. sk.

Vera Paz, Guatemala (Bou-
card).

m

. Ad. sk.

Dueiias, Guatemala (0. S.).

396 MNTOTILriDJi.

22. Basileuterus delattrii.

Basileuterus delattrii, Bp. C Ji. xxxviii. p. .383 (18.'54) ; aSW. P. Z. S.

1860, p. 250; ScI. c^ Salv. Ihis, 18()0, p. 274; Scl. Cat. Amer. B.

p. 35 (1862) ; Baird, Bmew Amer. B. p. 249 (1865) ; <SV/. P. Z. S.

1865, p. 284 ; Scl. ^- Salv. Numcncl. Av. Ncotr. p. 10 (1873) ; Salv,

8) Godni. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 176 (1881).
Basileuterus rufifrons (nee Sw.), Salv. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 284.
Setophaga delattrii, Gray, Uand-l. B. i. p. 245, no. 3555 (1869).

Adult. General colour above olive-greenish, rather yellower
towards the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wiug-coverts like
the back ; median and greater coverts and qiiills dusky, externally
edged with yellowish olive, the first primary narrowly margined
with ashy whitish ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky, with
very narrow margins of olive-yellow ; tail-feathers dusky brown,
edg"ed with olive-yellow and fringed with whity brown towards the
end of the inner web ; crown of head deep chestnut, with a broad
SMperciliary line of white from the base of the bill to the sides of
the nape ; lores and a line above and below the eye, along the upper
part of the ear-coverts, black ; below the eye a white spot ; ear-
coverts chestnut ; fore part of cheeks and base of chin white ;
remainder of cheeks and under surface of body bright yellow, a little
paler on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; thighs ashy olive ;
sides of body and flanks olive-green ; axillaries ashy, washed with
yellow ; under wing-coverts brighter yellow ; quills dusky below,
ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-2 inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 2-3, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-8.

Ilah. Guatemala.

a Ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection.

b. 2 ad. sk. Coban, Vera Paz. Osbert Salvin, Esq. [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Calderas, Volcan de Fuego, Sclater Collection.

Sept. ( O. Salviii).
d 9 ad. sk. La Trinidad, Volcan de Salvin-Godman Coll.

Fuego, Oct. 30 (0.«.).
e (S ad. sk. Volcan de Agua, above S. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Diego, Nov. (0. S.).

Subsp. a. Basileuterus mesochrysus.

Basileuterus brunneiceps {nee D'Orb. ^' Lafr.), Bp. Consj). i. p. 314

(1850).
Basileuterus delattrii («fc Bp.). Cab. J. f. 0. 1860, p. 325; Lawr.

Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 322 (1861).
Basileuterus mesochiysus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 251 ; id. Cat. Amer.

B. p. 35 (1862) ; Baird, Revieio Amer. B. p. 250 (1865) ;

Salv. P.Z. S. 1867, p. 136; Lator. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 95

(1868) ; Von Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 294 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870,

p. 183 ; Scl. (§• Salv. Mmcncl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ; Salv. ^;

Godm. Ibis, 1879, p. 148 ; iid. Biul. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 176

(1881).
Setophaga mesochrysa. Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 246, no. 3558 (1869).

Adult (type of species). General colour above yellowish olive, the

17. BARILEUTEEUS. 397

lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts as
well as the quills dusky brown, externally yellowish olive, lighter
yellow on the primaries, which are ashy towards the ends of the
outer webs ; bastard-wing dusky brown, externally ashy grey ;
primary-coverts dusky brown, narrowly margined with olive ; tail-
feathers ashy brown, externallj- washed with yellow ; entire crown
of head deep chestnut or baj% with slight traces of ashy margins to
the feathers ; crown separated from the back by a distinct collar of
pale ash}- grey ; a line of black across the forehead extending to
the eye ; from the base of the nostrils to the sides of the nape a
distinct band of white ; upper and under edge of the eyelid white ;
lores and the anterior and posterior edge of eyelid, extending a little
behind the eye, black ; ear-coverts chestnut ; behind the ear-coverts
a white spot mixed with chestnut ; fore part of cheeks and feathers
below the eye ashy white ; hinder part of cheeks and under surface
of body bright yellow ; base of chin ashy white ; sides of breast and
flanks olive-green, deeper on the former ; thighs olive-green ; under
tail-coverts yellow ; axiUaries and under wing-coverts yellow, vnfh
ashy bases, the edge of the wing bright yellow ; quills dusky below,
ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4'5 inches,
culmen 0"55, wing 2-35, tail 2'2, tarsus 0-8.

The characters of this species are not very well marked, and I
expect that intermediate links will be found to connect it with
B. delattrii.

Hab. From Costa Rica to Panama, extending into Colombia.

Costa Rica {Carmiol). Sclater Collection.

Grecia, Costa Rica, Nov. 31 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Carmiol).

Irazu district, Costa Rica {II. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Rogers).

Veragua (Arce). Sclater Collection.

Calobre, Verag-ua {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Chitra, Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Santa Ft5, Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Chiriqui, Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Paraiso, Panama {Hughes). Sah-iu-Godman Coll.

New Granada. Sclater Collection.

(Type of species.)

Juv. Bogota. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Alto, Magdalena VaUey ( Wijatt) . Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Manaure, Sierra Nevada of Santa Salvin-Godman Coll.
Marta, May 7 {F. Simons).

23. Basileuterus rufifrons.

Setophaga rufifrons, Sicains. An. in Menag. p. 249 (1837) ; Grai/,
Gen. B. i. p. 26.5 (1840) : id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 24.5, no. 3554
(1869).

Sylvia aurigula, Licht., teste Bp. Consp. i. p. 314 (18.50).

Basileuterus rufifrons, Bp. Consp. i. p. 314 (18-50) ; Set. P. Z. S.
1856, p. 291, 1858, p. 299 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 35 (1862) ; id.

a.

Ad. sk.

b.

^ ad. sk.

c.

x\d. sk.

d.

Ad. sk.

e.

$ ad. sk.

f.

S ad. sk.

9-

$ ad. sk.

h.

Ad. sk.

i.

Ad. sk.

k.

Ad. sk.

I.

Ad. ; m. J

sk.

n.

(S ad. sk.

0.

$ ad. sk.

398 MNIOTILTTDJ!;,

P. Z. .S. I860, p. 284; Baird, Revieiv Amer. 5. p. 248 (1865);
Sumichr. Mem. Bust. Sur. N. H. i. p. 549 (1866) ; Scl. ^ Salv.
Nomencl. Av. JVeotr. p. 10 (1873) ; Laivr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.
ii. p. 270 (1874) ; id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 4, p. 16 (1876) ;
Salv. ^ Gochn. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves. i. p. 175 (1881).
Basileuterus delattrii (nee Bp.), Scl. P. Z. S. I860, p. 250.

Adult. General colour olive-yellowish, the wing-coverts rather
lighter yellow than the back ; bastard-wing feathers dusky brown,
ashy olive on the outer web ; primary-coverts dusky, edged with
dull olive-green; quills dusky brown, edged with olive-yellow,
lighter on the primaries, the first primary margined with ashy
white ; tail-feathers light ashy brown, externally olive-yellow, the
outer ones fringed with ashy whitish near the tip of the inner web ;
entire crown bright bay, bordered by a distinct line of white from
the base of the bill to the sides of the occiput ; lores and a line
above and below the eye black ; sides of face and cheeks pale ashy
grey, the latter minutely mottled with dusky bases to the feathers ;
ear-coverts bright bay, behind them a white patch ; sides of neck
ashy washed with olive ; base of cheeks and base of chin white ;
remainder of under surface of body bright yellow ; the abdomen
ashy white with a slight tinge of yellow ; Hanks olive-brown washed
with yellow ; thighs ashy, posteriorly green ; under tail-coverts
very pale olive-yellow, with dusky bases to the feathers ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts yellow, the latter a little more olive ; quills
dusky below, whitish along the inner web : " bill black ; feet hazel-
brown" (Scdvin). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0"55, wing 2-1,
tail 2-2, tarsus 0-85.

Mab. Mexico to Guatemala.

a. Ad. St. Mexico. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Collection.

c. Ad. sk. Mexico (Salle). Sclater Collection.

d. Ad. sk. S. Mexico (De Oca). Sclater Collection.

e. Ad. sk. Jalapa {De Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Jalapa ( C. F. Hoge). Salviu-Godman Coll.
'(/. cJ ad. sk. Cinco Senores,Feb. (^. 5oMcar<?). Salvin-Godman Coll.
h, i. S ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala (O. <S'.). Salviu-Godman Coll.
A;. Ad. sk. Coban, Vera Paz, Nov. (O. iS.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Coban, Jan. (O. S. (§• F. B. G.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
m. Ad. sk. Cajabon, Vera Paz, Jan. (0. 6'.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

24. Basileuterus melanogenys.

Basileuterus melanogenys, Baird, Revieiv Amer. B. p. 248 (1865) ;
Lazvr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 95 ( 1868) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 183 ; Scl. 8)- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ; Salv. ^
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 174, pi. 10. fig. 3 (1881).

Setophaga melanogenys, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 245, no. 3557 (1869).

Adult. General colour above dull olive with a greyish shade,
particularly on the hind neck ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ;
median wing-coverts blackish, tipped with greenish grey, the greater

17. BASILEUTERUS. 399

coverts blackish, externally olive like the back ; bastard--wing dusky
brown, externallj' ashy grey ; primary-coverts dusky l)rown, nar-
rowly edged with olive ; (juills dusky, edged externally with yellowish
olive, brighter on the primaries, which are ashy towards their ends ;
tail-feathers ashy brown, externally washed with yellowish olive ;
crown of head rich chestnut as far as the nape, the latter being
like the back and bordered on each side by a tolerably broad line of
black, which extends from the base of the forehead to the hind
neck ; this is again succeeded by a broad superciliary streak of
white, running from the base of the bill to the sides of the neck ;
lores, feathers round the eye, sides of face, cheeks, and ear-coverts
black ; the feathers below the eye and the cheeks slightly varied
with white bases ; throat and abdomen white, the latter washed -n-ith
pale yellow ; fore neck and sides of breast light ashy grey, as also the
sides of the neck ; flauks somewhat more olive ; thighs slaty grey ;
under tail-coverts white with a slight tinge of yellow ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts dull white, with dusky bases ; quills dusky below,
ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4-6 inches,
culmen O'o, wing 2-45, tail 2-3, tarsus 0*9.
Hah. Costa Rica to Panama.

a, b. Ad. sk. Chiriqui, Veragua (Arce). Sclater Collection.

c. cj" ad. sk. Chiriqiu (Arce). Salviu-Godmau CoU.

d. Ad. sk. Chu-iqui (Arce). Salviu-Godmau Coll.

e. Ad. sk. L-azu district, Costa Rica Salvin-Godmau Coll.

(H. Rogers).

25. Basileuterus griseiceps.

Basileiiterus griseiceps, Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 18G8, p. 170 ; iid. Nomencl.

Ao. Neotr. p. 10 (1873).
Setophaga griseiceps, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 245, no. 3559 (1869).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above clear yellowish
olive, the lesser wing-coverts like the back ; greater and median
coverts dusky brown, externally yellowish olive, brighter towards
the ends of the feathers ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky
brown, narrowly edged with yellowish olive ; quills dusky brown,
externally yellowish olive, brighter on the primaries, which are
somewhat ashy towards the ends ; tail-feathers light ashy brown,
extern allj-j-eUo wish olive; head and hind neck clear slaty grey, the
fore part of the crown black, with slaty-grey edges to the feathers ;
a white stripe running from the base of the bill to above the eye ;
lores and feathers around the eye duU slaty black ; sides of face,
cheeks, and ear-coverts dark slaty grey, with a few whitish shaft-
lines ; base of chin ashy white ; malar line and entire under surface
of body bright yellow ; under tall-coverts dull yellow, with dusky
centres to the feathers ; sides of body and flanks slightly greener
olive ; axillaries and under wing-coverts dusky olive, edged with
yellow, especially near the edge of the wing ; tail-feathers dusky
brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web : " iris reddish

400 JlNIOTILTIDiE.

brown " (Goerinr/). Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0*55, wing
2*55, tail 2'3, tarsus 0'8.
JIab. Venezuela.

a. (S ad. sk, Venezuela {Goeriny), Sclater Collection.

(Type of species.)

26. Basileuterus leucoblepharus.

El Contramaestre. Azara, Apnnt. ii. p. 40 (180ii).

Sylvia leucoblepliara, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 206 (1817);

' nOrb. Voy. Amer. Mericl. p. 216, pi. 12. iig. 2 (1835-44).
Triclias superciliosus, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 295 (1837) ; Gray,

Gen. B. i. p. 197 (1846).
Trichas leucoblepharus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 230 ; Gray, Gen.

B. i. p. 197 (1846) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 10 (1847) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 310 (18o0) ; Burm. Th. Bras. hi. p. 114 (1855).
Geothlypis leucoblepbara. Cab. Mns. Hein. Th. i. p. 17 (1850).
Basileuterus leucoblepharus, Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 36 (1862) ; Baird,

Eeoiew Amer. B. p. 244 (1865) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 285 ; Pek. Orn.

Bras. p. 72 (1871) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873).
Setophaga leucoblepharuni,Gr««/,i/aM(^-/. B. i. p. 244, no. 3541 (1869).

Adult. General colour above dark olive-green, the wing-coverts
like the back ; bastard-wing diisky, externally ashy olive-green ;
primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, externally olive-green,
the primaries more yellow externally ; tail-feathers entirely olive,
rather more yellow on the outer web ; crown of head slaty grey,
with a broad black streak from the base of the forehead to the sides
of the nape, followed by a superciliary band of dull ashy ; upper
and under edge of eyelid white ; lores and upper part of ear-coverts
blackish, as well as the feathers below the eye ; ear-coverts slaty
grey, slightly mottled with white spots below the eye ; cheeks and
under surface of body whitish, obscured with ashy grey ; abdomen
purer white ; sides of neck and sides of body darker ashy grey ;
the flanks olive-green, with which colour also the sides of the upper
breast are washed ; thighs and under tail-coverts pale olive-yellow,
the latter with dusky bases ; axillaries pale olive-yellow ; under
wing-coverts duller olive-yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy brown
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-7 inches, culmen
0-55, wing 2-55, tail 2-35, tarsus 1.

Hah. Brazil.

a. Ad. sk. Tropical America. Sclater Collection.

h. Ad. sk. Brazil. Gould Collection.

c, d. Ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Collection.

e. Ad. st. Brazil. Edwin Wilson, Esq. [P.].

/, ij. S ? S'd- sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande Salvin-Godman Coll.
do Sul (Joyiier).

27. Basileuterus leucophrys.

Basdeuterus leucophrys, Pclz. Orn. Bras. pp. 72, 137 (1871).
Setophaga leucophrys", Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 245, no. 3553 (1860).

Adult. Head slate-colour, obsolctely margined with black on both

17. BASILETJTERUS. 401

sides ; a broad white eyebrow ; upper surface olivaceous ; under-
neath white ; the abdomen washed with ochraceous ; sides of breast
and of upper abdomen ashy, the sides of the lower abdomen ochra-
ceous ; under tail-coverts ochraceous: "bill black; feet ochre-
yellow; iris dark brown " (Natterer). Total length 6" 7"'-9"', wing
2" 8i"'-10"', tail 2" 10'", bill from forehead 5'", tarsus 12|"'-13"'.
{Peheln.)

Similar to B. leucMepharus, but much larger, with the streaks
on the sides of the crown obsolete, the eyebrow white and very
broad, the upper surface more olivaceous. \Pelzeln.)

Hah. Brazil.

28. Basileuterus stragulatus.

Muscicapa stragulata, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 55 (1823).

Muscicapa rivularis, Nemuied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 789 (1831),

Geotblypis stragulata, Cab. Mas. Hem. Th. i. p. 17 (1850).

Triclias stragulata, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 815 (1856).

Basileuterus stragulatus, Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 35 (1862) ; Baird,

Eevieiv Amer. B. p. 244 (1865) ; Sd. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 285; Pelz.

Orn. Bras. p. 72 (1871) ; Bel. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neutr. p. 10

(1873).
Setophaga stragidata, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 244, no. 3547 (1869).

Adult. General colour above dull olive-green, clearer olive on
the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the back ;
quills dusky brown, externally like the back, yellower on the' pri-
maries ; tail-feathers dull olive, rather more yellowish olive on the
edges ; crown of head slaty grey, with a broad band of dusky black
from the base of the bill to the nape, which is ashy grey like the
hinder neck ; a broad superciliary streak ashy white ; lores and
feathers below the eye black ; upper and under edge of eyelid white ;
ear-coverts dull ashy tinged with olive, and with a black streak
along the upper edge, slightly mottled with white near the eye ;
sides of neck olive-brown washed with ashy ; checks and throat
dull white ; remainder of under surface of body pale brown, whiter
on the abdomen ; the sides of the body darker and more earthy
brown, inclining to pale tawny buff on the thighs and under tail-
coverts ; axillarics and under wing-covcrts olive ; quills dusky
below, pale brown along the edge of the inner web : " iris greyish
brown ; biU black ; feet clear yellowish flesh-brown " (Neuiuied).
Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2-65, tail 2-45, tarsus
0-95.

Hab. Brazil.

Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.
Sahnn-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU,

2d

a. Ad. sk.

Brazil.

b. Ad. sk.

S.E. Brazil.

c. Ad. sk.

Brazil.

d. S ad. ; e. Ad.

San Paido {Jot/ner).

sk.

f. 2 ad. sk.

Lagos dos Patos, Rio Grande

do Sul (H. Rogers).

VOL. X.

402 MNIOTILTID^.

29.^Basileuterus mesoleucus.

Basileuterus mesoleucus, <S(7. P. Z. S. 18G5, p. 286, pi. 9. fig. 1 ; id.

^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873).
Setopliaga mesoleuca, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 245, no. 3551 (1869).

Adult (type of species). General colour above olive-green, clearer
towards the rump and i;pper tail-coverts, the latter having obsolete
paler tips ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series edged with
dull rufous, scarcely perceptible on the median coverts ; bastard-
wiug, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally edged
with olive-greenish, a little tinged with rusty on the secondaries ;
tail-feathers olive, clearer on the margins of the feathers, which have
slightly paler tips ; crown of head slaty grey, extending to the
occiput : a distinct' superciliary streak of deep fawn-colour extending
from the base of the nostrils to beyond the ear-covcrts ; lores, ante-
rior and posterior margins of eyelid, as well as a streak along the
upper edge of the ear-coverts, dusky black ; ear-coverts, cheeks, and
sides of face fawn-colour, the ear-coverts washed with brown ; throat
and under surface of body white, the fore neck slightly shaded with
fulvous ; sides of body and flanks as well as the thighs pale fulvous-
brown ; under tail-coverts white, slightly washed with fawn-colour ;
under wi«g-coverts and axillaries pale olive-brown ; quills dusky
brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length
5-4 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-4, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-85.

Hah. Guiana.

a. Ad. sk. Demerara ( Wilkins). Sclater Collection. (Type

of species.)
h Ad sk Camacusa, British Guiana, Salviu-Godmau Coll.
July 10 (If. WliUely).

30. Basileuterus bolivianus.

Basileuterus mesoleucus, Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 594 {nee Scl).

Adult. Very similar to B. mesoleucus, but distinguished by its
rufescent throat and by the absence of rufous edgings to the wing-
covcrts. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-75, tail 2-2,
tarsus 0*85.

Hab. Bolivia.

a. Ad. sk. Yuyo, Bolivia (C. Buckley). Salviu-Godmau Coll.

31. Basileuterus leucopygius.

Basileuterus uropygialis, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 179 (1866),

ix. p. 95 (1868, wee Sel.).
Basileuterus leucopygius, Sel. 8f Salv. Nomenel. Av. Neotr. pp. 10,

156 (1873) ; Salv. Sf Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 172

(1881, pt.).

Adidt ??i«Ze(type of species). General colour above dusky olive-brown
with a sHght shade of ashy ; rump and upper tail-coverts creamy white,
with an isabeUine shade on the fo] mcr ; wing-coverts dark brown,

17. liASILE UTERUS. 403

narrowly fringed with dull olive ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts
dark sepia-brown ; quills dark brown, edged with duU olive; taU-
feathers dark brown, creamy white for the basal half like the rump ;
head dark slaty brown, contrasting slightly with the back ; a narrow
superciliary line of ashy white ; lores and a streak along the upper
part of the ear-coverts dusky black ; upper and under margins of
eyelid dull white, the anterior and posterior margins dusky blackish ;
feathers below the eye and ear-coverts dusky browu, relieved by
very distinct shaft-lines of white ; cheeks duU white, edged with
dusky ; throat dull white, uniform ; remainder of under surface of
body pale isabelline brown ; the flanks and sides of body brown,
darker on the sides of the upper breast ; thighs dark brown ; under
tail-coverts paler isabelline ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries dark
brown slightly washed with olive, with a few whitish feathers near
the edge of the wing ; quills sepia-brown below, ashy brown along
the edge of the inner web. Total length 5'3 inches, culmen 0*6,
wing 2*6, tail 2-15, tarsus 0*95.
Hah. Costa Rica and Nicaragua.

a. S ad. ; b. S juv. Costa Rica {Carmiol). Sclater Collection.

sk. (Types of species.)

c. Juv. sk. Tucurriqui, Costa Rica, Salviai-Godmau CoU.

Oct. {Arce).

Subsp. a. Basileuterus veraguensis.

Basileuterus uropygialis (jion ScL), Scl. 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 347 ;

Baird, Revietv Amer. B. p. 246 (1865) ; Scdv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 136,

1870, p. 183 ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 313.
Basileuterus semicervinus {nee Scl.), Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii.

p. 322 (1861).
Basileuterus leucopygius, Salv. ^ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i.

p. 172 (1881, pt.).

Adult. General colour above uniform dark brown washed with
olive ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater series
blackish, narrowly edged with dark olive, a fringe of clearer olive
being seen at the tips of the median coverts; bastard-wing and
primary-coverts uniform dark brown ; quills blackish brown, exter-
nally edged with olive-brown ; lower rump, upper tail-coverts, and
base of tail clear fawn-buff, the terminal half of the tail dark brown,
the feathers edged narrowly with olive ; head dusky olive-brown,
more dingy than the back, with which it contrasts slightly ; a nar-
row rufescent eyebrow ; lores and ear-coverts dusky brown, the
latter streaked with fawn-coloured shaft-lines ; cheeks and under
surface of body pale fawn-colour, lighter on the abdomen and deep-
ening on the under tail-coverts ; sides of the body and thighs brown,
the feathers of the chest also slightly mottled with brown edges ;
axiUaries and under wing-coverts dusky brown washed with oHve ;
quills dark brown below, lighter along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-45, tail 2, tarsus 0-85.

Hah. Yeragua and Panama.

2d2

404 MNIOTILTID^,

a. 2 imm. sk. Bugaba, Chiriqui (U. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. (S ad. sk. Sauta Fe, Veragua. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

c,d. (5' 5 ad. sk. Panama {McLecmnaii). Salvin-CTodman Coll.

c. Ad. sk, Paraiso Station, Panama Purchased.

{Hughes). (Type of species. )

32. Basileuterus semicervinus.

Basilcuterus semicervinus, Sd. P. Z. S. 18U0, pp. 84, 291 ; id. Cat.

Amer. £. p. 3-5 ; id. P. Z. S. 18G5, p. 285, pi. 10. tig. 1 ; Sd. <^- Salv.

Nomend. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ; Beiiepsch i^ Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883,

p. 541.
Setophaga semicervina, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 244, no. 3540 (1869).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above very dark
olive-brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts very deep fawn-colour
like the base of the tail ; wing-coverts like the back ; the bastard-
wing and primary-coverts dark sepia-brown, the latter obsoletely
fringed with olive ; quills dark sepia, washed externallj' with olive ;
tail fawn-colour, with a band of dark brown occupying about the
terminal third and decreasing towards the outermost feathers, which
are tipped with pale fawn-colour and have the caudal band incom-
plete ; crown of head dark slate-colour, contrasting with the back ;
a fawn-coloured superciliary streak from the base of the nostrils to
above the hinder part of the eye ; upper and under margin of eyelid
and feathers below the eye deep fawn-colour ; lores, as well as the
anterior and posterior margins of the eyelids and a mark behind
the eye, dusky blackish ; ear-coverts dark brown, with narrow fawn-
coloured shaft-lines ; cheeks and under surface of body fawn-colour,
deeper on the flanks and under tail-coverts and thighs ; the centre
of the breast and abdomen somewhat white ; axillaries brown, like
the sides of the breast ; under wing-coverts deep fawn-colour ; quills
dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total
length .') inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-55, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Not to be distinguished from the male. Total
length 4'S inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-4, tail 1*95, tarsus 0'85.

The typical specimens have the caudal band dark brown, and
when compared with B. uropygialis look distinct enough at first
sight, the paler colour of the base of the tail, the evident olive
colour on the terminal band, and the lighter under surface suffi-
ciently distinguishing the latter species. Specimens from Antioquia
and Bogota (mus. Salvin and Godman) are strictly intermediate in
these points, and possess the darker under suiface of B. semicervinus
with almost as much olive on the caudal band as in B. uropy-
gialis. Examples from the Peruvian Amazons again are lighter
underneath, and approach the last-named species in the distinct
olive caudal band, but in the fawn-coloured eyebrow and base of tail
they approach B. semicervinus.

Hah. Ecuador and Colombia.

a,b. (S '2 ad. sk. Nanegal, Ecuador, Feb. Sclater Collection. (Types
[^L, Fraser). of species.)

17. BASILEUTERUS. 405

c. M. sk. Quito. Gould Collection.

d. Ad. sk. Santa Rita Mountains, Salvin-Godman Collection.

Ecuador ( Villagomez).

e. (^ ad. sk, Bogota (Crowther). Salvin-Godman Collection.

Subsp. a. Basileuterus uropygialis.

Basileuterus uropygialis, Scl. P. Z. S. 18G1, p. 128 ; id. Cat. Amer.
B. p. 35 (1862) ; id. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 286, pi. 10. fig. 2 ; id. ^ Salv
P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 749, 754 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 257 ; iid. No-
mend. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 509, 1882,
p. 6 ; id. Oni. Perou, p. 478 (1884).

Setopkaga uropygialis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 244, no. 3545 (1869).

Adult (type of species). General colour above dull olive-greenish
with a shade of ashy grey ; rump and upper tail-coverts ochreous
buff; wing-coverts like the back; bastard- wing and primary-coverts
dark sej)ia-brown, the former rather more ashy externally, the
latter obsoletely edged with oUve-green ; quills dark sepia-brown,
externally edged with dark olive-green, a little lighter than the
back ; tail-feathers ochreous buff, with a band of brown across the
terminal third and washed with pale olive-green on the outer webs,
the feathers tipped with a spot of pale ochreous, and the terminal
band decreasing iu extent towards the outer feathers, being reduced
to a small mark of brown near the end of the outer web ; crown of
head and hind neck dark slate-grey, contrasting with the olive back ;
the sides of the crown slightly blacker ; a narrow streak of pale
sandy rufous from the base of the nostril to the level of the hind
part of the eye ; upper and under edge of eyehd and the feathers
below the eye also sandy rufous ; lores black, as also a spot behind
the eye and the anterior and posterior margins of the eyelid ; ear-
coverts earthy brown, with narrow sandy-buff shaft-lines; sides of
neck behind the ear-coverts pale sandy rufous ; cheeks and throat
also pale sandy rufous, a little more ashy on the fore neck and
breast : abdomen white ; under tail-coverts white, slightly washed
with buff ; sides of body and flanks earthy brown, with a slight
reddish tinge on the latter ; axillaries and under wing coverts oUve-
brown, with a pale reddish edge to the wing. Total length 5 inches,
culmcn 0-5, wing 2-7, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-85.

Hah. Colombia and Ecuador, extending into Peru. Mr. Bartlett's
skins from Santa Cruz and Chyavetas, as weU as Mr. Salmon's from
Antioquia, are intermediate between this species and B. semicervlnus.

a. Ad. sk. [Ecuador.] Sclater Collection. (Type

of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C Sclater Collection.

Buckley).

c. d. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Sahdu-Godman CoU.

Buckley),
e. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection.

/. Ad. sk. llemedios, Antioquia Sclater Collection.

(Salmo7i).

406 MNIOTILTID^.

g. S ad. sk. Remedios (Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

X. cJad. sk. Santa Cruz, PfTuvian E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.].

Amazons, ^lav 31.
{. iS ad. sk. Chyavetas, E. Peru, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll.

i9 (£. Bartlett).

18. ERGATICUS.

Type.

Ergaticus, Baird, Review Arner. B. i. pp. 237, 264 (1865)*. . E. ruber.
Ergaticus, Sd. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 11 (1873).

Bill of Ergaficiis ruber.
Range. Highlands of Mexico and Guatemala.

Key to the Species.

a. Upper and under surface nearly uniform red, with a

silvery patch on the ear-coverts ruber, p. 406.

b. Head and nape of a sUvery rose-coloiu', like the sides

of the head, throat, and breast, contrasting with
the back, which is dark crimson, and with the
under siu'face, which is brighter crimson versicolor, p. 407.

1. Ergaticus ruber.

Setophaga rubra, Swains. Phil. Mag. ser. 2, i. p. 868 (1827) ; id.
An. in. Menag. p. 293 (1837) ; B2}. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 118 ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 265 (1846) ; Baird in Stamb. Rep. Great Slave L.
p. 329 (1852) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 65.

Sylvia miniata (wee Siv.), Lafr. Mag. Zool. 1836, pi. 54.

Parus leucotis, Giraud, Sixteen B. Texas, pi. 4. fig. 1 (1841).

Sylvia argyi-otis, Illiger, teste Bp. Consp. i. p. 312 (1850).

Cardellina rubra, Bp. Consp. i. p. 312 (1850) ; Cass. El. B. Calif.
p. 265, pi. 43 (1856) ; Sol. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 292, 1858, p. 299,
1859, pp. 368, 874; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 38 (1862) ; id. P. Z. S.
1864, p. 178 ; Baird, Revieiv Amer. B. p. 264 (1865) ; Duges, La
Natur. i. p. 140 (1868) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bast. Soc. K H. i. p. 546
(1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 244, no. 3532 (1869) ; Finsch, Ab-
handl. 7iat. Ver. Bremen, ii. p. 329 (1870).

Basileuterus ruber. Cub. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 18 (1850).

Ergaticus ruber, Scl. Sj- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 11 (1873) ; Salt:
Sf Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 165 (1881) ; Ridgiv.
Bull. U.S. nat. 3Ius. no. 21, p. 19 (1881).

Cardellina (Ergaticus) ruber, Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 331 (1878).

Adult. General colour above dark crimson, the mantle and back

* Subgenus of Cardellina. Cf. Salv. & Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i.
p. 164.

18. EEGATICUS. 407

duller and overshaded with dusky, the rump brighter ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back : median and greater coverts blackish, the
former tipi^ed, the latter edged with pale crimson ; bastard- wing
and primary-coverts blackish brown, with paler brown edges ; quills
also blackish brown, margined with paler brown, tinged with rosy ;
upper tail- coverts dark crimson, with dusky brown bases ; tail-
feathers dusky brown, very much pointed, and edged with rosy ;
head a little richer crimson than the back, and shaded with dusky
towards the nape ; lores, cheeks, and sides of neck, as well as the
entire under surface of the body, dark crimson, becoming paler and
more rose-coloured on the breast and abdomen ; thighs also rosy ;
the ear-coverts silvery white, forming a conspicuous patch ; axU-
laries pale rosy, with dusky ash-coloured bases ; under wing-coverts
dusky, with rose-coloured margins, the greater series silky white ;
quills dusky brown below, ashy white along the edge of the inner
web. Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0'4, wing 2-5, tail 2-35,
tarsus 0*75.

Hah. Highlands of Mexico. Said by Bonaparte to have come
from Guatemala, but this fact is considered doubtful by Messrs.
Salvin and Godman. Also included by Giraud amongst his ' Sixteen
Birds of Texas,' but has not been recently observed within the
United-States border.

a. Ad. sk. Mexico ( White). Sclater Collection.

b. Juv. sk. Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Near the City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Jalapa {De Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Oaxaca, Mexico (Feiiochio). Sclater Collection.

f. S ad. sk. Oaxaca (Fenochio). Salvin-Godman Coll.

g. (S ad. ; h. 5 Ciudad Durango, Mexico, Jmie Salvin-Godman Coll.
juv. sk. {A. Furrer).

i. Juv. sk. Ciudad Durango, July {A. ■ Salvin-Godman Coll.

Forrer),

2. Ergaticus versicolor.

OardeUina versicolor, Sah. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 188, pi. 24. fig. 1 ; id.

Ibis, 1866, p. 192 ; Saird, Review Amer. B. p. 265 (1865) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 244, no. 3533 (1869).
Ergaticus versicolor, Scl. 4" Salv. Nomencl. Ac. Keotr. p. 11 (1873) ;

Salv.^-Godm.Biol.Centr.-Ame)-., Aves, i. p. 165, pi. 11. fig. 1 (1881).

AcJtdt male. General colour above dark rich crimson, rather
obscured with dusky on the back and mantle, the feathers having a
subterminal shade of blackish ; lower rump paler, and forming a
band of pale rose-colour ; lesser wing-coverts like the mantle ;
median and greater coverts black, with light rose-coloured edges,
darker towards the base of the latter series ; bastard-wing, prunary-
covei-ts, and quills blackish brown, edged with lighter brown, washed
slightly with rose-colour ; upper tail-coverts darker crimson, with
blackish bases ; tail-feathers dusky blackish, with a narrow margin
of faint rose-colour ; crown of head and nape of a silvery rosy tint,

408 MNIOTILTID^.

more crimson ou the forehead and lores ; the head somewhat mottled
with blackish bases to the feathers, with which is .associated a
crimson tint ; feathers round the eye hoary whitish ; ear-coverts,
sides of neck, throat, and chest of the same silvery rosy appearance
as the head ; the breast also of the same colour, but mottled with
darker crimson centres to the feathers ; remainder of under surface
of body crimson, the under tail-coverts mottled with dusky centres
to the feathers ; axillaries and under wing-coverts dusky smoky
brown, edged with pale rose-colour ; quills dark brown below,
whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-5 inches,
culmen 0-4, wing 2-45, tail 2-3, tarsus 0"75.

Hah. Highlands of Guatemala, Central America.

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala (0. Salvin). Sclater Collection.

h. c? ad. sk. Volcau de Fuego, Guatemala, Sclater Collection.
Sept. 4(0. Salvin).

c. Ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Nov. (O. S. ^- Salvin-Godman CoU.

F. D. G.)

d. 2 ad. sk. Upper Cbirostemou forest, Volcan Salvin-Godman Coll.

de Fuego, Nov. 20 (O. S.).

e. S ad. sk. Chilasco, Vera Paz, Jan. (0. S. S,- Salvin-Godman Coll.

F. D. G.). (Type of species.)

f. Ad. sk. Near Solola,' Guatemala, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(0. S.).

19. CARDELLINA.

Type.

Cardellina, DuBus, Esq. Orn. pi. 25 (c. 1850) C. rubrifrons.

Range. Central America : Guatemala and Mexico. Occurs also
in Southern Arizona in the United States.

1. Cardellina rubrifrons.

Muscicapa i-ubrifrons, Girand, Sixteen B. Texas, pi. 7. fig, 1 (1841).
CardeUina amicta, BuBus, Esq. Orn. pi. 25 (c. 1850) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 312 (1850).
Parus eiythi-opis, LicM. Mvs. Berol., teste Bp. Ccmsp. i. p. 312 (1850).
Setopbaga rubrifi-ous, Baird in Stansb. Hep, Ch-eat Slave L. p. 329

(1852).
CardeUina rubrifrons, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855,. p. 66, 1858, p. 299, 1859,

p. 374; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 37 (1862); Baird, Revieto Amer. B.

p. 264 (1865) ; Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 192 ; Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl Av.

Keotr. p. 11 (1873) ; Salv. Ibis, 1874, p. 99 ; Hensh. List B. Ariz.

p. 156 (1875); id. Zool. E.rpl. W. 100th Merid. p. 211 (1875);

Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 331 (1878) ; Salv. ^- God7n. Biol. Centr.-

Amer., Aves,i.-p. 162 (1881) ; Bidffw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21,

p. 19 (1881) ; Copies, C7ieck-list N. Amer. B. p. 41 (1882) ; id. Key

N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 314 (1884).
Basileuterus rubrifrons, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 363.
Setopbaga amicta, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 243, no. 3531 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above delicate slaty grey, the lower
back and rump white ; wing-coverts slaty grey, the lesser wing-
coverts tipped with white, forming a bar ; the greater series blackish,

19. CAEDElLISrA. 409

externally edged with, slaty grey, whitish towards the ends of the
outer web ; bastard- wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky, edged
with slaty grey ; upper tail-coverts dull slaty grey, the shorter ones
with a slight white tip; tail-feathers dusky brown, with ashy
edgings ; crown of head and ear-coverts black, the nape crossed
with a line of white, separating the black crown from the grey
back ; forehead, lores, and eyelid rich crimson, the hinder edge of
the latter black where it adjoins the ear-coverts ; cheeks and entire
throat rich crimson, extending backwards behind the ear-coverts
along the sides of the neck ; fore neck and remainder of under
surface of body white, with a blush of rose-colour on the fore neck
and breast ; the sides of the neck and sides of upper breast light
slaty grey, extending a little way down the sides of the bocfy ;
thighs slaty grey ; under tail-coverts white, the longer ones mottled
with dusky bases ; axillaries ashy white ; under wing-coverts
whitish, ashy near the edge of the wing ; quills dusky bro\ra below,
edged with white along the inner web. Total length 5-2 inches^
culmen 0-4, wing 2-75, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-65.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but all the tints
duller, the crimson less pronounced on the face and throat, and the
white nape-band obscured with dusky margins to the feathers.
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-6, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-7.

"Young (newly fledged). Ash of the upper parts shaded with brown,
and white of the underparts the same ; rump snowy white, as in
the adult, but the nuchal patch obscure or inappreciable ; wings
and tail as in the adult, but with browner edgings ; black cap
restricted to top of head, and of a dull sooty cast. Red parts of the
adult, including those parts of the side 'of the head which are
occupied in the adult with the extension of the black cap, dull
greyish brown, tinged or irregularly slashed with red, especially on
the forehead and throat. Bill light brown ; feet pale." (Cones.)

Hah. The same as that of the genus.

a. cJad.sk. Santa Rita Mts., Ai-izona, U.S. Nat. Museum

Jidy 1 (E. W. Nelson). [P.].

h. cJ ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.

c. S ad. sk. Parada, Mexico, Dec. M. A. Salle [C ]

d. [ cJ ] ad. sk. S. Mexico (Salle). Sclater Collection.

e. Ad. sk. Valley of Mexico (H. S. Le Salvin-Godman Coll.

Strm^ge).

f. 2 ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman CoH

Nov. (O. *S'.).
(J. S ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Jan. (0. S. Salvin-Godman Coll.

S>-F.D.G.).
It, i. d" $ ad. sk. Calderas, Volcan de Fuego, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sept. (O. S.).
k,l. cS 2 ad.sk. Calderas, Oct.' (0. S.). Salvin-Godman CoU.

m,}i. c? 2 ad. sk. Calderas, Oct. (O. S.). Sclater CoUection.

410 MNIOTILTrDJE.

20. SETOPHAGA. „

Type.

Setophaga, Sivaim. Zool. Jouni. iii. p. 3G0 (1827) .... S. ruticilla.

Svlvania, Nuttall, Man. Om. i. p. 291 (1832) S. ruticilla.

Euthlypis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 18 (1850) S. lachrymosa.

Myioboriis, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 237 (I860) .... S. verticalis.
Of. Salmn, Ibis, 1878, pp. 302-321.

Bill of Setophaga ruticilla.

Range. The whole of Northern and Central America, and the
Andes of South America as far as Bolivia. Colombia and Guiana.
Absent in the valley of the Amazons, H.E. Brazil, and the low-lying
forest-country of South America. {Of. Salviu & Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 177.)

Key to the Species *.

a. With red in the taU and on the wing ruticilla, p. 411.

h. With white in the tail.
a'. Breast crimson.

a". Head black like the back ; wing-coyerts
white, forming a conspicuovis wing-
natch : two outer tail-feathers almost , . . . , ^
" , • 1 1 -i. \ picta, p. 41o.

entirely white {-^ , '^ 1 ^i^

b". Crown with a chestnut patch; no white ]!/uatenud^, ^x 4:1^.
on wing-coverts ; three outer tail- . . . . , „

feathers with a white spot at the end \;Z^;^^^l?9.
b'. Breast yellow or orange. '•' ' ^

c". Two outer tail-feathers more or less
white, with a blackish inner web.
a'". Throat slaty or blackish ; a chestnut
patch on the head.
a*. Forehead and sides of crown dark

slaty grey verticalis, p. 420.

6*. Forehead and sides of crown black . aiirantiaca, p. 421.
b'". Throat yellow ; a chestnut patch on
the head ; back slaty grey.
e*. Chestnut crown surrounded by black,
which forms a frontal band.
«'. Base of forehead and feathers

round eye white albifi-ons, p. 422.

* Setophaga multicolor.

Setophaga multicolor, Bp. Cortsp. i. p. 312 (1850) ; Baird, Review Amer. B .
p. 257 (1865) ; Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 321.

Hab. Mexico.

There seems to be little doubt that Mr. Salvin's surmise with regard to this
species is correct, and that it is really an Australian bird, Fetrceca multicolor
(Cat. B. iv. p. 168).

20. 8ET0PHAGA. 411

6'. Base of forehead and feathers
round eye golden yellow,
a". Ear-coverts blackish ; no band

across the breast bairdi, p. 42-3.

¥. Ear-coverts yeUow ; a pectoral

band torquata, p. 424.

d^. Forehead golden yellow; hinder

crown chestnut, not separated by

a black band ; feathers round the

eye, lores, and a line sMi-ting the

chestnut patch golden yellow. . . . ruflcoronata, p. 425.

c'". Throat yellow; no chestnut on the

head ; back slaty grey.

c*. Lores and feathers round eye white ;

forehead and vertex yellow; hinder

head and nape black ornata, p. 426,

/*. Lores and feathers round eye yellow,
c^. Forehead yellow ; top of crown

black chrysops, p. 427.

d^. Entire crown black melanocq:)hala, p. 427.

d'". Throat yellow ; entire crown chest-
nut.
g*. Back yellowish olive ; hind neck
clear blue-gi-ey ; upper tail-coverts
slaty grey, lighter than the tail . . brimneiceps, p. 428.
h*. Back dull olive-brown, the hind
neck only a little more ashy ;
upper tail-coverts blackish like the

tail eastaneiccqnlla, p. 429.

d". Three outer tail-feathers tipped with
white ; crown black, with a broad
band of golden j-ellow down the centre, lachrymosa, p. 430.

1. Setophaga raticilla *.

The Redstart, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. tab. 07 (1731).

The Small American Redstart, Edtvards, Nat. Hist. £. p. 80, pi. 80
(1747).

Yellow-tailed Flycatcher, Edwards, Gleanings, p. 101, pi 257
(1758).

Le Gobe-mouche d'Amerique, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 383 (1760) ; Dau-
bent. PI. Enl v. pi. 566. figs. 1, 2.

Muscicapa ruticilla, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 320 (1766) ; Bodd. Tabl.
PL Enl. p. 33 (1783) ; Vieill. Ois. Ainer. Sept. i. p. 66, pis. 35 .36
(1807) ; Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 103, pi. 6. fig. 6 (1808), v. p. 119,
pi. 45. fig. 2 (1812) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 40; id. Orn. Bit or. i.
p. 202(1831), V. p. 428 (1839); id. B. Amer. i. p. 240, pi 68
(18.39). _ _ r ,tf

Figuier noir et jauiie de Cayenne, Daubent. PI. Enl. vi. pi ,391
fig. 2.

Le petit noir Aurore, Buff. H. N. Ois. iv. p. 546 (1778).

Le Figuier noir, Buff. H. N. Ois. v. p. 314 (1778).

* It lias been suggested by some naturalists that Sylvia russeicauda, Vieill.
Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 2(56 (es Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 17, pi. 71)—'
Setophaga rvsieicai/cla, Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 243, no. 3517, — is referable to
S. ruticilla ; but I cannot recognize the figure as representing the latter species.

412 SCNIOTILTID^.

Motacilla tikolora, P. L. S. Midi. Natursyst., Anhanff,T^, 175 (1776,
ex Baubent. pi. 391).

Blackheaded Warbler, Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. pt. 2, p. 427 (1783).

Kufous-and-Black Warbler, Lath. t. c. p. 493 (1783).

Yellow-tail Warbler, Penn. Arctic Zool. p. 400 (1785),

MotaciUa multicolor. Gin. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 972 (1788).

Motacilla fla^icauda, Gm. t. c. p. 997.

Ruticilla americana, Bartram, Trav. Florida, p. 292 (1791).

Setophaga ruticilla, Sivaim. Phil. Mag. new series, i. p. 368 (1827) ;
id. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 360 (1827) ; id. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds,
p. 223 (1831) ; Bp. Camp. List B. Fur. ^- iV. Atner. p. 24 (1838);
D'Orb. in Eamon de la Sagra's H. N. Cuba, Ois. p. 73 (1839); Grag,
Gen. B. i. p. 265 (1846) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. l64 (1847) ; Cab. in
Schomb. Reis. Gidan. iii. p. 607 (1848) ; id. Mus. Jlein. Th. i.
p. 18; Bp. Consp. i. p. 312 (1850); Scl. P. Z. S. 1854, p. Ill,
1855, p. 144, 1856, p. 289 ; Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 231 ; Baird, B.
N. Amer. p. 297 (1858) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 374; Scl. <§• Sal v.
Ibis, 1859, p. 12 ; A. 4- F. Neiot. t. c. p. 144 ; Brgant, Proc. Post.
Soc. N. H. vi. 1, p. Ill (1859) ; Cab. J.f. O. 1860, p. 325 ; Gtrndl.
J. f. O. 1801, p. 326; Laur. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 322 (1801) ;
Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 36 (18G2); Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 4, 186-3,
p. 63 ; 3Iarch, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 293 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 172 ; Scl. i^- Salv. t. c. p. 347 ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N.Y. viii. pp. 174,
285 (1864) ; Baird, Revieiv Amer. B. p. 256 (1865) ; Dresser, Ibis,
1865, p. 479 ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 248 (1866) ; Laiur. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. ix. p. 96 (1866) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xi. p. 91
(1867) ; Salmn, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 136 ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, pp. 272,
273, 275; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 243, no. 3514 (1869) ; Sumichr.-
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 547 (1869) ; Von Frantz. J. f. O. 1869,
p. 294 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 183 ; Finsch, t. c. p. 565 ; Scl. ^■
Salv. t. c. p. 780 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 323 ; Allen, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. Cambr. iii. p. 175 (1872) ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B.
p. 110 (1872) ; Scl. 4- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ;
Coues, B. N.-West, pp. 81, 232 (1874); Baird, Brewer, Sf Ridgio.
Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 322, pi. 16. figs. 1, o (1874) ; Hensh. Rep.
Zool. F.ipl. W. IQOth Merid. p. 209 (1876) ; Gundl. Orn. Cuba,
p. 70(1876); Lawr. Bull. U.S. Kat. Mus. no. 4, p. 16 (1876);
Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 337 (1878) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 305 ;
Laivr. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. pp. 35 (1876), 2.32, 486 (1879) ; Scl.
Sf- Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 494 ; Cory, B. Bahcmias, p. 75 (1880) ;
A. 8,-F. \etvt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 106 (1881) ; Ridgiv. Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 19 (1881) ; Salv. ^ Gochn. Biol. Centr. -Amer.,
Ave^.i. p. 178 (1881) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 441 ; Coues, Key
N- Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 316 (1884) ; Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 40
4^84).

f^yivania ruticilla, Nuttall, Man. p. 291 (1832).

Adult rriale. General colour above glossy black, the rump with
concealed whitish subterminal spots ; wing-coverts like the back ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish ; quills blackish, with a
large basal portion pale orange-scarlet, forming a conspicuous wing-
patch ; inner secondaries entirely blackish ; first primary edged
with pale orange-scarlet ; four centre tail-feathers blackish, the
remainder pale orange-scarlet, with the terminal third black, form-
ing a broad band at the ends ; sides of head, lores, ear-coverts,
cheeks, throat, and chest black, slightly mottled on the sides of the

20. SETOPHAGA. 413

neck with reddish-white bases to the feathers ; sides of breast and
flanks pale orange-scarlet, the former mottled with black spots near
the black chest ; centre of breast and abdomen white, washed with
red ; under tail-coverts white with dusky centres, the long ones
dusky blackish ; thighs dull white, blackish posteriorly ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts pale orange-scarlet ; quills dusky, pale
orange-scarlet on the inner web : " bill brownish black ; feet
blackish ; iris dark brown " (Audubon). Total length 5 inches, cul-
men 0-45, wing 2--i5, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-7.

The plumage of the adult male is more brilliant in winter than in
summer : the black is more glossy and brilliant, and the red on the
wings and tail and breast is much brighter and more orange-red.

Adult female. Difi'erent from the male. Ashy brown above, with
a wash of olive ; lesser wing-coverts like the Isack ; median series
dusky brown, edged with ashy ; greater coverts dusky brown,
slightly edged with oHve-brown ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts
brown ; quiUs brown, edged with olive-yellow, the secondaries with
a patch of brighter yellow near the base ; upper tail-coverts dusky
brown ; four centre tail-feathers blackish brown, all the others pale
yellow, with dark-brown shafts and a broad band of blackish brown
at their ends ; crown of head and nape ashy ; lores, feathers above
and round the eye, and ear-coverts paler grey ; eyelid ashy whitish ;
cheeks and throat pale ashy white, browner and washed with olive-
yeUow on the fore neck ; sides of upper breast brighter olive-yellow ;
breast and abdomen as weU as the under tail-coverts white, the
latter with dusky-brown centres, the longer coverts entirely duslvy
brown ; asillaiies and under wing-coverts pale yellow, those near
the edge of the wing ashy ; quills dusky brown, yellow along the
edge of the inner web. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0'4o,
wing 2-2, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-65.

Younri male. Eesembles the old female, but is rather more olive
on the back, and purer grey on the head ; the yellow spot on the
quills is found on the inner primaries as well as the secondaries ;
the throat is purer greyish white ; and the fore neck and chest, as
well as the sides of the breast, are brighter yellow. Around the
lores and the eyes, as well as on the chin and throat, are several
black feathers of the approaching adult plumage.

An immature male killed on the 14th of May shows a consider-
able trace of orange-scarlet on the sides of the breast and on the
tail-feathers. According to Cones, the male bird does not obtain his
fuU plumage uutU the third year.

Hah. The greater part of temperate North America, especially
the eastern province ; north to Fort Simpson ; west to Utah ; breed-
ing in most of the United States, and all of its British American
range {Cones). Winters throughout Central America, extending to
Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, as well as to most of the
West-India islands.

a. (S ad. St. North America. Purchased.

b. S ad. ; c. S Fort Simpson, May. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].
imm. sk.

414

NIOTILTID^.

d, c. cJ $ ad. sk.
/. d ad- ; ff- d

imm. sk.
h. [(f imm.] sk.
/. d fid. sk.
k. (5 ad. sk.

/. c? ad. sk.

771, 71. d $ ad. sk.

0. 2 ad. sk.

2). 5 ad. sk.

q, 7-. (?;_«•$ ad. ;

t. c? imm. sk.
u. d imm. sk.

y. 5 ad. sk.

w. d juv. sk.

■i\ c? ad. sk.

i/,z. (S 2 ad. sk.
a', b'. (S 2 ad. sk.
c', cJ ad. sk.

d'. Var., alb. sk.
e'. 5 j^v- s^'

/. cJ ad. sk.

ff', h'. c? ? ad. sk.

«'. 5 ad. sk.

Jc'. 2 ad. sk.
/'. c? ad. sk.

9?i'. c? ad. sk.
w'- 6 juv. sk.
o'. 2 ad. sk.
p', q'. 6 2 ad. sk.
/•'. 5 ad. sk.
s'. S juv. sk.

t'. c? ad. sk.

u'. 2 ad. sk.
v'. cj imm. sk.

lo'. 2 ad. sk.
x'. cS ad. sk.
2/'. d; s',a. ?

ad. sk.
13, y. d 2 ad. sk.

Fort Simpson, Jime.

49tli Parallel (G. Dawson).

Niagara Falls.
Pennsylvania (Bm7-d).
Pennsylvania, Sept. 13 ( W. L.

C'ollhis).
District Columbia (S/ntfeldt).

District Columbia, May (U.

Coues).
Rock Creek, D.C., Sept. 6

{D. W. Pre7itiss).
Chicago, m.. May 11 {H. K.

Coale).
Hyde Park, Cook Co., 111.,

May (//. E. Coale).
Lake Forest, El., May {H. K.

Coale).
Colehour, 111., Sept. 4 {H. K.

Coale).
Mt. Carmel, 111., Aug. 20

(R. Midyicay).
West side of Eocky Moun-
tains.
N. Yucatan {G. F. Gaumer).
Cozumel Island {E. C. Devis).
British Honduras (Bhmca-

neaux).
Vera Paz, Guatemala.
Duenas, Guatemala, Sept. 24

(O.8.).
Cobau, Vera Paz, Nov. (0. S.).
Choctum, Vera Paz (0. S.).
Retalhuleu, Guatemala, Sept.

{O.S.?,-F.D. &'.).
Costa Rica (J. Car7niol).
Irazii District, Costa Rica (-ST.

Eo(/e7-s) .
Calovevora,Veragua (E. Arce).
Santa F6, Veragua (E. A7-ce).
Volcan de Chiriqui (E. Az-ce).
Panama (McLeatman) .
Bogota.
Atanques, Santa Marta (F.

Si?ii07is).
Minca, Santa Marta, Jan. 18

(F. Si77ions).
Antioquia {T. K. Salmon).
Medellin.

Jima, Ecuador (C Buckley).
Roraima, Oct. 4 (J/. Whitely),
Roraima, Jan. (7/. W.).

B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].
N. A. B. Commission.

Gould Collection.
Sclater Collection.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
U.S. Nat. Museum

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

U.S. Nat. Museum

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

U.S. Nat. Museum

[P.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sahin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
T. K. Salmon, Esq.

[C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Moneague, Jamaica, Aug
(O. 6'. l<s F. B. G.).

30 Salvin-Godman Coll,

20. SETOPHAGA.

415

S, e. d ad. sk.

C7- c? ? ad. sk.
e. S ad. sk.
t, K. S 2 ad. ,sk.
X. c? _ad. sk.
fi, V. Skeletons.
f Skull.

Samana, San Domingo, Jan. &

Feb (C. 6r. 3IcGn'gor).
Santa Lucia, W. I. {Sefuper).
Tobago.
Trinidad.
Trinidad.
N. America.
Jamaica.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Collection.
Governor Ussher [P.] .
Sclater Collection.
Gould Collection.
Pm-chased.
P.H.Gosse,Esq.[P.].

2. Setophaga picta.

Setophaga picta, Swains. ZuoL Illustr. ser. 2, i. pi. iii. (1829); Grm/,

Gen. B. i. p. 265 (184G) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. ;jl2 (1850) ; Kmip,

P. Z. S. 1851, p. 50 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 66, 1856, p. 292, 1858,

p. 299, 1859, p. 374; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 298 (1858), pi. 77.

fig. 2 (I860) ; id. U.S. Bound. Surv. ii.. Birds, p. 11 (1859); Scl.

&,- Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 12 ; K C. Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 110 ; Scl. Cat.

Amer. B. p. 36 (1862); Baird, RemetoAnier. B.^. 256 (1865) ; Graij,

mmd-l. B. i. p. 243, no. 3515 (1869) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc.

N. H. i. p. 546 (1869) ; Coties, Key N. Amer. B. p. 110 (1872) ; Scl.

^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ; Baird, Brewer, ^ Ridgio.

Hist. N. Amer. B. iii. App. p. 507 (1874) ; Laxor. Mem. Bost. Soc.

N. H. ii. p. 270 (1874) ; Hensh. Rep. Zool. Expl. W. iOOth Merid.

p. 209 (1875) ; Lawr. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 16 (1876) ;

Coiies, Birds Color. Vail. p. 335 (1878) ; Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 306;

id. Sf Godm. Biol. Cenfr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 179 (1881); Ridgw.

Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 19 (1881) ; Coiies, Key N. Amer.

B. 2nd ed. p. 315 (1884).
Muscicapa leucomus, Girmid, Sixteen B. Te.vas, pi. 6. fig. 1 (1841).
Muscicapa tricolor, Lii7i/. .lf//s. Berol. ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 312 (1850).

Tail of Setophaga picta, to show the white on the third feather.

Adult male. General coloui' above jet-black, with greyish bases to
the feathers ; lesser wing-coverts black: median and greater series
white, forming a large wing -patch ; the inner greater coverts black,
and all the others black on the inner web, becoming gradually more

416 MNIOTILTIB^.

and more white on the outer one ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills black ; tail-feathers black, the two outermost ones white,
with an oblique black mark across the base of the outer web and
the lower part of the inner web, the third feather with a wedge-
shaped mark of white at the end of the inner web and a white tip
to the outer ; head, sides of face, lores, ear-coverts, cheeks, and
throat black like the back ; upper and under edge of eyelid white ;
remainder of under surface from the lower throat downwards deep
crimson, the sides of the body and flanks being jet-black ; vent,
thighs, and under tail- coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries white ; qmlls ashy blackish below, whitish along the edge of
the inner web : " bill and feet black "{Co^les). Total length 5 inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 2-75, tail 2*3o, tarsus 0'65.

Adult female. Not particularly different from the male, though
rather less richly coloured. ( Cones.)

In poor plumages the black is not so lustrous ; the red of the
belly is less extensive and of a more brick-red tone, and the white
of the wings and tail more restricted. (Cones.)

Mexican specimens, instead of having the third tail-feather white
at the end only, have almost as much white on it as the penultimate
feathers ; the greater part of the outer web is white, as well as an
oblique mark across the inner one. This difference does not seem
to be caused by age, as the young Mexican bird shows the pecu-
liarity in as great a degree as the old birds.

Some adult males have the inner secondaries edged with white ; but
whether this is a sign of age I cannot say ; it is more pronounced in
examples from Mexico than in those from Guatemala. Coues speaks
of Arizona specimens as having a broad white edging to the inner
secondaries.

Young. Dusky or sooty black above where the adult is jet-black ;
inner secondaries edged with white ; tail as in adult, the third
feather also for a great part white, nearly the whole of the outer
web and the terminal third of the inner web near the shaft being
white also ; sides of head and under siirface of body sooty brown
with grey bases, the lower abdomen washed with sandy buff ; thighs
and under tail-coverts ashy, tipped with white ; under wing-coverts
white ; quills dusky below, whitish along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 5 inches, wing 2'65, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*G5.

Hub. Central America : Mexico, extending into New Mexico and
Arizona in North America.

a. 2 juv, sk. Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

July 5 (K W. Nelson).

6. Ad. sk. Mexico. J.Taylor,_Esq. [P]. (Tj-pe

of species.)

S. Mexico. _ _ M. A. Salle [C.].

Near the City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Oaxaca {FenocMo). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Ciudad Dm-ango, June 15 Salvin-Godman Coll.
(A. Forrer).

c.

2 juv. sk.

d.

cJ ad. sk.

e.

(S ad. sk.

/■

(5 ad. sk.

20. SETOPHAGA.

Subsp, a. Setophaga guatemalae.

417

Setophaga picta {nee Sioains.), Scl. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 12 ; E. C.
Taylor, Ibis, 18G0, p. 110 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 36 (1862, pt.) ; et
auct. recent.

Adult male. Similar to S. picta, but distinguished by the much
smaller amount of white on the three outer tail-feathers. Total
length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-7, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-65.

Tail of Setophaga guatemala;, to show the amount of white on
third feather.

Ohs. In the Salvin-and-Godman collection are five adult males
from Guatemala, which confirm the distinctions pointed out in the
above diagnosis. In some of them there is no trace of white on the
third tail-leather, whereas three males from Mexico in the same
collection have nearly as much white on the third tail-feather as on
the penultimate feather. The Guatemalan skins have a very narrow
fringe of white to the secondaries, this being very broad in the
Mexican examples.

Hah. Central America : Guatemala. The Honduras bird is pro-
bably the same, but an examination of specimens is necessary.

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala {Bridges).

b. Ad. sk. Guatemala {Constmicia).

c. Juv. sk. Guatemala (O. Salmn).

d. (^ ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala,

Sept. (O. S.).
e,f. c? ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Aug. & Sept.

iO.S.).
g. dad.sk. Volcan de Fuego (0.<S.^-i^ J). G.).
li. (5 ad. sk. Santa Barbai-a, \'era Paz, Jan.

(O. .v.).

t. c? ad. sk. Tactic, Vera Paz, Jau. (0. S.).

VOL. X.

Eyton Collection.
Sclater Collection.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Collection.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sulvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
2 E

418 MNIOTILTID^.

3. Setophaga miniata.

Setophaga miniata, Swains. I'hil. May. new ser. i. p. 368 (1827) ; id.

An. in Mcnaq. p. 293 (.1837) ; aray, Gen.B. i. p. 265 (1846) ; Sd.

I\ Z. S. 1856, p. 292, 1858, p. 299 ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 299

(1858), pi. 58. fig-. 1 (1860); Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 363, 374;

id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 37 (1862) ; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 259

(1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 240, no. 3524 (1869) ; Sumichr.

Mem. Bost. Soc. N. IT. i. p. 546 (1869); Scl. ^- Salv. Nomend. Av.

Neotr. p. 10 (1873, pt.) ; Baird, Breiver, ^- Ridf/to. Hist. N. Amer.

B. p. 322 (1874) ; Lairr. Mem. Bost. Sue. N. H. ii. p. 270 (1874);

id. Btdl. U.S. Kat. Mns. no. 4, p. 16 (1876) ; Salv. Ibis, 1878,

p. 308 (pt.) ; id. ^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 181

(1881, pt.); Ridffw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 19 (1881).
Muscicapa laivata, Licht. Preis-Verz. mex. VUg. p. 2(1830); Cah.

J.f. O. 1863, p. 58.
Muscicapa vuluerata, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 529 ; Kaup, P. Z. S.

1851, p. 50.
Setophaga castanea, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 42.
Muscicapa derhami, Giratid, B. Texas, pi. 3. fig. 2 (1841) ; Scl.

P. Z. S. 1855, p. 65.
Setophaga vubierata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 265 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 313 (1850).
Adult. General colour above dark slaty grej- ; lesser wing-coverts
like the back ; median and greater coverts blackish, edged with
slaty grey like the back ; bastard- wing, primary-coverts, and quills
blackish, narrowly edged with slaty grey ; upper tail-coverts like
the back ; tail-feathers black, the three outer ones with a broad
white tip, increasing in extent towards the outermost, which has a
white margin to the outer web for half its length ; on the top of
the crown a patch of deep chestnut ; nape, sides of crown, and sides
of neck dark slaty grey like the back ; a broad frontal band of
blackish, the feathers edged with slaty grey, the lores, cheeks, and
ear-coverts being of the same colour ; throat black, with a slight
wash of slaty grey, the lower throat being entirely black ; remainder
of under surface from the fore neck downwards crimson, the sides
of the breast and flanks being slaty gi'ey, the latter slightly inter-
mixed with blackish ; thighs ashy grey externally, white on inner
aspect ; under tail-coverts white, with a slight rosy tinge ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts slaty grey, edged with white, which is
slightl)- tinged with rosy ; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge
of the inner web. Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-5,
tail 2-6, tarsus 0-7.

Young. General colour above sooty black, the wing-coverts like
the back, edged Avith rusty brown at the tips ; quills blackish,
washed with slaty grey on the edges ; tail-feathers black ; head a
little more dusky than the back ; sides of face and throat dull ashy,
washed with brown on the chin ; lower throat and sides of body
dark chocolate-brown, the abdominal feathers paler and more chest-
nut and with whitish bases ; ixuder tail-coverts pale fulvous.

Obs. At present I have never seen any orange-scarlet birds from
Mexico, all the specimens in the British Museum and in the Salvin-
and-Godman collection tiaving bright crimson breasts. The Mexican

20. SETOPHAGA.

419

examples also have much more white on the tail, and the chestnut
patch on the head is obscured bj- slaty-grey tips to the feathers.

Tail of Setophaga miniata.

Prof. Baird says that the type of Muscicapa derhami, Giraud,
which he regards as less mature or probably a female, has the black
feathers of the forehead and throat edged with plumbeous and the
sides of the head plumbeous.

Hah. Mexico.

«. Ad. sk. Mexico {Mus. Derb.).

b. cJ ad. sk. Near the City of Mexico.

c. c? ad. sk. La Parada, Mexico (A. Boucard).

d. (S ad. sk. Jalapa {De Oca).

Sclater Collection.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Subsp. a. Setophaga flammea.

Setophaga flammea, Kaup, P. Z. 8. l8ol, p. 50 ; Scl. i^- &
1859, p. 12 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 37 (1862) ; Baird,
Amer. B. p. 259 (1865).

Setophaga intermedia, Ilartl. Rev. Zool. 1852, }>. 5.

|- Sa/v. Ibis,
Bvvieiu

Tail of Setophaga flammea.

2e 2

420

MNIOTILTID^.

Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.

Purchased.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Adult male. Similar to S. nnniata, but with much less white on
he outer tail-feathers. Total length 5-5 inches, culmeu 0-45, vdng
2-5, tail 2-5, tarsus 0"7.

It would appear as if the orauge-breasted birds were the young
males, as the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godmau contains one
young bird emerging from the dusky first plumage into an orange-
breasted plumage.

In the Guatemalan series in the same collection every shade of
colour from orange to crimson is observable ; the difference of the
white on the tail holds good, but is not so marked as between
S. picfa and S. guatemala'.

Hah. Guatemala and Costa Eica.

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala {Cunstcincia).

h, c. Ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala
(0. Salvin).

d. Ad. st. Cobau, Guatemala.

e. Ad. st. Guatemala.
/. (S ad. sk. Guatemala (0. S.).
q,h. S ad.sk. Cobau, Vera Paz (O. S. !^-

F. D. G.).
i. c? ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz (O. S.).

k. cS imm. sk. Dueiias, Guatemala (0. S. 4"

F. D. G.).
I, ?«. cJ imm. sk, Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala,

Sept. (0. S.).
n. <S ad. sk. Volcan de Agua, Guatemala,

Nov. (O. S.).

4. Setophaga verticalis.

Setophag'a verticaUs, Lafr. 4' lyOrh. Si/n. Av. p. S3 (1837) ; D'Orb.

Voy. Amer. Merid. p. 330, pi. 35. fig. 1 ( 1835-44) ; Gray, Gen.

B. i. p. 265 (184(3) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 313 (1850) ; Tschudi, Faun.

Penian., Aves, p. 191 (1855) ; Sc/ater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 37 (1862) ;

Baird, Eevieiv Amer. B. p. 258 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 243,

no. 3519 (1869) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 323 ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl.

Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 16 ; Salv. Ibis, 1878,

p. 311 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 223, 1882, p. 7 ; Berhpsch ^- Tacz.

P. Z. S. 1883, p. 541 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, p. 481 (1841).
Myioborus verticalis, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 508.

Adult male. General colour above slaty grey ; lesser wing-coverts
like the back ; median and greater series, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish, externally edged with dull slaty grey, a
little lighter on the primaries ; feathers on the side of the rump
with half- concealed subtermiual spots of yellowish white ; upper
tail-coverts dark slate-colour, blackish in the centre of the feathers ;
tail-feathers black, the three outside ones white towards the ends,
increasing in extent towards the outermost, which has more than
half the feather and nearly the whole of the outer web white ; fore-
head dark slaty grey, slightly mottled with black centres to the
feathers ; the hinder crown with a conspicuous patch of chestnut ;
sides of crown, ear-coverts, and sides of neck dull slaty grey, the
lores and feathers round the eye blackish ; cheeks and sides of throat

20. 8ET0PHAGA. 421

dull slate-colour, the centre of the latter blackish ; rest of under
surface of body from the fore neck downwards bright yellow ; the
sides of the upper breast dai-k slaty grey, the flanks also slate-colour ;
thighs ashy externally, white on their inner aspect; under tail-
coverts white, washed with yellow ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts white, washed with yellow, with a patch of dusky near the
edge of the wing; quills diisky below, ashy whitish along the edge
of the inner web : " bill black ; feet blackish brown ; iris dark
brown" {Stolzmann). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-4,
tail 2*2, tarsus 0*7.

Ohs. An adult male from Antioquia is very brilliantly coloured
underneath, and is orange-yellow on the breast. Wing 2-6 inches.

Adult female. Rather paler in colour than the male, and with the
coronal patch of chestnut scarcely perceptible, the chestnut feathers
being tipped with slaty grey. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*4,
wing 2-35, tail 2*4, tarsus 0-7.

Bab. From Bolivia and Peru to Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela,
and British Guiana.

«, 6. Ad. sk. Typuani, Bolivia (C.i?Mc7i;%). Salvin-tTodman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. San Antonio, Peru, July 5 Salvin-Godman CoU.

(H. Whitely).

d. (S ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador, Aug. Sclater Collection.

(Frasm-).

e. Ad. sk. Quito. J. Gould, Esq.

/",</. Ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador (C. i)McAfe«/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection.

k. Ad. sk. Coucordia, Antioquia {Sal- Sclater Collection.

»2o?;.).
/. c? ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia. T. K.Salmon, Esq. [C.].

m,n. J 5 ad.sk. Santa Elena I T. ^T. iSfl/mw*). Salvin-Godman Coll.
0, ;j. 2 ad. sk. San Sebastian, Sierra Nevada Salvin-Godman Coll.

of Santa Miirta, July and

Aug. (jF. Simons).
q. 2 ad. sk. San Salvador, Sierra Nevada Sclater CoUectiou.

of Santa Marta (Simons),
r. 2 ad. sk. Caracas, Venezuela, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(A. Goeritiff).
s, t. cJ ad. sk. Roraima, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Aug. (H. Whitely).

5. Setophaga aurantiaca.

Setophaga flammea, Cah. J. f. O. 1861, p. 8.5 (nee Ep.).

Setophaga aurantiaca, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 261 (1865) ; Lmor.

Ann. L\ic. N. Y. ix. p. 96 (1868) ; Von Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, p. 294 ;

Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 243, no. 3525 (1869); Salv. litis, 1869,

p. 313 ; id. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 183 ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.

p. 11 (1873); Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 310; id. ^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-

Amer., Aves, i. p. 182 (1881).

Adult male. General coloiir above slaty grey, the long feathers on
the side of the rump with yellowish tips ; wiug-coverts dusky, edged

422 MNiOTiXTrDa;.

with slaty grey like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills blackish, edged with slaty grey, almost obsolete on the quills ;
upper tail-coverts blackish, edged with slaty grey ; tail-feathers
black, the four outer ones white at the ends, the white gradually
increasing towards the outermost, where it occupies the terminal
half of the feather ; forehead and sides of crown black, skirting a
chestnut patch, which occupies the hinder crown and occiput ; lores
and a very broad eyebrow dark slaty grey ; feathers round the
eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat lalackish, washed with slaty ;
remainder of under surface bright yellow from the fore neck down-
wards ; sides of the breast and Hanks slaty grey ; thighs slaty grey ;
vent and under tail-coverts white ; axillaries white, with dusky
bases ; under wing-coverts slaty grey, edged with white : quills
dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web : " bill
and feet black" (Salvin). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing
2-5, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-75.

Sexes alike (Baird).

Young. Differs from the adult in being more dusky, the abdomen
being chestnut.

Hub. Costa Eica, Yeragua, and Panama.

a. Ad. sk. Costa Rica (J. Carmiol). Sclater Collection.

b. Ad. sk. Costa Rica {H. Rogeis). Sclater Collection.

c. (S ad. sk. San Jos(5, Costa Rica, Jan. SalYin-Godmau Coll,

20 {A. von Frantzim).

d. Ad sk. Tm-rialba, Costa Rica {E. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Aj-ce).

e. f. Ad. sk. Tucurriqui, Costa Rica {E. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Arce).
q, <S ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua {E. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Arce).
h. (S ad. ; i. juv. Volcan de Chiriqui {E. Salvia-Godman Coll.
sk. Arce).

6. Setophaga albifrons.

Setophaga albifrons, Scl. ^ Salt: P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 780, 784 ;
Nomencl. At: Neotr. p. 11 (1873) ; Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 318, pi.

iid.

fig. 2.

Adult male (type of species). General colour above slaty grey,
with a slight olive tinge ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median
and greater series dusky, externally slaty grey ; bastard-wing, pri-
mary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, externally edged with slaty
grey ; upper tail-coverts black ; tail black, the two outer feathers
white, with an oblique mark of black towards the base, occupying
the terminal half of the penultimate feather ; the third feather with
a small terminal spot of white ; a patch of light chestnut on the
hinder crown and occiput, the lateral and hinder feathers of which
are tipped with black spots; sides of crown black, meeting and
formino' a bar across the forehead, the base of which is white, as
well as the lores and a ring of feathers round the eye ; cheeks, ear-
coverts, sides of neck, and sides of hinder crown dark slaty grey,

20. SETOPHAGA. 423

blackish below the ej'e and on the fore part of cheeks ; base of chin
white ; throat and remainder of under surface of body bright yellow ;
sides of breast and flanks slaty grey ; thighs ashy grey ; under tail-
coverts white, with ashy-grey bases ; axillaries dark slaty grey, with
white tips ; under wing-coverts white ; quills dusky below, ashy
whitish along the edge of the inner web: "iris brown" (Goerin;/).
Total length 5'6 inches, ciilmen 0*45, wing 2"5, tail 2'5, tarsus 0'75.

Young. More dusky than the adult, and browner on the upper
surface ; forehead and region above the eye blackish ; no nifous
crown ; throat rusty ash-brown, with a few bright yellow feathers
intermixed; no white on the face or the chin.

Hah. Merida, Venezuela.

a. (J ad. sk. Upper Wood-region, Merida Sclater Collection,

(A. Goering). ( Type of species.)

b. S ad. ; c. J Sierra Nevada de Merida Sclater Collection,
juv. sk. {A. Goeving).

d, e. (J ad. ; /. (f Sien-a Nevada de Merida Salvin-Godman CoU.
juv. sk. (A. Goering).

7. Setophaga bairdi.

Setophaga ruficoronata (nee Sj).), Scl. P. Z. S. I808, p, 550, 1860,
p. 74 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. -37 (1862) ; Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 784; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 11 (1873).

Setophaga sp., Baird, Peview Amer. B. p. 258 (1865).

Setophaga bairdi, Salvin, Ibis, 1878, p. 317, pi. viii. fig. 1; Tacs.
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 224 ; id. Oi-n. Perou, p. 480 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above dark slaty grey, slightly marked
with olive ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater
series blackish, externally edged with slaty grey ; bastard-wing and
primarv-coverts blackish; quills blackish, externally margined with
slaty grey ; upper tail-coverts black : tail-feathers black, the two
outer ones white, with an oblique blackish mark on the inner
web, broader on the penultimate feather, which has a blackish
edging near the tip of the outer web ; forehead and a broad streak
along the sides of the crown black ; remainder of crown cinnamon,
the hinder feathers tipped with black, like the adjoining feathers of
the nape, which are also mottled with black tips ; a line across
the base of forehead and a ring of feathers round the eye golden
yellow ; lores with a black spot ; a line below the eye and ear-
coverts black ; sides of neck slaty grey ; cheeks and under surface
of body golden yellow, the fore neck and breast separated from the
sides of the neck by a line of black ; sides of upper breast slaty grey ;
under tail-coverts white, washed with yellow near the vent ; thighs
ashy grey : axillaries pale yellow or yellowish white, with slaty-
grey bases : under wing-coverts slaty grey, edged with white ; quills
duskv below, ashy white along the edge of the inner web : " bill and
feet iilack: iris dark brown" (Stolzmann). Total length 5-2 inches,
culmen 0"45. wing 2-7, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-8.

Obs. The female birds are apparently less brightly coloured than
the male, have a paler crown, and much narrower frontal band of

424 MNIOTILTID^.

black, this being mottled with the golden-yellow bases to the
feathers.

Young. Differs from the adult in having no chestnut crown, its
presence being indicated by a few feathers only of the latter colour ;
the forehead mottled with a few golden-yellow feathers tipped with
black ; rest of the crown slaty grey, like the back.

Hab. Ecuador to Peru.

a. c? ad. sk. Matos, Ecuador, June(i^/'«se/'). Sclater Collection.

6. [ 2 ] ad. sk. Matos {Fraser). Sclater Collection.

c, d,e. [ c? ? ] ad. Quito. Goidd Collection.

sk.

/. Ad. sk. Quito {Bruce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

g. Ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador (C Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Type of species.)

h. Ad. sk. Sical ( C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i, k. Ad. sk. San Lucas, Ecuador ( Villa- Salvin-Godman Coll.

f/omez).

I. Juv. sk. Ecuador. Goidd Collection.

8. Setophaga torquata.

Setophaga torquata, Baird, Iteview Amer. B. p. 261 (18G5) ; Salvin,
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 136 ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 96 (1868) ;
Von Frantz. J. f. O. 1860, p. 294 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 243,
no. 3526 (1869) ; Scl. S^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 11 (1873)_;
Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 319 ; id. ^ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i.
p. 183, tab. 10. fig. 2 (1881).

Adult. General colour above slaty grey with a slight tinge of
olive, rather more distinct on the rump, the long lateral plumes of
which are tipped with pale yellow ; wing-coverts blackish, edged
with slaty grey ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish,
more narrowly margined with slaty grey ; upper tail-coverts blackish,
washed with slaty grey ; tail-feathers blackish, the two outer ones
white with oblique black bases, the white less extensive on the
penultimate feather, the third feather with a white line skirting
the shaft for more than half the length of its outer Aveb and widen-
ing into a terminal spot ; on the head a large chestnut patch occupy-
ing the vertex and occiput, the hinder feathers being tipped with
black ; sides of crown and a broad band across the forehead black ;
base of forehead, lores, eyebrow, feathers round the eye, cheeks,
ear-coverts, sides of neck, and throat golden yellow ; breast and
abdomen also golden yellow, separated from the throat by a prse-
pectoral collar of black, the sides of the upper breast slaty grey ;
thighs slaty grey ; under tail-coverts paler j'ellow than the ab-
domen ; axillaries pale yellow with ashy-grey bases ; under wing-
coverts ashy grey, edged with brighter yellow ; quiUs dusky brown
below, edged with pale ashy along the inner web : " bill and feet
black " (Salvin). Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2-45,
tail 2-3, tarsus 0-75.

A second specimen in the .Sclater Collection has the back purer
slaty grey without any olive tinge ; the penultimate tail-feather

20. SETOPHAGA. 425

has a blackish margin along the outer web, only a faint trace of
which is seen in the specimen described ; the upper tail-coverts also
are blacker.

Hab. Costa Rica and Veragua.

n, h. Ad. sis. Ii-azu, Costa Rica {Rogers). Sclater Collection.

c, d, e. Ad. sk. Irazu district, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

(II. Rogers).

f. Ad. sk. La Raima, Costa Rica {A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

von Frantzius).

g. Ad. sk. Costa Rica {E. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.
h. Ad. sk. Verap-ua {E. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.
i. Ad. .sk. Cordillera de Tol^, Veragua Salvin-Godman Coll.

{E. Arce).

9. Setophaga ruficoronata.

Setophaga ruficoronata, Kuup, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 49 ; Baird, Review
Anier. B. p. 2-55 (1865, pt.) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 243, no. 3522
(1869) ; Scl. Si- Salt: Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 11 (1873) ; Salv. Ibis,
1878, p. 316, pi. 7. fig. 1.

Adult. General colour above dark slate-colour, slightly varied on
the hind neck with nearly obsolete blackish centres to the feathers ;
lesser wing- coverts like the back, the median and greater series
blackish, externally edged with slate-colour; bastard-wing, primarv-
coverts, and quills blackish, the latter slightly edged wi^h slaty
grey ; upper tail-coverts black, with slaty-grey margins ; tail-feathers
black, the two outer ones white, the penultimate feather with an
oblique mark of black on the inner web and a narrow blackish
margin to the end of the outer one, the outer feather with a nearly
concealed oblique mark of black near the base of the inner web :
forehead and sinciput golden yellow, extending in a narrow line
backwards along the side of the chestnut patch occupying the vertex
and occiput ; lores golden yellow with black bases : feathers round
the eye and a streak above the latter golden yellow, the last sur-
mounted by a broad band of black running to the side of the nape ; ear-
coverts also black ; the feathers below the eye golden yellow, mottled
with black bases ; cheeks and under surface of body brilliant golden
yellow ; sides of neck rather clearer slaty grey than the back, and
separated from the yellow breast by a line of black feathers ; sides
of upper breast slaty grey ; thighs darker slaty grey externally,
washed with yellow on the inner aspect ; under tail-coverts white,
with a slight tinge of yellow ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
slaty grey, edged with white, the greater series entirely white ;
quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*7, tail 2-45, tarsus 0'8.

Hab. Peru, and interior of Colombia and Ecuador.

a. Ad. sk. Foot ot Mt. Picbincha, Ecu- Sclater Collection.

ador { Whgmper).

b, c, d. Ad. sk. Pasto, Ecuador (Lehmumi). Salvin-Godman Coll.
e, f. Ad.sk. Yaiiayaca, Ecuador (C.^?<c/c- Salvin-Godman Coll.

i'-y)-

426 MNIOTILTID^.

10. Setophaga ornata.

Setophaga ornata, Bois. Eev. Zool. 1840, p. 70 ; Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 265
(1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 313 (1850) ; Kemp, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 50 ;
Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 114; Sd. Cat. Amer. B. p. 37 (1862) ; Baird,
Review Amer. B. p. 258 (1865); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 243,
no. 3523 (1809) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 323; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl.
Av. Neotr. p. 11 (1873) ; Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 315.

Setophaga flaveola, Lafr. Eev. Zool. 1844, p. 81 ; Gray, Gen. B.
i. p. 265 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 313 (18.50) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1855,
p. 144; id. ^ Salv. No-mencl. Av. Neotr. p. 11 (1873).

Setophaga leucophomma, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 49 ; Scl. P. Z. S.
1855, p. 144; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 37 (1862); Gray, Hand-l. B.
i. p. 24.3, no. 3530 (1869).

Adult. General colour above dark slaty grey, with a slight tinge
of olive ; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater
series black, edged with slaty grey ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills blackish, the latter with obsolete slaty-grey margins :
upper tail-coverts black, margined with slaty grey; tail-feathers
black, the two outer ones white, with an oblique blackish mark
across the inner web, larger on the penultimate feather, which has
a narrow blackish edging near the end of the outer web also ; crown
of head golden yellow, as far as the vertex ; the latter, as well as
the nape and hind neck, black ; a narrow line across the base of the
forehead, lores, a broad eyebrow, as well as the feathers round the
eye, and the fore part of the ear-coverts and of the cheeks white ;
hinder part of cheeks, remainder of ear-coverts, and sides of neck
black like the hind neck, with a few white streaks on the hinder
ear-coverts and cheeks ; base of chin white like the fore part of the
cheeks ; remainder of under surface of body golden yellow : sides
of the upper breast dark slaty grey, separated from the yellow
breast by a line of black which descends from the black ear-coverts ;
thighs slaty grey : under tail-coverts white, washed with yellow
near the vent ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, with ashy-
grey bases ; edge of wing tinged with yellow ; quills dusky below,
ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 2-55, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*75.

Young ( = S. flaveola). Differs in having the sides of the head, in-
cluding the lores, of the same colour as the back, with a few white
feathers present. (Salvin.)
Hub. Interior of Colombia.

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection.

d, e. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

f. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

ff. Ad.sk. Jiogota ( Crmvther). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. Ad. sk. [Ecuador.] Salvin-Godman Coll.

20, SETOPHAGA. 427

11. Setophaga chrysops.

Setopliaga flaveola, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 50 (nee Lafr.).
Setophaga chrysops, Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 314, pi. 7. fig. 2.

Adult male. General colour above dark slaty grey, with a faint
tinge of olive ; lesser wing- coverts like the back ; median and
greater coverts black, narrowly edged with slaty grey like the back ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, the latter with
narrow margins of slaty grey ; upper tail-coverts black ; tail-feathers
black, the two outer ones white, with an oblique black mark across
the base of the inner web, more extended on the penultimate
feather, the third one just tipped with white ; crown of head and
nape black, with chestnut bases to the feathers adjoining the yellow
forehead ; feathers round the eye forming a broad ring of golden
yellow ; the forehead deep orange-yellow, as well as the cheeks ;
ear-coverts black, with a small posterior patch of yellowish- white
plumes ; sides of neck slaty grey ; entire iinder surface of body
golden yellow, rather paler on the lower flanks ; sides of upper
breast dark slaty grey ; thighs dark slaty grey ; under tail-coverts
white, with blackish bases ; axillarics very pale yellow or white,
with ashy bases : under wing-coverts black, edged with white or
pale yellow; quills blackish below, ashy whitish along the edge of
the inner web. Total length 5-6 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-85,
tail 2-6, tarsus 0-8.

Adult (?) female. Slightly paler than the male, both above and
below, and not showing the chestnut bases to the black coronal
feathers. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2'G, tail 2-6,
tarsus 0'8.

Toung male. Paler in colour than the adult male, and having
the black coronal patch much less strongly pronounced and washed
with olive ; no chestnut bases to the black feathers on the head ;
penultimate tail-feather with a slight blackish fringe near the edge
of the outer web ; the white tip to the third tail-feather obsolete.

Hah. Colombia.

a. c? ad. sk. Santa Elena, Autioquia Salvin-Godman CoU.

{T. K. Sahnmi). (Type of species.)

h. (5 ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia Sclater Collection.

{T. K. Salmon).

e,d. (S $ ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C],

e. 5 ad. sk. Froutino, Colombia {T. K. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sahnon).

f. Ad. sk. Retiro, Colombia {T. K. Sclater Collection.

Salmon).

12. Setophaga melanocephala.

Setophaga melanocephala, Tschudiin Wicym. Arch. x. p. 276 (1844);
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 2fi.j (1840); Bjy. Consp. i. p. 313 (1850);
Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851 , p. 50 ; Tschndi, Faun. Peruan. p. 192, Taf. 12.

428 MNIOTILTID^.

%. 2 (1855); Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 258 (1865); Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 243, no. .3521 (1869) ; Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 312 ;
Tacx. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 7 ; id. Orn. Perou, i. p. 479 (1884).
Myioboriis melanocepbalus, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 509.

Adult male. General colour above dark slate-colour, the long
rump-feathers washed with pale yellowish-olive at the ends ; wing-
coverts like the back, with black bases ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish, narrowly fringed with slaty grey ; upper
tail-coverts black : tail-feathers black, the outer ones white, with
an oblique blackish mark across the inner web, the penultimate
feather having a broader mark of the same character, the white
being reduced on the third to a large wedge-shaped mark at the
end ; crown of head black, forming a cap : ba'se of forehead bright
yellow, continued in a distinct line over the eye and forming an
eyebrow ; eyelid yellow, except in front, where it is black like the
lores ; ear-coverts black ; sides of neck slaty grey ; cheeks and
under surface of body brilliant yellow ; sides of upper breast dark
slaty grey, which continues on to the upper flanks, which have also
a slight greenish tinge ; thighs dark ashy ; under tail-coverts white,
slightly washed with yellow near the vent ; under wing-coveats and
axillaries dark slaty grey, narrowly edged with yellow ; edge of
wing yellow, the greater series whitish ; quills dusky blackish below,
edged with white along the inner web : " bill and feet black ; iris
dark brown " (Jelshi). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing
2-7, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-8.

The yoimr/ bird in its first plumage has the top of the head grey,
a little darker than the back ; the yellow of the throat paler than
in the adult ; the yellow eyebrow, as well as the plumelets round
the eye, commencing to show by scattered feathers of this colour ;
there are also some new black feathers appearing on the head.
(Taczanowski.)

Hah. Peru and Bolivia.

a. (J ad. sk. Pumamarca, Peru, Jime 5 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Stokmami).

b. (S ad. sk. Tamiapampa, Peru, Nov. 18 Sclater Collection.

(^8tolz7nann).

c. (S ad. sk. Ceutral Peru {Jelshi). Sclater Collection.

d. Ad. sk. Chachuapata, Peru, Sept. 6 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{H. Wliitehj).

e. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.].
/. Ad. St. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [0.].

fj. (S ad.sk. Simacu, Bolivia (C.i?2<c^/ey). Salvin-Godman Coll.

13. Setophaga brunneiceps.

Setophaga brunneiceps, UOrh. Voy. Amer. Merid. p. 329, pi. 84.
fig. 3 (18.35-44) ; Lafr. &■ D'Orh. Syn. Av. p. 50 (1837); Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 265 (1846) ; Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 37 (1862) ;
Baird, Bevieiv Amer. B. p. 258 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B, i. p. 243,

20. SETOPHAGA. 429

no. 3528 (1869) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 11 (1873) ;
Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 312.
Basileuterus bruuneiceps, BiJ. Consp. i. p. 314 (1850).

Adult male. General colour dull olive-yellowish, with grej' bases
to the feathers, the scapulars more ashy than the back ; the long
feathers at the sides of the rump tipped with pale yeUow ; wing-
coverts dark slaty grey, the median and greater series with blackish
bases ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish ; quills blackish,
edged externally with slaty grey ; upper tail-coverts slaty grey,
slightly washed with olive ; tail-feathers blackish, the outer feather
white, excepting an oblique blackish mark across the inner web,
the penultimate feather white, but with a larger blackish mark
and a narrow edging of blackish along the edge of the outer web,
the third feather with a large wedge-shaped mark of whito at the
end ; crown of head deep chestnut, occupying as far as the vertex,
the occiput and nape being slaty grey like the hind neck and sides
of the neck ; across the base of the forehead a line of black, running
backwards along the sides of the crown, accompanied by a narrow
lino of white from the base of the nostril above the eye ; lores
blackish ; eyelid and a few feathers below the eye white ; car-
coverts and cheeks slaty blackish, the latter separated from the
throat by a narrow malar line of whitish, meeting on the chin ;
remainder of under surface of body bright yellow ; the sides of the
upper breast mixed with ashy ; the flanks washed with olive ; thighs
ashy grey ; under tail-coverts white, washed with yellow near the
vent ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills dusky below,
whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5 inches,
culmen 0'45, wing 2-45, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*75.

Hab. Bolivia and South-eastern Brazil.

a. Ad. sk. South America. Sclater Collection.

I), c? ad. sk. Cataniarca, Argentine Re- Sclater Collection.

public, Aug. 2 ( White),

c, d. Ad. sk. Bolivia (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

14. Setophaga castaneicapilla.

Setophaga castaneicapilla, Cab. in Sc/wiitb. Bcis. Guian. iii. p. 667
(1848) ; Baird, Revieiv Amer. B. p. 259 (1865) ; Gray, Hcmd-l. B.
i. p. 243, no. 3529 (1809) ; Salu. Ibis, 1878, p. 313.

Adult male. General colour above dull olive-brown, dark slaty
grey on the hind neck and mantle ; upper tail-coverts black, slightly
washed with olive ; lesser and median wing-coverts dark slaty grey ;
greater coverts, bastai'd-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish,
obsoletely margined with dull slaty grey, a little clearer on the
primaries ; tail-feathers black, the three outer ones white towards
their ends, the white decreasing on the penultimate and third
feathers, which have a blackish margin to the outer web ; crown of
head bright chestnut or bay ; base of forehead ashy, slightly mottled
with black centres to the feathers ; a broad eyebrow, cheeks, and

430 MNIOTILTrD^.

ear-coverts ashy grey, slightly washed with olive-brown ; the lores
ashy white ; eyelid wMtish ; feathers below the eye spotted with
dull white ; entire under surface of body bright yellow, iucliniiig to
orange on the throat and fore neck, and becoming paler sulphur-
yellow on the under taU-coverts ; sides of neck and sides of upper
breast slaty grey ; flanks olive-brown ; thighs slaty grey ; axiUaries
and under wing-coverts white, with ashy-black bases ; edge of wing
washed with yellow ; quills blackish, ashy along the edge of the
inner web. Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0"5, wing 2'o5, tail
2-o5, tarsus 0-75.

Adult female. Not to bo distinguished from the male in colour,
but with less white on the third tail-feather. Total length 5-2
inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-5, tail 2--i, tarsus 0"75.

Mab, British Guiana.

a. (S ; b, c. 2 ad. Eoraima, Aug. {H. Wldtely). Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk.

d. c? ad. sk. Roraima, Aug. 10 {H. W.). Sclater Collection.

e. 2 ad. sk. Roraima, Sept. 7 {H. W.). Sclater Collection.

f. cS ad. sk. Roraima, Sept. {H. W.). Salvin-Godman CoU.

15. Setophaga lachrymosa.

Eutlilypis lachrymosus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 19, note (1850) ;

ScLP. Z. S. 1856, p. 291, 1859, p. 363; Salo. Sf Scl. Ibis, 1860,

p. -27 A ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 36 (186:2) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost.

Soc. JV. H. i. p. 546 (1809) ; Lawr. op. cit. ii. p. 270 (1874).
Basileuterus lachrymosus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 314 (1850).
Setophaga lachiymosa, Baird, Revieiv Amer. B. p. 263 (1865) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 244, no. 3539 (1869) ; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomcncl. Av.

Neotr. p. 11 (1873) ; Sah. Ibis, 1878, p. 320 ; id. ^ Godm. Biol.

Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 136, tab. 11. fig. 2 (1881).

Adult male. General colour above dark slaty grey, slightly washed
with oHve on the mantle and back ; lesser wing-coverts like the back,
the median and greater series also slaty grey, black internally ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts black ; quills black, externally
margined with slaty grey ; upper tail-coverts slaty grey like the
rump ; tail-feathers black, edged with slaty grey, all the four outer
feathers with a conspicuous white spot on the tip ; centre of crown
bright yellow, the feathers tipped with black ; forehead and sides of
the crown black, as well as the lores, feathers below the eye, and
fore i^art of cheeks ; in the centre of the lores a spot of white ; a
streak along the sides of the crown behind the eye, ear-coverts,
hinder cheeks, and sides of neck slaty grey ; base of chin white, as
well as a faint indication of a malar line ; remainder of under sur-
face of body dull orange, the centre of the breast and abdomen
briUiaut lemon-yeUow ; sides of breast and flanks ashy grey, the
latter with subterminal bars of wliite and washed with olive ; thighs
slaty grey ; under taU-coverts white, washed with yellow near
the base ;' under wing-coverts and axillaries dark slaty grey, blacker
near the edge of the wing ; ijuiUs dusky below, ashy along the edge

21. MTIODIOCTES.

431

of the inner web : " bill black, feet hazel-bro-wn " (Salvin). Total
length 6 inches, culmen 0'6, wing 2-9, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*95.
Hab. Mexico and Guatemala.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. St.

c. 2 ad. sk.

d,e. cJ $ ad. sk.

/. $ ad. sk.
I/. cJ ad. sk.

h, i. cS $ ad. sk.

Jalapa, Mexico (Z)e Oca).

Cordova.

Santa Efij^enia, Tehuantepec,

Dec. (F. Sumichrast).
Vok-an de Agua, above San

Diego, Guatemala, Nov.

1873 (O. Salvin).
Volcan de Agua, Nov. (0. S.).
BaiTauco-Houdo, Guatemala,

Oct. 20 (O. S.).
Altonango, Guatemala, Sept.9

(0. S.).

Sclater Collection.
M. A. Salle [C.].
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Sclater Collection.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

21. MYIODIOCTES

Tj-pe.

Wilsonia, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur, Sr A". Amer, p. 23
(1838, nee Brotvn).

Myiodioctes, Audub. Syn. p. 48 (1839) M. mitratus.

Myioctonus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 18 (1850) .... M. mitratus.

Head of Myiodioctes mitratus.

* Myiodioctes mixutus.

Muscicapa minuta, Wih. Amer. Orn. vi. p. 62, pi. 50. fig. 6 (1812) ; Avdub.

£. Amer. pi. 434. fig. 2 ; id. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 291 (1839) ; id. Syn.

p. 44 (1839) ; id. L. Amer. ii. p. 238, pi. 67.
Sylvia iniuuta, B]}. Jcv.rn. I'hilad. Acad. iv. p. 197 (1824).
Wilsonia minuta, B2j. Cmiq). List B. Ev.r. ^- N. Amer. p. 23 (1838).
Setupbaga minuta, Kiehards. Eep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172.
Syhania puniilia, ISv.tt. Man. 1843, p. 334.
Mviodioctes minutus, Baird, B. A. Amer. p. 293 (1858) ; id. Beview Amir.

'B. p. 241 (1865) ; Baird, Briuer. ^- Eidgu: Hist. A. Avier. B. i. p. 316

(1874) ; Bidgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 19 (1881).
Jlyiodiocte.s ? minutus, Coves, B. Color. Vail. p. 326(1878).

Hab. Eastern United States.

•' The above synonymy is nearly .nil mere compilation, the several authors, ei-
eepting Wilson, Kuttall. and Audubon, not claiming to know the species. The
existence of any such bird is doubtful, and its rel'erence Xo Myiodioctes by Baird
and others is wholly ccujectural. Bonaparte first put it here, i.e. in his genuB
WiUonia. but in I'&oO queerly identified it vrith Emindonax flavivtntris of
Baird. The history of the bird begins with a misunderstandiug between Wilson
and Audubon, and the whole record from that day to this is a tissue of surmises."
— Coues, I. c.

432 lorioTiLTiD^.

Ranrje. The whole of Northern and Central America, extending
to Colombia and Ecuador ; Bermuda ; Cuba ; Jamaica.

Key to the Species.

a. Outer tail-feather without any white.
a' . Chest spotted.

a". Fore part of crown mottled with black
centres to the feathers j chest spotted with

black canadensis cJ , p. 433.

h". Crown like the back, grey washed with

olive ; chest streaked with dusky canadensis $ , p. 433.

6'. No spots on chest,
c". Forehead yellow.

a'". Forehead and eyebrow golden yellow ;

crown glossy black pimlluSiS, p. 435.

b'". Crown of head like the back, olive yel-
lowish pusillus 2 , p. 436.

d". Forehead black like the rest of the crown meridionalis, p. 437.

b. Outer tail-feather mth the inner web white. '

c'. Throat black; hinder crown black mitratus (S testiv.,

d'. Throat yellow ; hinder crown like the back, [p. 438.

the black hood being concealed . . : . .-. .... mtira^ws hiem., p.438.

1. Myiodioctes canadensis.

Le Gobe-mouche cendi'6 de Canada, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 406^ pi. 39.

fig. 4 (1760).
Muscicapa canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. .327 (1766); Wils.Amer.

Orn. iii. p. 100, pi. 26. fig. 2" (1811); Audub. B. Amer. pi. 103;

id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 17 (1834).
Canada Fljxatcher, Lath. Gen.-Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 354 (1783); Penn.

Arctic Zool. ii. p. 388 (1785). _.
Sylvia pardalina, Bp. Journ. Philad. Acad. iv. p. 179 (1824).
Muscicapa bonapartii, Audub. B. Atner. -pi. 5 ; id. Orn. Biogr. i.

p. 27(1831). " . T. ' ,* . ^

Setophaga bonapartii. Swains'. ^- Hichards. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds,

p. 225, pi. 47 (1831); Richards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172:

Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 244, no. ^3538 (1869).
Setophaga canadensis, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 358 (1832) ;

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 265 (184(3) ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 244, no. 3536

(1869).
Sylvicola pardalina, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 22

(1838).
Wilsonia bonapartii, Bjy. Comp. List B. Eur. <§• N. Amer. p. 23

(1838) ; Audub. Syn. p. 49 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 17, pi. 73

(1841).
Myiodioctes canadensis, Aiidub. Syn. p. 49 (1832) ; id. B. Amer. ii.

p. 14, pi. 72 (1841) ; Scl. P. Z.S. 1854, p. Ill, 1855, p. 143, 1858,

pp. 64, 451; Baird, B. K Amer. p. 294 (1858); Scl. Sf Salv. Ibis,

1859, p. 11; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 34 (1862) ; Laivr. Attn. Lye. N. Y.

\ni. p. 468 (1862) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1;;63, p. 63 ; Baird, Review Amer.

B. p. 239 (1865) ; Dresxer, Ibis, 1865, p. 478 ; Lawr. Ann. Lye.

N. Y. viii. p. 285 (1866), ix. p. 95 (1868) ; Von Frantz. J. f. O.

1869, p. 294 ; Corns, Key N. Amer. B. p. 109 (1872) ; Scl. ^-'Salv.

21. mnoDiocTEs. 433

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ; Coues, B.N.-West, p. 80 (1874);

Baird, Brewer, ^- Ridgw. Hist. N.-Amer. B. i. p. 320, pi. 16. fig. 6

(1874); Cozies, B. Color. Vail. p. 323 (1878); Ridgw. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. uo. 21, p. 10 (1881) ; Salv. ^■. Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer.,

Aves, i. p. 166 (1881) : Cvue.s, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 314

(1884). ' •:•-.■

Sylvania bonapartii, Nidt. Man. 1840,. p. 322.
Setophaga nigi-ocincta, Lafr. Rev. Zoo/. 1843, p. 292, 1844, p. 79.
Euthlypis canadensis, Cab. Mus. Hein; Th. i. p. 18 ; id. J. f. O.

1860, p. 326.
Myiodioctes pardalina, Bp. Consp. i. p. 315 (1850).
Adult male. General colour above light slaty grey, with a faint
trace of olive occasionally (the remains of winter plumage) ; wing-
coverts like the back ; greater series, bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills dusky, externally edged with slaty grey, a little lighter
on the primaries, the first of which is edged with ashy whitish ;
tail-feathers dusky, edged with slaty grey, the outer ones fringed
with whitish near the end of the outer web ; crown of head grey
like the back, but mottled with black centres to the feathers, the
black increasing towards the forehead ; a conspicuous supraloral
streak of yeUow from the nostrils to the corner of the eye ; eyelid
yellow ; lores and feathers below the eye black, descending in a
streak down the sides of the neck ; ear -coverts and sides of neck
clear slaty grey ; cheeks and under ■ surface of body bright yeUow,
the fore neck and chest thickl}* spotted with triangular marks of
black ; thighs yellow ; under tail-coverts white ; axillaries yeUow ;
under wing-coverts white ; ' quills dusky below, ashy white along
the edge of the inner web : " biU pale' brown above, flesh-coloured
below.;, feet and claws flesh-coloured and semitransparent ; iris deep
brown " (Audubon). Total length o"l inches, culmen 0'45, wing
2-65, tail :2-"3, tarsus 0-7. •

Adult female. Differs from the male in the almost total absence
of black spots on the crown and breast ; above delicate ashy grey,
with a tinge of oUve ; wings and tail as in the male : on the fore-
head a slight indication of black centres to the feathers, otherwise
the head hke the back : a yeUow streak from the nostril to the
corner of the eye, but paler than in the male; eyelid yellowish
white ; lores and feathers below the eye dusky ; ear-coverts pale ashy
grey like the back ; cheeks and under surface of body pale yeUow ;
under tail-coverts white ; on the chest a slight indication of dusky
spots. Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2'45, tail 2-15,
tarsus 0'8.

Female in ivinter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage above
described, but more washed with olive above, especially on the
head.

Young male in ivinter plumage. Scarcely to be distinguished from
the adult female in winter, but has generally the spots on the chest
blacker and more distinct, though much smaller than in the breeding-
plumage of the adult male. On the head also, by lifting the
feathers, traces of the black centres to the coi-onal plumes can be
found, much more extended than in any female bird.

VOL. X. 2 F

434

MNIOTILTIDiE.

Hal. Eastern IVorth America, breeding from the Middle States
occasionally, from New England regnlarly, northward to the limit of
trees (Coues). Doubtful in Mexico, but found in winter from
Guatemala to Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador.

a. c? ad. st.

b. Jut. sk.

c. 2 ^^- ^^■

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. (5;/.? ad.sk.
ff. c? ad. sk.

h. c? ad. sk.

i. 5 ad. sk.

k. 2 ad. sk.
I. cj ad. sk.
m. S ad. sk.
n. cS ad. sk.

o. 2 juv. sk.

p. c? ad. sk.
q. S ad. sk.

r. 2 ad. St.
s. cJ ad. ; t. S

juv. sk.
M. Imm. sk.

V. c? ad. sk.

w. Imm. sk.

X. Ad. sk.

y. (S juv. sk.

z. c? imm. sk.

a'. Imm. sk.

b'. Ad. sk.
c'. Ad. sk.

d', e'. Ad. et

imm. sk.
f',ff'. Ad. et

imm. sk.
h'. Ad. sk.

North America.

Mount Carmel, July 27 (-R.

Hidfftcay).
Mount Carmel, Illinois,

Aug. 15 (E. Ridgway).
Colehour, Illinois, Sept. II

(7/. a: Coale).
Cahokie River, Illinois,

May 24 (//. K. Coale). _
St. Lords Co., Missouri,

May 21 {H. K. Coale).
Montcalm Co., May 24 (//.

K. Coale).
Lake Regis, New York,

June 30 (Soosevelt).
Rockport, Ohio.
Wisconsin.

Ma,ssiichusetts{Dr. Brewer).
Washington, D. C. (C.

Dexler).
Park Woods, D.C., Sept. 4

{E. Coues).
Pennsylvania.
Knox Coimty, Indiana,

May 2 {S. liidgivay).
[Mexico.]
Duenas, Guatemala, Sept.

(O. S.).
Duenas, Sept. (0. iS'. ^

F. I>. G.).
Retalhuleu, Sept. (O. S. ^

F. D. G.).
Retalhuleu, Sept. (O. S.).
Volcau de Fuego, Sept.

(O. S.).
Cohan, Vera Paz, Jan.

(O. S.). _
Irazu district, Costa Rica

{H. Rogers).
Costa Rica, Oct. 4 {J. Car-

miol).

(C.

Bogota.
Bogota.

Sarayacu, Ecuador

Buckley).
[Brazil.]

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

U.S.Nat. Museum [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Prof. Kirtland [P.].
Dr. Brewer [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Collection.'
U.S. Nat. Museum.

Purchased.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sclater Collection.
J. Purdie, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.

21. MTIODIOCTES. 435

2. Myiodioctes pusillus.

Muscicapa pusilla, 7F&. A7>ier. Orn. iii. p. 103, pi. 26. tig. 4 (1811).

Sylvia wilsonii, Hj). Journ. Philad. Acad. iv. p. 179 (1824).

Sylvia petarodes, Licht. Preis- Verz. mex. Voy. p. 2 (1830) ; Cab.
J. f. O. 1863, p. 57.

Motacilla pileolata, Pall, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 497 (1831).

Setophaga wilsouii, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 391 (1832).

Muscicapa wilsouii, Atidiib. B. Amer. pi. 124; id. Orn. Biogr. ii.
p. 148 (1834).

Wilsonia pusilla, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. S,- N. Ame): p. 23 (1838) ;
Allen, Bidl. Mus. Com}). Zool. Cambr. iii. p. 175 (1872).

Myiodioctes wilsoui, Aud. Syn. p. 50 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii. p. 21 ,
pi. 75 (1841).

Sylvania pusilla, Nutt. Man. 1843, p. 335.

Myioctonus piisiUus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 18 (1850).

Myiodioctes pusiUus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 315 (1860) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856,
p. 291, 1858, p. 299 ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 293 (1858) ; id. U.S.
Mex. Bound. >'Surv. ii. pt. 2, Birds, p. 10 (1859); Scl. P. Z. S. 1859,
p. 303; id. ^- Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 11 ; Cab. J.f. O. 1860, p. 325;
Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 34 (1862) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 63 ; Lord,
Proc. B. Artill. Inst. iv. p. 115 (1864) ; Baird, Review Amer. B.
p. 240 (1865) ; Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 163 ; Dresser, t. c. p. 458 ;
Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. \-iii. p. 265 (1666), ix. p. 95 (1868) ; Ball
^j- Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. p. 278 (1869) ; Smnichr. Mem. Bost.
Soc. N. H. i. p. 547 (1«69) ; Von Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 294 ;
Cooper, B. Calif, p. 101 (1870); Sah. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 183;
Finsch, Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 36 (1872) ; Coues, Key
N. Amer. B. p. 109 (1872) ; Salo. Ibis, 1873, p. 334 ; Merrill,
Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. 1872-73, pp. 675, 713 ; Scl. ^- Salv. No-
mencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ; Coues, B. N.- West, pp. 79, 232
(1874) ; Baird, Breioer, ^- Ridgiv. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 317,
pi. 16. figs. 3, 4 (1874) ; Hemh. Zool. Fxpl. W. lUOth Merid.
p. 207 (1875); Coues, B. Color. Fall. p. 326 (1878); Ridgw.
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 18 (1881) ; Salv. Sr Godm. Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 168 (ItiSl) ; Nelson, Cruise R.S. ^Corwin,'
p. 64 (188.3) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2ud ed. p. 313 (1884).

Sylvauia wilsouii, Woodh. in Sitgr. Rep. Zuni R. p. 69 (1853).

Setophaga pusilla, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 244, no. 3535 (1869).

Abroiiiis atricapilla, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 169 ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1875,
p. 640.

Myiodioctes pusiUus, vai'. pileolatus, Ridgiu. Amer. Journ. Sei. 1872,
p. 457 ; id. Amer. Nat. viii. p. 608 (1873) ; Coues, t. c. p. 417 ;
Baird, Breioer, i^- Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 319 (1874J.

Myiodioctes pusillus pileolatus, Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21,
p. 19 (1881) ; Alien S,- Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii. p. 159
(1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2ud ed. p. 314 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above yellowish green ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back ; median aud greater coverts greyish brown,
edged with yellowish green ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts
dusky, narrowly fringed with yellowish green ; quills dusky, with
yellowish-green margins ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-
feathers ashy brown, edged with yellowish green ; crown of head
shining blue-black, with a decided crest ; lores, forehead, aud a
distract eyebrow bright yellow, golden on the forehead ; leathers

2f2

436 MNIOTILTID^,

round the eye also yellow ; ear-coverts olive washed with yellow ;
cheeks aud feathers below the eye, throat, and entire under sur-
face of body bright yellow, washed with green on the sides of
the body and flanks ; thighs and under tail-coverts bright yellow ;
under wiug-covcrts white, strongly washed with yellow ; axillaries
ycUow ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web : " bill light
brown ; feet flesh-coloured ; iris hazel " (Audubon). Total length
4'3 inches, culmen 0'35, wing 2-3, tail 1 -8, tarsus 0"G5.

Adult female. Much duller in colour than the male, and wanting
the black patch on the head ; the crown dull green washed \^ ith
dusky blackish; forehead rather more yellow; lores and eyebrow
bright yellow ; ear-coverts olive-yellow ; entire under surface of
body yeUow, but not so bright as in the male. Total length 4*4
inches, culmen 0'4, wing 2-2, tail 1'8, tarsus 0'75.

Adidt male in winter, liesembles the summer plumage, but has
some of the black coronal feathers fringed with yellow.

Young. According to Dr. Coues, resembling the adult female.

With regard to the Western form called by the American authors
M. jjusillus pileolatm, Dr. Coues remarks in his ' Key ' :— " Speci-
mens from the Southern E.ocky Mountains and Pacific coast-region
are frequently of a brighter yellow, almost orange, on the heail and
fore parts below, with the under mandible bright yellow." In the
Museum series this diflereuce is tolerably well indicated, and, along
with the brighter colour, the black crest seems to me to be a little
more extended ; but the differences are too slight to be worthy of
even subspecific difference, in my opinion.

Hah. The whole of North America in suitable localities : breeds
probably from the latitude of Massachusetts northward, and in the
higlier mountains of the West as far south at least as Colorado, if
not further ; the var. j^Heolatus is from the moist Pacific slopes
(Coues). Winters in Central America from Mexico to Panama
(Salvin and Godman).

a. M. pusillus.

Arctic America. Dr. Rae [P.].

,„ ^ Hudson's Bay. Capt. Herd [P.],

c. c? ad. sk. Halifax, Nova Scotia ( W. G. Salvin-Godman Coll.

IVinton^.
S ] ad. sk. Fort Simpson, June 20. B. R. Eoss, Esq. [P.].

^ c? ] ad. sk. Hidalgo Island. Dr. Lyall [P.].

f. 2 ad. sk. Chicago, Illiuois, May 20 R. B. Sharps, Esq. fP.].

(H. K. Coale).

g. S ad. sk. Hyde Park, IlHuois, May 16 R.B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.].

(H. K. Coale).
h. $ ad. sk. Lake Forest, 111., May 24 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. TP.!

(H. K. Coale).
»,/>;.[ c? 2 ] ad. Mexico. Sclater Collection.

sk.
I. 2 ad. sk. Oaxaca (Fenoehio). Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. cJ ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, Sept. 20 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(0. &).

a. r (5 1 ad. sk.
6. [ c? ] ad. sk.

t[

21. MYIODIOCTES.

437

n, 0. (5 5 ad.sk. Coban, Vera Paz (0. S. ^ Salvin-Godman Coll.

F. D. G.).

p. (S imm. sk. Orosi, Costa Rica {Kramer), Salvin-Godman Coll.

q. S imm. sk. Irazu district, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

{H. Rogers),

r. (S imm. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection.

fl, 6. c? ; c. 5
ad. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. [ c5' ] ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.

g. (S ad. sk.

k, i. S $ ad.

k. cS ad. sk.

1, 7)1. [c?] ad.sk.
n. (S ad. sk.
0, p. c? ad. sk.

q, r. c? 2 ad. sk.

/3. M. pileolatus.

West side of Rocky Moun-
tains, Brit. Columbia.

Crittenden, Arizona, Aug-. 30
{H. W. JTemhatc).

California.

Big- Trees, California, Aug. 6
(H. W.HenshaiD).

Hay wards, California, May 12
( W. O. Emerson).

Tuczon, Arizona, April and
May {E. W. Nelson).

Presidio, Mexico, Feb. 9 (A,
Forrer) .

Guatemala.

L'azu district, Costa Rica.

Barranca, Costa Rica {J. Car-
miol).

Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua
, {E. Arce).

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.

R.B. Sharpe,Esq. [P.].

R.B. Sliarpe,Esq.[P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Collection.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. Myiodioctes meridionalis.

Myiodioctes pusillus ?, Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, 1870, p. 709.
Myiodioctes meridionalis, Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, 1882,
p. 440.

Adult. Head and forehead black, even to the base of the bill ;
upper surface and sides of body olivaceous ; lores and a superciliary
streak on either side of the head and the under surface of the body
yellow ; upper and lower mandible both black ; feet pale. Length
13 centim., wing G|, tail 7, tarsus '2k, bill from gape Ih (Pelzeln.)

Very like M. jnt^ittus, but larger, and having the forehead black,
not yellow, and the lower mandible pale instead of black. (Pdzeln.)

Hub. Colombia and Ecuador.

4. Myiodioctes mitratus.

The Hooded Titmouse, Catesbg, N. Hist. Carol, i. p. 60, pi. 60 (1731).
La M(5sange a collier de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 578 (1760).
Gobe-mouche de la Louisiane, Daubent. PL Enl. 666. fig. 2.
Gobe-mouche citrin de la Loiusiane, Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. iv. p. 538

(1778).
Hooded Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 462 (1783) ; Penn.

Arctic Zwd. ii. p. 400 (1785).
Motacilla mitrata, Gm, Syst, Nat, i. p. 977 (1788).

438 sraioTiLTiD^.

Sylvia mitrata, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 628 (1790) ; Vieill. Ois. Amer.
Sept. ii. p. 23, pi. 77 (1807); Audub. B. Amer. pi. 60; id. Orn.
Bioyr. ii. p. 06 (1834).
Muscicapa pileata, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. p. 399(1817).
Muscicapa cucullata, WUsmi, Amer. Orn. iii. p. 101, pi. 26. fig. 3

(1811).
Muscicapa selbii, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 9 ; id. Orn. Biogr. i. pi. 46

(1831 J; Nutt. Man. 1832, p. 296.
Setopliaga mitrata, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 389 (1832) ;

Riehards. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1836-37, p. 172 ; D'Orb. in Ramon

de la Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois. p. 75 (1838) ; Orag, Gen. B. i.

p. 265 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 244, no. 3534 (1869).
Wilsonia mitrata, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 23 (1838) ;

AUen, Bidl. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. iii. p. 175 (1872).
Myiodioctes mitratus, Audub. Sgn. p. 48 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. ii,

p. 12, pi. 71 (1841) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 315 (1850) ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1856, p. 291, 1858, p. 358 ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 292 (1858) ;

Scl. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 11 ; Taglor, Ibis, 1860, p. 110 ; Gundl.

J. f. O. 1861, p. 326 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 33 (1862) ; Scl. ^

Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 347 ; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 239 (1865) ;

Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 478 ; Lazvr. Ann. Lye. K. Y. viii. p. 284

(1866), ix. p. 200 (1868) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i.

p. 547 (1869) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 109 (1872) ; Sno^v, B.

Kansas, p. 5 (1873) ; Scl. |- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 10 (1873) ;

Coues, B. N.- West, p. 78 (1874) ; Baird, Brewer, (§■ Ridgw. Hist.

N. Amer. B. i.p.314, pi. 15. figs. 10, 11 (1874) ; Gundl. Orn. Cuba,

p. 71 (1876) ; Coiies, B. Color: Vail. p. 324 (1878) ; Ridgiv. Bidl.

U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 19 (1881) ; Salv. Sr Godm. Biol. Centr.-

Amer., Ares, i. p. 167 (1881) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 441.
Sylvania mitrata, Nutt. Man. 1840, p. 333 ; Woodh. in Sitgr. Rep.

Zuni R. p. 69 (1853).
Mjaoctouus mitratus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Tli. i. p. 18 (1850) ; Gundl.

J.f. O. 1855, p. 472, 1861, p. 407.
Sylvicola mitrata, Neuwied, J. f. O. 1858, p. 113.

Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, rather more
yellow towards the lower back and rump ; lesser wing-coverts like
the back ; median and greater coverts ashy brown, externally
edged with yellowish green ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts
ashy brown, the latter slightly fringed with yellowish green ; quills
ashy brown, margined with yellowish green, the primaries fi-inged
with whitish towards their ends ; tail-feathers ashy brown, washed
externally with yellowish green, the three outer feathers white,
their outer webs ashy brown, the inner web with a patch of ashy
brown near the base, increasing in extent towards the centre
of the tail ; crown of the head jet-black as well as the hind ueck
and sides of the neck joining the fore neck, which, with the
entire throat, is also black, except a narrow yellow line along the
angle of the chin ; lores dusky black ; fore part of head bright
yellow, extending backwards along the sides of the crown, and
including the ear-coverts, eyelid, sides of face, and cheeks ; re-
mainder of under surface from the fore neck downwards bright
yellow, a little paler on the under tail-coverts ; flanks slightly
tinged with green ; axillarics and under wing-coverts white, slightly

21, MTIODIOCTES. 439

washed with bright yellow, the edge of the wing bright yellow ;
quiUs ashy brown below, whitish along the inner web : " biU blackish
above, paler below ; feet flesh-coloured ; iris brown " (Audubon).
Total length 4*9 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-6, tail 2-15, tarsus
0-75.

Adult hi winter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage and
equally bright ; the black on the throat and head slightly fringed
with yellow margins to the feathers.

Adidt female and yoimg male. Have the black colour restricted
or interrupted, if not wholly wanting, as it is in the earlier stages,
when the parts concerned are simply coloured to correspond with
the upper and under surfaces of the bird. The hood is said not to
be perfected till the third year, and to be finally acquired, in the
fulness of its extent, if not in the purity of the black, by the female.
{Coues.)

Toung in winter. Coloured like the adults and quite as bright,
but with no black on the head and throat, the latter being bright
yellow like the ear-coverts ; the frontal patch of yellow is present,
but is obscured by olive tips to all the feathers ; in front of the eye
a dusky spot.

Rah. Eastern United States, rather southerly ; north regularly
to the Middle States and the Connecticut Valley, perhaps casually
to Massachusetts, west to Kansas ; breeds at large in the United-
States range (Coues). Winters in South-eastern Mexico, Yucatan,
and Guatemala, a few birds wandering as far as the Isthmus of
Panama (Salvin and Godman). Bermudas, Cuba, and Jamaica.

a. [ (J ] ad. sk. North America (Bell). Sclater CoU&ction.

b. c? ad. sk. Eockport, Ohio.' Prof. J. P. Kiitland [P.].

c. c? ad. sk. Rockport, Oliio, May 20. Salviu-Godman CoU.

d. J ad. sk. Chicago, Illinois, May 5 R. B. Sharoe, Esq. rP.l.

(H. K. Coale).

e. 2 ad. sk. CahoMe River, Illinois, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.l.

May 24 (H. K. Coale).

f. (S ad. sk. Elmore County, Alabama, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

April o (N. ft Broion).

g. c? ad. sk. Wheatland, Indiana, Mav U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

10 ( R. Eidffwai/).
h. 5 ad. sk. Fort Leavenworth, July 13 Salvin-Godman CoU.

(J. G. Cooper),
i. $ hiem. sk. Belize, British Hondm-as, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Dec. 14 (O. S.).
k. cJ ad. sk. Belize (Blancaneaux). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/, m. J ad. sk. N. Yucatan (F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman CoU.
n, 0. Imm. hiem. Guatemala. Gould CoUection.

sk.
p. d ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz (O.-S.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

q. cJ ad. sk. Panama (McLeannan). Salvin-Godman CoU.

440

APPENDIX

Family MNIOTILTID^.

Mr. Seebohm has entirelj- left out the consideration of the genus
PoUoptiJa from the Pifth Volume of the ' Catalogue,' although aU
recent authors have considered them to be true Sylviidce, and the
only representative genus of this Old- World group in America. As
it is impossible to place them vrith the nine- quilled MniotiUidce, they
are inserted here ; but I believe that the most natural position for
the genus will be in the vicinity of the Muscicapine genus Stenostira
(Cat. B. iv. p. 267), to which, both in form and style of coloration,
Polioptila bears a striking resemblance, as has already been pointed
out by Bonaparte, Sclater, and other ornithologists. Should this
classification turn out to be correct, it wiU afford another instance
of the affinity of the avifauna of North America with that of South
Africa, as already noticed in the occurrence of Petrochelidon spilodera
at the Cape, a close ally of P. pyrrlionota of North America.
The following is the synonymy of the genus : —

POLIOPTILA.

Polioptila, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 11 . .

Type.
P. cffirulea.

Bill and wing of Polioptila C(srulea.

Rancje. North America ; Central America ; South America except-
ing the extreme southern portions ; Cuba.

POLIOPTILA. 441

Key to the Species *.

a. No black cap ; the head like the back.
«'. No black on the ear-coverts.

a". Fu'st primary much less than half the second ;
outer tail-feather white except at the base ;
a narrow line of black skirting the sides of
the crown from above the eye, and meeting
across the base of the forehead; a white

eyelid cmrulea, p. 442.

6". First primary more than half the second ;
outer tail-feather black for basal hsilf of inner
web ; eyelid whitish ; no black on the fore-
head, but a crescentic line behind the ear-
coverts lemheyi, p. 444.

c". First primary more than half the second ;
outer tail-feather black for nearly the whole
of the inner web ; a black line above the
eye, not reaching the bill or the ear-
coverts 2)lumhea 5 , p. 451.

V . Ear-coverts black like the lores and base of fore-
head dumicola, p. 444.

b. A black cap.

c'. Lores black like the forehead and crown.
d' '. Outer tail-feather white, with a black base.
a'". No white at the ends of the greater
wing-coverts ; white margins of inner
secondaries not reaching to the shaft of
the feather, but being in the form of a
white or grey edging, more or less
broad.
a*. Black on inner web of outer tail-fea-
thers forming a " dii-ectly transverse "

outline _ leucogastra, p. 446.

¥. Black on inner web of outer tail-feathers
forming an oblique or crescentic out-
line.
a^. Outer edges of inner secondaries white
and distinct.
a^. Larger; cuhiienO'o inch : black base
of outer feather not concealed by

under tail-coverts nit/riceps, p. 447.

b^. Smaller; culmen 0'45 inch: black
base of outer feather eutu'ely con-
cealed by under tail-coverts parvirostris, p. 448.

6'. Outer edge of inner secondaries gi'ey,

very narrow and obsolete, so that the

wing appears almost entirely black . . sclateri, p. 449.

b'". Ends of greater wing-coverts white ; inner

secondaries entirely white on outer web,

the white reaching to the shaft buffoni, p. 449.

* Tlie characters for some of the species not in the Museum have been
adapted from Baird's ' Eeview.'

442 APPENDIX (mniotiltid^).

e". Outer tail-feather Llack, white along outer i „/ ? ^ akc)

web and at tip of the inner one ) if • ' 4.n

d'. Lores white, forming a broad streak on each side ' ^" ''' "' '"^'*' P' '"* '
of the forehead.
c'". A broad white eyebrow, extending behind
the eye ; white of undorparts washed with

ashy ; culmen 0*45-0'5 inch bilineata, p. 452.

d'". Eyebrow only a narrow line of white ;
white of underparts creamy, without any
wash of grey on the breast ; culmen

0*4o inch lactea, p. 453.

e"'. Only a loral streak of white, not continued
into an eyebrow ; breast shaded with
bluish grey alhiloris, p. 454.

1. Polioptila caerulea.

The Little Blue and Grey Flycatchers, Edioards, Gleanings, pt. ii.

p. 194, pi. 302 (1760).
Le Figuier cendre de Pensilvanie, Briss. Orn. vi. App. p. 107

(1760).
Motacilla cferulea, Linn. Sysf. Nat. i. p. 337 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat.

i. p. 992 (1788).
Figuier cendre a gorge ceudree. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 319

(1778).
Figuier gris-de-fer, Bnff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 359 (1778).
Ceerulean Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 490 (1783) ; Penn.

Arctic Zool. ii. p. 405 (1785).
Grey-throated Warbler, Lath. t. c. p. 496 ; Penn. t. c. p. 411.
Motacilla cana, Gtn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 973 (1788).
Sylvia cana, Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 543 (1790).
Sylvia csenilea, Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 540 (1790) ; Bp. Journ. Phil.

Acad. iv. p. 172 (1824).
Eegulus griseus, Bartr. Trav. Florida, p. 291 (1791).
Muscicapa cffirulea, Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 164, pi. 18. fig. 5 (1810) ;

Audtih. B. Amer. pi. 84; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 431 (1831).
Culicivora caerulea, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 304 (1832) ;

d'Orb. in Eamon de la Sagrds Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 76 -(1838) ;

Aiidiib. B. Amer. i. p. 244, pi. 75 (1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 176

(1848) ; Bji. Consp. i. p. 316 (1850) ; Cab. J. f. 0. 1855, p. 471 ;

Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 407.
Sylvanga cEerulea, Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 337 (1840).
Culicivora mexicana, Bp. Consp. i. p. 315 (1850).
Polioptila caerulea, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 11 ; Baird, B. A\ Amer.

p. 380 (1858) ; Gundl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 324 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B.

p. 12 (1862) ; Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 74 (1864) ; Dresser, Lbis,

1865, p. 485 ; Coues, t. c. p. 538 ; Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii.

p. 282 (1866) ; Baird, Lbis, 1867, p. 276 ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N Y.

ix. p. 199 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 237, no. 3433 (1869) :

Gundl. J.f. 0. 1872, p. 409 ; Mayn. B. Florida, p. 28 (1872) ; Coues,

Key N. Amer. B. p. 78 (1872) ; Scl. 4'- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 4

(1873) ; Laivr. Mem. Bast. Sac. N. H. ii. p. 267 (1874) ; Coues, B.

N.-West, p. 17 (1874) ; Baird, Breioer, q Bidgw. Hist. N. Amer.

B. i p. 78, pi. 6. tig. 5 (1874) ; Hensh. List B. Arizona, p. 155

(1875) ; id. Zool. Expl. W. 100/A Merid. p. 166 (1875) ; Gundl Orn.

Cuba, p. 61 (1876) ; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 12 (1876) ;

POLIOPTILA. 443

Merrin, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 120 (1878); Coues, B. Color.

Vail. p. 101 (1878) ; Salvin ^ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i.

p. 60 (1879); Ridqic. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 12 (1881) ;

Coties, Check-lid N. Amer. B. p. 27 (1882) ; Salvin, Cat. StricU. Coll.

p. 61 (1882) ; Coues, Keij N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 261 (1884).
PolioptOa, sp., Sol. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 298.
Polioptila mexicana, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 363, 373 ; id. ^ Salv. Ibis,

1859, p. 9 ; Scl. Cat. Amm: B. p. 12 (1862) ; id. P. Z. S. 1862,

p. 18 ; Salvin, Bis, 1866, p. 202 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p 237,

no. 3439 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above clear greyish blue, the sides
of the rump with long silky greyish-whito plumes ; wing-coverts,
bastard-wing, and primary-coverts dusky brown, with greyish-blue
edges ; quills dusky, narrowly margined with hoary grey, broader
and more conspicuous on the inner secondaries ; upper tail-coverts
and tail-feathers black, the third outer feather white at the tip, the
penultimate one with an oblique black mark extending across the
base of the outer web, and obliquely for more than half of the inner
web ; the outside tail-feather nearly entirely white, with only a
small oblique mark of blackish near the base ; the shafts black, both
of the external and penultimate feathers ; crown of head clear
greyish blue, brighter than the back, with a black line extending
across the base of the forehead and backwards above the eye ; imme-
diately above the latter a narrow line of blue-grey ; lores, feathers
below the eye, and ear-coverts delicate greyish blue ; round the eye
a ring of white ; entire under surface of body delicate ashy grey,
whiter on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; sides of body rather
more leaden grey ; thighs white anteriorly, ashy' posteriori}' ; axil-
laries and under wing-coverts delicate ashy grey, the latter mottled
with dusky bases near the edge of the wing ; quills dusky brown
below, ashy white along the edge of the inner web : " bill bluish
black; feet greyish blue; iris hazel" {Audubon). Total length
4"5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2*1, tail 2, tarsus G-Go.

Adult female. Like the male, but duller and more greyish blue
above ; the head like the back, and without any black ; bill usually
light- coloured in part {Coues). " The extent of white on the tail
varies somewhat, but I have seen no eastern specimens in which the
outer feather was not white in all its extent, and was not covered
by the under tail-coverts. In some Arizona examples, however, the
black which usually exists at the base extends beyond the coverts,
and in fact there is little more white on this feather than there is
in P. plumhea, though the black of the frontlet is intact." ( Coues.)

Hah. United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; north to the
Connecticut Valley and Yreka, Cal. Breeds throughout its United-
States range, wintering on the southern United- States border and
southward {Coues) ; also in Central America, from Mexico to Guate-
mala ; Cuba ; Bahamas.

fl. [ c? ] ad. sk. North America (Sf//)- Sclater Collection.

6. c? ad. sk. Park Woods, D.C, Salvin-Godmau CoU.

April 23 (^. Cones).

444 APPENDIX (mniotiitii)^).

c. [ c? ] ad. sk. California. Mr. F. Grueber.

f?. [ 2 J ^^ sk. South Mexico (Salle). Sclater Collection,

e. [ 2 J ad. sk. Mexico (De Saussure). Sclater Collection.

/". [2]ad. sk. Orizaba (i?oWe/-ii). Sclater Collection.

g. Ad. sk. Jalapa (C F. Hoge). Salvin-Godman CoU.

h. 2 ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico, Jan. 17 Salvin-Grodman Coll.

{A. Forrer).

i. 2 ad. sk. Mazatlan, July {A. Forrer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k,l. cJ 2 ad.sk. N. Yucatan (G.i^. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. Ad. sk. I Merida, Yucatan, Feb. {E. Salvin-Godman Coll.

C. Davis),

n. luim. sk. Eetalhuleu, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sept. (O. S.).

0. 2 ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, Feb. 12 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(O. ,SV).

p, q, r. Imm. sk. Coban, Vera Paz, Jan. (O. <S. Salvin-Godman Coll.

8f F. D. G.).

s. c? ad. sk. Lanquin, Vera Paz, March Salvin-Godman CoU.

{O.S.).

t. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection.

2, Polioptila lembeyi.

Pohoptila lembeyi, Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 32. ; Baird, Review
Amer. B. p. (58 '(1864) ; Gray^Hand-l. B. i. p. 237, no. 3441 (1869) ;
Gundl. J.f. 0. 1872, p. 410 ; id. Orn. Cuba, p. 60 (1876).

Adult. General colour above dull ashy grey, the long feathers of
the rump tipped with silky white ; wing-coverts like the back, the
bastard-wing black, fringed with white ; primary -coverts and quills
dusky, edged with dull ashy, a little more hoary grey on the pri-
maries, and whiter on the inner secondaries ; upper taU-coverts and
tail black, the three outer feathers white at the ends, increasing in
extent towards the outermost, where it occupies about half of the
outer web and about one third of the inner web ; head like the back ;
lores, eyelid, sides of face, and ear-coverts pale ashy grey, whiter on
the fore part of the eyelid ; round the hinder edge of the ear-coverts
a crescentic line of black ; throat and abdomen dull white, the fore
neck, breast, sides of body, thighs, and under tail-coverts washed
with ashy ; axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy white ; quills
dusky below, ashy white along the inner web. Total length 4-2
inches, cidmen 0-4, wing 1-55, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-6.

Hah. Cuba.

a. [ J ] ad. sk. Cuba {ex. mus. Lawrence). Sclater CoUection.

b. (S ad. sk. Cuba {ex mm. Lawrence).' Salvin-Godman CoU.

3. Polioptila dumicola.

Contramaestre azuladUlo, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 60 (1805).
Sylvia dumicola, Vieill. N. Diet. cFHist. Nat. xi. p. 170 (1877).
Cidicivora bivittata, Lafr. et DOrb. May. de ZooL 1837, p. 56.

POLIOPTILA. 445

Culicivora diimicola, UOth. Voy. Amer. Merid. p. 331 (1835-44) ;

Hartl. Lid. Azam, p. 11 (1847) ; Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 176 (1848) ;

Burm. Bets. La Plata, St. ii. p. 473 (1861).
Culicivora boliviana, Scl. P. Z. S. 1852, p. 34, pi. 47.
Polioptila diimicola, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 12 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 12

(1862) ; Baird, Revieiu Amer. B. p. 73 (1864) ; Scl. 8,- Salv. P. Z. S.

1868, p. 139 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 237, no. 3438 (1869) ; Pelz.

Orn. Bras. p. 70 (1871); Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 4

(1873) ; Hudson, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 158 ; Durnf. Lbis, 1876, p. 157,

1877, p. 167 ; Scl. Sj- Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 592 ; Salv. Ibis, 1880,

p. 352 ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 593.
Polioptila boliviaua, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 237, no. 3435 (1869).

Adult male. General colour above dark slaty blue, the head slightly
deeper than the back ; wing-coverts like the back, the bastard-wing
black, conspicuously edged with white ; primary-coverts and quills
edged externally with slaty grey, inclining to hoary white near the
ends of the secondaries ; upper tail-coverts and tail glossy black ;
the outer tail-feather white excepting a concealed base of black ;
penultimate feather black at base of outer web and obliquely black
across the inner web, the third feather white for the terminal fourth
and along the edge of the outer web ; base of forehead, lores, feathers
round the eye, sides of face, and ear-coverts black ; cheeks slaty
grey, separated from the black face by a line of white ; throat, breast,
and sides of body dark leaden grey, rather lighter on the abdomeu ;
the under tail-coverts whitish ; thighs leaden grey, hoary white an-
teriorly ; under wing-coverts and axillaries silvery grey, washed with
slaty blue, and clearer slaty blue along the edge of the wing; quills
blackish below, silvery white along the edge of the inner web : " bill,
legs, and iris black " {A. Feel). Total length 5"3 inches, culmen 0-45,
wing 2-05, tail 2"3, tarsus 0-7.

Adult female. Differs from the male only in the facial markings,
the base of the forehead and lores being light bluish grey ; round
the eye a ring of white ; ear- coverts silvery white, with a broad
crescentic mark of black round their hinder margin. Total length
4*5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-05, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-75.

The Eolivian bird {P. boliviana) differs from P. dumicola in its
white belly and the conspicuous white on the malar line and throat,
the lower throat, breast, and flanks being light ashy grey, much
paler than in P. dumicola. Total length 4'8 inches, culmen 0"45,
wing 2-1, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-7.

The type of Sclater's C. boliviana is somewhat intennediate between
some of the Bolivian specimens and P. dumicola, having a whiter
beUy than the latter, but having the throat and fore neck grey like
the breast. It is quite possible that it may be the winter plumage
of /-*. dumicola, which certainly extends to Bolivia, as one of Mr.
Bridges's specimens is indistinguishable from La-Plata birds.

Hah. Southern Brazil and La Plata, ranging across to Bolivia.

a. [ d ] ad. sk. Uniguav, Sept. 1877. Alan Peel, Esq. [C.].

b. 2 ail- sk. llio rU. la Plata. Srlater Collection.

c. [$] ad. sk. Paysandu,Banda Oriental. Henry Durnford, Esq. [C.J,

446 APPENDIX (mniotiltid^).

d. S ad. sk. Punta Lara, Dec. 17. Ileury Durnford, Esq. [C.].

€. Ad. sk. Parana (Burmcister). Salvin-Godmau Collection.

/ c? ad. sk. Monte Grande, Buenos Salvin-Godmau Collection.

Aires, Jan. (K W. White).
(J, h. (S 2 lid. sk. Cosquin, Cordova, Argeu- Salvin-Godman Collection.

tine llepublic, June {H.

W. White).
h /fc. [ $ ] ad. sk. Bolivia. Zoological Society.

/. [cJ]ad. sk. Bolina. (Bridi/es). Sclater Collection. (Type

of C. hoUviana, Sol.)
««. [ c? ] ad. sk. Bolivia (^m/jres). Ey ton Collection.

M, 0. [ d ] ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.].

4. Polioptila leucogastra.

Sylvia leucogastra, Nemoied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 710 (1831).
Ciilicivora atricapilla, Sioains. Zool. Illustr. 2nd ser. pi. 57 (1830-31) ;

id. Classif. B. ii. p. 243 (1837).
Culicivora leucogastra, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 176 (1848) ; Burm. Th.

Bras. ii. p. Ill (1855).
Culicivora dumicola {nee V.), Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 34 (1850) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 316 (1850).
Polioptila leucogastra, Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 12 (1862) ; Baird, Review

Amer. B. p. 69 (1864) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 237, no. 3434 (1869) ;

Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 70 (1871) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.

p. 4 (1873) ; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 327.

Adult ?jiaZe. General colour above dark blue-grey, with silky
whitish ends to the long feathers of the rump ; wing-coverts like
the back ; bastard-wing black, rather broadly edged with white ;
primary-coverts and quills dusky blackish, edged with bluish grey,
and fringed with white at the tips ; the inner secondaries rather
broadly edged with white ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers black,
the three outer ones white at their ends, the white increasing in
extent towards the outermost, where it occupies two thirds of the
outer web and nearly one half of the inner web ; on the penultimate
feather the white is nearly the same on the outer web, but occupies
only about the terminal third of the inner web ; on the third feather
the white is confined to a broad spot at the tips of both webs ; crown
of head and nape glossy blue-black, including the lores, eyelid, and
upper half of the ear-coverts ; sides of face, cheeks, and lower half
of ear-coverts, as well as the throat and under surface of body, creamy
white with a silky gloss, the fore neck and sides of body washed
with delicate gi'ey ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries white ; quills
dusky blackish below, edged with white along the inner web : " bill
black ; feet lead-coloured, the toes somewhat blackish ; iris greyish
brown "' {Neuwied). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-1,
tail 2-15, tarsus 0'7.

A sijecimen in the Sclater collection marked as an adult female
differs from the male described in wanting the black cap, the head
being only a shade darker than the back, with a black line along the
sides of the hinder crown ; the lores are dusky, surmounted by a

POLXOPTILA. 447

streak of ashy white from the base of the nostrils to the fore corner
of the eye. Total length 4-4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-85,
tail 2, tarsus 0-7.
Hah. Brazil.

a. (5 ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Collection.

b, c. Ad. sk. Brazil. Gould Collection.

d, e. (S 2 i^d- sk. Bahia ( WucJierer). Salviu-Godmau Coll.

f, 9- c? ? ad. sk. Bahia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. 2 juv.sk. Qahia. (Wucherer). Sclater Collection.

i. (S ad. sk. Bahia (Berlepsch). Sclater Collection.

k. (S ad. sk. Eernambrco ( W. A. Forbes). Sclater Collection.

5. Polioptila nigriceps.

Polioptila nigriceps, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 69 (1864) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 237, no. 3443 (1869) ; Laivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii.
p. 267 (1874); id. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 12 (1876); Salv. ^
Gudm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 52 (1879) ; Tacz. P. Z. S.
1880, p. 191 ; Bretoster, Bidl. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 105 (1881) ;
Tacz. Orn. Perou, i. p. 453 (1884).

Polioptila buffoni (pt.), Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 223.

Adult male (La Union, S. Salvador). General colour above delicate
blue-grey, with silky white ends to the long feathers of the rump ;
wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing feathers black, distinctly
edged with hoary white; primary-coverts and quills black, edged
with bluish grey, the inner secondaries rather broadly with hoary
white ; up])er tail-coverts and tail-feathers black, the outer feathers
almost entirely white, with a black basal mark on the inner web ;
the penultimate feather also white, with a larger basal mark of
black ; the third feather black, with a broad white tip and a white
margin to the outer web, extending for two thirds of its length from
the tip ; crown of head and nape glossy blue-black, including also
the lores, eyelid, and upper margin of ear-coverts ; feathers below
the eye, cheeks, lower half of ear-coverts, and under surface of body
white, with a shade of ashy grey on the breast and sides of the
body and thighs ; under taU-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and
axiilaries white, with a slight shade of ashy ; quills dusky blackish
below, white along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4"3
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2, tail 1'9, tarsus 0'7.

The difference between P. niijriceps from S. Salvador and so-called
P. buffoni from Colombia is so minute that Messrs. Salvin and Godman
are undoubtedly right in uniting them specifically, for it consists
only in the slightly larger amount of black on the inner web of the
outer tail-feather, which is somewhat more developed in Colombian
than in Mexican birds. For the ingenious way in which these
authors attempt to account for the present separation of the two
colonies of P. ni(iriceps., the reader is referred to their ' Biologia '
(Aves, i. p. 53), though the explanation there afforded does not
satisfy Mr. Brewster (Bull. jS'utt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 105). The series
examined by me seems to bear out the conclusions of Messrs. Salvin

448 APPENDIX (mniotiltid^).

and Godman ; but I have not been able to compare many Central-
American specimens.

Hah. Mexico and S. Salvador ; absent apparently in intervening
conntricB, but re-appearing again in Colombia (Bogota) and the
coast-lino of Venezuela, and extending to Peru. Dr. Taczanowski's
specimens will require to be compared with F. parvb-ostris and
P. sdateri, as no specimen of the true P. nigriceps has as yet been
met with in Ecuador.

a, h. (S ad. sk. La Union, S. Salvador, Salvin-Godmau Coll.

March 14 (O. S.).

c. S fid. sk. Merida, N. Yucatan, Salviu-Godman Coll.

Aug. {E. a Devis)*.

d. S ad. sk. New Granada. Purchased.

e. f. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection.
g,h. (S , i. $ ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.
k. (5 ad. sk. Caracas, Venezuela, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Nov. {A. Goering).
I. Ad. sk. Cumana {Bridges)^. Eyton Collection.

6. Polioptila parvirostris.

? Polioptila buflfbui {nee Scl. Sf Salv.), Scl. ^' Salv. P. Z. S. 1866,
p. 177 {R. Ucayali) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 266 {Sarayacu).

Adult. General colour above light blue-grey, the long silky
feathers on the sides of the rump tipped with white ; wing-coverts
like the back, somewhat more silvery grey on the greater series ;
bastard-wing black, edged with hoary white ; primary-coverts black,
with narrow grey margins ; quills black, only the secondaries
margined with white, a little broader on the inner ones, those
nearest the back washed externally with grey ; upper tail-coverts
and tail black, the outer tail-feather almost entirely white, excepting
a concealed black base, the outline of which is oblique ; the second
feather white, but the black basal mark much larger ; the third
feather black, excepting a large wedge-shaped white mark at the
end; crown of head and nape glossy blue- black, including the
lores, eyelid, and upper half of the ear-coverts ; feathers below the
eye, checks, and lower half of the ear-coverts, as well as the entire
under surface of the body, silky white, with a shade of bluish grey
over the fore neck, breast, and sides of the body ; thighs, under
tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries white : quills black
below, white along the inner web. Total length 4-3 inches, culmcu
0-45, wing 1-8, tail 1-65, tarsus 0-55.

Hah. Upper Amazonia.

a. S ad. sk. Chamicuros, R. Amazon {Hauxtvell). Gould Collection,

* The specimen is in poor condition, and may prove to belong to some other
species. The wing loolis like that of P. sdateri.

t There is a Cumana in Venezuela, but I can find no such place marked on
the atlas as being in Bolivia. As Mr. Bridges only collected in Chili and
Bolivia, there may be some mistake iu the locality of the specimen.

POLIOPTILA 449

7. Polioptila sclateri.
Polioptila nigriceps {nee Baird), Salv. Sf Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 116.

Adult male. General colour above dark French grey, with whitish
tips to the long feathers of the rump ; wing-coverts dusky, externally
edged with the same grey as the back ; bastard- wing black ; primary-
coverts and quills blackish brown, edged with pale grey, rather
hoary on the secondaries, all the grey margins very narrow ; upper
tail- coverts and tail black, the three outer feathers white at the
ends, increasing greatly towards the outermost, which is almost
entirely white, excepting a black mark near the base of the inner
web, this black increasing on the penultimate feather, uutU on the
third it is confined to a spot at the tip ; entire head glossy black,
including the lores, feathers round the eye, and a line below the
latter and along the upper edge of the ear-coverts ; feathers below
the eye and cheeks sUvery white ; throat dull white, a little purer
white on the abdomen, thighs, and uuder tail-coverts ; the fore
neck, breast, and sides of the body bluish grey ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts white ; quills dusky below, white along the inner web :
" iris bright chrome-yellow " {Simons). Total length 4-5 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 1-85, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-7.

Hah. Venezuela and the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia.

a. (5 ad. sk. Venezuela {Spence). Sclater Collection.

(Type of species.)
h. cJ ad. sk. Campano, Venezuela, Oct. 5 Salvin-Grodman Coll.

{A. Goerinff).
c, d. (S 2 ^^- sk. Valencia, Sierra Nevada of Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sauta Marta, May 24 (F.

Sitnons).

8. Polioptila bnfiPoni.

I'iguier a tete noire de Cayenne, Dauhent. PL Enl. vi. pi. 704. fig. 1.
Motacilla cffirulea, Bodd. Tabl. PL EnL p. 44 (1783, nee L.).
Motacilla crerulea, var. /3, Gm. Si/st. Kat. i. p. 992 (1788).
Polioptila leucogastra, pt., Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 12 {nee Nemvied).
Polioptila butioni, ScL P.Z. S. 1861, p. 127 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 12

(18(52) ; Baird, Bevietv Avier. B. p. 70 (1864) ; Graij, Hand-L B.

i. p. 237, no. 3437 (1869) ; SeL ^ Salv. Xomenel. Av. Neotr. p. 4

(1873).

Adult male. General colour above slaty blue, the long sUky
plumes of the rump tipped with white ; lesser wing-coverts like
the back, the median series with a white spot at the end, the greater
coverts conspicuously edged with white near the ends ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts black, with obsolete grey margins ; quills
black, the secondaries narrowly edged with ashy, the inner ones
externally white, occupying the entire outer web, as well as running
round the tip of the feather ; upper taU- coverts and tail-feathers

VOL. X. 2 G

450 APPENDIX (mniotiltid^),

black, the three outer tail-feathers almost entirely white excepting
an oblique basal mark of black, the fourth feather with a spot of
white at the end ; crown of head and nape glossy blue-black, as
well as the lores and feathers round the eye ; cheeks and ear-coverts
white ; under surface of body white, rather ashy on the throat ;
breast and sides of the body, the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-
coverts purer white ; under wing-coverts and axiUarics white ;
quills blackish below, white along the edge of the inner web. Total
length 4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-9, tail 1-85, tarsus 0'7.

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black head;
it has the white ends to the greater wing-coverts, and the broad
white outer web of the inner secondaries ; head light slaty grey,
as also the lores ; sides of face, ear-coverts, and under surface of
body white, washed with bluish grey on the fore neck, breast, and
sides of the body. Total length 3-9 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-75,
tail 1-6, tarsus 0-65.

Ifab. Guiana.

a. cJ ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Collection.

(Type of species.)

b. 2 ad. sk. Cayenne. H. C. Rothery, Rsq. [P.].

c. 5 ad. sk. Demerara. Eyton Collection.

9. PoKoptila plumbea *.

Culicivora atricapilla, Laivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. v. p. 123 (1852).

Culicivora mexicaua, Cass. S. Calif, p. 164, pi. 27 (1856).

Culicivora plumbea, Baird, Proc. Philad. Acad. vii. p. 118 (1858).

Polioptila phimbea, i?«w-f^, £. N. Amer. p. 382 (1858) ; Atlas, pi. 33.
tig. 1 (18G0) ; id. Revieio Amer. B. p. 74 (1S64) ; Coues, Ibis, 1865,
p. 538 ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 287, no. 3442 (1809) ; Cooixr, B.
Calif, p. 37 (1870) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 79 (1872) ; Baird,
Brewer, 8f Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. p. 80, pi. 6. fig. 6 (1874) ;
Hei2sh. B. Utah, p. 155 (1875); Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 105
(1878); Ridgiv. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 13 (1881);
Breivster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 102 (1881) ; Coues, Check-
list N. Amer. B. p. 27 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 261
(1884).

Polioptila melanura, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. p. 168 (1856) ;
Baird, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1869, p. 304; Dresser, Ibis, 1865,
p. 485 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 237, no. 3445 (1869) ; Hensh. B.
Arizona, p. 155 (1875) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 107 (1878) ; id.
Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 27 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd
ed. p. 261 (1884).

* Mr. Brewster has recently shown that P. plumbea is the female of P. mela-
nura, and has at the same tijue sejianited the (Jalifornian bird as P. californica.
I have compiled the sjnoiiyiny cf' these species from Dr. Coues's ' Birds of the
Colorado Valley ' and from Mr. Brewster's paper (/. c.) ; but as I have not seen
a single specimen of either of the species, I have not been able to judge for
myself in the matter, and the synonymy will doubtless be subject to revision.

POLIOPTILA. -1:51

Adult male {P. melamira). The whole head black ; white of
tail reduced to a minimum, the outer web of the outer feather
being usually edged with white, instead of wholly white, and the tix)
of the iuner web, with the tip of the next feather, white for a very
slight space ; no white observed on the third feather. Tarsus 0-70
inch. (Coues.)

Adult [ female =: P. jjlumhea^. Upper parts like those of P. ccerulea,
but duUer and more greyish ; no black on the forehead ; a short
black stri])e over each eye, and below this another one of white.
Outer tail-feather with the whole outer web and tip white (much
like the second feather of P. ccendea), the next two feathers tipped
with white. Size of P. ccendea. (Coues.)

Dr. Coues describes the female of P. plumhea as being " like the
male. The upper parts still duller, and frequently with a decided
brownish shade ; no black over the eye ; only distinguished from
the female of P. carulea by less white on the tail.'" He also distin-
guishes the female of P. melanura as differing from the male in
having '• no black on the head." Judging from analogy of some of
the plumages undergone by certain of the South-American species
of Polioptda, I should think that Mr. Brewster's surmise as to the
identity of P. melanura and P. plumhea is correct.

Hah. Colorado and valley of the Rio Gila.

10. Polioptila californica*.

Culicivora atricapilla, Heerm. Journ. Philad. Acad. ii. p. 262 (1853).

Polioptila melanura {nee Later.), Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 382 (1838) ;
id. Review, p. 68 (1864) ; Hem-m. Pacific R. Rep. x. p. 39 (1859) ;
Cooper, Am. Nat. iii. pp. 184, 474 (1869) ; id. B. Cat. i. p. 37
(1870); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 79 (1872) ; Baird, Brewer, Sr
Ridfjto. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 81, pi. 6. tig. 7 (1874).

Polioptila californica, Brezvster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 103
(1881) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 25, p. 13 (1881).

Adult male. Whole top of head from bill to occiput deep shining
black ; wings dusky brown ; the primaries edged with greyish
white, the secondaries and tertials with light brown ; rest of
upper surface plumbeous ashy. Tad glossy black ; the external half
of the outer webs of the outer paii-s of rectrices dull brownish
white, the white passing narrowly across the end of the feather
and at its extremity nearly touching the shaft, but basally diverging
more and more until at the tail-coverts it is confined to a scarcely
appreciable edging : no light colour on any of the other rectrices.
Throat and upper parts of breast, with sides of head, neck, and
body, dull but decided ash, with a faint wash of brownish fidvous
on the tii)s of the feathers ; along the central portions of the body
beneath this wash becomes clear fulvous, which is deepest in tint

* Syuonyms on the authority of JMr. Brewster.

2 G 2

452 APPENDIX (MNIOTILTID^).

on the abdomen, crissum, and under tail-coverts. Lining of wings
very pale pearl-grey. Length 4*50 inches, extent 6'10, wing
1-84, tail 1-80, tarsus 0-73, bill (culmen) 0-50, from nostril 0-30.
{Breiuster.)

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the crown deep
plumbeous ; the abdomen and crissum pale chestnut ; the external
webs of second pair of rectrices margined with white. (Brewster.)

Young male. Similar to the female, but with the plumbeous of
the crown clearer, the brownish wash beneath confined to the
abdomen and crissum, the white of tail restricted to outer pair of
rectrices and a narrow tipping on the second pair. {Breivster.)

" Upon comparing the California bii'd with P. plumbea as repre-
sented by my Arizona specimens, the following differences appear : —
The ash of the upper parts is decidedly plumbeous instead of bluiSh ;
the throat, breast, and sides dull ashy instead of ashy white ; the
abdomen, crissum, and under tail-coverts fulvous, in some specimens
pale chestnut, the light edging of the tail-feathers confined to the
outer pair of rectrices (with sometimes a slight tipping on the second
pair) and on these restricted to the extreme tips and a narrow
margin along the outer web ; the lining of the wings pearl-ash instead
of white, and the secondaries and tertials edged with light brown.
There is no pure white anywhere on the bird, and the general
aspect beneath is nearly as dark as in the Cat- bird.

" The proportions also apparently differ. The bUl and tarsi are
longer and more slender than those of P. j^lumhea ; but the wings
and tail, especially the latter, are generally shorter than in the
specimens of plumhea which my collection embraces." {Brewster.)

Hah. California.

11. Polioptila bilineata.

Culicivora bilhieata, i??j. Cons}}. i. p. 316 (1850, ex LicM. MSS.).

PoUoptila bilineata, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 12, 1860, pp. 273, 291 ;
id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 13 (1862) ; Baird, Review Amer. B. i. p. 72
(1864) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 237, no. 3444 (1869) ; Scl. 8f Salv.
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 4 (1873) ; Salv. ^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves,}. p. 52 (1879) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 439.

Polioptila superciliaris, Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. pp. 304, 322
(1861) ; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 71 (1864) ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S.
1864, p. 344 ; Laivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 178 ( 1865) ; Salv. Ibis,
1866, p. 190; Lawr. Ann.' Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 92 (1868); Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 237, no. 3436"(1869) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 182.

Polioptila albiloris {non Scl. &• Salv.), Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 319,
1879, p. 223; id. Orn. Perm, p. 452 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above pure French grey, the long
silky feathers of the rump whitish near their ends ; wing-coverts
like the back, the median and greater series with concealed dusky
bases ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky, edged narrowly
with light grey ; quills dusky brown, edged with light French

POLIOPTTLA. 453

grej' like the back, inclining to hoary white on the margins of the
primaries and towards the ends of the innermost secondaries ;
upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers black, aU but the centre feathers
tipped with white, increasing largely towards the outermost one,
which is almost entirely white, with a black base to the inner web,
this latter character increasing gradually towards the centre of the
tail ; crown of head black, extending down the sides of the neck
behind the ear- coverts ; the occiput and nape like the back ; a
superciliary streak as well as the lores greyish white, impinging
on the base of the forehead ; feathers round the eye, sides of face,
and ear-coverts greyish white, the hinder edge of the ear-coverts
pui-o white, foi-ming a silvery spot, the upper edge of the ear-coverts
black like the sides of the crown ; chin, abdomen, thighs, and under
tail-coverts silky white ; the lower throat and breast washed with
pale bluish grey, extending on to the sides of the breast ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts pure white ; quills dusky below, white along
the inner webs. Total length 4'2 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-85,
tail 1-65, tarsus 0'65.

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black head,
this being only slightly darker grey than the back. Total length
3-8 inches, culmen 045, wing I'D, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-7.

Hab. Central America from Guatemala to Costa Eica and Panama ;
Colombia ; Ecuador ; Peru.

a, b- 6 2 ^^' sk. Costa Eica (Carniiol). Sclater Collection.

c. Imm. sk. Turrialba, Costa Eica (H. Salvin-Godmau CoU.

Arce).

d. S iid. sk. Puuta Arenas, Costa Eica, Salvin-Godman Coll.

March IS (O. S.).

e,f. S ad. sk. Chisec, Vera Paz, Guate- Salvin-Godman CoU.

mala (O. S. S,- F. D. G.).

(J. S ad. sk. Bugaba, Chiriqui {E. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h, i. (S ,k- 2 ad. Lion HiU, Panama (Mc Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk. Leannan).

I. 2 ad. sk. Chepo, Isthmus of Panama Salvin-Godman Coll.

(E. Arce).

m, n. S ad. sk. Panama (McLeannan). Sclater Collection.

o, p. S 2 ad. sk. Yeragua {Arce). Sclater Collection.

q, r. c? 5 ad. sk. Babahovo, Ecuador, Julv Sclater Collection.

(Fra,^er).

s. (S ad. sk. Esmer ildas, Dec. (Fraser). Sclater Collection.

t, u. S 2 ad. sk. Puna Inland { Buckle;/). Sclater Collection.

i-'>w. S 2 ad.sk. Vuna. Mtind (Fillaffomez). Salvin-Godman Coll.

.r. 2 ad. sk. Guayaquil. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.].

?/. 2 ^^- s^- Pacamayo, Peru (Stoltz- Sclater Collection.

?)tarm).

12. Polioptila lactea.

Adult [maW]. General colour dark slaty blue from the nape to
the upper tail-coverts, the long silky plumes of the rump tipped

454 APPENDIX (l^rN'TOTILTID.'E),

■with wliite ; "wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing black, with
a conspicuous white edging ; primary-coverts black, edged with
grey ; quills black, margined with bluish grey, the inner secondaries
with a broad edging of white and more narrowly tipped with the
same ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers black, the fourth feather
with a white tip, the Trhite increasing on the third, and still more
on the penultimate and external tail-feathers, which have only a
diagonal mark of black across the base, the shafts even becoming
white towards the end of the feathers ; crown of head glossy blue-
black ; lores pure white, extending in a narrow line above the eye ;
cheeks, ear-eoverts, and entire under surface of body pure white,
the sides of the fore neck and breast washed with blue-grey ; thighs,
under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries pure white ;
quills blackish below, white along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 4-1 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-85, tail 1-75, tarsus
0-65.

Hah. Unknown.

a. Ad. sk. [South America.] Sclater Collection.

13. Polioptila albiloris.

Polioptila albiloris, Scl. S^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 298 ; iid. Ibis,
1860, p. 397 ; Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 61, pi. 2. fig. 3 ; Baird, Revieiv
Amer. B. p. 70 (1864) ; Oray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 237, no. 3440
(1869) ; Scl. <§• Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neutr. p. 4 (1873) ; Lmvr. Bidl.
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 12 (1876) ; Salv. ^ Godm. Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, i. p. 53, pi. 5. figs. 1, 2 (1879).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark blue-
grey, with dull whitish ends to the long feathers of the rump ; wing-
coverts like the back ; bastard-wing feathers black, distinctly mar-
gined with greyish white ; primary-coverts and quills blackish,
edged with blue-grey, more hoary on the primaries, the inner
secondaries more broadly edged with white ; upper tail-coverts and
tail-feathers black, the three outer feathers white, black on the
inner webs, the black decreasing towards the outermost feather,
which has not more than the basal third of the inner web black,
increasing to about one half of the inner web on the penultimate
feather, the third white for the greater part of the outer web and at
tip of the inner one ; crown of head glossy blue-black, forming a
cap which extends to the occiput ; a distinct loral streak of white ;
feathers round the eye and upper edge of ear-coverts black ; lower
part of ear-coverts, sides of face, cheeks, throat, abdomen, and under
tail-coverts white ; fore neck, breast, sides of body, and thighs
delicate bluish grey ; axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy white ;
quills dusky blackish below, whitish along the edge of the inner
web. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-95, tail 1-9,
tarsus 0*7.

POLIOPTILA. 455

A'hiJf f.'maJe. Wants the black head of the male, the crown only
being a little darker than the back, with a shade of blackish along
the sides of the hinder crown. Total length 4 inches, ciilmen 0-5
wing 1-8, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-7.

Hab. Guatemala and S. Salvador to Western Mexico. Messrs.
Salvin and Godman consider that their specimens from Tehuan-
tepec are somewhat intermediate between true P. alhiloris and
P. niijriceps.

a, b. S 2 fid. sk. Tehuantepec (F. Sumichrast). Salviu-Godman Coll.

c. 5 ad. sk. La Union, S. Salvador, March Salvin-Godman Coll.

14(0. S.).

d, e. c? 2 ad. sk. Chuacus, Vera Paz, Guate- Salvin-Godman Coll

mala, Feb. (0. S.). (Types of species.)

456 MOTACILLIU^.

Family MOTACILLID^.

This family contains only the Wagtails and Pipits, and is the best-
defined of all the niue-qnilled Passeres, as the inner secondary quills
are elongated so as to be nearly as long as the primaries. In this
respect they resemble the Larks (AlaucUdie), to which they also
bear a great likeness in the formation of the feet. The Alaudidce,
however, have the hinder aspect of the tarsus scutellated and have
a small bastard primary, so tiny, however, as in general to escape
observation. The Wagtails and Pipits have no bastard primary at all.
On close comparison the generic differences between Wagtails
and Pipits will be found to be very insignificant and difficult to
express in words. To every student of ornithology the general
notion of distinction between Wagtails and Pipits is familiar
enough ; and as regards colour, the former are generally either black
and white or grey and white, or else have a good deal of yellow in
their plumage, while their uniform system of coloration must also be
taken into consideration, as compared with the mottled plumage of
the Pipits, which renders them so similar to Larks in appearance.
Dr. Coues has admitted two subfamilies, MotaciUince and Anthince ;
and his characters, though slight, hold good for the American species,
as do those of Prof. Baird in his ' Eeview,' but when the mass of
Old- World species has to be classified, they break down. Therefore
I have found it practicable to recognize only a few genera, which can
be identified with some degree of certainty, as set forth in the
following

Key to the Genera.

a. Plumage uniform above ; feet black. Profile of

culmen straight from the base of bill to the
tip ; culmen about equal to outer toe and

claw 1. MOTACILLA, p. 457.

b. Plumage uniform above ; feet pale. Bill very

long, exceeding the length of the outer toe

and claw 2. Limonideomus,

c. Plumage generally mottled and Lark-like, the [p. 532.

feathers of the back with darlc centres and

pale edges ; feet pale ; no scutellations on

upper part of back of tarsus. Profile of cul-

■ men swollen from the centre to the tip.

a'. Outstretched feet not reaching beyond the

tail 3. Anthus, p. 534.

b'. Outstretched feet reaching beyond the tail.
a". Feet moderately large, the hind toe and
claw not exceeding the length of the
tarsus 5. Neocohys, p. G20.

1. MOTACILLA. 457

b". Feet extremely large, the hind toe and
claw exceeding: the tarsus in length.
a'". Rictal bristles obsolete; culmen less

than hind claw 4. Xanthocorts,

&'". Rictal bristles very strong and reaching [p. 619.

beyond nostrils ; culmen equal to hind

toe 7. Machonyx, p. 623.

d. Plumage mottled, the feathers of the upper
surface edged with pale margins ; upper part
of hinder tarsus with scutellations. Culmen
decurved 6. Oreocorys, p. 622.

1. MOTACILLA.

Type.

Motaeilla, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 328 (1766) M. alba.

Eudytes, Chivier, Ecijve Anim. i. p. 371 (1817) M. flava.

Calobates, Kaup, Natiirl. Sj/st. p. 33 (1829) M. melanope.

Pallenura, B/y. Consp. i. p. 250 (1850) M. melanope.

Range. The whole of the Old World, except Australia and Poly-
nesia, occurring also in the extreme north-west of America.

I have united the Field-Wagtails (Budytes) with the Water-
Wagtails (Motaeilla), as their separation does not appear to me to
depend upon anj- structural character. A studj- of the whole of the
Wagtails teaches us that, although European forms might be divided
under the above headings, there are certain intermediate species,
such as M. fiaviventris, which unite these two supposed geuera.

Our knowledge of these birds is still very imperfect, and even the
immense series which I have examined, not only from the Museum
collection, but from the cabinets of Mr. Seebohm, Canon Tristram,
Capt. Wardlaw Eamsay, Capt. Shelley, and other naturalists, has
been insuificient to enable me to feel perfect confidence in the
arrangement of some of the Yellow AVagtails, and certain of the
synonyms may ultimately prove to have been referred to the wrong
species.

Key to the Species.

a. Under tail-coverts white or yellowish white.
a'. Throat black ; chin only white some-
times.
a". Ear-coverts white.

«'". No black streak through the eye.
«^. Back black.

a''. Black extending right up to the
chin,
a". Median and greater wing-
coverts black, externally
edged with white ; sides of

body ashy gxey lugnbris, p. 400.

6^. Median and greater wing-
coverts pure white, forming
a wing-patch ; sides of body

pure white leucopsis ad., p. 484.

6^ Black extending more or less on

the fore neck and throat leucopsia ad., p. 485.

^gg MOTACILLIT)^.

b\ Back ashy grey.

c=. Wing-coverts edged with wlute,

the bases black a/6a ad., p. 4b/.

d\ Wing-coTerts white, forming a
conspicuous shoulder-patch,
c''. Sides of neck white, continuous

with the white ear-coverts. . bmcalmsis ad., p. 4/u.
rf^ Sides of neck white, but very
indistinct, and separated by
black from the white ear-
coverts persica, p. 47 J.

b'". With a black (adult) or dusky
(yotmr/) sti'eak through the eye
along' the top of the ear-coverts.
c*. Back clear grey at all seasons .... ocularis, p. 4a.

dK Back black: %eris, p. 474.

b". Ear-coverts black.

c'". A broad frontal band of white.

eS Back gi-ey personate, p. 4/9.

/*. Back black.

e*. Base of secondaries black ; pn-

marv-coverts black, edged with _

ashy white .• hodgsmi, V- ^Q.

f. Base of secondaries white; pri-
mary-coverts white with a

Uttle black at the tip grandu, p. 4JJ.

d'". Forehead black to the base of the

bill, flanked on each side by a broad ., • „ aqo

white evebrow rmderaspatensis, p. 490.

b'. Throat white, with a black band across

the fore neck.

c". Back black, with the forehead also

black to the end of the bill, with a

broad white eyebrow on each side of

thecrown ••.•••• vidua,^.^^^.

d". Back grey, with the forehead white or
grey like the head.
e"'. Three outer tail-feathers with ob-
lique mark.s of black on inner web.
^. No black or dusky streak through
the eye. .

g\ Ear-coverts white or yellowish
white.
e«. Black mark ascending m a
crescentic shape fi-om the

fore neck to the ear-coverts. _ , , ■ ^P* *"*"*

«- Hinder crown and nape ] huiuhns ad. hiem.,

black •!«/&« ad. hiem., p. 467.

[p. 4ol.
W. Hinder crown and nape i ;„^„jTOJuv.hiem.,
gi-ey like the back ■■■■■■] alba iuv. hiem., p. 466.
f. Black mark on fore neck not '
ascending towards the ear-

coverts leucopsis mem., p. 4»4.

hK Ear-coverts dusky or blackish.

a'^ Wing - coverts tipped with ^ LP- *»'J-

white; no yellow on abdo- Uemn«<a juv. hiem.,

men, which is white \ hodgsoni iuY. hiem.,

[_p. 4o/.

1. MOTACILLA. 459

A^. Wino; - coverts edged with
bro-KTi ; abdomen pale sul-

pliur-yellow capensis ad., p. 494.

h\ A black or dusky streak through i ocularis hiem., r>. m.

the eye < . , . ' *^._ ,

/'". Three outer tail-feathers pure white, ' -^ m p-

without any oblique black mark on
inner web ; back delicate blue-grey

like the head longicauda, p. 495.

b. Under tail-coverts bright yellow.

c'. Breast white, separated by a broad black
crescent from the throat, which is also

white ; entire abdomen yellow Jlarivenfris, p. 496.

cV . Breast yellow or yellowish white ; the
under tail-coverts much more brilliantly
yellow than the abdomen,
e". Throat black.

g'". Throat entirely black melanope (S sdsiiv., p. 500.

h'". Throat black, with hoary whitish

edgings to the feathers melanope'^ies,\i\., p. 501.

f. Throat white melanope hiem., p. 499.

e'. Breast entirely bright yellow, the under
tail-coverts being of the same colour as
the breast.
g". Forehead yellow.

i'". Crown of head and nape yellow as
well as the forehead,
t*. Back gTey, with or without a black

collar round the hind neck citreola testiv., p. 505.

k^. Back black, including the hind neck cttreoloides sestiv., p. 508.
k'". Hinder crown and nape yellowish
green or olive-green ; head bright
yellow, with a bright yellow eye-
brow campestris, p. 510.

h". Forehead grey ; head gTeenish like rest
of upper surface; a bright yellow

eyebrow taivana, p. 514.

i". Forehead grey; rest of crown grey.
V". Ear-coverts grey, with an inferior
small patch of white below the eye ;
loral streak blacldsh ; a broad white
eyebrow from the base of the bill to
the sides of the nape.

IK Head ashy grey Jlava, p. 516.

>n'. Head pearly grey beema, p. 521.

m'". Ear-coverts jet-black, like the lores
and the feathers below the eye.
n*. No eyebrow at all ; throat entirely
yellow or the upper part of it

white borealis, p. 522.

o*. A faint indication of an eye-streak,
either before or behind the eye,
but not continuous; entire throat

white cinereicapilla, p. 526.

k' . Forehead black like crown of head.

n'". No white eyebrow feldeggi, p. 527.

o'". A broad white eyebrow paradoxa, p. 531.

p' ". A broad yellow eyebrow xanthophrys, p. 532.

460 MOTACILLID^.

1. Motacilla luguljris.

The Water Wagtail, Albin, Kaf. Hist. B. i. p. 49, pi. 49 (1738).
Vari(5tt5 de la Lavandiere, Dauhent. PL Enl. vi. pi. 652. fig. 2.
White Wagtail (pt.), Lath. Gen. Syu. ii. pt. 2, p. 395 (1783).
Motacilla liigubri^ Temm. Man. cfOm. i. p. 253 (1820); Rou.v, Orn.

Prov. pi. 194 (182.)) ; Werner, Atlas, Imectivores, pi. 72 (1827) ;

Temm. PI. Col. Tab. Meth. p. 35 (1836) ; Schleg. Voc/. Nederl. pi. 102

(1854) ; Bor//f/r. Viigelf. Norddeutschl. p. SQ (1869) ; Neivt. ed. Yarr.

Brit. B. i. p. 538 (1874) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 239, pis. 125.

fig. 3, k. 126. fig. 2 (1875) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 20 ; B. O. U. List

Brit. B. p. 30 (1883).
Motacilla alba («ec Linn.), Gmdd, B. Eur. ii. text to pi. 141

(1837).
Motacilla yarrelli, Gould, B. Eur. preface to vol. ii. (1837) ; Macgill.

Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 225 (1839); Temm. Ma7t. d'Orn. iv. p. 620

(l.'^40); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. i. p. 125, pi. .33. fig. 1 (1846);

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 203 (1847 ) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 250 (1850); Jaub.

et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 277 (1859) ; Bias. Nachtr.

Naum. Vog. Deutschl. Taf. 377. fig. 1 (1800) ; id. Ibis, 1862,

p. 70 ; Scl. t. c. p. 296 ; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 66 (1863) ; 3Iore,

Ibis, 1865, p. 121 ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iii. pi. 1 (c. 186.5) ; Der/l.

et Gerbe, Om. Eur. i. p. 384 (1867) ; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 442;

Grag, Hnnd-l. B. i. p. 246, no. 3564 (1869) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur.

tab. xxi. fig. 22 (c. 1870) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 215; Salvad.

Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 121 (1871) ; R. Oray, B. West Scotl. p. 110

(1871) ; Hurting, Uandb. Brit. B. p. 23' (1872) ; Irby, B. Gibr.

p. 108 (1875) : Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 68 (1875) ; Giglioli, Ibis,

1881, p. 199 ; Irbi/, Ibis, 1881, p. 185 ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B.

vol. ii. p. 194 (1883) ; Booth, Rough Notes, pt. iv. (1883).
Motacilla alba lugubris, Kjeerb. Orn. Dan. pi. xix. fig. 2 (1852).
Motacilla algira, Selys-Longch. Naum. 1856, p. 391 ; Loche, Expl.

Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 6 (1867).
Motacilla alba jS. algira, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1857, p. 6l.
Motacilla vidua (nee Sund.), Cordeaux, Ibis, 1865, p. 180 ; Seebohm,

Ibis, 1867, p. 163.

Nestling. General colour above dusky asb-colour, washed with
olive-brown, especially on the head, which has a distinct black
streak above the eye ; lower back and rump blackish, with obscure
edges of rusty brown, the lateral feathers externally whitish ;
lesser wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater series
blackish, externally edged with olive-brown, and tipped with dull
whitish or rusty white, so as to form a double bar across the wing ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally edged
with ashy grey, the secondaries with buffy whitish ; tail-feathers
black, the outer ones yellowish white ; ring round the eye and
feathers above the ear-coverts white ; lores ashy ; car-coverts yel-
lowish white, with black margins ; cheeks and throat yellowish white,
with a broad black stripe on the lower malar region, widening out
and ioining a black jjatch on the fore neck, the feathers shghtly
edo-ed with rusty ; sides of breast ashy, overwashed with rusty ;
remainder of under surface white, with a slight tinge of rusty,
especially on the flanks : thighs black with white edges ; under wing-
coverts white, mottled with black bases.

1. MOTACILLA. 46i

Even in the nest there seems to be a certain difference in the
sexes, for some, probablj- males, have the black throat-patch much
more pronounced than others.

Young in first plumage. DuU ashy grey above, with the rump
and upper tail-coverts black ; least wing-coverts ashy like the back ;
median and greater coverts blackish, extemaUy edged with ashy
and tipped with white, forming two wing-bars ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and cjuills blackish, externally edged with ashy,
the secondaries browner and rather broadly edged with white ;
tail-feathers black, the two outer ones almost entirely white,
excepting for a line of black along the inner web of the outermost ;
the penultimate feather with a little more black on it, in the shape
of a narrow line along both the inner and the outer webs ; head like
the back, the lores blackish, and a narrow line of black above the
eye : eyelid and a small patch behind the eye white ; sides of face
and ear-coverts dull whitish, with dusky bases ; cheeks and throat
white, succeeded by a black patch on the fore neck, extending up
the sides of the throat ; centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts white, the top of the breast and the sides of the body light
ashy grey ; thighs black, edged with white ; axOlaries and under
wing-coverts white, with ashy bases, those near the edge of the
wing mottled with dusky bases ; quills dusky below, whitish along
the edge of the inner web.

The young birds remain in their grey plumage till the late autumn,
and then they moult into their first winter dress. The coverts are
entux'ly moulted and, I believe, the quiUs also ; but of this I am not
quite certain, for a female shot at Axmouth in April appears to me
to be putting on new quills.

The young birds get their first full plumage in the following
spring with a moult. The old birds, however, do not moult in the
spring, but the black gradually spreads over the grey feathers of the
back, and the black throat is also gradually assumed without the
loss of a feather. On the dorsal plumes the black appears to
spread from the base upwards, but on the throat it begins at the tip
and spreads downwards to the base. Many young birds commence
to show traces of the black plumage on the back in the early winter ;
these I take to be the young of the first brood, which attain their
winter dress earlier than those of the second brood, which are
often found in their grey dress far into September. In November
the signs of the approaching black throat are also often to be
noticed.

Young in first ivinter dress. General colour above clear ashy grey,
blacker on the lower rump and upper tail-coverts, the lateral ones of
which are externally white ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ;
median and greater series black, externally washed with brownish
ashy, the tips ashy white ; bastard-wing feathers, primary-coverts,
and quills black, externally edged with ashy, the secondaries with
brownish ashy, whitish towards the ends of the outer web in the
long inner secondaries, the innermost of the latter conspicuously
brownish along the outer web ; tail-feathers black, the central pair

462 MOTACILLID^,

margined with white, the two outer ones nearly entirely white,
with a black border along their inner web, broader on the penul-
timate feather ; crown of head and nape black, contrasting with
the back ; a broad frontal band, sides of crown, entire sides of face,
and sides of neck white, tinged with siilphur-yellow ; throat white,
succeeded by a black crescentic patch on the fore neck, which runs
up on the sides of the throat and adjoining which are generally some
black-tipped feathers (signs of the approaching black throat of the
following spring) ; breast and abdomen white, the sides of the body
grey ; thighs black, with grey tips.

Adult male in breeding-plmnage. General colour above black from
the crown to the upper tail- coverts, the lateral ones of which are
externally white ; a broad frontal baud of white ; least wing-coverts
black like the back ; median series black, tipped with white, fonning
a wing-bar ; greater coverts black, edged with white externally, the
inner ones rather broadly ; bastard-wing feathers, primary-coverts,
and quills blackish, edged with ashy grey, the secondaries more
broadly with whitish, especially the long inner ones ; tail-feathers
blackish, the two outermost white, black at the extreme base and
along the edge of the inner web ; lores, sides of face, feathers over
the eye, sides of crown, ear-coverts, and sides of neck white, as also
a line at the base of the cheeks ; cheeks and throat, as well as the
fore neck, black ; remainder of under surface of body white, the
sides of the body and flanks slaty grey ; thighs black, with whitish
margins ; axillaries white, ashy on the inner web ; under wing-
coverts white, mottled with black bases near the edge of the wing ;
quills dusky lalackish, white along the edge of the inner web ; bill
and feet black ; ii-is dark brown. Total length 7-3 inches, culmen
0-6, wing 3-55, tail 3-7, tarsus 0-95.

Adult female. Never so black on the upper surface as the male,
the back being slaty grey, with a blackish feather here and there;
frontal band white; hinder crown, nape, and hind neck black, the
latter mingling with the grey of the mantle ; wings and tail as in
the male ; sides of face and sides of neck white as in the male, and
the black throat and white underparts as in the male also. Total
length 6-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3-25, tail 3-2, tarsus 0-9.

Eah. Western Europe, occurring in the British Islands, France,
Holland, and extending through Heligoland to Western Denmark
and South-western Norway ; wintering in Spain and North Africa,
as well as partially ia Great Britaiu and France.

a S ad. sk. Inverary, N.B., April 11, Gould Collection.

1867.
6. S,c,d. $ ad. ; Leicestershire. Theodore Walker, Esq. [P.].

e-i. Juv. St.
k 9. ad. sk. Coton, Cambridgeshire, Salvin-Godman Collection.

Jan. 1866 (J. Baker).
I. iux.; m,n. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.].

PuU. St.
0 c? ad sk. Cambridge, Aprill4, 1856 Salvin-Godman Collection. '

(O. S.).

I. MUTACILLA.

463

p-8. (S,t,U. 5

ad. sk.

V, zv. cJ 2 ad. St.
r,y, S $ad.; z-d'.
Juv.st. [gi'oup].
c'. 2 ad. sk.
/'. Ad. sk.
ff'. 2ad.aestiv.sk.
h', i'. Juv. sk.

li\ Juv. sk.
V. Var. St.

?h'. Juv. sk.

w'. J ad. sk.

o', /j'. c? ad. sk.

q' . S ad. sk.

?•'. $ ad. sk.

s'. c? ad. sk.

V. Juv. sk.

ii. Juv.; «'. c?

ad. sk.
id . Juv. sk.
a;', y' . Juv. sk.
?', a,/3. Juv. sk.
y. c? imm. sk.

8. cJad. sestiv.st.

?. c? ad. hiem. st,

f. c? ad. sk.

ij. c? ad. sk.

6. (S ad. sk.

t. c? ad. sk.
*c,X,ju. Ad.etjuv.

hiem. sk.
i>, |. Tmm.Iiiem.

sk.
o, TT. d" 2 imm.

aestiv. sk.
p, a-,T,v,(j). Pull.

sk.

Norfolk, March.

Norfolk, June.
Norfolk, June*.

Erith, Kent, May.
Plumstead, Kent, March.
Westerham, Kent, Jul}-.
Hampstead, Middlesex,

Oct. 1869.
Near London, Sept. 13.
Regent's Park, London,

Sept. 26.
Staines, Sliddlesex, Sept.

25.
Godalraing, Sm-rey, Jan.

28 (F. G.).
Godalming, SuiTey, Feb.

{F. G.).
Godalming, Sun-ey, Apr.

18 {F. G.).
Maidenhead, Berks, Apr.

4 (J. G.).
Maidenhead, Berks, May

2 {J. G.).
Taplow, Bucks, June

Taplow, Bucks, Sept.

(J. G.).
Cookham, Berks, July 25.
Cookham, Berks, Aug.29.
Cookham, Berks, Sept.
Romney Marsh, Kent,

Sept.' 11.
Brighton, Sussex, April

(H. Sioaysland).
Brighton, Sus.-ex, Sept.

{H. Swaysland).
Brighton, Sussex, Feh.

{H. Swaysland).
Brighton, Sussex, Mai-ch

{H. Swaysland).
Brighton, Oct. 20 {H.

B. S.).
Brighton, Nov. (R.B. S.).
Hove, Sussex, Nov. (^H.

Swaysland).
Lancing, Sussex, Nov.

{H. Swaysland).
Lancing, March 2 {H.

Swaysland).
Hassock's Gate, Jime

(H. Swaysland).

Lord Walsingham [P.].

Lord Walsingham [P.].
Lord AValsingham [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.]-
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Gould Collection.
Miss Pearce [P.].

J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.].

Salvin-Godmau Collection.

Salvin-Godman Collection.

Salvin-Godman Collection.

Gould CoDection.

Goidd Collection.

Gould Collection.

Gould Collection.

R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.;.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

* The male in this mouuted group is 31. alba, as referred to under the head-
ing of that species.

464 MOTACILLID^.

X- d ad. sk. Avington, Hants, May 12 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(H. B. S.).

x/'. (5 jiiv. sk. Cliristchm-ch, Hants, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Sept. 9.

w. d" <id. sk. Wiltshire. Col. Montagu [P.].

a'. (S ad. sk. Axmouth, Devon, March R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(IT. Swaysland).

^', y. 2 ad. sk. Axmouth, April {H. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Swm/sla7id).

8'. Var., sk. Devonshire. J. C. Prideaux, Esq. [P.],

e'. Var., sk. Bristol. J. Raddon, Esq. [P.].

C- 6 ad. sk. Heligoland. Gould Collection.

2. Motacilla alba.

La Lavandiere, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 461 (1700) ; Dauhent. PI. Enl. vi.
pi. 6-52. fig. 1.

La Bergerons tte grise, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 465, pi. xxv. fig. 1 (1760) ;
Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vi. p. 261, pi. xiv. (1778) ; Daubent. PL Enl.
vi. pi. 674. fig. 1.

MotacUla alba, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 331 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 960 (1788) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 254 (1815), ii. p. 255
(1820) ; Naum. Voy. DeutscU. iii. p. 803, Taf. 86. figs. 1-3 (1823) ;
Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 193 (1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Insectiv. pi. 73
(1827) ; Menetr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 36 (1832) ; Temm. Man.
d'Orn. iv. p. 178 (18-35) ; RUpp. Neue Wirb., Voy. p. 84 (1835-40);
Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 143 (1837) ; Macyill. Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 221
(1839); Keys. S,- Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. p. 174 (1840); Nordm. in
Demtd. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 153 (1840) ; Riipp. Syst. Uebers.
p. 59 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 203 (1847) ; Thomps. B. Irel. i.
p. 218 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 250 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein,
Th. i. p. 12 (1850) ; Kjcerb. Banm. Fuyle, pi. xix. fig. 1 (1852j ;
Schl. Voy. Nederl. pis! 100, 101 (1854) ; Sundev. Sv. Foyl. pi. 9.
figs. 7, 8 (c. 1856) ; Jaub. Sf Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 276
(1868) ; Sakin, Ibis, 1859, p. 310 ; Walker, Ibis, 1860, p. 166 ;
Powys, t. c. p. 228 ; Simpson, t. c. p. 394 ; lAnderm. Voy. Griechenl,
p. 79 (18G0) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 6; F. S,- P. Godman, t. c. p. 82 ;
Schl. Dier. Nederl, Vog. pi. 9. figs. 7, 8, 8 a (1801) ; Reinh. Ibis,
1861, p. 6; A. Neivt. in Baring-GoukTs Iceland, p. 409 (1863);
Gould,B. Gt.Br. iii. pi. 2 (c. 1863) ; Gray, List Br. B. p. G6 (1863) ;
Radde, Reise Sibir., Voy. p. 224 (1863) ; Baird, Review, p. 152
(1864) ; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 27 ; Wrir/ht, t. c. p. 62 ; More, Ibis,
1865, p. 122 ; Bettoni, Ucc. Nidif. Lomh. tav. 37 (1865-70) ;
Lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 187 ; Trist'r. t. c. p. 290 ; Beyl. &,■ Gerbe,
Orn. Eur. p. 383 ( 1867) ; Blytk, Ibis, 1867, p. 29 ; Chambers, t. c.
p. 100 ; Drake, t. c. p. 427 ; Loche, Evpl. Sci. Alyer., Ois. ii. p. 3
(1867); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 442; Keulem. Onze Fo^e/s, i. pi. 25
(1869) ; Gray, HancU. B. i. p. 245, no. 3562 (1869) ; Borqgr.
Voi/elf. DeutscM. p. 86 (1869) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 100 (1869) ;
Hengl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 316, iv. p. Ixxxviii (1869-71) ; Blattf.
Geol. 8f Zool. Abyss, p. 380 (1870) ; Finsch, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii.
p. 324 (^1870) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 15 ; Ehves ^ Btickley, t. c.
p. 195 ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. pi. 21. fig. 14 (c. 1870) ; Gkirney,junr.,
Ibis, 1871, p. 85 ; Saunders, t. c. p. 215; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B.
p. 73 (1871) ; Sahad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 120 (1871) ; Gray, B.
West Scotl.^. Ill (1871): Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 23 (1872);

1. MOTACILLA. 465

Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 126 (1872) ; Severtz. Ttirkest. Jevotn. p. 66
(1873); Alston *!)• Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 61 ; Blanf. t.c.
p. 220; Brooke, t.c. p. 244; Hume, Str. F. 1873, pp. 29, 30;
Baird, Brewer, ^- Bidyio. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 1C5 (1874) ;
iJurnf. Ibis, 1874, p. 396 ; Neivton, ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 548
(1874); Stvliczka, Sir. F. 1875, p. 217; Dresser, B. Fur. iii.
p. 233, pis. 125, 126 (1875) ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 108 (1875) ; Danf.
i!f- Harvie Brotvn, Ibis, 1875, p. 309; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 17U ;
Wharton, t. c. p. 22 ; Seebohn %• Hai-vie Broiim, t. c. p. 125 ; Blanf.
East. Persia, ii. p. 232 (1876); Scully, Str. F. 1876, p. 151;
Wardlaw Bamsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 463 ; Brooks, Str. F. 1877,
p. 472 ; Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 20 ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 343 ; Brooks,
Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 137; Boydanoff, B. Cauc. p. 106
(1879); Irhy, Ibis, 1879, p. 344; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 103;
Scully, t. c. p. 313 ; Brooks, t. c. p. 484 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1880,
p. 189; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 69; aiglioli, Icon. Avif. Ital.
pi. 163 (1881) ; Bidyiray, Bull. U.S. Nut. Mus. no. 21, p. 15
(1881); Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 68; Scully, t. c. p. 451;
C. Sioinhoe, Ibis, 1882, p. 109 ; Seebohn, t. c. p. 210 ; Biddulph,
t. c. p. 280 ; Seebohm, t. c. pp. 375, 376 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 19 ;
Seiertz. t. c. p. 80 ; h'by, t. c. p. 184 ; Saunders, t. c. p. 350 ;
B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 29 (1883) ; Oates, B. Br. Burin, i,
p. 156 (1883) ; Booth, Rough Notes, part 4 (1883) ; Seebohm,
Hist. Brit. B. vol. iii. p. 199 (1883) ; Homeyer ^- Tancre, Mitth.
orn. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 85 ; Tristr. Faun. ^- Flor. Palest, p. 64
(1884) ; Badde, Orn. Cauc. p. 223, Taf . xii. (1884) ; Salvad. Ann.
Mus. Cic. Gcnov. (2) i. p. 166 (1884).
White Wagtiiil, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 395 (1783).
Cintreous Wagtail, Lath. torn. cit. p. 397 (1783).
Motacilla cinerea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 961 (1788).
MotaciUa albeola, Pall. Zooyr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 506 (1811).
Motacilla septentrionalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 347 (1831).
MutaciUa sylvestris, Brehm, t. c. p. 348 (1831).
Motacilla bracliyrhyuclios, Brehm, t. c. p. 348 (1831).
MotaciUa dukhiinensis, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 91 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 250
(1850) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 349 (1854,
pt.) ; Gould, B. Asia, pi. 62 (1861) ; Blanf. Ibis, 1863, p. 219 ;
Bhjlh, Ibis, 1865, p. 49; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 130; Finsch
^- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 259 (1870); Hume, Str. F. 1873,
pp. 29, 30; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 416; Brooks, t. c. p. 457;
id. Sir. F. 1875, p. 249 ; Bidler, t. c. p. 489 ; Wald. in Blyth
B. Burm. p. 97 (1875) ; Brooks, Str. F. 1876, p. 506 ; Pr'jev.
in Roidm/s Orn. Misc. ii. p. 192 (1876) ; Bidler, Str. F. 1877,
pp. 221, 230 ; Hmne ^- Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 362 ; Brooks,
Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 137 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 103 ;
Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 40 (1879); id. Cat. B. S. Bomb.
Pres. p. 54 (1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 69 ; Reid, Str. F.
1881, p. 48 ; Davidson, Str. F. 1882, p. 310 ; Davison, Str. F.
1883, p. 395.
Motacilla o;ularis, Sicains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 38 (1837) ; Allen ^- Thotnps.
Exped. Niger, ii. p. 310 (1848) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 72 (1857).
Motacilla cervicalis, Brehm, Voyelf p. 143 (1855).
MotaciUa major, Brehm, Nauvi. 1855, p. 280.
Motacilla fasciata, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 280.
MotaciUa luzoniensis, Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 76.
Motacilla alba /3. diiMiunensis, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 66 (1873),
MotaciUa daklianensis, Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 260.

VOL. X. 2 H

466 MOTACILLID^.

Key to the Plumages of M. alba.

a. Throat wliite or yellowish white.
a'. Forehead like the crown.

u". Throat dingy white tinp-ed with yellow;
tore neck and chest dull ashy, with a
' dusky patch in the centre of the former . Yoimy : Ist plumage.
h". Throat white washed with yellow, sepa-
rated from the white breast by a crescent , j-^^^^^^ . ^^^ autumn
of black on the fore neck S plumage.

h'. Forehead white. , , , i Young : 1st winter

c". Crown grey like the back i plumage.

d'\ Crown black, contrasting with the grey ^ ^^,^^^ . ^-^^g^. pj^^_

o^ck ^ mage.

/.. Throat black, as well as the fore neck. , ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ _. ^^^^^_

c'. Head and nape black < iuo-plumao-e.

, . , , Adult female : breed-
er'. Nape mixed with ashy -j iiio--phunage.

Younrj in first j)liima(je. General colour above uniform ashy grey,
■washed with olive, the upper tail-coverts blackish, the lateral ones
externally white ; least wiug-coverts like the back ; median and
•••reater series dusky ashy, washed with brown exteriiaUy and white
at the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish,
externally edged with ashy, the secondaries with white, subter-
minally shaded with brown ; tail-feathers black, the two centre
ones edo'ed with white, the two outer ones white, with a blackish
edo-iuo- to the inner web, the base of the penultimate feather also
black; forehead and crown like the back; lores ashy; above the
ear-coverts a streak of yellowish white ; ear-coverts pale yellowish ;
cheeks and throat dingy white, Avith a slight yellowish tinge ; fore
neck, chest, and sides of body ashy grey, with a patch of blackish on
the fore neck; remainder of uuderparts white; thighs dull ashy,
with dusky bases ; asiUaries and under wiug-coverts white ; quills
dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web.

From this first plumage a complete moult brings the bii'd into its
full winter plumage ; the quiUs, however, are apparently not shed.
The upper surface is uniform grey, and there is generally a strong
suffusion of yellow on the face ; but this is not always the case,
and may be peculiar to one sex or to the birds of the second brood.

In the following spring the fuU plumage is reached, not by a
moult, but by a change of feather, the black on the head generally
appearing first, and afterwards that on the throat. In the case of
the female birds, at least in their first spring, the head never seems
to become entirely black, the nape still retaining some ashy plumes.

Young male in first tvinter plumage. General colour above light
ashy grey, washed with yellowish olive on the head and back, the
rump purer grey and becoming dusky towards the upper tail-
coverts, which are black, washed externally with ashy, the lateral
ooverts white on their outer webs ; lesser wing-coverts ashy

1. JIOTACILLA. 467

grey like the back, and similarly washed with olive ; median and
greater coverts blackish, externally washed with brownish ashy,
whiter towards the ends of the feathers ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackisli, externally edged with dull ashy, the
inner secondaries browner on the outer web, which is fringed with
duU white ; tail as iu adult, but with black extending along the
outer web of the penultimate feather; head like the back, and
washed with olive in the same manner ; a frontal band of white
obscured with yellowish olive ; lores ashy ; a streak of yellowish
white above the ear-coverts, surmounted by a line of blackish along
the sides of the crown ; ear-coverts pale yellowish, as also the sides
of the neck ; throat yellowish white, followed by a crescentic band
of black on the fore neck, which extends upwards in a broad line
to the hinder part of the cheeks ; the black crescent extending to a
point on the centre of the chest ; remainder of under surface of
body white, washed with yellowish on the upper breast and with
grey on the sides of the body and flanks ; axillaries white, washed
with yeUow; under vring-coverts white, mottled with blackish
bases near the edge of the wing. Total length 7 inches, culmen
0*55, wing 3'45, tail 3"35, tarsus 0*85.

The adult in winter plumafje has a grey back, white forehead,
and black crown and nape ; the sides of the crown, region of the
eye, ear-coverts, sides of neck, cheeks, and throat pure white, some-
times with a slight tinge of yellow ; on the fore neck a broad black
crescent, extending up the sides of the throat to the hinder cheeks ;
otherwise the plumage is the same as in summer, excepting that
the wing-covei-ts are more ashy.

Adult male in breedin^-plumcoje. General colour above light
ashy grey from the nape to the upper tail-coverts, the latter being
blackish edged with ashy grey, the lateral ones externally white ;
lesser wing-coverts ashy grey ; median and greater series black,
oxternally edged and broadly tipped with white, the outer greater
coverts, browner; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark
brown, edged with ashy, the longer inner secondaries rather broadly
margined with white, the innermost ones externally brown ; tail-
feathers black, the two centre ones edged with white, the two outer-
most white, black at the base and obliquely along the edge of the
inner web ; a broad frontal band, lores, cheeks, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and sides of crown pure white, the top of the head and nape
black ; sides of neck white, washed with ashy ; throat and fore
neck black, the lower feathers tipped with white where they adjoin
the breast, which is entirely white as well as the under tail-coverts ;
flanks and sides of body light ashy grey, clearer on the sides of
the upper breast ; thighs ashy white ; under wdng-coverts and axil-
laries white, the coverts near the edge of the wing with blackish
bases ; quiUs dusky brown below, lighter along the edge of the inner
web, whiter near the base of the feathers ; bill, legs, and feet black ;
iris dark brown. Total length 6-7 inches, cuLnen 0-5, wing 3-35,
tail 3-35, tarsus O'So.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Females in the first spring

2k2

468 WOTACILLIDiK.

appear not to attain the full black head like the male, the nape re-
taining some of the ashy feathers, which do not change to black.
Total length 6-8 inches, culmcn 0-55, wing 3*3, tail 3-25, tarsus
0-85.

The full plumage of both sexes is generally attained by the middle
of April ; but Mr. Seebohm has a male bird, shot by himself in Greece
on the 21st of May, which has not yet completed the change on the
throat and cap.

With regard to M. dullmnensis, as the Oriental form of this
Wagtail is called, specimens from Siberia, collected by Mr. Seebohm
in the valley of the Yenesay, cannot be specifically separated from
M. alba, being merely of a little purer French grey. This applies
to the examples from India and Burmah collected in the winter
season ; and it seems to be a fact, as Mr. Brooks says, that the
young ones killed in these countries have not the yellow face of
European specimens ; but this can not be made a specific character,
for many European individuals do not have it cither. A gradual
transition seems to take place, as the species ranges eastwards, from
the duller grey of the West-European specimens to the pure grey
of the Siberian birds. This difference is only visible on the actual
comparison of a large series, and may be due to a strain of M. lugu-
hris, with wliich M. alba undoubtedly sometimes crosses. A pair of
birds presented by Lord Walsingham with their nest and young birds,
to illustrate the breeding of the Common Pied Wagtail of England
(M. lugubris), proved to belong, the male to M. alba and the female to
M. lugubris. Mr. Seebohm informs us that in winter he has always
seen the two consorting in flocks in the south of France ; and it is
therefore quite likely that, on their return to their breeding-quarters,
a White Wagtail may often mate with a Pied Wagtail. In addition
to the purer grey of the Eastern birds, there is always more white on
the wing-coverts in the Siberian and Indian specimens than in West-
European examples.

Dr. Radde has recently figured (Orn. Cauc, Taf. xii.) several vari-
ations in the facial markings of M. alba, which seem to show very
clearly that there is a connection between this species and M. per-
si'crt, leading through to M. 'personata.

Hab. The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, wintering in N.E.
Africa and Senegambia, the plains of India, and the Burmese
countries.

a. S ad. sestiv. sk. Lapland, May 20. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

b. Juv. sk. Borregaard, &. Norway, Salvin-Godmau Coll.

.June 1866 (P. Gochnan).

c. S ad. gestiv. sk. Borregaard, June 1866 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(J. Baher).

d. 2 ad. sk. Sarpsborg, June 1866 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(J. Baker),

^if- 6 ; ff- 2 ad.sk. Norway, May {Colletf). Christiania Museum [P.

h,i. c^ ad. sk. Norway, June (C'o^/e^^). Christiania Museum TP.

k. c? juv. sk. Norway, Oct. (CoZ/e?;^). Christiania Museum [P.

/. Pull. sk. Norway, Aug. (Collett). Christiama Museum [P.}

1. MOTACILL.V.

4G9

?«. Ad. asstiv. st.
n. Jiiv. hiem. st.
0, P, q-_ 6 ? ad.

aestiv. sk.
r. S ad. aestiv. sk.
s. 2 ad. sestiv. sk.
t. Juv. hiem. sk.
u,v. S ad.8estiv.sk.
w. cJ ad. liiem. sk.
.r. c? ad. ajstiv. sk.
y. $ ad. sestiv. sk.

z. Imm. hiem. sk.
a'. Ad. sestiv. sk.
h' . ^ ad.ffistiv.sk.

c'. c? 'id. fe.stiv. sk.
(/'. $ imm. hiem. sk.

e'. Ad. hiem. sk.
f. Juv. hiem. sk.
//', A'. Ad. hiem. sk.
i'. Imm. hiem. sk.

k', r. Ad. hiem. sk.
m'. Imm. hiem. sk.
n'. 2 imm. hiem.

sk.
o'. (S ad.; p'. 2

imm. hiem. sk.
q'. (S ad. hiem. sk.

r'. (S ad. hiem. sk.

«'. Imm. hiem. sk.

f.'. (S ad. hiem. sk.
u. 2 juv.hiem.sk.
v'. c? nd. ; «''. $
imm. hiem. sk.
•^'') 2/'- cJ ? ad. sk.
s'. cJ ad. sestiv, sk,

a. cJ ad. hiem. sk.

/3. cJ ad, sestiv. ;

y. Juv. sk.
d, e. Ad. ; f, jj. Juv.

hiem. sk.
6, 1. (5 $ imm.

hoiin. sk.
K. (^ ad. sestiv. sk.

X. Ad. hiem. .sk.

^. Ad. sestiv. sk.

V. 2 ad. hiem. sk.

|. 2 ad. sestiv, sk.

Kiugshui'j-, Middlesex.
Brighton, Sussex, Sept.
Valkenswaard, Holland

(J. Baker).
Saxony, May.
Saxony, April 15.
Saxony, Oct. 7.
Baden, March.
Ba<;len, November.
Neai" Hamburg.
Heligoland, April (i.

Glitke).
S. France [P. L. Sclater).
San Remo.
Switzerland, May 3,

1873.
Florence, Jan.
Souza, Tunis, March 3

(O. S.)
Tangiers (Famer).
Tangiers.
Tangiers.
Bathiu'st, Eiver Gambia,

Dec. 15.
River Gambia.
Dakah, Senegal, Oct.
Lake Ashangi, Abys-
sinia, April 3.
ZouUa, Annesley Baj',

Dec. & Jan.
Socotra, Feb. 18 {Prof.

Balfour).
Socotra, March 11 {Prof.

Balfour).
Egypt {Dr. Christie).

Caiffa, Palestine.
Beer.sheba, Palestine.
Asia Minor.

Caucasus, May.

Ust Zykiia, Petchora

River, May 12.
Sarai Gor, Ob River,

Sept 10 {Dr. Fimch).
Schtschutschja, August

{Dr. Fimch).
Yarkaud {Dr. Bellew).

Gwadar, Baluchistan,

Dec.
Dizak, Baluchistan,

March 24.
Afghanistan {Griffith).
Afghanistan {Griffith).
Kandahar, Dec. 30.
Kandahar, March 20.

F. Bond, Esq. [P.].
Messrs. Swaysland.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.l.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P ^
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Goidd Collection.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. '[P.],

India Museum.

Gould Collection.

M. Leon OIph.-Galliard

[P.].
Prof. H. H. GiglioU [P,].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

India Museum.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Sharpe Collection.

Sharpe Collection.

M. L. Laglaize [C],

W. T. Blanlbrd, Esq. [C],

W. T, Blauford, Esq. [C],

British Association [P,].

British Association [P.].

W. B. D. Turnbull, Esq,

[P.], ^

Canon Tristram [C,].
Canon Tristram [C.l
Mr. T. Robson [C.].

Purchased.

Henry Seebohm, Esq.

Geogr. Soc. Bremen.

Geogi-, Soc. Bremen.

India Museum.

W. T. Blanford, .1']sq. [C.J.

W. T,Blanford,Esq,[C.|.

India Museum.
India Museum.
Col. C. Swinhoe [C.l
Col, C. Swinhoe [C,j.

470

MOTACILLIDJE.

o. Ad. ; TT, p. Imm. Sciude (Dr. Gould).

hiem. sk.

0-. c? ad. hiem. sk. Gilgit, Sept. 20.

T. 2 3.d. hiem. sk. Gilgit, Feb. 1.

V. Juv. hiem. sk. Cashmere.

^. Ad. sestiv. sk. Valley of Guiias, Cash-
mere.

X- 2 imm. sk. Dej'rah.

^. Ad. asstiv. sk. N.W. India.

0). Ad. sestiv. sk. N.W. India.

a'. 2 imm. sk.
j3'. Ad. sestiv. sk.
y, 8'. Ad. sestiv. sk.
e', f. Ad. hiem. sk.
?;'. 2 ad. hiem. sk.
0'. Ad. hiem. ak.
i', k'. Ad. asstiv. ;

X'. Juv. hiem. sk.
fi'. 2 ad. ; J/'. S

juv. sk.
I'. 2 ad. sk.
o'. Ad. sestiv. sk.

7!-'. Juv. hiem. sk.
p . 2 ad. hiem. sk.

o-'. 2 inuii' hiem.

sk.
t'. 2 ''^'^^* 'liein. sk.
v',</,',x'- Skulls.

Meerut, Jan. 19.

Lucknow, April 20.

Kumaon {Strachey).

Nepal.

Behar.

Bengal {Dr. Falconer).

Kamptee, C. Provinces.

Mhow, Oct.

Mhow, April.
Deccan (Sykes).

Assam (McClelland).
Myitldo, Lower Pegu,

April 19.
Pegu, Nov. 6.

Pegu, Oct. 27.
S. Germany.

India Museum.

Major Biddulph [C.].
Major Biddulph[C.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.

Major Biddulph [C.].
Gould Collection.
Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.].
Major J. Biddulph [C.].
Coi. Way [P.].
India Museum.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
India Museum.
Dr. B. Hinde [P.].

Col. Swinhoe [P.],

' Col. Swinhoe [P.].
India Museum. (Type of

M. dukhmiensis.)
India Museum.
Oates Collection.

Oates Collection.

Oates Collection.
Dr. Giinther [C.].

Subsp. o. Motacilla baicalensis.

Motacilla baicalensis, SzvinJwe, F. Z. S. 1871. p. 363 ; David Sf Oust.
Ois. Chine, p. 301 ; Slater, ttis, 1882, p. 433.

Adult male (type of species). General colour above very pure
pearly grey, the rump like the back ; the upper tail-coverts blackish,
edged with grey, the lateral ones externally white ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts pure white, the
blackish bases entirely hidden ; bastard-wing black, edged with
white ; primary-coverts and quills blackish, externally edged with
grey, the long secondaries externally white, preceded by a shade of
light brown ; tail-feathers black, the two centre ones edged with
white, the two outermost pure white, with the extreme base and a
broad edge to the inner web blackish ; fore part of the head white,
the hinder crown and hind neck black ; lores, sides of face, cheeks,
ear-coverts, sides of hinder crown, and sides of neck pure white ;
chin and sides of throat white ; centre of throat, fore neck, and chest
black ; remainder of under surface, including the under tail-covcrts,
pure white, the sides of the breast and flanks ashy grey : axiilarics
white, washed with ashy ; under wing-coverts pure white ; quills
dusky below, with a great deal of white along the inner webs.

1. MOTACILLA. 471

Total length 7*2 inches, eulmen O'oo, wing 3*5, tail 3"55, tarsus 0-85.
(Mus. II. Seebohm.)

This is an eastern form of M. alba, from which it differs in its
white shoulders, the white on the median and greater coverts being
so broad as entirely to hide the black bases.

The type is a nearly fuU-plumaged bird ; but Mr. Seebohm has
one, killed by himself on the Yenesay in June, which has the black
extended right up to the chin and has even the outer tail-feathers
pure white save for remains of a blackish fringe to the inner web.

Hah. Eastern Siberia, probably wintering in India and China.

a. S fid. sestiv. sk. Lake Baikal. Gould Collection.

b. (S ad. sestiv. sk. [India.] Gould Collection.

3. Motacilla ocularis. (Plate IV. figs, 5, 6.)

Motacilla ocularis, Sivi7ih. Ihis, 1860, p. 55 ; Grm/, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 240, no. .3576 (1869) ; Swinh. P. Z, S. 1870, p. 129, 1871, p. 364;
Frjer. in Eoioley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 192 (1877) ; Bavid ^- Otistal.
OL Chine, p. 299 (1878) ; Hutne ^- Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 518 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 103; Scully, t. c. pp. 312, 315 ; Hume, t.c.
p. 413 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burin, i. p. 158 (1883) ; Dyhoicski, Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, viii. p. 360 (1883) ; Nelson, Cruise R. S. 'Corwin,^
p. 02, pi. ii. (1833) ; Bidytv. Fr. U.S. Nat. Mns. iv. p. 414 (1882);
Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 284 (1884).

Key to the Plumages o/M. ocularis.

a. Throat white or white tinged with yellow.

a'. Only a dusky-brown patch on the fore neck;

upper parts ashy brownish I'ojtjz^r: first plumage.

h'. A black crescent on the fore neck.

a" . Head like the back ; white forehead , -rr

shghtly indicated \ ^°^^^J '•

^ -' ( plimiaj

first winter

umiao:e.

h". Head black ; forehead white \ ^'^f^= second winter

j plumage.

h. Throat black up to the chin, or uearlv so .... '^'^f ^ ^ = ^"""^'^^^
^ ' j plumage.

Young in first plwnaije (Amoy ; E. Swiuhoe). General colour
above ashy brown, the lower rump blackish, the upper tail-coverts
black with earthy-brown margins, the lateral ones externally duU
white ; least wing-coverts like the back, but changing to darker
grey ; median wing-coverts white ; greater series white with black
bases ; bastard-wing black ; primar3'-covcrts and ijuills black, edged
with hoary grey, the secondaries broadly edged with white, the inner
ones submarginally browner ; tail-feathers black, the two centre
ones edged with white, the two outermost white, black at the base
and along the edge of the inner web ; head like the back, with
a dusky lino along the sides of the crown ; the forehead paler
than the crown, dull white obscured with ashy brown ; a broad
white eyebrow along the sides of the crown ; cheeks, ear-coverts,
and sides of face white, with a dusky line through the eye ; sides
of neck «hite, overshaded with brown ; under surface of body white,

472 MOTACILlIDiE.

purer on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; on the fore neck a
patch of light brown ; under -wing-coverts and axillaries white, the
latter washed with brown ; quills dusky below, broadly white along
the inner web. (Miis. H. Seebohm.)

Obs. The young bird described has unfortunately no date of
capture affixed to it ; but it is just beginning to put on its first winter
plumage, some ashy-grey feathers appearing in a patch on the back.
Two females obtained in January at Shanghai are apparently in
their first winter plumage, and are similar to specimens procured
iu Burmah during the cold season, excepting that the latter, shot
rather eaiiier in the year, have the face suffused with yellow. Young
individuals always show the streak through the eye which is charac-
teristic of the species.

Toung in first tvhiter pliimaffe. General colour above dark ashy
grey, clearer grey on the lower back and rump ; the upper tail-coverts
black, broadly edged with grey, the lateral ones externally wliite ;
least wing-coverts like the back ; lesser and median coverts white,
with dusky blackish bases ; bastard-wiug black ; primarj--coverts
and quills blackish, edged with hoary grey, the secondaries with
white, the innermost subterminally brown ; tail-feathers black, the
centre ones edged with -white, the two outer ones blackish at base
and having a broad edging to the inner web ; head like the
back, with a broad white eyebrow skirting the sides of the crown,
above which is a slight trace of a dusky blackish line ; the forehead
hoary whitish, but not very distinct from the crown ; cheeks, sides
of face, and ear-coverts white, with a line of dusky blackish through
the eye, running through the lores and along the upper edge of the
ear-coverts ; throat white, the lower part with black fringes to the
feathers where they adjoin the black gorget ; remainder of under
surface of body dull white, ashy on the breast and sides of the body;
thighs ashy ; under taU-coverts white ; axUlaries ashy like the
breast ; wing-coverts white ; quills dusky below, white along the
edge of the inner web ; bill and feet black ; iris black. Total length
6-S inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3-5, tail 3-5, tarsus 0-85. {2Iiis. H. See.
bohm.)

Adult male hi hreeding-plumage (Amoor Land, May 13th). General
colour above clear pearly grey from the mantle to the upper tail-
coverts, the lower rump slightly blackish ; upper taU-coverts black,
washed with ashy on their outer webs, the lateral feathers externally
white ; lesser wing-coverts like the back : median coverts pure white,
with concealed black bases ; greater series white, with more distinct
blackish bases ; bastard-wing black, edged with white ; primary-
coverts and quiUs blackish, edged with ashy, inclining to whitish
near the ends of the feathers, the long secondaries broadly edged
with white, with a submarginal shade of brown ; tail-feathers black,
the two centre ones edged" with white, the two outer white, black
near the base and along the edge of the inner web ; crown of
head, nape, and hind neck black, extending to the upper mantle ; a
broad frontal band and a broad eyebrow along the sides of the crown
pure white ; lores, cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck pure white ;

1. MOTACILLA.

473

a streak of black through the eye, running through the lores and
along the upper edge of the ear-coverts ; throat, fore neck, and chest
black, the feathers of the latter fringed with white ; remainder of
under surface of body white, including the under tail-coverts ; sides
of breast and flanks clear ashy grey ; thighs ashy white ; axillaries
and under wing-eoverts Avhite, the latter mottled with blackish
bases near the edge of the wing ; quills dusky ash-brown below,
white along the edge of the inner web : " bill black, plumbeous at
the base ; legs and claws black ; iris brown" [Oates). Total length
7'3 inches, culmen 0-(j, wing 3-G, tail 3-7, tarsus 1'95.

The adult female in breedinfj-jjlumage does not differ from the
male, but is apparently longer in attaining the black throat and black
head. Eoth, however, are fully donned in due course. Total length
7'8 inches, ciUmen 0-55, wing 3'55, tail 3-7, tarsus 0"S5.

Adult in full winter ])lumage. Blue-grey on the back as in the
summer dress ; the wings and the tail similar ; the head black,
with a broad white frontal band ; the facial markings the same
at both seasons, but instead of the throat being black in winter,
there is merely a black crescent on the fore neck. This appears to
extend upwards very rapidly, and birds obtained in Burmah show
traces of the change in November ; one in the Swinhoe collection
from Amoy is considerably advanced, even on the 29th of October.
It is evident that in this species the black throat is assumed by a
direct moult and a change of feather going on at the same time,
the newly moulted plumes being white at the base, black at the tips,
the latter colour spreading downwards with extreme rapidity.

Hah. From Kamtschatka and Amoor Land to South China, breeding
throughout this extent of country, wintering in the Burmese coun-
tries and extending westwards to Nepal. In North America from
Alaska * to California (the latter locality only an occasional winter
resort in all probability).

a. Juv. ffistiv. sk.

b. 2 ad. sk.

N.W. America.

Capt. Kellett and Lieut.
Wood [P.l.
Island of Askold, May E. B. Sharpe', Esq. [P.].
(Doerries).

c. J juv. hiem. sk. Suiffu distiict, Oct. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{^Doerries).

d. cJ ad. festiv. sk. Amoor Laud, May 13. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],

e. S ad.ffistiv.sk. Amoy, China (^. (Szym- Gould Collection.

hoe).

f. $ ad. hiem. sk. Amoy, China {II, Swin- Gould Collection.

hoc).

* I have received the following information in a letter from Mr. Eidgway : —
" There is no valid record of the oceurrencc of any species of MotaciUa in Alaska,
although M. ocularis undoubtedly wanders there occasionally from the opposite
coasts of Asia. All our Plover-Bay specimens, including the one figured in the
' Corwin ' report, are true M. ocularis, of which we have a specimen from Lower
California (see I'roc. L'.S. Nat. AIus. vol. iv. p. 414). L. M. Turner saw a White
Wagtail on the island of Attn, in the Aleutian cliain. which was probably this
species, although it may have been Jil. amurcndu (=37. Ivgcns, Kittl.)."

474 irOTACILLIDJE.

g, h. 2 juv. hiem. Lower Pegu, Nov. 11. E. W. Gates, Esq. [O.J.

sk.

i. J ad. hiem. sk. Lower Pegu, Dec. 27. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

k. 2 .)U'^- liiera. sk. Lower Pegu, Jan. 10. E. W. Gates, Esq. [0.1.

1, 771. "$ ad. oestiv. Lower Pegu, April. E. W. Gates, Esq. [0.].

sk.

w. 5 iiTim. sk. Lower Pegu, April. E. W. Gates, Esq. [0.],

4. Motacilla lugens. (Plate IV. figs. 1-4.)

Motacilla albeola, var., Pall. Zoogr. Rnsso-Asiat. i. p. 507 (1811).
Motacilla lugens, " Pall.;' Kittl. Kupf. Vog. p. 16, pi. 21. fig. 1 (1832,

nee T. Sr S.) ; Jottg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 290 (188.3).
Motacilla higubris (non I.), Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 142 (1837) ; Keys.

^ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 174 (1840); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 12

(1850) ; SiDinh. Ibis, 1803, p. 308.
Motacilla lugens, " Illig.," Bp. Consp. i. p. 2.50 (1850, pt.).
Motacilla alba, var. lugens, Schrench, Reis. Amurl. i. p. 338 (1859).
Motacilla japonica, Swinh. Ibis, 186.3, p. 309; Wliitely, Ibis, 18G7,

p. 198 ; Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 156, 1876, p. 33 ; David Sf Oustalet,

Ois. Chine, p. 300 (1877).
Motacilla amurensis, Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 345, pi. ix., 1879, p. 34,

1883, p. 91, 1884, p. 39 ; Blakist. 8f Fryer, B. Japan, p. 155 (1882) ;

Ridgiu. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 144 (1883) ; Blakist. Chrysan-
themum., ii. p. 31 (1883) ; id. Amended List B. Jap. p. 53 (1884) ;

Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 39.
Motacilla blalristoni, Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 91, 1884, p. 38 ; Ridgio.

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 144 (1883).
ISIotacilla camtschatica, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 388.
Motacilla kamtschatica,'S';'e>er/er,Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 71 (1883) ;

Dyhowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii. p. 360 (1883).

Key to the Plumages of M. lugens.

a. Outer secondaries entirely white ; primaries

white, with black near the ends.
, a'. Back black as well as the crown.

a". Entire back black (Sad.: summer.

b". Back black, mixed with ashy 2 ud.: summer.

b'. Back grey ; head black d' $ o(?. : winter.

b. Quills brown, edged with white.

c'. Back black c? in first siunmer.

d'. Back grey, or grey mixed with black. ... 5 in fii"st summer,
e'. Back entirely grey, with no black or gi'ey

with an olive tinge ; head sometimes

blacldsh ; crescent on throat black .... Young in first winter.
/'. Back grey, washed with olive ; no black

on head ; crescent on throat dusky

blackish Young in first plumage.

Young in first plumage. General colour above light ashy brown,
the lower rump rather more dusky ; the upper tail-coverts dusky
blackish, with ashy edges, the lateral ones externally white ; lesser
wing-covcrts like the back ; median and greater coverts dusky brown,

] . MOTACILLA.

475

mesially blackish, edged and tipped with white ; bastard- wing and
primary-coverts blackish brown ; quills brown, T\'ith narrow ashy
whitish edgings to the feathers, the long inner secondaries browner
along the outer webs and edged with white, the inner web also in-
temaUy brown ; tail black, the two centre feathers edged with white,
the two outer ones white, excepting for a little black near the base
and along the lower part of the inner web ; on each side of the
crown a blackish stripe, succeeded by a whitish stripe ; lores ashj%
as well as the feathers round the eye and the ear-coverts ; cheeks
and throat ashy whitish, obscured with smoky brown and followed
by a dusky blackish crescent on the fore neck ; upper breast dull
ashy ; abdomen and under tail-coverts white ; thighs blackish,
edged with white ; under wing-covcrts and axiUaries white, with
ashy-brown bases ; quills light brown below, with a great deal of
white on the inner webs.

Wing of young M. lugens, showing the brown quills.

Young injirst ivinter dress. Above ashy grey, shaded with olive,
the lower rump and upper tail-coverts black, the lateral feathers of
the latter externally white ; scapulars and lesser wing-coverts ashj'
grey like the back ; median and greater coverts pure white, with con-
cealed blackish bases ; bastard- wing feathers entirely black ; primary-
coverts dusky blackish, edged with ashy ; quills blackish, edged
externally with white, broader on the secondaries, the innermost
l)rown on the outer web ; tail black, the two outer feathers white,
with a little black along the basal part of the inner web of the penul-
timate feather; crown of head grey like the back and similarly shaded
with olive ; lores and base of forehead yellowish white, as well as a
streak along the sides of the hinder crown, above which is a slightly
indicated line of blackish ; a streak in front of the eye dusky, as well
as the upper edge of the ear-coverts ; cheeks, sides of face, and
remainder of ear-coverts white, tinged with yellow ; throat white,

476

MOTACILLIB^.

tinged with yellow, cspeciall_y on the lower parts ; across the fore
neck a broad crescent of black ; remainder of under surface of body
pure white, with a shade of grey on the breast and ashy on the sides
of the body ; axillaries pure white ; under wing-covcrts also white ;
quills dusky brown below, with a great deal of white along the inner
web. Total length 7'5 inches, culmen 0*G, wing3'6, tail 3-7, tarsus 0-95.
Obs. There is a great deal of diifcrence in the amount of olive on
the back of the winter-plumagcd birds, and also in the extent of
yellow on the eyebrow, face, and throat. The wings are those of the
first plumage, but with much more white on the coverts and a larger
extent of white along the inner web. No sooner is the winter dress
completed than the approaching spring plumage begins to assert
itself and the head commences to turn black, the black of the back
appearing later. Thus Capt. Blakistou's collection contains specimens
procured in October, one of which has a great deal of black on the
head, while the other has the head uniform with the back ; the latter
I consider to be a bird of the second brood, and therefore later in
showing the approach of mature plumage. Along with the black on
the head the black edges to the feathers of the throat show a cor-
responding development. These changes of plumage are perfectly
analogous to those undergone by the common Pied WagtaU of
Europe (M. luguhr'is).

Wing of M. lugcns, showing the commencement of the white quills.

The breeding-plumage is thoroughly assumed in the first spring,
the black gradually extending on the throat, but not occupying the
chin, while the whole back excepting the forehead becomes black,
the quills and tail-feathers beuuj retained (though it would seem as
if in some specimens the long inner secondaries were renewed in the
spring, reappearing as black as the back, with broad white margins).
This process of change, which is abundantly illustrated in Capt,
Blakiston's series, explains how it is that some black-backed males

1. MOTACILLA.

477

have brown "wings and others have white ones ; the latter are the
adults after their second winter has been passed.

After haviuf,^ gone through his first summer, the male bird moults
into his second winter dress, this time putting on a grey back, but
a black head, and beiug white underneath, with the black crescent
on the fore neck ; the black line through the ej^e is very distinct,
and there is still a trace of yellow to be seen on the face or throat.
The wings change, however, in a remarkable degree. The lesser
wing-coverts are at first grey like the back, but rapidly become
black ; the median and greater coverts are pure white ; the bastard-
wiug and primary-coverts are white, with more or less black on the
outer webs; the quills are nearly all white, and the primaries have
black shafts, a certain amount of black on their outer webs, and black
euds with a narrow friuge of white at the tips ; the shorter prima-
ries and the secondaries are white, excepting for a dusky blackish
spot at the end of each web, the inner ones pure white, the longer
ones being blackish, externally more or less ashy brown, with a
broad white edging. The outer tail-feathers are pure white, ex-
cepting a fringe of black along the inner web of the penultimate
one, the third, however, showing an irregular patch of white on the
inner web and a white shaft.

In the second spring of its existence the full summer plumage is
again resumed, with the black throat and black back; but the wing-
feathers and tail are not shed; and the only difference is that the
black gradually disappears on the primaries till they become nearly
Avhite, excepting the ends, which are still blackish.

Wing of adidt M. higcns, witli the white quills fully developed.

The female goes through the same changes of plumage as the
male, but is always more backward, never showing so much white
on the wing, having the back mixed with black, &c.

Adult male in full plionaye. General colour above black from

478 MOTACILLID^.

the middle of the crown to the upper tail-coverts, the lateral ones
of which are externally white ; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey
mixed with black (entirely black in breeding-dress) ; median and
greater coverts pure white ; bastard-wing and primary- coverts
pure white, with a little black on the outer webs ; quills white,
with black ends to the primaries, which are also mottled with
blackish along the outer webs ; the inner primaries white, with a
black spot at the ends of the outer webs ; the outer secondaries
pure white, the long inner ones black, brownish on the outer webs,
and externally more or less broadly edged with white ; tail-feathers
black, the two centre ones edged with white, the two outer ones
pure white excepting a fringe of black along the inner web of the
penultimate feather, the third one with a white shaft and a large
white longitudinal mark along the inner web ; lores and a broad
frontal baud white, extendiug backwards over the eye and forming
a broad eyebrow ; a line of black running from the base of the bill
through the eye, and continued along the upper edge of the ear-
coverts to the hind neck ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck
pure white ; chin white ; centre of throat, extending on to the fore
neck and chest, black ; remainder of under surface of body pure
white, with a wash of ashy grey on the sides ; thigh-feathers black,
edged with white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white ;
quHls below pure white, with blackish ends to the primaries. Total
length 6-5 inches, culmen 0"6, wing 3*7, tail 3-7, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but never attaining the com-
plete black back, which is always more or less intermingled with
grey ; the same may be said of the lesser wing-coverts ; the black
always remains on the bastard-wing and the primary-coverts,
and there is much more blackish brown on the quills. In Capt.
Blakiston's collection, however, there is a hen bird with much more
white on the third tail-feather than in any other I have seen.
Total length 7 inches, culmen {j-6, wing 3-7, tail 3'65, tarsus 1.

Mab. From Kamtschatka to Japan and Eastern Siberia, as well
as China and Formosa.

a. Ad. hiem. sk. Japan. Purchased.

b. Juv.hiem.sk. Yokohama. H. Pryer, Esq. [P.].

c. 2 ad. hiem. sk. Hakodate, Oct. 29. H. Whitely, Esq. [CI.

d. 2 juv. hiem. sk. Hakodate, Oct. 10. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].
e,f, ff. d 2 3.d. Hakodate, AprD {H, Gould Collection.

sestiv. sk. Wliitely).

h. Ad. sk. Shanghai. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].

i. 5 ad. hiem. sk. Ussuri River, Oct. Warsaw Museum [P.].

1873 (Uybmvski).
k. 2 ^-d- sk. Ussuri district, April R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(Doeri-iea).
I. (S ad. sk. Ussuri district, May R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(DoeiTies).
m, n. (S 2 ad. sk. Island of Askold, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

May (Doem'ea).
o, p. J ad. ; q, r. Petropaulowski, Kamt- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
5 ad.sk. schatka,May(2)i/6o«;-

ski).

1. MOTACILLA. 479

5. Motacilla persica. (Plate V. figs. 5, 6.)

? MotaciUa alba, Defl. Viagg. Pers. p. 348 (1865).

? Motacilla dulchunensis, Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 107 (1879).

Motacilla peisouata, var. persica, Blanf.East. I'ers. ii. p. 232 (1876).

Adult male. General colour above light ashy grey, rather blacker
oil the lower rump ; the upper tail-coverts black, edged with ashy,
the lateral ones externally white ; lesser wing-coverts light ashy
grey like the back ; median and greater coverts pure white ; bas-
tard-wing black, edged externally with white ; primarj-coverts white
along the inner and outer webs, dusky blackish in the centre ; quills
blackish, edged with white, broader on the secondaries, the inner-
most of which are browner and incline to grey on the outer web
before the white margin ; tail black, the two outer feathers white,
with a broad blackish margin along the inner web ; fore part of the
crown white, forming a broad frontal band ; lores, eyelid, feathers
below the eye, and ear-coverts white ; crown of head black, ex-
tending on to the hind neck ; throat and chest black, extending
in a narrow line behind the ear-coverts, so as to separate them from
the white patch on the sides of the neck, which is small and
obscured ; remainder of under surface pure white, the sides of the
body ashy grey ; thighs black, edged with white ; under tail-coverts
white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white ; quills light ashy
brown below, with a great deal of \Ahite along the inner web. Total
length 7"4 inches, culmen 0-G7, wing 3-65, tail 3'65, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage, but with the white
patch on the sides of the neck nearly obsolete and obscured with
black. Total length 7-3 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-75, tail 3-8,
tarsus 1.

This is an intermediate form between M.j^ersonata and M. alba,
and may be an intermixture of the two. The specimens figured
(/. c.) show a varying amount of white on the neck. (See also
Eadde, Orn. Cauc. pi. xii.)

Hah. Persia.

a. cJ ad. sk. Near Niriz, east of W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

SLiraz, June 4. (Type of species.)

b, c: c? 2 ad. sk. Near Kaiman, S.E, W. T. Blanfoid, Esq. [C.].

Persia.

6. Motacilla personata. (Plate V. figs. 3, 4.)

Motacilla personata, Gotdd, B. Asia, iv. pi. 63 (1861) ; Blyth, His,
1865, p. 49; id. 1867, p. 29; Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 311 ; Gratj,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 246, no. 3571 (1869) ; Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 219 ;
Sevei • "^ ' • ^ •
Lahi

I^<dl, _...., _ _,_...,..._, ,,.__.,

Hctdhj, 8. F. 1876, p. 150 ; Brooks, Sir. F. 1877, p. 472 ; Blanf. Sir.
F. 1877, p. 24C. ; Hvme, t. c. p. 329 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 177 ;
Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 51 ; &eebo/im, Ibis, 1878, p. 344 ; Brooks,

480 MOTACILLID^.

Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 140 ; Fimch, Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien,
xxLx. p. 172 (1879) ; Legye, B. Ceylon, p. 219 (1879) ; Hume,
Str. F. 1879, p. 103 ; Sculh/, t. c. p. 312 ; Wardlaio Ramsay, Ibis,
1880, p. 60 ; /Seebohm, t. c. p. 189 ; Reid, S. F. 1881, p. 48 ; Rid-
didp/i. Ibis, 1881, p. 68 ; Scully, t. c. p. 451 ; Sioinh. Ibis, 1862,
p. 109 ; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 64 ; Homeyer i!j- Tancre, 3IT. orn.
Ver. Wim, 1883, p. 86.

Motacilla madeiaspatana (pt.), Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.
Mas. p. 347 (lb54-o6).

Motacilla dukhuueusis, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 218 (1863, nee Sykes).

Motacilla cashmerieusis, Brooks, Pr. As. Soc. Beng. 1871, p. 289;
id. J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 82 (1872) ; id. Str. F. 1874, p. 456.

MotaciUa alba, Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1879, p. 448 (lapsii).

Young in first ivinter jilumage. Entire upper surface of body
clear ashy grey, with a slight shade of olivaceous ; the lower back
clearer grey, becoming somewhat blackish on the rump ; upper tail-
coverts blackish, edged with ashy, the lateral ones with white ;
lesser wing-coverts like the back, the lower ones mottled with
blackish bases ; median series white, with dusky shaft-streaks ;
greater coverts white, with dusky-blackish bases ; bastard-wing,
IDiimary-coverts, and quUls blackish, edged with ashy white ; the
secondaries more broadly mai'gined with white, the long inner ones
much more widely edged and with a slight subterminal shade of
ashy brown ; tail-feathers black, the two centre ones with an ex-
ternal edging of white, the two outer ones white, with a broad
black edging to the inner web, the third feather also externally
white towards the end of the outer web ; lores and forehead yellowish
white, extending backwards over the eye and forming a streak above
the ear-coverts ; ear-coverts and a narrow line extending forwards
along the basal edge of the upper mandible black ; chin white ;
cheeks white, mottled with black bases, forming a broad moustache ;
a malar streak of black ; throat and fore neck black, but much
mottled with white bases, the lower feathers fringed with ashy
brown ; remainder of under surface of body pure white, slightly-
tinged with yellow on the breast ; sides of the body and flanks light
ashy ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, mottled with black
bases near the edge of the wing ; quills dusky blackish below, con-
spicuously white along the inner web. Total length 7 inches, wing
3-45. {Mus. H. Scchohm.)

Another young specimen in Mr. Seebohm's collection, obtained, like
the above, in August, has much less white on the wing-coverts,
the dusky bases showing quite as plainly as in M. alba. The entire
sides of the face are dusky ashy grey, the chin yellowish white, the
throat and fore neck black, mottled all over with white bases to the
feathers.

A young female, shot at Krasnojarsk on the 8th of September, is
entirely grey above, but has less black on the throat.

Adult male. General colour above clear ashy grey, becoming
blackish on the extreme lower rump ; the upper tail-coverts black,
the lateral ones externally white ; lesser wing-coverts ashy like the
back, the lower ones with dusky bases ; median and greater series

1. MOTACILLA.

481

white, with concealed bhickish bases ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills dusky blackish, narrowly edged with ashy white, the
secondaries more broadly, the innermost long ones very broadly
edged with white along the outer web, with a subterminal shade of
brown ; tail-feathers black, the two centre ones edged with white,
the two outer ones white, broadly margined with blackish along
the inner web ; crown of head and nape, sides of neck, cheeks, ear-
coverts, throat, and fore neck black, leaving a broad frontal white
band; lores and feathers round the eye, extending beyond the
latter above the ear-coverts, white ; remainder of under surface
of body white, with an ashy shade on the breast, sides of the body,
and thighs ; the black feathers of the lower fore neck edged with
white where they adjoin the breast ; asillaries and under wing-
coverts white, slightly shaded with ashy ; quills dusky below, white
along the basal part of the inner web : " bill, legs, feet, and claws
black ; iris dark brown " (Sculh/). Total length 7'6 inches, culmen
0-6, wing 3-55, tail 3-6, tarsus 0-95.

Old birds in winter plumage are remarkably like the summer
plumage, and have the same black ear-coverts ; the chin, however,
is white, as well as a good deal of the throat and the fore part of
the cheeks, so that a narrow black stripe is left between the white
lores aud white cheeks, running from the base of the bill to the
ear-coverts. It seems certain that old birds have the white chin-
spot for a very short time only, for in December specimens have
nearly got their full black chin.

The female in breeding-plumage (Gilgit : Scully) exactly resembles
the male. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3"5, tail 3-3,
tarsus 0-9. Mr. Seebohm, however, has a female from Krasnojarsk,
shot on the 3rd of April, which has the head grey like the back,
and only slightly tinged with black. This is probably the first fuU
summer plumage of a bird of the previous year.

Hab. Breeds in Western Siberia and Turkestan, as weU as in
Cashmere, occurring in winter in the plains of India.

a. Ad. hiem. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. cJ ad. festiv.sk.

d. 2 ad. sestiv.sk.

e. (5' ad. testiv. sk.

/. Ad. liiem. sk.
</. (S ad. aestiv. sk.

h. cJ ad. ffistiv. sk.
i. $ ad. hiem. sk.
k. cj ad. hiem. sk.

[Marocco *.]
Persia.

Wernai, Turkestan,
Feb. 27.

Kuldscha, Aug. 8.

Kyzil Ai'chdi-chi river,
"Tm-kestan, Mav 18
(Dr. Imsch).

Yarkand (Chapman).

Shikarpore, Afghani-
stan ( Griffith).

Kandahar, April 16.

Kandahar, Jan. 2.

Kandahar, Dec.

R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.]
Chai'les Dai'win, Esq.

[P.].
Dr. Severtzow [C.].

Dr. Severtzow [C.].
Geogri'. Soc. Bremen.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
India Museum.

Col. C. Swinhoe [P.
Col. C. Swinhoe [P.
Col. C. Swinhoe [P.

* This bird was purchased some years ago from M. Boucard. The locality
requires confirmation.

VOL. X. 2 I

482

MOTACILLIDiE.

I. c? ad. hiem. sk.
m, n. (S ad. festiv. sk.
o. c? ad. hiem. sk.
p, q, r. (S ad. JBstiv. sk.
s. 2 ad. pestiv. sk.
t,u. c? ad. hiem. sk.
I). cJ ad. hiem. sk.
w. S ad. hiem. sk.
X. Ad. hiem. sk.

cj ad. ffistiv. sk.

Ad. hiem. sk.

Juv. sk.

y

a'

b', d . Ad. hiem. sk.

d'. S ad. hiem. sk.
e'. 2 ad. hiem. sk.

f-g'. Ad. hiem, sk.

Gil^it, Feb. 28.
Gilgit, March.
Gilgit, March.
Gilgit, March.
Gilgit, July.
Gilgit, Sept.
Kondu, Sept.
Gilgit, Nov.
Cashmere, May.
Sriniiggur, May.
Peshawm-.
N.W. Himalayas.

N.W. India (W.

Eiver) .
Mhow, Nov. 1.
Assensole, Nov. 12

( W. E. Brooks).
Kumaon (Stracheij).

MajorJ.EiddulphrC.].

Ma'iorJ.Biddulph'C.j.

MajorJ.Biddiilph[O.J.

Dr. J. Scully [P.].

MajorJ.BiddulphrC.

Mai()rJ.Biddulph[0.

MaiorJ.Eiddulph[C.

MajorJ.Biddulph[C.

MajorJ.BiddulphfC.'

MajorJ. Biddidph[G^

Col Way [P.].

Capt. Stackhouse Piri'

wiD [P.].
Gould Collection.

(Types of species.)
Col. Swinhoe [P.].
Gates Collection.

India Museum.

7. Motacilla leucopsis*.

Motacilla hodgsoni, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 113.
tig. 2 (no. 135).

Motacilla alboides, Hodgs. Asiatic Researches, xix. p. 191 (1836, pt.) ;
Bhjth, Ibis, 1865, p. 49 ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 363 ; Seebohm,
Ibis, 1878, p. 346; David Sf Oustal. Ois. Chine, i. p. 298 (1878).

Motacilla leucopsis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 78 ; Stvinh. P. Z. S.
1870, p. 121 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 103 ; Scully, t. c. p. 313 ;
Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 154 (1883).

Motacilla luzoniensis (rion Scop.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal, pres.
Hodgs.-^.lh (1846); id. Ge?(..i>'.i. p. 203(1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus.
As. Soc. p. 137 (] 849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 250 (1850) ;' Horsf. ^ Moore,
Cat. B. E.I Co. Mus. i. p. 348 (1854) ; Stvinh. Ibis, ISOO, p. 55,
1861, p. 35 ; Blyth, t. c. p. 215 ; Swinh. Ibis, 1862, p. 259, 1863,
p. 308 ; Jerd. B. lud. ii. p. 118 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 49,
1867, p. 29; Beavan, t.c. p. 328; id. Ibis, 1868, p. 76; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 246, no. 3567 (1869) ; Siuinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 80 ;
Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 219 ; Hume i^ Renders. Lahore to Yarh.
p. 223 (1873) ; mime, Str. F. 1873, pp. 26, 28 ; Ball, t. c. p. 73 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 237; Ball, t. c. p. 415; Brooks, t. c. p. 456;
Blyth S^ Wald. B. Burm. p. 96 (1875) ; Hume 8^ Oates, Str. F.
1875, p. 142; Brooks, t.c. pp. 248, 278; Hume, Str. F. 1876,
p. 291 ; Gammie, t. c. p. 384 ; Brooks, t. c. p. 472 ; PTy'ev. in

* La Bergeronette a coUier de I'isle de Lucon, Sonn. Voy. N. Gain. p. 61,

pi. 29 (1766).
Collared Wagtail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. part 2, p. 396 (1783).
Motacilla luzouiensis, Scop. Bel. Faun, et Flor. Insubr. ii. p. 92, no. 105

(1786).
Motacilla alba, var. (8, Gni. Syst. Nat. i. p. 961 (1788).

Since Sonnerat's time uo Wagtail has been met with iu the Philippines, and
the identification of the species is impossible at present. The name of luzo-
niensis could not, in any case, be applied to this bird, as the descriptions of
Sonnerat and Scopoli do not agree, one describing the bird as black, the other
as grey.

1. MOTACILLA. 483

Dawson Rowlmfs Orn. Misc. ii, p. 192 (1876) ; Walden, Trans.

Z. S. ix. p. 198 (1877); Wardlatv Ramsay, Ms, 1877, p. 462;

Hume ^- Davison, Sir. F. 1878, p. 362 ; Anderson, Zool. Exped.

Yun-nan, Aves, p. 609 (1878) ; Brooks, Sir. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 137 ;

Ball, t. c. p. 219 ; Hume, t. c. p. 519.
Motacilla alba, var. paradoxa, (nee Brehni) Schrenck, Rets. Amurl.,

Vof/. p. 341, Taf. XI. fig. 2 (1859) ; Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 363.
Motacilla felix, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 121 ; Oates, Str. F. 1880,

p. 224.
Motacilla francisci, Sioiiik. Ibis, 1870, p. 345 ; id. P. Z. S. 1870,

p. 123, 1871, p. 363.
Motacilla frontata, Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 129, 1871, p. 363 ; David

4- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 301 (1877).
Motacilla alboides, var. 1. felix, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 363.
Motacilla alboides, var. 2. secbuenensis, Swinh. t. c. p. 363.
Motacilla paradoxa, David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 299 (1877).

Key to the Plumages of M. leucopsis.

a. Forebead like tbe back ; upper siu-face

ligbt asby or pale olivaceous ; least wing-

co\ erts like tbe back ; median coverts

wbite, witb a mesial streak of dark

brown ; on tbe fore neck a dusky blacMsb

patcb Young : fii'st plumage.

h. Forehead wbite ; upper sui'face gi-ey ;

n'edian wing-coverts wbite; a nai-row

black band on tbe fore neck Young : first winter.

c. Forehead white ; head black ; back gi'ey,

or grey mottled with black ; least wing-
coverts black ; a broad band on fore
neck Adult : second winter.

d. Forebead white ; remainder of upper sm--

face black, as aLso tbe least wing-coverts ;
black extending on the throat, leaving
the upper throat wbite ; secondaries with
tbe white confined to the inner web .... Adult : breeding-plumage.

e. Black extending on to tbe chin ; base of

secondaries white on both webs Adult : final plumage.

Young in first plumage. General colour above light olivaceous,
the feathers pale grey at their bases, the rump more dusky, the
upper tail-coverts blackish, brown on their edges, paler at their tips,
the lateral ones externally ashy whitish ; lesser wing-coverts like
the back ; median coverts yellowish white, with a longitudinal dark
brown centre ; the greater coverts yellowish white, internally brown ;
bastard-wing black ; primary-coverts and quills blackish, edged with
ashy, the secondaries externally broadly washed with brownish
white : tail-feathers black, edged with buffy white and with pale
tips, the two outer ones white, the penultimate one with a
blackish edging to the greater part of the inner web ; head like the
back, the lores and forehead the same ; eyelid and a broad streak
along the sides of the hinder crown, cheeks, and ear-coverts yellowish
white ; under surface of body white, suffused with brown on the

2i2

484

MOTACILLID^.

throat and flanks, and more dingy on the fore neck ; thighs brown ;
under tail-corerts purer white, like the abdomen ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts white ; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along
the edge of the inner web.

The bird described is in Mr. Seebohm's coUeetion from Amoy,
procured on the 16th of April, 1858 (Swinhoe coll.). By Junfe, as
is proved by another specimen in the same collection (Amoy, June
1866 : R. Swinhoe : s. n. M. felicc), the young birds have com-
menced their moult. On the head appear a few black feathers, as
weU as on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; the wii:g-coverts are
moulted, the lesser ones being ashy with black centres, and the
median ones white ; on the fore neck some black spots are appear-
ing. The back, however, is becoming grey, and there are no signs
of black in this stage at first, but it soon begins to develop.

Young in first tuintcr ^^^uinctge. General colour above dull ashy
grey with a slight wash of brown ; upper tail-coverts black, the
lateral ones externaUj' white ; least wing-coverts like the back,
with blackish bases ; median coverts pure white, with blackish
shaft-lines ; greater coverts white, with blackish bases to the outer
webs and blackish inner webs ; bastard- wing, primary- coverts, and
quills blackish, edged with ashy, the secondaries broadly edged with
white, the innermost browner externally ; tail-feathers black, the
centre ones narrowly edged with whitish, the two outer ones
white, with blackish edges along the inner web, broader on the
penultimate feather ; crown of the head like the back, blacker
on the top and sides of the crown ; frontal band white, the posterior
feathers tipped with blackish : eyebrow, feathers round the eye,
lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts white, with a slight tinge of yellow ;
the sides of the neck white ; throat and entire under surface of
body white, with a tinge of yellow on the throat and breast ; sides
of the body and flanks ashy ; thighs white ; across the fore neck a
band of black ; axillaries and under wing-coverts pure white ;
quUls dusky below, white along the inner web. Total length
7'25 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3'2, tail 3*2, tarsus 0'9.

By the following spring the fuU plumage is attained, and the
back becomes black, uniform with the crown, and the lesser wing-
coverts are also black : the quills are those of the preceding
autumn, and are not moulted. The black back is speedily assumed ;
one specimen fi'om Amoy, obtained in November (Swinhoe coU.), has
nearly gained a perfect black back, but still has a black band on
the fore neck. As spring advances the black extends higher up the
throat, and becomes a large black patch, instead of being only a
black bar on the fore neck.

Adult in full plumage (Amoy, July 1866; E. Swinhoe). General
colour above black, excepting the white frontal band, the lateral
upper taU-coverts externally white ; lesser wing-coverts like the
back ; median and greater series pure white, the latter with con-
cealed black bases ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and qi;ills black,
edged T\ith ashy white, purer and broader on the secondaries, the
innermost of which are submarginaUy shaded with brown ; taU-

1. MOTACILLA. 485

feathers black, -witli obsolete white margins, tbe two outer ones
white, with black edges to the inner web ; lores, feathers round the
eye, ear-coverts, and a broad streak above them on the sides of the
crown pure white like the frontal band ; sides of neck and throat
pure white ; entire fore neck and lower throat black, and the re-
mainder of the throat with some black feathers ; remainder of under
surface of body pure white, as well as the under tail-coverts ; thighs
white, with black bases : flanks and sides of the body washed with
dark ashy grey ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white ;
quills below blackish, with a great deal of white on the inner
webs. Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-45, tail 3'4,
tarsus 0'9.

This specimen was selected for description, as I thought, from
the date (July), that it might be a female in full breeding-
plumage, from which the male woidd differ only in the greater ex-
tent of black on the throat ; as wiU be seen, this specimen has only
the lower throat and fore neck black. As, however, the primarv
quills are being moulted, I now believe that the specimen is an adult
bird, beginning even in July to put on the winter dress ; and this
seems to show that the changes take place with M. Uucopsis at a
considerably earlier date than in our European Wagtails — as, indeed,
might be inferred from the fact of full-grown vouug birds being
obtained in April, though Mr. Gates states that the species does not
leave Burmah till the latter mouth. He observes that the majority
of birds obtained in the latter country are " in winter plumage,
though occasionally even in January and February a fully summer-
plumaged bird is seen."

From an examination of the series in our Museum along with
those in Mr. Seebohm's collection, I believe that the old birds, having
once obtained their blade hack, never lose it again in the luinter.

"With regard to the varying extent of black on the throat, I con-
sider this to be a sign of age, the older birds in their breeding-
plumage sometimes having the black extending right up to the chin.
This is accompanied by a vast increase of white on the quills, the
secondaries having their basal portion white, though never to the
extent of M. anmrensis. In this stage it is ^1/. feli.v var. szechuensis
of Swinhoe ; and it is a little surprising that the latter ornithologist
should have made so many different species or varieties, when the
series in his own collection fully proved that the diflerences could
be explained by the gradual changes of plumage undergone by the
bird.

Ilab. From Eastern Siberia to China generally and the Hima-
layas ; wintering in Southern China, the Burmese countries, and the
plains of Eastern India, as well as the Andaman Islands.

a. cJ ad. ffistiv. sk. Ussm-i District, June 13, E. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.],

1881 (S. Doerries).

h. Ad.; c. .Tuv.sk. Amoy {Swinhoe). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d,e,f,<i. Ad.; h. Amoj {Swinhoe). Gould Collection.

Juv. sk.

i. Juv. sk. Chusan. Gould Collection.

486

MOTAOILLID^.

k. Ad. eestiv. sk.

I, m. Ad. festiv. sk.
n, o, p. Ad. ; q-t.

Juv. sk.
u, V, IV. Ad. ; x-a' .

Juv. sk.
6'. Ad. liiem. sk.
c', d' . Ad. hiem.sk.
e'. Ad. sestiv. sk.
f. Ad. hiem. sk.
g'. Juv. Mem. sk.
h', i'. $ ad. & juv.

hiem. sk.
k', v. S 9- juv.

hiem. sk.
m', n'. (S; o',p'. 2

ad. hiem. sk.
q'-s'. S; *". ? ad.

sestiv. sk.
?<'. 2 ad.sk.
v'. Ad. hiem. sk.
w'. Juv. hiem. sk.
.r'. Ad. sk.

India.

India.
Nepal.

Nepal (Hodgson).

DarjiUng (Pearson).
Bengal (A. S. Beng.).
Assam (McClelland).
Bhamo, Feb. 28.
Cochin China.
Pegu, Oct.

Pegu, Nov.

Peg-vi, Nov.

Pegu, Feb.

Pegu, March.
Tenasserim (Heifer).
Tavoy (Briggs).

[Java.]

Gould Collection. (Type

of species.)
Gould Collection.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

India Museum.

India Museum.
India Museum.
Lidia Museum.
Dr. Anderson [C.].
M. E. Pierre [P.].
E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].
India Museum.
Gould Collection.

8. Motacilla hodgsoni *. (Plate V. figs. 1, 2.)

Motacilla alboides, Hodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 191 (1836);

Brooks, Sir. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 139 ; Hume, t. c. p. 519.
Motacilla hodgsoni, Bhjth, MSS. ; Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus.,
Passeres, pi. 113. fig. 3 (no. 133) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83
(1844) ; Gh-ay, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 39 (1863) ;
Bhjth, His, 1865, p. 49, 1867, p. 30; Gray, Hand-V B. i. p. 246,
no. 3568 (1869) ; Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. 1872, p. 59 ; id. Ibis, 1873,
p. 219 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 26 ; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, pp. 247,
278 ; id. ibid. 1878, p. 472 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 346 ; David 4-
Oust. Ois. Chine,^. 298 (1878) ; Brooks, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 140 ;
Htime, Str. F. 1879, p. 103 ; Scully, t. c. p. 312 ; Brooks, t. c.
p. 484 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 67 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 451.

MotaciUa luzoniensis, Hume Sf Henders. Lahore to Yark. p. 223
(1873).

Motacilla personata, var. melanonota, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 67,
139 (1873).

Motacilla japonica (nee Sivinh.), Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 177.

Motacilla maderaspatensis, pt., Anders. Exped, Yun-nan, Zool. p. 610
(1878).
Adult. General colour above deep black from the crown to the
upper tail-coverts, the lateral ones of which are externally white ;

* The first mention of the n'^me of M. Twdgsoni appears in Hodgson's list of
Nepalese Birds published in Gray's ' Zoological Miscellany,' where it is applied
to three figures in the drawings (nos. 133, 134, 135). Of these figs. no. 134
represents M. alha, and ro. 133 M. hodgsoni, while no. 136 is M. letKopsisK
It was not until the year 1865 that Ulyth, whose MS. name appears to have
been adopted in the first instance, gave a clear indication of the sjjecies.

^ I do not employ Hodgson's name of alboides for the present species, as
the plate on which it is founded contains figures o\' three distinct kinds of
Wagtails.

1. MOTACILLA. 487

lesser wing-coverts black ; median and greater series white, with
concealed blackish bases to the latter ; bastard-wing black ; pri-
mary-coverts and quills black, edged with white, the secondaries
much more broadly margined with white ; tail-feathers black, the
two outer ones white with a broad edging of black on the inner
web ; crown of head liko the back ; a broad frontal line as well
as the sides of the crown white, forming a broad white eyebrow ;
the lores and feathers below and behind the eye white ; a line of
black from the gape to the ear-coverts, which are also black ;
cheeks white, separated from the throat by an obsolete malar
line of black ; lower throat black, mottled with white bases to the
feathers, the whole of the fore neck and chest black ; remainder
of under surface of body pure white, without any shade of ashy ;
thighs, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts white ;
quills dusky below, with a great deal of white along the inner web.
Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-9, tail 3'8, tarsus 0*85.

Young. General colour above dark ashy grey, with a slight wash
of olive-brown ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and
greater coverts white, with a naiTow mesial streak of dark brown
on the former, the latter with broad blackish bases ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quiUs blackish, narrowly edged with white,
much more broadly on the secondaries, the innermost of which are
browner ; tail-feathers black, the centre ones edged with ashy white,
the two outer ones white, black at the base and along the edge of
the inner web ; head like the back, a little paler on the forehead,
with a slight appearance of black over the eye and on the crown ;
lores ashy whitish : o\er the ear-coverts a broad streak of yellowish
white, extending below the eye ; ear-coverts and cheeks dusky
brown mixed with black ; throat and chest duU ashy tinged with
brown ; remainder of under surface of body white, including the
axHlaries and under wing-coverts.

The adult female seems to be like the male in the facial and throat
markings, but the back is dusky ash-colour instead of black.

In the winter plumage the back is ashy grey, and the black back
is assumed by a change of colour in the feathers. The black throat
is gradually assumed, and is apparently a long time in being fully
developed. The black ear-coverts are constant.

Hab. Throughout the Himalayas, where it is resident, extending
into Turkestan to the west and to Teuasserim in the south, and to
Western China in the eastern portion of its range.

«. c? ad. biem. sk. Gilgit, Feb. 11. Major J. Biddulph [0.1.

J. Ad. festiv. sk. Nepal. B.H.Hodgson, Esq. 'P.'.

c, d. Ad. hiem. sk. Nepal. B.H. Hodgson, Esq. "P.".

e. Juv. sk. Nepal. B.H.Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

/, ff, h. Ad. ajstiv. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum.

sk.

i. Ad. i^stiv. sk. Bootan (Pembetion). India Museum.

k, I. Ad. restiv. sk. Bootan Dooars, Jan. & Gates Collection.

Feb. Qlandelli).

m. Ad. sestiv. sk. Upper Assam {Reid). R. B. Sharpe/Esq. [P.].

n. Ad. hiem. sk. Assam {McClelland). India Museum.

488 MOTACILLIDJE.

0. Ad. sestiv. sk. Sanda Valley, May 15. Dr. J. Anderson [0.1.

p. $ juv. sk. Momien, Yun-nau,May3. Dr. J. Anderson [CJ.

q. (S ad. hiem. sk. Salweeu River, Tenas- Capt. Bingham [P.].

serim, July 23.

r. Ad. sk. [India.] Gould Collection.

9. Motacilla vidua.

L'A^uimp ou La Lavandiere Pie, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iv. p. 82,

pi. 178 (1805).
Motacilla capensis {non L.), Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 36 (1823) ; Kittl.

Kupf. Fo^. p. IG, pi. 21. fig. 2 (1832); J2MJ9J3. Neiie Wirb. Vog.

p. 84 (1835-40) ; id. Sijst. Uebers. p. 59 (1845) ; Strickl. Ann. i^

Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) ix. p. 344 (1852) ; Heugl. Sijst. Uebers. p. 28

(1856) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 41 ; Hartl. J. f. 0. 1861,

p. 161 ; Mont. Ibis, 1862, p. 334.
Motacilla vidua, Siindev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1850,

p. 128; Bp. Consp. i. p. 251 (1850); Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 318;

mugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 317, iv. App. p. Ixxxix (1869-71);

Lat/ard, Ibis. 1869, p. 367 ; Finsch ^ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 263

(1870) ; Sharpe, P. Z.8. 1869, p. 411, 1870, pp. 143, 148; fiheUey,

B. Egypt, p. 126 (1872) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 30 ; Fischer,

J. f."0. 1879, p. 294; id. Sf Reichen. t. c. p. 355; Oust. Nouv.

Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull. p. 105 (1879) ; Bocage, Orn. Anqola, p. 291

(1881) ; Sliellexj, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 573 ; id. Ibis, 1882, p." -349, 1883,

p. 542 ; Butte); Feilden, Sf Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 337 ; Bocage, Jorn.

Sc. Lisb. xxxiv. p. 83 (1883) ; Boehm, J. f. O. 188.3, p. 207 ;

Schalow, t. c. p. 366 ; Sharpe, ed Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 545 (1884) ;

Tristr. Faun. Sr Flor. Palest, p. 54 (1884).
MotaciUa lichtensteini. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 12 (1850) ; Antin.

Cat. descr. dec. p. 41 (1864) ; Oustalet, Btdl. Sac. Philom. (7) i. p. 106

(1877).
Motacilla vaillantii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 13 (1850) ; G7-ay, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 246, no. 3572 (1869) ; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 112

(1872).
Motacilla lugubris {non T.), E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 48 ; Tristr.

Ibis, 1862, p. 279 ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 275 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864,

p. 108 ; Adatns, Ibis, 1864, p. 21 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1866, p. 291 ; E. C.

Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 63.
Motacilla longicauda {7ion Riipp.), Blasius in Naum. Vog. Deutschl.

Nachtr. xiii. p. 117 (1860).
Motacilla leucomelsena, Pr. WUrt. Icon. ined. ; Heugl. J.f, O. 1867,

p. 297.
Motacilla aguimp, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 119 (1867) ; Sharpe, Cat.

Afr. B. p. 73 (1871) ; Ay res. Ibis, 1871,- p. 155; Sharpe in Oates's

Matabele Land, App. p. 317 (1881).
MotaciUa gariepina, Holub Sf Von Peh, Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 85

(1882).

Young. Brown above, a little blacker on the rump and upper
tail-coverts, the lateral ones of which are externally white ; wing-
coverts and quills as in the adult, but brown where the latter is
black ; tail (imperfect) apparently as in the adult, but browner ; a
broad white eyebrow ; lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts
black ; cheeks, throat, and a patch on the sides of the neck dull
white, the latter separated from the throat by a line of black, which
is connected with a blackish band across the fore neck ; remainder

1. MOTACILLA. 489

of under surface of body wMte, washed with brown on the flanks
and sides,

Ohs. The absence of knowledge as to the life-history of this
species renders it very difficult to trace the sequence of plumages
through which it passes. As far as I can follow it with the help of
Mr. Seebohm's collection as well as that of the British Museum, the
young would appear to moult about April into a perfectly dark grey
back, in which signs of approaching black plumage may at once be
detected ; and this leads us to determine that the first full breeding-
dress will be black above. It may be described as follows : —

Adult male. General colour above jet-black from head to taU ;
lesser wiug-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts white
with concealed black bases, forming a conspicuous shoulder-patch ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts black ; quiUs black, with white
bases, the shafts of which are black ; the innermost secondaries as
well as the innermost greater wing-coverts entirely black, the former
with slight ashy-white edgings ; upper tail-coverta black, the
lateral ones edged with white ; all but the two outer tail-feathers
black, with slight remains of a white edging on the centre ones ; the
two outer tail-feathers white, the penultimate one edged with black
along the inner web ; head like the back ; a broad white eyebrow ;
lores and ear-coverts black, joined to the sides of the nape ; throat
white, succeeded by a black patch on the fore neck, which is joined
above by a narrow lino to the ear-coverts and laterally to the sides
of the mantle, so as to enclose a large white patch on the sides of
the neck ; breast and abdomen white as well as the under tail-
coverts ; sides of breast and flanks ashy grey ; thighs black with
white tips ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, mottled with
blackish bases near the edge of the wing ; quills dusky blackish
below, with a broad white base to the inner web. Total length
8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3"(j5, tail 3"7, tarsus 1.

Wivtcr plum age. Ashy brown above with a black head, instead
of being entirely black above. The black collar has remains of
white edges to the feathers.

We have not yet been able to examine a specimen of the adult
female in breeding-plumage.

Three specimens in the British Museum difl"er from the plumage
described, which is that of the majority of specimens, by having the
sides of the body black instead of grey, the sides of the breast black,
and the axillaries black edged with white. I cannot believe that
they belong to a difi"erent species, and at present consider them to
be the winter plumage of very old males.

Hah. The whole of Africa, occurring as high as the First Cata-
ract on the Nile and in Southern Palestine.

a. Imm. hiem. sk. Assouan, Egypt, Feb. 18G5 Gould Collection.

{J. C. Haii'ksliaiv).

h. 5 juv. sk. Nubia ( Verreaux). Sharpe Collection.

c. S ad. sk. Abyssinia. M. Verreaux.

d. .luv. hiem. sk. Lokoju, 1!. Niger. "\N'. A. Forbes, E.-^q. [P.].

e. Juv. hieiu. sk. Kabba^ R. Niger. W. A. Forbes, Esq. [P.].

490

MOTACILLID^.

/. Ad. sk.

(). Ad. sk.

h. Jiiv. liiem. sk.

i. Imm. liiem. sk.

k. Imm. hiem. sk.

/. J ad. sk.

tn. Imm. liiem. sk.

n, o,p. Ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.

r. Ad. ; s. Imm.

hiem. sk.
t. Ad. sk.

i(. (S ad. sk.
1). Ad. sk.

^o. S ad. sk.

X. S ad. sk.
y. (S ad. sk.
"a. $ ad. sk.

«'. c? ad. sk.

Gaboon.

Gaboon (DuCkaiUu).

Qailombo (.4. Heath).

Angola.

River Loge.

Rio Dande (Sala).

South Africa.

Tete, Zambesi (Sir John

Kirk).
Lukoja (Sir John Kirk).
Zambesi.

Crocodile River. Transvaal

(F. Oates).
Transvaal (Ay res).
Dm-ban, Natal, April 23

(F. Oates).
Umgeni River, Natal, June

2, 1841 ( WaUberg).
Natal (Gueinzius).
Natal.
Piuetown, July 10 (T. L.

Ayres).
Hope Town, May 1871

(T. C. Atmore).

M.P.B.DuChaillu[C.].
Sharpe Collection.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.
J. J. Monteiro, Esq. 'C
J. J. Monteiro, Esq. C.
Sharpe Collection.
Sharpe Collection.
Livingstone Expedition.

Livingstone Expedition.
Dr. Bradshaw [C.].

W. E. and C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
Shai-pe Collection.
W. E. and C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
Sharpe Collection.

Gould Collection.

Dr. Gueinzius [C.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Sharpe Collection.

10. Motacilla maderaspatensis.

La Bergeronette de Madras, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 478 (1760) ; Buff.

Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 275 (1778).
Pied Wagtail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 397 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist.

vi. p. 320, pi. civ. (1823).
Motacilla maderaspatensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 961 (1788) ; Hodgs. Icon.

ined. in Brit. Mus., App. pi. 68. fisr. 902 ; Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi.

p. 10 (1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 203 (1847) ; Goidd, B. Asia, iv.

pi. 01 (1853); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 2-31; Holdsto. P.Z.S. 1872,

p. 458; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 66, 139 (1873) ; Murray, Str.

F. 1878, p. 113 ; Leqge, B. Cei/lon, p. 107 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F.

1879, p. 103 ; Btitler, Cat. B.' Sind S,-c. p. 40 (1879) ; id. Cat. B.

S. Bomb. Pres. p. 54 (1880) ; id. Str. F. 1880, p. 410 ; Vidal, t. c.

p. 68 ; Beid, Str. F. 1881, p. 47 ; Davidson, Str. F. 1881, p. 310;

Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 80 (1882) ; Davison, Str. F. 1883,

p. 395.
Motacilla variegata (nee V.), Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 234

(1826) ; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 91 ; Mac CM. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 161.
Motacilla picata, Fratikl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 119.
Motacilla maderaspatana, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 428 (1847);

id. Cat. B. Mxis. As. Soc. p. 137 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 251

(1850) ; Layard, Ann. N. H. xii. p. 268 (1853) ; Horsf. <$■ Moore,

Cat. B. 31>(s. F.I Co. p. 347 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 217

(]

Beng.

i?.i."p.

(1873); id. Str. F. l.-<73. p. 28; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 415;

Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xliii. p. 168 ( 1874) ; Brooks, Str. F. 1875,

pp. 247, 249; Butler ^- Hu7ne, t. c. p. 489; Fairb. Str. F. 1876,

1. MOTACILLA. 491

p. 260; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 177 ; Brooks, Sfr. F. 1877, p. 472 ;
Davidson ^ Wenden, Str. F. 1878, p. 84; Bell, t. c. p. 219;
Seehohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 343 ; Anders. Zool. Exped. Yunnan, p. 610
(1878); Seebohm, Ibis, 18S3, p. 92.
Motacilla leiicoptera, Se/ys, Nauin. 1856, p. 391.

Adult male. General colour above rich black from bill to taU, the
lateral upper tail-coverts externally white, and fringed with white
on the inner web as well ; lesser wing-coverts black like the back ;
median and greater coverts pure white, the inner ones black, white
externally, the innermost entirely black like the back ; bastard-
wing black ; primary-coverts black, edged with greyish white ;
quills black, edged with white, the outermost primary fringed with
white for its entire length ; secondaries more broadly white on the
outer web, and fringed with white at the ends ; tail-feathers black,
the two centre ones edged with white, the two outer feathers white,
with a broad blackish edging along the inner web ; base of forehead
narrowly black ; a broad white eyebrow from the base of the nostrils
running along the sides of the crown ; upper and under margin of
eyelids white, the anterior and posterior edge black ; lores, sides of
face, sides of neck, throat, and fore neck rich black ; remainder of
under surface of body piu:e white, the sides of the body washed
with blackish grey, blacker on the sides of the upper breast ; thighs
and under tail-coverts white; axillaries and under wing-coverts
white ; quills blackish below, with a great deal of white on the
inner webs: " bill black ; legs and feet brownish black; iris dark
brown " {Legge). Total length 9 inches, culmen 0-7o, wing 3-85,
tail 4*1, tarsus 1*2.

The achdt female appears to differ from the male in having the
back dark ashy instead of black, and has also only the entire throat
black. Mr. Seebohm has three specimens in this plumage, collected
in October, January, and February, but another female from Sam-
buhr (Adam), obtained in August, has a black back like the male.
This bird has been described by Colonel Legge (l. c.) as being in the
" non-breeding phmiage " : — " Chin and face just beneath the eye
and the gorge white ; upper surface not of so intense a black as
the breeding-dress." He thinks further that the bird in question
had bred early in the year, and had changed its plumage at once.
The series in the Museum has not been sufficient to enable me to
trace all the phases of plumage undergone by the present species.

Hab. The peninsula of India and Ceylon, extending into the
Eastern Himalayas, and westward to Cashmere and Scinde, and
thence to Turkestan.

a. Ad. ; J. [Juv.J N.W. Himalayas (G>{^</i*). India Museum.

sk.
c. Ad. sk. X.W. Himalavas. Capt. Stackliouse Pinwill

d,e,f. c? fid. ; N.\N . Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

(7."$ ad.sk. [P.].

* ? Afghanistan.

492

MOTACILLID^.

h, i, k. Ad. sk.

I. Juv. sk.

m, n, 0. Ad. sk.

p. Ad. sk.

q, r. c? $ ad. sk

s. S ad. sk.

t. (S juv. sk.

u. Ad. sk.

V, iv. Ad. et juv. sk.

.V, y. AA. sk.

z, a'. Ad. sk.

Z.'. Ad. sk.

c', d'. Ad. sk.

e'. Ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.

g. Ad. sk.

Kumaon (Strachey).

Nepal.

Nepal {Hodgson).

Behar.

Mhow, Nov.

Mhow, March.

Mhow, June.

Sauo-or (Hooper).

Kamptee.

Deccau (Sykes).

Madras.

Madras (Jerdon).

Travancore.

Nilghu'is (Day).

Ootacamund, Nilghiris.

India.

India Museum.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

India Museum.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

Col. Swinhoe [P.]

Col. Swinhoe [P."

Col. Swinhoe [P.;

India Museum.

Dr. B. Hinde [P.].

India Museum.

Rev. H. B. Baher [P.j.

India Museum.

Maior .T. Biddulph [0.].

India Museum.

W. Davison, Esq. [P.].

Gould Collection.

II. Motacilla grandis.

Motacilla lugubris, Temm. Man. d'Orn. iii. p. 175 (18.35, nee Temm.
op. eit. i. p. 253, 1820).

Motacilla lugens (necKittl.), Temm. ^- Sehl. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 60,
pi. 25 (1850) ; £p. Consp. i. p. 250 (1850, pt.) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1862,
p. 319; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 246, no. 3565 (1869); Seehohm,
Ibis, 1878, p. 347 ; Blakist. Chrysanthemum, ii. p. 31 (1883).

Motacilla japouica (wfc Sioinh.), Tristr. Ibis, 18G6, p. 291 ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 246, no. 3566 (1869) ; Sivinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 156;
Blakist. ^ Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 236; iid. List B. Japan, p. 155
(1882) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 34; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 38; Blakist.
Amended List B. Japan, p. 52 (1884).

Motacilla lugens, var. lugubris, Simnh. Ibis, 1860, p. 357.

Achilt. General colour above black from the crown to the tail,
with the forehead white ; upper tail-coverts black, the lateral ones
externally white ; lesser wing-coverts black like the back ; median
and greater coverts pure white, forming a large shoulder-patch ; the
innermost greater coverts mesially black ; bastard-wing and pri-
mary-coverts pure white, the former with some black in their
centres ; qiiills black, with the base white, the secondaries pure
white, the long inner ones black, white along the outer web, which
has the basal third pure white ; tail-feathers black, the two centre
ones edged with white, the two outer feathers pure white, with a
broad black edging to the inner web ; a broad frontal band of white
extending in an eyebrow to above the ear-coverts ; lores, feathers
round the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and fore neck black, the
chin only being white ; remainder of under surface of body pure
white, including the under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-
coverts ; thighs white, with blackish bases ; quills blackish, inter-
nally white. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-85, tail
3-9, tarsus I.

In Mr. Seebohm's collection is a very interesting specimen, ob-
tained by Capt. Blakiston at Sapporo in Yezo, in October, which
is moulting from a grey plumage into the black diess of the adult.
The young bird therefore must be grey ; and it is to be noted that

1. MOTACILLA. 493

the new black feathers on the throat have broad white bases, so
that it would account for a good deal of the white which is so often
apparent in adult birds shot in winter. The white chin is constant.

The black plumage, which (as is shown by the young moulting
specimen mentioned above) is very rich when first donned, appears
to get worn to an ashy black as winter progresses ; but in the
spring apparently a change of feathers to a blacker plumage takes
place. Summer-plumaged birds are, however, absent both in Mr.
Seebohm's collection and the British Museum, and the above account
of the changes from ashy black to rich black may bo incorrect ; but
it appears to mc to be the natural sequence.

Hah. Japan and the opposite coasts of Eastern Siberia.

a. Ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan. H. Pryer, Esq. [P.].

b. cj ad. sk. Nagasaki, Nov. 12. F. Einger, Esq. [P.].

c. cJ ad.; d. Ad. sk. Sapporo, Yezo, Sept, Capt. Blaldston fP.].
e. cJ ad. ;/, Ad. sk. Sapporo, Yezo, Oct. Capt. Blakiston [P.].

12. Motacilla capensis.

La Bergeronette du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 47fi,
pi. XXXV. fig. 3 (1760) ; Dauhent. PL Enl. vi. pi. 28. fig. 2.

Motacilla capensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. .333 (17G6, ex Briss.) ;
Licht. Verz. Boubl. p. 36 (1823) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 203 (1847) ;
B27. Consp. i. p. 251 (1850, pt.) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 13
(1850) ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 25 (1858) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1860,
p. 208, 1862, p. 156; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 118 (1867); Ayres,
Ibis, 1869, p. 292 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 246, no. 3573 (1869) ;
Finsch ^ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 260 (1870j ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B.
p. 73 (1871) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. Ill (1872) ;
Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 73 ; Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 290 (1877-81) ;
Sharpe in Gates's Matabele Land, App. p. 317 (1881) ; Holvb Sf
Von Pvlz. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 82 (1882) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882,
p. 349 : Sah. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 80 (1882); Butler, Feilden, ^ Reid,
Zool. 1882, p. 337 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 547 (1884).

La Petite Bergeronette du Cap de Bonne Esp(5rance, Buff. Hist,
Nat. Ois. V. p. 274 (1778).

African Wagtail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 402 (1783).

Cape Wagtail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 402 (1783).

Moiacilla afra, Gtn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 962 (1788).

La Lavandiere brune, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iv. p. 80, pi. 177 (1805) ;
Sundev. Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 44 (1857).

Nestling. Perfectly brown all over the upper surface, the head
being uniform with the back ; eyebrow distinct, yellowish white ;
lores and ear-covcrts brown like the head ; wing-coverts dark brown,
with broad edgings of pale reddish brown, forming on the greater
coverts a distinct wing-bar, less pronounced on the median coverts ;
primary-coverts and quills dark brown, edged with pale olive-brown
or light rufescent brown on the inner secondaries ; the primaries
narrowly fringed with whitish round the ends, the outermost white
along the outer web ; upper tail-coverts dark brown, washed with
the same brown as the back ; under surface white, sullied with a
brownish shade on the throat and under tail-coverts ; on the breast

494 motacillidjE,

and abdomen a slight ycllo-wish tinge ; sides of body and thighs
pale reddish brown ; across the fore neck a collar of dark brown.

Young after first moiilt. Can generally be distinguished by its
brown head and back and a slight brownish appearance on the white
of the throat ; some of the lateral upper tail-coverts edged with
white ; the white tips to the greater wing-coverts very distinct, and
forming a wing-bar.

Adult male. General colour above brown, with a faint wash of
olive; wing-coverts like the back, the outer median and greater
series, as well as the bastard-wing, edged with ashy olive ; primary-
coverts and quills dark brown, edged with ashy olive, browner on
the secondaries, the first primary narrowly margined with white ;
upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers blackish brown, the two outer
feathers white, with a mark of brown extending from the base of
the oui^er web for some distance obliquely up the inner web and
more extended on the penultimate than the external feather ; head
and hind neck dull ashy grey ; a narrow eyebrow of white ; lores,
feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts blackish ; checks and entire
throat white ; across the fore neck a rather broad crescentic band
of black ; breast and abdomen pale yellowish or white washed with
pale yellow, becoming pure white on the under tail-coverts ; sides
of body bro^vn, the sides of the i;pper breast lighter and more ashy
brown ; thighs dusky brown ; axillaries pale ashy or smoky brown ;
under wing-coverts white, with dusky bases, the edge of the wing
mottled with dark brown ; quills below dusky brown, with a large
patch of white near the base of the inner web. Total length
7-2 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-25, tail 3-4, tarsus 0*95.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little duller in colour,
and having the coUar on the fore neck not quite so broadly indicated.
Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 0"65, wing 3'2, tail 3'35, tarsus 0"95.

Adult in winter plumage. Dull olive-brown above, the head a
little greyer than the back ; the greater coverts tipped, and the
inner secondaries edged rather broadly, with whity brown ; lateral
upper tail-coverts with slightly pronounced whitish edges ; under-
neath the yellow colour is more pronounced on the breast and
abdomen, and the ashy-brown axillaries have also a tinge of yellow.

In the breeding-plumage the feathers become much abraded,
the tips to the greater coverts and the edges to the secondaries
being quite worn off. Below, the yellow on the breast is less
strongly pronounced, and the whole aspect of the bird is darker.

Hah. South Africa, extending all over the Cape Colony to Ma-
shoona Land on the east, and to Damara Land and Benguela on
the west.

a. Pull. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.].

b. Ad. hiem. sk. South Africa. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. biem. sk. South Africa. J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].

d. e. Ad. hiem. sk. Cape Town {Layard). Sharps Collection.

/. Ad. ifistiv. sk. Natal {T. Ay res). J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].

g. S ad. sestiv. sk. Natal. Dr. Gueiuzius [C.].

h. 5 ad. sestiv. sk. Natal (Gtiemzitts). Gould Collection,

1. MOTACILLA. 495

i. S juv. liiem. sk. Pietermaritzburo^, Apiil W. E. and C. G. Gates,

30 (F. Gates). Esqrs. [P.].

k. (S ad. hiem. sk. Uurbau, April 23 (F. W. E. and C. G. Gates,

Oatcs). Esqrs. [P.].

I, m. d 2 ad. sk. Durban, July 28 (T. L. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Ai/res).

n,o. c? $ hiem. sk. Transvaal (Ayres). Sharpe Collection.

p. cS ad. ajstiv. sk. Inyati, Gct.3 {F. Oates). W. E. and C. G. Gates,

Esqrs. [P.]. _

q. 2 a-d. ajstiv. sk. Walvisch Bay, Dec. 7, Sharpe Collection.

18Q0(C.J.Andersson).

r. 2 juv. hiem. sk. Walvisch Bay, April 30, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

1865 (C. J. A.).
8. c? ad. hiem. sk. Gtiimbinque,Damaralar"d, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]-

Mar. 16, 1865 (C. J". A).

t. Pull. sk. Sorth Africa. Pui'chased.

13. Motacilla longicauda.

Motacilla longicauda {non Gm.), Milpp. Neue Wirh., Vog. p. 84, Taf.
29. fig. 2 (1835-50) ; id. Syst. Uehers. p. 59 (1845) : Gray, Gen. B.
i. p. 203 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 2-51 (1850) ; Heugl. Syst. Uehers.
p. 28 (1856) ; Gurmy, Ibis, 1862, p. 151 ; Layard, B. S. Afr.
p. 119 (1867) ; id. Ibis, 1869, p. 73; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 246,
no. 3574 (1869) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 319, iv. p. Ixxxix
(1869-71) ; Finsch S,- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 265 (1870) ; Sharpe,
ed. Layard^ s B. S. Afr. p. 544 (1884) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic.
Genov. (2) i. p. 165 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above clear blue-grey ; lesser wing-
coverts blackish, edged with a little darker grey than the back ;
median and greater coverts black, tipped with white, the inner ones
more broadly ; inner greater coverts white, with a black centre to
the outer web ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, only
the inner secondaries edged with white, narrowly along the inner
web, very broadly along the outer one ; upper tail-coverts grey like
the back, the lateral ones externally white ; four centre tail-feathers
blackish, edged with greyish white, the remainder of the feathers
pure white ; head a little duller grey than the back, scarcely per-
ceptible except on the forehead ; a distinct superciliary streak of
white from the base of the nostril to above the ear-coverts, as well
as the upper and under edge of the eyelid ; lores and ear-coverts
blackish, the latter washed with ashy and having a patch of white on
their posterior lower half; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body
pure white, including the thighs and under tail-coverts ; across the
fore neck a crescentic bar of black, wider in the centre ; sides of breast
and flanks slightly washed with ashy grey ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts white ; .the external greater coverts blackish like the
under sirrfacc of the quills, which are white at the base of the inner
webs : " bill black ; iris brown ; tarsi and feet dark ash-colour "
(Ayres). Total length 7 inches, culmcn 0*7, wing 2'95, tail 3"8,
tarsus 0*8.

Adult female. Similar to the male.

496 MOTACIHID^.

Young. Browner than tlie adult, and having the middle tail-
feathers somewhat mottled with white indentations near the base ;
the white markings on the wings abraded and much less distinct ;
the black collar on the fore neck much narrower and browner than
in the adult.

Ilab. North-eastern Africa, only in Central Abyssinia and 8hoa ;
it ranges southwards into Natal, and has even occurred in British
Cati'raria.

a. cJ ad. sk. Natal, Nov. Dr. Gueinzius [C.].

b. cJ ad. sk. Natal, Nov. (Gueinzius). Gould Collection.

c,d. (J 2 ad. sk. Pinetowu, Natal, Feb. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(T. L. Ayres).
e. S imm. sk. Pinetown, Natal, Dec. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{T. L. Ayres).

14. Motacilla flaviventris.

Salale anacondrato, Flacourt, Hist. Madag. p. 165 (1661).

Motacilla flaviventris, Verr. Cat. Rivoli Coll. p. 9 (1846) ; Hartl.
J. f. O. 1860, p. 94 [ex Verr.) ; id. Faun. Madag. p. 39 (1861) ;
Roch Sf K Newt. Ihis, 1862, p. 273 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 163;
E. Newt. Ibis, 1863, p. 346 ; Pollen, Nedeii. Tijdsch. Dierk. 1863,
p. 305 ; Verr. in Vinson, Voy. Madag., Attn. B. p. 2 (1865) ;
Orandid. Rev. et 3Iag. de Zool. 1867, p. 385 ; Schl. $ Poll. Faune
Madag., Ois. p. 158 (1868) ; Gratj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 246, no. 3575
(1869) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 395 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 73
(1871) ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 123 (1877) ; Milne-Ediuards i^
Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 343, pis. cxxxiii., cxxxiv.
(1882) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 80 (1882).

Adult. General colour above dark slaty grey, inclining to olive-
green on the lower back and rump ; upper tail-coverts black, slightly
washed with olive, the outer ones edged and tipped with yellowish
white ; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey ; median series black, edged
with ashy grey ; greater coverts black, with remains of yellowish
white at the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black,
edged narrowly with white along the outer web ; secondaries exter-
nally white at the base, forming a conspicuous wing-patch, and
fringed externally with white near the ends, the innermost browner
along the outer webs ; tail-feathers black, the two outer feathers
white, with a blackish margin to the inner web ; head like the
back ; a distinct white eyebrow running from the base of the nostrils
above the eye and ear-coverts ; upper and under margin of eyelid
white ; lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts black, the
latter with a central patch of ashy white, the anterior and posterior
edge of eyelid black ; cheeks and throat white, separated from the
chest and sides of fore neck, which are also ashy white, by a distinct
crescentic band of black, which extends from the ear-coverts and
inclines to a point in the centre of the fore neck : remainder of
under surface bright yellow, including the under tail-coverts ; thighs
white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white ; lower primary-
coverts and under surface of quills blackish, with a large patch of

1. MOTACILLA. ^gy

wk^^'^rf '•1'7:]^^^'^°^• ^'*"^ ^'""^^^ 6-7 i^«^^«' culmenO-55,
wmg 6-J5, tail 3-25, tarsus 0-95.

Hab. Madagascar.

t Id"- £&""• M- 1- ^''''fy to.].

maaagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [C.].

15. Motacilla melanope.

^^aSo).^'"^"' ^^^^''^' ^^^^''^ '•^^^- ^^■'- ^- "• p- ^4, pi. iviii.

'^^arrSf ^^^*'''' ^^^^^'■^> ^^'''«'A Gleanings, p. 105, pi. 259

La Bergeronette jaune, 5ms. Orn. iii. p. 471, pi. sxiii. fig .8 (1760)
La Bergeronette de Java, Briss. t. c. p. 474, pi. xxv. fig. 2 (17G0)

PrS/ %%m3t '"'"^'" ^**''" '• P""^^"^ *^^^^^^'' ^^'^'^- '^^''^^•
Bergerouette jaune male, Bauhent. PL Enl. vi. pi. 28. fi<. 1 • Buff
Hist. Nat. Ois. V. p. 268 (1778). ° "'

Motacilla melanope, Pall. Peis.Ptiss. Reichs, iii. App. p. 696 (1776) •
^'^■^jst-m^t. i. p. 997 (1788) ; Pall. Zooyr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 500
is^J^' ^^'""r\ ^J ffr- "'• P- 251, Pl. 128 (1875); id. Ibis,
1878'.P-24^V^rf- f**' ^fl' ?-2'^2' i?M^k^iV,7te

AT . -I'lPv^^ ' *«^*«^""' '^^ <=■ P- 189 ; &yerfe. Ibis, 1883, p. 64.
Motacilla boarula, Linn. Mant. p. 527 (1771) ; Gm. Syst:NcU. i. p. 997

p wVrSsT-^F- ^^'-^V-P- 257 (1820); i2o«.. Orn. pLeng.

v; ;^,.(. ,^-^'^) ; We/-«e/-, ^««s, Insectw. pl. 74 (1827); i?«»»

GoM^^, ^- ^«rii. pl. 147 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B.F.ur ?N
^er. p. 19 (18.38) ■,Macff. Br. k ii. /. 235 (1839) ; Keysu. Bias.

111. p. lo5 (1840) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 172 (1840) ; Jerd. Madr
Journ.x,. p. 10 (1840) ; Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 59 (1845) • Aewis
^ffffsBr. B. p. 126, pl. 33. tig. 2 (1846) ; G/ay, dt. Manun itc
^"I'o'pres Hodys. p. 76 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 203 (1847) ; Blyth
nio^- r"'- ^^■'^?%P' 137 (1849); Thomps. B. Ireli ^.ilQ
\\^^f)^Temm. c^ Schl Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 69 (1850): Kelaart
Pro,lr. Cat p. 121 (1852) ; Kjc,rb. Orn. Ban. pl. 19. fig. 'eflS) '
Layard, Ann.8{ Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 268 (1853) ; Vern»n Har-
court op cit. 1855^ p 437; Bolle, J.f. 0. 1857, p. 28G; Jaicbert &

p. bO (18 ,0) ; ,S«.«A. Ms, 18U0, p. 55 ; Powys, t. c. p. 229 ; Simpson,
*-'^:V-^^-^;Sicvih. Ibis, 1861, pp. 35, 383; Irby, «.c. p.032.
SicmK Ibis 1862, p 200; Blakist. t. c. p. 318; Sicinli. Ibis, 1863,

Oni. Sard p 57 (1864) ; Fthppi, Viagg. Pers. p. 348 (1865) •
Altum, J.f. O. 1865, p. 246; Swinh. 7il(lS66,p. 1.38 ; Pelz Ibis'

3?S' fiRr^\' ''p"''' '■ ''t^^- 1^2 '^^-y- ^-^-^ ^'- i- P- 247, no!
J i (186J); ^o?y/^r. T^o^e^/-. Deutschl. p. 87 (1869); I)ode9-l.
Avtf. Sicil. p. 101 (1869) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 121 (1871) •
B. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 112 (1871) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871 X 215 •

f''5''!^'«^f?'*«^'\f-7P-^i(^^'2^' ^^■^^''' ^^- "'"^^^- ^'-^"'W

p. 97 (18/6) ; i?. O. C^. i«s« 5,-. 5. p. 30 (1883) ; Seebohtn, Ibis,

2k

498 MOTACILLID^.

1883, p. 30 ; Jomj, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 290 (1883) ; Radde,
0)n. Vauc, p. 222 (1884) ; Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 55
(1884).

Grey Wagtail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 398 (1783).

Tschutschi Wagtail, Pmn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 397 (1785).

Motacilla tscluitschensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 962 (1788).

Motacilla siilpliurea, Bcchst. Nattirg. Deutschl. iii. p. 459 (1807) ; id.
Kurzc I'cbcrs. alkr hekannt. Voyel,'^. 326 (1811); Nawn. Voq.
Ikutschl.m. p. 824, Taf.87(1823) ; Brehn, Viu/. DeutscM. p. 346;
Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 13 (1850) ; Midd". Sibir. Reis. p. 168
(1851); Schl. Voq. Nederl. pi. 103 (1854); Sundev. Sv.Foql.'^l.m.
fig. 4 (c. 1856) ; 6'chretick, Amur. Reis., Zool. p. 344 (1859) ; Schl.
Diet: Nederl, Voy. pi. 9. figs. 11, 12 (1861) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1862,
p. 279 ; A. Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 194 ; Gray's List Br. B. p. 67
(1863) ; Breh7)i, Beis. Habesch, p. 213 (1863) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir.
p. 227 (1863) ; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 122 ; Godm. Ibis, 1866, pp. 96,
106; Tristr. t. c. p. 290; C. B. Wharton, t. c. p. 323; Lilford, t. c.
pp. 380, 391 ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 385 (1807) ; Heugl.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 318 (1869) ; Godnian, Azores, p. 25 (1870) ;
Fritsch, Voy. Bur. Taf. xvii. figs. 13, 14 (c. 1870) ; JFyatt, Ibis,
1870, p. 15 ; Blwes ^- Buckley, t. c. p. 195 ; Blanf. Geol. 8f Zool.
Abyss, p. 381 (1870) ; Godm. Ibis, 1872, p. 176 ; SMley, B. Egypt,
p. 127 (1872) ; Emlem. Onze Vogels, ii. pi. 33 (1873) ; Newt. ed.
Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 552 (1873) ; Sevei-tz. Ttirkest. Jevotn. p. 67
(1873) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 245 ; Danf. Sf Harvie-Brown, Ibis,
1875, p. 309 ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 108 (1875) ; Blanf. East. Persia,
ii. p. 233 (1876) ; Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 185 ; Booth, Rough Notes,
part 4 (1883) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 263 (1883) ; id. Ibis,

1884, p. 39 ; Tristr. Faun. Sf Flor. Palest, p. 54 (1884) ; Scdvad. Ann.
Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 166 (1884).

Motacilla ciuerea. Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit. Mus. p. 22

(1816).
Motacilla bistrigata, Rajl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 312 (1820); G^-ay,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 248, no. 3593 (1869).
Calobates sulphurea, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 33 (1829); Moore,

P. Z. S. 1854, p. 284; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I Co. Mus. i.

p. 349 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 220 (1863) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br.

iii. pis. 6, 7 ; Holdsiv. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 458 ; Hume S,- Renders.

Lahore to Yark. p. 224 (1873) ; Butler ^ Hume, Str. F. 1875,

p. 489 ; Butler, Str. F. 1877, p. 230 ; Bogdan. B. Cauc. p. 108

(1879) ; Homeyer ^ Tancre, MT. orn. Yer. Wien, 1883, p. 86.
. Motacilla moutium, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 345 (1831).
Motacilla xanthoschista, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. 3Iisc. p. 83 (1844).
Motacilla lunulata, Des Murs in Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss., Atlas, pi. 7

(1845).
Motacilla oplitlialniica, Des Murs, op. cit., texte Ois. p. 94 (1845).
Pallenura sulphurea, Bi). Consp. i. p. 250 (1850) ; Brehm, Naum.

1855, p. 280; Loche, Exped. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 5 (1867);

Dybmuski, J. f. O. 1873, p. 82, 1874, p. 335 ; Taczan. Bull. Soc.

Zool. France, '1876, p. 150 ; Dybotvski, op. cit. 1883, p. 360.
Pallenm-a javeusis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 250 (1850).
Motacilla montium, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 143 (1855).
Motacilla rivalis, Brehm, t. c. ^. 143 (1855).
Motacilla lindermayeri, Brehm in Linderm. VUg. Griechenl. p. 82

(1860).
Budj'tes boarulus, Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 41 ; C, B, Wharton, Ibis,

1870, p. 22.

1. MOTACILLA. 499

Budytes flava (wee L,), Bettoni, Ucc. Nidif. Lomb. tav. 62 (1865-70).
Calobates boanila, Sicinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 346 ; Hume, Str. F. 1873,

p. 201 ; id. Nests andE(j(js Ind. B. p. 381 (1874) ; id. Str. F. 1874,

p. 237.
Motacilla (Calobates) sulphurea, Blanf. Geol. 8f Zool. Abyss, p. 381

(1870).
Motacilla (Calobates) boai'ula, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 2, App.

p. Ixxxix (1871).
Calobates melanope, Sminh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 364 ; Brooks, J. A. S.

Bern/, xli. p. 82 (1872) ; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 250 ; Fairb. Str. F.

1876, p. 200 ; Bourd. t. c. p. 401 ; Prjev. in Dawson Rowley''s Orn.

Misc. ii. p. 193 (1876) ; David ^- Oiist. Ois. Chine, p. 302 (1877) ;

Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 196 (1877) ; Ttoeedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 310;

mime Sf Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 362 ; Davison ^ Wend. Str. F.

1878, vol. ii. p. 84 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 65, 103, 161 ; Sculli/,

t. c. p. 315 ; Brooks, t. c. p. 484 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind ^c. p. 40

(1879) ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 54 (1880) ; Vidal, Str. F.

1880, p. 69 ; Meid, Str. F. 1881, p. 48 ; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc.

ii. p. 431 (1881); Biddidiih, Ibis, 1881, p. 68; Scully, t. c.

p. 452 ; Davidson, Str. F. 1882, p. 310; mchols. Ibis, 1882, p. 62 ;

C. Sivinhoe, t. c. p. 109 ; Slater, t. c. p. 433 ; Nichols. Ibis, 1883,

p. 253 ; Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 395 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i.

p. 159 (1883).
Calobates bistrigata, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 259 (1874).
Budytes novae guiiieae, Meyer, Sitz. Isis Dresden, 1875, p. 74 ; id.

Mitth. K. Zool. Mies. Dresden, i. p. 10 (1875) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus,

Civic. Genov. xii. p. 345 (1878).
Calobates melauops (lapsti), Ball, Str, F. 1874, p. 416 ; id. Str. F.

1878, vol. ii. p. 219.

Nestling (Agoriane, Greece, May 8 ; H. Seebohm). General colour
dull ashy groy, with a slight shade of browu on the head and neck ;
wing-covcrts blackish brown, edged and tipped with pale fulvous
brown, whiter at the ends of the greater series ; quills blackish,
edged with yellowish white, broader on the secondaries ; tail (half-
grown) blackish, the centre feathers edged with white or pale
yellow, the three outer feathers white ; lores, sides of face, and
ear-coverts ashy grey, the latter mixed with pale tawny ; a narrow
ej-cbrow of pale tawny buff; under surface of body pale tawny
buff, ashy on the throat, dull white on the abdomen, and saffron-
yellow on the under tail-eovcrts, like the lower rump and upper
tail-coverts. (Mus. H. Seehohm.)

The full-grown young bird has the same plumage as the nestling
described, but has the eyebrow and throat whiter, the chest also
ashy white, with a tinge of yellow ; the edgings to the inner
secondaries are pale yellow, and the wing-spot at the base of the
secondaries is pronounced. After the autumn moult, although the
belly and breast are much brighter yellow and the upper surface
clearer groy, there is a return to the pattern of the nestling plumage
in the buff-coloured thi'oat and eyebrow.

Young injlrst ivintcr plunuuie. General colour above ashy brown,
greyer on the lower back and rump, the lower rump and upper tail-
covcrts olivc-yeUow, the lateral ones brighter ; lesser wing-coverts
like the back ; median and greater coverts dusky blackish, edged

2k2

500 MOTACILLID^.

with ashy ; the greater series tipped with white ; bastard-wiug,
primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, edged with ashy brown,
the inner secondaries more broadly with yellowish white, the bases
white, but concealed by the coverts ; tail-feathers brown, externally
washed with olive-yellowish ; outer tail-feathers white, the shaft
dusky towards the base ; the two next feathers white, brown ou the
outer web for the greater part of their length ; head like the back ;
lores ashy, surrounded by a pale fawn-coloured streak, which ex-
tends as an eyebrow above the ear-coverts ; feathers below the eye
and ear-coverts ashy washed with brown ; cheeks, throat, and fore
neck pale fawn-colour ; remainder of the under surface of body pale
yellow, mixed with white ; the vent and under tail-corerts bright
yellow ; sides of the body ashy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
dull white, with dusky bases to the coverts near the edge of the
wing ; quills dusky below, with a good deal of white near the base
of the secondaries. Total length 7*7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3-2,
taU 3'65, tarsus 0'8.

In winter the buff-coloured throat and eyebrow are sure iudi-
cations of immaturity, as the old birds are bright yeUow under-
neath, with white throats. In the young birds, as winter progresses,
the buff throat fades off into whitish, but not invariably, as a male
obtained by Mr. Robson on the 3rd of April, is changing to the
black throat directly fron the buff-coloured plumage.

A number of specimens in breeding-plumage are in the Museum,
with the black throat obscured by hoary-white margins to the
feathers; these I consider to be young males of the previous year
in their first spring plumage. I have no doubt that these hoary
edgings soon wear off.

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. General colour above clear blue-
grey, with a slight wash of yellowish olive ou the back and crown ;
lower rump and upper tail-coverts brighter yellow, the lateral ones
very conspicuous ; lesser wing-coverts dark ashy ; median and
greater coverts dusky brown, edged with ashy olive ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quUls dusky brown, with obsolete margins of
ashy olive, the inner secondaries dull white near the base of the
outer web, forming a more or less concealed wing-patch ; innermost
secondaries externally brighter yellow, or yellowish white; tail-
feathers blackish brown, edged with olive-yellow, especially near
the base ; the outer feather entirel}- white, the next two white,
edged with blaclcish along the outer web for the greater j^art of its
length ; lores blackish, extending below the eye ; eyelid and a dis-
tinct line above the eye white ; ear-coverts clear grey, with a
whitish patch on the lower parts ; throat black, having a white
moustachial streak on each side joined to the sides of the neck ;
remainder of under surface bright yellow, becoming much more
brilliant on the under tail-coverts ; the sides of the body more ashy ;
thighs rather browner ; axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy
whitish, those near the edge of the'' wing mottled with ashy bases j
lower primary-coverts and quills below dusJjy, with a good deal of
white near the base of the secondaries : " bill black ; legs, feet, and

1. MOTACELLA,

501

claws blackish ; iris dark brown." Total length 6*8 inches, culmen
O'oo, wing '.i-2o, tail 3-o5, tarsus 0'7o.

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Exactly like the male, but
paler, and with much less black on the throat. One obtained on the
Volga, on the 11th of May, has the white throat of the winter still
intact *. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-25, tail 3'8,
tarsus 0*8.

The black throat is evidently assumed by a change of colour in
the feathers and not by a direct moult.

No real specific difference can be found between Eastern and
Western examples of the Grey Wagtail. The supposed shorter
length of tail in Asiatic specimens is not borne out by the Museum
series. On the whole, however, birds from the Asiatic continent
have a more richly coloured winter plumage than European spe-
cimens, and the throat is often suffused with yellow, but in the
summer plumage I cannot detect any difference.

The tail in European specimens ranges from 3-5 to 3'8 inches,
while Asiatic specimens have the tail 3"2 to 3*4 inches, but many of
them are quite equal to Eui'opean birds in this respect and have the
tail 3-8 inches. Azorean examples do not differ from the European,

Hab. Throughout the greater part of Europe and Siberia, winter-
ing in the plains of India and the Burmese countries, the Malayan
peninsula and the Indo-Malayan islands.

a. S ad. sestiv. st.

b. c? ad. sestiv. ;

c. Juv. hiem. sk.

d. Ad. festiv. sk.

e. Juv. hiem. st.

f. Juv. autumn, sk.
ff. Juv. hiem. st.

h. c5" ad. hiem. st.

i, k. (J 2 ad. sestiv.

sk.
I, m, Juv. hiem. sk
n,o. c? ad. Eestiv.sk.

p. S ad. sestiv. sk.

q. Juv. autumn, sk.
r. (S ad. festiv. sk.
s,t. c? $ ad. sestiv.

sk.
M. (S ad. festiv. sk.

i'j w. (^ 2 ad. sk.
.r, y. $ ad. sestiv. sk.
z. S ad. ; a'. [ $ ]
ad. festiv. sk.

Europe.
England.

Derbyshire (O. S.).
Standon, Herts, Dec.
Hampstead.
Cookham, Berks, Oct.
Brighton, Oct. 1882

{Sivaysland),
Wiltshire.

Wiltshire.

Baden, April 3 (TT.

Schluter).
Hesse, March 29 {W.

Schluter).
Sa.TOny,Sept.ll(ir.<S'.).
Silesia, Mav 3 {W. S.).
Cai-pathians,April( W.S.).

Carpathians, May 6

( W. S.).
Tuscany, Italy, April 23.
Azores {F. G.).
Floras, Azores, May (F.

G.).

J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
Gould Collection.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Herbert Langton ,Esq. [P. ].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Mr. W. Briggs [P.].
E. B. Sharpe, Esq."[P.].

Col. Montagu [P.].

Col. Montagu [P.].

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Prof. GighoU [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

* In England we have found the fully-fledged young birds flying about and
fed by their parents on the 9th of May ; the old female had a little black on
the throat.

502

MOTACILLID^.

V, c'. Ad. sestiv. sk. S. Michaels, Azores {F. Sal-vin-Godman Coll.
G.).
Madeira, June {F. G.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d',e'. cJ 2 ad.aestiv.

sk.
f. (^ juy. hiem. sk.

ff'. Juv. hiem. sk.
/('. c? juv. hiem. sk.
i', k'. '^ 5 ad. sestiv.

sk.
/'. cJ ad. sestiv. sk.

m'. (S iram. hiem.

sk.
n'. $ juv. sk.

o'. Juv. autumn, sk.

p'. (S ad. aestiv. sk,

?'j '■'• c? ? ad. sestiv.

sk.
s' . 2inim.hiem.sk.
a. 2 imm. sk.
u'. Juv. sk.
v'. Ad. hiem. sk.

w',a?'. Ad. sestiv. sk.
y'. Ad. hiem. sk.

z'. 2 ad. sestiv. sk.
a. 2 ad. sestiv. sk.
jS. 2 juv. autumn.

sk."
•y. Juv. autumn, sk.
8. c? juv. hiem. sk.

juv. hiem. sk.
t. 2 ju'^' hiem. sk.
K. Juv. hiem. sk.
X, IX. S ad. et juv.

hiem. sk.
V. (S ad. hiem. sk.

|. Juv. hiem. sk.
o. Ad. sestiv. sk.
TT. Ad. hiem. sk.
p, a, T. Ad. sestiv.

sk.
V, (f). Ad. hiem. sk.
X,^,a>. Juv.hiem.sk.
a'. Ad.; fi',y'. Juv.

hiem. sk.
8'. c? ad. sestiv. sk.

e', C- 6 2 ad. sk.

W. T. Blanford,Esq.[C.].
Sir Samuel Baker [P.].

Lebka Valley, Bogos

Land, Aug. 10.
Ramleh, Egypt.

Nahr El Kelb, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.l.
Asia Minor. T. Robson, Esq. [C.J.

Asia Minor, March 29 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(T.Hobson).
Asia Minor, April 3 ( T. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Itobson).
Asia Minor, Sept. 28 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{T. Robson).
Constantinople (7". Mob- Salvin-Godman Coll.

son).
Turkey, March 15 ( T. Gould Collection.

Itobson).
Central Volga, May. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Near Abadeh,Persia, July. Sir 0. St. John [C.].

Candahar, Feb. 24.

Ladak.

Cashmere.

Cashmere.

Valley of Gurias, Cash-
mere.
Gilgit, July 18.
Gilgit, May 22.
GHgit, Sept. 10.

Gilgit, Aug. 23.
Valley of the Sutlej.
N.W. Himalayas.

Mhow, Oct. 4.

Malabar.
Travancore, Nov.

Travancore, Dec.

Ceylon (Thtvaites).

Behar.

Kumaon {Strachey).

Nepal.

Nepal.
Nepal.
Nepal {Hod ff son).

Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].
Purchased.

E. M. Langworthy, Esq.
[P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. \P.'].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Col. J. Biddulph [C.].
Col. J. Biddulph [C.].
Col. J. Biddulph [C.].

Col. J. Biddulph [C.].

Gould Collection.

Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

[P-]-
Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

F. W. Bourdillon, Esq.
[C.].

F. W. Bourdillon, Esq.

[C.J.
Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
India Museum.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
(Types of M. xanthoschista.)
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
India Museum.

Kamtschatka, May 27 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(Ih/botcski),
Argun River, Dauuria, Warsaw Museum [E.].

May (Dyhoivski).

1. MOTACTLLA.

503

T]', &. c? ad. festiv.

et hiem. sk.
i'. S ad. hiem. sk.
k', (J ad.; X'. hiem.
sk.
S ad. aestiv. sk.
S ad. liiem. sk.

fJ-

I', o'. Ad. et juv.

hiem. sk.
tt'. Ad. hiem. sk.
p . Juv. hiem. sk.
a. S ad. hiem. sk,
t'. S ad. festiv. sk.
v'. Ad. hiem. sk.
^'. 2 jiiv. sk.
;:^'. o ad. hiem. sk.
\|f'. Ad. hiem. sk.
(o', a". Ad. sk.
8". S ad. hiem. sk.
y". 2 ad. hiem. sk.
8". Ad. hiem. sk.
f". (J ad. hiem. sk.
(". 2 ad. hiem. sk.
r)", 6". Ad. hiem. sk.
i". Ad. hiem. sk.

Japan.

Yokohama.
Nagasaki, April.

Tientsin, China {Fleming),
Rintang, China, April

1850 {Capi. Ince).
Amoy {H. Stoinhoe).

Amoy, Feb. {R. Switihoe).

Amoy (-R. Sivinhoe).

Siam.

Assam.

Bootan {Pembertoii).

Ijower Pegu, Oct. 3.

Malewoon, S. Tenasserim.

Penang ( Cantor).

Malacca.

West Java.

Sarawak, Borneo.

Labuan.

Cebu, Philippines, March.

Zamboanga, Philippines.

Morty Island.

Amboina.

Gould Collection.

Prof. Milne [C.].
F. Einger, Esq. [P.].

Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.

Goidd Collection.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
M. E. Pierre [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
India Museum.
Oates Collection.
Gates Collection.
India Museum.
India Museum.
Wallace Collection.
Wallace Collection.
Governor Ussher [C.].
Alfred Everett, Esq. [C]
Voy.H.M.S.' Challenger.'
Wallace Collection.
Wallace Collection.

16. Motacilla citreola.

Die Bachstelze mit dem gelben Bauche, Lepech. Iter. ii. p. 187, pi. 8.

fig. 1 (1775).
Motacilla citreola. Pall. Meis. Rms. Reichs, iii. App. p. 696 (1776) ;

Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 963 (1788); Temm. Man. (TOrn. p. 259

(1815) ; Werner, Atlas, Inseetiv. pi. 75 (1827) ; Temm. 3Ian.

d'Orn. iii. p. 180 (1835) ; Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 144 (1837) ; Keys.

u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. slix (1840) ; Schley. Rev. Crit. p. xxxix

(1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 203 (1847) ; Middend. Reis. Sihir.,

Zool. ii. p. 168, Taf. xiv. figs. 4, 5 (1851) ; Nautn. Vog. Deictschl.

xiii. p. 117, Taf. 377. figs. 2-4 (1860) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog.

p. 228 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 247, no. 3583 (1869) ; Wald.

Ibis, 18(39, p. 214 ; Wright, t. c. p. 255 ; Borc/r/r. Vog. Norddeutschl.

p. 87 (1869); Wald. Ibis, 1870, p. ■2m;"Cordeau.v, Ibis, 1875,

p. 181 ; Danf. <§• Harvie-Broicn, t. c. p. 310 ; Dress. B. Eur. iii.

p. 245, pi. 127 (1875) ; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 178; Brooks, t. c. p. 602;

Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 49 ; id. Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, xxix. p. 175

(1879); Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 372, 1882, p. 216.
Yellow-headed Wagtail, Lath. Gen. Sy7i. ii. pt. 2, p. 401 (1783).
Motacilla citrineUa, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 503 (1831);

Xordm. in Demid. Voi/. Riiss. 3Ierid. iii. p. 157 (1840).
Budytes aureocapilla. Less. Traite, p. 422 (1831) ; Wald. Ibis, 1870,

p." 293; Hume, Lahore to Yarh: p. 225, (1873).
Budvtes citreola, SyJces, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 90 ; Bj). Comp. List B. Eur. ^

.Y. Amer. p. 19 (1838) ; Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 9 (1840) ; Blyth,

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 138 (1849) ; Bjj. Consp. i. p. 250 (1850) ; Bias.

Ibis, 1862, p. 70 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 49 ; Degl. et Gerbe, Om. Eur.

p. 381 (1867) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 328, 1868, p. 78 ; Blyth, t. c.

504 MOTACILLID^.

p. 132; Eume, Ibis, 1870, p. 142; Wald. t. c. p. 293; Swmh.
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 364 ; Hicme, Ihis, 1871, p. 34; Brooks, J. A. S.
Benr/. xli. p. 82 (1872); Severtz. Turkest. Jei-otn. pp. 67, 139
(1873); Ball, Sir. F. 1873, p. 73; Hume, t. c. p. 202; Adam, t. c.
p. 384 ; mime, Str. F. 1874, p. 239 ; Stoliczka, t. c. p. 464 ; Ball,
Sir. F. 1875, p. 293 ; Sculli/, Str. F. 1876, p. 151 ; Seebokm S,-
Hnrvie-Broicn, Ibis, 1876, p. 123 ; Blanf. Fast. Pers. ii. p. 235

(1876) ; Prjev. in Roivley's Ch-n. 3Iisc. ii. p. 193 (1870) ; Taczan.
Bull. Soc. 'Zuol. France, i. p. 151 (1876) ; Sume, Str. F. 1877,
p. 37 ; Butler, t. c. pp. 210, 230 ; David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 304

(1877) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1877, p. 208 ; Davids. ^- B^end. Str. F. 1878,
vol. ii. p. 84 ; Bail, t. c. p. 219 ; C/-J)jps, t. c. p. 287 ; Hume, Str.
F. 1879, p. 103 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind 8fC. p. 41 (1879) ; id. Cat.
B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 55 (1880) ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 69 ; Scully,
i. c. p. 452; Davids. Str. F. 1882, p. 313; Swinh. Ibis, 1882,
p. 110 ; BiddulpK t. c. p. 280 ; Davisoti, Str. F. 1883, p. 396 ;
Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 80 ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 219 (1884).

Budytes calcarata, Hodgs. Asiatic Research, xix. p. 190 (1836).

Young male. General colour above earthy brown, the feathers
with ashy-grey bases and a subterminal shade of black ; the head
hke the back, with a distinct line of black along the side of the
head ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts
blackish, edged with earthy brown and broadly tipped with yellovdsh
white ; bastard-wing blackish ; primary-coverts and quills blackish
brown, edged with earthy or olive-brown, the inner secondaries
more broadly margined with pale olive-yellowish : tail-feathers
blackish brown, edged with olive, the two outer ones white for
the most part, with an oblique mark of blackish brown along the
inner web ; over the eye a tolerably broad eyebrow of brownish
white ; lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts dark earthy
brown ; cheeks brownish white, separated from the throat by a broad
moustachial line of black ; throat brownish white ; remainder of
under surface of body pale yellowish white, more sandy on the
thighs and under tail-coverts, the throat spotted with black on the
lower parts and sides, these spots descending down the centre of the
fore neck ; axillaries ashy, tipped with yellowish white ; under wing-
coverts whitish ; qixills dusky below, whitish towards the base of
the inner web.

From this dress the young bird moults into its first winter
plumage, which is more like that of the old females.

Tounrj male in Jir.st tuinter ■plumage. General colour above dull
olive-brown, rather clearer on the head, the lower back and rump
dark ashy grey ; upper tail-coverts blackish, edged with ashy, the
lateral ones externally white ; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey ;
median and greater coverts blackish, edged with ashy and broadly
tipped with white, somewhat shaded Avith brown on the inner ones ;
bastard-wing black ; primary-coverts blackish, edged with ashy grey;
quiUs blackish brown, edged with hoary white, more distinct on the
secondaries, where the margins are broader, the inner secondaries
broadly margined with ashy brown ; tail-feathers black, the two
centre ones with hoary margins, the outer ones pure white, with

1. MOTACILLA. 505

an oblique mark of black up the inner web ; the penultimate
feather white, black for half the outer web, and with a broad oblique
black mark up the inner web, the adjoining part of the white feather
being also freckled with black ; crown of head rather more olive
than the back, the feathers with a concealed subterminal shade of
black ; base of forehead and a broad ej-ebrow pale yellow ; lores
ashy ; ear-coverts pale yellow, with dusky tips, the lunder margin
dusky, along the lower edge a black line ; cheeks and throat pale
yellow, inclining to tawny on the lower throat, fore neck, and chest ;
the centre of the breast and abdomen pale yellow ; the under tail-
coverts white ; sides of the body and flanks ashy grey ; thighs
yellowish; under wing-coverts and axillaries white with dusky
bases ; quills dusky below, white along the inner web. Total
length 7-2 inches, culmen O-f), wing 3-5, tail 3-5, tarsus 1.

This plumage lasts until the following early spring, becoming gra-
dually much worn and abraded, the back getting quite brown in some
examples, while the white edges to the wing-eoverts become frayed
almost to the verge of disappearance. A specimen collected by Mr.
Blanford on the 9th of March, in Baluchistan, is only just com-
mencing the spring moult with a renewal of the inner secondaries,
which are broadly margined with ashy white on the outer web ; a
few bright yellow feathers are also appearing on the ear-coverts, eye-
brow, and chin.

On old males with yellow heads in breeding-plumage there are
often seen blackish tips to the feathers, especially towards the
occiput. These males are very probably birds of the previous year,
whose fresh-moulted feathers have blackish ends which gradually
wear off.

Many specimens are to be found with grey backs and without the
black collar. Mr. Brooks thinks that this collar has been missed in
the spring moult ; but, in my opinion, it is not put on by a moult,
but is assumed by a change of feather, as in some of the Pied
Wagtails.

Adnlt male in hreedmri-plumage (Viski, Petchora River, Jime 17 ;
H. Seebohm). General colour above dark ashy grey, the hinder neck
and upper mantle black, forming a broad collar round the hind neck,
separating the head from the back ; upper tail-coverts black, the
lateral ones externally white ; lesser wing-coverts ashy ; median
and greater coverts blackish brown, broadly tipped with'whito and
narrowly edged with ashy ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills blackish brown, narrowly margined with ashy, the inner-
most secondaries blacker and rather broadly margined with white ;
first primary margined with ashy white; tail-feathers black, the'
third one slightly tipped with white, the penultimate and outer
feather white, with an oblique mark of black along the inner web ;
head all round, throat, and under surface of body brilliant yellow,'
with black tips to a few of the occipital feathers; lores whitish;
sides of the body dark ashy, the sides of the neck and sides of
upper breast black ; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts yellow, the
latter becoming white at their ends ; axiUaries and under win"--

506

MOTACILLID^.

coverts white, mottled with black bases near the edge of the wing ;
quills dusky below, white near the base of the inner web : " bill
black ; legs and feet greyish to dusky ; claws black ; iris dark
brown " (Scully). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-4,
tail 3-25, tarsus 1.

Adult female in breeding-j^lumage. Differs from the adult male
in being browner above, or at least not so pure grey on the back,
and in not having the yellow head ; the latter is dull olive-greenish,
with the eyelid and a distinct eyebrow yellow ; lores ashy ; ear-
coverts dull yellow washed with olive-brown ; cheeks and under
surface of body pale yellow, brighter on the throat ; the sides of the
body and flanks conspiciiously ashy grey ; under tail-coverts white.
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3-15, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-95.

The old female often has a slight wash of bright yellow on the
forehead.

The adidt male in winter has the underparts and sides of the head
paler yellow than in summer, and the head, instead of being entirely
yellow, is so only on the forehead and along the sides of the crown,
the top of the head being dusky greenish, the feathers being tipped
with this colour ; ear-coverts and sides of head bright yellow, the
former with a black line along the lower margin ; sides of body and
flanks ashy, washed with olive-brown, with a good deal of black
appearing on the sides of the nock.

Hah. From North-eastern Europe to the valley of the Yenesay,
and ranging throughout Turkestan and Central Asia, westwards to
the Caucasus and eastwards to the Himalayas, occurring in winter
in the plains of India.

a, h. (S ad. sk.

c. cJ ; ^- 2 fid. sk.

e. S f-d. sk.

/. Pull. sk.

g. fS juv. biem. sk.

/(. 2 ad. sk.

i. J ad. sestiv. sk.

h. S ad. sk.

1, m, n.[S'];o,p.
[cJ] ad. et juv.sk,

q, r, s. [ c? ] ad. sk.
t. c? juv. biem. sk.

ad. sk.
y. 5 ad. sk.

2. 5 ad. sk.

Alexievki, Patch ora River,

July.
Viski, Petchora River,

June.
Petchora River (J. A.

H. B.).
Jotloch, Oh River, Aug.

18 {Dr. Finsch).
Jeslow, Ob River, Aug.

18 {Dr. Finsch).
Marka Kul, Chiuese Altai,

Juue 8 {Dr. Finsch).
Schtschutschja, July 21

{Dr. Finsch).
Tashkend, Turkestan,

March 1.3 {Severtzoff).
Kashgar (Bellew).

Yarkand (Chajnmm).
Isfandak, Baluchistan,

March 9.
Candahar, March.

Candahar, April.
Candahar, May.

Henry Seebohm, Esq.

[P.].
Henrv Seebohm, Esq.

[P.].
Major Feilden and J. A.

Harvie-Brown,Esq.[P.].
Geogr. Society Bremen.

Geogr. Society Bremen.

Geogr. Society Bremen.

Geogr. Society Bremen.

Gould Collection.

India Museum.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
W: T. Blanford, Esq. [C].

Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].

Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].
Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].

1. MOTACILLA.

507

a', b'. S 2 ^^- s^-

e', d'. cJ ad. sk.
e',f. S ad. sk.
g'. 2 ad. sk.
h'. c?; *'• 2 ad. sk.
k', r. cJ juv. sk.
Hi'. c5'; «'. $ juT.sk.
o'. [cJ] ad. sk.
_?j'. [$ ] ad. sk.
?',/.[c?$] ad.sk.
s'. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
u'. c? ad. sestiv. sk.
v'. c? imm.hiem.sk.
?«;'. c5' ad. sk.
x'. [c? Jad.liiem.sk.
9/', z'. Ad. sk.
a. [ c? ] ad. sk.

^-6. Ad. hiem ;

I, K. Juv. sk.
X, fx. Ad. asstiv. sk.
v, i, o. c? ad. ;

TT. liiem. sk.
p. Ad. hiem. sk.
(T, T, V. Ad. hiem. sk,
(j). Ad. sk.
;^. (5 juv. hiem. sk.
^. 2 ad. hiem. sk.

Pushut, Afghanistan

(Griffith).
Gilgit, March.
Gilgit, April 26.
Gilgit, April 26.
Gilgit, May.
Gilgit, August.
Gilgit, Sept.
Peshawm-, March.
N.W. Himalayas.
N.W. India.
Behar.

Bengal (As. Soc).
Mhow, March 24.
Mhow, Jan. 27.
Kamptee, C. P.
Madras.

Deccan (Bur (jess).
Western Ghauts (Coiiss-

maker).
Nepal.

Nepal.

Nepal (Hodgson),

Darjiling.
Assam.

Assam (McClelland).
Bhamau, Feb. 1868.
Tsitkau, Tapeng River,
Feb. 6.

India Museum.

Col. J. Biddulph [CI.
Dr. J.' Scully [P.].
Col. J. Biddulph [C.
Col. J. Biddulph [C.
Col. J. Biddulph [C.
Col. J. Biddulph "C.l,
Col. Way [P.].
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
India Museum.
Col. Swinhoe [P.].
Col. Swinhoe | P.].
Dr. B. Hinde [P.].
T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
India Museum.

India Museum.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

India Museum.

Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

17. Motacilla citreoloides.

Budytes citreoloides, Hodgs. in Graff s Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 83 ;

Gould, B. Asia, iv. pi. 64 (1865) ; Hume, Lahore to Yark. p. 225

(1873); Butler ^ Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 490: Butler, Sir. F.

1877, p. 230.
Budvtes citreola, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 138 (1849) ; Jerd.

B. Lid. ii. p. 225 (nee Pall., 1863) ; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 202 ;

Adams, t. c. p. 384.
Budvtes aureocapilla, Pucho: Arch. Mus. vii. p. 377 (wee Less.) :

B'li/th, Lhis, 1867, p. 30, 1868, p. 1.32.
Budytes auricapillus, Himie, Str. F. 1869, p. 357, 1870, p. 142.
Budvtes citreola, var. melanota, Sevei-ts. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. Q7, 139

(1873).
Bud-si:es calcaratus, Blyth, lhis, 1865, p. 49 ; Wald. Ibis, 1869, p. 214 ;

Bh/th, Ibis, 1870, p. 172 ; Wald. t. c. p. 293 ; Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. .34 ;

Brooks, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 82 (1872) ; H>imc. Xests and Eqgs

Ind. B. p. 382 (1873) ; id. Str. F. 1874, p. 479 ; Wald. B. Burm.

p. 96 (1875) ; Brooks, Str. F. 1876, p. 502 ; Fairb. t. c. p. 260 ;

Brooks, Ibis, 1877, p. 208 ; Andeis. E.vped. Yun-nan, Zool. p. 609

(1878) ; Hume Sj- Davis. Str. F. 1878, p. 364 : Hmne, t. c. vol. ii.

p. 401 ; id. 1879, p. 103 : Scidly, t. c. p. 316; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881 ,

p. 69 ; Scullg, t. c. p. 452 ; Beid, Str. F. 1881, p. 48 ; Swi7ih. Ibis,

508 MOTACILLID^,

1882, p.' 110; Bidchdph, t.c. p. 230; Oates, B. Brit. Bunn. i. p. 163

(1883) ; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 63.
MotaciUa citreoloides, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 247, no. 3584 (1869) ;

Dresser, Ibis, -1876, p. 178; Brooks, t. c. p. 502.
Budytes citreoloides, Homeyer ^- Tancre, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1883,

p. 86.

Nestling and young bird in first plumage. Not to be distinguished
from the corresponding stage of M. citreola, but apparently rather
darker and browner and not so ashy.

Adult male. General colour above glossy black, a little mixed
with grey on the rump ; upper tail-coverts black, the lateral ones
slightly edged with white ; lesser wing-coverts ashy brown with
black bases ; median wing-coverts white, with black bases and
slightly washed with yellow ; greater coverts blackish, broadly
edged and tipped with white, the inner ones entirely white except-
ing for a blackish base, which, however, is concealed ; bastard-wing
blackish ; primary-coverts and quills blackish brown, edged with
white, the inner secondaries with a broad white margin ; tail-
feathers black, narrowly fringed with white, more broadly on the
third ; the two outside feathers for the most part white, with an
oblique mark of black on the inner web ; head all round and nape
as well as the sides of the face and entire under surface of the body
bright golden yeUow ; the long under tail-coverts white, slightly
washed with yellow ; sides of upper breast black like the sides of
the neck ; flanks slightly washed with greenish ; under wing-coverts
and axUlaries white, the latter slightly washed with yellow ; quills
dusky below, white near the base of the inner web. Total length
6-6 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-25, tail 2-9, tarsus 1.

Adult fenude in hreeding-plumage. General colour above ashy
brown, clearer ashy on the lower back and rump ; upper tail-coverts
blackish, broadly edged with ashy grey ; tail as in the male ; lesser
wing-coverts ashy brown like the back ; median and greater coverts
blackish brown, edged with ashy and broadly tipped with white :
bastard-wing blackish ; primary-coverts, quills, and tail as in the
male, excepting that the white edges to the inner secondaries are
narrower ; crown of head like the back, the forehead and a broad
eyebrow ashy yellow ; lores greyish ; ear-coverts and cheeks pale
yellowish, with a dusky line on the upper and lower margins of the
ear-coverts ; cheeks and entire under surface of body pale yellow, a
little brighter on the abdomen, the under tail-coverts whiter ; sides
of the body ashy brown, darker on the sides of the chest, which are
more ashy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white with ashy
bases ; quills dusky below, white towards the base of the inner
web. Total length 6'6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-15, tail 2-85,
tarsus 0-95.

It is extremely difficult, unless the series has been very carefully
noted by the collector, to trace the sequence of changes of plumage
in this species ; and when in winter dress its resemblance to M. ci-
treola is so close that I am not aware of any character which
could be said to be absolutely distinctive of the two species. Mr.

I

I

1. MOXACILLA. 509

Brooks thinks that M. citreoloides has a longer tarsus and longer
hind claw, but this is not always the case even in fully adult males.
In breeding-dress there is always more white on the wing, espe-
cially on the inner greater coverts and secondaries, in ill. citreo-
loides ; and this character appears to run through the other phases
of plumage in the species, but when once the edges of the feathers
are worn, there is no more reliance to be placed on this point.

The British Museum does not possess an authenticated specimen
in winter plumage, but it is evident from some of the black-backed
birds which have not finished their spring moult that the winter
dress (remains of which are still seen) is browner than in M. citreola.
Mr. Seebohm has in his collection a male killed on the 11th of
November, and marked by Mr. Brooks as the winter plumage of
the present species, which is apparently correctly identified, and
which may be described as follows : —

Winter jilumage of adult male. General colour above olive-brown,
a trifle greyer towards the rump ; the lower part of the latter and
the upper tad-coverts black ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ;
median and greater coverts blackish, edged with ashy brown and
broadly tipped, the former with whity brown, the latter with
yellowish white ; bastard-wing blackish ; primary-coverts and quUls
blackish brown, edged with hoary white, broader and purer white
on the inner secondaries ; tail-feathers black with narrow hoary
margins, the two outer feathers white, with a broad oblique mark
of blackish brown on the inner web, more extended on the penulti-
mate feather ; head a trifle more olive-yellow than the back, with a
very broad and distinct eyebrow of bright yellow ; cheeks and ear-
coverts bright yellow, with greenish black on the upper and under
margin ; entire under surface of body bright yellow, whiter on the
under tail-coverts ; the sides of the body ashy brown, darker on
the sides of the upper breast, and with a few spots of black on the
sides of the lower throat ; under wing-coverts and axUlaries white,
washed with yellow, with dull ashy bases. Total length 6*3 inches,
culmen 0-6, wing 3'3, tail 2-9, tarsus 1-05.

Hah. Prom the Altai to Afghanistan and Turkestan, Cashmere
and the Himalayas, to Nepal, wintering in the plains of India.

Candahar, March. Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].

Thibet. Earl of Giflbrd [P.].

Gilgit, March. Col. J. Biddulph [C."

C4ilgit, May. Col. J. Biddulph [C;

Gilgit, June. Col. J. Biddulph [C

Gilgit, August. Col. J. Biddulph [C

Gilgit, August. Col. J. Biddulph fc.

Deosai Plain, Jrdy. Col. J. Biddulph "C.

Astor Valley, Cash- Col. J. Biddulph [C;

mere, May.

Cashmere {Brooks). Canon Tristram [P.].

N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.].

q. Ad.sk. N.W. India. Gould Collection.

a,

b. c? ad. sk.

c.

cJ ad. sk.

d.

cJ ad. sk.

e,

/. d ad. sk.

!/•

cj ad. sk.

h,

{. d ad. sk.

k,

I. d2juv.

m

. 5 ad. sk.

11.

(S ad. sk.

0.

2 ad. sk.

P-

cJ ad. sk.

510 MOTACILIID^.

r. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Dr. Royle [P.].

s. Ad. ; t, u. Imm. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
V. Ad.; xv-V . Imm.sk. Nepal (-Hb(/^so»i). India Museum,

c', ^. [ (5 ] ad. sk. Assam. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.].

18. Motacilla campestris. (Plate VI. figs. 1, 2.)

The Yellow Water WagtaU, Edw. Glean, ii. p. 102, pi. 258 (1758) ;

Fmn. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 276 (1768).
Motacilla campesti-is, Pall. Meis. liuss. Reichs. iii. Anham/, p. 697
(1776) ; Bias, in Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xiii. p. 1-30, Taf. 372' (I860) ;
More, Ibis, 1865, p. 123 ; Harting, B. Middlesex, p. 66 (1866) ;
Borqgr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 87 (1869) ; Gray, Sandr-l. B. i.
p. 247, no. 3581 (1869).
La Bergeronette du Printemps, Daubent. PI. Mil. vi. pi. 674. fig. 2

(nee Briss.).
Motacilla flara (non L.), Donovan, Nat. Hist. Brit. B. i. pi. xv.
(1794); Gotdd, P. Z. S. 18-32, p. 129; Selby, Brit. B. p. 255,
pi. xlix. fig. 3 (1883) ; Goidd, B. Eur. ii. pi. 145 (1837) ; Yarr.
Brit. B. i. p. 380 (1843) ; Thomiison, B. Irel. i. p. 221 (1849) ;
Sterland, B. Sherw. Forest, p. 92 (1867).
YeUow Wagtail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt, 2, p. 400 (1783).
Motacilla fiaveola (non Pall), Temm. Man. d'Orn. 1835, p. 183;
Werner, Atlas, Insectivores, pi. 77 ; Crespon, Orn. Gard. p. 175
(1840) ; De Selys Lomjchamps, Faune Beige, p. 89 (1842) ; id.
Naum. 1856, p. 390 ; Bias, iji Naum. Vog. Deutschl., Anhang, xiii.
p. 129 (1860) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 69, note (1875).
Motacilla citreola (nee Pall.), Calm, Cat. Orn. Genov. p. 37 (1828,

nee v.).

Budytes flavissima, Blyth, Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 342 (1834).

Budytes flava (nee Linn.), Eyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 15 (1836).

Budytes ravi, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. if N. Amer. p. 18 (1838) ;

Macgill. ^Brit. B. ii. p. 212 (1839) ; id. Man. Brit. Orn. p. 163

(1840) ; Riipp. Syst. Uebcrs. p. 59 (1845) ; Gordon, Contr. Orn.

1849, p. 7 ; Blyth, Cat. B. 3Ius. As. Soc. p. 138 (1849) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 250 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 72 (1857) ; Jaub. et Barth.

Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 280, cum tab. (1859) ; id. J. f. O. 1861,

. p. 162 ; GouJd, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 3 (1862-73) ; Degl. Sf- Gerbe,

Orn. Eur. 1. p. 378 (1867) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 30 ; Loche, Expl.

Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 8 (1867) ; Peh. J. f. O. 1868, p. 312; id

Ibis, 1868, p. 312 ; Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 357 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1870,

p. 173 ; Ehves Sf- Buckley, t. e. p. 195 ; Layard, Ibis, 1871, p. 105 ;

Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. xvii. fig. 19 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital.,

TJcc. p. 122 (1871) ; Hharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 73 (1871) ; Gurney,

Ibis, 1873, p. 282 ; Brooks, Ibis, 187"6, p. 500 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1878,

p. 294 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 404 ; id. 1879, p. 103 ;

Irby, Ibis, 1879, p. 344 ; C. Swinhoe, Ibis, 1882, p. 109 ; Irby,

Ibis, 1883, p. 185 ; Radde, Orn. Cave. p. 220 (1884) ; Salvad. Ann.

Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 107 (1884).

Motacilla flava anglica, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh.

1840, p. 53.
Budytes campesti-is. Keys. %■ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xlix (1840, pt.) ;
B'rehm, Naum. 1855, p. 280; id. Reis. Habesch, p. 214 (1863);
Blanf. Geol. <^ Zool. Abyss, p. 382 (1870) ; Sharpe, ed, Layard' s B,
S. Afr. p. 551 (1884).

1. MOTACILLA. 511

Motacilla flava rayi, Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. xxxviii (1844) ; Heuyl.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 321 (1869).

Motacilla rayi, mivits. Brit. B. Eggs, p. 129, pi. 34. fig. 3 (1846) ;
Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 229 ; Stevenson, B. Norf. i. p. 165 (1866) ;
Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 442 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 247, no. 8582
(1869) ; Wright, Ibis, 1870, p. 491 ; R. Gray, B. W. Scott, p. 144
(1871) ; Ilartimi, Handb. Brit. B. p. 23 (1872) ; Newt. ed. YarreWs
Brit. B. i. p. 5( ;4 ( ls74) ; Dress. B. Em: iii. p. 277, pi. 131 (1875) ;
Harting, Suvniier Migr. p. 117 (1875); Fallon, Ois. Belg. -p. Gd,
note (1875) ; Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 179 ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 31
(1883) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 212 (1883).

MotaciUa flava anglica, Schleg. Vog. Nederl. p. 190 (1854).

Budvtes neglectus {nee Gould), Brehm, Vogelf. p. 142 (1855) ;
Homeyer lij- Tancre, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 86.

Motacilla anglorum, Flor. Prev., teste Degl. ^ Gerbe, Or7i. Eur. i.
p. 442 (1867).

Motacilla flava campestris, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 322 (1869).

Motacilla flava, var. rayi, Finsch ^- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 273
(1870).

Motacilla flava, var. campestris, Finsch ^- Hartl. t. c. p. 273 (1870).

Motacilla flava, var. flavifi'ons, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 67 (1873).

Budytes flavifrons, Severtz. Str. F. 1875, p. 424.

Young in first plumage. General colour above earthy brown, the
feathers of the back and scapulars darker brown with paler ends ;
lower rump rather paler brown; the upper tail-coverts mottled,
dark brown with pale reddish-brown tips ; lesser wing-coverts like
the back ; median wing-coverts blackish, edged and broadly tipped
with whity brown ; greater coverts blackish, externally pale earthy
brown, lighter and more of a ruddy white at the ends ; bastard-wing
blackish; primary- coverts and quills blackish, externally edged with
light earthy brown, paler and broader on the secondaries ; tail-
feathers blackish, edged with pale brown, the two outer ones white,
with a broad edging of dark brown on the inner web, much wider
on the penultimate feather ; head brown like the back, with a blackish
Ime along the sides of the crown ; a streak of dull white above the
eye over the ear- coverts ; lores also dull white ; ear-coverts brown ;
throat dull white ; remainder of under surface of body pale earthy
fulvous, the lower throat mottled with black spots descending on
the fore neck in a mesial streak ; under tail-coverts slightly tinged
with yellow ; axillaries white, with a faint tinge of yellow'; under
wing-coverts ashy white, mottled near the edge of the wing with
dusky bases.

From the first plumage the young bird obtains its winter dress
by a moult, the winter plumage of the young bird being easily re-
cognized by the light fawn-colour on the throat and eyebrow. Before
they leave England many of the young, probably those of the first
brood, become paler, and almost white on the throat. The youno-
female is always paler than the young male and has always less
yellow on the belly. There are spots to be seen on the fore neck in
both sexes in the winter plumage.

Yomuj male in first ivinter plumage. General colour above olive-
brown, more inclining to olive-yellow on the lower back, rump, and

512

MOTACILLIB^.

upper tail-coverts ; upper tail-coverts blackish, edged with olive-
yellow, the lateral ones externally yellowish white ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back ; median and greater wing-coverts blackish,
edged externally with olive-yellowish, whiter towards the ends ;
bastard-wing black; primary-coverts and quiUs blackish, edged
with olive-yellowish, whiter on the secondaries, where the edges are
also much broader; tail-feathers blackish, edged narrowly with
yellowish, the two outer ones white, with a blackish edging to
the inner web ; a broad eyebrow of pale fawn-brown ; ear-coverts
brown ; throat and chest pale fawn-brown, with dusky spots on the
latter, plainer in the centre, the chin and cheeks rather white ;
abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under taU-coverts bright yellow ;
axillaries and under wing- coverts ashy white, slightly tinged with
yeUow, the latter mottled with dusky near the edge of the wing.

Young female in %v inter plumage. Similar to the male, but whiter
on the abdomen, only the lower flanks, lower abdomen, and under
tail-coverts being yeUow ; throat and breast dull white, washed
with fawn-colour on the throat and chest.

Young birds in the same bleached plumage in which some of
them leave England occur plentifully in Senegambia during tho
European winter; and it is evident that a complete moult takes
place, the yeUow under surface being completely assumed before the
birds return.

This I believe to be the case in young birds only. The old ones
seem to leave in brilliant winter plumage, with a bright-yeUow
eyebrow, returning in spring in a plumage very little brighter than
the one they depart with.

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. General colour above dark
olive-yellowish on the back, clearer and brighter yellow on the
head and also on the rump and upper tail-coverts, the latter being
brown edged with olive-yellow, the lateral ones externally yellowish
white ; lesser wing-coverts olive-yeUow like the back ; median and
greater coverts blackish brown, externally ashy brown and jeUowish
white near the ends of the outer webs and at the tips of the feathers ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown or blackish
brown, edged externally with ashy brown, the secondaries with dull
white, the innermost submarginaUy paler brown ; tail-feathers
blackish brown, edged with yellowish olive, the two outer ones
white with an oblique mark of brown along the inner web, the
third one white along the outer web, and with an irregular shaped
wedge of white on the inner web extending far up the feathers ;
forehead decidedly brighter yellow than the rest of the crown ; from
the base of the nostrils a broad eyebrow of bright yellow ; eyelid
and lores also bright yellow ; ear-coverts bright yellow in the
centre, yellowish olive on the upper and hinder portion ; cheeks and
entire under surface of body bright yellow, the sides of the body
slightly tinged with greenish yellow ; axillaries bright yellow ;
under wing-coverts dull white, slightly washed with yeUow, and
mottled with dusky bases near the edge of the wing ; lower primary-
coverts and quills light brown, whiter along the inner webs, espe-

1. MOTACTXLA.

513

cially near the base. Total length 6-'d inches, culmen 0-5, wiug 3- 15,
tail 2-7, tarsus 0-l».

Obs. Some of the old males are beautiful birds in spring, being
quite of a canary-yeEow ; but this bright colour gets greatly dete-
riorated and abraded during the breeding-season, the upper surface
being worn to an ashy greenish and the yellow of the under sur-
face to a dull yellow.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but duller in colour and not
having the yellow forehead, which is greenish like the head. Total
length 6-6 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 34, tail 2-8, tarsus 0'9.

Adult in winter jplumwje. Rather greener than in the summer
dress ; the head like the back ; ear-coverts greenish like the back ;
a broad yellow eyebrow ; under surface of body yellow, with a
slight saffron tinge on the chest ; a few brown spots on the sides of
the throat and on the fore neck, mostly concealed. Total length
6-8 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3-4, tail 3-1, tarsus 0-95.

Eastern specimens (Plate VI. tig. 2) are decidedly more brilliant
than the Western (Plate YI. fig. 1), and have the entire head yellow
in the old bird, the ear-coverts being uniformly yellow. Should these
characters be confirmed by a large series, the Eastern race will have
to be distinguished. The winter home wUl also be found to be
more easterly also, as Mr. Blanford's specimen from Adigrat, as well
as those from the Zambesi collected by Sir Jolm Kirk, belong to
the brighter form, which passes the summer in the Altai Mountains
and Turkestan.

Hah. Occurs in Western Europe on migration, breeding in the
British Islands, wintering in Western and Southern Africa. A
second colony occurs in South-eastern Hussia and extends to Tur-
kestan.

«, b. cJ $ ad. festiv. st. Thetf ord, Norfolk, June.
<i,d. c? ?ad.. ffistiv.st. Leicestershine, June.

e. Ad. autumn, sk. Hampstead, Middlesex.

/jy- 6 $ ad. sestiv. sk.
/(. Juv. hiem. sk.
/, k. S ? ad. sk.
I. Ad. sk.

m, n. Juv. hiem. sk.
o, p. 6 2 festiv. sk.
q. (S ad. sestiv. sk.
'", s. 2 i^'^- autumn.

t, u, V. (5 j uv. autumn.

sk.
tc. Ad. hiem. sk.
x~e'. Juv.autumn.sk.
/'. J ad. hiem. ; ff'.

2 juv. autumn, st.
/)'. (5 ad. sestiv. st.
('. cJ ad. sestiv. st.

Near London.
Cookham, Berks, Aug. 20.
Cookbam, Berks, May 14.
Plumstead, Kent, May.
Plumstead, Aug. & Sept.
Iioiunej' Marsh, May.
llomney Marsh, July 8.
-Romney Marsh, Aug. 29.

Lord WalsLngham [P.],
Theodore Walker, Esq.

[P.].
F. D. Godman and 0.

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
Gould Collection.
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P. j.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. LP.J-
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. I P.],

Romney Marsh, Sept. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.],

Pagham, Sussex, Sept. 4.
Pagham, Sussex, Sept.
Brighton, Sussex, Sept.

Brighton, Sussex, April.
Brighton, April {Sways-
land).

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.
Messrs. Swaysland [C.

Messrs. Swavsland [C],
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

2l

514 motachlid^.

k'. c? ad. heim. ; /', Brighton, Sept, {Sways- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]

i}i'. Juv.aiitumu.sk. land),

n'. cj juv. autumn. Brig-hton, Aug. (iS^cays- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

sk. laud).

o. Juv. sk Biightou, June {Sways- Edward Hargitt, Esq.

land). [P.].

p'. Juv. sk. Lancmg, Sussex, June 20 R. B. teharpe, Esq. [P.].

{Sicuysland).

q'. Ad. sk. Wiltshire. Col. Montagu [P.].

r'. Ad. St. France. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

s'. Ad. sk. Heligoland. Gould Collection.

€, u'. Ad. sk. Altai Mouutains. Mr. Brandt.

v'. \d sk Egypt. W. B. D. Turnbull, Esq.

fP.].

w'. (S ad. sk. Adigrat, Tigr6. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

x'-a Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi {Sir John Li^-ingstone Expedition

Kirk). [C.].

/3. Juv. hiem. sk. Natal. Dr. Gueinzius [C.].

•y. Ad. hiem. sk. finhoon {Ven-eaux). Gould Collection.

b. Ad. hiem. sk. Gold Coast. Col. Strachan [P.].

e. Juv. hiem. sk. Ashantee. Godft-ey Lagden, Esq.

^-6. Ad. ; t-o. Juv. River Gambia. Shai'pe Collection.

hiem. sk.
n, p. Ad. hiem. sk. Dakar, Senegal (MrtrcAe). M. A. Bouvier.

19. Motacilla taivana.

Budytes ravi {nee Bp.), Stvin/we,Ibis,_lS(J2, p. 260.
Budj-tes flavus, var. rayi, Swinhoe., Ibis, 1868, p. 309.
Budytes taivanus, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 186-3, p. 334 , id. Ibis, 1866,
p. 138 ; Bh/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 30 ; Sivinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 346 ; id.
F. Z. S. 1871, p. 364; Brooks, Ibis, 1877, p. 207 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, i. p. 151 (1876) ; David S,- Oust. Ois. Chine, i. p. 303
(1877) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 156; Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 18.
Budytes melauotis, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1864, p. 364.
Budytes campestris (nee Pall.). Tacz._ J. f. 0. 1874, p. 319.
Budytes flavus taivanus, Seehohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 39 ; Blakist. Ametided
List B. Japan, p. 55 (1884).
Adult male in breeding -plumage. General colour above dull olive-
green ; upper tail-coverts black, edged with oHve-green ; lesser wing-
coverts ashy brown, obsoletely edged with olive-green ; median and
greater coverts blackish, tipped with olive-j-ellowish, inclining to
yellowish white at the ends of the greater coverts ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, narrowly edged with
olive, the inner secondaries more broadly with yellowish white ;
tail-feathers black, the outer one white, with an oblique mark
of blackish brown on the inner web ; the penultimate feather
blackish, white at the tip of the outer web, and with a large wedge-
shaped mark of white on the inner web extending down two thirds
of the feather ; head like the back, greyer at the base of the fore-
head ; lores, feathers below the eye (including the lower margin of
the eyelid), and eai'-coverts jet-black ; a very distinct eyebrow and
the upper margin of the eyelid bright yellow ; cheeks and entire

1. MOTACILLA. 515

under surface of body bright yellow, olive-green on the sides of the
breast and flanks ; the fore neck with some dusky greenish spots ;
thighs dusky at base ; under tail-coverts yellow ; axillaries pale
yellow, with dull ashy bases; under wing-coverts greyish white,
sUghtly washed with yellow, with dull ashy bases ; quills dusky
below, white near the base of the inner web : " iris dusky brown "
(Di/boiuski). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3-2, tail 2*9,
tarsus 1.

Ad ult female. General colour above dull olive, browner on the
upper back and mantle, and ash}' washed with olive on the rump ;
upper tail-coverts blackish, edged with olive ; lesser wing-coverts
olive-yellowish ; median and greater coverts blackish, edged with
olive-yellowish, whiter at the ends of the latter; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged narrowly with olive, the
margins broader and yellowish white on the inner secondaries, the
first primary white along the edge of the outer w eb ; tail-feathers
as in the adult ; head like the back ; lores, feathers below the eye,
and ear-coverts dusky blackish ; a broad eyebrow of yellowish
white ; cheeks and throat white, the latter washed with fawn-
colour on the lower parts ; fore neck and breast pale fawn-colour,
more ashy on the sides of the latter ; flanks pale oKve-brown ;
centre of breast white, slightly washed with sulphur-yellow ; the
lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts pale sulphur-yellow ;
axillaries ashy, edged with sulphur-yellow ; under wing-coverts
white, washed with yellow near the edge of the wing, which is
slightly mottled with dusky bases : quills dusky below, dull white
near the base of the inner web. Total length 6-3 inches, culmen O'oo,
wing 3-2, taU 2-95, tarsus 1.

"With the Gould Collection the Museum received the Singapore
specimen alluded to by Mr. Swinhoe (1. c). There can be little
doubt that it represents the winter plumage of the present species.

The upper sui'face is ohve-brown ; the wings dusky brown, with
few remains of the light margins to the coverts and secondaries ;
the eyebrow is pure sulphur-yellow ; the lores and ear-coverts
blackish brown, washed with olive ; the under surface white, more
ashy on the breast, which has some yellow feathers intermingled,
doubtless the commencement of the summer plumage, as the throat
is already bright yellow.

1 have seen in some coUcctious birds from the Moluccas marked
Mutacilla taivana ; but in ever}' case I believe the specimens to be
referable to true M. Jiava, traces of blue-grey being always dis-
cernible on the head.

Hah. From the Kurile Islands, Eastern Siberia, Dauria, and
Amoor Land, throughout China and Formosa, wintering in the
Malayan peninsida.

a. d ad. sk. Dam-ia, May 18 {^Dyboivski). Warsaw Museum [E.].

b. S ad. sk. N. Formosa. W. Hobson, Esq. [P.].

c. 6 ad. sk. N. Formosa, May {Swinhoe). (lould L'oUection.

d. [ ? ] a*^! • sk. Slighe, Nov. {Swinhoe). Uates Collection.
c,/. Juv. sk. Singapore. Gould Collection.

2 L 2

516 M0TACrLLlI).15.

20. Motacilla flava. (Plate YI. figs. 3-5.)

La Eergeronette de Printemps, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 468 (1760, pt.).
La Bergemnette de Java, Briss. t. c. p. 475, pi. 25. hg. 2 (1760) ;

Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. v, p. 260.
Motacilla flava, Limi. Syst. Nat. i. p. 3-31 (1760); Horsf. Tram.
Limi. Soc. xiii. p. 156 (1820) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 260 ("1820) ;
Nautn. Voff. Deutschl. iii. p. 839, Taf. 88 (1823) ; liov.v, Orn. I'rov.
pi. 196 (1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Insectimres, pi. 76 (1827) : Riqy}).
Neue Wirh. p. 84 (1835-40) ; Tcmm. Man. rf'Or«. 18-35, p. 181,
1840, p. G22 ; Crespon, Orn. Oard. p. 174 (1840) ; A«/s. §• Bias.
Wirh. Eur. p. 175 (1840) ; Nord. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii.
p. 156 (1840); Selys-Lonych. Fauna Belye, p. 88 (1842); Schl.
Rev. Crit. p. xxxviii (1844) ; Hewits. Eyqs Brit. B. i. p. 127,
pi. 34. figs. 1, 2 (1846) : Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 203 (1847) ; Middend.
Bets. Sibtr., Zool. p. 168 (1851) ; Kjarh. Damn. Fuqle, Taf. xix.
fig. 3, xix. Siq}j}l. fig. 4 (1852); Schl. Voy. Nederl pis. 98,99
(18.54); Sutidev. Svensk. Foyl. pi. ix. figs. 4, 5 (c. 1856) ; Selys-
Lonych. Naum. 1856, p. 390 (cum var.) ; Scdvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 310 ;
Tristr. t. c. p. 420 ; Simpson, Ibis, 1860, p. .393; Lindertn. Voy.
Griechenl. p. 80 (1860) ; Blasius, in Nachtr. Naum. Voy. Beutschl.
p. 120 (1860) ; Schl. Bier. Nede.rl, Voy. pi. ix. figs. 9, 10 (1861) ;
F. I<f P.Godman, Ibis, 1861, p. 82 ; Wriyht, Ibis, 1804, p. 62; Finsch,
Neu-Guinea, p. 167 (1865); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 442: Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 246, bo. 3578 (1869) ; Keid. Onze Voyels, i. pi. 26
(1869) ; Baird, Trans.Chicaqo Acad. i. p. 312, pi. 30. fig. 1 (1869) ;
Ball Sf Bann. t. c. p. 297 (1869); Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i.
p. 320 (18C9) ; Wi/att, Ibis, 1870, p. 15 ; Finsch ^- Hartl. Voy.
Ostafr. p. 268 (ls70) ; R. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 113 (1871) ;
Swinh. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 304; ^Hartiny, Handb. Brit. B. p. 23
(1872) ; Beh. Verh. z.-h. Gesellsch. Wien, viii. p. 428 (1872) ; Baird,
Breiver, Sr Bidyw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 167 (1874) ; Banford ^
Harvie-Broion, Ibis, 1875, p. 310 : Bresse?-, B. Eur. iii. p. 261,
pi. 129. figs. 1, 2 (1875) ; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 178 ; Finsch, t. c. p. 62 ;
Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 351 ; E. Adams, t. c. p. 423 ; Coues, B.
Color. Vail. p. 192 (1878) ; Seebohm, Ibts, 1882, p. 216 ; Bixon,
t. c. p. 571 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 20 ; id. Hist. Brit. B. ii.
p. 208 (1883) ; Shelley, t. c. p. 543 ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 31
(1883) ; Tristr. Faun. S, Flor. Palest, p. 55 (1884) ; Radde, Orn.
Cane. p. 220 (1884).

Paras luteiis, S. G. Gmelin, Reis. Russl. iii. p. 101, pi. 20. fig. 1
(1774).

Parus caspicus, S. G. Gmelin, t. c. p. 104, pi. 20. fig. 2 (1774).

La Bergeronette de I'isle de Timor, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 275.

Motacilla boarula, /3. javensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 998 (1788).

MotacOla flaveola, Pull. Zooyr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 501 (1811).

Motacilla chrysogastra, Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 327 (1811).

Motacilla flavescens, Steph. Gen. Zool. pt. 2, p. -559 (1817) ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1860, p. 350 ; Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 485; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 247, no. 3586 (1869).

Budytes flava, Cuvier, Reyne Anim. p. 371 (1817) ; Brehn, Voy.
Beutschl. p. 344 (1831); Menetr. Cat. Rais. Cauc. p. .36 (18-32);
Bp. Faun. Ital, Vcc. pi. 31. fig. 1 (1832-44) ; Macqill. Brit. B. ii.
p. 208 (1839) ; i?;?. Cotisp. i. p. 249 (18,50) ;Cab. Mus. Ilein. Tli.i.
p. 13 (18-50) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 279 (1859) ;
Tristr. Ibis, 18-59, pp 31, 420 ; Salvin, t. c. pp. 310, -358 ; Sioinh. Ibis,
1860,p.-55, 1861, pp. 36, -3-3-3, 411, 1862, p.260, 186,3, p.208 ; Brehm,

1. MOTACILLA. 517

Beis. Hahesch, p. 214 (1803); Adams, Ibis, 18&4, p. 20 ; Saload. Ucc.
Sard.^. 58(1804); Scl. P. Z. S. 1SG4, p.l08; Altum,J.f. O. 1865,

p. 247 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 50 ; Giglioli, t. c. p. 55 ; Lilford, Ibis,
18ti6, pp. 187, 386, 391 ; Tristr. t. v. p. 290 ; Chambers, Ibis, 1867,

p. 104; Drake, t.c. p. 427 ; Malmyr. t. c. p. 230; Degl. if Gerbe,

Orn. Eur. i. p. 370 (1867) ; Loc/ie, E.vpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 7

(1867); Heuffl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 321 (1868) ; Boderl. Avif. Sicil.

p. 101 (1869) ; Ball ^- Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. p. 312", pi. 30.

ti^. 1 (1869) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 15 ; Elwes S; Buckley, t. c.

p. 195; Latjard, t. c. p. 282 ; Gould, B.Gr. Brit. iii. pi. 4 (c. 1870) ;

FriUch, Voij. Eur. tab. 17. figs. 17, 18 (1870) ; Sahad. Faun. Ital.,

Ucc. p. 122 (1871); Sivinh. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 364; Ayres, Ibis,

1871, p. 154 ; Saunders, t. c. p. 215 ; Shelled/ ^ Buckley, t. c. p. 292 ;

Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 73 (1871) ; Gurimj in Anderss. B. Bam.

Ld. p. 112 (1872); Shelley, D. Egypt, p. 128 (1872) ; Coues, Key

N. Amer. B. p. 90 (1872); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. Q7 (1873);

Baird, Brewer, ^- liidgiv. Hist. JW Amer. B. p. 167 (1874) ; Blanf.

East. Ters. ii. p. 233 "(1876); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876,

p. 150; Bavid t^ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 302 (1877); Brooks, Ibis,

1877, p. 208; Ayres, t.c. p. 294; Hoyneyer, J. f. O. 1878, p. 1-30 ;

Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 108 (1879) ; Giqlioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 200 ; Kelham,

t. c. p. 517 ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 573 ; Ridgiu. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. uo. 21, p. 15 (1881); Coues, Check-list', p. 32 (1882) ;

C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 110 ; Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 185 ; Severtz. t.c.

p. 64; Nelson, Cruise R.S. 'Corwin,' p. (i-2 (1883); Byboioski,

Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii. p. 360 (1883) ; Homeyer ^- Tancre,

MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 86; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S.

Afr. p. 550 (1884); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. {-)\. p. 166

(1884).
Motacilla neglecta, Gould, P.Z.S. 1832, p. 129; id. B. Eur. ii

pi. 146 (1837) ; E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 48.
MotaciUa flava vulgaris, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Sfockh.

1840, p. 53.
Budytes gouldi, Macgill. 3Ian. Brit. B. i. p. 163 (1840).
Motacilla (Bud}i:es) tlava, Schrenck, Sibir. Beis. p. 345 (1853); Radde,

Reis. Ost-Siiir., Vtig. p. 230 (1863).
? Budytes pygmseus, A. E. Brelim, J. f. 0. 1854, p. 74, note.
Budytes fasciatus, C. L. Brehm, Vogelf. p. 141 (1855).
? Budytes pygmaeus, Oscar Brehm, in C. L. Brehm's Vogelf. p. 142

(18o5).
Motacilla flava typica, Radde, Reis. Ost-Sibir., Yog. p. 229 (1863).
Budytes viiidis («'>« auct.), Sclaier, P.Z.S. 1863, p. 214; Swinh.

7i/s, 18u4, p. 418 ; Walden, Trans. Zool. (Soc. viii. p. 65 (1872) ;

Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 260 (1874) ; Twcedd. Ibis, 1877, p. iiS ; id.

P. Z. S. 1878, p. 82 ; Mei/er, Ibis, 1879, p. 127 ; Sharpe, t. c.

p. 262 ; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 430 (1881).
Budrtes cinereocapillus, Swinh. Ibis, 1863, pp. 94, 309 ; id. P. Z. S.

1871, p. 364.
Motacilla flava cinereocapilla fasciata, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i,

p. 321 (1869).
Budytes leucostriatus (vox hybridd), Homeyer, J. f. O. 1878, p. 128.
Budytes flavesceus, Homeyer, J.f. O. 1878, p. 131.

Adult male. General colour duU olive-yellow, the rump lighter ;
upper tail-coverts dusk}-, edged with olive-yellow, the lateral oues
externally yellowish white ; lesser wing-coverts brown, with a slight
olive-yellow tinge ; median wing-coverts blackish, broadly tipped

518 MOTACILLIl)^.

■with pale yellowish white : greater wing-coverts blackish, edged
externally with pale brown, inclining to whitish at the tips ; bastard-
wing blackish brown ; primary-coverts and quills brown, edged with
ashv brown, tinged with olive on the primaries, the inner secon-
daries rather more broadly margined with yellowish white ; tail-
feathers blackish brown, narrowly edged with white on the fourth
feather ; the two outermost white, with a broad inner margin of
blackish brown ; head blue-grey, contrasting with the back ; lores
black ; over the eye a very distinct hue of white ; upper and lower
edge of eyelid white, the anterior and posterior portion black ; ear-
coverts dark slaty grey, a little blacker than the crown, the lower
narts mixed with whitish; chin and a streak along the cheeks
white ; throat and remainder of under surface of body bright yellow,
with a few dusky spots on the sides of the fore neck ; thighs dull
yellow ; under tail-coverts like the breast ; axillaries white, washed
with yellow ; under wing-coverts dull white, washed with yellow
near the edge of the wing, where the coverts have dusky bases ;
quills lighter brown below, white along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 5-7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-95, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-85.
Adult female in hreeding-plmnage. Rather duller in colour than
the male, and browner on the back and head ; wings browner, the
yellow edges to the coverts worn off and obsolete ; underneath very
pale yellow, whiter on the throat. Total length 6 inches, culmen
0-55, wing 3-1, tail 2-65, tarsus 0-9.

Tou»[/. General colour above browii, the head like the back ; rump
rather more ashy : upper tail-coverts dark brown, edged with ashy
or olive-yellow, the lateral ones externally white ; lesser wing-coverts
brown like the back, slightly washed with olive-yellow ; median
and greater coverts dark brown, edged with pale fulvous-brown,
whiter on the greater coverts ; bastard-wing blackish ; primarj'-
coverts dark brown, edged with ashy ; quills clark brown, margined
with olive-yellow, the inner secondaries with whity brown ; tail-
feathers dark brown, the two outer ones white, with a broad dusky
brown edging to the inner web, the third feather also narrowly
edged with white towards the end ; over the eye a narrow streak
of tawny hwff, whiter above the lores ; ear-coverts brown ; cheeks
and throat dull white, the latter becoming browner on the fore neck
and chest ; remainder of under surface of body dull white, pale yellow
on the abdomen and veut, and white on the under tail-ooverts ; axil-
laries brown, externally whiter, tinged with oUve-yellow : wing-
coverts dull white, tinged with yellow, and mottled with dusky bases
near the edge of the wing ; quills dusky brown below, more ashy
brown on the inner web.

The chest is mottled with blackish spots, which, however, are
often quite obscured. During the absence of the bird in winter,
however, the feathers get worn, and the black spots become much
more distinct. Before returning to Europe a complete moult takes
place both above and below, the new plumage being dark olive-
yellowish above and bright yellow below. Underneath the olive
tips the grey feathers of the head can be distinguished ; and it is by

1. MOTACILLA.

519

the wearing away of the edges to the feathers that the head is left
grey in its first summer plumage.

The old birds in lu Inter plumage are distinguished from the young
hy their olive-yellow back and yellow under surface. I have not
found an old l)ird moulting from its winter to its summer dress, as
the young bird most certainly docs ; and I believe that the spring
moult is confined to the first year's bird, and that the old ones attain
their full plumage by wearing oft' the margins to the feathers, which
in course of time become much brighter. This opinion is corrobo-
rated by the fact that many of the blue-headed birds on their first
arrival in Europe have a little olive on the crown, remains of winter
plumage.

In breeding-plumage the feathers get rather worn and the ear-
coverts somewhat blacker, the white eyebrow, however, being always
very distinct.

Jfah. Europe generally in summer, wintering in Africa. An
eastern colony extends from Alaska and Northern Siberia to China,
wintering in the Moluccas.

n,l>. c? 2 ad. sk.

e. 2 ad. sk.

d. S ad. sk.
e,f. Jiiv. St.

ff, /'• 6 2 ad. st.

V. Ad. St.

A-. Ad. sk.

l. Ad. sk.

7)1, 71. c? ad. sk.

o. d ■ P, 'J- 2 ad.

jBstiv. sk.
r, s. cJ ad. sestlv.

sk.
t. cJ ad. festiv. sk.
u. cj ad. ffistiv. sk.

V. .Juv. sk.

w. 2 juv. sk.

.r. cj ad. sk.

//, =. cJ ; a. 2 ad. sk.

b', c'. S ad. sk.

d'. Ad. sk.
e',f'.S; (J- 2 ad.

sk.
h', i. S 2 ad. sk.

h' , V. (S itd. ; »n'.
Juv. liiem. sk.
n'. c? ad. sk.

Dovi'ofj eld, Norway, July

4 {J. G.).
Christiania, May 27 {R.

Colktt).
Sweden, July 2.
Turnham Green, Middle-
sex.
Lowestoft.
Europe.

Brittany, France.
France {Fainnaire).
Southern France.
Vallienswaard, Holland

(.7. Baker).
Saxony, April ( W.

iSchl liter).
Saxony, May 19 (JF.-S.).
Pomerania, May 3 {W.

S.). _
Dalmatia.
Italy, Feb.
Flcrence, May.
Florence, May 19.
Prato, Tuscany, April

22.
Corsica, May 1.
Malta, April (A. L.

Adams).
Malta, May {A. L.

Adams).
Malta, Sept. {A. L.

Adams).
Taiigiers {Favier).

Goidd Collection.

Christiania Museum [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Mr. J. Baker [C.].

J. Gould, Esq.
J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.].
India Museum.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Collec-
tion.
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.
Prof. Gifflioli [P.].*
Prof Gi-lioli [P.J.
Prof Giglioli [P.].

John Whitehead, Esq.[P.].
Gould Collection.

Gould Collection.

Gould Collection.

Gould Collection.

* Some of Prof. Giglioli's specimens show an approach to M. cinereocapiUa,

52

0

moiacillid,t:.

0.

<S ad. sk.

Tangiers (Favier).

p',

q'. S; r',s'. $

Kef Laks, Algeria,

ad. sk.

April {0. S.).

f.

Juv. sk.

Asia Minor, Sept. {T.
Robson).

n'

2 ad. sk.

Asia Minor, April ( T.
Robson).

v'

w'. Juv. sk.

Asia Minor, Sept. (T.
Robson).

x'

. Juv. sk.

At sea, 90 miles oft' Sene-
gal, Oct. 24 {E. L.
Layard).

y

, Ad. liiem. sk.

Wasa, Gold Coast.

a'

. Ad. sk.

Fantee ( UssTier).

a

Ad. sk.

Gold Coast.

/3. Ad. ; y, 8. Juv. Shonga, R. Niger.

hieni. sk.

e, f. c? $ ad. hiem. Damara Land {Anders-

sk. son).

rj,6. c? $. ad. hiem. Damara Land (Anders-

Slc. S07l).

I. c?; (c, X. 2 ad. Transvaal (T. ylyres).

hiem. sk.

fi,v.S 2 ad. aestiv. Lukoja, Zambesi, March.

^. (5 ad. sk.

o. [ (^ ] ad. sk.

V, p. Ad. sk.
0-. Ad. sk.

T. S ad. sk.

V. cjad.; ^. Juv. sk
^. Juv. sk.
^. S ad. sk.

a>. Juv. sk.

a'. Ad. sk.

l3', y'. Juv. sk.

8'. Ad. sk.

e'-^'. Ad.; t'. Juv.sk. Labuan.

Abyssinia.

Lake Ashangi, Abyssi-
nia, April 3.

Socotra (Prof. Balfour).

Persia.

Petropaulowski, Kamt-
schatka {Di/boivski).

Sea of Ochotsk.

Amoor Land.

S. Michael's, Alaska (L.
M. Turner).

Malacca {Cantor).

Penang {Cantor).

Java (Horsjield).

Java {mtis. Luyd.).

k'. Juv. sk.

X', n', V . Ad. ; ^.

Juv. sk.
o',7r'. 6 2 juv. sk.
p'. Juv. sk.
o-'. Juv. sk.
r . Ad.; v'. Juv.sk.

ad. sk.
a". Ad. sk.
^",7". 6 2ad.sk.
8". cJ ad. sk.

c", f". Ad. sk.
7j", ^'.r?ad. ;2juv.
sk.

Labuan.
Lumbidan.

Sibu, N.W. Borneo.
Sarawak (Brooke).
Banjermassing.
Timor (Wallace).
E. Timor.

Flores.

Macassar, Celebes.
Macassar, Celebes, Oct.

(Dr. Meyer).
Celebes.
Gilolo.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godxnan Collection.

Salvin-Godman C ollection.

Salvin-Godman Collection.

Gould Collection.

Sharpe Collection.

Capts. Burton and Came-
ron [P.].
Sharpe Collection.
Oapt. Moloney [P.].
W. A. Forbes, Esq. [P.].

Sharpe Collection.

Sharpe Collection.

Sharpe Collection.

Sir J. Kirk [P.].

Gould Collection.

W. T. Blauford, Esq. [C.].

British Association.

Purchased.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Gould Collection.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Salvin-Godman Collection.

India Museum.
India Museum.
India Museum.
Salvin-Godman Collection.
Governor Ussher [C.].
Hugh Low, Esq. [C." .
Governor Ussher [C.]'

A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
Gould Collection.
J. Motley, Esq. [C.].
Gould Collection.
Wallace Collection.

Wallace Collection.
Wallace Collection.
Gould Collection.

Gould Collection.
Wallace Collection.

1. MOTACn-LA. 621

t". cJad. sk. Ceram. Wallace Collection.

k". (S hum. sk. Amboyna. Wallace Collection.

X". c? juv. sk. Amboyiia {Wallace). Goiild Collection.

m''. c?; ""-Sad. sk. Amboyna. Voy. H.M.S ' Challenger.'

f. $ad. sk. KajeU, Bouru, Nov. H. 0. Forbes, Esq. [C.].

o". $ad. sk. Kajeli, Bouru, Dec. H. O. Forbes, Esq. [C.].

Subsp. a. Motacilla beema. (Plate YI. fig. 6.)

Budytes dubius, Ilodys. Icon. hied, in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 114.

tigs. 1-3 (no. 808) ; Brooks, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 1.38.
Motacilla beema, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 90.
Budytes neglecta {7iec Gould), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 9 (1840).
Budytes dubius vel anthoides, Hodgs. in Gray^s Zool. Misc. p. 83

(1844).
Budjiies flava (non L.), Hume, Ibis, 18G9, p. 3.57, 1870, p. 142 ; Hume,

Sir. F. 1874, pp. 81, 2.38 ; Ball, t.c. p. 416: Armstr. Str. F. 1876,

p. 329 ; Bntler, Str. F. 1877, pp. 210, 2.30 ; Blanf. t. c. p. 246 ;

Brooks, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 138 ; Hume, t. c. p. 97 ; Ball, t. c.

p. 219 ; Cripps, t. c. p. 287 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 65, 103 ;

Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 189 ; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 110.
Budytes brevicaudatus, Homeyer, J. f. O. 1878, p. 131.

Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, rather brighter
yellow towards the lower back and rump ; upper tail-coverts dusky-
brown, edged with yellowish, the lateral cues externally white,
washed with yellow ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and
greater coverts dull brown, edged and tipped with dull olive-yellow
or white tinged with olive-yellow ; primary-coverts and quills dark
brown, edged with ashy olive ; the secondaries broadly edged with
yellowish white, or brown washed with olive ; tail-feathers blackish,
edged with pale olive-yellowish, the two outer ones white with
a broad oblique mark of dark brown on the inner web ; head light
pearly grey as well as the hind neck ; lores dusky, surmounted
by a very broad white eyebrow, extending from the base of the
nostrils to above the ear-coverts ; ear-coverts white, only the upper
portion dark slaty or dusky blackish ; cheeks and chin white : re-
mainder of throat and under surface of body brilliant yellow, a little
more green on the sides of the upper breast ; thighs ashy ; axillaries
yellow, dusky ash-colour at base ; under wing-coverts yellow, with
dusky bases to those near the edge of the wing ; quills light brown
below, ashy whitish along the inner web. Total length 5-8 inches,
culmen 0*6, wing 3-15, tail 2"8, tarsus 0'9o.

The principal character in which this species differs from M. flava
is the white face and ear-coverts. I think that the ashy thighs are
probably only the resvilt of worn breeding-plumage, as some examples
iindoubtedly have the thighs bright yellow like the abdomen.

Hah. lleprcseuts J/. ^rt('« in Western and Central Siberia, winter-
ing in Afghanistan and in India. Probably occurs in Western
Europe and the Mediterranean on migration.

a. tS ad. sk. Arkad Mountains, near Geogr. Soc. Bremen.

Seniipalatiusk, May
6 {Dr. FinscJi).

522

MOTACILLID^.

b. Ad. sk.

Tunis.

c. cJ ad. sk.

Caudahar, March •'il.

d. d ad. sk.

Candahar, April o.

e. Imm. sk.

India.

/. d ad. sk.

N.W. Himalayas ( Pw-

(/. Ad. sk.

Himalayas.

h. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

i. Ad.; A;, /. Jiiv.

sk.

Nepal.

?«. Ad. ; n, o. Jm

^sk.

Nepal {Hodc/so)t).

p. Ad. sk.

Sikhim {Schla[/inttveit ) .

g'. Ad. sk.

Behar.

r. c? ad. sk.

Mhow, March 23.

L. Fraser, Esq . [C.].
Col. Swiuhoe [P.].
Col. Swinhoe [P.].
India Museum.
Gould Collection.

Gould Collection.

li. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Type of B. dubitts.)
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.j.
India Museum.
India Museum.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Col. Swinhoe [P.].

21. Motacilla borealis*. (Plate VII. figs. 1-3.)

Motacilla flava, var. ^,Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. p. 329 (1820).

MotaciUa flava borealis, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh.
1840, p. 53 ; Finsch ^' Hartl. Viiff. Ostafr. p. 272 (1870).

Budytes schisticeps, Hodgs. in Grat/s Zoo'l. Misc. p. 83 (1844).

Budytes fulviventer, Hodgs. in Gi-aijs Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).

Budytes flava melanocephala, De Selys-Longchamps, Faun, Belg. p. 88
(1842).

Motacilla viridis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 203 (1847) ; id. Hand-l. B. i.
p. 247, no. 3585 (18(39) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 178 ; id. B. Fur.
iii. p. 181, pi. 129. fig. 3 (1875) ; Se^'bohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 352 ;
Danford, Ibis, 1880, p. 96 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 109 ; B. 0. U.
List Brit. B. p. 31 (1883) ; Danf. Ibis, 1883, p. 20.

Budytes viridis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 132 (1844) ; Blyth, J. A.
S.' Beng. xvi. p. 430 (1847) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 138
(1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 250 (1850) ; Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 121
(1852) ; Layard, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 268 (1853) ; Horsf.
Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 350 (1854, pt.) ; Irby, Ibis,
1861, p. 232 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 222 (1863, pt.) ; B/yth, Ibis, 1865,
p. 50 : Neicton, t. c. p. 333, 1867, p. 30 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 78 ;
Bh/th, Ibis, 1870, p. 173 ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 458 ; Wald. &r
Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. 97 ; Wald. Ibis, 1873, p. 308 ; Blyth ^■
Wald. B. Burm. p. 96 (1875) ; Seebohm S)- Harvie-Broivn, Ibis,
1876, p. 122 ; Brooks, Ibis, 1877, p. 208 ; Anders. Zool. Exped.
Yun-nan, Aves, p. 608 (1878) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 617 (1879) ;
Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 452 ; Gates, B. Brit. Burin, i. p. 161 (1883} ;
Sharpe, ed. Layard' s B. S. Afr., App. p. 853 (1884).

Motacilla cinereocapilla [lU'c Savi), Eversm. Bull. Mosc. 1850, p. 570;
Tristr. Faun, i^- Flor. Palest, p. 55 (1884).

Motacilla (flava) cinereocapilla, Kjcerb. Danin. Fugle, pi. 19. fig. 4
(1852).

* The name of viridis by which this spcoies is generally known, should, it
seems to me, be discarded, Brown's plate, on which the name was founded by
Gmelin, not being recognizable as belonging to a \Vagtail at all. The synonymy
is as follows : —

Green Wagtail, Brown, 111. Zool. pi. 33. fig. 2 (1775).
Motacilla viridis, Gm. Sysf. Nat. i. p. 962 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii.
p. 505 (1783).

1. MOTACILLA. 523

Motacilla flava, var. nigricapilla, Sehjs- Long champs, Ncmm. 1856,
p. :3nO.

Budytes atricapilliis (pt.), C. L. Brehm, Vogelf. p. 141 (185o).

Motacilla ilava, var. borealis, Sundev. Svensk. Foql. pi. 9. fig. 6
(c. 1856).

•^ Budytes rayi, Peh. Ibis, 1868, p. -312.

Budytes ciiiereocapillus [nee Savi), Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 357 ; H.
Siuinh. Ibis, 1870, pp. 83, 346 ; Wright, t. c. p. 491 ; E. Stoinh.
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 364 ; Brooks, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 82 (1872) ;
Alston ^ Harvie- Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 61 ; Adam, Sir. F. 1873,
p. 384 ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 237, 1875, p. 489 ; id. ^- Oates, t. c.
p. 142 ; Fairb_. Str. F. 1876, p. 260 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
ii. p. 151 (1876) ; I'rjev. in IJawson Bowleg's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 193
(1877) ; Baml 4- Oiist. Ois. Chine, p. 303 (1878) ; IIu77ie if- Davi-
son, Str. F. 1878, pp. 363, 518 ; Ball, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 219 ;

p. 68 ; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 109 ; Davids. Str. F. 1882, p. 310 ;

Dariso7i, Str. F. 1883, p. 396.
Motacilla (Budytes) borealis, Seveiiz. Turkest. Jecotn. p. 67 (1873).
Motacilla melanocephala {nee Licht.), Cordeau.v, Ibis, 1875, p. 181.
Budytes borealis, Ilomeyer, J.f. O. 1878, p. 129 ; id. S,- Tancre, MT.

orn. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 86.

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. General colour above dark olive-
yellow, a little brighter on the lower back and rump ; the upper tail-
coverts dusky brown, edged with olive-yellow, the lateral ones ex-
ternally yellowish white ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median
and greater coverts blackish, edged and tipped with pale olive- whitish,
the inner ones browner ; bastard-wing blackish ; primary-coverts
aud quills dusky brown, edged with ashy brown, the inner secondaries
more broadly margined with white, slightly tinged with yellow ;
tail-feathers blackish, edged with olive-yellow, the two outer ones
white, with a broad edging of blackish brown along the inner web ;
head and nape dark slaty blue ; lores, feathers all round the eye, and
ear-coverts black ; sides of neck slaty blue like the head ; cheeks
and chin white ; remainder of under surface bright yellow, the fore
neck mottled with greenish-black centres to the feathers, forming a
conspicuous patch; asillaries and under wing-coverts. yeUow, the
longer coverts pale ashy on the inner web, yellowish white on the
outer ones ; the coverts near the edge of the wing mottled with
du.sky bases ; quiUs light brown below, lighter on the inner web,
white near the base. Total length 6-7 inches, culmeu 0-5, wing 3*3,
tail 3, tarsus 0*85.

Adult female in lireeding-pluma(ie. Differs from the male in being
much duller in colour, the head being dull ashy, washed with olive ;
a distinct superciliary line of dull white ; lores and ear-coverts dull
ashy brown, mixed with white on the lower portion of the latter ;
throat and fore neck pale yellowish white, brighter yellow on the
rest of the underparts ; the fore neck with the same blackish spots
as in the male. Total length 6'3 inches, culmen 0'55, wing 3, tail
2-8, tarsus 0-9.

In breeding-phimage the black patch on the fore neck is not

524 MOTACIXLIDJE.

seen at first, the whole under surface being bright yellow, but
on lifting the feathers the black bases can be clearly perceived, and as
the plumage gets worn the black on the fore neck becomes plainer
and plainer.

Mr. Eugene Oates's collection contained a most complete series
of this Wagtail, obtained by him in Pegu during the winter, and
the whole of the cold-season changes of plumage are fully illus-
trated, as follows : —

Tounq after first moult (Pegu ; Sept. 9). General colour above
ashy browii, the head like the back, the lower back and rump clearer
o-rey, the upper tail-coverts lilackish, the lateral ones externally
white, the basal ones edged with ashy grey ; lesser wing-coverts like
the back ; median and greater coverts lilackish, externally washed
with brown, dull whitish at the ends ; bastard-wing blackish ;
primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, edged with ashy brown,
olive on the primaries, the secondaries rather broadly margined with
whitish ; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with lighter brown,
slightly tinged with olive ; the outer tail-feathers white, with a
white shaft and an oblique mark of dark brown on the inner web ;
the penultimate feather also white, with an oblique mark of dark
brown on the inner web, the outer web with a dark brown line along
the side of the white shaft nearly reaching to the end ; lores and a
distinct eyebrow white ; feathers in front of and below the eye, as
well as the ear-coverts, slaty blackish ; eyelid whitish, with a slight
brownish shade below the eye ; cheeks and throat white, mottled with
blackish spots on the lower part and on the sides of the lower throat ;
remainder of under surface of body pale sandy buff or deep isabeUine,
whiter on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, the centre of the
breast mottled with large black spots ; sides of body and flanks ashy
brown, darker ashy on the sides of the upper breast ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts dull white, with dusky bases ; quills dusky below,
more ashy along the inner web. Total length 6-4 inches, culmen
0-55, wing 3-1, tail 2-65, tarsus 0-8.5.

Youno- birds remain in this plumage from September to November,
but as early as the 10th of October traces of a change of plumage to
the forthcoming spring dress are visible in Mr. Oates's specimens.
The new plumage is moulted very irregularly and in patches,
yellow feathers appearing on the breast and olive plumes on the
back. The inner secondaries appear to be moulted as well, and have
distinct olive-yellow margins, and the white eyebrow gradually dis-
appears.

By March the adult birds have moulted, before their departure for
the north ; the new feathers on the crown have generally some olive-
yellow tips to the feathers, which may be seen on specimens in their
breeding-quarters, but which soon wear off. There is scarcely any
difference between a specimen obtained in Pegu in March and one
shot in the Tenesai valley in June.

The adult female in winter differs from the male in winter to the
same extent as the summer plumages of the two birds differ.

Hob. From Northern Scandinavia across Northern Europe and

1. MOTACILLA.

525

Siberia, occurring on migration throughout Southern Europe down
to South Africa, and being met with in winter throughout the plains
of India, the Burmese countries, and the Malayan peninsula.

a. S <id. sk.
6. S ad. .sk.

c. c? «id. sk.

d. S ad. sk.

e,f. S ad. sk.
g,h. cJad.;?,

A:. 2ad.sk.
I. S ad. sk.
m. cJ ad. sk.
n,o.(S $ ad.sk.
p. 2 juv. sk.
q. Juv. sk.
r. S ad. ; s.

$ ad.sk.
t. Ad. sk.
u, V. <S ad. sk.

w. (S ad. sk.
X. Ad. sk.
ij,z.d 2ad.sk.
a'. (S ad, sk.
h'. Ad. sk.
c'. Ad. sk.
f^'j f '• cJ $ ad.

/', ^r'. d ad. sk.
A', ^', k'. c? ad.

sk.
l',m.(S 2 ad.

sk.
m'. 2 jn'^'- sk-
o'. 2 ad. sk.
p' . Ad. sk.
«/'. Ad. sk.
r'-t'. Ad. ; «<'.

Juv. sk.

Ala-kid, May 9 {Dr. Finsch).
Obdoisk, July 1(3 {Dr. Finsch).
Ust Zylma, retchora, May

( Seehohm S)- liar vie Brown) .
Ust Zylma, Petcliora, June 2

{Scebohm 4'- Harvie Brown).
Lapland, May.
Lapland, Jime.

Skaue, Sweden, May 15.
Duvrefjeld, July 4 (/. G.)
Duvrefjeld, June {R. Collett).
Norwav, Aug. (R. Collett).
Norway, July (R. Collett).
Bodo, Norway, May {F. God-

vian).
Heligoland.
Pomerauia, May 8 ( JF.

Sclduter).
Saxony, May 5 ( W. S.).
Dalmatia.

Tuscany, April IG*.
Piedmont.
Italy.

Sicilv, June 15.
Malta, May 5 {A. L. Adams).

Marocco.

Near Kef Laks, -Vlgeria,

April (O. 6'.).
Tunis.

Candabar, March '2'2.
Dubrai, April 'lA.
Lucknow, April.
Lucknow, May.
Nepal.

2j',w'. Juv.sk. Nepal {Hodgson).
.(•'. Jiiv.hiem. Bebar.

sk.
y'-a. Ad. sk. Calcutta {As. Soc).
(3. Ad. biem. India.

sk.
y, 8. Ad. et juv. Deccau {Si/kes)f.

sk.

Geogr. Soc. Bremen.
Geogr. Soc. Bremen.
Henry Seebohm,Esc[. [P.].

Maj or Feilden & J. A. Har-
vie Brown, Esq. [P.l
R. B. Sbarpe, Es^.TP/].
R. B. Sbarpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sbarpe, Esq. [P.].
Gould Collection.
Cbristiania Museum [P.].
Cbristiauia Museum P.l.
Cbristiania Museum "P.],
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
R. B. Sbarpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sbarpe, Esq. [P.].
Mr. Parreyss [C.l.
Prof. GigiioU [PI].
Count Salvadori [P.].
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.

R. B. Sbarpe, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

L. Eraser, Esq. [C.].

Col. C. Swinboe [P,

Col. C. Swinboe [P.

Col. Way [P.].

Col. Way [P.].

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Types of B. schisticejys

and B. fidviventer.)
India Museum.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

India Museum.
Gould Collection.

India Museum.

* The male has a small white line over the eye, sbowmg an approiich to
true M.flava.

t These specimens are placed by Horsfield aud Moore as the types of M,
bcema ; but they do not agree with the description of that bird.

526

MOTACILLID^.

e. Ad. sk.

C d ad. sk.

r;. S juv. sk.

y, t. Ad. sk.
K. Juv. sk.
X. Juv. sk.
/i, v. (S ad. sk.

1^. d' var. sk.
o, TT. Juv. sk.
p, cr. S 2 tieui.

sk.
T— a'. Juv. sk.
/S'-t'.djT^v'-Sad.

sk.
^', ''. d;K'-$juv.5
X'-v'. c? ; I'. $ ad. sk
o'. c? ad. sk.
tt'-t. c? ad.sk.; v'.cJ

imm. sk.
(p'. Juv. sk.

Madras (Jerdon).
Colombi, Ceylon, Aug.

17 {JF. V.Legge).
GaUe, Ceylon, Oct. 23

(XF. V.Legge).
Assam.
Assam.

Assam (^McClelland).
Bliamau, Upper Burmah,

Jan.
Pegu, Sept. 16.
Pegu, Sept.
Pegu, Sept.

Pegu, Oct.
Pegu, Oct.

Pegu, Nov.

Pegu, Jan.
Pegu, March.

Tenasserim.

Gould Collection.

R. 13. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sbarpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.l.
R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.J.
India Museum.
Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

Oates Collection.
Gates Collection.
Oates Collection.

Oates Collection.
Oates Collection.

Oates Collection.

Oates Collection.
Oates Collection.

J.G.D.Packmau,Esq.[P.].

Subsp. a. Motacilla cinereicapilla. (Plate VII. figs. 4-6.)

Motacilla cinereocapilla, Savi, Nuovo Giorn. del Letter, no. 57, p. 190 ;
id. Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 21(J (1S31) ; Bp. Faun.Ital, Ucc. pi. 31. fig. 2
(1832-41) ; Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 88 (1842) ; id. Naum.
1856, p. 391 ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 128 (1872).

Motacilla melauocepliala, pt., Bruch, Isis, 1832, p. 1106; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 203 (1847).

Budytes cinereocapilla, Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. ^" N. Amer. p. 19
(1838) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Tb. i. p. 13 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 249
(1850); C. L. Brehm, Vogelf. p. 141 (1855, pt.); Powys, Ibis,
1860, p. 229: Tjn-ight, Ibis, 1864, p. 62; C^iglioH, Ibis, 1865,
p. 55 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1866, p. 290 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 30 ; Begl. ^
Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 379 {l8o7}; Fritsch, Voq. Fur. Taf. 17.
fig. 16 (c. 1870) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 123 (1871); Shelley,
B. Egypt, p. 129 (1872) : Danf. if Harvie- Brown, Ibis, 1875,
p. 301 ; C. B. Wharton, Ibis, 1876, p. 22 ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881,
p. 200.

Motacilla flava dabnatica, Sundev. OEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh.
1840, p. 54.

Motacilla flava cinereocapilla, Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 622 (1840) ;
'Sch. Bev. Crit. p. xxxviii (1844); Hexigl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 321
(1869).

Motacilla (Budytes) cinereocapilla, Blasius in Nachtr. Naum. Vog.
Deutschl. xiii. p. 128, Taf. 373 (I860).

Budytes flavus, var. cinereocapillus, Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 15 ;
Shelley, Ibis, 1871, p. 138.

Budytes ieldegii (wee Michah.), Homey er, J.f. O. 1878, p. 130.

Adult male. General colour above olive-greenish, rather more
olive-yellow on the lower back and rump ; lesser wing-coverbs like

1. MOTACILLA. 527

the back ; median and greater coverts blackish brown, broadly
tipped with yellow, rather whiter on the ends of the latter : bastard-
wing blackish brown : primary-coverts and quills dark brown, edged
with olive-yellow, pale yellowish white on the secondaries, which
have broader margins, the iimer secondaries brown, broadly mar-
gined with lighter brown ; upper tail-coverts dark brown, edged
with olive-yellow; centre tail-feathers blackish, edged with yel-
lowish, inclining to white near the end of the thu'd rectrix ; penulti-
mate and external feathers white, with an oblique mark of blackish
brown along the inner web ; head, hind neck, and sides of neck
dark slaty grey ; lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts jet-
black ; cheeks and entire throat white ; remainder of under surface
of body from the fore neck downwards brilliant yellow, witli a more
or less distinct mark of blackish in the centre of the chest ; axil-
laries and iinder wing-coverts yellow with ashy bases ; quiUs dusky
below, whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length 6-7
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3-1, tail 2-9, tarsus 0"9o.

Adult female. Verj- similar to the female of M. Jlciva, but with
the throat conspicuously white. Total length 6"3 inches, culmen
0-5, wing 2-9, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-9.

06s. Some specimens of the Mediterranean Yellow Wagtail are
imdistinguishable from true M. borealis, but the majority have a
very distinct white throat, and might be recognized as a species
were it not for the occurrence of intermediate specimens, ap-
parently shot from the same flock, showing also an ajiproach to
true M. jiava in the presence of an ill-defined white ej-ebrow.

Hab. AU the countries of the Mediterranean ; said to extend
occasionally into Germany and even to be of rare occurrence in
Belgium ; wintering apparently in Senegambia.

«. Ad. sk. Dalmatia. Mr. Parreyss.

b. Ad. sk. Greece. India Museum.

c. J ad. sk. Southern France. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l.
d,e. J ; /: 2 ad. Tuscany, April 22. Prof. Giglioli [P.].

sli.

g. S ad. sk. Near Florence, April 11. Prof. Giglioli [P.].

h. S ad. sk. Italy. Gould Collection.

i. (S ad. sk. Gibraltar, April 24. Col. Irbv [P.].

k,l. S 2 ^*1' ^^- Casa Vieja, ^Ajidalucia, Col. Irby IP.}.

May 0.

■III. (S ad. sk. Fg}-pt. Capt. Shelley [P.].

n. cJad.sk. Beershdum, Delta, Egypt, J. H. Gurney,Esq. [P.].

Jan. 13.

0. Ad. sk. Girgeli, Egypt, March 21 Gould Collection.

(Ifaivlcshaiv) .

p. Ad sk. Senegal. M. L. Laglaize [C.].

22. Motacilla feldeggi. (Plate YIII. figs. 1-4.)

jNlotacilla melauocephala, Licht. Vei-z. Doubl. p. 36 (1823, f.?.- Hemp);
6; Eh: 3I^i>. ; nee Gm. S. N. i. p. 970J ; Cretzschm. in Hiipp'
Atlas, p. 50, Taf . 3.S. fig. 6 (1826) ; Savi, Oin. Tosc. p. 219 (1831) •

528 MOTACILLTD^.

Menitr. Cat. Rais. Cauc. p. 36 (1832) ; Mipp. Neue Wirh., Vog.
p. 84 (1835-40) ; Temm. Mon. iv. p. 623 (1840) ; Eversm. Bull.
Soc. Mosc. 1850, p. 570, tab. viii. fig. 3; Selys-Lomjch. Naum.
1856, p. 390; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. '^. S2 {1S&)) ; Blasius in
Naum. Vog. Deiitschl. p. 274 (1860); Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 229:
Simpson, t. c. p. 393 ; WriqM, Ibis, 1864, p. 62 ; Sperling, t. c.
p. 279 ; Graij, Haml-l. B. \. p. 247, uo. 3579 (1869) ; Wright,
Ibis, 1870, p. 491 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 273, pi. 160 (1875) ; id.
Ibis, 1876, p. 178; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 50 ; Danford, Ibis, 1878,
p. 20, 1880, p. 95; Seehohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 216, 1883, p. 20; Tristr.
Eami. ^- Flor. Palest, p. 55 (1884).

Motacilla feldeggi, Michah. Isis, 1830, p. 814 ; Bruch, Isis, 1831,
p. 701 ; Temm. Man. dOrn. iv. p. 623, note (1840).

Budytes melanocephalus, Bp. Faun. Ital.,^Ucc. pi. 31. fig. 3 (1832-
41) ; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 290 ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 4-
N. Amer. p. 19 (1838) ; Jerd. Mudr. Journ. xi. p. 9 (1840); Eiijip.
Syst. Uebe?-s. p. 59 (1845) ; Blyt/i, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 138
(1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 250 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 13
(1850) ; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I Co. Mus. i. p. 351 (1854);
Jaub. et Burih.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 281 (1859) ; Tristr. Ibis,
1859, p. 30; Brehm, Bets. Habesch, p. 213 (1803); Blyth, Ibis,
1865, p. 49 ; Giglioli, t. c. p. 55 ; Bli/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 30 ; Eegl.
4" Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 380 (1867, pt.) ; Loche, Expl. Sci.
Alger., Ois. ii. p. 10 (1867) ; Boderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 103 (1869) ;
Elwes ^- Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 195 ; Hume, t. c. p. 142 ; De Selys-
Longch. t. c. p. 452 ; Blanf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 381 (1870) ;
Shariie, Cat. Afr. B. p. 73 (1871) ; Same, Ibis, 1871, p. 33 ;
Gurney, t. c. p. 155 ; Shellei/, B. Egypt, p. 130 (1872) ; Severtz,
Turkest. Jevotn. p. 67 (1873); Adam, Sir. F. 1873, p. 384;
Stoliczka, Sfr. F. 1874, p. 464 ; Butler ^- Hume, Str. F. 1875,
p. 490 ; Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 20 ; Blanf. Eastern Persia, ii,
p. 235 (1876) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1877, p. 208 ; Butler, Str. F. 1877,
pp. 210, 230; Blanf. t. c. p. 246 ; Homeyer, J. f. 0. 1878, p. 127;
Hume 8,' Bavismi, ' Str. F. 1878, p. 363 ; Brooks, Str. F. 1878,
vol. ii. p. 138 ; Ball, t. c. p. 219 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 65,
103 ; Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 109 (1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind ^-c.
p. 40 (1879) ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 56 (1880) ; Biddtdph,
Ibis, 1881, p. 69; Giglioli, t. c. p. 200; Davids. Str. F. 1881,
p. 310 ; Beid, Str. F. 1881, p. 48 ; C. Stcitih. Ibis, 1882, p. 109 ;
Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 80 ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 551
(1884) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 222 (1884).

Motacilla kaleniczenkii, Krynicki MSS, ; Kalenicz. Bull. Mosc. 1839,
p. 231, tab. XX.

Motacilla flava dalmatica, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh.
1840, p. 54.

Motacilla flava africaua, Sujidev. t. c. p. 54.

Motacilla flava, var. melauocepbala, Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ,
Merid. iii. p. 239 (1840) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1871, p. 138.

Motacilla flava melanocepbala, Schl. Rev. Crit. p. xxxviii (1844) ;
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 321 (1869).

Budvtes nigiicapiUa, Bp. Consp. i. p. 249 (1850) ; Brehm, Naum.
1855, p. 280 ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. pi. 17. fig. 15 (1870) ; Salvad.
Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 123 (1871); Antin. Sf Salvad. Viagg. Bogos,
p. 110 (1873).

MotacUla nigricapilla, Von Midi. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 386.

MotacUla atricapQla, C. L. Brehm, Vogelf. p. 141 (1855) ; A. E.
Brehm, Reis. Habesch, p. 213 (1863).

1. MOTACILLA. 529

Budytes paiadoxa, C. L. Brehm, Vogelf. p. 141 (1855).
Motacilla fiava, var. feldeggii, 8elys-Lo7igch. Naum. 1856, p. 390.
Motacilla viridis, pt., Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 222 (1863) ; Same, Str. F.

1873, p. 202.
Budytes melanogn-iseus, Homeyer,!./. O. 1878, p. 128.
Budytes aralen.sis, Homei/er, t. c. p. 128.
Budytes melanoceryix, Von Homey er, Mitth. orti. Ver. Wien, 1883,

p.' 86.

Adult male. General colour above olive-gTeenish,* clearer and
brighter olive-yellow on the lower back and rump ; upper tail-
coverts blackish brown, washed with olive-j'cUow, the lateral ones
externally white ; lesser wing-coverts brown, edged with ashy olive ;
median and greater coverts blackish, margined with olive-yellow
and tipped with brighter yellow ; bastard-wing blackish ; pri-
mary-coverts and quills brown, edged with pale olive-yellowish,
broader and more yellowish white on the inner secondaries ; tail-
feathers brown, edged with olive, the two outer ones white with
a broad oblique mark of blackish brown on the inner web ; crown
of head and nape jet-black, including the lores, feathers below the
eye, ear-coverts, and sides of nape ; cheeks and entire under surface
of body from the base of the bill to the under tail-coverts brilliant
yellow ; axillaries bright yellow, with ashy bases ; under wing-
coverts white, washed with bright yellow and mottled with ashy
bases to the feathers near the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below,
whitish towards the base of the inner web. Total length 6"5 inches,
culmen 0-55, wing 3"25, tail 2-75, tarsus 0"9.

Some males in fully adult plumage have the chin and cheeks
white. I think that these are only the younger birds of the previous
year, because the tint of the yellow is not so rich and the white on
the chin is mixed with yellow, so that it looks as if the whole would
ultimately become like the breast.

Adult female. Differs from the male in being duUer above, with the
black head less marked and very pale below, being white washed with
bright yellow, instead of being entirely brilliant yellow. General
colour above dull olive-brown ; rump more ashy, and washed with
bright yellow, especially on the lower rump ; upper tail-coverts
blackish, shaded with grey aud edged with olive, the lateral ones
narrowly edged with white ; lesser wing-coverts ashy brown washed
with olive ; median and greater coverts blackish brown, edged
with whity brown and tipped with yellowish white ; bastard-wing
blackish brown ; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, edged with
lighter brown, the inner secondaries rather more broadly edged with
duU white, the innermost very broadly with pale olive ; tail as in
the male ; crown of head black, but not pure as in the male, and
mixed with ashy-brown feathers ; lores, sides of face, and ear-
coverts black, with a streak of white running from the base of the
bill above the lores ; cheeks, chin, and throat white, the latter
•washed with pale yellow, the breast and underparts being rather
clearer pale yellow, especially on the under tail-coverts; under
wing-covcrts and axiUaries white, washed with pale yellow, with

VOL. X. 2 m

530 MOTACILLID^.

ashj'-bro'VTO bases to the feathers ; quills dusky brown below, white
towards the base of the iuuer web. Total length 6'5 inches, culmen
0-55, wing 2"95, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-9.

Ohs. The amount of black on the neck and mantle of this species
varies in a remarkable degree, attaining its greatest development in
eastern specimens. Specific characters, such as Von Homeyer has
endeavoured to fix from this peculiarity, seem to us to be quite
untrustworthy, as every possible gradation is exhibited in a large
series.

Young. Brown tinged with olive, the head, hind neck, and sides of
neck whity brown, much paler on the neck ; a broad white eyebrow,
Burmounted by a broad line of black, along the sides of the crown ;
wing-coverts and quills dark bi'own, washed and edged with olive-
yellow, the median series edged broadly with white ; ear-coverts
whitish mottled with black ; throat white, thickly spotted with black
along the sides and across the fore neck ; remainder of under sur-
face whitish, washed with yellow, clearer yellow on the vent and
under tail-coverts.

Young sjyecimens after tlieir first moult so closely resemble immature
M.flava and M. virklis as to reiider it difficult to define any cha-
racters for their separation. I think, however, that the ear-coverts
in M. melanocepluda are blacker in the winter plumage than in the
other two species, which, moreover, have an underlying greyish shade
on the head in winter. There is often a more or less distinct eye-
brow in the first winter ; it is either yellow or yellowish white and
disappears when the black head is put on ; the remains of this ej'e-
brow have caused many ornithologists to remark that a supercilium
is sometimes indicated.

Hah. South-eastern Europe, wintering in Africa, extending to
Central Asia, wintering in the plains of India.

a. $ imm. sk. Malta, May 5 {Dr. A, L, Gould Collection

Ad(ims).

h. Juv. sk. Dalmatia. R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].

c. Pull. sk. Poland. Gould Collection.

d, e. Ad. sk. Crimea. Gould Collection.
f,g. d $ ad. sk. Asia Minor. T. Robson [C.].

h. cS ad. sk. Asia jNIinor, April {T. Salvin-Godman Collec-

Rohsmi). tion.

i. (5juv.sk. Asia Minor, Sept. 9 (7. Salvin-Godman CoUec-

Rohsoti). tion.

k. <S ad. sk. Smyrna. Consul Merlin [P.]

I. tS ad. sk. Smyrna. Gould Collection.

m Ad. St. Athens. ' Consul Merlin [P.J.

n. Ad. sk. Erzeroum (Dickson and Gould Collection.

Ross).

0. Ad. sk. Gu-geh, Egypt, March Gould Collection.

21 {Haivk'shaio).

p. Ad. sk. Egypt, April 15. . J. H. Gumey, Jun., Esq.

[P-]-
g'. Ad. ; r. Juv. sk. Nubia. Sharpe Collection.

s. S ad. sk. Senate, Abyssinia, April Sharpe Collection.

(Jesse).

1. MOTACILLA. 531

<. [ c? J ad. sk. Senafe, March 4.

Ad. sk. Adigrat, April 8.

W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.l.

W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.1.

i;tv. 2 ad.; x. $ ZouUa, Aimesley Bay, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.

juv. sk. Jan.

y. 2 ad. sk. Lake Ashangi, May 4. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

s. 5 ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres), Sharpe Collection.

a'. (5 ad. sk. Caucasus, April 9. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

b'. cJ ad. sk. Shiraz, June. Sir O. St. John [C.J.

c'. c? ad. sk. Jalk, Baluchistan, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

March 17.

d'-g'. Ad. sk. Afghanistan {Griffith). India Museum.

h, i'. (S ad. sk. Candahar, Feb. Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].

k'-m'. cj'ad.; «'-;•'. Candahar, March. Col. C. Swinhoe [P.],

2 ad. sk.

s'. 2 ^d. sk. Candahar, AprU. Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].

t', u' . Imm. sk. Scinde (Dr. Gould). India Museum.

v'. Ad. ; to'. Juv. sk. Cashmere. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

x', y'j z'. Ad. sk. N.W. India. Gould Collection.

a, (i. cS ad. sk. Mhow, Dec. 31. Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].

y. Ad. sk. Deccan {Sykes). India Museum. (Type of

M. melanocephala, Sykes.)

6. Ad. sk. [India.] Gould Collection.

Subsp. a. Motacilla paradoxa. (Plate VIII. fig. 5.*)

Budytes paradoxus, C. L. Brehm, Vogelf. p. 142 (185-5).

MotaciUa kaleniczeukii (iwn Krynic.ki), Blasius in NacJitr. Naum.

Vcig. Deutsckl. p. 126 (1860) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 247, no. 3588

(1869) ; Hotneyer, J.f. O. 1878, p. 129.
Motacilla flava kaleniczenkii, Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Oes. Wien, 1879, p. 63.

Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow, rather brighter on
the lower back and rump ; lesser wing-coverts brown with j-ellow
edges ; median and greater coverts dark brown, broadlj- tipped with
pale yellow ; bastard-wing blackish brown ; primary-coverts and
quills brown, edged with paler olive-yellow, yellowish white on the
secondaries, which have broader margins ; upper tail-coverts and
tail-feathers blackish, edged with olive-yellow, the two outer ones
white with an oblique black mark along the inner web ; head, hind
neck, and sides of the latter black, as well as the lores, feathers
below the eye, and ear-coverts, the latter with a small patch of
white on their anterior portion ; over the eye a distinct line of
white ; chin and a line along the cheeks white ; remainder of under
surface of body bright yellow, paler on the under tail-coverts ;
thighs ashy white ; axillaries yellow ; under wing-coverts white,
washed with yellow, with ashy bases ; quiUs ashy brown below,
whitish along the inner web. Total length 6 inches, ctilmen 0-5,
wing 3'06, tail 2"75, tarsus O-O.

Hah. From Hungary and Dalmatia to South Eussia and the
Crimea as far as long. 47° E.

a. S ad. sk. Karakal, near Sergiopol, Geogr. Societv of Bremen.

May 8 (Dr. Finsch).

* Marked M, JcaJeniczemkii on the Plate by error.

532 MOXACILIID^.

23. Motacilla xanthophrys. (Plate VIII. fig. 6.)
Motacilla melauocepliala, var., Seehohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 428.

Adult male. General colour above oUve-green, becoming brighter
and clearer olive-yellow towards the rump and upper tail-feathers,
the latter with dusky blackish centres ; lesser wing-coverts like the
back; median and greater coverts blackish, the former edged with
pale yellow, the latter with yellowish white ; bastard-wing and
primary-coverts dusky blackish, obsoletelj' fringed with olive ; quills
dusky blackish, edged with dusky brown, the first primary narrowly
margined with dull whitish ; the inner secondaries broadly mar-
gined with ashy olive, whitish towards the end of the feathers ;
tail-feathers black, the two outer ones white, with an oblique mark
of blackish along the inner web, more extended on the penultimate
feather, which has a little brown along the shaft; crown of head
and nape jet-black ; lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts
also black ; upper and under edge of eyelid yellowish white ; above
the eye a narrow streak of bright yellow ; cheeks and under
surface of body bright golden yellow, including the thighs and
under tail-coverts ; sides of the body washed with olive-green ; on
the centre of the breast a few concealed black streaks ; sides of the
upper breast washed with greenish black ; axillaries and under
wing-coverts white, washed with yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy
along the inner web. Total length 5-7 inches, culmen O'o5, wing S'l,
tail 2-6, tarsus 0-95. (Mi(,s. H. Sethohn.)

Bab. Lenkoran.

2. LIMONIDROMtJS. ^

Kemoricola, Blyih, J. A. 8. Bimj. xvi. p. 429 (1847, nee

JHodffs.) L. indicus.

Limouidromus, Gould, B. Asia, iv. pi. 67 (1862) ....... L. indicus.

Nemorivaga, Fitz. Sitz. Akud. Wien, xlvi. p. 220 (1864) . . L. indicus.

Range. The same as that of the species.

1. Limouidromus indicus.

Bergeronette grise des Indes, Sonn. Voy. Inch Orient, ii. p. 207 (1782).

Indian Wagtail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 399 (1783).

Motacilla indica, Gm. Syst. Kat. i. p. 962 (1788) ; Gray, Gen. B.

i. p. 203 (1847) ; Felz. Beis. JS'ovara, Voy. p. 68 (1865) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. i. p. 248, no. 3594 (1809).
Motacilla ^ ariegata, Vieill. 1^. Diet. d'Hist. Kat. xiv. p. 699 (1817) ;

Jerd. 3Iadr. Journ. xi. p. 10 (1849); Eelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 121

(1852J ; Layard, Ann. (5,- May. Kat. Hist. xii. p. 268 (1853).
Nemoricola indica, Blyfh, J. A. S. Benq. xvi. p. 429 (1847) ; id.

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 136 (1849) ; Bp. Camp. i. p. 251 (1850);

Sorsf. 4- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 353 (1854) ; &wi7ih.

Ibis, 1861, p. 333; id. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 317, 1863, p. 276; id.

Ibis. 18C3, p. 94 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 226 (1863) ; Swinh. P. Z. S.

1870, p. 433; Huone, Sir. F. 1873, p. 450, 1874, p. 479; Fairb.

Str. F. 1j?75, p. 260 ; Artnstr. Utr. F. 1876, p. 329.
Limouidromus indicus, Gould, B. Asia, iv. pi. 67 (1802) ; Sidnh,

2. LiMOxiDRoirtrs. 533

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 364; IToldsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 458; Walden,
Ibis, 1874, p. 239 ; Salrad. Ucc. Born. p. 2()1 (1874) ; Hume
Sir. F. 1874, p. 239, 1875, p. 142 ; Blyth ^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 16
(1875) ; Bourd. Str. F. 1876, p. 401 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
ii. p. 151 (187G) ; David ^ Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 305 (1878) ; Hume
(§• Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 3r,4; Bait, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 219;
Lef/ffe, B. Cei/Ion, p. 614 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 65, 103 ;
Vidai, Str. F. 1880, p. 69 ; Bingham, t. c. p. 189 ; Oates, B. Brit.
Burm. i. p. 164 (1883) ; Damson, Str. F. 1883, p. 397.
Nemorivaga indica, Fitz. Sitz. Akad. Wien, xlvi. p. 220 (1864).

Adult male. General colour above olive-brown, the upper tail-
coverts blackish, the lateral ones pale ashy olive-bro-wn with whitish
margins ; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the lower ones mottled
with black bases ; median and greater series blackish, broadly
tipped with yellowish white, browner on the inner greater coverts :
bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish ; quills blackish brown,
with a yeUowish-white base to the outer web of the primaries
and inner secondaries, followed by a second bar of yellowish white
formed by the markings on the outer webs at about two thirds
of their length ; innermost secondaries olive-brown, darker brown
on the inner web ; two central tail-feathers ashy brown, washed
externally with olive; remainder of the tail-feathers blackish,
obsoletely tipped with white ; outer tail-feathers white, with an
oblique mark of dark brown on the inner web, the outer web
slightly washed with olive-brown ; penultimate feather dark brown,
with the terminal third of the inner web white, the outer web
olive, whitish at the extreme tip ; crown of head a little more
dingy than the back, with a dusky blackish line along the sides
of the crown above the eyebrow, which extends from the base
of the nostrils ; lores and eyelid also yellowish white ; ear-coverts
olive-brown, mixed with white on the lower part : cheeks white,
extending on to the sides of the neck ; under surface of body entirely
white, tinged faintly with yellow on the breast, thighs, and under
tail-coverts ; across the fore ueck a crcscentic band of black, ex-
tending upwards towards the hinder cheeks in the form of blackish-
tipped feathers ; on the sides of the upper breast a second crescentic
band of black, not meeting in the centre ; axillaries white, washed
with olive-yellow ; under wing-coverts dull white, washed with
olive, those near the edge of the wing mottled with dusky bases ;
the lower greater coverts dusky brown ; quills below dusky, with a
good deal of white on the inner webs, forming a Y-shaped mark on
the under surface of the quills : " upper mandible dark brown,
lower mandible fleshy pink ; legs, feet, and claws flesh-colour ; iris
deep brown" {Davison). Total length 6-6 inches, eulmen 0-55,
wing 3-1, tail 2-85, tarsus 0-85.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
5-8 inches, eulmen 0-55, wing 3, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-8.

Tiiere seems to be no difference in the winter and summer
plumages of this species.

Hah. Eastern Siberia and Xorthcm China, ranging in winter
into the Indian peninsula and Ceylon, the Andaman Islands, Bur-

534 MOTACILLID^.

mese countries, Cochin China, down the Malayan peninsula to
Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. It is supposed, however, to be resident
in some of the Burmese countries.

a. (S ad. sk. Island of Askold, May 17 R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].

(H. Doerries).

b. Ad. sk. Nuwara EUya, Ceylon. Mr. E. Boate [C.].

c. (S ad. sk. Mynall, Travancore, Nov. 12. F. W. Bom-dillon, Esq.

[C.].
(L Ad. sk. Malabar. Gould Collection.

e. S ad. sk. Coonoor, Nilghiris, Feb. 2. W. Davison, Esq. [P.].

f. Ad. sk. Assam (McC/elland). India Museum.
(/, h. (S ad. sk. Kjeikpadein, Lower Pegu, Gates Collection.

Jan. 1.3.

i. Ad. sk. Cochin China. M. E. PieiTe [P.].

k, I. Ad. sk. Malacca. India Museum.

m. Ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

H. 5 ad. sk. Malacca. Wallace Collection.

0. Ad. sk. Java. Pm'chased.

3. ANTHUS. rr

Type.

Anthus, Bechst. Naturg. Beutschl. iii. p. 704 (1807) . . A. trivialis.
Spipola, Leach, Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit. Mus. p. 22

(1816) A. triviaHs.

Corydalla, Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 397 (1826) A. richardi.

Pipastes, Kcntp, Natilrl. Syst. p. 33 (1829) A. trivialis.

Leimoniptila, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 39 (1829) A. pratensis.

Agrodroma, Sicains. Classif. B. ii. p. 241 (1837) .... A. campestris.

Cichlops, Ilodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) . . A. richardi.
Dendronanthus, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xvi. p. 432

(1847) ' A. trivialis.

Cynsedium, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh.

1850, p. 100 A. lineiventris.

Pedicorys, Baird, Review Ainer. B. p. 15 (1864) .... A. bogotensis.

Notiocorys, Baird, Beview Amer. B. p. 15 (1864) .... A. rufus.

Range. Over the whole of the Old and New "Worlds, with the
exception of the Papuan islands and Oceania.

Key to tJie Species*.

A. With no yellow in the tail or wings.

a. With the hind claw decidedly shorter than the
hallux t.

* In a ' Key ' to a genus such as Anthus, in which the young of one species
is often like the adult of another, it is very difficult to arrange the species in a
natural sequence, and in the present instance the ' Key ' is somewhat artificial ;
but in the description of the species I have endeavoured to group them
natui-ally.

t In measuring these Pipits, the length of the hind toe has been taken from
the base of the hinder tarsus along the ridge of the hallux to the actual bast- of
the claw, and the latter has been measured in a straight line from base to tip,
not following its curve.

3. ANTHUS. 535

Under wing-coverts and axillaries olive-
yellow.
a". Upper plumage mottled with dark centres
to the feathers.
a'". Smaller : a patch of yellow on the
breast ; under surface nearly uniform,
with a lew indistinct central marks

of dusky Moris, p. 539.

b'". Larger : no yellow in the centre of the
breast, which is streaked with black

like the Hanks liiieiventris, p. 540.

b". Upper plumage uniform; no streaks on
the flanks ; on the chest a few streaks

of light brown crenatus, p. 541.

h'. Under wing-coverts and axillaries light
tawny buti' or smoky brown, not yellow.
c". Flanks distinctly streaked with black like
the breast.
c'". Median and greater wing-coverts tipped
with white, forming a double wing-
bar ; light pattern of outer tail-
feather white or smoky white.
«■■. Above clear brown, very distinctly
streaked with dusky ; spots on

breast small tririalis, p. 543.

&■*, Dull olive-greenish above, with few
dusky streaks, or none at all ; spots
on breast very large and distinct . . maculatus, p. 547.
d'". No white tips to the -wing-coverts,
which consequently show no wdng-
bar; light pattern of outer tail-fea-
ther isabelline buff.
c*. Much larger ; wing 2-9 inches : throat
and abdomen fawn-bufi^ with a few
triangular spots of black on the

breast nilffhiriensis, p. 650.

dK Smaller ; wing 25-2-Q inches : throat
and abdomen white, the breast only
fulvescent, thickly streaked with

black hrachyurus, p. 551.

d". Flanks perfectly uniform or only obso-
letely streaked with blackish.
e'". Light pattern of outer tail-feather
isabelline or pale fawn-colour or ful-
vous ; no white wing-bar.
e"*. Outer tail-feather fulvous, with the
shaft black aud the greater part of
the inner web blackish ; penultimate
feather with a small spot of white
at the tip, often contined to a narrow
fringe along the outer web ; upper
surface mottled with dusky centres

to the feathers tiicholsoni , p. 553.

f^. Outer tail-feather very pale smoky
bufl, or slightly rufescent, paler

536 MOTACILtlD^.

at the tip and rather more duslcy
along the inner web ; shaft very
pale; penultimate tail-feather smoky
brown, edged and tipped -with whi-
tish, both scarcely perceptible ; ,.,.^^,^^^^ 555_

upper surface uniform V ll'T -c / • r> iifiO

g"^. Outer tail-feather rufescent, with '-' ' - ' '

blackish shaft and the greater part
of the inner web blackish ; pen-
idtimate feather with a wedge-
shaped mark of rufous white at
the tip.
«'. Upper plumage uniform or nearly

so jerdoni, p. 662.

¥. Upper plumage mottled with black-
ish centres to the feathers sordidits, p. 560.

f'''. Light portion of outer tail-feather
white ; median and greater wing-
coverts tipped with pale fulvous or . ,. •^,;^^,,.^;- p_ 5(34.^
j infuscatus, p. 567.

h. With the hind claw exceeding the hind toe in
length or equal to it.
c'. 2nd, -"ird, and 4th primaries emarginate.
e". Rump uniform.

g'". Chest streaked with black.
h^. Flanks streaked with black.

c'. Light pattern on tail-feathers
white.
a^. Wing-coverts edged with sandy
rufous, but without conspi-
cuous white ; upper surface
sandy rufous, thickly mottled
with broad black centres to
the feathers.
a'. Penultimate tail-feather with
a wedge-shaped mark of
white on the inner web,
extending about one third
of the length of the feather, sfriolatus, p. 668.
b~. Penultimate tail-feather with
nearly as much white as the
outer one, consisting of a
long wedge-shaped mark
reaching for half the length
of the feather or more .... rtifidus, p. 674.
b^. Wing-coverts with dull white
margins, generally very con-
spicuous.
c'. Quills externally olive ; upper
surface olive, mottled with
black centres ; axlllaries

tinged with olive-yellow . . pratensis ad., p. 582.
d''. No olive on quills or yellow
tinffe on axillaries.

3. ANTHTJS. 537

a'. Penultimate tail - feather
brown along the end of
the outer web.
a'. Back mottled with black
centres to the feathers ;
a large wedge-shaped
mark of white on the
penultimate feather, ex-
tending more than half-
way down the inner

web bertheloti, p. 591.

b^. Back nearly uniform, with
only a small spot of

white at the end of the , • ? ^, •„ „ kch
penultimate leather ..</-' • • ' ^ p-no
b^. Penultimate tail - teather '-^ -' ^

white along the end of the

outer web penHsylvanicus, p. 596.

d'\ Light pattern on outer tail-feathers

smoky brown ohscurus juv., p. 600.

t*. Flanks uniform campestris]uY., p. 672.

h ' ". Chest uniform, without blackish streaks.

k^. Rump and upper tail-coverts uniform ;

back occasionally with dusky centres.

e\ Throat white, the lower throat and

fore neck pale sandy butf or tawny;

wing-coverts edged with sandy

buft" catnpestris ad., p. 571.

/'. Throat and chest vinaceous; wing-
eoYerts tipped with dull white.
c^ Vinaceous colour of under sur-
face extending over the entire
abdomen and on to the upper
tail - coverts ; flanks slightly
streaked with dull brown ; light
pattern of tail white.
e'. Eyebrow and lores isabelline,
the latter with a pale vina-
ceous tinge spipoletta ad., p. 594.

f. Eyebrow, lores, and sides of
face vinaceous like the under-

parts pennsylvanicus ad.,

eP, Vinaceous colour of under sur- [p. 597.

face not extending over the
entire abdomen, which is dull
white vrith an olive tinge ;
flanks thickly streaked with
blackish brown ; light pattern
of tail smoky brown.
g'. Larger ; wing 3-.35-3'45 inches :

axillaries smolfy brown .... obscurus ad., p. 600.
h~. Smaller; wing 3-l-.3-4o inches:

axillaries sulphur-yellow. . . . rosaceus ad., p. 589.
I*. Rump and upper tail-coverts mottled

with black centres like the back . , cervimm ad., p. .586.

533 MOTACILLID-E.

/". Rump mottled witli black centres like
the rest of the upper surface.
i'". Dorsal leathers broadly ed^^ed with
sandy rufous like the head, but without
any broad white streaks down the
mantle.
m*. Median wing-coverts tipped with
whitish, forming a more or less
distinct wing-bar.
g^. Larger ; wing 3o inches : flanks
thickly spotted with black like

the breast cerviniis juv., p. 587.

h^. Smaller ; wing 2'35 inches : flanks
uniform or with narrow lines of

brown rufus, p. 606.

n*. Median wing-coverts rufous at the
ends like the rest of the coverts and
feathers of the upper sm-face ; flanks
sandy rufous streaked with dark

brown chii, p. 608.

h'". Dorsal feathers with broad inner edges
of white, causing a broad streaked
appearance on the mantle.
o*. Light pattern on tail smoky grey ;

wing 2-4-2'55 inches peruvianns, p. 609.

p*. Light pattern on tad. white.

i'. Wing-coverts edged with sandy
bufl', not forming a distinct wing-
bar; chest spotted with triangular

black marks coirendera, p. 610.

k^. Median and greater wing-coverts
tipped with white, forming a con-
spicuous double wing-bar ; chest

streaked with black gustavi, p. 613.

d'. 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th primaries distinctly
emarginate.
g" . Light pattern of outer tail-feather white ;
under surface white.
V". Outer tail-feather white, without any , , ,. „~.^

brown on the outer web \ j^ y

rti . Outer tau-ieather white, with an ob- ^ r filR

lique black mark on the inner web LP-

and a line of pale brown along the
outer web for albout half of its length

from the tip furcatus, p. 605.

h". Light pattern of outer tail-feather smoky

brown ; under surface of body rufescent.

w'". Streaks on breast small ; thighs fulves-

ceiit like abdomen bogoiensis, p. 603.

o"'. Streaks on bi east broad; thighs conspi-
cuously tawny rufous, contrasting with
the abdomen antarcticus, p. 604.

B. Quills and tail for the most part golden yellow ienellus, p. 618.

3. ANTHUS. 539

1. Anthus chloris.

Anthus chloris, Licht. Verz. Samml. Kafernl. p. 13 (1842) ; id.

Xumencl. Av.^. 38 (1854); Bp. Consp.i. p. 248 (18-54); Gray,

Haiul-l. B. i. p. 250, no. 3639 (1869) ; Finsch l^- HartL Vdg. Ostafr.

p. 276, note (1870) ; S/iarpe, ed. Laijard's B. S. Afr. p. 541 (1884).
C^Tiaedium chloris, Sundev. CEfv. K, Vet.-Akad. Fdrh. Stockh. 1850,

"p. 100.
Anthus limoneUus (lapsu), Hartl. Ibis, 1832, p. 147.
Anthus butleri, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1882. p. 336, pi. 18 ; Butler, Feilden,

iSf Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 336.

Foot of Anthus Moris.

Hind daw short and nearl)' straight, shorter than hind toe.
Tarsus longer than hind toe and claw combined. Primaries equal,
2, 3, and 4 ; Jirst about equal to the fifth ; Jifth longer than
innermost secondaries. Fed reaching to about two thirds of the
length of the tail (in skin). Primaries emarginate, 2, 3, 4, 5, all
verj- distinct.

Adult ftmale. General colour above dark brown, all the feathers
with edgings of sandy buff, giving a Lark-like appearance to the
upper surface ; hind neck slightly ashy ; head with longitudinal
centres of dark brown ; scapulars like the back, with a slight wash
of yellow ; least and median wing-coverts dark brown, with broad
margins of pale olive-yellow, the greater series margined with
sandy buff like the secondaries ; primaries and their coverts dark
brown, with narrow edgings of olive-yellow, the first primary
whitish along the outer web ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers
dark brown, with distinct edgings of sandy buff, slightly washed
with yellow towards the base, the penultimate feather tipped with
white, the outermost one for the greater part white excepting a
broad diagonal mark of brown on the inner web, widening towards
the base ; lores and a broad eyebrow dingy white, as also a ring of
feathers round the eye ; ear-coverts dull white, Mashed with dark
brown on the upper and lower margins; cheeks sandy buff; throat
dull white ; the fore neck sandy buff, narrowly streaked with reddish-
brown shaft-lines ; centre of the breast pale yellow ; abdomen dull

540 MOTACILLID^.

whitish ; the sides of the body dull saiidy buff, with distinct dark-
brown shaft-streaks on the flauks ; under tail-coverts fulvous, with
dark brown centres ; edge of the wing and axillary feathers light
olive-yellow ; remainder of under wing-coverts dark brown, broadly
edged with white ; quills ashy brown below, greyer along the inner
web : " iris dark brown ; upper mandible and tip of lower neutral
tint ; base of lower mandible purple flesh-colour ; legs and toes light
yellowish brown" (Ecid). Total length 6-7 inches, culmen 0-6,
wing 3-2, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-95, hind toe 0-45, claw 0-5.

The male resembles the female in plumage. Total length 6 inches,
culmen 0-6, wing 3"2, tarsus 0-95.

Hah. South-eastern Africa, from Grahamstown to Natal and the
Eastern Transvaal.

a. 2 ad. sk. Natal. Dr. Gueinzius [C.].

6. c? ad. sk. Near Newcastle, Natal, Capt. SavUe Raid [P.].

July 9, 1881.

2. Anthus lineiventris.

Anthus lineiventris, SunrJev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1850,
p. 100 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 104 ; Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 296
(1881) ; Sharpe, ed. Laijard's B. S. Afr. p. 540 (1884).

Cynaedium lineiveutre, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh.
1850, p. 100.

Anthus obtusipennis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 248 (1850, ex Sund. MSS.) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 250, no. 3625 (1869).

Anthus angolensis, Socage, Jam. Lisb. 1870, p. 341.

Hind daw short and very much curved, shorter than hind toe.
Tarsus very much longer than hind toe and claw together.
Primaries equal, 2, 3, and 4 ; first about equal to iiftb, sometimes
a trifle longer ; fifth always longer than innermost secondaries.
Feet rather long, nearly reaching to tip of tail (in skin). Primaries
emarginate, 2, 3, 4, 5, the last scarcely perceptible.

Adult male. General colour above dull brown, with lighter brown
edgings to the feathers ; head lighter brown, with dark-brown
centres to the feathers, producing a streaked appearance ; hind neck
more ashy brown with dark-brown centres, appearing streaked like
the head ; wings dark brown, all the feathers broadly margined
with fulvous, washed with olive-yellow on the least and median
wing-coverts, the quills also edged with olive-yellow ; tail dark
brown, margined with lighter brown, and with olive-yellow near
the base ; outermost feathers brown, with a large triangular wedge
of white on the inner web, the outer web white also near the base ;
penultimate feather with a smaller triangle of white at the tip of
the inner web, the third feather having one smaller still ; lores and
a narrow eyebrow dull whitish, the latter tinged with yellow ; in
front of the eye a dusky spot ; round the eye a ring of yellowish-
white plumes ; ear-coverts dark brown ; cheeks white, with small
triangular spots of dark brown ; throat dull white, unspotted ; rest
of under surface of body dull white, the throat marked with

3. ANTHUS. 541

small triaugular spots of blackish brown, widening on the fore neck;
breast and sides of the body longitudinally streaked with blackish
brown ; thighs dark brown ; under tail-coverts dull white, with
large centres of dark brown ; under wing-coverts olive-yellow with
brown bases ; bill blackish, the lower mandible yellowish, the tip
dusky ; feet yellowish ; iris dusky brown. Total length 7'-i inches,
culmen 0'65, wing 3-5, tail 2-9, tarsus 1"1. (Mus. Lisb.)
Hah. Transvaal, extending across to Angola.

a. 2 ad. sk. Eusteuberg, E. Transvaal, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l.

July 29, 1878 {T.
Ay res).

b. Ad. sk, Pinetown, Natal, June 10 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

( T. L. Ay res).

3. Anthus crenatus *.

Anthus lineiventrls {nee Sund.), Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 123 (1868).
Anthus chloris {nee Licht.), Layard, Ibis, 1869, "p. 368 ; Tristr. t. c.

p. 437 ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 73 (1871).
Anthus crenatus, Finsch '<^- Hartl. Voy. Osiafr. p. 275, note (1870) ;

Sfiarjje, ed. Layard' s B. S. Afr. p. 643.

Foot of Anthus crenatus.

Hind daio short and strongly arched, shorter than hind toe.
Tarsus stout, much longer than hind toe and claw combined.
Primaries equal, 3, 4 ; the Jirst a little shorter than the second, the
third longest of any ; Jifth shorter than _/j7-s^ and a trifle longer than
inner secondaries. Feet reaching to about three quarters of the
length of the tail (in skin). Primaries emarginate, 2, 3, 4, 5, all
very distinct.

Adult male. Entire upper surface uniform brown, with more or

* I believe that this bird ought to bear the earlier name of A. icferintis,
Hartl. (Ibis, 1862, p. 147), but have not been able to satisfy myself entirely as
to the identity of the two species. Dr. Hartlaub informs me in a letter that the
name "A. Umonellus, Licht.," quoted by him, is a lapsus calami for "A. chloris^ '

542 JIOTACILLID^.

less remains of olivo edgings to the feathers ; wings hrown, all the
coverts and qnills with narrow olive-yellow margins, less pronounced
on the inner greater coverts and the secondaries ; tail-feathers dark
brown, with narrow lighter edges more or less tinged with olive,
the outermost feather with a tip of whity brown on the inner web,
less distinct on the penultimate one ; from the base of the bill above
the eye a distinct whitish eyebrow ; round the eye a ring of dingy
white ; lores dusky blackish ; ear-coverts sandy buff, dark brown
on the upper edge ; cheeks and throat dingy whitish ; rest of under
surface sandy colour, with distinct reddish-brown shaft-streaks to
the feathers of the fore neck, chest, and flanks ; under tail-coverts
dark brown, with ashy fulvous edges; edge .of the wing and
axillaries dull olive-yellow ; the rest of the wing-coverts brown,
with edgings of yellowish fawn-colour ; quills brown below, much
lighter on the inner webs.

The specimen described is a male in breeding-plumage, obtained on
the 16th of jS^ovember, 1865, by the late Mr. C. J. Andersson at Cape
Town. This specimen was referred in my ' Catalogue of African
Birds ' to A. cMoris; bi;t the examination of a specimen of the true
A. chlorls shows that this bird is a very distinct species. It is
larger, with a unifonn upper surface as in A. 2Jy>'rlionotus, and has
no veUow patch on the centre of the breast. The yellow of the
axillaries is saffron-coloured instead of sulphur-yellow, while the
under wing-coverts are dark brown, with fawn-coloured instead of
white margins. Another difference is found in the tail-feathers,
A. crenatus having simply a lighter tip to the inner web of the two
outer feathers ; while A. cldoris has the outer tail-feather entirely
white, with the exception of a diagonal brown mark on the inner web.
In winter plumage the present species is more ashy, and not so
dark a brown, as the breeding-dress is evidently gained by the
wearing-off of the edges to the feathers which are part of the
winter plumage. All the other specific characters are preserved in
the latter, with the exception that the colours are rather purer and
the general appearance more mealy, with larger streaks on the
chest. In the male bird there is distinct evidence of a moustachial
streak, and the dusky loral spot forms a second streak through the
eve when taken in a line with the dark-brown upper ear-coverts ; this
dark streak brings out the eyebrow in bolder relief. A pair of
birds in the British Museum measure as follows : —

Total

length. Culm. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Halluc. h.u.

a. d . Bm-ghersdoi-p {Atmore) 7-3 OGS 3-5 295 1-1 0-5 0-4

5. 2 . Colesberg (^<»no»-c) . . 6-7 0-7 3-25 2-7 1-1 0-o5 0-4

A. crenaius has a differently shaped hind claw to A. chloris, which
has the latter very long and nearly straight, whereas in A. crenatus
the hind claw is rather stout, by no means long and strongly
curved.

Bab. Southern Africa, not extending beyond the Cape Colony.

3. ANTHTJS. 543

a. cJ ad. sk. Cape Towu, Nov. 16 (C. J. Sharpe Collection.

Andersson) .

b. 2 ad. sk. Cole.«berg (0;-%)/)). SalTin-Godman Coll.

c. $ ad. sk. Colesberg (T. C. Atmore). Sharpe Collection.

d. cf ad. sk. Burgrhersdorp {T. C. Atmore). Sharpe Collection.

e. Ad. St. Cape Colony. Sii- A. Smith [C.].

4. Anthus trivialis.

The Pippit, or Lesser Lark, Albin, Xat. Hist. B. i. p. 42, pi. 4.3 (1738).

L'Alouette de Bois, ou Le Cujelier, Bn'ss. Orn. iii. p. 340, pi. 20.
fig. 1 (1760).

L'Alouette de buisson, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 347 (1760).

Alaiida triviahs, Linn. Si/sf. Nat. i. p. 288 (1766, pt.) ; Bechst. Orn.
Tusrhenb. i. p. 203 (1802-12).

La Farlouse ou L'Alouette de pres, Daubent. PL Enl. v. pi. 660.
fig. 1 ; Montb. Hist. Xat. Ois. r. p. 31 (1778).

Alauda plumata, P. L. S. Midi. Natiirsyst., Anhang, p. 137 (1776).

Field Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 375 (1783).'

Alauda minor, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 793 (1788) ; Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii.
p. 494 (1790).

Alauda arborea, Gm. Syst. Nat. :. p. 793 (1788, pt.).

Anthus arboreus, Bechst. Naturg. Deidschl. iii. p. 706 (1806) ;
Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 271 (1820) ; Navm. Vog. Beutschl. iii.
Taf. 84. fig. 2 (1823) ; Eoti.v, Orn. Prov. pi. 187 (1825) ; Weiiier,
Atlas, Jnsi'ctivores, pi. 81 (1827); Meiietr. Cat. Pais. Cone. p. 36
(1832) ; Gould, B. Bur. iii. pi. 139 (1837) ; Macgill. Hist. Brit.
B. ii. p. 188 (1839) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Bur. p. 173 (1840) ;
Noi-dm. in Demtd. Voy. Puss. Merid. iii. p. 160 (1840) ; Selys-
Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 87 (1842) ; Hncits. Bggs Brit. B. i. p. 131,
pi. 35 (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 206 (184^) ; Thomps. B. Irel.
1. p. 224 (1849); B^h Consp. i. p. 248 (1850); Cab. Mus. Eein.
Th. i. p. 15 (1850) ; Kjarb. Danm. Fugle, pi. 17. fig. 5 (1852) ;
Schl. Vog. Nederl.^. Q7 (180-1) ; Tristr.' Ibis, 1869, p. 421 ; Jaub.
et Barth.-Lapomm. Pich. Orn. p. 283 (1859) ; Stindev. Svensk.
Fogl. pi. 8. fig. 4 (c. 1860); Potcys, His, 1860, p. 229; Linderm.
Vog. Griechenl. p. 78 (1860) ; F. 8,- P. Godm. Ibis, 1861, p. 83 :
Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vogels,^!. 9. fig. 6 (1861); Grot/, List Brit. B.
p. 70 (1803) ; Guuld, B. Gt. Brit. iii. pi. 14 (c. 1863) ; Wright,
Ibis, 1864, p. 62 ; Sperling, t. c. p. 280 ; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 123 :
Lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 180 ; Trisfr. t. c. p. 290 ; Degl. 8,- Gerbe,
Orn. Eur. i. p. 366 (1807) ; Blyth, Ibis,18ii7, p. .32 ; Malmgr. t.c.
p. 230 ; Saunders, t. c. p. 216 ; Borggr. Vogelf. Beutschl. p. 86
(1869) ; Boderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 98 (18(39) ; Heur/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
i. p. 324 (1869); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. X&b. 1(3. fig. 1 (1870);
Salvad. Faun. It ah, XJcc. p. 124 (1^71) ; P. Gray, B. W. Scoth
p. 114 (1871); Harting, Handb. Br.B.^. 24 (1872); Severtr.
Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 67, 139 (1873) : Keuletn. Ottze Vogels, p. 32
(1873 ; Alston ^- Harvie Broun, His, 187-3, p. 61 ; Brooke, t. c.
p. 245; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 416, 1877, p. 417; Fallon, Otf.
Belg. p. 73 (1875); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 109 (1879); Booth, Pough
Notes, pt. 4 (1883) ; Seebohm. Ibis, 1882, pp. 216, 376, 1883, p. 20 ;
id. Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 219 (1883); Homeyer ^- Tancre, ML. orn.
Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 86 ; Padde, Orn. Cauc. p. 219 (1884).
MotaciUa spipola, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 512 (1811).
Spipola sepiaria, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mavim. S)C. Brit. Mus. p. 22(1816).
Alauda pratensis (nee L.), Steph. Gen. Zool. x. p. 540 (1817).

544 MOTACILLID^.

Anthus trivialis, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 75 (1828) ; Van: lint. B. i.

p. 384 (184:3) ; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 443 ; Ehves ^ Bucklejj, Ibis,

1870, p. 195 : Xetrt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 569 (1874) ; Dresser,

B. Eur. iii. p. 309, pi. 132. fig-. 2 (1875) ; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 179 ;

Banf. ^- Harvie Broum, t. c. p. 310; Irbi/, B. Gibr. p. Ill (1875);

Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 235 (1876) ; Seebohm Sf Harvie Brown,

Ibis, 1876, p. 121 ; Brooks, t. c. p. 499 ; Wharton, t. c. p. 23 ;

Dresser, t. c. p. 179 ; Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 20 ; Seeboh?n, t. c.

p. 343; Ball, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 220; Cnpps, t. c. p. 288;

Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 103 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind ^c. p. 41 (1879) ;

id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 50 (1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880,

p. 69; Wardlaiv Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 60; Seebohm, t. c.

p. 188; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 70 ; Sculhj, t. c. p. 452 ; Beid, Str.

F. 1881, p. 49; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 33 (1883) ; Sivinh. Ibis,

1882, p. 110 ; Irbij, Ibis, 1883, p. 184 ; Shelley, t. c. p. 645 ; Tristr.

Faun. Sf Flor. Palest, p. 56 (1884) ; Sharjpe, ed. Bayard's B. S.

Afr. p. 852 (1884).
Pipastes arboreus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 33 (1829) ; Jerd. B. Ind,

ii. p. 229 (1863) ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 55 ; Pelz. Ibis, 1868,

p. 312 ; Hume, Ibis, 1870, pp. 287, 400 ; id. Ibis, 1871, p. 35 ;

Brooks, J. A. S. Betiy. xli. p. 83 (1872) ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873,

p. 412 ; Hu7)ie ^ Headers. Lahore to Yark. p. 226 (1873) ; Butler

Sr Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 490 ; Murray, Sir. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 109.
Anthus foliorum, Brehni, Vog. Deutschl. p. 325 (1831).
Anthus juucoi'um, Brehm, t. c. p. 326 (1831).
Anthus herbarum, Brehm, t. c. p. 327 (1831).
Anthus agilis, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 91 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 206

(1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 248 (1850) ; Brooks, Str. F. 1876, pp. 278,

499.
Anthus (Dendronanthus) trivialis, Bhith, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.

p. 135 (1849).
Pipastes triviahs, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 31 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm, i.

p. 172 (1883).
Dendronanthus arboreus, Locke, Eapl. Sci. Alger, ii. p. 18 (1867) ;

Bettoni, Ucc. nidif. Lomb. i. tav. 47 (c. 1870).
Anthus plumatus, Gray, Hnnd-l. B. i. p. 251, no. 3640 (1869) ; Shelley,

B. Egypt, p. 130 (1872).
Pipastes plumatus, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 202 ; id. Nests and Eggs

Ind. B. p. 383 (1873) ; id. Sr Oates, Str. F. 1875, p. 142.
Pipastes agilis, Stoliczka, Str. F. 1874, p. 463 ; Fairb. Str. F. 1876,

p. 260.
Anthus microrhynchus, Sevcrfz. Ibis, 1883, p. 63.

Foot of Anthus trivialis.

3. ANTHUS, 545

Hind claiv short, much curved, much shorter than hind toe itself.
Tarsus longer than hind toe combined with claw. Primaries equal,

1, 2, 3 ; fourth about equal to longest secondaries ; fifth quite
short, much less than longest secondaries. Primaries emaryinatc,

2, 3, 4. Fed not reaching beyond half the tail (in skin).

Adult male in hreedimj-pluimuje. General colour above sandy
brown, streaked with black, a little more narrowly on the head, all
the feathers mesially centred with black streaks ; the mantle rather
lighter sandy bnff than the rest of the upper surface ; rump rather
more uniform than the back ; upper tail-coverts sandy brown, edged
with ashy fulvous and naiTowly centred with blackish ; least wing-
coverts like the back ; median series blackish, tipped with white,
forming a wing-bar ; greater series dark brown, edged externally
with whity brown, more ashy towards the base ; bastard-wing
blackish brown, narrowly edged with white ; primary-coverts and
(]uills dusky browu, narrowly edged with whity brown, the first
primary margined with whitish, the inner secondaries browner
on the outer web and more broadly edged with dull whitish ; tail-
feathers brown, the two centre ones margined with whity browu,
the outermost dull white, with a dark-brown shaft and a broad
oblique mark of dark brown on the inner web, the outer web pale
brown towards the end ; penultimate tail-feather with a small
wedge-shaped spot of white at the tip of the inner web ; lores and
a tolerably defined eyebrow sandy bufi', as well as the eyelid and
ear-coverts, the latter more dusky along the upper and hinder
margins ; cheeks sandy buff, with an indistinct superior line of black,
and separated from the throat by a blackish malar line ; throat,
breast, and sides of body sandy bufi', the chin whitish ; the lower
throat and fore neck broadly streaked with black, a little more
narrowly on the breast, sides of body, and flanks ; centre of breast
and abdomen bufty white, clearer sandy buff on the under tail-
coverts ; axillaries and under wing-coverts sandy buff, those nearer
the edge of the wing mottled with dusky bases; lower primary-
coverts and quills ashy brown, lighter on the inner webs : bill
dark brown, the lower mandible fleshy ; legs pale browu ; iris dark
browu. Total length o"8 inches, culmen 0"55, wing 3-45, tail 2'55,
tarsus 0'9.

Adult fenude in hreedimi-plumage. Coloured like the male, but
having the blackish streaks on the breast and sides of the body
narrower. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*45, tail 2"5,
tarsus U*85.

Winter plumage. Only differs from the summer dress in being
rather richer in colour and in having the margins to the A^'ing-coverts
and quills rather broader ; underneath, the sandy-buff coloiir is
much brighter and inclines to tawnj- bufi'.

A Bogos specimen obtained by Mr. Esler is in full moult and
changing on the throat and breast to rich tawny buff. By the time
the Tree-Pipit reaches England, however, this richer coloration
seems to have disappeared, and as the summer progresses the plu-
mage becomes duller and duller, forming a very strong contrast to
the bright dress which the bird assumes in autumn.

VOL. X. 2s

546

MOTACILLIDiE.

Hah. Breeds in Northern and Central Europe, and as far east as
Krasnoj'arsk in Siberia; \vintering throughout Africa and in the
western portions of the Indian peninsula ; of accidental occurrence
east of the Bay of Bengal.

a. Ad. sk.

b, c, d, e. Pull. St.
/. d ad. sk.

g, h. Ad. sk.
i. (J ad. sk.
k. c? ad. sk.
I, m. (f juv. st.
M. 6 -,0,1}, q.
$ ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. <S ad. sk.

t, n. cJ 2 ad. sk.
V, w. c? ad. sk.
.r, y. cj ad. sk.
z. S ad. sk.
a'. 5 ad. sk.

b'. Juv. sk.

d . (S ad. sk.
d'. c? ad. sk.
e',f. d $ ad. sk.
ff'. cS ad. sk.
h'. Ad. sk.
i'. Ad. sk.

k'. (S ad. sk.

r. 2 ad. sk.
m'. cJ ad. sk.
n'. c? ad. sk.
o'. Imm.;p'.Ad. sk,
q'. Ad. sk.
r'. Ad. sk.

s'. Ad. sk.
t'. (S ad. sk.
u'. Ad. sk.

$ ad. sk.

cf ad. sk.

(J ad. sk.

? ad. sk.
z', a. Ad. sk.
jS, y. .-id. sk.
8, e. Ad. sk.

y

f. Ad. sk.
T]. Ad. sk.
5. Ad. sk.

England, June.
Cambridgeshire.
Cambridgeshire, June 16

{Fa7Ton).
Hampstead, Sept.
Hampstead, Sept.
Siurey, May.
Brighton, Oct. 1881.
Brighton, Sept. 1883

(J?. Swaysland).
Devonshire.
Axmouth, Devonshire,

April.
Lapland, June 12.
Norway, June {J. Baker).
Norway, May {R. Collett).
Norway, Aug. {R.CoUett).
Valkeuswaard, Holland

(J. Baker).
Utrecht, HoUand, Sept.

( Van Dam).
Pomerania, May 12.
Saxony, April 20.
Florence, Italy, Oct.
South Spain, "Sept. 13.
Morocco.
Tangier {Drummond

Hay).
Asia Minor, April 18

(T. Rohso7i).
Moiint Tabor, Palestine.
Plain of Acre.
Nubia, April 10.
Eylet, Bogos {Esler).
Dakar, Senegal (Marche).
Shonga, R. Niger, Nov.

1882.
Afghanistan {Griffith).
Candahar, April 2.
Kattiawar, March 25.

Cashmere, May 6.

Kondu district, Sept. 20.

Gilgit, May.

Gilgit, July.

N.W. India.

Punjab.

N.W. Himalayas.

Murree.

Kumaon (Strachey).

Behar.

Govdd Collection.
Mr. J. Baker [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
J. E. Hartiug, Esq. [P.].
Gould Collection.

Messrs. Swaysland [P.]-
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Col. Montagu [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Christiania Museum [P.].
Christiania Museum [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Prof. Gigholi [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Gould Collection.

Gould Collection.

Canon Tristram [C.].
Canon Tristram [C.].
Capt. G. E. Shelley [P.].
Sharpe Collection.
M. A. Bouvier [P.].
W. A. Forbes, Esq. [C.].

India Museum.

Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].

Major J. Haves Lloyd

[C.]-

Col. Biddulph [C.].

Col. Biddulph [C.].

Col. Biddulph [C.].

Col. Biddulph [C.].

GoiUd Collection.

Gould Collection.

Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.].

Col. Biddulph [C.].

India Museum.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.],

3. ANTHUS. 547

I. 2 ad. sk. Muddapur, Nov. 6 Oates CoUectiou.

(Tf. E. Brooks).

K,\. c? 2 ad. sk. INIhow, Nov. Col. Swinhoe [P.].

p. Ad. sk. Deccnn (Si/kes). India Museum. (Type of

Anthus affilis.)

V. Ad. sk. Madras. T. C. Jerdou, Esq. [P.].

^. Ad. sk. Madi'as (Jerdon). Gould Collection,

o. Ad. .sk. Assam (MacClelland). India Museum.

IT, p. Skulls. S. Germany. Dr. Giinther [C.].

0-. Skeleton. England. Purchased.

5. Anthus maculatus.

Anthus maculatus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,^\. 118a
(no. 435) ; id. in Grm/s Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; Cab. Mus. Hein.
Th. i. p. 15 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 248 (1850) ; Ball, Sir. F.
1874, p. 416; Brooks, Sir. F. 1876, p. 278 ; id. Ibis, 187G, pp. 499,
504; Ball, Str. F. 1877, p. 417; id. Sir. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 219 ;
Cripps, t. c. p. 287 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind ^-c. p. 41 (1879) ; Seebohm,
Ibis, 1879, p. 34 ; IIu7ne, Str. F. 1879, p. 103 ; Brooks, t. c. p. 484 ;
Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, T[t. 189: Beid, Str. 2^. 1881, p. 48 ; Davison,
Str. F. 1883, p. 396 ; Blakist. Chnjs. ii. p. 425 (1882) ; id. torn. dt.
p. 30 (1883) ; id. ^ Prijer, B. Japan, p. 153 (1882) ; Jouy, Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. vi. p. 289 (1883) ; Blakist. Amended List B. Japan,
p. 52 (1884).
Anthus arboreus {nee Gm.), Je)-d. Madr. Journ. xi. p. II (1840) ;
Gray, Cat. Mamni. etc. Nepal pres. Hodc/s. p. 76 (1846) : Te7nm.
(§• Schl. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 58 (1850) ; Middend. Sibir. Reis. p. 163
(1851) ; Schrenck, Reis, Amurl. p. 335 (1869) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir.,
Voff. ii. p. 223 (1863).
Anthus brevirostris, Eodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,

pi. 120. fig. 2 (no. 814) ; id. in Grai/'s Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).
Antkus trivialis (ncc L.), Blijth, J. A. S. Bemj. xvi. p. 432 (1847).
Anthus (Dendronanthus) maculatus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.

p. 135 (1849).
Anthus agilis {iion Sykes), Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mtis.
i. p. 354 (1854, pt.) ; Swin/i. Ais, 1860, p. 55, 1801, pp. 36, 333,
1863, p. 310, 1865, p. 542 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 251, no. 3641
(1869) ; Simnh. Ibis, 1870, p. 469, 1874, p. 442 ; Dresser, Ibis,
1876, p. ISO ; Blakist. .§• P-yer, Ibis, 1878, p. 236.
Anthus japonicus (nee T. S( S.), Sivinh. Ibis, 1861, pp. 333,443;
Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 32 ; Jlliitely, t. c. p. 198 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1871,
p. 234; Stcinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 366 ; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 449.
Anthus agilis {non Sykes), Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 229 (1863) ; Gould,
B. A.na, iv. pi. 65 (1865) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 78 ; Pelz. t. c.
p. 312 ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 57 ; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 287 ;
Swink. t. c. p. 347 ; Hume i^'- Henders. Lahore to Yark. p. 226
(1873) ; Adams, Str. F. 1873, p. 384 ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 479 ;
id. Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 382 (1873) ; Stcinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 425 ;
Hume^- Oates, Str. F. 1875, p. 142 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
i. p. 159 (1876) ; Prjev. in Rotcley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 195 (1877);
David i^- Oust. Ois. Chine, }x 308 (1877) ; Slater, Ibis, 1882, p. 433.
Pipastes maculatus, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 287, 1871, p. 35 ; id. Str. F,
1873, p. 202 ; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 250 ; Hume ^- Butler, t. c.
p. 490 ; Blyth ^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 96 (1875) ; Armstr. Str. F.

2n2

648 MOTACrLLID-aE.

1876, p. 330; Butler, Str. F. 1877, p. 230; Anders. Zool. Exped.
Tim-nan, p. 608 (1878); Sume i^- Davis. Str. F. 1878, pp. 365,
519 ; Davids. 8,- Wetiden. Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 84 ; Murray, t. c.
p. 109 ; Smlly, Str. F. 1879, p. 316 ; Oatcs, B. Brit. Burm. i.
p. 171 (1883).
Pipastes agilis, Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. 1872, p. 60 : Dybowski, Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, viii. p. 261 (1883, nee Sykes).

Aihilt. General coloiir above nearly uniform olive-brown, with a
few dusky streaks on the head, mantle, and back ; the lower back
and rump entirely uniform ; the streaks most distinct on the crown;
lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater wing-coverts
dusky brown, externally olive-brown, the median series tipped with
yellowish white ; bastard-wing blackish brown ; primary-coverts
and quills dark brown, edged with olive-brown like the back, the
first primary white along the margin of the outer web ; centre tail-
feathers dark brown, edged with oUve, the remainder pointed, edged
narrowly with olive and tipped with white ; the penultimate feather
with a wedge-shaped spot of white at the end of the inner web ; the
outer feathers white, smoky brown towards the tip of the outer web,
and with an oblique mark of dark brown on the inner web ; eyelid
and a broad eyebrow fulvous, becoming whiter above the ear-coverts ;
lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts sandy butf, the latter
dusky on the hinder margin ; cheeks and throat uniform sandy buff,
separated by a narrow black malar strealc ; fore neck, chest, and
flanks sandy buff, all broadly spotted with triangular black mark-
ings, more longitudinal on the sides of the body, which are washed
with olive-brown ; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white,
the former spotted with black, the latter unspotted : thighs white ;
under wing-coverts smoky brown, edged with olive-yellow ; under
wing-coverts also light smoky brown, washed with olive-yeUow, and
slightly mottled with dusky bases near the edge of the wing ; quills
dusky brown below, pale ashy along the inner web : " upper man-
dible black ; lower mandible livid at tip, pale fleshy at base ; feet
pale reddish-fleshy ; iris dark brown '' (Scully) ; " feet light flesh-
colour " (Blaliston). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0'55, wing 3-5,
tail 2-6, tarsus 0-85.

This species maintains throughout its life the olive-green color-
ation, wliich, at any ago or season, distinguishes it from A. aboreus.
In summer, when the plumage is much worn, the throat is white
below, the spots on the breast very black and distinct, and the back
becomes very distinctly streaked with black, which is very pro-
nounced on the head and over the eye.

In autumn plumage the black spots on the breast are somewhat
less pronounced, and the throat is a beautiful buff-colour, almost
tawny in some specimens.

Some individuals from the North-west Himalayas appear to me
to be somewhat intermediate between A.maculatus and A. trlvialis,
partaking of the more distinct striping of the upper surface charac-
teristic of the latter bird, but still retaining the green tinge of colour
peculiar to A. maculatus.

3. AXTHIIS.

549

Hah. Eastern Asia from Japaa and Eastern Siberia, as far as the
valley of the Yen-e-say. Winters in the plains of India, the
Burmese countries, and Cochin China.

a

Ad. sk.

Himalayas.

Gould Collection.

b.

Ad. sk.

N.W. Himalayas.

Capt. Stackhouse Pin will

[P.].
B.H.Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

c-

i. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

(Types of species.)

k-

-s. Ad. sk.

Nepal {Hodgson).

India Museum.

t.

S ad. sk.

Mogul Serai, Mar. 2 ( W.
E. Brooks).

Gates Collection.

?<.

Ad. sk.

Cawnpore, June 28 ( W.
E. Brooks).

India Museum.

V.

(^ ad. sk.

Behar.

B.H.Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

w

cj ad. sk.

Ootacamund, Nilghiri
hiUs, April 19,

W. Davison, Esq. [P.].

X.

Ad. sk.

Bootan (Pemberton).

India Museum.

y-

Ad. sk.

Khasia hills {Griffith).

India Museum.

z.

Ad. sk.

Bhamau, Feb. 22.

Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

a'

Ad. sk.

MengooD, Upper Bur-
mah, Jan. 14.

Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

V

c? ad. sk.

Eight bank of Tapeng
Eiver, March 5.

Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

c'.

cS ad. sk.

Ponsee, Kakhyen hills,
April 20.

Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

d'

. Ad. sk.

Bassein, Pegu.

W.T.Blanford,Esq.[P.].

e'

2 ad. sk.

Pegu, Nov. 17.

Gates Collection.

f

Ad. sk.

Pegu, Dec. 26.

Gates Collection,

v'

2 ad. sk.

Karen-nee, Jan. 26
{Lloyd).

Gates Collection.

h'

Ad. sk.

Tenasserim.

J. C. D. Packman, Esq,

[P.].

i'.

Ad. sk.

Amoy, Nov. 12 {Stoin-
hoe).

Gould Collection.

k'

Ad. sk.

Amoy, Dec. {Swinhoe).

Gould Collection.

V.

Ad. sk.

Fokien.

Goidd Collection.

m

,n'. 2 ^^- ^^•

Yokohama.

Prof. Mihie [C.].

o'.

Ad. sk.

Yokohama.

H. Pryer, Esq. j^C.].

P\

q'. (5 ad. sk.

Sapporo, Yezo, Oct.

Capt. Blakiston

P."

.

r'.

2 ad. sk.

Izari, Yezo, Sept.

Capt. Blakiston

[P-'

].

s'.

(S ad. sk.

Fuji, July {Jouy).

Capt. Blakiston

P-]

t'.

2 ad. sk.

Nagasaki, Nov.

F. Ringer, Esq.

'P.'

u'

cJ; v',w'. 2 ad. sk.

Nagasaki, Dec.

F. Ringer, Esq.

■p.'

.r'

cJ; j/',z'. 2 ad.sk.

Nagasaki, Jan.

F. Ringer, Esq.

"P."

a.

cJ ad. sk.

Amoor Land, June 12.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

P.'.

^.

c? ad. sk.

Island of Askold, April

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

'P.I.

{H. Doerries).

y-

2 ad. sk.

Island of Askold, May
{H. Doerries).

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

6.

Bones of trunk.

Nepal.

B.H. Hodgson, E

sq.

P-]-

a. Intermediate form.

a. (S ad. sk. Gilgit, June 1. Major Biddulph [P.].

o, c, (f, e. Ad. sk. N.W.Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

fp.].

550 MOTACniilD^.

f. Var.. sk N.W.Himalayas. Capt.StackliousePinwill

^ fp.].

q. Ad. sk. Himalayas.

'/j. Ad. sk. Nepal. B.H.Hodo-f<on,Esq.[P.].

i. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodggon). India INluseum.

6. Anthus nilghiriensis.

Anthus rufescens, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 34 (1840, wee Temm). ^
Antbus montanus {nee Koch), Bli/th, J. A. S. Bern/, xvi. p. 435 (1847,

ex Jerd. MSS.); id. Cat. />'.' .l/".s. As. Soc. p. 136 (1849); £p.

Consp. i. p. 248 (1850) : Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 251, no. 3643

(1869) ; mime, Sir. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 461 ; id. Sir. F. 1879,

p. 103 ; Davison, Sfr. F. 1883, p. 397.
Pipastes montanuB, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 230 (1863) ; Bbith, Ibis,

18(?)7, p. 312 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 383 (1873) ; Fairb.

Sir. F. 1877, p. 407.
Anthus trivialis, pt., Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 309 (1874).

Foot of Anthus nilgkirieiisis.

Hind daw stout and strongly curved, much shorter than the hind
toe. Tarsus considerably longer than the hind toe and claw com-
bined. Primaries equal, 2, 4 ; tliird a trifle longer, Jirst a trifle
shorter, than second ; fifth shorter than first, and equal iu length
to long secondaries. Feet reaching to three fourths of length of
tail (in skin). Primaries ernarginate, 2, 3, 4, 5, the last quite distinct.
Sometimes the long secondaries exceed the tips of the primaries in
the closed wing.

Adult male. General colour above light sandy buff, paler on the
edges of the feathers of the mantle, the whole upper surface broadly
streaked with black down the centre of the feathers, whicli have a
slight tinge of olive. Rump more uniform, the black centres to the
feathers less distinct ; lesser wing-coverts and scapulars olive-brown,
with indistinct blackish centres to the feathers ; median and greater
coverts blackish, externally sandy brown, paler at the end ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts blackish, naiTowly edged with ashy ful-
vous ; quills blackish, edged with sandy buff, washed with olive,
the edges to the inner secondaries much paler, the first primary

3. ATTTHUS. 551

edged with bii% whitish ; upper tail-coverts and tail blackish,
edged with paler browii, the latter with pale sandy bnfF ; the two
outer feathers smoky brown, whitish at tip, the inner web with an
oblique mark of dark brown ; the third feather with an irregular
wedge-shaped spot of white at the end of the inner web ; a distinct
eyebrow from the base of the nostril to above the ear-coverts ; lores
blackish ; ear-coverts and feathers below the eye reddish brown,
with whitish shafWines, the upper margin dusky brown ; cheeks
rich sandy buff, brighter on the throat and fore neck, as well as the
sides of the body ; the fore neck, chest, and sides streaked with
black, the stripes more longitudinal on the latter ; abdomen paler
and more isabclline ; under tail-coverts richer sandy buif ; axillaries
pale sandy buff, washed -with olive ; under wing- coverts sandy buff,
tinged with olive near the edge of the wing ; quills duskj' below,
ashy for two thirds of their length : " upper mandible and apical
portion of lower mandible and claws dark brown ; rest of lower
mandible, legs, and feet pale fleshy brown ; iris deep wood-brown "
(Davison). Total length 6*5 inches, cvilmen 0*55, wing 2"95, tail 2*7,
tarsus 0'95.

Adult female. Very similar to the male, but having the under-
parts more feebly marked. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0"55,
wing 2-9, tail 2'35, tarsus 0*95.

Ohs. Some specimens have the throat richer and more tawny than
others, but otherwise there is little variation in examples killed in*
the spring of the year.

Hub. HiUs of Southern India.

a. Ad. sk. Nilghiri hills. T. C. Jerdon, E.sq. [P.].

(Typp. of species.)
h,c. c? 2 ad. sk. Ootncamund,Nilghiris, Jan. W. Davison, Esq. fP.1.
d, e,f. cJ ad. sk. Ootacamund, Feb. W. Davison, Esq. [P.].

ff. (S ad. sk. Ootacamund, March. W. Davison, Esq. [P.].

7. Anthus brachyums.

Anthus brachvurus, Siindcv. CEfv. K. Tet.-Ahad. Fork. Stockh. 1850,
p. 100; Giinify, Ibis, 1863, p. 327; Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 122
(1867) ; Gray', Tlandd. B. i. p. 249, no. 3617 (1869) ; frisfr. Ibis,
1869, p. 437 • S/iarpe, ed. Lai/ard's B. S. Afr. -p. 539 (1884).

Anthus brevicaudus, Bp. C'tmsp. i. p. 248 (18.53, lapsu cat.).

Anthus calthropffi, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 121 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 250, uo. 3627 (1869).

Hind claw slender, slightly curved, and not so long as the hind
toe. Tarsiix longer than hind toe and claw combined. Primaries
equal, 2 and 3 ; first and fourth almost equal, so that practically
they are all four subcqual ; fifth a little shorter than the fourth,
but longer than the innermost secondaries. Feet not extending
beyond the tail, but nearly reaching to the tip (in skin). Primanes
emare/inate, 2, 3, 4, 5, all distinct.

Adidt male in hreediivi-plumacje. General colour above dusky,
somewhat Lark-like in appearance, the feathers being dark brown

552 MOTACILLID^.

edged with fulTOUs-brown, somewliat tinged with olive ; lower back
and rump uniform dark brown, washed with olive ; upper tail-
eoverts dark brown, with fulvous-brown margius ; lesser wing-
coverts uniform dark sandy brown ; median and greater coverts dark
brown, broadly margined with tawny buif, with a slight tinge of
olive ; bastard-wing dark brown, the outer feather margined with
white, slightly tinged with buff; primary-coverts dark brown, mar-
gined with olive ; quills dark brown, edged with fulvous, the first
primary white along the outer web ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged
with lighter brown, the outer ones smoky white, obliquely dark
brown on the inner web ; penultimate feather edged with smoky
white externally and paler brown at tip ; head like the back ; lores
tawny buff, extending a little above the eye ; eyelid yellowish buff ;
ear-coverts dull tawny buff, streaked with dark brown ; cheeks
yellowish buff, spotted with dark brown ; chin and throat yellowish
buff, the former uniform, the lower throat spotted with dusky, these
spots becoming larger and more distinct on the fore neck and chest,
which is very broadly streaked with blackish centres to the feathers ;
lower breast and abdomen white, the sides of the body and flanks
fulvous, very broadly streaked with dark brown or blackish ; thighs
oUve-fulvous ; under tail-coverts pale sandy buff, the basal ones
with concealed dark-brown centres, the longer ones dark brown
with lighter brown edges ; under wing-coverts light sandy buff,
slightly mottled with dusky bases ; the axillaries white, washed with
olive-yellow : quills pale dusky brown below, with a broad extent
of ashy white along the inner web : " upper mandible dark brown,
the lower one pale ashy colour ; nostrils linear ; tarsi and feet pale ;
iris dark hazel "' {T. Ayres). Total length 4'6 inches, culmen 0-45,
wing 2'6, tail 1-6, tarsus 0'65.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, with a strong shade
of yellowish olive on the lores, eyebrow, sides of neck, and chest.
Total length 4'7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-5, tail 1-7, tarsus
0-65.

ToHH(7 (Rustenburg, N'ov. 16: W. Lucas). More Lark-like than
the adults. Sandy rufous above, with broad black centres to the
feathers and pale sandy tips ; the rump uniform sandy rufous ; the
edgings to the wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers sandy rufous ;
under sui'face of body pale isabelliue, the throat minutely and the
breast and fore neck broadly streaked with black ; the flanks
uniform.

Winter 2>^umage (Rustenburg, April 22 ; W. Lucas). Very
similar to the foregoing immature plumage. Sandy rufous instead
of olive-brown, as in summer, the margins to the wing-coverts and
quills particularly broadly edged with sandy rufous, as are also the
tail-feathers ; lores and feathers round the eye white ; under sur-
face of body isabelhne, with much narrower streaks of black on the
fore neck and chest than in summer : flanks uniform sandy rufous :
" upper mandible dusky, lower mandible pale : tarsi and feet pale
brown; iris dark hazel" (W. Lucas). Total length 5"3 inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 2-9, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-7.

I

3. ANTHirS.

553

Ohs. It IS with some hesitation that I refer these Rustenbur- spe-
cimens to A. hmchyumcs. The larger size of the example obtained in
November, its uniform fanls, general rufous colour, and the presence
of a white wedge-shaped tip on the penultimate tail-feather are aU
characters which separate it from the Natal specimens. Further-
more, Mr. Lucas speaks of it as "perching on trees ; " whereas Mr
I. Ayres says that in Natal, where A. hrachyurus is only a summer
visitor, It IS " quite a terrestrial bird, never "alighting on any twig
or stem of grass, but always on the ground." On the other hand
there are many other characters, such as the white-edged first
primary, in which the two birds agree.

Hah. Natal in summer, retreating in winter to the Eastern Trans-
vaal districts.

a. 2 ad. sk.

b. 2 ad. sk.

c,d.(S 2 ficl- sk.
e. Ad.sk.
/. Jut. sk.

g. (S ad. sk.

Umlaas River, Natal, Jan.

22, IS4:Q (Wahlherg).
Natal. -^

Natal {T. Ayres).
Natal.
Ptustenburg, Nov. 16 {W.

Lucas).
Rustenburg, April 22 ( W.

Lucas).

Sharpe Collection.

Dr. Gueinzius [C.].
J. H. Gurnev, Esq. fP ]
T. Ayres, Esq. [0.]:
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

8. Anthus nicholsoni.

^^lo^lx'^^^^J?^^*"^ ^'^^ ^•)' ^"'-wey, inAndei-ss. B.Bam. Ld. p. 114

(IH/^j j Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 292 (1881).
Anthus nicholsoni, Sharpe, ed. LayanVs B. S. Afr. p. 536 (1884)

Foot of Anthus nicholsoni.

Hhid claw Btout and slightly arched, only a trifle shorter than
t ,^°% i ^*r P^'a;tic^% subcqual. Tarsus stout, exceedin<.
length of hind toe and claw combined. Pmnarics equal 2 3-
fourth scarcely shorter than third ; first shorter than fourth 'and

554 MOTACILLID^.

subequal to the long secondaries ; fifth much shorter than first.
Feet reaching to a little more than half the tail. Primaries emar-
ginate, 2, 3, 4, 5, all verj- distinct.

Adult male in ivinter plumage (type of species). General colour
above mottled, the feathers being dull ashy brown, washed with
sandy buff, and having tolerably distinct blackish shaft-lines ; rump-
feathers with clearer sandy-rufous edgings, as also the upper tail-
coverts, the long ones of which are edged with ashy whitish ; lesser
wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts blackish,
edged with sandy rufous, inclining to isabelline towards the ends
of the feathers : bastard-wing blackish, with sandy-buff margins ;
primary-coverts and quills blackish brown, edged with pale ashy
brown, hoary whitish on the primaries, the first primary white
along the edge of the inner web ; the secondaries broadly margined
with sandy rufous : tail-feathers blackish brown, with ashy-fulvous
edges, the penultimate feather with a very narrow fringe of isabel-
line along the outer web, sometimes extending roimd the tip of the '
inner web ; otherwise the penultimate feather is blackish ; outer
feather diagonally blackish on the inner web, the shaft dark brown,
the outer web pale isabelline buff for its entire extent, somewhat
paler towards the end, the inner web diagonally pale isabelline for
its terminal third, becoming whiter towards the tip ; head like the
back, but slightly more mottled with blackish centres to the feathers ;
eyelid and a distinct eyebrow yellowish white ; lores ashy ; ear-
coverts sandy rufous, with whitish shaft-lines ; below the eye some
dusky feathers ; cheeks yellowish buff, followed by a distinct mous-
tachial line of black ; throat white, washed with pale sandy on the
lower part : sides of neck sandy buff, mottled with dusky bases to
the feathers ; under surface of body from the fore neck downwards
pale isabelline buff, deeper and more sandy buff on the sides of the
body, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; the fore neck very distinctly
spotted with blackish, the sides of the upper breast streaked with
brown shaft-lines ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale sandy
buff, the latter with a distinct shade of olive ; quills dusky below,
ashy fulvous along the inner web. Total length 7'5 inches,
culmen 0*7, wing 3-9, tail 3-1, tarsus 1*05.

A specimen from Mr. Andersson's last collection, which was
probably obtained at Ondonga (as the ticket attached to it was the
same as that which the Ovampo-Land specimens bore), is ajiparently
in breeding-plumage. It differs from the specimen described
in being altogether more rufous, with the feathers much worn (so
that the mesial black markings on the dorsal plumage stand out in
bolder relief), in the strongly-marked mystacal line of black, and
in the less distinct spots on the chest.

This species is of about the same size and appearance as A. jyyr-
rJionotus, but is mottled with dark centres to the feathers of the upper
surface. In the tail, however, lies the chief difference. The outer
feather has the outer web whitish for the most part, but is brown along
the inner web, this colour running obliquely from the base upwards.
The penultimate feather is almost entirely brown, with a narrow

3. ANTHTTS. 555

edging of huffy whitish running along the outer web and slightly-
widening at the tip ; the hind claw is stout and rather curved.

The shaft of the outer feather is generally darl; sometimes lighter
towards the base. The breast is always distinctly streaked with
brown, and there are generally indications of a double moustache,
the ear-coverts being brown, with a dark-brown streak along their
lower edge, skirting the cheeks above, just as the mystacal line
does below.

Hah. South Africa, inhabiting the Cape Colony and extending
into Ifatal and probably into Damara Land.

a. $ ad. sk. Cape Town, May 1 (C. J. Sharpe Collection.

Andersson).

b. S ad. sk. Sigonell, Vaal River (T. C. Sharpe Collection.

Atmore). (Type of species.)

c. tS ad. sk. Eland's Post, June (T. C. Sharpe Collection.

AUnore).

d. (S ad. sk. Kiugwilliamstown, May 24. Capt. Trevelyan [P.].

e. S ad. sk. Near Newcastle, Natal, June. Capt. Savile" G. Raid

[P.].
/. S ad sk. Rustenbiu-g, Aug. 8 ( W. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Lucas),
g. S ad. sk. [Oiidonga] {Andersson). Sharpe Collection.

9. Anthus pyrrhonotus.

L'Alouette a dos roux, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iv. pi. 197 (1805) ; Sundev.
Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 46 (1858) ^.

Alaudapyn-houotha, Vieill. N. Diet. d'L£ist. Nat. i. p. 361 (1816, ex
Levaill.).

Anthus leucophrys, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 502 (1818) t;
id. Sf Owl. Gal. Ois. i. p. 262 (1823) ; Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 206
(1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 248 (1850) ; Layard, Lbi.<<, 1869, p. 358,
1871, p. 228. ^ > > ii- >

Anthus gouldi, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 27 ; Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 206
(1847J ; IfaHl. Orn. Westafr. p. 73 (1857) ; Gtirney, Lbis, 1860,
p. 208; Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 162; Tristr. Lbis, 18(;9, p. 437:
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 328 (1869) ; Sharpe, lbis, 1870, p. 461 ;
Shelle)/ S,- BueJiley, Lbis, 1872, p. 290 ; Llartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver.
Bremen, vii. p. 99 (1881), viii. p. 198 (1883).

Anthus sordidus (nee Itiipp.), Bianc. S2}ec. Zool. 3L).tamb. fasc. xvi.
p. 122 (1865); Grai/, Lland-l. B. i. p. 251, no. 3637 (1809).

Megalophonus pyrrhonotus, i«?/fOY/, B. S. Afr. p. 211 (1867).

* Prof. Sumlevall does not consider LeTaillant's plate to be really a repre-
sentation of this Pipit ; but I think that the description is fairly correct. More-
over Levaillant states that his bird is the "Enkelde Leewerk" of the colonists;
and as tliis is the name for the Common Pipit of South Africa, it seems better
to adopt it, and to make allowance for the slight inaccuracy of the figure.

■t As^with many of the older descriptions of Pipits, there is not a character in
Vieillot's diagnosis which will enable us to determine the species with certainty.
It agrees, however, so well with A. jnjrrhmiotus, that 1 believe it to have been
tiiken from a specimen of the latter bird.

556 MOTACILLID^.

Anthus cinnamomeus (nee Rilpp.), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 251, no.

3636 (1869) ; Layard, Ibis, 1871, p. 228.
Authus pyrrhonotus, Gurnet/, Ibis, 1871, p. 150 ; Layard, t. c.

p. 228 ; Gurn»i/, in Anderss. B. Dam. Id. p. 113 (1872) ; Bueldey,

Ibis, 187i, p. 384; Shellei/, Ibis, 1875, p. 75 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1876,

p. 246; Sharpe, in Oates\ Matabele Land, ^^j/j.' p. 317 (1881);

Shelkii, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 573 ; Butler, Feilden, ^ Reid, Zool. 1882,

p. 336 ; Shellei/, Ibis, 1882, p. 349, 1883, p, 543.
Antlius erythronotiis, Shatpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 72 (1871) ; Bocage,

Orn. Angola, p. 295 (1881).

Foot of Anthus pyrrhonotus.

Hind claiv curved, not so long as the hind toe itself. Tarsus
very much longer than the hind toe and claw. Primaries equal,
2 and 3 ; first primary equal to fourth ; hoth of them only a'
shade shorter than the others, and practically about equal ; fifth
primary much shorter than the other four, about equal to longest
secondaries and generally exceeding them by a little. Feet not
reaching beyond end of tail (in skin). Primaries emarginate, 2, 3,
4, 5, the last obsolete.

Nestlinci (full-grown). General colour above Lark-like, the
feathers dark brown or blackish, laterally margined with sandy
buif and fringed at the tips with pale sandy buff, producing a
strongly mottled appearance ; the head like the back and similarly
marked ; the hind neck more ashy brown and the dark spots
smaller ; wing-coverts blackish, rather broadly edged with deep
sandy buff ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish
brown, edged with sandy rufous, broader on the secondaries, the
first primary externally edged with isabelline ; upper tail-coverts
and tail-feathers blackish brown, rather broadly margined with sandy
buff, the penultimate feather blackish brown along the inner web,
paler and more smoky brown near the shaft, which again is blackish
brown, forming with the adjoining portion of the feather a distinct
blackish streak down the feather, reaching nearly to the tip, the
outer web and the end of the inner web sandy buff ; outer feather

3. ANTHUS. 557

smoky brown, the inner web obliquely blackish brown, the outer
web pale sandy buff, the shaft yellowish white, rather browner
towards the end ; lores pale sandy buff, continued into a broad eye-
brow of lighter sandy ; eyelid, sides- of face, and ear-coverts sandy
buff, the latter slightly mottled with brown ends to the feathers ;
cheeks pale sandy buff, separated from the throat by a distinct
moustache of dusky brown ; throat pale sandy buff; remainder of
under surface of body sandy buff, browner on the flanks and sides
of body ; the fore neck and breast distinctly mottled with triangular
blackish spots, which extend down the sides of the body ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts sandy rufous, mottled with dusky bases
near the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below, pale rufous-buff
along the inner web.

A female bird obtained by Mr. Andersson on the 20th of January
is moulting from the plumage above described into its first winter
dress, and we are able to trace what the latter will be like. It is
evident that the bird passes at once into the uniform plumage of the
adult, but with this difference, that the new dorsal feathers are
obsoletely fringed with sandy buff, a little more distinct on the head,
where the feathers have dusky centres, so that the head has a
faintly striped appearance. It is at this season that the species
might be mistaken for A. nicholsoni ; but the absence of distinct
streaks to the dorsal plumage and the sandy rufous axillaries
effectually distinguish it. The under surface is strongly suffused
with sandy buff, especially on the fore neck and chest, which have
obscure dusky blackish streaks or spots in the centre of the feathers.
The tail does not retain the markings on the penultimate feather so
distinctly as in the nestling dress. The outer tail-feather is as
before, excepting that the sandy-buff colour on the outer web is
whiter.

Adult female in hreedimj-ijlumage. General colour above nearly
uniform umber-brown, but slightly paler and more ashy on the
hinder neck ; least wing-coverts like the back, the remainder
blackish, edged with dark sandy buff; the bastard-wing and pri-
mary-coverts blackish brown, narrowly margined with ashy fulvous,
as also are the primaries, the secondaries, however, having rather
broader edges of sandy buff; tail-feathers dark brown, narrowly
edged with ashy fulvous, the two outer ones smoky brown, with
an oblique mark of dark brown along the inner web, the tips of both
feathers isabelline, as also the outer web of the external rectrix ;
head nearly uniform, like the back ; lores and a distinct eyebrow
as well as the feathers under the eye isabelline whitish, rather more
sandy on the hinder part of the eyebrow ; ear-coverts pale sandy
buff, browner along the upper margin ; cheeks whitish, with a
dusky line along the upper margin and a plainer mystacal line of
blackish ; throat whitish ; remainder of the under surface of the
body pale sandy buff, inclining to isabelline on the centre of the
breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; fore neck and
breast slightly washed with ashy fulvous, with a few indistinct

558 MOTACILLID^.

streaks of dusky brown ; flanks rather more strongly washed with
sandy buft'; axillaries and xuider wing-coverts smoky brown,
washed with sandy buff : under surface of quOls dusky, ashy isabel-
line along the inner web. Total length G--t inches, culmen 0-65,
wing 3-6, tail 2-25, tarsus Tl.

The specimen described is in breeding-plumage, which is conse-
quently much worn. A specimen kiUed in March is in full moult
into winter plumage, and has already assumed the broad sandy-buff
edo-es to the wing-coverts and quiUs ; the outside tail-feathers are
more rufescent on the edges and tips than the bird described, which
has the light portions of these feathers almost faded out to white. _

A male obtained on the 20th of November by Mr. Andersson is in
such worn and abraded plumage that the whole of the upper surface,
including the wings, is nearly uniform, without any trace of light
maro-ins to the feal^Jiers. On the chest are some very distinct trian-
gular spots of blackish brown.

This species presents a remarkable variation in colour in a large

series all these differences, however, appearing to be accounted

for by the natural variations of age or season. In the extensive
series contained in the British Museum are examples in nearly every
stao-e of plumage and from nearly every habitat of the species.

The present bird differs from A. nicholsoni in its uniform upper
surface and especially in the tail, which in the last-named bird has
the penultimate feather blackish, with only a narrow outer edging
of rufous-buff' along the outer web and round the tip ; sometimes a
small wedge-shaped spot is present at the end of the inner web: the
outer feather is of the same character in both the birds ; but in A.
nicholsoni the light portion of the feather is pale rufescent, becoming
whiter at the tip, and the shaft appears to be always darker

brown. . . . , ,

From Anthus sordidus it is also easily distinguished by its uni-
form upper surface and by the absence of the triangular reddish
mark at the end of the penultimate feather.

In the winter plumage the colour- of the upper parts is more
ashy buff and the sandy-coloured edges to the wing-coverts and
quUIs are much i^lainer and more distinct ; the spots on the breast
are less pronounced, being obscured by the sandy-coloured edges to
the feathers, which resemble the rest of the under surface.

Anthus gouldi of Fraser is a small West-African form of A. pyr-
rhonotus, rather darker in colour above and deeper coloured under-
neath, especially on the under tail-coverts, which are deep tawny
buff. ' The type measures : — Total length 6-6 inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 3-55, tail 2-8, tarsus 1-00.

Bab. The whole of South Africa, from the Cape Colony to Ben-
guela on the west coast and the Zambesi on the east, occurring in
Eastern Africa as far north as Shoa. In Western Africa a small
dark race occurs from the Niger to Senegambia, while the represen-
tative form of the Gaboon and Congo region is subspecificaUy
distinct.

3. ANTHUS.

559

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. Ad. aestiv. sk.

d. Ad. sestiv. sk.

e. Ad. aestiv. sk.

/. Ad. hiem. sk.
g. Ad. hiem. sk.

h. Ad. sestiv. sk.

i, 5 ad. sestiv. sk.

k. Piill. sk.

I. Ad. liiem. sk.
m. Jut. hiem. sk.
«. 2 ad. sk.
o. S ad. Eestiv. sk.

p. d', q, r, s. $ ad.

hiem. sk.
t. 2 ad. hiem. sk.

u, V. (S ad. hiem. sk.

w. Ad. ffistiv. sk.
X. Ad. hiem. sk.

y. Ad. hiem. sk.

z, a', c? $ ad. hiem.

sk.
b'. 2 ad. sestiv.

sk.
c'. c? ad. hiem. sk.

d'. Juv. ; e'. Ad.

sestiv. sk.
f,g'. (S ad. sestiv.

sk.

a. (S ad. sk.

b, V. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.
/, ff. Ad. sk.

h. Ad. sk.
t. c? ad. sk.
it. Ad. sk.

a. A. pyrrhonotus.

South Africa.

South Africa {Andersson) .

South Afi'ica.

South Afiica.

Cajie Town {Layard).

Svpellendam {At more).
Swellendam {Layard).

Colesberg (Layard).

Knysna, December (An-
dersson) .

Knysua, January (An-
dersson).

Port Ehzabeth (Ortlepp).

Port Elizabeth (Ortlepp).

Grahamstowu (Layard).

British Caffii'aria, Sept.
{F. A. Barratt).

Pine Town, Natal, June
(T. L. Ayres).

Pjne Town, March (T. L.
Ayres).

Pine Town, April ( T. L.
Ayres).

Natal.

Kaar Kloof Heights, May
19 (F. Oates).

Transvaal, June 15 (T.
Ayres).

Transvaal, Jime 15 (7".
Ayres).

Lydenburg, Jan, 18 (T.
Ayres).

Rustenbiu'g, May IG ( W.
Lucas).

Damara Land (Anders-
son).

Elephant Vley, Nov. 20
(A7idersson).

l3. A. gouldi.

West Afiica.
Paver Gambia.
Sierra Leone.
Fan tee (Sivanzy).
Cape Palmiis (Fraser).

Cape I'almas.
Shonga, River Niger.
Bembe, Angola.

Zoological Society.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Sir A. Smith [C.].

Purchased.

Salvin-Godman Collec-
tion.

Sharpe Collection.

Salvin-Godman Collec-
tion.

Salvin-Godman Collec-
tion.

Sharpe Collection.

Sharpe Collection.

Sharpe Collection.
Sharpe Collection.
Sharpe Collection.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

T. Ayres, Esq. [C.].
W. E. and C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.]. _
Shai-pe Collection.

Sharpe CoUection.

J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Sharpe Collection.
Sir- E. Sabine [P.].
Sharpe C(?llectiou.
Eyton Collection.

(Tyiies of A. youldi.)
L. Fraser, Esq. [C.].
W.A.Forbes, Esq. IP.
J.J.Monteirc

rbes,Esq. |P.l
eiro, Esq. [C.J.

560 MOTACILLID^.

Subsp. a. Anthus pallidiventris.

Anthus gouldi {mm Fras.), Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 41 ;

Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 1(J2 (pt.) ; Eeichen. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 46,

1877, p. 30.
Anthus pyiThonotus, Sharpe &■ Bouv. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877,

p. 477 (nee V.).

Adult male in breeding-plumacie. General colour above nearly
uniform umber-brovrn, with obsolete remains of ashy margins to the
feathers ; wing-coverts like the back, with slightly broader edgings
of fulvous-brown ; quills dark brown, edged with ashy brown,
inclining to olivaceous brown near the base, the first long primary
externally whitish ; upper tail-coverts rather lighter brown than the
back : tail-feathers dark brown with ashy edges ; the two outer
feathers lighter than the others, the outermost one smoky brown,
obliquely darker brown from the base of the inner web, the outer
web whitish ; the penultimate feather lighter brown, whity brown
at tip and obliquely darker brown from the base of the inner web ;
lores and a distinct eyebrow, as well as a ring round the eye and
fore part of cheeks, dull whitish ; sides of face buffy whitish, with
terminal brown spots to many of the feathers ; throat bufiy' whitish,
^\'ith a tolerably distinct moustachial line of brown ; rest of under
surface of body ashy fulvous, the bases of the feathers brighter buff,
the breast rather browner, with indistinct longitudinal spots of
slightly darker brown ; under wing-coverts darker than the breast,
fulvous-brown with clearer buff edgings ; quills brown below,
smoky buff along the inner web. Total length 6-7 inches, culmen
0-75, wing 3-6, tail 2-6, tarsus 1-15.

Similar to A. ■pijrrlwnotus, but more ashy brown above, and
especially distinguished by its duU white breast, belly, and under tail-
coverts, the breast obscurelj' mottled with dusky spots. Total length
6-8 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-8, tail 2-7, tarsus 1-35.

Hah. West Africa, from Gaboon to the Congo.

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon {Du CJiaillu). Sharpe Collection.

h. Ad. sk. Eiver Danger, Gaboon. H. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Gaboon (8kertchley). Sharpe Collection.

10. Anthus sordidus.

Anthus sordidus, Rilpp. Neue Wirb., Aves, p. 103, pi. 39. fig. 1
(1835) : id. Syst. Uebers. p. 59 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 206
(1847); Bp. Consp. I p. 248 (1850) ; Seu^l. Syst. Uebers. p. 29
(1.S.56); Fimc/i, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 240 (1870); Scl. <$■
Hartl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 167.

Anthus similis, Jei-d. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 36 (1840, pt.) ; id. HI. Ind.
Orn. pi. 45 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 206 (1847).

Agrodroma cinnamomea, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 237 (1863, nee Rilpp.).

AoTodroma similis, Hiime, Nests and Eqgs Ind. B. p. 385 (1873) ; id.
Sir. F. 1873, p. 203; Fairb. Sir. F. 1876, p. 260; Butler, B. S.
Bomb. Pres. p. 56 (1880) ; Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 397.

3. ANTHXJS. 561

Agrodroma sordida, Antin. S^ Salvad. Viaqg. Boqos, p. 110 (1873) ;
Butler, Sir. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 183 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 103 ;
Reid, Str. F. L881, p. 49; Davidson, Str. F. 1882, p. 311.

Foot of Anthus sordidus.

Hind claw strongly curved, but rather slender, shorter than hind
toe. Tarsus considerably longer than hind toe and claw combined.
Primaries equal, 3, 4 ; second a trifle shorter than third ; first shorter
than second, and a little longer than fifth, which is a little shorter
than or equal to the long secondaries. Feet reaching to about
three fourths of the tail. Primaries emarginate, 2, 3, 4, 5, all very
distinct.

Adult male. General plumage above slightly mottled, the feathers
of the upper surface being dark brown, edged with ashy fulvous or
sandy buff, the upper tail-coverts long and plainly edged with
rufescent buff ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and
greater coverts blackish, rather broadly edged with sandy-colour ;
bastard-wing feathers black, margined with ashy fulvous ; primary-
coverts and primaries blackish, narrowly fringed with ashy fulvous,
the secondaries edged with sandy like the greater coverts, most of
the quills with a narrow whitish fringe at the tip ; tail-feathers
blackish, margined with sandy buff like the back, the outermost
feather sandy buff along the whole of the outer web, the same
colour extending diagonally across the terminal third of the outer
web, the penultimate feather with a triangular spot of sandy buff
at the tip ; a distinct superciliary streak of pale sandy buff from
the lores to the hinder edge of the ear-coverts ; in front of the eye
a blackish spot ; feathers below the eye and the ear-coverts sandy
buff, tipped with dusky brown, the upper part of the ear-coverts
dark brown ; checks and throat sandy buff, whiter on the chin,
with a few dusky spots along the moustachial line ; remainder of
under surface of body sandy buff, slightly washed with ashy fulvous,
the fore neck and breast thickly streaked with triangular spots of
black ; flanks and sides of body browner, but not streaked with
black ; thighs and under tail-coverts deeper sandy buff, especially
the latter, which have faintly indicated dusky centres and blackish
shaft-lines ; imder wing-coverts light sandy buff, with dull ashy

VOL. X. . 2 0

562 MOTACILLII)^.

eentres and blackish shaft-streaks, those near the edge of the wing
mottled with dusky bases ; axillaries and under wing-coverts dusky,
with sandy margins like the feathers on the sides of the upper
breast ; quills dusky brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of
the inner web : " upper mandible black, lower mandible fleshy, tip
blackish ; tarsi reddish fleshy, the feet darker, the claws dark
reddish brown ; gape yellow ; iris wood-brown " (Davison). Total
length 7 inches, culmen 0-G5, wing 3-.55, tail 3-1, tarsus 1.

There appears to be no specific difference between the true A.
sordidiis of Abyssinia and its Indian representative; a pair from
Coonoor measure : —

Total leuetb.

a. c?
i-2

7-8
7'5

Culmen.
in.
0-75
0-75

Wing.

3-7
3-4

Tail.

3-05

2-85

Tarsus.
in.
1-05
1-1

The specimen from Palestine recorded below is in winter plumage,
and was sent by Canon Tristram as A. campestris. It has not been
recorded from this locality before.

Hah. North-eastern Africa as far as the Upper-Nile regions ;
Palestine ; and occurring throughout North-western ludia as far as
the Nilghiris, but everywhere sparingly.

a. Ad. sk.

b. 2 ad. sk.

c,d. cJ 2 ad. sk.

e. (S ad. sk.
f,ff.d2 ad. sk.

Eylet, Bogos Land (Esler).
Socotra, J?eb. [Prof. Bal-

fotir).
Socotra, March {Prof. Bal-
four).
Has el Abiad, Palestine.
Coonoor, Nilghii-is, Feb.
(Davison).

Sharpe Collection.
Brit. Association [P.].

Brit. Association [P.].

Canon Tristram.

A. 0. Hume, Esq. [P.].

11. Anthus jerdoni.

Anthus similis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 35 (1840, pt.) ; Gray^ Gen.

B. i. p. 20r. (1847) ; Bhjth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 135 (1849) ;

Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. p. 350 (1854).
Agrodroma sordida (nee Eiijjp.), Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 236 (1863) : Pe/z

Ibis, 1868, p. 312 ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 57 ; Ball, Utr. F. 1875,

p. 207 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind dfc. p. 42 (1879).
Corydalla richardi (nee V.), Beavan, Ibis, 186«, p. 79 ; Hume, Ibis,

1869, p. 120.
Agrodroma jerdoni, i^msc/).. Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 241 (1870); Hume

(^ Henders. Lahore to Yark. p. 227, pi. xxi. (1873) ; Hume, Nests

and Egf/s Ind. B. p. 386 (1873) ; Brooks, Sir. F. 1875, p. 252 ; Ball,

t. c. p. 207 ; Hume S^ Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 491 ; Btdler, Sir. F.

1877, p. 230; Wardlaiu Bamsaij, Ibis, 1880, p. 61.
Corydalla griseorufescens, Hume, Ibis, 1870, pp. 286, 400.
Agrodroma griseorufescens, Cock He Marshall, Str. F. 1873, p. 356.
Anthus sordidus, Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 237 (1876, nee Biipp.).

Hind claw stout and curved, about equal to or a little less than
the hind toe itself. Tarsus much longer than hind toe and claw
combined. Primaries equal, 1, 2, 3 ; fourth scarcely shorter ; fifth

3. ANTHUS. 563

priman- shorter than fourth, about, equal to the long secondaries.
Primaries emarrjinate, 2, 3, 4, 5, all distinct. Feet reaching to about
three quarters of length of tail (in skin).

Adult female. General colour above nearly uniform sandj- brown,
with lighter sandy margins to the dorsal feathers ; the scapulars,
lower back, and rump more ashy ; head like the back, and streaked
with dark brown in the centre, these mesial streaks not being very
strongly pronounced ; lesser wing-coverts ashy brown ; median and
greater series and bastard-wing dark brown, broadly edged with
sandy rufous, inclining to whity brown on the greater coverts;
primary-coverts and quills dark brown, edged with ash}^, the first
primary narrowly, and the secondaries broadly with sandy buff;
upper tail-coverts brown, with sandy-buff edges ; tail-feathers dark
brown, edged with ashy brown ; penultimate feather with a tri-
angular spot of sandy buff through which a blackish shaft-line
passes ; the outer tail-feather pale sandy buff, inclining toisabelline
towards the tip, the shaft dark brown or blackish, the inner web
with a broad oblique mark of dark brown ; eyelid, lores, and a
tolerably distinct eyebrow pale sandy bufi' ; in front of the eye a
dusky spot ; ear-coverts deep sandy buff, ashy on the upper margin
like the sides of the neck ; cheeks and under surface of bodj' pale
sandy buff or deep isabelline, with a few triangular dusky streaks
and spots on the lower throat and fore neck ; thighs and under
tail-coverts like the abdomen ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
like the breast ; quills dusky below, rufcscent along the inner web.
Total length 7'o inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3"9, tail 3-5, tarsus 1-1.

Adult femaJe in hreedinfi-pluma<je. Differs very little from the
winter plumage, but is decidedly more ashy, the sandy margins to
the feathers much worn, and greatly reduced on the wing-coverts
and quills ; the eyebrow, ear-coverts, and throat become bleached
to a very pale isabelline, and the under surface of the body is also
light isabelline brff, much paler on the throat. The streaks on the
fore neck are nearly oljsolete.

The series in the Museum is insufficient to work out the full
changes of plumages undergone by this species ; but it would appear
that the winter dress is more mealy and less ashy than the summer
plumage, and that the streaks on the chest, which are tolerably
plain in the autumn, become more so in the following spring, and
then get worn out as the breeding-plumage becomes bleached.

Jcrdon's Pipit differs from AntJnis sordidvs principally in its
uniform coloration both above and below, and it is altogether more
mealy in appearance. At first sight it would appear to be the
winter plumage of A. sordidus ; but this is clearly not the case, for on
comparing birds of both species obtained in Februarj', the diftereuccs
between them are very apparent, though they are rather difficult to
describe in words.

In size the two birds are very similar, but A.jcrdoui is altogether
paler and much more uniform, the dark mottlings, so conspicuous
in A. sordidus, not being at all pronounced, and underneath, besides
being much paler, there are scarcely any spots on the breast, and

2o2

664 MOTACILLID^.

these very small and indistinct. The pale markings on the outer
tail-feathers are much less extended in A. sordidus than in A.jer-
doni, both on the penultimate and outer tail-feathers.
Eab. From Persia to North-western India.

a. 5 ad. sk. Shiraz, Persia, Jime. Sir 0. St. John [C.].

b. Ad. sk. Shikarpore, Afahanistan India Museum.

{Griffith).

c. Ad. sk. Kurraehee, Scinde (Dr. H. India Museum.

Gould).

d. e. 2 ad. sk. Cashmere, May. Col. J. Biddulph [C.].
/. cJ ad.sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.].

«7, h. i. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

^ will [P.].

k. Ad. sk. Kaugra. Capt. Stactihouse Pin-

wiU [P.].

I. Ad. sk. Meerut, Feb. 20. Major J. Biddulph [C.].

m. Ad. sk. India (Jerdon). Gould Collection.

«. (S Ad. sk. India {Jerdon). Gould Collection.

o. Ad. sk. Allvgurh, Oct. 10. Gates Collection.

p. 2 Ad. sk. Mhow, March 1. Col. Swinhoe [P.].

g. Ad. sk. Etawah, Feb. 18 ( W. C. H. E. Dresser, Esci. [P.].

Urooks).

r. Ad, sk. Deccan {Btmjess). Gould Collection.

s. Ad. sk. Himalayas. India Museum.

t. Ad. sk. Kumaon {Strachey). India Museum.

12. Anthus richardi.

Anthus richardi, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 491 (1818) ;
Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 101 (1824) ; Vig. Zool. Joiirn. i. p. 411
(1825); RoiLV, Orn. Frov. pis. 189, 190 (1825); Gould, B.Eur.
ii. pi. 135 (1837) ; Macyill. Brit. B. ii. p. 199 (1839) ; Nordm.
in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 158 (1840) ; Bouteille,
Orn. Dauphinc, pi. 29. fig. 1 (184.3); Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 398
(1843) ; Von der Mulde, Orn. Griechenl. p. 58 (1844) ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 206 (1847) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 35
(1849) ; Layard, Ann. <V May. N. H. xii. p. 268 (1853) ; ScU.
Voy. Nederl. pi. 93 (1854) ; //»/•./. S,- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.
3Ius. i. p. 355 (1854) ; Blasius. in Xainn. Vdi/. Deutschl. Nachtr. xiii.
p. 94, pi. 371 (1800) ; Sivinh. Ihis, lf<60, p. 55, 1801, p. 30 ; Blasius,
Ibis, 1862, pp. 62, 71 ; Sivinh. Ibii, 1863, p. 311 ; Gray, List Brit.
B. p. 69 (1863) ; Wriyht, Ibis, 1864, p. 61 ; Schomb.^t. c. p. 241 ;
Dybotvski, J. f. O. 1868, p. 234 ; Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 120 ;
Saunders, t. c.'p. 392; Boryyr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 86 (1869) ;
Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 97 (1869) ; Droste, Voyeho. Bork. p. 104
(1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 252, no. 3649 (1869) : Swinh. Ibis,
1870, p. 83 ; Sundev. Svensk. Foyl. p. 42, pi. 66. tig. 5 (c. 1870) ;
Fritsch, Vbq. Eur. pi. 16. fig. 4 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc.
p. 128 (1871) ; Ilartivy, Handb. Brit. B. p. 24 (1872) ; Gould, B.
Gt. Br. iii. pi. 8 (c. 1870) ; Xeict. ed. YarreWs Br. B. i. p. 598 (1874) ;
Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 325, pi. 138 (1875) ; Irby, B. Gihr. p. Ill
(1875) ; Cm-deaux, Ibis, 1865, pp. 173, 181 ; Danf. ^- Harvie
Brown, t. c. p. 311 ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 236 (1876) ; See-
hohm. Ibis, 1878, p. 343 ; B. 0. U. List Br. B. p. 34 (1883).

3. ANTHTTS. 565

Corydalla richardi, Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 897 (1826) ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 247 (1850) ; Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zei/l. Cat.
p. 121 (1852) ; Jatib. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Oni. p. 287
(1859) ; Sicinh. Ibis, 18G1, p. 265 ; Jerd. B. Ltd. ii. p. 231
(1863) ; Deffl. et Gerbe, Or?i. Eur. i. p. 363 (1867) ; Loche,
Expl. Sci. Alr/er., Ois. ii. p. 11 (1867); Beav. Ibis, 1868, p. 79;
Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 120 ; Collett, J. f. O. 1869, p. 393 ; Blanf.
Bns, 1870, p. 469 ; Sicinh. t. c. p. 347 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 366 ;
Holdsiu. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 458; Brooks, Str. F. 1870, p. 358;
Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 239; Ball, t. c. pp. 416, 479, 496; Blyth 8f
Wald. B. Bnrm. p. 95 (1875) ; Armstr. Str. F. 1876, p. 330 ; Tacz.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 157 (1876) ; Prjev. in Rotdeys Orn.
Misc. ii. p. 195 (1876) ; David ^ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 310'(1877) ;
Anders. Zool. Exp. Yun-nan, p. 365 (1878) ; Hume Sf Davison,
Str. F. 1878, p. 365 ; Ball, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 220 ; Cripps,
t. c. p. 288 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 621 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879,
p. 103; SmUii, t.c. p. 316; Oates, B. Brit. Bur?n. i. p. 166(1883).

Antlius rupestris (nee Nilss.), Menetr. Cat. Rais. Cauc. p. 37 (1832).

Antkus macronyx, Glogcr, Handb. Vog. Eur. i. p. 269 (1834).

Antlius lonp:ipes, Holandre, Faune de la Moselle, p. 84 (1836).

Ciclilop3 mouticolus, Hodqs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,
pLs. 121, 124. fig. 1 (no. 4-31) ; id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 83 (1844).

Oorvdalla sinensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 247 (1850) ; David Sf Oust. Ois,
Chine, p. 311 (1877).

Anthus niaximus, Blyth in Wliites Nat. Hist. Selborne, p. 262 (1858).

Corydalla chinensis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 366.

Agrodroinas richardi, Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 216 ; Giglioli, Ibis,
1881, p. 206.

Foot of Anthus richardi.

Hind claxu long and straight, a trifle shorter than hind toe, but
sometimes longer. Tarsus only a trifle longer than the hind toe and
claw. Primaries equal and longest, 1, 2, 3, the fourth a little shorter ;
fifth primary shorter than fourth and less than long secondaries. Feet
reaching in skin to three fourths of tail. Primaries emarr/inate, 2, 3, 4.

Adult male la hreedi iig-plmnacje. General colour above dark brown,
with sandy-buif edges to the feathers, producing a mottled and

566 MOTACILLID^.

Lark-like appearance ; lower back aud rump more uniform and ashy
brown, with dusky centres to the feathers ; lesser wing-coverts dull
sandy rufous ; median and gi eater coverts edged with sandy rufous ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, edged
with sandy rufous, paler and broader on the inner secondaries, the
first primary externally ashy whitish ; tail-feathers dark brown
with ashy-fulvous margins, the penultimate feather dark brown with
a shaft of the same, the outer web white aud the inner web with a
long wedge-shaped white mark reaching down two thirds of the
feather ; lores and a distinct eyebrow sandy white ; ear-coverts
sandy rufous, with pale shaft-lines ; cheeks sandy white, with a
distinct line of blackish brown along' the upper and lower margins ;
under surface of body pale sandy buff, isabelline on the throat aud
abdomen ; lower throat and fore neck with numerous triangidar
spots of dusky blackish ; axillaries and under wing-coverts sandy
rufous, with dusky bases; quills dusky below, fulvescent along the
inner web : " iipper mandible black, the lower mandible fleshy, its
base and gape yellow ; feet reddish fleshy ; claws horny brown ; iris
dark brown " (ScuU)/). Total length 7 inches, culmen U'6, wing 3'5,
tail 2-S, tarsus 1-1.

A pair killed in winter, when the plumage is somewhat fuller,
measure as follows : —

Total length. Culmeu. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in. in.

a. S . Jaffna district 7-7 0-6 3-95 3-3 1-3

b. 2 ■ I'egu 7-2 0-6 3-55 28 1-1

The female, it will be seen, is much smaller than the male ; aud I

strongly suspect that the specimen from Irkutsk is a female, not-
withstanding that it is marked a male.

The description is taken from a specimen obtained near Irkutsk on
the 19th of July. It is already beginning to moult into the winter
plumage. The latter is very much more rufous than the breediug-
dress, all the feathers being broadly edged with sandy buff, especi-
ally those of the wing-coverts and quills ; the feathers of the mantle
rather mottled with pale sandy-buff edges ; the eyebrow is tawny
buff, and the breast and flanks rich tawny, the spots on the fore
neck very indistinct and obscured. This species goes through a
double moult, that to the spring plumage commenciug in February,
before the bird leaves its winter-quarters.

Hah. Breeds in Central and Eastern Asia, migrating in winter
into Southern China, the Moluccas, Burmese countries, India, and
Ceylon, and occurring also at that season in Western and Southern
Europe, occasionally visiting the British Islands.

a. Ad. st. Bermondsej', near London.

b. Ad. sk. Europe.

c. cJad.sk. Irkutsk, July 19. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
J. (S ad. sk. Jaffna district, Ceylon, Mar. 6 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(W. V. Ler/c/c).
e. $ ad. sk. Batticaloa, Cevlon, Oct. 8 Pt. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].
(IF. V.Leycj'e).

567

/. 2 ad. sk. Calcutta, Feb. 1876.

<j, h, i. Ad. sk. Nepal.

kr-n. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.

p,q. 6 2 'id.

sk.
r. S ad. sk.
s. (S ad. sk.
t. (S ad. sk.
u, y. cf 2 ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.

a-. Var. alb., sk.
y. Ad. sk.
z-d'. Ad. sk.
e',/'. Ad. sk.
g', h', i'. Ad. sk.
k'. Ad. sk.

Nepal (Hodgson).
Pegu.

Pegu, Nov.

Pegu, Jan. 7.
Lower Pegu, April 15.
Lower Pegu, March" 15.
Lower Pegu, Oct. 20.
Tenasserim.

Tenasserim (Heifer).

Pekin.

Tientsin, China, Nov.

Amoy, China, Feb.

Araoy, China, May.

Amoy (Swinhoe).

r, m'. (S 5 ad. sk. Amoy, Jan. 25 ( G. SeMegel),

n'. (S ad. sk. Amoy, Nov. (i?. Swinhoe).

o' . Ad. moulting Amoy.

sk.

p'. Ad. sk. Osukeo, Feb. 21 {R.

Swinhoe).

q'. 2 ad. sk. Mysol.
r'. Juv. sk.
a'. Skeleton.

Major J. Biddulph [C.].
B.H.Hodgson,Es(i.[P.].
(Types of C. monticolus.)
India Museum.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
Gates Collection.

Gates Collection.

Gates Collection.

Gates Collection.

Gates Collection.

J. C. D. Packman, Esq.
[P.].

Lidia Museum.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Salvin-Godman Collec-
tion.

Salvin-Godman Collec-
tion.

Gould Collection.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Gould Collection.

"^'allace Collection.
Gould Collection.

13. Anthus infuscatus.

Corydalla inf uscata, Bbjth, J. A. S. Beng. 1861, p. 96 ; Swinh. P. Z. S.

186.3, p. 272.
Corydalla kiangsinensis, David S)- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 311, pi. 37

(1877).

Upper parts dark brown, all the feathers fringed with olive ;
lower parts dirty white, almost dusky, with narrow black streaks oa
the belly and under tail-coverts, the spot.s larger and shorter on tho
breast and sides of the neck, with very fine striations on tho throat,
the sides of which have little brown moustachial lines ; a yellowish
superciliary streak spotted with brown ; tail-feathers very nan ow,
the centre ones olive-brown, with a black streak along the shaft, tho
succeeding ones brown on the outer web, the lateral ones of the
same colour, but with the edging clearer and broader, occupying
nearly all the extent of the external webs and the terminal portion
of the inner ones, excepting the shaft ; quills and wing-coverts
brown, margined with reddish : " biU brownish, with the lower
mandible much clearer ; feet yellowish brown ; iris chestnut-brown."'
Total length 7-2.5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3-5, tail 2-55, tarsus 0-95.
(^David Jj- Oustalet.)

Hah. China.

568 MOTACILLID.'E.

Described by MM. David and Oustalet as resembling A. ricJiardi,
but dift'cring in its much shorter tarsus and less developed hind claw,
which is strongly arched, and in its dusky coloration. 1 believe
the species to be the same as AntJms infuscatus of Blyth, which was
erroneously described by him as from the Philippines. Mr. Swinhoe,
who sent the first specimen to Mr. Blyth, stated (I. c.) that it came
from the hills of Foochow. He considered it to be a dusky form of
A. richardi.

14. Anthus striolatus.

Cicblops tliermophilus, Hodgs. Icon, ined., Passeres, pi. 122 « (no. 735) ;

id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844, descr. nulla).
Anthus rufescens (nee T.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. S,-c. Kepal pres.

Hodgson, p. 77 (1846).
Anthus striolatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 435; id. Cat. B. Miis.

As. Svc. p. 136 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 248 (1850) ; Layard, Ann.

^ Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 268 (1853) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 252,

no. 3652 (1869) ; Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xU. p. 61 (1872).
Corydalla striolata, Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl. Cat. p. 121 (1852);

Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 233 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 31 ; Holdsto.

P. Z. S. 1872, p. 453 ; Brooks, Str. F. 1873, p. 359 ; Walden, Ibis,

1874, p. 140 ; Brooks, t. e. p. 460 ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 417 ;

Hume, t. c. p. 496 ; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 323 ; Fairb. Str. F. 1876,

p. 260 ; Hume Sr Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 366 ; Davids. (§• Wend.

Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 95 ; Ball, t. c. p. 220 ; Leqge, B. Ceylon,

p. 628 (1870) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 103 ; Butler, Cat. B. S.

Bomb. Pres. p. 56 (1880) ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 167 (188.3). _
Anthus thermophilus, Horsf. §■ Moore, Cat. B. F.I. Co. Mm. i.

p. 356 (1854).

Adult male. General colour above sandy buff washed with ashy,
the upper surface mottled with black centres to the feathers, pro-
ducing a Lark-like appearance; lower back and rump uniform
brown, with ashy-fulvous edgings to the feathers ; hind neck rather
more ashy than the back ; lesser wing-coverts uniform brown
washed with sandy ; median and greater coverts dark brown, edged
broadly with sandy rufous, rather whiter towards the ends ; bastard-
wing dark brown, edged with sandy rufous ; bastard-wing and pri-
mary-coverts brown, narrowly edged with sandy buff, the secon-
daries more broadly with sandy rufous, the first primary whitish
along the edge of the outer web ; upper tail-coverts and centre tail-
feathers dark brown, edged with sandy buff; remainder of the tail-
feathers brown, the penultimate feather dark brown, as well as the
shaft, the outer web white for its terminal half, as well as a wedge-
shaped mark of white at the end of the inner web ; the outer tail-
feather white, including the shaft, with an oblique mark of dark
brown on the inner web ; head like the back, and similarly streaked ;
lores white; over the eye a distinct streak of sandy buff; ear-
coverts deep sandy rufous, with a black line running along the
upper edge of the cheeks, which are pale sandy buff, separated from
the throat by a distinct mystacal line of black ; under surface of

3. ANTHTJS. 569

body rich sandy buff, paler and more isabelline on the throat,
abdomen, and under tail-coverts ; the sides of the lower throat, fore
neck, and chest with small triangular spots of blackish ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts pale sandy buff, with smoky brown bases ;
quills light dusky brown below, ashy fulvous along the inner web :
" upper mandible dark brown, the lower one fleshy yellow, the tip
dusky; legs and feet yellow, claws dusky; iris brown" (Lcc/ge).
Total length 68 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-6, tail 2-85, tarsus 1-05.

The specimen described is a Muddapore skin of Mr. Brooks's,
obtained in January. One procured near Diuapore by the same
gentleman, in March, is in full moult ; but the breeding-plumage
which is being donned does not seem to differ materially from the
winter dress, beyond being rather richer sandy rufous on the breast
and sides of the body.

Hah. Throughout India and Ceylon, occurring as far west as
Scindc, and has been met with in the Burmese countries, as well
as the Andaman Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Madi-as (Jerdoii). India ISIuseum.

b. Ad. sk. IMadras. T. 0. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].

c. d. Ad. sk. Madras {Jerdon). Gould Collection.

e. Ad. sk. Travaneore. R. B. Sliai-pe, Esq. [P.].

f. Ad. sk. Sultanpore. Capt. Staclvhouse Pin-

^ will [P.].

g. S ad. sk. Muddapore ( W. E. Brooks). Gates Collection.
h. (5 ad. sk. Muddapore, Jan. 4 (7f''.£.i??-oofo). Gates Collection.
i. Ad.sk. Muddapore, April (Tr.-B.Z?;-ooA>'). Gates Collection.
k. J ad. sk. Diuapore, June 28 (7r.i?.J?roa^s). Gates Collection.

l-o. Ad. sk. Nepal. B.H.Hodgson, Esq.[P.].

(Types of C. thermophilus.)
p-v. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgsoii). India Museum.

w. Ad. sk. Daijiliug {Pearson). India Museum.

15. Anthus campestris.

L'Alouette de champ, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 349 (17G0).

Alauda campestris, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 288 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat.

i. p. 794 (1788).
L'Alouette de Marais, Daubent. PL Enl. v. pi. 661. fig. 1.
La Fiste de Provence, Daubent. PL Enl. vi. pi. 654. tig. 1.
La Pivote Grtolanne de Provence, Daubent. t. c. pi. 654. fig. 2.
La Rousselline ou L'Alouette de Marais, Month. Sist. Nat. Ois. y.

p. 60 (1778).
La Fist de Provence, Btif. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 194 (1778). t

La Pivote Ortolane, Buff. t. c. p. 195 (1788).
Marsh Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 377 (1783).
Meadow Lark, Lath. t. c. p. 378 (1783).
Provence Wheatear, Lath. t. c. p. 471 (1783).
Spotted Wheatear, Lath. t. c. p. 472 (1783).
Alauda mosellana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 794 (1788).
Motacilla maculata, Gm. t. c. p. 965 (1788).
Motacilla massiHeusis, Gm. t.c. p. 965 (1788).
Sylvia massiliensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 531 (1790).
Sylvia maculata, Lath. t. c. p. 5.32 (1790).

670 MOTACILLID^.

Alauda paludosa, B(mn. Orn. i. p. 313 (1700).

Anthus campestris, Bechst. Natwf/. Beutschl. iii. p. 722 (1807) ;
Naimi. Vo(j. Dcidsc/il. iii. pi. 84. Hg. 1 (1823) ; Brehm , Vog.
Deutschl. p. 324 (1831) ; Bji. Comp. List B. Bur. S,- JV. Amer. p. 18
(1838) ; Nordm. in Dcmid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 161 (1840) ; Schl.
Bev. C'rit. p. xxxvi (1844) ; Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 200 (1847) ; Blyth,
Cat. B. Mas. As. iSoc. p. 136 (1849) ; Kjarb. Orn. Dan. pi. 17.
fig. 4 (1852); 8cM. Vog. Nederl. pi. 94 (1854); Simdev. Svensk.
Fo(jl. pi. 8. tig. 5 (c. 1856); Hartl. Orn. IF.-Afr. p. 73 (1857) ;
Jaiib. et Barth.-Lapomni. Bich. Orn. p. 286 (1859) ; Tristr. Ibis,
1859, pp. 31, 41 ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 286 (1859) ; Badde,
Beis. Ost-Sibir., Vog. p. 220 (1863) ; Wright, Btis, 1864, p. 61 ;
Filippi, Viagg. Bers. p. 348 (1865) ; Speiiing, Ibis, 1868, p. 290 ;
Smith, t. c. p. 442 ; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 260, no. 3635 (1809) ;
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 325 (1869) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Deutschl.
p. 86 (1869) ; Goid'd, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 9 (c. 1870) ; Fritsch, Vog.
.£«?-. tab. xvi. fig. 8 (1870); Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, ]d. 15; Blwes ^
Buckley, t. c. p. 195 ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 481 ; Blanf. Geol. ^ Zool,
Abyss, p. 383 (1870); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc p. 128 (1871);
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 72 (1871); Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 85;
Shelley, t. c. p. 139 ; id. B. Egijpt, p. 134 (1872) ; Harting, Handb.
Brit. B. p. 108 (1872) ; Seoei-tz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 67 (1873) ;
Brookes, Ibis, 1873, p. 245 ; Netvt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 592
(1874) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 317, pi. 137 (1874) ; Durnf. Ibis,
1874, p. 404; Irby, B. Gibr. p. Ill (1875); Danf. if Harvie-
Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 3 ; Gurney, t. c. p. 141 ; Cordeaux, t. c.
p. 181 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 179 ; Blanf. East. Bers. ii. p. 237
(1877); Da7if. Ibis, 1878, p. 20; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 70;
Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 216; C. Sivinh. t.c. p. 210; Dixon, t.c.
p. 571 ; B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 33 (1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883,
p. 20; Irby, t. c. p. 184; Ilomeyer ^ Tancre, MT. orn. Ver. Wien,
1883, p. 86; Seebohm, Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 239 (1883) ; Sharpe, ed.
Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 636 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. ^ Flor. Falest.
p. 55 (1884).

Autbus grandior, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 525 (1811).

Vitiflora massiliensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. p. 570 (1817).

Yitiflora maculata, Ste^^h. t. c. p. 671 (1817).

Antbus rufus {nee Bodd.), Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xxvi. p. 503
(1818) ; Bona; Orn. Prov. pi. 191. tigs. 1, 2 (1825).

Antbus massiliensis, Vieill. t. c. p. 503 (1818).

Anthus maculatus, Vieill. t. c. p. 504 (1818, nee Hodgs. 1844).

Antbus rufescens, Temm. Man. d'0?-n. i. p. 267 (1820) ; Werner,
Atlas, Insectivores, pi. 80 (1827); Gould, B. Eta: p. 18 (1837)
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 310 ; Schl. Dier. Nederl. Vog. pi. 9. fig. 2
(1861); Bowleg, Ibis, 1863, p. 37; Sperling, Ibis,'imi, p. 280
Rowley, Ibis, 1865, p. 113.
J Antbus brachycentrus, Hempr. ^ Ehr. Synib. Phys. fol. dd (1828)
Dresser Sf Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 342.

Antbus agrorum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 324 (1831).

Antbus subarquatus, Brehm, t. c. p. .325 (1831).

Antbus flavescens, Brehm, t.c. p. 325 (1831).

Agrodroma rufescens, Sivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 241 (1837).

Agrodroma rufula, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 34 (1840).

Agrodroma campestris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 247 (1850) ; Jerd. B. Ind.
ii. p. 234 (1863) ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 361 (1867) ;
Loche, Eu.pl, Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 13 (1867) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil.

3. ANTHUS. 571

p. 96 (1869); Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 35; Adam, Str. F. 1873,

p. 384 ; Butler i^ Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 491 ; Fairb. Str. F. 1870,

p. 200; Prjev. in Roivlei/s Orn. 3Iisc. ii. p. 195 (1877); Butler,

Str. F. 1877, p. 230; id. Cat. B. Sind ^c. p. 41 (1879) ; Hume,

Str. F. 1879, p. 103 ; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 56 (1880) ;

Davids. Str. F. 1882, p. 310.
Corydalla striata, C. arvensis, C. septentrionalis, C. arenaria, C.

agronim, C. subarquata, C. riifescens, Bre/im, Naum. 1855, p. 279.
Corydalla vierthaleri et C. gracilis, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 137 (1855).
Corydalla orientalis, Brehm, Naum. 1856, p. 337 ; Heiigl. Orn.

N.O.-Afr. i. p. 329, note (1809).
Agrodromas campestris, Hume, Tins, 1871, p. 35 ; Saunders, t. c,

p. 216; Bof/d. B. Cuuc. p. 110 (1879).
Anthiis campestris, ^. orieutalis, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 67, 141

(1873).
Anthiis campestris, y. brachycentrus, Severtz. t, c. pp. 67, 141

(1873).
Agrodroma godlewskii, Taez. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 158

(1876) ; David ^ Oust. Ois. Cliine, p. 312 (1877) ; Seebohm, Ibis,

1880, p. 188.

I

Foot of Anthus campestris.

Hind claiu stout and slightly curved, equal to, and sometimes
exceeding, hind toe. Tarsus very long, nearly double the length
of hind toe and claw. Primaries equal, 1, 2, 3, 4, the latter a shade
shorter. Primaries eraarginate, 2, 3, 4 ; Jifth primary much shorter
than fourth, and less than long secondaries, which come between
fourth and fifth. Feet reaching to about two thirds of tail.

Adult male. General colour above sandy, mottled with darker
centres to the feathers, less distinct on the hind neck, and impart-
ing a somewhat streaked appearance to the head ; the rump nearly
uniform ; least wing-coverts like the back ; greater and median
series dark brown, very broadly edged with clear sandy buff, in-
clining to whitish on the extreme margin of the feather ; primary-
coverts and primaries dark brown, narrowly margined vnih. sandy
buff, the secondaries broadly edged with the latter colour, exactly
like the greater wing-coverts; upper taU-coverts and two centre

572 M0TACILLID.15.

tail-feathers sandy brown, darker brown in the middle of the
feathers ; remainder of the tail blackish brown, with narrow,
almost obsolete, edgings of sandy buff; penultimate feather blackish
brown along the inner web, the enter web entirely light fiilvons,
this colonr extending obliquely along the inner web to the tip, the
shaft brown ; enter feather nearly entirely white, excepting a brown
edging to the inner web, the shaft pure white ; lores and a very
broad eyebrow bufFy white ; in front of the eye a small dusky spot ;
round the eye a ring of buffy-whitc feathers ; sides of face whitish,
with a slight indication of a dusky streak along the upper edge of
the cheeks, below the eye ; ear-coverts sandy brown, rather darker
on the upper margin ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body
whitish, the breast and sides of the body washed with fulvous, the
sides of the neck and sides of breast slightly streaked with brown ;
under wing-coverts whitish, with light ash-coloured bases to the
feathers ; quills light brown below, ashy whitish along the inner
webs. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0'G5, wing 3"6, tail 2*8,
tarsus 1.

Young. Much more mottled above than the adult, the feathers
being all dark brown, with narrow margins of sandy brown; wings
and tail very much as in the adults, the brown colour on the inner
web of the penultimate feather rather darker ; a slight moustache,
composed of little triangular spots ; fore neck and chest also marked
with triangular spots of brown.

The adult female does not differ from the adult male in plumage,
excepting that the mj'stacal stripe is not so strongly pronounced,
and the sides of the breast are somewhat streaked with dusky brown.
Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-3, tail 2-6, tarsus 1.

The winter plumage of the adults only differs from the summer
plumage in being paler ; the mystacal stripe is obsolete, and all
the feathers of the upper surface, and especially the quills, are edged,
rather broadly, with sandy buff.

Young birds of the year after tlieir first moult are distinguished by
having spots on the fore neck and chest ; these spots are generally
blackish and of a triangular form, and vary both in size and intensity
of colour. A pair measure as fallows : —

Total length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

in. in. in. in.

a. 6 ■ Haskeuy, Sept. 15 6-75 37 3-0 1-05

b. $ . Haskeuy, Sept. 15 6-5 3-5 2-75 1-05

The mystacal streaks and the spotting on the breast vary with
individuals. The latter seems to be characteristic of the young
bird, for it is most distinct in the specimen described above, which
cannot long have left the nest. In the adults it is almost or entirely
absent, and in a moulting specimen (Sept. 15, 1876) it is disap-
pearing, the new feathers being much less spotted.^

The double moustache is a character less easily accounted for.
In most specimens the streak of blackish below the eye is tolerably

3. ANXHirS.

573

distinct, but in the adult male described there is no trace of a second,
malar, stripe. Some examples, however, have a ver}- strongly cha-
racterized malar streak, which gives the appearance of a double
moustache. It is just possible that this may also disappear with
age, but at present it looks like a character which varies with
individuals.

Specimens from Eastern Siberia are much smaller than European
examples, and have been separated as A. godleivslcii by Dr. Tacza-
nowski. It is probable, however, that this is the same bird as
A. orientalis of Brehm, if, indeed, it be not the A. grandior of Pallas.
The range of this small race is apparently from Central Asia to
Eastern Siberia.

Hah. Southern and Central Europe, occasionally visiting Northern
Europe and Great Britain, ranging eastwards into Turkestan and
Eastern Siberia, wintering in the plains of N.AV. India and in N.E.
Africa and Senegambia.

a. c? juv. St.

b. Imm. sk.

c. Juv. sk.

d. (S ad. sk.

e. (S juv. sk.
/, ff. 2 ad. sk.

h. c? ad. sk.

{. 2 ad. sk.

k,l. (S ; m. $ ad. sk,

n. (S ad. sk.

o. $ ad. sk.
p. (S ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.

r, 8. Ad. St.

t. Ad. ; It. Juv. sk.

V. Ad. sk.

w. 2 ad. sk.

a: Ad. sk.

y. 2 ad. sk.

2. c? ad. sk.

a'. Ad. sk. ,

b'. Ad. sk.

c. cJ ad. sk.

d'. d ad. sk.

e. (S ad. sk.

/', y', //. 2 ad. sk.

i'. Ad. sk.

Brighton, Sussex, Oct.
1882.

Bordeaux.

South France.

Florence, AprU.

Florence, August.

Kef Laks, Algeria, April
(O. S.).

Tm-key, April 18 (T.
Hobson).

Chick Salem, Turkey,
May 9 (IF. Fearce).

Haskeuv, Tiu-key, Sept.
( W. Pearce).

Asia Minor (C. G. Dan-
ford).

Urtas, Palestine.

Egypt, Feb. -IQ, 1868.

Farshoot, Egypt,
March 12.

Egypt.

Nubia (Verreau.v).

Dole, Tigre, March 27.

Lake Ashangi, April 3.

Senafe, March 10.

Seuafe, Feb. 24.

Adigrat, Tigr6, April 10.

Persia.

Erzeroum, Aug. 11
{Dickson ij Itosg).

Sergiopol, Turkestan,
May 7 {Dr. Finsch).

Dizak, Baluchistan,
March 24.

Candahar, March 2.3.

Dubrai and Gatai, Afghan-
istan, April 25.

Kutch, Jan.

Messrs. Swayslaud [P.].

Gould Collection.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Prof. Gio-holi [P.].
Prof. GigUoli [P.].
Salvin-Godnian CoU.

Gould CoUectiou.

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Canon Tristram [P.].

Capt. Shelley [P.].

J. H. Gurney, Jun., Esq.

Sir John Bowi-ing [P.].

P. B. Sharpe, Esq.

W.T.Blanford.Esq.rC.

W.T.Blanford,Esq.[C.

W.T.Blanford,Esq.[C.

W.T.Blanford,Esq.[C.'

W.T.Blanford,Esq.[C.''

Purchased.

Gould Collection.

Geogr. Soc, Bremen.

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

Col. C. Swinhoe [CI
Col. C. Swinhoe [C.J.

Gates Collection.

574 MOTACILLID^.

k'. Ad. sk. N.W. India. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

will [P.].

v. S ad. sk. Goorgaon, Jan. 28 (G. F. Capt. Bingham [P.].

L. Marshall).

m'. S ^^- sk. Mliow, Dec. Col. Swinhoe [?•]•

«', o'. Skulls. Silesia. Dr. Giinther [C.].

16. Anthus rufulus.

Anthus rufulus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv'i. p. 494 (1818) ;

Gray, Ge?i. B. i. p. 200 (1847) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 437

(1847); id. Cat. B. Mus. As. .S'oc.'p. 135 (1840); Bp. Consp. i.

p. 248 (1850) ; Layard, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist, xii.p. 268 (185-3);

Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 356 (1854) ; Schomb.

Ibis, 1864, p. 249 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 252, no. 3651 (1869) ; C.

Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. lio.
Alauda pratensis, Ilaffl. Trans. Linn. Sac. xiii. p. 315 (1820).
Anthus ciunamomeus, Riipp. Netie Wirb. p. 103 (1835) ; id. Syst.

Uebers. p. 69 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 206 (1847) ; Bp. Consp.

I. p. 248 (1850) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 29 (1856) ; id. Orn. N.O.-

Afr. i. p. 329 (1869).
Anthus nialayensis, Eytoii, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 104; BJyfh, J. A. S.

Beng. xi. pp. 797, 885 (1842), xvi. p. 436 (1847) ; Horsf. ^- Moore,

Cat. B. E.I Co. Mus. i. p. 357 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 252,

no. 36.53 (1869) ; Hu7ne, sStr. F. 1874, p. 497; Ticeedd. Ibis, 1877,

p. 310; Hume ^ Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 366; Hume, Str. F.

1879, pp. 65, 103.
Agrodioma agilis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. .33 (1840).
Cichlops ubiquitarius, Hodqs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,

pi. 122. figs. 1, 2 (no. 43.3j ; id in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).
Cichlops fortipes, Hodys. Icon. ined. in Brit, Mus., Passeres, pi. 122 a.

fig. 2 (no. 738) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).
Anthus ubiquitarius, Gray, List Manun. Sf B. Nepal, pres. Hodgs.

p. 77 (1840).
Anthus carter, Sunder. CEfr. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh. 1850, p. 100;

Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 123 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 249,

no.' 3624 (1869);" Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 368; Prist r. t. c. p. 437;

SJiarpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 72 (1871) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 156 ;

Gurnexi in Anderss. B. Earn. Ld. p. 113 (1872); Buckley, Ibis,

1874, p. 384 ; Heugl. J.f. 0. 1874, p. 48 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, 'p. 104 ;

Sharpe in Gates's Matabcle Land, App. p. 317 (1881) ; Shelley, Ibis,

1882, p. 350 ; Butler, Feilden, <§- Eeid, Zool. 1882, p. 335 : Schalow,

J.f. O. 1883, p. 367 ; Boehm, t. c. p. 207 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard'' s B.

>S'.4/>-. p. 4.34(1884).
Anthus raalteni, Bp. Consp. i. p. 248 (1850, e.v Temm. MSS. in Mus.

Luf/d.) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 38 (1854) ; Hartl. P. Z. S.

1867, p. 825; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 123 (1867); Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 249, no. 3616 (18()9) ; Cah. in Von der Eecken^s Beis. iii.

p. 22 (1869) ; Finsch S,- HaHl. Vdg. Ost-Afr. p. 274 (1870) ; Shelley,

B. Eqypt, p. 133 (1872) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Earn. Ld. p. li3

(1872) ; Gadow, J.f. 0. 1876, p. 431 ; Fischer, J. f. 0. 1877, p. 207 ;

id. J. f. O. 1878, pp. 268, 2(39; Cab. t. c. p. 220; Nichols. P. Z. S.

1878,' p. 356; Fischer, J. f. O. 1879, pp. 294, 299, 303; id. Sr

Beichen. t. c. p. 355 ; Shelley,^ P. Z. S. 1881, p. 573.
Anthus euonyx, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 14.(1850) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p: 252, no. 3659 (1869).

3. ANTHUS. 575

Corydalla rufula, Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl. Cat. p. 121 (1852) ;

Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 232 (1863) ; Bhjth, Ibis, 1867, p. 31 ; Pe!z. Ibis,

186S, p. 312; Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 469; Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872,

p. 458 ; Hume, Nests and Eqgs Ind. B. p. 384 ( 1873) ; Brooks, St?:

F. 1873, p. 359; Adam, t. c. p. 384; Ball, Sfr. F. 1874, p. 416;

Hume, t. c. p. 497, 1875, p. 142; Brooks, f.c. p. 252; Butler 8r

Hume, t. c. p. 490; Bh/th ^- Wald. B. Burin, p. 96 (1875) ; Fairb.

Sir. F. 1876, p. 260; Armstr. t. c. p. 330: Bonrd. t. c. p. 401;

Hume, t. c. p. 458; Fairb. Str. F. 1877, p. 407 ; Hume &,• Davis.

Str. F. 1878, p. 360 ; Davids. ^- Wenden, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 84 ;

Bcdl, t. c. p. 220 ; Cripps, t. c. p. 288 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind ^x. p. 41

(1870); Lec/f/e, B. Ceylon, p. 625 (1879); Hume, Str. F. 1879,

p. 103; Scuily,t.c.^.in; Butler, t.c.T^.SSQ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb.

P-es. p. 56 (1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 69; Reid, Str. F. 1881,

p. 49 ; Davids. Str. F. 1882, p. 310 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burju. i. p. 168

(1813) ; Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 397.
Corydalla hasselti, Brehm, Naiim. 1856, p. 463; Salcad. Ucc. Born,

p. 262 (1874).
Corydalla rasselti, Brehm, Naum. 1856, p. 463.
Anthus hasselti, Schl. Handl. Dierk. p. 263 (1857, ex Temm. MSS.) ;

Grail, Hand-l. B. i. p. 252, no. .3655 (1869).
Anthus medius. Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 488 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.

p. 252, no. 3654 (1869).
Anthus, sp., Antin. ^ Salvad. Viaxjg. Bogos, p. 110 (1873).
Corydalla malavensis, Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 310 ; Hume ^ Davis.

Str. F. 1878", p. 366 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 65 ; Kelham, Ibis,

1881, p. 518.
Corydalla lugubris, Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 547, 696, 762, 828 ;

id. P. Z. S. 1878, pp. 286, 380, 710 ; Wardlaio Ramsay , Orn. Works

Tweedd. p. 658 (1881).
CorydaDa ubiquitaria, Anders. Zool. Yun-nan Exped., Aves, p. 306

(1878).

Hind daw slender and curved, a trifle longer than the hind toe
itself ; when the claw is worn they are about equal. Tarsus much
longer than hind toe and claw combined. Primaries equal, 2, 3, 4 ;
X\iejirst almost of the same length, and scarcely perceptibly shorter ;
Jifth primary much shorter, less than the long innermost secondaries.
Feet not reaching to the end of the tail (in skin). Primaries
emarginate, 2, 3, 4.

Adult male. General aspect above mottled, the plumage rather
clear sandy brown, with distinct blackish centres to all the feathers,
the margins of the mantle-plumes slightly ashy ; lower back and
rump perfectly uniform sandy ash-brown ; wing-coverts more
strongly mottled than the back, the feathers with blackish bases
and broad sandy rufous margins, edged with creamy whitish at their
ends ; inner, median, and greater coverts, bastard-wing and primary-
coverts blackish, edged with ashy rufous ; quills blackish, externally
sandy rufous, the primaries narrowly edged with whitish ; inner
secondaries very broadly margined with pale sandy buff; upper
tail-coverts sandj' brown, with dusky brown centres ; tail-feathers
blackish, narrowly edged with sandy brown, the two centre feathers
more broadly edged with sandy buff, inclining to white near the
tips, the outermost feather almost entirely white, excepting a dusky

576 MOTACILLID^,

patch for two thirds of the inner web along its edge, the penulti-
mate tail-feather also for the most part white, but having the dusky
patch on the inner web darker and extending nearer to the tip, the
shaft of this feather being blackish ; head and neck clear sandy brown,
mottled with blackish centres to the feathers, like the back ; lores
dusky ; a well-defiued eyebrow of yellowish buff ; ear-coverts clear
sandy brown, darker on the upper margin ; cheeks yellowish buff,
separated from the whitish throat by an indistinct mystacal line
of black ; lower throat, fore neck, breast, and flanks bright sandy
buff, a little browner on the latter ; centre of the breast and abdo-
men isabelline white ; on the lower throat and fore neck some very
distinct longitudinal spots of black ; thighs and under tail-coverta
pale sandy buff ; under wing-coverts smoky brown, the lower ones
slightly tinged with sandy buif ; axillaries smoky brown, with sandy-
buff margins ; quUls below dusky brown, inner edges ashy fulvous :
" bill brown, with the basal portion of the lower mandible ilesh-
colour ; legs and feet yellowish clay-colour ; iris brown " (Beid),
Total length 6-5 inches, culmeu 0-6, wing 3-5, tail 2-5, tarsus 1*1.

Young. General colour above Lark-like, the feathers brown, with
pale sandy-buff or whitish edges, the hind neck rather paler and
more varied with sandj'-buff margins to the feathers ; rump rather
more rufescent ; wing-coverts and quUls dark brown, broadly edged
with sandy buff, inclining to sandy rufous on the bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills, the inner greater coverts and secondaries
edged and tipped with whitish ; tail-feathers dark brown, the centre
cues broadly edged with sandy buff, the penultimate feather almost
entirely dark brown, excepting for an external border of sandy
rufous and a small wedge-shaped mark of the same at the end of
the inner web ; the outer tail-feather entirely pale sandy rufous,
including the shaft, the inner web obliquely dark brown for two
thirds of its length ; a distinct eyebrow of duU white, as well as
the eyelid ; in front of the eye a dusky spot : cheeks and ear-
covert's pale sandy buff, browner along the upper edge of the latter ;
a broad mystacal line of dark brown ; throat dull white ; remainder
of under surface of body sandy buff, the chest and fore neck thickly
spotted with dark brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts like the
breast and abdomen ; axillaries and under wing-coverts sandy ru-
fous ; quUls dusky brown below, rufescent along the inner web.

The winter plumage is much more ashy than the summer dress,
which is assumed by a direct moult, and the appearance of the bird
becomes everywhere more tawny. The pale edges to the feathers
become very much worn during the nesting-season, so much so that
occasionally the upper surface appears almost uniform, and the spots
on the breast, though small, are very distinct ; in the winter plumage
the latter are rather obscured. I believe that the young birds in
their first winter plumage are much more tawny than the adult
specimens.

With regard to the dusky outer web of the penultimate feather,
alluded to below, it is evident that this is a sign of age and that it
gradually disappears. A specimen from Nepal has the white on

3. ANTHUS. 577

this feather as in the adult, but with a blackish mark near the tip
of the outer web, evidently the remains of the dark line which runs
down the whole outer web in immature specimens. In this example
the two penultimate feathers are differently marked, the inner web
of one of them being blackish mottled with white towards the end,
showing that a gradual change of feather takes place. The bird in
question appears to be a bird of the previous year in winter plumage.

After careful comparison of a very large series in the collections
of the British Museum, Capt. ShcUey, Mr. F. Mcholson, and Mr.
Seebohm, I find it impossible to draw a specific distinction between
Anthill cafferoi Africa and A. rufulusoi India. Mr. Oates has also
united A. malay easts ; and I am inclined not only u> agree with him,
but to unite even the Timor bird (^A. medius of Wallace).

At the same time a curious variation is seen in the tail-feathers
of A. malayensis, the penultimate feather being blackish along the
outer web for its entire extent, with a narrow external fringe of
white. It is remarkable that this peculiarity should occur in most
of the Malaccau specimens ; but it is certain that it is only a stage
of the changes through which the feather passes, and other examples
show it in process of disappearance until the tail becomes the same
as in ordinary specimens of A. rufulus, perfectly typical specimens
of which are seen from Malacca.

The Lombock skins are greyer than any of the others from the
neighbouring islands, being very white beneath, with a broad white
eyebrow. The absence of buff or tawny in the plumage of this speci-
men may, however, be exceptional, and it is desirable that others
from Lombock should be examined.

Hah. The whole of Southern Africa, extending up the eastern side
of that continent to N.E. Africa, and even occurring in Egypt.
Throughout Lidia and Ceylon, the Burmese countries, Malayan
peninsula, extending to Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippines,
and even to Lombock and Timor.

a. Pull. sk.

b. Ad. sk. South Airica,{Andersson). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. South Africa. Pm-chased.

d. Imm. sk. South Africa (Lai/ard). Salvin-Godman CoU.
c. Ad. sk. Swellendam (Layard). Sharpe Collection.

f, g. Ad. sk. Port Elizabeth, Aug. Sharpe Collection.

{Ortlejip).
h, i. cJ ad. sk. Elands Post ( T. C. Sharpe Collection,

At7nore)
k. Ad. sk. Grahamstown, Jidy (T. Sharpe Collection.

C. Atmore).
I. Ad. sk. Kmgwilliamstown {F. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

A. Ban-aft),
m. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamsto-ivu, June Capt. Trevelyan [P.]-

4 ( C. Neivby).
n. Ad. sk. S.E. Africa {F. Oates). W. E. and C. G, Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
0. Ad. sk. Pietermaritzburg, May W. E. and C. G. Oates,

(P. Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

VOL. X. 2 P

578

MOTAClLLIDiE.

p. c? ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.

r. 2 ad.; s. Juv.

sk.
t. cJ ad. sk.
u. Ad. ; V. S ad.

sk.
lu. <5 Ad. sk.

x-a'. Ad. sk.

b', c'. Ad. sk.

d'. Ad. sk.

e',f, &'■ d ad. sk.

h', i', k'. cjad.; Z',

m', 2 ad. sk.
w', o'. cj ad. sk.

p', q'. Ad. sk.

?•'. Ad. sk.

s', t'. Ad. sk.

m'. Ad. sk.

«;'. Ad. sk.

w', x'. (5 5 ad. sk.

y' , z'. 5 ad. sk.

a. Ad. sk.

/3. Ad. sk.

y-f. Ad. sk.

7/. Ad. sk.

(9. Ad. sk.

I. Ad. sk.
K-v. Ad. sk.
f Ad. sk.
o. cJ ad. sk.
IT. (S ad. sk.
p. 5 ^■d. sk.
(T, T. Ad. sk.
V, (j). Ad. sk.
;!^. 5 ^d. sk.
^. (S ad. sk.

o). S juv. sk.

a', c? ad. sk.

/3'. Ad. sk.

y\ 2 ad. sk.
8'. Ad. sk.
€-0'. Ad. sk.

Pinetown, Natal, July 19

{T. L. Ai/res).
PotcLefstroom, June ( T.

Ayres).
Potchefstroom, July {T.

Ayres).
Transvaal (T. Ayres).
Rustenburg, Aug. ( IF.

Liicas).
ilustenbiu-g, Sept. {W.

Lucas).
Tete, Zambesi {Sir J.

Kirk).
Damara Land {Anders-
son).
Onani's Mouth, May

(Anderssoyi).
Otjinibinque, Feb. 3

(Anderssoti) .
Otjimbinque, March

(Andersson).
Otjimbinque, June (Ati-

detsson).
Zanzibar.
Gape Seas.
Ceylon {Tlmaites).
Kandy.
Newara Eliya.
Rawid Pindee.
Meerut, Jan. & Feb.
N. India (Tweedte).
N.W. India (Jerdon).
N.W. India.

Dinapore.

N. India {Major Frank-
lin).

N. India.

Dacca {Tytler).

Canara ( Ward).

Mhow, April 4.

Mhow, June 26.

Mhow, Nov. 28.

Kamptee, C. P.

Madi-as.

Mysore, Nov. {Marshall).

BrahmagiiTi Hills,
Coorg, Feb. 10.

Ootacamund, Nilghiais,
July.

Kotagheny, Nilghiris,
.Tuly {Miss Cockburn).

Travancore, Feb.

Behar.

Kumaon {Strachey).

Nepal.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Sharpe Collection.

Sharpe Collection.

Sharpe Collection.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Shari^e, Esq. [P.].

Zambesi Expedition.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Sharpe Collection.

Sharpe Collection.

Sharpe Collection.

Sharpe Collection.

Sir John Kirk [C.].

H. Cuming, Esq.
A. White, Esq. [C.].
Mr. E. Boate [C/].
Col. J. Biddulph [C.].
Col. J. Biddulph [C.].
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.
Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

[P.].
Gould Collection.

Eyton Collection.
Irdia Museum,
ludia Museum.
Col. Swinhoe [P.'
Col. Swinhoe [P.~
Col. Swinhoe [P."
Dr. R. Hinde [P.J.
T. C. Jerdon, E.sq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
W. Davison, Esq. [P.].

W. Davison, Esq. [P.].

Gates Collection.

F. W. Bourdillon, Esq.

[C.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
India Mu.seum.
B. H. Hodg.son, Esq. [P.].
(Types of C. ubiquitarius.)

3. ANTHUS.

579

jt'.

Ad. piill. sk.

Nepal.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.],

p'-

<r". Ad. sk.

Nepal (Hodgson).

India Museum.

1''

Pull. sk.

Nepal {Hodgson).

India Museum.

6".

Ad. sk.

Upper Assam (Eeid).

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

i".

Ad. sk.

Bhamo, Feb. 1868.

k''.

Ad. sk.

Mandalay, Sept. 26.

Dr. J. Anderson [C.
Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

\"

Ad. sk.

MuDgla, Sanda valley,

May 1.

fx"^

$ ad. sk.

Pegu, Feb. 14.

Gates Collection.

v" .

S ad. sk.

Pegu, May 14.

Gates Collection.

f.

S ad. sk.

Pegu, July 22.

Gates Collection.

o",

tt". S $ ad. sk.

Pegu, Sept.

Gates Collection.

p"

Ad. sk.

Pegu, Oct. 10.

Gates Collection.

<r"

$ ad. sk.

Pegu, Dec. 13.

Gates Collection.

r".

Ad. sk.

Tenasserim.

J. C. D. Packman, Esq.

[P.].

i;"

Juv. sk.

Malacca.

Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

(j,'

. Ad. sk.

Malacca.

Goidd Collection.

x"

Ad. sk.

Malacca.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

^'

-/3"'. Ad. sk.

Malacca {Cantor).

India Museum.

y"

. Ad. sk.

Malacca {Griffith).

India Museum.

8"

, e". Ad. sk.

Malacca.

India Museum.

r

. Ad. sk.

Malacca.

Eyton Collection.
(Tvpe of A. malayensis.)

v"

. Ad. sk.

Singapore.

Dr. iMcKinlay [P.].

^"„

. Ad. sk.

Sumatra.

Eyton Collection.

i"

. 5 ad. sk.

Borneo.

M. Verreaux.

k"

,X'". c?$ad.;
^i'". ? juv. sk.

E. Timor.

Wallace Collection.

v"

. Ad. sk.

E. Timor.

Wallace Collection.

f;

. Ad. sk.

^.Timov {Wallace).

Salvin-Godman Collection.

o"

. Ad. sk.

Lombock ( Wallace).

Gould Collection.

it'

'. c? ad. sk.

Lombock.

Wallace Collection.

p"

'. c? ad. sk.

Timor.

Gould Collection.

cr'

'. 2 ad. sk.

Timor.

H. 0. Forbes, Esq. [P.].

T '

. Ad. sk.

Philippines.

Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].

v"

. c? ad. sk.

Ilo Ilo, Panay.

Voy. H.M.S. 'ChaUenger.*

Subsp. a. Anthus bocag^.

Anthus pal^escens, Socage {nee Vigors Sf Horsf.), Jorn. Lisb. 1874,
p. 52 ; Gadow, J. f. O. 1876, p. 431 ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 294,
pi. 8. fig. 2 (1881).

Anthus bocagii, Nicholson, Ibis, 1884, p. 469.

Female (type of species). General coloiir above pale asby brovra
with darker centres to the feathers, producing a mottled appearance ;
wing-coverts pale brown, margined with white, slightly isabeUine
on the greater cove'-ts and bastard-wing ; primary-coverts and quills
light brown, externally edged with isabelline or whitish, a little
tinged with sandy bufF near the base of the outer webs ; rump and
upper tail-coverts nearly uniform ashy brown, with faintly indicated
darker centres on the latter, which are slightly washed with pale

2p2

680 MOTACILLID^.

sandy buff; tail-feathers dark brown, the two centres ones margined
with pale sandy buff and tipped with white ; the two outer ones
white with an oblique brown mark on the inner web ; the shaft
of the outer feather white, of the penultimate one brown, the
outer webs being also marked with brown ; crown of the head
like the back and mottled with longitudinal centres to the feathers ;
hind neck a little lighter and more fulvous than the head ;
lores and a distinct eyebrow, as well as the feathers round the
eye, isabelline white ; in front of the eye a few dusky feathers ;
ear-coverts light fulvous brown, isabelline whitish below the eye ;
cheeks white, with a slight dusky line along the upper edge, and
separated from the throat by a more distinct line of blackish com-
posed of spots ; sides of the neck isabelline whitish, with a few dusky
spots ; throat white ; fore neck and rest of the under surface of the
body isabelline, whiter on the thighs and under tail-coverts ; the
chest with a few small triangular black spots ; sides of the body
and flanks a little more washed with sandy buff; under wing-coverts
and axillaries ashy isabelline, with a few brown spots near the edge
of the wing ; quills below pale brown, inner edges ashy rufous.
Total length 6-6 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3'25, tail 2*25, tarsus 1-05.
This race, of which I have, through the kindness of Professor
Barboza du Bocage, been allowed to examine the typical specimen,
can only be considered a pale-grey form of Antlius rufulus, which
it would appear to replace in certain parts of South-western Africa.
I have referred three specimens in the Museum Collection to this
race, the measurements being as follows : —

J .-. Wiug. Tail. Tarsus.

in. in. in. in.

a. Ad. hiem. Damara Land 6'2

b. Ad. Otjimbinque {Andersson) . . 6'0

c. Kinsembo 6-25

Hab. South-western Africa.

a. Ad. Kinsembo, Angola. Purchased.

b. Ad. hiem. Otjimbinque, Jan. 6 (An- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

cIersso}i).

c. Ad. hiem. Damara Land (^«(?erssow). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

17. Anthus pratensis.

The Titlark, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 41, pi. 43 (1738) ; Lath. Gen.

Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 374 (1783).
Alouette de pr6 ou La Farlouse, Bi-iss. Orn. iii. p. 343 (1760).
Parus ignotus, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 73 (1764) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i.

p. 1006 (1788) ; Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 44.
Alauda pratensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 287 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat.

i. p. 792 (1788) ; Forst. Cat. Brit. B. p. 76 (1817).
Le Cujelier, Daubent. PI. Enl. v. pi. 660. fig. 2 ; Montb. Hist. Nat.

V. p. 25, pi. 2 (1778).
Norway Titmouse, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 537 (1783).
Anthus sepiarius, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 486 (1818) ;

Boux, Oin. Prov. pi. 188 (1825).

3-35

2-3

1-0

3-7

2-6

1-1

3-25

2-4

1-1

3. ANTHUS. 581

Anthus pratensis, Bechst. Niituiy. BeutseU. iii. p. 732 (1807) ; Temm.
Man. d'Orn. i. p. 269 (1820) ; mum. V6(/. Deutschl. iii. taf. 84.
fig. 3 (1823) ; Werner, Atlas, Insectivores, p'l. 80 (1827) : Gould, B.
Eur. ii. pi. 136(1837); Maajill. Brit. B. ii. p. 181 (1839) ; Keys.
u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 172 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg.
p. 87 (1842) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 389 (1843) ; Hewits. Eggs Brit.
B. i. p. 133, pi. 36. fig. 1 (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 206 (1847) ;
Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. 225 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 248 (1850) ;
Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 14 (1850) ; Kj<srb. Orn. Dan. pi. xvii.
fig. 3 (1852) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 96 (1854) ; Sundev. Svemk.
Fogl. pi. 8. fig. 7 (1856) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn.
p. 284 (1859); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, pp. 31, 421 ; Salv. t. c. p. 310;
Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 229 ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 77 (1860) ;
Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 6; Godm. t. c. p. 343; Schl. Dier. Nederl.
Vog. pi. 9. fig. 5 (1861) : Godman, Ibis, 1862, p. 343 ; Gray, List
Brit. B. 1863, p. 69 ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 61 ; 3Iore, Ibis, 1865,
p. 124 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1866, p. 124 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 31 ; Baird,
t. c. p. 281 ; Degl. et Gerhe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 367 (1867) ; Loche,
Expl. Set. Ak/er., Ois. ii. p. 10 (1867) ; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 442 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1869, p. 355 ; Borggr. Voqelf. Deutschl. p. 86
(1869) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 97 (1869) ; " Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 251, no. 3645 (1869) ; Heiujl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 323 (1869) ;
Ehves 8f Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 195 ; Htime, t. c. p. 288 ; Gould, B.
Gt. Br. iii. pi. 13 (c. 1870) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 16. fig. 7
(1870) ; R. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 115 (1871) ; Salrnd. Faun. Ital.
Ucc. p. 125 (1871) ; Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 36 ; Saunders, t. c. p. 216 ;
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 131 (1872) ; Hartinq, Handb. Brit. B. p. 24
(1872) ; Alst. 8f Harvie-Broum, Ibis, 1873, p. 61 ; Brooke, f. c.
p. 245 ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 67, 139 (1873) ; Wright, Ibis,
1874, p. 234; Durnf. t. c. pp. 392, 404 ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B.
i. p. 575 (1874) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 285, pi. 132. fig. 1 (1874) ;
Danf. ^ Harvie-Broion, Ibis, 1875, p. 310 ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 110
(1875) ; Fallofi, Ois. Belq. p. 72 (1875) ; Stoliczka, Str. F. 1875,
p. 219 ; Blanf. East. Persia,n. p. 236 (1876) ; miarton. Ibis, 1876,
p. 23 ; Seebohm S^- Harvie-Brown, t. c. p. 121 ; Finsch, Ibis, 1877,
p. 54 ; Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 20 ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 342 ; Hume, Str.
F. 1878, vol. ii. pp. 402, 455 ; id. Sir. F. 1879, pp. 104,455 ; Bogd.
B. Cauc. p. 110 (1879) ; Ridgio. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 15
(1881) : Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 376 ; Dixon, t. c. p. 571 ; Seebohm,
Ibis, 1883, p. 20 ; Irby, t. c. p. 184 ; B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 32

(1883) ; Booth, Rough Notes, pt. 4 (1883) ; Homeyer ^- Tancre,
MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 86; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 217

(1884) ; Tristr. Faun. Sr Flor. Palest, p. 55 (1884) ; Coues, Key
N. Amer. B. 2ad ed. p. 285 (1884).

Spipola pratensis. Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. &-c. Brit. Mus. p. 21

(1816).
Anthus palustris, Brehm, Lehrb. p. 244 (1823) ; id. Vog. Deutschl.

p. 334 (1831).
Leimoniptera pratensis, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 39 (1829).
Anthus stag-natilis, A. danicus, A. pratorum, A. alticeps, A. tenui-

rostris, A. musicus, A. virescens, A. lichtensteini, A. desertorum,

A. niontaneUus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. pp. 3.'52-339 (1831).
Anthus tristis, Bailly, Mem. Sac. d'Emnl. Abbeville, p. 14 (1833).
Anthus comnninis, Blyth, ed. White's N. II. Selbornc, p. 261 (1850).
Anthus interniedius, Severtz. in Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 179.

Hind claw long, and only slightly curved, longer than hind toe

582 MOTACILITDJE.

itself. Tarsus equal to hiud toe and claw combined. Primaries
equal, 1, 2, 3, 4. Primaries emarjjinatcd, 2, 3, 4 ; Jlfth primary
shorter than secondaries, which are nearly equal to long primaries.
Feet, in skin, not reaching beyond half of the tail.

Foot of Anihis pratensis.

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above olive-
brown, all the feathers broadly centred with black, some of the
mantle-feathers edged with whity brown ; lower back and rump
more uniform olive-brown, with obscure blackish centres to the
feathers ; upper tail-coverts olive-brown, with longitudinal dusky
blackish centres and paler olive margins ; lesser vsdug-coverts like
the back ; median and greater series dusky brown, edged with olive-
brown or ashy olive, and tipped with paler sandy buff, inclining to
whitish on the inner coverts of both series : bastard- wing blackish ;
primary-coverts and quills dark brown, edged with ashy olive, paler
on the secondaries, the innermost of which are clearer olive-brown
on their edges, the first primary white along the edge of the outer
web ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with olive, the outer feather
white, smoky brown towards the end of the outer web, the inner web
with an oblique mark of dark brown, the penultimate feather with
a large wedge-shaped spot of white at the tip of the inner web ;
head like the back, and streaked in the same manner, but somewhat
more narrowly ; the dark streaks less distinct on the hind neck,
which is more dusky ; eyelid and a streak over the ej^e pale sandy
buff ; ear-coverts dark olive-bro'\\Ti : feathers below the eye blackish ;
cheeks pale sand}' buff, extending back on to the sides of the neck,
separated from the throat by a black malar streak ; throat uniform
tawny buff; breast also tawny buff, thickly streaked with broad
triangular spots of black, becoming more narrowly streaked on the
lower breast : sides of the body and flanks washed with olive and
broadly streaked with black ; abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts
isabelline white ; thighs sandy buff ; axillaries smoky brown, washed
with olive-yellow ; under wing-coverts isabelline, mottled with dusky
bases near the edge of the wing, which is more strongly shaded with
olive-yeUow than the rest of the under wing-coverts ; lower primary-

ANTHITS. 583

coverts and quills below dusky brown, paler on the inner web of the
latter. Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3-15, tail 2-45,
tarsus 0-85.

Adult female in hreeding-plumage. Similar to the male, but less
richly spotted below. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2'95,
taU 2-25, tarsus 0-8.

The buff colour on the throat and breast is very pronounced in
spring, recalling A. cervinus in appearance. It seems to last
but a very short time, being assumed by a spring moult, and
rapidly wears off, leaving the whole under surface of the body
dull whitish, and the entire aspect of the bird very plain.

The specimens of the Meadow-Pipit which arrive in England in
March and April from the continent are very bright buff on the
throat and breast, in some instances nearly as bright as in A. cer-
vinus. The resident Meadow-Pipits have already begun breeding
before these bright-plumaged individuals arrive, and present a very
worn appearance, the breast being dull white by the end of March ;
they appear, however, to go through a buff-throated stage like the
Continental migrants, but lose it sooner.

Yoimr/. RecaUs the colour of the adults, but is rather more dusky
above, without the olive shade, the centi-al black markings to the
feathers being much broader, with sandy-buff edges ; wings and tail
as in the adult, but the edges to the feathers more sandy, and with-
out any white at the tips of the median and greater coverts ; under
surface of body yellowish or sandy buff, with distinct black streaks
and spots as in the adult, but rather narrower ; the black malar
streak very distinct, as well as two more on the sides of the
throat.

Autuimi plumage. Much more olive-brown than the summer dress,
the wing-coverts and quills much more plainly margined ; under-
neath sandy buff, isabelline on the lower breast and abdomen, the
black spots very distinct on the sides of the throat, breast, and
flanks ; olive-yellow on the axillaries very distinct.

I cannot perceive any difference between the winter plumage
of the young and old birds of the Meadow- Pipit. The sandy-
buff colour sometimes extends over the abdomen as well as the
breast.

Small specimens are sometimes met with in the autumn with
a wing of not more than 2"9 inches. They are probablj' females in
every instance.

Hah. The whole of Europe, ranging south into Northern and
North-eastern Africa in the winter, and extending westwards to
the valley of the Ob and Turkestan. Occasionally wanders into
Greenland.

«, 6,c. c?; rf. 5 juv. Fermanagh, Ii-eland, Earl of Enniskillen [P.].

sk. Sept. 9.

<')./"■ 6 ; 9, h- ? a,d. Fermanagh, Ireland, Earl of Ennisldllen [P.].

sk. Nov. 6.

i, h. S 9. ad. St. Hebrides. Theodore Walker, Esq.

[P.].

584

MOTACILLID^.

71, 0. Ad. sk.

p, q, r, s, t. c? ad.

sk.
u, V, w. Ad. sk.

X. Ad. sk.

y, s. c? 2 ad. ; a',

b'. Pull. St.
c'. Juv. sk.

f?', e'. (5 $ ad. sk.

/'. Ad. ,sk.
g' , h'. (S ad. sk.
i'. Alb. sk.
k'. (S ad. sk.
I'. S ad. sk.
»i'. 5 ad. sk.

w'. 2 ad. sk.
o'. S ad. sk.
p'. Var., alb. sk.
q'. Ad. sk.
r'. (? ad. sk.

s' , t'. cJ ad. sk.
u. (S juv. sk.
v'~y'. c?;='-/3. 2

ad. st.
r, S. d 2 ad. ; f-t.

PuU. St.
K-o. c? ; TT. 2 ad. sk.

ad. sk.
V', oj. c?; a'. 2 ad.

sk.
/3', y', 6'. Juv. .sk.

f', f, ?;'. cJ ad. sk,
(9'. 2 ad. sk.
i', k'. Juv. .sk.
X', /x', J/'. Ad. sk.
I', o'. Ad. sk.
tt', p'. Ad. sk.
o-'. Ad. st.
t'. Ad. sk.

v'. Juv. sk.
(^'. 2 .iuv. sk.
;!(', i/r'. Ad. sk.
<o', a",b". (S 2 ad.
sk.

Duurobin, Sutherland-
shire, May.
Perthshire, May.

Crieff, Perthshire, May.

St. Davids, Pembroke-
shire, Sept.

Carlisle, Cumberland,
April 5.

Cambridgeshire.

Cambridgeshire, Nov. 14

(P. Gochnan).
Cambridgeshire, April 21

'(O. Salrin).
Hampstead, Middlesex.
Near Londou, April.
London market.
Kingsbmy, Oct. 3.
Cookham, Berks, April 2.
Cookham, Berks, April

16.
Cookham, Berks, May.
Cookham, Berks, Jan. 27.
Surrey.

Surrey (F. G.).
Churt, Surrey, March 17

(Stnither).
Romney Marsh, May.
Romney Marsh, Sept.
Lancing, March (H.

Swaysland).
Lancing, April {H. S.).

Lancing, March {H. S.).
Lancing, April {H. S.).

Falmer, Sussex, June 16

(H. S.).
Hove, Sussex, Aug. {H.

S.).
Brighton, March (H. S.).
Brighton, April.
Brighton, August (H. S.).
Brighton, Oct. (H. S.).
Brighton, Nov. (H.'S.).
Brighton, Dec. (H. S.).
Brighton, Dec.
Brighton, March 5 {Bra-

Pagham, Sussex, Sept.

Pagham, Sussex, Sept. 4.

Wiltshire.

Axmouth, Devon (H. S.).

W. E. Ogilvie Grant,

Esq. [PJ.
W. R. Ogilvie Grant,

Esq. [P.].
W. R. Ogilvie Grant,

Esq. [P.].
Dr. Gunther [P.].

Rev. H. A. Macpherson

[P.].
Mr. J. Baker [C.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.

J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould Collection.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe. Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Mr. H. Swaysland [C.]
Gould Collection.

[P.].

Dr. Giinther [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Colonel Montagu [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

585

c", d" . (J ad. sk.

e". Ad. sk.

/". Ad. sk.
ff'', h". c? ad. sk.
i". Ad. autumn, sk
A". (J ad. tik.
^". $ cad. sk.
m". J ad.sk.
«". 2 ad. sk.

o". c? ad. sk.

y. 2 ad. sk.

q". Juv. sk.

r". Juv. sk.

s". Ad. sk.
t". d ad. sk.

u". 2 ad. sk.

y". c? ad. sk.

?«", .r". (S 2 ad. sk.
y", s". $ ad. sk.
a". Ad. sk.
/3"> y". Ad. sk.
fi", e". Skulk,
r'- Skeleton.
rj". Skull.

Plymouth, Nov. (J. Gat-

comb).
Padstow, Cornwall, Jan.

23.
Belgium, May 2.
Holstein, March 25.
. Heligoland.

Pomerauia, March 16,
Porterania, April 28.
Biido, Norway, May 20.
Norway, April {R. Col-

lett).
Norway, May {R. Col-

lett).
Norwav, June (R. Col-

Ictt)'.
Norway, Aug. (R. Col-

letty.
Norway, Sept. (R. Col-
left).
Archangel.
Novija, Ob River, Sept.

15 {Dr. Finsch).
Kaoschka, Sept. 21 {Dr.

Fiitsch).
Schtschutschja, Auo- 6

_ {Dr. Ftmch).
Sidon, Palestine.
Florence, Italv, Feb.
Malta, Feb. 3.'
Morocco.
S. Germany.
England.
England.

18. Anthus cervinus.

Gould Collection.

"R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],

Brussels Museum [P 1
P. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.]
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. J.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Christiauia Museimi

Lhnstiama Museum

Christiania Museum

[P.].
Christiania Museum

[P.].
Christiania Museum

[P.J.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Geogr. Soc. Bremen.

Geogr. Soc. Bremeii.

Geogr. Soc. Bremen.

Canon Tristram rC.].
Prof. GiglioU [P.]:
Gould Collection.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]
Dr. Giinther [P.].
Purchased.

Motacilla cervina, RaU. Zoogr. Rosso.-Asiat. i. p. 511 (1811) ; Eversm
Bull. Soc. Mosc. xxiii. pt. 2, p. 570 (1850) ^teism.

Anthus cervinus, Nawn. Viiy. Dcutschl. iii. pi. 85. fig. 1 (18^3) • Kern
u Bias. mrb. ^«n p 172 (1840) ; Gray , Gen. B. i. ^ 200 (i#4n •'
Bp.Consp 1. p. 248 (1850) ; Midclend. Sibir. Reis. l 105 1851 '■
Sundev. 6ve»sk Fogl. pi. 8. fig. 6 (c. 185S) ; jLb. et Bart J I
iVm"\£f- 9r-cP-.|'^^' Pl- (^^^; Blasim, Isls, ISoi,
^fhA %f- ?' """'^^'-vlS^S, pp. 311, 443; 7^^^^
i. Ji T,' P;-Pl' '^^^'•^'".'A '• (^- P- 279; Tristr. R»s, 1806, p. 290 •
Bl!/t/>, Ibis, IbCu ,T^. 31 ; Def/l. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 369 (1867) •
LocheE.,p^. Sci yU!/er.,0;s ii. p^ 17 (1807) ; BeavL, Ibfs, 1867,
p. 328; Doderl. Arif. Sicd. p. 99 (1869); Grai/ Haml-l B i
p.^ 251 no. 3640 (1869) ; Goulfl, B. Asia, iv! pi. OofisS) iii'
Jo;, Bur pi. TO. fig. .5 (1870); Stcinh. 76/., 1870, p. si Elwesi
f'c/'p,tc. p. 19o ; Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 35 ; Tristr. t. c. p. '^33 •
Smuh. P Z. S. ISil, p. 365 ; Salvad. Faun.Ital., Ucc. p. 126 (1871)'

7fni-'^< ^f.^' .P- ^^' ^'''""' ^'"- '* ^^^S- ^ool. (2) xxiii'
p. 44 (18/2) ; Hartinff, Handb. Brit. B. p. 109 (1872) ; ShelleuB
Egypt, p. 101 (1872) ; Aht. .f Harvic Browu, m., 1873/,' 01 ^
Brooke, t. c. p. 245 ; Ball, Str. F 1873, p. 74; Hume, t. c. p. 310;'

586 MOTACILLTD^.

Hume, Str. F. 1874, pp. 239, 479 ; Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 21 ;

Cordeaitx, t. c. p. 181 ; Danf. Sf Harvie Bmvn, t. c. p. 310 ;

Stoliczka, Sir. F. 1875, p. 310"; Blyth ^ Walden, B. Burin, p. 96

(1875); Seebohn H) Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1870, p. 122; Dresser,

t. c. p. 180; Brooks, t. c. p. 500 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i.

p. 159 (1876) ; David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 306 (1877) ; Finsch,

Ibis, 1877, p. 59 ; Hume ■S)- Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 367 ; Danf.

Ibis, 1878, p. 20 ; Seebohn, t. c. p. 342, 1879, p. 34 ; Giitke, t. c.

p. 103 ; Finsch, Verh.z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, 1879, p. 60 ; Hume, Str.

F. 1879, p. 103 : Seebohn, Ibis, 1880, p. 18S ; Biddtdph, t. c. p. 70 ;

Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 300; Ridcjw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm. vi.

p. '156 (1881) ; Belding, t. c. p. 350 ; Seebohn, Ibis, 1882, p. 216 ;

Biddulph, t. c. p. 280 ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 376 ; B. O. U. List Brit.

B. p. 32 (1883); Seebohn, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 229 (1883);

Dyboivski, Btdl. Soc. Zool. France, viii. p. 361 (1883) ; Ilomeyer ^

Tancre, 3IT. am. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 86 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1884,

p. 206 ; Tristr. Faun. 8f Flor. Palest, p. 55 (1884) ; Badde, Orn.

Catic. p. 219 (1884).
Anthus cecilii, Audouin, Descr. Eqypte, p. 360, pi. 5. fif^. 6 (1828) ;

Blanf. Geol. Sf Zool. Abyss, p. .382 (1870).
Anthus pratensis nubicus, Hempr. Sf Eh. Synib. PJiys. fol. dd (1828).
Anthus rufog'ularis, Brehn, Vdq. Deutschl. p. 340 (1831) ; Gould,

B. Fur. ii. pi. 140 (1837) ; Bj). Comp. List B. Eur. if- iV. AtJier.

p. 18 (1838) ; Middend. Sibir. Reis. p. 104 (1851) ; Licht.Nomencl.

Av. p. 38 (1854); Adams, Ibis, 1804, p. 20; Tristr. Ibis, 1871,

p. 233 ; Hanf, Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch Wien, xxii. p. 400 (1873) ; Tacz.

Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 159 (1876).
Anthus pratensis {nee L.), Eversm. Add. Pall. Zoogr. p. 15 (1835) ;

Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Me'rid. iii. p. 159 (1840) ; Finsch,

Trails. Z. S. vii. p. 239 (1870); Nelson, Cruise E.S. 'Vorwin,'

p. 02 (1883).
Anthus pratensis rufogulavis, Schl. Rev. Crit. p. xxxvi (1840) ; Gould,

P. Z. S. 1859, p. 151; Blyth, Ibis, 1807, p. 31.
Anthus rufosuperciliaris, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. 1860, p. 105.
Anthus thermophilus, Sivinh. Ibis, 1800, pp. 55, 429, 1801, pp. 30,

411.
Anthus iaponicus, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 333, 1863, p. 443.
Anthus ruficollis, Hetigl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 323 (1809).
Anthus cervinus, var. rufog'ularis, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 67.

140 (1873).

Hind claiv rather straight and loug, about equal to hind toe.
Tarsvs about equal to hind toe and claw combined, or even a trifle
longer when the claw is worn. Primaries subequal, 1, 2, 3, 4 ;
first a little the longest, and the others gradually a trifle shorter.
Primaries emarrjhiate, 2, 3, 4 : fifth primary much shorter than
fourth, and much less than long secondaries, which are nearly equal
to long primaries.

Adult male in hreeding-^'tlnmage. General colour above sandy
brown, with blackish centres to the feathers, narrower on the head,
and equally distinct on the? lower back and rump ; the mantle with
paler and more sandy-buff edgings ; lesser wing-coverts sandy buff
with black centimes ; median wing-coverts black, with broad edgings
of sandy buff" or creamy white : greater wing-coverts blackish brown,
with paler-brown edges, inclining to buffy whitish at the ends ;

3. ANTHUS. 587

bastard-wing blackish, narrowly edged with biiffy white ; primary-
coverts and quills dark browu, edged with sandy buff, the secon-
daries more broadly with creamy white towards the ends ; upper
tail-coverts like the back and with dark centres to the feathers, the
long ones broadly centred with black, the edges rather sandy
rufous ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with sandy brown, whiter
towards the tips, the cuter feather smoky white, the outer web
light brown, the inner web obhquely dark brown from the base up-
wards ; penultimate feather with a wedge-shaped spot of white at
the end of the inner web ; head like the back, but more narrowly
centred with black ; a narrow but distinct eyebrow of deep vinous
red, the eyelid and feathers below the eye of the same colour ; ear-
coverts saudy brown ; lores ash}' ; sides of neck distinctly washed
with vinous ; cheeks, throat, and breast deep vinous, with a few
black streaks on the centre of the breast, the sides of the upper
breast being a little more distinctly striped ; remainder of under
surface of body rich sandy buff, including the thighs ; the under
tail-coverts deeper coloured, the longer ones with blackish bases ;
the sides of the body streaked with black, more broadly on the
sides of the breast; axillaries dusky brown, with olive-yellowish
edges, not very distinctly pronounced ; under wing-coverts dull
whitish, with dusky bases to the feathers near the edge of the wing ;
quills dusky brown below, ashy along the inner web : " biU dark
brown, the gape and base of lower mandible yellowish ; legs yel-
lowish flesh-colour; claws horn-colour ; iris brown" {Oates). Total
length 5*6 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3'5, tail 2*5, tarsus 0"S5.

Adult female in hrecdlng-plumaijc. Similar to the male on the
upper surface, but differing below in having the throat alone vinous
chestnut, the rest of the body from the fore neck downwards being
sandy buff ; the fore neck broadly spotted with blackish centres to
the feathers, a little narrower and longer on the sides of the body
and flanks, and quite narrow and linear on the breast. Total length
5*3 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3'2, tail 2'4, tarsus 0"8.

Winter plumage (Amoj-, November ; R. Swinhoe). General
colour sandy olive-brown, with fulvous edges to the feathers of the
mantle and back ; all the upper parts broadly streaked with black
centres to the feathers, the rump and upper tail-coverts equally dis-
tinctly centred as the back ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ;
median and greater series blackish brown, edged with sandy buff
and tipped with whitish ; bastard-wing blackish brown, with sandy-
whitish edges ; primary-coverts and quills brown, edged with ashy
olive, more fulvescent on the secondaries, the innermost of which
are rather broadly margined with yellowish white ; tail-feathers
blackish brown, edged with ashy olive, the outer ones white, brown
along the outer web, and obliquely dark brown on the inner
web ; the penultimate feathers with a triangular-shaped mark of
white at the end ; a distinct eyebrow yellowish white, as also the
eyelid ; ear-coverts brown, streaked below the eye with yellowish
white ; cheeks and under surface of body yellowish buff, with a
distinct malar line of black, the fore neck and breast very distmctly

588 MOTACILLID^.

spotted with black and the sides of the body also streaked with
black ; centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts uniform
yellowish buff ; under wing-coverts ashy, edged with olive ; quills
ashy below, hghter on the face of the inner webs. Total length
5-3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3-15, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-9. {Mus. H.
SeeboJim.)

Obs. From the winter plumage above described the bird moults
in the following spring to the red-throated stage with a rufous eye-
brow ; but it seems certain that not every male bird has the chest
rufous as well as the throat : some are densely spotted on the breast
like the old females and have only the throat itself rufous ; these
are, as Mr. Seebohm surmises, very probably young males of the
previous year in their first breeding-dress.

It seerns equally certain that some males, perhaps very old birds,
retain the red throat in winter and have the breast and sides of the
body very densely spotted and streaked with black. Mr. Seebohm
has such a male from Turkey, obtained on the 7th of October ; the
Museum has one from Asia Minor (date lost) ; and a third, from
the Eiver Ob, is in Mr. Seebohm's collection, and was procured by
Dr. Finsch as early as the 7th of September.

The female in winter plumage does not have the rufous throat
seen in some males ; the throat is yellowish white like the abdomen,
the breast and sides of the body very thickly and broadly spotted
and streaked with black as in the summer plumage. During the
breeding-season the rufous of the throat gets more and more worn,
and is sometimes completely washed out and becomes yellowish
white.

Nestlincj. fiecalls the feathering of the adult winter plumage, but
is light sandy coloured with an olive tinge ; edges to the wing-
coverts very strongly marked with black centres ; eyelid and eye-
brow yellowish buff mottled with black spots ; under surface of
body sandy buff, with distinct black spots on the breast and streaks
on the flanks.

Hah. Breeds throughout Northern Europe and Siberia, above the
limits of forest-growth. Occasional in England and Western Europe
on migration. Winters in Egypt and North-eastern Africa, Persia,
and North-western India, but principally in Southern China and the
Burmese countries, extending at least to Borneo. Its northern range
to the eastward appears to be Kamtschatka and as far as Bering
Island ; not as yet recorded from Alaska, but has been met with in
winter as far south as California.

a cJad.sk. Ust Zylma, Petcliora River, HenrySeebolim,Esq. [P.].

May 23.

6 9ad.sk. Alexievka, Petchora, June Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

17.

c. S ad. sk. UstZylma,May (J.yl.i/.-B.). Major Feilden and J. A.

llarvie-Brown,Esq.[P.].

d. 5 ad. sk. Schtschutschja, Ob River, Geogr. Soc. Bremen.

July {Dr. Finsch).

3. AJTTHTjg.

589

e. S juv. sk.

f. S ad. sk.

ff, h, i. d; k- 2

ad. sk.
I. (f ad. sk.
m. 2 ^^- ^^■
n, 0. c? ; ;). 5 ad. sk.
q, r. Ad. sk.
s. c? ad. sk.

^. 5 nd. sk.

V. Ad. sk.

V. Ad. ; 2r. Imm.sk.

.1-. $ ad. sk.

y. 5 <id. sk.

s. 2 ad. sk.

a'. (S ad. sk.

h', c'. (5 ad. ; d' . 5

ad. sk.
e'. (5 ad. sk.
/. S ad. sk.

^'. cJjiiT.sk.

28

Schtschutschia, August

{Dr. Finsch).
Finraaik, June 28 {R.

CoUetf).
Finmark, June

Collett).
Sarepta, INIay 2.
Russia, May 14,
Crimea, April.
Asia Minor.
Turkey, April

{Hohaon).
Fano, Italy, May.
oth Cataract of the Nile.
Nubia.

Senafe, Tigre, March 7.
Island of Askold, E.

Siberia yH. Doerries).
Dizak, Baluchistan,

March 24.
Pegu, October' 23.
Pegu, March.

Pegu, April.
Malewoon, S. Tenas-

serim.
Bintulu, Not. 6.

Geogr. See. Bremen.

Christiania Museum.

28 (i?. Christiania Museum.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]
Moscow ]\Iuspum.
Gould Collection.
T. Robson, Esq. [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Prof. Giglioli [P.].
F. Galton. Esq. [P.J.
Sharpe Collection.
W.T.Blanford,Esq. rC.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

\V. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

Dates Collection.
Gates Collection.

Gates Collection.
Gates Collection.

A. Everett, Esq. [C.].

19. Anthus rosaceus.

Anthus rosaceus vel rufogularis, Hoclgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus.,
Passeres, pi. 118 (no. 734) ; id. in Grmfs Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).

Anthus ceninus (nee Pall.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres.
Hodgs. p. 77 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 136 (1849) ;
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 237 (1863) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 328, 1868,
p. 80; Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 35.

Anthus aquaticus (nee Bechst.), Blyth, J. A. S. Bang. xvi. p. 437
(1847).

Anthus roseatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 437 (1847).

Anthus rosaceus, Ilorsf. Si- Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mus. i. p. 357
(1854) ; Bh/th, Ibis', 1867, p. 32 ; Gh-ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 251, no.
3647 (I860) ; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 287 ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 366 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1871, p. 234 ; Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 61
(1872) ; Brooks, t. c. p. 83 (1873) ; Hume, Nests and Eqqs Ind. B.
p. 386 (1873) ; id. Sir. F. 1874, p. 241 ; Brooks, Ibis, 1874, p. 460;
Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 252 ; Bhjth 1^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 96
(1875) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1876, p. 500 ; Prjev. in Roidcys Orn. Misc.
ii. p. 194 (1877) ; David i;- Omt. Ois. Chine, p. 308 (1877) ; Hume,
Str. F. 1879, p. 103; Scully, f. c. p. 317 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 18S1,
p. 70; Scnlly, t. c. p. 452; Biddidph, Ibis, 1882, p. 280; Oates,
B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 170 (1883).

Anthus rufosuperciliaris, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxix. p. 185 (1860).

Eincl clan' stout and gently arched, decidedly longer than the
hind toe. Tarsus decidedly longer than hind toe and claw com-
bined. Primaries subequal, 2, 3, 4, 5 ; sixth primary shorter than

590 MOTACIILID^.

long secondaries, which are again considerably shorter than the
longest primaries. Primaries emarginate, 2, 3,4. Outstretched feet
(in skin) reaching a little beyond half the taU.

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. General colour above ashy,
streaked with black in the centre of the feathers, the head more
narrowly, the hind nock less distinctly, and the back very broadly ;
the back and mantle mottled with edges of ashy white, faintly
tinged vrith oUve ; rump more uniform olive-brown ; upper tail-
coverts dusky brown, edged with ashy fulvous ; lesser wing-coverts
dark brown, strongly washed with olive-yellow ; median and greater
coverts blackish brown, edged with fulvous or olive-brown and
tipped with duU white ; bastard-wing dark brown, edged with
ashy ; primary-coverts and quiQs dusky brown, margined with
olive-yellowish, the secondaries with whity-browu, whiter on the
inner secondaries, which are blackish ; upper taU-eoverts and taU
blackish brown, edged with ashy or olive-brown ; penultimate
feather with a white spot at the tip of the outer web, the outer
feather white, smoky brown towards the end of the outer web, the
inner one with a broad oblique mark of blackish brown ; eyelid and
a broad eyebrow, running from the base of the nostrils to above the
ear-coverts, dull white with a fulvous tinge ; lores blackish ; ear-
coverts dusky blackish, mottled with white below the eye ; cheeks,
throat, and breast pale vinous ; abdomen, vent, and under taU-
coverts dull white ; sides of body and flanks dull whitish, washed
with olive and broadly streaked with black ; axillaries pale olive-
yellow ; under wing-coverts dull white, washed with yellow and
mottled near the edge of the wing with dusky bases ; quills dusky
below, pale ashy along the inner web : " bill dusky, blackish on the
culmen and fleshy brown at the base of the lower mandible ; feet
brownish fleshy, the claws dusky ; iris dark brown " {Sadly).
Total length 5-7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3'45, tail 2-45, tarsus 0'8.

Adult female in hreeding-plumage. Similar in colour to the male,
but with remains of a few obsolete blackish streaks on the fore
neck. Total length 5*9 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3'1, tail 2'35,
tarsus 0-8.

Owing to the absence of properly dated sj^ecimens, I am unable
to follow the present species through all its changes of plumage.
It appears to have a perfectly distinct winter plumage, when the
under surface is thickly spotted with black, and in which it some-
what resembles the winter dress of A. macxd<ttus and A. trivialis.
The sulphur-yellow axiUaries, however, are always strongly pro-
nounced, and the shape of the hind claw also distiuguishes it from
the two above-mentioned species at aU ages.

A specimen killed at Etawah in March is moulting from the
spotted dress into the summer rufous-throated stage ; but in some
individuals it would appear as if the colour of the feather changed
to rosy without an actual moult. The Museum series, however,
is not extensive enough to determine the sequence of plumages
satisfactorily.

Hah. Himalayan region from Afghanistan to Bootan and the

3. ANTHTTS.

591

Eliasia hills, extending into Moupin and Kansu in China ; vrintering
in the plains of India.

a. Ad. hiem. sk.

b,c. c? ; d, e. 2 ad.

aestiv. sk.
f. 5 iid. sestiv. sk.
(J. S ad. ffistiv. sk.
h, i. cJ 5 ad. sestiv.

sk.
k. Ad. aestiv. sk.
I. Ad. aestiv. sk.
m. S ad. aestiv. sk.
71. Ad. aestiv.; o. Ad.

hiem. sk.
p. Ad. hiem. sk.
q, r. Ad. aestiv. ;

s, t. Ad.hiem.sk.
U) V, 10, X. Ad. ; If.

Juv. sk.
z-c'. Ad. sk.
d'. Ad. hiem. sk.
e'. Juv. sk.
/.' Juv. sk.

OUpore, Af<3^hanistan

(Griffith).
GHgit, May.

Gurais, May.
Darel, July.
N.W. Himalayas.

Himalayas.
Himalayas.
Etawah, March 7.
Kumaou {Strachey).

Darjilino;.

Nepal {Hodgson).

Nepal.

Nepal.

Bootan (Pemherton).
Khasia hills {Griffith).
Khasia hills (Jerdon).

India Museum.

Col. J. Biddulph [C.].

Col. J. Biddulph [CI.
Col. J. Biddulph [C.J. _
Capt. Stackhouse PinwiU

[C].
Gould Collection.
India Museum.
Col. J. Biddidph.
India Museum.

Gould Collection.
India Museum.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Tvpes of species.)
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J.
India Museum.
India Museum.
Gould Collection.

20. Anthus bertheloti.

Anthus tri^ialis {nee L.), Webb S,- Berth. Orn. Canar. p. 16 (1841).

Anthus prateusis {nee L.\ Vernon Hare. Ann. ^- May. Nat. Hist. xii.
p. 58 (1853), XV. p. 433 (1855).

Anthus aquaticus {nee Beclist.), Bolle, Ibis, 1862, p. 347.

Anthus hertheloti, Bolle, J. f. O. 1862, p. 357 ; A. Netvton, Ibis,
1863, p. 186; Ve)m. Hare. t. c. p. 230; Godman, Ibis, 1872,
pp. 163, 176; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 291, pi. 133 (1874).

Hind claw rather cui'ved, about equal to hind toe. Tarsus longer
than hind toe and claw combined. Primaries subequa], 1, 2, 3, 4 ;
fourth primary shorter than long secondaries, which are nearly equal
to long primaries. Priniarlis emarginate, 2, 3, 4.

Adidt. General colour above dark ashy brown, streaked with
blackish down the centre of the feathers of the head and mantle,
the lower back and rump uniform ; the upper tail-coverts lighter
brown, with longitudinal streaks of black ; lesser wing-covcrts like
the back ; median and greater coverts dark brown, edged with pale
sandy buff, whiter towards the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills dark brown, edged with pale sandy butf, whiter on the
margins of the primaries ; tail-feathers dark brown, with paler
edges, the outer feathers white, with an oblique mark of blackish
along the inner web, the shaft also blackish : the penultimate
feather blackish brown, white at the tip of the outer web, and
having a wedge-shaped mark of white at the end of the inner web,
extending nearly halfway down the feather ; lores, eyelid, and a

592

MOTACILLID^.

distinct eyebrow dull white, as also the feathers below the eye and
the fore part of the ear-coverts, the hinder part of the latter dull
brown like the sides of the nock ; cheeks, throat, and under surface
of body dull white, with a slight tinge of sandy buff on the breast
and sides of the body, the latter washed with dull brown ; a malar
streak composed of blackish spots ; fore neck and chest minutely
marked with triangular black spots ; sides of the breast and flanks
streaked with blackish ; thighs pale sandy buff ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts dull smoky white ; quills dusky below, ashy
fulvous along the inner web. Total length 5'6 inches, culmen 0*55,
wing 2"85, tail 2"25, tarsus 0-85.

Young female. Much more rufous than the adult and much more
strongly mottled, the centres of the feathers black, with pale sandy-
rufous margins, especially distinct on the wing-coverts, quills, and
tail-feathers ; penultimate and outer tail-feathers as in the adult,
but with a larger wedge-shaped mark of white on the former, and a
tinge of sandy buff along the outer webs of both : under surface as
in the adult, but the lower flanks and under taU-coverts washed
with sandy buff, and having the breast very thickly streaked with
black : " legs almost white " (F. D. Oodman). Total length 5'2
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-85, tail 2-15, tarsus 0"85.

This specimen bears a remark by Mr. Godman to the effect
that it "has nested," and he evidently believes it to have been
an adult bird. If this were the case, then Madeira would possess
two species of Pipits : and certainly in appearance there is a great
difference between the two specimens described above. I can, how-
ever, trace a tinge of sandy rufous on some of the wing-coverts
in the adult birds, and therefore consider the rufous bird to be
young. Further information on the sequence of plumage in this
species is much to be desired.

Hah. Madeira and the Canary Islands.

a, h. Ad. sk. Madeira {Temple Godman).

c. Ad. sk. Orotava, Teneriffe, April 7

{F. D. Godman).

d. $ juv. sk. Madeira, July 1, 1871 {F. D.

Godman).

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

21. Anthus spipoletta.

Alauda spinoletta, Lt7in. Syst. Nat. i. p. 288 (1766) ; G7n. Si/st. Nat.

i. p. 794 (1788).
L'Alouette Pipi, Datibent. Fl. Enl. v. pi. 661. fig. 2 ; 3Ionth. Hist.

Nat. Ois. V. p. .34 (1778).
Anthus aquaticus, Beckst. Naturg. DeutscJil. iii. p. 745 (1807) ;

Temm. Man. Orn. ii. p. 265 (1820) ; Naum. Vog. Beutschl. iii.

pl.85. figs. 2, 3, 4 (1823) ; Werner, Atlas, Insectivores, pi. 84 (1827) ;

Gould, B. Fur. ii. pi. 138 (1837) ; Nordm. in Demid. Vog. Fuss.

Merid. iii. p. 159 (1340) ; Schl. Rev. Grit. p. sxxv (1844) ; Severtz.

Turkest. Jcvotn. p. 67 (1873) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 70 (1875) ;

Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 54; Di.mn, Ibis, 1882, p. 571; Seebohm,

Ibis, 1883, p. 20 .

3. ANTHtrs. 593

Antlius montanus, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 179 (1815).

Anthus coiitellii, Audoitm, Descr. Egypte, p. 360, pi. 5. fig. 5 (1828) ;
Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 61.

Anthus aquaticus sen couteUii, Hempr. Sf Ehr, Symb. Phys. fol. dd
(1828).

Anthus alpinus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 329 (1831) ; id. Naxmi,
18.J5, p. 279.

Anthus hiemalis, Brehm, t. c. p. 329 (1831).

Authus major, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 279.

Anthus mmor, Brehm, t. c. p. 279.

Anthus orientalis, Brehm, Voyelf. p. 138 (1855).

Anthus spiuoletta, Bp. C'omp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. p. 18 (1838) ;
Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xlviii (1840) ; Selys-Lomjch. Faun,
Bekj. p. 85 (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 206 (1847) ; !B/j. Consp.
i. p. 247 (1850) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 77 (1860) ; Tristr.
Ibis,imi, p. 414; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 62 ; Trisir. lbis,lSQQ,
p. 289 ; Degl. §• Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 371 (1867) ; Loche, Expl
Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 14 (1867) ; Gould, Ibis, 1868, pp. 114, 237;
Pelz. t. c. p. 312 ; Smif/i, t. c. p. 443 ; Walden, Ibis, 1869, p. 213 ;
Hume, t. c. p. 355 ; Borggr. Voyelf. Norddeutschl. p. 85 (1869) ;
Boderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 100 (1869); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i.
p. 325 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 214, no. 3614 (1869) ;
Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 15 ; Goidd, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 11 (c. 1870,
rio;ht-hand fig.) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 16. fig. 2 (1870) ; Elwes
S^ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 195 ; Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 127
(1871); Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 36; Tristr. t. c. p. 234; Sioinh.
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 365; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 216; Hurting,
Handb. Brit. B. p. 24 (1872) ; Stielleij, B. Egypt, p. 1,32 (1872) ;
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 245 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1874, p. 234 ; Dresser, B.
Eur. iii. p. 335, pi. 140(1874); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 110(1875);
Butler ^- Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 491; Stoliczka, t. c. p. 219;
Scidly, Str. F. 1876, p. 152 ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 236 (1876) ;
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 159 (1876) ; Prjev. in Bowleg'' s
Orn. Misc. ii. p. 194 (1877) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1877, p. 206 ; Eauid ^
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 306 (1877): Butler, Str. F. 1877, p. 230;
Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol ii. p. 521, 1879, p. 103 ; Danf. Ibis, 1878,
p. 20; Butler, Cat. B. Siiul 4'-c. p. 42 (1879); Bo(/d. B. Cauc.
p. 109 (1879) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 248 (1883) ; Homeyer
i.y Tancre, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 86 ; Radde, Orn. Cauc.
p. 215 (1884).
Anthus spipoletta, Jaid). et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 285
(1859); Neivton,ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 589 (1874); Cordeau.v,
Ibis, 1875, p. 181 ; Danf. ^ Harvie Broiun, t. c. p. 310 ; B. O. U.
List Brit. B. p. 34 (1883) ; Tristr. Faun. Sf Flor. Palest, p. 56
(18S4).
Anthus blakistoni, Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 90, 1867, p. 389 ; Gray,
Iland-l. B. i. p. 251, no. 3644 (1869) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1877, pp. 206,
207 ; Butler, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 177 ; id. Cat. B. Sind ^x. p. 42
(1879) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 103 ; Brooks, t. c. p. 484 ; Biddulph,
Ibis, 1881, p. 70 ; Scully, t. c. p. 453 ; C, Swinh, Ibis, 1882,
p. 110.
Anthus neglectus. Brooks, Ibis, 1876, p. 501 ; Hume, Str, F, 1877,
p. 345.

Jlind claw rather long and straightened, about equal to or a little
longer than the hind toe itself. T((rsus longer than hind toe and
claw combined. Primaries subequal and longest, 2, 3 : Jtrst a trifle

VOL. X. 2 Q

594 MOTACILLIDiE.

shorter ; fourth a trifle shorter still ; fifth iirimary much shorter
than fourth and less than long secondaries. Primaries emarginatc,
2, 3, 4. Feet when outstretched reaching to about three quarters
of the length of the tail.

Adult male in hreeding-plumagc. General colour above light
brown, shaded with ashy grey on the mantle, which is slightly
mottled with dusky brown centres to the feathers ; the lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform brown ; lesser wiug-coverts
light ashy brown, median and greater coverts dark brown, margined
with paler and rather ru^escent brown, whiter at the ends of the
inner coverts ; bastard-wing blackish brown, narrowly fringed with
whitish at the tips; primary-coverts and quills blackish brown,
margined with paler brown and fringed with whitish at the tips ;
tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with ashy brown, the penulti-
mate feather with a conspicuous white tip, the outer one white,
smoky brown along the outer web, the inner feather obliquely
blackish brown for the greater part of its length ; head and hind
neck ashy grey, slightly streaked with dusky on the crown ; a
broad whitish eyebrow, pale rosy on the anterior part near the base
of the nostrils ; eyelid rosy white ; lores dull ashy ; ear-coverts dull
ashy brown, mottled with whitish below the eye ; cheeks and under
surface of body uniform pale rosy, whiter on the lower abdomen
and under tail-coverts ; flanks browner; sides of breast ashy brown ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts dull white with ashy bases ; quUls
duU ashy below, brighter along the inner web. Total length 6*6
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3-55, tail 2-75, tarsus 0-95.

Toimg in iv inter plumage. General colour above brown, slightly
mottled with darker brown centres to the feathers of the mantle and
back ; rump uuiform brown ; lesser wing-covei'ts light ashy brown ;
median and greater coverts blackish brown, margined with paler
brown, whitish on the inner webs ; bastard-wing feathers blackish
brown, edged with pale brown near their ends ; primary-coverts and
quills blackish brown, edged with paler brown, the primaries with
dull olive ; inner secondaries edged with dull white ; upper tail-
coverts brown, slightly mottled with darker brown centres ; tail-
feathers blackish brown, edged with ashy olive ; the penultimate
feather with a wedge-shaped spot of white at the tip ; the outer
feather white, wdth a slight shade of smoky brown near the end of
the outer web, the inner web obliquely blackish brown for the
greater part of its length ; crown of head rather more ashy than
the back and slightly mottled with darker centres to the feathers ;
lores dusky, surmounted by a distinct white eyebrow, fulvescent
anteriorly : feathers round the eye and eyelid also duE white ; ear-
coverts dusky brown, as also the feathers below the eye ; cheeks
and throat dull white, with a moustachial line of brown ; remainder
of under surface of body dull white, spotted with brown centres to
the feathers on the sides of the throat, fore neck, and chest,
becoming less distinct on the sides of the body and flanks ; under
tail-coverts rather whiter : axillaries and under wing-coverts dull
white, with ashy bases ; quills ashy brown below, the inner edge

3. ANTHTTS.

595

lighter ashy. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3-55,
tail 2-5, tarsus 0-9,

Hah. Southern and Central Europe, not extending into Scandi-
navia or Northern Europe, wintering in the countries bordering the
Mediterranean. Eastward its range extends to the Altai Mountains
and Turkestan as well as the high ranges of Persia and Baluchistan,
wintering in Afghanistan. A smaller race, named A. hlalcistoni,
breeds in Eastern Siberia and China, wintering in the latter country
as well as in Scinde and North-western India. Mr.. Seebohm has
taken the measurements of an extensive series, and finds that the
length of wing in European examples varies from 3*6 down to 3'3
inches, and the length of the tail from 2-S5 down to 2-55 inches.
Indian birds {A. hlal-istoni) have the wing 3*4 inches to 3*1 inches,
and the tail from 2- 65 to 2*45 inches.

a, h. Juv. hiem. sk.
c. §;«?,<?. 6 ad. hiem.

sk.
/. Ad. cEstiv. sk.
g. 5 hiem. sk.
h, i. c? ; /<;. ? ad. sk.
I. (S ad. sk.

m. $ ad. sk.

n. c? juv. sk.

0, 1). 5 imui. sk.

q. (S ad. sk.

r. (J ad. sk.

s. (S ad. asstiv. sk.

t-^o. Imm. hiem. sk.
X. Imm. hiem. sk.

2/,s. c? 2imm.liiem.sk,
«'. (S ad. hiem. sk.
6,' c'. ^5 ad.ffistiv.sk
d', e'. Skeletons.
/. Skeleton.
(j'. SkuU.

a. A. sjiijioletta.

Near Paris, Nov.
South France.

South France.
Florence, Italy, Oct.
Carpathiau Mts.,May4.
Tr an ssy 1 vania( Danford

i^ Harvie-Broiuii).
Asia Minor, April lO

(T. Rohson).
Asia Minor, Dec. 10

{T. Robson).
Smyrna, Dec. I (C.

G. Danford).
Anascha, Taurus, Asia
Minor,Mar.(C.G-'.Z'.).
Ahadeb, Persia, July.
Mashkid Ei^ er, Balu-
chistan, March.
Yarkand {Chapman).
Shikarpore, At'irhauib-

tan {Griffith).
Candahav, Dec.
Caudahar, Jan.
Candahar, March.
S. Europe.
Tiibingen.
Tiibinoren.

Gould Collection.

K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Gould Collection.
Prof. Giglioli [P.].
K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Major Feildeu and J. A.
Harvie-Browu, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Gould CoUectiou.

Salviu-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sir 0. St. John [C.].

W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
India Museum.

Col. Swinhoe
Col. Swinhoe
Col. Swiuhoe
Purchased.
Dr. Giinther [C.].
Dr. Giinther [C],

a. $ imm. hiem. sk.

b. (S imm. liiem. sk.

c. d. S imm. hiem. sk.
e. (S;f- $ ad. hiem. sk.
g. cJ ; h, i. 5 ad. aestiv.

sk.
k. Imm. hiem. sk.

/3. A. hlakistoni.

GUgit,Oct. 21.
GUgit, Dec.
Gilgit, Feb.
Gilgit, Feb.
GUgit, March.

Gilgit, Jan.

Col. J. Biddvdph [C.
Col. J. Biddulph [C.
Col. J. Biddulph [C.
Col. J. Biddulph [C.
Col. J. Biddulph [C.

Dr. J. Scully [P.].
2q2

596 MOTAClLLIDJi.

I. Imm. biem. sk. Gilgit, March. Dr. J. Sciilly [P.].

m, (S imm. sk. Sehwan, Scinde, Jau. Gates Collection.

27 ( W. E. Brooks).

«. Imm. liiem. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

0. Imm. sk. Shanghai. Shanghai Museum [C.].

Subsp. a. Anthus pennsylvanicus.

The Lark from PensUvauia, Edtcards, Gleanings, ii. p. 1^5, pi. 297
(1760).

L'Alouette de Pensilvanie, Briss. Oi-n. vi. App. p. 94 (1760).

La Farlouzanne, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 38 (1778).

L'Alouette aux joues brunes de Pensilvauie, Month, t. c. p. 58 (1778),

Louisiaue Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 376 (1783).

Eed Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 377 (1783) ; Penn. Arctic
Zool. ii. p. 393 (1785).

Anthus pennsylvanicus. Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 287 (1787) ;
Thien. Rhea, ii. p. 171 (1849) ; Zander, J. f. 0. 1853, Extrah. 1854,
p. 63 ; Gtitke,^ J.f. 0. 1856, p. 71 ;_ Stejn. AuJc, i. p. 168 (1884).

Alauda ludoyiciana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 793 (1788).

Alauda rubra, Gtn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 794 (1788).

Alauda migTatoria, Bartr. Trav. Florida, p. 293 his (1791).

Hudsonian Wagtail, Lath. Gen. Syn. Supj)!. ii. p. 231 (1801).

MotaciUa hnisomca,, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. 503 (1801) ; Vieill.
Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 47 (1807).

Alauda rufa, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. p. 89, pi. 42. fig-. 4 (1812).

Anthus ludovicianus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 37 (1823) ; Bp. Comp.
List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 18 (1838) ; Auduh. Sijn. p. 94 (1839) ;
id. B. Amer. iii. p. 40, pi. 150 (1841) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 94
(1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 146 (1847) ; Bix Consp. i. p. 249
(1850) ; Bei7ih. J.f. O. 1854, p. 439; Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 126;
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 232 (1858) ; Scl. ^ Salv. This, 1859, p. 9 ;
Beinh. Ihis, 1861, p. 6 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 24 (1862) ; Blasins,
Ihis, 1862, p. 71 ; Blakist. t. c. p. 4, 1863, p. 60 ; Baird, Revieio
Amer. B. p. 153 (1864) ; Coues, Ihis, 1865, p. 163 ; Dresser, t. c.
p. 476; Latvr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 283 (1866); Baird, Ihis,
1867, pp. 285, 286, 289; Dugbs, La Nat. i. p. 140 (1868) ; Bromn,
Ibis, 1868, p. 420 ; Ball <$• Bann. Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 277
(1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 250, no. 3619 (1869) ; Cooper, B.
Calif, p. 78 '(1870); Allen, Bull.Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. ii.
p. 267 (1871), iii. pp. 161, 175 (1872) ; P. Gray, B. JVest Scotl.
p. 116 (1871) ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 91 (1872) ; Harting,
Handb. Brit. B. p. 107 (1872) ; Snoiv, B. Kansas, p. 4 (1873) ;
Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 8 (1873) ; Laiur. Mem. Bost.
Soc. N. H. ii. p. 268 (1874) ; Coues, B. N- West, p. 40 (1874) ;
Baird, Brewer, ^- Pidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 171, pi. 10. fig. 3
(1874); Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 331, pi. 139 (1874); Cordeaux,
Ibis, 1875, p. 181 ; Hensh. List B. Arizona, p. 156 (1875) ; id. Zool.
Expl. W. \00th Mei-id. p. 187 (1875); Seehohm, Ihis, 1877.
p. 165 ; Merrill, P-oc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 122 (1878) ; Coues, B.
Color. Vail. p. 193 {1878) ; id. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 557
(1878) ; Salv. Sf Godm. Biol. Cenfr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 108 (1880) ;
Pidgiv. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.no. 21, p. 15 (1881) ; B. O. U. List
Brit. B. p. 34 (1883) ; Hartl.J. f. 0. 1883, p. 268; Nelson, Cruise
P.S. 'Corwin; ~ip: 62 (1S8S) ;■ Coues, Key N Amer. B. 2nd ed.
p. 286 (1884).
Anthus rubeus, Merrem in Ersch u. Grub, Encycl. iv. p. 290 (1820j.

3. ANTHtrs. 597

Anthus spinoletta (tiec L.), Bp. Joitrn. Philad. Acad. ii. p. 90 (1826).
Antlms aquaticus, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 10 ; Swains. ^- Richards.

Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 231, pi. 44 (1831).
Anthus pipiens, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 80 ; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 408

(1832), V. p. 449 (1839) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer.

p. 28 (1838).
Anthus reinhardti, Holholl, Fmm. Groenl. p. 25 (1854).
Anthus hj'pogfeus, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 65 (1854).
Anthus spinoletta, var. ludovicianua, Seehohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii.

p. 248 (1883).

Adult male. General colour above pale ashy grey, a little browner
towards the rump and upper tail-coverts and clearer on the head ;
lesser wing-coverts ashy brown ; median and greater coverts dark
brown, edged -with ashy brown and tipped with white, less distinct
on the greater series ; bastard-wing dark brown, with narrow ashy-
■white margins ; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, edged with
ashy brown, the primaries narrowly edged with whitish, the inner
secondaries with broad white edgings, the innermost externally
ash}- ; tail-feathers dark brown edged vnih. ashy, the outer feathers
pure white, including the shaft, excepting an oblique mark of dark
brown on the inner web ; the penultimate feather like the outer
one, but with a much larger mark of dark brown on the inner web ;
lores, eyebrow, feathers round the eye, and sides of face clear pale
vinous ; ear-coverts ashy grey like the head ; cheeks and entire
under surface of body pale vinous, the under tail-coverts paler and
more isabelline ; lower abdomen dull whitish ; sides of upper breast
washed with ashy grey ; a few dusky streaks on the flanks ; axil-
laries and under wing-coverts dull ashy whitish, with smoky-brown
bases ; quills dusky below, pale ashy vinous along the inner webs :
"bill dark brown, the under mandible orange at the base; feet
brownish black ; iris hazel " {Audubon). Total length 6-2 inches,
culmen 0*5, wing 3'55, tail 2'7, tarsus 0-85.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the throat and chest
spotted with blackish brown. Total length 6'2 inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 3"3, taU 1-5, tarsus 0-9.

Young in autumn plumage. Dark olive-brown above instead of
ashy grey, the feathers of the back and crown slightly mottled with
dusky centres ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and
greater coverts blackish brown, edged with sandj' rufous, paler on
the median series ; bustard-wing, primarj'-coverts, and quills dark
brown edged with sandy buff, somewhat whiter on the tips of the
median coverts and the inner secondaries ; tail as in the adult, but
the white on the penultimate feather much reduced and forming a
large wedge-shaped spot for about one third of its length ; under
surface of body rich isabelline buif ; the sides of the lower throat, the
fore neck, and breast spotted with triangular marks of black, becoming
smaller on the latter ; sides of body and flanks more tawny, with
longitudinal streaks of blackish brown ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts buffy white, mottled \vith black bases near the edge of the
wing.

The adult bird in full grey-and-vinous plumage is seldom seen in

598 MOTACILLIDa;.

collections ; it is figured by Swainson in the ' Fauna Boreali-
Americana,' but the only specimen I have seen is one in the Sclater
coUection from Western Mexico, probably shot in full plumage just
before its departure for its breeding-haunts. All the other specimens
collected in northern latitudes are more brown on the upper surface
and show more or less spotting on the breast, which is a dull fawn-
buff. It may be surmised therefore that only very old males gain the
uniform vinous-breasted dress, and the females in all probability are
always spotted on the breast.

Hah. North America everywhere, migratory. Breeds in high
latitudes and in the Eocky Mountains above timber-line as far
south as Colorado. Winters in Central America, from Mexico to
Guatemala. Accidental in Europe.

a. Ad. sk. Ai-ctic America. Sir G. Back [P.].

h,c. c? 2 ad. sk. Eepulse Bay. Dr. Rae [P.],

d 9 ad. sk, Hudson's Bay Tenitory, Gould CoUection.

May 22.

e. 5 ad. sk. Labrador {Coues), Sclater Collection.

/. c5' ad. sk. Fort Simpson, May. B. E. "Ross, Esq. [P.].

g, h. Juv. sk. Fort Simpson, September. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].

i. Ad.sk Rocky Mountains, Canada Gould Collection.

(Blahiston).

k. Juv. sk. Souris River, Dakota, Sept. 2 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{E. Coues).

I. Juv. sk. United States. Sclater Collection.

m. cJimm.sk. District of Columbia, Oct. 29 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(jE. Coues).

n. 2 ad. sk. Fort Bridger, Utah, May Gould CoUection.

(3 {Drexler).

0. Imm. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.l.

«, q. Imm. sk. W. side of Rocky Moimtains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [0.].
r. 5juv.sk. Petaliuna, California (£aiV<f). Sclater CoUection.
s. Juv. sk. California. Lord Walsingham[P.].

t. S fid. sk. Western Mexico. Sclater Collection.

le. Juv. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, Feb. Sclater Collection.

{Salvin).
tj, ?(;, .r. Imm. sk. Dueiias, Dec. & Jan. (0. 6'.). Salvin-Godman CoU.

Subsp. /3. Anthus japonicus.

Anthus pratensis japonicus, Temm. ^ Schl. Faun, Japon., Aves, p. 59,
pi. 24 (1850).

Anthus japonicus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 248 (1850) ; WMtely, Ibis, 1867,
p. 198 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 251, no. 3648 (1869) ; Dyboivski, J.
f. O. 1873, p. 85 ; Tacz. J.f. O. 1876, p. 194 ; id. Bidl. Soc. Zool.
'France, ii. p. 158 (1876) ; Prjev. in Sou-ley^ s Orn. Misc. ii. p. 194
(1877); Brooks, Ibis, 1877, p. 207; Blakist. §■ Fryer, Ibis, 1878,
p. 280 ; Seehohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 34 ; Fyboioski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1883, p. 361 ; Blakist. Chrys. ii. p. 30 (1883) ; id. Amended List B.
Japan, p. 52 (1884)._

Anthus pratensis, var. japonicus, Schrenck, Beis. Amurl. p. 336 (1859) :
Badde, Beis. Sibir.', Vbg. p. 222 (1863).

Anthus ludovicianus, Seehohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 38.

Said by Mr. Seehohm to be the same as A. pennsylvanicus. 1

3. ANTHTJ8. 599

have never seen the vinous-plumaged adnlt of this species ; but the
immature birds aud wintcr-plumaged specimens in the iluseum differ
in the black spotting of the under surface, which is much more pro-
nounced than in A. peniwjlvanicus at similar periods of its life.
A pair measure as follows, both being apparently in autumn
plumage : —

Total

length. Culmeii. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in. in.

a. S ■ Japan {Milne) . . .

. 6:5

0-5.5

3-4

2'65

0-91

b. $ . Japan {Milne) . . .

. 6-0

0-55

3-25

2-5

0-85

Although belonging to the same group of Pipits as A. pennsyl-
vanicus, the Japanese bird differs in the less amount of white on the
penultimate taU-feather, aud I believe that when all the phases of
its plumage are understood it will be found to bo more closely
allied to the Eastern race of the Water-Pipit, A. hlahlstoni.

Hab. Eastern Siberia and Kamtschatka, wintering in Japan aud
China (according to Mr. Seebohm, even in the Himalayas and the
valley of the Indus).

a. cj autumn, sk. Hakodate, Japan, Oct. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].

IS, 1864.

b. Juv. autumn, sk. Japan. Gould Collection,
c,d. c? $ autumn. Yokohama. Prof. Mine [C.].

sk.

22. Anthus obscurus.

Tit-Lark, Pern. Brit. Zool. p. 94, pi. P.i. fig. 3 (1766).

i^lauda obscura, Lath. Ind. Om. ii. p. 494 (1790).

Alauda petiosa, Mont. Trmis. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 41 (1798).

Spipola obscui-a, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. Sf Birds Brit. Mm. p. 22

(1816).
Anthus nipestris, Nilss. Om. Swc. i. p. 245, pi. 9. figs. 1, 2 (1817) ;

Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. i^- N. Amer. p. 18 (1838) ; Schl. Rev. Crit.

p. XXXV (1844) ; Schl. Vo</. Kederl. pi. 95 (1854) ; Bku. in Naum,

Vd(j. Deutschl. xiii. p. 108, pi. 371. fig. 2 (1860) ; Poioys, Ibis,

1860, p. 229, Ibis, 1865, p. 2-37 ; Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 181.
Anthus aquaticus {iiec Bechst.), Mou.v, Om. Pi-ovenq. pi. 192 (1825) ;

Selby, Brit. B. i. p. 258 (1833) ; Macgill. Brit. B. ii. p. 194 (1839) ;

Kjcerb. Banm. Fugle, pi. xvii. fig. 2 (1852) ; Heioits. Egqs Br. B.

i. p. 174, pi. 44. fig. 3 (1856) ; F. Hf P. Godm. Ibis, 186l" p. 83.
Alauda campestris, Bewick, Brit. B. p. 217 (1826).
Autbus petrosus, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 74 (1828) ; Thonips. B. Irel.

i. p. 227 (ISli*) ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 117 (1871).
Anthus littoralis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 331 (1831).
Anthus obscurus, Temni. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 628 (1840) ; Werner,

Atlas, Insectiv. pi. 51 ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xlviii (1840) ;

Selys-Lonqch. Faun. Belg. p. 86 (1842) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 394

(1843) ; Gray, Geti. B. i. p. 206 (1847) ; Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 247

(1850) ; Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pi. 9. fig. 3 (1856) ; Schl. Bier.

Nederl. Vogels, pi. 9. figs. 3, 4 (1861) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1861, p. 414;

Gray, List Brit. B. p. 71 (1863) ; Gould, Ibis, 1865, p. 114 ; 3Iore,

t. c. p. 124 ; Ber/l. ^- Gerbe, Om. Eur. i. p. 373 (1867) ; Borgr/r.

Vogelf. Norddeu'tschl. p. 86 (1869); Wrir/Jit, Ibis, 1869, p. 246;

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 249, no. 3615 (ISO'J) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii.

600 MOTACILLID^.

pi. 10 (c. 1870) ; Ehves Sf BucMey, Ibis, 1870, p. 195 ; Fritsch,
Vd(). Eur. tab. 16. fig. 6 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun. ItaL, Ucc. p. 127
(1871) ; Hartim/, Handb. Brit. B. p. 24 (1872) ; Neivt. ed. Yarr.
Brit. B. i. p. 586 (1874) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 343, pi. 141
(1874); Irh), B. Gibr. p. 110 (1875); Fallon, Ois. Belt/, p. 71
(1875) : C/ifton, Ibis, 1879, p. 369 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 376 ;
B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 35 (1883) ; Seebohm, Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 244
(1883) ; Booth, Rough Notes, part iv. with fig. (1883) ; Radde,
brn. Gauc. p. 219 (1884).

Anthus spinoletta (wee L.), Macgill. Man. Brit. B. i. p. 169 (1846);
Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 11 (liind figure).

Anthus immutabilis, Degl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 429 (1849).

Hind daw very strongly curved, about equal to the hind toe.
Tarsus longer than hind toe and claw combined. Primaries sub-
equal and longest, 1, 2, 3, 4 ; fourth a trifle shorter than the second
and third ; fifth primary considerably shorter than the long secon-
daries, which are almost as long as the primaries. Primaries
emarginate, 2, 3, 4. Feet (in skin) reaching to about two thirds of
length of tail.

Young. General colour above nearly uniform olive-brown, the
feathers of the back slightly mottled with dusky centres ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back ; the median and greater coverts blackish brown,
broadly edged with pale olive ; bastard-wing blackish ; primary-
coverts dusky, edged with olive ; quills dusky brown, narrowly
margined with olive-yellow, the inner secondaries externally brown
like the back ; tail-feathers blackish brown, margined with olive,
the penultimate feather smoky brown at the end, the outer feather
smoky brown, rather darker towards the end of the outer web, the
inner web with an oblique mark of blackish brown ; head like the
back and nearly uniform ; lores dusky blackish ; eyelid yellowish
white ; ear-covcrts uniform olive-brown ; cheeks yellowish white,
thickly spotted with dusky ; centre of throat dull white, washed with
olive ; fore neck and chest light olive-yellow, broadly streaked with
mesial spots of dark brown ; centre of breast and alidomen yellowish
white ; thighs light ashy brown ; flanks washed with olive ; under
tail-coverts yellowish white, with olive-brown ends to the feathers.

The autumn jylumar/e is very similar to the young bird described
above, being nearly uniform olive-brown, with slightly indicated
dusky centres to the feathers, the mantle slightly varied with paler
olive edges to the feathers of this part and the upper back ; lower
back, rump, and under tail -coverts nearly uniform dull olive-brown ;
lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts
blackish brown, edged externally with olive-yellow, inclining to
olive-whitish at the ends of the feathers, very distinct on the median
series; bastard- wing blackish brown; primary-coverts and quills
dusky brown, margined with dull olive, the edges broader and
browner on the inner secondaries ; centre tail-feathers brown
edged with olive, the remainder blackish brown margined with
olive, the penultimate feather with a small spot of smoky white at
the tip, the outer feather smoky brown, whiter at the end of the
feather, the outer web rather darker smoky brown towards the

3. ANTHTJS. 601

end, with a broad obliqiie mark of blackish brown on the inner
web ; head like the back and very shghtly streaked with dusky-
brown centres to the feathers ; eyehd and a narrow line over the
eye from the base of the nostrils yellowish white ; lores dusky ;
ear-coverts uniform olive-brown ; cheeks yellowish white, mottled
with dusky tips to the feathers ; a narrow moustachial Hne of
blackish brown, widening out on to the sides of the lower throat ;
throat dull white, washed with olive ; fore neck and breast olive,
the feathers broadly centred with spots and streaks of dark brown ;
the flauks olive-brown, with longitudinal centres of darker brown ;
centre of lower breast and abdomen, as well as the under tail-
coverts, duU white, washed with pale olive-yellow ; the long under
tail-coverts with olive-brown centres ; thighs oUve-brown externally,
yellowish white internally ; axillaries whitish, washed with pale
olive-yellow and with dusky bases ; under wing-coverts ashy white,
with dusky bases and slightly washed with olive-yellow : quills
dusky brown below, more ashy along the inner web. Total length
6-5 inches, culmen O-Go, wing 3-35, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-9.

Adult male in hreding-plumage. Similar in colour and marking
to the winter plumage, but browner and more mottled, the olive
tinge on the back being worn off as the plumage becomes abraded ;
the light tips to the wing-coverts almost obsolete ; the general
appearance of the upper surface more ashy brown, and the dark
centres to the feathers very distinct ; facial markings as in the
winter plumage, but more abraded, and the olive tint rendered
obsolete ; throat duU white ; remainder of under surface very thickly
mottled with dark brown, the centres to the feathers having become
very distinct, while the light margins have worn off and the olive-
yellow tinge of the abdomen has almost disappeared : bill brown, the
base of the lower mandible yellowish or orange, both mandibles being
entirely black in the breeding-season ; legs fleshy brown : iris brown.
Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-45, tail 2-(J, tarsus 0-95.

Adult female in hreediwi-plumarje. Similar to the male, but not so
thickly spotted underneath. Total length 6-4 inches, culmen 0*6,
wing 3-35, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-85.

The resident Rock-Pipit of the British Islands is certainly
distinct from the Scandinavian bird, but whether it is confined to
Great Britain or inhabits also some part of Continental Europe,
I have not been able to determine with certainty ; and I have
therefore joined all the synonyms under one heading until such
time as the distribution of the two forms is satisfactorily deter-
mined. The plumages of both Rock-Pipits are alike in their
immature stages, and in the winter garb both of young and adult
birds. I fancy, however, that the hind claw of the Scandinavian
Rock- Pipit is always longer than that of the British bird.

In the breeding-season, however, the British Rock-Pipit assumes
a plumage not very different from that of its winter dress, while
the Scandinavian bird becomes vinous on tlie underparts, so as to
resemble closely the Alpine Pipit {A. spipoUtta), from which, how-
ever, it can be told by the smoky-brown colour of the light pattern

602 MOTACILLIDiE.

of the outer tail-feather. No such vinous-hreasted birds have ever
been found breeding in Great Britain, but the Scandinavian Rock-
Pipit occurs on its autumn migration on certain parts of the east
coast of Eugland, and passes regularly along the south coast both
in autumn and spring. Should the two Rock-Pipits be deemed
worthy of separation, the name of ohscurus must be retained for the
British and that of rupestris for the Scandinavian form.

In the Scandinavian Rock-Pipit a complete change from the winter
plumage takes place in February and March by a moult, the new
feathers being dark ashy above, while the breast also changes into
a dark rosy colour, with black centres to the feathers ; these dark
centres diminish by degrees and apparently disappear, leaving the
breast uniform rosy. That such a moult occurs I am certain, it
being proved by specimens procured by Mr. Henry Swaysland in
Sussex on the 12th of February and the 17th of March last year.
These birds wore evidently on their return migration ; but as some
of the specimens from the continent have the breast uniform rosy
in the breeding-season, I am not yet certain whether the spots
on the breast disappear gradually. It may be that the very old
birds have the uniform breast, and that it is the younger birds which
retain spots to a greater or less extent after their first spring moult.

In the spotted-breasted birds, as the summer wears on, the rosy
tinge becomes obliterated and the spots greatly merged by the
abrasion of the light edges to the feathers, so that the fore neck
and chest become almost uniform. The same may be said of the
upper surface, which becomes nearly uniform dark ashy, slightly
mottled with remains of the blackish centres to the feathers ; the
lio-ht tips to the wing-coverts become obsolete. The strong olive-
yellow tint on the belly of freshly-moulted spring-plumaged birds
becomes faded until the belly is quite white.

Hah. The coasts of Northern Europe from the White Sea to the
Bay of Biscay ; everywhere resident, except in the extreme north.
Numbers visit Heligoland on migration in spring and autumn, and the
same may be said of the British Islands, where a resident race occurs.

a. A. rupestris.
a Juv. sk. Europe. Gould Collection.

h Ad sk. France. Gould Collection.

c 2 ad. sk. Normandy. J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.].

ci Ad. sk. England. Gould Collection.

e f. Imm.sk. Brighton, Oct. 10, 1867 Gould Collection.

'■ (6r. Sivmjsland).

tj^m. Imm. sk. Brighton, Nov. 18 {H. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Sivayslcmd) .
n. Imm. sk. Rottendeau, Sussex, Nov. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

18 {H. Swaysland).
0. 2 ad. St. Lancing,Sussex, March 17 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(if. Swaysland).
p. Imm. sk. Lancing, Sussex, Nov. 4 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

{H. Swaysland).
q. Ad. sk. NewhaveuiSussex,Feb.l2 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

(2f. Swaysland).

i

3. ANTHUS.

603

r,s.(S;t.2 ad. sk,
M. 2 ad. sk.

ad. sk.
z. Imm. sk.

o', 6'. c? ad. sk.

c'. 2 imm. sk.

d'. Ad. sk.

e'-/i'. c? ;»■'. 2 ad.sk.
^'. c? ad. ; /', m'.

Pidl. sk.
?»'. <5; o', y. 2

juv. sk.
y', /. d" ad. sk,
s'. c? ad. sk.
t', u'. (S 2 ad. sk.

a. S ad. sk.

b. Imm. sk.
e, <?. Ad. sk.

c. Ad. St.
/. Juv. sk.
ff. 2 ad. sk.

k, i, k. d;l.2

ad. sk.
m, n. Pull. St.
o. Juv. sk.
2). 2 imm. sk.
y, r. Sterna.

Near Southampton, Jan. 26.
Near Southampton, Feb. 9.
Devonshire, March.

Plymouth, Nov. (/. Gat-
combe).

Plymouth, March (/. Gat-
combe).

Breydon Harbour, Nor-
folk, Oct. 24.

Norway, May .31 (^. Collett) .

Norway, June {R. Collett).

Norway, July {R. Collett).

Norwav, August (-R. Col-
lett)'

Sweden, July.

Sweden, Oct. 8.

Heligoland, March (i.
Gdtke).

/3. A. ohscurus,
Orkneys (Dunn).

Stromness, Orkneys.
Orkneys, Jime.
England.
England.

Coquet Island, Northumber-
land, June 16 (P.Godman).
Coquet Island, Northimi-

berland (O. Salvin).
Fern Islands.
Kingsbmy, Middlesex.
Killarney, Ireland, Aug.
Euffland.

Col. Irby [P.].
Col. Irbv [P.].
Mr. H. Swaysland [C.].

Gould Collection.

Gould Collection.

J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.].

Christiania Museum [P.
Christiania Museum [P.
Christiania Museum [P,

Christiania Museum [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

J. H. Gurney, Esq., Jun.

[P.].
J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.].
Gould Collection.
Mr. Baker [C.].
Gould Collection.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

W. p. Chase, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.].
Pm-chased.

23. Anthus bogotensib.

Anthiis rufescens, Lafr. Sfd^Orb. Spn. Av. p.'27 (18.37, nee T.).

Anthus bogotensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 109, pi. ci. ; id P Z S
1858, p. 550; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 24 (1862); Gray, Hand-l' B
i. p. 250, no. 36.32 (1869); Scl. ^- Sah. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 780 i
VVyaft, Ibis, 1871, p. 322; Scl. Sr Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr p 8
(1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 508 ; Baird, Brewer, ^- Ridgw N.
Amer. B. i. p. 170 (1870) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1878, p. 357; Tacz. P Z S
1880, p. 191 ; id. Orn. Perou, p. 457 (1884).

Pediocorys bogotensis, Baird, Beview Amer. B. p. 157 (1804).

Hind claw long, only gently curved, about equal to hind toe, even
a little longer. Tarsus about equal to hind toe and claw combined.
Primaries subequal, 1, 2, 3, 4 ; Jifth only a trifle shorter tlian the
fourth, and about equal to loiigest secondaries, which in closed
■wing are nearly equal to long primaries. Primaries cmarginate
2, 3, 4, 5. Feet slight, but nearly reaching to end of tail.

604 MOTACILLIDJ?;.

Adult. General colour above Lark-like, the feathers strongly
marked, black in the centre with fulvous-brown edgings, inclining
to butfy white on the extreme margins of the feathers, especially
on those of the hind neck ; scapulars somewhat more uniform
and darker brown, the blackish centres not quite so strongly pro-
nounced ; least wing-coverts like the scapulars ; median series and
greater coverts and quills dark brown, with broad margins of duU
fulvous, rather paler and whiter on the edges of the secondaries ;
upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers dark brown, edged with dull
fulvous, and tipped with smoky brown, more distinctly on the
penultimate feather, the outer tail-feathers smoky brown, inclining
to whity brown on the outer web and at the tip, and obliquely dark
brown on the inner web : lores, an indistinct eyebrow, and sides of
face deep fulvous, mottled with spots of blackish brown at the tips
of the ear-coverts and cheek-feathers ; throat and under surface of
body deep fulvous, paler on the chin, the fore neck marked with
large triangular spots of black, the sides of the body deeper fulvous
and marked with broad longitudinal streaks of black ; under wing-
coverts dull fulvous, those near the edge of the wing mottled with
brown ; quills brown below, dull rufescent along the inner web :
" bill black, the base of the lower mandible whitish ; legs, feet, and
nails delicate flesh-colour; iris dark hazel" {L. Fraser). Total
length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-35, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-95.

Hah. Andes of Peru, Bohvia, Ecuador, Colombia, and Yenezuela.

a. 2 ad. Upper Paramo Region, Me- Salvin-Godman Coll.

rida, Venezuela, August
{A. Goering).

b. cJ ad. Paramo, Pamplona, Colom- Salvm-Godman Coll.

bia, 10,-500 feet (C. W.
Wyatt).

c. Juv. sk. Colombia. Purchased.

d. Ad. sk. Bogota. J. Gould, Esq.

e. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Collection. (Type

of species.)

f. 2 ad. sk. Titiacun, Eucador, June (L. Sclater Collection.

Frase)-).

ff, h. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Sclater CoUection.

i. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

k. Ad. sk. Pasto, Ecuador (Lehtnann). Salviu-Godman Coll.

/, m. Ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador ((7. BucMi'i)). Salvin-Godman Coll.

n. (S ad. sk. Jmiin, Peru, May 21 {Jclski). Sclater Collection.

24, Anthus antarcticus.

Anthus antarcticus, Cah. J. f. O. 1884, p. 254.

Adult male. General colour above dark sandy rufous, broadly
streaked with black, the feathers of the mantle edged with pale
sandy buff ; head a little lighter than the back, and streaked with
black in the same manner, tbe hind neck less strongly streaked ;
lesser and median wing-coverts dark sandy rufous, with blackish
bases ; greater coverts blackish, edged with sandy rufous, paler at

605

tips; bastard-wmg and primary-coverts aud quills blackish mar-
gined with sandy buff, whitish on the edges of the primarie 'uTer
tail-coverts and tail-feathers blackish, ed'ied with sandy rnfousThe
outer feather smoky brown, fulvescent whitish towards the base
with an obhque mark of blackish on the inner web • over the eve «
streak of lightex fulvous, lined with black ; ear'coverts dark sSidy
rnfous, with a broad black line along the lower margin ; lores and
eyelid pale sandy buff; cheeks sandy buff, separated from the
throat by a distinct malar line of black ; und^r silrface of Sr ch
andy buff, paler on the throat, the abdomen and under tai -cove^^s
sabelline; thighs uniform tawny rufous, contrasting strongh w th

black 'tlf "f I' ''''''''' '^' '^'''' slightly^treakec w th

back, the fore neck, breast, and sides of the body with verv broad
black centres to the feathers, the breast less broadly strlaTed ;• h

S hi ^^°^-^°T*' """^ ^^^^^^"^^ ^^'^ «'^^dy' rufous ; qums
dusky below, ashy rufous along the inner web. Total len<^th
6-4 inches, culmen 0;G5, wing 3-15, tail 2-75, tarsus 0-95 °

Mao. bouth Georgia.

«. 6 ad. sk. South Georgia (ex Hamb. Sclater Collection. (One of
"*•-'• the t}-pical specimens.)

25. Anthus furcatus.

Anthus brevirostris, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 507.

Hind daw short and only slightly curved, about as long as hind
toe or a little shorter than it. Tarsus slightlv exceeding the Teno-fch
of the hmd toe and claw combined. Primaries s^^bcquaJ, I, 034
fifth about equal to long secondaries and a little shorter than fourth'
Primaries emarr/mate, 2, 3, 4, 5. iouiun.

ihftV""^'\ General colour above Lark-like aud strongly mottled,
the feathers being black in the centre, with pale, sandy-rufous
edgmgs ; the hind neck rather paler, and the blak centresVn aUe
du kv hi' Ti'f ' ^^'^S-coverts nearly uniform sandy rufous, wi^th

sSt th ftl !^ "°''^^' '"'''''^''^^ '^' ^''^'''- coverts with

slight ashj -fulvous edgings near their ends ; bastard-wing and pri-
mary-coverts and yuiUs dusky brown, edged with duU sandy rufou.
paler and more ashytulvous on the secondaries, the primaries white
along the margin, the first one being conspicuouslv white elter!
nally ; lower back and rump marked like the back,"'but the black
centres not so pronounced ; upper tail-coverts blacldsh, with ashy
margins; tail-feathers blackish brown, the inner ones wa led
with ashy whitish externally: outer taU-feather white, with the
shaft white for more than half way, brownish towards the end
with a light-brown shade toward the tip of the outer web and an

606 MOTACIIiLID^.

oblique mark of blackish at the base of the inner web ; penultimate
feather white, but the shaft and the basal portion of the outer web
brown, the greater part of the inner web blackish nearly to the tip
of the feather, so that the white is a long wedge-shaped insertion
between the shaft and the black on the inner web ; head like the
back, mottled with small black centres to the feathers ; lores and a
ring round the eye creamy white ; ear-coverts rufescent, rather
browner on the upper margin, and a double line of black along
the upper and lower edge of the cheeks, which are isabeUine-
buff ; throat white ; the lower throat and chest clear sandy
buff, spotted with distinct black centres to the feathers ; entire
breast and abdomen, as well as the under tail-coverts, white ; thighs
sandy whitish ; sides of body brown, broadly streaked with black ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts pale saudy buff, with whitish
edgings and smoky-brown bases to the feathers ; quills dusky brown
below, ashy along the inner web : " bill blackish brown, the lower
mandible mostly whitish ; feet flesh-colour, with the toes and claws
of a dirty shade ; iris dark brown " (JelsH). Total length 6 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 3-25, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-75.

Hab. From Patagonia to the La-Plata region, Bolivia and Peru.

a. Jad. sk. La Plata, Sept. (TF.if.-HitfZsoM). Sclater Collection.
6. cJad. sk. Jimin, Peru (/eZsAj). Sclater Collection.

c. Ad. sk. South America. Sir W. Biu-nett and Ad-

miral Fitzroy [P.].

26. Authus rufus *.

Petite Alouette de 'Bu.6nos-Ajres, Daubent. PI. Enl.\. pi. 7.38. fig. 1.

La Variole, Moyith. Hiet. Nat. Ois. v. p. G3 (1778).

Eufous Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 388 (1783).

Alauda nifa, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. /98 (1788).

Alauda honariensis, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. i. p. 317 (1823).

Anthus cliii, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 75, pi. 76. fig-. 2 (1824) ; Nevwied,

Beit): Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 631 (1830) ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 24

(1862) ; Pelz. Oni. Bras. p. 69 (1871).
Anthus rufus, Merr. in Ersch u. Grub. Encycl. iv. p. 290 (1820) ;

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 206 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 249 (1850) ;

Burtn. Th. Bras. iii. p. 118 (1856) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii.

p. 322 (1861) ; Baird, Review Atner. B. p. 156 (1864) ; Scl. i^

Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 8 (1873) ; Scl. Ibis, 1878, p. 360 ;

Salv. ^ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 108 (1880).
Anthus lutescens, Less. Traite, p. 424 (1831) ; Pucher. Arch. Mits.

vii. p. 343 (1855).

* The name of- rufus is founded on Daubenton's plate {I. c). As in the
case of many other Piiiits, the figure is very inaccurate, and the description
of Montbeiliard does not agree well ; but, on the whole, it seems to have been
taken from a specimen of the small American Pipit, which is common in Bra-
zilian collections. The colour of the tail, which ought, of course, to be the
distinguishing characteristic, is described as follows : — "Tail-feathers brown,
ed"ed, the right centre ones with clear ruibus, the two outer pairs with white ;"
and the entire length is given as " five inches and a quarter." In Daubenton's
plate the tail has only seven feathers, and none of the external ones are present.

3. ANTHtrS. g07

Anthus (Notiocorys) parvus, Lawr. Proc. Fhilad. Acad. 1865, p 106
Antliusparvus, 6'«/y. P.Z.6'. ]867, p. l;35. » P " •

'^a860)'''°''' '''''' ^'''^'^'^' ^'""^' ^"'"^'^' ^- '• p- ^■'^' ''°- ^^'^'^

Hind claiv rather straight, uot exceeding the hind toe in len-th
Tarsus exceeding the length of the hind toe and claw combined or
abont equal to it Primaries sithequal, 1, 2, 3, 4; the>m shorter
than fourth, and apparently not exceeding the long secondaries
wh^eh^are less than the long primaries. Primaries emanjinate,

Adult General colour above dark sandy brown, with blackish
centres to tho feathers giving a strongly mottled appearance to the
mantle ; the ower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts not so strongly
mottled, the black centres to the feathers less defined; wino--coverts
dark brown, edged with dull white, tinged with sandy near the
base; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged
with dull sandy rufous, whitish on the first primary ; tail-feathers
blackish brown, edged with sandy rufous ; the two outer feathers
white, with a large mark of blackish brown on the inner web in-
creasing on the penultimate feather, the outer web of both the
external feathers pale isabelHne-brown, not strongly marked • head
like the mantle, and equally strongly mottled with black centres to
tne leathers ; lores, eyeHd, and a narrow eyebrow dull isabelline •
ear-coverts sandy rufous, slightly mottled with black; cheeks and
throat pale yellowish white, with a malar line of blackish spots •
remainder ot under surface duU yellowish white, washed with sandy
buff on the breast; the sides of the body brown ; fore neck and
chest marked with triangiUar spots of black, smaller and more
linear on the upper breast; the sides of the body with scarcely
distinguishable blackish streaks; lower abdomen and under tan-
coverts dull white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts dull ashy
white ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web : " bill blackish
brown, paler at base of lower mandible : feet pale vellowish brown •
ms brown- iBurmeister). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-55:
wmg 2-35, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-8.

Young. Only differs from the adult in being more strongly mottled
above especiaUy on the rump, where the dark mesial marks contrast
strongly with the pale edges ; the wing-coverts broadly edged with
sandy rufous, white towards the ends.

Specimens from Guiana and Panama are rather more stron-lv
marked than those from Brazil, especially on the under surface, the
throat and breast being strongly suffused with sandy rufous which
colour IS also intensified on the sides of the body.

Bab. The whole of Brazil and Bolivia, extending into Guiana
irinidad, and even to Panama. '

W. Bridges, Esq. [C.].
J. Gould, Esq.
Gould Collection.
Sclater CoUectiou.

a. Ad. sk.

Bolivia.

b. Ad. sk.

Brazil.

c. d. Ad. sk.

Brazil.

e,f. Ad. sk.

Brazil.

608

MOTACILLID^.

g. cJ ad. sk.

Pelotas, Eio Grande do

Sul {Joyner).

h. Ad. sk.

Eio (C Danuin).

i. Ad. sk.

Rio (Naff ever).

k. Ad. sk.

Rio.

I. Ad. sk.

Bahia (Wucherer).

m. Ad. sk.

Pernambuco (IF. ^.

jFories).

n. Ad. sk.

Pernambuco (IF. ^.

Foi-bes).

0. Ad. ; 2^. Juv. sk.

Para.

y. Ad. sk.

Island of Mexiaua {A. JR.

Wallace).

r. cj ad. sk.

Island of Mexiaua, Dec.

( Wallace).

s. Ad. sk.

R. Amazon {Wallace).

;;. $ ad. sk.

Merume Mountains, Bri-

tish Guiana, July 15

{H. Ttliifelt/).

«. $ ad. sk.

Roraima, Sept. 28 (H.

W.).

V. S ad. sk.

Roraima, Oct. 3 (H.

IF.).

w, X. S 2 ad. sk.

Roraima, Nov. {H. W.).

y. 2 ad. sk.

Roraima, Dec. IIJ {H. W.)

z. Ad. sk.

Trinidad.

a'. Ad. sk.

Panama.

v. Ad. sk.

Panama.

c'. Ad. sk.

Santa Fe, Veragua {E.

Arce).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Voy. H.M.S. 'Beagle.'
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Collection.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

R. Graham, Esq. [P.J.
Sclater Collection.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Sclater Collection.
Sclater Collection.
J. Gould, Esq.
Sal\-in-Godman Coll.

27. Anthus chii.

Alondra cliii, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 6 (1805).

Authus cliii, rieill. N. Diet. dRist. Nat. xxvi. p. 490 (1818) ; Licht.

Verz. Doubl. p. 37 (1823) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 206 (1847) ; Hartl.

Ind. Azara, p. 10 (1847) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 119 (1855) ;

Scl. Ibis, 1878, p. 359.
Anthus tm-dinus, Mei-rem, in Ersch u. Grub. Encycl. iv. p. 290

(1820).
Anthus rufus (nee Gni.), Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 69 (1871).

Hind clcnu rather long, almost equal to hind toe. Tarsus not
exceeding hind toe and claw, and about equal to them. Primaries
subequal., 1, 2, 3, 4 ; Jlfih primary a little shorter than fourth, appa-
rently not quite so long as longest secondaries, which are subequal
to the primaries. Primaries emarcjinate., 2, 3, 4, 5.

Adult. General colour above sandy rufous, mottled with black
centres to the feathers, and with slight indications of lighter sandy
buff on the margins of some of the feathers of the mantle and upper
tail-coverts ; scapulars sandy rufous, with dusky-blackish centres ;
lesser wing-coverts sandy rufous ; median and greater coverts sepia-
brown, edged broadly with sandy rufous, somewhat paler fulvous
on the margins ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown,
fringed with dull sandy rufous ; quills dark sepia-brown, margined

3. ANXHUS. 609

with sandy rufous, paler and more isabelliae on the primaries ; tail-
feathers dark sepia-brown, edged with isabelline-buff, the outer
feather pale sandy buff, with a mark of dark brown towards the
base of the inner web ; the penultimate feather similarly marked,
but having the brown on the inner web much more extended and
reaching nearly to the end of the feather ; the third feather with a
small tip of whitish ; head like the back, sandy rufous, with black
centres to the feathers ; the hind neck a little paler, and the black
markings smaller ; lores, eyebrow, and eyelid dull isabelline ; sides
of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks pale sandy rufous, slightly mottled
with blackish spots on the former ; throat isabelline-whitish, sepa-
rated from the cheeks by a malar streak of dusky blackish ; remainder
of under surface of body pale sandy rufous ; the abdomen and under
tail-coverts isabelline ; lore neck and chest with a few triangular
spots of black, not extending on to the chest ; sides of body nar-
rowly striped with black ; axiUaries and under wing-coverts pale
sandy rufous ; quills dusky below, pale ashy rufous along the inner
web. Total length 5'5 inches, culmen O'o, wing 2-S5, tail 2'1,
tarsus 0-85.
Hah. Brazil.

a. Ad. sk. Brazil (Sello). Sclater Collection.

b. Ad. sk. Steppes near Curytiba, Brazil Sclater Collection.

(A^atterer).

28. Anthus peruvianus.

Anthus rufus (nee Gm.), Scl. ^- Sulv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 173 ; Tac::.

Orn. Perou, p. 460 (1884, pt.).
Anthus chii, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 506.
Anthus peruvianus, Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 390.

Hind claw about equal to hind toe. Tarsus about equal to hind
toe and claw combined. Primaries subequal, 1, 2, 3, 4; Jifth about
equal to long secondaries, which, again, are not quite so long as the
longest primaries. Primaries emarr/inate, 2, 3, 4.

Adult male (type of species). General colour above light brown,
mottled with black centres to the feathers ; the feathers of the mantle
duU white on their inner webs, forming two broad bands down
the centre of the back ; rump and upper tail-coverts slightly more
rufescent, and mottled with black centres to the feathers ; scapulars
and lesser wing-coverts uniform brown ; median and greater coverts
blackish brown, with broad edgings of ashy whitish, slightly tinged
with sandy buff on the outer ones ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dusky brown, with ashy-fulvous edges ; quills dark brown,
edged with sandy riifous, the inner secondaries with didl white ;
tail-feathers dark brown, edged with pale sandy buff or dull
white, the two outer feathers pale smoky brown, with white
shafts and pale white tips, and having a mark of duU brown along
the outer web, confined to the terminal third of the external
feather ; head like the back, but rather darker, the black centres to
the feathers being more prominent ; a distinct eyebrow of dull

VOL. X. 2 R

b.

c

2 ad.
(5 ad.

sk.
sk.

d

2 sk.

e

/•d5

ad.

sk.

610 MOTACILLID^.

white ; ear-c averts pale brown, uniform ; cheeks and throat dull
white, separated by a narrow malar stripe of blackish spots ; re-
mainder of under surface dull white, the fore neck and breast with
a slight wash of sandy rufous, more distinct on the sides of the body
and flanks ; the fore neck and breast spotted with triangular mark-
ings of blackish brown, taking the form of longitudinal broad streaks
on the sides of the body and flanks ; thighs and under tail-coverts
bufFy white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts dull white, the
former slightly tinged with fulvous ; quills dusky below, ashy aloug
the inner web : " bill brown, with a large yellowish mark on the
base of the lower mandible ; feet and claws clear yellowish ; iris
dark brown " {JelsVi). Total length 5-25 inches, culmen 0-5, wing
2-55, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-8.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5-25 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 2-4, tail 1-65, tarsus 0-8.

Bah. Peru.

rt. cj ad. sk. Catarindo Valley, Peru, Henry Whitely, Esq. [C.].

Sept. 12, 1867. (Type of species.)

Islay, Sept. 17, 1867. Henry Whitelv, Esq. [C.].

Islav, Sept. 17 {H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Whitehi).

Tinta, Sept. 1867 Sclater Collection.

{IMiitehjl

Lima {Nation). Sclater Collection.

29. Anthus correndera.

Alondra correndera, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 2 (1805).

Anthus correndera, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 491 (1818) ;

D'Orh. Vov.Amer.3Ierid.-p- 225(1834-44); Gould, in Bcanu. Votj.

' Beagle,'' Birds, p. 85 (1841) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 10 (1847) ;

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 206 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 249 (1850);

Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 9o ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 384 ; Abbott,

Ibis, 1861, p. 153; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 24 (1862); id. P.Z.S.

1867, p. 321 ; Scl. (§- Sah: P. Z. S. 1868, p. 139 ; Gray, Hand-l. B.

i. p. 250, no. 3621 (1869) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 548 ; Hudson,

P. Z. S. 1873, p. 371 ; Scl. Sf Salv. Notnencl. Av. Neotr. p. 8 (1873) ;

Pelz. Ibis, 1876, p. 331 ;• I)urnf. Ibis, 1877, pp. 32, 168 ; Scl. Ibis,

1878, p. 362 ; Durnf. Ibis, 1880, p. 424 ; Barroius, Bull. Nutt. Dim.

Club, viii. p. 87 (1883) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, p. 458 (1884).
Corydalla chilensis, Less. Descr. Mannn. et Ois. p. 298 (1838).
Anthus rufus, Baird, Beview Amer. B. p. 474 (1861) ; Durnf. Ibis,

1876, p. 158.
Anthus mrcatus (iiec Lafr. i<f D'Orb.), Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 24

(1862).
Anthus sp., Baird, Revieiu Amer. B. p. 168 (1864).
Anthus calcaratus, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 507.

Hind claw rather straight, equal to hiud toe in length (when
worn about equal), often a little longer when not worn. Tar-
sus a little shorter than hind toe and claw combined ; when the
latter is worn, a little longer or about equal. Primaries subequcd, 1,
2, 3, 4 ; Jifth decidedly shorter and about equal to the long secon-

3. ANTIIUS. 611

daries. Primaries emargitmte, 2, 3, 4, 5 ; the last not distinctly so.
Outstretched feet (in skin) not nearly reaching to end of tail.

Adult male. General colour above pale sandy buff, mottled with
black centres to the feathers, the mantle appearing very black, ■with
broad bands of ashy white or pale sandy buff, with which colours
some of the feathers are very broadly margined on their inuer webs;
hind neck rather more tawny, the mesial black streaks being
narrower ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts like the rest of
the back, but not showing the longitudinal whitish bands which
are seen on the mantle; lesser wing-coverts sandy buff; median
and greater coverts sepia-brown, broadly edged with sandy buff,
whiter towards the end of the feathers ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dusky brown, narrowly fringed with dull whitish ; quills
dark sepia-brown, margined with sandy buff, whiter towards the
end of the quills, the primaries distinctly edged with dull white ;
tail-feathers dark brown, edged with sandy buff ; the penultimate
feather dark brown, with a white tip, and a long wedge-shaped
streak of white extending along the inner edge of the shaft for
nearly the entire length of the feather ; the outer tail-feather white,
with a mark of light brown along the inner web, and a small line
of very pale brown near the end of the outer web ; crown of head
sandy buff, the feathers broadly centred with black, some of them
slightly whitish on their edges ; lores, eyelids, and a tolerably plain
eyebrow pale sandy buff; ear-coverts brown, washed with saud^^
buff on the lower parts, and slightly mottled with spots of blackish
brown ; cheeks pale sandy buff, enclosed between two narrow lines
of black, one running from the base of the bill below the ear-
coverts, and the other a malar streak, separating the cheeks from
the throat, which is uniform whitish ; fore neck and breast clear
sandy buff, with large and distinct triangular black spots, becoming
longitudinal streaks on the flanks, which are also washed with sandy
buff; thighs pale sandy buff; abdomen and under tail-coverts
isabelline ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish buff ; quills
dusky below, pale ashy fulvous along the inner webs : " bill blackish
brown, paler on lower mandible, especially at the base ; feet dirty
yellowish, the claws dark brown ; iris dark brown " (Jelski). Total
length 6 inches, culmen O'oo, wing 2-9, tail 2''S, tarsus 0-8.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length G inches, culmen
O-oo, wing 2-9, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-85.

Adult in whiter plumage. Is considerably lighter in appearance
than in summer, the pale edgings to the feathers of the upper
surface being broader and more pronounced ; otherwise as in
summer.

As the nesting-season advances the plumage becomes much worn,
the light edgings to the feathers get worn off, and a more dingy and
uniform appearance supervenes; the scapulars become nearlyuuiform
brown, the mantle blackish, but the latter always retains some
traces of the white longitudinal bands which are characteristic of
the species.

These white bands are especially distinct in the young birds,

2e2

612

MOTACILLID.E.

which differ from the adults only in having much paler edgings to
the feathers of the upper surface, and in having the quills and tail-
feathers broadly edged with whitish ; the lores, eyelid, and eyebrow
are dull whitish ; the ear-coverts also dull white, slightly spotted
with black, and washed with sandy buff on the upper parts ; cheeks
dull white, with a well-defined malar streak of black ; throat and
under surface of body dull white, washed with sandy buff on the
fore neck, breast, and flanks, which are narrowly streaked with
black.

The long wedge-shaped mark of white on the second tail-feather,
reaching from the tip nearly to the base, is the best distinguishing
character of this species : but it is apparently very gradually assumed,
and is not therefore always well marked. In the Salvin-and-
Godman collection is a specimen from Coquimbo (Capt. Markham)
which has the penultimate tail-feather entirely dark brown, with
only a tiny white spot at the tip, and not a sign of the wedge-
shaped white mark beyond a certain pallor of the region of the shaft.
Many specimens have only a broad wedge-shaped spot on the inner
web, and its extent down the whole feather seems to be so gradual
that often the two sides of the tail are asymmetrical in their mark-
ings, one side having the white on the penultimate feather far more
extended than the other.

The young birds have more white on the outer tail-feather than
the oldones, the outermost feather being whitish with a blackish
mark along the inner edge of the inner web, without any brown
along the outer web ; the penultimate feather, however, has the
outer web brownish.

Hah. Falkland Islands ; Chili and Patagonia, ranging as high as
Southern Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru.

a, h. Ad. sk. East Falkland.

c, d. Ad. sk. East Falkland.

e. Ad. sk. Chili.

f,[l- (5 2 ad. ; h, Santiago, Chili {Landbeck).

i. S 2juv.sk.

k. Ad. sk. [ChiU.]

I. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
w. $ ad. sk.

o. Ad. sk.
p. (S ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.
r. 2 3.d. sk.

s, t. Ad. sk.
u. Ad. sk.

V. Skeleton.

ChiH.

Valparaiso.

Coquimbo, Chili {A. H.

Markham) .
Mendoza.
Eio Negro, Patagonia,

June 1871.
Maldonado {€'. Darwin).
Conchitas, Buenos Aires,

April (TT. H. Hudson).
Buenos Au-es {Haslehmst).
Buenos Aires.

Lieut. A. Smith [P.].
Antarctic Expedition.
Zoological Society.
Sclater CoUection.

Sir E. Burnett and

Admiral Fitzroy [P.].
Sclater Collection.
Charles Darwin, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Herr Weisshaupt [C.].
W. H. Hudson, Esq. [C.].

Voy. H.M.S. 'Beagle.'
Sclater Collection.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Henrv Dm-nford, Esq.

Purchased.

3. ANTHUS. 613

30. Anthus gustavi.

Anthus arboreus, var., Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 3o0 ; Finsch, Neu-
Gumea, p. 167 (1865).

Anthus gustavi, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p 90 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 251, no. 3638 (1869) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 442 ; Brilggem.
Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 67 (1876) ; Shavpe, Trans. Linn.
Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. i. p. .338 (1876) ; Seehohm, Ibis, 1877, pp. 129, 258,
1878, p. 341 ; Tiveedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 430 ; Finsch, Reis. West-
Sibir. p. 69 (1879) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 262 ; Homeyer^ Tancre,
MT. orn. Ver. JVien, 1883, p. 86 ; Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1883, p. 361.

Anthus (Agi'odroma) gustavi, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 273.

Anthus batchianensis. Gray. Hand-l. B. i. p. 251, no. 3642 (1869).

Corydalla gustavi, Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 366; Waldm, Trans.
Z. S. viii. p. 117 (1872) ; Meyer, J. f. 0. 1873, p. 405; DavidSr Oust.
Ois. Chine, p. 309 (1877) ; Salvad. Ann. Miis. Civic. Genov. xvi,
p. 191 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 4.32 (1881).

Anthus seebohmi. Dresser, B. Bur. iii. p. 295, pi. 134 (1875) ;
Seebohm S,- Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1876, pp. 120, 180 ; Brooks, Ibis,
1876, p. 501 ; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 58 ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 128.

Hind claw moderately long and curved, about equal to hind toe.
Tarsus a little longer than hind toe and claw combined. Primaries
suhequal, 1, 2, 3 ; fourth much shorter than third ; fifth primary
slightly shorter than long secondaries, which do not equal the
longest primaries. Primaries emarginate, 2, 3, the fourth almost
imperceptibly.

Adult male in hreeding-^yhimarje. General colour above pale sandy
brown, mottled with black centres to the feathers, the mesial streaks
being narrower on the head, plainer on the hind neck, which is
paler, and most pronounced on the mantle and back, where the black
occupies the greater part of the feathers, which are conspicuously
white on the outer webs of many of them ; lower back and rump
sandy brown, with blackish centres to the feathers, but in general
aspect more uniform and slightly tinged with olive ; upper tail-
coverts dark brown, with paler-brown edges ; lesser wing-coverts
like the back, with blackish centres ; median coverts black, con-
spicuously edged and tipped with white ; greater series blackish,
edged with paler brown ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts and
quills brown, margined with paler brown, inclining to whity brown
on the inner secondaries, the innermost of the latter being blackish;
tail-feathers dark brown, edged with paler brown, the outer
feather smoky brown, whiter along the outer web and across the
tip of the inner web, which is obliquely dark brown near the base ;
the penultimate feather dark brown, mottled with pale brown on the
inner web, which is whiter at the tip ; lores and a distinct eyebrow
white, the latter narrowly streaked with blackish ; ear-coverts pale
rufescent brown, whiter below the ej-e ; sides of neck pale whitish,
streaked with blackish centres to the feathers ; cheeks white, thickly
mottled with black on their hinder parts, and separated from the
throat by an obsolete blackish line ; entire throat white, slightly
tinged with yellow towards the fore neck, the latter and the breast

614 MOTACILLID-E.

pale yellowisli buff, distinctly streaked with blackish centres to
the feathers, these streaks longer and less triangular in shape on
the sides of the body and flanks, which are slightly washed with
yellowish olive ; centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts
white, faintly tinged with yellow ; thighs ashy brown, white behind ;
axillaries smoky brown, with white edgings ; under wing-coverts
whitish, mottled with brown bases near the edge of the wing ; quills
pale dusky below, lighter along the inner web : " bill brownish
above ; feet whity brown ; iris chestnut " {David). Total length
6 inches, eulmen 0-55, wing 3-3, tail 2*3, tarsus 0'95.

Adult female in breeding -plumage. Similar to the male in colour,
but a trifle smaller. Total length 5 inches, eulmen 0-55, wing 3"2,
tail 2-15, tarsus 0-9. {Mus. H. Seehohm.)

Young (ISeriug Island, July ; Wosnessensky). Eecalls the colours
of the adult, but the plumage is softer ; underneath, the breast is
more thickly spotted, and the black spots extend up the greater
part of the throat, leaving the chin white. {Mas. H. Seehohm.)

Adult in winter plumage. E,ather more olive than the summer
dress, the head slightly more rufescent ; the broad white edgings
to the feathers of the mantle very distinct : blackish malar line also
well pronounced ; underneath as in summer, the young birds in
their first winter plumage being apparently more thickly spotted on
the breast than the adults.

Some of the specimens from Amoy in Mr. Seebohm's collection
are very rufescent above, and are strongly tinged with tawny buff on
the throat and breast. They were obtained in May by Mr. Swinhoe,
and apparently show that this Pipit is more richly coloured on its
return to its breeding-quarters ; the tawny-buff tinge, however,
appears to wear off quickly, and the breast in breeding-time is
more tinged with yellow.

Hah. In summer spread over the whole of Siberia, from Kamt-
schatka westwards to the Petchora River in N.E. Russia and south-
wards to the Altai Mountains; passing through China on migration,
and Avintoring in the Philippine Islands, Borneo, Timor, Celebes,
and the Moluccas.

a. iS ad. sk. Schtschiitschja, July 18 Geogr. Soc. Bremen.

[Dr. Finsch).

b.

Ad. sk.

Philippine Lslands.

Gould Collection.

c,

d. Ad. ; e.
sk.
Ad. sk.

Juv.

N.W. Jjorneo.

Hugh Low, Esq. [C.].

f.

Lumbidan.

Governor Ussher [C.].

V-

cJ ad. sk.

Bone, Celebes, Nov. 16
( Von Rosenberg).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

h.

2 ad. sk.

Batchian.

Wallace Collection.
(Type of ^. batchianensis.)

i.

cJ ad. sk.

E. Timor.

Wallace Collection.

k.

Ad. sk.

[N.W. India.] *

Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill

[P.].

* This skin is not marked with the exact locality, and may have been
obtained in Burmah or Malacca, where Capt. Pinwill also made collections.
The specimens from the last-named, places, however, were always exaolly

3. ANTHtrs. 615

31. Anthus australis.

An thus australis, Vig. ^- Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 229 (1826);
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 206 (1847) ; Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 78
(1848) J Bp. Consp. i. p. 249 (1850) ; Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 15
(1850) ; Rekhenh. Foff. Neuholl. p. 64 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B.
Austr. i. p. 392 (1865); Bamsai/, P. Z. S.'lS65, p. 690 ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 252, no. 3656 (1869) ; Von .Will. P. Z. S. 1869,
p. 279 ; Ranmuj, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 590 ; id. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.
ii. p. 186 (1878).

Anthus paUescens, Vig. 8f Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 229 (1826).

Adult male. General colour above fawn-buff, the feathers distinctly
mottled with dark-brown centres, especially on the head ; scapulars
and lower back and rump more uniform, the darker bases more
indistinct ; least wing-coverts uniform with the scapulars ; median
and greater coverts blackish, with broad edgings of tawny buff,
inclining to whitish at the tips of the latter ; secondaries broadly
edged with tawny buff, whitish at the tips and on the extreme
margins ; primary-coverts and primary- quills dark brown, narrowly
edged with white, the inner primaries also tipped with white ;
upper tail-coverts more tawny than the rump ; tail-feathers dark
brown, edged with fulvous, more distinct on the two centre feathers ;
outer feather entirely white, excepting an oblique mark of dark
brown along the inner web ; penultimate feather white for the outer
half of the inner web, the inner part of the latter and the shaft dark
brown ; lores and a distinct eyebrow white, more or less tinged with
fulvous; round the eye a ring of buffy-white feathers; in front of the
eye a few dusky plumes, those below the eye whitish ; ear-coverts
pale fulvous, mottled with dark-brown edges to the feathers ; cheeks
and throat dull white, separated b)' a distinct malar line of
dusky brown ; rest of under surface dull white, rather more fulves-
cent on the thighs and under tail-coverts ; breast and sides of body
light tawny buff; the fore neck and chest distinctly spotted with
triangular markings of darlv brown, becoming narrow shaft-streaks
on the sides of the body ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light
buff, with greyish ba^es to the feathers, the edge of the wing mottled
with brown spots ; quills dark brown below, shaded with ashy-
fulvous along the inner web : " bill and legs fleshy brown ; iris ver)-^
dark brown "' (J. Gould). Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 0-56,
wing 3--15, tail 2-75, tarsus 0"9o.

Obs. Tasmanian specimens are more rufous than those from the
continent of Australia; and the spots on the breast are more distinct
as well as the malar stripes and the markings on the ear-coverts.
The type belongs to the rufous form, and may have come from
Tasmania.

The absence of dates to the specimens in the British ^luseum
prevents me from following out the sequence of phimages.

labelled, and the probability is that the bird iu question really came from the
Is'.W. Himalayas. In either case any of the three locaUties would be a new
one for the species.

616 M0TACILLID.5;.

The male is very miicli larger than the female, having the wing
3'3-3'45 inches instead of 3"].

Toung (type of A. paUesce^ys). More rufous than the adults, and
everj'where broadly edged with deep tawny buff ; ear-coverts rufous,
spotted with brown ; under surface deep yellowish buif, with several
indistinct triangular spots of dusky brown on the breast and sides
of the body ; outer tail-feathers as in the adult, the penultimate one
brown along the shaft and at the tip of the outer web.

The colouring of the penultimate feather seems to me to be a very
fair test of the age of the bird, for in }'Oung individuals it is for the
most part brown, with a triangular patch of white inserted at the tip
of the inner web, this patch gradually extending with age until it
occupies the entire outer web, leaving only the shaft and an oblique
mark on the inner web brown.

Hah. The whole of Australia and Tasmania.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.].

(Type of species.)
h. Juv. sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P-].

(Type of A. pallescens.)

c. Ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Australia. India Museum.

f^g. c? $ ad. sk. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].

/(, i. (S ad. sk. South Australia. Gould Collection.

h. Ad. sk. Eiver Darling. Gould Collection.

I. Ad. sk. Melbourne. Gould Collection.

m, w. c? 5 ad. sk. MoretonBay (-F. *S'</'a?i^e). Gould Collection.

0, jo, q. Ad. sk. Tasmania. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.].

r. Ad. sk. Tasmania. Ronald Gunn, Esq. [P.].

s. Ad.sk. Tasmania. Antarctic Expedition [C.].

t. Ad. sk. Tasmania. J. Gould, Esq. [C.].

u. Skeleton. Australia. Purchased.

32. Anthus novae zealandise,

New-Zealand Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 284, pi. li. (1783).

Alauda novas zealandife, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 799 (1788, ex Lath.) ;
Gray, App. to Dieffenb. Voy. New Zealand, ii. p. 192 (184.3).

Anthus novse zealandise, Gray, Toy. Erebus Sf Terror, Birds,
p. 4 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 206 "(1847) ; Bp. Cotisp. i. p. 249
(1850) ; Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 224 ; Pelz. Beis. Novara, Vog. p. 69
(1865) ; Brdler, Essay Orn. Neic Zeal. p. 9 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 252, no. SGoS (1869) ; Potts, Trans. Nexo-Zeul. Inst. ii.
p. 61 (1869), iii. p. 76 (1870); Hutton, Cat. B. Neiv Zectl. p. 13
(1871) ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 162 ; id. Trans. New-Zeal. List.
V. p. 208 (1872) ; JI. 4- W. Tracers, t. c. p. 216 ; Bidler, B. Neiv
Zeal. p. 132 (1873) ; Finsch, J. f. O. 1874, p. 132; Sharpe, Voy.
Ereb. ^ Terr., Birds, App. p. 26 (1876) ; Bull. Man. Neiv-Zeal.
Birds, p. 24 (1882) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1882, p. 395.

Alauda littorea, Forsfer, Descr. Anim. p. 90 (1844).

Anthus grayi, Bp. Cotisp. i. p. 249 (18.50) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i.
p. 252, no. 3660 (1869) ; Huttoti, Cat. B. Neiv Zeal. p. 13 (1871).

3. ANTHXJS. 617

Anthus aucklandicus, Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 224 ; id. Hand-l. B. i.
p. 252, no. 3657 (1869j.

Eind claw very stout, rather curved, about equal to hind toe.
Tarsus longer than hind toe and claw combined. Primaries suh-
equal, 1, 2, 3,i •,Jifth primary about equal to long secondaries,
which are not equal to long primaries. Primaries sinuated, 2, 3,
4,5.

Adult. Above brown, mottled with dark-brown centres, and with
olivaceous margins to the feathers, the hind neck rather paler, and
the head slightly more streaked than the back ; rump rather more
uniform than the back ; wing-coverts and quills brown, with paler
and more whity-brown edges to the feathers, the secondaries broadly
edged with olivaceous like the back ; upper tail-coverts and centre
tail-feathers brown, edged with greyish buif ; rest of the tail brown,
narrowly edged with lighter brown, the two outer feathers pure
white, with an oblique mark of brown along the inner web, this
brown mark darker and broader on the penultimate feather, which
has a brown shaft ; the outermost feather with a fainter brown
mark and a white shaft ; lores and a broad eyebrow white, as also
a ring of feathers round the eye ; a dusky-brown streak drawn from
the base of the bill through the eye, and continued along the upper
edge of the ear-coverts; sides of face dull white, mottled with brown
edgings to the feathers ; under surface of body dull white, the
breast with triangular spots of dusky brown, developing into longi-
tudinal streaks on the sides and flanks, the sides of the body being
brown ; under wing-coverts light fulvous, with greyish bases to the
feathers ; quills brown below, shaded with ashy on the inner webs :
" bill and legs yellowish brown ; iris dark brown " (Bulkr). Total
length 6-6 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-45, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-95.

The winter plumage appears to differ in having broader edges to
the feathers, thus presenting a more uniform upper surface, espe-
cially on the scapulars, lower back, and rump.

Young. Differs from the adult in being paler and more meal^,
the hind neck especially so ; the feathers of the back dark brown,
with pale straw-yellow margins, less distinct on the lower back and
rump ; wing-coverts and quills broadly edged with straw-colour ;
below duU white, the brown spots on the breast and sides of the
body narrow and indistinct.

Bab. New Zealand ; Auckland Islands ; Chatham Islands.

a. Ad. sk. New Zealand, June 20 Gould Collection.

{J. Macqillivray).

b. S juv. ; c. 5 New Zealand {F. Capt. Stokes [P.].
ad. sk. Stram/e).

d. Juv. sk. New Zealand. Sir George Grey [P.].

e,/. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Antarctic Expedition.

gjh. Ad. sk. • New Zealand. Lieut. A. Smith [P.].

i, k, I. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir E. Home [P.].

m,n, o, p. Ad. sk. Auckland Islands. Antarctic Expedition [C.].

618 M0TACILLIDJ5.

33. Anthus tenellus.

Macrouyx tenellus, Cahanis, J.f. O. 1878, pp. 205, 220, pi. 2. fig. 1 ;
Fischer, J.f. O. 1879, p. 299; id. ^- Reichen. t. c. p. 355 ; Cab.
t. c. p. 438 ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 574.

Adult. General colour atove dark brown, the feathers edged
with pale yellow, imparting a mottled appearance to the back and
mantle ; the lower back and rump more uniform olive-yellowish ;
upper tail-coverts dark brown, edged with yellow, the lateral ones
almost entirely yellow with dusky centres ; wing-coverts with con-
cealed black bases to the median and lesser series ; the greater
coverts, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts yellow, with more or
less black on the outer web, varying in extent ; quills yellow, with
black shafts, the primaries black at the ends, increasing in extent
towards the outer edge of the wing ; the innermost secondaries
brown, margined with ashy brown ; centre tail-feathers blackish
brown, edged with yellow ; remainder of the tail yeUow, the two
outer feathers entirely so, the others black along the end of the
outer webs and at the tip of the inner one, increasing in extent
towards the centre of the tail ; head like the back, but streaked
with dusky centres to the feathers ; lores and a narrow eyelid bright
yellow ; feathers below the eye and cheeks yellow ; ear-coverts
brown washed with yellow ; under surface of body yellow, with a
black collar across the fore neck ; under wing-coverts, axillaries,
and lower surface of quills yellow, the primaries black at their ends:
" upper mandible horn-brown, under mandible greyish blue ; feet
yellowish grey ; iris brown " (Fischer). Total length 6 inches,
culmen 0-55, wing 3-4, tail 2*3, tarsus 1. {Mas. G. E. ISheUey.)

Young. Browner above than the adult, with sandy-whitish edges
to the feathers instead of yellow, the margins to the wing-coverts
more conspicuous, the greater series with a tinge of yellow at the
end ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, fringed with olive-
yellow ; quills brown, edged with olive-yellow, bright yeUow at the
base and along the outer edge of the primaries ; the inner secondaries
edged with dull whitish like the back ; tail-feathers dark brown,
edged with olive-yellow, the outer feather yellow, excepting a large
dark-brown mark on the inner web ; the penultimate feather brown,
-Rath a large wedge-shaped mark of pale yellow on the inner web ;
head brown like the back, with longitudinal blackish centres to the
feathers; a supercihary streak of sandy fulvous ; ear-coverts brown;
chin dull white ; remainder of under surface of body sandy isabel-
line, washed with yellow on the abdomen and under tail-coverts :
throat and fore neck reddish brown ; under wing-coverts, axillaries,
and quill-lining bright yellow. {Mas. 0. E. Shelleij.)
Hah. Zanzibar district, E. Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Lamo, E. Africa. Capt. G. E. Shelley [P.].

4. XANTHOCOEYS. 619

4. XANTHOCOEYS.

Range. Brazil.

1. Xanthocorys nattereri.

Antlius correndera, Peh. Oni. Bras. p. GO (1871, nee V.).
Authus nattereri, Sclater, Ibis, 1878, p. ;i(J6, pi. x.

Hind claw very long, only gently curved, equal to hind toe.
Tarsus much shorter than hind toe and claw combined. Primaries
subequal and longest, 1, 2, 3, 4; Jlrst a trifle shorter than the rest ;
Jifth primary shorter than fourth and not so long as inner secondaries,
which nearly equal the primaries in length. Primaries emargi-
nate, 2, 3, 4. Feet in skin reaching nearly to tip of tail.

Adult male (type of species). General colour above pale sandy
rufous, mottled with blackish-brown centres to the feathers of the
mantle and upper back ; lower back and rump rufous-brown, les3
distinctly centred with black, and nearly uniform in appearance,
the upper tail-coverts again streaked with blackish centres to the
feathers ; wing- coverts sandy rufous, with concealed dusky bases,
only apparent on the median series ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dusky brown, margined with ashy fulvous ; quills dusky
brown, edged with sandy rufous, inclining to yellowish white on
the first primary and inner secondaries ; tail-feathers narrow and
somewhat pointed, dark brown, edged with sandj- rufous, the two
outer ones pale smoky brown, with a long mark of dark brown on
the inner web, more developed on the penultimate feather, which
has a dark-brown shaft and is white at the tip, the outer feather also
white at the tip but having the shaft pale brown ; both the external
feathers tinged with sandy buff externally ; head like the back, but
more distinctl}- streaked with black centres to the feathers ; the
central markings on the hind neck much smaller and in the form of
spots ; lores dull whitish, as well as the feathers below the eye ;
eyelid pale sandy yellowish, as well as a narrow but distinct super-
ciliary line ; car-coverts pale sandy yellowish, with minute black
spots ; cheeks uniform sandy yellowish, with a narrow line of black
above running from the gape to below the eye, and a second nar-
row line of black below the hinder part of the cheeks, connected
with the spots on the throat ; the latter white, with a slight yellowish
tinge ; lower throat, breast, sides of body, thighs, and under tail-
coverts pale sandy buff, tipped with yellow on the lower throat, and
paler buff on the thighs and under tail-coverts ; the fore neck and
chest with narrow streaks of black, longer and more distinct on
the sides of the body and flanks, which are deeper sandy rufous ;
abdomen white, with a slight pinkish tinge ; axillaries dull white,
with a yellowish tinge ; under wing-coverts yellowish buff, the
lower ones ashy, like the quills below, the latter pale ashy rufous
along the inner web. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-5o, wing
2-85, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-D5.

Hab. Brazil.

a. cJ ad. sk. Rio Verde (Natterer). Sclater CoUectiou.

620 MOTACILLID.?:.

5. NEOCOEYS. ^^^^

Neocorys, ScMer, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 5 N. spraguii.

Foot of Neocorys spraguii.

Range. Upper Missouri River and Saskatchewan in North America.
Brazil in South America.

1. Neocorys spraguii.

Alanda spragueii, Audub. B. Amer. viii. p. 217, pi. 486 (1844).
Otocorys sprangeri, Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850).
Agrodroma spraguei, Baird in Stamb. Rep. p. 329 (1852).
Neocorys spraguei, Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 5 ; Baird, B. N. Amer.

p. 234 (1858) ; Blak. Ibis, 1862, p. 4; id. 1863, p. 61 ; Coues, Key

N. Amer. B. p. 91 (1872) ; Baird, Brewer, Sf Ridgw. Hist. N.

Amer. B. i. p. 175, pi. 10. fig. 5 (1874) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 42

(1874) ; id. B. Color. Vail. p. 193, note (1878) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 16 (1881) ; Coues, Kexj N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.

p. 286 (1884).
Anthus spraguei, Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 155 (1864) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. i. p. 250, no. 3634 (1869).

Hind claw rather long and only gently curved, not quite so long
as the hind toe itself. Tarsus equal to hind toe and claw com-
bined. Primaries subequal and longest, 2, 3, 4 ; fftli primary
much shorter than the fourth, and about equal to longest secon-
daries. Primaries emarginate, 2, 3, 4. Feet in skin reaching to
three fourths of the tail.

Adult. General colour above ashy brown, mottled with dark-
brown centres to the feathers ; the mantle and upper back blackish
brown, with narrow margins of ashy white ; wing-coverts dusky
brown, with ashy-whitish edges, tinged with sandy rufous at the
tips of the median and greater coverts ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dusky brown, fringed with dull ashy ; quills dusky brown,
edged with ashy brown, whitish along the outer web of the first
primary and also at the ends of the inner secondaries ; tail-feathers

5. NEOCORYS. 621

dark brown, edged with ashy fulvoua, the outer feather almost en-
tirely white, with a white shaft and having a small mark of brown
near the base of the inner web ; the penultimate feather similar,
but the brown mark on the inner web much larger ; head like the
back, and distinctly mottled with black centres ; the hind neck
whity brown like the sides of the neck, mottled with small black
centres to the feathers, and thus forming a more or less distinct
collar ; lores, feathers round the eye, a tolerably distinct eyebrow,
ear-coverts, sides of face, cheeks, and under surface of body dull
white, with a slight tinge of sandy buff on the ear-coverts, chest, and
sides of body ; the ear-coverts slightly mottled with black spots ;
the fore neck with a few tiny streaks or triangular spots of black ;
sides of body and flanks tinged with sandy brown : " bill brownish
above, pale below; legs, feet, and claws yellowish flesh-colour and
transparent " (Audubon). Total length 5-5 inches, culmen O'o5,
■wing 3-05, tail 2-1, tarsus 1-85.

Adult female. Precisely similar to male, but a little smaller.
(^Atuluhon.)

Young. Much more handsomely marked than the adult, the black
feathers on the upper surface having narrow fringes of ashy white,
the scapulars and wing-coverts being strongly tinged with sandy
rufous ; the upper tail-coverts rufous-brown, with broad black
centres to the feathers ; the centre tail-feathers black, with broad
margins of sandy rufous ; the rest of the tail as in the adult, except-
ing that there is a tinge of isabelline along the outer web of the
penultimate and outer feathers ; head mottled with black, the
feathers being black with narrow edges of ashy white ; hind neck
paler, spotted with black ; a narrow eyebrow, lores, and eyelid dull
ashy white ; ear- coverts pale sandy, with a few dusky-blackish
spots on the hinder margin ; cheeks and throat dull white, with a
distinct line of dusky-blackish spots along the upper line of the
cheeks and a malar stripe of blackish, forming a moustache ; fore
neck, chest, and sides of body pale sandy buff', with triangular
black spots on the fore neck and chest and sides of upper breast,
where the spots are a little larger ; the lower flanks longitudinally
streaked with blackish ; centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts dull white.

Hah. Region of the Upper Missouri and Saskatchewan ; east to
the Red River {Coues).

a. Ad. sk. North America {Audu- Sclater Collection

bo7i).

b. Ad. sk. Papillion, Nebraska, Sept. U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

(i. Bddhui).

c. (/. Juv. sk. Souris River, Dakota, Aug. U.S. Nat. Museum [P.^.

{E. Coucs).
e. 2 ad. ; /, ff. Souris River .Aug. 9 (E. Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Juv. sk. Coues).

622 3I0TACILLID.I.

6. OREOCORYS. ^ype.

Heterura, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 586 (1845, nee

Sieb.) 0. sylvauus.

Foot of Oreocorys sylvami^.
Range. Himalayas,

1. Oreocorys sylvanus.

Heterura sylvana, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 556 (1845) ; id,
JP. Z. S. "1845, p. 33 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs.
p. 108 (1846) : Jard. Contr. Orn. 1848, p. 26, cum tab. ; Bh/th,
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 134 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 279 (1850) ;
Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodc/s. p. 58 (1863) ; Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. p. 239 (1803) ; Bcavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 80 ; Felz. t. c. p. 312 ;
Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 57; Ball, Str. F. 1875, p. 207; Brooks,
t. c. p. 252 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 387 (1875) ; id. Str.
F. 1879, p. 104 ; Scidly, t. c. p. 318.

Cinclorhamplius sylvanus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 168 (1848).

Anthus sylvanus. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 252, no. 3666 (1869).

Exncl daw strongly curved, decidedly less than hind toe itself.
Tarsus longer than hind toe and claw combined, and slightly scu-
tellate near the upper end of the planta. Primaries equal and
longest, 1, 2, 3, 4 : fftli primary only a trifle shorter than the
fourth, and even slightly exceeding the long secondaries. Feet in
skin reaching to aboiit two thirds of the tail. Primaries emargi-
nate, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Adult. General colour above Lark-like, the feathers of the upper
surface blackish brown in their centres, margined with inifous-buff,
paler on their edges ; hind neck lighter buff, with narrower dark-
brown streaks ; scapulars like the back ; wing-coverts blackish
brown, broadly margined with rufous-buff; the greater and primaiy-
coverts brown, edged with rufous-buff, the inner greater coverts and
secondaries externally sandy buff ; tail-feathers light brown, edged
with fulvous, plainer on the outer webs, the outer feather obliquely
white towards the tip of the inner web, and the penultimate feather
with a white tip to the inner web ; lores and a distinct eyebrow
dull white; sides of face also dull white, the ear-coverts rufcscent,

7. MACRONTX, 623

streaked with buffy white ; the sides of the neck with narrow brown
streaks ; throat dull white, with a narrow black moustachial line ;
rest of under surface of body dull whitish, marked on the breast
with triangular dark-brown streaks, longer and broader on the sides
of the body, which are of a richer fulvous ; thighs fulvous ; under
wing-coverts fulvous, with narrow brownish shaft-lines ; quills ashy
brown, edged with ochreous butf along the inner web : " bill horny
black or dusky above and at tip ; the middle of the lower mandible
pinkish horny, and its base horny yellow ; gape fleshy yellow ; feet
pale fleshy, the toes darker ; claws brown horny ; iris brown "
(ScuUi/). Total length 6-7 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-9, tail 2-9,
tarsus 0-9.

Hah. Himalayas.

a. Ad. sk. Himalayas.

b. 2 ad. sk. Murree. Col. J. Biddulph [C.].

c. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.].

d. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Gould Collection.

e,f,g,h. Ad. sk. Nepal. " B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(TjqDes of species.)
i. Ad. sk. Nepal (^Hodgson). India Museum.

7. MACEONYX.

Type.
Macronyx, Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 344 (1817) M. capensis.

Range. Africa south of the Sahara and Nubia (?. e. the Ethiopian
Region proper).

Key to the Species.

a. Throat rich orange.

a'. Centre of breast and abdomen orange capensis, p. 623.

b'. No orange on breast, which is ashy brown flavicoUis, p. 625.

b. Throat bright yeUow : abdomen yellow croceiis, p. 626.

c. Throat pink or vermilion amelice, p. 628,

1. Macronyx capensis.

L'Alouette du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 364.

pi. xLx. fig. 3 (1760).
Alauda capensis, Linn. Syst. Xat. i. p. 288 (1766) ; Vieill. X. Diet.

dHist. Nat. i. p. 372 (1816).
Cape Lark, Lath. Gen. St/n. ii. pt. 2, p. 384 (17^3).
Calandre du Cap de Bonne Esperance, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. 504. fig. 2

(1783).
L Alouette Sentinelle, LevaiU. Ois. d'Afr. iv. p. 132, pi. 195 (1806) ;

Simdev. Krit. Framst. p. 46 (1858).
Macronyx crocea. Less. Traite dOrn. i. p. 424 (1831, nee V.).
Anthus capensis. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 206 (1847) ; Layard, B. S. Afr.

p. 121 (1867); Gray. Hand-I. B. i. p. 252, no. 3661 (1869);

Ay res, Ibis, 1876, p. 426.
Macronyx capensis^ Bji. Conep. i. p. 247 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein.

624 motacillidj:.

Th. i. p. 15 (1850) ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 25 (1858) ; Flnsch ^■
Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 278, note (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B.
p. 73 (1871); Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 282; Buckley, Ibis, 1874,
p. 384 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 73 ; Sharpe, in Oates's Matabele Land,
App. p. 317 (1881) ; Holub Sf Von Pekeln, Beitr. Orn. Sudafr.
p. 86 (1882); Shellm/, Ibis, 1882,^. 349; Btitkr,Feilden,Sf Reid,
Zool. 1882, p. 335 ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 530 (1884).
Corydalla capensis, Bouvier, Cat. Coll. Orn. p. 54 (1874),

Adult. General colour above brown, the feathers dark brown in
the centre, broadly edged with fulvous or whity brown ; crown
coloured like the back, the dark centres somewhat more longitudinal,
the forehead washed with orange ; hind neck ashy brown ; lower
back and rump nearly uniform brown, the feathers subterminally
rather darker brown ; upper tail-coverts brown, broadly edged with
fulvous brown, inclining to whitish towards the tips ; wing-coverts
dark brown, with broader margins of paler and more fulvous brown,
the least series margined with orange, the median series slightly
washed with the same, the greater series whitish at the tips ; quills
dark brown, broadly edged with fulvous brown, broader and paler
on the secondaries, the primaries externally edged with yellow, the
first primary white on the outer web ; two centre tail-feathers
brown, with whity-brown margins, the rest of the feathers dark
brown, tipped with white, increasing much in extent towards the
outermost, which is white along the outer web also ; from the
nostril a distinct eyebrow of orange-yellow ; lores and a ring of
plumes round the eye whitish, washed with yeUow ; ear-coverts light
brown, slightly washed with yellow, v.'ith whitish shaft-streaks to
many of the feathers; entire throat bright orange; cheeks black,
running in a broad band along the sides of the throat and uniting
on the fore neck so as to form a collar ; sides of the neck ashy
brown ; rest of under surface of body orange-yellow, the sides of the
body light ashy brown ; below the black collar a few irregular
streaks and mottlings of black : thighs yellow ; under tail-coverts
pale whity buff, slightly washed with yellow, the concealed basal
half dark brown ; under M'ing-coverts and axillaries orange, the
greater series light ashy with whitish edgings, slightly washed with
yellow ; the quills light ashy below, i^alev along the inner web.
Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-S, tail 3-3, tarsus 1-4.

Obs. The female is similar to the male, but has not such a wide
black gorget, the black-tipped feathers forming a more or less broken
line on the fore neck. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-75,
tail 2-4, tarsus 1-35.

In breeding-plumage the feathers become much worn, and the
orange of the throat and yellow under surface much bleached, the
latter often appearing ashy. The sides of the neck become hoary
grey, skirting the black collar.

The winter •jylif'^iaO^ ^^ much more mottled than the summer
dress, and the fiesh-moulted feathers are much darker.

The winter plumage of the yoimr/ birds is dingier than that of the
adults, and the jugular gorget is scarcely perceptible.

7. MACEONTX. 625

Young. Much blacker than the adult, the feathers narrowly fringed
with wintj' hrowu ; throat isabellino, with a few orange feathers
here and there, the black gorget of the adult represented only by a
few black spots ; centre of breast and abdomen pale yellow ; sides
of body isabelline brown, with dark-brown streaks on the lower
flanks.

Hah. South Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Cape Colony.

b. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. Mrs. Butler [P.].

c. (Z. A.d. sk. Cape Colony (Za^«/-f7). Salvin-Godman Coll.
e. [2]ad. sk. Cape Colony (Znyarf/). Sharpe Collection.
/. 5 ad. sk. Cape Town, April 24 (C. Sharpe Collection.

J. Andersson).

g. Juv. sk. Grahamstown (Layard). Sharpe Collection.

h. 5 ad. sk. KingrwiUiamstown, Jime 4 Capt. Trevelyan [0.].

(C. Neiuby).

i. Ad. sk. S.E. Africa. John Rocke, Esq. [P.].

k. Ad. sk. Natal. T. Ayi-es, Esq. [C.J.

I, m. cJ ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal {T. L. Sharpe Collection.

Ayres).
n, 0. Ad. sk. Between Ladysmith and New- W. E. and C. G. Dates,

castle, May {F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

p, q- 6 ; '■) *'• $ Transvaal (T. Ayres). Shai-pe Collection,
ad. sk.

2. Macronyx flavicollis.

Macronyx flavicoUis, Riipp. Neue Wirb., Voy. p. 102, Taf. 38. fig. 2
(1835) ; id. Sysf. Ueberf. p. 79 (1845J ; Jlorsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.L
Co. Mm. i. p. 358 (1854) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 44 (1856) ;
id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 330 (1869) ; Blanf. Geol. ^ Zool. Abyss.
p. 384 (1870) ; 'Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 324 (1870) ; id. Sf Hartl.
Vog. Ostafr. p. 278, note (1870) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. App.
p. xciii (1*871).

MacronjT; capensis, pt., Bp. Consp. i. p. 247 (1850).

Anthus flavicollis, Gray, Hatid-l. B. i. p. 252, no. 3663 (1869).

Adult. General colour above tawny buff, the feathers black in the
centre, edged with ochraceous all round ; crown of head black, with
only slightly iuchcated ochraceous edges to a few of the feathers :
hind neck duU ochraceous buff, with dusky-brown centres to the
feathers ; lesser wing-coverts dark brown with ashy margins, some
of the innermost edged with dull whitish, the outermost washed
with yeUow like the edge of the wing ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts also washed with yellow ; median and greater coverts edged
with light tawny, shading off into white towards the tips ; quiUs
dark brown, the primaries edged with fulvous, the inner ones washed
externally -with yellow, the secondaries externally fawn-buff, shading
off into whitish towards the end of the feather ; tail-feathei's dark
brown with fulvous edgings, the outermost feather yeUow along
the outer web and for the terminal third of the imier web, the next
three with a large spot of white towards the tips of the inner web,

VOL. X. 2 8

626 MOTACILLID^.

decreasing in size towards tlie centre of the tail ; lores and a
distinct eyebrow yellow, shading off into buffy whitish above the
ear-coverts ; feathers in front of the eye greyish ; sides of face buffy
whitish ; the ear-coverts dark brown on their upper parts ; checks
black, forming a broad moustache which extends down the sides of
the throat, becoming gradually broader till it unites on the fore neck
and forms a broad circular collar ; throat orange-yellow ; sides of
neck buffy whitish, streaked with black ; rest of under surface pale
fawn-buff, shading off lighter on the under tail-coverts ; under wing-
coverts white with dusky bases, the edge of the wing yellow : "bill
blackish, the lower mandible ashy ; feet brown ; iris brown "'
(Blanford). Total length 6-7 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3-6, tail 2-6,
tarsus 1-3.

Hab. North-easteni Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [C.].

b, c. Ad. sk. Shoa (Harris). India Museum.

d. (S ad. sk. Wadala plateau, April 9. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.].

3. Macronyx croceus.

Alauda crocea, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. i. p. 365 (1816).

Cape Lark, var. ;Q, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. vi. p. 294 (182.3).

Macronyx flavigaster, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 215 (1837) ; Jard. S^
Selhj, ni. Orn. (new ser.), i. pi. xxii. (c. 1838) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 247
(1850) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1856, p. 317 ; Bocage, Jom.
Lisb. 1868, p. 48.

Authus flavigaster, Gray, Gen. B. i.*p. 206 (1847) ; Layard, B. S.
Afr. p. 121 (18G7).

Macronyx croceus, Hartl. Beitr. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 23 (1844) ; id. Orn.
W.-Afr. pp. 73, 271 (1857) ; Gumey, Ibis, 18C0, p. 208 ; Mo7i-
teiro, Ibis, 1862, p. 334 ; Kirk, Ibis, 18G4, p. 318 ; Cab. in Von
der Decken's Reis. iii. p. 22 (1869) ; Hemil. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i.
p. 331 (1870); Finsch Sf Hartl. Vocj. Ostafr. p. 27t) (1870);
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 73 (1871) ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 70 ;
Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 73 ; Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche etc. p. 16
(1875) ; Reiche7i. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 46 ; id. Corresp. Afrik. Gesellsch.
Berlin, 1875, p. 177 ; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 208 ; Sharpe S,- Bouvier,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 43 (1876) ; Eeichen. J. f. O. 1877,
p. 30; Cab. J.f. O. 1878, p. 220; Fischer 8f Reichen. J.f. 0. 1879,
p. 355 ; Bocaye, Orn. Angola, p. 297 (1881) ; Gumey, Ibis, 1881,
p. 125 ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 573 ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver.
Bremen, vii. pt. 2, p. 99 (1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 543.

Macronyx fiavicoUis {non Riipp.), Bianc. Spec. Zool. Mosamb. fasc. iv.
p. 50 (1850) ; Sjierling, Ibis, 1868, p. 290.

Macronyx striolatus, Heugl. J. f. O. 1863, p. 164 ; Nichols. P. Z. S.
1878, p. 356; Shar2)e, ed. LaiJarcTs B. S. Afr. p. 532 (1884).

Macronyx capensis (non L.), Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 41 (1864) ;
Hartm. J. f. O. 1867, p. 241 ; Salmd. Rivist. Crit. Antin. p. 734
(1870).

Anthus croceus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 252, no. 3662 (1869).

Anthus striolatus, Gray, t. c. p. 252, no. 3665 (1869).

Corydalla croceus, Bouvier, Cat. Coll. Oi~n. p. 54 (1874).

7. MACRONYX. 627

Adult. General colour above dark brown, the feathers edged with
fulvous brown, causing a slightly streaked a^ipearance, which is not
so apparent on the head, where the feathers are not so broadly lined ;
hind neck ashy brown, with indistinct darker-brown centres to the
feathers ; lower back and rump ashy brown, the feathers nearly
uniform, being only subterminaUy darker brown ; upper tail-coverts
brown, with fulvous-brown edgings ; tail-feathers dark brown,
margined with fulvous brown, the four outer feathers tipped with
white, increasing in extent towards the outermost, which is also
edged with white along the outer web, these lateral tail-feathers
also slightly edged with olive-yellow towards the base ; quills dark
brown, with paler or more buffy-whitish edgings ; the least wing-
coverts externally washed with olive-yellow ; the bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and primaries dark brown, narrowly edged with
olive-yellow : the secondaries dark brown, with whity-brown margins ;
lores and a streak of feathers over the eye bright yellow ; round the
eye a ring of somewhat paler-yellow feathers ; ear-coverts light
brown ; throat and cheeks bright lemon-yellow, encircled by a very
distinct band of black, which runs from the lower part of the eye
down the sides of the neck and joins across the fore neck ; sides of
neck ashy brown, the feathers edged with white, giving a distinctly
streaked appearance ; rest of the under surface of body yellow, the
chest streaked with black just below the broad collar ; sides of the
body light brown, streaked with blackish' brown ; thighs and under
tail-coverts light yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow,
the lower series white, dusky brown at the base ; lower surface of
the quills light brown, ashy brown along the inner webs. Total
length 7'6 inches, culmen 0"75, wing 3-9, tail 2"2, tarsus 1'45.

Considerable differences are to be observed in a series of this
Pipit ; and Dr. von Heuglin was at one time inclined to regard the
bird from Central Africa as a distinct species, which he named
Macronyx striolatus. This, however, he afterwards united to
M. croceus, but Mr. Nicholson in 1878 dissented from that view and
re-established Heuglin's species. After an examination of a large
series we believe that the characters pointed out by Heuglin are
solely due to age.

The bird when breeding gets its plumage very much worn, the
head and rump become ashy, and a shade of hoary white extends
down the sides of the neck along the sides of the black gorget. The
winter plumage is darker and more mottled than the summer dress.
The female resembles the male in colour, but has the black gorget
less strongly developed. The young bird in winter plumage has
scarcely any trace of the black gorget, which is represented by a
few blackish streaks ; the yellow of the throat and breast is less
developed, and the dark stripes on the flanks are less pronounced.

Mr. T. L. Ayres has recently sent me a series of specimens from
Natal, amongst which is a young male moulting into winter plumage,
and killed on the 13th of March. Another male shot by him on
the 27th of May is in full winter dress, and shows that the black

2&2,

628

MOTACILLIDiE.

collar of the adult is not assumed at the first moult, the fore neck
being brownish mottled with streaks of black ; there is also no trace
of the white streaks near the black collar : these are, however,
evident enough in an adult male, procured by Mr. Ayres on the 12th
of March, and which has nearly completed its moult ; the black
collar is also perfectly developed as in summer. A male obtained as
late as the 23rd of April has not quite completed its moult.
Hah. The whole of the Ethiopian Eegion.

a. Ad. hiem. sk.
6. [ 5 ] ad. ffistiv. sk.

e. S ad. hiem. sk.
(?. [ 2 ] ad. aestiv. sk.
e. [ cj ] ad. aestiv. sk.
/. [cJjad.sk.
</. c? ad. SBstiv. sk.
h. 2 ad. ; i. S juv.

hiem. sk.
k, I. (S ad.; m. S

juv. sk.
n. (S ad. sk.

0,2). cJ 2 ad. sk.

q. Ad. sestiv. sk.
r. Ad. hiem. sk.
s. (S ad. hiem. sk.

t. Ad. hiem. sk.

River Gambia.
Sea-shore near Elmina,
April {H. F. Blissett).
Shonga, River Niger.
Gaboon (DuChaiUu).
Angola.
Natal.

Natal (T. Ayres).
Pinetown, Natal, Mav

{T. L. Ayres).
Pinetown, March (T.

Sharpe Collection.
Sharpe Collection.

W. A. Forbes, Esq. [P.].
Sharpe Collection.
J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.].
T. Ayres, Esq. [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

_ L. A.).
Pinetown,

L. A.).
Pinetown,

L. A.).
Zambesi {Meller).
Dar-es-Salaam, Zambesi,
Bombo, near Mombasa,

Aug. 1877.
Mombasa.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
April (T. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
June (T. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Shai-pe Collection.
Messrs. Moir [C.].
J. M. Hildebrandt [C.].

Rev. A. Fowell Buxton

[P.].

4. Macronyx amelise.

Macronyx amelia3, De Tarragon, Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 452 ; Gray 8f
Mitch. Gen. B. i. pi 54 (1848) ; Bp. Cunsp.^ i. p. 247 (1850) ;
Gurnei/, Ibis, 1862, p. 28 ; Finscli ij- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 278,
note (1870) ; Holub 8f Von Pet. Beitr. Orn. Sicdafr. p. 87 (1882) ;
Sharj}e, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 533 (1884).

Anthus amelia?, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 206 (1848) ; Lai/nrd, B. S. Afr.
p. 124 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 252, no. 3664 (1869).

Adult. General colour above sandy buff, all the feathers black in
the centre, imparting a streaked appearance ; the head and hind
neck less plainly streaked, especially the latter, the sides of the neck
being uniform fulvous, with a black collar running down the sides
of the neck to the fore neck ; lores whitish ; over the eye a rather
broad streak of sandy buff ; sides of face fulvous, deepening into
rich sandy buff on the hinder ear-coverts ; wing-coverts blackish,
edged with sandy buff, the outermost slightly washed with pink
like the margins of the wing, the innermost of the least series
rather broadly edged with white, forming a tolerably distinct
shoulder-patch ; the primary-coverts edged with sandy buff, inclining

I. MACEONTX. 629

to white at the tip ; quills and tail-feathers blackish, externally
sandy buff, the outermost tail-feather pure white, the penultimate
one white only at the tip ; under surface of body light pink ; fore
neck, upper breast, flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts sandy buff,
the feathers mesiaUy streaked with dark brown, the thighs uniform'
pale sandy ; under wing-coverts white, dusky at their bases ; the
lower surface of the quills ashy brown, much paler along the inner
webs: ^' upper mandible brown, the under one paler; iris dark
brown " (T. Aijres). Total length 7-5 inches, eulmen 0-65, wing 3-4
tail 2-95, tarsus 1-25. '

Hah. South-eastern Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Natal (R. S. Fellowes). Sharpe Collection.

NOTE.
The following species of Pipits remain unidentified by me :—

1. Anthtjs puscus,

Alondra parda, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 6 (1805).

Anthus fuscus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p 490 (1818)-
Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 10 (1847). v y ;

Whetherthis is the same bird as the Anthus fuscus of Burmeister
(Th. Bras. iii. p. 120) can only be proved by the "receipt of specimens.

2. Anthus pattensis.

Authus paytensis, Less. Compl. Buf. viii. p. 107 (18-38): Gm,/,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 250, no. 3630 (1809).

3. ANxmrs scapularis.

Anthus scapularis, Lkht. Vers. Sa7mnl. Vog. Kaffernl. p. 13 (1842)
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 250, no. 3623 (1869).

4. Antuxis pceciloptertjs.

Anthus pcecilopterus, Netnoied; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 250, no. 36')9
(1869).

5. Anthus fuliginosus.

Anthus fuliginosus, Less. ; Gi-ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 250, no. 3626.

ADDENDA.

The following additions and corrections have been made whilst the
present volume was passing through the j)ress.

^^^ . Page 6. Vestiaria coccinea.

h, i. Skeletons. Purchased.

^^^ Page 87. Chelidon iirbica.

Cecropis urhica, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 109 (1829).

^^(j . Page 96. Cotile riparia.

Cecropis riparia, Kaup, Natmi. Syst. p. 109 (1829).

r'. Ad. sk. Washington City, D.C., Salvin-Godman Coll.

Aug. 16 {E. Coues).
s', t'. Imm. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, Sept. Salvin-Godman CoU.

(O.S.Sf F. D. G.).
u'. $ ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Salvin-Godman Coll.

Guiana, April 18 {S.

Whit el y).
v\ S fid. sk. Nauta, Peruvian Amazons, Salvin-Godman Coll.

April {E. Bartlett).
w'. Skeleton. England. Purchased.

.t'. Skull. England. Purchased.

Add-— Page 109. Cotile rupestris.

Cecropis rupestris, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 109 (1829).

^^^ . Page 113. Tachycineta albiventris.

s. c? ad. sk. New Granada. Salvin-Godman Coll.

t, n. Ad. sk. Copataza River, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll.

( C. Buckley).
V. (S ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Salvin-Godman Coll.

Guiana, Sept. Q {H.W.).
w. cS ad. sk. Camacusa, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Jime 29 (//. IF.),
.r. Ad. ; y. Imm. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil ( W. A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Fo7-bes).
z. Ad. sk. Para (A. R. Wallace). Salvin-Godman Coll.

a. Ad. sk. South Brazil {Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

eai

^(j(] . Page 114. Tachycineta leucorrhous.

e. Ad. ; /. Juv. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sid (Joipicr).
g. 2 ad. sk. Concliitas, Buenos Aires Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sept. ( W. 11. Hudson).

^(j^ . Page 115. Tachycineta albilinea.

e. (S ad. sk. Vera Cruz, Mexico, April Salvin-Godman Coll.

{A. Boxicard).

f. <S ad. sk. Belize Hiver, Honduras, Salvin-Godman Coll.

April 23 (O. S.). (Type of H. littorea. Salv.)

g. 5 ad. sk. Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(O. <S'. ^- F. D. G.).
h. (S ad. sk. Punta Arenas, Costa Eica, Salvin-Godman Coll.

March 18 (O. S. ^ F.

B. G.).
i. Ad. sk. Panama {E. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. (S ad. sk. Lion Hill, Isthmus of Pa- Salvin-Godman Coll.

nama (McLeannan) .

^(j^. Page 116. Tachycineta meyeni.

n. <S juv. sk. Coquimbo, Chili, Nov. {A. Salvin-Godman CoU.

H. Markham),
o, p. Ad. et juv. sk. Chili {E. C. Reed). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Page 117. Tachycineta bicolor.

The Commons, D.C., May Salvin-Godman CoU.

12 {E. Coues).
San Geronimo, Guatemala Salvin-Godman CoU.

(0. S.).
Duenas, Guatemala (0. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Page 119. Tachycineta thalassinus.

Fort Bridger, Utah, Jime Salvin-Godman CoU.

3 (C. Drexler).
Vancouver Island, April Salvin-Godman CoU.

14 (A.Fon-er).
Vancouver Island, May 19 Salvin-Godman CoU.

(-^•^■)- . . ^

Ciudad Uurango, Mexico, Salvin-Godman CoU.

July 20 (A. F.).
Dueiias, Guatemala, March Salvin-Godman CoU.
(O. -S-.). _

a'-b'. (5 2 ad.; c',d'. San Geronimo, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman CoU.
(S imm. sk. Jan. ( O. S. ^- F. D. G.).

^df^ . Page 1-!1. Tachycineta cyaneoviridis.

b. Ad.; c. Juv.sk. Nassau {^C. B. Cory). Salvin-Godman CoU,

AM:—

X.

(^ ad. sk.

y-

Ad. sk.

z.

cJ ad. sk.

Add:—

u.

$ ad. sk.

V.

$ ad. sk.

70.

, J ad. .sk.

.V.

(5 ad. sk.

y,

z. (S 2 ad. sk,

632

Add :—

&)"-S"'. Skeletons.
e'". Skeleton.
C", n". Skulls.
6'". Sternum.
i" . Skeleton.

Page 128, Hinmdo rustica.

England.
S. Germany.
S. Germany.

Purchased.

Dr. Glinther [CI.

Dr. Giinther [C.J.

J. Ing'all, Esq. [P.].

Purchased.

^^^ . Page 137. Hirundo erythrogastra.

S ad. sk. Unalaska, June 9 (TV. If. Salvin-

Ball).
Juv. sk. Hall's Barn, D.C. (K Salvin-

Coues).
Ad. sk. Washington, D.C. (C. Salvin-

Dre.rler).
cJ ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, Sept. Salvin-

2(0.S.).
Juv. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, 1862 Salvin-

(O.S.SfF.D. G.).
Calohre, Veragua (Arce). Salvin-

Ad. ; /*', i'. Juv.
sk.
Ad. sk.

Imm. sk.
', n'. S ? ad. sk.

, Juv. sk.

. c? ad. sk.

Add:—

n. Ad. sk.
o. c? ad. sk.

Volcan de Chiriqui, Ve- Salvin-

ragua (Arce).
Panama (McLeannan) . Salvin-

Roraima, British Guiana, Salvin-

April {H. Whitely).
Island of Mexiana (A. R. Salvin-

Wallace).
Cosnipata, Peru, Oct. 17 Salvin^

(H. Whitely).

■Godman Coll.

Godman CoU.

Godman Coll.

Godman Coll.

-Godman Coll.

Godman Coll.

■Godman Coll.

■Godman Coll.
-Godman Coll.

-Godman Coll.

■Godman Coll.

Page 140. Hirundo tytleri.

Duenas, Guatemala (0. S.).
Callao, Peru (A.H.Mark-

Salvin-Godnian Coll.
Salvin-Godmau CoU.

^jd . Page 160. Hirundo nipalensis.

s. Bones of trunk. Nepal. B.H.Hodgson,Esq. [P.].

^^(j . Page 170. Hirundo euchrysea.

/, (/. Ad. et juv. sk. Jamaica. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Add:—

y. S ad. sk.

z, a'. S 2 ad. sk,

Page 173. Progne purpurea.

Fort Union (IJr. Huyden). Salvin-Godman Coll.
Big Trees, California, May Salvin-Godman Coll.
(A. Fofrer).
b'. c? ad. sk. British Honduras ( ^tewea- Salvin-Godman Coll.

neaux).
c',d\ cJ: e'. 5ad.sk. Bahia ( TrMf/(«Tr). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/■'. (S ad. sk. Barra do Rio Negro, Feb. 1 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Natterer).

633

Add:—
h, i. S $ ad. sk.

li. (J ad. sk.

Add :—
711. c? ad. sk.

n. Tull. sk.

o,p. S 2 ad.sk.
q. c? ad. sk.
r. c? ad. sk.
s. c? ad. sk.
t. 2 imm. sk.
u. cJ ad. sk.

t'. Sternum.

Add:—
e,f. (S 2 ad. sk.

Page 175. Progne furcata.

Mendoza, Feb. ( Weiss- Salvin-Godman Coll.

haupt).
Rio Negro, Patagonia (H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Hudson) .

Page 176. Progne dominicensis.

Spanishtown, Jamaica,
May ( W. T. March).

Spanishtown, Jamaica,
May(Tr. T.March).

Jamaica.

Porto Rico {Dr. Bryant).

Porto Rico (Swifi).

Porto Rico (Latimer).

Porto Rico (Gundlach).

S. Domingo, Sept. 16
{McGregor).

Jamaica.

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].

Page 177. Progne domestica,

Santa Catariua, Brazil Salvin-Godman Coll.
{Rogers).

Add :—
V. Imm. sk.

%v. (S ad. sk.

X. S ad. sk.

g. 2 ad. sk.

is. Ad. sk.
a'. S ad. sk.
b'. S ad. sk.

c'. Ad. ; d\ Juv. sk.
e'. Juv. sk.
/'. Juv. sk.

g'. (S ad. sk.

h',i'. cJ; k',l'. 2 ad.
sk.

m'. Juv. sk.
n', o'. c? ad. et juv.
sk.

Add:—
a'. Ad. sk.

Page 178. Progne chalybea.

San Pedro, Honduras {G.

M. Jlliitehj).
Duenas, Guatemala {O.S.).
San Geronimo, Guatemala

(O.S. ^-F.D.G.).
Caliabon,Giuatemala(0. S.).
Costa Rica {Gabh).
Nicoya, Costa Rica (Arce).
Volcan de Chiriqui, Ve-

ragua (Arce).
Panama (McLeannan).
Venezuela (Speiice).
Maroni River, Simnam

(Kappler).
Albiua, Surinam, May (C.

Burt hit).
Bartica Grove, British

Guiana, Feb. (H.

Whitely).
Para (A. R. Wallace).
Island of Mexiana (A. R.

Wallace).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
U.S. Nat. Museum [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Page 180. Progne tapera.

Santa Rita, Ecuador ( Villa-
gomez).

Salvin-Godman CoU.

634 ADDENDA.

6', C. c? 2 ad. sk. Yquitos, July (H-Wliitely). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d,e'. Imm.sk. Fevnamhwco (W.A.Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Baliia ( Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

g'. 2 ad. sk. Curityba, Brazil, Jan. 12 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Natterer).

h'. Ad. sk. River Tocantins, Amazon Salvin-Godman Coll.

R. {A. R. Wallace).

Add:—

Page 183. Atticora fasciata.

m. Juv. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C Salvin-Godman Coll.

BtKldey).
n, 0. Ad. sk. Copataza River, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll.

(C. B.).
p. c? ad. sk. Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll.

g, r. S 2 ad. sk. Merume Mounts, British Salvin-Godman Coll.

Guiana, July 5 (H.

IVhitely).
s. S ad. sk. River Ataparow, British Salvin-Godman Coll.

Guiana, Jan. 26 {H. W.).
t. Ad. sk. Rio Negro, Brazil {A. R. Salvin-Godman CoU.

Wallace).
u. Ad. sk. Yurimaguas, E. Peru (E. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Barthtt).
v,w. Ad.sk. Yuyo, Bolivia (C.5McA;Zey). Salvin-Godman CoU.

a:. Juv. sk. Cangalli, Bolivia (C.^mcA- Salvin-Godman Coll.

leij).

^^^ . Page 184. Atticora cinerea.

I. Ad. sk. Bogota, New Granada. Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. 2 ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador, May (L. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Fraser).
n. Ad.sk. Sical, Ecuador (C.-5«<cA;/ey). Salvin-Godman Coll.

o. 2 ad. sk. Arequipa, S.W. Peru, May Salvin-Godman Coll.

31 (R. TVJiitehj).
p. 2 ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, April 1 (H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Whifeli/).

^Q^ . Page 185. Atticora tibialis.

d. S ad. sk. Panama {McLeannan). Sahdn-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Panama (McLeatman). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. cJ ad. sk. Remedios, Antioquia {T. Salvin-Godman Coll.

K. Sabnon).

^^^ . Page 186. Atticora cyanoleuca.

d'. Ad. sk. Irazu district, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll

(If. Rogers).
e',f'. Ad.sk. Tucurriqui, Costa Rica (^. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Arce).
g',h'. 2 ad. et juv. Calovevora, Veragua {E. Salvin-Godman CoU.

sk. Arce).

i', k', I'. Imm. sk. Panama (McLeannan). Salvin-Godman CoU.

635

m'. 2 juv. sk.

n'. Ad.; o'. Juv.sk.
p'. Ad. sk.

q . Ad. sk.

r'. cJ ad. sk.
s'. Ad. sk.
t'. 5 ad. sk.

ii'. Ad. sk.
v'. 2 ad. sk.
?«'. 2 juv. sk.

a,-',?/'. Ad. sk.
z'. Jut. sk.

a. c? juv. sk.

Fi'ontino, U.S. Colombia
(T. K. Salmon).

Ecuador.

Sical, Ecuador (C Buck-
ley).

Cliiguinda, Ecuador ( C.
Buckley).

Arequipa, Peru, June 6
{H. fVliitehj).

Cangalli, Bolivia (C Buck-
ley).

Cosquin, Cordova, Ai-gen-
tiiie Republic, Aug. 17
{E. W. JJliite).

Chili {Reed).

Santiago, Chili (Philippi).

Coquimbo, Chili, Nov. {A.
II. Mark/iam).

Bahia {Wucherer).

Roraima, British Guiana,
Dec. 10 (H. Whitely).

Camacusa, May 8 {H. W.).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvia-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

^^(j . Page 188. Atticora pileata.

f,9- c? ; ^j *'• 2 ad. Coban, Guatemala, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk. (O.S.^F.D.G.).

Add:—
e. 2 ad. sk.

/. Juv. sk.

</. c? ad. sk.

h, i. S ; k. 2
sk.

Add:—

y. Ad. sk.
z. (f ad. sk.
a'. cS ad. sk.

Add:—

e. Ad. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.
g. Juv. sk.

Add:—

/. 2 ad. sk.
g. (S ad. sk.

Page 189. Atticora fucata.

Ypanema, Brazil, July 9 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Natterer).
Pampas Argentiuas {Ley- Salvin-Godman Coll.

hold).
Mendoza, Feb. {Weiss- Salvin-Godman Coll.

haupf).
id. Roraima, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman CoU.

Jan. (//. Whitely).

Page 193. Petrochelidon pyrrhonota.

Washington, D.C.(Z)/Y.i7w). Salvin-Godman Coll.
Ytarare, BrazU (Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll.
{Joyner).

Page 194. Petrochelidon swainsoni.

Mexico {Boucard).
Oaxaea, March {Boucard).
Duenas, Guatemala (O. S.).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Page 19-5, Petrochelidon fulva.

Jamaica.
Cuba.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

636 ADDENDA.

/*-/. Ad. sk. San Cristobal, Cuba {G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gaumer) .

m. Ad. sk. Northern Yucatan (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gaumer).

n. Imm. sk. Panama (McLeannan). Salvin-Godman Coll.

<>. Sternum. .Tamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C].

^^^. Page 196. Petrochelidon ruficollaris.

d. (S ad. ; e, $ juv. Lima (Nation). Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk.

Add :— ^^Se 199. Petrochelidon ariel.

/. Skeleton. Australia. Purchased.

^^j . Page 206. Stelgidopteryx serripennis.

u. c? ad. sk. Fort Bridger, Utah, May Salvin-Godman Coll.

(C. Drexler).
V, ID. S 2 ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico, Jan. and Salvin-Godman Coll.

Feb. {A. Forrer).
X. Ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

17 (O. S.).
y. S ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.

12 (O. «.).
s. 2 ad. ; d. Juv. Duenas, Guatemala, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk. (0.8.8>F.B.G:).

b'. Ad. sk. Coban, Guatemala, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(0. S.).
c'. Ad. sk. San Geronimo, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll.

June l{O.S.SrF.D.G.).
d'. (^ ad. sk. Pietalhuleu, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sei^t.{O.S.<^F.D.G.).
e'. Ad. sk. Irazu district, Costa Rica, Salvin-Godman Coll.

(H. Rogers),
f. (S ad. sk. Attiro, Costa Rica, May Salvin-Godman Coll.

1.3 {J. Carmiol).
g', h'. Ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua {E. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Arce).

Add:—

Page 208. Stelgidopteryx ruflcollis.

p c? ad. sk. Yquitos, E. Peru, April 18 Salvin-Godman CoU.

{H. IVJiitch/).

a 2 ad. sk. Yciuitos, March 10 {H. Salvin-Godman Coll.
^" Whitely).

r s Ad sk. Yuyo, Bolivia (C Buck- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ley),

t. Ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

u V. Ad.sk. Bahia (Wuchet-e?'). Salvin-Godman Coll.

w X. Ad.sk. Pernambuco(Tr.^.For&es). Salvin-Godman CoU.

y. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

z. Ad. sk. River Napo (Fraser). Salvin-Godman Coll.

637

^(j(j . Page 201). Stelgidopteryx uropygialis.

k, cJ ad.sk. Costa Rica (J". CarmioV). Sal viu-Godman Coll.

I. $ ad. sk. Chitra, Veragua (E. Arce). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

m. Ad. sk. Panama {E. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

w. <S ad. sk. Panama (McLemmmi). Salvin-Godman Coll.

0. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

p. c? ad. sk. SantaElena, U.S. Colombia Salvin-Godman Coll.

(T. K. Sahioit).

q. Ad. sk. Cayenne, April 9 (Jelski). Salvin-Godman Coll.

r. Ad. ; s. cJ ad. Roraima, Nov. {H. Salvin-Godman CoU.

sk. Whitely).

t, u. c? ad. sk. Roraima, Jime 7 (H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

n'/uieli/).

V. (S ad. sk. Roraima, Jan. 5 {H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Whitely).

ji^^^ . Page 212. Ampelis garrulus.

?«'. Ad. sk. Esquimaiilt, Brit. Colum- Salvin-Godman Coll.

bia (A. H. Markham).

n'. Ad. sk. Camp Harney, Oregon (C Salvin-Godman Coll.

Bendire).

o'. c? ad. sk. Racine, Wise. (P. -R.^oj/). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

^^jj. Page 215. Ampelis cedrorum.

s. cJ juv. sk. District of Columbia, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll.

11 {E. Coues).

^. $ juv. sk. District ofColumbia, Mar. 2 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{E. Coues).

u. Ad. sk. Oaxaca, Mexico (i^ereocA/o). Salvin-Godman Coll.

V. 1mm. sk. Savana Grande, Guatemala, Salvin-Godmau CoU.

Veb.^iO.S.SfF.D.G.).

tt). Ad. sk. Dnen&s (O.S.SfF.D.G.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

.r. Ad. sk. Choctwrn {O.S.SfF.D.G.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

y. Juv. sk. Tactic (0. S. i!f F. D. G.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

z. Juv. sk. Pine ridge of Dolores, near Salvin-Godman Coll.

reten(0.>S'.>^i^.D. G-'.).

^^(l; Page 218. Dulus dominicus.

d. (S ad. sk. La Vega, San Domingo, Salvin-Godman Coll.

July 19 (C.^. Cory).

^^^. Page 219. Phainoptila melanoxantha.

e. c? ; (f, e. 2 ad. sk. Irazu district, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

{H. Rogers).
f,y. (S juv. sk. Irazu district, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

(//. Rogers).
h. (S ad. sk. San Francisco, Costa Rica Sah-in-Godman Coll.

{H.Rogers). (Tj-pe of species.)

638

Add:—

c. S iid. sk.

Page 220. Phainopepla nitens.

Fort Yuma, Colorado Eiver Salvin-Godman Coll.

(H. a. MoUhausen).
d,e. c? $ ad. sk. La Paz, California, March Salvin-Godman Coll.

{A, Forrer).
f,(/. S 2 '^d. sk. Near the City of Mexico Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salle).

Add:

Page 222. Ptilogonys cinereus.

Ic. J ad. sk.

/, m. 2 fid. sk. Oaxaca {Fenochio)

n. Ad. ; o. Juv. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Guatema-
la, Julv & Aug. (O. ^.).
p, q. Ad. sk. Duenas (0. S. 8f F. B. G.)

r. cJ ad. sk. Barranco-Hondo (0. S. ^

F. D. G.).

Parada, Mexico (Boucard). Salvin-Godman Coll.

'" ' ' ' Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Add:—
ff, h. S ? ad. sk.

i. c? ad. sk.

k. c? juv. sk.

I. S ad. sk.

Page 224. Ptilogonys caudatus.

Volcan de Cartago, Costa Salvin-Godman Coll.

Rica (Arce).
San Francisco, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

{H. Rogers).
Irazu district, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

{H. Rogers).
Irazu district, March ( Voti Salvin-Godman Coll.

Frantzius).

m, n. cJ ; 0, p. 5 Volcan de Chiriqui,Veragua Salvin-Godman CoU.
ad. sk. {E. Aj-ce).

^^^. Page 223. Leucopeza semperi.

c, d. Ad. et juv. sk. Santa Lucia. Sahin-Godman Coll.

Add:—
a. 2 ad. sk.

Page 228. Leucopeza bishopi.

St. Vincent (C F. Lister). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Add:—
n. Ad. sk.

0. (5 ad. sk.

p. Ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. S ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
u. Ad. sk.

Page 230. Helminthotherus vermivorus.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Washington, D.C. ( W.

Hutton).
Duenas, Guatemala, Sept.

25 (O. S.).
Choctum, Vera Paz, Feh.

(O. S. ^ F. D. G.).
Tactic, Vera Paz (0. S.).
Costa Rica {Van Patten).
Chitra, Veragua {E. Arce). Salvin-Godmau CoU,
Chiiiqui, Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman CoU.
Santa Fe, Veragua Salvin-Godman CoU,

{Arce).

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

ADDENDA. 639

Add:— Page 235. HelminthopMla chrysoptera.

p. 6 ad. sk. Choclum, Vera Paz, Feb. SalTin-Godman Coll.

(O.S.^F.D. G.)
q. 2 ad. sk. Coban, Vera Paz ,(0. S. 8r Salviu-Godman CoU.

F. n. G.).
r. d ad. sk. Trazii district, Costa Eica Salvin-Godman Coll.

{H. Rogers).
s.$ ad.sk. Barranca, Costa Eica(C«?-- Salvin-Godman Coll.

nuol).
t. d ad. sk. Dota Mountains, Costa Salvin-Godman CoU.

Rica ( Carmiol).
u. c? ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Arce).
V. d" ad. sk. Santa Fe, Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman CoU.

w. S ad. sk. Chiriqui, Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

X. V ad. sk. Lion HiU, Panama (Mc- Salvin-Godman CoU.

Leannan).
y. ? ad. sk. Interior of Colombia {Bir- Salvin-Godman Coll.

chall).
"•. ^^^-Z^- Bogota [Boivman). Salvin-Godman Coll.

« . d ad. St. MedeUin, U.S. Colombia Salvin-Godman CoU.

{T. K. Salmon).
b'. 2 ad. sk. Minca, U.S. Colombia, Salvin-Godman CoU.

Feb. 8 (F. Simons).

Add:— Page 237. Helminthophila pinus,

p. 2 ad. sk. Oyster Bay, Long Island, Salvin-Godman CoU.

June 11 (Roosevelt).
q. 6 ad. sk. Knox Co., Indiana, May 24 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(R. Ridgxoay).
r, s. Ad. et juv. sk. Teleman, Vera Paz, Guate- Salvin-Godman CoU

mala (0. S.).
t, n. Ad. sk. Cobiin Vera Paz ( 0. S ^ Salvin-Godman CoU.

F. D. G.).
V. Ad.sk. Retalhuleu, Sept. (O. S. ^- Salvin-Godman CoU.

F. D. G.).
w. Ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz (0. >$■.). Salvin-Godman CoU.

Add :— Page 239. Helminthophila peregrina.

X. J juv. autumn. Grand Crossing, lUiuois, R. B. Siiarpe, Esq TP 1
sk. Sept. 9, 1884 (//. K. i- ' >1 L -J-

Coale).
y. c? juv. autumn. Hyde Park, lU., Oct. G (H. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq TP 1
sk. K. Coale). ^ ' h l -j-

s. c? ad. sk. Pembina, Dakota, Jime 3 Salvin-Godman CoU.

(F. Coues).
a'. 2 juv. sk. Volcan de Agua above S. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Diego, Guatemala, Nov.

(O. S.).
b , C. Inim. sk. Coban, Vera Paz, Nov. Salvin-Godman CoU.

(O. S.).

640 ADDENDA.

d'. cJ ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(O. S.).
e'. c? ad. sk. Medio Monte, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Oct. 30 ( O. S.).
f. Imm. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(O. «. ^- F. B. G.).
(/'. (S ad. sk. San Jos6, Costa Rica ( Von Salvin-Godman Coll.

Frantzius) .
/*'. 2 ad.sk. San J os6 (Carmiol). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i'. Ad. sk. Volcan de Chiriqui, Vera- Salvin-Godman Coll.

gua {Arce).
A;'. 5 ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua (^/-ce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Z', m'. 5 ad. sk. Panama (ifcieAWMaM)- Salvin-Godman Coll.

n'. $ ad. sk. Minca, Sierra Nevada of Salvin-Godman Coll.

Santa Marta, Jan. {F.

Simons).
o',p'. tS $ ad. sk, Miuca, Sierra Nevada of Salvin-Godman Coll.

Santa Marta, March {F.

Simons).

j^^^. Page 242. Helminthophila ruficapilla.

A;. Ad. sk. Nova Scotia {W. G. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Winter).
I. Ad. sk. Massachusetts(-D;-.i?re?yer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

VI. 2 ad. sk. Upper Klamath Lake, Ore- Salvin-Godman Coll.

gon, May 18 (A. Forrer).
n. Ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico, Dec. 22 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(A. F.).
0 9 ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico, Feb. 4 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{A. F.).
p q. Juv. sk. Ciudad Durango, Mexico, Salvin-Godman CoU.

Oct. 20 {A. F.).
r. Ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (JDe Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll.

s. Ad sk. Jalapa, Mexico (iZoV/e). Salvin-Godman Coll.

.n|. Page 244. Helminthophila celata.

{. S ad. sk. Souris River, Dakota, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll.

18 (F. Coues).
k. c? ad. sk. Fort Bridger, Utah, May 9 Salvin-Godman CoU.

{C. Drexler).
I. cJ ad. sk. Vancouver Island, April 28 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(A. Forrer).
m 2 ad. sk. Vancouver Island, May 9 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{A. F.).
n. Ad. sk. San Francisco, Cal. {E. F. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Lorquier).
o. ,5 ad. ; p. Juv. Mazatlan, Dec. (A. Forrer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
"sk.
o c? ad sk. Presidio, Mexico, Jan. 12 Salvin-Godman CoU.

(A. F.).
r 9 ad sk. Presidio, Mexico, IMarcli 3 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(A. F.)
s. S ad. sk. La Parada, Feb. (A. Bou- Salviu-Godman Coll.

card).
t. Ad. sk. Chimay, Vera Paz, Guate- Salvin-Godman Coll.

mala (Sart/).

641

Add: P^g^ -47. HelmiuthopMla virginiae.

a. $ ad. sk. Great Salt Lake City, May Salvin-Godman CoU.

20 {R. Ridgicay).
6. d ad. sk. Colorado Springs, Colorado, Salvin-Goduiau Coll.

May 13 ( W. Bi-eiuster).

Add: Page 248. Helminthophila luciae.

b. 2 ad. sk. Fort Whipple, Arizona, Salvin-Godman Coll.

May 1 (K Coues).

Add : ^^S® 24^- Protonotaria citrea.

g. e ad. sk. Mt, Carmel, HI., April -30 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(J2. Ridyway).
h. 2 ad. sk. Mt. Carmel, 111., May 14 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{R. Ridgivay).
i. [ $ ] ad. sk. Savannah, Carolina {S: F. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Baird).
Z;. [ 2 ] ad. sk. N. Yucatan {F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

I. S ad. sk. Veragiia (F. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. c? ad. sk. Antioquia, Sept. (T. K. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salmon).
n. S ad. sk. VaUe Diipar, U.S. Colom- Salvin-Godman Coll.

bia, Sept. 25 ( F. Simons).
0. c? ad. sk. South of Merida, Venezuela Salvin-Godman Coll.

{A. Goeriny).

^^^. Page 251. Mniotilta varia.

y. (S ad. sk. Rock Creek, D.C., April 5 Salvin-Godman CoU.

(-E. Coues).
z. 2 ad. sk. Haw's Woods, D.C., May Salvin-Godman CoU.

10 {F. Coues).
a'. (S ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico, Dec. 4 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(A. Forrer).
I'. (S ad. sk. Belize, Honduras {Blanca- Salvm-Godman CoU.

neaux).
c'. S ad. sk. Belize, Hondui-as, Dec. 14 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(O. S.).
d', J ad. sk. Retalhuleu, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sept.(0. S. <^ F. n. G.).
e',f. (S ad. sk. Duenas, Feb. (0. S. Sf F. Salvin-Godman Coll.

D.G.).
Q', /«'• 6 2 ad. sk. Volcan de Agua, Nov. Salvin-Godman CoU.

(O. .S'.).
i'. 9 ad.sk. \olcan de Fuego, Aug 14 Salvin-Godman CoU.

(O. S.).
A'. Ad. sk. Sau Geronimo (O. .S.). Salvin-Godman CoU.

i'. cJad.sk. yexa.V&z{O.S.^-F.B.G.). Salvin-Godman CoU.

m'. Imm. sk. Cohan, Nov. (0. .S'.). Salvin-Godman CoU.

n'. Juv. sk. Choctum ( 0. S. i^- F. D.G.). Salvin-Godman CoU.

vol. X. 2 T

642

o'. Imin, sk.

p'. c? ad. sk.

q', r'. <S 2 ad. sk.

s'. c? juv. sk.

i', c? juv. sk.

?<', t*'. cj" $ ad. sk.

t<;'. Imm. sk.

'^'^ »/'• d ? ad. sk.

s'. c? imm. sk.
a. Juv. sk.

Irazu district, Costa Rica

(H. Rogers).
Angostura, Costa Rica, Jan.

28 {J. Carmiol).
Calovevora, Veragua {E.

Arce).
Volcan de Chiriqui, Vera-

gua (-E. Arce).
Santa Fe, Veragua (U.

Arce).
Panama (McLecmnan).
Bogota.
Minca, Sierra Nevada of

Santa Marta, Jan. 18

(jP. Si7notis).
Santa Elena, Antioquia

(T. K Salmon).
San Domingo, W. 1. (C. G.

McGregor).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Add:—

g. S ad. sk.

h. S ad. ; i. $ juv.

sk.
k. c? ad. sk.

/. S ad. sk.

>«. c? imm. sk.

n. 2 ad. sk.
0. S ad. sk.

Page 255. Parula super ciliosa.

Near City of Mexico.
Ciudad Dmango, Mexico,

June (A. Ferrer).
Oaxaca, W. Mexico {A.

Fenochio).
Volcan de Fuego, Sept.

(O. S.).
Volcan de Fuego, Nov.

(0. *S. ^ F. D. G.).
Calderas, Oct. 81 (0. S.).
Santa Barbara, Vera Paz,

Jan. (O. 8. S^F.D.G.).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sahin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

^^(j . Page 256. Parula americana.

w, 2 ad. sk. Smith's Woods, B.C., Salvin-Godman Coll.

May 10 (E. Coties).
x\ (S imm.sk. Northern Yucatan ((?. F. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gmtmei').
y. 2 ad. sk. Northern Yucatan, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{G. F. Gaumer).
~, (''■ d 2 '''■d- sk. Cohan, Vera Paz, Guate- Salvin-Godman Coll.

mala, Nov. (O. S.).
b'. Juv. sk. San Domingo, W I. (C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

G. McGregor).
c\ 2 iuv.sk. Samana, San Domingo, Salvin-Godman Coll.

W. I., Jan. 20 (C. G.

3IcGregor).
d'. S juv. sk. Porto Rico {Br. Bryant). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e'. Skeleton. N. America. Purchased.

ADDENDA. gjo

Add :— Page 259. Parula pitiayumi.

o. 6 ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman CoU

{Jmjner).

t S ad sk ?n? • ^ J^"'^'T,)- . Salvin-Godman CoU.

u. d ad sk ?f V' ^^^P ^«cZ;%) Salvin-Godman CoU

^'. d ad sk • IllrM' 'r-*^°' i^- ^.•>- S^l^^-Godman CoU.

o eta. Si.. -BalzarMountams, Ecuador Salvin-Godman CoU.
, , , {luingivorth).

w. (S ad. sk. Boo-ota o i • ^, -,

>r. 2 ad sk ivn^ q- at n Salvm-Godman CoU.

¥ aa.sk. Mmca Sierra Nevada of Salvin-Godman CoU.
Santa Marta, Feb. 6 {F.
Simons).

?.'ladj ^^nezuela Salvin-Godman CoU.

d ad. sk. Caripe Venezuela, May Salvin-Godman CoU
, ,, {A. Goermg).

«,^. c? 2 ad. sk. Roraima British Guiana, Salvin-Godman CoU.

C. Skeleton. '^"°- ^^' ^'^^^>-

Eyton CoUection.

Add:— Page 260. Parula inornata.

iJSS &;^eS?-.an. iS:a-S

^. cf;^.. 2 ad.sk. TuU^-- Costa Eica (^ SaiS?,°JS?Si.

^,^. c^ ? ad. sk. Volcan de Chiriqui, Vera- Sahm-Godman CoU.
gua (^^. A.rce).

Add:— Page 261. Parula nigrilora.

o,,.d.»L-. T«-;,,J*. 3S («. ^. Sal™.G„ta„CoU.

^. $ ad. sk. P-^J^jl, M™, Dsc. 22 S.,™.a„dma„ CoU.

Page 262. Parula insularis.

In the synonymy : —

For "Parus insularis, Latm:,^' reac^ Parula insularis, Lawr,
Add:—

i, e. d $ ad. sk. Ti-es Maria. Islands, Feb. Salvin-Godman CoU
(^A. ±orrer). •

d. Ad. sk. Socorro Islands (^. G. Salvin-Godman CoU

Grayson). ^^i^.

Add:— Page 263. Parula gutturaUs.

rf I'^liK P'*^ -^^^'^^ ^'"^ ^'^^^^'*)- Salvin-Godman CoU

rf,e. Ad. sk. Irazu district Costa Rica Salvin-Godman CoU

(xf. Roger s).
f,<J. 6% ad. sk. Volcau de Chiriqui, Vera- Salvin-Godman CoU

gua {E. Arce).

2x2

644

Add:—
c. Sternum.

Page 266. Dendrceca eoa.

Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].

Add:—
v', w'. (S 5 ad. sk.

x'. c? ad sk.

«/',='. c? $ ad.; a.

§ juv. sk.
/3, y. $ ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

e,C c? $ ad. sk.

jj. Juv. sk.
6. $ ad. sk.
I. Imm. sk.

K. S imm. sk.

X. cJ ad. sk.

fi. 2 imm. sk.
K, |. cJ $ ad. sk.
o. cJ ad. sk.
TT. (S ad. sk.
p. c? ad. sk.
o", T. c? ad. sk.

V. Ad. sk.

^. Ad. sk.

X, ^- cJ ? ad. sk.

0). Imm. sk.

Page 273. Dendrceca sestiva.

Fort Bridger, Utah (C. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Dre.vle)').
Presidio, Mexico {A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Foi-rer).
Presidio, Jan. (A. Forre)-). ksalvin-Godmau Coll.

N. Yucatan (G. F. Gau-

7ner) .
British Hondm'aa (^Blan-

caneux).
Duehas, Guatemala, Aug.

and Sept. (0. S.).
Coban, Vera Paz (0. S.).
Eetalhuleu (0. S.).
Irazu district of Costa Rica

(^H, Rogers).
Santa Fe, Veragua {E.

Arce).
Calovevora, Veragua F.

Arce).
Bugaha, Chiriqui (F. Arce).
Panama (McLeannan).
Panama {McLeannan).
Panama (Hicks).
Colombia.
Medellin, Autioquia {T. K.

Salmon).
Minca, Sierra Nevada of

Santa Marta {F. Simons).
Venezuela.
Bartica Grove, Nov. {H.

Wliitely).
Sarayacu, Ecuador ( C.
Buckley).

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-
Salvin-
Salvin-
Salvin-
Salvin-
Salvin-

Godman CoU.
•Godniau Coll.
■Godman CoU.
■Godman Coll.
-Godman CoU.
■Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Add:—
d. (S ad. sk.

Page 275. Dendrceca ruficapilla.
S. Croix {A. Sf F. Neioton). Salvin-Godman CoU.

^^^. Page 277. Dendrceca petechia.

g S ad. sk. Spanishto^vn, Jamaica, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Axxg. {W.W.March).

Add:—
c. (S ad. sk.

Page 279. Dendrceca melanoptera.

Guadeloupe- {F. A. Ober). Salvin-Godman CoU.

ADDENDA. g45

Add:— Page 280. Dendrceca capitalis.

e. Ad. sk. Barbadoes ( Wildebor). Salvin-Godman CoU.

Add:— Page 282. Dendrceca aureola.

w,M. d'lo. Sad.sk. Indefatigable Island {Dr. Salvin-Godman Coll

A. Habel).
P,q. 6 ; r, s. 2 lii^. Indefatio'able Island (Z);-. Salvin-Godman CoU.

sk. A. Habel).

<. cJad.jw. c? juv. Bindloe Island {Dr. A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk. Habel).

V. Ad.; w. Juv. sk. Charles Island (^. Si 7lf«rA;- Salvin-Godman CoU.

ham).
X. S ad. sk. Abingdon Island {Dr. A. Salvin-Godman CoU.

Habel).
y, s. [ cS] ; a', 6'. [ 5 ] Pima Island, Gulf of Guaya- Salvin-Godman CoU.
ad. sk. quU ( VUlagomez).

Add :— Page 283. Dendrceca vieilloti.

b, c. Ad. sk. Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godman CoU.

Add :— Page 284. Dendrceca bryanti.

h. d" ad. sk. Progreso, Yucatan {De Vis). Salvin-Godman Coll

c, d. S sk. Progreso {G. F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman CoU
e. S ad. sk. Half-Moon Cay, Honduras, Salvin-Godman Coll

May 10 (0. <S'.).
f,g. c? $ ad. sk. BeUze, British Honduras Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Blaucaneaux).
h, c? ad. sk, Tempate, Nicoya, Costa Salvin-Godman CoU.

Eica {£. Arce).

Add :— Page 285. Dendrceca rufigula.

b. cJ ad. sk. Martinique {F. A. Ober). Salvin-Godman CoU.

Add : Page 285. Dendrceca pennsylvanica.

V. cS ad. sk. Massachusetts {Dr. Brewer). Salvin-Godman CoU.

w. $ ad. sk. Haw's Woods, B.C., May Salvin-Godman CoU.

16 {E. Cones).
.V. c? ad. sk. Lam-el, Maryland, May 10 Salvin-Godman CoU.

(i?. Rulgiuay).
y. Ad. sk. Jalapa,S. Mexico (DeOcrt). Salvin-Godman CoU.

s. Juv. sk. Coban, Vera Paz, Nov. Salvin-Godman CoU.

(O. S.).

646

fl'

Juv. sk.

Choctum, Vera Paz (O.8.).

b'.

Juv. sk.

Duefias(0. <S. ^ F. D. G.).

c\

cJ ad, sk.

Angostura, Costa Rica,
Feb. {J. Carmiol).

d'.

Imm. sk.

Irazu district, Costa Eica
{H. Rogers).

e'.

Ad. sk.

Chiriqui (Arce).

f.

2 ad. sk.

Chitra, Veragua (Arce).

//'•

Ad. sk.

Santa FiS, Veragua {Arce).

h'.

(5 ad.; i'.

2 Isthmus of Panama {Mc-

imm. sk.

Leannan).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll,
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Add:—
c'. (S ad. sk.

d'. S ad. sk,
e',f. Imm. sk.

g'. Ad. sk.
h', Imm. sk.
i'. Ad. sk.

k'. Ad.; ^', m'. Imm.

sk.
n'. S ad, sk.

o'. t3 ad. sk.

p'. (S juv. sk.

q'. 5 juv. sk.

r'. Juv. sk.

s'. Ad. sk.
t'. S ad. sk.
u', (f ad. sk.
v', w'. Ad. sk.
x'. Ad. sk.

Page 288. Dendroeca blackMrnise.

Eock Creek, D.C., May 5

(U. Coues).
Jalapa, S. Mexico {De Oca),
Dueiias, Guatemala, Sept.

(O. S. S,- F. D. G.).
Choctum, Vera Paz {O.S.).
Coban, Vera Paz (0. S.).
Chontales, Nicaragua (T,

Belt).
Irazu district, Costa Eica

{H. Rogers).
Barranca, Costa Rica, Oct.

{F. Carmiol).
Volcan de Chiriqui {E.

Arce).
Calovevora, Veragua {E.

Arce).
Santa Fe, Veragua {E.

Arce).
Paraiso Station, Panama

{A. Hughes).
Bogota.

MedelUn {T. K. Salmon).
Intaj , Ecuador ( C. Buckley ) .
Pasto, Ecuador (Lehnann).
Quito {Bi-uce).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

^^(j . Page 291. Dendroeca nigrescens.

I. S ad. sk. Camp Apache, Arizona, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Aug. {H. W. Henshaiv).

m. Ad. sk. Utah {McCarthy). Salvin-Godman Coll.

n. Ad. sk. City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll.

0. Ad. sk. Oaxaaz. {A. Fenochio). Salvin-Godman Coll.

p, Imm. sk. Presidio, Dec. 31 {A. Salvin-Godman CoU,

Forrer).

y. c? ad. sk. Mazatlan, Dec. (^.i^orrer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

r. (S ad. sk. La Parada, Feb. (A. Bou- Salvin-Godman Coll.

cai-d).

ADDENDA. g^^

Add:— Page 293. Dendrceca occidentalis.

! ff. Imi-^sk""""'^- AW *^' ^'V ^^''^''- S^lvin-GodiBan Coll

5- mm.sk. ^^«^«P^q"e, Guatemala Salyin-Godman CoU

f V ". yi J . x/. u.;, (lype of 2). mveiven-

tris.)

Add:— Page 295. Dendrceca chrysoparia.

; V. (^i^. o.;. ( J- ypes of species.)

Add :— Page 297. Dendrceca virens.

t,u.S2 ad. sk. Waaldn^ton, D.C. (C. Salvin-Godman CoU.

"• ' t' r '^^ST' ''^^ '' «^^^-«odman CoB.

.?/ld?tttm. ?;lrVeia^'-£fX?- I^Mn-C.odman Coll.
sk. {O.S.) Salvm-Godmau CoU.

'• ^ "^- '^- ^^e^aaj-^Guatemala, Feb. Salvin-Godman CoU.

«', i'. 2 ad. sk. Ban-aneVcosta Riea, Feb. Salvin-Godman CoU

• c? ad. sk. Ira^ d^stj.ct, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman CoU.

'''• W.;k!'-^ ^^IS)'' ^'"'^"^ (^- Salvin-Godman CoU.

/• c? ad. sk. '^^^l^2^:l) "^'"^'"^ ^^'^- Salvin-Godman CoU.

</. S innn. sk. Jamaica, Feb. (E. Newton). Salvln-Godman CoU.

Add :— Page 299. Dendrceca townsendi.

' ' ''■ ^'- '^S^^' ^'^^•' ^^ (^- S^lvin-Godman CoU.

'"''^S/.S- ''""' ^^- S^'--^-dmanCoU.

k. Ad. sk.

^- 2 ad. sk. Calderas, Volcan deFuego, Salvin-Godnaan CoU

, , , Guatemala, Sept. (O 8 )

-. 6 ad. sk. Pi,e Forast,' folin-^e Salvin-Godman CoU

Fuego, Nov., 10,200 feet •

n. d M. ; .. Imm. Duets^Sept. (0. S.). Salvin-Godman CoU.

p. 6 ad. sk. Diiena^, ^Oct. (O. ^. ^ ^. Salvin-Godxnan CoU.

648

ADDENDA.

Add:—

e. Ad. sk.
/, g. <S ad. sk.

h. $ ad. sk.

i. Ad. sk.
Ti. (S ad. sk.
I, m. Ad, sk.

n. Ad. sk.

0. Ad. sk.

p, q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.

s. Ad. sk.

Page 301. Dendrceca dominica.

a. D. albilora.

Soutkem United States.
Mt. Carrnel, lU., Aug. (S.

Tui-ner).
Mt. Carmel, 111., Oct. (S.

Turner) .
Mexico.

Mazatlan, Jan. (A. Forrer).
Progreso, N. Yucatan {O.

F. GannuT).
Belize, British Honduras

(Slancaneau.v).
Totouieapam, Guatemala

(O. S. SrF.D. G.).
Duenas (O. S. ^f F. D. G.).
Clioctum, Vera Paz, Jan.

(O.S.).
Jamaica.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sahdn-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

/3. D. dominica.

h. S ad. sk. Enterprise, Florida (G. A. Salvin-Godman CoU.

Board^nari) .
i. S ad. sk, Samana, San Domingo, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sept. 16 (C. G. McGre-

ffor).

^^(j . Page 304. Dendrceca graciae.

c. (S ad. sk. Fort Whipple, Arizona, Salvin-Godman Coll.

May (F. Cones).

Add:—

I. cJ ad. sk.
7n. (J ad. sk.

n. Imm. sk.

o, J}, c? ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r. S ad. sk.

Page 307. Dendrceca discolor.

Massachusetts (J)r.5;-eiw?-). Salvin-Godman CoU,
Rock Creek, B.C., May Salvin-Godman Coll.

{F. Coues).
"At sea between Jamaica

and British Honduras,"

Sept. {O. S. ^- F. D. G.).
Jamaica, Nov. {F. Newton) . Salvin-
Jamaica (E. Netvton). Salvin-

Samana, San Domingo, Jan. Salvin-

(C G. Mc Grey or).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

•Godman Coll.
Godman CoU.
■Godman Coll.

Add :—

y. (S ad. sk.
s. (5 ad. sk.

Page 309. Dendrceca maculosa,

Massachusetts (Zlr.iJrejtJer), Salvin-Godman Coll.
Washington, B.C. (C Salvin-Godman CoU.
Dre.iier).

I

«'. 2 ad. sk. District of Columbia, May

{K Coues).
b'. 2 juv. sk. N. Yucatan, Feb. {G. F.

Gaumer).
c'. Imm.sk. Choctum,Vera Paz, Guate-

mala (0. S.).
d'. Imm. sk. Coban, Vera Paz, Nov.

(O. S.).
e\ Ad. sk. Cobau, Jan. (0. S. Sf F.

D. G.).
/'. Ad. ; g'. Juv. Belize, British Honduras

sk. (Blancaneaux).

h'. Jad. ;«'. cJjuv. Isthmus of Panama
sk. (McLeannan).

649

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Add :—
z. Ad. sk.

a', c? ad. sk,

b'. c? imm. sk.

c'. 2 ad. sk.

d'. 2 ad. sk.

e'. S imm. sk.

/'. Ad. sk.
g'. Ad. sk.

/*'. Ad. sk.

i'. Juv. sk.

k'. Ad. sk.

r. Ad. sk.

wj', n'. Imm. sk.

o', p'. Juv. sk.

q'. Ad. sk.

>•'. Ad. sk.
s'. Ad. sk.
t'. Imm. sk,
u'. Ad. sk.

Page 311. Dendroeca coronata.

Souiis River, Dakota, Sept.

16 (£. Coues).
Washington, D.C. (C.

Dre.vler}.
Rock Creek, Disti'ict of

Columbia, Marcli 23 {F.
Coues).
Lam-el, Maryland, May 10

(-R. Ridg^my).
Oiudad Dm-ango, Mexico,

July 27 (A. Forrer).
Mazatlan, W. Mexico, Nov.

(A. Forrer).
N.Yucatan ( G. F. Gaumer).
Progreso, Yucatan {E. C.

Devis).
Duenas, Guatemala (O. S.

Si- F. D. G.).
Coban, Vera Paz, Nov.

(O. S.).
Coban, Jan. (0. <S'. ^- F.

D. G.).
Belize, British Honduras

(Blancaneau.v).
San Pedro, Honduras {G.

M. mutely).
Volcan de Chiriqui {E.

Arce).
Lion HiU, Isthmus of

Panama {McLeannan).
Lion Hill (S. S,- T. Rhodes).
Panama (McLeannan).
Jamaica, Feb. (E. I^'etvfo^i).
San Domingo, W. I. (C. G.

McGregor).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll,
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU,

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sahin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman CoU,

Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salviu-(iodman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

650

Add:—
t. S ad. sk.

M. cJ ad. .sk.

V. S ad. sk.

w. Ad. sk.
X. Imni. sk.

y. Imm. sk.

Add:—

s. 2 juv. sk.

<. c? ad. sk.
M. Juv. sk.
V. (S juv. sk.
ty. 2 imm. sk.

.r. 5 ad. sk.

Add :— .

y. S ad. sk.
z,a'. c? 2 ad. sk.
b'. J ad. sk.

c'. cS ad. sk.
d'. Imm. sk.
e',/'. 2 imm. sk

^'. c? ad. sk.

Add:—

I, m. S ? ad. sk.

Add :—

X. S ad. sk.
y. cJ ad. sk.

z. Imm. sk.
a'. Imm. sk.

6'. 2 iuiDi. sk.

e'. 2 imni. sk.
rf'. Imm. sk.
e'. Imm. sk.

Page 315. Dendroeca auduboni.

Fort Bridger, Utah, May

{C. Drexhr).
Ciudad Durango, INIexico,

Nov. {A. Forrer).
Presidio, Mexico, Jan. {A.

Forrer').
City of Mexico.
Totonicapam, Guatemala,

10,000 feet, Feb. (0. -S'.).
San Geronimo, Vera Paz

(0. S.).

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Page 317. Dendroeca palmarura.

Grand Crossing, Illinois, R. B. Sharps, Esq. [P.].

May .3 {H. K. Coale).
Massachusetts {Dr.Breioer). Salvin-Godman CoU.
PhUadelphia (J. Krider). Salvin-Godman CoU.
Jamaica (Osburii). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Samana, San Domingo, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(C. G. McGregor).
Arenoso, San Domingo,

March ( C. G. Mc Gregor).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Page 320. Dendroeca castanea.

Massachusetts (Dr.Brewer). Salvin-Godman CoU.

~ " ' ~ " Salvin-Godman OoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

CarUsle, Pa., May.
Laurel, Maryland, May {R.

Ridgway).
Veragua {E. Arce).
ChepO; Panama (E. Arce).
Isthmus of Panama {Mc-

Leannmi).
Remedios, Autioquia (T.

K. Salmon).

Salvin-
Salvin-
Salvin-

Godman Coll.
Godman CoU.
Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Page 323. Dendroeca pinus.

Massachusetts {Dr.Brewer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Page 325. Dendroeca striata.

Massachusetts (Dr.Bretcer).
Meridian Hill, D.C., May

{E. Coues).
Bogota.
Sarayacu, Ecuador (C,

Buckley).
Roraima, British Guiana,

Nov. {H. miitely).
Roraima, Jan. {H. Wliitely).
British Guiana {H. Tlliitely).
R. Oyapock, French Guiana

(Jelski) .

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

651

Add:—

0. (S ad. sk.
p. Imm. sir.

q, r. c? ad. et imm.

sk.
s. c? ad. et imm. sk.

t, u. Imm. sk.
V. Imm. sk.

w. 5 ad. sk.
.r. Ad. sk.
y, s. Imm. sk.

a', b'. Imm. sk.

Page 327. Dendrceca caerulea.

United States.

Irazu district, Costa Rica

{H. Rogers).
Calovevora, Veragua {E.

Arce).
Isthmus of Panama (J1/c-

Leannan).
Bogota.
Interior of Colombia

(Birchall).
Antioquia (T. K. Salmon).
Ecuador.
Sarayacu, Ecuador ( C.

Buckley),
Nairapi, Bolivia {C.Buckley).

Salvin-
Salvin-

Salvin-

Salvin-

Salvin-
Salvin-

Salvin-
Salvin-
Salvin-

Godman CoU.
Godman Coll.

■Godman Coll.

•Godman CoU.

■Godman CoU.
Godman CoU.

■Godman Coll.
•Godman CoU.
Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

^(jd . Page 329. Dendrceca caerulescens.

2, a', c? $ ad, sk. Washing-ton, B.C. (C. Salvin-Godman CoU.

Dre.xier).

b'. Imm. sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala, Nov. Sahin-Godman CoU.

(0. S.).

c'. Ad. ; d'. Juv .sk. Jamaica. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e'. Sternum. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C],

^^(j . Page 332. Dendrceca pharetra.

g,h. cJ 5 ad. sk. Jamaica, May {E. Newton). Salvin-Godman CoU.

^^^ . Page 333. Dendrceca plnmbea.

c. 2 ad. sk. Dominica (JF. A, Ober). Salvin-Godman CoU.

d. j ad. sk. Guadeloupe {F. A. Ober). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Add:—
t. Ad. sk.

II. Ad. sk.
V. cJ ad. sk.

Page 335. Perissoglossa tigrina.

May Salvin-Godman CoU.

Williamsport, Pa.,
(C. J. Maynard).
Carlisle, Pa., May.
Jamaica, Oct. (E.Newton).

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Add:—
h. cJ ad. sk.

i. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
I. J ad. sk.

m. (S ad.; n. Juv.
sk-.

Page 337. Peucedramus olivaceus.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Oaxaca, Mexico (A. Feno-

chio).

South Mexico (Be Oca). Salvin-Godman CoU.
Near the City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Ciudad Durango, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Nov. 2 (A. Forrer).
Ciudad Burango, July (A. Salvin-Godman CoU.

Forrer).

652

0. 2 ad. sk.

p, q. S ad. sk.
r, s. S 2 a<i' sk.

Volcau de Agua, Guate-
mala, Dec. (0. S. ^ F.
D. G.).

Pine Forest, Volcan de
Fuego, Guatemala, Nov.
(0. S. ^ F. D. G.)

Pine Forest, Nov. (O. S.).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

^^^ . Page 339. Siurus auricapillus.

q. Ad. sk. Esquimault, British Co-

lumbia (A. H. Mark-
hani) .

>•. c? ad. sk. Disti'ict of Columbia, May

(F. Coues).

s,t. Ad.sk. N-YuceitsiniG. F.Gaumer).

u. Ad. sk. Cozumel Island (F. C.

Devis).

V. Ad. sk. Volcan de Agua, Guate-

mala, Nov. (O. S.).

w. 2 ad. sk. Duenas, Feb. (O. &).

.r. Ad. sk. Escuinthla, Jan. (O. SX

y. Ad. sk. Coban, Vera Paz, Jan.

(O. S. ^- F. B. G.)

z. (S -ad. sk. Cboctum, Vera Paz, Feb.

(0. S.SfF.n. G.).

a'. Ad. sk. Costa Rica {Van Patteti).

b'. (5 ad. sk. Volcan de Cbiriqui (F.

Arce).

c'. c? ad. sk. Samana, San Domingo,

Sept. (C. G. McGregor).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoD.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Add :—

h. c? ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.

k. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.

m. Ad. sk,

«, Ad. sk.

0. c? ad. sk.

Add:—
w. Ad. sk.

X, y. Ad. sk.

s. tS ad. sk.
a'. 5 ad. sk.

Page 342. Siurus motacilla.

Peoria, 111. {Bishop).
Retalliuleu, Guatemala,

^e^i. {0. S. ^ F. D. G.).
Choctum, Vera Paz (0. S.).
Coban, Vera Paz, Nov.

(O. S.).
Volcan de Fuego, 6000 feet,

Aug. (O. 6-.).
Dueiias, Oct. {O. S. ^- F.

I). G.).
Bugaba, Chiriqui {E. Arce).

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoD.

Salvin-Godman Coll,

Page 343. Siurus naevius.

Washington, D.C, (C. Salvin-Godman CoU.

Drexler).
Progi-eso, N. Yucatan {G. Salvin-Godman Coll.

F. Gaumer).
Belize, British Honduras, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Dec. (O. S.).
Retalhuleu, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sept. {O.S.Sf F. D. G.)

ADDENDA.

653

b'. c? ad. sk.
c'. Ad. sk.
d'. Ad. sk.

e'. Ad. sk.
/'. S ad. sk.

</, h'. (S 2 sk.

i'. Ad. sk.

k'. Ad. sk.
/'. cJ ad. sk.
wi'. c? ad. sk.

«'. Ad. sk.

o'. Ad. sk.
^j'. (5 ad. sk.

Duenas, Aug. (0. S.).
Duenas, Sept. (O. S.).
Coban, Vera Paz, Dec.

(O. S.).
Vera Paz (0. S.).
Calovevora; Veragua (-B.

v4yce).
Lion Hill, Isthmus of

Panama (McLeannan).
Paraiso, Panama {A.

Htu/hes) .
Bogota.

Medellin {T. K. Salmon).
Minca, Sierra Nevada de

Santa Maria, March {F.

Simons).
Bartica Grove, British Gui-
ana, Dec. (H. Whitely).
E,ovaima,Dec.(i/'. Wlntelrj).
Moneague, Jamaica, Aug.

(O. S. ^- F. D. G.).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Add:—
/. Ad. sk.

ff. cJ imm. sk.

Add:—
/. (5 ad. sk.

m. Ad. sk.

n. Ad. sk.

o. Ad. sk.

p. Imm. sk.
q, '■• d 2 ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
f. 2 ad.sk.

M. Ad. sk.

Page 347. Oporornis agilis.

Cambridge, Mass. , Sept. (H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

JV. Henshaw).
Stone's Lot, D.C. (D. W. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Prentiss).

Page 348. Oporornis formosa.

Wagon-road to Bridger's

Pass, May ( Tl'. S. Wood).
Calderas, Volcan de Fuego,

Guatemala, 7300 feet,

Sept. (0. S.).
Coban, Vera Paz, Jan.

(0. S. .$■ F. D.G.).
Angostura,CostaRica,Feb.

(J. Carmiol).
Costa Rica (E. Arce).
Chiriqui (F. Arce).
SantaF(5, Veragua (F.Arce).
Chepo, Isthmus of Panama

(F. Arce).
Isthmus of Panama (i)/c-

Leannan).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvm-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Add:— Page 389. Basileuterus conspicillatus.

Spec, a, h. Tj'pes of species.

^(j(j . Page 596. Anthus pennsylvanicus.

Alauda pensilvanica, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. '2Q7 (1787).

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

abyssiiiica (Cecropis),

154.
abvssinica (Hirunclo),

154.
adelaidsB (Dendroeca),

306, 307.
adelaidffi (Dendroica),

30(i.
adelaidce (Mniotilta),

306.
senea (Microcbelidon),

30.
seneum (Dicasum), 10,

30.
ajquiuoctialis (Geothly-

l)is), 359, 360, 361.
aequiuoctialis (Motacil-

la), 360.
sequiiioctialis (Trichas),

360.
aestiva (Dendroeca), 264,

267, 272, 273, 276,

644.
sestiva (Dendroica), 273.
SBstiva (Mniotilta), 273.
aestiva (MotaciUa), 273.
iiestiva (Sylvia), 273,

278.
sestiva (Sylvicola), 273,

277.
aestivus (Ehimamphus),

273, 27S.
asthiopica (Hirundo),

146, 147.
affinis (Pardalotus), 55,

56, 57.
afra (MotaciUa), 493.
African Wagtail, 493.
africana (MotaciUa),

528.
agile (Dicffiiun), 73.
agile (Piprisoma), 73.
agilis (Agrodroma), 574.
agilis (Antlius), 544,

547.
agilis (Fringilla), 73.
agUis (Geothlypis), 347.
agilis (Oporornis), 347,
653.

agilis (Pipastes), 544,

548.
agiHs (Sylvia), 347.
agilis (Sylvicola), 347.
agilis (Trichas), 347.
Agrodroma, 534.
agrorum (Anthus), 570.
agrorum (Corydalla),

571.
Aguimp, 488.
aguimp (MotaciUa),

488.
Akaiearoa, 4.
alba (MotaciUa), 460,
463, 464, 465, 466,
468, 471, 474, 479,
480, 482, 483, 486.
albeola (MotaciUa), 465,

474.
albiceps (Atticora), 206.
albiceps (PsaUdoprocne),

206.
albicolUs (Dendroica),

278.
albicoUia (MotaciUa),

278.
albicoUis (Sylvia), 278.
albifrons (Setopbaga),

422.
albigena (Chelidon), 94.
albigula (Hirundo), 146.
albilinea (Hirundo), 115,

116.
albilinea (Petrocbelidon),

115.
albiUnea (Tacbyeineta),

115,631.
albilineata (Hirundo),

115.
albilora (Dendroeca),

302, 303, 304.
albilora (Dendi-oica),

302.
albiloris (Polioptila),

452, 454, 455.
albiscapulata (Atticora),

205.
albiventer (Hirundo),
113.

albiventer (Petrocbeli-
don), 113.
albiventris (Cotyle), 102.
albiventris (Hirundo),

113, 176.
albiventris (Petrocbeli-
don), 113.
albiventris (Tacbyeine-
ta), 113, 630.
alboides (MotaciUa),

482, 483, 486.
albo-punctatum (Dicse-

um), 28.
alexandri (Lobornis),

78.
alfredi (Hirundo), 198.
algira (MotaciUa), 460.
Aloiiette a dos rous,

555.
Alouette aux jouesbrunes

de Peusilvanie, 596.
Alouette de Bois on Le

Cujelier, 543.
Alouette de buisson, 543.
Alouette de champ, 569.
Alouette de Marais, 569.
Alouette de PensUvanie,

596.
Alouette de pre ou La

Farlouse, 580.
Alouette du Cap de Bonno

Esperance, 623.
Alouette Pipi, 592.
Alouette Sentinelle,

623.
alpestris (Cecropis), 166,

159.
alpestris (Hirundo), 156,

159,161,162.
alpestris (Lillia), 159.
alpinus (Antbus), 593.
alticeps (Antbus), 581.
ameUee (Antbus), 628.
amelias (Macronyx),

628.
americana (Ampelis),

215.
americana (BombyciUa),
215.

656

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

americana (Cecropis),

138.
americana (Compsothly-

pis), -257.
americana (Hirundo),

139, 140, 193.
americana (Mniotilta),

257.
americana (Motacilla),

256.
americana (Parula), 256,

257, 642.
americana (Petroclieli-

dou), 193.
americana (Euticilla),

412.
americana (Sylvia), 256.
americana (SvMcola),

256.
americanus (Parus), 256.
amicta (Cardellina), 408.
amicta (Setopbaga), 408.
Ampelis, 211,212.
amiu-eusis (Motacilla),

473, 474, 476, 477,

485.
Anaimos, 63.
anehietae (Hirundo), 151.
andamanensis (Hirmido),

135.
andecola (Hirundo),

184.
anglica (Motacilla), 510,

511.
anglorum (Motacilla),

611.
angolensis (Anthus),

540.
angolensis (Hirundo),

145.
antarcticus (Authus),

604.
anthoides (Curruca),

344.
Anthus, 534.
antiuorii (Psalidoproc-

ne), 205.
aquaticus (Anthus), 589,

591, 592, 593, 597,

599.
aquaticus (Seiurus), 344.
aquaticus (Tm'dus), 344.
araleusis (Budytes), 529.
arborea (Alauda), 543.
arborea (Cbelidou), 191,

199.
arborea (Collocalia),

191.
arborea (Hirundo), 191.
arboreus (Anthus), 543,

547, 613.

arboreus (Dendronan-

thus), 544.
arboreus (Pipastes), 544.
archetes (Cecropis), 166.
archetes (Hirundo), 166.
arctivitta (Cecropis), 161.
arctivitta (Hirundo),

161.
arctivitta (Lillia), 161.
arenaria (Corydalla),

571.
arfaki (Oreocharis), 53.
arfaki (Parus), 53.
argvrotis (Svlvia). 406.
ariel (Chelidon), 199.
ariel (CoUocalia), 199.
ariel (Herse), 199.
ariel (Hirundo), 199.
ariel (Lagenoplastes),

199.
ariel (LiUia), 199.
ai'iel (Petrochelidon),

199, 636.
Artomyias, 1, 85.
arvensis (Corydalla),

571.
Ash-bellied Swallow,

184.
assimilis (Pardalotiis),

56.
aterrima (Ptilogonys),

221.
atricapilla (Abromis),

435.
atricapilla (Culicivora),

446, 450, 451.
atricapilla (Dendroeca),

325.
atricapilla (Motacilla),

528.
atricapillus (Budytes),

523.
atrocaerulea (Hirundo),

149.
atrogaster (Dic£Eum), 19.
Atticora, 85, 86, 182.
aucklaudicus (Anthus),

617.
auduboni (Dendroeca),

315, 316, 317.
auduboni (Deudroica),

315.
auduboni (Mniotilta),

315.
auduboni (Sylvia), 315.
auduboni (Sylvicola),

315.
audubonis (Dendroica),

316.
aurantia (Mniotilta), 288.
aurantia (Motacilla), 288.

aurantiaca (Setophaga),

aurea (Drepanis), 50.
aurea (Hypoloxias), 50.
aurea (Losops), 50.
aureocapilla (Budytes),

503, 507.
aureocapUla (Setophaga),

393.
aureola (Dendroeca), 277, ■

282, 645.
aureola (Dendroica), 282.
aureola (Mniotilta), 282.
aureola (Sylvicola), 282.
aureolimbatum (Dicffi-

um), 70.
aureolimbatus (Priono-

chilus), 70.
auricapilla (Henicocich-

la), 340.
am'icapillus (Accentor),

340.
auricapillus (Basileute-

rus), 393.
auricapillus (Budytes)

507.
auricapillus (Siurus),

339, 340.
aiu-icolUs (Interia), 373.
auricoLis (Mniotilta),

250.
auricoUis (Motacilla),

249.
amncolUs (Sylvia), 249.
am-icoUis (Sylvicola),

249.
am-icollis (Tanagra), 373.
auricularis (Basileute-

rus), 377, 386.
auricularis (Geothlypis),

361, 362.
am-igula (Sylvia), 397.
aui'ocapilla (Enicocich-

la), 340.
aurocaj)illa (Motacilla),

340.
aurocajjilla (Sylvia), 340.
aurocapillus (^Curruca),

340.
am-ocapillus (Seiurus),

340.
aurocapillus (Siurus), 652,
aurocapillus (Tm'dus),

340.
australis (Anthus), 615.
australis (Garrulus), 373.
australis (Hirundo), 191.
autumnahs (Sylvia), 320.
azidadillo, Coutramaes-

tre, 444.
azurea (Sylvia), 327.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

657

bachmani (Helinaia),

239.
bacbmaui (Helinintho-

pbaga), 239.
bachmani (Helmitberoe),

239.
bachmani (Mniotilta),

239.
bachmani (Sylria), 239.
baclimani (Sylvicola),

239.
bachmani (Vermivora),

239.
bachmanni (Helmintho-

phila), 239.
badia (Cecropis), 166.
badia (Hirundo), 166.
baicalensis (Motacilla),

470.
bailleui (Losioides), 49.
bairdi (Geothljpis), 3.57.
baii'di (Setophaga), 423.
barbadensis (Dendroeca),

280.
bartholemica (Dendroe-
ca), 276.
Basileuteriis, 227, 374,

376.
batchianensis (Anthus),

613.
beema (Motacilla), 521,

525.
beldingi (Geothlypis),

356.
belli (BaeUeuterus), 395.
belli (Muscicapa), 395.
beUii (Setophaga), 395.
Belted Warbler, 312.
Bergeronette a collier de

lisle de Lu90u, 482.
Bergeronette de Java,

497, 516.
Bergeronette de lisle de

Timor, 516.
Bergeronette de Madras,

490.
Bergeronette de Prin-

temps, 516.
Bergeronette du Cap de

Bonne Esperance, 493.
Bergeronette du Prin-

temps, 510.
Bergeronette grise, 464.
Bergeronette grise des

Indes, 532.
Bergeronette jaune male,

497.
Bergeronette jaune, 497.
bertheloti (Anthus), 591.
Biblis, 85, 95.
bicolor (Chelidon), 118.
VOL. X.

bicolor (Herse), 118.
bicolor (Hirundo), 117,

118.
bicolor (Iridiprocne),

118.
bicolor (Melanocharis),

81.
bicolor (Petrochelidon),

lis.

bicolor (Tachycineta),

117,118,6.31.
bifasciata (Sylvia), 327.
bilineata (Culicivora),

452.
bilineata (Polioptila),

452.
Bimbele, 317.
bi.shopi (Leucopeza),

_ 228, 638.
bistrigata (Calobates),

499.
bistrigata (Motacilla),

498.
bivittata (Culicivora),

444.
bivittata (Muscicapa),

391.
bivittata (Muscicapara),

391.
bivittata (Setophaga),

391.
bivittatus (BasUeuterus),

386, 387, 391.
bivittatus (Trichas), 391.
Black and white Creeper,

251.
blackburni (Sylvia), 288.
blackburnise (Dendrceca),

2C)7, 288, 289, 646.
blackburni£e (Dendroica),

289.
blackburnia (Mniotilta),

2S9.
blackburniise (Motacilla),

288.
blackburnire (Rhimam-

phus), 289.
blackburuiaj (Sylvia),

288.
blackburnise (Sylvicola),

288.
Blackburniau Warbler,

28s.
Black-headed Warbler,

412.
blakistoni (Anthus), 593,

595, 599.
blakistoni (Chelidon), 91,

92.
blakistoni (Motacilla),

474.

Black-poll Warbler, 325.
Black-throated Green

Flycatcher, 297.
Black-throated Warbler,

330.
blanda (Helmitherus),

368.
Bloody-side Warbler,

276, 286.
Blue Flycatcher, 329.
Blue-gray Warbler, 329.
boarula (Calobates), 499.
boarida (Motacilla), 497,

516.
boarulus (Budytes), 498.
bocagii (Authus), 579.
bogotensis (Anthus),

603.
bogotensis (Pediocorys),

603.
bohemica (Bombycilla),

213.
boissoneauti (Cecropis),

133.
boissoneauti (Hirundo),

129, 133.
boliviana (Culicivora),

445.
boliviana (Polioptila),

445.
bolivianus (Basileuterus),

402.
Bombiciphora, 212.
Bombycilla, 212.
bombycilla (Parus), 213.
Bombycivora, 212.
bonapartii (Muscicapa),

432.
bonapartii (Sylvania),

433.
bonapartii (Wilsonia),

432.
bonarieusis (Alauda),

606.
borbouica (Cotyle), 122.
borbo7iica (Hirundo),

122.
borbonica (Phedina),

122, 123.
borbonica (Progne), 123.
borealis (Budytes), 523.
boreahs (Mniotilta), 252,

253.
borealis (Motacilla), 522.

523, 527.
brachycentrus (Anthus),

570, 571.
brachydactylus (Trichas),

352.
brachyrhynchus (Bomby-
cilla), 213.
2u

658

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

brachyrhjucbus (Mota-

cilla), 405.
braohyunis (Anthus),

551, 553.
brasieri (Basileuterua),

383.
brasieri (Muscicapa),

383.
brasiliana (Compsotbly-

pis), 259.
brasiliana (Parula), 259,

2H0.
brasiliana (Sylvia), 259.
brevicaudata (Ootyle),

104.
brevicaudata (Hirundo),

104.
brevicaudatus (Budytes),

521.
brevicaudus (Anthus),

651.
brevirostris (Anthus),

547, 605.
breviuDguis (Anthus),

325.
Brovvn-coUared Swallow,

101.
brunneiceps (Basileute-
rua), 396, 429.
brunneiceps (Setophaga),
bryanti (Dendroeca), 284,

645.
Budvtes, 4.57.
buffoni (Polioptila), 447,

448, 449.
butleri (Anthus), 539.
byronensis (Drepanis), 8.
byronensis (Nectarinia),

Byrseus, 49.

(Basileuterus),
(Bombycilla),
(Culicivova),
(I'eiidroeca), 327,

cabanisi

384.
cserulea

213
carulea

442.
Cffirulea

651.
cserulea

327.
caerulea
caerulea

327.
casrulea

449.
cserulea

442.
cserulea

451.
caerulea

(Diiidroica),

(Hirundo), 173.

(Miiiotilta),

(MotaciUa), 442,

(Muscicapa),
(Polioptila), 442,
(Syhania), 442.

carulea (Sylvia), 327,

442.
cajrulea (Sylvicola), 327.
Ceerulean Warbler, 442.
ccerulesoens (Dendroeca),

329, 330, 651.
cserulescens (Dendroica),

330.
cserulescens (Mniotilta),

330.
eterulescens (Motacilla),

330.
ca;ruleu8 (Rhimamphus),

327.
caffer (Anthus), 674,

577.
cahirica (Cecropis), 133.
cahirica (Cotyle), 111.
cahirica (Hirundo), 127,

12'J, 133, 140.
Calaudre du Cap de
Bonne Esperance, 623.
calearata (Budytes). 503.
caicaratus (Anthus), lilO.
calcaratus (Budytes),

507.
calif'ormca (Polioptila),

450, 451.
Calobates, 457.
calthi-opte (Anthus), 551.
campestris (Agrodroma),

570, 571.
campestris (Alauda),

569.
campestris (Anthus),
553, 562, 569, 670, 571,
599.
campestris (Budytes),

510, 514.
campestris (Motacilla),

510, 511.
camtschatica (Motacilla),

474.
cana (Motacilla), 442.
caua (Sylvia), 442.
Canada Flycatcher, 432.
Canada Swallow, 173.
canadensis (Dendroeca),

330.
canadensis (Dendroica),

330.
canadensis (Euthlypis),

433.
canadensis (Mniotilta),

330.
canadensis (MotaciUa),

273, 312, 329, 340.
canadensis (Muscicapa),

432
canadensis (Myiodioctes),
432.

canadensis (Phyllo-

pneuste), 330.
canadensis (Kbimam-

phus), 330.
cuadcnsis (^Setophaga),

432.
canadensis (Sylvia), 330.
canadensis (Sylvicola),

S30.
Candida (Hirundo'), 88.
canicapilla (Sylvia), 3(i3.
canicapilla (Tanagra),

3f;3.
canicapilla (Trichas),

363.
caninucha (Geothlypis),

359.
cantillans (Certhia), 38.
cantillans (Dicaium), 38.
Cape Lark, 623, 626.
Cape Wagtail, 493.
capensis (Alauda), 623.
capensis (Anthus), 623.
Capensis (Oorydalla),

624.
capensis (Alacronyx),623,

625, 626.
capensis (Motacilla), 488,

493.
capitalis (Dendroeca), 277,

280, 281, 645.
capitalis (Dendroica),

280.
carbonata (Dendroeca),

264.
carbonata (Dendroica),

264.
carbonata (Helinaia),

264.
carbonata (Helmintho-

phaga), 264.
carbonata (Helmitheros),

264.
carbonata (Mniotilta),

264.
carbonrita(PeritSOglossa),

204.
carbonata (Sylvia), 264.
carbonata (Sylvicola),

204.
carbonata (Vermivora),

2(54.
Cardellina, 227, 404,

408.
Carolina Chatterer, 215.
carolinensis (Ampelis),

21.5.
carolinensis (BonibyciUa),

215.
carolinensis (Mniotilta),

273.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

659

carolinensis (Motacilla),

273.
carolinensis (Sylvia), 273.
eashmeriensis (Motacilla)

480.
caslimiriensis (Ohelidon),

89, 90, 91.
casbmiriensis (Hirmido),

90.
caspicus (Parus), 516.
castanea (Deudrosca),

320, (i50.
castanea (Dendroica),

320.
castanea (Hirundo), 133.
castanea (Mniotilta),

320.
castanea (Setophaga),

418.
castanea (Sylvia), 320.
caslanea (Sylvieola), .320.
castaneieapilla (Setopha-

ga), 429.
castaneiceps (Basileute-

rus"), 389.
castaneus (Rhiniamplius),

320.
caudatus (Ptilogonys),

222, 224, 638.
caudatus (Spbenotelus),

224.
cecilii (An thus), 58(5.
Cecropis, 123.
cedrorum (Ampelis), 215,

636.
cedrorum (Bombycilla),

215.
cedrorum (Bombyci-

pbora), 215.
celata (Helinaia), 244.
celata (Helmintbopbaga),

244, 246.
celata (Helmintbopbila),

244, 245, 640.
celata (Helmitlieros),

244.
celata (Mniotilta), 244.
celata (Sylvia), 244.
celata (Veniiivora). 244.
celebicum (Dioseum), 23,

24.
cervicalis (Motacilla),

465.
cerviua (MotaciUa), 585.
cervinus (Antbus), 583,

585, 586, 589.
chalybea (Cecropis), 178.
cbalybea (Hirundo), 178.
cbalybea (Progue), 633.
Cbalybeate Swallow,

178.

Cbat, Yellow-breasted,

373.
Cbatterer, 215.
Cbatterer of Carolina,

215.
Chatterer, Prib, 215.
Cliatterer, Waxen, 212.
Chattering Flycatcher,

373.
Chelidon. 85, 86, 123.
Cberamoeca, 86, 171.
I'hii (Alondra), 608.
cbii (Antbus), 606, 608,

609.
cbildrenii (Sylvia), 273.
cbilensis (Corydalla),

610.
Chimney Swallovr, 129.
cbinensis (Corydalla),

565.
cbinensis (Hirundo),

104.
cbiriquensis(Geotblypis),

362.
Cbloris, 254.
cbloris (Antbus), 539,

.541, 542.
cbloris (Cynaadium),

539.
cbloris (Himatione), 9.
cbloroleuca (Motacilla),

278.
cbloroleuca (Sylvia),

278.
Cbloromyi.as, 53.
cbloroptera (Melano-

cbaris), 79, 80, 81.
cbrvsocephala (Mota-
cilla), 288.
ebrysocephala (Sylvia),

288.
chrysocepbala(Sylvicola),

288.
cbrysoehlore (Dicaum),

44.
chrysogaster (Basileu-

terus), 394.
cbrysogastra (Motacilla),

516.
chrvsogastra (Setopbaga),

391.
chrvsopareia (Dendroeea),

296.
chrvsopareia(Dendroica ),

2'.IC..
cbrv>opareia (Mniotilta),

296.
cbry.soparia (Dendroeea),

294, 2VI5, 647.
chrvsopbryo (Easileu-

terus), 395.

chrysops (Setopbaga),

427.
cbrysoptera (Helinaia),

235.
chrysoptera (Helmmtho-

pbaga), 235.
chrysoptera (Helmin-

tbopbila),233,234,235,

236, 639.
chrysoptera (Helmitlie-
ros), 23.5.
chrysoptera (Mniotilta),

235.
chrysoptera (Motacilla),

235, 352.
chrysoptera (Sylvia), 2.35.
chrysoptera (Sylvieola),

235.
chrysoptera (Vermivora),

235.
cbrvsorrhoea (Hypotby-

mis), 222.
cbi'ysorrboeum (Di-

eaium), 44.
Cii'hlops, 534.
ciiicinnatiensis (Helmin-
tbopbaga), 234.
ciucinnatiensis (Helmin-
tbopbila) 234.
cincta (Cotile), 101.
cincta (Cotyle), 101.
cincta (Hirundo), 101.
cincta (Motacilla), 312.
cincta (Salvia), 312.
cinerea (Atticora), 184,

634.
cinerea (Hirundo), 97,

184.
cinerea (MotaciUa), 465,

498.
cinereicapdla (Motacilla),

526.
cinereicollis (Basileute-

rus), 382.
cinereicollis (Setopbaga),

382.
ciuereigulare (Dicteiun),

40.
cinereocapilla (Budytes),

526.
cinereocapilla (Motacilla),

517, 519. 52_', .526.
cinereocapillus (Budytes),

517, 523, 526.
Cinereous Wagtail, 465.
cincreus (Ptilogonatus),

222.
cinereus (Ptilogouys),222,

638.
cinnamouiea (Agrodro-

ma), 560.
2u2

660

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

cinnainomeiis (Anthus),

556, 574.
citrea (Helmintbopbaga),

250.
citrea (Mniotilta), 249.
citrea (Motaoilla), 249.
citrea (Protonotaria), 249,

250, 641.
citreola (Budytes), 503,

607.
citreola (Motacilla), 503,

510.
citreoloides (Budytes),

507, 508.
citreoloides (Motacilla),

507, 508, 509.
citreus (Turdus), 340.
citriuella (MotaciUa),503.
citrinella (Sylvia), 273.
Clivicola, 85, 95.
coccinea (Carduelis), 50.
coccinea (Certhia), 6, 15.
coccinea (Drepanis), 6, 7.
coccinea (Fringilla), 50.
coccinea (Hypoloxias), 50.
coccinea (Linaria), 60.
coccinea (Loxops), 49, 50.
coccinea (Mcllisuga), 6.
coccinea (Nectarinia), 6.
coccinea (Vestiaria), 6, 7,

630.
coccineum (Dicceum), 16,

17.
Collared Wagtail, 482.
communis (Anthus), 581.
Compsothlypis, 254.
concolor (Biblis), 108.
concolor (Cotile), 108.
concolor (Cotyle), 108.
concolor (Dicseum), 45.
concolor (Hirundo), 108,

176.
concolor (Progne), 176.
concolor (Ptyouoprogne),

108.
couspicillatus (Basileu-

terus), 389, 653.
Contraraaest re azuladillo,

444.
Contramaestre eoronado,

393.
Contramaestre, El, 400.
Contramaestre verde pe-

cho de oro, 363.
coronata (Dendrceca),311,

313, 316, 317, 649.
coronata (Dendroica),

312.
coronata (Hirundo), 195,

196.
coronata (Mniotilta), 312.

coronata 'Motacilla),

312.
coronata (Sylvia), 312.
coronata (Sylvicola), 312.
corouatus (Anthus), 310.
coronatus (Basileuterus),

390.
coronatus (Myiodioctes),

390.
coronatus(Eliimamplius),

312.
coronatus (Turdus), 340.
correndera (Alondra),

610.
correndera (Anthus), 610,

619.
Corydalla, 534.
Cotile, 86, 95.
Cuu-jaune, 301.
coutellii (Anthus), 593.
covrani (Cotile), 104.
Crag Swallow, 109.
crassirostris (Rampho-

charis), 83, 84.
Creeper, Black and

White, 251.
Creeper, Crimson, 8.
Creeper, GJreat Hook-
billed, 5.
Creeper, Hook-biUed

Green, 4.
Creeper, Hook-billed

Red, 6.
Creeper, Little Black,
White, and Red Indian,
15.
Creeper, Olive-green, 9.
Cree]3er, Orange-breast-
ed, 38.
Creeper, Pine, 237, 323.
Creeper, Red -backed, 15.
Creeper, Red-billed, 48.
Creeper, Scarlet, 50.
Creeper, Small Black and

White, 251.
Creeper, Yellow-throated,

301.
Creeping Titmouse, 256.
crenatus (Anthus), 541,

542.
Crimson Creeper, 8.
crocea (Alauda), 626.
crocea (Macronyx), 623.
croceoventre (Dicaum),

38.
croceus vAnthus), 626.
croceus (Corydalla), 626.
croceus (Macronyx), 626;
crm-iana(Pendroeca),

276.
cruentata (Certhia), 15.

cruentatum (Dicaeum),

10, 15, 17, 18.
cryptoleuca (Progne),

173, 174.
cucuUata (Cecropis), 153.
pucullata (Hirundo), 152.
cucaillata (Muscicapa),

438.
cucuUata (Sylvia), 363.
Cujelier, 580.
culicivora (Setophaga),

383.
culicivora (Sylvia), 383.
culieivorus(Basileuterus),

383.
cyaneoviridis (Oalliche-

lidon), 121.
cyaneoviridis (Hirundo),

121.
cyaneoviridis (Tachy-

cineta), 121, 631.
cyanoleuca (Atticora),

186, 187, 634.
cyanoleuca (Herse), 186.
cyanoleuca (Hirundo),

186.
cyanoleuca (Petrocheli-

don), 187.
cyanopyrrha (Cecroi^is),

138.
cyanopyrrha (Hirundo),

138.
CynsBflium, 534.
cypselina(Psalidoprocne),

202.
cypseloides (Atticora),

152.
cypseloides (Hirimdo),

152.

dakhanensis (Motacilla),

465.
dalmatica (Motacilla),

526.
danicus (Anthus), 581.
dasypus (Cbelidon), 91,

92, 93.
dasypus (Deliclion), 92.
dasypus (Hirundo), 92.
Daurian Swallow, 1.59.
daurica (Cecropis), 159,

161,164.
daurica (Hirundo), 156,

158, 159, 160, 161,

162, 164.
daurica (Lillia), 161.
decora (Dendrocca), 305.
decora (Dendroica), 305.
delaliekiii (Sylvia), 360.
delafieldi (Trichas), 359,

360.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

661

delattrii (Basileuterus),

39fi, 397, 398.
delattrii (Septophaga),

396.
delicata (Dendroeca), 306.
Delichon, 86.
Demi-fin mangeur de

vers, 230.
Deudrceca, 226, 264.
Deudroica, 264.
Dendronanthus, 534.
derhami (Musicapa). 418.
desertorum (Antlius),

581.
desmaresti (Pipra), 19.
iliachlorus(Basileuterus),

391.
DicEBum, 2, 10.
Dicee 1 >ri ii\zc, 3' '.
dimidiata(Hemicecropi8),

148.
dimidiata (Hirimdo),

148.
discolor (Dendroeca), 307,

648.
discolor (Dendroica), 307.
discolor (Mniotilta), 307.
discolor (Ehimamphus),

307.
discolor (Sylvia), 307.
discolor (Sylvicola), 307.
domestica (Golondrina),

177.
domestica (Hirundo), 129,

177.
domestica (Progne), 175,

177, 178, 633.
domicella (Hirundo), 158,

165.
domicella (Lillia), 165.
domicola (Hirundo), 142.
domicola (Hypurolepis),

142.
dominica (Dendroeca),

301, 302, 303, 304,

648.
dominica (Dendroica).

302.
dominica (Mniotilta),

302.
dominica (MotacUla),

301.
dominica (Sylvia), 301.
dominica (Tanagra), 218.
dominicensis (Hirundo),

171, 176.
dominicensis (Progne),

176, 178, 633.
dominicus (Dulus), 218,

219, 637.
dorsale (Dicaeum), 40.

Drepanis, 25.

dubius (Burtytes), .521.

duklumensis (Motacilla),

465, 468, 479, 480.
DuluB, 211, 218.
dumicola (CuUcivora),

445, 446.
dumicola (Icteria). 373.
dumicola (Polioptila),

444, 445.
dumicola (Sylvia), 444.
Dun-rum pad Swallow,

190.
Dusky Warbler, 312.

elegans (Progne), 173,
175, 177.

ellisiana (Drepanis), 4.

eUisiana (Hemignathiis),
4.

empusa (Lagenoplastes),
200.

Enicocichla, 339.

eoa (Dendroeca), 266, 267,
644.

eoa (Dendroica), 266.

eoa (Mniotilta), 266.

eoa (Sylvicola), 266.

Equatorial Warbler, 360.

eques (CotHe), 101, 102.

eques (Ootyle), 101.

eques (Motacilla), 2,56.

Ergaticus, 227, 402, 406.

erithachorides (Obloris),
275.

erithachorides (Den-
droica), 283.

erythrocephala (Herse),
200.

erythrocephala (Hirun-
do). 200.

erythrogastra (Ohelidon),
"138.

erythrogastra (Hirundo),
"126, 137, 138, 139,
632.

ervthronotum (Dicceum),
"1.5.

ervthronotus (Anthus),
556.

erythronotus (Certhia),
"15.

erythropis (Parus), 408.

ervthropygia (Oecropis),
"161, 162, 164.

erythropygia (Hirundo),
"159, 161, 164.

erythropygia (Lillia),
164.

erythrorhynchos (Cer-
thia), 48.

erythrorhynchum (Di-
caeum), 48.
erythrothorax (Dicjeum),

30, 31, 32.
Esclave, 218.
euchrysea(Callichelidon),

170.
euchrysea (Herse), 170.
euchrysea(Hirundo),170,

171, 632.
euchrysea (Petrocheli-

don), 170.
euonyx (Anthus), 574.
euophi-ys (Basileuterus),

.382.
europea (Clivicola), 97.
Euthlypis, 410.
everetti (Dicaeum), 47.
everetti (Prionochilus),

76.
evi (Vestiaria), 6.
esimium (Dic£eum), 33.
Exochocichla, 339.

falcata (Drepanis), 8.

Falcator, 5.

Fariouse ou TAIouette de

pres, 543.
Farlouzanne, 596.
fasciata (Atticora), 149,

183, 634.
fasciata (Cecropis), 183.
fasciata (Hirundo), LS3.
fasciata (Motacilla), 465,

517.
fasciatus (Budytes), 517.
Fauvette a poitrine jaune

de Louisiane. 352.
Fauvette bleuatre de S.

Domingue, 329.
Fauvette ombree de la

Louisiane, 312.
Fauvette tachetee de la

Louisiane, 312, 343.
feldegii (Budytes), 526.
feldeggi (Motacilla), 527,

528, 529.
felix (MotaciUa), 483,

484, -iSS.
feucstrarum (Chelidon),

88.
fernandinffi (Anabates),

368.
fernandina' (Icteria),

368.
fernandina; (Teretistris),

3(58.
fernandina; (Teretristis),

368.
Field-Lark, 543.
Figuier a ceinture, 312.

661

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Figuier a cravatte noire,

297.
Figiiier a gorge blanche,

278.
Figuier a gorge orangee,

249.
Figuier a gorge noir de

Pensilvanie, 297.
Figuier a poitrine rouge,

286.
Figuier a teste d'or de

Pensilvanie, 339.
Figuier a teste jaune de

Canada, 285.
Figuier a teste jaune de

Pensilvanie, 285.
Figuier a tete cendree,

309.
Figuier a tete jaune de

Canada, 286.
Figuier a t6te noir de

Cayenne, 449.
Figuier a tete rouge de

Pensylvanie, 277.
Figuier a teste rouge de

Pensylvanie, 277.
Figuier a tete rousse,

276.
Figuier a ventre et tete

jaunes de la Louisiane,

249.
Figuier aux ailes dories,

235.
Figuier aux joues noires,

352.
Figuier bleu, 329.
Figuier brun de Canada,

335.
Figuier brun de S. Do-

mingue, 343.
Figuier cendre a collier,

256.
Figuier cendr6 a gorge

cendree, 442.
Figuier cendre a gorge

noire de Pensilvanie,

235.
Figuier cendre de Canada,

312.
Figuier cendre de la Ca-
roline, 256.
Figuier cendre de Pen-
silvanie, 442.
Figuier cendre de S. Do-

niingue, 301.
Figuier cendre tacbete de

Pensilvanie, 312.
Figuier cendre du Ca-
nada, 329.
Figuier cniironn^e dVr,

312.

Figuier de Canada, 273.
Figuier de la Caroline,

273.
Figuier de la Louisiane,

237, 256.
Figuier de la Martinique,

275.
Figuier de Mariland, 351.
Figuier de Mississippi,

312.
Figuier de Pensilvanie,

230.
Figuier de S. Domingue,

278.
Figuier des Sapins, 237.
Figuier etranger, 288.
Figuier grasset, 312.
Figuier gris-de-fer, 442.
Figuier noir, 411.
Figuier noir et jaune de

Cayenne, 411.
Figuier olive de Cayenne,

360.
Figuier orange, 288.
Figuier Pronotaire, 249.
Figuier rouge, 14.
Fiyuier tachete, 273.
Figuier tachete de Pen-
silvanie, 309.
Figiuer varie, 251.
Figuier varie de S. Do-
mingue, 251.
filicauda (Cecropis),

1.51.
filicauda (Hirundo),

151.
filicaudata (Cecropis),

151.
filicaudata (Hirundo),

150, 151.
fiUfera (Cecropis), 151.
filifera (Hirundo), 150.
filifera (IJromitrus),

151.
filiferus (TJromitrus),

151.
Fist de Provence, 569.
Fiste de Provence, 569.
Flame-coloured Warbler.

14.
flammea (Motacilla),

14.
flammea (Setophaga),

419,421.
flammea (Sylvia), 14.
flammeiun (Dicaeum),

14.
flava (Budytes), 499, 510,

516, 517, 521, 522.
flava n)repanis). 9.
Ilava (Himatioiie), 9.

flava (Motacilla), 497,510,

511,515,516,517,522.

523, 525, 526, 527, 528,

529, 530, 531.
flava (Nectarinia), 9.
flava (Sylvia), 273.
flaveola (Motacilla), 510,

516.
flaveola (Setophaga), 381,

426, 427.
flaveolus (Basileuterus),

380.
flaveolus (Myiotlilypis),

380.
flavescens (Anthus), 570.
flaveseens (Budytes),

517.
flavescens (Motacilla),

516.
flavicauda (Motacilla),

412.
flavicollis (Anthus), 625.
flavicollis (Macronyx),

625, 626.
flavicollis (Motacilla),

301.
flavicollis (Sylvia), 331.
flavicollis (Sylvicola\

302.
flavifrons (Budytes), 511.
flavifrons (Motacilla),

235,511.
flavifrons (Sylvia), 235.
flavigaster (Anthus),

626.
flavigaster (Macronyx),

626.
flavigastra (Cotyle), 208,

209.
flavissima (Budytes),

510.
flaviventris (Empidonax),

431.
flaviventris (Motacilla),

496.
flavopygia (Sylvia), 312.
flavus" (Budytes), 514,

526.
fluminicola (Hirundo),

200.
fluviatilis (Cotyle), 98.
fluviatilis (Motacilla),

344.
fluvicola (Hirimdo), 200.
fluvicola (Lagenoplastes),

200.
fluvicola (Petroehelidon),

200.
Flycatcher, Black-throat-
ed Green, 297.
Flycatcher, Blue, 329.

ALPHABETICAL nTOEX.

663

Flycatcher, Canada, 432.

Flycatcher, Chattering,
373.

Flycatcher, Golden-
crowned, 311.

Flycatcher, Golden-
winged, 23.^.

Flycatcher, Little Blue-
and-grey, 442.

Flvoatcher,Eed-throated,
285.

Flycatcher, Spotted Tel-
low, 335.

Flycatcher, Striped, 325.

Flycatcher. Yellow-
rumped, 3U9.

Flycatcher, Yellow-
tailed, 411.

foliorum (Anthus), 544.

Ibrmosa (Mniotilta),
348.

formosa (Oporomis), 234,
348, 350, 653.

formosa (Sylvania), 348.

formosa (Sylvia), 348.

formosa (Sylvicola), 348.

formosus (Myioctonus),
348.

formosus (Myiodioctes),
348.

forusi (Icteria), 368.

forusi (Teretistris), 368.

fornsi (Teretristis), 368.

fortipes (Cichlops), 574.

francesc£e (Granatellus),
370.

I'rancesciB (Icteria), 370.

francisci (Motacilla), 483.

fraseri (Basileuterus).
394.

frenata (Hirundo), 135.

French Creeper, 256.

fretensis (Hirundo), 135,
142.

frontalis (Cecropis), 142.

frontalis (Herse), 142.

frontalis (Hirundo), 115,
127, 142, 144.

froutata (ilotacUla), 483.

fucata (Atticora), 188,
189, 635.

fucata (CotUe), 189.

fucata (Cotyle), 189.

fucata (Herse), 189.

fucata (Hirundo), 188.

fulgidum (Dicseum),
22.

fuliginosus (Anthus).
629.

fuligula (Cotile), 106,
107.

fuligula (Cotyle), 106,

107.
fuligula (Hirundo), 10(>.
fulva (Cecropis), 196.
fulva (Hirundo), 193,

195.
fulva (Petrochelidon),

193. 19.5, 196, 635.
fulvicapiUa (Vermivora),

230.
fulvigula (St«lgido-

pteryx), 209.
fulvipennis (Cotile), 207.
fulvipennis (Cotyle),

206.
fulvipennis (Stelgido-

pterys), 207.
fulviventer (Budytes),

522.
fidvus (Hirundo), 193.
furaaria (Hirundo), 138.
furcata (Progne), 17.5,

179, 633.
fureatus (Anthus), 605,

010.
fusca (Hirundo), 180.
fusca (Motiieilla). 288.
fusca (Phaoprogne), 180.
fusca (Progne), 180.
fuscicapilla (Hirundo),

151.
fuseus (Anthus), 629.

galapagensis (Dendroeca).

282.
gale.itus (Lepturus), 220.
gariepina (Motacilla),

488.
garrula (Bombycilla),

213.
garrula (Bombycivora),

21.3.
garrulus (Anipehs), 212,

215, 222, 637.
geelvinkianum (Dicasum),

33, 34.
Geothlypis, 226, 350.
Gobe-raouche cendre de

Canada, 432.
Gf)be-mouche citrin de la

Louisiane, 437.
Gobe-mouche d'Ame-

rique, 411.
Gobe-muuche de la Loui-
siane, 437.
godlewskii (Agrodroma),

571, 573.
Golden-crowned Fly-
catcher, 311.
Golden-crowned Thrush,

339.

Golden-crowned Warbler,

312.
Golden-winged Fly-
catcher, 235.
Gold-wing Warbler, 235.
Gold-winged Warbler,

235.
Golondrina de la Parda,

180.
Golondrina de la vientre

amarillazo, 208.
Golondrina de los timo-

neles uegros, 186.
Golondrina rabadUIa aca-

uelada, 193.
Golondrina rabadilla

blanea, 114.
gordoni (Cecropis), 168.
gordoni (Hirundo), 168.
Gorge-jaune de St. Do-

mingue, 301.
gossei (Enicocichia),

344.
?ossei (Seiurus), 344.
gouldi (Anthus), 555,

558, 559, 560, 561.
gouldi (Budytes), 517.
gouldii (Hirundo), 115.
graciaj (Dendroeca), 304,

3U5, 648.
graciffi (Dendroica), 304,

305, 306.
graciae (Mniotilta), 304.
gracilis (CorydaUa),

671.
granadensis (Dendroeca),

284.
Granatellus, 227, 367,

369.
Grand Figuierde Canada,

249.
Grand Martinet noir a

ventre blanc, 176.
grandior (Anthus), 570,

573.
grandis (Motacilla),

492.
Grasset Warbler, 312.
grayi (Anthus), 616.
Great American Martin,

173.
Great Hook-billed

Creeper, 5.
Green and MTiite War-
bler, 278.
Green Wagtail, 522.
Green Warbler, 297.
Grey Wagtail, 498.
Grey -poll' Warbler, 288.
Grey-throated Warbler,

442.

664

ALPHA BKTICAL INDDX.

Grey Wat or WngtaiL

4i)7.
Griiupcreau a dos i-ouge

de la Chine, 15.
Grinipereau gris de la

Chine, 10.
Griniperfan siffleur de la

Chine, 38.
Grimpereau varie, 251.
grisea (Certhia), 10.
griseiceps (Basileuterus),

399.
griseiceps (Setophaga),

399.
griseopyga (Atticora),

152.
griseopyga (Hirundo),

1.52.
griseorufescens (Agro-

droma), 5f)2.
griseorufescens (Cory-

dalla), 562.
griseum (DiciBura), 10,

14.
griseus (Phenacistes), 10.
griseus (Regulus), 442.
Grive de St. Domingue,

340.
Grivelette de St. Domin-
gue, 340.
Grosbeak, Parrot-billed,

51.
guatemalae (Setophaga),

417, 420.
gularis (Motacilla), 465.
gundlachi (Dendroeca),

278, 279.
gundlachi (Dendroica),

279.
gundlachi (Mniotilta),

279.
gustavi (Agrodoma),

613.
gustavi (Anthus), 613.
gustavi (Corydalla), 613.
gutturalis (Compsothly-

pis), 263.
gutturalis (Kelmintho-

phasa), 242.
gutturalis (Hirundo),

126, 127, 134, 135, 136.
gutturalis (Mniotilta),

263.
gutturalis (Oreothlypis),

263.
gutturalis (Parula), 254.
263, 643.

hsematostictum

nm), 35.
halseii (Sylvia), 291

(Dic.T-

hamigera (Atticora), 202.
hasselti (Anthus), ,575.
hasselti (Corydalla),

575.
Helinaia, 229.
Helraintherus, 229.
Helminthophaga, 233.
Helmiuthophila. 226,

23:^,241.
Helminthotherus, 226,

229.
Helmitheros, 229.
Helniitherus, 229.
Helousea, 229.
Hemicecropa, 123.
Hemichelidon, 1, 85.
Hemignathus, 2, 3.
hemipyga (Atticora),

187.
Heorotaire, 6.
Heorotaire cramoisi, 8.
Heorotaire vert olive, 9.
herbarum (Anthus), 544.
herminieri (Anthus),

344.
Heterorhynchns, 3.
heterorhynchus (Vesti-

aria), 4.
Heterura, 622.
hieraalis (Anthus), 593.
Himatione, 2, 8.
Hirondelle a ceinture

blanche, 183.
Hirondelle a croupion
roux et queue carr6e,
193.
Hirondelle a tete rousse
du Cap de Bonne Espe-
rance, 152.
Hirondelle a ventre blanc

de Cayenne, 113.
Hirondelle a ventre roux

de Cayenne, 137.
Hirondelle a ventre roux

de Senegal, 168.
Hirondelle a ventre ta-
chete de Cayenne, 112.
Hirondelle au croupion

blanc, 87.
Hirondelle brune a collier
du Cap de Bonne Espe-
rance, 101.
Hirondelle d'Am^rique,

176.
Hirondelle d'Antigue,

134.
Hirondelle d'Antigue a
gorge couleur de rouille,
134.
Hirondelle de Cayenne,
178.

Hirondelle de Cayenne a
bande blanche sur le
ventre, 183.
Hirondelle de Ohemin6e,

128.
Hirondelle de Fen6tre,87.
HirondellederAm6rique,

180.
Hirondelle de la Louisi-

ane, 173.
Hirondelle de I'isle de

Bourbon, 122.
Hirondelle de rivage, 96.
Hirondelle de S. Domin-
gue, 176.
Hirondelle des Marais ou

la Brunette, 102.
Hirondelle fauve, 106.
Hirondelle grise des ro-

chers, 109.
hirundinacea (Microche-

lidon), 20.
hirundinacea (Motacilla),

19.
hirundinacea (Myzanthe),

20.
hirundinacea (Sylvia), 19.
hirundinaceum(Dic8eum),

10, 19.
Hirundo, 123.
hodgsoni (MotaciUa),482,

486.
Hoho, 6.

hoho (Vestiaria), 6.
holomela (Psalidoprocne),

202.
holomelsena (Psalido-
procne), 202, 203.
holomelas (Atticora), 202,

203.
holomelas (Hirundo),

202.
Hooded Titmouse, 437.
Hooded Warbler, 437.
Hook-billed Green Creep-
er, 4.
Hook-billed Red Creeper,

6.
horreorum (Hirundo),

127, 137, 138, 140.
hortensis (Hirundo), 208.
Hudsonian Wagtail, 596.
hudsonica (Motacilla),

596.
hyemalis (Hirundo), 106.
liylnchelidon, 189.
jiyperythra (Cecropis),

167.
hyperythra (Hersc), 167.
hyperythra (Hirundo),
167.

hypochrvsa;a(Dendra'ca),

318, 319.
hypoginis (Anthiis), 597.
bypoleuea (Setophaga),

3t^8.
hypoleucum (Dieasum),

37.
hypoleucus(Ba8ileuterus),

Hypoloxias, 49.

Icteria, 227, 371, 373.
icterocephala(Dendroeca),

286.
icterocephala (Motacilla),

icterocephala (Psittaci-

rostra), 51.
icterocephala (Psittiros-

ti-a), 51.
icterocephala (Sylvia)

280.
icterocephala (Sylvicola),

28G.
Idiotes, 376.
ignieapillum (Dicajum),

{)5.
ignicapillus (Prionochi-

lus), ()5.
ignicolle (Dieseiim), 21.
ignifer (Dicseum), 18.
ignilenim (Dictum), 18.
ignipectiis (DicKum), 41,

42.
ignipectus (Microcheli-

don), 42.
ignipectus (Micrura), 41,

42.
ignipectus (Myzanthe),

41, 42, 46.
ignita (Dicreum), 16.
ignotus (Parus), 580.
imimitabilis (Anthus),

60(1.
incaiia (Mniotilta), 288.
ineana (.Motac-illa), 288.
incana (.Syhia), 288.
Indian Wagtail, ,532.
indica (Motacilhi), 532.
indica (Nemoricola), 532.
indica (Nemorivaea')

.533.
indicus (Limonidromu'!'),

632.
infuscata (Corydalla),

567.
infuscatus (Anthus), 567.
inornata (Cactornis), 52.
inornata(Compsothlypis),

inornata (Hirundo), 109.

ALPHABETICAl lUDEX,

inornata (Loxops), 52.
inornata (Mniotilta), 260.
inornata (Myzantlie), 45.
inornata (Parula), 260.

(543.
inornata (Piuaroloxias),

52.
inornata (Sylvicola), 235.
inornatum (Dic£eum),45

46, 47.
insularis (Compsothly-

pis), 262.
insularis (Parula), 262,

643,
insularis (Parus), 262

643.
intermedia (Lillia), 159.
intermedia (Setophaga).
419. '

intermedius(Anthus),581 .
Iridoprocne, 112.

Jamaica Warbler, 301.
jamaicensis (Dendroeca),

277.
japonica (Ampelis), 217.
japonica (Bombycivora),

japonica (Cecropis), 162.
jajionica (Hirundo), 159,

162, 163.
japonica (Lillia), 162.
japonica (Motacilla), 474

48(i, 492.
japonieus (Ampelis), 217,

222.
japonieus (Anthus), 547,

586, 598.
Jaseur, 212.
Jaseur de Boheme, 212.
Jaseur de la Caroline,

215.
Jaseur, Variety du, 215.
jaunoir, Merops, 6.
Javan Swallow, 142.
javanica (Cecropis), 142.
javanica (Herse), 142.
javanica (Hirundo), 135,

142,144.
javanica (Hypurolepis),

javensis (Motacilla), 516.
javensis (Pallenura),

498.
jerdoni (Agrodroma),

562.
jerdoni (Ajithus), 562,

563, 5(>4.
jewan (Cecropis), 135.
jewan (Hirundo), 13.5.
jobiense (Dicaeuni), 34.

6G5

jugularis (Cotyle), 208.
jugularis (Hirundo), 208.
juncorum (Anthus),
544.

kaL

ieniczenkii (Motacilla),

528, 531.
kamstchatica (Motacilla).

474. ''

keieuse (Dicfeuni), 22.
kiangsinen.sis(Corydaila),

567. ^ ''

kirtlandi (Dendrceca),

322.
kirtlandii (Dendroica),

322. '

kirtlandi (Mniotilta),

323.
kirtlandii (Sylvicola),

korthalsi (Hirundo), 1.54,

1.55.
Krimnochelidon, 95.

lachrymosa (Setophaga),
430. ^

lachrymosus (Basileute-
rus), 430.

lachrymosus (EuthhT)is)
430. ^ '

lactea (Polioptila), 453.

Lagenoplastes, 189.

laglaizei (Chloromyias),

lagopoda (CheUdon), 93.
lagopoda (Hirundo), 93.
lagopus (Chelidon), 90,

93, 94.
Lark, Cape, 623, 626
Lark, Field, 543.
Lark, Louisiane, 596.
Lark, Marsh, 569.
Lark, Meadow, 569.
Lark, New-Zealand, 616.
Lark, Pensilvania, 596.
Lark, Eed, 596.
Lark, Eufous, 606.
larvata (Muscicapa), 418.
latirostris (Hirundo)

133.
Lavandiere, 464.
Lavandiere brune, 493.
lawrencii (Helmintho-

phaga), 233.
lawrencii (Helmintho-

phila), 233, 234.
layardorum (Dic£eum),32.
leclancheri (Dica;um).

23. ' ■

Leimoniptila, 534.
lembeyi (Polioptila), 444,

666

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

1 eucoblepbai'a (Geof lily-
pis), 4110.
leucoble])hara (Sylvia),

400.
leucobleplmrum (Seto-

phaga), 400.
leiicoblepharas (Basileu-

terus), 400, 401.
leucoblepharus (Trichas),

400.
leucobronchialis (Hel-

mintliophaga), 235.
leupobronchialia (Hel-

mintbophila), 23.5.
leucogaster (Hiruudo),

lis.

leucogastra (Cbelidoii),

118.
leucogastra (Culicivora),

446.
leucogastra (Polioptila),

44(5, 449.
leucogastra (Progue),

179.
leucogastra (Sylvia), 242,

446.
leucometena (Motacilla),

488.
leucomus (Muscicapa),

415.
Leucopeza, 225, 227.
leucopbomraa (Seto-

phaga), 426.
leucopbrys (Antbus),

555.
leucopbrys (Basileute-

rus), 400.
leucopbrys (Setopbaga),
■ 400.
leucopsis (Motacilla), 482,

483, 485, 486.
leucoptera (Cotyle), 113.
leucoptera (Herse), 113.
leucoptera (Hirundo),

113.
leucoptera (Motacilla),

491.
leucoptera (Petrocbeli-

don), 113, 115.
leucojitera (Sylvia), 330.
leucopvga (Hirundo), 115,

116."
leucopygia (Hirundo),

11.5.
leucopygius (Basileute-

rus, 402, 403.
leucorrboa (Herse), 115.
leucorrboa (Hirundo),

113,114,116.
leucorrboa (Petrocbeli-

don), 115.

leucorrbous (Tacbvci-

neta), 114, 631.
leucosoma (Cbelidon),

147.
leucosoma (Hemice-

cropis), 147.
leucosoma (Hirundo),

147, 148.
leucosterna (Atticora),

171.
leucosterna (Cheramoeca),

171.
leucosternou (Atticora),

171.
leucosternum (Cbera-

mceea), 171.
leucosternus (Hiruudo),

171.
leucostriatus (Budytes),

517.
leucotis (Parus), 406.
licbtensteini (Antbus),

581.
licbtensteini (Motacilla),

488.
Ligea, 349.
Ligia, 349.
LiUia, 123.

limonellus (Antbus), 539.
Limonidromus, 532.
lindermayeri (Motacilla),

498.
lineiventre (Cvuivdium),

540.
lineiventris (Antbus),

540, 541.
Linote, Fausse, 317.
Little Black, Wbite, and

Red Indian Creeper,

1.5.
Little Blue and Grey

Flycatcber, 442.
littoralis (Antbus), 599.
littoraUs (Cotile), 99.
littoralis (Cotyle), 103.
littorea (Alau'da), 616.
littorea (Petroehelidon),

115.
Loboniis, 3, 78.
longicauda (Icteria), 375.
longicauda (Melanocba-

ris), 79.
longicauda (Motacilla),

488, 495.
longicauda (Urocbaris),

78, 79.
longipes (Antbus), 565.
longirostris (Mniotilta),

252.
lotenia (Oinnyris), 8.
Louisiane Lark, 596.

Louisiane Warbler, 256.
Loxioides, 2, 49.
Loxops, 3, 49.
lucias (Helmintbopbaga),

248.
luciffi (Helmintbophila),

248, 641.
lucire (Mniotilta), 248.
lucida (Drepanis), 4, 5.
lucida (Hirundo), 145.
hicidus (Hemignathus),

3, 4, 5.
ludo\iciana (Alauda),

596.
ludoviciana (Henicoci-

cbla), 342.
ludoviciana (Hirundo),

173.
ludoviciana (MotaciUa),

256.
ludoviciana (Sylvia),

256.
ludovicianus (Antbus),

r.96, 597, 598.
ludovicianus (Seiurus),

342.
ludovicianus (Siurus),

342.
ludovicianus (Turdus),

342.
lugens (Motacilla), 473,

474, 475, 492.
lugubris (Corydalla),

575.
lugubris (Motacilla), 460,

465, 474, 476, 488,

492.
luuifrons (CecropisV 193.
lunifroiis (Herse), 193.
lunilVons (Hirundo), 193,

198.
lunifrons (Petrocbeli-

don), 193, 195.
lunulata (MotaciUa),

49S._ _
luteoviridis (Basileute- '

rus), 379.
luteoviridis (Myiotbly-

pis). 379.
luteoviridis (Tricbas),

379.
lutescens (Antbus), 606.
luteseens (Helmintbo-
pbaga), 246.
lutescens (Helmintbo-
phila), 244, 246.
luteus (Ampelis), 373.
luteus (Parus), 273,

516.
luzoniensis (Motacilla),

465, 482, 486.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

667

macgillivrayi (Geotlily-

pis), 364, 365.
macgillivrayi (Sylvia),

3(i4.
macgillivrayi (Trichas),

364.
mackloti (Dica;um), 25.
macklotii (Microcheli-

doii), 25.
Macronj-x, 623.
macronyx (Anthus), 565.
luacropos (Sylvia), 330.
luacropus (Miiiotilta),

330.
maculata (Oerthia), 251.
maculata (Himatione), 9.
maculata (Hirmido), 112.
maculata (Motacilla),

569.
maculata (Sylvia), 569.
maculata (Vitiflora), 570.
maculatum (DiciBum), 69.
maculatus (Anthus), 547,

670.
maculatus (Dendronan-

thus), 547.
maculatus (Oxyglossus),

^52.
maculatus (Pardalotus),

69.
macLdatus (Pipastes),

547.
macidatus (Prionocliilus),

69.
maculatus (Tachycineta),

113.
macvdosa (Dendroeca).

309, ()4S.
maculosa (Mniotilta),

309.
maculosa (Motacilla),

309.
nuiculos=a (Sylvia), 309.
maiulcisa (Sylvicola),

309.
raaculosus (Rbimam-

plius), 309.
madagascariensis (Phe-

dina), 123.
maderaspatana (Mota-

ciUa), 480, 490.
maderaspatonsis (Mota-
cilla), 486, 490.
maforciise (Dicieum), 33.
magnolia (Sylvia), 309.
major (Anthus), 593.
major (Enicocichla), 342.
major (Henicocichla),

342.
major (Melanocharis), 82.
major (Motacilla), 465.

malayensis (Anthus),

574, 577.
malayensis (Corydalla),

675.
Manakin, Papuan, 36.
Manakin, Speckled, .68.
Manakin, Sti'ipet'-headed,

57.
Manikor de la Nouvelle

Guiuee, 36.
maritima (Certhiola),

335.
maritima (Mniotilta),

335.
maritima (Sylvia), 335.
maritima (Sylvicola),

335.
inaritimus (Rhimam-

phus), 335.
Marsh-Lark, 569.
Martin, 87.
Martin, Great American,

173.
Martin, Sand, 97.
Martinet a cul blanc, 87.
Martinet velocifere, 202.
Maryland Yellow-throat,

351. •
marylandica (Sylvia),

352.
marylandica (Trichas),

352.
massiliensis (Anthus),

570.
massiliensis (Motacilla),

569.
massiliensis (Sylvia), 569.
massiliensis (Vitiflora),

570.
mauga?i (Dicseuml, 10.
maximus (Anthus), 665.
Meadow-Lark, 569.
niedius (Anthus), 67.6.
melanucausta (Svlvia),

299. ' '

melanocephala (Budytes),

522, 528.
melanocephala (Mota-

cillaj, 523, 52(i, 527,

528, 530, 532.
mclanocej li.ila (Seto-

pliaga), 427.
melanocpphalus (Budy-
tes), .''28.
melanocephalus (Myio-

borus), 428.
melanocephalus (Parda-
lotus), 66, 60.
melanocervix (Budytes),

529.
Melanocharis, 3, 79.

melanocrissa (Hirundo),

158, 165, 168.
melanocrissa (LilHa),

165.
melanocrissus (Cecropis),

165, 169.
melanocrissus (Hirundo),

169.
melanogaster (Hirundo),

194, 196.
melanogastra (Petrocbe-

lidon), 194.
melanogenys (Basileute-

rus), 398.
melanogenys (Setophaga),

melauogriseus (Budytes),

629.
melanoleuca (Atticora),

186, 186.
melanoleuca (Cecropis),

186.
melanoleuca (Herse), 186.
melanoleuca (Hirundo),

186, 186.
melanonota (Motacilla),

486.
melanope (Calobates),

499.
melanope (Motacilla),

497.
melanops (Calobates),

499.
melanops (Geothlypis),

3.55.
melanops (Trichas), 3.55.
melanoptera (Dendroeca),

275, 644.
melanoptera (Mniotilta),

279, 280.
melanopyga (Hirundo),

186.
melauorrhoa (Mniotilta),

289.
melanorrhoa (Sylvia),

288. '

melanota (Budytes), 507.
melanotis (Basileuterus),

377, 386.
melanotis (Budytes),

514.
melanoxanlha (Micrura),

71.
melanosantha (Pachy-

glo.ssa), 71.
melanoxantha (Phainop-

tila), 239, 637.
melanoxanthum (Di-

caum), 71.
melanosantlms (Priono-
chilus), 71.

668

ALPHA BETICAL INBEX.

nu'lauiira (Polioptila\

450, 451.
melbina (Atticora), 152.
melbina (Hirundo), 152.
melbina (Psalidoprocne),

152.
meridanus (Basileute-

rus), 387.
meridionalis (Myiodioc-

tes), 437.
Merle verd de la Oaroliue,

373.
Mtsange a collier de la

Caroline, 437.
Me.sange a croiipion

jauue, 312.
Mesauge d'Amerique,

323.
Mt'sange de Virginie,

312.-
Misange grise a gorge

jaune, 301.
Mesange grise de la Caro-
line, 301.
mesochrysa (Setophaga),

396.
mesoclirysus (Basileute-

rus), 396.
mesoleuca (Setophaga),

402.
mesoleucus (Basileute-

rus), 402.
mexicana (Compso-

thlypis), 255.
mexicana (Culicivora),

442, 450.
mexicana (Mniotilta),

255.
mexicana (Pariila), 255.
mexicana (PoUoptila),

443.
mexicana (Sylvia), 255.
mexieanus (Hypothymis),

222.
meyeni (Hirundo), 116.
uieyeni (Petrochelidon),

116.
meyeni (Tachycineta),

116,6.31.
Microchelidon, 10, 182.
microrhjTichos (Cotyle),

98.
microrhynchos (Hirun-
do), 1*33.
microrhynebus (Anthus),

544.
migratoria(Alauda), 596.
migratorius (Helmitbe-

ros), 230.
mindanense (Dicseum),
37.

miniata (Setophaga), 418.
miniata (Syhui), 406.
minima (Nectarinia), 48.
minimum (Dicteum), 48.
minimus (Turd us), 340.
minor (Alauda), 643.
minor (Anthus), 593.
uunur (Cotile), 103.
minor (Cotyle), 103.
minor (Hirundo), 133.
miuullum (Dicaium), 47.
minuta (Hirundo), 105,

186.
minuta (Muscicapa), 431.
minuta (Phyllopneuste),

307.
minuta (Setophaga j, 431.
minuta (Sylvia), 307,

431.
minuta (Sylvicola), 259,

307.
minuta (Wilsonia), 431.
minutus (Myiodioctes),

431.
missuriensis (Sylvia),

240.
mitrata (Motaeilla), 437.
mitrata (Setophaga), 438.
mitrata (Sylvania), 438.
mitrata (Sylvia), 438.
mitrata (Sylvicola), 438.
mitrata (Wilsonia), 438.
mitratus (Myioctonus),

438.
mitratus (Myiodioctes),

437, 438.
MniotUta, 226, 251.
modesta (Hirundo), 176.
modesta (Progne), 175,

176.
modestum (DicEeum), 47.
modestum (Myzanthe),

47.
modestus (Prionochilus),

74.
montana (Atticora), 187.
montana (Dendroeca),

265, 266.
montana (Dendroica).

265.
montana (Hirundo), 109.
montana (Mniotilta),

265.
montana (Sylvia), 265.
montana (Sylvicola), 265.
montanellus (Anthus),

581.
montanus (Anthus), 550,

593.
montanus (Pipastes),
550.

monteiri (Hirundo), 169.
muuticolus (Cichlops),

565.
montium (Motaeilla),

498.
moseUana (Alauda), 569.
Motaeilla, 457.
motaeilla (Henitocichla),

342.
motaciUa (Seiurus), 342.
motaeilla (Siurus), 342,

345, 052.
motaeilla (Turdus), 342,

344.
multicolor (Motaeilla),

412.
multicolor (Setophaga),

410.
murina (Atticora), 184.
murina (Hirundo), 184.
murina (Petrochelidon),

184.
musicus (Anthus), 581.
Myioborus, 410.
Myioctonus, 431.
Myiodioctes, 227, 431.
Myiothlypis, 376.
mysoriense (Dicseum), 64.
mystaceus (Eegulus),

352.
Myzanthe, 10.

nsevia (Motaeilla), 343.
n£evius (Siurus), 343, 344,

346, 652.
naslivillei (Sylvia), 242.
nattereri (Anthus), 619.
nattereri (Xanthocorys),

619.
neglecta (Budytes), 521.
neglecta (Motaeilla), 517.
neglectus (Anthus), 593.
neglectus (Budytes), 511.
Kemoricola, 532.
Nemorivaga, 532.
XeocheHdon, 182.
Neocorys, 620.
Keodi-epanis, 2.
neosena (Hirundol, 127,

142, 144.
New York Warbler, 343.
New-Zealand Lark, 616.
nicholsoni (Anthus), 553,

558.
niger (Anthus), 607.
niger (Dicanim), 80.
niger (Hylocharis), 80.
niger (Prionochilus), 80.
nigra (Melanocharis), 80.
nigrescens (Dendroeca),

291, 292, 616.

nigrescens (Dendroica),

292.
nigrescens (Muiotilt.i),

292.
nigrescens (RhiMam-

pbus), 292.
nigrescens (Sylvia), 291.
nigrescens (Sylvicola),

291, 292.
nigrescens (VermiTora),

291. '

nigricans (Ceeropis), 191.
nigricans (Chelidon),

191.
nigricans (Herse), 190.
nigricans (Hirundo), 190,

192.
nigriams (Hydrocheli-

don), 191.
nigricans (Hjlocbelidon),

nigricans ( Petrochelidon ),

190, 191, 192.
nigricapilla (Motacilla),

522, 528.
nigricapillus (Basileute-

riis), 381.
nigriceps (Polioptila),

447, 448, 449.
nigricristata (Setophaga),

381.
uigricristatus (Basileute-

rus). 380.
nigricristatus (Trichas),

380.
nigrilora (Compsothly-

pis), 261.
nigrilora (Parula), 261,

043.
nigrimentum (Dicoeum),

17, 18.
nigrita (Atticora), 149.
nigrita (Hirundo), 148.
nigrita (Ptyoprogne),

nigrita (Waldenia), 149.
nigrocincta (Setophaga),

433.
nigrocristatiis (Myiotlily-

pis), 380.
nigrorufa (Hirundo),

150.
nigruiii (Dicseum), 80.
nilghiriensis (Anthus),

550.
nipalensis (.Ceeropis),

161.
nipalensis (Chelidon),

95.
nipalensis (Delieiion), 95.
nipalensis (Hirundo), 95,

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

159, 160, 161, 103,

632.
nipalensis (Lillia), 161.
nitens (Atticora), 204.
nitens (Cichlopsis),

221.
nitens (Hirundo), 204.
nitens (Hypothymis),

nitens (Phajnopepla),

nitens (Phainopepla),220,

221. 638.
nitens (Psalidoprocne),

204.
nitens (Ptilogouys), 220.
niveiventris (Dendrceca),

294.
Norway Titmouse, 580.
notabilis (Siurus), 346.
Notioohelidon, 182.
Notiocorys, 534.
novse-guineae (Budytes),

499.
nova?-zealandi£E(Alauda).

616.
novse-zealandiae (Anthus)

616.
noveboracensis (Cur-

ruca), 344.
noTcboracensis (Enieo-

cicbla), 344.
noveboracensis (Henico-

cicbla), 344.
noveboracensis (Mota-
cilla), 343.
noveboracensis (Seiiirus),

344.
noveboracensis (Siurus)

344. '

noveboracensis (Sylvia)

343. ^ '

noveboracensis (Turdus),

344,
nubicus (Authus), 586.
nuchalis (Dulus), 219.

obscura (Alauda), 599.
obscura (Atticora), 203.
obscura (Certhia), 4.
obscura (Helmintho-

phaga), 246.
obscura (Helmintho-

pbila), 246.
obscura (Plirundo), 203,
obscura (Psalidoprocne),

203.
obscui-a (Spipola), 599.
obscurior (Cotile), 105.
obscurus (Anthus), 599,

603.

669

obscurus (Hemignathus),

4.
obsoleta (Cotile), 111.
obsoleta (Cotyle), 105.
obsoleta (Ptyonoprogne),

obsoletum (Dica?um),

75.
obsoletus (Pardalotus),

75.
obsoletus (Prionochilus),

75.
obtusipennis (Anthus),

540.
occidentals (Dendrceca),

293, 647.
occidentalis (Dendroica),

293.
occidentalis (Geothlypis),

351, 355.
occidentalis (Mniotilta),

293.
occidentalis (Sylvia),

293.
occidentalis (Sylvicola),

293.
ocularis (Helmintho-

pbaga), 242.
ocularis (Motacilla), 471,

473.
olivacea (Dendrceca),

olivacea (Dendroica),

338.
olivacea (Mniotilta), 338.
olivacea (Sylvia), 337.
olivacea (Sylvicola), 338.
olivaceum (Dicreum), 45

4(i.
olivaceus (Hemignathus),

4.
olivnceus (Heterorbyn-

cbus), 4.
olivaceus (Peucedramus),

337,338,651.
olivaceus (Peucedromus),

338.
olivaceus (Prionochilus),

74.
olivaceus (Rhimamphus).

338.
Olive Warbler, 273.
Olive green Creeper, 9.
ophthalmica (Motacilla).

498.
opilex (Hirundo), 193.
Oijoruruis. 226, 346.
Orange-breasted Creeper.

38.
Orange-headed Warbler,
288.

67U

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Orange-thighed War-
bler, 352.

Orange-throat War-
bler, 249.

Oreocliaris, 3, 53.

Oreocorys, 1)22.

Oreothlypis, 254.

orientalis (Anthus'), 571,
573, 593.

orientalis (Corydalla),
571.

orientalis (Hirundo),
133.

ornata (Setopliaga), 426.

ornatus (Pardalotus), 64,
55.

Otaheite Swallow, 141.

Oxyglossus, 251.

Pachyglossa, 63.
paciflca (Certhia), 5.
pacifica (Drepanis), 5, 6.
paciflca (Hirundo), 142,

144.
pacifica (Parula), 259,

260.
paciflca (Petrocbelidon),

141.
paciflcus (Melitreptus), 6.
pagoruin (Oecropis), 129.
Palleuura, 457.
pallesoens (Anthus), 579,

615, 616.
pallida (Hirundo), 88.
pallida (Ptionoprogne),

111.
pallidiventris (Anthus),

560.
Palm Warbler, 317.
palmaruiu (Arremon),

218.
palmaruiu (Dendrcjeca),

317, 650.
palmarum (Dendroica),

318.
palmarum (Dulus), 218.
palmarum (Mniotilta),

318.
palmarum (.\Iotacilla),

31S.
palmarum (Sylvia), 318.
palmirum (Sylvioola),

318.
paludibula (Cotyle), 102.
paludicola (Catile), 99,

102, IU3, 107. ■
paludicola (Cotyle) 102,

111.
paludicola (Hirundo),

102.
paludosa (Alauda), 570.

palustris (Anthus), 581.
palustris (Cotyle), 102,

103, 111.
palustris (Hirundo), 102.
palustris (Ligea), 349.
palustris (Ligia), 349.
palustris (Sylvia), 330.
panamensis (DendrcEca),

283.
Panayau Swallow, 134.
panayaua (Cecropis),

135.
panayana (Hirundo),

135.
pannosa (Dendroeca), 330.
pannosa (Mniotilta), 330.
pannosa (Sylvicola), 330.
Papuan Manakin, 36.
papuense (Dicffium), 36.
papuensis (Musoicapa),

36.
papuensis (Pipra), 36.
parado-xa (Budytes), 529.
paradoxa (Motacilla),

483, 531.
paradoxus (Budytes),

531.
parda (Alondra), 629.
pardalina (Myiodiootes),

433.
pardalina (Sylvia), 432.
pardalina (Sylvicola),

432.
Pardalote urop\ giale, 26.
Pardalotus, 1, 3, 54, 63.
pardalotus (Dicaeum), 19.
Parmoptila, 3, 63.
Parrot-billed Grosbeak,

51.
Parula, 226, 251, 254.
parus (Mniotilta), 289.
parus (Ehimamphus),

289.
parus (Sylvia), 288.
parus (Sylvicola), 289.
Parus, 70.

Parus alls aureis, 235.
P.irus aureus alls cseru-

leis, 237.
Parus cedrus m-opygio

flavo, 312.
Parus griseus gutture

luteo, 302.
Parus viridis gutture

nigro, 297.
parvirostris (Polioptila),

448.
parvus (Anthus), 607.
parvus (Notiocorys), 607.
pascuuu) (Hirundo), 180.
pascuum (Progne), iisO.

patagonica (Atticora),

187. _
patagonica (Hirundo),

186.
payana (Ceci-opis), 135.
paytcnsis (Anthus), 629.
pectorale (Dicasum), 29.
Pedicorys, 534.
pelzelui (Grranatellus),

370.
pelzelni (Icteria), 370.
pennsylvanica (Den-

drceca), 285, 286, 645.
pennsylvanica (Den-
droica), 286.
pennsylvanica (Mnio-
tilta), 286.
pennsylvanica (Sylvia),

286.
pennsylvanica (Vermi-

Tora), 230.
pennsylvanicus (Anthus),

596, 598, 599, 653.
Pensile Warbler, 301.
pensilis (Dendroica),

302.
pensilis (Motacilla), 301.
pensilis (Ehimamphus),

302.
pensilis (Sylvia), 301.
pensilis (Sylvicola), 302.
Pensilvaaia Lark, 596.
pensihanica (Alauda),

653.
pensilvanica (Motacilla),

286.
pensylvauica (Motacilla),

285.
pensylvanica (Sylvia),

286.
percussum (Dicteum), 65.
percussus (Pardalotus),

65.
percussus (Pi'ionochilus),

65.
peregrina (Helinaia), 240.
peregriua (llelmiutho-

phaga), 240.
peregrina (Helmintho-

phila), 239, 240, 639.
peregrina (Helmitheros),

240.
peregrina (Mniotilta),

240.
peregrina (Sylvia), 239.
peregriua (Syhicola),

240.
peregrina (Vermivora),

239, 240.
periden talis (Dendroeca),

294.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

671

Perissoglossa, 22ti, 334.
persica (Motacilla), 479.
persouata (Motacilla),

468, 479, 486.
personatus (Tricbas),

352.
peruviana (Geothlypis),

361, 362.
peruvianus (Anthiis), 609.
petasodes (^Sylvia), 435.
petechia (Dendroeca),

267, 276, 277, 279,

280, 282, 283, 644.
petechia (Dendroica),

277, 279.
petechia (Mniotilta), 277,

318.
petechia (Motacilla), 277.
petechia (Fhyllopueuste),

318.
petechia (Sylvia), 277,

318.
petechia (Sylvicola), 318.
Petit Figuier cendre de

Oan.ada, 329.
Petit Figuier de S. Do-

mingue, 278.
Petit Martinet, 87.
Petit noir Aurore, 411.
Petite Alouette de Bue-

nos-Ayres, 606.
Petite Bergeronette du

Cap de Bonne Jispe-

raiice. 493.
Petite Grive de St. Do-

mingue, ."40.
Petite Hirondelie. 87.
Petite Hirondelie noir a

ventre cendre, 184.
petiti (Psalidoprocne),

204, 205.
Petrochelidon. 86, 189.
petrosa (Alauda), 599.
petrosiis (Anthus), .'i99.
Peucedramus, 226, 337.
Pha!oprogne, 172.
Phainopepla, 211, 220.
Phainoptila. 211, 219.
pharet ra ( Dend roeca ) ,

251,330,651.
pharctra (Dendroica),

330.
pharet ra (Mniotilta),

330.
pharet ra (Sylvicola), 330.
Phedina, 86, 122.
Philadelphia (Geothly-
pis), 347, 364, 365,

3()6.
Philadelphia (Sylvia),

366.

Philadelphia (Trichas),

366.
phcenicoptera (Ampelis),

217.
phcenicoptera (Bomby-

cilla), 217.
Pholidoi-nis, 3, 76.
picata (Motacilla), 490.
Pico de Pimzou celeste

pecho de Oro, 259.
piota (Certhia), 251.
picta (Setophaga), 415,

417, 420.
Pied Wagtail, 490.
pileata (Alticora), 188,

634.
pileata (Museicapa),

438.
pileata (Notiochelidon),

188.
pileolata (MotacUla),

435.
X^ileolatus (Myiodioctes),

435, 437.
pina (Deudroeca), 323.
Pinaroloxias, 3, 52.
Pine Creeper, 237, 323.
Pine Warbler, 237.
pinguis (Motacilla), 312.
pinguis (Sylvia), 312.
pinus (Certhia), 237.
pinus (Dendroeca), 323,

650.
pinus (Dendroica), 323,

325.
pinus (Helminthophaga),

237.
pinus (Helminthophila),

234, 235, 237, 238, 639.
pinus (Mniotilta), 237,

323.
pinus (Motacilla), 237.
pinus (Rhimamphus),

323.
pinus (Sylvia), 237, 323.
pinus (Sylvicola), 323.
pinus (Thriotbrurus),

323.
pinus (Vermivora), 323.
Pipastes, 534.
pipiens (Anthus), 597.
Piprisoma, 63.
pitiayunii (Conipsothly-

pis), 259, 260.
pitiayumi (Mniotilta),

259.
pitiayumi (Parula), 2.59,

260, 261, 262, 643.
pitiayumi (Sylvia), 259.
pitvophila (DendrcEca),

322.

pitvopliila (Dendroica),
322.

pityophila (Mniotilta),
322.

pityophila (Sylvicola),
322.

pityophilus (Rhimam-
phus), 322.

Pivote Ortolaue, ,%9.

Pivute Ortolanne de Pro-
vence, 569.

plumata (Alauda), 543.

pluniatus (Anthus), 644.

pliuiiatus (Pipastes), 544

pluiiibea (Culicivora),
450.

plunibea (Dendroeca),
333, 651.

plumbea (PolioptUa),
450, 451, 452.

plunibea (Sylvia), 259.

pCEcilonia(Hirundo), 196.

poeciloma (Petrocheli-
don), 196.

poecilopterus (Anthus),
629.

poliocephala (Geothly-
pis), 359, 361.

poliocephala (Trichas),
359.

poliocoelia (Bombyci-
pLora), 213.

Polioptila, 440.

populoruni (Sylvia), 327.

porphyrokvnia (Hirun-
do),"l41.

poucheti (Hirundo), 152.

prasina (Hirundo), 118.

pruteusis (Aiauda), 543,
.^74, 580.

pratensis (Anthus), 580,
581, 582, 586, 591,
598.

pratensis (Leimoniptera),
581.

pratensis (Spipola), 581.

pratorum (Anthus), 581.

Prib Chatterer, 215.

Prionochilus, 1, 3, 63.

Pristoptera, 202.

pristoptera (Atticora),
205.

pristoptera (Chelidou),
205.

pristoptera (Hirundo),
205.

pristoptera (Psalido-
procne), 205.

Pristorhamphus, 3, 82

Prugne. 86, 172.

progue (CiieUdon ), 129.

672

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Prothonotary Warbler,

249.
Protouotaria, 226, 249.
protonotaria (Dacuis),

249.
protonotaria (Sylvia),

249.
protonotaria (Sylvicola),

249.
protonotarius (Helinaia),

249.
protonotarius (Helmin-

thophaga), 250.
protonotarius (Helmi-

theros), 2.50.
protonotarius (Mota-

eiUa), 249.
protonotarius (Vermi-

vora), 249.
Provence Wlieatear, 569.
pryeri (Dicxum), 18.
Psalidoprocne, 202.
psittacea (Loxia), 51.
psittacea (Psittirostra),

51.
Psittirostra, 3, 51.
Ptilogouatus, 222.
Ptilogonys, 211, 220,

222.
Ptyonoprogne, 85, 95.
puella (Hirundo), 154.
pulchrius (Dicseum), 27.
pumiUa (Sylvania), 431.
punctata (Pipra), 58.
punctatus (Pardalotus),

58.
Purple Swallow, 173.
Purple Swift, 173.
purpurea (Hirundo), 173.
purpurea (Progne), 172,

173, 175, 179, 632.
pusilla (Muscicapa), 435.
pusilla (Setophaga), 435.
pusiUa (Sylvania), 435.
pusilla (Sylvia), 256,

330.
pusilla (^Sylvicola), 256,

330.
pusilla (Wilsonia), 435.
pusillus (Myioctonus),

435.
pu.sillus (ilyiodioctes),

435, 436, 437.
pygm»a (Myzanthe), 43.
pygniai'a (Kectariniu), 43.
pygmseum (Dicjeum), 43.
pygmseus (Budytes), 517.
Pygochelidon, 182.
pyrrhonota (Cecropis),

193.
pyrrhonota (Herse), 191.

pyrrhonota (Hirundo),

190, 191, 193.
pyrrhonota (Petrocheli-

don), 193, 635.
pyrrhonotha (Alauda),

555.
pyrrhonotus (Anthus),

542, 554, 555, 556,

559, 560.
pyrrhonotus (Megalo-

phonus), 555.

quadragintus (Parda-
lotus), (52.

quadricolor (Prionochi-
lus), 70.

Quebec Warbler, 286,
312.

raalteni (Anthus), 574.
rara (Mniotilta), 327.
rara (Phyllopueuste),

327.
rara (Sylvia), 327,
rara (Vermivora), 327.
rasselti (Corydalla), 575.
rathbonia (Sylvia), 273.
rathbonia (Sylvicola),273.
ravi (Budytes), 510, 514,

523.
rayi (ilotacilla), 511.
Red-backed Creeper, 15.
Red-billed Creeper, 48.
Red-head Warbler, 277.
Red-headed Swallow, 200.
Red-headedWarbler, 277.
Red Lark, .596.
Red-poll, Yellow, 277.
Redstart, 411.
Redstart, Small Ame-
rican, 411.
Red-throated Flycatcher,

285.
Red-throated Warbler,

286.
reinliardti (Anthus), 597.
respubUcana (Hirundo),

193.
retrocinctum (Dicseum),

35, 36.
Rhamphocharis, 1, 3, 83.
Rhimamphus, 264.
richardi (Agrodromas),

565.
richardi (Anthus), 564,

565.
richardi (Corydalla),

562, 565.
riocouri (Cecropis), 133.
riocouri (Hirundo), 129,

133.

riparia (Clivieola), 98.
riparia (Cotile), 96, 97,

99, 101, 630.
riparia (Ootyle), 97, 100,

105.
rijjaria (Hirundo), 85,

97.
rivalis (Motacilla), 498.
rivularis (Muscicapa),

401.
Rock Swallow, 109.
roraimaB (Basileuterus),

392.
rosaceus (Anthus), 589.
roscoe (Sylvia), 352.
rosea (Drepanis), 50.
rosea (Loxops), 50.
roseatus (Anthus), 589.
rostrata (Geothlypis),

355.
rostrata (Trichas), 355.
Rousselline ou L' Alouette

de Mai-aio, 569.
rubens (Anthus), 596.
ruber (Basileuterus),

406.
ruber (Cardelliua), 406.
ruber (Ergaticus), 406.
rubesceus (Dicaeum),

14._
rubiginosa (Motacilla),

273.
rubra (Alauda), 596.
rubra (C'ardellina), 406.
rubra (Setophaga), 406.
rubricapilla (Helinaia).

242.
rubricapilla (Helminlho-

phaga), 242.
rubricapilla (Helmithe-

ros), 242.
rubricapilla (Mniotilta),

242.
rubricapilla (Sylvia), 242.
rubricapilla (Sylvicola),

242.
rubricapilla (Vermivora),

242.
rubricatus (Pardalotus),

60.
rubricosum (Dicffium), 14.
rubi-ifrons (Basileuterus),

408.
rubrifrons (CardeUina),

408.
rubrifrons (Muscicapa),

408.
rubrifrons (Pholidornis),

77.
rubrifrons (Setophaga),

408.

rubrigulare (Diojeum),

'28.
rubri venter ( Dieseum ),

m.

rubriventris (Dicasum),

3(j.
rubroeana (Xeotarinia),

14.
rubroeanum (DicKum),

14.
rubro-coronatum (Di-

eseum), i!(i, 27, 28.
rufa (Alauda), 596, 606.
rufa (Cecropis), 138.
rufa (Drepanis), 50.
rufa (Fringilhi), 50.
rufa (Himatione). 50.
rufa(Hirundo), 133, 137,

138.
rufescens (Agrodroma),

570.
rufescens (Anthus), 568.

570, 603. •
rufescens (Corvdalla),

571.
ruficapilla (Dendrceca),

275, 276, 280. 644.
riifleapilla (Helmintho-

phaga), 242.
ruticapilla (Helmintho-

phila). 240, (i40.
ruficapilla (Mniotilta),

242.
ruficapilla (Motacilla),

275, 276.
ruficapilla (Sylvia), 242,

276, 283.
ruficapiUa (Svlvicola),

318.
rufieeps (Cecropis), 151.
ruficeps (Kirundo). 151.
rufieeps (Mniotilta). 283.
ruficeps (Rhimamphus).

283.
ruficoUaris (Hirundo),

1%.
ruficollaris (Petrocheli-

don), 196, 197, 636.
ruficollis (Antlius), 586.
rufieollis (Cecropis), 208.
ruficollis (Cotile), 208.
ruficollis (Cotyle), 208,

209.
ruficollis (Hirundo), 208.
ruficollis (Stelgidopte-

ryx), 208, 636.
rufifioronata (Setopbaga),

423, 425.
rufifrons (Basileuterus),

396, 397.
rufifrons (Cecropis), 146.

VOL. X.

ALl'H.\BKnCAL INDEX.

rufifrons (Hirundo), 146.
rufifrons (Setopbaga),

397.
ruflgula (Cotile), 107.
rufigula (Cotyle), 107.
rufiijula (DendrtEca), 275,

285, 645.
rufigula (Dendroica), 285.
rufigula (Hirundo), 197.
ruiigula (ilniotilta). 285.
rufigula (Petrochelidon),

197.
rufogularis ( Anthus), 586,

589.
rufopileata (Dendroeca),

281.
rufopileata (Dendroira),

281.
rufosuperciliaris (An-
thus), 586, 589.
Rufous-and-Black War-
bler, 412.
Ru;'ou3-bellied Swallow,

137.
Rufous Lark, 606.
Rufous-rumped Swallow,

193.
rafula (Agrodroma), 570.
rufula (Cecropis), 156.
rufula (Corydalla), 575.
rufula (Hirundo), 153,

1.56, 1.58, lii5, 169.
rufula (Lillia), 156.
rufulus (Autbus), 574,

577, 580.
rufus (Anthus), 570, 608,

608, (509, 610.
rupestris (Anthus), 565,

599, 602.
rupestris (Biblis). 109.
rupestris (Chelidon), 88,

109.
rupestris (Cotile), 96,

107, 109, 630.
rupestris (Cotvle), 109,

110,111.
rupestris (Hirundo), 109.
rupestris(Ptyonoprogne),

109.
rupicola (Hirundo), 109.
rushiiB (Dic«um), 77.
rushiic (Pholidornis), 76,

77.
russeicauda (Setopbaga),

russeicauda (Sylvia), 411.

rustica (Cecropis), 129.

rustica (Chelidon). 129.

rustica (Hirundo), 85,
126, 127, 128.129,133,
135, 136, 138, 139, 632.

673

rusticoides (Cecropis),

135.
rutioilla (Muscicapa),

411.
ruticilla (Setopbaga),

411,412.
ruticilla (Sylvania), 412.

S dale anacondrato, 496.
sallaji (Granatellus), 371.
salkei (Icteria), 371.
salicei (Setopbaga), 371.
salvadorii (Dictum), 26.
Sand-Martin, 97.
s:indvicensis (Psittiros-

tra), 51.
sangbirense (Dicaum),

sangiiirensis (Prionochi-

lus), 71.
sanguinea (Certbia), 8.
sanguinea (Drepanis), 8,

9.
sanguinea (Himatione),

8, 9.
sanguinea (Xejtarinia),

8.
sanguinea (Petrodroma),

8.
sanguinolentum (Di-

csBum), 2-5.
saturata (Hirundo), 140.
savignii (Cecropis), 133.
savignii (Chelidon), 133.
savignii (Hirundo), 126,

127, 129, 133.
seapularis (Antbus), 629.
scApularis (Hemiceero-

pis), 148.
SRipularis (Hirundo),

148.
Scarlet Creeper, 50.
schistaceiceps (Dicasum),

28.
schistaceum (Dicjeum),

36, 37.
schisticeps (Budvtes),

.J 22
sclateri (Hirundo), 171.
sclateri (Polioptila), 448,

449.
seuUii (Hirundo), 158.
secbuenensis (Motacilla),

483, 485.
seebohmi (Anthus), 613.
Seiurus, 339.
selbii (Muscicapa), 438.
seinicervina (Setophao^a),

404.
semicervinus (Basileute-
rus). 403, 4(»4.
■Jx

674

ALPHABEilCAL INDEX.

seiuiflaTa (Geutblypis),

357.
semiflava (Trichas), 357.
semirufa (Hirundo), 167.
semperi (Leucopeza), 228,

638.
Bene£;alensis (Cecropis),

mi

senegalensis (Hirundo),

168.
sepiaria (Spipola), 543.
sepiarius (Antbus), 580.
septeutrionalis (Cory-

dalla), 571.
BeptentrioTialis (Mota-

cilla), 405.
serripeniiis (Cotile), 207.
serripennis (Cotyle), 206.
serripeniiis (Hirundo),

206.
serripennis (Stelgidopte-

rys), 206, 636.
Setopliaga, 227, 405, 410.
shelleyi (Ootile), lUO.
similis (Agrodronia), 560.
similis (Anthus), 560,

562.
sinensis (Coi-ydalla), 565.
sinensis (Cotile), 104, 105,

107.
sinensis (Cotyle), 105.
sinensis (Hirundo), 104.
Siurus, 226, 339.
Small American Redstart,

411.
Small Black and White

Creeper, 251.
smithii (Cecropis), 151.
smithii (Hirundo), 150.
socialis (Burnesia), 10.
solitaria (Helinaia), 237.
Bolitaria (Helmnitho-

pbaga), 237.
solitaria (Mniotilta), 237.
solitaria (Sylvia), 237.
solitaria (Sylvicola), 237.
solitaria (Vermivora),

237.
solitarius (Helmitlierus),

237.
sordida (Agrodroma),

561, 562.
sordidus (Anthus), 555,
558, 560, 562, 563, 564.
Souimanga a dos rouge,

15.
speciosa (Geothlypis),

358.
speciosa (Trichas), 368.
Speckled Manakin, 58.
sphagnosa (Sylvia), 330.

sphaguosa (Sylvii'ola),

330.
sphagnosa (Vireo), 330.
Sphenotelus, 222.
spilodera (Hirundo), 198.
spilodera (Petrocheli-

dou), 198, 199.
spilodera (Phedina), 198.
spinoletta (Anthus), 593,

597, 600.
Spipola, 534.
spipola (Motacilla), 543.
spipoletta (Anthus), 592,

593,595,601.
Spotted Warbler, 335.
Spotted Wheatear, 569.
Spotted Yellow Fly-
catcher, 335.
Spotted YeUow Warbler,

335, 343.
spraguei (Agrodroma),

620.
spraguei (Anthus), 620.
spraguei (Neocorys), 620.
spragueii (Alauda), 620.
spraguii (Neocorys), 620.
sprangeri (Otocorys),

620.
squalida (Pipra), 73.
squalidus (Priouochilus),

73.
stabulorum (Cecropis),

129.
stagnatilis (Antbus), 581.
St. Domingo Swallow,

176.
St. Domingo Tanager,

218.
S. Domingo Warbler,

278.
Stelgidopteryx, 201, 206.
stictoptera (Oreocharis),

53.
stragulata (Geothlypis),

401.
stragulata (Muscicapa),

401.
stragulata (Setophaga),

401.
stragulata (Trichas), 401.
stragulatus (Basileute-

rus), 401.
striata (Corydalla), 571.
striata (Dendroeca), 265,

325, 650.
striata (Dendroica), 325.
striata (Mniotilta), 325.
striata (Motacilla), 325.
striata (Muscicapa), 325.
striata, (Fipra), 57.
striata (Sylvia), 325.

striata (Sylvicola), 325.
striatus (Dendroica), 325.
striatus (Pardalotus), 55,

.56.
striatus (Pipra), 55.
striatus (Rhimampbus),

325.
striolata (Cecropis), 154,

161.
striolata (Corydalla), 568.
striolata (Hirundo), 154,

159, 161, 162.
striolata (Lillia), 161.
striolatus (Anthus), 568,

626.
striolatus (Macronyx),

626.
Striped Flycatcher, 325.
Striped-headed Manakin,

57.
subarquata CCorydalla),

571.
Bubarquatus (Antbus),

570.
subfusca (Hirimdo), 141.
subfusca (Phedina), 141.
subis (Cecropis), 173.
subis (Hirundo), 173.
subis (Progne), 173, 174.
subsoccata (Ootile), 105.
subsoccata (Cotyle), 105.
subsoccata (Hirundo),

105.
substriolata (Hirundo),

162, 163.
substriolata (Lillia), 162.
sulaense (Dicaum), 24.
sulphurascens (Enico-

cicbla), 344.
sulphurascens (Henico-

cicbla), 344.
sulphurascens (Seiurus),

344.
sulphurea (Calobates),

498, 499.
sulphurea (Motacilla),

498, 499.
sulpliurea (Pallenura),

498.
sumatranum (Dicaeum),

18.
superciliaris (Polioptila),

452.
superciliosa (Dendroeca),

302.
superciliosa (Dendroica),

302.
superciliosa (Mniotilta),

255, 302.
superciliosa (Motacilla),
301.

AT.PHAKETICAL INDEX.

675

supercilioaa (Oreothly-

pis), L'o5.
suporciliosa (Parula),

2r)4, L'oo, 642.
superciliosum (Ooniros-

trum), 255.
superciliosus (Tricbas),

400.
swainsoni (Helinaia), 232.
swainsoni (Helininthe-

rus), 232.
swainsoni (Helmintho-

phaga), 232.
swainsoni (Helmintho-

tberus), 232.
swainsoni (Helmitlieros),

232.
swainsoni (Helniitberus),

232.
swainsoni (Helonsea), 232.
swainsoni (MniotiUa),

232.
swainsoni (Petrocbeli-

don), 194, 195, 635.
swainsoni (Sylvia), 232.
swainsoni (Svlvicola),

232.
swainsoni (Yermivora),

232.
Swallow, Asli-bellied, 184.
Swallow, Brown-collared,

101.
Swallow, Canada. 173.
Swallow, Chalybeate, 178.
Swallow, Chimnev, 129.
Swallow, Crag, 1U9.
Swallow, Daurian, 159.
Swallow, Dun-rumped,

190.
Swallow, Javan, 142.
Swallow. Otabeite, 141.
Swallow, Panayan, 134.
Swallow, Purple, 173.
Swallow, Eed-headed,

200.
Swallow, Rock, 109.
Swallow, Rufous-bellied,

137.
Swallow, Rufous-rumped,

193.
Swallow, St. Domingo,

176.
Swallow, Violet, 173.
Swallow, Wbeat, 122.
Swallow, White-bellied,

183.
Swallow, Wbite-wingpd,

113.
Swallow, Wire-tailed,

1.-10.
Swallow Warbler, 19.

Swift, Purple. 173.
sylvana (Heterura), 622.
Sylvania, 410.
sylvanus (Aiithus), 622.
sylvitnus (Cinclorbam-

phus), 622.
.sylvanus (Oreocorys),

622.
sylvestris (Motacilla),

465.
Sylvicola, 254.

Tacbycineta. 85, 86, 112.
toeniata (Mniotilta), 338.
tfeniata (Sylvia). 338.
tseniata (Sylvicola), 338.
tahitica (Clielidon), 141.
tahitica (Herse), 141.
tahitica (Hirundo), 141.
tahitica (Petrochelidon),

141.
taitensis (Cecropis), 141.
taitensis (Herse), 141.
taitensis (Hirundo), 141,

143.
taivana (Motacilla), 514,

515.
taivanus (Budytcs), 514.
Tanager, St. Domingo,

218.
Tangara de St. Domingue,

218.
tappra (Cecropis). ISO.
tapera (Cotyle), ISO.
tapera (Hirundo). 180.
tapera (Petrochelidon),

180.
tapera(Ph8eoprogne),180.
tapera ( Progne), 180, 633.
tectorum (Chelidon), 88.
tenellus (Antbus), 618.
tenellus(Macronyx), 618.
tenennsfei (Sylvia), 239.
tenuirostris (Antbus),

581.
tenuirostris(Seiurus),344.
tepbrocotis (Geotblypis),

347.
tepbrocotis (Tricbas),

347.
Teretistris, 227, 367.
tbalassina (Cbelidon),

119.
tbalassina (Herse), 119.
thala9sina(Hirundo), 119.
tbalassina CPetrocbe-

lidon), 119.
tbalassina (Tacbyeineta),

119.
thalassinus (Cecropis),

119.

thalassinus (Tacbycine-
ta), 112, 119,121, 631.
tberinophilus (Antbus),

568, 58(5.
therraophilus (Cichlops),

568.
tbor.icicum (Dic:i2um),

68.
tboracicus (Anaimos), 68.
thoracicus (Pardalotus),

67.
thoracicu8(Prionocbilus),

67, 69.
Tbrusb, Golden-crowned,

339.
tibialis (Atticora), 185,

634.
tibialis (Microchelidon),

185.
tibialis (Neoebelidon),

185.
tibialis (Petrochelidon),

185.
tickellioe (Dicteum), 48.
tigrina (Dendroeca), 335.
tigrina (Dendroica), 335.
tigrina (Mniotilta), 335.
tigrina (Motacilla), 335,

343.
tigrina (Perissoglossa),

335, 26.5, 651.
tigrina (Sylvia), 265,335,

343.
tigrina (Sylvicola), 265,

335.
timoriensis (Petrocheli-
don), 192.
Tit-Lark, 580, 599.
Titmouse, Creeping, 256.
Titmouse, Hooded, 437.
Titmouse, Norway, 580.
Titmouse, Virginian, 312.
Titmouse. Yellow, 273.
tolmioei (Tricbas), 364.
tolmiei (Sylvia). 364.
torquata (Cotyle), 101.
torquata (Hirundo), 101.
torquata (Setopbaga),

424.
torquata (Sylvia), 256.
torquatus (Tbriotburus),

256.
townsendi (Dendroeca),

298, 299, 647.
townsendi (Dendroica),

299.
townsendi (Mniotilta),

299.
townsendi (Mviadestes),

221.
townsendi (Sylvia), 299.

670

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

townsendi (Sylvicola),

299.
Tricbas, ,350.
trichas (Geothlypis), 351,

352.
trichas (Sylvia), 352.
trichas (Turdus), 352.
trichias (Motacilla), 352.
tricolor (Muscicapa),

415.
tricolora (Motacilla), 412.
trifasciatus(Basileuterus),

388.
trigonostigma (Certhia),

38.
trigonostigma (Dicaeuin),

38.
tristis (Anthus), 581.
tristis (Sylvicola), 291.
tristrami (Dicfeum), 34.
tristriatus (Basileutei'us),

385.
tristriatus (Myiodioctes),

385.
trivialis (Alauda), 643.
trivialis (Anthus), 543,

544, 547, 5.50, 591.
triTialis( Dendronanthus),

544.
ti'ivialis (Pipastes), 544.
trochilus(Motacilla),373.
trochilus (Sylvia), 273.
tschutschensis (Mota-
cilla), 498.
Tschutschi Wagtail, 498.
tui-dinus (Anthus), 608.
typica (Motacilla), 517.
typica (Pristoptera), 205.
tvtleri (Hirundo), 126,
" 127, 139, 140, 632.

ubiquitaria (Corydalla),

575.
ubiquitarius (Anthus),

574.
ubiquitarius (Cichlops),

674.
umbria (Motacilla), 312.
umbria (Svlvia), 312.
Urabrose Warbler, 312.
unicolor (Melanocharis),

81, 82.
urbica (Chelidon), 86, 87,

89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 630.
urbica (Hirundo), 85, 87,

93.
Urocharis, 3, 78.
Uromitrus, 12.3.
lu'opygialis (Basileute-

riis), 402, 403, 4t 14,405.
uropygialis (Cotyle). 209.

uj-opygialis (Pardalotus),

61, 62.
uropygialis (Setopbaga),

40o.
uropygialis (Stelgido-

pteryx), 209, 637.

vaillantii (Motacilla), 488.
varia (Certbia), 251.
varia (Hirundo), 88.
varia (Mniotilta). 251,

2.52, 253, 641.
varia (Motacilla), 251.
varia (Nectarinia\ 252.
varia (Sylvia), 251.
varia (Sylvicola), 252.
variegata (^Motacilla), 490,

532.
Variete de la Lavandiere,

460.
Variole, 606.
varius (Oporornis). 347.
varius (Parus), 25().
velasquezi (Icteria), 373,

375.
velata (Sylvia), 363.
velata (Tricbas), 360, 363.
velatus (Geotblypis),

360.
velocissiraa (Hirundo),

151.
velox (Cypselus), 202.
velox (Hirundo), 202.
venusta (Mniotilta), 259.
venusta (Sylvia), 2.59.
venusta (Sylvicola), 259.
venustus (Granatellus),

369, 370.
venustus (Icteria), 369.
veraguensis (Basileute-

rus), 403.
Vermivora, 229.
vermivora (Dacnis), 230.
veraiivora (Helinfea),

393.
vermivora (Helinaia),

230.
vermivora (Mniotilta),

230.
vermivora (Motacilla),

230.
vermivora (Muscicapa),

393.
vermivora (Muscicapara),

393.
vermivora (Setopbaga),

393.
vermivora (Svlvia). 230,

393.
vermiv(jra (Svlvicola),
230.

vermivorus (Basileu-

lerus), 393.
vermivorus (Helmiutbe-

rus), 230.
vermivorus (Hebnintho-

therus), 229, 230, 638.
vermivorus (Helmithe-

rus), 230.
versicolor (Cardellina),

407.
versicolor (Ergaticus),

407.
versicolor (Hirundo), 173.
versteri (Pristorbam-

phus), 82.
verticalis (Myioborus),

420.
verticalis (Setopbaga),

420.
vespertina(Hirundo),118
Vestiaria. 2, 6.
vestiaria (Certbia), 6.
vestiaria (Urepanis), 6.
vestiarius (Melitbreptus),

6.
vidua (Motacilla), 460,

488.
vieilloti (Dendrceca), 283,

284, 285, 645.
vieilloti (Dendroica), 283.
vieilloti (Mniotilta), 283.
vieilloti (Sylvicola), 284.
vierthaleri (Corvdalla),

.571.
vigorsi (Sylvial, 323.
vincens (Pacbyglossa), 72.
vincens (Prionocbilus),

72.
violacea (Cecropis), 173.
violacea (Hirundo), 173.
Violet Swallow, 173.
vireiis (Certhia), 9.
virens (Dendrceca), 297,

298, 647.
virens (Dendroica), 297.
virens (HimationeK 9.
virens (Icteria), 374,

3( 5.
virens (Melitreptus), 9.
virens (Mniotilta), 297.
virens (Motacilla), 297.
virens (Rhimamphus),

297.
virens (Sylvia), 297.
virens (Sylvicola). _297.
virens (Turdus), 373.
vireoides (Parisoma), 73.
virescens (Anthus), 581.
virescens (Dicaeura), 46.
virginife (Helmintbo-
pbaga), 247.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

677

virginifB (HelminLho-

phila), 247, 641.
Vii'gini;in Titmouse, .312.
virginianus (Piirus), 312.
viridis (Budytes), 517,

522.
viridis (Chelidon), 118.
viridis (Hirutido), 118.
viridis (loteria), .S73, 375.
viridis (Motacilla), 522,

529, 530.
viridis (Muscicapa), 373.
vulgaris (Motacilla), 517.
vulnerata (Muscicapa),

418.
vulnerata (Setophaga),

418.
vulneratum (Diea;uin), 29.

Wagtail. African, 493.
Wagtail, Cape, 493.
Wagtail, Collared, 482.
Wagtail, Green, 522.
Wagtail, Grey, 49S.
Wagtail, Grey Water,

497.
Wagtail, Hud-sonian, 596.
Wagtail, Indian, 532.
Wagtail, Pied, 490.
Wagtail, Tschutschi, 498.
Wagtail, Water. 460.
Wagtail, White, 460, 465.
Wagtail, Yellow, 510.
Wagtail, Yellow-headed,

503.
Wagtail, Yellow Water,

497, 510.
Waldenia, 123.
Warbler, Belted, 312.
Warbler, Bhickburnian,

288.
Warbler, Blackheaded,

412.
Warbler, Black-poll, 325.
Warbler, Black-throated,

3.30.
Warbler, Bloody- side,

276, 286.
Warbler, Blue-grey, 329.
Warbler, Cicrulean. 442.
Warbler, Duskv, 312.
Warbler, Equatorial, 360.
Warbler, Flame-coloured.

14.
Warbler, Golden-
crowned, 312.
Warbler. Gold-wing, 235.
Warbler, Oold-winged,

2.35.
Warbler, Grasset. 312.
Warbler, Green, 297.

Warbler, Green and

White, 278.
Warbler, Gi-ey-poll, 288.
Warbler, Grey-throated,

442.
Warbler, Hooded, 437.
Warbler, Jamaica, 301.
Warbler, Louisiane, 256.
Warbler, New Y'ork,

343.
Warbler, Olive, 273.
Warbler, Orange-headed,

288.
Warbler ,Orange-thighed,

3y2.
^^'arbler, Orange-throat,

249.
Warbler, Palm, 317.
Warbler, Pensile, 301.
Warbler, Pine, 237.
Warbler, Prothonotary,

249.
Warbler, Quebec, 286,

312.
Warbler, Red-head, 277.
Warbler, Eed-headed,

277.
Warbler, Red-throated,

286.
Warbler, Rufous-and-

Black, 412.
Warbler, S. Domingo,

278.
Warbler, Spotted. 3,35.
Warbler, Spotted Yellow,

335, 343.
Warbler, Swallow, 19.
Warbler, Urabrose, 312.
Warbler, White-poll,

251.
W-irbler, Worm -eater,

230.
Warbler, Yellow-backed,

256.
Warbler, Yellow-breast,

3.52
Warbler. Yellow-bi-east-

ed, 3.52.
Warbler, Yellow- fronted,

235.
Warbler, Yellow-poll,

273.
Warbler, Yellow -rump,

309.
Warbler, Yellow-rurnp-

ed, 309.
Warbler, Yellow-tail,

412.
Warbler, Yellow-throat-
ed, .301.
Water Wagtail, 460.

Waxen Chatterer, 212.
Wheat Swallow, 122.
Wheatear, Provence,

569.
Wheatear, Spotted, 569.
White Wagtail, 460,

465.
White-bellied Swallow,

183.
whitelyi (Chelidon), 93,

94.
White-poll Warbler,

251.
White-vringed Swallow,

113.
Wilsonia, 431.
wilsoni (Myiodioctes),

435.
wilsonii (Muscicapa),

435.
wilsonii (Setophaga),

435.
wilsonii (Sylvania), 435.
wilsonii (Sylvia), 435.
Wire-tailed Swallow,

ir.o.

woodhousei (Pardalotus),

63.
woodhousei (Parraopti-

la), 63.
Worm-eater, 2.30.
Worm-eater Warbler,

230.

Xanthoeorys, 619.

xanthophrys (Chloro-
spingus), 379.

xanthophrys (Motacilla),
532.

santhopvge (Pardalo-
tus), 59.

santhopvgiuni (Dica;um),
40.

xanthopvgius (Pardalo-
tus), 59.

xanthopvgius (Prionochi-
lus), 6(i.

xantho8chista(Motacilla),
498.

yarrelli (Motacilla), 460.
Yellow-backed Warbler,

256.
Yellow-breast Warbler,

252.
Yellow-breasted Chat,

373.
Yel 1 ow -breasted Wa rbler,

352.
Yellow-fronted Warbler,

235.

678

ALPUABETICAI, INDEX.

Yellow-headed Wagtail,
503.

Yellow-poll Warblor,
273.

Yellow Red-poll, 1277.

Yellow-rump, 3! 1.

Y'ellow-rump Warbler,
309.

Yellow-rumped Fly-
catcher, 309.

Yellow-rumped Warbler,

309.
Yellow-tail Warbler,

412.
Yellow-tailed Flycatcher,

411.
Yellow-throat, Maryland,
^ 3.ol.
Yellow-throated Creeper,

301.

Yellow -throated Warbler,

301.
Yellow Titmouse, 273.
Yellow Wagtail, .510.
Yellow Water Wagtail,

497, 510.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate I.

Fig. 1. Diccemn rubro-coronatian. Fig. 2. D. pulchrius.

From the type specimens in the British Mugeum.

Plate II.

Fig. 1. Pholidornis rubrifrons. Fig. 2. Labor nis alexandri.

From the type specimens in the British Museum.

Plate III.

Petrochelidon ruJicoUaris. Adult and young. From specimens sent

by Prof. Nation of Lima.

Plate IV.
Fig8. 1— J-. Motacilla lugens.

Fig. 1. Adult male in nearly full summer plumage, the black falling

short of the chin, and the back mixed with black.
Fig. 2. Adult male in fuU summer plumage, with the throat and

back both entirely black.
Fig. 3. Young after first autumn moult.
Fig. 4. Adult in full winter plumage, resembling the adult of M.

ocularis, but distinguished from the latter by its stouter

bill.

Figs. 5, G. Motacilla ocidaris.

Fig. 5. FuU winter plumage.

Fig. 6. Full summer plumage, showing the black throat with the
grey back, which is persistent in this species.

680 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate V.

Fig. 1. Motacilla hodgsoid in full summer plumage, showing the

black back. (Sanda, May 15 ; Anderson.)
Fig. 2. The same species in winter plumage. (Salweeu River, July

23 ; Bingham.)
Fig. 3. M. personata in full summer plumage, with black throat and

grey back. (AVernai, April 27 ; Severtzoff.)
Fig. 4. The same in winter plumage. (India; Gould Collection.)
Figs. 5, 6. Type specimens of J/, persica, showing the variation in

the extent of white on the sides of the neck.

Plate VI.

Fig. 1. MotaciUa atmpestris. Adult male of Western race in breed-
ing-plumage. (Cookham, May 14.)

Fig. 2. M. campestris. Eastern race in full plumage, before quitting
South-eastern Africa. (Tete, Zambesi ; Kirk.)

Fig. 3. M.fiava. Adult male of the ordinary form, with dark ear-
coverts and white chin. (Algeria; Salvin.)

Fig. 4. M.flava. Adult male, with white patch on ear-coverts
and the yellow extending over the chin. (Florence ;
Giglioli.)

Fig. 5. M. flava. Pale race, with Wvhite patch on the cheeks
{B. fasciatus, Brehm) and light-grey head. (Southern
France.)

Fig. 6. M. beema. Showing the white cheeks and ear-coverts and
pearly-grey head. (^Irkad Mountains ; Fmsch.)

Plate VII.
Figs. 1-3. MotaciUa horealis.

Fig. 1. An adult male from the Dovrefjeld (Gould), showing the

blackish head, approaching M. feldeggi.
Fig. 2. Male from Lapland (June 6th), showing the yellow of the

throat extending over the chin.
Fig. 3. A male from Saxony, showing the chin and cheeks white.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 681

Figs. 4-6. MotaciUa cinereicapilla.

Fig. 4. Adult male from Italy (Gould coll.), showing a faint white
streak above the ear-coverts.

Fig. 5. Adult male from Tuscany (April 22 ; Giglioli), showing a
greater amount of white eyebrow, extending also above
the lores.

Fig. 6. Adult male (Tuscany, April 22; Giglioli), showing a still
more . pronounced white eyebrow, approaching the white-
throated stage of M. fiava.

Plate VIII.

Motadlla feldeggi.

Fig. 1. Adult male with the black extending over the whole back ;

the yellow on the throat also occupying the chin.

(Candahar ; Swinhoe.)
Fig. 2. Adult male with the' black more restricted, but mottling the

hind neck ; the chin yeUow like the throat, with white

on the cheeks. (Candahar; Swinhoe).
Fig. 3. Adult male with the chin white, and the crown only black.

(Himalayas ; Gould coll.)
Fig. 4. Adult male with the chin yellow like the throat, and with

the black restricted on the hind neck. (Smyrna ; Merlin.)
Fig. 5. Motadlla parado.ra (J/. l-ah'niczenMi in error on Plate), a

form of M. f Ideggi with a white eyebrow. ? A hybrid

between the latter and M.Jlava. (Karakal ; Finsch.)
Fig. (;■). Motadlla xantlioplirys. A form of M. feldeggi with a

yeUow eyebrow. ? A hybrid between the latter and

M. campestrix. (Mu.«. //. Seehohm.)

Plate IX.
Heads of Species of GeotMgpis.

Fig. 1. Head of G. trichas in winter, to show white eyelid ; from a
Guatemalan specimen. (Gould coll.)

Fig. 2. Head of G. melanops, from a Mexican skin. (Sclater coll.)

Fig. 3. Head of G.poliocepliala, from a Mexican specimen in winter
plumage (Verreaux). Shows the white eyelid, corre-
sponding to the similar plumage of G. tricJtas (fig. 1).

VOL. X. 2 V

682 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig. 4. Head of G. poliocejjhala iu breeding-plumage [= G. cani-

nucha, Eidgw.), from a Guatemalan specimen (Sclater

coll.) showing black eyelid.
Fig. 5. Head of G. velata, from a Brazilian specimen. (Sclater coll.)
Fig. 6. Head of G. chiriquensis from the type iu the Salvdn-and-

Godman collection, showing the greater extent of black

on the forehead and face.
Fig. 7. Head of G. cequinoctialis, from a Cayenne specimen.

(Sclater coll.)
Fig. 8. Head of G. auricidaris, from the type in the Salviu-and-

Godman collection, showing the greater extent of black

on the forehead and face.

Plate X.
Geothlypis speciosa c? ? ad., from the typical specimens.

Plate XI.

Fig. 1. Purula pitiayumi ^ ad., from a Brazilian specimen.
Fig. 2. P. ni'jrilora c? ad., from a specimen presented to the
Museum by the Hon. G. B. Sennett.

Plate XII.

Fig. 1. Teretistris fernandince. Fig. 2. T.fonisi.

To show difference in colouring of head and throat in the two
species.

FRIKTED BY TAYLOH AND FRAHCI6, SED LIOS COURT, FLEET STREET.

Bu-d.« B.M.Ycl.I.

Pl.l

J G Keulem&rts del el UtK

1. Dicaeum fithifcci'onahiirv.
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Fiys .5,6. MotaciUa ocularis .

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J G.Keulemaivs delellitk.

Figs. ]. S. MrtadUa, hcdtjscni . Figs. 3.4. Mctuolln personal^
Figs. o. 6. MclcicUla persira .

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Bu'dsB.M. Vol. jr.

PI. VI.

J. G . KeuUmaiis del et lith .

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Mmtem Brc3 . unp.

Bbds B.M.Vci.A'.

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Birds B.MAcl.J.

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jT

LIST OF THE (^ITRUENT

xNATlillAL inSTORY IMPLICATIONS

OK TIIL TRUSTEES OF THE

lUllTISH MUSEUiVl.

The following publications can be purchased through the Agency of
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Catalogue of tlie Specimens and Drawings of Mammals, Birds,
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Mammalia

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Aves

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BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 3

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the families Rhamphastidae, Galbulidae, and Bucconidae,
by P. L. Sclater ; and the families ImUcatoridse,Capitonid£e,
Cuculidae, and Musophagidae, by C E. Shelley. Pp. xii.,
484: 13 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 1/. 5*.

Vol. XX. Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots, in the
Collection of the Biiiish Museum. By T. Siiivadori.

BRITISH MUSKUJI (NATURAL HISTORY). 5

1*1). xvii., Go.S : \vo(m1lmi(.s and IS coluiirt'd Plates. [With
Systematic jxiul Al])li!il)eticiil Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 1/. lOs.

Hand-List of Genera and Specii's of Birds, distinguishing those
contained in tlie British Mu.seum. By Ct. R. Gray, F.R.S.,
&c. Part III. Struthione.-^, GralLne, and Anseres, with Indices
of Generic and S|)ecific Names. Pp. xi., .350. [Table of Genera
and Subgenera: Part III.] 1871, 8vo. S.v.

List of the Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray : —

Part III., Sections III. and IV. Capitonidas and Picidae.
[With Index.] Pp. 1.37. 1868, 12mo. 1*. 6d.

Part IV. Columbfe. [With Index.] Pp. 7.3. 1856,
12mo. l.y. 9d.

Part V. Gallinae. Pp. iv., 120. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1867, 12mo. Is. 6d.

Catalogue of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific
Ocean in the Collection of the British Museum. By George
Robert Gray, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 72. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1859, 8vo. l.v. 6r7.

REPTILES.

C'atalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbfenians in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S., &c. Pp. viii., 80. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1844, 12mo., Is.

Cat.alogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British
Museum : —

Appendix. Bv .lohn Edward Grav, F.R.S., &c. Pp. 28.

1872, 4to. 2s. ed.
Part II. Emydosaurians, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphis-
b.'pnians. Bv John Edward Gray, F.R.S., <fec. Pp. vi.,
41. 25 Woodcuts. 1872, 4to. '.h. 6d.

Hand-Li.st of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the British
Museum. Bv Dr. .1. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.. Pp. iv.,
124. [With "an Alphabetical Index.] 1873, 8vo. 4.9.

Catalogue of the Chelonians. Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles
in the British Museum (^Natural History). New Edition. By
George Albert Boulenger. Pp. x., 311. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 73 Woodcuts and (5 Plates. 1889,
8vo. 15.f.

Gigantic Land Tortoises (living and extinct) in the Collecticm of
the British Mu.seum. By Albert C. L. G. Giinther, M.A., M.D.,
Ph.D., F.R.S. Pp. iv.', 96. 55 Plates, and two Charts of the
Aldabra group of Islands, north-west of Madagascar. [With a
Systematic Synopsis of the Extinct and Living Giganfic Land
Tortoises.] 1877, 4to. 1/. lOs.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Lizards iu the British Museum (Natural His-
tory). Second edition. By George Albert Boulenger : —

Vol. I. Geckonidfe, Eublepharidse, Uroplatidse, Pygo-
podid?e, Agamidae. Pp. xii., 436. 32 Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20.^.

Vol. II. Iguanidae, Xenosauridse, Zonuridae, Anguidae,
Anniellidse, Helodermatidfe, Varanidae, Xantusiidae,
Teiidae, Amphisbaenidap. Pp. xiii., 497. 24 Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885,
8vo. 20*. "

A'^ol. III. Lacertidae, Gerrhosauridae, Scincidae, Anelytro-
pidae, Dibamidae, Chamaeleontidae. Pp. xii., 575. 40
Plates. [With a Systematic Index and an Alphabetical
Index to the three volumes.] 1887, 8vo. II. 6s.

Catalogue of Colubriue Snakes in the Collection of the British
Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Pp. xvi., 281. [With
Geographical, Systematic, and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1858,
12mo. 4.?.

BATRACHIANS.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Pp. xvi., 160. 12
Plates. [With Systematic, Geographical, and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1858, 8vo. 6*.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia, s. Ecaudata, in the Collection
of the British Museum. Second Edition. By George Albert
Boulenger. Pp. xvi., .503. Woodcuts and 30 Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. 11. 10*.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia, s. Caudata, and Batrachia
Apoda in the Collection of the British Museum. Second
edition. By Geoi'ge Albert Boulenger. Pp. viii., 127. 9
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882,
8vo. 9s.

FISHES.

Catalogue of the Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum.
By Dr. Albert Giinther, F.R.S., &c. :—

Vol. IV. Acanthopterygii pharyngognathi and Anacan-
thini. Pp. xxi., 534. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1862, 8vo. 8s. 6d.

Vol. V. Physostomi (Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochi-
tonidfe, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidag). Pp.
xxii., 455. Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1864, 8vo. 8*.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 7

Catalogue of the Fishes — continned.

Vol. VII. Physostoini (Heterophygii, Cyprinidae, Gono-
rhynchidae, Hyodontidai, Osteoglossidse, Clupeid*,
Chirocentridse, Alepocephalidae, Notopteridae, Halo-
sauridje). Pp. xx., 512. Woodcuts. [With System-
atic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1868, 8vo. 8.y.

Vol. VIII. Physostomi (Gymnotidap, Symbranchidfe,
Muraenidae, Pegasidae), Lophobranchii, Plectognathi,
Dipnoi, Ganoidei, Chondropterygii, Cyclostomata, Lep-
tocardii. Pp. xxv., 549. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 8*. 6rf.

List of the Specimens of Fish in the Collection of the Britifih
Museum. Part I. Chondropterygii. By J. E. Gray. Pp. x.,
160. 2 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1851, 12mo. 3.V.

Catalogue of Fish collected and described hy Laurence Theodore
Gronow, now in the British Museum. Pp. vii., 196. [With a
Systematic Index.] 1854, 12mo. 3s. Q>d.

Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. By J. J. Kaup, Ph.D., &c. Pp. iv., 80. 4 Plat.es.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12rao. 'Is.

MOLLUSCA.

Guide to the Systematic Distribution of MoUusca in the British
Museum. Part I. By John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S.,
&c. Pp. xii., 230. 121 Woodcuts. 1857, 8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British
Museum, collected by Frederick Reigen. Described by Philip
P. Carpenter. Pp. xvi., 552. 1857, 12mo. 8s.

List of Mollusca and Shells in the Collection of the British
Museum, collected and described by MM. Eydoux and Souleyet
in the " Voyage autour du Monde, execute pendant les annees
" 1836 et 1837, sur la Corvette ' La Bonite,' " and in the
" Histoire naturelle des MoUusques Pteropodes," Par MM.
P. C. A. L. Rang et Souleyet. Pp. iv., 27. 1855, 12mo. Sd.

Catalogue of Pulmonata, or Air Breathing Mollusca, in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. Part I. By Dr. Louis PfeifFcr.
Pp. iv., 192. Woodcuts. 1855, 12mo. 2s. Qd.

Catalogue of the AuriculidiP, Proserpinidas, and Truncatellid;e in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer.
Pp. iv., 150. Woodcuts. 1857, 12mo. Is. 9d.

List of the INIollusca in the Collection of the British Museum. Bv
John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S., &c.

PartL Volutidse. Pp.23. 1855, 12mo. 6rf.
Part II. Olividap. Pp.41. 1865, 12mo. 1.9.

O LIST (IF PURLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells, in the Collection of
the British Museum. By M. Deshayes : —

Part 1. Veneridap, Cvprinidie, Glaiiconomidfe, and Petii-

coladje. Pp. iv., 210. 1853, 12mo. 3*.
Pai't II. PetricoladiP (concluded) ; Corbiculadje. Pp.
217-292. [With an Alphabetical Index to the two
parts.] 1854, 12mo. 6d.

BRACHIOPODA.

Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancjlopoda or Lamp Shells in the
Collection of the British Museum. [/s*Herf a* " Catalogue of
the Mollnsca, Part. IV."] Pp. iv., 12S. 25 Woodcuts. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1853, 12mo. 3*.

POLYZOA.

Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part III. Cyclostomatn. By George Busk, F.R.S.
Pp, viii., 39. 38 Plates. [With a Systematic Index.] 1875,
8vo. 5*.

CRUSTACEA.

Catalogue of Crustacea in the Collection of the British Museum.

Part I. Leucosiadae. By Thomas Bell, V.P.R.S., Pres. L.S.,

Ac. Pp. iv., 24. 1855, 8vo. 6d
Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in the

Collection of the British Museum. By C. Spence Bate, F.R.S. ,

&c. Pp. iv., 399. .58 Plates. [VYith an Alphabetical Index.]

1862, 8 vo. U. 5.9.

INSECTS =
Coleopterous Insects.

Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum : —

Part V. Cucujida^, &c. By Frederick Smith. [Jlso issued

as "List of the Coleopterous Insects. Part I."]

Pp. 25. 1851, 12mo. 6</.
Part VI. Pas.salidffi. By Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 23.

1 Plate. [With Index.] 1852, 12mo. Sd.
Part VII. Longicornia, I. By Adam White. Pp. iv., 174.

4 Plates. 185.3, 12mo. 2*."6<7.
Part VIII. Longicornia, II. By Adam White. Pp. 237.

6 Plates. 1855, 12mo. 3s. 6d.
Part IX. Ca.s.sididae. By Charles H. Boheman, Professor of

Natural Hi.story, Stockholm. Pp. 225. [With Index.]

IS5(), 12mo. ?,.s. ■

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 9

Illustrations of Typical Spocimens of Coleoptera in the Collection
of the British Museum. Part I. Lvcidse. By Charles Oweu
Waterhonse. Pp. x., 83. 18 coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 16*

Cataloj^e of the Coleopterous Insects of iladeira in the Collection
of the British JMuseum. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M. A., F.L.S.
Pp. xvi., 234: 1 plate. [With a Topographical Catalogue and
an Alphabetical Index.] 1857, 8vo. 36-.

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A.,
F.L.S. Pp. xiii., 648. [With Topographical and Alphabetical.
Indexes.] 1804, 8vo. 10*. G<7.

Catalogue of Halticidae in the Collection of the British Museum.
By the Rev. Hamlet Clark, jNI.A., F.L.S. Physapodes and
CEdipodes. Parti. Pp. xii., 301. Frontispiece and 9 Plates.
1860, 8vo. 7*.

Catiilogue of Hispid.-B in the Collection of the British Museum.
By Joseph S. Baly, M.E.S., &c. Part I. Pp. x., 172. 9
Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index,] 1858, Svo. (is. '

Hymenopterous Insects.

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Frederick Smith. 12mo. : —

Part I. Andrenidte and Apidfe. Pp.197. 6 Plates. 1853,

2s. 6(1.
Part II. Apidae. Pp. 199-4G5. 6 Plates. [With an

Alphabetical Index.] 1854, G*.
Part III. Mutillidc-e and Pompilidae. Pp. 206. 6 Plates.

1855, 6*.
Part IV. Sphegidae, Larridae, and Crabronidae. Pp. 207-
497. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1850,
G*.
Part V. Vespida?. Pp. 147. 6 Plates. [With an Alpha-^

betical Index.] 1857, Qs.
Part VI. FormicidiP. Pp. 216. 14 Plates. [With an

Alphabeticallndex.] 1858, G*.
Part VII. Dorylidu3 and Thynnidtc. Pp. 76. 3 Plates.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 2^.
Descriptions of New Species of Hymenoptera in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Frederick Smith. Pp. xxi., 240.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 187!*, Svo. lO^-.
List of Hymenoptera, with descriptions and figures of the Typical
Specimens in the British Museum. A'ol. I., Tenthredinida? and
Siricidw. By W. F. Kirby. Pp. xxviii., 450. 10 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic aiid Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882,
Svo. U. 18s.

Dipterous Insects.

List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S. 12mo. : —
Part II. Pp. 231-484. 1849. Zs.Qd.
U ;J614. A 5

10 LLST OP 1>UBL,ICATI0N.S OF THE

List of tlio Specimens of Dipterous Insects, Sn:.—contintied.

J'ai-t IV, Pp. 689-1172. [Witli an index to the four

parts, and an Index of Donors.] 1849. (Sh.
Part VI. Supplement II. Acroceridaj and part of tlie

family Asilid.e. Pp. ii., 331-500. 8 Cuts. 1854. 3.t.
Part VII. Supplement III. Asilidje. Pp. ii., 507-775.

1855. 35. Q(l.

Lepidopferods Innccts.

Illnstrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in
the Collection of the British Museum : — ■

Part III. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xviii., 82.
41-60 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1879, 4to. 21. \0s.
Part V. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xii., 74.
78-100 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1881, 4to. 21. 10.9.
Part VI. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xv., 89.
101-120 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1886, 4to. 21. 4s.
Part VII. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. iv., 124.
121-138 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1889, 4to. 2/.
Part VIII. The Lepidoptera Heterocera of the Nilgiri
District. By George Francis Hampson. Pp. iv., 144.
139-150 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1891, 4to. 21.
Part IX. The Macrolepidoptura Heterocera of Ceylon.
By George Francis Hampson. Pjj. v., 182. 157-176
Coloured Plates. [With a General Systematic List of
Species collected in, or recorded from, Ceylon.] 1893,
4to. 2/. 2.S'.
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyridse in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner Butler,
F.L.S., &c. Pp. vL, 211. 5 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Imlex.] 1808, 8vo. 5^, Gd.

Catalogne of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiuer Butler,
F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 303. 3 Plates. 1809, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

Specimen of a Catalogue of Lyca^nida^in the British Museum. By
\V. C. Hewitson. Pp.15. 8 Coloured Plates. 1802, 4to. 1/. l.v.

List of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the BriLlsli
Museum. Part I. Papilionida?. By G. R. Gray, P.L.S.
Pp. 106. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1850, 12mo. 2*-.

List of the Specimens of Lepidoptei'ous Insects in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. 12mo. : —

Part IV. Lepidoptera Heterocera. Pp. 770-976. 1855,

RUniSH MUSEUM (natural HISTORY). 11

List of the Specimens of Lei)idoi>tei-ous Insects, &c. — cotitiiiiied.

Part VI. Lei)i<l()ptera Heteroceni. Pp. 12.')8-1507. 1855,
3.«. (5c/.

Part VII. Pp. 1508-1808.

[With an Alphal»tic:il Index to Parts I.-VII.J 1856,
4«. dd.

Part XIX. Pyralides. Pp. 799-1 03(;. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts XYI.-XIX.] 1859, on. iSd.

Part XXI. Geometrites. Pp. 277-498. 1860, Zs.

Part XXII. Pp. 499-755. 1861, 3*. 6rf.

Part XXIir. \\). 756-1020. 1861, 3.9. Qd.

Part XXIV. Pp. 1021-1280. 1862, 3.s-. iSd.

Part XXV. Pp. 1281-1477. 1862, 3s.

Part XXVI. Pp. 1478-1796. [With an

Alphabetical Index to Parts XX.-XXVl.j 1862,
As. 6d.

Part XXVII. Crambites and Tortricites. Pp. 1-286.
1863, 4s.

Part XXVIII. Tortricites and Tineites. Pp. 287-561.
1863, is.

Part XXIX. Tineites. Pp. 562-835. 1864, 4s.

Part XXX. Pp. 836-1096. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts XXVII.-XXX.] 1864, 4s.

Part XXXI. Sni)plenipnt. Pp. 1-321. 1864,5s.

Part XXXII. Part 2. Pp. 322-706.

1865, 5s.

Part XXXIII. Part 3. Pp. 707-1120.

1865, 6s.

Part XXXIV. Part 4. Pp. 1121-1533.

1865, 5s. Gd.

Part XXXV. Part 5. Pp. 1534-2040.

[With an Alphabetical Index to Parts XXXI.-XXXV.]

1866, 7s.

Nenropterous Insects.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Xeuropterous Insects in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. 12mo. : —
Part I. (Phryganides — Perlides.) Pp. iv., 192. 1852,

2s. <6d.
Part II. Sialida? — Nemopterides. Pp. ii., 193-476

1853, 3s. 6rf.
Part III. Termitidse — Ephemeridfe. Pp. ii., 477-585,
1853, Is. 6rf.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. Bv Dr. H. Hageu. Part I
Termitina. Pp. 34. 1858, 12mo. Qd.

Orthopterous Insects.
Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Phasmidae. Bv John Obadiah Westwood,
F.L.S., &c. Pp. 195. 48 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1859, 4to. 3/.

12 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Specimeus of Blattaripe in the OoUectiou of the
British Museum. Bv Francis Walker, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 239.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5*. Gd.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Salt^itoria [Part I.]
and Supplement to the Blattaripe in the Collection of the British
Museum. GrvllidcP. Blattarije. Locustidae. Bv Francis
Walker, F.L.S!, &c. Pp. 224. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1869, Svo. OS.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the
Collection of the British Museum. Bv Francis Walker,
F.L.S., Ac-
Part II. Locustidffi (continued). Pp. 225-423. [With

an Alphabetical Index.] 1869, 8vo. 4*. Qd.
Part III. Locustidae (continued). — Acrididae. Pp. 425-

604. [With an Alphabetical Index] 1870, Svo. 4*.
Part IV. Acrididce (continued). Pp. 605-809. [With

an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, Svo. 6s.
Part V. Tettigidfe. — Supplement to the Catalogue of Blat-
tariae. — Supplement to the Catalogue of Dermaptera
Saltatoria (with remarks on the Geographical Distribution
of Dermaptera). Pp. 811-850; 43; 116. [With
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1870, Svo. 6s.

He)iupterous Insects.
List of the Specimens of Hemipterous Insects iu the Collection of
the British Museum. By W. S. Dallas, F.L.S. : —
Part I. Pp. 368. 11 Plates. 1851, 12mo. Is.
Part 1.1. Pp. 369-590. Plates 12-15. 1852, 12mo. 4*.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Heteropterous Hemiptera in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S. ,
&c. Svo. :—

Part I. Scutata. Pp. 240. 1867. 5*.
Part II. Scutata (continued). Pp. 241-117. 1867. 4s.
Part III. Pp. 41S-599. [With an Alphabetical Index to
Parts I., II., III., and Summary of Geographical Distribu-
tion of the Species mentioned.] 1868. 4*. 6rf.
Part IV. Pp.211. [Alphabetical Index.] 1871. 6*.

Part V. Pp. 202. 1872. os.

Part \l. Pp. 210. . 1873. 5*.

Part VII. Pp. 213. 1873. 6.^.

PartVIII.Pp. 220. 1873. 6s. 6d.

Homopterous Insects.
List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker. Supplement. Pp.
ii., 369. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 12mo. 4*. 6d.

VERMES.

Catalogue of the Species of Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms, con-
tained in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Baird.
Pp. iv., 132. 2 Plates. [With an Index of the Animals in
■which the Entozoa mentioned in the Catalogue are found ; and
an Index of Genera and Species.] 1S53, 12mo. 2s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 13

ANTHOZOA.

Catalogue of Sea-pens or Pennatulariidse in the Collection of the

British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. iv., 40.

2 Wooilcuts. 1870, 8vo. Is. Gd.
Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the Collection of the

British Museum. ByJ. E. Gray, F.R.S.. &c. Pp. iv., 51.

14 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 3s.

BRITISH ANIMALS.

Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray. F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. Pp.
xii., 248. List of Species. 1863, 8vo. 3*. 6d.

Catalogue of British Hymenoptera in the Collection of the British
Museum. Second edition. Part I. Andrenidae and Apidje.
By Frederick Smith, M.E.S. jSTew Issue. Pp. xi. 236. 11
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891,
Svo. 6s.

Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera, Formicidae, and
Vespidae in the Collection of the British Museum. By Frederick
Smith, V.P.E.S. Pp. 236. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1858, 12mo. Gs.

A Catalogue of the British Non-parasitical Worms in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By George Johnston, M.D., Edin.,
F.R.C.L. Ed., Ll.D. Marischal Coll. Aberdeen, &c. Pp. 365.
Woodcuts and 24 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1865, Svo. 7s.

Catalogue of the British Echinoderms in the British Museum
(aSTatural History). By F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A. Pp. xvii. 202.
Woodcuts and 16 Plates (2 coloured). [With Table of Con-
tents, Tables of Distribution, Alphabetical Index, Description
of the Plates, &c.] 1892, Svo. 12*. 6<7.
List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the
British Museum ; with Synonyma and References to figures.
12mo. : —

Part V. Lepidoptera. By .1. F. Stephens. 1850. 2ud
Edition. By H. T. Stainton and E. Shepherd. Pp. iv.
224. 1856, 12mo. l.s. 9d.
Part VII. Mollusca, Acephala. and Brachiopoda. By

Dr. J. E. Gray. Pp. iv., 167. 1851, 12mo. 3.v. 6^/.
Part XI. Anoplura or Parasitic Insects. By H. Denny.

Pp.iv., 51. 1852, l.s.
Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By Frederick

Smith. Pp. iv., 74. 1853, 12mo. 1*. 4^.
Part XIV. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam

WTiite. Pp. iv., 16. 1853, 12mo. 6d.
Part XV. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. By Adam White.
Pp. iv., 42. 1853, 12mo. 1.*.

14 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

PLANTS.

List of British Diiitomace* in the Collection of the British Museura.
By thp Rev. W. Smith, F.L.S., &e. Pp. iv., 55. 1859, 12mo. I*.

FOSSILS.

Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lyrlekker, B.A., F.G.S. :—

Part I. Containing the Orders Primate?, Chiroptera, Tnsec-
tivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia. Pp. xx.\., 268. .33
Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1885, 8vo. 5s.

Part II. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Artio-
dactyla. Pp. xxii., 324. 39 Woodcuts. [ With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 6.9.

Part III. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborders Peris-
sodactyla, Toxodontia, Condylarthra, and Amblypoda.
Pp. xvi., 186. 30 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index,
and Alphabetical Imlex of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 4s.

Part IV. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Probos-
cidea. Pp. xxiv.,235. 32 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 5*.

Part V. Containing the Group Tillodontia. the Orders Si-

renia, Cetacea, Edentata, Mai'supialia, Monotremata, and

Supplement. Pp. xxxv., 3+5. 55 W^oodcuts. [Witli

Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and

Species, including Synonyms.] 1887, 8vo. 6*.

Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the Briti.sh Museum (Natural

History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A. Pp. xxvii., 368. 75

Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alpliabetical Index of

Genera and Species, including .Synonyms.] 1891. 8vo. lOs.dd.

Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British
Museun. (Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A.,
F.G.S. :—

Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia,
Dino.sauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Protero-
sauria. Pp. xxviii., 309. 69 Woodcuts. [With Sys-
tematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1888. 8vo. 7.*. 6d.

Part II. Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and
Sauropterygia. Pp. xxi., 307. 85 Woodcuts." [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonynns.] 1889, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

Part III. Containing the Order Chelonia. Pp. xviii., 239.
53 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyni.s.]
1 889, Hvo. 7s. 6d.

BKITIbH MUSEUM (NATUUAL lllSTOUY). lo

Canilogue of tlie Fossil Keptilia uiul Auipliibia — continued.

Part IV. Coutaining the Orders Anoiuodontia, Eeauilata,
Oaudata, and LabyriiitUodontia ; aud Siippleraeiit. Pp.
xxiii., 295. 66 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index,
Alphabetical Index of Genera and 8pecie.s, including
Synonyms, iuul Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species
to the entire work.] 1890, 8vo. Is. 6d.
Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Arthur Smith AVoodward, F.G.S., F.Z.S. :—

Part i. Containing the Elasmobranchii. Pp. xlvii., 474.

13 Woodcuts and 17 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index,

and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.] 1869,

8vo. 21s.

Part II. Containing the Elasmobranchii (Acanthodiij,

Holocephali, Ichthyodorulites, Ostracodermi, Dipnoi, and

Teleostomi (Crossopterygii and Choudrostean Actinop-

terygii). Pp. xhv., 567. 58 Woodcuts and 16 Plates.

[With Alphabetical Index, and Systematic Index of

Genera and Species.] 1891, 8vo. 21*.

Systematic List of the Edwards Collection of British Oligocene

and Eocene MuUusca in the British Museum (Xatural History),

with references to the type-specimens from similar horizons

contained in othei- collections belonging to the Geological

Department of the Museum. By Richard Bullen Newton,

F.G.S. Pp. xxviii., 365. [With table of Families and Genera,

Bibliography, Coirelation-table, Appendix, and Alphabetical

Index.] 1891, 8vo. 6*.

Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museuni
(Natural History). By Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S. : —

Part I. Containing part of the Suborder Nautiloidea, con-
sisting of the families Orthoceratid*, Endoceratida',
Actinoceratida;, Gomphoceratidae, Ascoceratid*, Poterio-
ceratidffi, Cyi-toceratidte, and Supplement. Pp. xxxi.,
;i44. 51 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1888, 8vo. 10.«. 6d.

Part II. Containing the remainder of the Suborder Nauti-
loidea, consisting of the families Lituitidte, Trochoeera-
tidae, Nautilidae, and Supplement. Pp. xwiii., 407. 80
Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms 1
1891, 8vo. 15*.

A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms and
the Range in Time of each Genus and Order. By Henry
Woodward, F.R.S. Pp. xii., 155. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1877, 8vo. 5*.

Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Depai-tmeut of tlie
British Museum (Natural History), with an account of the
morphology and systematic position of the group, and a revision
of the genera and species. By Robert Etheridge, jun., of the
Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History),

16 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

and P. Herbert Carpenter, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S. (of Eton
College). [With a preface by Dr. H. Woodward, Table of
Contents, General Index, Explanation of the Plates, &c.] Pp.
XV., 322. 20 Plates. 1886, 4to. 25s.

Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges in the Geological Department of
the British Museum (Natural History). With descriptions of
new and little known species. By George Jennings Hinde,
Ph.D., F.G.S. Pp. viii., 248. 38 Plates. [With a Tabular
List of Species, arranged in Zoological and Stratigraphical
sequence, and an Alphabetical Index.] 1883, 4to. 11. lOs.

Catalogue of the Fossil Foraminifera in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S.,
&c. Pp. xxiv., 100. [With Geographical and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. 55.

Catalogue of the Palasozoic Plants in the Department of Geology
and Palaeontology, British Museum (Natural History). By
Robert Kidston, F.G.S. Pp. viii., 288. [With a list of works
([uoted, and an Index.] 1886, 8vo. 5*.

GUIDE-BOOKS.

{To be obtained only at the Museum.)

A General Guide to the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, S.W. [By W. H. Flower.] With 2
Plans, 2 views of the building, and an illustrated^ cover. Pp. 74.
1891, 8vo. 3c?.

Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia (Mammalian, Osteological,
Cetacean) in the Department of Zoology of the British Museum
(Natural History). [By A. Giinther.] 4th Edition. Pp. 126.
57 Woodcuts and 2 Plans. Index. 1892, 8vo. Qd.

Guide to the Galleries of Reptiles and Fishes in the Department of
Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History). [By A.
Giinther.] 2nd Edition. Pp. iv., 119. 101 Woodcuts and 1
Plan. Index. 1888, 8vo. 6c?.

Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries (Mollusca, Echinoder-
raata. Vermes), in the Department of Zoology of the British
Museum (Natural History). [By A. Giinther.] 2nd Edition.
Pp. iv., 74. 51 Woodciitsand 1 Plan. 1888, 8vo. 4«?.

A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries of the Department of Geology
and Palaeontology in the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, S.W. [New Edition. By Henry
Woodward.] —

Part I. Fossil Mammals and Birds. Pp. xii., 103. 119

Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 1890, 8vo. 6d.
Part II. Fossil Reptiles, Fishes, and Invertebrates. Pp.
xii., 109. 94 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 1890, 8vo. 6c?.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAI. HISTORY). 17

Guide to the Collection of Fossil Fishes in the Department of
Geology and Palteontology, British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, South Kensington. [By Henry Woodward.]
2nd Edition. Pp. 51. 81 Woodcuts. Index. 1888, 8vo. 4d.

A Guide to the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural
History). [By L. Fletcher.] Pp. 32. Plan. 1893, 8vo. Id.

An Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to the
Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, S.W. [By L. Fletcher.] Pp. 120. With
numerous Diagrams, a Plan of the Mineral Gallery, and an
Index. 1893, 8vo. 6d.

The Student's Index to the Collection of Minerals, British Museum
(Natural History). New Edition. Pp. 29. With a plan of
the Mineral Gallery. 1893, 8vo. 2d.

An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of the
Meteorites represented in the Collection. [By L. Fletcher.]
Pp. 91. [With a Plan of the Mineral Gallery, and an Index to
the Meteorites represented in the Collection.] 1893, 8vo. 3d.

Guide to Sowerby's Models of British Fungi in the Department of
Botany, British Museum (Natural History). By Worthiugton
G. Smith, F.L.S. Pp. 82. 93 Woodcuts. With Table of
Diagnostic Characters and Index. 1893, 8vo. 4c?.

W. H. FLOWER,

Director.

British Museum

(Natural History),
Cromwell Road,
London, S.W.

Ai>nl 1st, 1893.

London: Printml by Eyre and Spottiswoode.

Printers to the Queen's most Excellent Majesty.

For Her Majesty's Stationery Office.